HomeMy WebLinkAbout2012 Alaska End Use Study Summary 2012-AALASKA ENERGY
The purpose the End-use Study (EUS) is to provide energy end-use data for
residential and non-residential buildings in Southeast Alaska (Climate Zone
6), Southcentral Alaska (Climate Zone 7), Fairbanks/Interior (Climate Zone
8), and the rural North/Northwest Alaska. The study also provided basic
end-use energy and building benchmark information on other categories,
including street lighting and water/wastewater treatment infrastructure.
The state of Alaska has established a goal of 15% reduction in end-use energy
use by 2020. For the purposes of this study, this can be defined as:
overview
“Alaska shall achieve a 15 percent reduction in the amount
of heating fuel and electricity used on a per capita basis
in the residential and commercial building sectors, as well
as public facilities such as street lighting and water/sewer
facilities, between the base year of 2010 and the year 2020.”
1
Railbelt and Southeast Residential Energy Use
Residential energy use represents a prominent policy and programmatic target for policy makers. Major conclusions of residential
energy use include the following:
• The average residence in the Railbelt and Southeast Alaska (SEAK) regions uses 269 MMBTUs in energy each year, and
total energy use of 59 million MMBTUs.
• Residents of Railbelt and SEAK use about 80% of their total energy (in MMBTUs) to heat their homes.
• Single family detached residences use more energy than other types of residences. Multifamily residences use the least.
• Natural gas is the primary fuel for home heating in 64% of households in Railbelt and SEAK, and oil is the primary fuel in
Southeast Alaska.
• Domestic hot water uses between 9% and 11% of total energy in Railbelt and SEAK homes.
• Electrical appliances use between 8% and 10% of all MMBTUs among respondent households in Railbelt and SEAK, but
consume 65% of all electrical energy.
• The operation of major appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, washers and dryers is the largest single residential use of
electrical energy in all the Climate Zones within Railbelt and Southeast Alaska (24% of electrical energy).
• Mobile homes have the highest energy intensity (KBTU/ft2) in space heating, domestic hot water production and operating
appliances.
figure 1
Total energy use/yr per home by climate zone for
Railbelt & SEAK (pop weighted, MMBTU)annual energy use per home, (MMBTU/yr)Figure 1 shows the total energy used by residences in each of the climate
zones for the Railbelt and SEAK. On average, homes in the more temperate
Climate Zone 6 use less energy than those in the colder climate zones. The
use of energy in Southcentral Alaska (Railbelt, Climate Zone 7) is slightly
higher than energy use in Climate Zone 8. On average homes were 6%
larger in Climate Zone 7 than in Climate Zone 8.
figure 2
Railbelt & SEAK Total Energy Use by Fuel Type and Climate Zone
total annual energy use,(MMBTU/yr)Figure 2 compares state-wide total energy use by all fuel types for each
climate zone within the Railbelt and SEAK study areas. Climate Zone 7 has
by far the largest total energy use due to a substantially larger population
then other climate zones. Total Railbelt and SEAK residential energy use
within this study is 59.38 million MMBTUs.
figure 3
Total energy by major energy use per home
by Climate Zone (pop wt, MMBTU)
figure 4
Total energy use per home for major energy uses
by residence type (pop wt, MMBTU)annual energy use per home, (MMBTU/yr)Figure 3 shows the breakdown of major energy uses (space heating,
domestic hot water, and appliance energy use) in MMBTUs for all climate
zones for the Railbelt and SEAK regions. Climate Zone 6 has significantly
less space heating and domestic hot water energy use then Climate Zones
7 and 8. annual energy use per home, (MMBTU/yr)Figure 4 shows space heating, domestic hot water and appliance energy
uses for each residence type for all Climate Zones in the Southeast and
Railbelt. Single family detached homes use the largest absolute and relative
amount of total energy to heat the home and multifamily the least. The
relative amount of energy used to operate appliances, including primary
cooking and lighting, is approximately the same (between 8-10%) in all
types of residences.
5,617,000
44,885,000
8,875,000
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
Appliance
Fuels
Spruce
Propane
Oil
Gas
Electricity
Coal
Birch
2
figure 5
Total energy use intensity for major energy uses
by residence type (ARIS, pop wt, kBTU/ft2)annual energy use Intensity,(kBTU/ft2/yr)Figure 5 compares the average energy intensity per home in kBTU/ft2
for each residence type. Mobile homes have the largest average energy
use intensity of the four residence types while the other three residence
types are very similar. Space heating energy use intensity in particular is
significantly larger for mobile homes then for other residence types. The
space heating and domestic hot water energy use intensities for multifamily
and single family attached homes relied on the same housing type definition
from the ARIS data (the ARIS database does not distinguish between these
residence types). Differences in intensities between the two are due to
population difference in residence types across Climate Zones.
figure 8
Total appliance energy by end use by
residence type (pop wt, MMBTU)
figure 6
Appliance energy use by major uses (pop wt, % MMBTU)
Appliance energy use accounts for 8% of total energy use for all fuel types,
but as shown in Figure 6, appliances consume 65% of total electricity use.
Appliances include all lighting, electrical and non-electrical appliances and
equipment not related to space heating or hot water heating.
figure 7
Total electricity use for the Railbelt and Southeast
by end use (pop wt, % MMBTU)
Major appliances are the largest energy consuming appliance end use for
all Climate Zones. This is followed by primary cooking. Annual energy use per home, (MMBTU/yr)Figure 8 shows total appliance energy use (all fuel types) per home
by appliance end use for by residence type. Mobile homes have the
largest primary cooking and entertainment energy use. Single family
detached homes have the largest major appliances, interior lighting and
miscellaneous appliance energy use. Other end uses are very similar across
residence types. The breakdown of appliance energy by appliance end
uses across Climate Zones showed little variation.
3
Railbelt and Southeast Non-residential Energy Use
This study presents the newest available information on non-residential energy use in Alaska. Major conclusions include the
following:
• Based on average energy use by various non-residential building types, Railbelt and SEAK regions use over 29,974.000
MMBTUs of energy each year.
• It is important to estimate both the total energy use in MMBTUs and the energy intensity in kBTUs per square foot.
• Food service facilities have more energy intensity than any other type of building in Climate Zones 6, 7, and 8.
• Health care facilities have the second highest energy intensity, about one half that of food service buildings.
• Heating accounts for just over 50% of total building energy used.
• Primary cooking is the second highest energy use for all fuel types, at 26%.
• Lighting uses the largest proportion of energy (28%) in non-residential buildings in all three Climate Zones.
• Lighting has the highest energy intensity of non-residential end use, at 36% of all kBTUs.
• Laundry services in health care facilities are a major use of energy.
• Lighting is the highest use of energy in retail buildings, using over half of all of the energy consumed in MMBTUs.
• While total non-residential energy use is higher in more northerly Climate Zones, it appears to be lower when energy
intensity is measured. total energy use(mmbtu/yr)Figure 9 shows the total non-residential building energy use for each of the
Climate Zones in the study area. Climate Zone 7 contains the largest number
of non-residential buildings and accounts for the largest percentage of non-
residential building energy use.
figure 9
Total non-residential energy use in the
Railbelt and Southeast by Climate Zone
climate zone
figure 10
Average non-residential building energy intensity by Climate Zone
Average Energy Intensity(kBTU/SF/yr)climate zone
Figure 10 shows similar data, but represents the average non-residential
building energy intensity (kBTU/ft2/year) for each Climate Zone and the
entire study area. Climate Zone 8 is the most extreme and buildings use the
most energy per square foot.
4
figure 11
Fuel type by Climate Zone
Figure 11 shows similar data of fuel type by Climate Zone. Climate Zone 7
(Anchorage area) has a large penetration of natural gas, while the other
Climate Zones do not and rely on other fuel types.
figure 14
Total appliance energy by end use by
residence type (pop wt, MMBTU)
figure 12
Total building energy use and area by building type
Figure 12 shows the total Railbelt and SEAK non-residential building
energy use broken down by building type (blue bars, read from left axis).
Warehouse type buildings use the largest amount of energy. Also plotted
is the total building area by building type (red bars read on right). The total
building energy use correlates to total building area for each building type.
figure 13
Average building energy intensity by
building type for all Climate Zones
Figure 13 shows average energy intensity (kBTU/SF) for all Climate Zones
by building type. Food service is the most energy intensive building type
due to cooking energy. Health care facilities are the second most energy
intensive building type.
Figure 14 shows total building energy use by primary end-use categories for
all non-residential buildings in the Railbelt and SEAK. Total annual energy
consumption (MMBTU) and percent of the total non-residential energy use
is shown. Heating accounts for just over 50% of the total building energy
use, followed by interior lighting (23%), domestic hot water heating (DHW),
and office equipment.
climate zone
Total Building Area (SF)
Total Building Energy Use (MMBTU/year)Total Building Energy Use (kbtU/ft2/year)5
energy use in rural Alaska
Residential, non-residential energy use and water and wastewater use data are provided for Bethel and three rural communities.
• Bethel is estimated to use almost 1.3 million MMBTUs of energy per year.
• Oil is the primary heating fuel for Bethel residential use.
• On average, Bethel residents use almost 250 MMBTUs of energy each year in home heating, domestic hot water, and the
operation of electrical appliances.
• Space heating uses 72% of all energy among Bethel residences.
• Operating major appliances uses 35% of all electrical energy in Bethel households.
• Office buildings in Bethel use more energy and MMBTUs than any other type of facility.
• Food service facilities have the highest energy intensity, at 335 kBTUs per square foot of any building type.
• Almost three quarters (72%) of all energy used by non-residential buildings in Bethel is used for heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning.
• Space heating is the dominant use of energy in all building types except food service buildings.
• Together, the three rural communities included in the rural study use about 107 MMBTUs of energy per year.
• Almost 90% of all energy used in the three communities is for space heating.
• There are differences in the distribution of residential energy use between communities.
• Non-residential heating requires more energy in MMBTUs (72%) than any other application.
figure 15
Total non-residential computer and IT electricity
use (kWh/year), Climate Zones 6, 7 and 8
6
Wind Power Projects - Kotzebue, Wales and Selawik
figure 16
Distribution of Rural Building Types
Figure 16 depicts the percentages of the types of all rural buildings included
in the study. Institutional buildings represent 30% of all buildings included
in the study, while only 1% of the buildings are in the food services category.
The building type and sub-types were not recorded for 11% of the buildings
in the study.
Overall, the average resident in Bethel uses 193 MMBTUs of energy each year for home heating, providing domestic hot water,
and operating appliances. Families living in mobile home residences appeared to use the most energy, at 334 MMBTUs per year.
Families living in multi-family residences use the least amount of energy. By far, more energy is spent in home heating than for
any other purpose.
Residence Type Space Heating Domestic Hot Water Appliances, Lighting, Etc.Total
Mobile Home 280.24 34.32 19.92 334.47
Multi Family 95.30 30.91 17.63 143.83
Single Family Attached 99.42 32.25 20.15 151.82
Single Family Detached 126.92 34.51 20.83 182.07
Total 139.22 33.79 20.24 193.12
Table 1
Summary of Bethel residential energy use in MMBTUs/yr
Photo courtesy of Wikipedia
7
figure 17
Summary of Residential Energy Use in Bethel in MMBTUs/yr
Figure 17 shows the overall distribution of residential energy use. Almost
¾ (72%) of all energy is used in home heating. The remainder is distributed
between domestic hot water (18%) and the operation of appliances,
lighting and other plug loads. (10%).
figure 18
Energy Intensity in kBTUs /ft2/yr, Bethel.
When the energy intensity of buildings in Bethel is analyzed by dividing
total energy use by the square foot of each facility, food service buildings
are the highest energy users. Other building types have similar per-square-
foot energy usage, between 107 and 150 kBTUs per square foot
figure 19
Distribution of Total energy use in MMBTUs/yr, Bethel
Figure 19 shows that over three quarters (76%) of all energy used by
non-residential buildings in Bethel is used to heat the facility. This second
highest use is in interior and exterior lighting (9%). All other energy uses
comprise about 15% of all MMBTUs.Energy Intensity in kBTUs/ft2/yrPhoto courtesy of city-data.com
8
Table 2: Summary of bethel energy use
Component Units Mean Use
(MMBTU/yr)
Total
(MMBTUs/yr)
Residential 2364 193.1 456,488.4
Non Residential 729,925.3
Food Service 8 528.74 4,229.9
Warehouse 14 586.65 8,213.2
Institutional 44 621.60 27,350.4
Health Care 4 492.85 1,971.4
Regional Administration (60,000 ft2)1 1,251.65 kBTU/ ft2 75,099.0
Hospital (115,000 ft2)1 4,411.26 kBTUs/ ft2/yr 507,294.9
Lodging 5 817.08 4,085.4
Office 40 1368.97 54,758.9
Mercantile/retail 15 838.78 12,581.7
Service 60 550.52 33,031.2
Other 5 267.91 1339.6
Total 197
Street Lighting 2.6
Water and Waste Water (50)13,463.0
Total 1,199,879.4
figure 20: distribution of total energy use in bethel
9
figure 21
Distribution of Total energy use in MMBTUs, Three Small Communities
The communities of New Stuyahok, Savoonga and Selawik were identified
for detailed end-use energy analysis. Almost 90% of total residential
energy is used for home heating. Another 5% is used for major appliances.
figure 24
Distribution of Total energy use in
MMBTUs/yr, Three Small Communities
figure 22
Distribution of energy use by building type,
MMBTUs/yr, Three Small Communities
The energy intensity results are similar in each community. Heating is the
largest energy use in the three communities. This may be attributable to
the similar square footage of average houses in the three communities.
figure 23
Energy Intensity in kBTUs/ft2/yr, Three Small Communities
The energy intensity, or energy per square foot, mirrors the overall energy
use largely due to the similar average square footage of homes as found in
these communities. While all three communities dedicate a large portion
of energy to home heating, Savoonga uses a significantly greater amount
of energy per square foot than the other communities in heating, domestic
hot water, primary cooking, major appliances and other kitchen equipment.
New Stuyahok appears to be a greater user of energy for entertainment
and office equipment.
As with residential uses, heating requires more energy in MMBTUs/yr
(72%) than any other application. The production of hot water is second
(12%), followed by the operation of the interior and exterior lighting (11%)Energy Use in MMBTUs/yrRural village communities
Energy Intensity in kBTUs/ft2/yr10