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Home My WebLink AboutFAI FNSB Big Dipper 2012-EEManaging Office 2400 College Road 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Suite 106A 4402 Thane Road Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801 p. 907.452.5688 p. 907.222.2445 p: 907.586.6813 f. 907.452.5694 f. 907.222.0915 f: 907.586.6819 www.nortechengr.com ENERGY AUDIT – FINAL REPORT Big Dipper 1920 Lathrop Street Fairbanks, Alaska Prepared for: Jeff Jacobson 809 Pioneer Road Fairbanks, AK Prepared by: Dave Lanning PE, CEA Doug Dusek CEA Steven Billa EIT, CEAIT July 18, 2012 Acknowledgment: "This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095.” ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915 Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694 Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819 info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Building Use ......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules ..................................................................... 4 2.3 Building Description ............................................................................................. 4 3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA ......................................................................... 7 3.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010 ..................................................................... 8 3.2 Energy Utilization Index for 2010 ......................................................................... 9 3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010............................................................................. 10 3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns .......................................................................... 11 3.5 Future Energy Monitoring ................................................................................... 12 4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ........................................................................ 13 4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 14 4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the ................................................................... 15 4.3 Additional Modeling Methods ............................................................................. 16 5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 17 5.1 Operations and Maintenance ............................................................................. 17 5.2 Commissioning .................................................................................................. 17 5.3 Building Specific Recommendations .................................................................. 17 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx ii APPENDICES Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures .......................................... 21 Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended ..................... 27 Appendix C Significant Equipment List ...................................................................... 28 Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ..................................................................... 31 Appendix E Analysis Methodology ............................................................................ 33 Appendix F Audit Limitations ..................................................................................... 34 Appendix G References ............................................................................................. 35 Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage ..................... 36 Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. ................................... 37 Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 38 Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions .................................... 39 Appendix L Building Floor Plan ................................................................................. 40 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 1 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of the Big Dipper, a 71,995 square foot facility in Fairbanks, Alaska. The audit began with benchmarking which resulted in a calculation of the energy consumption per square foot. A site inspection was completed on May 23, 2012 to obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling and other building energy uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then used to develop a building energy consumption model using AkWarm. Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy, not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation, and energy costs at the time of this audit. While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, upgrading specific systems often requires collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. The necessity and amount of design effort and cost will vary depending on the scope of the specific EEMs planned and the sophistication and capability of the entire design team, including the building owners and operators. During the budgeting process for any major retrofit identified in this report, the building owner should add administrative and supplemental design costs to cover the individual needs of their own organization and the overall retrofit project. The recommended EEMs for the Big Dipper are summarized in the table below. Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in Section 3. Details of each individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A summary of EEMs that were evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in Appendix B. PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs) Rank Feature/ Location Improvement Description Estimated Annual Energy Savings Estimated Installed Cost Savings to Investment Ratio, SIR Simple Payback (Years) 1 Setback Thermostat: 2nd Floor Offices Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied Setback to 62.0 deg F for the Offices Upstairs space. $939 $1,000 13 1.1 2 Garage Doors: 1st Floor Replace the Seven existing garage doors with R-7, 2" polyurethane core replacement doors. $1,629 $17,403 2.2 11 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 2 PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs) Rank Feature/ Location Improvement Description Estimated Annual Energy Savings Estimated Installed Cost Savings to Investment Ratio, SIR Simple Payback (Years) 3 HVAC And DHW Add a vent damper to the chimney connectors on DHW and Zamboni Boilers, Replace CP2, CP4, CP6, CP21, CP22, CP23, CP25, and Domestic HW Circ with Grundfos Magna or equiv. $3,440 $26,440 1.7 7.9 4 Lighting - Power Retrofit: Big Dipper Replace Existing T8 lighting with 17 watt LED tubes, Replace exterior lighting with LED equivalent lighting $31,484 $279,616 1.6 8.9 TOTAL, cost-effective measures $37,491 $324,456 1.5 9.1 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 3 Modeled Building Energy Cost Breakdown The above charts are a graphical representation of the modeled energy usage for the Big Dipper. The greatest portions of energy cost for the building are envelope air losses, lighting, and other electrical (which includes electrical usage from compressors and fans). Detailed improvements can be found in Appendix A. The energy cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field inspection and does not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were directly measured. The current energy costs are shown above on the left hand pie graph and the projected energy costs, assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the right. The chart breaks down energy usage by cost into the following categories:  Envelope Air Losses—the cost to provide heated fresh air to occupants, air leakage, heat lost in air through the chimneys and exhaust fans, heat lost to wind and other similar losses.  Envelope o Ceiling—quantified heat loss transferred through the ceiling portion of the envelope. o Window—quantified heat loss through the window portion of the envelope. o Wall/Door—quantified heat loss through the wall and door portions of the envelope. o Floor—quantified heat loss through the floor portion of the envelope.  Water Heating—energy cost to provide domestic hot water.  Fans—energy cost to run ventilation, and exhaust fans.  Lighting—energy cost to light the building.  Refrigeration—energy costs to provide refrigerated goods for the occupants.  Other Electrical—includes energy costs not listed above including cooking loads, laundry loads, other plug loads and electronics. Envelope Air Losses $121,395 32% Ceiling $12,910 3% Window $2,010 1% Wall/Door $9,466 2% Floor $32,801 9% Water Heating $25,574 7% Exhaust Fans $1,663 0% Lighting $76,873 20% Refrigerators $1,538 0% Compressors / Other Electrical $97,664 26% Clothes Drying $102 0% Existing Building Energy Cost Breakdown Total Cost $ 381,996 Envelope Air Losses $126,047 32% Ceiling $13,411 3% Window $2,068 1% Wall/Door $7,990 2% Floor $34,073 9% Water Heating $28,541 7% Exhaust Fans $1,663 0% Lighting $33,377 8% Refrigerators $1,538 0% Compressors / Other Electrical $97,664 24% Clothes Drying $102 0% Maint. Savings $1,969 0% Lighting Savings $43,495 11% Remaining Savings -$7,973 -2% Retrofit Building Energy Cost Breakdown Total Cost $ 344,505 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 4 2.0 INTRODUCTION NORTECH contracted with The Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform ASHRAE Level II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings of the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications, and building use changes that are expected to save energy and money. The report is organized into sections covering:  description of the facility,  the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking),  estimating energy use through energy use modeling,  evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and  recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings. 2.1 Building Use The Big Dipper is used as multipurpose arena in Fairbanks, Alaska. The building is typically used by hockey teams, recreational skaters, office workers, and walkers/joggers. The Big Dipper is composed of an Olympic sized ice rink area, offices, locker rooms and rest rooms. 2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules Occupancy in the Big Dipper ranges from 40 to 1,800 people depending on the activity and season. The building is open from 6:00 am – 6:00 pm but can stay open later if the ice is rented out. During the hockey season the building may stay open as late as 11:00 pm. Parks & Administration staff occupies the building from 8:00 am – 5:00 pm Monday – Friday. 2.3 Building Description The Big Dipper was originally constructed as an airplane hangar in Tanacross, Alaska. The building was disassembled and moved to Fairbanks in 1968. Since then, two major renovations have been made; adding heat to the building in 1980. Building Envelope Building Envelope: Walls Wall Type Description Insulation Notes Wall Type 1 Double wall, 8-inches CMU and 2x4 at 24-inches on center. R-36 fiberglass batt. No signs of insulation damage. Wall Type 2 Wood-framed 2x8 at 24-inches on center, cedar siding. R-32 fiberglass batt. No signs of insulation damage. Wall Type 3 Wood-framed 2x8 at 24-inches on center, metal siding. R-32 fiberglass batt. No signs of insulation damage. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 5 Heating and Ventilation Systems Heat in the Big Dipper is provided by two oil/natural gas fired boilers. Circulation pumps distribute heat throughout the building to:  Perimeter baseboard heaters in offices and corridors  Air Handling Unit (AHU) heating coils  Cabinet Heaters in entry ways  Hydronic Unit Heaters in mechanical rooms and misc. areas A direct digital controller (DDC) system is used to control heating set points and ventilation in the building. Building Envelope: Floors Floor Type Description Insulation Notes Floor Insulated slab 2-inches EPS on perimeter - Floor under Arena Slab, Cooling system, heating system. 4-inches EPS - Building Envelope: Roof Roof Type Description Insulation Notes Perimeter Roof Hot roof R-22 spray on insulation. No signs of insulation damage. Center Roof Cold roof R-32 batt insulation, R- 24 blown-in wool. No signs of insulation damage. Building Envelope: Doors and Windows Door and Window Type Description Estimated R-Value Notes Door Type 1 Full lite, metal insulated. 5.3 451 sq ft Door Type 2 Quarter lite, metal insulated. 4.0 82 sq ft Door Type 3 Garage door with window. 1.8 396 sq ft Door Type 4 Garage door without window. 1.8 254 sq ft Window Type 1 Double pane, storm glass, wood frame. 2.6 262 sq ft Window Type 2 Double pane, wood frame. 2.0 634 sq ft Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 6 Heat recovery loops off of the ice compressors are used to heat the sub floor under the ice, snow melting pits in the Zamboni room and AHU coils. There are three AHUs in the Big Dipper:  AHU-1 provides ventilation and heat to the main arena area and is operated from 5:00 am – 12:00 am Sunday – Saturday  AHU-2 provides ventilation and heat to the main arena area and is operated on a demand basis to control CO2 concentration.  AHU-3 provides ventilation and heat to the office area and is operated from 7:00 am – 6:00 pm Sunday – Saturday Air Conditioning System A small air conditioning unit is used for the team room in the Big Dipper. Two different systems are used to produce ice in the Big Dipper:  When the temperature is below 10 degrees F, “free cooling” is used to produce ice. This system runs a glycol loop outside of the building and into the ice rink heat exchanger.  When the temperature is above 10 degrees F, three compressors are used to produce ice. Energy Management Demand control ventilation and a direct digital control (DDC) system make up energy management in the Big Dipper. The DDC system can be controlled on site as well as off-site by Fairbanks North Star Borough maintenance staff. Lighting Systems Lighting in the Big Dipper consists primarily of 32 watt T8 lamps (1-inch, 4-foot long). The ice rink area uses 400 watt high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Exterior lighting consists of wall pack and post lamp style fixtures with various sizes of HPS lamps. Domestic Hot Water Domestic hot water is provided indirectly by an oil fired boiler and is stored in a 500 gallon storage tank. The water circulates during the day to ensure hot water is readily available. Hot water for use in the Zamboni is also provided indirectly by an oil fired boiler and is stored in a 500 gallon storage tank. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 7 3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage and charges as well as to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking, information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of benchmarking are:  to understand patterns of use,  to understand building operational characteristics,  for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and  to offer insight in to potential energy savings. The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other areas, are discussed in the following sections. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 8 3.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010 The energy use profiles below show the energy and cost breakdowns for the Big Dipper. The total 2010 energy use for the building was 13,072 mmBTU and the total cost was $395,460. These charts show the portion of use for a fuel type and the portion of its cost. The above charts indicate that the highest portion of energy use is for oil and the highest portion of cost is for electricity. Fuel oil consumption correlates directly to space heating and domestic hot water while electrical use can correlate to lighting systems, plug loads, and HVAC equipment. The energy type with the highest cost often provides the most opportunity for savings. Electric 4,907 38% Natural Gas 1,072 8% Oil 7,093 54% Energy Use Total (mmBTU) Electric 238,649 60% Natural Gas 23,625 6% Oil 133,186 34% Energy Cost Total ($) Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 9 3.2 Energy Utilization Index for 2010 The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated from the utility bills and provides a snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by the building on a square foot and annual basis. The calculation converts the total energy use for the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into British Thermal Units (BTUs). This total annual usage is then divided by the number of square feet of the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year. The benchmark analysis found that the Big Dipper has an EUI of 182,000 BTUs per square foot per year. The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings (abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000 BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes, types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I). In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation, ice rinks in Anchorage averaged 160,000 BTUs per square foot. The chart below shows the Big Dipper relative to the Fairbanks Carlson Center and the average EUI from Anchorage ice rinks. These findings are discussed further in Appendix H. 182,000 120,000 160,000 Compressors Compressors 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 Btu/ Sq. Ft. Annual Energy Use Index (Total Energy/ SF) Big Dipper Carlson Center Anchorage Ice Arenas Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 10 3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010 Another useful benchmarking statistic is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost for energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the cost for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost even though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating and/or cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity, can vary greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts of the country. The CUI for Big Dipper is about $5.49/SF. This is based on utility costs from 2010 and the following rates: Electricity at $ 0.17 / kWh ($ 4.98 / Therm) # 2 Fuel Oil at $ 2.64 / gallon ($ 1.89 / Therm) Natural Gas at $ 2.27 / CCF ($ 2.21 / Therm) The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS, 2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). The Fairbanks Carlson Center has an average cost for energy of $3.27 per square foot, while ice rinks in Anchorage have an average cost for energy of $3.07 per square foot. The chart below shows the Big Dipper relative to these values. More details are included in Appendix H. $5.49 $3.52 $3.07 Compressors Compressors $0.00 $1.00 $2.00 $3.00 $4.00 $5.00 $6.00 $/ Sq. Ft. Annual Energy Cost Index (Total Cost/ SF) Big Dipper Carlson Center Anchorage Ice Arenas Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 11 3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric baseline often reflects year round lighting consumption while the heating fuel baseline often reflects year round hot water usage. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of cold weather can be seen in the months with higher usage. 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10KWH Electrical Consumption 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10Gallons Fuel Oil Deliveries 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Jan-09Mar-09May-09Jul-09Sep-09Nov-09Jan-10Mar-10May-10Jul-10Sep-10Nov-10CCF Natural Gas Consumption Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 12 3.5 Future Energy Monitoring Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy accounting: manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed by an administrative assistant, however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems can be installed. They display and record real-time energy usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are several types which have all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 13 4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems. NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated. Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators, auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost every older building include:  Reduce the envelope heat losses through: o increased building insulation, and o better windows and doors  Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats  Upgrade inefficient: o lights, o motors, o refrigeration units, and o other appliances  Reduce running time of lights/appliances through: o motion sensors, o on/off timers, o light sensors, and o other automatic/programmable systems The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy prices. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 14 4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption NORTECH used the AkWarm model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at Big Dipper. The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC) to model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the modeling engine behind the successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has operated for a number of years. In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this model for commercial buildings. Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as:  Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors, walls, ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for each component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference between the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library of temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska.  Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the winter but north-facing windows do not.  Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air, etc. Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through pumping.  Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around.  Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light; ultimately all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may be useful in the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be required to remove the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational hours.  Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some units are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from inside a compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the unit.  Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters, monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption of the building, as well as contributing to heat production.  The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc. is a critical component of how much energy is used. AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12 months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 15 4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators, auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes recommendations based on the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended. Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR. A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table. Description Space Heating Water Heating Lighting Refrigerators Other Electrical Clothes Drying Exhaust Fans Maint Savings Total Existing Building $178,582 $25,574 $76,873 $1,538 $97,664 $102 $1,663 - $381,996 With All Proposed Retrofits $183,588 $28,541 $33,377 $1,538 $97,664 $102 $1,663 -$1,969 $344,505 Savings (1) -$5,006 (2)(3) -$2,967 (2)(3) $43,495 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,969 $37,491 1) Savings in these categories represent the overall savings for the building, and reflect any added cost that might occur because of a retrofit. For example, installing more efficient lights will increase the heating load and creating or lowering an unoccupied setback temperature will increase hot water heat losses and cost. 2) This negative value represents the cost associated with replacing heat that is produced by inefficient electrical lighting with additional cheaper fuel oil heat from the heating system. 3) Costs associated in these categories are based only on #2 heating fuel. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 16 4.3 Additional Modeling Methods The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities. This report section is included in order to identify benefits from modifications to those more complex systems or changes in occupant behavior that cannot be addressed in AkWarm. The Big Dipper was not calibrated within NORTECH standards in AKWarm. However, retrofits included within the list of EEMs did not require additional outside calculations. It is beyond the limitations of AkWarm to accurately model a building with an indoor ice rink. To help “simulate” a slab of ice in the center of big dipper, the area of ice was modeled as a perimeter floor with an insulation value of 6.7. This helps to increase fuel usage in the model for the winter time, but does not increase fuel usage for the summer. Therefore retrofits involving temperature setbacks in the ice arena portion of the Big Dipper were not possible to quantify as the model would not correctly react to such a retrofit. All of the included EEMs include general amounts of savings based on this low R-Value “ice rink slab.” It is possible that savings could be higher due to decreased heating load on the ice which can result to shorter compressor run times in the summer The Big Dipper uses #2 fuel oil or natural gas, depending on which fuel is cheaper at the given time. It is not possible within AkWarm to accurately model the use of duel fuels. Therefore, natural gas consumption from benchmarking was converted over to equivalent gallons of #2 fuel oil based on the BTU content relationship of 140,000 BTU/gallon of #2 fuel oil and 102,800 BTU/ccf of natural gas. The AkWarm model along with the associated EEMs are all based on this equivalent amount of #2 fuel oil. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 17 5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) 5.1 Operations and Maintenance A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind energy savings. Such a plan includes preserving institutional knowledge, directing preventative maintenance, and scheduling regular inspections of each piece of HVAC equipment within the building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters, belts and pulleys, the proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the glycol tanks. Additional benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for malfunctioning equipment, early indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated maintenance issues, and early detection of overloading/overheating issues. A good maintenance person knows the building’s equipment well enough to spot and repair minor malfunctions before they become major retrofits. Operations and Maintenance staff implementing a properly designed O & M plan will:  Track and document o Renovations and repairs, o Utility bills and fuel consumption, and o System performance.  Keep available for reference o A current Building Operating Plan including an inventory of installed systems, o The most recent available as-built drawings, o Reference manuals for all installed parts and systems, and o An up-to-date inventory of on-hand replacement parts.  Provide training and continuing education for maintenance personnel.  Plan for commissioning and re-commissioning at appropriate intervals. 5.2 Commissioning Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems perform within the design or usage ranges of the Building Operating Plan. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as the last phase in construction. HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time due to incorrect maintenance, improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or usage, changes in schedules, and changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning of a building should occur every five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets the potentially variable use with the most efficient means. 5.3 Building Specific Recommendations The Big Dipper is well maintained. Mechanical areas are well kept and the systems are currently functioning properly. Some general recommendations for improvements to the FNSB maintenance program will be made in a separate report. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 18 When it comes to energy efficient ice rinks, many factors determine the feasibility of some energy retrofits which can include budget and interest in alternative fuels. Some energy efficient operations measures from the Energy Conservation/Management Manual produced by the Saskatchewan Parks & Recreation Association and Manitoba Hydro:  Keep the ice thin, ideally 1in. thick.  Reduce floor water temperatures to 130 degrees F minimum.  Set back spectator area heating when unoccupied  Dump snow outside of the building. (summer months)  Allow ice temperatures to raise overnight, 25 degrees F maximum.  Match lighting levels to facility use.  Paint ice with reflective, thermally conductive paints. Other measures:  Ice temperature is a very important aspect when it comes to energy management of an ice rink. The best way to monitor surface ice temperature would be to install an infrared sensor which can typically be mounted above the ice (on a scoreboard or ceiling). For a typical ice rink, increasing the ice temperature a single degree can save up to 6% annually in refrigeration (based on compressors running all year). From DDC printouts of the Big Dipper, it was noted that overnight the ice temperature dropped from 17 degrees F to 14 degrees F. With reduced lighting and occupancy load, the ice temperature should be increased overnight to produce the highest amount of energy savings. Typical operation for night shutdown of ice rinks include: o Shutting off the refrigeration plant o Setting back space heating o Allow the ice to reach 25 degrees F o Pumps and compressors should turn on to prevent ice from reaching any temperature higher than 25 degrees F o During start up, lights along with other significant electrical loads should be kept off to avoid costly demand charges while the compressors are working to get the ice back down to temperature Before performing this type of energy retrofit, it is recommended that the building is checked to see if the existing heating system can efficiently bring the temperature of the building back to the comfort level after a night setback. The colder months of winter use “free cooling” to produce the indoor ice and a night setback isn’t as necessary during this time due to the absence of high electrical cost from compressors.  Hot water for the Zamboni makes up a significant cost to run the Big Dipper. It is estimated that an average of 898,260 gallons of hot water are used annually (based on an average of 150 gallons/Zamboni and 16 Zambonis/day). This equates to $16,800 annually at an oil price of $2.64 in the AkWarm model to heat the water. Also, when this hot water is applied to the ice- the compressors have to run harder. It is recommended that a Level 3 Energy Audit is performed to evaluate the feasibility of pre-heating Zamboni water with a solar water heating system. It is estimated that a solar heating system can take at least half of the water heating load experienced in the Big Dipper, but a dollar amount cannot be quantified at this time due to insufficient modeling capacity in Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 19 AkWarm and incomplete field monitoring. When possible, resurfacing with the Zamboni should be limited throughout the day to lower the demand of 160 degree F hot water.  The Zamboni that is used in the Big Dipper utilizes a 195 gallon storage tank for hot water. When ice re-surfacing is performed, the Zamboni is usually returned with a quarter tank of hot water remaining. During fill-ups, 160 degree water is added to this leftover water (which eventually cools to a much lower temperature between Zambonis) consequently lowering the overall temperature of the full amount of water in the Zamboni tank. It is recommended that the actual water necessary to resurface the ice is determined and only that amount of water is put into the Zamboni tank to ensure full utilization of hot water.  An alternative to solar water heating would be to use demineralized water. The fewer impurities in water allows for it to freeze at much higher temperatures. Using demineralized water will result in: o Reduced wear on Zamboni cutting blades o Lighter load on refrigeration equipment o Faster freezing o Clearer ice o Less friction in the ice o Harder ice surface  Currently, most of the waste heat from the compressors is used up in under slab heat and snow melting coils in the Zamboni room. Dumping Zamboni snow outside of the building during the summer months will allow for waste heat from the compressors to be better utilized in AHU heating coils which will save energy.  A current humidity issue makes it necessary to raise the temperature of the building to 70 degrees F in the summertime to raise the dew point of the inside air and prevent fog on the inside ice. Since it is impossible to detect high humidity levels of OSA without the proper equipment, the building set-point is currently set to 70 degrees F for the majority of the summer months. It is recommended that the DDC system be programed to measure the outside air (OSA) humidity level and only turn the temperature of the building up when necessary. Whenever the humidity level of OSA is at acceptable levels, the heating system should return back to regular occupied set-points. This retrofit could not be modeled in AkWarm, but will result in savings which will differ depending on weather experienced. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 20 APPENDICES Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 21 Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E. AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will still return a SIR of one or greater. This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the overall end use that will be impacted. A.1 Temperature Control Programmable thermostats should be programmed in the office area of the Big Dipper. Programmable thermostats allow for automatic temperature setback, which reduce usage more reliably than manual setbacks. Reduction of the nighttime temperature set point in the office area will decrease the energy usage. Many energy efficient ice rinks also set back temperatures of the arena area. However, it is beyond AkWarm’s limitations to model such a setback in AkWarm due to the inability to properly simulate the interactive building effects from the ice. This is further explained in Section 5.3. Rank Building Space Recommendation 1 2nd Floor Offices Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied Setback to 62.0 deg F for the Offices Upstairs space. Installation Cost $1,000 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $939 Breakeven Cost $12,731 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 13 Simple Payback yrs 1 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 22 A.2 Electrical Loads A.2.1 Lighting The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent bulbs) to T8 (one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED bulbs provides a significant increase in efficiency. LED bulbs can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The LED bulb bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise that magnetic ballasts tend to make. The primary existing lighting in the majority of the Big Dipper is ceiling mounted fluorescent fixtures with 32 watt T8 lamps. Along with high energy usage, some of the rooms are over lit in terms of foot candles (FCs). Examples of existing high lighting levels:  Room 138: 49 FC  Room 203: 43 FC  Room 213: 76 FC  Room 217: 40 FC  Room 290: 60 FC Examples of existing low lighting levels:  Room 102: 23 FC  Room 106: 30 FC  Room 116: 25 FC  Room 135: 26 FC  Room 144: 14 FC The existing 32 watt T8 lamps can easily be replaced with 17 watt LED tube style lamps using the existing fixtures. This lower wattage style lighting has a light difference of about 10 percent when compared to 32 watt T8 lamps. Replacing all lighting within the facility is a large capital investment. Fluorescent lamps experience lumen depreciation, essentially meaning that as lamps get older their lighting levels go down. It seems likely that replacing all 32 watt T8s with 17 watt LED tube lighting will result in lighting levels similar to the existing lighting levels. It is recommended that a lighting design expert review the feasibility of LED lighting levels in the facility. Also, satisfaction with LED lighting can be tested by installing 17 watt LED tube lighting in one area or room before investing completely in this recommendation. The existing exterior lighting is high wattage high pressure sodium lamps. This type of lighting is commonly retrofitted with wall pack style fixtures with LED lamps using much lower amounts of wattage and will save energy. The post style lamps can be replaced with LED post light style fixtures. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 23 The main lighting over the ice rink is currently provided by 400 watt high pressure sodium lamps. A new retrofit for this style of lighting is LED pendant lighting. LED pendants can be installed directly into the existing wiring after ballasts are bypassed. The LED pendants produce comparable lighting levels to that of the 400 watt high pressure sodium lamps. Some hockey rinks in other parts of the United States have gone to this type of lighting and have seen significant savings and better satisfaction from the quality of light. For this specific retrofit, 143 watt LED Ice Rink Lighting model: SL-HB5623 was used from: http://www.stouchlighting.com/. Maintenance savings are based on 17 year life of LEDs and 7 year life of fluorescent lamps. This essentially results in the avoidance of 2.5 lamp changes over the life of the LED which is estimated as $8/lamp for replacement and disposal of T8 lamps each time. Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 4 236 6 HPS 400 Watt Magnetic with Manual Switching Replace with 6 LED 143W Module StdElectronic Energy Savings (/yr) $1,825 Installation Cost $8,440 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 17 Maintenance Savings (/yr) $43 Breakeven Cost $22,075 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback yrs 5 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 4 Wall Packs 3 HPS 400 Watt Magnetic with Manual Switching Replace with 3 LED 80W Module StdElectronic Energy Savings (/yr) $950 Installation Cost $5,190 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 17 Maintenance Savings (/yr) $21 Breakeven Cost $12,583 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.4 Simple Payback yrs 5 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 4 236 78 HPS 400 Watt Magnetic with Manual Switching Replace with 78 LED 143W Module StdElectronic Energy Savings (/yr) $15,336 Installation Cost $109,700 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 17 Maintenance Savings (/yr) $557 Breakeven Cost $184,879 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.7 Simple Payback yrs 7 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 24 A.2.2 Other Electrical Loads There are no EEMs recommended in this area. Energy efficient ice rinks turn off ice compressors at night but this recommendation was not modeled in AkWarm due to the inability to accurately model the ice slab in the building. A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change A.3.1 Exterior Walls No EEMs are recommended in this area. Increasing the insulation value of the existing envelope is not economical at this time. A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace No EEMs are recommended in this area because the perimeter of the existing foundation is already insulated. Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 4 Exterior Recessed 14 INCAN A Lamp, Halogen 75W with Manual Switching Replace with 14 LED 20W Module StdElectronic Energy Savings (/yr) $650 Installation Cost $5,390 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 17 Maintenance Savings (/yr) $20 Breakeven Cost $8,683 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.6 Simple Payback yrs 8 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 4 102, 105, 107-109, 11, 116, 121, 124, 128, 131, 133, 135, 137-139, 141, 144- 146, 203, 206, 207, 209, 213, 217, 220, 221, 224-228, 230- 233, 235, 290, SR FLUOR T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching Replace with LED 17W Module StdElectronic Energy Savings (/yr) $5,630 Installation Cost $60,146 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 17 Maintenance Savings (/yr) $1,041 Breakeven Cost $93,312 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.6 Simple Payback yrs 9.2 Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 4 Outdoor Ice Rink Lights 60 HPS 250 Watt Magnetic with Manual Switching Replace with 60 LED 88W Module StdElectronic Energy Savings (/yr) $5,124 Installation Cost $90,750 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 17 Maintenance Savings (/yr) $429 Breakeven Cost $72,001 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.8 Simple Payback yrs 18 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 25 A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling No EEMs are recommended in this area. The roof already has a sufficient amount of insulation and additional insulation is not economical at this time. A.3.4 Windows No EEMs are recommended in this area. An upgrade from the existing double pane windows to triple pane vinyl windows was considered but is not economical at this time. A.3.5 Doors Wooden garage doors can be found throughout the first floor of the Big Dipper. These style garage doors have a low insulation value and are typically retrofitted to insulated polyurethane core doors. Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation 2 Wood Garage doors: Big Dipper Door Type: Sectional, Wood un-insulated Insulating Blanket: None Modeled R-Value: 1.8 Replace existing garage door with R-7, 2" polyurethane core replacement door. Installation Cost $17,403 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 30 Energy Savings (/yr) $1,629 Breakeven Cost $37,507 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.2 Simple Payback yrs 11 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 26 A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning A.4.1 Heating, Heat Distribution, and Ventilation Adding vent dampers to the domestic hot water and Zamboni boiler heat connectors can help to reduce significant idle losses. Vent dampers can save a significant amount of energy. CP2, CP4, CP6, CP21, CP22, CP23, CP25, and the Domestic HW Circ. pump are all pumps that can be replaced with variable speed pumps such as a Grundfos Magna. These style pumps have been shown to save a minimum of 50% of the pumping costs due to the motor design and can also save additional energy depending on the pumping demand experienced A.4.2 Air Conditioning There are no EEMs recommended in this area. General recommendations for ice energy savings are discussed in Section 5.3. A.4.3 Exhaust Fans No EEMs are recommended in this area because exhaust fans in the Big Dipper are already properly controlled with the DDC system. A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening No other EEMs are recommended in this area because of the difficulty of quantifying the amount of leaking air and the savings. However, by using an AHU to pressurize the building in very cold weather along with an infra-red camera; the location of significant leaks can be determined and repaired. Rank Recommendation 3 Add a vent damper to the chimney connectors on DHW and Zamboni Boilers, Replace CP2, CP4, CP6, CP21, CP22, CP23, CP25, and Domestic HW Circ with Grundfos Magna pumps or equiv. Installation Cost $26,440 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 20 Energy Savings (/yr) $3,440 Breakeven Cost $43,639 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.7 Simple Payback yrs 8 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 27 Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would warrant re-evaluation. Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures, hardware, controls, or operational changes described in these EEMs should be considered when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but if a window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback, especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units. The following measures were not found to be cost-effective: Rank Feature/ Location Improvement Description Estimated Annual Energy Savings Estimated Installed Cost Savings to Investment Ratio, SIR Simple Payback (Years) 5 Window/Skylight: South: Double Pane: Wood Remove existing glass and install triple, 2 low-E, argon glass. $42 $1,657 0.45 39 6 Lighting – remainder of the Big Dipper Replace with LED 17W Module StdElectronic $538 $26,813 0.29 50 7 Window/Skylight: Double Pane: Wood Replace existing window with triple pane, 2 low-E, argon window. $680 $40,653 0.29 60 8 Above-Grade Wall: Cedar Siding + Metal Siding Add R-25 rigid foam to interior or exterior of existing wall; cost does not include siding or wall coverings. $2,192 $191,674 0.27 87 9 Window/Skylight: Double w/ Storm: Wood Replace existing window with triple pane, 2 low-E, argon window. $130 $17,987 0.13 140 Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 28 Appendix C Significant Equipment List HVAC Equipment Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Fuel Type H.P. Notes Boiler Weil McLaine CP 754270 #2 Oil & Gas - Two Units Domestic Hot Water Boiler Burnham V-18A-T #2 Oil - Zamboni hot water Domestic Hot Water Boiler Burnham V-18A-T #2 Oil - Building hot water Pump 1A Baldor Motor M2513T Electric 15 Pumps 2A, 2B Marathon ET22 Electric 15 Pumps 2A, 2B - 182 TTDB4026BRH Electric 3 Two units Pump CP1A Lincoln 182T Electric 3 - Pump CP1B Century A 757029 Electric 3 - Pump CP2 Grundfos UPT 50-160 Electric 1 - Pump CP3 Grundfos UP 65-165 Electric 2.2 - Pumps CP4, CP21, CP23, CP25 Grundfos UPA 50-160 Electric 1.5 Four Units Pump CP6 Grundfos UP-65-160 Electric 1.5 - Pump CP20 Grundfos UPA 80-160 Electric 3 - Pump CP22 Grundfos UMA 65-80 Electric 1 - Pump CP-24 Grundfos UPA 65-160 Electric 1/5 - Pumps CP31, 32 Grundfos UP 53-45F Electric ½ Two units UH1- UH5 Trane 168-S - 1/6 Five units UH6- UH8 Trane 90-S - 1/8 Three units UH9- UH15 Trane 38-S - 1/20 Seven units CUH1-CUH3 Trane E46A003 - 1/30 Three units CUH4, 5, 11, 12 Trane E46A002 - 1/60 Four Units CUH7- CUH10, 14 Trane H46A002 - 1/60 Five units CUH15- CUH18 Trane M46A002 - 1/8 Four units CUH6, CUH13 Trane D46 A002 - 1/60 Two units AHU 1 motor Baldor Super E EM25151T Electric 15 1765 RPM AHU 2 motor Century E Plus C400 Electric 15 1755 RPM AHU 3 motor Dayton 3KW31G Electric - 1735 RPM EF-2 Pace U-27F Electric 2 - EF-9 Pace SCF-97A Electric 1 - EFs Pace U-8F Electric 1/4 Nine units Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 29 Lighting Location Lighting Type Bulb Type Quantity KWH/YR Cost/YR 236 HPS 400W 78 213,822 $ 36,350 Exterior Ice Rinks HPS 250W 60 43,255 7,353 107, 105, 108, 109, 111, 116, 121, 124, 131, 133, 144, 146, 213b, 220, 221, 224 Fluorescent T8 77 27,511 4,677 235, 206, 213b, 220 Fluorescent T8 25 26,036 4,426 Parking Lot Lights HPS 250W 17 24,511 4,167 236 HPS 400W 6 23,929 4,068 203, 209, 217, 225, 230b Fluorescent T8 65 23,224 3,948 135, 137,141 Fluorescent T8 75 15,763 2,680 102, 206, 235 Fluorescent T8 24 13,045 2,218 226, 227, 228, 230b, 231, 232, 233b Fluorescent T8 31 8,198 1,394 Exterior Wall Packs HPS 400W 3 6,779 1,152 235 Fluorescent T8 17 6,074 1,033 Exterior Recessed Incandescent 75W 14 5,215 887 230, 290 Fluorescent T8 14 4,476 761 138, 139 Fluorescent T8 10 2,102 357 112, 114, 115, 119, 118, 120, 123, 125, 126, 130, 143, jcj, US4, 205, 210, 234 Fluorescent T8 129 1937 329 128 Fluorescent T8 6 1865 317 109, 144,SR, 144 Fluorescent T8 8 1490 253 Exit Lighting Exit Lighting LED 22 1224 208 207, 213 Fluorescent T8 10 1051 179 Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule and a $ 0.17 per KWH electric rate. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 30 Plug Loads Equipment Location Manufacturer KWH/YR Cost/YR Compressor 1 126 Vilter 270,675 $ 46,015 Compressor 2 126 Vilter 203,006 34,511 Freezer Pull-Tab General Electric 1,500 255 Cooling Fans (Compressor) Exterior Russell 48,985 8,327 Head Bolt Heaters (guests) Exterior - 15,557 2,645 Head Bold Heaters (workers) Exterior - 12,446 2,116 Soda Machines 102 Varies 4,500 765 Server Cabinet 144 - 3,506 596 Fish Tanks 232 - 2,190 372 Freezers 130, 228 Varies 2,000 340 Fridge/Freezers 139, 221 Varies 1,700 289 Elevator Motor 106 - 1,563 266 Coffee Makers 228, 234 Bunn 1,151 196 Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule and a $ 0.17 per KWH electric rate. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 31 Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit. Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates, rate structures and utility pricing agreements. Golden Valley Electrical Association Rate Structure: GS-2(S) General Service Rate Structure (GVEA) Rate Component Unit Charge Customer Charge $30.00 Utility Charge $0.04843 per kWh Cost of Fuel $0.12527 per kWh Regulatory Cost Charge (RCC) $0.000492 per kWh 2010 Average Rate (Big Dipper) $0.17 per kWh GVEA offers five different rates to its members, depending on the classification of the service provided. The rates are divided into two categories: Residential and General Service (GS). Eighty-five percent of the electric services on GVEA's system are single-family dwellings, classified under the Residential rate. The four General Service rates apply to small and large power users that do not qualify for the Residential rate. The General Service rates break down as follows: GS-1 General Service Services under 50 kilowatts (kW) of demand per billing cycle GS-2(S) Large General Service Secondary Services 50 kW and higher of demand per billing cycle GS-2(P) Large General Service Primary Services at primary voltage GS-3 Industrial Service Services at transmission voltage Customer Charge A flat fee that covers costs for meter reading, billing and customer service. Utility Charge (kWh charge) This charge is multiplied by the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used in a monthly billing period. It covers the costs to maintain power plants and substations, interest on loans as well as wires, power poles and transformers. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 32 Fuel and Purchased Power This charge is based on a combination of forecasted and actual power costs. The monthly charge allows Golden Valley to pass on increases and decreases in fuel and energy purchases to our members. It is calculated quarterly and multiplied by the kilowatt-hours used each month. Regulatory Charge This charge of .000492 per kWh is set by the Regulatory Commission of Alaska (RCA). Since November 1, 1992, the Regulatory Commission of Alaska has been funded by a Regulatory Charge to the utilities it regulates rather than through the State general fund. The charge, labeled "Regulatory Cost Charge." on your bill, is set by the RCA, and applies to all retail kilowatt-hours sold by regulated electric utilities in Alaska. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 33 Appendix E Analysis Methodology Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer. EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions. Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost, which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one. EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be recommended by AkWarm. Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re- evaluated and ranked again. AkWarm goes through this iterative process until all suggested EEMs have been evaluated. Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later. The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings. Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule or operational change at the facility. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 34 Appendix F Audit Limitations The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report. Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM. The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit. Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed. Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared, air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted. Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof." Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 35 Appendix G References Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains information and insights considered valuable to most buildings. Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities. (1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Education and Early Development. Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC. ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE. ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE. Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough, Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc. Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using CO2 Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low-Energy Building Design Guidelines. Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management Program: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/ Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology. International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills, IL: International Code Council, Inc. Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings. Retrieved 2011, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010). Handbook of Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc. U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/ Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 36 Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska. An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I. The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons. Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below. The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District (ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in Alaska. Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database. Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database. These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy use for particular buildings. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 37 Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. Released: Dec 2006 Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007 Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003 All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption Number of Buildings (thousand) Floor space (million square feet) Floor space per Building (thousand square feet) Total (trillion BTU) per Building (million BTU) per Square Foot (thousand BTU) per Worker (million BTU) All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9 Building Floor space (Square Feet) 1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6 5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7 10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0 25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8 50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0 100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3 200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3 Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6 Principal Building Activity Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7 Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2 Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5 Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0 Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7 Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8 Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5 Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1 Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3 Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5 Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7 Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6 Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0 Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3 Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1 Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1 This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was expected to compare the annual energy consumption of the building to average national energy usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison between one specific building and the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this report uses a comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An abbreviated excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 38 Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units 1 British Thermal Unit is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree F° 1 Watt is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr 1 horsepower is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr 1 horsepower is approximately 746 Watts 1 "ton of cooling” is approximately 12,000 BTU/hr, the amount of power required to melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours 1 Therm = 100,000 BTU 1 KBTU = 1,000 BTU 1 KWH = 3413 BTU 1 KW = 3413 BTU/Hr 1 Boiler HP = 33,400 BTU/Hr 1 Pound Steam = approximately 1000 BTU 1 CCF of natural gas = approximately 1 Therm 1 inch H2O = 250 Pascal (Pa) = 0.443 pounds/square inch (psi) 1 atmosphere (atm) = 10,1000 Pascal (Pa) BTU British Thermal Unit CCF 100 Cubic Feet CFM Cubic Feet per Minute GPM Gallons per minute HP Horsepower Hz Hertz kg Kilogram (1,000 grams) kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts) kVA Kilovolt-Amp kVAR Kilovolt-Amp Reactive KW Kilowatt (1,000 watts) KWH Kilowatt Hour V Volt W Watt Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 39 Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions ACH Air Changes per Hour AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency Air Economizer A duct, damper, and automatic control system that allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling. Ambient Temperature Average temperature of the surrounding air Ballast A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc. CO2 Carbon Dioxide CUI Cost Utilization Index CDD Cooling Degree Days DDC Direct Digital Control EEM Energy Efficiency Measure EER Energy Efficient Ratio EUI Energy Utilization Index FLUOR Fluorescent Grade The finished ground level adjoining a building at the exterior walls HDD Heating Degree Days HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning INCAN Incandescent NPV Net Present Value R-value Thermal resistance measured in TU/ r- F- F (Higher value means better insulation) SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar savings considered over the life of the improvement. Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and materials required to install the measure. Set Point Target temperature that a control system operates the heating and cooling system Simple payback A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM to give the number of years required to recover the cost of the investment. Energy Audit – Final Report Big Dipper Fairbanks, Alaska F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-100 Doyon Fairbanks Region\50-164 FNSB Big-Dipper\Reports\Final\2012.07.18 Final AHFC Report V2 FAI Big Dipper F.Docx 40 Appendix L Building Floor Plan Floor plan drawn by NORTECH. Dimensions are based on Field Measurements. N