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Home My WebLink AboutBIG Delta Fire Hall 2012-EEManaging Office 2400 College Road 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Suite 106A 4402 Thane Road Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801 p. 907.452.5688 p. 907.222.2445 p: 907.586.6813 f. 907.452.5694 f. 907.222.0915 f: 907.586.6819 www.nortechengr.com ENERGY AUDIT DELTA JUNCTION FIRE HALL 2nd Street / Delta Avenue Delta Junction, Alaska Prepared for: Mr. Mike Tvenge 2288 Deborah Avenue Delta Junction, Alaska Prepared by: Douglas Dusek CEA Jeremy Spargur CEAIT, EIT February 22, 2012 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915 Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694 Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819 info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1 2.1 Building Use, Occupancy, Schedules and Description .......................................... 2 2.1.1 Building Use............................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules .......................................................... 2 2.1.3 Building Description ................................................................................... 2 2.2 Benchmarking ....................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Energy Utilization Index ............................................................................. 5 2.2.2 Cost Utilization Index ................................................................................. 6 2.2.3 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns .................................................................. 7 2.2.4 Future Energy Monitoring .......................................................................... 8 3.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND MODELING RESULTS ................................................ 9 3.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 10 3.1.1 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Delta Junction Fire Hall .................. 11 3.1.2 AkWarm Projected Energy Costs after Modifications .............................. 12 3.2 Energy Efficiency Measures Calculated Outside AkWarm .................................. 13 4.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 14 4.1 Operations and Maintenance .............................................................................. 14 4.2 Building Specific Recommendations ................................................................... 14 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx ii APPENDICES Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures ........................................... 16 Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended ..................... 20 Appendix C Significant Equipment List ....................................................................... 22 Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ...................................................................... 24 Appendix E Analysis Methodology .............................................................................. 26 Appendix F Audit Limitations ...................................................................................... 27 Appendix G References .............................................................................................. 28 Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage ..................... 29 Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. .................................... 30 Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 31 Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions ...................................... 2 Appendix L Building Floor Plan .................................................................................... 2 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 1 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of the Delta Junction Fire Hall, a 7,650 square foot facility. The audit began with benchmarking which resulted in a calculation of the energy consumption per square foot. A site inspection was completed on October 31, 2011 to obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling and other building energy uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then used to develop a building energy consumption model using AkWarm. Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy, not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation, and energy costs at the time of this audit. The following table, from AkWarm, is a summary of the recommended EEMs for the Delta Junction Fire Hall. Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in Section 3. Details of each individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A summary of EEMs that were evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in Appendix B. PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs) Rank Feature/ Location Improvement Description Estimated Annual Energy Savings Estimated Installed Cost Savings to Investment Ratio, SIR Simple Payback (Years) 1 Setback Thermostat: Public Assembly Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied Setback to 63.0 deg F for the Public Assembly space. $2,027 $1,000 27 0.5 2 Lighting: 24/7- 205 Replace with FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2) Instant StdElectronic $26 $16 9.5 0.6 3 Lighting: 24/7- Electrical Room Replace with FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant StdElectronic $13 $10 7.6 0.8 4 Lighting: Mens Inc. Replace with FLUOR (2) CFL, Spiral 20 W $9 $10 5.4 1.1 5 Lighting: Womens Bathroom, Mens Bathroom, 203 Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant HighEfficElectronic $13 $16 4.9 1.2 6 Lighting: Well Room Replace with 3 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant HighEfficElectronic $20 $24 4.9 1.2 7 Garage Door: Garage Add R-5 insulating blanket to garage door $382 $2,058 2.5 5.4 8 Lighting: 204, 206 Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) CFL, Spiral 20 W $7 $20 2.1 2.9 TOTAL, cost-effective measures $2,498 $3,154 10 1.3 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 2 2.0 INTRODUCTION NORTECH contracted with the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform ASHRAE Level II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings of the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications, and building use changes that are expected to save energy and money. The report is organized into sections covering:  description of the facility,  the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking),  estimating energy use through energy use modeling,  evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and  recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings. 2.1 Building Use, Occupancy, Schedules and Description 2.1.1 Building Use The Delta Junction Fire Hall is a volunteer fire department operated by residents from Delta Junction and the Fort Greely Army base. This building houses fire equipment used in case of an emergency. 2.1.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules This building is not normally occupied. Part time occupancies include:  Thursday evenings for training,  Special events and community gatherings, and  Emergency calls. 2.1.3 Building Description The Delta Junction Fire Hall was built in 2004. This is a metal building with a structural steel frame on a fully insulated concrete pad. The walls in apparatus bay consist of 3 inch thick metal paneling, sheathing, 8 inch girt, and painted oriented strand board (OSB). The office area is similar to the apparatus bay except there is an additional 2x4 uninsulated stud wall on the inside to accommodate wiring, sheetrock, ect. The entire ceiling is a 5 inch insulated metal panel on 8 inch girt. Building Envelope Building Envelope: Walls Wall Type Description Insulation Notes Above-grade wall Apparatus Bay Stressed Skin Panel. R-22. No signs of insulation damage Above Grade Wall Office Area Stressed skin panel with uninsulated 2x4 stud wall R-22 No signs of insulation damage Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 3 Heating and Ventilation Systems The primary source of heat in this building comes from a pair of Burnham boilers. The office areas are heated with fin tube baseboards and the garage area is heated with in-slab heat piping. Each loop in the garage is equipped with a pump, Tekmar controls, and a mixing valve. Utility rooms in the apparatus bay are heated with unit heaters. The Fire Hall is also equipped with a propane fueled makeup furnace. As the doors open and the temperature drops dramatically the heater will kick on and increase the temperature in the building quickly. This unit was reported to not be operational. The building has a Trane Air Handling Unit (AHU) that supplies conditioned and heated air to the office area. The unit has an outside air capacity of 900 cfm. Air Conditioning System The Fire Hall is not equipped with an air conditioning system, however economizer cooling is possible using the AHU. Energy Management The Fire Hall is equipped with Tekmar heating controls. Each zone in the building has a Tekmar 360 mixing control which controls the zone water temperatures. Building Envelope: Floors Floor Type Description Insulation Notes On grade floor Insulated slab 4 inch rigid foam on perimeter approx. 4 feet deep None Building Envelope: Roof Roof Type Description Insulation Notes All Roofs Cold roofs framed with Metal GIRT. 5 inch stressed skin panel No signs of insulation damage. Building Envelope: Doors and Windows Door and Window Type Description Estimated R-Value Notes 6-Garage Doors Insulated panel. 7.1 None 3-Man Doors Insulated metal 5.3 None Vinyl Windows Double Pane 2.7 None Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 4 Lighting Systems The primary lighting type in the office area are recessed ceiling mounted fixtures with two or four T8 (1” diameter, 4’ long) lamps. The apparatus bay lighting consists of ceiling mounted strip fixtures with T8 lamps. Domestic Hot Water A State Premier electric water heater with a 50 gallon storage capacity supplies water to the building. 2.2 Benchmarking Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage, and charges as well as to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking, information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of benchmarking are:  to understand patterns of use,  to understand building operational characteristics,  for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and  to offer insight in to potential energy savings. The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other areas, are discussed in the following sections. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 5 2.2.1 Energy Utilization Index The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated from the utility bills and provides a simple snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by the building on a square foot and annual basis. The calculation converts the total energy use for the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into British Thermal Units (BTUs). This total annual usage is then divided by the number of square feet of the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year. The benchmark analysis found that the Delta Junction Fire Hall has an EUI of 74,000 BTUs per square foot per year. The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings (abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000 BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes, types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I). In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation, schools in Fairbanks averaged 62,000 BTUs per square foot and schools in Anchorage averaged 123,000 BTUs per square foot annual energy use. The chart below shows the Delta Junction Fire Hall relative to these values. These findings are discussed further in Appendix H. 74,000 62,000 123,000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 Btu/ Sq. FtAnnual Energy Use Index (Total Energy/ SF) Fire Hall Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 6 2.2.2 Cost Utilization Index Another benchmarking statistic that is useful is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost for energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the cost for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost even though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating and/or cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity, can vary greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts of the country. The CUI for Delta Junction Fire Hall is about $1.92/SF. This is based on utility costs from 2010 and the following rates: Electricity at $ 0.18 / kWh # 2 Fuel Oil at $ 2.78 / gallon Due to the rising cost of fuel, the CUI for 2012 will be higher than 2010 and can be greater than $2.30/SF. The price of #2 fuel oil on January 30, 2012 was $3.43 which is significantly higher than the average price in 2010. The recommended EEM’s, and the savings associated with them, will be based on the current price of $3.43. The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS, 2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). Schools in Fairbanks have an average cost for energy of $2.42 per square foot while Anchorage schools average $2.11 per square foot. The chart below shows the Delta Junction Fire Hall relative to these values. More details are included in Appendix H. $1.92 $2.42 $2.11 $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 Annual Energy Cost Index (Total Cost/ SF) Fire Hall Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 7 2.2.3 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric baseline often reflects year round lighting consumption and hot water usage while the heating fuel baseline often reflects year round heating requirements. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of cold weather can be seen in the months with higher usage. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10KWHElectrical Consumption Fire Hall - 2nd St/ Delta Ave 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10GallonsFuel Oil Deliveries Fire Hall - 2nd St/ Delta Ave Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 8 2.2.4 Future Energy Monitoring Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy accounting; manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed by an administrative assistant, however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems, such as Smart Meters can be installed. They display and record real-time energy usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are several other types including OptoEMU by Opto22 which has all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 9 3.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND MODELING RESULTS After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems. NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated. Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require engineering and design expertise beyond the scope of the standard energy audit. Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators, auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost every older building include:  Reduce the envelope heat losses through: o increased building insulation, and o better windows and doors  Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats  Upgrade inefficient: o lights, o motors, o refrigeration units, and o other appliances  Reduce running time of lights/appliances through: o motion sensors, o on/off timers, o light sensors, and o other automatic/programmable systems The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy prices. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 10 3.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption NORTECH used the AkWarm-C model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at Delta Junction Fire Hall. The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC) to model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the modeling engine behind the successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has operated for a number of years. In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this model for commercial buildings, referred to AkWarm-C. Although this report and commercial energy auditors often refer to AkWarm, the actual model program used for this project is AkWarm-C. Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as:  Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors, walls, ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for each component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference between the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library of temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska.  Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the winter but north-facing windows do not.  Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air, etc. Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through pumping.  Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around.  Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light; ultimately all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may be useful in the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be required to remove the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational hours.  Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some units are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from inside a compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the unit.  Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters, monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption of the building, as well as contributing to heat production.  The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc is a critical component of how much energy is used. AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12 months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 11 3.1.1 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Delta Junction Fire Hall Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators, auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes recommendations based on the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended. Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR. A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table. Description Space Heating Water Heating Lighting Refrigeration Other Electrical Cooking Clothes Drying Ventilation Fans Total Existing Building $14,024 $1,580 $1,072 $147 $234 $16 $16 $599 $17,688 With All Proposed Retrofits $11,677 $1,580 $921 $147 $234 $16 $16 $599 $15,190 Savings $2,347 $0 $151 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,498 Savings in these categories do not reflect interaction with other categories. So, for example, the savings in lighting does not affect the added space heating cost to make up for the heat saved in replacing less-efficient lights with more-efficient lights that waste less heat. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 12 3.1.2 AkWarm Projected Energy Costs after Modifications The AkWarm recommended EEMs appear to result in significant savings in space heating and lighting. The energy cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field inspection and does not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were directly measured. The current energy costs are shown below on the left hand bar of the graph and the projected energy costs, assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the right. This graphical format allows easy visual comparison of the various energy requirements of the facility. In the event that not all recommended retrofits are desired, the proposal energy savings can be estimated from visual interpretation from this graph. $0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 Existing Retrofit Ventilation and Fans Space Heating Refrigeration Other Electrical Lighting Domestic Hot Water Cooking Clothes Drying Annual Energy Costs by End Use Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 13 3.2 Energy Efficiency Measures Calculated Outside AkWarm The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities. This report section is included in order to identify benefits from modifications to those more complex systems or changes in occupant behavior that cannot be addressed in AkWarm. The Delta Junction Fire Hall could be modeled well in AKWarm. Retrofits for the HVAC system were adequately modeled in AkWarm and did not require additional calculations. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 14 4.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) 4.1 Operations and Maintenance A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind energy savings. Such a plan includes a regularly scheduled inspection of each piece of HVAC equipment within the building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters, belts and pulleys, the proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the glycol tanks. Additional benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for malfunctioning equipment, early indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated maintenance issues, and early detection of overloading/overheating issues. A good maintenance person knows the building’s equipment well enough to spot and repair minor malfunctions before they become major retrofits. Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems act within the design or usage ranges. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as the last phase in construction. HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time due to incorrect maintenance, improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or usage, changes in schedules, and changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning of a building should occur every five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets the potentially variable use with the most efficient means. 4.2 Building Specific Recommendations The Fire Hall had control issues at the time of the audit. Several valves and thermostats had mechanical malfunctions which prevent building operators from having adequate control over the building. A qualified technician should inspect and repair or replace the faulty controls in this building. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 15 APPENDICES Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 16 Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E. AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will still return a SIR of one or greater. This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the overall end use that will be impacted. A.1 Temperature Control Programmable thermostats should be installed and/or programmed in the Fire Hall. Programmable thermostats allow for automatic temperature setback, which reduce usage more reliably than manual setbacks. Reduction of the nighttime temperature set point in the Fire Hall will decrease the energy usage. Setting the temperature back 7°F from 70 to 63 during unoccupied periods will save the Fire Hall approximately $2000 per year. The size of the current boilers will allow this to happen with a 3-4 hour reheat time. Rank Building Space Recommendation 1 Entire Building Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied Setback to 63.0 deg F for the Public Assembly space. Installation Cost $1,000 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $2,027 Breakeven Cost $27,243 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 27 Simple Payback (yr) 0 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 17 A.2 Electrical Loads A.2.1 Lighting The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent bulbs) to T8 (one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED bulbs provides a significant increase in efficiency. LED bulbs can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The LED bulb bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise that magnetic ballasts tend to make. Several locations in the Fire Hall will benefit from lighting retrofits. Replacing the 32 W T8s with 25 W T8s in locations with the highest use will save the Fire Hall energy. Retrofits in other locations are not cost effective due to the low schedule and the cost of the lamp replacement. Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 2 24/7-205 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard (2) Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching Replace with FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2) Instant StdElectronic Installation Cost $16 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $26 Breakeven Cost $153 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 9.5 Simple Payback (yr) 1 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 3 24/7-Electrical Room FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching Replace with FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant StdElectronic Installation Cost $10 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $13 Breakeven Cost $76 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 7.6 Simple Payback (yr) 1 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 4 Mens INCAN (2) A Lamp, Std 75W with Manual Switching Replace with FLUOR (2) CFL, Spiral 20 W Installation Cost $10 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $9 Breakeven Cost $54 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 5.4 Simple Payback (yr) 1 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 5 Womens Bathroom, Mens Bathroom, 203 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard Instant HighEfficElectronic with Manual Switching Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant HighEfficElectronic Installation Cost $16 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $13 Breakeven Cost $78 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 4.9 Simple Payback (yr) 1 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 18 A.2.2 Other Electrical Loads There are no recommended EEMs in this category. The Fire Hall does not have many significant plug loads. A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change A.3.1 Exterior Walls There are no recommended EEMs in this category. Adding insulation to the exterior walls is not economical at this time. A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace There are no recommended EEMs in this category. The perimeter of the foundation is currently insulated. A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling There are no recommended EEMs in this category. Adding insulation to the ceiling is not economical at this time. A.3.4 Windows There are no recommended EEMs in this category. Replacing the windows with better insulated windows is not economical at this time. Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 6 Well Room 3 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard Instant HighEfficElectronic with Manual Switching Replace with 3 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant HighEfficElectronic Installation Cost $24 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $20 Breakeven Cost $118 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 4.9 Simple Payback (yr) 1 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 8 204, 206 2 INCAN (2) A Lamp, Std 75W with Manual Switching Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) CFL, Spiral 20 W Installation Cost $20 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $7 Breakeven Cost $41 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.1 Simple Payback (yr) 3 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 19 A.3.5 Doors The insulation value of the garage doors can be increased by adding an insulated blanket. This is an inexpensive and effective way to save energy. A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning A.4.1 Heating and Heat Distribution There are no recommended EEMs in this category. The Fire Hall was built in 2004 and has an efficient heating and distribution system. The system does have a few mechanical problems that need to be address such as the valves and thermostats. A.4.2 Air Conditioning The Fire Hall is not equipped with an air conditioning system. A.4.3 Ventilation There are no recommended EEMs in this category. The Fire Hall is equipped with a Trane Air Handling Unit (AHU) with an outside air capacity of 900 cfm. Bathroom exhaust fans are switched with their lights which is an effective way to ensure that the fan is not running when it’s not needed. A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening No EEMs are recommended in this area because of the difficulty of quantifying the amount of leaking air and the savings. However, by using a blower door to depressurize the building and an infra-red camera, the location of significant air leaks can be determined so they can be repaired. Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 7 Garage Door: Garage Door Type: 2" - polyurethane foam core Insulating Blanket: None Modeled R-Value: 7.1 Add R-5 insulating blanket to garage door Installation Cost $2,058 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $382 Breakeven Cost $5,139 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.5 Simple Payback (yr) 5 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 20 Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would warrant re-evaluation. Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures, hardware, controls, or operational changes described in these EEMs should be considered when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but if a window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback, especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units. PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs) Rank Feature/ Location Improvement Description Estimated Annual Energy Savings Estimated Installed Cost Savings to Investment Ratio, SIR Simple Payback (Years) 9 Lighting: 105 Replace with 9 FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2) Instant HighEfficElectronic $17 $108 0.97 6.4 10 HVAC And DHW replace circulation pumps with grundfos highly efficient pumps $487 $8,000 0.84 16.4 11 Ceiling w/ Attic: House Install R-14 rigid foam board on ceiling exterior. $552 $18,275 0.71 33.1 12 Lighting: Office 102, Office 103 Replace with 4 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2) Instant HighEfficElectronic $6 $64 0.54 10.9 13 Lighting: 201 Replace with FLUOR T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant StdElectronic $0 $4 0.51 12.1 14 Lighting: 207 Replace with FLUOR CFL, Spiral 20 W $0 $5 0.37 16.6 15 Above-Grade Wall: House/office Install R-10 rigid foam board to exterior and cover with T1-11 siding or equivalent. $141 $9,997 0.33 71.0 16 Above-Grade Wall: House/bay, storage Install R-10 rigid foam board to exterior and cover with T1-11 siding or equivalent. $536 $38,109 0.33 71.1 17 Lighting: 203, 202, 104 Replace with 4 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant StdElectronic $2 $32 0.31 19.4 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 21 PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs) Rank Feature/ Location Improvement Description Estimated Annual Energy Savings Estimated Installed Cost Savings to Investment Ratio, SIR Simple Payback (Years) 18 Lighting: 205 Replace with 7 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2) Instant StdElectronic $4 $112 0.22 27.7 19 Exterior Door: House Remove existing door and install standard pre-hung U- 0.16 insulated door, including hardware. $14 $1,570 0.20 115.6 20 Lighting: 111 Replace with 5 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant HighEfficElectronic $1 $40 0.12 51.1 21 Window/Skylight: House Replace existing window with triple pane, 2 low-E, argon window. $11 $1,717 0.11 151.6 22 Lighting: 204 Task, 206 Task Replace with 2 FLUOR (3) CFL, Spiral 10 W $0 $30 0.06 102.7 23 Window/Skylight: House/s Replace existing window with triple pane, low-E, argon window. $2 $1,111 0.04 456.3 24 Lighting: Electrical Room Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant StdElectronic $0 $20 0.02 259.2 Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 22 Appendix C Significant Equipment List HVAC Equipment Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Fuel Type Notes Boiler Burnham n/a #2 Two units Circulation Pump Grundfos UPS 40-160 Electric n/a Circulation Pump Grundfos UP 26-96 F Electric n/a Circulation Pump Grundfos UPS 15-42 F Electric n/a Circulation Pump Grundfos UPS 26-96 F Electric 1 HP Unit Heater Modine HC 24501 Electric 1/25 HP Unit Heater Modine HC 24501 Electric 1/25 HP Unit Heater Modine HC 24501 Electric 1/25 HP Unit Heater Modine HC 24502 Electric 1/25 HP Unit Heater Modine HC 24503 Electric 1/25 HP AHU Trane 03A n/a 900 cfm AHU Fan motor AO Smith n/a Electric 1 HP AHU relief fan motor Marathon n/a Electric 1/3 HP Water Heater State Premier n/a Electric 4.5 KW Water circulation pump Grundfos UP 15-42 Electric 1/25 HP HRV LifeBreath 700FD Electric 140 W Bathroom Exhaust Fans Nutone LS100SE Electric 3 Units at 228 W Kitchen Range Hood Nutone n/a Electric 50 W Equipment Bay Fan Greenheck SB1H30-5 Electric 307 W Boiler Room Fan Greenheck SE1-12-426-D Electric 105 W Well Room Fan Greenheck 51-10-428-P Electric 78 W Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 23 Lighting Location Lighting Type Bulb Type Quantity KWH/YR Room 205 Fluorescent T8 4 1,009 Well Room Fluorescent T8 6 779 Exterior HPS 100W 1 745 Downstairs Bathrooms Fluorescent T8 4 519 Electrical Rooms Fluorescent T8 2 504 Room 105 Fluorescent T8 27 391 Exit Signs LED 4 W 8 383 Offices 102 and 103 Fluorescent T8 16 228 Room 205 Fluorescent T8 28 147 Mens Room Incandescent 75 W A Lamp 2 102 Room 108 Fluorescent T8 2 96 Rooms 204 and 206 Incandescent 75 W A Lamp 4 78 Rooms 104, 202, and 203 Fluorescent T8 8 60 Room 111 Fluorescent T8 10 29 Exterior HPS 100 W 4 12 Room 201 Fluorescent T8 1 8 Exterior HPS 200W 1 6 Rooms 204 and 206 Incandescent 25 W A Lamp 6 4 Electrical Room Fluorescent T8 4 3 Room 207 Halogen 75 W A Lamp 1 2 Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on Wattage and Schedule Plug Loads Equipment Location Manufacturer KWH/YR Refrigerator Kitchen Whirlpool 700 Air Compressor Apparatus Bay Ingersoll-Rand 481 Air Compressor Apparatus Bay n/a 360 Battery Charger Apparatus Bay n/a 175 Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on Wattage and Schedule Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 24 Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit. Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates, rate structures and utility pricing agreements. Golden Valley Electric Association Rate Structure: GS-1 General Service Effective Rates*** Customer Charge $20.00 Utility Charge $0.08923 / kWh $0.21660 / kWh ***The effective rate is all of the charges totaled together and divided by the kilowatt hour used. GVEA offers five different rates to its members, depending on the classification of the service provided. The rates are divided into two categories: Residential and General Service (GS). Eighty-five percent of the electric services on GVEA's system are single-family dwellings, classified under the Residential rate. The four General Service rates apply to small and large power users that do not qualify for the Residential rate. The General Service rates break down as follows: GS-1 General Service Services under 50 kilowatts (kW) of demand per billing cycle GS-2(S) Large General Service Secondary Services 50 kW and higher of demand per billing cycle GS-2(P) Large General Service Primary Services at primary voltage GS-3 Industrial Service Services at transmission voltage Customer Charge A flat fee that covers costs for meter reading, billing and customer service. Utility Charge (kWh charge) This charge is multiplied by the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used in a monthly billing period. It covers the costs to maintain power plants and substations, interest on loans as well as wires, power poles and transformers. Fuel and Purchased Power This charge is based on a combination of forecasted and actual power costs. The monthly charge allows Golden Valley to pass on increases and decreases in fuel and energy purchases to our members. It is calculated quarterly and multiplied by the kilowatt-hours used each month. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 25 Regulatory Charge This charge of .000492 per kWh is set by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (RCA). Since November 1, 1992, the Regulatory Commission of Alaska has been funded by a Regulatory Charge to the utilities it regulates rather than through the State general fund. The charge, labeled "Regulatory Cost Charge." on your bill, is set by the RCA, and applies to all retail kilowatt-hours sold by regulated electric utilities in Alaska. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 26 Appendix E Analysis Methodology Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer. EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions. Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost, which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one. EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be recommended by AkWarm. Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re- evaluated and ranked again. AkWarm goes through this iterative process until all suggested EEMs have been evaluated. Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later. The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings. Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule or operational change at the facility. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 27 Appendix F Audit Limitations The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report. Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM. The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit. Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed. Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared, air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 28 Appendix G References Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains information and insights considered valuable to most buildings. Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities. (1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Education and Early Development. Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC. ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE. ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low- Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE. Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough, Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc. Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using CO2 Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low-Energy Building Design Guidelines. Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management Program: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/ Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology. International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, Inc. Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings. Retrieved 2011, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010). Handbook of Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc. U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/ Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 29 Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska. An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I. The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons. Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below. The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District (ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in Alaska. Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database. Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database. These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy use for particular buildings. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 30 Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. Released: Dec 2006 Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007 Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003 All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption Number of Buildings (thousand) Floorspace (million square feet) Floorspace per Building (thousand square feet) Total (trillion BTU) per Building (million BTU) per Square Foot (thousand BTU) per Worker (million BTU) All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9 Building Floorspace (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6 5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7 10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0 25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8 50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0 100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3 200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3 Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6 Principal Building Activity Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7 Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2 Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5 Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0 Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7 Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8 Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5 Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1 Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3 Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5 Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7 Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6 Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0 Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3 Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1 Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1 This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was expected to compare the annual energy consumption of the building to average national energy usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison between one specific building and the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this report uses a comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An abbreviated excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 31 Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units 1 British Thermal Unit 1 Watt 1 horsepower 1 horsepower 1 "ton of cooling” 1 Therm 1 KWH 1 KW 1 Boiler HP 1 Pound Steam 1 CCF of natural gas 1 Pascal (Pa) 1 Pascal (Pa) BTU CCF CFM GPM HP Hz kg kV kVA kVAR KW KWH V W is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr is approximately 746 Watts is 12,000 BTU/hr, the amount of power required to melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours = 100,000 BTU = 3413 BTU = 3413 BTU/Hr = 33,400 BTU/Hr = 1000 BTU = about 1 Therm = 1 inch H2O = 0.363 pounds/square inch (psi) = 0.0025 atmospheres (atm) British Thermal Unit 100 Cubic Feet Cubic Feet per Minute Gallons per minute Horsepower Hertz Kilogram (1,000 grams) Kilovolt (1,000 volts) Kilovolt-Amp Kilovolt-Amp Reactive Kilowatt (1,000 watts) Kilowatt Hour Volt Watt Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 2 Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions ACH AFUE Air Economizer Ambient Temperature Ballast CO CUI CDD CMU DDC EEM EER EUI FLOUR Grade HDD HVAC INCAN NPV R-value SCFM Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Set Point Simple payback Air Changes per Hour Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency A duct, damper, and automatic control system that allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling. Average temperature of the surrounding air A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc. carbon monoxide Cost Utilization Index Cooling Degree Days Concrete Masonry Unit Direct Digital Control Energy Efficiency Measure Energy Efficient Ratio Energy Utilization Index Fluorescent The finished ground level adjoining a building at the exterior walls Heating Degree Days Heating Ventilation Air-Conditioning Incandescent Net Present Value Thermal resistance measured in BTU/Hr-SF-̊F (Higher value means better insulation) Standard Cubic Feet per Minute Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar savings considered over the life of the improvement. Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and materials required to install the measure. Reduction of heating or cooling by changing the set point during hours when the building or space is unoccupied A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM to give the number of years required to recover the cost of the investment. Energy Audit Delta Junction Fire Hall Delta Junction, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-330 Delta Junction\50-333 Fire Hall\Reports\Drafts\AHFC Report.Docx 2 Appendix L Building Floor Plan N Floor plan drawn by NORTECH field team