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Home My WebLink AboutENN Civic Center 2012-EEENERGY AUDIT – FINAL REPORT Nenana Civic Center 799 A Street Nenana, Alaska Prepared for: Mr. Jason Mayrand 387 East 2nd Street Nenana, Alaska Prepared by: David C. Lanning PE, CEA Douglas S. Dusek, CEA July 16, 2012 Acknowledgment: “This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095” Managing Office 2400 College Road 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Suite 106A 4402 Thane Road Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801 p. 907.452.5688 p. 907.222.2445 p: 907.586.6813 f. 907.452.5694 f. 907.222.0915 f: 907.586.6819 www.nortechengr.com ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915 Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694 Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819 info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Building Use, Occupancy, Schedules and Description ......................................... 2 2.1.1 Building Use ................................................................................................ 2 2.1.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules ............................................................ 2 2.1.3 Building Description .................................................................................... 2 2.2 Benchmarking ...................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Energy Utilization Index of 2010 ............................................................... 6 2.2.2 Cost Utilization Index of 2010 ................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns ................................................................. 8 2.2.4 Future Energy Monitoring ......................................................................... 9 3.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND MODELING RESULTS.............................................. 10 3.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 11 3.1.1 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Nenana Civic Center ...................... 12 3.1.2 AkWarm Projected Energy Costs after Modifications .............................. 13 3.2 Energy Efficiency Measures Calculated Outside AkWarm ................................. 14 4.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 15 4.1 Operations and Maintenance ............................................................................. 15 4.2 Building Specific Recommendations .................................................................. 15 Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx ii APPENDICES Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures .......................................... 17 Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended .................... 20 Appendix C Significant Equipment List ...................................................................... 21 Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ..................................................................... 22 Appendix E Analysis Methods ................................................................................... 24 Appendix F Audit Limitations ..................................................................................... 25 Appendix G References ............................................................................................. 26 Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage ..................... 27 Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. ................................... 29 Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 30 Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions .................................... 31 Appendix L Building Floor Plan ................................................................................. 32 Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 1 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of the Nenana Civic Center, a 7,000 square foot facility. The audit began with benchmarking which resulted in a calculation of the energy consumption per square foot. A site inspection was completed on August 30, 2011 to obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling and other building energy uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then used to develop a building energy consumption model using AkWarm. Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy, not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation, and energy costs at the time of this audit. While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, upgrading specific systems often requires collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. The necessity and amount of design effort and cost will vary depending on the scope of the specific EEMs planned and the sophistication and capability of the entire design team, including the building owners and operators. During the budgeting process for any major retrofit identified in this report, the building owner should add administrative and supplemental design costs to cover the individual needs of their own organization and the overall retrofit project. The following table, from AkWarm, is a summary of the recommended EEMs for the Civic Center. Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in Section 3. Details of each individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A summary of EEMs that were evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in in Appendix B. PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs) Rank Feature/ Location Improvement Description Estimated Annual Energy Savings Estimated Installed Cost Savings to Investment Ratio, SIR Simple Payback (Years) 1 Setback Thermostat: Nenana Civic Center Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied Setback to 55.0 deg F for the Nenana Civic Center space. $663 $200 50 0.3 2 Lighting: Restrooms Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard Instant High Effic Electronic $59 $100 5 1.7 3 HVAC And DHW New smaller more efficient boilers and install variable speed circulation pumps $3,553 $30,000 2.3 8.4 4 Lighting: Outdoor entrance lights Replace with 7 LED 25W Module Std Electronic and Controls retrofit $28 $140 1.3 5.0 TOTAL, cost-effective measures $4,303 $30,440 2.6 7.1 Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 2 2.0 INTRODUCTION NORTECH contracted with the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings of the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications, and building use changes that are expected to save energy and money. The report is organized into sections covering: • description of the facility, • the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking), • estimating energy use through energy use modeling, • evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and • recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings. 2.1 Building Use, Occupancy, Schedules and Description 2.1.1 Building Use The Nenana Civic Center is the main assembly building in Nenana, providing space for City and other public meetings as well as various private functions such as weddings, etc. The building consists of a large open assembly area, public bathrooms, commercial kitchen, storage areas, mechanical room, and offices housing the Nenana Ice Classic administration. 2.1.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules The building is not occupied on a regular basis; typical uses are: • Occasional public meetings, • Occasional private functions and • Winter season full-time occupancy of the Ice Classic Office. 2.1.3 Building Description The Civic Center is a one-story wood-framed building originally constructed in the 1940s and upgraded in the 1990s to improve the central crawlspace and floor and provide increased shell insulation. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 3 Building Envelope Building Envelope: Walls Wall Type Description Insulation Notes Above-grade walls Wood-framed with 2x12 studs spaced 16-inches on center R-38 fiberglass batt. No signs of insulation damage. Lower crawlspace walls AWW treated wood foundation, 2x6 in studs 16” on center 5.5 inches of XPS insulation between studs No vapor barrier over coarse gravel but crawlspace dry. Building Envelope: Floors Floor Type Description Insulation Notes Floor under main Hall TJI joists and plywood decking None None Floor under office areas TJI joists and plywood decking None Most plumbing is under this area. There may be some leaks since there is a moldy smell. Building Envelope: Roof Roof Type Description Insulation Notes All Roofs Cathedral roof with 2x12 rafters running cross-wise to roof slope 12-inches of fiberglass batt. No signs of insulation damage. Ventilation of insulation is sheet metal cupola type vents near the roof peak Building Envelope: Doors and Windows Door and Window Type Description Effective R-value Notes Doors Commercial steel doors and framing. Unknown Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 4 Heating and Ventilation Systems The building is heated by two oil-fired boilers located in the southwest corner of the building. The boiler room can be accessed from both inside the building and from outside. These boilers are old and in poor condition. The boilers vent through two 12-inch diameter chimneys. Stand- by heat losses from the boiler are estimated to be much higher than normal because the boilers, chimneys, and combustion air ducts are over-sized and the boiler room has two exterior walls. Heat distribution through the building is provided to separate zones by a circulator on each zone and controlled by non-programmable thermostats. The circulator pumps and controls are in poor condition and some are inoperable. • The offices reportedly are cold during the winter. It is believed that the circulators may simply not be working, or alternately that preferential flow exists in the heat supply piping so the office baseboard heaters do not get adequate flow. • Heat to the main hall area is provided by a combination of baseboard heaters and unit heaters and the temperature is controlled by non-programmable thermostats Heat to the crawlspace is provided by unit heaters controlled by non-programmable thermostats. Cooling System The only cooling provided is performed by a pair of exhaust fans located in the peak of the end walls of the main hall which can be turned on to discharge hot air. This seems to be only necessary for large meetings during the summer when the doors can be opened to provide cooler make-up air to replace the air exhausted by these fans. Energy Management No energy management systems exist in the building. Lighting Systems The main assembly area is lit by 15 metal halide pendant type fixtures with manual switches. The offices, storage, kitchen, bathrooms, entrances, and boiler room are generally lit by surface mounted fluorescent fixtures housing T-12 and T-8 fluorescent lamps and controlled by manual switches. General lighting levels range from low to adequate. Domestic Hot Water Domestic Hot Water is provided by an electric hot water heater in the boiler room. No recirculation is provided to keep hot water continuously available. In this building, providing re- circulation of domestic hot water would probably increase energy use so this configuration seems best. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 5 2.2 Benchmarking Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage, and charges as well as to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking, information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of benchmarking are: • to understand patterns of use, • to understand building operational characteristics, • for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and • to offer insight in to potential energy savings. The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other areas, are discussed in the following sections. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 6 2.2.1 Energy Utilization Index of 2010 The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Use Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated from the utility bills and provides a simple snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by the building on an annual square foot basis. The calculation converts the total energy use for the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into British Thermal Units (BTUs). This total usage is then divided by the number of square feet of the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year. The benchmark analysis found that the Civic Center has an EUI 63,000 BTUs per square foot per year. The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings (abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000 BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes, types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I). In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation, schools in Fairbanks averaged 62,000 BTUs per square foot and schools in Anchorage averaged 123,000 BTUs per square foot annual energy use. The chart below shows the Civic Center relative to these values. These findings are discussed further in Appendix H. 63,000 62,000 123,000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 BTU/ Sq. Ft. Annual Energy Use Index (Total Energy/ Sq. Ft.) Nenana Civic Center Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 7 2.2.2 Cost Utilization Index of 2010 Another benchmarking statistic that is useful is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost for energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the cost for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost even though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating and/or cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity, can vary greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts of the country. The CUI for the Civic Center is about $1.61. This is based on utility costs from 2010 and the following rates: Electricity at $0.20 / kWh ($5.86 / Therm) # 2 Fuel Oil at $2.69 / gallon ($1.92 / Therm) The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS, 2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). A local study found that schools in Fairbanks have an average cost for energy of $2.42 per square foot while Anchorage schools average $2.11 per square foot. The chart below shows the Civic Center relative to these values. More details are included in Appendix H. $1.61 $2.42 $2.11 $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 Annual Energy Cost Index (Total Cost/ Sq. Ft.) Nenana Civic Center Fairbanks (Typ.)Anchorage Schools Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 8 2.2.3 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric baseline often reflects year round lighting consumption while the heating fuel baseline often reflects year round space heating which in this case are very low. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of cold weather can be seen in the months with higher usage 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Apr-09May-09Jun-09Jul-09Aug-09Sep-09Oct-09Nov-09Dec-09Jan-10Feb-10Mar-10Apr-10May-10Jun-10Jul-10Aug-10Sep-10Oct-10Nov-10Dec-10Jan-11Feb-11KWH Electrical Consumption Nenana Civic Center 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 Apr-09May-09Jun-09Jul-09Aug-09Sep-09Oct-09Nov-09Dec-09Jan-10Feb-10Mar-10Apr-10May-10Jun-10Jul-10Aug-10Sep-10Oct-10Nov-10Dec-10Jan-11Feb-11Gallons Fuel Oil Deliveries Nenana Civic Center Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 9 2.2.4 Future Energy Monitoring Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy accounting: manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed by an administrative assistant: however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems can be installed. They display and record real-time energy usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are several types which have all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 10 3.0 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND MODELING RESULTS After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems. NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated. Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators, auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost every older building include: • Reduce the envelope heat losses through: o increased building insulation, and o better windows and doors • Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats • Upgrade inefficient: o lights, o motors, o refrigeration units, and o other appliances • Reduce running time of lights/appliances through: o motion sensors, o on/off timers, o light sensors, and o other automatic/programmable systems The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy prices. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 11 3.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption NORTECH used the AkWarm model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at the Civic Center. The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC) to model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the modeling engine behind the successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has operated for a number of years. In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this model for commercial buildings. Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as: • Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors, walls, ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for each component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference between the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library of temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska. • Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the winter but north-facing windows do not. • Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air, etc. Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through pumping. • Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around. • Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light; ultimately all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may be useful in the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be required to remove the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational hours. • Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some units are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from inside a compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the unit. • Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters, monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption of the building, as well as contributing to heat production. • The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc is a critical component of how much energy is used. AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12 months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 12 3.1.1 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Nenana Civic Center Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators, auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes recommendation based the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended. Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR. A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table. Description Space Heating Space Cooling Water Heating Lighting Refrigeration Ventilation Fans Service Fees Total Existing Building $9,223 $0 $675 $1,741 $593 $4 $210 $12,446 With All Proposed Retrofits $5,173 $0 $519 $1,643 $593 $4 $210 $8,143 SAVINGS $4,049 $0 $156 $98 $0 $0 $0 $4,303 Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 13 3.1.2 AkWarm Projected Energy Costs after Modifications The AkWarm recommended EEMs appear to result in significant savings in space heating. The energy cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field inspection and does not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were direct measured. The current energy costs are shown below on the left hand bar of the graph and the projected energy costs, assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the right. This graphical format allows easy visual comparison of the various energy requirements of the facility. In the event that not all recommended retrofits are desired, the proposal energy savings can be estimated from visual interpretation from this graph. $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 Existing Retrofit Service Fees Ventilation and Fans Space Heating Refrigeration Lighting Domestic Hot Water Annual Energy Costs by End Use Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 14 3.2 Energy Efficiency Measures Calculated Outside AkWarm The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities. This report section is included in order to identify benefits from modifications to those more complex systems or changes in occupant behavior that cannot be addressed in AkWarm. The Nenana Civic Center could be modeled well in AKW arm. Retrofits for the HVAC system were adequately modeled in AKWarm and did not require additional calculations. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 15 4.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) 4.1 Operations and Maintenance A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind energy savings. Such a plan includes preserving institutional knowledge, directing preventative maintenance, and scheduling regular inspections of each piece of HVAC equipment within the building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters, belts and pulleys, the proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the glycol tanks. Additional benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for malfunctioning equipment, early indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated maintenance issues, and early detection of overloading/overheating issues. A good maintenance person knows the building’s equipment well enough to spot and repair minor malfunctions before they become major retrofits. Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems act within the design or usage ranges. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as the last phase in construction. HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time due to incorrect maintenance, improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or usage, changes in schedules, and changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning of a building should occur every five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets the potentially variable use with the most efficient means. 4.2 Building Specific Recommendations 1. Implement a regular maintenance program. This will help reduce equipment failures and emergency situations. 2. The boiler room should be completely renovated when the boilers and circulation pumps are replaced. This should include reducing the outside air vent for the boilers which will be oversized for the new boilers. 3. Consider adding balancing valves on the glycol lines running to the office side baseboards. This will help insure that the up-front offices get adequate fluid and thus adequate heat. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 16 APPENDICES Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 17 Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E. AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will still return a SIR of one or greater. This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the overall end use that will be impacted. A.1 Temperature Control Programmable thermostats should be installed and/or programmed on the main floor. Programmable thermostats allow for automatic temperature setback, which reduce usage more reliably than manual setbacks. Reduction of the nighttime and unoccupied temperature set point will decrease the energy usage. Rank Building Space Recommendation 1 Nenana Civic Center Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied Setback to 55.0 deg F for the Nenana Civic Center space. Installation Cost $ 200 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $ 663 Breakeven Cost $ 9,904 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 50 Simple Payback (yr) < 1 A.2 Lighting The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent bulbs) to T8 (one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED bulbs provides a significant increase in efficiency. LED bulbs can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The LED bulb bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise that magnetic ballasts tend to make. Replacement of the inefficient T12 lamps and magnetic ballasts in the Restrooms with new high efficiency ballasts and T8 lamps is recommended. This can be done without replacing the fixtures. Light quality is not expected to be affected. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 18 A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change A.3.1 Exterior Walls No exterior walls or other outside finishes are recommended for replacement because it is not economic at this time. A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace No work on the foundation or crawlspace is recommended because it is not economic at this time. A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling No work on the roof is recommended because it is not economic at this time. A.3.4 Windows No exterior windows are recommended for replacement because it is not economic at this time. A.3.5 Doors No exterior doors are recommended for replacement because it is not economic at this time. Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 2 Restrooms 2 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard (2) Efficiency Magnetic with Manual Switching Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard Instant High Efficiency Electronic Installation Cost $100 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 10 Energy Savings (/yr) $59 Breakeven Cost $497 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 5 Simple Payback (yr) 4 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 4 Outdoor entrance lights 7 INCAN A Lamp, Halogen 50W with Manual Switching Replace with 7 LED 25W Module Std Electronic and Controls retrofit Installation Cost $140 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $28 Breakeven Cost $180 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.3 Simple Payback (yr) 5 Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 19 A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning A.4.1 Heating and Heat Distribution The boilers, connection vents, chimney breeching and outside air vents are oversized which results in significant standby and stack heat losses. The installation of new high-efficiency triple-pass boilers with correctly sized chimneys, vent dampers to reduce standby losses, outside temperature setback controls, and modulating pumps will result in significant energy savings. A.4.2 Air Conditioning There is no air conditioning system installed in this building. It is not recommended to install one because the small cooling demand in Nenana and a sporadic summertime use combine to make air conditioning uneconomic. A.4.3 Ventilation There is no ventilation system in the Civic Center. The building has a sporadic meeting schedule and a highly variable occupancy making regular ventilation uneconomic. The existing manually controlled gable end vent fans can be used to exhaust stale air during large meetings. A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening The gable end vents could have covers designed to prevent leakage when not being used. No estimate was made of the cost savings for this EEM. Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 3 Boiler Room 2 oversized older boilers w/ oversized breeching New smaller more efficient boilers, new breeching and install variable speed circulation pumps Installation Cost $30,000 Estimated Life of Measure (yr) 20 Energy Savings (/yr) $3,553 Breakeven Cost $68,057 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.3 Simple Payback (yr) 8 Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 20 Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would warrant re-evaluation. Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures, hardware, controls, or operational changes described these EEMs should be considered when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but the if a window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback, especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units. The following measures were not found to be cost-effective: Rank Feature/Location Improvement Description Annual Energy Savings Installed Cost Savings to Investment Ratio, SIR Simple Payback (Years) 5 Lighting: Ice Classic Office Replace with 4 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2) Instant StdElectronic $12 $100 0.93 8.3 6 Lighting: GYM Replace with 15 LED 72W Module StdElectronic $661 $7,800 0.70 12 7 Lighting: Kitchen Replace with 4 LED (4) 17W Module (2) StdElectronic $27 $640 0.34 24 8 Lighting: Restrooms Replace with 3 LED (2) 17W Module (2) StdElectronic (T8 lamp option was selected as economic) $18 $480 0.31 26 9 Lighting: Ice Entry Replace with LED (2) 17W Module StdElectronic $2 $150 0.10 77 10 Lighting: Storage Replace with 2 FLUOR T8 8' F96T8 59W Standard HighEfficElectronic $2 $200 0.08 91 11 Lighting: Storage A Replace with 2 LED (2) 17W Module (2) StdElectronic $2 $300 0.05 150 Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 21 Appendix C Significant Equipment List HVAC Equipment HVAC Equipment (include Pumps, fans, Boilers, and AHU's) Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Fuel Type Estimated Efficiency Notes Boiler 1 Well-McLain BL776SW #2 Fuel Oil 72% multiple units Boiler 2 Well-McLain BL776SW #2 Fuel Oil 72% multiple units Hot Water Heater N/A 30 gal Electric 3800 W Circulation Pump Bell and Gossett Series 1200 Electric 0.08 HP Circulation Pump Grundfos UPC 43-75 Electric 0.08 HP Circulation Pump (2) Grundfos UPC 15-42F Electric 0.04 HP Circulation Pump Grundfos UPC 20-42 Electric 0.04 HP Lighting Lighting Table Location Lighting Type Bulb Type Quantity KWH/YR Cost/YR Main Hall Metal Halide 250W 15 3,408 $ 682 Ice Classic Office Fluorescent T8 16 477 95 Outdoor Entrance Lights Halogen 50W 7 363 73 Kitchen Fluorescent T8 16 360 72 Restrooms Fluorescent T12 8 280 56 Restrooms Fluorescent T12 6 171 34 Storage Fluorescent T12 2 145 29 Ice Entry Fluorescent T8 2 60 12 Storage Fluorescent T12 12 28 6 Storage A Fluorescent T12 8 19 4 Storage Fluorescent T8 2 12 2 Exit Sign Gym Fluorescent 9W CFL 4 6 1 Boiler Room Incandescent 100W 1 5 1 Boiler Room Incandescent 75W 1 4 1 Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and an electricity rate of $0.20/kWh Plug Loads Plug Loads Equipment Location Manufacturer KWH/YR Cost/YR Freezer Kitchen Sears 1,576 $ 315 Refrigerator Kitchen True AJ6435A 810 162 Refrigerator Kitchen Beverage AirBB68 613 123 Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and an electricity rate of $0.20/kWh Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 22 Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit. Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates, rate structures and utility pricing agreements. Golden Valley Electric Association Rate Structure: GS-1 General Service Effective Rates*** Customer Charge $20.00 Utility Charge $0.08712 / kWh $0.19655 / kWh ***The effective rate is all of the charges totaled together and divided by the kilowatt hour used. GVEA offers five different rates to its members, depending on the classification of the service provided. The rates are divided into two categories: Residential and General Service (GS). Eighty-five percent of the electric services on GVEA's system are single-family dwellings, classified under the Residential rate. The four General Service rates apply to small and large power users that do not qualify for the Residential rate. The General Service rates break down as follows: GS-1 General Service Services under 50 kilowatts (kW) of demand per billing cycle GS-2(S) Large General Service Secondary Services 50 kW and higher of demand per billing cycle GS-2(P) Large General Service Primary Services at primary voltage GS-3 Industrial Service Services at transmission voltage Customer Charge A flat fee that covers costs for meter reading, billing and customer service. Utility Charge (kWh charge) This charge is multiplied by the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used in a monthly billing period. It covers the costs to maintain power plants and substations, interest on loans as well as wires, power poles and transformers. Fuel and Purchased Power This charge is based on a combination of forecasted and actual power costs. The monthly charge allows Golden Valley to pass on increases and decreases in fuel and energy purchases to our members. It is calculated quarterly and multiplied by the kilowatt-hours used each month. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 23 Regulatory Charge This charge of .000492 per kWh is set by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (RCA). Since November 1, 1992, the Regulatory Commission of Alaska has been funded by a Regulatory Charge to the utilities it regulates rather than through the State general fund. The charge, labeled "Regulatory Cost Charge." on your bill, is set by the RCA, and applies to all retail kilowatt-hours sold by regulated electric utilities in Alaska. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 24 Appendix E Analysis Methods Analysis Methodology Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer. EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions. Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost, which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one. EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be recommended by AkWarm . Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re- evaluated and ranked again. AkWarm goes through this iterative process until all suggested EEMs have been evaluated. Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later. The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings. Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule or operational change at the facility. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 25 Appendix F Audit Limitations The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report. Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM. The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit. Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed. Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared, air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted. Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof." Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 26 Appendix G References Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains information and insights considered valuable to most buildings. Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities. (1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Education and Early Development. Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC. ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE. ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low- Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE. Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough, Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc. Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using CO2 Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low -Energy Building Design Guidelines. Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management Program: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/ Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology. International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, Inc. Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings. Retrieved 2011, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010). Handbook of Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 27 U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/ Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska. An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I. The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons. Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below. The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District (ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in Alaska. Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database. Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 28 These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy use for particular buildings. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 29 Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was expected to compare the annual energy consumption of the building to average national energy usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison between one specific building and the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this report uses a comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An abbreviated excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below. Released: Dec 2006 Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007 Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003 All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption Number of Buildings (thousand) Floor space (million square feet) Floor space per Building (thousand square feet) Total (trillion BTU) per Building (million BTU) per Square Foot (thousand BTU) per Worker (million BTU) All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9 Building Floor space (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6 5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7 10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0 25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8 50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0 100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3 200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3 Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6 Principal Building Activity Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7 Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2 Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5 Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0 Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7 Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8 Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5 Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1 Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3 Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5 Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7 Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6 Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0 Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3 Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1 Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1 Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 30 Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units 1 British Thermal Unit is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree F° 1 Watt is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr 1 horsepower is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr 1 horsepower is approximately 746 Watts 1 "ton of cooling” is approximately 12,000 BTU/hr, the amount of power required to melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours 1 Therm = 100,000 BTU 1 KBTU = 1,000 BTU 1 KWH = 3413 BTU 1 KW = 3413 BTU/Hr 1 Boiler HP = 33,400 BTU/Hr 1 Pound Steam = approximately 1000 BTU 1 CCF of natural gas = approximately 1 Therm 1 inch H2O = 250 Pascal (Pa) = 0.443 pounds/square inch (psi) 1 atmosphere (atm) = 10,1000 Pascal (Pa) BTU British Thermal Unit CCF 100 Cubic Feet CFM Cubic Feet per Minute GPM Gallons per minute HP Horsepower Hz Hertz kg Kilogram (1,000 grams) kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts) kVA Kilovolt-Amp kVAR Kilovolt-Amp Reactive KW Kilowatt (1,000 watts) KWH Kilowatt Hour V Volt W Watt Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 31 Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions ACH Air Changes per Hour AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency Air Economizer A duct, damper, and automatic control system that allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling. Ambient Temperature Average temperature of the surrounding air Ballast A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc. CO2 Carbon Dioxide CUI Cost Utilization Index CDD Cooling Degree Days DDC Direct Digital Control EEM Energy Efficiency Measure EER Energy Efficient Ratio EUI Energy Utilization Index FLUOR Fluorescent Grade The finished ground level adjoining a building at the exterior walls HDD Heating Degree Days HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning INCAN Incandescent NPV Net Present Value R-value Thermal resistance measured in BTU/Hr-SF-̊F (Higher value means better insulation) SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar savings considered over the life of the improvement. Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and materials required to install the measure. Set Point Target temperature that a control system operates the heating and cooling system Simple payback A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM to give the number of years required to recover the cost of the investment. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 32 Appendix L Building Floor Plan Nenana Civic Center Floor Plan by NORTECH audit team. Energy Audit – Final Report Nenana Civic Center Nenana, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-420 Nenana\50-422 Civic Center\Reports\Final\2012.07.16 Final AHFC Report ENN Civic Center.Docx 33