HomeMy WebLinkAboutSEA-AEE-JNU Juneau Police Station 2012-EE
Juneau Police Station
City & Borough of Juneau
Funded by:
Final Report
December 2011
Prepared by:
Energy Audit
Table of Contents
Section 1: Executive Summary 2
Section 2: Introduction 5
Section 3: Energy Efficiency Measures 7
Section 4: Description of Systems 11
Section 5: Methodology 13
Appendix A: Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 16
Appendix B: Energy and Utility Data 20
Appendix C: Equipment Data 27
Appendix D: Abbreviations 30
Audit Team
The energy audit is performed by Alaska Energy Engineering LLC of Juneau, Alaska. The audit team
consists of:
Jim Rehfeldt, P.E., Energy Engineer
Jack Christiansen, Energy Consultant
Brad Campbell, Energy Auditor
Loras O’Toole P.E., Mechanical Engineer
Will Van Dyken P.E., Electrical Engineer
Curt Smit, P.E., Mechanical Engineer
Philip Iverson, Construction Estimator
Karla Hart, Technical Publications Specialist
Jill Carlile, Data Analyst
Grayson Carlile, Energy Modeler
Juneau Police Station 1 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Section 1
Executive Summary
An energy audit of the Juneau Police Station was performed by Alaska Energy Engineering LLC. The
investment grade audit was funded by Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC) to identify
opportunities to improve the energy performance of public buildings throughout Alaska.
The Juneau Police Station is a 32,825 square foot building that contains offices, training rooms, a
gym, lab spaces, custody and holding spaces, records storage, dispatch, interview rooms, a conference
room, a library, and mechanical support spaces.
Building Assessment
The following summarizes our assessment of the building.
Envelope
The envelope of the Juneau Police Station appears to be well preserved and is providing good service.
With the exception of the unnecessarily large window curtain walls that utilize a very inefficient
aluminum frame system in the entry space and the high ceilings in all of the spaces, the envelope is
reasonably efficient when considering current energy costs. Building envelope issues include:
Insufficient Insulation: The exterior walls consist of 2” x 6” metal studs with a thermal
break between the exterior siding and the interior drywall surfaces. Although the walls are
filled with R-19 batt and there is a 1” layer of insulation on the inside stud face, the metal
studs act as thermal conductors and reduce the assembly to only R-15, well below the optimal
R-26 value for high performance buildings. The roof is insulated to R-30, which is also much
lower than the optimum R-46 level currently used.
Complex Framing: The building design and material selection increase the difficulties of
installing a well-sealed and thermally continuous insulation system. The large steel framing
members make access to the interior wall surface for the installation of the vapor barrier,
insulation, and drywall difficult. Any compromise of these systems can reduce the building
envelope performance and decrease the life of the structure.
Aluminum Curtainwall Window Systems: The aluminum window frames are very
inefficient because they are not thermally broken so they transfer heat through the frame. The
main entry curtain wall utilizes an extensive amount of aluminum, thus further increasing the
heat transfer between the entry area and the outside. This makes it challenging to maintain
heat in this area.
Exterior Doors: The exterior doors are not thermally broken. Future exterior door
replacement selection should include this feature. The weather stripping is in poor condition
and should be replaced.
Juneau Police Station 2 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Heating System
The building is heated by three fuel oil boilers that supply heat to one air handling unit and perimeter
hydronic systems. The air handling unit also incorporates a heat recovery unit and a 40 ton cooling
unit. The boiler space is clean and well maintained; however, operational setpoints have been
modified from the original design and as a result operational efficiency has decreased.
The control sequence for the boilers originally enabled the lead boiler to maintain a heating supply
temperature of 190°F to 170°F. The lag boiler would be enabled if the temperature dropped to 160°F,
and the standby boiler enabled if the temperature dropped to 150°F. This sequence minimizes the
number of boilers operating at any one time and ensures that the operating boilers were doing so
under a higher load, thus operating more efficiently. Unfortunately, the sequence was disabled and all
three boilers are set at 180°F to 160°F. On the day of the audit, the outside temperature was 33°F, yet
all three boilers were observed to be firing at the same time for a short period to supply the moderate
heating load.
The remainder of the fuel oil boiler heating system appears to be in good condition; however fairly
simple improvements can be made to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. These are outlined in
Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures.
Ventilation System
The ventilation system consists of a variable air volume air handling unit that supplies all of the
occupied spaces. A heat recovery unit pulls exhaust air through a heat recovery cell, transferring heat
to the AHU-1 ventilation air.
Cooling System
The building has four mechanical cooling systems. A 3-ton unit serves the Dispatch Room
(Communications Room 245). Two 5-ton units serve the Server Room (Communications Electrical
Room 240). A 40-ton unit serves the AHU-1 cooling coil. The three smaller units dump heat into the
return air plenum where it can be recovered by AHU-1 when needed or rejected outside when not
needed.
Lighting
Interior lighting consists of T8 fluorescent fixtures. Corridor lighting has been de-lamped by 50%.
Exterior lighting consists of metal halide lighting. Because lighting operational hours are controlled
by staff and they have made a very concerted effort to minimize lighting demand in the building since
the 2007 avalanche, operational costs for lighting is kept to a minimum.
Summary
The building is operating efficiently but has opportunities to improve the heating plant efficiency by
reinstituting sequential control of the boilers. There is also opportunity to reduce energy costs by
installing an electric boiler to heat the building. This is not presented as an EEM because electric
heating loads are placing increasing demands on the hydroelectric capacity. Rather than convert
existing buildings to electric resistance heat, it is more beneficial to the community to utilize heat
pump technology to optimize the use of hydroelectric power.
Juneau Police Station 3 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs)
All buildings have opportunities to improve their energy efficiency. The energy audit revealed several
opportunities in which an efficiency investment will result in a net reduction in long-term operating
costs.
Behavioral and Operational EEMs
The following EEM requires behavioral and operational changes in the building use. The savings are
not readily quantifiable but this EEM is highly recommended as a low-cost opportunity that is a
standard of high performance buildings.
EEM-1: Weather-strip Doors
High and Medium Priority EEMs
The following EEMs are recommended for investment. They are ranked by life cycle savings to
investment ratio (SIR). This ranking method places a priority on low cost EEMs which can be
immediately funded, generating energy savings to fund higher cost EEMs in the following years.
25 Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
High Priority
EEM-2: Reduce Arctic Entry Temperature $100 $0 ($6,500) ($6,400) 65.0
EEM-3: Replace Aerators and Showerheads $800 $0 ($37,100) ($36,300) 46.4
EEM-4: De-lamp Canopy Lighting Fixtures $300 ($500) ($6,100) ($6,300) 22.0
EEM-5: Optimize AHU-1 Ventilation System $13,300 $0 ($111,500) ($98,200) 8.4
EEM-6: Utilize DDC Boiler Control Sequence $10,000 $3,400 ($65,000) ($51,600) 6.2
Medium Priority
EEM-7: Install Occupancy Sensors $6,400 ($3,600) ($5,700) ($2,900) 1.5
Totals* $30,900 ($700) ($231,900) ($201,700) 7.5
*The analysis is based on each EEM being independent of the others. While it is likely that some
EEMs are interrelated, an isolated analysis is used to demonstrate the economics because the audit
team is not able to predict which EEMs an Owner may choose to implement. If several EEMs are
implemented, the resulting energy savings is likely to differ from the sum of each EEM projection.
Summary
The energy audit revealed numerous opportunities for improving the energy performance of the
building. It is recommended that the behavioral and high priority EEMs be implemented now to
generate energy savings from which to fund the medium priority EEMs.
Another avenue to consider is to borrow money from AHFCs revolving loan fund for public
buildings. AHFC will loan money for energy improvements under terms that allow for paying back
the money from the energy savings. More information on this option can be found online at
http://www.ahfc.us/loans/akeerlf_loan.cfm.
Juneau Police Station 4 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Section 2
Introduction
This report presents the findings of an energy audit of the Juneau Police Station located in Juneau,
Alaska. The purpose of this investment grade energy audit is to evaluate the infrastructure and its
subsequent energy performance to identify applicable energy efficiencies measures (EEMs).
The energy audit report contains the following sections:
Introduction: Building use and energy consumption.
Energy Efficiency Measures: Priority ranking of the EEMs with a description, energy
analysis, and life cycle cost analysis.
Description of Systems: Background description of the building energy systems.
Methodology: Basis for how construction and maintenance cost estimates are derived and
the economic and energy factors used for the analysis.
BUILDING USE
The Juneau Police Station is a 32,825 square foot building that contains offices, training rooms, a
gym, lab spaces, custody and holding spaces, records storage, dispatch, interview rooms, a conference
room, a library, and mechanical support spaces. The facility serves approximately 100 staff and is
continuously occupied.
Building History
2000 – Original Construction
2010 – Mechanical Cooling
Energy Consumption
The building energy sources include an electric service and a fuel oil tank. Fuel oil is used for space
and domestic hot water heating while electricity serves all other loads. The following table shows
annual energy use and cost.
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Source Consumption Cost Energy, MMBtu
Electricity 575,715 kWh $48,600 2,000 51%
Fuel Oil 14,070 Gallons $53,500 1,900 49%
Totals $102,100 3,900 100%
Juneau Police Station 5 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Electricity
The following chart shows electrical
energy use from 2007 to 2010. The
effective cost—energy costs plus demand
charges—is 8.4¢ per kWh.
Fuel Oil
The following chart shows heating energy
use from 2007 to 2010. The chart compares
annual use with the heating degree days
which is a measurement of the demand for
energy to heat a building. A year with a
higher number of degree days reflects colder
outside temperatures and a higher heating
requirement.
Cost of Heat Comparison
This chart shows a comparison of the current cost of
fuel oil heat and electric heat. The comparison is
based on a fuel oil conversion efficiency of 70%
and an electric boiler conversion efficiency of 95%.
Electric heat is currently less expensive than fuel
oil heat.
Juneau Police Station 6 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Section 3
Energy Efficiency Measures
The following energy efficiency measures (EEMs) were identified during the energy audit. The
EEMs are priority ranked and, where applicable, subjected to energy and life cycle cost analysis.
Appendix B contains the energy and life cycle cost analysis spreadsheets.
The EEMs are grouped into the following prioritized categories:
Behavioral or Operational: EEMs that require minimal capital investment but require
operational or behavioral changes. The EEMs provide a life cycle savings but an analysis is
not performed because the guaranteed energy savings is difficult quantify.
High Priority: EEMs that require a small capital investment and offer a life cycle savings.
Also included in this category are higher cost EEMs that offer significant life cycle savings.
Medium Priority: EEMs that will require a significant capital investment to provide a life
cycle savings. Many medium priority EEMs provide a high life cycle savings and offer
substantial incentive to increase investment in building energy efficiency.
Low Priority: EEMs that will save energy but do not provide a life cycle savings.
BEHAVIORAL OR OPERATIONAL
The following EEM is recommended for implementation. It requires behavioral or operational
changes that can occur with minimal investment to achieve immediate savings. This EEM is not
easily quantified by analysis because it cannot be accurately predicted. It is recommended because it
offers a life cycle savings, represents good practice, and is an accepted feature of high performance
buildings.
EEM-1: Weather-strip Doors
Purpose: The exterior doors do not seal completely and are missing weather stripping. Energy will
be saved if doors are properly weather-stripped to reduce infiltration.
Scope: Replace weather stripping on exterior doors.
Juneau Police Station 7 Energy Audit (December 2011)
HIGH PRIORITY
The following EEMs are recommended for implementation because they are low cost measures that
have a high savings to investment ratio. The EEMs are listed from highest to lowest priority. Negative
values, in parenthesis, represent savings.
EEM-2: Reduce Arctic Entry Temperature
Purpose: The main arctic entry thermostat is set at 74°F. The arctic entry should be a transition
space between the building interior and exterior and therefore does not need to be heated
to interior space temperatures. Energy would be saved if the thermostat for this space
was reduced from 74°F to 60°F.
Scope: Reduce arctic entry thermostat setpoint from 74°F to 60°F.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($230) ($230) $100 $0 ($6,500) ($6,400) 65.0
EEM-3: Replace Aerators and Showerheads
Purpose: Energy and water will be saved by replacing the lavatory aerators and showerheads with
low-flow models.
Scope: Replace lavatory aerators and showerheads with water-conserving fixtures.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($1,460) ($1,460) $800 $0 ($37,100) ($36,300) 46.4
EEM-4: De-lamp Canopy Lighting Fixtures
Purpose: The two covered canopy lighting levels are excessive. Energy will be saved if some of
the fixtures are de-lamped.
Scope: Remove lamps from up to 50% of the canopy fixtures. The analysis is based on de-
lamping 33% of the fixtures.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
($30) ($310) ($340) $300 ($500) ($6,100) ($6,300) 22.0
Juneau Police Station 8 Energy Audit (December 2011)
EEM-5: Optimize AHU-1 Ventilation System
Purpose: The heat recovery unit is supplying air to AHU-1 at a temperature that is 5°F lower than
the AHU-1 supply air temperature. This arrangement reduces the heat recovery capacity
of the unit. Energy will be saved if sequential control of the heat recovery unit face and
bypass dampers, the AHU mixing dampers, and the heating coil automatic valve is
established.
Scope: Modify the control sequences to sequentially modulate the heat recovery unit
face and bypass dampers, the AHU mixing dampers, and the heating coil automatic valve
to supply air to the building at the required temperature.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($3,940) ($3,940) $13,300 $0 ($111,500) ($98,200) 8.4
EEM-6: Utilize DDC Boiler Control Sequence
Purpose: The heating plant was designed with a sequential boiler control sequence that only
operated the lag and standby boilers when needed to meet the heating load. It was
reported that this sequence did not work properly and was abandoned for local aquastat
control of each boiler. Under the current controls, all three boilers are enabled and
operating to meet the heating load.
During periods when the outside temperature is warm enough that only one boiler needs
to be operated, firing and circulating hot water through isolated boilers in a multiple-
boiler system results in efficiency loss due to the unneeded boilers acting as heat sinks.
Energy will be saved if each boiler is only enabled as needed to meet the heating load.
Scope: Reestablish DDC sequential control of the boilers so only boilers that are needed to meet
the heating load are enabled. The DDC system should enable boilers and boiler pumps
according to the following sequence:
- Lead Boiler: On at 170°F, Off at 190°F
- Lag Boiler: On at 160°F, Off at 180°F
- Standby Boiler: On at 150°F, Off at 170°F
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$200 ($2,290) ($2,090) $10,000 $3,400 ($65,000) ($51,600) 6.2
Juneau Police Station 9 Energy Audit (December 2011)
MEDIUM PRIORITY
Medium priority EEMs will require planning and a higher level of investment. They are
recommended because they offer a life cycle savings. Negative values, in parenthesis, represent
savings.
EEM-7: Install Occupancy Sensors
Purpose: Many rooms in the Juneau Police Station were unoccupied with the lighting still on
during the audit. Energy will be saved if occupancy sensors are installed in the weight
room, the conference room, and the training rooms.
Scope: Install occupancy sensors in the weight room, conference room, and training rooms. The
analysis assumes that occupancy sensors will reduce the lighting by 4 hours per day.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
($210) ($290) ($500) $6,400 ($3,600) ($5,700) ($2,900) 1.5
LOW PRIORITY
Low priority EEMs do not offer a life cycle energy savings and are not recommended.
EEM-8: Convert to Variable Speed Pumping
Purpose: The building utilizes constant speed heating pumps that consume nearly constant energy
over the range of heating loads. Energy will be saved if the pumping system is converted
to a variable speed system that varies energy consumption with heating load.
Scope: Install VFDs and pressure sensors to modulate the heating pumps with heating loads. A
preliminary analysis determined that this EEM will not generate sufficient energy savings
to offset the cost of conversion to variable flow.
Juneau Police Station 10 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Section 4
Description of Systems
ENERGY SYSTEMS
This section provides a general description of the building systems. Energy conservation
opportunities are addressed in Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures.
Building Envelope
R-value
Component Description (inside to outside) Existing Optimal
Exterior Wall 5/8” Gyp. bd, 1” foil backed foam, R-19 batt, 2”x6” metal studs R-15 R-26
Roof 1 ½” pan deck, 8 mil barrier, 6” foam insulation panel, R-30 R-46
Floor Slab 4” Concrete slab-on-grade R-10 R-10
Foundation 8” concrete w/ 2” perimeter insulation board R-10 R-20
Windows Aluminum double pane windows non-thermally broken R-1.5 R-5
Doors Steel doors w/ non-thermally broken frames R-1.5 R-5
Heating System
The Juneau Police Station is heated by three fuel oil boilers that provide heat to one air handling unit
system, fan coil units, and perimeter hydronic systems. The heating and ventilating system also
incorporates a heat recovery unit, and a new 40-ton chilling unit installed in 2010 that supplies
cooling coils in the AHU. The heating system has the following pumps:
P-1 is the circulation pump for boiler B-1
P-2 is the circulation pump for boiler B-2
P-3 is the circulation pump for boiler B-3
P-4A & P-4B are the building heating pumps
P-5 is the radiant heat pump
HWRP is the domestic hot water recirculation pump
Juneau Police Station 11 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Ventilation System
Area Fan System Description
Building AHU 28,800 cfm 15 hp variable volume air handling unit consisting
of a filter section, primary heating coil, cooling coil, and
supply fan
Building RF-1 11,250 cfm 3 hp constant volume fan supplying return air to
the AHU return air plenum room
Building RF-2 11,250 cfm 3 hp constant volume fan supplying return air to
the AHU return air plenum room
Building HRU 7,100 cfm 5 hp supply and 6,500 cfm 5 hp return constant
volume heat recovery unit
Bio-Dry/Narc EF-1 350 cfm constant volume exhaust air fan
Lab Fume Hood EF-2 1,170 cfm constant volume exhaust air fan
Fingerprint Dusting EF-3 115 cfm constant volume exhaust air fan
Secure Transfer EF-4 1,220 cfm constant volume exhaust air fan
Domestic Hot Water System
The domestic hot water heating system consists of one 300-gallon oil-fired, vertical, direct hot water
heater that is located in the boiler room, and a 50-gallon electric hot water heater that is located in the
laundry room space.
Cooling Systems
The building has four mechanical cooling systems. A 3-ton unit serves the Dispatch Room
(Communications Room 245). Two 5-ton units serve the Server Room (Communications Electrical
Room 240). A 40-ton unit serves the AHU-1 cooling coil.
Automatic Control System
The building has a DDC system to control the operation of the heating and ventilation systems.
Energy can be saved through further optimization of fan system scheduling combined with a retro-
commissioning of the air handler systems.
Lighting
Interior lighting consists primarily of T8 fluorescent fixtures. Exterior lighting consists primarily of
metal halide lighting. Because lighting operational hours are controlled by staff and they have made a
very concerted effort to minimize lighting demand in the building since the 2007 avalanche,
operational costs for lighting with existing infrastructure are kept to a minimum.
Juneau Police Station 12 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Section 5
Methodology
Information for the energy audit was gathered through on-site observations, review of construction
documents, and interviews with operation and maintenance personnel. The EEMs are evaluated using
energy and life cycle cost analyses and are priority ranked for implementation.
Energy Efficiency Measures
Energy efficiency measures are identified by evaluating the building’s energy systems and comparing
them to systems in modern, high performance buildings. The process for identifying the EEMs
acknowledges the realities of an existing building that was constructed when energy costs were much
lower. Many of the opportunities used in modern high performance buildings—highly insulated
envelopes, variable capacity mechanical systems, heat pumps, daylighting, lighting controls, etc.—
simply cannot be economically incorporated into an existing building.
The EEMs represent practical measures to improve the energy efficiency of the buildings, taking into
account the realities of limited budgets. If a future major renovation project occurs, additional EEMs
common to high performance buildings should be incorporated.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
The EEMs are evaluated using life cycle cost analysis which determines if an energy efficiency
investment will provide a savings over a 25-year life. The analysis incorporates construction,
replacement, maintenance, repair, and energy costs to determine the total cost over the life of the
EEM. Future maintenance and energy cash flows are discounted to present worth using escalation
factors for general inflation, energy inflation, and the value of money. The methodology is based on
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook 135 – Life Cycle Cost
Analysis.
Life cycle cost analysis is preferred to simple payback for facilities that have long—often perpetual—
service lives. Simple payback, which compares construction cost and present energy cost, is
reasonable for short time periods of 2-4 years, but yields below optimal results over longer periods
because it does not properly account for the time value of money or inflationary effects on operating
budgets. Accounting for energy inflation and the time value of money properly sums the true cost of
facility ownership and seeks to minimize the life cycle cost.
Construction Costs
The cost estimates are derived based on a preliminary understanding of the scope of each EEM as
gathered during the walk-through audit. The construction costs for in-house labor are $60 per hour for
work typically performed by maintenance staff and $110 per hour for contract labor.
The cost estimate assumes the work will be performed as part of a larger renovation or energy
efficiency upgrade project. When implementing EEMs, the cost estimate should be revisited once the
scope and preferred method of performing the work has been determined. It is possible some EEMs
will not provide a life cycle savings when the scope is finalized.
Juneau Police Station 13 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Maintenance Costs
Maintenance costs are based on in-house or contract labor using historical maintenance efforts and
industry standards. Maintenance costs over the 25-year life of each EEM are included in the life cycle
cost calculation spreadsheets and represent the level of effort to maintain the systems.
Energy Analysis
The energy performance of an EEM is evaluated within the operating parameters of the building. A
comprehensive energy audit would rely on a computer model of the building to integrate building
energy systems and evaluate the energy savings of each EEM. This investment grade audit does not
utilize a computer model, so energy savings are calculated with factors that account for the dynamic
operation of the building. Energy savings and costs are estimated for the 25-year life of the EEM
using appropriate factors for energy inflation.
Prioritization
Each EEM is prioritized based on the life cycle savings to investment ratio (SIR) using the following
formula:
Prioritization Factor = Life Cycle Savings / Capital Costs
This approach factor puts significant weight on the capital cost of an EEM, making lower cost EEMs
more favorable.
Economic Factors
The following economic factors are significant to the findings.
Nominal Interest Rate: This is the nominal rate of return on an investment without regard to inflation.
The analysis uses a rate of 5%.
Inflation Rate: This is the average inflationary change in prices over time. The analysis uses an
inflation rate of 2%.
Economic Period: The analysis is based on a 25-year economic period with construction beginning in
2010.
Fuel Oil
Fuel oil currently costs $3.80 per gallon for a seasonally adjusted blend of #1 and #2 fuel oil. The
analysis is based on 6% fuel oil inflation which has been the average for the past 20-years.
Juneau Police Station 14 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Electricity
Electricity is supplied by Alaska Electric Light & Power Company (AEL&P). The building is billed
for electricity under AEL&P’s Rate 24. This rate charges for both electrical consumption (kWh) and
peak electric demand (kW). Electrical consumption is the amount of energy consumed and electric
demand is the rate of consumption. AEL&P determines the electric demand by averaging demand
over a continuously sliding fifteen minute window. The highest fifteen minute average during the
billing period determines the peak demand. The following table lists the electric charges, which
includes a 24% rate hike that was recently approved:
AEL&P Small Government Rate with Demand
Charge 1 On-peak (Nov-May) Off-peak (June-Oct)
Energy Charge per kWh 6.11¢ 5.92¢
Demand Charge per kW $14.30 $9.11
Service Charge per month $99.24 $99.24
Over recent history, electricity inflation has been less than 1% per year, which has lagged general
inflation. An exception is the recent 24% rate hike that was primarily due to construction of additional
hydroelectric generation at Lake Dorothy. This project affords the community a surplus of power
which should bring electric inflation back to the historic rate of 1% per year. Load growth from
electric heat conversions is likely to increase generating and distribution costs, especially if diesel
supplementation is needed. Combining these two factors contribute to an assumed electricity inflation
rate of 3%.
Summary
The following table summarizes the energy and economic factors used in the analysis.
Summary of Economic and Energy Factors
Factor Rate or Cost Factor Rate or Cost
Nominal Discount Rate 5% Electricity $0.084/kWh
General Inflation Rate 2% Electricity Inflation 3%
Fuel Oil Cost (2012) $3.80/gal Fuel Oil Inflation 6%
Juneau Police Station 15 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Appendix A
Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Juneau Police Station 16 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Police Station
Basis
Economic
Study Period (years) 25 Nominal Discount Rate 5%General Inflation 2%
Energy
2011 $/gal Fuel Inflation 2012 $/gal
Fuel Oil $3.80 6% $4.03
Electricity $/kWh (2011)$/kW (2011)Inflation $/kWh (2012)$/kW (2012)
w/ Demand Charges $0.060 $12.14 3% $0.062 $12.50
w/o Demand Charges $0.084 -3% $0.087 -
EEM-2: Reduce Arctic Entry Temperature
Energy Analysis
Component Area R-value ΔT Hours MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
Wall 110 15 -14 8,760 -0.1 -899 68%-10
Door 42 1.0 -14 7,600 -0.6 -4,469 68%-47
-0.7 -5,368 -57
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Turn down thermostat 0 1 LS $100 $100
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -57 gal $4.03 ($6,508)
Net Present Worth ($6,400)
EEM-3: Replace Aerators and Showerheads
Energy Analysis
η boiler 68%
Fixture Existing Proposed Uses/day Days Water,Gals % HW kBTU Gallons
Showerhead 20.0 10.0 10 365 -36,500 80% -19,482 -207
Lavatories 0.3 0.2 100 365 -6,570 80% -3,507 -37
-43,070 -244
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace lavatory aerators 0 18 ea $35 $630
Replace showerhead 0 6 ea $35 $210
Energy Costs
Water 1 - 25 -43 kgals $10.960 ($9,279)
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -244 gal $4.03 ($27,869)
Net Present Worth ($36,300)
Gallons per Use
Juneau Police Station 17 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Police Station
EEM-4: De-lamp Canopy Lighting Fixtures
Energy Analysis
Type # Fixtures Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Hours, exist Hours, new Savings, kWh
Q2 -10 MH 100 115 4,380 0 -5,037
-5,037
Lamp Replacement
Type # Fixtures Lamp # Lamps Life, hrs Lamps//yr $/lamp $/Replace
Q2 -10 MH 1 36,000 -1.22 $4 $15
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Delamp Fixtures 0 10 ea $30 $300
Annual Costs
Lamp replacement savings 1 - 25 -1.22 lamps $26.00 ($539)
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -5,037 kWh $0.062 ($6,119)
Net Present Worth ($6,400)
EEM-5: Optimize AHU-1 Ventilation System
Energy Analysis
CFM ΔT MBH Hours kBtu η boiler Gallons
7,100 -2 -15 6,000 -92,016 68% -977
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Modify control sequences 0 1 ea $5,000 $5,000
Commission 0 1 ea $2,500 $2,500
Estimating contingency 0 15%$1,125
Overhead & profit 0 30%$2,588
Design fees 0 10%$1,121
Project management 0 8%$987
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -977 gal $4.03 ($111,548)
Net Present Worth ($98,200)
EEM-6: Utilize DDC Boiler Control Sequence
Energy Analysis
Boiler Input MBH Loss %Loss MBH Hours, exist Hours, new kBtu η boiler Gallons
Lag 620 0.75% 5 8,760 5,000 -17,491 68%-186
Standby 620 0.75% 5 8,760 1,000 -36,098 68%-383
9 -53,589 -569
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Retro-commission DDC sequential controls 0 1 LS $10,000 $10,000
Annual Costs
DDC maintenance 1 - 25 1 LS $200.00 $3,405
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -569 gal $4.03 ($64,964)
Net Present Worth ($51,600)
Juneau Police Station 18 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Juneau Police Station
EEM-7: Install Occupancy Sensors
Energy Analysis
Type # Fixtures Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Hours/day Hours, new Savings, kWh
Training 24 3T8 96 110 4,320 1,440 -7,631
Weight 10 2T8 64 74 4,320 1,440 -2,120
Confernece 8 3T8 96 110 4,320 1,440 -2,544
-4,663
Lamp Replacement
Type # Fixtures Lamp # Lamps Life, hrs Lamps//yr $/lamp $/Replace
Training 24 3T8 -3 36,000 -11.52 $4 $5
Weight 10 2T8 -5 36,000 -8.00 $4 $5
Confernece 8 3T8 3 20,000 6.91 $8 $5
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install occupancy sensors 0 3 LS $1,200 $3,600
Estimating contingency 0 15%$540
Overhead & profit 0 30%$1,242
Design fees 0 10%$538
Project management 0 8%$474
Annual Costs
Existing lamp replacements 1 - 25 -12.61 lamps $17.00 ($3,650)
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -4,663 kWh $0.062 ($5,665)
Net Present Worth ($2,900)
Juneau Police Station 19 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Appendix B
Energy and Utility Data
Juneau Police Station 20 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Billing Data
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Police Station
ELECTRIC RATE
Electricity ($ / kWh )0.0611 0.0592
Demand ( $ / kW )14.30 9.11
Customer Charge ( $ / mo )99.24 99.24
Sales Tax ( % )0.0% 0.0%
ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND
kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW
Jan 56,780 92.8 52,480 92.1 50,830 87.9 48,890 87.8 52,245
Feb 54,110 95.6 52,670 94.4 47,480 89.4 50,010 85.8 51,068
Mar 52,830 93.6 54,240 93.0 45,040 77.5 46,910 86.2 49,755
Apr 53,310 87.9 51,220 93.8 47,590 81.6 45,480 76.6 49,400
May 52,570 90.8 43,440 89.1 44,360 79.9 47,680 76.9 47,013
Jun 51,540 92.5 37,210 81.1 44,350 74.2 42,710 74.1 43,953
Jul 53,310 88.4 37,930 79.8 44,190 79.4 43,710 75.7 44,785
Aug 49,200 84.7 42,430 76.6 46,280 80.8 43,900 76.6 45,453
Sep 52,420 88.9 47,820 76.6 48,190 80.8 42,100 72.8 47,633
Oct 47,480 88.9 46,630 82.2 45,770 80.1 45,760 71.2 46,410
Nov 51,450 86.8 47,460 85.0 50,450 82.4 44,560 80.0 48,480
Dec 55,350 96.8 49,760 86.2 46,740 84.9 46,240 79.2 49,523
Total 630,350 563,290 561,270 547,950 575,715
Average 52,529 91 46,941 86 46,773 82 45,663 79 47,976
Load Factor 79.4%74.9%78.5%79.6%84
ELECTRIC BILLING DETAILS
Month Energy Demand Cust & Tax Total Energy Demand Cust & Tax Total % Change
Jan 3,106 1,257 99 4,462 2,987 1,256 99 4,342 -2.7%
Feb 2,901 1,278 99 4,279 3,056 1,227 99 4,382 2.4%
Mar 2,752 1,108 99 3,959 2,866 1,233 99 4,198 6.0%
Apr 2,908 1,167 99 4,174 2,779 1,095 99 3,973 -4.8%
May 2,710 1,143 99 3,952 2,913 1,100 99 4,112 4.0%
Jun 2,710 676 99 3,485 2,610 675 99 3,384 -2.9%
Jul 2,700 723 99 3,523 2,671 690 99 3,460 -1.8%
Aug 2,828 736 99 3,663 2,682 698 99 3,479 -5.0%
Sep 2,944 736 99 3,780 2,572 663 99 3,335 -11.8%
Oct 2,797 730 99 3,625 2,796 649 99 3,544 -2.3%
Nov 3,082 1,178 99 4,360 2,723 1,144 99 3,966 -9.0%
Dec 2,856 1,214 99 4,169 2,825 1,133 99 4,057 -2.7%
Total $ 34,294 $ 11,947 $ 1,191 $ 47,431 $ 33,480 $ 11,561 $ 1,191 $ 46,232 -2.5%
Average $ 2,858 $ 996 $ 99 $ 3,953 $ 2,790 $ 963 $ 99 $ 3,853 -2.5%
Cost ($/kWh)$0.085 72% 25% 3% $0.084 -0.2%
Electrical costs are based on the current electric rates.
2009 2010
2010
AEL&P Electric Rate 24 On-Peak
Nov-May
Off-peak
Jun-Oct
Month 2007 2008 2009 Average
Juneau Police Station 21 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Annual Electric Consumption
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Police Station
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Use (kWh)Month of the Year
Electric Use History
2007
2008
2009
2010
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Demand (kW)Month of the Year
Electric Demand History
2007
2008
2009
2010
Juneau Police Station 22 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Electric Cost
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Police Station 2010
$ 0
$ 500
$ 1,000
$ 1,500
$ 2,000
$ 2,500
$ 3,000
$ 3,500
$ 4,000
$ 4,500
$ 5,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Cost (USD)Month of the Year
Electric Cost Breakdown
2010
Electric Use (kWh) Costs
Electric Demand (kW) Costs
Customer Charge and Taxes
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Electric Demand (kW)Electric Use (kWh)Month of the Year
Electric Use and Demand Comparison
2010
Electric Use
Electric Demand
Juneau Police Station 23 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Annual Fuel Oil Consumption
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Police Station
Year Fuel Oil Degree Days
2,007 13,424 9,282
2,008 10,537 9,093
2,009 16,768 9,284
2,010 15,549 9,013
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 Degree DaysGallons of Fuel OilYear
Annual Fuel Oil Use
Fuel Oil
Degree Days
Juneau Police Station 24 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Annual Water Consumption
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Police Station
Year Water
2,007 204,000
2,008 360,000
2,009 420,000
2,010 276,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
2007 2008 2009 2010Gallons of WaterYear
Annual Water Use
Juneau Police Station 25 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Energy Cost $/MMBtu Area ECI EUI
Fuel Oil $3.80 $39.20 32,825 $3.11 119
Electricity $0.084 $26.03
Source Cost
Electricity 575,715 kWh $48,600 2,000 51%
Fuel Oil 14,070 Gallons $53,500 1,900 49%
Totals $102,100 3,900 100%
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Consumption Energy, MMBtu
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
$45
Fuel Oil ElectricityCost $ / MMBtuCost of Heat Comparison
Juneau Police Station 26 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Appendix C
Equipment Data
Juneau Police Station 27 Energy Audit (December 2011)
MotorHP / Volts / RPM / EfficP 1 Boiler Room Boiler B 1 Circulation Pump TACO 0012-FU22 GPM 1/8 HP/ 115 V/ 3250 RPMP 2 Boiler Room Boiler B 2 Circulation Pump TACO 0012-FU22 GPM 1/8 HP/ 115 V/ 3250 RPMP 3 Boiler Room Boiler B 3 Circulation Pump TACO 0012-FU22 GPM 1/8 HP/ 115 V/ 3250 RPMP 4A Boiler Room Heating Loop Pump Grundfos UPS32-160F 30 GPM 0.9 Amps/ 480 VP 4B Boiler Room Heating Loop Pump Grundfos UPS32-160F 30 GPM 0.9 Amps/ 480 VP 5 Boiler Room Radiant Heat Pump5 GPM 1/20 HP/ 120VXFMRR OutsideTransformerSquare D 112T3HGIS12 112.5 KVAXFMR Server Room TransformerSquare D 75T3HG1SNL 75 KVAB 1 Boiler Room BoilerWeil McLain 578521000 BTU/hrB 2 Boiler Room BoilerWeil McLain 578521000 BTU/hrHWT 1 Boiler Room Domestic Hot Water Heater AO Smith PSTT300-300 300000 BTU/hrHWT 2 Laundry Room Domestic Hot Water Heater Rheem 82V 52-2 50 GallonAHU 1 Fan Room Building Ventilation ScottSpringfield HQ-23-AHU 26,200 26160 CFM 15 HP/ 480 V/ 1750 RPM/ 93% 53.60%RF 1 Fan Room Building Ventilation ACME 713A-1011250 CFM 3 HP/ 480 V/ 1745 RPM/ 85.5% 45%RF 2 Fan Room Building Ventilation ACME 713A-1011250 CFM 3 HP/ 480 V/ 1745 RPM/ 85.5% offHRV 1 Fan Room Heat Recovery Ventilator Boss Air6700 CFM 3 HP/ 480 V/ 1750 RPM/ 88.5% Supply FanFan Room Heat Recovery Ventilator6600 CFM 3 HP/ 480 V/ 1750 RPM/ 88.5% Exhaust FanHVAC 2 Dispatch Room Room 245 coolingCarrier 50AHO36 3 Ton 480 VEF 1 Bio-Dry/NARC Bio-Dry200 CFM 1/4 HP/120VEF 2ID Lab Fume HoodLab Fume Hood1170 CFM 1/3 HP/120VEF 3Fingerprint DustingFingerprint Dusting115 CFM 1/15 HP/120VNon TPI rated / 80° C temp riseNon TPI rated / 80° C temp riseSet @ 150 for custodialJuneau Police Department - Major Equipment InventoryCapacityNotesUnit IDLocation Function Make Model
Juneau Police Station 28 Energy Audit (December 2011)
MotorHP / Volts / RPM / EfficJuneau Police Department - Major Equipment InventoryCapacityNotesUnit IDLocation Function Make ModelEF 4 Secure Transfer Service Transfer1220 CFM 1/4 HP/120VHVAC 3 ServerComm Elec 240 Cooling Carrier 50AHAC606FAS 5 TonHVAC 4 ServerComm Elec 240 Cooling Carrier 50AHAC606FAS 5 TonCCU 1Building Cooler40 TonJuneau Police Station 29 Energy Audit (December 2011)
Appendix D
Abbreviations
AHU Air handling unit
BTU British thermal unit
BTUH BTU per hour
CBJ City and Borough of Juneau
CMU Concrete masonry unit
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CUH Cabinet unit heater
DDC Direct digital controls
DHW Domestic hot water
EAD Exhaust air damper
EEM Energy efficiency measure
EF Exhaust fan
Gyp Bd Gypsum board
HVAC Heating, Ventilating, Air-
conditioning
HW Hot water
HWRP Hot water recirculating pump
KVA Kilovolt-amps
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
LED Light emitting diode
MBH 1,000 Btu per hour
MMBH 1,000,000 Btu per hour
OAD Outside air damper
PSI Per square inch
PSIG Per square inch gage
RAD Return air damper
RF Return fan
SIR Savings to investment ratio
SF Supply fan
UV Unit ventilator
VAV Variable air volume
VFD Variable frequency drive
Juneau Police Station 30 Energy Audit (December 2011)