Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutAFLEET Burnham Afleet Intro Naseo VW Emissions Tools Workshop 03-17-2017-EVAFLEET TOOL TO EXAMINE EMISSIONS AND COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES ANDREW BURNHAM Principal Environmental Scientist aburnham@anl.gov NASEO VW Settlement Emissions Tools Webinar March 29, 2017 AirCRED –O3 precursor & CO emission credits from AFVs for SIPs Clean Cities AOI 4 Emissions Benefit Tool –GHG & air pollutant benefits of ARRA grant proposals GREET Fleet Footprint Calculator –Petroleum use & GHG footprints of HDVs & off-road equipment ARGONNE HAS SUPPORTED DOE’S CLEAN CITIES WITH TOOL DEVELOPMENT FOR 15+ YEARS 2 3 “AFLEET TOOL” TO ANALYZE AFV COSTS & BENEFITS Examines light-duty & heavy-duty vehicle: –Petroleum use –GHG emissions –Air pollutant emissions –Cost of ownership Contains 16 fuel/vehicle technologies –Conventional –Hybrids –Plug-in electrics –Alternative fuels: CNG, LNG, LPG, H2, ethanol, biodiesel Includes 7 Major Vehicle Types –Cost, MPG, & VMT data on 23 vocations AFLEET Tool 2016 & its user manual available at: http://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet AFLEET TOOL’S CALCULATION METHODS 4 Tool has 3 calculation methods & which to use depends on your goals Simple Payback Calculator –Annual emissions & simple payback of purchasing new AFV vs. conventional counterpart Total Cost of Ownership Calculator –Lifetime emissions & NPV of costs over the years of planned ownership of a new vehicle Fleet Energy and Emissions Footprint Calculator –Annual petroleum use, GHGs & air pollutant emissions of existing & new vehicles AFLEET TOOL’S MAJOR DATA SOURCES Argonne’s GREET 2015 model –WTW petroleum use & GHG coefficients & fuel economy data Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report –Fuel pricing by state EPA’s MOVES 2014a model –Vehicle operation air pollutant emission factors by state 5 AFLEET VEHICLE AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS 6 Generate MOVES emission factors for gasoline & diesel vehicles –NOx, PM10, PM2.5, VOCs, CO –LDV = passenger car & truck; light commercial truck –HDV = school & transit bus; refuse; single unit & combination trucks Emissions for both old & new vehicles in current year –Can develop footprint & examine benefit of removing old vehicles Deterioration rates for new vehicles –Can examine future emissions of new vehicles AFLEET VEHICLE AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS 7 Use relative AFV emission estimates from GREET –Recently developed GREET HDV module examined in-use emissions AFLEET multiplies MOVES emission factors and GREET AFV relative emission rates –AFV compared to appropriate counterpart engine, e.g. •Propane compared w/ gasoline •Biodiesel compared w/ diesel AFLEET does not include upstream or electricity generation emissions AFLEET TOOL 2017 PLANNED UPDATES 8 Option to examine HDVs with low -NOx engines Idling emissions and idle reduction technologies Upstream & vehicle production emissions Renewable diesel Online user interface AFLEET SUMMARY 9 Argonne developed AFLEET for DOE Clean Cities to assist stakeholders & fleet operators nationwide AFLEET can help estimate the economic and environmental costs and benefits of AFVs –Inform new vehicle purchases –Examine energy and emissions footprint of existing vehicles Default data provided for key inputs –Using your own data makes your analysis more meaningful AFV in-use air pollutant emissions based on EPA’s MOVES and Argonne’s GREET models Argonne National Laboratory’s work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy This work has been supported and assisted by: Linda Bluestein: U.S. Department of Energy Dennis Smith: U.S. Department of Energy Marcy Rood Werpy: Argonne Michael Wang: Argonne Hao Cai: Argonne Kelly Vazquez, Luis Gomes, Kevin Lee, Walter Schaefer 10 THANK YOU!!! BACKUP SLIDES AFLEET TUTORIAL –DEMO #1 Using the Fleet Energy & Emissions Footprint Calculator to Examine Existing Fleet 12 AFLEET TUTORIAL –FLEET ENERGY & EMISSIONS FOOTPRINT CALCULATOR 2nd step: if necessary, adjust fuel production assumptions on “Inputs” sheet 13 1st step: enter location on “Inputs” sheet Primary Vehicle Location State CALIFORNIA County LOS ANGELES Biodiesel Feedstock Source 1 - Soy 1 2 - Algae Ethanol Feedstock Source 1 - Corn 1 2 - Switchgrass CNG Feedstock Source 1 - North American NG 1 2 - Renewable NG - Wastewater Treatment 3 - Landfill Gas LNG Feedstock Source 1 - North American NG 1 2 - Renewable NG - Wastewater Treatment 3 - Landfill Gas North American NG Feedstock Source Conventional Shale 66%34% LPG Feedstock Source NG Petroleum 69%31% Source of Electricity for PHEVs, EVs, and FCVs (Electrolysis) 1 - Average U.S. Mix 1 2 to 11 - EIA Region Mix (see map) 12 - User Defined (go to 'Background Data' sheet) G.H2 Production Process 1 - Refueling Station SMR (On-site)1 2 - Central Plant SMR (Off-site) 3 - Refueling Station Electrolysis (On-site) AFLEET TUTORIAL –FLEET ENERGY & EMISSIONS FOOTPRINT CALCULATOR 4th step: copy and paste fleet data into “Footprint” sheet –Model year –Annual mileage –Fuel use 5th step: adjust vehicle type via drop-down 14Note: Several fuels are not shown for clarity in this presentation Gasoline (gal) Diesel (gal) Gasoline HEV (gal)CO NOx PM10 PM10 (TBW)PM2.5 PM2.5 (TBW)VOC VOC (Evap) Passenger Car 2005 10,255 513 10.7 6.0 92.4 7.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 3.9 2.6 Passenger Car 2005 10,312 516 10.8 6.1 92.9 7.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 3.9 2.7 Passenger Car 2005 10,369 518 10.8 6.1 93.4 7.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 3.9 2.7 Passenger Car 2005 10,426 521 10.9 6.1 93.9 7.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.0 2.7 Passenger Car 2005 10,483 524 10.9 6.2 94.4 7.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.0 2.7 Passenger Car 2005 10,540 527 11.0 6.2 94.9 7.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.0 2.7 Passenger Car 2005 10,597 530 11.1 6.2 95.5 7.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.0 2.7 Passenger Car 2005 10,654 533 11.1 6.3 96.0 7.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.0 2.7 Passenger Car 2005 10,711 536 11.2 6.3 96.5 7.3 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.1 2.8 Passenger Car 2005 10,768 538 11.2 6.3 97.0 7.3 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.1 2.8 Passenger Car 2005 10,825 541 11.3 6.4 97.5 7.4 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.1 2.8 Passenger Car 2005 10,882 544 11.4 6.4 98.0 7.4 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 4.1 2.8 Passenger Car 2007 10,939 497 10.4 5.9 67.6 3.9 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 2.7 1.8 Passenger Car 2007 10,996 500 10.4 5.9 68.0 3.9 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 2.7 1.8 Passenger Car 2007 11,053 502 10.5 5.9 68.3 3.9 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 2.7 1.8 Passenger Car 2007 11,110 505 10.5 5.9 68.7 4.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 2.7 1.8 Passenger Car 2007 11,167 508 10.6 6.0 69.0 4.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 2.8 1.8 Passenger Car 2007 11,224 510 10.7 6.0 69.4 4.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 2.8 1.9 Passenger Car 2007 11,281 513 10.7 6.0 69.7 4.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 2.8 1.9 Passenger Car 2007 11,338 515 10.8 6.1 70.1 4.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 2.8 1.9 Passenger Car 2007 11,395 518 10.8 6.1 70.4 4.1 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 2.8 1.9 Passenger Car 2007 11,452 521 10.9 6.1 70.8 4.1 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 2.8 1.9 Passenger Car 2007 11,509 523 10.9 6.2 71.1 4.1 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 2.8 1.9 Passenger Car 2007 11,566 526 11.0 6.2 71.5 4.1 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 2.9 1.9 Passenger Car 2007 11,623 528 11.0 6.2 71.8 4.2 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 2.9 1.9 Vehicle Type Model Year Annual Vehicle Mileage Petroleum Use (barrels) Fuel Use GHG (short tons) Vehicle Operation Air Pollutant Emissions (lb) AFLEET TUTORIAL –FLEET ENERGY & EMISSIONS FOOTPRINT CALCULATOR View existing fleet results on “Footprint Outputs” sheet 15 Petroleum Use GHG Emissions CO NOx PM10 PM2.5 VOC Vehicle Type (barrels)(short tons)(lb)(lb)(lb)(lb)(lb) Passenger Car 272 153 2,049 138 21 5 141 Passenger Truck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Light Commercial Truck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 School Bus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Transit Bus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Refuse Truck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Single Unit Short-Haul Truck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Single Unit Long-Haul Truck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Combination Short-Haul Truck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Combination Long-Haul Truck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 272 153 2,049 138 21 5 141 Passenger Car Passenger Truck Light Commerci al Truck School Bus Transit Bus Refuse Truck Single Unit Short- Haul Truck Single Unit Long- Haul Truck Combinati on Short- Haul Truck Combinati on Long- Haul Truck Petroleum Use 272 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GHG Emissions 153 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Petroleum Use (barrels) or GHGs (short tons)Passenger Car Passenger Truck Light Commerc ial Truck School Bus Transit Bus Refuse Truck Single Unit Short- Haul Truck Single Unit Long-Haul Truck Combinat ion Short- Haul Truck Combinat ion Long- Haul Truck Petroleum Use $4,215 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 GHG Emissions $5,715 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 CO $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 NOx $9 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 PM10 $97 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 PM2.5 $281 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 VOC $788 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 Externality Cost AFLEET TUTORIAL –DEMO #2 Using Simple Payback and TCO Calculators to Compare Potential Acquisitions 16 AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS 1st step: enter key inputs on “Inputs” sheet –State, County (for externalities) & vehicle type (via drop-down) –# of vehicles, VMT, MPGGE, and purchase price •Default and MPDGE reference values available (to the side of below tables) –Can simulate both an LDV and HDV 17Note: Red cells show values changed for demo, cell color doesn’t change in AFLEET Primary Vehicle Location State CALIFORNIA County LOS ANGELES Light-Duty Vehicle Information Vehicle Type Passenger Car Light-Duty Fuel Type Number of Light-Duty Vehicles Annual Vehicle Mileage Fuel Economy (MPGGE) Purchase Price ($/Vehicle) Gasoline 25 11,000 28.8 $20,000 Diesel 25 11,000 34.6 $22,500 Gasoline Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)25 11,000 40.3 $23,000 Gasoline Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)25 11,000 42.9 $32,500 Gasoline Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV)25 11,000 41.2 $34,000 All-Electric Vehicle (EV)25 11,000 95.0 $30,000 Gaseous Hydrogen (G.H2) Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)25 11,000 57.3 $58,500 Biodiesel (B20)25 11,000 34.6 $22,500 Biodiesel (B100)25 11,000 34.6 $22,500 Ethanol (E85)25 11,000 28.8 $20,000 Propane (LPG)25 11,000 28.8 $26,000 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)25 11,000 27.4 $27,000 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Information Vehicle Type Transit Bus Heavy-Duty Fuel Type Number of Heavy-Duty Vehicles Annual Vehicle Mileage Fuel Economy (MPDGE) Purchase Price ($/Vehicle) Gasoline 0 0 3.4 $0 Diesel 0 35,000 4.1 $300,000 All-Electric Vehicle (EV)0 35,000 11.3 $750,000 Gaseous Hydrogen (G.H2) Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)0 35,000 6.8 $1,800,000 Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)0 35,000 5.7 $510,000 Diesel Hydraulic Hybrid (HHV)0 0 5.3 $0 Biodiesel (B20)0 35,000 4.1 $300,000 Biodiesel (B100)0 35,000 4.1 $300,000 Ethanol (E85)0 0 3.4 $0 Propane (LPG)0 0 3.4 $0 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)0 35,000 3.5 $360,000 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)0 35,000 3.5 $350,000 LNG / Diesel Pilot Ignition 0 0 3.9 $0 AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS 2nd step: enter key fuel price inputs on “Inputs” sheet –Choose either public or private station fuel pricing (via drop-down) •Results based on state level AFPR data –Choose if you want to look at fuel price sensitivity for simple payback (via drop-down) –Enter fuel price data (in respective fuel unit) 18 Refueling Information Yes No Fueling Type Private Station For infrastructure costs, go to 'Payback' sheet Fuel Price Sensitivity No To enter fuel price range, go to 'Payback' sheet Fuel and DEF Price Public Station Private Station Fuel Unit Gasoline gasoline gallon $3.01 $2.84 Diesel diesel gallon $3.04 $3.03 Electricity kWh $0.16 $0.16 G.H2 hydrogen kg $20.29 $6.99 B20 B20 gallon $2.92 $2.70 B100 B100 gallon $3.94 $4.41 E85 E85 gallon $2.59 $2.56 Propane LPG gallon $3.01 $2.63 CNG CNG GGE $2.43 $1.96 LNG LNG gallon $2.86 $2.11 Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF)DEF gallon $2.80 $2.80 ($/Fuel Unit) AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS 3rd step: enter TCO inputs on “Inputs” sheet 19 Total Cost of Ownership Inputs Light-Duty Vehicle Information Years of Planned Ownership years 15 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Information Years of Planned Ownership years 15 Infrastructure Information Years of Planned Ownership years 15 Financial Assumptions Vehicles Infrastructure Loan yes/no No No Loan Term years 5 5 Interest Rate %3.37%3.37% Percent Down Payment %0.00%0.00% Discount Factor %0.83% AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS 20 4th step: adjust fuel production assumptions on “Inputs” sheet Biodiesel Feedstock Source 1 - Soy 1 2 - Algae Ethanol Feedstock Source 1 - Corn 1 2 - Switchgrass CNG Feedstock Source 1 - North American NG 1 2 - Renewable NG - Wastewater Treatment 3 - Landfill Gas LNG Feedstock Source 1 - North American NG 1 2 - Renewable NG - Wastewater Treatment 3 - Landfill Gas North American NG Feedstock Source Conventional Shale 66%34% LPG Feedstock Source NG Petroleum 69%31% Source of Electricity for PHEVs, EVs, and FCVs (Electrolysis) 1 - Average U.S. Mix 11 2 to 11 - EIA Region Mix (see map) 12 - User Defined (go to 'Background Data' sheet) G.H2 Production Process 1 - Refueling Station SMR (On-site)1 2 - Central Plant SMR (Off-site) 3 - Refueling Station Electrolysis (On-site) Gasoline Diesel Gasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV G.H2 FCV Light-Duty Vehicle Inputs Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Gasoline Gasoline Gasoline Gasoline Vehicle Type Passenger Car Number of LDVs 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Annual Mileage 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 Fuel Economy (MPGGE)28.8 34.6 40.3 42.9 41.2 95.0 57.3 CD Electricity Use (kWh/100mi)23.0 31.4 34.6 CD Electricity Use (GGE/100mi)0.7 1.0 CD Gasoline Use (GGE/100mi)0.7 0.0 PHEV CD Range (miles)19.6 34.0 Charges/day 1.0 1.0 Days driven/week 5 5 Share of CD miles 46%81% Share of Alternative Fuel Use in Dual-Fuel or PHEV (Energy %)17%62% DEF Use (% of fuel consumption)0%2%0%0%0%0%0% Purchase Price ($/vehicle)$20,000 $22,500 $23,000 $32,500 $34,000 $30,000 $58,500 Incentive ($/vehicle)$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Maintenance & Repair ($/mile)$0.142 $0.192 $0.137 $0.135 $0.135 $0.125 $0.125 AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS 5th step: if examining PHEV or EREV, enter additional data on “Payback” sheet –CD “EV mode” fuel consumption & range –Charges per day & days driven per week –Other secondary assumptions are on this sheet as well 21Note: Several fuels are not shown for clarity in this presentation AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS 6th step: if examining fuel price sensitivity, enter additional data on “Payback” sheet –Enter high and low fuel prices for either public or private station •Can either enter values or % relative to default price •Do not have to enter multiple times for vehicles using same fuel 22Note: Several fuels are not shown for clarity in this presentation Gasoline Diesel Gasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV G.H2 FCV Fuel Price Sensitivity Public Fuel Price Sensitivity Case No High Fuel Price (% increase vs default)17%19%17%17%17%0%0% High Primary Fuel Price ($/GGE)$3.51 $3.13 $3.51 $3.51 $3.51 $5.34 $20.29 High Secondary Fuel Price ($/GGE)$5.34 $5.34 Low Primary Fuel Price (% decrease vs default)17%19%17%17%17%0%0% Low Primary Fuel Price ($/GGE)$2.51 $2.13 $2.51 $2.51 $2.51 $5.34 $20.29 Low Secondary Fuel Price ($/GGE)$5.34 $5.34 Private Fuel Price Sensitivity Case No High Fuel Price (% increase vs default)18%19%17%17%17%0%0% High Primary Fuel Price ($/GGE)$3.34 $3.13 $3.31 $3.31 $3.31 $5.34 $6.99 High Secondary Fuel Price ($/GGE)$5.34 $5.34 Low Primary Fuel Price (% decrease vs default)18%19%17%17%17%0%0% Low Primary Fuel Price ($/GGE)$2.34 $2.13 $2.37 $2.37 $2.37 $5.34 $6.99 Low Secondary Fuel Price ($/GGE)$5.34 $5.34 AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS 7th step: if examining infrastructure costs, enter additional data on “Payback” sheet –Enter station type (via drop down), number of stations, and station & O&M costs 23Note: Several fuels are not shown for clarity in this presentation Gasoline Diesel Gasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV Infrastructure Inputs Station/EVSE Type New Private New Private New Private Level 2 - Parking Garage Level 2 - Parking Garage Level 2 - Parking Garage Number of stations/EVSEs 0 0 0 13 13 13 Total Refueling Station/EVSE Cost $0 $0 $0 $40,556 $40,556 $40,556 Total Incentive $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Maintenance Depot Cost $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Annual Private Station/EVSE Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Costs ($/yr)$0 $0 $0 $9,100 $9,100 $9,100 Default Refueling Station/EVSE Cost $0 $0 $0 $40,556 $40,556 $40,556 Default Annual Private Station/EVSE O&M Costs ($/yr)$0 $0 $0 $9,100 $9,100 $9,100 Annual Private Fueling Labor & Misc. Costs ($/yr)$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS View results on “Payback Outputs” sheet 24Note: Several fuels are not shown for clarity in this presentation Diesel Gasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV G.H2 FCV B20 B100 E85 LPG CNG Payback 8 122 78 40 24 w/ Externalities 7 54 38 22 310 16 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 SImple Payback (years)Gasoline Diesel Gasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV G.H2 FCV B20 B100 E85 LPG CNG Petroleum Use 199 173 142 91 28 1 1 140 8 44 67 1 GHG Emissions 112 95 80 66 51 50 75 81 25 81 99 100 0 50 100 150 200 250 Petroleum Use (barrels) or GHGs (short tons)Gasoline Diesel Gasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV G.H2 FCV B20 B100 E85 LPG CNG Petroleum Use $3,094 $2,680 $2,210 $1,413 $435 $20 $20 $2,168 $118 $679 $1,036 $17 GHGs $4,196 $3,535 $2,997 $2,477 $1,920 $1,849 $2,818 $3,014 $930 $3,036 $3,691 $3,733 Air Pollutants $662 $550 $564 $457 $296 $231 $231 $550 $550 $642 $635 $595 $0 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000 Externality Cost AFLEET TUTORIAL –SIMPLE PAYBACK AND TCO CALCULATORS View results on “TCO Outputs” sheet 25Note: Several fuels are not shown for clarity in this presentation -$1,200,000 -$1,000,000 -$800,000 -$600,000 -$400,000 -$200,000 $0 $200,000 $400,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cumulative Cash Flow Project Year Diesel Gasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV G.H2 FCV B20 B100 E85 LPG CNGGasolineDieselGasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV G.H2 FCV B20 B100 E85 LPG CNG License and Registration $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 $45,017 Insurance $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 $415,833 Maintenance and Repair $654,555 $882,420 $535,523 $773,808 $773,808 $729,185 $576,755 $882,420 $882,420 $654,555 $654,555 $654,555 Diesel Exhaust Fluid $0 $7,364 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $7,364 $7,364 $0 $0 $0 Fuel $447,267 $354,540 $319,477 $284,818 $253,784 $264,249 $554,273 $320,852 $558,909 $544,970 $549,650 $325,561 Depreciation $464,757 $522,852 $534,471 $788,349 $823,206 $730,254 $1,359,415 $522,852 $522,852 $464,757 $604,185 $627,422 Financing $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $500,000 $1,000,000 $1,500,000 $2,000,000 $2,500,000 $3,000,000 $3,500,000 Total Cost of OwnershipGasoline Diesel Gasoline HEV Gasoline PHEV Gasoline EREV EV G.H2 FCV B20 B100 E85 LPG CNG Petroleum Use $55,080 $47,718 $39,343 $25,148 $7,742 $358 $356 $38,592 $2,092 $12,083 $18,449 $295 GHGs $74,693 $62,921 $53,352 $44,104 $34,186 $32,910 $50,168 $53,649 $16,560 $54,049 $65,714 $66,464 Air Pollutants $15,589 $13,038 $12,695 $10,011 $5,993 $4,378 $4,378 $13,038 $13,038 $15,234 $15,115 $14,404 $0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 $140,000 $160,000 Externality Cost