HomeMy WebLinkAboutSCM Scammon Bay K12 School 2012-EEManaging Office
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Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801
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ENERGY AUDIT – FINAL REPORT
SCAMMON BAY K12 SCHOOL
General Delivery
Scammon Bay, Alaska
Prepared for:
Mr. Robert Reed
Director of Maintenance and Facilities
Lower Yukon School District
P.O. Box 3289
Mountain Village, AK 99632
Prepared by:
David C. Lanning PE, CEA
Pauline E. Fusco EIT, CEAIT
Jeremy Spargur EIT, CEAIT
July 10, 2012
Acknowledgment: “This material is based upon work supported by the Department of
Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095”
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY
Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915
Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694
Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819
info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Building Use .......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules ...................................................................... 4
2.3 Building Description ............................................................................................... 4
3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA .......................................................................... 7
3.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010 ...................................................................... 7
3.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2010 ............................................................................ 8
3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010 ................................................................................ 9
3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns ........................................................................... 10
3.5 Future Energy Monitoring .................................................................................... 11
4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ......................................................................... 12
4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 13
4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Scammon Bay K12 School ........................ 14
4.3 Additional Modeling Methods .............................................................................. 15
5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 16
5.1 Operations and Maintenance .............................................................................. 16
5.2 Commissioning .................................................................................................... 16
5.3 Building Specific Recommendations ................................................................... 16
Energy Audit – Final Report
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APPENDICES
Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures ........................................... 19
Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended ..................... 24
Appendix C Significant Equipment List ....................................................................... 25
Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ...................................................................... 27
Appendix E Analysis Methodology .............................................................................. 28
Appendix F Audit Limitations ...................................................................................... 29
Appendix G References .............................................................................................. 30
Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. .................................... 32
Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 33
Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions .................................... 34
Appendix L Building Floor Plan .................................................................................. 35
Energy Audit – Final Report
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of the Scammon Bay K12 School,
a 54,247 square foot facility. The audit began with benchmarking which resulted in a calculation
of the energy consumption per square foot. A site inspection was completed on February 12th
through the 14th to obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling and other
building energy uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then used to develop
a building energy consumption model using AkWarm.
Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were
developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the
basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these
modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy,
not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation,
and energy costs at the time of this audit.
While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, upgrading
specific systems often requires collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that
are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. The necessity and amount of design effort
and cost will vary depending on the scope of the specific EEMs planned and the sophistication
and capability of the entire design team, including the building owners and operators. During
the budgeting process for any major retrofit identified in this report, the building owner should
add administrative and supplemental design costs to cover the individual needs of their own
organization and the overall retrofit project.
The following table, from AkWarm, is a summary of the recommended EEMs for the Scammon
Bay K12 School. Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in Section 3.
Details of each individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A summary of EEMs
that were evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in Appendix B.
PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
1 Refrigeration
Replace 4 existing GE
refrigerators with Tier III
Energy Star refrigerators,
consolidate existing
refrigeration capacity and
unplug unused refrigerators,
institute summer shutdown of
refrigerators, and consolidate
frozen items in order to shut
down unused freezers during
the summer.
$2,764 $4,300 4.2 1.6
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PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
2 Ventilation
Recommission ventilation
system and reprogram the
DDC for more effective energy
management annually.
Evaluate demand control
measures.
$23,910 $100,000 3.2 4.2
3 Lighting
Retrofit main hallways, gym,
stage, cafeteria, classrooms,
and exterior fluorescent
lighting to LED lighting with
appropriate lighting controls.
$38,006 $294,109 1.7 7.7
TOTAL, cost-effective measures $64,680 $398,409 2.0 6.2
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Modeled Building Energy Cost Breakdown
The following charts are a graphical representation of the modeled energy usage for the
Scammon Bay K12 School. The greatest portions of energy cost for the building are envelope
air losses and lighting. This indicates that the greatest savings can be found in reducing the
amount of outside air provided to the building mechanically or through air leakage and
upgrading lighting. Detailed improvements for ventilation, air leakage, lighting and other cost
effective measures can be found in Appendix A.
The chart breaks down energy usage by cost into the following categories:
Envelope Air Losses—the cost to provide heated fresh air to occupants, air leakage,
heat lost in air through the chimneys and exhaust fans, heat lost to wind and other
similar losses.
Envelope
o Ceiling—quantified heat loss transferred through the ceiling portion of the
envelope.
o Window—quantified heat loss through the window portion of the envelope.
o Wall/Door—quantified heat loss through the wall and door portions of the
envelope.
o Floor—quantified heat loss through the floor portion of the envelope.
Water Heating—energy cost to provide domestic hot water.
Fans—energy cost to run ventilation, and exhaust fans.
Lighting—energy cost to light the building.
Refrigeration—energy costs to provide refrigerated goods for the occupants.
Other Electrical—includes energy costs not listed above including cooking loads, laundry
loads, other plug loads and electronics.
The energy cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field
inspection and does not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were directly
measured. The current energy costs are shown below on the left hand bar of the graph and
the projected energy costs, assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the
right.
Envelope
Air
Losses
$99,970
36%
Ceiling
$6,498
2%
Window
$2,799
1%
Wall/Door
$9,997
4%Floor
$11,996
4%
Water
Heating
$11,148
4%
Fans
$4,185
2%
Lighting
$81,232
29%
Refrigeratio
n
$15,751
6%
Other
Electrical
$32,946
12%
2010 Existing Building Energy
Cost Breakdown
$276,524 Envelope
Air
Losses
$74,542
27%
Ceiling
$7,148
3%
Window
$3,063
1%
Wall/Door
$10,722
4%
Floor
$13,275
5%
Water
Heating
$11,995
4%
Fans
$4,185
2%
Lighting
$41,590
15%
Refrigerat
ion
$12,377
4%
Other
Electrical
$32,946
12%
Savings
$64,680
23%
Retrofit Building Energy Cost
Breakdown
$211,844
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
NORTECH contracted with the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform ASHRAE
Level II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings
of the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications,
and building use changes that are expected to save energy and money.
The report is organized into sections covering:
description of the facility,
the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking),
estimating energy use through energy use modeling,
evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and
recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings.
2.1 Building Use
The Scammon Bay K12 School provides educational services to kindergarten through 12th
grade students in Scammon Bay. The school also serves occasionally as a community center.
2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules
The building is occupied by 210 students, 15 teachers, and 10 other staff members during the
school year, August through May, from approximately 8:00 am to 6:00 pm, weekdays, and
several hours Saturday and Sunday. The gym is typically occupied until 10:00 pm or later, and
for several hours Saturday and Sunday. Two custodians clean the building daily.
The building is typically used for summer sports camps.
2.3 Building Description
The two-story Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) and precast concrete panel school, constructed
in 2010 on crawlspace foundations, is built into a hill with the long axis of the building facing the
town of Scammon Bay to the west.
Building Envelope
Building Envelope: Walls
Wall Type Description Insulation Notes
Above-grade Main 8” Structural Insulated Panels
(SIPS) R-30 rigid insulation None.
Basement and
Crawlspace 8” precast panels
R-20 insulation
attached to basement,
gym walls and south
wall, R-30 insulation
attached to all other
panels.
None.
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Heating Systems
Two oil-fired boilers provide heat to the building via baseboards, heating coils to the Air
Handling Units (AHUs), reheat coils, cabinet heaters, and unit heaters.
Two 7.5 Horsepower (HP) circulation pumps on Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) distribute hot
water from the boilers to the building.
A Direct Digital Control (DDC) system controls the boiler, valve positions and thermostat
settings. Most rooms are equipped with programmable thermostats set to 72 F during occupied
hours and automatic night-time temperature setbacks to 60 F are currently in place. Despite the
programmable thermostats, the gym was approximately 80 F at the time of the audit.
Building Envelope: Floors
Floor Type Description Insulation Notes
Basement/ Crawlspace Vapor barrier over non-frost-
susceptible fill.
Footings are insulated
with a minimum of 2
inches (~R-10) of rigid
insulation.
Footings are insulated
with a minimum of 2
inches of rigid
insulation.
Building Envelope: Roof
Roof Type Description Insulation Notes
All Roofs
Asphalt shingles over continuous
ice and water shield on 12” SIPs
with 3 in 12 roof slope.
R-60 rigid insulation. None.
Building Envelope: Doors and Windows
Door and Window
Type Description Estimated
R-Value Notes
Doors Metal doors and frame with
quarter-lite or no lite. R-2.7 Weather stripping in
acceptable condition.
Main and Bicultural
Room Doors
Aluminum full-lite storefront
doors. R-1.7
Poor weather stripping
and signs of damage on
main entrance doors.
Classroom and Hallway
Windows
Vinyl double-pane windows,
low-e and argon-filled. R-2.7
Several windows were
open on the east side of
the classroom wing, 2nd
floor.
Main Entrance and
Bicultural Room
Windows
Aluminum double-pane storefront
windows. R-1.6 Caulking in poor repair.
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Ventilation Systems
Two Air Handling Units (AHU) provide demand-controlled ventilation and some heat to the
building.
AHU-1 serves the portion of the school labeled on the floor plans as section B, and is the
only source of heat for the gym.
AHU-2 serves the portion of the school labeled on the floor plans as section A.
The supply fans for both AHU-1 and AHU-2 are on VFDs.
Air Conditioning System
Economizer cooling is used with the existing ventilation system.
Energy Management
The DDC system provides energy management, and the building has been built to comply with
current commercial building energy efficiency standards, including:
Structural insulated panels, which have higher effective R-values and lower air infiltration
rates than conventional wood-frame construction when properly installed,
Efficient lighting such T-8 fluorescent lamps with program start ballasts controlled by
occupancy sensors, and
Appropriate glazing levels.
Lighting Systems
Most areas are illuminated by 32 watt (W) T8 fluorescent lamps in a variety of fixtures, the gym
has high bay fixtures with 42W high output CFL fluorescent lamps. Exterior fixtures are
equipped with 75W or 100, or 150W metal halide lamps. All fluorescent fixtures have program
start electronic ballasts and classroom and office lighting is controlled by occupancy sensors in
conjunction with manual switches.
Domestic Hot Water
Three indirect hot water heaters provide hot water to the building.
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3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA
Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy
bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage, and charges as well as
to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas
consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources
are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking,
information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use
and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of
benchmarking are:
to understand patterns of use,
to understand building operational characteristics,
for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and
to offer insight in to potential energy savings.
The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other
areas, are discussed in the following sections.
3.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010
The energy use profiles below show the energy and cost breakdowns for the Scammon Bay
K12 School. The total annual energy use was 4,920 mmBTUs and the cost for the building is
$288,429. These charts show the portion of use for a fuel type and the portion of its cost.
The above charts indicate that the highest portion of energy use is for oil, and the highest
portion of cost is for electricity. Fuel oil consumption correlates directly to space heating and
domestic hot water while electrical use can correlate to lighting systems, plug loads, and HVAC
equipment. The energy type with the highest cost often provides the most opportunity for
savings.
Electric
1,724
35%
Oil
3,196
65%
2010 Energy Use Total (mmBTU)
Scammon Bay K12 School
Electric
$214,006
74%
Oil
$74,423
26%
2010 Energy Cost Total ($)
Scammon Bay K12 School
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3.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2010
The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated
from the utility bills and provides a simple snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by
the building on a square foot and annual basis. The calculation converts the total energy use
for the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into
British Thermal Units (BTUs). This total annual usage is then divided by the number of square
feet of the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year.
The benchmark analysis found that the Scammon Bay K12 School has an EUI of 91,000 BTUs
per square foot per year.
The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in
Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use
in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings
(abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000
BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes,
types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I).
In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing
Finance Corporation, schools in Fairbanks averaged 62,000 BTUs per square foot and schools
in Anchorage averaged 123,000 BTUs per square foot annual energy use. The chart below
shows the Scammon Bay K12 School relative to these values. These findings are discussed
further in Appendix H.
91,000
62,000
123,000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Btu/ Sq. FtAnnual Energy Utilization Index (Total Energy/ Sq. Ft)
Scammon Bay K12 School
Scammon Bay K12 School Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
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3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010
Another benchmarking statistic that is useful is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost
for energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the
cost for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost
even though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating
and/or cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity,
can vary greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts
of the country.
The CUI for Scammon Bay K12 School is about $5.32 per square foot. This is based on 2010
utility costs and the following rates:
Electricity at $ 0.43 / kWh ($12.60/therm)
# 1 Fuel Oil at $ 3.26 / gallon ($2.42/therm)
The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS,
2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the
Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). Schools in Fairbanks have an average
cost for energy of $2.42 per square foot while Anchorage schools average $2.11 per square
foot. The chart below shows the Scammon Bay K12 School relative to these values. More
details are included in Appendix H.
$5.32
$2.42
$2.11
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$/Sq. FtAnnual Energy Cost Index (Total Cost/ Sq. Ft)
Scammon Bay K12 School
Scammon Bay K12 School Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
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3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns
Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The
graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two
years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric baseline often reflects
year round lighting consumption. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of
cold weather can be seen in the months with higher usage.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10Jan-11Mar-11May-11Jul-11Sep-11KWHElectrical Consumption
Scammon Bay K12 School
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10Jan-11Mar-11May-11Jul-11Sep-11GallonsFuel Oil Deliveries
Scammon Bay K12 School
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3.5 Future Energy Monitoring
Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for
the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each
month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and
aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy
accounting: manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed
by an administrative assistant, however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then
the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems, such as Smart Meters
for commercial or TED for residential, can be installed. They display and record real-time energy
usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are several other types including OptoEMU
by Opto22 which has all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser.
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4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems
in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy
consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to
commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems.
NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that
best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated.
Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy
used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed
cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to
reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit
can typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require
collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the
Level II energy audit.
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost
every older building include:
Reduce the envelope heat losses through:
o increased building insulation, and
o better windows and doors
Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats
Upgrade inefficient:
o lights,
o motors,
o refrigeration units, and
o other appliances
Reduce running time of lights/appliances through:
o motion sensors,
o on/off timers,
o light sensors, and
o other automatic/programmable systems
The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building
was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall
energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is
unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the
current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently
recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy
prices.
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4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption
NORTECH used the AkWarm model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at Scammon
Bay K-12 School. The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing Finance
Corporation (AHFC) to model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the modeling
engine behind the successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has operated for a
number of years. In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this model for
commercial buildings.
Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as:
• Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors,
walls, ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for
each component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference
between the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library
of temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska.
• Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the
winter but north-facing windows do not.
• Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or
natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air,
etc. Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through
pumping.
• Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a
mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around.
• Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light;
ultimately all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may
be useful in the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be
required to remove the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational
hours.
• Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some
units are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from
inside a compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the
temperature difference between the inside and outside of the unit.
• Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters,
monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption
of the building, as well as contributing to heat production.
• The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc. is a critical component
of how much energy is used.
AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage
schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a
yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12
months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to
make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs.
Energy Audit – Final Report
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4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Scammon Bay K12 School
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm
to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm
calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the
savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes
recommendations based on the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the
savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are
better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the
energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended.
Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR.
A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table.
Description Space
Heating
Water
Heating Lighting Refrigeration Other
Electrical Cooking Clothes
Drying
Ventilation
Fans Total
Existing
Building $131,261 $11,148 $81,232 $15,751 $15,967 $16,387 $592 $4,185 $276,524
With All
Proposed
Retrofits
$108,750 $11,995 $41,590 $12,377 $15,967 $16,387 $592 $4,185 $211,844
Savings $22,510 -$847 $39,643 $3,374 $0 $0 $0 $0 $64,680
Savings in these categories do not reflect interaction with other categories. So, for example, the
savings in lighting does not affect the added space heating cost to make up for the heat saved
in replacing less-efficient lights with more-efficient lights that waste less heat.
Energy Audit – Final Report
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4.3 Additional Modeling Methods
The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard
heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated
mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and
limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC
systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with
significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some
other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities.
AKWarm is unable to precisely model Scammon Bay K12 School’s complex HVAC system,
which includes VAV ventilation and VFD motors and pumps regulated by a sophisticated DDC
system that initiates ventilation based on programmed schedules and feedback from an array of
sensors. Furthermore AkWarm cannot at this time apply retrofits designed to minimize electrical
demand charges imposed by AVEC, the local electrical utility, or accurately evaluate the lighting
energy use reductions resulting from daylight or occupancy sensors.
A conservative estimation of energy consumption by the Scammon Bay K12 School was used
to offset the uncertainties listed above.
Further Savings
Built in 2003, the Scammon Bay K12 School is an example of a school constructed to comply
with many modern energy efficiency standards, and most of the EEMs typically considered for
schools of similar size and student population have already been implemented. However,
additional savings could be achieved by school staff though the formation of an energy
conservation committee composed of faculty, maintenance staff, students and parents; and
starting a school-wide energy conservation initiative.
Level III Energy Audit
Targeted Level III energy audits would be required in order to achieve larger projected savings
than those listed above. Level III audits require more detailed and targeted data collection over
a longer time-period and include more risk assessment, engineering, and detailed economic
analyses than Level II audits.
A Level III audit targeting reductions in peak electric demand could offer some cost savings.
Demand reductions may result from
programming the DDC as a energy management system.
equipment scheduling in order to prevent simultaneous operation of large plug loads,
load shedding, or reducing demand by turning off non-essential equipment in a
predetermined order to avoid exceeding a pre-programmed upper limit demand,
installation of interlocks which prevent the resulting linked equipment from turning on
simultaneously,
monitoring and regulating adjustable speed drives,
the actions of an energy conservation committee to reduce plug loads during peak, and
using the back-up generator if necessary.
Energy Audit – Final Report
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5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M)
5.1 Operations and Maintenance
A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind
energy savings. Such a plan includes preserving institutional knowledge, directing preventative
maintenance, and scheduling regular inspections of each piece of HVAC equipment within the
building. Such a plan includes a regularly scheduled inspection of each piece of HVAC
equipment within the building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters,
belts and pulleys, the proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the
glycol tanks. Additional benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for
malfunctioning equipment, early indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated
maintenance issues, and early detection of overloading/overheating issues. A good
maintenance person knows the building’s equipment well enough to spot and repair minor
malfunctions before they become major retrofits.
Operations and Maintenance staff implementing a properly designed O & M plan will:
Track and document
o Renovations and repairs,
o Utility bills and fuel consumption, and
o System performance.
Keep available for reference
o A current Building Operating Plan including an inventory of installed systems,
o The most recent available as-built drawings,
o Reference manuals for all installed parts and systems, and
o An up-to-date inventory of on-hand replacement parts.
Provide training and continuing education for maintenance personnel.
Plan for commissioning and re-commissioning at appropriate intervals.
5.2 Commissioning
Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems perform within the design
or usage ranges of the Building Operating Plan. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as
the last phase in construction. HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time
due to incorrect maintenance, improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or
usage, changes in schedules, and changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning
of a building should occur every five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets
the potentially variable use with the most efficient means.
5.3 Building Specific Recommendations
The DDC and ventilation system at Scammon Bay School should be recommissioned because
the gym temperature is 80 F and higher instead of the 72 F programmed temperature. Since
gym heat is provided solely by the ventilation system, high temperatures indicate malfunctions
in the ventilation system which require repair. So, the ventilation EEM ranked number 2,
discussed in Appendix A.4.3, is the repairing and recommissioning of the ventilation system.
Energy Audit – Final Report
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High winds have torn off siding on the north and east faces of the building and reportedly
causes annual roof damage. Repair is required to prevent worse damage, and siding re-design
should be considered in light of the maintenance cost of the annual repairs to the building.
The main entrance used to be a vestibule but the inner doors have been removed, which has
increased envelope air losses as students and staff enter and exit the building. This is
exacerbated by poor weather stripping on the door. Repairing the weather stripping will result in
energy savings by reducing the amount of envelope air losses, since all replacement air must
be heated to room temperature. Further energy savings may result from reinstalling or
purchasing new inner vestibule doors for the main entrance.
There is some mold growth on the locker room drywall in between the lockers and the showers,
which typically indicates inadequate ventilation. The drywall does not appear to be significantly
damaged. Maintenance and janitorial staff should eradicate the mold and determine the cause
of the mold growth. If ventilation levels in the locker rooms are insufficient, consider installing a
larger exhaust fan.
Energy Audit – Final Report
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APPENDICES
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures
A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and
overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by
AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E.
AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will
still return a SIR of one or greater.
This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and
installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the
SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the
overall end use that will be impacted.
A.1 Temperature Control
No modifications are recommended. The programmable thermostats currently installed
implement automatic temperature setbacks regulated by the DDC system. DDC reduction of
the nighttime and unoccupied temperatures already decreases the energy usage.
A.2 Electrical Loads
A.2.1 Lighting
The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where
electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer
temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting
to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control
heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent lamps) to T8
(one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED lamps provides a
significant increase in efficiency. LED lamps can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The
LED lamp bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise
that magnetic ballasts tend to make.
The existing interior lighting is predominately efficient, but most lighting should be retrofitted to
LED. The pendant lighting with 6- or 8-42W CFL lamps found in the gym, cafeteria and on the
stage should be replaced with high bay LED fixtures. High-use fixtures with T8 fluorescent
lamps should be retrofitted with direct replacement LED lamps or the fixtures themselves
retrofitted to LED fixtures.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
6 Gym 38 High Bay Fluorescent with Manual
Switching
Replace with 38 LED 80W
Module StdElectronic and Add
new Occupancy Sensor
Installation Cost $83,700 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 17 Energy Savings (/yr) $17,057
Breakeven Cost $220,886 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 5
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
7 Exterior 13 MH 175 Watt StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 13 LED 34W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $21,450 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 17 Energy Savings (/yr) $2,766
Breakeven Cost $35,825 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.7 Simple Payback (yr) 8
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
8 Stage 8 FLUOR [Unknown Lamp] with Manual
Switching
Replace with 8 LED 60W
Module StdElectronic and Add
new Occupancy Sensor
Installation Cost $13,300 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 17 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,690
Breakeven Cost $21,890 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.6 Simple Payback (yr) 8
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
9 Cafeteria 18 FLUOR [Unknown Lamp] with Manual
Switching
Replace with 18 LED 60W
Module StdElectronic and Add
new Occupancy Sensor
Installation Cost $39,700 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 17 Energy Savings (/yr) $4,319
Breakeven Cost $55,925 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.4 Simple Payback (yr) 9
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
10 Exterior 9 MH 100 Watt StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 9 LED 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $11,449 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 17 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,131
Breakeven Cost $14,649 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.3 Simple Payback (yr) 10
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
11 Classrooms, Offices,
High-Use Areas
172 FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
(2) Program StdElectronic with Manual
Switching, Occupancy Sensor
Replace with 172 LED (3) 17W
Module (2) StdElectronic
Installation Cost $41 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 17 Energy Savings (/yr) $3,498
Breakeven Cost $43 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.1 Simple Payback (yr) 12
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
12 Classrooms, Offices,
High-Use Areas
350 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Program StdElectronic with Manual
Switching, Occupancy Sensor
Replace with 350 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $65,450 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 17 Energy Savings (/yr) $4,662
Breakeven Cost $58,381 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.9 Simple Payback (yr) 14
Energy Audit – Final Report
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A.2.2 Other Electrical Loads
In order to achieve energy savings, replace four existing GE refrigerators with Tier III Energy
Star refrigerators, consolidate existing refrigeration capacity and unplug unused refrigerators,
institute summer shutdown of refrigerators, and consolidate frozen items in order to shut down
unused freezers during the summer.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
13
Exterior 6 MH 70 Watt StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 6 LED 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $7,920 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 17 Energy Savings (/yr) $481
Breakeven Cost $6,232 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.8 Simple Payback (yr) 16
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 Kitchen Walk-in Freezer Institute summer shutdown of
refrigerators. Consolidate
existing refrigeration capacity
and unplug unused refrigerators
if possible.
Installation Cost $100 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $258
Breakeven Cost $1,574 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 15.7 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
2 Kitchen True Freezer Consolidate frozen items in
order to shut down unused
freezers during the summer.
Installation Cost $100 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $98
Breakeven Cost $597 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 6.0 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Varies 4 GE R/F Replace with 4 Replace with Tier
III Energy Star refrigerators and
institute summer shutdown of
refrigerators. Consolidate
existing refrigeration capacity
and unplug unused refrigerators
if possible.
Installation Cost $4,100 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $2,408
Breakeven Cost $14,709 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Energy Audit – Final Report
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A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change
A.3.1 Exterior Walls
No EEMS are recommended in this area because construction cost makes retrofits
uneconomical.
A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace
No EEMS are recommended in this area because construction cost makes retrofits
uneconomical.
A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling
No EEMS are recommended in this area because construction cost makes retrofits
uneconomical.
A.3.4 Windows
No EEMS are recommended in this area because construction cost makes retrofits
uneconomical.
A.3.5 Doors
No EEMS are recommended in this area because construction cost makes retrofits
uneconomical.
A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning
A.4.1 Heating and Heat Distribution
No EEMS are recommended in this area because the existing boilers meet current ASHRAE
efficiency standards, heat distribution seems effective, and the construction cost makes retrofits
uneconomical.
A.4.2 Air Conditioning
No EEMS are recommended in this area because the existing AHUs provide economizer
cooling.
A.4.3 Ventilation
Malfunctions in the HVAC system have lead to gym temperatures in excess of 80 F. As a
result, during the audit, windows in several classrooms on the second floor were found open to
try to cool the rooms incidentally heated by the high gym temperatures. The increase in heating
oil consumption and envelope air losses unnecessarily drives up the annual utility costs for the
building.
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Recommissioning the HVAC system and reprogramming the DDC for more effective energy
management will reduce energy costs by reducing unnecessary heating and envelope air
losses. Evaluating and implementing demand control ventilation measures should result in
additional savings.
A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening
No EEMs are recommended in this area because of the difficulty of quantifying the amount of
leaking air and the savings. However, by using a blower door to depressurize the building and
an infra-red camera, the location of significant air leaks can be determined so they can be
repaired.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
4
Gym temperature of 80 F and higher.
Doors and windows opened to alleviate
occupant discomfort.
Recommission ventilation
system and reprogram the DDC
for more effective energy
management annually. Evaluate
demand control measures.
Installation Cost $100,000 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $23,910
Breakeven Cost $322,154 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.2 Simple Payback (yr) 4
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended
As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that
were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not
currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a
small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of
these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer
operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases
in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential
EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would
warrant re-evaluation.
Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures,
hardware, controls, or operational changes described in these EEMs should be considered
when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing
window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but if a
window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the
incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient
replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback,
especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units.
The following measures were not found to be cost-effective:
Rank Feature/Location Improvement Description
Annual
Energy
Savings
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
11 HVAC And DHW
Replace B1 with more
efficient multi-pass
commercial boiler similar to
the Burnham MPC
$1,844 $300,000 0.1 162.6
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Appendix C Significant Equipment List
HVAC Equipment
Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Notes
(2) Boilers Burnham V-1111 -
(2) AHU Trane MCC-25
15 HP A.O. Smith Century E-plus
supply fan motors with 93% NEMA
nominal efficiencies, on VFDs
(2) Primary Circulation Pumps A.O. Smith Century E-plus 7 ½ HP, 89.5% NEMA efficiency
(13) Unit Heaters Trane varies 7-30 MBH heat output
(4) Cabinet Unit Heaters Trane varies 10-34 MBH heat output
(2) AHU Relief Fans Baldor Super-E varies 5 and 3 HP motors with 89.5% NEMA
nominal efficiencies, on VFDs
(5) Supply Fans varies varies 132W-1 ½ HP motors
(26) Exhaust Fans varies varies 1/20 -3 HP motors
DHW Circulation Pump Grundfos UPS15-42F 1/25 HP
Lighting
Location Lighting Type Lamp
Type Quantity KWH/YR Cost per
Year
Classrooms, Offices, Hallways, Shop, High Use Areas,
Low Use Areas Fluorescent T8 1602 105,600 $ 45,408
Gym, Cafeteria, Stage Fluorescent 42W
Quad 460 66,600 28,638
Exterior Metal Halide
70W
100W
175W
28 12,900 5,547
Exits LED 4W 18 1,000 430
Stage Halogen 250W
Flood 8 500 215
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and an electricity rate of $0.43/kWh
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Plug Loads
Equipment Location Manufacturer KWH/YR* Cost per
Year
Refrigerators Kitchen, various Various 36,650 $ 15,759
(130) Laptops Classrooms Various 19,600 8428
(120) Computer Towers Building-wide Various 10,200 4386
(118) Computer Monitors Building-wide Various 7,000 3010
UV Sanitizer Water Treatment n/a 4,850 2086
Server Rack Server Room Various 2,650 1140
(6) Microwaves Building-wide Various 2,100 903
(62) Printers and (1) Copier Building-wide Various 2,050 882
(36) Flat Screen TV Building-wide Various 1,500 645
(2) Coffeemakers Building-wide Various 1,100 473
Cleaning Equipment Janitor Various 1,100 473
(24) Projectors Building-wide Various 1,100 473
Space Heater Generator Room Comfort Cone 950 409
Popcorn Maker Student Store n/a 300 129
Shop Equipment Shop Various 250 108
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and an electricity rate of $0.43/kWh
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure
The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the
local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this
section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit.
Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated
rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates,
rate structures and utility pricing agreements. Scammon Bay K12 School is classified as a Large
Power GS-2 customer.
Alaska Village Electric Cooperative, Inc. (AVEC)
4831 Eagle St.
Anchorage, Alaska, 99503
(907) 561-1818
Customer Charge
A flat fee that covers costs for meter reading, billing and customer service.
Utility Charge (kWh charge)
This charge is multiplied by the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used in a monthly billing period. It
covers the costs to maintain power plants and substations, interest on loans as well as wires, power
poles and transformers.
Regulatory Charge
This charge of .000492 per kWh is set by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (RCA). Since
November 1, 1992, the Regulatory Commission of Alaska has been funded by a Regulatory Charge
to the utilities it regulates rather than through the State general fund. The charge, labeled
"Regulatory Cost Charge." on your bill, is set by the RCA, and applies to all retail kilowatt-hours sold
by regulated electric utilities in Alaska.
Demand Charge
This charge is based upon high KW demand during the month or 85% of the highest KW demand
(rachet) during the past 12 months, whichever is higher.
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Appendix E Analysis Methodology
Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy
consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy
efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to
evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual
energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified
Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer.
EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate
conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions.
Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering
estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage
obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the
cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this
audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that
compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a
project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance
and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as
the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost,
which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one.
EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates
individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of
the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be
recommended by AkWarm. Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation
of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re-
evaluated and ranked again. AkWarm goes through this iterative process until all suggested
EEMs have been evaluated.
Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated
based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the
implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later.
The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is
implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced
operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than
implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more
efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings.
Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact
the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower
energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only
so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount
of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage
light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule
or operational change at the facility.
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Appendix F Audit Limitations
The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an
approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the
identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of
energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and
professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the
recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a
final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any
document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report.
Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs
include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM.
The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not
be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry
publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the
CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit.
Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed.
Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing
techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and
HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared,
air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a
Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted.
Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability
or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned
rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The
views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof."
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Appendix G References
Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains
information and insights considered valuable to most buildings.
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities.
(1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK:
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development.
Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC.
ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy
Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in
Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low-
Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits.
Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough,
Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial
Press, Inc.
Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using
CO2 Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf
Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low-Energy Building Design
Guidelines. Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management
Program: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/
Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford,
UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology.
International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills,
IL: International Code Council, Inc.
Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical
Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings.
Retrieved 2011, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory:
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf
Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010).
Handbook of Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption
Survey (CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration:
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/
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Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage
This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and
Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy
Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the
Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska.
An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I.
The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other
Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under
contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools
in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including
fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a
database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the
comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons.
Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of
Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below.
The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings
with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed
scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the
Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District
(ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as
well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as
Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete
and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy
usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in
Alaska.
Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In
Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is
provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal
fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD
buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the
last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their
operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings
has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database.
Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is
also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in
place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower
energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database.
These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy
use for particular buildings.
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Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S.
Released: Dec 2006
Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007
Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003
All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption
Number of
Buildings
(thousand)
Floor space
(million
square feet)
Floor space
per Building
(thousand
square feet)
Total
(trillion
BTU)
per
Building
(million
BTU)
per
Square
Foot
(thousand
BTU)
per
Worker
(million
BTU)
All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9
Building Floor space (Square Feet)
1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6
5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7
10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0
25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8
50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0
100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3
200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3
Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6
Principal Building Activity
Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7
Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2
Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5
Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0
Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7
Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8
Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5
Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1
Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3
Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5
Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7
Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6
Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0
Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3
Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1
Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1
This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), published by the U.S.
Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was expected to compare the annual energy
consumption of the building to average national energy usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison
between one specific building and the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this
report uses a comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An abbreviated
excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below.
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Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units
1 British Thermal Unit is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree F°
1 Watt is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr
1 horsepower is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr
1 horsepower is approximately 746 Watts
1 "ton of cooling” is approximately 12,000 BTU/hr, the amount of power required to
melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours
1 Therm = 100,000 BTU
1 KBTU = 1,000 BTU
1 KWH = 3413 BTU
1 KW = 3413 BTU/Hr
1 Boiler HP = 33,400 BTU/Hr
1 Pound Steam = approximately 1000 BTU
1 CCF of natural gas = approximately 1 Therm
1 inch H2O = 250 Pascal (Pa) = 0.443 pounds/square inch (psi)
1 atmosphere (atm) = 10,1000 Pascal (Pa)
BTU British Thermal Unit
CCF 100 Cubic Feet
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
GPM Gallons per minute
HP Horsepower
Hz Hertz
kg Kilogram (1,000 grams)
kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts)
kVA Kilovolt-Amp
kVAR Kilovolt-Amp Reactive
KW Kilowatt (1,000 watts)
KWH Kilowatt Hour
V Volt
W Watt
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Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions
ACH Air Changes per Hour
AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
Air Economizer A duct, damper, and automatic control system that
allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce
or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling.
Ambient Temperature Average temperature of the surrounding air
Ballast A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause
the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit
conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc.
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CUI Cost Utilization Index
CDD Cooling Degree Days
DDC Direct Digital Control
EEM Energy Efficiency Measure
EER Energy Efficient Ratio
EUI Energy Utilization Index
FLUOR Fluorescent
Grade The finished ground level adjoining a building at the
exterior walls
HDD Heating Degree Days
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning
INCAN Incandescent
NPV Net Present Value
R-value Thermal resistance measured in BTU/Hr-SF-̊F (Higher
value means better insulation)
SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment
capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar
savings considered over the life of the improvement.
Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and
materials required to install the measure.
Set Point Target temperature that a control system operates the
heating and cooling system
Simple payback A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of
an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM
to give the number of years required to recover the cost
of the investment.
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Appendix L Building Floor Plan
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Energy Audit – Final Report
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Energy Audit – Final Report
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Energy Audit – Final Report
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Energy Audit – Final Report
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Energy Audit – Final Report
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*