HomeMy WebLinkAboutSEA-AEE-JNU Juneau Airport Terminal 2012-EE
Juneau Airport Terminal Pre-1984
City and Borough of Juneau
Funded by:
Final Report
November 2011
Prepared by:
Energy Audit
Table of Contents
Section 1: Executive Summary 2
Section 2: Introduction 6
Section 3: Energy Efficiency Measures 9
Section 4: Description of Systems 16
Section 5: Methodology 18
Appendix A: Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 21
Appendix B: Utility and Energy Data 29
Appendix C: Equipment Data 35
Appendix D: Abbreviations 37
Audit Team
The energy audit is performed by Alaska Energy Engineering LLC of Juneau, Alaska. The audit team
consists of:
Jim Rehfeldt, P.E., Energy Engineer
Jack Christiansen, Energy Consultant
Brad Campbell, Energy Auditor
Loras O’Toole P.E., Mechanical Engineer
Will Van Dyken P.E., Electrical Engineer
Curt Smit, P.E., Mechanical Engineer
Philip Iverson, Construction Estimator
Karla Hart, Technical Publications Specialist
Jill Carlile, Data Analyst
Grayson Carlile, Energy Modeler
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Section 1
Executive Summary
An energy audit of the portion of the Juneau Airport Terminal that pre-dates the 1984 addition was
performed by Alaska Energy Engineering LLC. The investment grade audit was funded by Alaska
Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC) to identify opportunities to improve the energy performance of
public buildings throughout Alaska.
This older portion of the Juneau Airport Terminal (hereafter called the Commuter Wing in this audit)
is 33,000 square feet and contains the small plane commuter terminal, offices, meeting rooms, kitchen
services, flight tower, storage, mechanical support spaces, and a portion of the gift shop.
Building Assessment
The following summarizes our assessment of the Commuter Wing.
Envelope
The exterior doors have poor weather stripping and are not thermally broken. Future exterior door
replacement selections should be thermally broken.
The west wall contains a large number of wood framed windows, many of which are double hung
single pane units, providing a very low R-value. The 8” concrete exterior walls on the first floor west
side and entire second floor of the building are insulated with only ¾” foam and have an overall
insulation value of less than R-5. An insulation value of R-26 would be optimal for these spaces.
A 20’ x 70’ section of the roof consists only of 2” foam board and a delta-ribbed metal roofing cover.
The result is an insulation value less than R-10, where R-46 optimal. This is not only an energy
deficiencyെit is also substandard construction and does not meet current code requirements.
A 50’ x 50’ section of first floor roof membrane north of the tower/kitchen area appears to be
compromised and the result is that water has flooded the insulation cavity. This maintenance item
should be addressed immediately as significant building damage could result. An inspection of the
cleanliness of the roof drains revealed that they were in need of better upkeep, as clogged drains
probably contributed to this failure.
The configuration of the front doors is a significant contributor to the building heating loads. The
interior and exterior arctic entry doors are too close together and the end result is that they are
simultaneously open. This allows wind-driven outside air to move directly into interior spaces. Within
these spaces the terminal heating units run continuously as they cannot keep up with the demand. In
addition to the improper configuration of the front doors, the poor insulating properties of their
aluminum frame window construction adds to the incentive to redesign and replace the doors with a
revolving front door.
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Heating System
The Commuter Wing consumes 60,000 gallons of fuel oil per year or 272 kBtu/sqft/year. This portion
of the airport facility ranks third among all CBJ buildings for energy consumption; only the
swimming pool and the hospital have a higher energy consumption rate. The fuel oil boiler heating
system is in good condition; however, with the addition of the ground source heat pump system to the
newly renovated portion of the terminal building, the original boiler system is extremely oversized for
the heating load of the pre-1984 wing. Some fairly simple modifications can be made to improve its
effectiveness and efficiency. These are outlined in Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures.
Cooling Systems
There are two roof top mechanical cooling systems, one for the kitchen space and one for the Aurora
Room. The kitchen prep area has several freezer and refrigerator units. These are tenant-furnished
equipment items and not considered as building appliances.
Ventilation System
The building ventilation systems consist of four main air handling units: SF5 and SF6 are located in
the second floor mechanical space; an AHU for the tower space is located under the flight tower top
floor; and a rooftop heat pump services the Aurora Room. During the inspection it was noted that:
a. The Aurora Room heat pump does not have a natural cooling mode to allow the unit to
cool the space simply by using outside air.
b. The outside air dampers on the tower AHU were not functioning properly, resulting in
the unit being stuck in a full recirculation mode.
c. There was no automatic valve to control warm water supply to the heating coil for the
tower. The result is that this unit continues to dump heat to the space even if the AHU is
off.
d. The outside air dampers for SF5 and SF6 are stuck at 15% open and do not function.
e. The generator combustion air and exhaust dampers do not seal.
Lighting
Interior lighting primarily consists of T8 and T12 fluorescent fixtures and incandescent fixtures. The
majority of the original T12 fixtures in the building have already been upgraded to T8 lamps and
ballasts; the building owner is encouraged to continue these efforts. Exterior lighting consists
primarily of high pressure sodium wall packs and fluorescent fixtures. The exterior lighting utilizes
both manual switching and photocell controls.
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Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs)
All buildings have opportunities to improve their energy efficiency. The energy audit revealed
numerous opportunities in which an efficiency investment will result in a net reduction in long-term
operating costs.
Behavioral and Operational EEMs
The following EEMs require behavioral and operational changes in the building use. The savings are
not readily quantifiable, but these EEMs are highly recommended as low-cost opportunities that are a
standard of high performance buildings.
EEM-1: Weather-strip Doors
EEM-2: Lower Temperature Setpoint
EEM-3: Replace Exhaust Thimble
EEM-4: Repair Outside Air Dampers
EEM-5: Replace Outdoor Freezer Unit
EEM-6: Seal Unnecessary Roof Penetrations
EEM-7: Replace Oversized Bathroom Exhaust Fan
High and Medium Priority EEMs
The following EEMs are recommended for investment. They are ranked by life cycle savings to
investment ratio (SIR). This ranking method places a priority on low cost EEMs which can be
immediately funded, generating energy savings to fund higher cost EEMs in the following years.
Negative values, in parenthesis, represent savings.
25-Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
High Priority
EEM-8: Perform Boiler Combustion Test $700 $2,300 ($83,700) ($80,700) 116.3
EEM-9: Replace Lavatory Aerators $400 $0 ($19,500) ($19,100) 48.8
EEM-10: Reduce Control Air Pressure $200 $0 ($5,200) ($5,000) 26.0
EEM-11: Install Dishwasher Fan Controls $5,300 $0 ($59,200) ($53,900) 11.2
EEM-12: Install Light Switch $800 ($700) ($3,500) ($3,400) 5.3
EEM-13: Upgrade Motors to Premium Efficiency $4,500 $0 ($17,700) ($13,200) 3.9
Medium Priority
EEM-14: Boiler Room Heat Recovery $4,400 $0 ($13,300) ($8,900) 3.0
EEM-15: Security Office Heat Recovery $5,700 $1,000 ($17,400) ($10,700) 2.9
EEM-16: Install Wall Insulation $700 $0 ($1,700) ($1,000) 2.4
EEM-17: Install Automatic Valve $3,600 $0 ($6,900) ($3,300) 1.9
EEM-18: Replace Uninsulated Overhead Door $6,200 $0 ($10,800) ($4,600) 1.7
EEM-19: Increase Wall Insulation $177,700 $0 ($289,100) ($111,400) 1.6
EEM-20: Upgrade Exterior Lighting to LED $5,000 ($1,700) ($4,200) ($900) 1.2
EEM-21: Increase Roof Insulation $47,200 $0 ($56,300) ($9,100) 1.2
EEM-22: Replace Wood Doors $7,800 $0 ($8,900) ($1,100) 1.1
EEM-23: Replace Single Pane Windows $16,800 $0 ($17,400) ($600) 1.0
EEM-24: Replace Transformers $44,900 $0 ($46,000) ($1,100) 1.0
Totals* $331,900 $900 ($660,800) ($328,000) 2.0
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* The analysis is based on each EEM being independent of the others. While it is likely that some
EEMs are interrelated, an isolated analysis is used to demonstrate the economics because the audit
team is not able to predict which EEMs an Owner may choose to implement. If several EEMs are
implemented, the resulting energy savings is likely to differ from the sum of each EEM projection.
Summary
The energy audit revealed numerous opportunities for improving the energy performance of the
building. It is recommended that the behavioral and high priority EEMs be implemented now to
generate energy savings from which to fund the medium priority EEMs.
Another avenue to consider is to borrow money from AHFCs revolving loan fund for public
buildings. AHFC will loan money for energy improvements under terms that allow for paying back
the money from the energy savings. More information on this option can be found online at
http://www.ahfc.us/loans/akeerlf_loan.cfm.
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Section 2
Introduction
This report presents the findings of an energy audit of the Commuter Wing of the Juneau Airport
Terminal located in Juneau, Alaska. The purpose of this investment grade energy audit is to evaluate
the infrastructure and its subsequent energy performance to identify applicable energy efficiencies
measures (EEMs).
The energy audit report contains the following sections:
Introduction: Building use and energy consumption.
Energy Efficiency Measures: Priority ranking of the EEMs with a description, energy
analysis, and life cycle cost analysis.
Description of Systems: Background description of the building energy systems.
Methodology: Basis for how construction and maintenance cost estimates are derived and the
economic and energy factors used for the analysis.
BUILDING USE
The pre-1984 wing of the Juneau Airport Terminal (Commuter Wing) is 33,000 square feet and
contains the small plane commuter terminal, offices, meeting rooms, kitchen services, flight tower, a
portion of the gift shop, storage, and mechanical support spaces. The building is used in the following
manner:
Lighting: 24/7 in commons spaces
Airport Offices: 6:30 am – 10:00 pm M-F (summer)
6:30 am – 6:00 pm M-F (winter)
Air Taxi Counters: ~5:30 am – 9:00 pm 7 days/week (summer)
~7:00 am – 6:00 pm 7 days/week (winter)
Employees based within the wing: estimated 50 – 100, including pilots. Varies seasonally.
Public visits: Averages ~500 airline passengers/day through the Commuter Wing.
Use varies widely by season. Additional visitors come to the terminal for
meetings at the Aurora Room (~65 people/week), deliveries, pickups,
etc. – an overall estimate of numbers is unavailable.
History
Construction and renovation of the pre-1984 terminal building includes:
1948 – Original construction
1957 – West Terminal Expansion
1960 – Control Tower Alteration
1973 – East Terminal Expansion
1974 – Northwest Roof Insulation
1984 - North Terminal Expansion
1997 – Roof Replacement
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Energy and Water Consumption
The building energy sources include an electric service and a fuel oil tank. Fuel oil is used for the
majority of the heating loads within the Commuter Terminal, including domestic hot water and a
limited amount of space heating. The following table shows annual energy use and cost.
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Source Consumption Cost Energy, MMBtu
Electricity 2,170,920 kWh $186,300 7,410 39%
Fuel Oil 86,238 Gallons $294,900 11,710 61%
Totals - $481,200 19,120 100%
Electricity
The following chart shows electrical energy use for the entire Airport Terminal from 2007 to 2010.
Electricity use dropped in May 2008 when electric rates increased temporarily due to an avalanche.
The avalanche disrupted power from Juneau’s primary hydroelectric generation facility, causing the
utility to generate power with more expensive diesel generators. Conservation efforts put into effect
after the avalanche caused post-avalanche use to be less.
Construction activities in the Main Terminal area may account for increased use at times in 2010.
The effective cost in 2010
—energy costs plus
demand charges—was
8.6¢ per kWh.
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Fuel Oil
The following chart shows heating energy use from 2007 to 2010. The chart compares annual use
with the heating degree days which is a measurement of the demand for energy to heat a building. A
year with a higher number of degree days reflects colder outside temperatures and a higher heating
requirement.
Prior to the installation of the ground source heat pump in the main terminal, the boiler system
supplied heat throughout the entire facility. The ground source heat pump does not supply heat to the
pre-1984 wing of the building and all fuel use indicated in 2010 was solely for the heating of that
space.
The current cost of fuel oil (August 2011) is $3.42 per gallon. Assuming
a fuel oil conversion efficiency of 70% and an electric boiler conversion
efficiency of 95%, oil heat at $3.23 per gallon cost $35.28 per MMBtu.
Since electric heat at 8.6¢ per kWh costs $26.47 per MMBtu, electric
heat is less expensive than fuel oil heat. Applying the recent 24% electric
rate increase, the cost will be an estimated $33 per MMBtu – still
cheaper than $3.23 oil.
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Section 3
Energy Efficiency Measures
The following energy efficiency measures (EEMs) were identified during the energy audit. The
EEMs are priority ranked and, where applicable, subjected to energy and life cycle cost analysis.
Appendix A contains the energy and life cycle cost analysis spreadsheets.
The EEMs are grouped into the following prioritized categories:
Behavioral or Operational: EEMs that require minimal capital investment but require
operational or behavioral changes. The EEMs provide a life cycle savings but an analysis
is not performed because the guaranteed energy savings is difficult to quantify.
High Priority: EEMs that require a small capital investment and offer a life cycle savings.
Also included in this category are higher-cost EEMs that offer significant life cycle
savings.
Medium Priority: EEMs that require a significant capital investment to provide a life cycle
savings. Many medium priority EEMs provide a high life cycle savings and offer
substantial incentive to increase investment in building energy efficiency.
BEHAVIORAL OR OPERATIONAL
The following EEMs are recommended for implementation. They require behavioral or operational
changes that can occur with minimal investment to achieve immediate savings. These EEMs are not
easily quantified by analysis because they cannot be accurately predicted. They are recommended
because they offer a life cycle savings, represent good practice, and are accepted features of high
performance buildings.
EEM-1: Weather-strip Doors
Purpose: Energy will be saved if doors are properly weather-stripped to reduce infiltration.
Scope: Replace weather stripping on all doors.
EEM-2: Lower Temperature Setpoint
Purpose: Fan coil UH-3 in the generator room located at the north end of the first floor is set to
heat the space to 75º F. The space is poorly insulated and sealed, and is already
partially heated by a 3 kW block heater in the generator. The fan coil was running
continuously during the inspection. Energy will be saved if the set point of UH-3 is
turned down to 55º F.
Scope: Lower the temperature setting to 55º F.
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EEM-3: Replace Exhaust Thimble
Purpose: The thru-wall exhaust thimble in the generator room located at the north end of the first
floor is a model that allows a significant amount of air transfer between the space and
the outside because of the large number of holes for air passage. Heat from the space is
being lost. Energy will be saved if the exhaust thimble is replaced with a solid-faced
unit.
Scope: Replace the generator exhaust thimble with a solid thimble.
EEM-4: Repair Outside Air Dampers
Purpose: The outside air supply dampers for the generator room at the north end of the first floor
are not sealing. As a result outside air has a direct path the space. Energy would be
saved if the outside air dampers are adjusted.
Scope: Adjust the outside air dampers in the generator room so that they seal properly.
EEM-5: Replace Outdoor Freezer Unit
Purpose: A Rhodes-model outdoor self-contained freezer/refrigerator unit is in use outside the
west wall of the building under the awning. The unit is in extremely poor condition.
The freezer access door is so damaged that it will not seal, is frozen in place, and is
non-operable. Energy will be saved if this unit is replaced.
Scope: Replace outdoor freezer/refrigerator.
EEM-6: Seal Unnecessary Roof Penetrations
Purpose: There have been three exhaust fans installed on the 2nd floor roof top above the 1957
addition for exhausting air from the kitchen dishwasher space. Only the newest exhaust
fan is in use and the original two have been abandoned in place. The result is two direct
paths for warm kitchen air to freely flow through the roof top. Energy will be saved if
the two unused exhaust fans are removed and their roof penetrations are sealed and
insulated.
Scope: Remove the two unused dishwasher exhaust fans. Seal and insulate the roof
penetrations.
EEM-7: Replace Oversized Bathroom Exhaust Fan
Purpose: The exhaust fan for the single bathroom space is on the second floor of the 1973
addition adjacent to the air handling system room. It is used to serve multiple rooms
however, after several facility modifications it serves only a single bathroom space.
Energy will be saved if the fan is replaced with a properly sized unit.
Scope: Replace bathroom exhaust fan with properly sized unit.
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HIGH PRIORITY
The following EEMs are recommended for implementation because they are low cost measures that
have a high savings to investment ratio. The EEMs are listed from highest to lowest priority. Negative
values, in parenthesis, represent savings.
EEM-8: Perform a Boiler Combustion Test
Purpose: Operating the boiler with an optimum amount of excess air will improve combustion
efficiency. Annual cleaning followed by a combustion test is recommended.
Scope: Annually clean and perform a combustion test on the boiler.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$120 ($2,950) ($2,830) $700 $2,300 ($83,700) ($80,700) 116.3
EEM-9: Replace Aerators
Purpose: Energy and water will be saved by replacing lavatory aerators with low-flow models.
Scope: Replace lavatory aerators with water-conserving fixtures.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($800) ($800) $400 $0 ($19,500) ($19,100) 48.8
EEM-10: Reduce Control Air Pressure
Purpose: The automatic control system has an air compressor that is located in the boiler room. It
is operating between 70-90 psig. Energy will be saved if the operating range is reduced
to 40-60 psi.
Scope: Reduce compressor pressure set points.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($300) ($300) $200 $0 ($5,200) ($5,000) 26.0
EEM-11: Install Dishwasher Fan Controls
Purpose: The rooftop exhaust fan for the dishwasher located in the 2nd floor kitchen is not
interlocked with the dishwasher and runs 24/7. Energy from the fan motor electrical
consumption and from heating the air that is exhausted during periods of time when the
dishwasher is not running will be saved if the fan only exhausts air from the space
when the dishwasher is running.
Scope: Install fan controls that interlock with the dishwasher and incorporate a timer to operate
the fan when the dishwasher operates and for five minutes after it turns off.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($2,100) ($2,100) $5,300 $0 ($59,200) ($53,900) 11.2
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EEM-12: Install Light Switch
Purpose: The four two-bulb T-12 light fixtures in the Air Excursion office do not have a control
switch so they are always on. Because this office is only used during operational hours,
energy will be saved if a lighting control switch is installed.
Scope: Install a lighting control switch in Air Excursion’s office.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
($40) ($200) ($240) $800 ($700) ($3,500) ($3,400) 5.3
EEM-13: Upgrade Motors to Premium Efficiency
Purpose: Premium efficiency motors are not used on large electrical equipment in the facility.
Energy will be saved if these motors are replaced with premium efficiency motors.
CP-14: 3 HP
CP-15: 3 HP
VU-5 Supply Fan: 5 HP
VU-5 Return Fan: 3 HP
Scope: Replace above-listed motors with premium efficiency motors.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($1,010) ($1,010) $4,500 $0 ($17,700) ($13,200) 3.9
MEDIUM PRIORITY
Medium priority EEMs will require planning and a higher level of investment. The following are
recommended because they offer a life cycle savings. The EEMs are listed from highest to lowest
priority. Negative values, in parenthesis, represent savings.
EEM-14: Boiler Room Heat Recovery
Purpose: Heat is generated within the boiler room due to boiler and piping heat loss. The
adjacent space is heated to keep Alaska Airlines equipment warm. Energy will be saved
if the boiler room heat is circulated within the adjacent space.
Scope: Install a propeller fan to circulate air to the adjacent space. Control the fan from a
thermostat in the adjacent space.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($440) ($440) $4,400 $0 ($13,300) ($8,900) 3.0
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EEM-15: Security Room Heat Recovery
Purpose: Heat is generated within the security room space at the base of the control tower due to
electronics operations. Energy will be saved if this heat is captured and transferred to
other spaces within the building envelope.
Scope: Install a heat recovery unit in the security room space.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$50 ($590) ($540) $5,700 $1,000 ($17,400) ($10,700) 2.9
EEM-16: Install Wall Insulation
Purpose: The framing around the west-wall exit door of the Aurora Room storage space is
uninsulated and unfinished. Energy will be saved if the remaining space is insulated
and the wall is covered with gypsum board.
Scope: Install insulation and gypsum board.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($60) ($60) $700 $0 ($1,700) ($1,000) 2.4
EEM-17: Install Automatic Valve
Purpose: There was no automatic valve to control the heating supply flow through the heating
coil in the Old Control Tower air handling unit that is located underneath the 3rd floor
of the Old Control Tower. The result is that the coil is always hot, even when the AHU
is off. This results in heat loss as well as additional cooling loads during summer
months. Energy will be saved if an automatic valve is installed.
Scope: Install an automatic valve in the heating supply to the old tower air handling unit.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($250) ($250) $3,600 $0 ($6,900) ($3,300) 1.9
EEM-18: Replace Uninsulated Overhead Door
Purpose: A 10’ x 10’ overhead door in the northwest corner of the building adjacent to the
Aurora Room serving area is uninsulated and has very poor weather stripping. Energy
will be saved by replacing the overhead door with an insulated unit.
Scope: Replace overhead door with an insulated unit and replace weather stripping.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($380) ($380) $6,200 $0 ($10,800) ($4,600) 1.7
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EEM-19: Increase Wall Insulation
Purpose: The existing walls are conventional wood framing with only ¾” foam insulation for an
overall value of R-5 for the first floor east wall and the portions of the second story. An
optimal R-value by current construction standards is R-26. Energy will be saved if the
insulation level of the walls is increased. The construction of the Commuter Wing has a
flat wall finish that makes installing exterior foam insulation with new siding a very
simple and cost effective approach to improving the building shell performance. It is
also recommended that windows and doors be upgraded during this project. See EEMs
18, 22 and 23.
Scope: Install a minimum of 4” of exterior foam insulation with new siding around the
perimeter of the building.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($10,200) ($10,200) $177,700 $0 ($289,100) ($111,400) 1.6
EEM-20: Upgrade Exterior Lighting to LED
Purpose: The existing perimeter lighting consists of eight 150-watt high pressure sodium
fixtures. These fixture styles are less efficient than LED lighting and the lamp life is
much shorter.
Scope: Replace these existing exterior lights with LED lights.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
($90) ($240) ($330) $5,000 ($1,700) ($4,200) ($900) 1.2
EEM-21: Increase Roof Insulation
Purpose: A 20’ x 70’ section of the 1st floor roof in the northwest corner of the building consists
of only 2” of foam board and a delta-ribbed metal roofing cover. The result is an
insulation value less than R-10 where R-46 is optimal. This section of roof does not
meet code requirements and is not energy efficient. Energy will be saved if the roof is
insulated to the optimum R-value. A simple roof modification to accomplish this is to
remove the metal roofing and foam insulation, then install a vapor barrier over the
rafters, ¾” plywood, 10” of foam insulation, a top layer of ¾” plywood, tar paper, and
then a top layer of metal roofing.
Scope: Bring this section of roof up to current construction standards and optimize insulation.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($1,990) ($1,990) $47,200 $0 ($56,300) ($9,100) 1.2
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EEM-22: Replace Wood Doors
Purpose: Two exterior 3’x7’ doors on the west wall and one 3’x7’ door on the south wall are
older wood doors, each with a single pane glazing unit comprising 30% of the surface
area. Energy will be saved if these doors are replaced with insulated doors that have
thermally broken frames and double pane glazing.
Scope: Replace using insulated doors with thermally broken frames and double pane glazing.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($310) ($310) $7,800 $0 ($8,900) ($1,100) 1.1
EEM-23: Replace Single Pane Windows
Purpose: There are nine original 3’x5’ windows on the west wall that have single pane glazing.
Energy will be saved if these are replaced with high efficiency double pane units.
Scope: Replace single pane windows with high efficiency double pane glazing units.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($610) ($610) $16,800 $0 ($17,400) ($600) 1.0
EEM-24: Replace Transformers
Purpose: Three older-model transformers were identified during the inspection: a 15 kVA in the
generator room, a 225 kVA in front of the building, and a 112.5 kVA in the kitchen
area. Energy will be saved if these transformers are replaced with energy efficient
models that comply with NEMA Standard TP 1-2001.
Scope: Replace less-efficient transformers with NEMA Standard TP 1-2001 compliant models.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($2,620) ($2,620) $44,900 $0 ($46,000) ($1,100) 1.0
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Section 4
Description of Systems
ENERGY SYSTEMS
This section provides a general description of the building systems. Energy conservation
opportunities are addressed in Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures.
Building Envelope
The following table summarizes the existing envelope.
Building Envelope
R-value
Component Description (inside to outside) Existing Optimal
Wood Exterior Walls 5/8” Gyp. Bd, 6” wood studs, R-13 batt, frp-type finish R-15 R-26
Concrete Ext Walls 8” concrete, ¾” foam, ½” gypsum R-5 R-26
Roof 5/8” Gyp. Bd, steel truss, 4” concrete pan deck, 8” EPS insulation R-35 R-46
Floor Slab 4” Concrete slab-on-grade R-10 R-10
Windows Aluminum and wood frames, double pane, poor frame quality R-1.75 R-5
Windows Wood frame, single pane R-1.25 R-5
Doors Metal frame w/o thermal break R-2 R-5
Heating System
The building is heated by two fuel oil boilers that provide heat to three air handling unit systems and
local hydronic units, and local electric space heaters located throughout the building. The heating
system has the following pumps:
P-12 circulates domestic hot water from the boiler room water heater
P-13 circulates heating water to the domestic hot water heating unit
P-14 circulates heating water to the AHU heating coils and hydronic units
P-15 circulates heating water to the AHU heating coils and hydronic units
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 16 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Ventilation Systems
The following table summarizes the ventilation systems in the building.
Ventilation Systems
Area Fan System Description
Tower AHU-1 Constant volume air handling unit consisting of a mixing box, filter
section, heating coil, and a supply fan
Throughout pre-1984 wing SF5/RF5 Constant volume air handling unit consisting of a mixing box, filter
section, heating coil, and a supply fan
Aurora Room Trane Heat Pump Direct cooling or heating full recirculation system
Tower Exhaust EF Direct exhaust rooftop fan
Kitchen Exhaust EF Direct exhaust rooftop fan
Dishwasher Hood EF Direct exhaust rooftop fan
Older Dishwasher Hood EF Direct exhaust rooftop fan
Oldest Dishwasher Hood EF Direct exhaust rooftop fan
Boiler Room EF Direct exhaust rooftop fan
Domestic Hot Water System
Domestic hot water is provided throughout the pre-1984 wing by an indirect domestic hot water
heater located in the boiler room. The water conservation efficiency of lavatory aerators can be
improved to reduce building hot water demand.
Cooling Systems
There are two roof-top mechanical cooling systems; one for the kitchen refrigeration and freezers, and
one for the Aurora Room. The kitchen prep area has several freezer and refrigerator units. These are
tenant-furnished equipment items and not considered as building appliances.
Lighting
Interior lighting primarily consists of T8 and T12 fluorescent fixtures and incandescent fixtures. The
majority of the original T12 fixtures in the building have already been upgraded to T8 lamps and
ballasts, and the building owners are encouraged to continue these efforts. Exterior lighting consists
primarily of high pressure sodium wall packs and fluorescent fixtures. The exterior lighting utilizes
both manual switching and photocell controls.
Electric Equipment
Commercial kitchen equipment is located in the kitchen and kitchen prep area on the second floor.
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 17 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Section 5
Methodology
Information for the energy audit was gathered through on-site observations, review of construction
documents, and interviews with operation and maintenance personnel. The EEMs are evaluated using
energy and life cycle cost analyses and are priority ranked for implementation.
Energy Efficiency Measures
Energy efficiency measures are identified by evaluating the building’s energy systems and comparing
them to systems in modern, high performance buildings. The process for identifying the EEMs
acknowledges the realities of an existing building that was constructed when energy costs were much
lower. Many of the opportunities used in modern high performance buildings—highly insulated
envelopes, variable capacity mechanical systems, heat pumps, daylighting, lighting controls, etc.—
simply cannot be economically incorporated into an existing building.
The EEMs represent practical measures to improve the energy efficiency of the buildings, taking into
account the realities of limited budgets. If a future major renovation project occurs, additional EEMs
common to high performance buildings should be incorporated.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
The EEMs are evaluated using life cycle cost analysis which determines if an energy efficiency
investment will provide a savings over a 25-year life. The analysis incorporates construction,
replacement, maintenance, repair, and energy costs to determine the total cost over the life of the
EEM. Future maintenance and energy cash flows are discounted to present worth using escalation
factors for general inflation, energy inflation, and the value of money. The methodology is based on
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook 135 – Life Cycle Cost
Analysis.
Life cycle cost analysis is preferred to simple payback for facilities that have long—often perpetual—
service lives. Simple payback, which compares construction cost and present energy cost, is
reasonable for short time periods of 2-4 years, but yields below optimal results over longer periods
because it does not properly account for the time value of money or inflationary effects on operating
budgets. Accounting for energy inflation and the time value of money properly sums the true cost of
facility ownership and seeks to minimize the life cycle cost.
Construction Costs
The cost estimates are derived based on a preliminary understanding of the scope of each EEM as
gathered during the walk-through audit. The construction costs for in-house labor are $60 per hour for
work typically performed by maintenance staff and $110 per hour for contract labor.
The cost estimate assumes the work will be performed as part of a larger renovation or energy
efficiency upgrade project. When implementing EEMs, the cost estimate should be revisited once the
scope and preferred method of performing the work has been determined. It is possible some EEMs
will not provide a life cycle savings when the scope is finalized.
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 18 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Maintenance Costs
Maintenance costs are based on in-house or contract labor using historical maintenance efforts and
industry standards. Maintenance costs over the 25-year life of each EEM are included in the life cycle
cost calculation spreadsheets and represent the level of effort to maintain the systems.
Energy Analysis
The energy performance of an EEM is evaluated within the operating parameters of the building. A
comprehensive energy audit would rely on a computer model of the building to integrate building
energy systems and evaluate the energy savings of each EEM. This investment grade audit does not
utilize a computer model, so energy savings are calculated with factors that account for the dynamic
operation of the building. Energy savings and costs are estimated for the 25-year life of the EEM
using appropriate factors for energy inflation.
Prioritization
Each EEM is prioritized based on the life cycle savings to investment ratio (SIR) using the following
formula:
Prioritization Factor = Life Cycle Savings / Capital Costs
This approach factor puts significant weight on the capital cost of an EEM, making lower cost EEMs
more favorable.
Economic Factors
The following economic factors are significant to the findings.
Nominal Interest Rate: This is the nominal rate of return on an investment without regard to
inflation. The analysis uses a rate of 5%.
Inflation Rate: This is the average inflationary change in prices over time. The analysis uses
an inflation rate of 2%.
Economic Period: The analysis is based on a 25-year economic period with construction
beginning in 2010.
Fuel Oil
Fuel oil currently costs $3.20 per gallon for a seasonally adjusted blend of #1 and #2 fuel oil. The
analysis is based on 6% fuel oil inflation which has been the average for the past 20-years.
Electricity
AEL&P Large Government Rate (with Demand)
Electricity
Electricity is supplied by Alaska Electric Light & Power Company (AEL&P). The building is billed
for electricity under AEL&P’s Rate 24, Large Government with Demand. This rate charges for both
electrical consumption (kWh) and peak electric demand (kW). Electrical consumption is the amount
of energy consumed and electric demand is the rate of consumption. AEL&P determines the electric
demand by averaging demand over a continuously sliding fifteen minute window. The highest fifteen
minute average during the billing period determines the peak demand. The following table lists the
electric charges, which include a recent 24% rate hike:
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 19 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
AEL&P Large Government Rate
Charge 1 On-peak (Nov-May) Off-peak (June-Oct)
Energy Charge per kWh 6.11¢ 5.73¢
Demand Charge per kW $14.30 $9.11
Service Charge per month $99.24 $99.24
Over recent history, electricity inflation has been less than 1% per year, which has lagged general
inflation. An exception is the 24% rate hike that was primarily due to construction of additional
hydroelectric generation at Lake Dorothy. This project affords the community a surplus of power
which should bring electric inflation back to the historic rate of 1% per year. Load growth from
electric heat conversions is likely to increase generating and distribution costs, especially if diesel
supplementation is needed. Combining these two factors contribute to an assumed electricity inflation
rate of 3%.
Summary
The following table summarizes the energy and economic factors used in the analysis.
Summary of Economic and Energy Factors
Factor Rate or Cost Factor Rate or Cost
Nominal Discount Rate 5% Electricity Current rates
General Inflation Rate 2% Electricity Inflation 3%
Fuel Oil Cost (2012) $3.42/gal Fuel Oil Inflation 6%
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Appendix A
Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Pre-1984 Terminal
Basis
Economic
Study Period (years) 25 Nominal Discount Rate 5%General Inflation 3%
Energy
2011 $/gal Fuel Inflation 2012 $/gal
Fuel Oil $3.23 6% $3.42
Electricity $/kWh (2011)$/kW (2011)Inflation $/kWh (2012)$/kW (2012)
w/ Demand Charges $0.061 $10.62 2% $0.062 $10.83
w/o Demand Charges $0.102 -2% $0.102 -
EEM-8: Perform Boiler Combustion Test
Energy Analysis
Annual Gal % Savings Savings, Gal
86,240 -1.0% -862
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Purchase combustion analyzer 0 1 LS $700 $700
Annual Costs
Combustion test 1 - 25 2 hrs $60.00 $2,314
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -862 gal $3.42 ($83,693)
Net Present Worth ($80,700)
EEM-9: Replace Lavatory Aerators
Energy Analysis
η boiler 68%
Fixture Existing Proposed Uses/day Days Water,Gals % HW kBTU Gallons
Lavatories 0.3 0.2 400 365 -26,280 80% -14,027 -149
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace lavatory aerators 0 12 ea $35 $420
Energy Costs
Water 1 - 25 -26 kgals $10.960 ($5,049)
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -149 gal $3.42 ($14,454)
Net Present Worth ($19,100)
Gallons per Use
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 22 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Pre-1984 Terminal
EEM-10: Reduce Control Air Pressure
Energy Analysis
Air Compressor
SCFM ΔPSIG HP kW % On kWh
-11 40 -1.7 -1.3 20% -2,195
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace pressure switch 0 4 hrs $60 $240
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -2,195 kWh $0.062 ($2,393)
Electric Demand 1 - 25 -15 kW $10.83 ($2,854)
Net Present Worth ($5,000)
EEM-11: Install Dishwasher Fan Controls
Energy Analysis
Makeup Air Savings
CFM Tinside Toutside MBH Hours kBtu η boiler Gallons
600 60 40 13 -4,380 -56,765 68% -603
Fan Savings
BHP kW Hours kWh
0.20 0.15 -4,380 -653
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install fan controls 0 1 ea $1,000 $1,000
Interlock with dishwasher with timer 0 1 ea $2,000 $2,000
Estimating contingency 0 15%$450
Overhead & profit 0 30%$1,035
Design fees 0 10%$449
Project management 0 8%$395
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -653 kWh $0.062 ($713)
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -603 gal $3.42 ($58,492)
Net Present Worth ($53,900)
EEM-12: Install Light Switch
Energy Analysis
Type # Fixtures Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Hours, exist Hours, new Savings, kWh
2T12 4 4T12 160 184 -8,760 4,380 -3,224
-3,224
Lamp Replacement
Type # Fixtures Lamp # Lamps Life, hrs Lamps//yr $/lamp $/Replace
2T12 4 4T12 4 20,000 -3.50 $8 $3
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install light switch 0 1 LS $750 $750
Annual Costs
Lamp replacement, T12 1 - 25 -3.50 lamps $11.00 ($743)
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -3,224 kWh $0.062 ($3,516)
Net Present Worth ($3,500)
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 23 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Pre-1984 Terminal
EEM-13: Upgrade Motors to Premium Efficiency
Energy Analysis
Equip Number HP ηold ηnew kW Hours kWh
CP-14 1 3 86.5% 89.5% -0.07 4,380 -294
CP-15 1 3 86.5% 89.5% -0.07 4,380 -294
VU-5 RF 1 3 78.0% 89.5% -0.26 8,760 -2,255
VU-5 SF 1 5 58.5% 89.5% -1.16 8,760 -10,129
-1.5 -12,972
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs HP
Replace motor 3 0 3 LS 1,080 $3,240
Replace motor 5 0 1 LS 1,290 $1,290
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -12,972 kWh $0.062 ($14,147)
Electric Demand 1 - 25 -19 kW $10.83 ($3,527)
Net Present Worth ($13,100)
EEM-14: Boiler Room Heat Recovery
Energy Analysis
Fuel Oil
MBH Hours Load, kBtu Factor Heat, kBtu η boiler Gallons
-2 8,760 -17,520 100% -17,520 84% -151
Electricity
Unit BHP kW Hours kWh
Fan 0.25 0.19 4,380 817
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Remove heating coil from unit heater 0 1 LS $500 $500
Connect ductwork 0 1 LS $1,000 $1,000
Install thermostat 0 1 ea $1,000 $1,000
Estimating contingency 0 15%$375
Overhead & profit 0 30% $862.50
Design fees 0 10%$374
Project management 0 8%$329
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 817 kWh $0.062 $891
Electric Demand 1 - 25 2.24 kW $10.83 $425
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -151 gal $3.42 ($14,614)
Net Present Worth ($8,900)
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 24 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Pre-1984 Terminal
EEM-15: Security Office Heat Recovery
Energy Analysis
Fuel Oil
Gain, MBH Factor MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
-4.1 50%-2 -17,933 68% -190
Electricity
Unit BHP kW Hours kWh
Fan 0.13 0.09 8,760 817
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Inline exhaust fan 0 1 LS $1,200 $1,200
Ductork 0 1 LS $1,000 $1,000
Electrical 0 1 ea $1,000 $1,000
Estimating contingency 0 15%$480
Overhead & profit 0 30%$1,104
Design fees 0 10%$478
Project management 0 8%$421
Annual Costs
Fan maintenance 1 - 25 1 LS $50.00 $964
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 817 kWh $0.062 $891
Electric Demand 1 - 25 1.12 kW $10.83 $212
Electric Energy (Effective Cost)1 - 25 kWh $0.102 $0
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -190 gal $3.42 ($18,479)
Net Present Worth ($10,700)
EEM-16: Install Wall Insulation
Energy Analysis
Component Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
Wall 8 1 21 25 -0.2 -1,669 68%-18
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install R-19 Batt 0 8 sqft $25 $200
Gypsum board, taped and painted 0 8 sqft $25 $200
Estimating contingency 0 15%$60
Overhead & profit 0 30%$138
Design fees 0 10%$60
Project management 0 8%$53
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -18 gal $3.42 ($1,719)
Net Present Worth ($1,000)
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 25 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Pre-1984 Terminal
EEM-17: Install Automatic Valve
Energy Analysis
Loss, BTUH Number Factor Loss, kBTU Boiler Effic Fuel, gals
-1,000 1 75% -6,570 68% -72
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install automatic valve and connect to unit controls 0 1 ea $2,000 $2,000
Estimating contingency 0 15%$300
Overhead & profit 0 30%$690
Design fees 0 10%$299
Project management 0 8%$263
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -72 gal $3.42 ($6,945)
Net Present Worth ($3,400)
EEM-18: Replace Uninsulated Overhead Door
Energy Analysis
Component Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
Overhead Door 100 1.00 5 15 -1.2 -10,512 68%-112
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace overhead door 0 100 sqft $35 $3,500
Estimating contingency 0 15%$525
Overhead & profit 0 30%$1,208
Design fees 0 10%$523
Project management 0 8%$460
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -112 gal $3.42 ($10,832)
Net Present Worth ($4,600)
EEM-19: Increase Wall Insulation
Energy Analysis
Component Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
Wall 6,672 5 25 30 -32.0 -280,544 68%-2,979
6,672 -2,979
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install wall insulation 0 6,672 sqft $15 $100,080
Estimating contingency 0 15% $15,012
Overhead & profit 0 30% $34,528
Design fees 0 10% $14,962
Project management 0 8% $13,167
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -2,979 gal $3.42 ($289,082)
Net Present Worth ($111,300)
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 26 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Pre-1984 Terminal
EEM-20: Upgrade Exterior Lighting to LED
Energy Analysis
Type # Fixtures Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Savings, kWh
WallPak 8 MH 150 190 LED -80 -3,854
-3,854
Lamp Replacement
Type # Fixtures Lamp # Lamps Life, hrs Lamps//yr $ / lamp $ / Replace
WallPak 8 MH -1 15,000 -2.34 $40 $60
WallPak 8 LED 1 60,000 0.58 $190 $60
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace WallPak: 150 watt MH with LED 0 8 LS $625 $5,000
Annual Costs
Existing lamp replacement, 150 watt MH 1 - 25 -2.34 lamps $100.00 ($4,505)
LED board replacement, 80 watts 1 - 25 0.58 LED board $250.00 $2,815
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -3,854 kWh $0.062 ($4,204)
Net Present Worth ($900)
EEM-21: Increase Roof Insulation
Energy Analysis
Component Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
Roof 1,400 5 46 25 -6.2 -54,655 68%-580
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Demolition 0 1,400 sqft $2 $2,800
New roof assembly 0 1,400 sqft $17 $23,800
Estimating contingency 0 15%$3,990
Overhead & profit 0 30%$9,177
Design fees 0 10%$3,977
Project management 0 8%$3,499
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -580 gal $3.42 ($56,318)
Net Present Worth ($9,100)
Existing Replacement
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 27 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Pre-1984 Terminal
EEM-22: Replace Wood Doors
Energy Analysis
Component Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
Glazing 44 2.0 5.0 20 -0.3 -2,313 68%-25
Door 24 0.5 2.0 20 -0.7 -6,307 68%-67
-1.0 -8,620 -92
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace door 0 63 sqft $70 $4,410
Estimating contingency 0 15%$662
Overhead & profit 0 30%$1,521
Design fees 0 10%$659
Project management 0 8%$580
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -92 gal $3.42 ($8,882)
Net Present Worth ($1,000)
EEM-23: Replace Single Pane Windows
Energy Analysis
Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
135 1.0 3.5 20 -1.9 -16,894 68% -179
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace windows 0 135 sqft $70 $9,450
Estimating contingency 0 15%$1,418
Overhead & profit 0 30%$3,260
Design fees 0 10%$1,413
Project management 0 8%$1,243
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -179 gal $3.42 ($17,408)
Net Present Worth ($600)
EEM-24: Replace Transformers
Energy Analysis
kVA ηold ηnew KW kWh
15 96.2% 98.1% -0.29 -2,497
112.5 97.6% 98.8% -1.35 -11,826
225 98.0% 99.0% -2.25 -19,710
-3.9 -34,033
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace transformer, kVA 15 0 1 LS $3,900 $3,900
Replace transformer, kVA 112.5 0 1 LS $12,400 $12,400
Replace transformer, kVA 225 0 1 LS $18,200 $18,200
Overhead & profit 0 30% $10,350
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -34,033 kWh $0.062 ($37,115)
Electric Demand 1 - 25 -47 kW $10.83 ($8,852)
Net Present Worth ($1,100)
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 28 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Appendix B
Energy and Utility Data
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 29 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Billing Data
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Terminal Pre 1984
ELECTRIC RATE
Electricity ($ / kWh )0.0611 0.0592
Demand ( $ / kW )14.30 9.11
Customer Charge ( $ / mo )99.24 99.24
Sales Tax ( % )0.0% 0.0%
ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND
kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW
Jan 202,880 400 192,960 355 191,840 350 189,280 349 194,240
Feb 202,240 366 209,280 355 166,400 318 175,840 405 188,440
Mar 210,880 378 181,280 339 161,440 302 186,720 368 185,080
Apr 183,360 357 175,520 350 152,160 310 201,760 392 178,200
May 181,760 328 153,760 323 163,840 288 186,880 368 171,560
Jun 194,080 323 149,280 277 151,680 310 158,560 310 163,400
Jul 191,200 334 158,880 326 166,400 315 169,600 333 171,520
Aug 196,480 338 185,600 322 182,880 318 177,440 326 185,600
Sep 209,920 373 170,080 326 174,240 326 165,920 320 180,040
Oct 182,880 334 171,840 342 168,960 325 180,320 330 176,000
Nov 189,120 347 181,920 330 180,960 310 190,560 382 185,640
Dec 208,960 362 163,200 320 172,160 346 220,480 429 191,200
Total 2,353,760 2,093,600 2,032,960 2,203,360 2,170,920
Average 196,147 353 174,467 331 169,413 318 183,613 359 180,910
Load Factor 76.0%72.3%72.9%70.0%340
ELECTRIC BILLING DETAILS
Month Energy Demand Cust & Tax Total Energy Demand Cust & Tax Total % Change
Jan 11,721 5,011 99 16,831 11,565 4,988 99 16,652 -1.1%
Feb 10,167 4,553 99 14,819 10,744 5,789 99 16,632 12.2%
Mar 9,864 4,324 99 14,288 11,409 5,262 99 16,770 17.4%
Apr 9,297 4,439 99 13,835 12,328 5,606 99 18,032 30.3%
May 10,011 4,118 99 14,228 11,418 5,262 99 16,780 17.9%
Jun 9,268 2,828 99 12,195 9,688 2,828 99 12,615 3.4%
Jul 10,167 2,871 99 13,138 10,363 3,032 99 13,494 2.7%
Aug 11,174 2,901 99 14,174 10,842 2,974 99 13,914 -1.8%
Sep 10,646 2,974 99 13,719 10,138 2,915 99 13,152 -4.1%
Oct 10,323 2,959 99 13,382 11,018 3,003 99 14,119 5.5%
Nov 11,057 4,439 99 15,595 11,643 5,468 99 17,211 10.4%
Dec 10,519 4,942 99 15,560 13,471 6,132 99 19,702 26.6%
Total $ 124,214 $ 46,358 $ 1,191 $ 171,763 $ 134,625 $ 53,258 $ 1,191 $ 189,074 10.1%
Average $ 10,351 $ 3,863 $ 99 $ 14,314 $ 11,219 $ 4,438 $ 99 $ 15,756 10.1%
Cost ($/kWh)$0.084 71% 28% 1% $0.086 1.6%
2009 2010
2010
AEL&P Electric Rate 24 On-Peak
Nov-May
Off-peak
Jun-Oct
Month 2007 2008 2009
Electrical costs are based on the current electric rates.
Average
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 30 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Annual Electric Consumption
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Terminal Pre 1984
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Use (kWh)Month of the Year
Electric Use History
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Demand (kW)Month of the Year
Electric Demand History
2007
2008
2009
2010
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 31 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Electric Cost
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Terminal Pre 1984 2010
$ 0
$ 5,000
$ 10,000
$ 15,000
$ 20,000
$ 25,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Cost (USD)Month of the Year
Electric Cost Breakdown
2010
Electric Use (kWh) Costs
Electric Demand (kW) Costs
Customer Charge and Taxes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Electric Demand (kW)Electric Use (kWh)Month of the Year
Electric Use and Demand Comparison
2010
Electric Use
Electric Demand
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Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Annual Fuel Oil Consumption
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Airport Terminal Pre 1984
Year Fuel Oil Degree Days
2007 90,905 9,282
2008 89,682 9,093
2009 78,126 9,284
2010 59,835 9,013
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 Degree DaysGallons of Fuel OilYear
Annual Fuel Oil Use
Fuel Oil
Degree Days
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Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Billing Data
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Energy Cost $/MMBTU Area ECI EUI
Fuel Oil $3.42 $35.28 81,334 $5.92 235
Electricity $0.086 $26.47
Source Cost
Electricity 2,170,920 kWh $186,300 7,410 39%
Fuel Oil 86,238 Gallons $294,900 11,710 61%
Totals -$481,200 19,120 100%
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Consumption Energy, MMBtu
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Appendix C
Equipment Data
-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 35 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
MotorHP / Volts / RPM / EfficOld Tower Tower ExhaustDayton2C913C1/6 HP/ 115 V/ 1200 RPM/ No EfficiencyEF-DW 2nd Roof Dish Washer Hood Exhaust GreenHeckGB-080-4X-QD-R21/4 HP/ 4.1 A/ 1725 RPM/ No EfficiencyEF-13 2nd RoofGreenHeckGB-160-4X1/4 HP/ 4.1 A/ 1725 RPM/ No Efficiency2nd Roof Kitchen HoodGreenHeckCube - 200 HB1 1/2 HP/ 1725 RPM/ No Efficiency2nd Roof Current DW HoodGreenHeck1/4 HP/ No Efficiency on 24/72nd Roof Comp. CondensorVollrathKAX1-0100-TACNo Data1st Roof Heat/ Air CondTraneTEDO36C4OABC1/4 HPVU5 2nd RoofPaceA-24F5 HP/ 208/ 740 RPM/ 85.5%RF5 2nd RoofLeroy3 HP/ 1730 RPM/ 3pH/ 78%2nd Kitchen TransformerPower Former 223-3257-120 112.5 KVA 48 V/ 240/ 120Boiler #1 Boiler Room Building HeatWeil-MclainAH-1894-WF 4940 MBH 86.5% EfficiencyBoiler #2 Boiler Room Building HeatWeil-Melain14944691 MBHCP-14 Boiler Room HWCPBell + Gossett 1510 BF 275 gal/min 3 HP/ 460 V/ 4.1 A/ 86.5%CP-15 Boiler Room HWCPBell + Gosset182TTDB4026BR 275 gal/min 3 HP/ 460 V/ 4.1 A/ 86.5%Boiler Room AircompIntersol RandT-303 HP/ 460/ 4.5 A/ 1730 RPM/ 78.5%CP-13DHW HWSTACO1610C3N11/6 HP/ 115 V/ 36 ABoiler Room DHWCPArmstrongH-4.1115 V/ 3.6 A/ 0.17 HPGenset Back up powerCAT3412500KW 755 HP/ 48 VEF2 Boiler Room BathroomCook150SQN 1725 CFM 1/3 HP/ 1725 RPMOld Tower Elevator Motor6 HP/ 208 V/ 1800 RPMOld Tower Air ConditionerFriedrichQuiet Master 110 VWall MountOld Tower AHUTrane Climate Changer Type 33/4 HP/ 115/ 1725 RPMOld Tower Domestic Hot Water AO SmithEnergy Saver 6 Gal 120 V/ 1500 WUnit IDLocation Function Make Model Capacity NotesJuneau Airport Terminal (Pre-1984 Wing) - Major Equipment Inventory-XQHDX$LUSRUW&RPPXWHU:LQJ 36 ),1$/(QHUJ\$XGLW 1RYHPEHU
Appendix D
Abbreviations
AHU Air handling unit
BTU British thermal unit
BTUH BTU per hour
CBJ City and Borough of Juneau
CMU Concrete masonry unit
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CUH Cabinet unit heater
DDC Direct digital controls
DHW Domestic hot water
EAD Exhaust air damper
EEM Energy efficiency measure
EF Exhaust fan
Gyp Bd Gypsum board
HVAC Heating, Ventilating, Air-
conditioning
HW Hot water
HWRP Hot water recirculating pump
KVA Kilovolt-amps
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
LED Light emitting diode
MBH 1,000 Btu per hour
MMBH 1,000,000 Btu per hour
OAD Outside air damper
PSI Per square inch
PSIG Per square inch gage
RAD Return air damper
RF Return fan
SIR Savings to investment ratio
SF Supply fan
UV Unit ventilator
VAV Variable air volume
VFD Variable frequency drive
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