HomeMy WebLinkAboutGAL SHS High School 2012-EEManaging Office
2400 College Road 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Suite 106A 4402 Thane Road
Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 Anchorage, Alaska 99517 Juneau, Alaska 99801
p. 907.452.5688 p. 907.222.2445 p: 907.586.6813
f. 907.452.5694 f. 907.222.0915 f: 907.586.6819
www.nortechengr.com
ENERGY AUDIT – FINAL REPORT
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
299 Antoski Road
Galena, Alaska
Prepared for:
Mr. Chris Reitan
PO Box 266
Galena, Alaska
Prepared by:
Dave Lanning PE, CEA
Steven Billa EIT, CEAIT
July 12, 2012
Acknowledgment: “This material is based upon work supported by the Department of
Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095”
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH & SAFETY
Anch: 3105 Lakeshore Dr. Ste 106A, 99517 907.222.2445 Fax: 222.0915
Fairbanks: 2400 College Road, 99709 907.452.5688 Fax: 452.5694
Juneau: 4402 Thane Road, 99801 907.586.6813 Fax: 586.6819
info@nortechengr.com www.nortechengr.com
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final
AHFC Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Building Use .......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules ...................................................................... 4
2.3 Building Description ............................................................................................... 4
3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA .......................................................................... 7
3.05 Energy Balance ..................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Estimated Total Energy Use and Cost of 2011 ..................................................... 9
3.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2011 ......................................................................... 10
3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2011 .............................................................................. 11
3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns ........................................................................... 12
3.6 Future Energy Monitoring .................................................................................... 13
4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ......................................................................... 14
4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption ............................... 15
4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School .............. 16
4.3 Additional Modeling Methods .............................................................................. 17
5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M) .............................................. 18
5.1 Operations and Maintenance .............................................................................. 18
5.2 Commissioning .................................................................................................... 18
5.3 Building Specific Recommendations ................................................................... 19
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final
AHFC Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
ii
APPENDICES
Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures ........................................... 21
Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended ..................... 28
Appendix C Significant Equipment List ....................................................................... 29
Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure ...................................................................... 31
Appendix E Analysis Methodology .............................................................................. 32
Appendix F Audit Limitations ...................................................................................... 33
Appendix G References .............................................................................................. 34
Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage ..................... 35
Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S. .................................... 36
Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units .......................................... 37
Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions .................................... 38
Appendix L Building Floor Plan .................................................................................. 39
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
1
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NORTECH has completed an ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit of the Sidney Huntington (SHS)
High School, a 33,776 square foot facility. The audit began with benchmarking which resulted
in a calculation of the energy consumption per square foot. A site inspection was completed on
January 12, 2012 to obtain information about the lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling and other
building energy uses. The existing usage data and current systems were then used to develop
a building energy consumption model using AkWarm.
Once the model was calibrated, a number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) were
developed from review of the data and observations. EEMs were evaluated and ranked on the
basis of both energy savings and cost using a Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). While these
modeling techniques were successful in verifying that many of the EEMs would save energy,
not all of the identified EEMs were considered cost effective based on the hardware, installation,
and energy costs at the time of this audit.
While the need for a major retrofit can typically be identified by an energy audit, upgrading
specific systems often requires collecting additional data and engineering and design efforts that
are beyond the scope of the Level II energy audit. The necessity and amount of design effort
and cost will vary depending on the scope of the specific EEMs planned and the sophistication
and capability of the entire design team, including the building owners and operators. During
the budgeting process for any major retrofit identified in this report, the building owner should
add administrative and supplemental design costs to cover the individual needs of their own
organization and the overall retrofit project.
The following table, from AkWarm, is a summary of the recommended EEMs for the Sidney
Huntington Jr/Sr High School. Additional discussion of the modeling process can be found in
Section 3. Details of each individual EEM can be found in Appendix A of this report. A
summary of EEMs that were evaluated but are not currently recommended is located in
Appendix B.
PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
1
Lighting: Library
Commons,
Kitchen,
Showcase,
Hallway &
Bathroom
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Spiral of various wattages and
FLUOR T8 U-Tube
$1,109 $154 47 0.1
2 Ventilation
Replace AHU-1 motor with
93% eff motor or better,
Replace AHU-2 motor with
91.7% efficient motor or better
$6,719 $6,500 12 1.0
3 Lighting: Entire
School
Replace with LED 17W
Module StdElectronic $22,112 $105,737 1.4 4.8
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
2
PRIORITY LIST – ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMs)
Rank Feature/
Location Improvement Description
Estimated
Annual
Energy
Savings
Estimated
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
4
Window/Skylight:
Double metal
other
Replace existing window with
U-0.22 vinyl window $508 $6,354 1.4 13
TOTAL, cost-effective measures $30,448 $118,745 2.9 3.9
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
3
Modeled Building Energy Cost Breakdown
The above charts are a graphical representation of the modeled energy usage for Sidney
Huntington Jr/Sr High School. The greatest portion of energy cost for the building envelope air
losses is fans and lighting. Detailed improvements can be found in Appendix A.
The energy cost by end use breakdown was provided by AkWarm based on the field inspection
and does not indicate that all individual fixtures and appliances were directly measured. The
current energy costs are shown above on the left hand pie graph and the projected energy
costs, assuming use of the recommended EEMs, are shown on the right.
The chart breaks down energy usage by cost into the following categories:
Envelope Air Losses—the cost to provide heated fresh air to occupants, air leakage, heat lost in
air through the chimneys and exhaust fans, heat lost to wind and other similar losses.
Envelope
o Ceiling—quantified heat loss transferred through the ceiling portion of the envelope.
o Window—quantified heat loss through the window portion of the envelope.
o Wall/Door—quantified heat loss through the wall and door portions of the envelope.
o Floor—quantified heat loss through the floor portion of the envelope.
Water Heating—energy cost to provide domestic hot water.
Fans—energy cost to run ventilation, and exhaust fans.
Lighting—energy cost to light the building.
Refrigeration—energy costs to provide refrigerated goods for the occupants.
Other Electrical—includes energy costs not listed above including cooking loads, laundry loads,
other plug loads and electronics.
Envelope
Air Losses
$71,798
28%
Ceiling
$16,318
6%
Window
$3,264
1%
Wall/Door
$13,520
5%
Floor
$26,575
10%
Water
Heating
$4,973
2%
Fans
$49,945
19%
Lighting
$49,205
19%
Refriger-
ation
$5,520
2%
Other
Electrical
$12,731
5%
Cooking
$5,956
3%
Existing Building Energy Cost
Breakdown $ 259,806
Envelope
Air Losses
$74,698
29%
Ceiling
$17,148
7%
Window
$2,584
1%
Wall/Door
$13,859
5%
Floor
$27,953
11%
Water
Heating
$4,669
2%
Fans
$42,127
16%
Lighting
$22,113
8%
Refriger-
ation
$5,520
2%
Other
Electrical
$12,731
5%
Cooking
$5,956
2%
Savings
$30,448
12%
Retrofit Building Energy Cost
Breakdown $229,358
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
4
2.0 INTRODUCTION
NORTECH contracted with the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation to perform ASHRAE
Level II Energy Audits for publically owned buildings in Alaska. This report presents the findings
of the utility benchmarking, modeling analysis, and the recommended building modifications,
and building use changes that are expected to save energy and money.
The report is organized into sections covering:
description of the facility,
the building’s historic energy usage (benchmarking),
estimating energy use through energy use modeling,
evaluation of potential energy efficiency or efficiency improvements, and
recommendations for energy efficiency with estimates of the costs and savings.
2.1 Building Use
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School is a 7th through 12th grade school and is composed of a
classrooms, a gymnasium, a library and offices.
2.2 Building Occupancy and Schedules
This building has an average of 65 students and staff members Monday through Friday. The
school year is from the beginning of August to the end of May and is occupied by students and
staff from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm.
2.3 Building Description
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School is a one story wood framed building constructed in 1977.
The Jr/Sr High School is attached to the Elementary School by a hallway.
Building Envelope
Building Envelope: Walls
Wall Type Description Insulation Notes
Above-grade walls Wood-framed with 2x6 studs
spaced 16-inches on center. R-19 fiberglass batt. No signs of insulation
damage.
Building Envelope: Floors
Floor Type Description Insulation Notes
School Floor Wood-framed floor joists spaced
16-inches on center. R-19 fiberglass batt. -
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
5
Heating and Ventilation Systems
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School is heated with two different heating systems:
Two oil fired boilers (B-1 and B-2)
A steam to glycol heat exchanger
When available from a local utility, steam runs through a heat exchanger to heat the building
and decreasing the need to operate the boilers. However, during the audit only the oil fired
boilers were providing heat as there was no steam flowing to the heat exchanger.
Heat from the heating system is distributed to:
Baseboard fin-tube in classrooms
Heat coils in air handling units (AHUs)
Unit heaters
Heating is controlled by non-setback pneumatic thermostats located throughout the school.
Within Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School, there are three AHUs:
AHU-1 provides ventilation and heat to the classrooms and library
AHU-2 provides ventilation and heat to the gymnasium
AHU-3 provides make up air and heat to the kitchen
Air Conditioning System
No air conditioning system is installed in this building.
Building Envelope: Roof
Roof Type Description Insulation Notes
All Roofs Cathedral style roof: Wood
Framed 24-inches on center R-38 rigid insulation -
Building Envelope: Doors and Windows
Door and Window
Type Description Estimated
R-Value Notes
Exterior Door Metal: Foam Core: Metal Edge:
Flush 2.7 227 sq. ft.
Garage Door Sectional: Foam Core: 2-inches:
no thermal break 3.0 84 sq. ft.
Window Type 1 Aluminum: Double Pane:
>3/8 inch gap 1.2 71 sq. ft.
Window Type 2 Vinyl: Double Pane:
>3/8 inch gap 2.0 499 sq. ft.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
6
Energy Management
There is no form of energy management system installed in this building.
Lighting Systems
Lighting in Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr high school consists of ceiling mounted fixtures with T8 (1-
inch diameter, 4 foot long) and T12 (1.5-inch diameter, 4 foot long) lamps. Lighting in the
gymnasium consists of ceiling mounted high bay fixtures with T5 (5/8-inch diameter, 4 foot long)
lamps.
Domestic Hot Water
Domestic hot water is provided by a heat exchanger which utilizes glycol supply heat from the
boilers and does not recirculate.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
7
3.0 BENCHMARKING 2010 UTILITY DATA
Benchmarking building energy use consists of obtaining and then analyzing two years of energy
bills. The original utility bills are necessary to determine the raw usage, and charges as well as
to evaluate the utility’s rate structure. The metered usage of electrical and natural gas
consumption is measured monthly, but heating oil, propane, wood, and other energy sources
are normally billed upon delivery and provide similar information. During benchmarking,
information is compiled in a way that standardizes the units of energy and creates energy use
and billing rate information statistics for the building on a square foot basis. The objectives of
benchmarking are:
to understand patterns of use,
to understand building operational characteristics,
for comparison with other similar facilities in Alaska and across the country, and
to offer insight in to potential energy savings.
The results of the benchmarking, including the energy use statistics and comparisons to other
areas, are discussed in the following sections.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
8
3.05 Energy Balance
In order to model the building properly and project a reasonable savings, electrical consumption
on each side needs to be known but, there were incomplete utility bill data for both electric and
steam heat. Furthermore, electric services for both the elementary side and the high school side
provide power to both building. Consequently, the electric meters for the Sidney Huntington
School building do not accurately separate power use between the two sides.
These problems created the need to perform an energy balance of the energy consumption of
the schools. So using the AkWarm program, electrical usage schedules were input to estimate
the amount of electricity used on each building. The ratio of electrical usage for each side of the
building was used to distribute the totalized actual bill. The electrical usage and distribution from
the AkWarm model is displayed in the table below:
Sidney Huntington Schools AkWarm Model Results
Elementary (kWh) HS (kWh) Total (kWh)
AkWarm 152,198 329,750 481,948
Ratio 31.6%68.4%
The actual utility bills and the distribution from the ratio determined by the model is shown in the
following table:
Original Utility Bill Data
Electrical Distribution Cost Distribution
Elementary
(kWh)
HS
(kWh)
Total
(kWh)
Elementary
(kWh)
HS
(kWh)
Elementary
($)
HS
($)
January 1,120 33,280 34,400 10,863 23,537
$ 6,119 $ 13,258
February 1,280 38,080 39,360 12,430 26,930 7,002 15,170
March 1,120 34,400 35,520 11,217 24,303 6,319 13,690
April 960 33,120 34,080 10,762 23,318 6,062 13,135
May 1,440 27,840 29,280 9,247 20,033 5,209 11,285
June 480 18,560 19,040 6,013 13,027 3,387 7,338
July 480 13,120 13,600 4,295 9,305 2,419 5,242
August 1,200 26,880 28,080 8,868 19,212 4,995 10,822
September 1,440 28,960 30,400 9,600 20,800 5,408 11,717
October 1,440 34,720 36,160 11,419 24,741 6,432 13,936
November 1,440 30,720 32,160 10,156 22,004 5,721 12,395
December 960 48,480 49,440 15,613 33,827 8,795 19,055
Totals 13,360 368,160 381,520 120,483 261,037 67,868 147,042
Savings was estimated based on the projected usage from the AkWarm model. Furthermore,
the building was modeled based on heating with #1 oil because of the difficultly in quantifying
the actual amount of steam being used.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
9
3.1 Estimated Total Energy Use and Cost of 2011
The energy use profiles below show the energy and cost breakdowns for the Sidney Huntington
Jr/Sr High School. The total annual energy use for 2011 was 3686 mmBTUs and the cost for
energy was $260,344. These charts show the portion of use for a fuel type and the portion of its
cost.
The above charts indicate that the highest portion of energy use is for Oil and the highest
portion of cost is for Electric. Fuel oil consumption correlates directly to space heating and
domestic hot water while electrical use can correlate to lighting systems, plug loads, and HVAC
equipment. The energy type with the highest cost often provides the most opportunity for
savings.
The estimated energy use total for Oil is based on a projected consumption of 20,862 gallons of
#1 heating fuel by AkWarm. The estimated energy use total for Electric is based on an energy
balance between Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School and Sidney Huntington Elementary.
Electric,
891
24%
Oil 2,795
76%
Estimated Energy Use Total
(mmBTUs) in 2011
Electric
Cost,
$147,042
56%
Oil Cost,
$113,302
44%
Estimated Energy Cost Total ($)
in 2011
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
10
3.2 Energy Utilization Index of 2011
The primary benchmarking statistic is the Energy Utilization Index (EUI). The EUI is calculated
from the utility bills and provides a simple snapshot of the quantity of energy actually used by
the building on a square foot and annual basis. The calculation converts the total energy use
for the year from all sources in the building, such as heating fuel and electrical usage, into
British Thermal Units (BTUs). This total annual usage is then divided by the number of square
feet of the building. The EUI units are BTUs per square foot per year.
The benchmark analysis found that the Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School has an EUI of
109,000 BTUs per square foot for 2011.
The EUI is useful in comparing this building’s energy use to that of other similar buildings in
Alaska and in the Continental United States. The EUI can be compared to average energy use
in 2003 found in a study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration of commercial buildings
(abbreviated CBECS, 2006). That report found an overall average energy use of about 90,000
BTUs per square foot per year while studying about 6,000 commercial buildings of all sizes,
types, and uses that were located all over the Continental U.S. (see Table C3 in Appendix I).
In a recent and unpublished state-wide benchmarking study sponsored by the Alaska Housing
Finance Corporation, schools in Fairbanks averaged 62,000 BTUs per square foot and schools
in Anchorage averaged 123,000 BTUs per square foot annual energy use. The chart below
shows the Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School relative to these values. These findings are
discussed further in Appendix H.
109,000
62,000
123,000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Btu/ Sq. FtEstimated Annual Energy Utilization Index (Total Energy/ SF)
SHS Jr/Sr High Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
11
3.3 Cost Utilization Index of 2011
Another benchmarking statistic that is useful is the Cost Utilization Index (CUI), which is the cost
for energy used in the building on a square foot basis per year. The CUI is calculated from the
cost for utilities for a year period. The CUI permits comparison of buildings on total energy cost
even though they may be located in areas with differing energy costs and differing heating
and/or cooling climates. The cost of energy, including heating oil, natural gas, and electricity,
can vary greatly over time and geographic location and can be higher in Alaska than other parts
of the country.
The CUI for Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School is about $7.71/SF. This is based on utility
costs from 2011 and the following rates:
Electricity at $ 0.56 / kWh ($ 16.50 / Therm)
# 1 Fuel Oil at $ 5.43 / gallon ($ 4.05 / Therm)
The Department of Energy Administration study, mentioned in the previous section (CBECS,
2006) found an average cost of $2.52 per square foot in 2003 for 4,400 buildings in the
Continental U.S (Tables C4 and C13 of CBDES, 2006). Schools in Fairbanks have an average
cost for energy of $2.42 per square foot while Anchorage schools average $2.11 per square
foot. The chart below shows the Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School relative to these values.
More details are included in Appendix H.
$7.71
$2.42 $2.11
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
$8.00
$9.00
Estimated Annual Energy Cost Index (Total Cost/ SF)
SHS Jr/Sr High Fairbanks Schools Anchorage Schools
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
12
3.4 Seasonal Energy Use Patterns
Energy consumption is often highly correlated with seasonal climate and usage variations. The
graphs below show the electric and fuel consumption of this building over the course of two
years. The lowest monthly use is called the baseline use. The electric baseline often reflects
year round lighting consumption while the heating fuel baseline often reflects year round hot
water usage. The clear relation of increased energy usage during periods of cold weather can
be seen in the months with higher usage.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Oct-09Dec-09Feb-10Apr-10Jun-10Aug-10Oct-10Dec-10Feb-11Apr-11Jun-11Aug-11Oct-11Dec-11KWHEstimated Electrical Consumption
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
Oct-09Dec-09Feb-10Apr-10Jun-10Aug-10Oct-10Dec-10Feb-11Apr-11Jun-11Aug-11Oct-11Dec-11GallonsModeled Oil Use in AkWarm
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
Oct-09Dec-09Feb-10Apr-10Jun-10Aug-10Oct-10Dec-10Feb-11Apr-11Jun-11Aug-11Oct-11Dec-11GallonsReported Fuel Oil Deliveries
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
13
3.6 Future Energy Monitoring
Energy accounting is the process of tracking energy consumption and costs. It is important for
the building owner or manager to monitor and record both the energy usage and cost each
month. Comparing trends over time can assist in pinpointing major sources of energy usage and
aid in finding effective energy efficiency measures. There are two basic methods of energy
accounting: manual and automatic. Manual tracking of energy usage may already be performed
by an administrative assistant: however if the records are not scrutinized for energy use, then
the data is merely a financial accounting. Digital energy tracking systems can be installed. They
display and record real-time energy usage and accumulated energy use and cost. There are
several types which have all of the information accessible via Ethernet browser.
Currently, unmetered heat is being transferred to Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School making it
difficult to quantify the amount of energy being used. An easy way to monitor energy in terms of
heat for Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School would be to install a BTU meter at the supply and
return lines of the steam going into the heat exchanger. Totalized BTU data can be collected
monthly to help evaluate energy supplied from waste heat. This data, along with full
documented use of heating oil will allow for further energy savings in the future to be
determined.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
14
4.0 MODELING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
After benchmarking of a building is complete and the site visit has identified the specific systems
in the building, a number of different methods are available for quantifying the overall energy
consumption and to model the energy use. These range from relatively simple spreadsheets to
commercially available modeling software capable of handling complex building systems.
NORTECH has used several of these programs and uses the worksheets and software that
best matches the complexity of the building and specific energy use that is being evaluated.
Modeling of an energy efficiency measure (EEM) requires an estimate of the current energy
used by the specific feature, the estimated energy use of the proposed EEM and its installed
cost. EEMs can range from a single simple upgrade, such as light bulb type or type of motor, to
reprogramming of the controls on more complex systems. While the need for a major retrofit can
typically be identified by an energy audit, the specific system upgrades often require collecting
additional data and engineering and design efforts that are beyond the scope of the Level II
energy audit.
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. Common EEMs that could apply to almost
every older building include:
Reduce the envelope heat losses through:
o increased building insulation, and
o better windows and doors
Reduce temperature difference between inside and outside using setback thermostats
Upgrade inefficient:
o lights,
o motors,
o refrigeration units, and
o other appliances
Reduce running time of lights/appliances through:
o motion sensors,
o on/off timers,
o light sensors, and
o other automatic/programmable systems
The objective of the following sections is to describe how the overall energy use of the building
was modeled and the potential for energy savings. The specific EEMs that provide these overall
energy savings are detailed in Appendix A of this report. While the energy savings of an EEM is
unlikely to change significantly over time, the cost savings of an EEM is highly dependent on the
current energy price and can vary significantly over time. An EEM that is not currently
recommended based on price may be more attractive at a later date or with higher energy
prices.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
15
4.1 Understanding How AkWarm Models Energy Consumption
NORTECH used the AkWarm model for evaluating the overall energy consumption at Sidney
Huntington Jr/Sr High School. The AkWarm program was developed by the Alaska Housing
Finance Corporation (AHFC) to model residential energy use. The original AkWarm is the
modeling engine behind the successful residential energy upgrade program that AHFC has
operated for a number of years. In the past few years, AHFC has developed a version of this
model for commercial buildings.
Energy use in buildings is modeled by calculating energy losses and consumption, such as:
• Heat lost through the building envelope components, including windows, doors,
walls, ceilings, crawlspaces, and foundations. These heat losses are computed for
each component based on the area, heat resistance (R-value), and the difference
between the inside temperature and the outside temperature. AkWarm has a library
of temperature profiles for villages and cities in Alaska.
• Window orientation, such as the fact that south facing windows can add heat in the
winter but north-facing windows do not.
• Inefficiencies of the heating system, including the imperfect conversion of fuel oil or
natural gas due to heat loss in exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, excess air,
etc. Some electricity is also consumed in moving the heat around a building through
pumping.
• Inefficiencies of the cooling system, if one exists, due to various imperfections in a
mechanical system and the required energy to move the heat around.
• Lighting requirements and inefficiencies in the conversion of electricity to light;
ultimately all of the power used for lighting is converted to heat. While the heat may
be useful in the winter, it often isn’t useful in the summer when cooling may be
required to remove the excess heat. Lights are modeled by wattage and operational
hours.
• Use and inefficiencies in refrigeration, compressor cooling, and heat pumps. Some
units are more efficient than others. Electricity is required to move the heat from
inside a compartment to outside it. Again, this is a function of the R-Value and the
temperature difference between the inside and outside of the unit.
• Plug loads such as computers, printers, mini-fridges, microwaves, portable heaters,
monitors, etc. These can be a significant part of the overall electricity consumption
of the building, as well as contributing to heat production.
• The schedule of operation for lights, plug loads, motors, etc. is a critical component
of how much energy is used.
AkWarm adds up these heat losses and the internal heat gains based on individual unit usage
schedules. These estimated heat and electrical usages are compared to actual use on both a
yearly and seasonal basis. If the AkWarm model is within 5 % to 10% of the most recent 12
months usage identified during benchmarking, the model is considered accurate enough to
make predictions of energy savings for possible EEMs.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
16
4.2 AkWarm Calculated Savings for Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Based on the field inspection results and discussions with the building owners/operators,
auditors developed potential EEMs for the facility. These EEMs are then entered into AkWarm
to determine if the EEM saves energy and is cost effective (i.e. will pay for itself). AkWarm
calculates the energy and money saved by each EEM and calculates the length of time for the
savings in reduced energy consumption to pay for the installation of the EEM. AkWarm makes
recommendations based on the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR), which is defined as ratio of the
savings generated over the life of the EEM divided by the installed cost. Higher SIR values are
better and any SIR above one is considered acceptable. If the SIR of an EEM is below one, the
energy savings will not pay for the cost of the EEM and the EEM is not recommended.
Preferred EEMs are listed by AkWarm in order of the highest SIR.
A summary of the savings from the recommended EEMs are listed in this table.
Description
Space
Heating
(2)
Water
Heating
(2)
Lighting
(1) Refrigeration Other
Electrical Cooking Ventilation
Fans (1) Total
Existing
Building $131,475 $4,973 $49,205 $5,520 $12,731 $5,956 $49,945 $259,806
With All
Proposed
Retrofits
$136,242 $4,669 $22,113 $5,520 $12,731 $5,956 $42,127 $229,358
Savings -$4,766 $304 $27,092 $0 $0 $0 $7,818 $30,448
1) Costs in this column can be saved by implementing the recommended EEMs based on
the 2012 price of electricity.
2) Costs and savings are based on modeled energy use which do not directly translate to
actual expenses because of the free steam heat, but are shown to illustrate the
estimated energy use and costs if provided by fuel oil.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
17
4.3 Additional Modeling Methods
The AkWarm program effectively models wood-framed and other buildings with standard
heating systems and relatively simple HVAC systems. AkWarm models of more complicated
mechanical systems are sometimes poor due to a number of simplifying assumptions and
limited input of some variables. Furthermore, AKWarm is unable to model complex HVAC
systems such as variable frequency motors, variable air volume (VAV) systems, those with
significant digital or pneumatic controls or significant heat recovery capacity. In addition, some
other building methods and occupancies are outside AkWarm capabilities.
This report section is included in order to identify benefits from modifications to those more
complex systems or changes in occupant behavior that cannot be addressed in AkWarm.
The Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School could be modeled well in AKWarm once an energy
balance had been completed. Retrofits for the HVAC system were adequately modeled in
AkWarm and did not require additional calculations.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
18
5.0 BUILDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE (O & M)
5.1 Operations and Maintenance
A well-implemented operation and maintenance (O & M) plan is often the driving force behind
energy savings. Such a plan includes preserving institutional knowledge, directing preventative
maintenance, and scheduling regular inspections of each piece of HVAC equipment within the
building. Routine maintenance includes the timely replacement of filters, belts and pulleys, the
proper greasing of bearings and other details such as topping off the glycol tanks. Additional
benefits to a maintenance plan are decreased down time for malfunctioning equipment, early
indications of problems, prevention of exacerbated maintenance issues, and early detection of
overloading/overheating issues. A good maintenance person knows the building’s equipment
well enough to spot and repair minor malfunctions before they become major retrofits.
Operations and Maintenance staff implementing a properly designed O & M plan will:
Track and document
o Renovations and repairs,
o Utility bills and fuel consumption, and
o System performance.
Keep available for reference
o A current Building Operating Plan including an inventory of installed systems,
o The most recent available as-built drawings,
o Reference manuals for all installed parts and systems, and
o An up-to-date inventory of on-hand replacement parts.
Provide training and continuing education for maintenance personnel.
Plan for commissioning and re-commissioning at appropriate intervals.
5.2 Commissioning
Commissioning of a building is the verification that the HVAC systems perform within the design
or usage ranges of the Building Operating Plan. This process ideally, though seldom, occurs as
the last phase in construction. HVAC system operation parameters degrade from ideal over time
due to incorrect maintenance, improper replacement pumps, changes in facility tenants or
usage, changes in schedules, and changes in energy costs or loads. Ideally, re-commissioning
of a building should occur every five to ten years. This ensures that the HVAC system meets
the potentially variable use with the most efficient means.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
19
5.3 Building Specific Recommendations
General Maintenance Issues
Boilers will benefit from a complete re-commissioning. Doing so will allow the boilers to
operate at top performance and use less energy.
Weather-stripping around doors and windows should be checked and replaced as
needed.
The AHUs are currently being controlled manually, adjusting the outside air levels
according to the outside air temperature. This should continue to happen in order to
save energy in the colder months.
Controls can be installed in the AHUs to automatically utilize an unoccupied setting,
additional evaluation, such as bin monitoring of individual AHU activity, would be
necessary to calculate associated savings.
Space Heating Potential
Setback thermostats are a viable option for saving space heating energy in this building.
However, additional monitoring of the steam/oil mix is necessary to completely evaluate
potential energy cost savings. Payback for any space heating retrofit is greatly influenced by
the type of fuel usage (heating oil or steam) the building uses.
As a potential EEM, an AkWarm Model was performed retrofitting a temperature setback in
Sidney Huntington School. It was estimated that all thermostats need to be replaced, along with
all pneumatic air tubing.
This value of savings can only be realized if the building was to run completely on #1 heating oil.
Note that heating the school with steam heat will allow for the most savings since it is expected
that fuel oil prices will continue to rise. On the other hand, the district should redo the audit if
the steam prices rises significantly. Overall, the district should evaluate the future availability
and cost of the steam heat in order to adequately evaluate the future heating sources and
budgets.
Rank Building Space Recommendation
n/a Entire School Implement a Heating Temperature Unoccupied
Setback to 60.0 deg F for the School space.
Installation Cost $20,000 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $19,004
Breakeven Cost $255,207 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 13 Simple Payback yrs 1
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
20
APPENDICES
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
21
Appendix A Recommended Energy Efficiency Measures
A number of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) are available to reduce the energy use and
overall operating cost for the facility. The EEMs listed below are those recommended by
AkWarm based on the calculated savings/investment ration (SIR) as described in Appendix E.
AkWarm also provides a breakeven cost, which is the maximum initial cost of the EEM that will
still return a SIR of one or greater.
This section describes each recommended EEM and identifies the potential energy savings and
installation costs. This also details the calculation of breakeven costs, simple payback, and the
SIR for each recommendation. The recommended EEMs are grouped together generally by the
overall end use that will be impacted.
A.1 Temperature Control
Programmable thermostats allow for automatic temperature setback, which reduce usage more
reliably than manual setbacks. Reduction of the unoccupied temperature set point will decrease
the energy usage. However, it is difficult to quantify the amount of actual dollar savings
associated with installing automatic temperature setback thermostats because it is unclear how
to proportion the cost of cheaper steam heat with more expensive oil heat. See section 5.3.
A.2 Electrical Loads
A.2.1 Lighting
The electricity used by lighting eventually ends up as heat in the building. In areas where
electricity is more expensive than other forms of energy, or in areas where the summer
temperatures require cooling; this additional heat can be both wasteful and costly. Converting
to more efficient lighting reduces cooling loads in the summer and allows the user to control
heat input in the winter. The conversion from T12 (one and a half inch fluorescent bulbs) to T8
(one inch), T5 (5/8 inch), Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL), or LED bulbs provides a significant
increase in efficiency. LED bulbs can be directly placed in existing fixtures. The LED bulb
bypasses the ballast altogether, which removes the often irritating, “buzzing” noise that
magnetic ballasts tend to make.
Incandescent lamps of various sizes are used in task style fixtures in the building. Changing
every instance of incandescent lighting with more efficient compact fluorescent (CFL) lamps
reduce energy and save money.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 Library Commons INCAN (8) A Lamp, Std 100W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR (8) CFL,
Spiral 23 W
Installation Cost $50 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $717
Breakeven Cost $4,438 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 89 Simple Payback yrs 0
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
22
A T12 U-Tube style lamp is located in the hallway and bathroom. T12 U-Tubes can be replaced
with T8s (6-inch spacing for connectors) which are more efficient and will save energy.
The existing lighting in the majority of the school is ceiling mounted fluorescent fixtures with T12
lamps. Galena experiences high costs of electricity in comparison to other cities in Alaska so
these inefficient lamps should be replaced. Along with the high energy usage, most of the rooms
in the school are over-lit. The existing 40 watt T12 lamps can easily be replaced with 17 watt
LED lamps. LED lamps result in a light difference of about 10 percent when compared to current
40 watt T12 lamps, and this should not be an issue with the current lighting levels.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 Showcase 4 INCAN A Lamp, Std 60W with Manual
Switching
Replace with 4 FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 13 W
Installation Cost $39 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $157
Breakeven Cost $949 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 24 Simple Payback yrs 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 Core Inc Ceiling 75
1 1 1hr/day - Kitchen
INCAN A Lamp, Std 75W with Manual
Switching
Replace with FLUOR CFL,
Spiral 23 W
Installation Cost $10 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $6
Breakeven Cost $38 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 3.8 Simple Payback yrs 2
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
1 Hallway & Bathroom FLUOR (2) T12 F40T12 40W U-Tube
Standard Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with FLUOR (2) T8
F32T8 30W U-Tube Energy-
Saver Instant HighEfficElectronic
Installation Cost $55 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 7 Energy Savings (/yr) $229
Breakeven Cost $1,418 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 26 Simple Payback yrs 0
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Main Entry 2 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
(2) Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 2 LED (4) 17W
Module (2) StdElectronic
Installation Cost $803 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $694
Breakeven Cost $7,634 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 9.5 Simple Payback yrs 1
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Exterior Lighting HID 2 HPS 100 Watt Magnetic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 2 LED 23W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $543 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $278
Breakeven Cost $3,266 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 6.0 Simple Payback yrs 2
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
23
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3
Library Commons,
Library Books,
Hallway & Restroom,
Classroom 7,
Hallway, Hallway 2,
Hallway 3, Hallway 4
67 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W
Standard (2) Magnetic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 67 LED (4) 17W
Module (2) StdElectronic
Installation Cost $26,900 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $9,948
Breakeven Cost $116,854 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 4.3 Simple Payback yrs 3
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Mechanical Room 7 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 7 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,501 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $520
Breakeven Cost $6,104 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 4.1 Simple Payback yrs 3
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Wood Shop, Weld
Shop
40 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W
Standard Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 40 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $8,580 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $2,109
Breakeven Cost $23,324 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.7 Simple Payback yrs 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Office 4, Business
Office, Hallway 1
25 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W
Standard Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 25 LED (4) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $10,037 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $2,364
Breakeven Cost $26,094 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.6 Simple Payback yrs 4
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Kitchen 20 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W
Standard Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 20 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $4,290 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $742
Breakeven Cost $8,720 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.0 Simple Payback yrs 6
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Exterior Lighting HID 4 HPS 200 Watt Magnetic with Manual
Switching
Replace with 4 LED 50W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $3,550 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $654
Breakeven Cost $7,178 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 2.0 Simple Payback yrs 5
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
24
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Storage 2,
Classroom 8
18 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 18 LED (4) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $7,227 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $935
Breakeven Cost $10,983 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.5 Simple Payback yrs 8
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Restrooms 8 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 8 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,716 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $219
Breakeven Cost $2,575 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.5 Simple Payback yrs 8
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 File Room 4 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 4 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $858 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $110
Breakeven Cost $1,287 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.5 Simple Payback yrs 8
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3
Women's Locker
Room, Men's Locker
Room
16 FLUOR (2) T12 4' F40T12 40W
Standard Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 16 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $3,432 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $356
Breakeven Cost $4,186 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.2 Simple Payback yrs 10
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3
Front Office, Office
1, Office 3,
Classroom 1,
Classroom 3,
Classroom 2, Office
3, Classroom 4,
Classroom 5,
Classroom 6,
Classroom 9
81 FLUOR (4) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 81 LED (4) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $32,521 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $2,931
Breakeven Cost $32,274 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.0 Simple Payback yrs 11
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
25
A.2.2 Other Electrical Loads
No EEMs are recommended in this area because there are no significant plug loads in Sidney
Huntington Jr/Sr High School.
A.3 Building Envelope: Recommendations for change
A.3.1 Exterior Walls
No EEMs are recommended in this area. An insulation upgrade for the existing walls was
considered but is not economical at this time.
A.3.2 Foundation and/or Crawlspace
No EEMs are recommended in this area. Although adding additional insulation to the exposed
floors would result in savings, it is not recommended at this time due to the risk of creating a
second vapor barrier.
A.3.3 Roofing and Ceiling
No EEMs are recommended in this area because the roof already has a sufficient amount of
insulation and additional insulation is not economical at this time.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Copy Room 3 FLUOR (4) T12 4' F40T12 40W Standard
(2) Magnetic with Manual Switching
Replace with 3 LED (4) 17W
Module (2) StdElectronic
Installation Cost $1,205 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $89
Breakeven Cost $1,047 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.9 Simple Payback yrs 14
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
3 Conference 12 FLUOR (2) T8 4' F32T8 32W Standard
Instant StdElectronic with Manual Switching
Replace with 12 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic
Installation Cost $2,574 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $163
Breakeven Cost $1,792 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 0.7 Simple Payback yrs 16
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
26
A.3.4 Windows
One of the windows in Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School is poorly insulated and should be
replaced. If any other windows in the school are scheduled to replaced, it is recommended that
they as well be switched to insulated vinyl windows.
A.3.5 Doors
No EEMs are recommended in this area. An upgrade to the existing doors to better insulated
doors was considered but is not economical at this time.
A.4 Building Heating System / Air Conditioning
A.4.1 Heating and Heat Distribution
No EEMs are recommended in this area at this time due to the difficulty in determining actual
fuel related savings. Operations and Maintenance suggestions are discussed in Section 5.3.
A.4.2 Air Conditioning
No EEMs are recommended in this area because there is no air conditioning system in Sidney
Huntington Jr/Sr High School.
Rank Location Existing Condition Recommendation
4 Window/Skylight:
Double metal other
Glass: Double, glass
Frame: Aluminum, No Thermal Break
Spacing Between Layers: Half Inch
Gas Fill Type: Air
ModeLED U-Value: 0.81
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient including
Window Coverings: 0.46
Replace existing window with U-
0.22 vinyl window
Installation Cost $6,354 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 20 Energy Savings (/yr) $508
Breakeven Cost $8,749 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 1.4 Simple Payback yrs 12
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
27
A.4.3 Ventilation
AHU motors were measured in the field and it is determined that they should be replaced with
more efficient motors. The high cost of electricity will reflect high savings associated with
upgrading motor efficiency.
A variable frequency drive (VFD) upgrade was considered, but due to the minimal amount of
outside air (OSA) currently being brought into the building, it is difficult to recommend any OSA
reduction or mechanisms to achieve reductions.
A.4.4 Air Changes and Air Tightening
No EEMs are recommended in this area because of the difficulty of quantifying the amount of
leaking air and the savings. However, using a blower door test with an infra-red camera, the
location of significant leaks can be determined and repaired.
Rank Recommendation
2 Replace AHU-1 motor with 93% eff motor or better, Replace AHU-2 motor with 91.7% efficient motor or
better
Installation Cost $6,500 Estimated Life of Measure (yrs) 15 Energy Savings (/yr) $6,719
Breakeven Cost $77,069 Savings-to-Investment Ratio 12 Simple Payback yrs 1
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
28
Appendix B Energy Efficiency Measures that are NOT Recommended
As indicated in other sections of the report, a number of potential EEMs were identified that
were determined to be NOT cost effective by the AkWarm model. These EEMs are not
currently recommended on the basis of energy savings alone because each may only save a
small amount of energy, have a high capital cost, or be expensive to install. While each of
these EEMs is not cost effective at this time, future changes in building use such as longer
operating hours, higher energy prices, new fixtures or hardware on the market, and decreases
in installation effort may make any of these EEMs cost effective in the future. These potential
EEMs should be reviewed periodically to identify any changes to these factors that would
warrant re-evaluation.
Although these upgrades are not currently cost effective on an energy cost basis, the fixtures,
hardware, controls, or operational changes described in these EEMs should be considered
when replacing an existing fixture or unit for other reasons. For example, replacing an existing
window with a triple-pane window may not be cost effective based only on energy use, but if a
window is going to be replaced for some other reason, then the basis for a decision is only the
incremental cost of upgrading from a less efficient replacement window to a more efficient
replacement window. That incremental cost difference will have a significantly shorter payback,
especially since the installation costs are likely to be the same for both units.
The following measures were not found to be cost-effective:
Rank Feature/Location Improvement Description
Annual
Energy
Savings
Installed
Cost
Savings to
Investment
Ratio, SIR
Simple
Payback
(Years)
5 Window/Skylight:
Double Wd-Vn Other
Replace existing window with
U-0.22 vinyl window $1,371 $29,249 0.81 21
6 Window/Skylight:
Double South Wd-Vn
Replace existing window with
U-0.22 vinyl window $569 $15,517 0.63 27
7 Above-Grade Wall:
AG Wall
Install R-30 rigid foam board
to exterior and cover with T1-
11 siding or equivalent.
$7,215 $306,638 0.55 43
8 Storage Room 3 Replace with 2 LED (2) 17W
Module (2) StdElectronic $17 $429 0.47 25
9
Women's Locker
Room, Men's Locker
Room
Replace with 8 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic $65 $1,716 0.45 26
10 Equipment Room Replace with 3 LED (4) 17W
Module (2) StdElectronic $31 $1,205 0.28 39
11 AHU 1 & 2, Weight
Room
Replace with 6 LED (2) 17W
Module StdElectronic $28 $1,287 0.26 46
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
29
Appendix C Significant Equipment List
HVAC Equipment
Equipment Manufacturer Model No. Fuel Type Estimated
Efficiency Notes
Boilers American Standard PFA-515 #1 Fuel Oil 81% Two units
Pump GE 5K145DL6215B Electric - Five Units, 1 1/2
HP
Unit Heaters Trane 603 Electric - 22 units, 1/20 HP
Cabinet Heaters Trane 4 Electric - Three units, 1/30
HP
Unit Heaters Trane 385 Electric - Three units, 1/30
HP
Unit Heater Trane 80 Electric - 1/10 HP
AHU 1 Supply motor Gould 6-323818-02 Electric - 20 HP
AHU 2 Supply motor Unimount AD84 Electric - 10 HP
AHU 3 motor Gould 6332795-21 Electric - 3 HP
Hot water tank Glashield GA250-0 Indirect - Two units, 250
gallons each
Water circulation pump GE 5K145DL1169 Electric - 1.5 HP
Boiler room fan Dayton 3K199J Electric - -
Wood shop exhaust Baldor VM361BT Electric - -
Plug Loads
Equipment Location Manufacturer KWH/YR Cost/YR
Refrigerator Kitchen Taco 5,000 $ 2,817
Server IT - 3,506 1,975
Booster heater Kitchen Hatco 3,099 1,746
Food warmer Kitchen Well 2,217 1,249
Ice maker Kitchen Hosisaki 2,000 1,127
Arc Welders Shop varies 1,917 1,080
Mini fridges Classrooms varies 1,600 901
Computer towers Classrooms varies 1,599 901
Dishwasher Kitchen Hobart 1,591 896
Laptops Classrooms varies 1,438 810
Air compressor Shop - 1,426 803
Refrigerator Break room - 1,200 676
Computer monitors Classrooms varies 1,066 600
Large copiers/printers offices varies 775 437
Projectors Classrooms Smart Board 744 419
Coffee makers offices Bunn 496 279
Washing machines Custodial varies 496 279
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule and a $ 0.56 per KWH electric rate.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
30
Lighting
Location Lighting Type Bulb Type Quantity KWH/YR Cost/YR
Library Commons, Library
Books, Hallway & Restroom,
Classroom 7, Hallway,
Hallway 2, Hallway 3, Hallway
4
Fluorescent T12 268 27,073 $ 15,250
Front Office, Office 1, Office
3, Classroom 1, Classroom 3,
Classroom 2, Office 3,
Classroom 4, Classroom 5,
Classroom 6, Classroom 9
Fluorescent T8 324 18,849 10,618
Office 4, Business Office,
Hallway 1 Fluorescent T12 100 9,473 5,336
Wood Shop, Weld Shop Fluorescent T12 80 8,082 4,553
Storage 2, Classroom 8 Fluorescent T8 72 4,189 2,360
Gym Fluorescent T5 78 2,963 1,669
Main Entry Fluorescent T12 8 2,715 1,529
Exterior HPS 200 watt 4 2,265 1,276
Kitchen Fluorescent T12 40 2,020 1,138
Library Commons Incandescent A-lamp 8 1,653 931
Conference Fluorescent T8 24 1,427 804
Mechanical Room Fluorescent T12 14 1,414 797
Women's Locker Room,
Men's Locker Room Fluorescent T12 32 970 546
Restrooms Fluorescent T8 16 951 536
Hallway & Bathroom Fluorescent T12 2 857 483
Exterior HPS 100 watt 2 604 340
Showcase Incandescent A-lamp 4 496 279
File room Fluorescent T8 8 476 268
Women's Locker Room,
Men's Locker Room Fluorescent T8 16 285 161
Copy room Fluorescent T12 12 242 136
Equipment Room Fluorescent T12 12 121 68
Exit lights LED 4 watt 2 96 54
AHU 1 & 2, Weight Room Fluorescent T12 12 77 43
Storage Room 3 Fluorescent T12 4 38 21
Kitchen Incandescent A-lamp 1 16
9
Energy Consumption calculated by AkWarm based on wattage, schedule and a $ 0.56 per KWH electric rate.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
31
Appendix D Local Utility Rate Structure
The information in this section was provided directly from the local utility or gathered from the
local utility’s publicly available information at the time of the audit. All language used in this
section was provided by the local utility and believed to be current at the time of the audit.
Energy use terms, specific fees, and other specific information are subject to change. Updated
rate structure information should be gathered from the utility during future discussion of rates,
rate structures and utility pricing agreements.
Galena Electric Rate:
Electric Minimum Charge $22.53
Fuel Charge $0.3213 / kWh
Energy Charge $0.242 / kWh
Base Rate $0.5633 / kWh
Electric Minimum Charge (Customer Charge)
The customer charge is the minimum amount charged regardless of whether the customer uses
electricity during a month or not. The customer charge recovers some of the cost of reading the
meter and costs incurred from installing a transformer, meter, and service extension.
Fuel Charge
Fuel charge covers the cost of fuel and generating efficiency.
Energy Charge (Non fuel charge)
The non-fuel charge is established to recover all revenue requirements of the utility not related
to fuel.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
32
Appendix E Analysis Methodology
Data collected was processed using AkWarm energy use software to estimate current energy
consumption by end usage and calculate energy savings for each of the proposed energy
efficiency measures (EEMs). In addition, separate analysis may have been conducted to
evaluate EEMs that AkWarm cannot effectively model to evaluate potential reductions in annual
energy consumption. Analyses were conducted under the direct supervision of a Certified
Energy Auditor, Certified Energy Manager, or a Professional Engineer.
EEMs are evaluated based on building use, maintenance and processes, local climate
conditions, building construction type, function, operational schedule and existing conditions.
Energy savings are calculated based on industry standard methods and engineering
estimations. Each model created in AkWarm is carefully compared to existing utility usage
obtained from utility bills. The AkWarm analysis provides a number of tools for assessing the
cost effectiveness of various improvement options. The primary assessment value used in this
audit report is the Savings/Investment Ratio (SIR). The SIR is a method of cost analysis that
compares the total cost savings through reduced energy consumption to the total cost of a
project over its assumed lifespan, including both the construction cost and ongoing maintenance
and operating costs. Other measurement methods include Simple Payback, which is defined as
the length of time it takes for the savings to equal the total installed cost and Breakeven Cost,
which is defined as the highest cost that would yield a Savings/Investment Ratio of one.
EEMs are recommended by AkWarm in order of cost-effectiveness. AkWarm first calculates
individual SIRs for each EEM, and then ranks the EEMs by SIR, with higher SIRs at the top of
the list. An individual EEM must have a SIR greater than or equal to one in order to be
recommended by AkWarm. Next AkWarm modifies the building model to include the installation
of the first EEM and then re-simulates the energy use. Then the remaining EEMs are re-
evaluated and ranked again. AkWarm goes through this iterative process until all suggested
EEMs have been evaluated.
Under this iterative review process, the savings for each recommended EEM is calculated
based on the implementation of the other, more cost effective EEMs first. Therefore, the
implementation of one EEM affects the savings of other EEMs that are recommended later.
The savings from any one individual EEM may be relatively higher if the individual EEM is
implemented without the other recommended EEMs. For example, implementing a reduced
operating schedule for inefficient lighting may result in relatively higher savings than
implementing the same reduced operating schedule for newly installed lighting that is more
efficient. If multiple EEMs are recommended, AkWarm calculates a combined savings.
Inclusion of recommendations for energy savings outside the capability of AkWarm will impact
the actual savings from the AkWarm projections. This will almost certainly result in lower
energy savings and monetary savings from AkWarm recommendations. The reality is that only
so much energy is consumed in a building. Energy savings from one EEM reduces the amount
of energy that can be saved from additional EEMs. For example, installation of a lower wattage
light bulb does not save energy or money if the bulb is never turned on because of a schedule
or operational change at the facility.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
33
Appendix F Audit Limitations
The results of this audit are dependent on the input data provided and can only act as an
approximation. In some instances, several EEMs or installation methods may achieve the
identified potential savings. Actual savings will depend on the EEM selected, the price of
energy, and the final installation and implementation methodology. Competent tradesmen and
professional engineers may be required to design, install, or otherwise implement some of the
recommended EEMs. This document is an energy use audit report and is not intended as a
final design document, operation, and maintenance manual, or to take the place of any
document provided by a manufacturer or installer of any device described in this report.
Cost savings are calculated based on estimated initial costs for each EEM. Estimated costs
include labor and equipment for the full up-front investment required to implement the EEM.
The listed installation costs within the report are conceptual budgetary estimates and should not
be used as design estimates. The estimated costs are derived from Means Cost Data, industry
publications, local contractors and equipment suppliers, and the professional judgment of the
CEA writing the report and based on the conditions at the time of the audit.
Cost and energy savings are approximations and are not guaranteed.
Additional significant energy savings can usually be found with more detailed auditing
techniques that include actual measurements of electrical use, temperatures in the building and
HVAC ductwork, intake and exhaust temperatures, motor runtime and scheduling, and infrared,
air leakage to name just a few. Implementation of these techniques is the difference between a
Level III Energy Audit and the Level II Audit that has been conducted.
Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability
or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned
rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The
views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof."
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
34
Appendix G References
Although not all documents listed below are specifically referenced in this report, each contains
information and insights considered valuable to most buildings.
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development; Education Support Services/Facilities.
(1999). Alaska School Facilities Preventative Maintenance Handbook. Juneau, AK:
Alaska Department of Education and Early Development.
Alaska Housing Finance Corportation. (2010). Retrofit Energy Assessment for Loans. AHFC.
ASHRAE. (1997). 1997 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 105-2007 Expressing and Comparing Building Energy
Performance. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standards for buildings Except Low-
Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Ventilaton for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE. (2010). ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in
Low Rise Residential Buildings. Retrieved from ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE RP-669 and SP-56. (2004). Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits.
Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
Coad, W. J. (1982). Energy Engineering and Management for Building Systems. Scarborough,
Ontario, Canada: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Daley, D. T. (2008). The Little Black Book of Reliability Management. New York, NY: Industrial
Press, Inc.
Federal Energy Management Program. (2004, March 3). Demand Controlled Ventilation Using
CO2 Sensors. Retrieved 2011, from US DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/fta_co2.pdf
Federal Energy Management Program. (2006, April 26). Low-Energy Building Design
Guidelines. Retrieved 2011, from Department of Energy; Federal Energy Management
Program: http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp/
Institute, E. a. (2004). Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications. Oxford,
UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology.
International Code Council. (2009). International Energy Conservation Code. Country Club Hills,
IL: International Code Council, Inc.
Leach, M., Lobato, C., Hirsch, A., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. (2010, September). Technical
Support Document: Strategies for 50% Energy Savings in Large Office Buildings.
Retrieved 2011, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory:
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf
Thumann, P.E., C.E.M., A., Younger, C.E.M., W. J., & Niehus, P.E., C.E.M., T. (2010).
Handbook of Energy Audits Eighth Edition. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2006). Commercial Building Energy Consumption
Survey (CBECS). Retrieved 2011, from Energy Information Administration:
http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
35
Appendix H Typical Energy Use and Cost – Fairbanks and Anchorage
This report provides data on typical energy costs and use on selected building in Fairbanks and
Anchorage, Alaska for comparative purposes only. The values provided by the US Energy
Information Administration CBECS study included a broader range of building types for the
Continental U.S. are not necessarily good comparatives for buildings and conditions in Alaska.
An assortment of values from CBECS may be found in Appendix I.
The Alaska data described in this report came from a benchmarking study NORTECH and other
Technical Services Providers (TSPs) completed on publicly owned buildings in Alaska under
contract with AHFC. This study acquired actual utility data for municipal buildings and schools
in Alaska for the two recent full years. The utility data included costs and quantities including
fuel oil, electricity, propane, wood, steam, and all other energy source usage. This resulted in a
database of approximately 900 buildings. During the course of the benchmarking study, the
comparisons made to the CBECS data appeared to be inappropriate for various reasons.
Therefore, this energy use audit report references the average energy use and energy cost of
Anchorage and Fairbanks buildings as described below.
The Alaska benchmarking data was evaluated in order to find valid comparison data. Buildings
with major energy use information missing were eliminated from the data pool. After detailed
scrutiny of the data, the most complete information was provided to NORTECH by the
Fairbanks North Star Borough School District (FNSBSD) and the Anchorage School District
(ASD). The data sets from these two sources included both the actual educational facilities as
well as the district administrative buildings and these are grouped together in this report as
Fairbanks and Anchorage schools. These two sources of information, being the most complete
and reasonable in-state information, have been used to identify an average annual energy
usage for Fairbanks and for Anchorage in order to provide a comparison for other facilities in
Alaska.
Several factors may limit the comparison of a specific facility to these regional indicators. In
Fairbanks, the FNSBSD generally uses number two fuel oil for heating needs and electricity is
provided by Golden Valley Electric Association (GVEA). GVEA produces electricity from a coal
fired generation plant with additional oil generation upon demand. A few of the FNSBSD
buildings in this selection utilize district steam and hot water. The FNSBSD has recently (the
last ten years) invested significantly in envelope and other efficiency upgrades to reduce their
operating costs. Therefore a reader should be aware that this selection of Fairbanks buildings
has energy use at or below average for the entire Alaska benchmarking database.
Heating in Anchorage is through natural gas from the nearby natural gas fields. Electricity is
also provided using natural gas. As the source is nearby and the infrastructure for delivery is in
place, energy costs are relatively low in the area. As a result, the ASD buildings have lower
energy costs, but higher energy use, than the average for the entire benchmarking database.
These special circumstances should be considered when comparing the typical annual energy
use for particular buildings.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
36
Appendix I Typical Energy Use and Cost – Continental U.S.
Released: Dec 2006
Next CBECS will be conducted in 2007
Table C3. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003
All Buildings* Sum of Major Fuel Consumption
Number of
Buildings
(thousand)
Floor space
(million
square feet)
Floor space
per Building
(thousand
square feet)
Total
(trillion
BTU)
per
Building
(million
BTU)
per
Square
Foot
(thousand
BTU)
per
Worker
(million
BTU)
All Buildings* 4,645 64,783 13.9 5,820 1,253 89.8 79.9
Building Floor space (Square Feet)
1,001 to 5,000 2,552 6,789 2.7 672 263 98.9 67.6
5,001 to 10,000 889 6,585 7.4 516 580 78.3 68.7
10,001 to 25,000 738 11,535 15.6 776 1,052 67.3 72.0
25,001 to 50,000 241 8,668 35.9 673 2,790 77.6 75.8
50,001 to 100,000 129 9,057 70.4 759 5,901 83.8 90.0
100,001 to 200,000 65 9,064 138.8 934 14,300 103.0 80.3
200,001 to 500,000 25 7,176 289.0 725 29,189 101.0 105.3
Over 500,000 7 5,908 896.1 766 116,216 129.7 87.6
Principal Building Activity
Education 386 9,874 25.6 820 2,125 83.1 65.7
Food Sales 226 1,255 5.6 251 1,110 199.7 175.2
Food Service 297 1,654 5.6 427 1,436 258.3 136.5
Health Care 129 3,163 24.6 594 4,612 187.7 94.0
Inpatient 8 1,905 241.4 475 60,152 249.2 127.7
Outpatient 121 1,258 10.4 119 985 94.6 45.8
Lodging 142 5,096 35.8 510 3,578 100.0 207.5
Retail (Other Than Mall) 443 4,317 9.7 319 720 73.9 92.1
Office 824 12,208 14.8 1,134 1,376 92.9 40.3
Public Assembly 277 3,939 14.2 370 1,338 93.9 154.5
Public Order and Safety 71 1,090 15.5 126 1,791 115.8 93.7
Religious Worship 370 3,754 10.1 163 440 43.5 95.6
Service 622 4,050 6.5 312 501 77.0 85.0
Warehouse and Storage 597 10,078 16.9 456 764 45.2 104.3
Other 79 1,738 21.9 286 3,600 164.4 157.1
Vacant 182 2,567 14.1 54 294 20.9 832.1
This report references the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), published by the U.S.
Energy Information Administration in 2006. Initially this report was expected to compare the annual energy
consumption of the building to average national energy usage as documented below. However, a direct comparison
between one specific building and the groups of buildings outlined below yielded confusing results. Instead, this
report uses a comparative analysis on Fairbanks and Anchorage data as described in Appendix F. An abbreviated
excerpt from CBECS on commercial buildings in the Continental U.S. is below.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
37
Appendix J List of Conversion Factors and Energy Units
1 British Thermal Unit is the energy required to raise one pound of water one degree F°
1 Watt is approximately 3.412 BTU/hr.
1 horsepower is approximately 2,544 BTU/hr.
1 horsepower is approximately 746 Watts
1 "ton of cooling” is approximately 12,000 BTU/hr., the amount of power required
to melt one short ton of ice in 24 hours
1 Therm = 100,000 BTU
1 KBTU = 1,000 BTU
1 KWH = 3413 BTU
1 KW = 3413 BTU/Hr.
1 Boiler HP = 33,400 BTU/Hr.
1 Pound Steam = approximately 1000 BTU
1 CCF of natural gas = approximately 1 Therm
1 inch H2O = 250 Pascal (Pa) = 0.443 pounds/square inch (psi)
1 atmosphere (atm) = 10,1000 Pascal (Pa)
BTU British Thermal Unit
CCF 100 Cubic Feet
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
GPM Gallons per minute
HP Horsepower
Hz Hertz
kg Kilogram (1,000 grams)
kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts)
kVA Kilovolt-Amp
kVAR Kilovolt-Amp Reactive
KW Kilowatt (1,000 watts)
KWH Kilowatt Hour
V Volt
W Watt
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
38
Appendix K List of Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions
ACH Air Changes per Hour
AFUE Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency
Air Economizer A duct, damper, and automatic control system that
allows a cooling system to supply outside air to reduce
or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling.
Ambient Temperature Average temperature of the surrounding air
Ballast A device used with an electric discharge lamp to cause
the lamp to start and operate under the proper circuit
conditions of voltage, current, electrode heat, etc.
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CUI Cost Utilization Index
CDD Cooling Degree Days
DDC Direct Digital Control
EEM Energy Efficiency Measure
EER Energy Efficient Ratio
EUI Energy Utilization Index
FLUOR Fluorescent
Grade The finished ground level adjoining a building at the
exterior walls
HDD Heating Degree Days
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning
INCAN Incandescent
NPV Net Present Value
R-value Thermal resistance measured in BTU/Hr.-SF-̊F (Higher
value means better insulation)
SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) Savings over the life of the EEM divided by Investment
capital cost. Savings includes the total discounted dollar
savings considered over the life of the improvement.
Investment in the SIR calculation includes the labor and
materials required to install the measure.
Set Point Target temperature that a control system operates the
heating and cooling system
Simple payback A cost analysis method whereby the investment cost of
an EEM is divided by the first year’s savings of the EEM
to give the number of years required to recover the cost
of the investment.
Energy Audit – Final Report
Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School
Galena, Alaska
F:\00-Jobs\2011\2602 F - AHFC Grade Audits\50-300 Doyon Other Region\50-370 Galena City SD\50-382 SHS High School\Reports\Final\2012.07.12 Final AHFC
Report GAL SHS High School Final.Docx
39
Appendix L Building Floor Plan
Floor plan provided by Sidney Huntington Jr/Sr High School. Dimensions are based on field measurements.