HomeMy WebLinkAboutSEA-AEE-Pelican K-12 School 2012-EE
Pelican K-12 School
Pelican School District
Funded by:
Final Report
February 2012
Prepared by:
Energy Audit
Table of Contents
Section 1: Executive Summary 2
Section 2: Introduction 6
Section 3: Energy Efficiency Measures 8
Section 4: Description of Systems 14
Section 5: Methodology 16
Appendix A: Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 19
Appendix B: Energy and Utility Data 25
Appendix C: Equipment Data 30
Appendix D: Abbreviations 32
Audit Team
The energy audit is performed by Alaska Energy Engineering LLC of Juneau, Alaska. The audit team
consists of:
Jim Rehfeldt, P.E., Energy Engineer
Jack Christiansen, Energy Consultant
Brad Campbell, Energy Auditor
Loras O’Toole P.E., Mechanical Engineer
Will Van Dyken P.E., Electrical Engineer
Curt Smit, P.E., Mechanical Engineer
Philip Iverson, Construction Estimator
Karla Hart, Technical Publications Specialist
Jill Carlile, Data Analyst
Grayson Carlile, Energy Modeler
Pelican K-12 School 1 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Section 1
Executive Summary
An energy audit of the Pelican School was performed by Alaska Energy Engineering LLC. The
investment grade audit was funded by Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC) to identify
opportunities to improve the energy performance of public buildings throughout Alaska.
The Pelican School is a 13,670 square foot building that contains commons, classrooms, a multi-
purpose room, locker rooms, a library, storage, and mechanical support spaces.
Building Assessment
The following summarizes our assessment of the building.
Envelope
The building envelope of Pelican School appears to have been well maintained and is in good
condition. Roofing repairs and improvements have recently been completed. The building is not
without envelope issues however, which include:
The exterior doors are not thermally broken. Future exterior door replacements should
include this feature. The weather stripping on the doors is in very poor condition and should
be replaced.
There are 21 single pane wood framed window units with internal storm windows with an
estimated R-1.25 insulation value each. The windows appear to be at the end of their useful
life and should be replaced with energy efficient double pane units.
The wall insulation has been removed from a portion of the exterior wall above the Boy’s
locker room. Insulation has fallen out of the ceiling above the girl’s restrooms/locker rooms,
and a large area of insulation was improperly installed in this same space.
Abandoned air relief hoods in the ceiling above the gym and the classroom offices are
supplying a direct path for heat loss. These hoods should be removed and the ceiling space
filled in and insulated in their place.
The southeast side of the gym shows signs of weathering and the paint is peeling.
Siding along the east woodshop wall is dry-rotting due to weather exposure.
Pelican K-12 School 2 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Heating System
The building is heated by two fuel oil boilers that provide heat to unit heaters and perimeter hydronic
systems. The air handling unit has been disconnected and is no longer in service.
At the time of the audit, Boiler #1 and Boiler #2 were operating simultaneously. The control system
should be programmed to allow the boilers to operate more efficiently in a lead/lag configuration. A
30° delta T should be utilized to optimize boiler efficiency, i.e. 150°F to 180°F for the lead boiler and
140°F to 170°F for the lag boiler.
The existing piping system requires water circulation through both boilers, even when one can meet
the heating load. Circulating heating water through a non-necessary boiler results in a significant
amount of heat loss. This can be corrected with the addition of a header system so that each boiler can
be operated independently.
The remainder of the fuel oil boiler heating system appears to be in good condition; however fairly
simple improvements can be made to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. These are outlined in
Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures.
Ventilation System
The building ventilation systems consist of an abandoned-in-place air handling unit (AHU-1) and an
exhaust fan that serves the bathrooms and locker rooms (EF-1). AHU-1 was designed to develop a
positive pressure within the building envelope. Since it is not operating, it is no longer supplying
make-up air for the EF-1 exhaust. As a result, the make-up air flow comes from infiltration through
door, window, and building envelope leaks. This make-up air is uncontrolled and often cold. This
approach is less efficient and does not provide proper distribution as would occur if AHU-1 was
operating. We recommend that system air exchange rates for each space be reviewed and operational
methods modified to better control the balance of air within the building.
Exhaust fan EF-1 for the bathrooms and locker spaces operates 24 hours/day, 7 days/week during the
school year. Energy is consumed by the fan motor and for makeup air to replace the exhaust air.
Significant energy will be saved if the fan is turned off during unoccupied periods.
The wood shop dust collector system is venting the filtered air back into the wood shop. This should
be corrected by directing dust collector exhaust outside.
Lighting
Interior lighting consists primarily of T12 fluorescent fixtures and incandescent fixtures throughout
the building and 400-watt mercury vapor lighting in the gym. Exterior lighting consists of
incandescent lighting. Staff has scheduled a conversion of the T12 lighting to more efficient T8
lighting to begin in February. Due to the high cost of electricity in Pelican, the use of occupancy
sensors should be considered in spaces where lights are left on between occupancy. Gym lighting
modifications covered Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures, should be considered.
Lighting in several spaces of the building is controlled with manual switching of the circuit breakers
in the electrical panels. Lighting in these spaces is turned on at 8:00 am and off at 5:30 pm regardless
of occupancy. Energy will be saved if lighting controls are improved by installing local switching
with occupancy sensors.
Summary
It is the assessment of the energy audit team that the majority of the building energy losses are due to
the inefficient T12 fluorescent lighting and gym pendant lighting units, the lack of occupancy sensors
and lighting controls in the bathrooms and locker rooms, and the continuous operation of EF-1.
Pelican K-12 School 3 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs)
All buildings have opportunities to improve their energy efficiency. The energy audit revealed
numerous opportunities in which an efficiency investment will result in a net reduction in long-term
operating costs.
Behavioral and Operational EEMs
The following EEMs require behavioral and operational changes in the building use. The savings are
not readily quantifiable but these EEMs are highly recommended as low-cost opportunities that are a
standard of high performance buildings.
EEM-1: Weather-strip Doors
EEM-2: Repair Insulation in Wood Shop
EEM-3: Repair Insulation above Girl’s Bathroom & Lockers
EEM-4: Remove Unused Roof Vent Hoods
EEM-5: Replace Boiler Room and Attic Storage Lights
High and Medium Priority EEMs
The following EEMs are recommended for investment. They are ranked by life cycle savings to
investment ratio (SIR). This ranking method places a priority on low cost EEMs which can be
immediately funded, generating energy savings to fund higher cost EEMs in the following years.
Negative values, in parenthesis, represent savings.
25-Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
High Priority
EEM-6: Insulate Expansion Tank/Air Separator $300 $0 ($41,500) ($41,200) 138.3
EEM-7: Install Exhaust Fan Timer $1,800 $0 ($223,700) ($221,900) 124.3
EEM-8: Optimize Boiler Lead/Standby Controls $500 $0 ($52,500) ($52,000) 105.0
EEM-9: Install Pipe Insulation $300 $0 ($13,500) ($13,200) 45.0
EEM-10: Install Programmable Thermostats $3,500 $0 ($38,400) ($34,900) 11.0
EEM-11: Perform Boiler Combustion Test $700 $2,000 ($7,700) ($5,000) 8.1
EEM-12: Replace Aerators and Showerheads $500 $0 ($3,800) ($3,300) 7.6
Medium Priority
EEM-13: Install Valves on Unit Heaters $10,700 $0 ($21,800) ($11,100) 2.0
EEM-14: Install Occupancy Sensors $14,200 ($300) ($22,400) ($8,500) 1.6
EEM-15: Replace Gym Lights $33,600 ($300) ($42,900) ($9,600) 1.3
EEM-16: Replace Single Pane Windows $24,500 $0 ($30,700) ($6,200) 1.3
Totals* $90,600 $1,400 ($498,900) ($406,900) 5.5
*The analysis is based on each EEM being independent of the others. While it is likely that some
EEMs are interrelated, an isolated analysis is used to demonstrate the economics because the audit
team is not able to predict which EEMs an Owner may choose to implement. If several EEMs are
implemented, the resulting energy savings is likely to differ from the sum of each EEM projection.
Pelican K-12 School 4 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Summary
The energy audit revealed numerous opportunities for improving the energy performance of the
building. We recommend that the behavioral and high priority EEMs be implemented now to generate
energy savings from which to fund the medium priority EEMs.
Another avenue to consider is to borrow money from AHFCs revolving loan fund for public
buildings. AHFC will loan money for energy improvements under terms that allow for paying back
the money from the energy savings. More information on this option can be found online at
http://www.ahfc.us/loans/akeerlf_loan.cfm.
Pelican K-12 School 5 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Section 2
Introduction
This report presents the findings of an energy audit of the Pelican School located in Pelican, Alaska.
The purpose of this investment grade energy audit is to evaluate the infrastructure and its subsequent
energy performance to identify applicable energy efficiencies measures (EEMs).
The energy audit report contains the following sections:
Introduction: Building use and energy consumption.
Energy Efficiency Measures: Priority ranking of the EEMs with a description, energy
analysis, and life cycle cost analysis.
Description of Systems: Background description of the building energy systems.
Methodology: Basis for how construction and maintenance cost estimates are derived and
the economic and energy factors used for the analysis.
BUILDING USE
The Pelican School is a 13,670 square foot building for K-12 instruction. The building contains
commons, classrooms, a multi-purpose room, locker rooms, a library, storage, and mechanical
support spaces. The school is operated by 5 staff and attended by 17 students.
The facility is occupied in the following manner:
School 8:15 am – 3:30 pm (M-F)
Gym 3 hours per day for classes, community basketball, and wrestling practice
Building History
1974 – Original construction of Pelican School
1977 – School addition
1984 – Roof Replacement
2000 – Roof Replacement
2011 – New Boiler System
Pelican K-12 School 6 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Energy Consumption
The building energy sources include an electric service and a fuel oil tank. Fuel oil is used for the
majority of the heating loads and domestic hot water while electricity serves all other loads. The
following table shows annual energy use and cost.
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Source Consumption Cost Energy, MMBtu
Electricity 43,847 kWh $36,000 100 13%
Fuel Oil 4,886Gallons $25,500 700 88%
Totals $61,500 800 100%
Electricity
This chart shows electrical energy use
from 2008 to 2011. The effective cost—
energy costs plus demand charges—is
82.1¢ per kWh.
Fuel Oil
This chart shows heating energy use from
2008 to 2011. The chart compares annual
use with the heating degree days which is
a measurement of the demand for energy
to heat a building. A year with a higher
number of degree days reflects colder
outside temperatures and a higher heating
requirement.
Cost of Heat Comparison
This chart shows a comparison of the current cost of fuel oil heat
and electric heat. The comparison is based on a fuel oil
conversion efficiency of 70% and an electric boiler conversion
efficiency of 95%. Fuel oil heat is considerably less expensive
than electric heat.
Pelican K-12 School 7 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Section 3
Energy Efficiency Measures
The following energy efficiency measures (EEMs) were identified during the energy audit. The
EEMs are priority ranked and, where applicable, subjected to energy and life cycle cost analysis.
Appendix A contains the energy and life cycle cost analysis spreadsheets.
The EEMs are grouped into the following prioritized categories:
Behavioral or Operational: EEMs that require minimal capital investment but require
operational or behavioral changes. The EEMs provide a life cycle savings but an analysis is
not performed because the guaranteed energy savings is difficult quantify.
High Priority: EEMs that require a small capital investment and offer a life cycle savings.
Also included in this category are higher cost EEMs that offer significant life cycle savings.
Medium Priority: EEMs that require a significant capital investment to provide a life cycle
savings. Many medium priority EEMs provide a high life cycle savings and offer substantial
incentive to increase investment in building energy efficiency.
Low Priority: EEMs that will save energy but do not provide a life cycle savings.
BEHAVIORAL OR OPERATIONAL
The following EEMs are recommended for implementation. They require behavioral or operational
changes that can occur with minimal investment to achieve immediate savings. These EEMs are not
easily quantified by analysis because they cannot be accurately predicted. They are recommended
because they offer a life cycle savings, represent good practice, and are accepted features of high
performance buildings.
EEM-1: Weather-strip Doors
Purpose: The exterior steel doors do not seal and are missing weather stripping. Energy will be
saved if doors are properly weather-stripped to reduce infiltration.
Scope: Replace weather stripping on exterior doors.
EEM-2: Repair Insulation in Wood Shop
Purpose: Approximately three square feet of exterior wall insulation has pulled away from the
Wood Shop wall. Energy will be saved if this section of insulation is repaired.
Scope: Repair insulation.
Pelican K-12 School 8 Energy Audit (February 2012)
EEM-3: Repair Insulation above Girl’s Bathroom & Lockers
Purpose: Approximately 24 square feet of ceiling insulation has fallen down in the ceiling above
the girl’s bathroom and locker room. Energy will be saved if this section of insulation is
repaired.
In addition, approximately 180 square feet of R-19 Kraft faced insulation is installed with
the facing-side up. This places the vapor retarder on the wrong side of the thermal
envelope and increases the likelihood that moisture damage can occur. We recommend
that this insulation be removed and properly installed.
Scope: Repair insulation.
EEM-4: Remove Unused Roof Vent Hoods
Purpose: A 24”x18” classroom relief hood and a 30”x24” gym relief hood are no longer utilized,
yet provide a direct path for heat loss from the school. Energy will be saved if these
hoods are removed and the ceiling properly insulated.
Scope: Remove hoods and insulate ceiling accesses.
EEM-5: Replace Boiler Room and Attic Storage Lights
Purpose: The three boiler room lighting fixtures have 300-watt incandescent bulbs installed and the
five attic storage lights have 75-watt incandescent bulbs installed. Although these fixtures
are only utilized approximately 1 hour per week, energy will be saved if these are
replaced with compact fluorescent bulbs.
Scope: Replace boiler room and attic storage lights with compact fluorescent bulbs.
HIGH PRIORITY
The following EEMs are recommended for implementation because they are low cost measures that
have a high savings to investment ratio. The EEMs are listed from highest to lowest priority. Negative
values, in parenthesis, represent savings.
EEM-6: Insulate Boiler Expansion Tank and Air Separator
Purpose: With a surface area of over 17 square feet, the expansion tank and air separator provide a
large amount of uninsulated surface for heat loss. Energy will be saved if this surface area
is insulated to reduce heat loss.
Scope: Insulate the boiler expansion tank and air separator.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($1,470) ($1,470) $300 $0 ($41,500) ($41,200) 138.3
Pelican K-12 School 9 Energy Audit (February 2012)
EEM-7: Install Exhaust Fan Timer
Purpose: The exhaust fan for the bathrooms and locker spaces operates 24 hours/day, 7 days/week
during the school year. Energy is consumed by the fan motor and for makeup air to
replace exhaust air. Energy will be saved by turning the fan off when not in use.
Scope: Install a time clock to turn the fan off during unoccupied hours.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($7,890) ($7,890) $1,800 $0 ($223,700) ($221,900) 124.3
EEM-8: Optimize Boiler Lead/Standby Controls
Purpose: The lead boiler is capable of supplying the heating load, yet both boilers are firing
simultaneously when heat is called. Energy will be saved if the controls are modified to
allow lead/standby operation of the boilers where the standby boiler remains isolated
unless the lead boiler fails.
Scope: Modify the boiler controller settings to operate the lead boiler between 150°F to 180°F
and the standby boiler between 140°F and 170°F.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($1,850) ($1,850) $500 $0 ($52,500) ($52,000) 105.0
EEM-9: Install Pipe Insulation
Purpose: Several sections of heating hot water circulation pipe piping are uninsulated. Energy will
be saved if these sections of piping are optimally insulated.
Scope: Install pipe insulation in the following locations:
- 20 feet of 1 ½ inch pipe in the Boiler Room
- 3 feet of inch pipe in the Wood Shop
- 20 feet of ¾ inch pipe at various unit heaters
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($480) ($480) $300 $0 ($13,500) ($13,200) 45.0
EEM-10: Install Programmable Thermostats
Purpose: Energy will be saved if programmable thermostats are installed to provide night setback
capability in rooms during unoccupied hours.
Scope: Install programmable thermostats with night setback capability to control the heaters in
each room.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($1,350) ($1,350) $3,500 $0 ($38,400) ($34,900) 11.0
Pelican K-12 School 10 Energy Audit (February 2012)
EEM-11: Perform a Boiler Combustion Test
Purpose: Operating the boiler with an optimum amount of excess air will improve combustion
efficiency. Annual cleaning followed by a combustion test is recommended.
Scope: Annually clean and perform a combustion test on the boiler.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$120 ($270) ($150) $700 $2,000 ($7,700) ($5,000) 8.1
EEM-12: Replace Aerators and Showerheads
Purpose: Energy and water will be saved by replacing the lavatory aerators and showerheads with
low-flow models. Calculations are based on current shower use – showers are used only
by wrestlers for two months per year.
Scope: Replace lavatory aerators and showerheads with water-conserving fixtures.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($130) ($130) $500 $0 ($3,800) ($3,300) 7.6
MEDIUM PRIORITY
Medium priority EEMs will require planning and a higher level of investment. They are
recommended because they offer a life cycle savings. The EEMs are listed from highest to lowest
priority. Negative values, in parenthesis, represent savings.
EEM-13: Install Automatic Valves on Unit Heaters
Purpose: Energy will be saved if the wall and ceiling mounted unit heaters have automatic valves
that shut off the heating flow when heat is not needed. Currently the coils in the unit
heaters are continuously hot and the thermostat turns the fan on to supply the heat to the
room. When heat is not needed, convective heat loss from the coil occurs; some of the
heat loss may be useful, but a large percentage is not.
Scope: Install automatic valves in the heating supply to each heater and control them from the
fan thermostat.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($770) ($770) $10,700 $0 ($21,800) ($11,100) 2.0
Pelican K-12 School 11 Energy Audit (February 2012)
EEM-14: Install Occupancy Sensors
Purpose: Lighting in several spaces of the building is controlled by manual switching of the circuit
breakers in the electrical panels. Lighting in these spaces is turned on at 8:00 am and off
at 5:30 pm, regardless of occupancy. Energy will be saved if lighting controls are
improved by installing local switching with occupancy sensors as follows:
- Boys Locker Room (4) 2-lamp fixtures
- Girls Locker Room (4) 2-lamp fixtures
- Boys Restroom (4) 2-lamp fixtures
- Girls Restroom (4) 2-lamp fixtures
Calculations assume that all fixtures have been upgraded from the existing T12 fixtures
to more efficient T8 fixtures.
Scope: Install occupancy sensors for lighting controls in each of the spaces listed above.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
($20) ($790) ($810) $14,200 ($300) ($22,400) ($8,500) 1.6
EEM-15: Replace Gym Lights
Purpose: Existing gym lighting utilizes 28 pendant-mounted mercury vapor bulbs to light the space
for approximately 15 hours per week to support school-hour class activities and after-
school sports and community events. Similar light levels could be achieved with multi-
lamp T5 lighting. Energy will be saved if the 28 mercury vapor light fixtures are replaced
with 6-bulb T5 units.
Scope: Replace mercury vapor lights with 6-bulb T5 units.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
($20) ($1,510) ($1,530) $33,600 ($300) ($42,900) ($9,600) 1.3
EEM-16: Replace Single Pane Windows
Purpose: A single pane glazing with interior storm windows was the selection used for the school
windows, the result of which is an insulation value of approximately R-1.15. Energy will
be saved if the single pane glazing units are replaced with an energy efficient R-6 triple
pane window.
Scope: Replace single pane glazing with energy efficient triple pane glazing units.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($1,080) ($1,080) $24,500 $0 ($30,700) ($6,200) 1.3
Pelican K-12 School 12 Energy Audit (February 2012)
LOW PRIORITY
Low priority EEMs do not offer a life cycle energy savings and are not recommended.
EEM-17: Upgrade Motors to Premium Efficiency (Dust collector running 1 hour per day/5 days
per week)
Purpose: The electric motor on the dust collector is not a premium model. Energy will be saved if
the motor is upgraded.
- Dust Collector 5 HP from 85.5% to 89.5% efficient
Scope: Replace identified motors with premium efficiency motors.
Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs
Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR
$0 ($20) ($20) $1,500 $0 ($700) $800 0.5
Pelican K-12 School 13 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Section 4
Description of Systems
ENERGY SYSTEMS
This section provides a general description of the building systems. Energy conservation
opportunities are addressed in Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures.
Building Envelope
R-value
Component Description (inside to outside) Existing Optimal
Exterior Wall 3/4” T-111, 2”x6” stud walls w/average R-11 batt, ¾” T111 R-13 R-30
Roof (Gym) 2”x8” 24” OC, 4” foam insulation + 6” batt insulation R-35 R-56
Roof (Class/Office) Open web truss, 3 1/2” batt insulation + 4” foam insulation R-27 R-56
Floor (on pilings) 2”x8” joists, 4” air space, 3 ½” batt insulation, 3 ½” foam insulation R-27 R-40
Windows Wood frame single pane w/ storm windows R-1.25 R-5
Doors Steel and wood doors w/ non-thermally broken frames R-1.5 R-5
Heating System
The building is heated by two fuel oil boilers that provide heat to fan coil units and perimeter
hydronic systems. The air handling unit has been disconnected and is no longer in service. The
heating system has the following pumps:
P-1and P-2 are boiler circulation pumps
P-3 is the primary building heating loop circulation pump
CP-3 is the secondary heating loop circulation pump
CP-4 is the domestic hot water heating supply pump
Ventilation Systems
Area Fan System Description
Entire Building AHU-1 Not being operated
Lockers/Bathroom Exhaust EF-1 940 cfm ¼ hp constant volume exhaust air fan
Domestic Hot Water System
A direct hot water heater system consisting of one 80-gallon indirect hot water heater and one
domestic hot water loop pump supply domestic hot water to the fixtures and showers. The water
conservation efficiency of the lavatory aerators and the showerheads can be improved.
Automatic Control System
The building has an electronic control module to control the operation of the boiler systems.
Pelican K-12 School 14 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Lighting
Interior lighting consists primarily of T12 fluorescent fixtures and incandescent fixtures throughout
the building and 400-watt mercury vapor lighting in the gym. Exterior lighting consists of
incandescent lighting. Staff has scheduled a conversion of the T12 lighting to more efficient T8
lighting to begin in February. Installation of occupancy sensors should be considered due to the high
cost of electricity in Pelican. Gym lighting modifications covered in Section 3, Energy Efficiency
Measures, should be considered.
Pelican K-12 School 15 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Section 5
Methodology
Information for the energy audit was gathered through on-site observations, review of construction
documents, and interviews with operation and maintenance personnel. The EEMs are evaluated using
energy and life cycle cost analyses and are priority ranked for implementation.
Energy Efficiency Measures
Energy efficiency measures are identified by evaluating the building’s energy systems and comparing
them to systems in modern, high performance buildings. The process for identifying the EEMs
acknowledges the realities of an existing building that was constructed when energy costs were much
lower. Many of the opportunities used in modern high performance buildings—highly insulated
envelopes, variable capacity mechanical systems, heat pumps, daylighting, lighting controls, etc.—
simply cannot be economically incorporated into an existing building.
The EEMs represent practical measures to improve the energy efficiency of the buildings, taking into
account the realities of limited budgets. If a future major renovation project occurs, additional EEMs
common to high performance buildings should be incorporated.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
The EEMs are evaluated using life cycle cost analysis which determines if an energy efficiency
investment will provide a savings over a 25-year life. The analysis incorporates construction,
replacement, maintenance, repair, and energy costs to determine the total cost over the life of the
EEM. Future maintenance and energy cash flows are discounted to present worth using escalation
factors for general inflation, energy inflation, and the value of money. The methodology is based on
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook 135 – Life Cycle Cost
Analysis.
Life cycle cost analysis is preferred to simple payback for facilities that have long—often perpetual—
service lives. Simple payback, which compares construction cost and present energy cost, is
reasonable for short time periods of 2-4 years, but yields below optimal results over longer periods
because it does not properly account for the time value of money or inflationary effects on operating
budgets. Accounting for energy inflation and the time value of money properly sums the true cost of
facility ownership and seeks to minimize the life cycle cost.
Construction Costs
The cost estimates are derived based on a preliminary understanding of the scope of each EEM as
gathered during the walk-through audit. The construction costs for in-house labor are $60 per hour for
work typically performed by maintenance staff and $110 per hour for contract labor.
The cost estimate assumes the work will be performed as part of a larger renovation or energy
efficiency upgrade project. When implementing EEMs, the cost estimate should be revisited once the
scope and preferred method of performing the work has been determined. It is possible some EEMs
will not provide a life cycle savings when the scope is finalized.
Pelican K-12 School 16 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Maintenance Costs
Maintenance costs are based on in-house or contract labor using historical maintenance efforts and
industry standards. Maintenance costs over the 25-year life of each EEM are included in the life cycle
cost calculation spreadsheets and represent the level of effort to maintain the systems.
Energy Analysis
The energy performance of an EEM is evaluated within the operating parameters of the building. A
comprehensive energy audit would rely on a computer model of the building to integrate building
energy systems and evaluate the energy savings of each EEM. This investment grade audit does not
utilize a computer model, so energy savings are calculated with factors that account for the dynamic
operation of the building. Energy savings and costs are estimated for the 25-year life of the EEM
using appropriate factors for energy inflation.
Prioritization
Each EEM is prioritized based on the life cycle savings to investment ratio (SIR) using the following
formula:
Prioritization Factor = Life Cycle Savings / Capital Costs
This approach factor puts significant weight on the capital cost of an EEM, making lower cost EEMs
more favorable.
Economic Factors
The following economic factors are significant to the findings.
Nominal Interest Rate: This is the nominal rate of return on an investment without regard to
inflation. The analysis uses a rate of 5%.
Inflation Rate: This is the average inflationary change in prices over time. The analysis uses
an inflation rate of 2%.
Economic Period: The analysis is based on a 25-year economic period with construction
beginning in 2010.
Fuel Oil
Fuel oil currently costs $5.21per gallon for a seasonally adjusted blend of #1 and #2 fuel oil. The
analysis is based on 6% fuel oil inflation which has been the average for the past 20-years.
Electricity
Electricity is supplied by Kake Tribal. The building is billed for electricity under the residential and
commercial rate which charges for electrical consumption (kWh).
Residential and Commercial Sales
Electricity ($ / kWh ) Block Rate
Commercial Rate $0.3423
Cost of Power Adjustment $0.4750
Customer Charge $10.54
Pelican K-12 School 17 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Summary
The following table summarizes the energy and economic factors used in the analysis.
Summary of Economic and Energy Factors
Factor Rate or Cost Factor Rate or Cost
Nominal Discount Rate 5% Electricity $0.821/kwh
General Inflation Rate 2% Electricity Inflation 6%
Fuel Oil Cost (2012) $5.21/gal Fuel Oil Inflation 6%
Pelican K-12 School 18 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Appendix A
Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Pelican K-12 School 19 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Pelican K-12 School
Basis
Economic
Study Period (years) 25 Nominal Discount Rate 5%General Inflation 2%
Energy
2011 $/gal Fuel Inflation 2012 $/gal
Fuel Oil $5.21 6% $5.52
Electricity $/kWh (2011)$/kW (2011)Inflation $/kWh (2012)$/kW (2012)
w/ Demand Charges $0.821 $0.00 6% $0.870 $0.00
w/o Demand Charges $0.821 -6% $0.870 -
EEM-6: Insulate Expansion Tank and Air Separator
Energy Analysis
Service Size Length Bare BTUH Insul BTUH Factor kBtu η boiler Gallons
Heating 18.00 4 768 55 100% -24,984 68%-265
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Insulate expansion tank and air separator 0 17 sqft $17 $289
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -265 gal $5.52 ($41,525)
Net Present Worth ($41,200)
EEM-7: Install Exhaust Fan Timer
Energy Analysis
Exhaust Air Savings
CFM Tave Trm Hours MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
-940 40 70 4,050 -31 -125,631 68% -1,334
Fan Savings
HP kW Hours kWh
-0.2 -0.1 4,050 -604
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install time clock 0 1 LS $1,000 $1,000
Estimating contingency 0 15%$150
Overhead & profit 0 30%$345
Design fees 0 10%$150
Project management 0 8%$132
Energy Costs
Electric Energy (Effective Cost)1 - 25 -604 kWh $0.870 ($14,905)
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -1,334 gal $5.52 ($208,810)
Net Present Worth ($221,900)
Pelican K-12 School 20 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Pelican K-12 School
EEM-8: Optimize Boiler Lead/Standby Controls
Energy Analysis
Boiler Input MBH Loss %Loss MBH Hours, exist Hours, new kBtu η boiler Gallons
Standby 288 2.00% 6 6,480 1,000 -31,575 68%-335
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Reprogram boiler control panel 0 1 ea $500 $500
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -335 gal $5.52 ($52,481)
Net Present Worth ($52,000)
EEM-9: Install Pipe Insulation
Energy Analysis
Service Size Length Bare BTUH Insul BTUH Factor kBtu η boiler Gallons
Heating 0.75 20 74 11 25% -2,759 68%-29
Heating 1.00 3 90 12 25% -512 68%-5
Heating 1.50 20 126 15 25% -4,862 68%-52
-86
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Pipe Insulation 3/4"0 20 lnft $5 $100
1"0 3 lnft $6 $18
1-1/4"0 20 lnft $7 $140
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -86 gal $5.52 ($13,519)
Net Present Worth ($13,300)
EEM-10: Install Programmable Thermostats
Energy Analysis
Annual Gal % Savings Savings, Gal
-4,900 5.0% -245
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install programmavble thermostat 0 7 LS $500 $3,500
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -245 gal $5.52 ($38,351)
Net Present Worth ($34,900)
Pelican K-12 School 21 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Pelican K-12 School
EEM-11: Perform Boiler Combustion Test
Energy Analysis
Annual Gal % Savings Savings, Gal
4,900 -1.0% -49
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Purchase combustion analyzer 0 1 LS $700 $700
Annual Costs
Combustion test 1 - 25 2 hrs $60.00 $2,043
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -49 gal $5.52 ($7,670)
Net Present Worth ($4,900)
EEM-12: Replace Aerators and Showerheads
Energy Analysis
η boiler 68%
Fixture Existing Proposed Uses/day Days Water,Gals % HW kBTU Gallons
Showerhead 20.0 10.0 3.0 40 -1,200 80% -641 -7
Lavatories 0.3 0.2 60 180 -1,944 80% -1,038 -11
-3,144 -18
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace lavatory aerators 0 5 ea $35 $175
Replace showerhead 0 8 ea $35 $280
Energy Costs
Water 1 - 25 -3 kgals $10.960 ($977)
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -18 gal $5.52 ($2,789)
Net Present Worth ($3,300)
EEM-13: Install Valves on Unit Heaters
Energy Analysis
Loss, BTUH Number Factor Loss, kBTU Boiler Effic Fuel, gals
-1,000 6 25% -13,140 70% -139
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install automatic valves and connect to fan wiring 0 12 ea $500 $6,000
Estimating contingency 0 15%$900
Overhead & profit 0 30%$2,070
Design fees 0 10%$897
Project management 0 8%$789
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -139 gal $5.52 ($21,766)
Net Present Worth ($11,100)
Gallons per Use
Pelican K-12 School 22 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Pelican K-12 School
EEM-14: Install Occupancy Sensors
Energy Analysis
Room # Fixtures Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Hours, exist Hours, new Savings, kWh
Lockers 8 2T8 64 74 -1,710 1,026 -403
Toilets 8 2T8 64 74 -1,710 855 -503
-906
Lamp Replacement
Type # Fixtures Lamp # Lamps Life, hrs Lamps//yr $/lamp $/Replace
Lockers 8 2T8 2 36,000 -0.30 $4 $15
Toilets 8 2T8 2 36,000 -0.38 $4 $15
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Install occupancy sensors 0 4 LS $2,000 $8,000
Estimating contingency 0 15%$1,200
Overhead & profit 0 30%$2,760
Design fees 0 10%$1,196
Project management 0 8%$1,052
Annual Costs
Existing lamp replacement, 70 watt MH 1 - 25 -0.30 lamps $22.00 ($114)
Existing lamp replacement, 100 watt MH 1 - 25 -0.38 lamps $22.00 ($142)
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -906 kWh $0.870 ($22,352)
Net Present Worth ($8,400)
EEM-15: Replace Gym Lights
Energy Analysis
Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts kW Hours kWh
MH 400 460 T5 310 357 -2.9 600 -1,739
Lamp Replacement
# Fixtures Lamp # Lamps Life, hrs Replace/yr $/lamp replace
28 MH -1 20,000 -0.84 $30
28 T5 6 30,000 0.56 $24
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace 400 watt MH with T5 Fluorescent 0 28 LS $675 $18,900
Estimating contingency 0 15%$2,835
Overhead & profit 0 30%$6,521
Design fees 0 10%$2,826
Project management 0 8%$2,486
Annual Costs
Existing lamp replacement, 400 watt MH 1 - 25 -0.84 replacements $60.00 ($858)
New lamp replacement, T5 1 - 25 0.56 replacements $54.00 $515
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -1,739 kWh $0.870 ($42,891)
Net Present Worth ($9,700)
Existing Replacement Savings
Fixtures
28
Pelican K-12 School 23 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Pelican K-12 School
EEM-16: Replace Single Pane Windows
Energy Analysis
Component Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons
Windows 162 1.15 6.0 25 -2.8 -18,447 68%-196
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs
Replace window glazing unit 0 162 sqft $85 $13,770
Estimating contingency 0 15%$2,066
Overhead & profit 0 30%$4,751
Design fees 0 10%$2,059
Project management 0 8%$1,812
Energy Costs
Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -196 gal $5.52 ($30,660)
Net Present Worth ($6,200)
EEM-17: Upgrade Motors
Energy Analysis
Equip Number HP ηold ηnew kW Hours kWh
Sawdust Collecto 1 5 85.5% 89.5% -0.15 180 -27
-0.1 -27
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost
Construction Costs HP
Replace motor 5 0 1 LS 1,290 $1,290
Estimating contingency 0 15%$194
Energy Costs
Electric Energy 1 - 25 -27 kWh $0.870 ($662)
Net Present Worth $800
Pelican K-12 School 24 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Appendix B
Energy and Utility Data
Pelican K-12 School 25 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Billing Data
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Pelican K-12 School
ELECTRIC RATE
Residential and Commercial Sales
Electricity ($ / kWh )Block Rate
Commerical Rate $0.3423
Cost of Power Adjustment $0.4750
Customer Charge $10.54
ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND
2008 2009 2010 2011
kWh kWh kWh kWh
Jan 6,122 4,826 4,380 3,700 4,757
Feb 5,046 4,608 3,815 3,383 4,213
Mar 6,660 5,796 3,851 3,721 5,007
Apr 6,705 4,114 3,862 3,239 4,480
May 3,564 4,086 3,665 2,496 3,453
Jun 1,611 2,146 510 1,420 1,422
Jul 2,261 1,417 2,628 1,569 1,969
Aug 2,967 3,352 1,094 3,936 2,837
Sep 5,413 2,661 2,960 3,751 3,696
Oct 5,704 4,266 4,110 3,776 4,464
Nov 4,682 3,904 3,768 4,010 4,091
Dec 4,425 3,467 2,882 3,060 3,459
Total 55,160 44,643 37,525 38,061 43,847
Average 4,597 3,720 3,127 3,172 3,654
ELECTRIC BILLING DETAILS
Month Energy Total Energy Total % Change
Jan $3,580 $3,590 $3,024 $3,035 -15.5%
Feb $3,118 $3,129 $2,765 $2,775 -11.3%
Mar $3,147 $3,158 $3,041 $3,052 -3.4%
Apr $3,156 $3,167 $2,647 $2,658 -16.1%
May $2,995 $3,006 $2,040 $2,051 -31.8%
Jun $417 $427 $1,161 $1,171 174.0%
Jul $2,148 $2,158 $1,282 $1,293 -40.1%
Aug $894 $905 $3,217 $3,227 256.8%
Sep $2,419 $2,430 $3,066 $3,076 26.6%
Oct $3,359 $3,370 $3,086 $3,097 -8.1%
Nov $3,080 $3,090 $3,277 $3,288 6.4%
Dec $2,355 $2,366 $2,501 $2,511 6.1%
Total $ 30,669 $ 30,796 $ 31,107 $ 31,234 1.4%
Average $ 2,556 $ 2,566 $ 2,592 $ 2,603 1.4%
Cost ($/kWh) $0.821 $0.821 0.0%
2010 2011
Electrical costs are based on the current electric rates.
Month Average
Pelican K-12 School 26 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Annual Electric Consumption
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Pelican K-12 School
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Use (kWh)Month of the Year
Electric Use History
2008 2009 2010 2011
$ 0
$ 500
$ 1,000
$ 1,500
$ 2,000
$ 2,500
$ 3,000
$ 3,500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Cost (USD)Month of the Year
Electric Cost Breakdown
2010
Pelican K-12 School 27 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Annual Fuel Oil Consumption
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Pelican K-12 School
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
Year Fuel Oil Degree Days
2,008 4,986 9,093
2,009 4,906 9,284
2,010 4,239 9,013
2,011 5,413 8,729
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 Degree DaysGallons of Fuel OilYear
Annual Fuel Oil Use
Fuel Oil
Degree Days
Pelican K-12 School 28 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Billing Data
25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226
Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Energy Cost $/MMBtu Area ECI EUI
Fuel Oil $5.21 $53.74 13,670 $4.50 59
Electricity $0.821 $253.17
Source Cost
Electricity 43,847 kWh $36,000 100 13%
Fuel Oil 4,886 Gallons $25,500 700 88%
Totals $61,500 800 100%
Annual Energy Consumption and Cost
Consumption Energy, MMBtu
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
Fuel Oil ElectricityCost $ / MMBtuCost of Heat Comparison
Pelican K-12 School 29 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Appendix C
Equipment Data
Pelican K-12 School 30 Energy Audit (February 2012)
MotorHP / Volts / RPM / EfficWood Shop Dust CollectorTorit 90-219-55 HP/ 280 V/ 3495 RPM/ 85.5%#1 Boiler Room Building HeatWeil-Mclain WGO-7242 MBH#2 Boiler Room Building HeatWeil-Mclain WGO-7242 MBHP-1 Boiler Room Boiler #1 Circulation Pump Taco 0071/25 HP/ 120 V/ 3250 RPMP-2 Boiler Room Boiler #2 Circulation Pump Taco 0071/25 HP/ 120 V/ 3250 RPMCP-3 Boiler Room Primary Heat Pump Taco 00121/8 HP/ 120 V/ 3250 RPMP-3 Boiler Room Building HeatTaco 00111/8 HP/ 120 V/ 3250 RPMCP-4 Boiler Room Hot Water Re-Circulation Taco 0061/8 HP/ 120 V/ 3250 RPMBoiler Room Exhaust FanJunior Fan K-114-105940 CFM 1/3 HP/ 120 V/ 1725 RPMBoiler Room Indirect Hot Water Heater Amtrol VHS807CDW 80 GallonPelican City K-12 School - Major Equipment InventoryCapacityNotesUnit ID Location Function Make Model
Pelican K-12 School 31 Energy Audit (February 2012)
Appendix D
Abbreviations
AHU Air handling unit
BTU British thermal unit
BTUH BTU per hour
CBJ City and Borough of Juneau
CMU Concrete masonry unit
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CUH Cabinet unit heater
DDC Direct digital controls
DHW Domestic hot water
EAD Exhaust air damper
EEM Energy efficiency measure
EF Exhaust fan
Gyp Bd Gypsum board
HVAC Heating, Ventilating, Air-
conditioning
HW Hot water
HWRP Hot water recirculating pump
KVA Kilovolt-amps
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
LED Light emitting diode
MBH 1,000 Btu per hour
MMBH 1,000,000 Btu per hour
OAD Outside air damper
PSI Per square inch
PSIG Per square inch gage
RAD Return air damper
RF Return fan
SIR Savings to investment ratio
SF Supply fan
UV Unit ventilator
VAV Variable air volume
VFD Variable frequency drive
Pelican K-12 School 32 Energy Audit (February 2012)