HomeMy WebLinkAboutSNP City Hall 2012-EEENERGY AUDIT – FINAL REPORT
CITY HALL
950 Girbash St
Saint Paul, Alaska
Prepared for:
Ms. Wanda Melovidov
PO Box 901
Saint Paul, Alaska 99660
Prepared by:
David C. Lanning PE, CEA
Steven Billa EIT, CEAIT
July 16, 2012
Acknowledgment: “This material is based upon work supported by the Department of
Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095”
Managing Office
2400 College Road 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Suite 106A 4402 Thane Road
Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801
p. 907.452.5688 p. 907.222.2445 p: 907.586.6813
f. 907.452.5694 f. 907.222.0915 f: 907.586.6819
www.nortechengr.com
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY
Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915
Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694
Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819
info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Building Use, Occupancy, Schedules and Description ......................................... 6
2.1.1 Building Use ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules ......................................................... 6
2.1.3 Building Description .................................................................................. 6
2.2 Benchmarking ...................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Energy Utilization Index of 2010 ............................................................. 10
2.2.2 Cost Utilization Index of 2010 ................................................................. 11
2.2.3 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns ............................................................... 12
2.2.4 Future Energy Monitoring ....................................................................... 13
3.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND MODELING RESULTS.............................................. 14
3.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 15
3.1.1 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the City Hall ......................................... 16
3.1.2 AkWarm Projected Energy Costs after Modifications .............................. 17
3.2 Energy Efficiency Measures Calculated Outside AkWarm ................................. 18
4.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 19
4.1 Operations and Maintenance ............................................................................. 19
4.2 Building Specific Recommendations .................................................................. 19
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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APPENDICES
Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures .......................................... 21
Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended ..................... 34
Appendix C Significant Equipment List ...................................................................... 36
Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ..................................................................... 38
Appendix E Analysis Methodology ............................................................................ 39
Appendix F Audit Limitations ..................................................................................... 40
Appendix G References ............................................................................................. 41
Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage ..................... 42
Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. ................................... 43
Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 44
Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions .................................... 45
Appendix L Building Floor Plan ................................................................................. 46
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of the City Hall, a 14,000 square
foot facility. The audit began with benchmarking which resulted in a calculation of the energy
consumption per square foot. A site inspection was completed on September 11, 2011 to
obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling and other building energy
uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then used to develop a building
energy consumption model using AkWarm.
Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were
developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the
basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these
modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy,
not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation,
and energy costs at the time of this audit.
While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, upgrading
specific systems often requires collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that
are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. The necessity and amount of design effort
and cost will vary depending on the scope of the specific EEMs planned and the sophistication
and capability of the entire design team, including the building owners and operators. During
the budgeting process for any major retrofit identified in this report, the building owner should
add administrative and supplemental design costs to cover the individual needs of their own
organization and the overall retrofit project.
The following table, from AkWarm, is a summary of the recommended EEMs for the City Hall.
Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in Section 3. Details of each
individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A summary of EEMs that were
evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in Appendix B.
PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
1 Refrigeration:
basement hall
Add new Seasonal
Shutdown $366 $1 200 0.0
2 Lighting:
Dentist
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W $174 $8 130 0.0
3
Setback
Thermostat:
Rec Hall
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the Rec Hall space.
$1,535 $200 110 0.1
4 Lighting: PS
director
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2)
CFL, Spiral 13 W $238 $17 89 0.1
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
5 Lighting: ps
director
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W $101 $8 82 0.1
6
Setback
Thermostat:
Public Safety
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the Public Safety space.
$894 $200 64 0.2
7 Lighting: cell 3 Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Reflector 23W R25 $86 $15 37 0.2
8
Setback
Thermostat:
Finance Dept.
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the Finance Dept. space.
$400 $200 29 0.5
9
Setback
Thermostat:
Administration
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the Administration space.
$353 $200 25 0.6
10 Lighting:
concrete room
Remove Manual Switching
and Add new Occupancy
Sensor
$598 $200 24 0.3
11 Lighting: Cell 2 Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Reflector 23W R25 $52 $15 23 0.3
12
Setback
Thermostat:
Telephone
Room
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the Telephone Room
space.
$279 $200 20 0.7
13
Setback
Thermostat:
radio station
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the radio station space.
$266 $200 19 0.8
14
Setback
Thermostat:
storage
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the storage space.
$259 $200 19 0.8
15 Ventilation
Reduce schedule and
recover heat from main
exhaust fan. Redirected
heated air from server
exhaust fan into building
and allow exhausting
outside in summer.
$2,643 $2,000 18 0.8
16
Setback
Thermostat:
hallway and
misc. rooms
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the hallway space.
$235 $200 17 0.9
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
17
Lighting:
rec/community
room
Replace with 4 FLUOR
CFL, Reflector 23W R25 $143 $59 16 0.4
18
Lighting: ps
duty office, ps
mug shot, ps
dispatch
Replace with 4 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $1,208 $700 15 0.6
19
Setback
Thermostat:
Council
Chambers
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the Council Chambers
space.
$207 $200 15 1.0
20
Setback
Thermostat:
City Clerk
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the City Clerk space.
$201 $200 14 1.0
21
Lighting:
rec/community
room
Replace with 8 FLUOR (2)
CFL, Spiral 13 W $148 $68 13 0.5
24 Lighting:
Dentist
Replace with 9 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $1,988 $1,575 10 0.8
25
Below- (part or
all) Grade Wall:
Basement
Install R-20 rigid foam
board to interior or exterior
side of wall.
$2,016 $4,886 11 2.4
26 Lighting: Jailer
area
Replace with 3 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $640 $525 10 0.8
27 Lighting: Public
Safety Cell 1
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Reflector 23W R25 $18 $15 7.7 0.8
28 Lighting:
restroom #1
Replace with FLUOR (3)
CFL, A Lamp 20W $46 $45 6.6 1.0
29
Setback
Thermostat:
City Manager
Implement a Heating
Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for
the City Manager space.
$91 $200 6.5 2.2
30 Lighting: 1st
floor hall
Replace with 12 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $1,337 $2,100 5.6 1.6
31 Lighting: radio
station
Replace with 4 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $399 $700 5.0 1.8
32 Ceiling w/ Attic:
Insulated Roof
Add R-42 blown cellulose
insulation to attic with
Standard Truss.
$1,351 $9,348 3.7 6.9
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
33
Lighting:
basement
stairwell, south
arctic entry
Replace with 3 LED 17W
Module StdElectronic $136 $300 3.8 2.2
34
Below- (part or
all) Grade Wall:
Crawlspace
Wall
Install R-20 rigid foam
board to interior or exterior
side of wall..
$1,020 $8,222 3.2 8.1
35
Lighting:
finance
director, ps
duty sgt, north
stairwell
Replace with 4 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $248 $700 3.0 2.8
36
Below- (part or
all) Grade Wall:
West Elevation
Buried Wall
Install R-20 rigid foam
board to interior or exterior
side of wall.
$1,815 $17,419 2.7 9.6
37 Lighting: admin
reception
Replace with 2 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $77 $350 1.9 4.5
38 HVAC And
DHW
Implement an outdoor
boiler temperature reset
system, Replace existing
circulator pumps with
energy efficient pumps,
redesign boiler exhaust
stack and install vent
damper, replace isolation
gate valves on boilers with
ball valves, Insulate heating
distribution pipes
$1,732 $15,800 1.8 9.1
39 Lighting: Attic
Storage B
Replace with 3 FLUOR
CFL, Spiral 13 W $6 $20 1.8 3.5
40
Lighting: radio
stn #2, radio
stn foyer, radio
stn #3, radio
stn #1, radio
lobby, finance
cashier
Replace with 15 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $448 $2,625 1.5 5.9
41 Exterior Door:
radio server
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door,
including hardware.
$36 $657 1.4 18
42 Lighting:
Dentist
Replace with 4 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $119 $700 1.4 5.9
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
43 Exterior Door:
rec room
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door,
including hardware.
$36 $723 1.3 20
44 Exterior Door:
access to boiler
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door,
including hardware.
$36 $723 1.3 20
45
Exterior Door:
south arctic
entry
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door,
including hardware.
$36 $723 1.3 201
46
Exterior Door:
north arctic
entry
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door,
including hardware.
$35 $723 1.2 21
47
Lighting: city
manager,
clerk’s office,
admin recep,
admin lobby,
finance entry,
finance
director,
finance office
Replace with 58 LED (2)
17W Module StdElectronic $1,350 $10,150 1.1 7.5
48 Window/Skylig
ht: dentist
Replace existing window
with U-0.22 vinyl window $59 $991 1.1 16.8
49 Lighting:
finance office
Replace with 5 LED 17W
Module StdElectronic $64 $500 1.1 7.9
SUBTOTAL, cost-effective measures $25,523 $85,810 3.0 3.36
22
Ceiling w/ Attic:
Un-insulated
Roof Perimeter
Add R-38 fiberglass bats to
attic with Standard Truss. $5,708 $11,412 13 2.0
23
Ceiling w/ Attic:
Un-insulated
Roof
Add R-33 blown cellulose
insulation to attic with
Standard Truss.
$5,552 $10,475 14 1.9
TOTAL, including ceiling retrofits $36,783 $107,697 6.2 2.9
Insulating the ceiling, per recommendations 22 and 23, has the potential to save more than
$10,000 per year. However a structural engineer, familiar with old wooden trusses should be
retained to determine the safest way to incorporate the insulation. The cost of consulting a
structural engineer is not included in the cost estimate, and the cost of materials and labor may
change based upon the engineer’s recommendations.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
NORTECH contracted with the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform ASHRAE Level
II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings of
the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications, and
building use changes that are expected to save energy and money.
The report is organized into sections covering:
• description of the facility,
• the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking),
• estimating energy use through energy use modeling,
• evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and
• recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings.
2.1 Building Use, Occupancy, Schedules and Description
2.1.1 Building Use
St. Paul City Hall is a multi-purpose building for the residents of St. Paul. The City
administration and accounting offices are located in this building. The largest space in this
building is the recreation center where the community gathers for social events and activities. A
radio station and a police station are located on the lower level.
2.1.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules
City Hall has an average of 30 occupants Monday - Friday. The number of hours of operation
for this building averages 9 hours per day for most of the building, but the police station
generally has occupants 24 hours per day, seven days a week.
2.1.3 Building Description
City hall is a wood framed, two story building with a crawlspace and a small basement,
constructed in 1940. A recent window retrofit converting to vinyl double pane windows. Various
components of the construction are discussed below.
Building Envelope
Building Envelope: Walls
Wall Type Description Insulation Notes
Above-grade walls
Wood-framed with 2x6
studs spaced 16-inches on
center.
R-19 fiberglass
batt, 1” XPS
foam
No signs of insulation
damage.
Below-grade walls 8” poured concrete None None
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Heating and Ventilation Systems
The heat in this building is provided by a pair of oil-fired boilers; only one operating at a time.
Circulation pumps distribute the heat throughout the building to:
• Baseboard heaters in the office areas
• Unit heaters in the recreation center
The baseboard and unit heaters are all controlled by manual thermostats.
Building Envelope: Floors
Floor Type Description Insulation Notes
Below Grade Floor Closed crawl space with
6 mil poly vapor barrier None None
Building Envelope: Roof
Roof Type Description Insulation Notes
Insulated Roof Section Cold roofs framed with
wood trusses.
R-13
fiberglass
insulation
Insulation should be
replaced
Un-insulated Roof Section Cold roofs framed with
wood trusses. None None
Building Envelope: Doors and Windows
Door and Window Type Description Estimated
R-value Notes
Exterior Door Type 1 Metal-urethane, no thermal
break 2.5
Majority of doors are
rusting and are leaky,
weather stripping is in bad
condition
Exterior Door Type 2 Solid Wood Core 2.6 None
Window Type 1 Double paned glass with
vinyl frame and storm glass 2.9 None
Window Type 2 Double paned glass with
vinyl frame 2.0 None
Window Type 3 Single paned glass with
wood frame 1.1 None
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Air Conditioning System
No air conditioning system is installed in the building.
Energy Management
City Hall does not have an energy management system. However, circulation pumps in the
building can be switched on and off manually from the boiler room and most of the pumps were
switched off during the site visit. This is reportedly the case during the summer season, in order
to save energy.
Lighting Systems
The primary lighting in this building is provided ceiling mounted fluorescent fixtures with T8
lamps (1-inch diameter, 4-foot long). Some areas of the building utilize less efficient T12 lamps
(1 ½-inch diameter, 4-foot long). Throughout the building desk lamps and fixtures contain
incandescent bulbs of various wattages.
Domestic Hot Water
A 41 gallon indirect hot water heater off the boiler provides domestic hot water for the building.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
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2.2 Benchmarking
Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy
bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage, and charges as well as
to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas
consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources
are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking,
information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use
and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of
benchmarking are:
• to understand patterns of use,
• to understand building operational characteristics,
• for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and
• to offer insight in to potential energy savings.
The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other
areas, are discussed in the following sections.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
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2.2.1 Energy Utilization Index of 2010
The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated
from the utility bills and provides a simple snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by
the building on a square foot and annual basis. The calculation converts the total energy use
for the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into
British Thermal Units (BTUs). This total annual usage is then divided by the number of square
feet of the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year.
The benchmark analysis found that the City Hall has an EUI of 93,000 BTUs per square foot per
year. This is high considering that the total heat load in Saint Paul is much lower than in
Fairbanks.
The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in
Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use
in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings
(abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000
BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes,
types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I).
In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing
Finance Corporation, schools in Fairbanks averaged 62,000 BTUs per square foot and schools
in Anchorage averaged 123,000 BTUs per square foot annual energy use. The chart below
shows the City Hall relative to these values. These findings are discussed further in Appendix H.
93,000
62,000
123,000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Btu/ Sq. Ft Annual Energy Utilization Index (Total Energy/ SF)
City Hall Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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2.2.2 Cost Utilization Index of 2010
Another benchmarking statistic that is useful is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost
for energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the
cost for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost
even though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating
and/or cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity,
can vary greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts
of the country.
The CUI for City Hall is about $6.16. This is based on utility costs from 2010 and the following
rates:
Electricity at $0.54 / kWh ($15.82 / Therm)
# 2 Fuel Oil at $3.88 / gallon ($2.77 / Therm)
Although City Hall’s CUI seems high, the price of heating oil in Saint Paul was 50% higher than
the average price in Fairbanks, and the price of electricity in Saint Paul was 150% higher than
the average price in Fairbanks.
The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS,
2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the
Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). Schools in Fairbanks have an average
cost for energy of $2.42 per square foot while Anchorage schools average $2.11 per square
foot. The chart below shows the City Hall relative to these values. More details are included in
Appendix H.
$6.16
$2.42 $2.11
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
Annual Energy Cost Utilization Index (Total Cost/ SF)
City Hall Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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2.2.3 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns
Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The
graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two
years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric chart below has a very
high baseline, reflecting consistent year-round use. The fuel oil chart reflects year round heating
requirements in Saint Paul. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of cold
weather can be seen in the months with higher usage.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10KWH Electrical Consumption
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10Gallons Fuel Oil Deliveries
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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2.2.4 Future Energy Monitoring
Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for
the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each
month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and
aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy
accounting: manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed
by an administrative assistant: however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then
the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems can be installed. They
display and record real-time energy usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are
several types which have all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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3.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND MODELING RESULTS
After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems
in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy
consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to
commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems.
NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that
best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated.
Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy
used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed
cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to
reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit
can typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require
collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the
Level II energy audit.
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost
every older building include:
• Reduce the envelope heat losses through:
o increased building insulation, and
o better windows and doors
• Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats
• Upgrade inefficient:
o lights,
o motors,
o refrigeration units, and
o other appliances
• Reduce running time of lights/appliances through:
o motion sensors,
o on/off timers,
o light sensors, and
o other automatic/programmable systems
The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building
was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall
energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is
unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the
current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently
recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy
prices.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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3.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption
NORTECH used the AkWarm model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at City Hall.
The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC) to
model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the modeling engine behind the
successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has operated for a number of years.
In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this model for commercial buildings.
Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as:
• Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors,
walls, ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for
each component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference
between the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library
of temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska.
• Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the
winter but north-facing windows do not.
• Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or
natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air,
etc. Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through
pumping.
• Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a
mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around.
• Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light;
ultimately all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may
be useful in the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be
required to remove the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational
hours.
• Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some
units are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from
inside a compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the
temperature difference between the inside and outside of the unit.
• Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters,
monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption
of the building, as well as contributing to heat production.
• The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc. is a critical component
of how much energy is used.
AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage
schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a
yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12
months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to
make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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3.1.1 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the City Hall
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm
to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm
calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the
savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes
recommendations based on the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the
savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are
better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the
energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended.
Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR.
A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table.
The negative savings for water heating represents the cost needed to heat water from additional
heat lost due to the new unoccupied setbacks and temperatures. The overall average building
temperature is lower and so the hot water loses a little extra heat.
Description Space
Heating
Water
Heating Lighting Refrig-
eration
Other
Electrical Cooking Clothes
Drying
Ventilation
Fans
Total
Cost
Existing
Building $40,705 $1,080 $24,082 $6,146 $16,303 $352 $183 $966 $89,816
With All
Proposed
Retrofits
$16,835 $1,117 $12,281 $5,606 $16,303 $352 $183 $356 $53,033
Savings $23,870 -$37 $11,800 $540 $0 $0 $0 $610 $36,783
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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3.1.2 AkWarm Projected Energy Costs after Modifications
The AkWarm recommended EEMs appear to result in significant savings in space heating and
lighting. The energy cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field
inspection and does not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were directly
measured. The current energy costs are shown below on the left hand bar of the graph and the
projected energy costs, assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the right.
This graphical format allows easy visual comparison of the various energy requirements of the
facility. In the event that not all recommended retrofits are desired, the proposal energy savings
can be estimated from visual interpretation from this graph.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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3.2 Energy Efficiency Measures Calculated Outside AkWarm
The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard
heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated
mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and
limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC
systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with
significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some
other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities.
This report section is included in order to identify benefits from modifications to those more
complex systems or changes in occupant behavior that cannot be addressed in AkWarm.
The City Hall could be modeled well in AKW arm. Retrofits for the HVAC system were
adequately modeled in AKWarm and did not require additional calculations.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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4.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M)
4.1 Operations and Maintenance
A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind
energy savings. Such a plan includes preserving institutional knowledge, directing preventative
maintenance, and scheduling regular inspections of each piece of HVAC equipment within the
building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters, belts and pulleys, the
proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the glycol tanks. Additional
benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for malfunctioning equipment, early
indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated maintenance issues, and early detection of
overloading/overheating issues. A good maintenance person knows the building’s equipment
well enough to spot and repair minor malfunctions before they become major retrofits.
Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems act within the design or
usage ranges. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as the last phase in construction.
HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time due to incorrect maintenance,
improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or usage, changes in schedules, and
changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning of a building should occur every
five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets the potentially variable use with
the most efficient means.
4.2 Building Specific Recommendations
The occupants of City Hall report uneven heat distribution to offices upstairs. It is
recommended that exposed heating distribution piping be insulated to ensure better heat
transfer. Also, pumps are currently cycled on and off with manual switches. Automated control
of these pumps, based on outdoor temperatures and heating set points is necessary to keep
room temperatures at desired levels.
Several issues with the building envelope have been noted. During the visit, rusty hinges
prevented full closure of doors and resulting in air leakage. All weather stripping on doors
should be replaced if damaged and doors should be closed at all times to reduce the amount of
air leakage.
Corners of the building exterior are not fully sided, exposing the existing foam insulation. These
areas should be covered with sheet metal corners to avoid damage of the siding and insulation.
Furthermore, some of the back walls of the building have not been insulated and resided. This
should be completed.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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APPENDICES
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures
A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and
overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by
AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E.
AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will
still return a SIR of one or greater.
This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and
installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the
SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the
overall end use that will be impacted.
A.1 Temperature Control
Eleven programmable thermostats should be installed to replace non-programmable
thermostats in all areas of the building. Programmable thermostats allow for automatic
temperature setback, which reduce usage more reliably than manual setbacks. Reduction of
the nighttime temperature set points will decrease the energy usage.
Rank Building Space Recommendation
3 Recreation Hall Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the Rec Hall space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,535
Breakeven Cost $22,105 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 110 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Building Space Recommendation
6 Public Safety Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the Public Safety space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $894
Breakeven Cost $12,872 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 64 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Building Space Recommendation
8 Finance Dept. Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the storage space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $400
Breakeven Cost $5,767 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 29 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Rank Building Space Recommendation
9 Administration Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the Finance Dept. space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $353
Breakeven Cost $5,087 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 25 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Building Space Recommendation
12 Telephone Room Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the Administration space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $279
Breakeven Cost $4,015 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 20 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Building Space Recommendation
13 Radio Station Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the radio station space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $266
Breakeven Cost $3,830 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 19 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Building Space Recommendation
14 Storage Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the hallway space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $259
Breakeven Cost $3,725 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 19 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Building Space Recommendation
16 Hallway and Misc. Rooms
Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the Council Chambers
space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $235
Breakeven Cost $3,383 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 17 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Building Space Recommendation
19 Council Chambers
Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the Telephone Room
space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $207
Breakeven Cost $2,975 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 15 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Rank Building Space Recommendation
20 City Clerk Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the City Manager space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $201
Breakeven Cost $2,894 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Building Space Recommendation
29 City Manager Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 62.0 deg F for the City Clerk space.
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $91
Breakeven Cost $1,309 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 6.5 Simple Payback (yr) 2
A.2 Electrical Loads
A.2.1 Lighting
The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where
electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer
temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting
to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control
heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent bulbs) to T8
(one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED bulbs provides a significant
increase in efficiency. LED bulbs can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The LED bulb
bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise that
magnetic ballasts tend to make.
Although the existing T8 lamps are efficient, further energy can be saved by switching the 32
watt T8s with new 17 watt LED lamps. LED lamps result in a light difference of about 10
percent when compared to current 32 watt T8 lamps. This decrease in light should not be an
issue as the majority of rooms in City Hall were over lit.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
18
ps duty office, ps
mug shot, ps
dispatch
4 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 4 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $700 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,208
Breakeven Cost $10,557 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 15 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
24 Dentist 9 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
(2) Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 9 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,575 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,988
Breakeven Cost $16,308 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 10 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
26 Jailer area 3 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 3 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $525 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $640
Breakeven Cost $5,273 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 10 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
30 1st floor hall 12 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 12 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $2,100 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,337
Breakeven Cost $11,689 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 5.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
31 radio station 4 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 4 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $700 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $399
Breakeven Cost $3,486 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 5.0 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
33 basement stairwell,
south arctic entry
3 FLUOR T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 3 LED 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $300 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $136
Breakeven Cost $1,131 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.8 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
35
finance director, ps
duty sgt, north
stairwell
4 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 4 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $700 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $248
Breakeven Cost $2,073 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.0 Simple Payback (yr) 3
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
37 admin reception 2 FLUOR (2) Circline 16" FC16T9 40W
StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 2 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $350 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $77
Breakeven Cost $649 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.9 Simple Payback (yr) 5
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
40
radio stn #2, radio
stn foyer, radio stn
#3, radio stn #1,
radio lobby, finance
cashier
15 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 15 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $2,625 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $448
Breakeven Cost $3,914 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.5 Simple Payback (yr) 6
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
42 Dentist 4 FLUOR T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 4 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $700 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $119
Breakeven Cost $981 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.4 Simple Payback (yr) 6
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
47
city manager, clerk’s
office, admin recep,
admin lobby, finance
entry, finance
director, finance
office
58 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 58 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $10,150 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,350
Breakeven Cost $11,298 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.1 Simple Payback (yr) 8
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
49 finance office 5 FLUOR T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 5 LED 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $500 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $64
Breakeven Cost $531 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.1 Simple Payback (yr) 8
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Various areas of City Hall uses task lightings with incandescent lamps. Every instance of
incandescent lamps should be replaced with more efficient compact fluorescent lamps.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
2 Dentist INCAN A Lamp, Std 150W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W
Installation Cost $8 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $174
Breakeven Cost $1,055 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 130 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
4 PS director 2 INCAN (2) A Lamp, Std 60W with Manual
Switching
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) CFL,
Spiral 13 W
Installation Cost $17 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $238
Breakeven Cost $1,523 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 89 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
5 ps director INCAN A Lamp, Halogen 100W with
Manual Switching
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W
Installation Cost $8 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $101
Breakeven Cost $648 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 82 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
7 Cell 3 INCAN A Lamp, Std 150W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Reflector 23W R25
Installation Cost $15 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $86
Breakeven Cost $549 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 37 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
11 Cell 2 INCAN A Lamp, Std 100W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Reflector 23W R25
Installation Cost $15 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $52
Breakeven Cost $333 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 23 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
17 rec/community room 4 INCAN A Lamp, Std 150W with Manual
Switching
Replace with 4 FLUOR CFL,
Reflector 23W R25
Installation Cost $59 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $143
Breakeven Cost $914 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 16 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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The concrete room is a locked room at the north end of the City Hall building. This room has a
light that appears to be left on 24/7. Putting this light on an occupancy sensor can prevent this
light from being accidentally left on.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
21 rec/community room 8 INCAN (2) A Lamp, Std 60W with Manual
Switching
Replace with 8 FLUOR (2) CFL,
Spiral 13 W
Installation Cost $68 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $148
Breakeven Cost $904 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 13 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
27 Public Safety Cell 1 INCAN A Lamp, Std 60W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Reflector 23W R25
Installation Cost $15 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $18
Breakeven Cost $113 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 7.7 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
28 restroom #1 INCAN (3) A Lamp, Std 75W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR (3) CFL, A
Lamp 20W
Installation Cost $45 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $46
Breakeven Cost $297 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 6.6 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
39 Attic Storage B 3 INCAN A Lamp, Std 100W with Manual
Switching
Replace with 3 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 13 W
Installation Cost $20 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $6
Breakeven Cost $36 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.8 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
10 concrete room 2 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Remove Manual Switching and
Add new Occupancy Sensor
Installation Cost $200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $598
Breakeven Cost $4,890 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 24 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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A.2.2 Other Electrical Loads
There is a mostly empty freezer located in the basement hallway. This freezer is a large
electrical load and should be unplugged when not in use.
A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change
A.3.1 Exterior Walls
Adding insulation to the existing below grade concrete walls in City Hall will produce significant
savings from heat loss.
A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace
The existing crawlspace and basement walls are un-insulated and adding insulation will produce
significant savings from heat loss.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 basement hall upright freezer Add new Seasonal Shutdown
Installation Cost $1 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $366
Breakeven Cost $2,224 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 200 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
25
Below- (part or all)
Grade Wall:
Basement
Wall Type: Masonry
Insul. Sheathing: None
Masonry Wall: 8" Poured Concrete
Modeled R-Value: 3.5
Install R-20 rigid foam board to
exterior side of wall.
Installation Cost $4,886 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $2,016
Breakeven Cost $51,538 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 11 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
36
Below- (part or all)
Grade Wall: West
Elevation Buried
Wall
Wall Type: Masonry
Insul. Sheathing: None
Masonry Wall: 8" Poured Concrete
Modeled R-Value: 3.5
Install R-20 rigid foam board to
exterior side of wall.
Installation Cost $17,419 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,815
Breakeven Cost $46,261 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.7 Simple Payback (yr) 10
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
34
Below- (part or all)
Grade Wall:
crawlspace wall
Wall Type: Masonry
Insul. Sheathing: None
Masonry Wall: 8" Poured Concrete
Modeled R-Value: 9.1
Install R-20 rigid foam board to
exterior side of wall.
Installation Cost $8,222 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,020
Breakeven Cost $26,007 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.2 Simple Payback (yr) 8
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling
The roof above the recreation room is currently un-insulated. Adding R-42 of cellulose
insulation is economical.
The remaining areas of the roof are insulated with R-13 fiberglass insulation. This fiberglass is
both insufficient and damaged it should be removed and replaced with blown in insulation.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
22
Ceiling w/ Attic: Un-
insulated Roof
Perimeter
Framing Type: Standard
Framing Spacing: 24 inches
Insulated Sheathing: None
Bottom Insulation Layer: None
Top Insulation Layer: None
Modeled R-Value: 3.4
Add R-38 fiberglass batts to attic
with Standard Truss.
Installation Cost $11,412 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $5,708
Breakeven Cost $145,936 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 12 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
23 Ceiling w/ Attic: Un-
insulated Roof
Framing Type: Standard
Framing Spacing: 24 inches
Insulated Sheathing: None
Bottom Insulation Layer: None
Top Insulation Layer: None
Modeled R-Value: 3.4
Add R-33 blown cellulose insulation
to attic with Standard Truss.
Installation Cost $10,475 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $5,552
Breakeven Cost $141,947 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 14 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
32 Ceiling w/ Attic:
Insulated Roof
Framing Type: Standard
Framing Spacing: 24 inches
Insulated Sheathing:
R-13 Batt: FG or RW, 3.63 inches
Bottom Insulation Layer: None
Top Insulation Layer: None
Insulation Quality: Damaged
Modeled R-Value: 15.8
Add R-42 blown cellulose insulation
to attic with Standard Truss.
Installation Cost $9,348 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,351
Breakeven Cost $34,487 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.7 Simple Payback (yr) 7
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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A.3.4 Windows
Windows in City Hall have recently been replaced with double pane vinyl windows. An upgrade
to triple pane windows was evaluated but was not economical. However, the dentist office has
a single pane wood framed window which should be replaced with a new vinyl window.
A.3.5 Doors
Exterior doors in City Hall are in poor condition. Many of the doors showed signs of rusting and
allowed for a large amount of building air leakage. Replacing these doors with better insulated
doors is economical.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
48 Window/Skylight:
dentist
Glass: Single, Glass
Frame: Wood\Vinyl
Spacing Between Layers: Half Inch
Gas Fill Type: Air
Modeled U-Value: 0.94
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient including
Window Coverings: 0.52
Replace existing window with U-
0.30 vinyl window
Installation Cost $991 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 20 Energy Savings (/yr) $59
Breakeven Cost $1,104 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.1 Simple Payback (yr) 17
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
41 Exterior Door: radio
server
Door Type: Metal - urethane, no therm.
break
Modeled R-Value: 2.5
Remove existing door and install
standard pre-hung U-0.16
insulated door, including
hardware.
Installation Cost $657 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $36
Breakeven Cost $933 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.4 Simple Payback (yr) 18
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
43 Exterior Door: rec
room
Door Type: Metal - urethane, no therm.
break
Modeled R-Value: 2.5
Remove existing door and install
standard pre-hung U-0.16
insulated door, including
hardware.
Installation Cost $723 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $36
Breakeven Cost $933 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.3 Simple Payback (yr) 20
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
44 Exterior Door:
access to boiler
Door Type: Metal - urethane, no therm.
break
Modeled R-Value: 2.5
Remove existing door and install
standard pre-hung U-0.16
insulated door, including
hardware.
Installation Cost $723 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $36
Breakeven Cost $933 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.3 Simple Payback (yr) 20
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
45 Exterior Door: south
arctic entry
Door Type: Metal - urethane, no therm.
break
Modeled R-Value: 2.5
Remove existing door and install
standard pre-hung U-0.16
insulated door, including
hardware.
Installation Cost $723 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $36
Breakeven Cost $932 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.3 Simple Payback (yr) 20
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
46 Exterior Door: north
arctic entry
Door Type: Wood -solid core
Modeled R-Value: 2.6
Remove existing door and install
standard pre-hung U-0.16
insulated door, including
hardware.
Installation Cost $723 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $35
Breakeven Cost $897 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.2 Simple Payback (yr) 21
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning
A.4.1 Heating and Heat Distribution
An outdoor boiler reset system will allow the boilers to use the outside air temperature as the
basis for determining the ideal boiler temperature. This will reduce fuel usage by reducing
standby and other heat loses while allowing for better temperatures control inside the building.
The current heating system uses single speed pumps. These pumps should be replaced with
variable speed pumps such as Grundfos Magnas. These pumps have been shown to save a
minimum of 50% of the electrical energy over conventional pumps due to the motor design.
Variable speed pumps work well in systems that experience flow variation, as the pumps are
capable of reducing speed when appropriate and reduced speeds save energy.
The existing boiler connectors allow back flow of exhaust gases into the other boiler. The
connectors need to be rebuilt to prevent this. Consult a mechanical contractor.
When only one boiler is operating, it is important to completely isolate the redundant boiler to
prevent hot water from the operating boiler to mix with the other boiler’s colder temperature.
The existing gate valves should be replaced with ball valves or check valves to ensure ease of
isolating the boilers.
Some areas of City Hall do not get enough heat. This issue could be from a combination of
problems. Replacing the distribution pumps will allow for heat to flow faster to the respective
zones. Insulating the exposed heating distribution piping in the boiler room and crawlspace will
allow for heat to travel farther at the desired temperature.
Rank Recommendation
38
Implement an outdoor boiler temperature reset system, Replace existing circulator pumps with energy
efficient pumps, Redirect boiler vent connectors and install vent dampers, Replace isolation gate valves
on boilers with ball valves, Insulate heating distribution pipes
Installation Cost $15,800 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 20 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,732
Breakeven Cost $28,418 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.8 Simple Payback (yr) 9
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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A.4.2 Air Conditioning
No EEMs are recommended in this area. There are no air conditioning units present in City
Hall.
A.4.3 Ventilation
There is an exhaust fan located in the KHUB Radio Station Server room that runs continuously
to remove heat. This fan should be re-ducted to utilize this heat in the winter, while allowing it to
exhaust air in the summer.
A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening
No EEMs are recommended in this area because of the difficulty of quantifying the amount of
leaking air and the savings. However, using a blower door test with an infra-red camera, the
location of significant air leaks can be determined for repair.
Rank Description
15
Reschedule exhaust fan usage,
Reduce on schedule for main exhaust and add HRV to main exhaust fan. Redirected heated air from
server exhaust fan into building and allow exhausting outside in summer.
Installation Cost $2,000 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $2,643
Breakeven Cost $36,769 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 18 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended
As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that
were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not
currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a
small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of
these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer
operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases
in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential
EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would
warrant re-evaluation.
Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures,
hardware, controls, or operational changes described in these EEMs should be considered
when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing
window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but if a
window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the
incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient
replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback,
especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units.
The following measures were not found to be cost-effective:
Rank Feature/Location Improvement Description
Annual
Energy
Savings
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
50 Lighting: restroom #3 Replace with LED 17W
Module StdElectronic $11 $100 0.94 9.3
51 Lighting: restroom #1 Replace with LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic $18 $175 0.90 9.7
52 Exterior Door: first
floor hall
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door, including
hardware.
$38 $1,314 0.76 34
53
Lighting: rec/
community room,
council chambers
Replace with 27 LED (4) 4W
Module StdElectronic $745 $8,775 0.71 12
54
Window/Skylight: city
manager, clerk,
admin recep, finance,
dentist, cell area,
dentist storage,
council chambers,
acs room, snack shop
Replace existing window with
triple pane, 2 low-E, argon
window.
$279 $16,140 0.32 58
55 Above-Grade Wall:
First Floor
Install R-10 rigid foam board
to exterior and cover with T1-
11 siding or equivalent.
$429 $35,544 0.31 83
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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The following measures were not found to be cost-effective:
56 Above-Grade Wall:
Second Floor
Install R-10 rigid foam board
to exterior and cover with T1-
11 siding or equivalent.
$682 $56,775 0.31 83
57 Window/Skylight:
finance director
Replace existing window with
triple pane, 2 low-E, argon
window.
$20 $1,869 0.20 93
58
Lighting: basement
hallway, backstage
storage, ACS room,
Boiler Room, snack
shop, attic storage A,
access to attic
Replace with 26 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic $36 $4,550 0.07 130
59 Window/Skylight: rec
room
Replace existing window with
triple pane, 2 low-E, argon
window.
$22 $9,911 0.04 460
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Appendix C Significant Equipment List
HVAC Equipment
Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Fuel Type Efficiency Notes
Boiler 1 Weil McLain A/B-WTGO-G #2 82% Estimated Input
Rating 315,000 Btu/hr
Boiler 2 Weil McLain A/B-WTGO-G #2 82% Estimated Input
Rating 315,000 Btu/hr
Circ Pump P1 Grundfos UPS 15-42 SU Electric n/a 0.12 HP
Circ Pump P2 Grundfos UPS 15-42F Electric n/a 1/25 HP
Circ Pump P3 Grundfos UP-26-64-F Electric n/a 1/12 HP
Circ Pump P4 Grundfos UP-26-99F Electric n/a 1/6 HP
Circ Pump P5 Grundfos UP-26-64-F Electric n/a 1/12 HP
Circ Pump P6 Grundfos UP-26-64-F Electric n/a 1/12 HP
Circ Pump P7 Grundfos UP-26-99F Electric n/a 1/6 HP
Vehicle Exhaust Fan 1 n/a n/a Electric n/a Measured: 10.2 A
Vehicle Exhaust Fan 2 n/a n/a Electric n/a Measured: 10.2 A
Plug Loads
Equipment Type Quantity KWH/YR Cost/YR
Minute Man Tower, Model: MCP 3000E 1 13,807 $ 7,456
Radio Server Tower 1 6,100 3,294
Phone Equipment, ACS room 1 3,787 2,045
Upright Fridges 2 6,182 3,338
Chest Freezer 1 2,200 1,188
Upright Freezers 2 2,000 1080
Mini Fridge 1 1,000 540
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and an electricity rate of $0.54/kWh
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Saint Paul, Alaska
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Lighting
Location Lighting Type Bulb Type Quantity KWH/YR
city manager, clerk’s office, admin
recep, admin lobby, finance entry,
finance director, finance office,
Fluorescent T8 58 7,836 $ 4,231
dentist Fluorescent T12 9 6,429 3,472
1st floor hall Fluorescent T8 12 6,053 3,269
ps duty office, ps mug shot,
ps dispatch Fluorescent T12 4 3,429 1,852
rec/ community room, council
chambers Fluorescent T12 27 2,755 1,488
jailer area Fluorescent T12 3 2,572 1,389
Exterior Metal Halide 100W 4 2,133 1,152
radio stn #2, radio stn foyer,
radio stn #3, radio stn #1, radio
lobby, finance cashier
Fluorescent T9 15 2,027 1,095
Exterior HPS 200W 2 1,999 1,079
concrete room Fluorescent T12 2 1,714 926
radio station Fluorescent T8 4 1,058 571
finance director, ps duty sgt,
north stairwell Fluorescent T12 4 918 496
dentist Fluorescent T12 4 803 434
basement stairwell, south arctic entry Fluorescent T8 3 789 426
ps director, Incandescent A Lamp 2 564 305
rec/ community room Incandescent A Lamp 8 501 271
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and an electricity rate of $0.54/kWh
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure
The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the
local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this
section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit.
Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated
rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates,
rate structures and utility pricing agreements.
City of Saint Paul Rate Structure:
The City of Saint Paul owns the electric company as well as the buildings that were audited
including the Polar Star, Public Works Building, City Maintenance Building, Fire Station, and
City Hall. The city has a method of internal billing. The building is charged $0.54 per kWh for
all kWh’s below 33,530 which is the amount that qualifies the city for assistance under the
power cost equalization program. After this mark, the electric rate increases.
Utility Charge (kWh charge)
This charge is multiplied by the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used in a monthly billing period.
It covers the costs to maintain power plants and substations, interest on loans as well as wires,
power poles and transformers.
Regulatory Charge
This charge of .000492 per kWh is set by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (RCA). Since
November 1, 1992, the Regulatory Commission of Alaska has been funded by a Regulatory
Charge to the utilities it regulates rather than through the State general fund. The charge,
labeled "Regulatory Cost Charge." on your bill, is set by the RCA, and applies to all retail
kilowatt-hours sold by regulated electric utilities in Alaska.
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Saint Paul, Alaska
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Appendix E Analysis Methodology
Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy
consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy
efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to
evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual
energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified
Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer.
EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate
conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions.
Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering
estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage
obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the
cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this
audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that
compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a
project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance
and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as
the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost,
which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one.
EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates
individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of
the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be
recommended by AkWarm . Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation
of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re-
evaluated and ranked again. AkW arm goes through this iterative process until all suggested
EEMs have been evaluated.
Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated
based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the
implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later.
The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is
implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced
operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than
implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more
efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings.
Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact
the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower
energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only
so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount
of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage
light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule
or operational change at the facility.
Energy Audit – Final Report
City Hall
Saint Paul, Alaska
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Appendix F Audit Limitations
The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an
approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the
identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of
energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and
professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the
recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a
final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any
document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report.
Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs
include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM.
The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not
be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry
publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the
CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit.
Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed.
Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing
techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and
HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared,
air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a
Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted.
Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability
or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned
rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The
views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof."
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Appendix G References
Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains
information and insights considered valuable to most buildings.
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities.
(1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK:
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development.
Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC.
ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy
Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low-
Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in
Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits.
Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough,
Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial
Press, Inc.
Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using
CO2 Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf
Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low -Energy Building Design
Guidelines. Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management
Program: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/
Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford,
UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology.
International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills,
IL: International Code Council, Inc.
Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical
Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings.
Retrieved 2011, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory:
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf
Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010).
Handbook of Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption
Survey (CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration:
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/
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Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage
This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and
Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy
Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the
Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska.
An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I.
The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other
Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under
contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools
in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including
fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a
database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the
comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons.
Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of
Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below.
The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings
with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed
scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the
Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District
(ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as
well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as
Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete
and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy
usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in
Alaska.
Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In
Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is
provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal
fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD
buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the
last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their
operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings
has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database.
Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is
also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in
place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower
energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database.
These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy
use for particular buildings.
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Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S.
This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS),
published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was
expected to compare the annual energy consumption of the building to average national energy
usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison between one specific building and
the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this report uses a
comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An
abbreviated excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below.
Released: Dec 2006
Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007
Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003
All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption
Number of
Buildings
(thousand)
Floor space
(million
square feet)
Floor space
per Building
(thousand
square feet)
Total
(trillion
BTU)
per
Building
(million
BTU)
per
Square
Foot
(thousand
BTU)
per
Worker
(million
BTU)
All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9
Building Floor space (Square Feet)
1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6
5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7
10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0
25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8
50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0
100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3
200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3
Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6
Principal Building Activity
Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7
Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2
Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5
Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0
Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7
Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8
Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5
Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1
Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3
Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5
Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7
Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6
Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0
Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3
Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1
Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1
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Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units
1 British Thermal Unit is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree F°
1 Watt is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr
1 horsepower is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr
1 horsepower is approximately 746 Watts
1 "ton of cooling” is approximately 12,000 BTU/hr, the amount of power required to
melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours
1 Therm = 100,000 BTU
1 KBTU = 1,000 BTU
1 KWH = 3413 BTU
1 KW = 3413 BTU/Hr
1 Boiler HP = 33,400 BTU/Hr
1 Pound Steam = approximately 1000 BTU
1 CCF of natural gas = approximately 1 Therm
1 inch H2O = 250 Pascal (Pa) = 0.443 pounds/square inch (psi)
1 atmosphere (atm) = 10,1000 Pascal (Pa)
BTU British Thermal Unit
CCF 100 Cubic Feet
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
GPM Gallons per minute
HP Horsepower
Hz Hertz
kg Kilogram (1,000 grams)
kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts)
kVA Kilovolt-Amp
kVAR Kilovolt-Amp Reactive
KW Kilowatt (1,000 watts)
KWH Kilowatt Hour
V Volt
W Watt
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Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions
ACH Air Changes per Hour
AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
Air Economizer A duct, damper, and automatic control system that
allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce
or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling.
Ambient Temperature Average temperature of the surrounding air
Ballast A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause
the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit
conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc.
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CUI Cost Utilization Index
CDD Cooling Degree Days
DDC Direct Digital Control
EEM Energy Efficiency Measure
EER Energy Efficient Ratio
EUI Energy Utilization Index
FLUOR Fluorescent
Grade The finished ground level adjoining a building at the
exterior walls
HDD Heating Degree Days
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning
INCAN Incandescent
NPV Net Present Value
R-value Thermal resistance measured in BTU/Hr-SF-̊F (Higher
value means better insulation)
SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment
capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar
savings considered over the life of the improvement.
Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and
materials required to install the measure.
Set Point Target temperature that a control system operates the
heating and cooling system
Simple payback A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of
an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM
to give the number of years required to recover the cost
of the investment.
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Appendix L Building Floor Plan
Floor plan drawn by NORTECH field team based on plans provided by City of Saint Paul