HomeMy WebLinkAboutGAL GILA GYM 2012-EEManaging Office
2400 College Road 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Suite 106A 4402 Thane Road
Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801
p. 907.452.5688 p. 907.222.2445 p: 907.586.6813
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ENERGY AUDIT – FINAL REPORT
GILA Gymnasium
1850 Challenger Road
Galena, Alaska
Prepared for:
Mr. Chris Reitan
PO Box 266
Galena, Alaska
Prepared by:
David Lanning PE, CEA
Jeremy Spargur EIT, CEA-IT
July 12, 2012
Acknowledgment: “This material is based upon work supported by the Department of
Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095”
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY
Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915
Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694
Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819
info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Building Use .......................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules ...................................................................... 3
2.3 Building Description ............................................................................................... 3
3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA .......................................................................... 6
3.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010 ...................................................................... 7
3.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2010 ............................................................................ 8
3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010 ................................................................................ 9
3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns ........................................................................... 10
3.5 Future Energy Monitoring .................................................................................... 11
4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ......................................................................... 12
4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 13
4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the GILA Gymnasium ...................................... 14
4.3 Additional Modeling Methods .............................................................................. 15
5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 16
5.1 Operations and Maintenance .............................................................................. 16
5.2 Commissioning .................................................................................................... 16
5.3 Building Specific Recommendations ................................................................... 16
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Galena, Alaska
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APPENDICES
Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures ........................................... 18
Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended ..................... 24
Appendix C Significant Equipment List ....................................................................... 25
Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ...................................................................... 26
Appendix E Analysis Methodology .............................................................................. 27
Appendix F Audit Limitations ...................................................................................... 28
Appendix G References .............................................................................................. 29
Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage ..................... 30
Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. .................................... 31
Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 32
Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions .................................... 33
Appendix L Building Floor Plan .................................................................................. 34
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Galena, Alaska
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of the Galena Interior Learning
Academy GILA Gymnasium, a 15,124 square foot facility. The audit began with benchmarking
which resulted in a calculation of the energy consumption per square foot. A site inspection was
completed on January 12, 2012 to obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation,
cooling and other building energy uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then
used to develop a building energy consumption model using AkWarm.
Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were
developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the
basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these
modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy,
not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation,
and energy costs at the time of this audit.
While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, upgrading
specific systems often requires collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that
are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. The necessity and amount of design effort
and cost will vary depending on the scope of the specific EEMs planned and the sophistication
and capability of the entire design team, including the building owners and operators. During
the budgeting process for any major retrofit identified in this report, the building owner should
add administrative and supplemental design costs to cover the individual needs of their own
organization and the overall retrofit project.
The following table, from AkWarm, is a summary of the recommended EEMs for the GILA
Gymnasium. Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in Section 3. Details
of each individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A summary of EEMs that
were evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in Appendix B.
The GILA Gym was recently remodeled and upgraded and is now a very efficient building.
There are not many options available to cost effectively increase the efficiency of this building. It
is recommended that a partial level III audit be performed of the HVAC system to check for the
possibility of adjusting the system to save more money.
PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
1 Lighting Replace current lamps with
more efficient lamps $1,353 $3,593 2.4 2.7
2 Exterior door Replace current full lite door
with better insulated door $256 $4,411 1.2 17
TOTAL, cost-effective measures $1,432 $6,298 2.0 4.4
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Modeled Building Energy Cost Breakdown
The above charts are a graphical representation of the modeled energy usage for the GILA
Gymnasium. The greatest portions of energy cost for the building are lighting and envelope air
losses. This indicates that the greatest savings can be found in upgrading the lighting system
and decreasing the amount outside air brought into the building. Detailed improvements lighting
can be found in Appendix A, but the outside air is currently controlled with an up to date control
system and improvements will be difficult to achieve.
The energy cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field inspection
and does not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were directly measured. The
current energy costs are shown above on the left hand pie graph and the projected energy
costs, assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the right.
The chart breaks down energy usage by cost into the following categories:
Envelope Air Losses—the cost to provide heated fresh air to occupants, air leakage, heat lost in
air through the chimneys and exhaust fans, heat lost to wind and other similar losses.
Envelope
o Ceiling—quantified heat loss transferred through the ceiling portion of the envelope.
o Window—quantified heat loss through the window portion of the envelope.
o Wall/Door—quantified heat loss through the wall and door portions of the envelope.
o Floor—quantified heat loss through the floor portion of the envelope.
Water Heating—energy cost to provide domestic hot water.
Fans—energy cost to run ventilation, and exhaust fans.
Lighting—energy cost to light the building.
Refrigeration—energy costs to provide refrigerated goods for the occupants.
Other Electrical—includes energy costs not listed above including cooking loads, laundry loads,
other plug loads and electronics.
Envelope
Air Losses
$6,814
17%
Ceiling
$5,042
13%
Window
$181
1%
Wall/Door
$2,998
8%
Floor
$5,270
14%
Water
Heating
$2,015
5%
Fans
$1,330
3%
Lighting
$12,666
32%
Refriger-
ation
$1,680
4%
Other
Electrical
$1,120
3%
Existing Building Energy Cost
Breakdown $39,116 Envelope
Air Losses,
$6,902
18%
Ceiling
$5,074
13%
Window
$182 0%
Wall/Door
$2,743
7%
Floor
$5,303
14%
Water
Heating
$2,015
5%
Fans
$1,330
3%
Lighting
$11,243
29%
Refriger-
ation
$1,680
4%
Other
Electrical
$1,120
3%
EEM
Savings
$1,524
4%
Retrofit Building Energy Cost
Breakdown $37,592
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
NORTECH contracted with the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform ASHRAE
Level II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings
of the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications,
and building use changes that are expected to save energy and money.
The report is organized into sections covering:
description of the facility,
the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking),
estimating energy use through energy use modeling,
evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and
recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings.
2.1 Building Use
The GILA Gymnasium is primarily used by the students of the school, but guests to the facility
have access as well. The building consists of a basketball court, weight room, racquetball
courts, weight room, locker rooms, an office, and a classroom .
2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules
The building is open from 8 am – 9:30 pm on the weekdays with and average occupancy of 25
people and 24 hours per day on the weekends with an average occupancy of 50.
2.3 Building Description
The GILA Gym is primarily a one-story building with a second floor mechanical room. The
metal-framed building with insulated metal panels on the walls and ceiling that sits on a slab on
grade. The windows are primarily triple pane aluminum and the doors are insulated metal. The
Gym was built in 1966 and renovated in 2010 which included a new roof and wall panels,
remodeled gym, converted the bowling alley into locker rooms, and installed a new HVAC
system.
Building Envelope
Building Envelope: Walls
Wall Type Description Insulation Notes
Above-grade walls
original section
Metal-framed with 2x4 studs with
insulated metal panels
R-19 fiberglass batt.
R-16 metal panels -
Above-grade walls
addition
Metal-framed with 2x6 studs with
insulated metal panels
R-30 fiberglass batt.
R-16 metal panels -
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Heating and Ventilation Systems
The building is equipped with a steam to glycol heat exchanger. The steam is provided by the
local utility company, which has large steam boilers that distribute steam to various buildings on
the GILA campus. Heat is distributed to the following zones:
baseboard fin tube in the classroom
cabinet heaters in the locker rooms and entry and
air handling unit (AHU)
The AHU provides heated air to the majority of the building. This system utilized variable
frequency drives (VFD) on the motors and variable air volume (VAV) boxes on the supply ducts.
The system is controlled with a direct digital control (DDC) system that was recently installed by
Siemens.
Building Envelope: Floors
Floor Type Description Insulation Notes
On grade floor Insulated slab 1 ½” insulation on 2’
perimeter -
Building Envelope: Roof
Roof Type Description Insulation Notes
Original Roofs Hot roof 6” metal panel
R-13 fiberglass batt Batt is damaged.
Basketball court side
roof Hot roof 6” metal panel -
Building Envelope: Doors and Windows
Door and Window
Type Description Estimated
R-Value Notes
Door 1 Flush metal door 2.7 -
Door 2 Full lite metal door 1.7 -
Window 1 Triple pane, vinyl, south, >3/8”
air gap 3.0 -
Window 2 Triple pane, vinyl, not south,
>3/8” air gap 3.0 -
Window 3 Double pane, aluminum, not
south, >3/8” air gap 1.2 -
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The locker rooms are supplied with heated air and ventilated with a heat recovery ventilator
(HRV) which utilizes exhaust air from the rest of the building to heat the supply air to these
rooms.
Air Conditioning System
The building is not equipped with an air conditioning system.
Energy Management
The building is equipped with a recently installed DDC system and utilized VFD on the AHU
motors.
Lighting Systems
The current lighting types in this building include ceiling mounted fluorescent fixtures containing
32 watt T8 (1” diameter, 4’ long) lamps and 54 watt T5 (5/8” diameter, 4’ long) lamps in the gym.
Domestic Hot Water
The domestic hot water is provided via two shell and tube heat exchangers. The heat
exchangers use steam to heat domestic hot water.
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3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA
Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy
bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage, and charges as well as
to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas
consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources
are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking,
information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use
and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of
benchmarking are:
to understand patterns of use,
to understand building operational characteristics,
for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and
to offer insight in to potential energy savings.
The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other
areas, are discussed in the following sections.
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3.1 Total Energy Use and Cost of 2010
The energy use profiles below show the energy and cost breakdowns for the GILA Gymnasium.
The total annual energy usage in 2010 was 2703 mmBTUs and the cost was $44,785. These
charts show the portion of use for a fuel type and the portion of its cost.
The above charts indicate that the highest portion of energy use is for steam and the highest
portion of cost is for electricity. Steam consumption correlates directly to space heating and
domestic hot water while electrical use can correlate to lighting systems, plug loads, and HVAC
equipment. The fuel type with the highest cost often provides the most opportunity for savings.
Electric
310
25%
Steam
2393
84%
Energy Use Total (mmBTUs)
Electric
$33,455
75%
Steam
$11,330
25%
Energy Cost Total ($)
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3.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2010
The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated
from the utility bills and provides a simple snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by
the building on a square foot and annual basis. The calculation converts the total energy use
for the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into
British Thermal Units (BTUs). This total annual usage is then divided by the number of square
feet of the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year.
The benchmark analysis found that the GILA Gymnasium has an EUI of 52,000 BTUs per
square foot in 2010.
The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in
Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use
in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings
(abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000
BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes,
types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I).
In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing
Finance Corporation, schools in Fairbanks averaged 62,000 BTUs per square foot and schools
in Anchorage averaged 123,000 BTUs per square foot annual energy use. The chart below
shows the GILA Gymnasium relative to these values. These findings are discussed further in
Appendix H.
52,000 62,000
123,000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Btu/ Sq. FtAnnual Energy Utilization Index (Total Energy/ SF)
GILA Headquarters Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
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3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2010
Another benchmarking statistic that is useful is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost
for energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the
cost for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost
even though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating
and/or cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity,
can vary greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts
of the country.
The CUI for GILA Gymnasium is about $1.73/SF. This is based on utility costs from 2010 and
the following rates:
Electricity at $ 0.34 / kWh or $10.07 / Therm
Steam at $12.26 / thousand pounds or $ 1.23 / Therm
Compare #1 Fuel Oil at $ 5.43 / gallon or $ 4.11 / Therm
The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS,
2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the
Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). Schools in Fairbanks have an average
cost for energy of $2.42 per square foot while Anchorage schools average $2.11 per square
foot. The chart below shows the GILA Gymnasium relative to these values. More details are
included in Appendix H.
$1.73
$2.42
$2.11
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
Annual Energy Cost Utilization Index (Total Cost/ SF)
GILA Headquarters Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
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3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns
Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The
graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two
years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric baseline often reflects
year round lighting consumption while the heating fuel baseline often reflects year round hot
water usage. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of cold weather can
be seen in the months with higher usage.
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Oct-09Dec-09Feb-10Apr-10Jun-10Aug-10Oct-10Dec-10Feb-11Apr-11KWHElectrical Consumption
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Oct-09Dec-09Feb-10Apr-10Jun-10Aug-10Oct-10Dec-10Feb-11Apr-11ThermsThousand Pounds of SteamSteam Consumption
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3.5 Future Energy Monitoring
Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for
the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each
month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and
aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy
accounting: manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed
by an administrative assistant: however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then
the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems can be installed. They
display and record real-time energy usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are
several types which have all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser.
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4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems
in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy
consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to
commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems.
NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that
best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated.
Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy
used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed
cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to
reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit
can typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require
collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the
Level II energy audit.
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost
every older building include:
Reduce the envelope heat losses through:
o increased building insulation, and
o better windows and doors
Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats
Upgrade inefficient:
o lights,
o motors,
o refrigeration units, and
o other appliances
Reduce running time of lights/appliances through:
o motion sensors,
o on/off timers,
o light sensors, and
o other automatic/programmable systems
The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building
was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall
energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is
unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the
current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently
recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy
prices.
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4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption
NORTECH used the AkWarm model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at the GILA
Gymnasium. The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation
(AHFC) to model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the modeling engine behind
the successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has operated for a number of
years. In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this model for commercial
buildings.
Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as:
• Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors,
walls, ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for
each component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference
between the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library
of temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska.
• Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the
winter but north-facing windows do not.
• Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or
natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air,
etc. Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through
pumping.
• Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a
mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around.
• Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light;
ultimately all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may
be useful in the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be
required to remove the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational
hours.
• Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some
units are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from
inside a compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the
temperature difference between the inside and outside of the unit.
• Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters,
monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption
of the building, as well as contributing to heat production.
• The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc. is a critical component
of how much energy is used.
AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage
schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a
yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12
months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to
make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs.
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4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for the GILA Gymnasium
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm
to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm
calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the
savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes
recommendations based on the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the
savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are
better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the
energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended.
Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR.
A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table.
Description Space
Heating
Water
Heating Lighting Refrigeration Other Electrical Ventilation
Fans Total
Existing
Building $20,305 $2,015 $12,666 $1,680 $1,120 $1,330 $39,116
With All
Proposed
Retrofits
$20,204 $2,015 $11,243 $1,680 $1,120 $1,330 $37,592
Savings $101 $0 $1,423 $0 $0 $0 $1,524
Savings in these categories do not reflect interaction with other categories. So, for example, the
savings in lighting does not affect the added space heating cost to make up for the heat saved
in replacing less-efficient lights with more-efficient lights that waste less heat.
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4.3 Additional Modeling Methods
The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard
heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated
mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and
limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC
systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with
significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some
other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities.
This report section is included in order to identify benefits from modifications to those more
complex systems or changes in occupant behavior that cannot be addressed in AkWarm.
The GILA Gymnasium could be modeled well in AKWarm. Retrofits for the HVAC system were
adequately modeled in AkWarm and did not require additional calculations.
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5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M)
5.1 Operations and Maintenance
A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind
energy savings. Such a plan includes preserving institutional knowledge, directing preventative
maintenance, and scheduling regular inspections of each piece of HVAC equipment within the
building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters, belts and pulleys, the
proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the glycol tanks. Additional
benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for malfunctioning equipment, early
indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated maintenance issues, and early detection of
overloading/overheating issues. A good maintenance person knows the building’s equipment
well enough to spot and repair minor malfunctions before they become major retrofits.
Operations and Maintenance staff implementing a properly designed O & M plan will:
Track and document
o Renovations and repairs,
o Utility bills and fuel consumption, and
o System performance.
Keep available for reference
o A current Building Operating Plan including an inventory of installed systems,
o The most recent available as-built drawings,
o Reference manuals for all installed parts and systems, and
o An up-to-date inventory of on-hand replacement parts.
Provide training and continuing education for maintenance personnel.
Plan for commissioning and re-commissioning at appropriate intervals.
5.2 Commissioning
Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems perform within the design
or usage ranges of the Building Operating Plan. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as
the last phase in construction. HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time
due to incorrect maintenance, improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or
usage, changes in schedules, and changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning
of a building should occur every five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets
the potentially variable use with the most efficient means.
5.3 Building Specific Recommendations
The domestic hot water circulation system is not working correctly. Water temperatures in the
showers did not get warm. It may be that the circulator is not functioning correctly and attention
should be given by the maintenance personnel. The showers may be too far from the hot water
heaters so a few possible solutions may be to insulate the hot water lines, increase the pump
speed, or raise the temperature at the heater.
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures
A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and
overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by
AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E.
AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will
still return a SIR of one or greater.
This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and
installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the
SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the
overall end use that will be impacted.
A.1 Temperature Control
Programmable thermostats have recently been installed throughout the gym. Programmable
thermostats allow for automatic temperature setback, which reduce usage more reliably than
manual setbacks. Reduction of the unoccupied temperature set point will decrease the energy
usage. The gym has a high occupied period so an unoccupied setback may not be possible.
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A.2 Electrical Loads
A.2.1 Lighting
The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where
electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer
temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting
to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control
heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent bulbs) to T8
(one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED bulbs provides a significant
increase in efficiency. LED bulbs can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The LED bulb
bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise that
magnetic ballasts tend to make.
The gymnasium can decrease the energy used in lighting by replacing the 32 watt T8 lamps
with 25 watt T8 lamps. Even with the increasing cost of electricity, it is not economical to retrofit
to LED lamps, but replacing with more efficient T8 lamps is economical.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 SW Entry FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard (2)
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with FLUOR (3) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2)
Program StdElectronic
Installation Cost $39 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $56
Breakeven Cost $348 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 9 Simple Payback (yr.) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 Office
3 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Occupancy
Sensor
Replace with 3 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $99 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $108
Breakeven Cost $671 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 6.8 Simple Payback (yr.) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 Weight Room
2 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
(2) Instant StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 2 FLUOR (4) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $88 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $82
Breakeven Cost $504 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 5.7 Simple Payback (yr.) 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
4 Weight Room
20 FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
(2) Instant StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 20 FLUOR (3) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2)
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $770 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $556
Breakeven Cost $3,431 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 4.5 Simple Payback (yr.) 1
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Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
Lobby 11 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 11 FLUOR (2) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $363 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $240
Breakeven Cost $1,479 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 4.1 Simple Payback (yr.) 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
6 Racquet Ball Court
12 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
(2) Instant StdElectronic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 12 FLUOR (4) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2)
Program StdElectronic
Installation Cost $528 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $135
Breakeven Cost $832 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.6 Simple Payback (yr.) 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
8 Men's Locker,
Women's Locker
22 FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
(2) Instant StdElectronic with Occupancy
Sensor
Replace with 22 FLUOR (3) T8
4' F32T8 25W Energy-Saver (2)
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $847 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $130
Breakeven Cost $801 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.9 Simple Payback (yr.) 7
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
9 Storage Mezzanine FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $33 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $4
Breakeven Cost $22 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.7 Simple Payback (yr.) 9
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
10 Men's Locker,
Women's Locker
14 FLUOR T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 14 FLUOR T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $358 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $28
Breakeven Cost $170 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.5 Simple Payback (yr.) 13
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
11 Air Handler Room 7 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 7 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $231 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $11
Breakeven Cost $68 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.3 Simple Payback (yr.) 21
Energy Audit – Final Report
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A.2.2 Other Electrical Loads
No EEMs are recommended in this category.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
12 Storage FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $33 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $1
Breakeven Cost $5 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.2 Simple Payback (yr.) 38
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
13 Janitor FLUOR (3) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with FLUOR (3) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $39 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $0.6
Breakeven Cost $3 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.1 Simple Payback (yr.) 81
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
14 Heat Exchanger
Room
2 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 2 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $66 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $1
Breakeven Cost $4 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.1 Simple Payback (yr.) 94
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
15 Storage 2 3 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 3 FLUOR (2) T8 4'
F32T8 25W Energy-Saver
Instant StdElectronic
Installation Cost $99 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 7 Energy Savings (/yr.) $1
Breakeven Cost $3 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.0 Simple Payback (yr.) 190
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A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change
A.3.1 Exterior Walls
No EEMs are recommended in this category. Increasing the insulation value of the walls is not
cost effective at this time.
A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace
No EEMs are recommended in this category. The perimeter of the slab is currently insulated
and it is not cost effective at this time to increase the insulation value.
A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling
No EEMs are recommended in this category. Increasing the insulation value of the ceiling is not
cost effective at this time.
A.3.4 Windows
No EEMs are recommended in this category. The Gym does not have a large amount of window
and it is not cost effective at this time to replace the windows with better insulated windows.
A.3.5 Doors
Replacing the front entry doors with a flush metal door with an EPS core is cost effective at this
time and will decrease the energy usage of the gym.
A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning
A.4.1 Heating and Heat Distribution
The current heating system was recently upgraded to include the following energy efficient
features:
Direct digital control
Programmable thermostats.
Performing the proper maintenance on this system will ensure that the building runs as energy
efficiently as possible. No EEMs are currently recommended in this category.
A.4.2 Air Conditioning
The building is not equipped with an air conditioning system.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
7 Exterior Door: Full
Lite Metal
Door Type: Entrance, Metal, EPS core,
metal edge, half-lite
Modeled R-Value: 1.7
Remove existing door and install
standard pre-hung U-0.16
insulated door, including
hardware.
Installation Cost $4,411 Estimated Life of Measure (yr.) 30 Energy Savings (/yr.) $256
Breakeven Cost $5,252 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.2 Simple Payback (yr.) 17
Energy Audit – Final Report
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A.4.3 Ventilation
The current ventilation system was recently upgraded to include the following energy efficient
features:
Variable frequency drive
Heat recovery ventilator
CO2 sensor
Performing the proper maintenance on this system will ensure that the building runs as energy
efficiently as possible. No EEMs are currently recommended in this category.
A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening
No EEMs are recommended in this area because of the difficulty of quantifying the amount of
leaking air and the savings. However, by using a blower door to depressurize the building and
an infra-red camera, the location of significant air leaks can be determined so they can be
repaired.
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Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended
As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that
were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not
currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a
small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of
these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer
operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases
in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential
EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would
warrant re-evaluation.
Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures,
hardware, controls, or operational changes described in these EEMs should be considered
when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing
window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but if a
window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the
incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient
replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback,
especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units.
The following measures were not found to be cost-effective:
Rank Feature/Location Improvement Description
Annual
Energy
Savings
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
3 Exterior Door: Flush
Metal
Remove existing door and
install standard pre-hung U-
0.16 insulated door, including
hardware.
$33 $1,064 0.64 32
4
Window/Skylight:
Aluminum Double
Other >3/8
Replace existing window with
triple pane, low-E, argon
window.
$21 $849 0.39 40
5 Above-Grade Wall:
AG Wall Original
Install R-30 rigid foam board
to exterior and cover with T1-
11 siding or equivalent.
$337 $67,688 0.10 200
6 Above-Grade Wall:
AG Wall Additions
Install R-30 rigid foam board
to exterior and cover with T1-
11 siding or equivalent.
$785 $201,863 0.08 260
7
Window/Skylight:
Triple Insulated Other
>3/8
Replace existing window with
triple pane, low-E, argon
window.
$0 $5,258 0.00 50,000
8
Window/Skylight:
Triple Insulated South
>3/8
Remove existing glass and
install triple, 1 low-E, argon
glass.
-$3 $3,665 -0.01 1,000
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Appendix C Significant Equipment List
HVAC Equipment
Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Fuel Type Notes
Heat Exchanger B&G SU 8 4-2 Steam 800 MBH
Cabinet heater Sterling RC-1200-02 Electric Two units 1/15 HP
Cabinet heater Sterling HSQ108A Electric 1/6 HP
Cabinet heater Sterling RC-1200-04 Electric Two units 1/10 HP
Circulation pump Grundfos UPS 50-160/2 Electric 1 1/2 HP
Air Handler supply motor Century E316 Electric 7 1/2 HP, VFD
Air Handler return motor Century E316 Electric 7 1/2 HP, VFD
Hot water tank Amtrol SWDW24EC Indirect 30 gallons
Circulation pump Taco 0011-SF4-IFC Electric Two units, 1/8 HP
HRV Venmar CES 2000i Electric 1260 cfm
Lighting
Location Lighting Type Bulb Type Quantity KWH/YR Cost/YR
Gym Fluorescent 54 W T5 108 9,085
$ 5,118
Weight room Fluorescent 32 W T8 60 5,436
3,062
Lobby Fluorescent 32 W T8 22 2,312
1,302
Racquetball courts Fluorescent 32 W T8 48 1,621
913
Locker rooms Fluorescent 32 W T8 66 1,256
708
Weight room Fluorescent 32 W T8 8 715
403
North Entry LED 25 W 2 517
291
Office Fluorescent 32 W T8 6 473
266
Exit Lights LED 4 W 8 445
251
SW Entry Fluorescent 32 W T8 3 320
180
Locker rooms Fluorescent 32 W T8 14 274
154
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and a $0.5633 per KWH electric
rate.
Plug Loads
Equipment Location Manufacturer KWH/YR Cost/YR
Soda Machines Lobby Vendo 3,000 $ 1,690
Fitness Equipment Weight room varies 1,291 727
Clothes Washer Office Whirlpool 334 188
Hand Dryer Locker rooms Extreme air 52 29
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule, and a $ 0.5633 per KWH electric
rate.
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Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure
The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the
local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this
section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit.
Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated
rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates,
rate structures and utility pricing agreements.
Galena Electric Rate:
Electric Minimum Charge $22.53
Fuel Charge $0.3213 / kWh
Energy Charge $0.242 / kWh
Base Rate $0.5633 / kWh
Electric Minimum Charge (Customer Charge)
The customer charge is the minimum amount charged regardless of whether the customer uses
electricity during a month or not. The customer charge recovers some of the cost of reading the
meter and costs incurred from installing a transformer, meter, and service extension.
Fuel Charge
Fuel charge covers the cost of fuel and generating efficiency.
Energy Charge (Non fuel charge)
The non-fuel charge is established to recover all revenue requirements of the utility not related
to fuel.
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Appendix E Analysis Methodology
Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy
consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy
efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to
evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual
energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified
Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer.
EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate
conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions.
Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering
estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage
obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the
cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this
audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that
compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a
project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance
and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as
the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost,
which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one.
EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates
individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of
the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be
recommended by AkWarm. Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation
of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re-
evaluated and ranked again. AkWarm goes through this iterative process until all suggested
EEMs have been evaluated.
Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated
based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the
implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later.
The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is
implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced
operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than
implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more
efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings.
Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact
the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower
energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only
so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount
of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage
light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule
or operational change at the facility.
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Appendix F Audit Limitations
The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an
approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the
identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of
energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and
professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the
recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a
final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any
document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report.
Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs
include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM.
The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not
be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry
publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the
CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit.
Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed.
Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing
techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and
HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared,
air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a
Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted.
Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability
or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned
rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The
views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof."
Energy Audit – Final Report
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Galena, Alaska
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Appendix G References
Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains
information and insights considered valuable to most buildings.
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities.
(1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK:
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development.
Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC.
ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy
Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low-
Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in
Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits.
Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough,
Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial
Press, Inc.
Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using
CO2 Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf
Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low-Energy Building Design
Guidelines. Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management
Program: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/
Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford,
UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology.
International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills,
IL: International Code Council, Inc.
Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical
Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings.
Retrieved 2011, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory:
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf
Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010).
Handbook of Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption
Survey (CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration:
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/
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Galena, Alaska
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Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage
This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and
Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy
Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the
Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska.
An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I.
The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other
Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under
contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools
in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including
fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a
database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the
comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons.
Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of
Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below.
The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings
with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed
scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the
Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District
(ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as
well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as
Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete
and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy
usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in
Alaska.
Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In
Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is
provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal
fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD
buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the
last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their
operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings
has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database.
Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is
also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in
place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower
energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database.
These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy
use for particular buildings.
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Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S.
Released: Dec 2006
Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007
Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003
All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption
Number of
Buildings
(thousand)
Floor
space
(million
square
feet)
Floor space
per Building
(thousand
square feet)
Total
(trillion
BTU)
per
Building
(million
BTU)
per
Square Foot
(thousand
BTU)
per
Worker
(million
BTU)
All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9
Building Floor space (Square Feet)
1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6
5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7
10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0
25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8
50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0
100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3
200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3
Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6
Principal Building Activity
Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7
Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2
Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5
Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0
Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7
Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8
Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5
Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1
Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3
Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5
Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7
Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6
Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0
Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3
Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1
Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1
This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), published by the U.S.
Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was expected to compare the annual energy
consumption of the building to average national energy usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison
between one specific building and the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this
report uses a comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An abbreviated
excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below.
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Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units
1 British Thermal Unit is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree F°
1 Watt is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr.
1 horsepower is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr.
1 horsepower is approximately 746 Watts
1 "ton of cooling” is approximately 12,000 BTU/hr., the amount of power required
to melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours
1 Therm = 100,000 BTU
1 KBTU = 1,000 BTU
1 KWH = 3413 BTU
1 KW = 3413 BTU/Hr.
1 Boiler HP = 33,400 BTU/Hr.
1 Pound Steam = approximately 1000 BTU
1 CCF of natural gas = approximately 1 Therm
1 inch H2O = 250 Pascal (Pa) = 0.443 pounds/square inch (psi)
1 atmosphere (atm) = 10,1000 Pascal (Pa)
BTU British Thermal Unit
CCF 100 Cubic Feet
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
GPM Gallons per minute
HP Horsepower
Hz Hertz
kg Kilogram (1,000 grams)
kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts)
kVA Kilovolt-Amp
kVAR Kilovolt-Amp Reactive
KW Kilowatt (1,000 watts)
KWH Kilowatt Hour
V Volt
W Watt
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Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions
ACH Air Changes per Hour
AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
Air Economizer A duct, damper, and automatic control system that
allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce
or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling.
Ambient Temperature Average temperature of the surrounding air
Ballast A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause
the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit
conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc.
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CUI Cost Utilization Index
CDD Cooling Degree Days
DDC Direct Digital Control
EEM Energy Efficiency Measure
EER Energy Efficient Ratio
EUI Energy Utilization Index
FLUOR Fluorescent
Grade The finished ground level adjoining a building at the
exterior walls
HDD Heating Degree Days
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning
INCAN Incandescent
NPV Net Present Value
R-value Thermal resistance measured in BTU/Hr.-SF-̊F (Higher
value means better insulation)
SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment
capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar
savings considered over the life of the improvement.
Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and
materials required to install the measure.
Set Point Target temperature that a control system operates the
heating and cooling system
Simple payback A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of
an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM
to give the number of years required to recover the cost
of the investment.
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Appendix L Building Floor Plan
N 201’ 78’ Second floor above lobby and offices Drawings from on-site sketches