HomeMy WebLinkAboutCDB Cold Bay School 2012-EE
Managing Office
2400 College Road 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Suite 106A 4402 Thane Road
Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801
p. 907.452.5688 p. 907.222.2445 p: 907.586.6813
f. 907.452.5694 f. 907.222.0915 f: 907.586.6819
www.nortechengr.com
ENERGY AUDIT – FINAL REPORT
COLD BAY SCHOOL
PO Box 128
Cold Bay, Alaska
Prepared for:
Mr. Jim Brown
PO Box 349
Sand Point, Alaska
Prepared by:
David Lanning PE, CEA
Jeremy Spargur EIT, CEAIT
July 10, 2012
Acknowledgment: "This material is based upon work supported by the Department of
Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095.”
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY
Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915
Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694
Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819
info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Building Use .......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules ...................................................................... 4
2.3 Building Description ............................................................................................... 4
3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA .......................................................................... 7
3.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010 ...................................................................... 8
3.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2010 ............................................................................ 9
3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010 .............................................................................. 10
3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns ........................................................................... 11
3.5 Future Energy Monitoring .................................................................................... 12
4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ......................................................................... 13
4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 14
4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Cold Bay School ........................................ 15
4.3 Additional Modeling Methods .............................................................................. 16
5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 17
5.1 Operations and Maintenance .............................................................................. 17
5.2 Commissioning .................................................................................................... 17
5.3 Building Specific Recommendations ................................................................... 17
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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APPENDICES
Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures ........................................... 20
Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended ..................... 28
Appendix C Significant Equipment List ....................................................................... 30
Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ...................................................................... 32
Appendix E Analysis Methodology .............................................................................. 33
Appendix F Audit Limitations ...................................................................................... 34
Appendix G References .............................................................................................. 35
Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage ..................... 36
Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. .................................... 37
Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 38
Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions .................................... 39
Appendix L Building Floor Plan .................................................................................. 40
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of the Cold Bay School, an 11,747
square foot facility in Cold Bay, Alaska The audit began with benchmarking which resulted in a
calculation of the energy consumption per square foot. A site inspection was completed on
December 12, 2011 to obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling and
other building energy uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then used to
develop a building energy consumption model using AkWarm.
Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were
developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the
basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these
modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy,
not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation,
and energy costs at the time of this audit.
While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, upgrading
specific systems often requires collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that
are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. The necessity and amount of design effort
and cost will vary depending on the scope of the specific EEMs planned and the sophistication
and capability of the entire design team, including the building owners and operators. During
the budgeting process for any major retrofit identified in this report, the building owner should
add administrative and supplemental design costs to cover the individual needs of their own
organization and the overall retrofit project.
The recommended EEMs for the Cold Bay School are summarized in the table below.
Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in Section 3. Details of each
individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A summary of EEMs that were
evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in Appendix B.
PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
1
Setback
Thermostat:
School
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 60.0 deg F for the
School space.
$7,286 $2,600 37 0.4
2 Lighting EEM 1 Replace interior incandescent
lamps with fluorescent $560 $345 11 0.6
3 Lighting EEM 2 Replace interior and exterior
lighting with LEDs $6,204 $25,064 3.2 4.0
4
On- or Below-
Grade Floor,
Perimeter: House
Install R-19 Fiberglass Batts
on the Perimeter 4 feet of the
Crawl Space Floor.
$616 $6,943 2.0 11
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Cold Bay, Alaska
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PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
5 HVAC And DHW replace circulation pumps with
variable speed pumps $1,834 $16,000 1.4 8.7
TOTAL, cost-effective measures $17,897 $67,590 3.3 3.8
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Cold Bay, Alaska
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Modeled Building Energy Cost Breakdown
The above charts are a graphical representation of the modeled energy usage for Cold Bay
School. The greatest portions of energy cost for the building are lighting and envelope air
losses. Detailed improvements can be found in Appendix A.
The energy cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field inspection
and does not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were directly measured. The
current energy costs are shown above on the left hand pie graph and the projected energy
costs, assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the right.
The chart breaks down energy usage by cost into the following categories:
Envelope Air Losses—the cost to provide heated fresh air to occupants, air leakage, heat lost in
air through the chimneys and exhaust fans, heat lost to wind and other similar losses.
Envelope
o Ceiling—quantified heat loss transferred through the ceiling portion of the envelope.
o Window—quantified heat loss through the window portion of the envelope.
o Wall/Door—quantified heat loss through the wall and door portions of the envelope.
o Floor—quantified heat loss through the floor portion of the envelope.
Water Heating—energy cost to provide domestic hot water.
Fans—energy cost to run ventilation, and exhaust fans.
Lighting—energy cost to light the building.
Refrigeration—energy costs to provide refrigerated goods for the occupants.
Other Electrical—includes energy costs not listed above including cooking loads, laundry loads,
other plug loads and electronics.
Envelope
Air Losses
$19,249
32%
Ceiling
$4,189
7%
Window
$499
1%
Wall/Door
$6,084
10%
Floor
$3,690
6%
Water
Heating
$3,027
5%
Fans
$220
0%
Lighting
$18,350
31%
Refriger-
ation
$1,607
5%
Other
Electrical
$3,118
5%
Existing Building Energy Cost
$60,032 Envelope
Air Losses
$16,405
27%
Ceiling
$3,562
6%
Window
$324
1%
Wall/Door
$5,180
9%Floor
$2,482
4%
Water
Heating
$1,148
2%
Fans
$220
0%
Lighting
$8,089
13%
Refriger-
ation
$1,607
3%
Other
Electrical
$3,118
5%
EEM
Savings
$17,897
30%
Retrofit Building Energy Cost
$42,135
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Cold Bay, Alaska
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
NORTECH contracted with The Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform ASHRAE
Level II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings
of the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications,
and building use changes that are expected to save energy and money.
The report is organized into sections covering:
description of the facility,
the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking),
estimating energy use through energy use modeling,
evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and
recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings.
2.1 Building Use
The building provides kindergarten through 12th grade education for the students in Cold Bay,
Alaska.
2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules
The building is occupied by ten students and two staff members from 8:30 am – 5:00 pm
Monday through Friday during the school year from the middle of August to the end of May. The
building is not used after hours or in the summer.
2.3 Building Description
The original portion of the building was built in 1957 and in 1983 the gym, another classroom,
and a library were added. The building is a one-story, wood-framed structure with a crawlspace
with concrete walls.
Building Envelope
Building Envelope: Walls
Wall Type Description Insulation Notes
Original walls Wood-framed with 2x6 studs R-19 fiberglass batt. -
Addition walls Wood-framed with 2x10 studs R-30 fiberglass batt. -
Crawlspace walls 8” poured concrete 1” rigid board -
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Heating and Ventilation Systems
The building uses two oil-fired boilers to send heat to the following zones:
baseboard fin tubes in the classrooms
unit heaters in the gym, boiler room, and janitors room
and an indirect fired water heater
The air handling unit that once provided ventilation has been removed and nothing has yet
replaced it. Restroom exhaust fans are the only form of mechanical ventilation currently in the
building.
Air Conditioning System
The building is not equipped with an air conditioning system.
Energy Management
The building is not equipped with an energy management system.
Building Envelope: Floors
Floor Type Description Insulation Notes
Basement Floor Uninsulated dirt floor None None
Building Envelope: Roof
Roof Type Description Insulation Notes
Gym roof Hot roof framed with wood
trusses.
5” rigid insulation
board -
Classroom roof Attic
2.5” rigid insulation
board and
R-19 fiberglass batt
-
Building Envelope: Doors and Windows
Door and Window
Type Description Estimated
R-Value Notes
Door 1 Full lite metal door 3 53 SF
Door 2 Half lite metal door 3 43 SF
Door 3 Flush metal doors 5 143 SF
Window 1 Double pane, vinyl, not south,
>3/8” air gap 2 237 SF
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Lighting Systems
The primary lighting type in the building is ceiling mounted fluorescent fixtures containing T8
(1” diameter, 4’ long tubes) and T12 (1 1/2” diameter, 4’ long tubes) lamps of various wattages.
The gym has pendant fixtures containing 250 watt metal halide lamps. The exterior of the
building is lit with wall packs containing high pressure sodium lamps.
Domestic Hot Water
Domestic hot water is provided by an indirect fired water heater with an 80 gallon storage
capacity. It is recirculated to keep warm.
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3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA
Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy
bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage, and charges as well as
to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas
consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources
are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking,
information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use
and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of
benchmarking are:
to understand patterns of use,
to understand building operational characteristics,
for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and
to offer insight in to potential energy savings.
The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other
areas, are discussed in the following sections.
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3.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010
The energy use profiles below show the energy and cost breakdowns for Cold Bay School. The
total 2010 energy use for the building was 1083 mmBTU and the total cost was $64,041. These
charts show the portion of use for a fuel type and the portion of its cost.
The above charts indicate that the highest portion of energy use is for oil and the highest portion
of cost is for electricity. Fuel oil consumption correlates directly to space heating and domestic
hot water while electrical use can correlate to lighting systems, plug loads, and HVAC
equipment. The energy type with the highest cost often provides the most opportunity for
savings.
Electric
203
19%
Oil
880
81%
Energy Use Total
(mmBTU)
Electric
$36,760
57%
Oil
$27,281
43%
Energy Cost Total ($)
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3.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2010
The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated
from the utility bills and provides a snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by the
building on a square foot and annual basis. The calculation converts the total energy use for
the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into British
Thermal Units (BTUs). This total annual usage is then divided by the number of square feet of
the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year.
The benchmark analysis found that the Cold Bay School has an EUI of 92,000 BTUs per square
foot per year.
The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in
Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use
in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings
(abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000
BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes,
types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I).
In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing
Finance Corporation, schools in Fairbanks averaged 62,000 BTUs per square foot and schools
in Anchorage averaged 123,000 BTUs per square foot annual energy use. The chart below
shows the Cold Bay School relative to these values. These findings are discussed further in
Appendix H.
92,000
62,000
123,000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Btu/ Sq. FtAnnual Energy Use Index (Total Energy / SF)
Cold Bay School Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
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Cold Bay, Alaska
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3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010
Another useful benchmarking statistic is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost for
energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the cost
for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost even
though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating and/or
cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity, can vary
greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts of the
country.
The CUI for Cold Bay School is about $5.45 / SF. This is based on utility costs from 2010 and
the following rates:
Electricity at $ 0.63 / kWh ($18.50 / Therm)
# 2 Fuel Oil at $ 4.32 / gallon ($ 3.08 / Therm)
The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS,
2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the
Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). Schools in Fairbanks have an average
cost for energy of $2.42 per square foot while Anchorage schools average $2.11 per square
foot. The chart below shows the Cold Bay School relative to these values. More details are
included in Appendix H.
$5.45
$2.42
$2.11
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
Annual Energy Cost Index (Total Cost/ SF)
Cold Bay School Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Cold Bay, Alaska
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3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns
Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The
graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two
years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric baseline often reflects
year round lighting consumption. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of
cold weather can be seen in the months with higher usage.
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10Jan-11Mar-11May-11KWHElectrical Consumption
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10Jan-11Mar-11May-11GallonsFuel Oil Deliveries
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3.5 Future Energy Monitoring
Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for
the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each
month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and
aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy
accounting: manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed
by an administrative assistant, however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then
the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems can be installed. They
display and record real-time energy usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are
several types which have all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser.
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4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems
in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy
consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to
commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems.
NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that
best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated.
Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy
used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed
cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to
reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit
can typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require
collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the
Level II energy audit.
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost
every older building include:
Reduce the envelope heat losses through:
o increased building insulation, and
o better windows and doors
Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats
Upgrade inefficient:
o lights,
o motors,
o refrigeration units, and
o other appliances
Reduce running time of lights/appliances through:
o motion sensors,
o on/off timers,
o light sensors, and
o other automatic/programmable systems
The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building
was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall
energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is
unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the
current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently
recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy
prices.
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4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption
NORTECH used the AkWarm model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at Cold Bay
School. The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation
(AHFC) to model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the modeling engine behind
the successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has operated for a number of
years. In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this model for commercial
buildings.
Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as:
Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors, walls,
ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for each
component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference between
the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library of
temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska.
Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the
winter but north-facing windows do not.
Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or
natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air, etc.
Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through
pumping.
Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a
mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around.
Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light; ultimately
all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may be useful in
the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be required to remove
the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational hours.
Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some units
are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from inside a
compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the temperature
difference between the inside and outside of the unit.
Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters,
monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption of
the building, as well as contributing to heat production.
The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc is a critical component of
how much energy is used.
AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage
schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a
yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12
months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to
make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs.
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4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Cold Bay School
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm
to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm
calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the
savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes
recommendations based on the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the
savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are
better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the
energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended.
Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR.
A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table.
Description Space
Heating
Water
Heating Lighting Refrigeration Other
Electrical Fans Total
Existing
Building $33,710 $3,027 $18,350 $1,607 $3,118 $220 $60,032
With All
Proposed
Retrofits
$27,953 $1,148 $8,089 $1,607 $3,118 $220 $42,135
Savings $5,757 $1,879 $10,261 $0 $0 $0 $17,897
Savings in these categories represent the overall savings for the building, and reflect any added
cost that might occur because of a retrofit. For example, installing more efficient lights will
increase the heating load and creating or lowering an unoccupied setback temperature will
increase hot water heat losses and cost.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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4.3 Additional Modeling Methods
The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard
heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated
mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and
limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC
systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with
significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some
other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities.
This report section is included in order to identify benefits from modifications to those more
complex systems or changes in occupant behavior that cannot be addressed in AkWarm.
The Cold Bay School was calibrated within NORTECH standards in AKWarm. Retrofits for the
HVAC system were adequately modeled in AkWarm and did not require additional outside
calculations.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M)
5.1 Operations and Maintenance
A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind
energy savings. Such a plan includes preserving institutional knowledge, directs preventative
maintenance, and schedules regular inspections of each piece of HVAC equipment within the
building. Such a plan includes a regularly scheduled inspection of each piece of HVAC
equipment within the building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters,
belts and pulleys, the proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the
glycol tanks. Additional benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for
malfunctioning equipment, early indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated
maintenance issues, and early detection of overloading/overheating issues. A good
maintenance person knows the building’s equipment well enough to spot and repair minor
malfunctions before they become major retrofits.
Operations and Maintenance staff implementing a properly designed O & M plan will:
Track and document
o Renovations and repairs,
o Utility bills and fuel consumption, and
o System performance.
Keep available for reference
o A current Building Operating Plan including an inventory of installed systems,
o The most recent available as-built drawings,
o Reference manuals for all installed parts and systems, and
o An up-to-date inventory of on-hand replacement parts.
Provide training and continuing education for maintenance personnel.
Plan for commissioning and re-commissioning at appropriate intervals.
5.2 Commissioning
Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems perform within the design
or usage ranges of the Building Operating Plan. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as
the last phase in construction. HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time
due to incorrect maintenance, improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or
usage, changes in schedules, and changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning
of a building should occur every five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets
the potentially variable use with the most efficient means.
5.3 Building Specific Recommendations
The building is leaky at locations on the exterior wall where the outside air ducts for a removed
air handling unit were connected. Repairing these leaks properly by adding insulation and
sealing it off will significantly decrease energy usage in the building.
Insulation is the attic is not well placed and therefore less effective. Laying the insulation down
properly in order to cover the entire surface area of the ceiling is the most effective use of
insulation.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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Windows throughout the building show signs of leaks and water damage. When it comes time to
replace these damaged windows installing the most energy efficient windows will be the best
option.
The building has a variety of ballast/lamp combinations that should be checked to determine if
the ballast can correctly operate the lamp whether the lighting EEMs in this report are
implemented or not.
Doors throughout the building are corroded and leak air and water into the building which leads
to moisture damage. Doors should be replaced with insulated doors with good weather stripping
to prevent heat loss and leaks.
There are a number of kitchen appliances that are placed against the baseboard heaters in the
Pre-school/Kitchen, which limits the movement of the heat in the room. These units should be
moved.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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APPENDICES
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures
A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and
overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by
AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E.
AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will
still return a SIR of one or greater.
This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and
installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the
SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the
overall end use that will be impacted.
A.1 Temperature Control
Programmable thermostats should be installed and programmed in the Cold Bay School.
Programmable thermostats allow for automatic temperature setback, which reduce usage more
reliably than manual setbacks. Reduction of the nighttime temperature set point in the school
will decrease the energy usage.
Rank Building Space Recommendation
4 School Install approximately 13 thermostats and Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied Setback to 60 deg F for the School.
Installation Cost $2600 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $7,286
Breakeven Cost $96,245 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 37 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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A.2 Electrical Loads
A.2.1 Lighting
The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where
electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer
temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting
to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control
heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent bulbs) to T8
(one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED bulbs provides a significant
increase in efficiency. LED bulbs can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The LED bulb
bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise that
magnetic ballasts tend to make.
Several lighting fixtures in the school contain incandescent lamps that are inefficient. All of these
lamps should be replaced throughout the building with CFLs. The majority of the lighting
throughout the building consists of ceiling mounted fluorescent fixtures containing T12 and T8
lamps. Due to the cost of electricity it is economical at this time to replace these lamps with 17
watt LED lamps. Exterior lights consist of high pressure sodium lamps in wall packs and should
be replaced with LED wall packs.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
2 Men's Restroom,
Women's Restroom
2 INCAN (2) A Lamp, Halogen 100W with
Manual Switching
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) CFL,
Spiral 20 W
Installation Cost $50 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $316
Breakeven Cost $1,924 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 39 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
2 Women's Restroom INCAN (2) A Lamp, Halogen 60W with
Manual Switching
Replace with FLUOR (2) CFL,
Spiral 20 W
Installation Cost $30 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $104
Breakeven Cost $645 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 22 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
2
Men's Restroom 2,
Women's Restroom
2
2 INCAN A Lamp, Std 40W with Manual
Switching
Replace with 2 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 13 W
Installation Cost $30 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $54
Breakeven Cost $331 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 11 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
2 Janitor's Closet 2 INCAN (2) A Lamp, Halogen 100W with
Manual Switching
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) CFL,
Spiral 20 W
Installation Cost $50 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $42
Breakeven Cost $258 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 5.2 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
2 Gym 2 FLUOR (2) T12 F40T12 40W U-Tube
Standard Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8
F32T8 30W U-Tube Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $165 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $43
Breakeven Cost $261 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.6 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
2 Pre-School Closet INCAN A Lamp, Std 100W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W
Installation Cost $20 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $1
Breakeven Cost $6 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.3 Simple Payback (yr) 19
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Main Hallway FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $271 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $268
Breakeven Cost $3,029 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 11 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Exterior HPS 150 Watt StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with LED 17W Module
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $500 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $419
Breakeven Cost $4,922 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 9.8 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Exterior HPS 70 Watt StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with LED 17W Module
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $500 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $132
Breakeven Cost $1,486 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.0 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Classroom Hallway FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
(2) Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with LED (4) 17W
Module (2) StdElectronic
Installation Cost $506 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $128
Breakeven Cost $1,452 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.9 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Office 5 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 5 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,352 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $320
Breakeven Cost $3,622 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.7 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Classroom Hallway
2 FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 2 LED (3) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $777 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $177
Breakeven Cost $2,077 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.7 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Pre-School
Classroom
7 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 7 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,893 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $447
Breakeven Cost $5,060 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.7 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3
Elementary
Classroom, Middle
School Classroom,
High School
Classroom
48 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W
Standard Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 48 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $12,982 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $3,044
Breakeven Cost $34,381 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3
Men's Restroom 2,
Women's Restroom
2
6 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 34W Energy-
Saver Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 6 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,623 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $364
Breakeven Cost $4,272 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Men's Restroom FLUOR (3) T12 4' F40T12 34W Energy-
Saver Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with LED (3) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $388 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $83
Breakeven Cost $975 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.5 Simple Payback (yr) 5
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Library 11 FLUOR (3) T12 4' F40T12 34W Energy-
Saver (2) Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 11 LED (3) 17W
Module (2) StdElectronic
Installation Cost $4,272 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $822
Breakeven Cost $9,269 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.2 Simple Payback (yr) 5
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Pre-School
Classroom
2 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 34W Energy-
Saver Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 2 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $541 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $92
Breakeven Cost $1,032 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.9 Simple Payback (yr) 6
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Classroom Hallway,
Library Hall
3 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 3 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $811 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $249
Breakeven Cost $1,542 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.9 Simple Payback (yr) 3
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Gym 11 MH 250 Watt StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 11 LED 100W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $11,000 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $969
Breakeven Cost $10,917 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.0 Simple Payback (yr) 11
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Pre-School
Classroom
3 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 3 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $811 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $69
Breakeven Cost $780 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.0 Simple Payback (yr) 12
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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A.2.2 Other Electrical Loads
No EEMs are recommended in this category.
A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change
A.3.1 Exterior Walls
No EEMs are recommended in this category. It is not cost effective at this time to increase the
insulation value of the walls.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Storage 1 2 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 34W Energy-
Saver Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 2 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $541 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $12
Breakeven Cost $142 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.3 Simple Payback (yr) 45
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Pre-School Closet FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $270 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $1
Breakeven Cost $10 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.0 Simple Payback (yr) 325
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 2nd Floor Hallway 4 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 34W Energy-
Saver Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 4 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,082 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $2
Breakeven Cost $28 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.0 Simple Payback (yr) 446
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Boiler Room 4 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 4 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,082 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $2
Breakeven Cost $21 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.0 Simple Payback (yr) 587
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Exterior HPS 70 Watt StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with LED 17W Module
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $500 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $1
Breakeven Cost $7 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.0 Simple Payback (yr) 810
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace
Increasing the insulation value of the crawlspace by adding encapsulated fiberglass batt
insulation to the perimeter is a cost effective way to save energy.
A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling
No EEMs are recommended in this category. It is not cost effective at this time to increase the
insulation value of the roof.
A.3.4 Windows
No EEMs are recommended in this category. It is not cost effective at this time to increase the
insulation value of the windows.
A.3.5 Doors
No EEMs are recommended in this category. It is not cost effective at this time to increase the
insulation value of the doors.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
4
On- or Below-Grade
Floor, Perimeter:
House
Insulation for 0' to 2' Perimeter: None
Insulation for 2' to 4' Perimeter: None
Modeled R-Value: 16.7
Install R-19 Fiberglass Batts on
the Perimeter 4 feet of the Crawl
Space Floor.
Installation Cost $6,943 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $616
Breakeven Cost $14,055 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2 Simple Payback (yr) 11
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning
A.4.1 Heating and Heat Distribution
Replacing the circulation pumps with variable speed pumps will significantly decrease the
electrical usage required to heat the building.
A.4.2 Air Conditioning
The building is not equipped with an air conditioning system.
A.4.3 Ventilation
The building is not equipped with a central ventilation system. The bathrooms are equipped with
exhaust fans.
A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening
No EEMs are recommended in this area because of the difficulty of quantifying the amount of
leaking air and the savings. However, by using a blower door to depressurize the building and
an infra-red camera, the location of significant air leaks can be determined so they can be
repaired. This is necessary in order to reduce envelope air losses. The building has severe heat
loss through gaps in the envelope where an air handling unit used to be located.
Rank Recommendation
5 replace circulation pumps with variable speed pumps, install timer on DHW circulator, decrease DHW
temp to 120
Installation Cost $16,000 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,834
Breakeven Cost $21,768 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.4 Simple Payback (yr) 9
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended
As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that
were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not
currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a
small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of
these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer
operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases
in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential
EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would
warrant re-evaluation.
Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures,
hardware, controls, or operational changes described in these EEMs should be considered
when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing
window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but if a
window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the
incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient
replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback,
especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units.
The following measures were not found to be cost-effective:
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
6 Air Tightening Perform air sealing to reduce
air leakage by 5%. $835 $10,000 0.76 12
7
Lighting: Pre-
School
Classroom
Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor $23 $200 0.71 9
8 Lighting: Library Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor $55 $500 0.67 9
9
Lighting:
Elementary
Classroom,
Middle School
Classroom, High
School
Classroom
Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor $160 $1,500 0.65 9
10
Lighting: Men's
Restroom 2,
Women's
Restroom 2
Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor $27 $400 0.41 15
11 Exterior Door:
Metal Full Lite
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door, including
hardware.
$58 $4,026 0.33 70
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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The following measures were not found to be cost-effective:
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
12 Exterior Door:
Metal Half Lite
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door, including
hardware.
$48 $3,267 0.33 69
13
Lighting: Pre-
School
Classroom
Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor $10 $200 0.30 20
14 Above-Grade
Wall: Original
Install R-30 rigid foam board to
exterior and cover with T1-11
siding or equivalent.
$554 $46,439 0.27 84
15
Lighting: Pre-
School
Classroom
Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor $7 $200 0.20 30
16 Lighting: Office Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor $17 $500 0.20 30
17
Window/Skylight:
Dbl Vn Other
>3/8
Install single pane storm
window on exterior $44 $4,122 0.18 94
18
Window/Skylight:
Dbl Vn Other
Argon
Install single pane storm
window on exterior $66 $6,826 0.16 103
19 Above-Grade
Wall: Addition
Install R-30 rigid foam board to
exterior and cover with T1-11
siding or equivalent.
$957 $144,929 0.15 150
20
Window/Skylight:
Dbl Wd Other
Storm >3/8
Argon
Install single pane storm
window on exterior $9 $1,782 0.09 190
21 Lighting: Men's
Restroom
Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor $7 $500 0.08 75
22 Exterior Door:
Metal
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door, including
hardware.
$39 $10,825 0.08 280
Energy Audit – Final Report
Cold Bay School
Cold Bay, Alaska
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Appendix C Significant Equipment List
HVAC Equipment
Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Fuel Type Estimated
Efficiency Notes
Boiler Weil McLain - #2 Fuel 80% Two units
Unit heater Modine 11-Sep Electric - 1/10 HP
Unit heater Trane UHSA 038W2AAAX Electric - 1/10 HP, Four units
Circulation pump Grundfos UMC 65-80 Electric - 1/2 HP
Circulation pump Taco 007-F5 Electric - 1/25 HP
Circulation pump Grundfos UMS 50-40 Electric - 1/3 HP
Circulation pump Grundfos UP 43-75 Electric - 1/6 HP
Water heater Super Star SSU-80DW Indirect - 80 gallon tank
Circulation pump Grundfos UP 15-42 F Electric - 1/25 HP
Exhaust fans Pen Zephyr/Nutone varies Electric - Five units
Plug Loads
Equipment Location Manufacturer KWH/YR Cost/YR
Refrigerators/Freezers Library - 2,550 $ 1,607
Server rack Library - 2,104 1,326
Laptops Classrooms - 545 343
Dishwasher Library - 273 172
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule and a $ 0.63 per KWH electric rate.
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Lighting
Location Lighting Type Bulb Type Quantity KWH/YR Cost/YR
Elementary Classroom,
Middle School Classroom,
High School Classroom
Fluorescent T12 96 9698 $ 6,110
Gym Metal Halide 250 W 11 3179 2,003
Library Fluorescent T12 33 2885 1,818
Pre-School Classroom Fluorescent T12 14 1414 891
Classroom Hallway Fluorescent T8 6 1,175 740
Gym Incandescent A-lamp 2 1033 651
Office Fluorescent T12 10 1,010 636
Gym Incandescent A-lamp 6 930 586
Main Hallway Fluorescent T12 2 857 540
Men's Restroom, Women's
Restroom Incandescent A-lamp 4 826 520
Exterior Wall Pack HPS 1 740 466
Classroom Hallway, Library
Hall Fluorescent T12 6 606 382
Gym Fluorescent T5 8 506 319
East Arctic Entry Fluorescent CFL 4 456 287
Classroom Hallway Fluorescent T12 4 404 255
Pre-School Classroom Fluorescent T8 6 356 224
Exterior Wall Pack HPS 1 350 221
Pre-School Classroom Fluorescent T12 4 333 210
Women's Restroom Incandescent A-lamp 2 248 156
Men's Restroom Fluorescent T12 3 237 149
Gym Fluorescent T12 4 202 127
South Arctic Entry Fluorescent T8 3 168 106
Men's Restroom 2,
Women's Restroom 2 Incandescent A-lamp 2 165 104
Arctic Gym Fluorescent - 3 124 78
Janitor's Closet Incandescent A-lamp 4 83 52
Men's Restroom Fluorescent CFL 2 54 34
Storage 1 Fluorescent T12 4 33 21
RR Entry Fluorescent CFL 1 27 17
Boiler Room Fluorescent T8 8 10 6
2nd Floor Hallway Fluorescent T12 8 7 4
Janitor's Closet Fluorescent CFL 2 5 3
Pre-School Closet Incandescent A-lamp 1 2 1
Pre-School Closet Fluorescent T12 2 2 1
Gym Stage Closet Fluorescent CFL 4 2 1
Exterior Wall Pack HPS 1 2 1
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule and a $ 0.63 per KWH electric rate.
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Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure
The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the
local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this
section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit.
Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated
rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates,
rate structures and utility pricing agreements.
Current Cold Bay Utility Rate Structure:
Customer Charge $12.50
Utility Charge $0.32 / kWh
Fuel and purchase power $0.34 / kWh
Demand $7.15 / kW
RCC $0.000492 / kWh
Effective rate*$0.63 / kWh
*Average 2010 effective rate
Customer Charge
A flat fee that covers costs for meter reading, billing and customer service.
Utility Charge (kWh charge)
This charge is multiplied by the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used in a monthly billing period.
It covers the costs to maintain power plants and substations, interest on loans as well as wires,
power poles and transformers.
Fuel and Purchased Power
This charge is based on a combination of forecasted and actual power costs. The monthly
charge allows Golden Valley to pass on increases and decreases in fuel and energy purchases
to our members. It is calculated quarterly and multiplied by the kilowatt-hours used each month.
Demand
The customer is charged a demand charge for the highest kW usage in a month measured
every 15 minutes.
Regulatory Charge
This charge of .000492 per kWh is set by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (RCA). Since
November 1, 1992, the Regulatory Commission of Alaska has been funded by a Regulatory
Charge to the utilities it regulates rather than through the State general fund. The charge,
labeled "Regulatory Cost Charge." on your bill, is set by the RCA, and applies to all retail
kilowatt-hours sold by regulated electric utilities in Alaska.
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Appendix E Analysis Methodology
Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy
consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy
efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to
evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual
energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified
Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer.
EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate
conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions.
Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering
estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage
obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the
cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this
audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that
compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a
project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance
and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as
the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost,
which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one.
EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates
individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of
the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be
recommended by AkWarm. Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation
of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re-
evaluated and ranked again. AkWarm goes through this iterative process until all suggested
EEMs have been evaluated.
Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated
based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the
implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later.
The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is
implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced
operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than
implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more
efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings.
Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact
the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower
energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only
so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount
of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage
light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule
or operational change at the facility.
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Appendix F Audit Limitations
The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an
approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the
identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of
energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and
professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the
recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a
final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any
document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report.
Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs
include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM.
The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not
be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry
publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the
CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit.
Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed.
Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing
techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and
HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared,
air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a
Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted.
Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability
or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned
rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The
views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof."
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Appendix G References
Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains
information and insights considered valuable to most buildings.
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities.
(1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK:
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development.
Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC.
ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy
Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low-
Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in
Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits.
Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough,
Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial
Press, Inc.
Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using
CO2 Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf
Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low-Energy Building Design
Guidelines. Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management
Program: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/
Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford,
UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology.
International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills,
IL: International Code Council, Inc.
Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical
Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings.
Retrieved 2011, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory:
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf
Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010).
Handbook of Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption
Survey (CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration:
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/
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Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage
This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and
Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy
Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the
Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska.
An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I.
The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other
Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under
contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools
in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including
fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a
database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the
comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons.
Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of
Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below.
The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings
with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed
scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the
Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District
(ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as
well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as
Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete
and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy
usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in
Alaska.
Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In
Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is
provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal
fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD
buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the
last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their
operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings
has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database.
Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is
also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in
place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower
energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database.
These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy
use for particular buildings.
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Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S.
Released: Dec 2006
Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007
Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003
All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption
Number of
Buildings
(thousand)
Floorspace
(million
square feet)
Floorspace
per Building
(thousand
square feet)
Total
(trillion
BTU)
per
Building
(million
BTU)
per
Square
Foot
(thousand
BTU)
per
Worker
(million
BTU)
All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9
Building Floorspace (Square Feet)
1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6
5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7
10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0
25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8
50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0
100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3
200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3
Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6
Principal Building Activity
Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7
Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2
Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5
Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0
Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7
Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8
Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5
Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1
Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3
Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5
Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7
Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6
Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0
Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3
Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1
Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1
This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), published by the U.S.
Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was expected to compare the annual energy
consumption of the building to average national energy usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison
between one specific building and the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this
report uses a comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An abbreviated
excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below.
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Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units
1 British Thermal Unit is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree F°
1 Watt is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr
1 horsepower is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr
1 horsepower is approximately 746 Watts
1 "ton of cooling” is approximately 12,000 BTU/hr, the amount of power required to
melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours
1 Therm = 100,000 BTU
1 KBTU = 1,000 BTU
1 KWH = 3413 BTU
1 KW = 3413 BTU/Hr
1 Boiler HP = 33,400 BTU/Hr
1 Pound Steam = approximately 1000 BTU
1 CCF of natural gas = approximately 1 Therm
1 inch H2O = 250 Pascal (Pa) = 0.443 pounds/square inch (psi)
1 atmosphere (atm) = 10,1000 Pascal (Pa)
BTU British Thermal Unit
CCF 100 Cubic Feet
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
GPM Gallons per minute
HP Horsepower
Hz Hertz
kg Kilogram (1,000 grams)
kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts)
kVA Kilovolt-Amp
kVAR Kilovolt-Amp Reactive
KW Kilowatt (1,000 watts)
KWH Kilowatt Hour
V Volt
W Watt
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Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions
ACH Air Changes per Hour
AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
Air Economizer A duct, damper, and automatic control system that
allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce
or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling.
Ambient Temperature Average temperature of the surrounding air
Ballast A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause
the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit
conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc.
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CUI Cost Utilization Index
CDD Cooling Degree Days
DDC Direct Digital Control
EEM Energy Efficiency Measure
EER Energy Efficient Ratio
EUI Energy Utilization Index
FLUOR Fluorescent
Grade The finished ground level adjoining a building at the
exterior walls
HDD Heating Degree Days
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning
INCAN Incandescent
NPV Net Present Value
R-value Thermal resistance measured in BTU/Hr-SF-̊F (Higher
value means better insulation)
SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment
capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar
savings considered over the life of the improvement.
Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and
materials required to install the measure.
Set Point Target temperature that a control system operates the
heating and cooling system
Simple payback A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of
an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM
to give the number of years required to recover the cost
of the investment.
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Appendix L Building Floor Plan
N Drawing by NORTECH from on-site fire escape plan. 174’