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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSEA-AEE-Sitka MEHS Girls Dorm 2012-EE Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) Funded by: Final Report March 2012 Prepared by: Energy Audit Table of Contents Section 1: Executive Summary 2  Section 2: Introduction 6  Section 3: Energy Efficiency Measures 8  Section 4: Description of Systems 14  Section 5: Methodology 16  Appendix A: Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 18   Appendix B: Energy and Utility Data 24  Appendix C: Equipment Data 29  Appendix D: Abbreviations 31  Audit Team The energy audit is performed by Alaska Energy Engineering LLC of Juneau, Alaska. The audit team consists of: Jim Rehfeldt, P.E., Energy Engineer Jack Christiansen, Energy Consultant Brad Campbell, Energy Auditor Loras O’Toole P.E., Mechanical Engineer Will Van Dyken P.E., Electrical Engineer Curt Smit, P.E., Mechanical Engineer Philip Iverson, Construction Estimator Karla Hart, Technical Publications Specialist Jill Carlile, Data Analyst Grayson Carlile, Energy Modeler Acknowledgment and Disclaimer Acknowledgment: This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-EE0000095. Disclaimer: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 1 Energy Audit (March 2012) Section 1 Executive Summary An energy audit of the Mt Edgecumbe High School Girl’s Dorm was performed by Alaska Energy Engineering LLC. The investment grade audit was funded by Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC) to identify opportunities to improve the energy performance of public buildings throughout Alaska. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girl’s Dorm (Building 293) is a 21,912 square foot building that contains commons, offices, staff and student lounges, laundry rooms, showers and bathrooms, sleeping rooms, storage, and mechanical support spaces. Building Assessment The following summarizes our assessment of the building. Envelope  Walls: There is no insulation in the walls. We estimate that the walls have an insulation rating of R-5 where R-26 would be optimal. The exterior walls are uninsulated, causing high heat loss. Adding insulation to the walls is complicated by the asbestos siding with lead, which will make the project difficult and expensive. An energy efficiency measure (EEM-9) to increase the wall insulation at the time the asbestos siding is removed is included in this report (the abatement cost is not included in the analysis).  Crawlspace: There is no insulation between the first floor and the crawlspace. The crawlspace is large with a relatively high ceiling – averaging an estimated 6’ in height. The main floor is poured concrete with no insulation on the underside. The crawlspace is ventilated and nearly at ambient temperature. The ground was covered with a vapor barrier and humidity appears to be minimal. We estimate that the main floor has an insulation rating of R-1 where R-30 would be optimal. EEM-9 in Section 3 includes recommendations for insulating this space.  Roof Insulation: The insulation in the attic space does not cover the entire roof and was installed with many voids. We estimate that the attic has an insulation rating of R-20 where R-46 would be optimal for this space. Installation of blow-in insulation is recommended in EEM-8 in Section 3.  Laundry Room Window: The second floor laundry room windows will not seal. These windows were not replaced as part of the 2003 window replacement project. Replacement of these windows is recommended in EEM-10.  Arctic Entrance: The inner doors of the south main arctic entrance have been removed. Because the space is still framed in for an interior set of double doors, reinstalling the doors can be easily accomplished (EEM-3).  Exterior Door: Exterior doors are not thermally broken. Future exterior door replacement selection should include this feature. Weather stripping is in poor condition on many of the doors and should be replaced EEM-1). Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 2 Energy Audit (March 2012) Heating Systems The building is heated by a central boiler system that distributes heat to many of the campus buildings. Within the building, two pumps operate in a lead/standby sequence to distribute hydronic heating water to the heating units. Energy efficiency issues/opportunities with the heating system include:  The heating system cannot be turned off in the summer because cooling the system leads to significant leakage when the piping cools.  The interior temperatures are not evenly controlled. Several spaces had thermostats set below 60°F yet the temperature was above 70°F, and entryway thermostats were set 85°F. Recalibration or repair of the control system will improve this situation. The heating system is in good condition; however fairly simple improvements can be made to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. These are outlined in Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures. Ventilation Systems The building lacks adequate ventilation. Based on the occupancy of 108 students in the dorm, we estimate that the baseline ventilation could be met if the shower rooms and bathroom ventilation fans ran continuously and make-up air for these fans was pulled evenly from all occupied spaces. It is not likely that makeup air is evenly infiltrating throughout the building as high CO2 levels and poor air quality was found in the spaces at the furthest ends of the hallways. We believe that the reason inadequate ventilation is not causing mold and mildew issues in these spaces is because the building was constructed without insulation or a vapor retarder. Installation of a ventilation system is required for good air quality if an external insulation package is added. Domestic Hot Water System Domestic hot water is supplied by the central heating plant. There are nine washing machines located in the girl’s dorm room that are utilized by the 108 residents. We estimate that each resident washes a load of laundry twice per week. Energy will be saved if a tempering valve is installed on the domestic hot water line supplying the washing machines to reduce the warm water washing temperature. Lighting Interior lighting consists primarily of T12 fluorescent fixtures. Bathroom lighting has been upgraded to T-5 fluorescent fixtures, shower room lighting has been upgraded to 32-watt compact fluorescent fixtures, and laundry room spaces have been upgraded to T-8 fluorescent fixtures. Exterior lighting consists primarily of high pressure sodium lighting and is controlled by photocells. Much of the energy that is saved by newer, more efficient lighting fixtures is in the form of heat. Because the additional heat produced by the T12 fluorescent fixtures is beneficial within the building envelope in the climate of Sitka, We recommend that maintenance staff only replace the T12 fixtures with more efficient T8 fixtures as the ballasts fail. Summary The overall energy consumption of 96 kBtu/sqft is significantly higher than other comparable buildings. This can be directly attributed to the lack of insulation around the entire building envelope and lack of heat recovery on the high exhaust rates from toilets and showers. It was the assessment of the energy audit team that the majority of the building’s energy efficiency opportunities could be achieved with optimization of the building envelope insulation package. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 3 Energy Audit (March 2012) Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) All buildings have opportunities to improve their energy efficiency. The energy audit revealed several opportunities in which an efficiency investment will result in a net reduction in long-term operating costs. Behavioral and Operational EEMs The following EEMs require behavioral and operational changes in the building use. The savings are not readily quantifiable but these EEMs are highly recommended as low-cost opportunities that are a standard of high performance buildings. EEM-1: Weather-strip Doors EEM-2: Turn Off Heating Unit EEM-3: Install Arctic Entry Doors High and Medium Priority EEMs The following EEMs are recommended for investment. They are ranked by life cycle savings to investment ratio (SIR). This ranking method places a priority on low cost EEMs which can be immediately funded, generating energy savings to fund higher cost EEMs in the following years. Negative values, in parenthesis, represent savings. 25-Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis Investment Operating Energy Total SIR High Priority EEM-4: Replace Aerators and Showerheads $1,500 $0 ($182,100) ($180,600) 121.4 EEM-5: Turn Off Computers Not in Use $100 $0 ($2,300) ($2,200) 23.0 EEM-6: De-Lamp Vending Machines $100 $0 ($1,300) ($1,200) 13.0 EEM-7: Install Laundry Tempering Valve $3,500 $0 ($24,800) ($21,300) 7.1 EEM-8: Add Blow-In Roof Insulation $27,500 $0 ($163,400) ($135,900) 5.9 Medium Priority EEM-9: Insulate and Ventilate Building $417,300 $8,500 ($974,100) ($548,300) 2.3 EEM-10: Replace Laundry Room Windows $5,600 $0 ($12,800) ($7,200) 2.3 EEM-11: Replace Entrance Light Fixtures $2,800 ($1,200) ($4,000) ($2,400) 1.9 EEM-12: Upgrade Motors $2,200 $0 ($3,300) ($1,100) 1.5 EEM-13: Convert to Variable Speed Pumping $29,300 $0 ($32,300) ($3,000) 1.1 Totals* $489,900 $7,300 ($1,400,400) ($903,200) 2.8 *The analysis is based on each EEM being independent of the others. While it is likely that some EEMs are interrelated, an isolated analysis is used to demonstrate the economics because the audit team is not able to predict which EEMs an Owner may choose to implement. If several EEMs are implemented, the resulting energy savings is likely to differ from the sum of each EEM projection. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 4 Energy Audit (March 2012) Summary The energy audit revealed numerous opportunities for improving the energy performance of the building. We recommend that the behavioral and high priority EEMs be implemented now to generate energy savings from which to fund the medium priority EEMs. Another avenue to consider is to borrow money from AHFCs revolving loan fund for public buildings. AHFC will loan money for energy improvements under terms that allow for paying back the money from the energy savings. More information on this option can be found online at http://www.ahfc.us/loans/akeerlf_loan.cfm. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 5 Energy Audit (March 2012) Section 2 Introduction This report presents the findings of an energy audit of the Mt Edgecumbe High School Girl’s Dorm located in Sitka, Alaska. The purpose of this investment grade energy audit is to evaluate the infrastructure and its subsequent energy performance to identify applicable energy efficiencies measures (EEMs). The energy audit report contains the following sections:  Introduction: Building use and energy consumption.  Energy Efficiency Measures: Priority ranking of the EEMs with a description, energy analysis, and life cycle cost analysis.  Description of Systems: Background description of the building energy systems.  Methodology: Basis for how construction and maintenance cost estimates are derived and the economic and energy factors used for the analysis. BUILDING USE Mt Edgecumbe High School Girl’s Dorm is a 21,912 square foot building that contains commons, offices, staff and student lounges, laundry rooms, showers and bathrooms, sleeping rooms, storage, and mechanical support spaces. The building is occupied by 108 students from mid-August through early-May, with a 3-week break for Christmas. Building History  1939 – Original Construction  2003 – Window Upgrades  2009 – Crawlspace Vapor Barrier Installation  2009 – Bathroom & Laundry Rooms Renovation and Lighting Upgrades Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 6 Energy Audit (March 2012) Energy Consumption The building energy source is hydronic heating water from the central plant and electricity for all other loads. The following table shows annual energy use and cost. Annual Energy Consumption and Cost Source Consumption Cost Energy, MMBtu Electricity 148,950 kWh $17,000 500 24% Fuel Oil 11,937 Gallons $41,500 1,600 76% Totals $58,500 2,100 100% Electricity This chart shows electrical energy use from 2008 to 2011, during which time the electrical consumption has been steady. The effective cost—energy costs plus demand charges—is 11.4¢ per kWh. Fuel Oil The building is heated by a central fuel-oil boiler system that provides heat to multiple campus buildings via an utilidor system. The heat is not metered and was calculated to be equivalent to 11,937 gallons during a recent heating system analysis. Cost of Heat Comparison This chart shows a comparison of the current cost of fuel oil heat, electric resistance heat, and heat pump heat. The comparison is based on a fuel oil conversion efficiency of 70%, an electric boiler conversion efficiency of 95%, and a heat pump conversion efficiency of 300%. Electric heat is less expensive than fuel oil heat. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 7 Energy Audit (March 2012) Section 3 Energy Efficiency Measures The following energy efficiency measures (EEMs) were identified during the energy audit. The EEMs are priority ranked and, where applicable, subjected to energy and life cycle cost analysis. Appendix A contains the energy and life cycle cost analysis spreadsheets. The EEMs will be grouped into the following prioritized categories:  Behavioral or Operational: EEMs that require minimal capital investment but require operational or behavioral changes. The EEMs provide a life cycle savings but an analysis is not performed because the guaranteed energy savings is difficult quantify.  High Priority: EEMs that require a small capital investment and offer a life cycle savings. Also included in this category are higher cost EEMs that offer significant life cycle savings.  Medium Priority: EEMs that require a significant capital investment to provide a life cycle savings. Many medium priority EEMs provide a high life cycle savings and offer substantial incentive to increase investment in building energy efficiency. BEHAVIORAL OR OPERATIONAL The following EEMs are recommended for implementation. They require behavioral or operational changes that can occur with minimal investment to achieve immediate savings. These EEMs are not easily quantified by analysis because they cannot be accurately predicted. They are recommended because they offer a life cycle savings, represent good practice, and are accepted features of high performance buildings. EEM-1: Weather-strip Doors Purpose: The exterior doors do not seal well and are missing weather stripping in places. Energy will be saved if all doors are properly weather-stripped to reduce infiltration and adjusted to ensure they are firmly closed. Scope: Replace weather stripping on exterior doors and adjust as necessary to ensure complete closure. EEM-2: Turn Off Heating Unit Purpose: The attic entry stairwell is connected to the unheated attic space, yet the thermostat was set to operate the perimeter heating in this space. Energy will be saved if the thermostat is turned off in this space. Scope: Turn off the thermostat that controls the perimeter heat in the attic entry stairwell space. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 8 Energy Audit (March 2012) EEM-3: Install Arctic Entry Doors Purpose: The original south entry to the girl’s dorm building included an interior set of double doors to create an arctic entry space; however, this energy efficient feature has since been removed. The cabinet heater for the entry space was set at-or-above 65°F. Energy will be saved if the interior arctic entry doors are re-installed and the thermostat setpoint is lowered to 55°F. Scope: Re-install arctic entry and lower thermostat setpoint to 55°F. HIGH PRIORITY The following EEMs are recommended for implementation because they are low cost measures that have a high savings to investment ratio. The EEMs are listed from highest to lowest priority. Negative values, in parenthesis, represent savings. EEM-4: Replace Aerators and Showerheads Purpose: Energy and water will be saved by replacing the lavatory aerators and showerheads with low-flow models. Scope: Replace lavatory aerators and showerheads with water-conserving fixtures. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $0 ($6,430) ($6,430) $1,500 $0 ($182,100) ($180,600) 121.4 EEM-5: Turn Off Computers When Not In Use Purpose: There are four student computers and five office computers that remain on 24/7. The campus has a policy to turn off computers overnight and on weekends. Energy will be saved if these computers are shut down when not in use. Scope: Shut down the four student computers and five office computers when not in use. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $0 ($120) ($120) $100 $0 ($2,300) ($2,200) 23.0 EEM-6: De-Lamp Soft Drink Coolers Purpose: Lamps for soft drink coolers run continuously and are not necessary. Energy will be saved if these lamps are removed. Scope: Remove lamps from soft drink coolers. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $0 ($60) ($60) $100 $0 ($1,300) ($1,200) 13.0 Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 9 Energy Audit (March 2012) EEM-7: Install Laundry Tempering Valve Purpose: There are nine washing machines located in the girl’s dorm room that are utilized by the 108 residents. We estimate that each resident washes a load of laundry twice per week. Energy will be saved if a tempering valve is installed on the domestic hot water line supplying the washing machines to reduce the washing temperature. Scope: Install a tempering valve on the domestic hot water line supplying the washing machines. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $0 ($870) ($870) $3,500 $0 ($24,800) ($21,300) 7.1 EEM-8: Add Blow-In Roof Insulation Purpose: The third floor attic has an inconsistent layer of R-30 batt and insulated foam board. The end result is an approximate R-20 assembly, which includes uninsulated areas. Additional heat is being lost from the uninsulated stairwell access to the attic. Energy will be saved if wall panels in the attic are removed and enough blow-in insulation is added to bring the entire attic floor space to an optimal R-46 rating. Scope: Remove all wall panels to allow access to all wall cavities in the attic and add enough blow-in insulation to raise the attic floor insulation package value from R-20 to R-46. Insulate the stairwell with 4” of rigid insulation on the walls and 2” on the stairwell risers. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $0 ($5,760) ($5,760) $27,500 $0 ($163,400) ($135,900) 5.9 Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 10 Energy Audit (March 2012) MEDIUM PRIORITY Medium priority EEMs will require planning and a higher level of investment. They are recommended because they offer a life cycle savings. The EEMs are listed from highest to lowest priority. Negative values, in parenthesis, represent savings. EEM-9: Insulate and Ventilate Building Purpose: The building walls are uninsulated, the first floor is uninsulated to the cold crawlspace and the individual dorm rooms are inconsistently ventilated via infiltration caused by negative pressure due to exhaust fan operation. Adding insulation to the walls will reduce infiltration, which is likely to increase humidity and decrease indoor air quality in the building. The first floor is poured concrete with no insulation on the underside to the cold crawlspace. The crawlspace has wall louvers and four ventilation fans to move outside air through the space to control humidity. A good vapor barrier is installed over the ground so humidity is low. Energy will be saved if the crawlspace is enclosed and the building walls and crawlspace perimeter walls are insulated and heat recovery units are installed to transfer heat from toilet and shower exhaust to supply air that is distributed to the dorm rooms. Scope: Following the removal of the siding under an asbestos and lead paint abatement project (the cost is not included in this analysis), install 4” of rigid insulation to the exterior wall assembly to bring the insulation value to R-24. Extend the exterior insulation down to 36” below the ground surface, sealing crawlspace louvers. Install a heat recovery ventilator on the third floor and in the crawlspace to exhaust air from toilets and showers and supply the rooms and corridors. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $500 ($34,070) ($33,570) $417,300 $8,500 ($974,100) ($548,300) 2.3 EEM-10: Replace 2nd Floor Laundry Room Windows Purpose: The existing 2nd floor laundry room windows operate poorly and do not close completely. Energy will be saved if these windows are removed and replaced with high efficiency double pane units. Scope: Replace existing windows with energy efficient double pane units. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $0 ($450) ($450) $5,600 $0 ($12,800) ($7,200) 2.3 Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 11 Energy Audit (March 2012) EEM-11: Replace Entrance Light Fixtures Purpose: The lighting fixtures above the five exit doors utilize 100-watt metal halide lamps. Energy will be saved if these lights are replaced with 32-watt compact fluorescent fixtures. Scope: Replace 100-watt metal halide exterior lights with 32-watt compact fluorescent fixtures. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR ($70) ($200) ($270) $2,800 ($1,200) ($4,000) ($2,400) 1.9 EEM-12: Upgrade Motors to Premium Efficiency Purpose: The equipment inspection identified two motors that could be upgraded with premium efficiency models to save energy. They are: - CP-9 3 HP - CP-10 3 HP Scope: Replace identified motors with premium efficiency motors. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $0 ($170) ($170) $2,200 $0 ($3,300) ($1,100) 1.5 EEM-13: Variable Speed Pumping Purpose: The boiler system currently utilizes fixed speed/fixed horsepower pumps to deliver heat throughout the girl’s dorm building regardless of the heating load. Energy will be saved if the pumps are converted to variable speed by installing variable frequency rated drives to control their operation. Scope: Replace boiler system fixed speed/fixed horsepower pumps with variable speed rated pumps and install VFD’s to control their operation. Annual Costs Life Cycle Costs Operating Energy Total Investment Operating Energy Total SIR $0 ($1,650) ($1,650) $29,300 $0 ($32,300) ($3,000) 1.1 Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 12 Energy Audit (March 2012) Section 4 Description of Systems ENERGY SYSTEMS This section provides a general description of the building systems. Energy conservation opportunities are addressed in Section 3, Energy Efficiency Measures. Building Envelope R-value Component Description (inside to outside) Existing Optimal Exterior Wall 5/8” Gyp. bd, 2”x 8” stud, no insulation, siding R-5 R-26 Roof Incomplete application of R-30 batt insulation & foam board R-20 R-46 Floor Uninsulated concrete slab above crawlspace R-1 R-10 Foundation 8” concrete walls with operable ventilation fans R-0 R-20 Windows Double pane aluminum clad wood windows R-1.5 R-5 Doors Steel doors w/ non-thermally broken frames R-1.5 R-5 Heating System The building is heated by a central boiler system that distributes heat to multiple campus buildings via utilidors. Heating water is circulated to the building heating units by two pumps located in the mechanical equipment space. Ventilation Systems Area Fan System Description Interior Spaces Shower Room 121 EF-1 350 cfm 1/30 hp constant volume exhaust fan Bathroom/Washroom 103/104 EF-2 565 cfm 1/25 hp constant volume exhaust fan Laundry 103A EF-3 60 cfm 1/40 hp constant volume exhaust fan Shower Room 232 EF-4 500 cfm 1/25 hp constant volume exhaust fan Bathroom/Washroom 214/215 EF-5 565 cfm 1/25 hp constant volume exhaust fan Crawlspace Crawlspace VF-3 (4) 4,850 cfm ½ HP constant volume exhaust fan Domestic Hot Water System Domestic hot water is supplied from the central boiler plant and circulated throughout the girl’s dorm via a circulation pump located in the mechanical equipment space. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 13 Energy Audit (March 2012) Automatic Control System A pneumatic control system resets the heating supply temperature and maintains temperatures in the building. Lighting Interior lighting consists primarily of T12 fluorescent fixtures. Bathroom lighting has been upgraded to T-5 fluorescent fixtures, shower room lighting has been upgraded to 32-watt compact fluorescent fixtures, and laundry room spaces have been upgraded to T-8 fluorescent fixtures. Exterior lighting consists primarily of high pressure sodium lighting and is controlled by photocells. Much of the energy that is saved by newer, more efficient lighting fixtures is in the form of heat. Because the additional heat produced by the T12 fluorescent fixtures is beneficial within the building envelope in the climate of Sitka, We recommend that maintenance staff only replace the T12 fixtures with more efficient T8 fixtures as the ballasts fail. Electric Equipment Equipment for resident food preparation is located in the lounge areas. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 14 Energy Audit (March 2012) Section 5 Methodology Information for the energy audit was gathered through on-site observations, review of construction documents, and interviews with operation and maintenance personnel. The EEMs are evaluated using energy and life cycle cost analyses and are priority ranked for implementation. Energy Efficiency Measures Energy efficiency measures are identified by evaluating the building’s energy systems and comparing them to systems in modern, high performance buildings. The process for identifying the EEMs acknowledges the realities of an existing building that was constructed when energy costs were much lower. Many of the opportunities used in modern high performance buildings—highly insulated envelopes, variable capacity mechanical systems, heat pumps, daylighting, lighting controls, etc.— simply cannot be economically incorporated into an existing building. The EEMs represent practical measures to improve the energy efficiency of the buildings, taking into account the realities of limited budgets. If a future major renovation project occurs, additional EEMs common to high performance buildings should be incorporated. Life Cycle Cost Analysis The EEMs are evaluated using life cycle cost analysis which determines if an energy efficiency investment will provide a savings over a 25-year life. The analysis incorporates construction, replacement, maintenance, repair, and energy costs to determine the total cost over the life of the EEM. Future maintenance and energy cash flows are discounted to present worth using escalation factors for general inflation, energy inflation, and the value of money. The methodology is based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook 135 – Life Cycle Cost Analysis. Life cycle cost analysis is preferred to simple payback for facilities that have long—often perpetual— service lives. Simple payback, which compares construction cost and present energy cost, is reasonable for short time periods of 2-4 years, but yields below optimal results over longer periods because it does not properly account for the time value of money or inflationary effects on operating budgets. Accounting for energy inflation and the time value of money properly sums the true cost of facility ownership and seeks to minimize the life cycle cost. Construction Costs The cost estimates are derived based on a preliminary understanding of the scope of each EEM as gathered during the walk-through audit. The construction costs for in-house labor are $60 per hour for work typically performed by maintenance staff and $110 per hour for contract labor. The cost estimate assumes the work will be performed as part of a larger renovation or energy efficiency upgrade project. When implementing EEMs, the cost estimate should be revisited once the scope and preferred method of performing the work has been determined. It is possible some EEMs will not provide a life cycle savings when the scope is finalized. Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 15 Energy Audit (March 2012) Maintenance Costs Maintenance costs are based on in-house or contract labor using historical maintenance efforts and industry standards. Maintenance costs over the 25-year life of each EEM are included in the life cycle cost calculation spreadsheets and represent the level of effort to maintain the systems. Energy Analysis The energy performance of an EEM is evaluated within the operating parameters of the building. A comprehensive energy audit would rely on a computer model of the building to integrate building energy systems and evaluate the energy savings of each EEM. This investment grade audit does not utilize a computer model, so energy savings are calculated with factors that account for the dynamic operation of the building. Energy savings and costs are estimated for the 25-year life of the EEM using appropriate factors for energy inflation. Prioritization Each EEM is prioritized based on the life cycle savings to investment ratio (SIR) using the following formula: Prioritization Factor = Life Cycle Savings / Capital Costs This approach factor puts significant weight on the capital cost of an EEM, making lower cost EEMs more favorable. Economic Factors The following economic factors are significant to the findings. Nominal Interest Rate: This is the nominal rate of return on an investment without regard to inflation. The analysis uses a rate of 5%. Inflation Rate: This is the average inflationary change in prices over time. The analysis uses an inflation rate of 2%. Economic Period: The analysis is based on a 25-year economic period with construction beginning in 2010. Fuel Oil Fuel oil is currently supplied at a price of $3.48 per gallon. Fuel oil inflation historically averaged 6% per year prior to the rapid escalation and de-escalation of prices over the past five years. The analysis assumes the fuel oil inflation will once again continue to inflate at 6% per year. Electricity Electricity is supplied by the City and Borough of Sitka Electric Department. Power generation facilities include Blue Lake Hydro, Green Lake Hydro, and the Jarvis Street diesel plant. In 2008, the hydroelectric plants generated 97.6% of the electricity with diesel supplementation of the remaining amount. The building is billed under the General Services Rate, which charges for both electrical consumption (kWh) and peak electric demand (kW). Electrical consumption is the amount of energy consumed and electric demand is the rate of consumption. Electric demand is determined by averaging demand over a continuously sliding fifteen-minute window. The highest fifteen-minute average during the billing period determines the peak demand. The following table lists the current electric charges: Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 16 Energy Audit (March 2012) General Services Rate Monthly Charge Rate Energy Charge per kWh First 500 kWh 15.52¢ 501 to 10,000 kWh 10.38¢ 10,001 to 100,000 kWh 9.85¢ Over 100,000 kWh 8.85¢ Demand Charge per kW First 25 kW No charge Over 25 kW $3.90 Over recent history, Sitka’s electricity inflation has been low, lagging general inflation. Even the diesel supplementation of recent years has not resulted in a rate increase. To reduce diesel supplementation, planning and preliminary design work is in progress to expand Blue Lake Hydro to its maximum capacity. That expansion will include raising the dam by as much as 83 feet, increasing power production of Blue Lake by over 50%. The Blue Lake project will be funded by 30-year bonds at market rate. The utility’s existing debt will be refinanced so the Blue Lake expansion will have a limited impact on rates over the next 20 years. However it is prudent to plan for nominal electric inflation of 1% per year. Even with the Blue Lake expansion, electric heating loads are likely to continue to place demands on the hydroelectric generation facilities. Energy balance reports for Southeast Alaska communities show that heating loads are 175% greater than the non-heating load. While most of the heating load is currently met with fuel oil, only a small percentage of this large potential load needs to convert to electricity to place demands on the electric grid. In essence, future electricity prices may be tied to fuel oil inflation. The life cycle cost analysis uses an electric inflation of 3%, which is higher than current predictions, to account for the impacts of future fuel oil to electric heat conversions. Summary The following table summarizes the energy and economic factors used in the analysis. Summary of Economic and Energy Factors Factor Rate or Cost Factor Rate or Cost Nominal Discount Rate 5% Electricity $0.108/kwh General Inflation Rate 2% Electricity Inflation 3% Fuel Oil Cost (2012) $3.48/gal Fuel Oil Inflation 6% Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 17 Energy Audit (March 2012) Appendix A Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 18 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) Basis Economic Study Period (years) 25 Nominal Discount Rate 5%General Inflation 2% Energy 2011 $/gal Fuel Inflation 2012 $/gal Fuel Oil $3.48 6% $3.69 Electricity $/kWh (2011)$/kW (2011)Inflation $/kWh (2012)$/kW (2012) w/ Demand Charges $0.099 $3.90 3% $0.101 $4.02 w/o Demand Charges $0.114 -3% $0.117 - EEM-4: Replace Aerators and Showerheads Energy Analysis η boiler 68% Fixture Existing Proposed Uses/day Days Water,Gals % HW kBTU Gallons Showerhead 20.0 10.0 108 270 -291,600 80% -155,644 -1,653 Lavatories 0.3 0.2 324 270 -15,746 80% -8,405 -89 -307,346 -1,742 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Replace lavatory aerators 0 26 ea $35 $910 Replace showerhead 0 16 ea $35 $560 Energy Costs Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -1,742 gal $3.69 ($182,125) Net Present Worth ($180,700) EEM-5: Turn Off Computers Not in Use Energy Analysis Equipment Number Watts Hours kWh Workstation 9 -20 6,420 -1,156 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Employee instruction 0 1 hr $100 $100 Energy Costs Electric Energy 1 - 25 -1,156 kWh $0.101 ($2,305) Net Present Worth ($2,200) EEM-6: De-Lamp Vending Machines Energy Analysis Number Watts, exist Watts,new kW kWh 2 36 0 -0.1 -631 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Remove vending machine lamps 0 1 LS $100 $100 Energy Costs Electric Energy 1 - 25 -631 kWh $0.101 ($1,258) Net Present Worth ($1,200) Gallons per Use Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 19 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) EEM-7: Install Laundry Tempering Valve Energy Analysis η boiler 68% Fixture Existing T, exist T,proposed Uses/year Water,Gals % HW kBTU Gallons Lavatories 43 120 100 3,888 167,184 80% -22,309 -237 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Install tempering valve 0 1 ea $3,500 $3,500 Energy Costs Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -237 gal $3.69 ($24,767) Net Present Worth ($21,300) EEM-8: Add Blow-In Roof Insulation Energy Analysis Component Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons Roof 9,164 20 46 30 -7.8 -68,061 68%-723 Roof 1,200 4 46 30 -8.2 -71,984 68%-764 Walkway 405 10 30 30 -0.8 -7,096 68%-75 -1,562 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Remove wall board, seal large openings 0 1 LS $2,500 $2,500 Install blown-in insulation 0 10,364 sqft $1 $10,364 Stairwell wall and stair insulation 0 405 sqft $5 $2,025 Rigid insulation walkways 0 60 lnft $10 $600 Estimating contingency 0 15%$2,323 Overhead & profit 0 30%$5,344 Design fees 0 10%$2,316 Project management 0 8%$2,038 Energy Costs Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -1,562 gal $3.69 ($163,353) Net Present Worth ($135,800) Gallons per Use Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 20 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) EEM-9: Insulate and Ventilate Building Energy Analysis Component Area R,exist R,new ΔT MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons Wall 12,000 5 25 20 -38.4 -336,384 68%-3,572 Floor 10,364 3 -10 -34.5 -302,629 68%-3,213 Crawlspace 3,348 -21 20 3.2 27,932 68%297 -69.8 -611,081 -6,488 Fan Case CFM ΔP η, fan BHP η, motor kW Hours kWh EFs Existing -2,000 0.50 50% -0.3 70%0 8,760 -2,938 HRV Supply 2,000 1.75 55%1 89%1 8,760 7,351 R-1 Exhaust 2,000 1.75 55%1 89%1 8,760 7,351 VF-3 Existing -4,850 0.25 55%0 89%0 8,760 -2,547 1 9,219 Ventilation Savings CFM Tave Trm MBH Hours % HR kBtu η boiler Gallons 2,000 40 70 -65 8,760 50% -283,824 68%-3,014 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Install wall insulation 0 15,348 sqft $5 $76,740 Excavate perimter 0 1 LS $25,000 $25,000 Remove EFs 0 4 ea $300 $1,200 Seal Openings 0 8 ea $250 $2,000 Heat Recovery Units 0 4,000 cfm $10 $40,000 Ductwork - supply and exhaust 0 2 LS $35,000 $70,000 Supply and return grilles, including penetations 0 80 ea $200 $16,000 Shafts for exhaust down to crawlspace 0 4 ea $1,000 $4,000 Estimating contingency 0 15% $35,241 Overhead & profit 0 30% $81,054 Design fees 0 10% $35,124 Project management 0 8% $30,909 Annual Costs HRV maintenance 1 - 25 2 LS $250.00 $8,514 Energy Costs Electric Energy 1 - 25 9,219 kWh $0.101 $18,385 Electric Demand 1 - 25 13 kW $4.02 $997 Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -9,502 gal $3.69 ($993,511) Net Present Worth ($548,300) Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 21 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) EEM-10: Replace Laundry Room Windows Energy Analysis CFM Tave Trm Hours MBH kBtu η boiler Gallons -40 40 70 8,760 -1 -11,563 68% -123 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Replace window glazing unit 0 42 sqft $75 $3,150 Estimating contingency 0 15%$473 Overhead & profit 0 30%$1,087 Design fees 0 10%$471 Project management 0 8%$414 Energy Costs Fuel Oil 1 - 25 -123 gal $3.69 ($12,837) Net Present Worth ($7,200) EEM-11: Replace Entrance Light Fixtures Energy Analysis Type # Fixtures Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Lamp Lamp, watts Fixture Watts Savings, kWh WallPak 5 MH 100 128 CFL -37 -1,997 Lamp Replacement Type # Fixtures Lamp # Lamps Life, hrs Lamps//yr $ / lamp $ / Replace WallPak 5 MH -1 15,000 -1.46 $32 $20 WallPak 5 CFL 1 60,000 0.37 $5 $15 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Replace WallPak: 100 watt MH with CFL 0 5 LS $525 $2,625 Project management 0 8%$210 Annual Costs Existing lamp replacement, 100 watt MH 1 - 25 -1.46 lamps $52.00 ($1,293) LED board replacement, 60 watts 1 - 25 0.37 lamps $20.00 $124 Energy Costs Electric Energy 1 - 25 -1,997 kWh $0.101 ($3,983) Net Present Worth ($2,300) EEM-12: Upgrade Motors Energy Analysis Equip Number HP ηold ηnew kW Hours kWh CP-9/10 1 3 81.4% 89.5% -0.18 8,760 -1,588 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs HP Replace motor 3 0 2 LS 1,080 $2,160 Energy Costs Electric Energy 1 - 25 -1,588 kWh $0.101 ($3,167) Electric Demand 1 - 25 -2 kW $4.02 ($172) Net Present Worth ($1,200) Existing Replacement Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 22 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Energy and Life Cycle Cost Analysis 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907.789.1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) EEM-13: Convert to Variable Speed Pumping Energy Analysis Case GPM Head η pump BHP η motor kW Hours kWh Existing -209 23 60% -2.7 89% -2.3 8,760 -19,901 Proposed 100 15 60% 0.8 89% 0.7 8,760 6,210 -1.6 -13,691 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Year Qty Unit Base Cost Year 0 Cost Construction Costs Install VFD 0 2 ea $7,500 $15,000 Pressure transducer and wiring 0 1 ea $4,000 $4,000 Overhead & profit 0 30%$5,700 Design fees 0 10%$2,470 Project management 0 8%$2,174 Energy Costs Electric Demand 1 - 25 -9 kW $4.02 ($740) Electric Energy (Effective Cost)1 - 25 -13,691 kWh $0.117 ($31,601) Net Present Worth ($3,000) Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 23 Energy Audit (March 2012) Appendix B Energy and Utility Data Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 24 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Billing Data 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Mt. Edgecumbe High School Boys (Bldg. 292) & Girls (Bldg 293) Dormitory ELECTRIC RATE Electricity ($ / kWh )Demand ( $ / kW ) 1-500 kWh $0.1552 First 25 kW $0.00 501-10,000 kWh $0.1038 Over 25 kW $3.90 10,001-100,000 kWh $0.0985 >100,000 kWh $0.0885 ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW kWh kW Jan 17,120 94 18,720 117 18,240 98 24,080 107 19,540 Feb 27,360 112 34,400 117 33,440 110 33,360 118 32,140 Mar 30,160 102 29,040 110 29,520 106 27,840 116 29,140 Apr 31,440 108 32,160 113 28,800 117 33,360 123 31,440 May 12,160 96 20,240 111 22,080 122 17,040 118 17,880 Jun 10,720 51 15,840 55 11,440 122 10,960 25 12,240 Jul 14,320 50 14,000 58 10,800 122 10,000 18 12,280 Aug 11,520 54 16,720 58 14,080 70 12,400 83 13,680 Sep 31,040 110 31,360 112 29,760 122 31,040 118 30,800 Oct 32,800 120 31,840 118 34,720 117 42,880 134 35,560 Nov 37,120 118 35,360 119 33,840 116 27,600 146 33,480 Dec 30,160 114 29,760 128 28,160 133 30,800 147 29,720 Total 285,920 309,440 294,880 301,360 297,900 Average 23,827 94 25,787 101 24,573 113 25,113 105 24,825 Load Factor 34.6% 34.9% 29.8% 32.9% 103 ELECTRIC BILLING DETAILS Month Energy Demand Total Energy Demand Total % Change Jan $1,875 $286 $2,162 $2,451 $321 $2,771 28.2% Feb $3,373 $333 $3,706 $3,365 $361 $3,726 0.5% Mar $2,986 $314 $3,301 $2,821 $355 $3,176 -3.8% Apr $2,916 $358 $3,274 $3,365 $383 $3,748 14.5% May $2,254 $380 $2,633 $1,757 $364 $2,121 -19.4% Jun $1,206 $380 $1,585 $1,158 $0 $1,158 -26.9% Jul $1,143 $380 $1,522 $1,064 $0 $1,064 -30.1% Aug $1,466 $176 $1,641 $1,300 $227 $1,527 -6.9% Sep $3,010 $380 $3,390 $3,136 $361 $3,497 3.2% Oct $3,499 $358 $3,857 $4,302 $427 $4,729 22.6% Nov $3,412 $355 $3,767 $2,797 $473 $3,271 -13.2% Dec $2,852 $420 $3,273 $3,113 $477 $3,589 9.7% Total $ 29,990 $ 4,120 $ 34,110 $ 30,628 $ 3,749 $ 34,377 0.8% Average $ 2,499 $ 343 $ 2,843 $ 2,552 $ 312 $ 2,865 0.8% Cost ($/kWh) $0.116 89% 11% $0.114 -1.4% $0.102 2010 2011 Electrical costs are based on the current electric rates. 2011 General Service Month 2008 2009 2010 Average Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 25 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Annual Electric Consumption 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Mt. Edgecumbe High School Boys (Bldg. 292) & Girls (Bldg 293) Dormitory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Use (kWh)Month of the Year Electric Use History 2008 2009 2010 2011 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Demand (kW)Month of the Year Electric Demand History 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 26 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Electric Cost 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Mt. Edgecumbe High School Boys (Bldg. 292) & Girls (Bldg 293) Dormitory 2011 $ 0 $ 500 $ 1,000 $ 1,500 $ 2,000 $ 2,500 $ 3,000 $ 3,500 $ 4,000 $ 4,500 $ 5,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecElectric Cost (USD)Month of the Year Electric Cost Breakdown 2011 Electric Use (kWh) Costs Electric Demand (kW) Costs 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Electric Demand (kW)Electric Use (kWh)Month of the Year Electric Use and Demand Comparison 2011 Electric Use Electric Demand Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 27 Energy Audit (March 2012) Alaska Energy Engineering LLC Billing Data 25200 Amalga Harbor Road Tel/Fax: 907-789-1226 Juneau, Alaska 99801 jim@alaskaenergy.us Annual Energy Consumption and Cost Energy Cost $/MMBtu Area ECI EUI Fuel Oil $3.48 $35.89 21,912 $2.67 96 Electricity $0.114 $35.19 Source Cost Electricity 148,950 kWh $17,000 500 24% Fuel Oil 11,937 Gallons $41,500 1,600 76% Totals $58,500 2,100 100% Annual Energy Consumption and Cost Consumption Energy, MMBtu $0.00 $5.00 $10.00 $15.00 $20.00 $25.00 $30.00 $35.00 $40.00 Fuel Oil ElectricityCost $ / MMBtuCost of Heat Comparison Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 28 Energy Audit (March 2012) Appendix C Equipment Data Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 29 Energy Audit (March 2012) MotorHP / Volts / RPM / EfficCP-9 Pump Room Heating Circulation Allis Chalmers 2000 214 GPM 3 HP/ 208 Volt/ 1740 RPM/ 81.5%CP-10 Pump Room Heating Circulation Allis Chalmers 2000 214 GPM 3 HP/ 208 Volt/ 1740 RPM/ 78.5%EF-1 Crawl Space Crawl Space Ventalation Greenheck SBP-24-20-5 3800 CFM 1/2 HP/ 120 Volt/ 1725 RPM/ 62%EF-2 Crawl Space Crawl Space Ventalation Greenheck SBP-24-20-5 3800 CFM 1/2 HP/ 120 Volt/ 1725 RPM/ 62%EF-3 Crawl Space Crawl Space Ventalation Greenheck SBP-24-20-5 3800 CFM 1/2 HP/ 120 Volt/ 1725 RPM/ 62%EF-4 Crawl Space Crawl Space Ventalation Greenheck SBP-24-20-5 3800 CFM 1/2 HP/ 120 Volt/ 1725 RPM/ 62%EF-1 Shower Room 121 Exhaust Fan Greenheck CW-080-G 350 CFM 1/30 HP/ 115 VoltEF-2 Bathroom 103/104 Exhaust Fan Greenheck CW-090-G 565 CFM 1/25 HP/ 115 VoltEF-3 Laundry 103A Exhaust Fan Cook Cook CG-122 60 CFM 1/40 HP/ 115 VoltEF-4 Shower Room 232 Exhaust Fan Greenheck CW-090-G 500 CFM 1/25 HP/ 115 VoltEF-5 Bathroom 214/215 Exhaust Fan Greenheck CW-090-G 565 CFM 1/25 HP/ 115 VoltHWRP Pump Room Hot Water Recerc Pump Tako 6 5 GPM 1/8 HP/ 115 VoltMt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) - Major Equipment InventoryCapacityNotesUnit ID Location Function Make Model Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 30 Energy Audit (March 2012) Appendix D Abbreviations AHU Air handling unit BTU British thermal unit BTUH BTU per hour CBJ City and Borough of Juneau CMU Concrete masonry unit CO2 Carbon dioxide CUH Cabinet unit heater DDC Direct digital controls DHW Domestic hot water EAD Exhaust air damper EEM Energy efficiency measure EF Exhaust fan Gyp Bd Gypsum board HVAC Heating, Ventilating, Air- conditioning HW Hot water HWRP Hot water recirculating pump KVA Kilovolt-amps kW Kilowatt kWh Kilowatt-hour LED Light emitting diode MBH 1,000 Btu per hour MMBH 1,000,000 Btu per hour OAD Outside air damper PSI Per square inch PSIG Per square inch gage RAD Return air damper RF Return fan SIR Savings to investment ratio SF Supply fan UV Unit ventilator VAV Variable air volume VFD Variable frequency drive Mt Edgecumbe High School Girls Dormitory (Bldg. 293) 31 Energy Audit (March 2012)