HomeMy WebLinkAboutBIG Delta High School 2012-EEManaging Office
2400 College Road 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Suite 106A 4402 Thane Road
Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801
p. 907.452.5688 p. 907.222.2445 p: 907.586.6813
f. 907.452.5694 f. 907.222.0915 f: 907.586.6819
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ENERGY AUDIT – FINAL REPORT
DELTA HIGH SCHOOL
2610 Isabell Avenue
Delta Junction, Alaska
Prepared for:
Mr. Duncan Ware
PO Box 527
Delta Junction, Alaska
Prepared by:
David C. Lanning PE, CEA
Pauline E. Fusco EIT, CEAIT
July 11, 2012
Acknowledgment: “This material is based upon work supported by the Department of
Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095”
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY
Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915
Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694
Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819
info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Building Use, Occupancy, Schedules and Description ......................................... 6
2.1.1 Building Use ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules ......................................................... 6
2.1.3 Building Description .................................................................................. 6
2.2 Benchmarking ...................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010 ........................................................ 10
2.2.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2010 ............................................................. 11
2.2.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010 ................................................................. 12
2.2.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns ............................................................... 13
2.2.5 Future Energy Monitoring ....................................................................... 14
3.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND MODELING RESULTS.............................................. 15
3.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 16
3.1.1 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Delta High School .......................... 17
3.1.2 AkWarm Projected Energy Costs after Modifications .............................. 18
3.2 Energy Efficiency Measures Calculated Outside AkWarm ................................. 19
4.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 20
4.1 Operations and Maintenance ............................................................................. 20
4.2 Building Specific Recommendations ....................................................... 20
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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APPENDICES
Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures .......................................... 22
Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended ..................... 29
Appendix C Significant Equipment List ...................................................................... 32
Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ..................................................................... 35
Appendix E Analysis Methodology ............................................................................ 37
Appendix F Audit Limitations ..................................................................................... 38
Appendix G References ............................................................................................. 39
Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage ..................... 40
Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. ................................... 41
Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 42
Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions .................................... 44
Appendix L Building Floor Plan ................................................................................. 45
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of Delta High School, a 76,683
square foot facility. The audit began with benchmarking which resulted in a calculation of the
energy consumption per square foot. A site inspection was completed November 7th through
November 12th of 2011 to obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling and
other building energy uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then used to
develop a building energy consumption model using AkWarm.
Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were
developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the
basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these
modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy,
not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation,
and energy costs at the time of this audit.
While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, upgrading
specific systems often requires collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that
are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. The necessity and amount of design effort
and cost will vary depending on the scope of the specific EEMs planned and the sophistication
and capability of the entire design team, including the building owners and operators. During
the budgeting process for any major retrofit identified in this report, the building owner should
add administrative and supplemental design costs to cover the individual needs of their own
organization and the overall retrofit project.
The following table, from AkWarm, is a summary of the recommended EEMs for the Delta High
School. Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in Section 3. Details of
each individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A summary of EEMs that were
evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in Appendix B.
Delta High School currently uses a biomass plant to provide a large portion of the space heating
needs. The biomass plant is not included in the energy audit because it has been in operation
for less than a full year, so the true costs and savings of operation over a full heating season
have not yet been determined. However, energy savings from recommended EEMs will also
produce cost savings for the biomass plant.
PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
1 Lighting: Exterior
Incandescent
Replace with INCAN A
Lamp, Halogen 60W $64 $10 81 0.2
2 HVAC And DHW
Lower hand wash faucet
flow rate from 2.0 gpm by
adding 0.5 gpm aerators to
existing fixtures.
$1,604 $176 66 0.1
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
3 Refrigeration: Full
Size Refrigerator
Unplug unused and low-use
refrigerators. $204 $40 31 0.2
4 Lighting: 1, 2, 3, 4 Replace with 5 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W $116 $25 28 0.2
5 Other Electrical:
Vending Machines
Improve Manual Switching,
Clock Timer or Other
Scheduling Control
$53 $50 8.4 0.9
6 Lighting: 82 Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 15 W $7 $5 7.9 0.8
7 Refrigeration: Soda
Machines
Add new Seasonal
Shutdown $60 $50 7.3 0.8
8 Lighting: 8, 10
Replace with 6 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$54 $48 6.7 0.9
9 Lighting: H2, H6,
H7, H10
Replace with 12 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$108 $96 6.7 0.9
10 Lighting: 5, 11, 71,
Gym Teacher
Replace with 6 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 15 W $20 $30 4 1.5
11 Lighting: H1
Replace with 5 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$25 $40 3.9 1.6
12 Lighting: 19
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$9 $16 3.6 1.7
13 Lighting: 61
Replace with 3 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$14 $24 3.6 1.7
14 Lighting: 64, 65
Replace with 29 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$268 $464 3.6 1.7
15 Lighting: Boy's
Locker Room
Replace with 15 FLUOR (3)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$104 $180 3.6 1.7
16 Lighting: 46, 47
Replace with 30 FLUOR (3)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$208 $360 3.6 1.7
17 Lighting: 73, Lobby
B1
Replace with 4 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$14 $32 2.6 2.3
18 Lighting: 45-Art
Replace with 41 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$143 $328 2.6 2.3
19 Lighting: 82, 84
Replace with 11 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$77 $176 2.6 2.3
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
20 Lighting: 42, 80
Replace with 32 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$111 $256 2.6 2.3
21 Lighting: 40
Replace with 8 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver (2) Instant
StdElectronic
$56 $128 2.6 2.3
22 Lighting: 45-Art, 49,
50, 50-a
Replace with 46 FLUOR (3)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$240 $552 2.6 2.3
23 Lighting: 13, 18, 33,
67
Replace with 36 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$125 $288 2.6 2.3
24 Lighting: 81, 82
Replace with 16 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$111 $256 2.6 2.3
25
Lighting: 1, 3, 5, 11,
15, 17, 22, 16, 25,
26, 28, 68, 73, 83,
Gym 2,
Maintenance Shop
Replace with 123 FLUOR
(4) T8 4' F32T8 25W
Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
$850 $1,968 2.6 2.3
26 Lighting: 9, 39 Replace with 9 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W $17 $45 2.3 2.6
27 Lighting: 2, 4, 5, 11,
68, 73
Replace with 46 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Program
StdElectronic
$1,178 $3,395 2.1 2.9
28 Lighting: 58
Replace with 3 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$208 $600 2.0 2.9
29
Lighting: H1, H2,
H3, H4, H5, H6,
H7, H8, H9, H10
Replace with 143 FLUOR
(2) T5 45.2" F28T5 26W
Energy-Saver StdElectronic
$338 $1,144 1.8 3.4
30
Lighting: 22, 16, 58,
68, Girls H10
Restroom, Boys
H10 Restroom
Replace with 41 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$140 $484 1.7 3.5
31 Lighting: 58
Replace with FLUOR (2) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
$38 $133 1.7 3.5
32 Lighting: Gym 2
Exit Lights
Replace with 3 LED (2) 4W
Module StdElectronic $31 $150 1.2 4.9
33 Lighting: 60, 63
Replace with 18 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$655 $3,600 1.1 5.5
TOTAL, measures in AkWarm $7,249 $15,149 3.0 2.1
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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Further Savings
Delta High School is an example of a school extensively retrofitted to decrease energy costs,
and most of the EEMs typically considered for schools of similar size, age and student
population have already been implemented. Additional savings could be achieved by school
staff though the formation of an energy conservation committee composed of faculty,
maintenance staff, students and parents; and starting a school-wide energy conservation
initiative.
A further 10% reduction in lighting would yield savings of about $4,000 a year.
A 10% reduction in plug loads would yield savings of about $2,000 a year.
A 10% reduction in ventilation needs would yield savings of about $1,700 a year.
A further 10% reduction in water heating would yield savings of $1,000 a year.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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Modeled Building Energy Cost Breakdown
The charts are a graphical representation of the modeled energy usage for the Delta High
School. The greatest portions of energy cost for the building are lighting, other electrical, and
envelope air losses. This indicates that the greatest savings can be found in upgrading lighting,
reducing the demand for other electrical devices, and potentially reducing the amount of outside
air provided to the building using Demand Control Ventilation. Detailed improvements for
lighting and other cost effective measures can be found in Appendix A.
The chart breaks down energy usage by cost into the following categories:
Envelope Air Losses—the cost to provide heated fresh air to occupants, air leakage,
heat lost in air through the chimneys and exhaust fans, heat lost to wind and other
similar losses.
Envelope
Ceiling—quantified heat loss transferred through the ceiling portion of the envelope.
Window—quantified heat loss through the window portion of the envelope.
Wall/Door—quantified heat loss through the wall and door portions of the envelope.
Floor—quantified heat loss through the floor portion of the envelope.
Water Heating—energy cost to provide domestic hot water.
Fans—energy cost to run ventilation, and exhaust fans.
Lighting—energy cost to light the building.
Refrigeration—energy costs to provide refrigerated goods for the occupants.
Other Electrical—includes energy costs not listed above including cooking loads, laundry
loads, other plug loads and electronics.
Envelope
Air Losses
$17,119
12%
Ceiling
$5,787
4%
Window
$844
0%
Wall/Door
$9,886
7%
Floor
$13,020
9% Water
Heating
$10,827
8% Fans
$2,792
2%
Lighting
$48,288
34%
Refriger-
ation
$5,798
Space
Cooling
$0
Other
Electrical
$19,599
14%
Modeled Existing Building
Energy Cost Breakdown Total
$141,832
Envelope
Air Losses
$17,223
12%
Ceiling
$5,819
4%
Window
$863
1%
Wall/Door
$9,965
7%
Floor
$13,109
9% Water
Heating
$10,350
7%
Fans
$2,792
2%
Lighting
$41,565
29%
Refriger-
ation
$5,798
Space
Cooling
$0
Other
Electrical
$19,516
14%
EEM
Savings
$7,165
5%
Modeled Retrofit Building
Energy Cost Breakdown Total
$134, 584
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
NORTECH contracted with the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform ASHRAE
Level II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings
of the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications,
and building use changes that are expected to save energy and money.
The report is organized into sections covering:
description of the facility,
the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking),
estimating energy use through energy use modeling,
evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and
recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings.
2.1 Building Use, Occupancy, Schedules and Description
2.1.1 Building Use
The Delta Junction Middle/High School provides educational services to 9th through 12th grade
students, the New Horizons High School and the Delta Cyber School. The building also hosts
community sports and serves as a community emergency shelter.
2.1.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules
The building is open during the school year, August through May, from approximately 8:00 am
to 4:00 pm, weekdays. Community and school sports activities extend school hours until
approximately 7:00 pm on the weekdays, and use the building for about three hours a day on
the weekends.
The building is typically unoccupied during the summer.
2.1.3 Building Description
The original 11,500 square foot school was built in 1960, but over the years at least thirteen
documented additions have enlarged the building to the current 76,683 square foot, single-story
school on a slab foundation with 2 gyms and 26 classrooms. A recent comprehensive
renovation upgraded the energy efficiency of the roof, walls, windows, doors and mechanical
systems.
Three outbuildings--a biomass plant built in 2010, a largely unheated winter sports building and
a maintenance shed--are also on the school property.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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Building Envelope
Building Envelope: Walls
Wall Type Description Insulation Notes
2x4 Stud Walls
Wood-framed 2x4 studs, 16-
inches On-Center (O.C.), and an
AMU exterior finish.
R—11 fiberglass batt
in stud bays and R-20
to R-30 Extruded
Polystyrene (XPS)
rigid insulation
mechanically attached
to exterior wall.
None.
2x6 Stud Walls
Wood-framed 2x6 studs, 24-
inches O.C., and an AMU
exterior finish.
R—19 fiberglass batt
in stud bays and R-20
to R-30 XPS rigid
insulation mechanically
attached to exterior
wall.
None.
2x8 Stud Walls
Wood-framed 2x8 studs, 24-
inches O.C., and an AMU
exterior finish.
R—22 fiberglass batt
in stud bays and R-20
to R-30 XPS rigid
insulation mechanically
attached to exterior
wall.
None.
2x6 Stud Walls
Wood-framed 2x6 studs, 24-
inches O.C., and an AMU
exterior finish.
R—19 fiberglass batt
in stud bays and R-10
XPS rigid insulation
mechanically attached
to exterior wall, and R-
8 Exterior Insulation
Finishing System
(EIFS).
None.
Building Envelope: Floors
Floor Type Description Insulation Notes
School Floor Concrete slab with perimeter
insulation.
2-ft wide strip of R-20
XPS insulation on
perimeter.
None
Building Envelope: Roof
Roof Type Description Insulation Notes
School Roofs
Metal attic roofs framed with
structural steel, built over original
flat wood-framed roofs.
R-38 fiberglass batts
installed in 2004, R-38
fiberglass batts
installed in 1998, and
original fiberglass batt
insulation estimated at
R-20
None.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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Heating Systems
Three oil-fired boilers provide heat to five heating zones in the building via baseboards, heating
coils to the Air Handling Units (AHUs), reheat coils, cabinet heaters, and unit heaters.
Variable speed circulation pumps distribute hot water from the boilers to the various zones.
A Direct Digital Control (DDC) system controls boiler and thermostat settings. Automatic
setbacks are currently in place.
Ventilation Systems
Eight AHUs controlled by the DDC system provide ventilation and some heat for the building.
Return air fans for AHUs 1, 4, and 7 are on VFDs in order to vary the volume of return air
depending on the current outdoor air requirements and positive pressure difference in the
school.
AHU-1 serves rooms 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 14 and the adjacent corridor
AHU-2 serves the small gym
AHU-3 serves rooms 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 71, and 71A
AHU-4 serves rooms 14, 16, 23, 25, 26, and 28
AHU-5 serves the large gym, corridor 33, kitchen 30, the girls locker room 58, and boys
locker room 57
AHU-6 serves room 68
AHU-7 serves rooms 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50
AHU-8 serves rooms 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and the adjacent restrooms.
Air Conditioning System
No air conditioning system is installed in the building; however, economizer cooling is used with
the existing ventilation system.
Energy Management
The DDC system provides energy management; AHUs 1, 4, and 7 recover exhaust heat using
heat exchangers; the lighting in most rooms and hallways is on occupancy sensors; and exterior
lighting is controlled by photocells.
Building Envelope: Doors and Windows
Door and Window
Type Description Estimated
R-Value Notes
Flush Doors Fiberglass 6 None.
½-lite Doors Fiberglass with double-pane
glass. 4 None.
Windows Fiberglass, double-pane, gas-
filled. 2 None.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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Lighting Systems
A lighting control program is included in the DDC system, but the majority of the building lights
do not appear to be linked to it.
The building is lit with a variety of fluorescent fixtures and T8 or T5 lamps. Hallways are lit with
T5 lamps, and all commonly used rooms are lit with T8 lamps. The exterior lights are mostly
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) on photocells in a variety of fixtures. Unused classrooms are still lit
with fluorescent fixtures and T12 lamps and a few incandescent lamps are found in low-use
storage and utility areas.
Domestic Hot Water
Three indirect hot water heaters off the boilers supply Domestic Hot Water (DHW) to the
building.
2.2 Benchmarking
Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy
bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage, and charges as well as
to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas
consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources
are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking,
information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use
and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of
benchmarking are:
to understand patterns of use,
to understand building operational characteristics,
for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and
to offer insight in to potential energy savings.
The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other
areas, are discussed in the following sections.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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2.2.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010
The energy use profiles below show the energy and cost breakdowns for Delta High School. In
2010, the building used 5,114 MMBTUs of energy, which cost $169,989.65. These charts show
the portion of use for a fuel type and the portion of its cost.
The above charts indicate that the highest portion of energy use is for oil and the highest portion
of cost is for electric. Fuel oil consumption correlates directly to space heating and domestic hot
water while electrical use can correlate to lighting systems, plug loads, and HVAC equipment.
The energy type with the highest cost often provides the most opportunity for savings.
Energy Use Total
Delta High School
Electric
2,131 MMBTU
41.7%
Oil
2,983 MMBTU
58.3%
Energy Cost Total
Delta High School
Electric
$106,957
63%
Oil
$63,032
37%
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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2.2.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2010
The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated
from the utility bills and provides a simple snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by
the building on a square foot and annual basis. The calculation converts the total energy use
for the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into
British Thermal Units (BTUs). This total annual usage is then divided by the number of square
feet of the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year.
The benchmark analysis found that the Delta High School has an EUI of 6,700 BTUs per square
foot per year, slightly higher than Fairbanks-area schools.
The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in
Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use
in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings
(abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000
BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes,
types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I).
In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing
Finance Corporation, schools in Fairbanks averaged 62,000 BTUs per square foot and schools
in Anchorage averaged 123,000 BTUs per square foot annual energy use. The chart below
shows the Delta High School relative to these values. These findings are discussed further in
Appendix H.
67,000 62,000
123,000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Btu/ Sq. Ft Annual Energy Use Index (Total Energy/ SF)
Delta High School
Delta High School Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
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2.2.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010
Another benchmarking statistic that is useful is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost
for energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the
cost for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost
even though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating
and/or cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity,
can vary greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts
of the country.
The CUI for Delta High School is about $2.22. This is based on utility costs from 2010 and the
following rates:
Electricity at $0.17 / kWh ($4.98 / Therm)
# 2 Fuel Oil at $2.38 / gallon ($1.70 / Therm)
The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS,
2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the
Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). Schools in Fairbanks have an average
cost for energy of $2.42 per square foot while Anchorage schools average $2.11 per square
foot. The chart below shows Delta High School relative to these values. The climates of
Fairbanks and Delta Junction are nearly identical, but the CUI for Delta High School is lower
than the CUI for Fairbanks because a portion of the Delta High School building is unused and
because recent comprehensive energy upgrades have improved the energy-efficiency of the
building. More details are included in Appendix H.
$2.22
$2.42
$2.11
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$/sq ft Annual Energy Cost Index (Total Cost/ SF)
Delta High School
Delta High School Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
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2.2.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns
Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The
graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two
years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric baseline often reflects
year round lighting consumption. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of
cold weather can be seen in the months with higher usage.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Jun-09Aug-09Oct-09Dec-09Feb-10Apr-10Jun-10Aug-10Oct-10Dec-10Feb-11Apr-11KWH Electrical Consumption
Delta High School
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Jun-09Aug-09Oct-09Dec-09Feb-10Apr-10Jun-10Aug-10Oct-10Dec-10Feb-11Apr-11Gallons Fuel Oil Deliveries
Delta High School
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2.2.5 Future Energy Monitoring
Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for
the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each
month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and
aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy
accounting: manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed
by an administrative assistant: however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then
the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems can be installed. They
display and record real-time energy usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are
several types which have all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser.
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3.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND MODELING RESULTS
After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems
in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy
consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to
commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems.
NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that
best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated.
Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy
used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed
cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to
reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit
can typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require
collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the
Level II energy audit.
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost
every older building include:
Reduce the envelope heat losses through:
o increased building insulation, and
o better windows and doors
Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats
Upgrade inefficient:
o lights,
o motors,
o refrigeration units, and
o other appliances
Reduce running time of lights/appliances through:
o motion sensors,
o on/off timers,
o light sensors, and
o other automatic/programmable systems
The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building
was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall
energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is
unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the
current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently
recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy
prices.
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3.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption
NORTECH used the AkWarm model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at (Building
Name). The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation
(AHFC) to model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the modeling engine behind
the successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has operated for a number of
years. In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this model for commercial
buildings.
Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as:
• Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors,
walls, ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for
each component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference
between the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library
of temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska.
• Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the
winter but north-facing windows do not.
• Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or
natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air,
etc. Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through
pumping.
• Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a
mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around.
• Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light;
ultimately all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may
be useful in the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be
required to remove the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational
hours.
• Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some
units are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from
inside a compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the
temperature difference between the inside and outside of the unit.
• Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters,
monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption
of the building, as well as contributing to heat production.
• The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc. is a critical component
of how much energy is used.
AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage
schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a
yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12
months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to
make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs.
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3.1.1 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Delta High School
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm
to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm
calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the
savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes
recommendations based on the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the
savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are
better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the
energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended.
Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR.
A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table.
Description Space
Heating
Water
Heating Lighting Refrigeration Other
Electrical Cooking Clothes
Drying
Ventilation
Fans Total
Existing
Building $46,656 $10,827 $48,288 $13,670 $15,681 $3,748 $170 $2,792 $141,833
With All
Proposed
Retrofits
$46,980 $10,350 $41,565 $13,381 $15,598 $3,748 $170 $2,792 $134,584
Savings -$325 $478 $6,723 $289 $84 $0 $0 $0 $7,249
The increase in space heating shown in the table above is necessary to offset the decrease in
the amount of waste heat produced by more efficient lighting.
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3.1.2 AkWarm Projected Energy Costs after Modifications
The AkWarm recommended EEMs appear to result in some savings in lighting. The energy
cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field inspection and does
not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were directly measured. The current
energy costs are shown below on the left hand bar of the graph and the projected energy costs,
assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the right.
This graphical format allows easy visual comparison of the various energy requirements of the
facility. In the event that not all recommended retrofits are desired, the proposal energy savings
can be estimated from visual interpretation from this graph.
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3.2 Energy Efficiency Measures Calculated Outside AkWarm
The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard
heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated
mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and
limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC
systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with
significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some
other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities.
This report section is included in order to identify benefits from modifications to those more
complex systems or changes in occupant behavior that cannot be addressed in AkWarm.
The Delta High School could not be modeled well in AKWarm due to the complexity of the
HVAC system. The modeled annual energy cost of $141,832, which is less than the actual
annual energy cost of $169,989, yields a conservative estimate of retrofit savings.
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4.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M)
4.1 Operations and Maintenance
A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind
energy savings. Such a plan includes preserving institutional knowledge, directing preventative
maintenance, and scheduling regular inspections of each piece of HVAC equipment within the
building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters, belts and pulleys, the
proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the glycol tanks. Additional
benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for malfunctioning equipment, early
indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated maintenance issues, and early detection of
overloading/overheating issues. A good maintenance person knows the building’s equipment
well enough to spot and repair minor malfunctions before they become major retrofits.
Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems act within the design or
usage ranges. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as the last phase in construction.
HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time due to incorrect maintenance,
improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or usage, changes in schedules, and
changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning of a building should occur every
five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets the potentially variable use with
the most efficient means.
4.2 Building Specific Recommendations
Reduce IT room temperature. The temperature was at least 90 degrees Fahrenheit in
the IT room but at an appropriate level a few steps away in the computer lab. The high
temperature has been a problem for some time, which is detrimental to employee
comfort and shortens the life of the server towers and computers in the room. If the
HVAC system is functioning properly, but the room temperature remains high, install an
exhaust fan vented to the adjacent hallway and regulated by a room thermostat.
Rebalance AHU-7 because turbulence is shaking the supply fan motor off the motor
mounts, wearing down the AHU access latch, and providing inferior air control.
Check the AHU-4 outside air duct thermistor and the AHU-7 exhaust air duct thermistor
because both are reading at least 50 degrees Fahrenheit higher than typical values at
those locations.
An old corroded battery bank adjacent to the fire suppression water storage tank should
be removed because the batteries are bulging and leaking, evidence of fire hazard.
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures
A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and
overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by
AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E.
AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will
still return a SIR of one or greater.
This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and
installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the
SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the
overall end use that will be impacted.
A.1 Temperature Control
No EEMs are recommended because programmable thermostats linked to the DDC system are
installed in Delta High School and existing reduction of the nighttime temperature set point
already decreases the energy usage.
A.2 Electrical Loads
A.2.1 Lighting
The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where
electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer
temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting
to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control
heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent lamps) to T8
(one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED lamps provides a
significant increase in efficiency. LED lamps can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The
LED lamp bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise
that magnetic ballasts tend to make.
In this building the lighting in high use areas is already in the relatively efficient form of
fluorescent T8 and T5 lamps. The following lighting retrofits involve replacing the 32-watt T8
lamps with more efficient 25-watt T8 lamps in areas where the existing lighting exceeds the
recommended minimum light levels.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 Exterior Incandescent 1 INCAN A Lamp, Halogen 60W with Manual
Switching
Replace with INCAN A Lamp,
Halogen 60W
Installation Cost $10 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 20 Energy Savings (/yr) $64
Breakeven Cost $816 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 82 Simple Payback (yr) 0
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
4 1, 2, 3, 4 5 INCAN A Lamp, Halogen 100W with
Manual Switching
Replace with 5 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W
Installation Cost $25 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $116
Breakeven Cost $702 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 28 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
6 82 INCAN A Lamp, Halogen 60W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR CFL, Spiral
15 W
Installation Cost $5 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $7
Breakeven Cost $40 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 7.9 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
8 8, 10 6 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 6 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $48 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $54
Breakeven Cost $321 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 6.7 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
9 H2, H6, H7, H10 12 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 12 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $96 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $108
Breakeven Cost $642 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 6.7 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
10 5, 11, 71, Gym
Teacher
6 INCAN A Lamp, Halogen 60W with Manual
Switching
Replace with 6 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 15 W
Installation Cost $30 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $20
Breakeven Cost $119 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 4.0 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
11 H1 5 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 5 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $40 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $25
Breakeven Cost $157 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.9 Simple Payback (yr) 2
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
12 19 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $16 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $9
Breakeven Cost $57 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
13 61 3 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 3 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $24 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $14
Breakeven Cost $86 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
14 64, 65 29 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 29 FLUOR (4) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $464 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $268
Breakeven Cost $1,660 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
15 Boy's Locker Room 15 FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 15 FLUOR (3) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $180 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $104
Breakeven Cost $644 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
16 46, 47 30 FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 30 FLUOR (3) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $360 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $208
Breakeven Cost $1,288 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
17 73, Lobby B1 4 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 4 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $32 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $14
Breakeven Cost $84 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
18 45-Art 41 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 41 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $328 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $143
Breakeven Cost $865 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
19 82, 84 11 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 11 FLUOR (4) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $176 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $77
Breakeven Cost $464 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
20 42, 80 32 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 32 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $256 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $111
Breakeven Cost $674 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
21 40 8 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard (2)
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 8 FLUOR (4) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2)
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $128 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $56
Breakeven Cost $337 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
22 45-Art, 49, 50, 50-a 46 FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 46 FLUOR (3) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $552 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $240
Breakeven Cost $1,452 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
23 13, 18, 33, 67 36 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 36 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $288 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $125
Breakeven Cost $757 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
24 81, 82 16 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 16 FLUOR (4) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $256 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $111
Breakeven Cost $672 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
25
1, 3, 5, 11, 15, 17, 22,
16, 25, 26, 28, 68, 73,
83, Gym 2,
Maintenance Shop
123 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 123 FLUOR (4) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,968 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $850
Breakeven Cost $5,152 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback (yr) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
26 9, 39 9 INCAN A Lamp, Halogen 100W with
Manual Switching
Replace with 9 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 20 W
Installation Cost $45 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $17
Breakeven Cost $104 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.3 Simple Payback (yr) 3
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
27 2, 4, 5, 11, 68, 73 46 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 46 FLUOR (4) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Program StdElectronic
Installation Cost $3,395 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,178
Breakeven Cost $7,135 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.1 Simple Payback (yr) 3
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
28 58 3 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 3 FLUOR (4) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $600 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $208
Breakeven Cost $1,241 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.1 Simple Payback (yr) 3
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
29 H1, H2, H3, H4, H5,
H6, H7, H8, H9, H10
143 FLUOR (2) T5 45.2" F28T5 28W
Standard StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 143 FLUOR (2) T5
45.2" F28T5 26W Energy-Saver
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,144 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $338
Breakeven Cost $2,093 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.8 Simple Payback (yr) 3
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
30
22, 16, 58, 68, Girls
H10 Restroom, Boys
H10 Restroom
41 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 41 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $484 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $140
Breakeven Cost $847 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.8 Simple Payback (yr) 3
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
31 58 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $133 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $38
Breakeven Cost $228 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.7 Simple Payback (yr) 3
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
32 Gym 2 Exit Lights 3 INCAN A Lamp, Std 25W with Manual
Switching
Replace with 3 LED (2) 4W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $150 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $31
Breakeven Cost $184 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.2 Simple Payback (yr) 5
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
33 60, 63 18 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 18 FLUOR (4) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver Instant
StdElectronic
Installation Cost $3,600 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $655
Breakeven Cost $4,056 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.1 Simple Payback (yr) 5
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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A.2.2 Other Electrical Loads
Most electrical loads other than lighting serve essential school functions, however empty
refrigerators in the School Board classroom and the Home Economics classroom should be
unplugged until needed, and vending and soda machines should be shut down during
Christmas vacation and summer break and be on clock timers so that the machines are turned
off during unoccupied hours.
Further reductions in this area should be developed from within the school via an energy
conservation committee composed of staff, students and parents.
A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change
A.3.1 Exterior Walls
No EEMs are recommended in this area because recent wall insulation upgrades make further
upgrades uneconomical.
A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace
No EEMs are recommended in this area because recent wall insulation upgrades make
perimeter insulation retrofits uneconomical.
A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling
No EEMs are recommended in this area because recent roof insulation upgrades make further
upgrades uneconomical.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Full Size Refrigerator 5 Full Size Refrigerators. Unplug unused refrigerators.
Installation Cost $40 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $204
Breakeven Cost $1,263 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 32 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
5 Vending Machines 2 vending machines. Seasonal shutdown plus clock
timer.
Installation Cost $50 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $53
Breakeven Cost $421 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 8.4 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
7 Soda Machines 2 Soda Machines. Seasonal shutdown.
Installation Cost $50 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $60
Breakeven Cost $363 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 7.3 Simple Payback (yr) 1
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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A.3.4 Windows
No EEMs are recommended in this area because recent installation of high-efficiency windows
make further upgrades uneconomical.
A.3.5 Doors
No EEMs are recommended in this area because recent installation of high-efficiency doors
make further upgrades uneconomical.
A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning
A.4.1 Heating and Heat Distribution
No major EEMs are recommended in this area because the recent installation of a waste heat
plant, a programmable DDC system, programmable thermostats, and heat recovery on three air
handlers make further upgrades uneconomical. However, reducing hot water consumption by
lowering fixture flow rates reduces the energy required to heat replacement hot water.
A.4.2 Air Conditioning
The existing capacity for economizer cooling makes further air conditioning retrofits
uneconomical.
A.4.3 Ventilation
The ventilation system is controlled by the DDC system, which is programmed to cease
ventilation during unoccupied hours and maintain positive building pressure during occupied
hours. Estimated savings of $1,700 annually may be achieved by having the DDC technician
for the building trial ventilation schedules for AHUs 1, 2, 5, and 6 based on present occupancy
schedules. The ventilation schedules must still maintain positive building pressure.
A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening
No EEMs are recommended in this area because building renovations including extensive
weatherization retrofits, new modulating dampers, and new doors and windows make further
upgrades uneconomical.
Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended
As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that
were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not
Rank Recommendation
2 Lower hand wash faucet flow from 2.0 gpm by installing 0.5 gpm aerators in existing fixtures.
Installation Cost $10 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 20 Energy Savings (/yr) $64
Breakeven Cost $816 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 82 Simple Payback (yr) 0
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a
small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of
these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer
operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases
in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential
EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would
warrant re-evaluation.
Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures,
hardware, controls, or operational changes described in these EEMs should be considered
when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing
window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but if a
window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the
incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient
replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback,
especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units.
The following measures were not found to be cost-effective:
Rank Feature/Location Improvement Description
Annual
Energy
Savings
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
34 Lighting: 43B
Replace with 4 FLUOR (2) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
$5 $32 0.98 6.3
35 Lighting: 40
Replace with 22 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$665 $4,400 0.92 6.6
36 Lighting: 71, Gym 2
Replace with 33 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver (2) Instant
StdElectronic
$969 $6,600 0.89 6.8
37 Lighting: 12,
Maintenance Shop
Replace with 15 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$278 $1,995 0.84 7.2
38
Lighting: 82, 83, 84,
85, Gym Teacher,
UNK Office Space,
Lobby B1
Replace with 54 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$1,424 $10,800 0.80 7.6
39
Cooking and Clothes
Drying - Clothes
Dryer
Replace existing dryer with
higher efficiency dryer
complying with CEE or
Energy Star standards.
$92 $1,000 0.78 11
40 Lighting: 19, 24, 61,
62
Replace with 34 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic
$525 $4,522 0.72 8.6
41 Lighting: Boy's Locker
Room
Replace with FLUOR (2) T5
45.2" F28T5 26W Energy-
Saver StdElectronic
$1 $8 0.66 9.1
42
Lighting: 20, 21, 23,
Gym Storage, Gym
Office 1
Replace with 9 FLUOR (2) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
$7 $72 0.62 9.7
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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43
Lighting: G1 Girls
Bathroom, B1 Boy's
Bathroom
Replace with 10 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver (2) Instant
StdElectronic
$197 $2,000 0.59 10
44 Ventilation
Install occupancy demand
sensors in AHUs to vary
outside air with occupancy
and adjust dampers as
necessary to
provide no more than current
ASHRAE minimums based
on projected actual building
occupancy.
$414 $10,000 0.55 24
45 Lighting: 43
Replace with 20 FLUOR (2)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$218 $2,660 0.49 12
46 Lighting: 45-Art, 50-a
Replace with 21 FLUOR (3)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$277 $3,486 0.48 13
47 Lighting: 43
Replace with 7 FLUOR (2) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
$68 $931 0.44 14
48 Lighting: 48
Replace with 15 FLUOR (3)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver (2) Instant
StdElectronic
$166 $2,490 0.40 15
49 Lighting: 27
Replace with 8 FLUOR T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
$49 $800 0.37 16
50 Lighting: 31, 34, 53
Replace with 6 FLUOR (2) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
$35 $798 0.27 23
51 Lighting: 20, 21
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
$6 $266 0.14 42
52 Lighting: Gym
Storage
Replace with FLUOR (2) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
$1 $200 0.04 160
53 Lighting: 14
Replace with 12 FLUOR (4)
T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-
Saver Instant StdElectronic
$6 $2,400 0.01 410
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
Delta Junction, Alaska
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Appendix C Significant Equipment List
HVAC Equipment
Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Efficiency Fuel Notes
Air Handling Unit 1 Innovent E-RHXC-1
2,500 CFM@35% outside air,
Minimum design outside air
flow is 2,250 CFM, heat
recovery on exhaust.
Supply Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3770T-B 91.7% 7.5 HP, 6,565 CFM capacity.
Return Fan Motor Baldor Reliance M3615T 87.5%
5 HP, On Variable Frequency
Drive, 6,565 CFM capacity.
Air Handling Unit 2 York XTI-048x063-
BBKJ017A
1,100 CFM@15% outside air,
minimum design outside air
flow 5,000 CFM.
Supply Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3774T-8 92.4% 10 HP, 7,500 CFM capacity.
Return Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3770T-8 91.7% 7.5 HP, 7,500 CFM capacity.
Air Handling Unit 3 York XTI-048x063-
BBKJ017A
1,300 CFM@35% outside air,
minimum design outside air
flow is 2,700 CFM, heat
recovery on exhaust.
Supply Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3774T-8 92.4% 10 HP, 8,300 CFM capacity.
Return Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3770T-8 91.7% 7.5 HP, 8,300 CFM capacity.
Air Handling Unit 4 Innovent E-RHXC-1
1,200 CFM@50% outside air,
minimum design outside air
flow is 3,150 CFM.
Supply Fan Motor Baldor Reliance M3615T 87.5% 5 HP, 6,000 CFM capacity.
Return Fan Motor Baldor Reliance M3615T 87.5%
5 HP, on Variable Frequency
Drive, 6,000 CFM capacity.
Air Handling Unit 5 York XTI-066x108-
BABA017A
6,000 CFM@20% outside air,
minimum design outside air
flow is 10,000 CFM.
Supply Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM4103T-8 93.6% 25 HP, 21,500 CFM capacity.
Air Handling Unit 6 York XTI-036x042-
BAFA017A
Minimum design outside air
flow is 900 CFM.
Supply Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3558T-8 86.5% 2 HP, 3,000 CFM capacity
Air Handling Unit 7 Innovent
E-RHXC-1/SP-
7500-
HW/FC/HW/FR-
3-G-R
1800 CFM outside air,
minimum design outside air
flow is 2,700 CFM.
Supply Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3770T-B 91.7% 7.5 HP, 7500 CFM capacity.
Return Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3770T-B 91.7%
7.5 HP, on Variable Frequency
Drive, 7500 CFM capacity.
Air Handling Unit 8 York XTI-048x063-
BBKJ017A
Minimum design outside air
flow is 2,700 CFM.
Supply Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3770T-B 91.7% 7.5 HP, 7,700 CFM capacity.
Return Fan Motor Baldor Reliance EM3665T-B 90.2% 5 HP, 7,700 CFM capacity.
Boiler 1 Burnham V1123 #2 Fuel
Oil
Gross output: 4551 MBH
Net output: 3957
Installed 2010.
Circulation Pump 1
(P-1) Baldor Reliance 85601008 84%
3 HP, 24/7 schedule, Takes
and circulates heating supply
loop from biomass plant
heating supply.
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Circulation Pump
(P-4a) Grundfos ML132CA-2-213
TC C2 88.5%
Primary loop, on a Variable
Frequency Drive, circulates
heating supply to the different
zones.
Circulation Pump
(P-4b) Grundfos ML132CA-2-213
TC C2 88.5%
Redundant to P-4a, on
Variable Frequency Drive.
Boiler 2 Burnham V1123 #2 Fuel
Oil
Gross output: 4551 MBH
Net output: 3957
Installed 2010.
Circulation Pump 2
(P-2) Baldor Reliance 85601008 84%
3 HP, 24/7 schedule, Takes
and circulates heating supply
loop from biomass plant
heating supply.
Boiler 3 Burnham V1105 #2 Fuel
Oil
Gross output: 857 MBH
Net output: 745
Installed 2010.
Circulation Pump
(P-3) Grundfos UPS 40-80/2F
Model C Set on 3.
(2) Circulation
Pumps
(P-5a, 5b)
Grundfos UPS 32-160F
model C Set on 3.
(2) Duplex Pumps Baldor 358015-197161 75.5% 1.5 HP
(2) Circulation
Pumps (P-6a, 6b) Grundfos TP50 240/2
2 HP, each on Variable
Frequency Drive, 60 GPM flow
rate.
(13) Cabinet Heaters Beacon-Morris WI-1100 size 02
1/15 HP, 230 CFM, 1.5 GPM,
16.4 MBH
(8) Unit Heaters Beacon-Morris HB-84
1/12 HP, 1400 CFM, 6.16
GPM, 61 MBH
Boiler Room
Supply Fan Cook 30-XMW-S ¾ HP, 6,150 CFM capacity.
(3) Water Heaters
(WH-1,2,3) Amtrol BoilerMate
WHS-120 80 gal capacity each.
(2) Roof Hoods
(H-1,2) Greenheck Fabra Motorized damper.
(24) Reheat Coils
(RHC-1 to RHC-24) Heatcraft 5BS0902A For AHUs.
Lighting
Location Lighting Type Bulb Type Quantity KWH/YR Cost/YR
In-Use Classrooms. Library, IT, Shop,
Mechanical Rooms, Hallways Fluorescent T8 1451 94,000 $ 15,980
Unused Classrooms and Low-use
Areas, Maintenance Shop Fluorescent T12 1020 105,100 17,867
Hallways Fluorescent T5 289 28,500 4,845
Low-use Areas, Maintenance Shop Incandescent A-lamo 39 3,940 669.8
Small Gym Fluorescent CFL 36 11,700 1,989
Large Gym Metal Halide MH 32 27,700 4,709
Exit Lights LED LED 22 1,660 282
Exterior LED Wallpacks LED LED 18 1,410 240
Exterior LED Parking Lot LED LED 8 1,790 304
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and an electricity rate of $0.17/kWh
Energy Audit – Final Report
Delta High School
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Plug Loads
Equipment Location Manufacturer KWH/YR Cost/YR
(88) Head Bolt Heaters Parking Lots n/a 54,380 $ 9,245
Walk-in Freezer Rm 43 Custom 48,000 8,160
(10) Space Heaters Classrooms various 8740 1,486
Miscellaneous Building-wide various 8000 1,360
Walk-in Cooler Kitchen Custom 7930 1,348
(101) Computer Towers Building-wide various 6660 1,132
(69) Laptops Building-wide various 5680 966
(2) Server Tower IT Room various 5520 938
Icemaker Kitchen n/a 4500 765
Commercial Dishwasher Kitchen Stero 4330 736
(7) Full-size Refrigerators Building-wide various 4200 714
3-Door Freezer Kitchen Victory 4150 706
(103) Computer Monitors Building-wide various 3390 576
2-Door Freezer Kitchen Victory 3120 530
6-door Cooler Kitchen Hobart 2840 483
(2) Soda Machines Main Entry n/a 2000 340
Cooler Kitchen Roetone 1830 311
1-Door Cooler Kitchen Victory 1524 259
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and an electricity rate of $0.17/kWh
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure
The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the
local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this
section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit.
Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated
rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates,
rate structures and utility pricing agreements. Delta High School is classified as a GS-2(S).
Golden Valley Electric Association Rate Structure:
Service Type Customer Charge Demand Charge Utility Charge Effective Rates***
Residential $17.50/month N/A $0.09004/kWh $0.21741/kWh
GS-1 $20.00/month N/A $0.08923/kWh $0.21660/kWh
GS-2(S) $30.00/month $11.06/kW $0.04843/kWh $0.17580/kWh
GS-2(P) $30.00/month $11.06/kW $0.04843/kWh $0.17580/kWh
GS-3 $295.00/month $17.69/kW $0.02276/kWh $0.15013/kWh
***Effective Rate is the sum of the Fuel and Purchased Power Charge ($0.12737/ kWh) and the Utility Charge.
Last updated: 01/03/2012
GVEA offers five different rates to its members, depending on the classification of the service
provided. The rates are divided into two categories: Residential and General Service (GS).
Eighty-five percent of the electric services on GVEA's system are single-family dwellings,
classified under the Residential rate. The four General Service rates apply to small and large
power users that do not qualify for the Residential rate.
The General Service rates break down as follows:
GS-1 General Service
Services under 50 kilowatts (kW) of demand per billing
cycle
GS-2(S) Large General Service Secondary Services 50 kW and higher of demand per billing cycle
GS-2(P) Large General Service Primary Services at primary voltage
GS-3 Industrial Service Services at transmission voltage
Customer Charge
A flat fee that covers costs for meter reading, billing and customer service.
Utility Charge (kWh charge)
This charge is multiplied by the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used in a monthly billing period.
It covers the costs to maintain power plants and substations, interest on loans as well as wires,
power poles and transformers.
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Fuel and Purchased Power
This charge is based on a combination of forecasted and actual power costs. The monthly
charge allows Golden Valley to pass on increases and decreases in fuel and energy purchases
to our members. It is calculated quarterly and multiplied by the kilowatt-hours used each month.
Regulatory Charge
This charge of .000492 per kWh is set by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (RCA). Since
November 1, 1992, the Regulatory Commission of Alaska has been funded by a Regulatory
Charge to the utilities it regulates rather than through the State general fund. The charge,
labeled "Regulatory Cost Charge." on your bill, is set by the RCA, and applies to all retail
kilowatt-hours sold by regulated electric utilities in Alaska.
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Appendix E Analysis Methodology
Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy
consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy
efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to
evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual
energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified
Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer.
EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate
conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions.
Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering
estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage
obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the
cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this
audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that
compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a
project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance
and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as
the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost,
which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one.
EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates
individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of
the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be
recommended by AkWarm. Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation
of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re-
evaluated and ranked again. AkWarm goes through this iterative process until all suggested
EEMs have been evaluated.
Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated
based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the
implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later.
The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is
implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced
operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than
implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more
efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings.
Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact
the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower
energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only
so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount
of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage
light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule
or operational change at the facility.
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Appendix F Audit Limitations
The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an
approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the
identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of
energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and
professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the
recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a
final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any
document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report.
Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs
include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM.
The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not
be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry
publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the
CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit.
Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed.
Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing
techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and
HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared,
air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a
Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted.
Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability
or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned
rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The
views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof."
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Appendix G References
Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains
information and insights considered valuable to most buildings.
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities.
(1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK: Alaska
Department of Education and Early Development.
Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC.
ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy
Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in
Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low-Rise
Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits. Atlanta,
GA: ASHRAE.
Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough,
Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial
Press, Inc.
Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using CO2
Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf
Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low-Energy Building Design Guidelines.
Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management Program:
http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/
Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford, UK:
Elsevier Advanced Technology.
International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills, IL:
International Code Council, Inc.
Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical Support
Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings. Retrieved 2011,
from National Renewable Energy Laboratory: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf
Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010). Handbook of
Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey
(CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration:
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/
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Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage
This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and
Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy
Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the
Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska.
An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I.
The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other
Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under
contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools
in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including
fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a
database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the
comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons.
Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of
Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below.
The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings
with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed
scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the
Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District
(ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as
well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as
Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete
and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy
usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in
Alaska.
Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In
Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is
provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal
fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD
buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the
last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their
operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings
has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database.
Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is
also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in
place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower
energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database.
These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy
use for particular buildings.
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Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S.
Released: Dec 2006
Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007
Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003
All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption
Number of
Buildings
(thousand)
Floor
space
(million
square
feet)
Floor space
per Building
(thousand
square feet)
Total
(trillion
BTU)
per
Building
(million
BTU)
per
Square Foot
(thousand
BTU)
per
Worker
(million
BTU)
All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9
Building Floor space (Square Feet)
1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6
5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7
10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0
25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8
50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0
100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3
200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3
Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6
Principal Building Activity
Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7
Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2
Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5
Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0
Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7
Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8
Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5
Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1
Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3
Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5
Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7
Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6
Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0
Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3
Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1
Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1
This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), published by the U.S.
Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was expected to compare the annual energy
consumption of the building to average national energy usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison
between one specific building and the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this
report uses a comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An abbreviated
excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below.
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Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units
1 British Thermal Unit is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree F°
1 Watt is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr
1 horsepower is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr
1 horsepower is approximately 746 Watts
1 "ton of cooling” is approximately 12,000 BTU/hr, the amount of power required to
melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours
1 Therm = 100,000 BTU
1 KBTU = 1,000 BTU
1 KWH = 3413 BTU
1 KW = 3413 BTU/Hr
1 Boiler HP = 33,400 BTU/Hr
1 Pound Steam = approximately 1000 BTU
1 CCF of natural gas = approximately 1 Therm
1 inch H2O = 250 Pascal (Pa) = 0.443 pounds/square inch (psi)
1 atmosphere (atm) = 10,1000 Pascal (Pa)
BTU British Thermal Unit
CCF 100 Cubic Feet
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
GPM Gallons per minute
HP Horsepower
Hz Hertz
kg Kilogram (1,000 grams)
kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts)
kVA Kilovolt-Amp
kVAR Kilovolt-Amp Reactive
KW Kilowatt (1,000 watts)
KWH Kilowatt Hour
V Volt
W Watt
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Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions
ACH Air Changes per Hour
AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
Air Economizer A duct, damper, and automatic control system that
allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce
or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling.
Ambient Temperature Average temperature of the surrounding air
Ballast A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause
the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit
conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc.
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CUI Cost Utilization Index
CDD Cooling Degree Days
DDC Direct Digital Control
EEM Energy Efficiency Measure
EER Energy Efficient Ratio
EUI Energy Utilization Index
FLUOR Fluorescent
Grade The finished ground level adjoining a building at the
exterior walls
HDD Heating Degree Days
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning
INCAN Incandescent
NPV Net Present Value
R-value Thermal resistance measured in T / r- - F (Higher
value means better insulation)
SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment
capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar
savings considered over the life of the improvement.
Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and
materials required to install the measure.
Set Point Target temperature that a control system operates the
heating and cooling system
Simple payback A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of
an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM
to give the number of years required to recover the cost
of the investment.
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Appendix L Building Floor Plan
Floor plan photo-copied in field by NORTECH field team.