HomeMy WebLinkAboutAdak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study Tech Report 09-18-2013CITY OF ADAK
•, t=d Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
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Technical Report
Prepared For: City of Adak
Prepared By: McMillen, LLC
Funded in part by the Economic Development
Administration Grant#: EDA 07-79-06843
MCMILLEN, LLC September 18, 2013
City of Adak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
Executive Summary
The purpose of this report is to evaluate alternatives, prepare a preliminary engineering analysis, and
examine the feasibility of producing hydroelectric power from streams and reservoirs near Adak, Alaska
for the City of Adak. Special emphasis is given to projects that y involve Lake Bonnie Rose or Lake De
Marie because of their close proximity to and integration with other city interests. The Project includes
alternatives development as well as site analyses, geographical investigations, geotechnical analyses,
hydrologic analyses, and design criteria development. As part of design criteria development, integration
with the city's water supply and electrical grid as well as construction feasibility, and environmental and
permitting issues are given strong consideration. This report and its appendices include preliminary
engineering design for three alternatives, including preliminary cost estimates and the recommended
alternative for development.
Adak Island was originally developed by the U.S. Navy during World War II. In order to provide the base
and its personnel with power, a sizeable diesel generation system and electric distribution network was
developed on the island. The Navy continued operations on the island until 1997, when the base was closed
and the land and associated infrastructure were turned over to the Aleut Corporation and the City of Adak.
This changed the electrical demand from a military base with some 6,000 or more personnel to a small
Alaskan city of approximately 300-400 residents.
Electrical costs on the island are high due to the oversized generation system and a complete reliance on
diesel fuel which has been increasing in cost in recent years. In addition, much of the work on the electrical
grid dates back to the Cold War and World War II with components that are, in many cases, decades old,
inefficient, and nearing the end of their useful life.
Due to the high electrical costs and unreliability of the system, the Aleut Corporation, the City of Adak,
and Adak Community Development Corporation are not able to pursue the strategies outlined in the
Economic Adjustment Reuse Plan. The City's over-riding need for this Project is to examine hydroelectric
development from Lake Bonnie Rose and Lake De Mane, as well as surrounding areas to evaluate whether
the associated cost savings provide a feasible project. From the feasible alternatives, a preliminary design
for three preferred alternatives are developed that can readily be integrated into design -build activities.
One of the most important considerations is how each alternative integrates with the City's existing
electrical system. A field reconnaissance of the electrical system was conducted in April 2013 with results
discussed in this report and in Appendix D. The key finding is that the system is at or near the end of its
useful design life. There are numerous examples of switching stations and transformers showing signs of
wear with indications that they are about to fail. One transformer provides the sole route for power from
the generators to the electrical grid. Failure of this transformer will render the city without power until a
replacement transformer can be installed or standby generators will need to be used. Because of the
remoteness of the island, this may result in days or weeks without power. Based on recent communication
with the City, the power system recently has been exhibiting serious issues that confirm the April findings.
In a recent discussion with a City official, 30 outages have occurred in the first half of the month of
September (2013). The last remaining generator is not sized properly for a city of the size of Adak and is
inefficient, especially during low load periods. The combination of the above issues makes energy costs
higher than most surrounding cities and villages. Given Adak's strong economic development potential
with excellent port and infrastructure, lower cost energy will create an economic growth center with major
benefits to the region and the State.
Because of the poor condition of the existing generators and electrical grid system, a reconnaissance level
cost estimate to replace the electrical grid and generators was completed and is presented in the report. The
McMillen, LLC Page 2 Draft Technical Report
September 18, 2013
City of Adak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
cost for full replacement is estimated at just under 17.5 million dollars. This includes replacement of the
diesel generating system as well as all main feeder power lines, switches and transformers. Even without
hydropower installed, the replacement of this system saves at least 20% in diesel generating costs due to
greater efficiencies as a result of properly sizing the generating system and less line losses in the distribution
system. Having the electrical grid and generators replaced would also allow for maximum benefit from the
hydroelectric and wind power resources. The current diesel system consisting of one generator and largely
manual controls would make fully utilizing variable hydro inputs and working with partial demand loads
difficult and inefficient.
After field reconnaissance and geological and hydrological evaluation, three alternatives have been selected
as possible power generating systems for the city. Detail on how these three alternatives were selected is
given in Appendix D. The three alternatives are summarized briefly in the Table below:
NEFELOWr
Alt. IAlt.
Alt. 2
3
Alternative/Issue
Wind- Pump Storage
Lake Bonnie Rose Dam to
Moffett Creek
PRV1
Potential Powerhouse
2 MW (Hydro)"
246 kW
513 kW
Size
4.5 MW Wind
Potential Total Project
$54.9 Mil
$21.3 Mil
$18.5 Mil
Cost
• Installation of wind
Raise/fix Bonnie Rose
turbines near Lake
Dam to create 21000
• Build two
DeMarie.
acre-feet of useable
diversion dams on
• Raise/fix Lake
storage.
the North and
DeMarie and Lake
Replace city water
South Forks of
Bonnie Rose Dams to
main from Dam to
Moffett Creek.
provide 2,000 acre-
Pressure Reducing
• Combine water on
feet of useable storage
Valve house one
North Fork and
Basic Description
for each dam.
(PRV-1) and use
deliver down
• Install 2 Francis
turbine to convert
penstock to
turbines to pump water
excess pressure to
powerhouse at
head of valley.
to upper reservoir
electrical power.
* Generate power
during windy periods
• Use excess water to
with new Turbine.
to buffer system and
create more power at
generate power when
2nd turbine near Mitt
Requires 5 miles of
wind is down.
Lake.
transmission line.
* This is the capacity of water turbines. Wind turbines will have a capacity of 4.5 MW and the average capacity of
this system depending on wind patterns will be close to 2.5 W.
Alternative 1: Wind- Pump Storage
Alternative 1 takes advantage of two natural features that are available in the mountains southwest of Adak.
First, there are ridgelines with strong, reliable winds passing through the area. Second, there are two lakes,
Lake Bonnie Rose and Lake De Marie, in close proximity to one another with an elevation difference
between the lakes of approximately 500 feet. In order to utilize wind as an energy source, a buffer is
required in order to provide consistent power during low wind periods and utilize the excess energy
generated during peak wind periods. To provide this buffer, a pump storage system will be installed under
this alternative between Lake Bonnie Rose and Lake De Marie.
Each dam will be raised so that each reservoir will have a useable storage up to 2,000 acre-feet. Bonnie
Rose needs to be raised 6 feet at the spillway while the De Marie dam requires a 14.1 foot raise in height.
Both dam raises are designed to encapsulate the existing dams and needed repairs to both dams will occur
as part of the Dam raise. The design includes a new 42-inch diameter steel penstock that will be located
McMillen, LLC Page 3 Draft Technical Report
September 18, 2013
City of Adak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
from the Lake Bonnie Rose dam and extend approximately 4,860 feet down the valley to the upstream end
of Lake De Marie and the new powerhouse. The 42-inch penstock will accommodate up to 60 cubic feet
per second ("cfs") of water. Under normal operating conditions, the system flow is designed to be between
20 cfs and 60 cfs. Depending on configuration, power output from the turbines is estimated to be up to 2
megawatts ("MW"). Power output from the three wind turbines installed as part of this alternative can be
up to 4.5 MW. If all power sources are cumulated (i.e. the new diesel generators, the wind and the water
turbines when the reservoir is full) there is a potential peak power output of 8.5 MW but this generation
output can only be sustained for short time periods.
At Lake De Marie, a new powerhouse will be constructed to house the two Francis style turbine/pump units
as well as all of the necessary electrical and controls systems. The Francis style turbine generator units are
capable of being operated as a pump or turbine, allowing for the dual -use pump/storage as designed, without
the need for additional piping and equipment. This allows the units to pump water from Lake De Marie to
Lake Bonnie Rose when excess wind power is available and generate power by flowing water from Lake
Bonnie Rose to Lake De Marie when wind power is not adequate to meet the City's electrical demands.
The ridge selected for the wind turbine farm is located east of Lake De Marie, directly north of Lake Bonnie
Rose. This ridge was selected due to its proximity to the proposed Lake De Marie powerhouse as well as
the generally exposed wind conditions. Three, 1.5 MW wind turbines were preliminarily selected for the
feasibility analysis of Alterative 1. This ensures that during optimal wind events, with turbines operating
at peak capacity, there is still power available for pumping flow from Lake De Marie to Lake Bonnie Rose
as well as meeting city power demands.
For wind turbine integration into the pump storage system, an approximately 0.35 mile long transmission
line will be required between the wind turbine farm and the Lake De Marie powerhouse. To transport the
power back to the city, a new transmission line will be required from the powerhouse to the south side of
town, adjacent to the small boat harbor. This transmission line is designed to be approximately 1.6 miles
long.
A preliminary analysis was performed in order to determine the approximate amount of power that may be
generated by Alternative 1 on an annual basis. Based on wind analysis summarized in report, there is a
strong likelihood that the wind turbines will operate over 85% of the time. During times when there is
adequate wind, a pump or pumps will buffer spikes in available wind energy and push water from Lake De
Marie to Lake Bonnie Rose. Wind power will provide power both for the pump(s) and to the power needs
of the city. During times of inadequate wind, water will flow from Lake Bonnie Rose to Lake De Marie
and the turbine units will provide electrical power in place of wind. Because the time period of adequate
wind is 85% of the time, the capacity of the pumping system may be smaller than the turbine system. The
exact configuration of turbine power vs. pump capacity is beyond the scope of the reconnaissance -level
evaluation. However, a well -configured combination of wind and water turbine power can be designed to
minimize the diesel fuel generation as a back-up to the system.
Based on the preliminary analysis and assumptions of the available wind for generation, it is estimated that
the system will be capable of generating a base rate of 2 MW of power. This will result in a potential annual
generation of approximately 17,500 mega -watt hour (MWh). Because wind is producing near peak capacity
for 40% of the time, the average output of this system is approximately 2.5 MW. However, in order to use
this level of power, there needs to be demand during times when the wind power is available. In order to
verify the wind resource available, a year -long, site -specific wind study will be required prior to final
design. The reason for a site -specific wind study is to understand the local turbulence and the predominant
direction of the wind in order to create the best wind turbine design.
McMillen, LLC Page 4 Draft Technical Report
September 18, 2013
City of Adak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
Alternative 2: Bonnie Rose Dam to PRV-1 and Mitt Lake
Lake Bonnie Rose combines high elevation (738.6 feet) with storage and a watershed of nearly 2 square
miles to provide water to the reservoir and lake. This creates a high head water source to be used for
generating power. Alternative 2 utilizes this water source to develop powerhouses at PRV-1 and Mitt Lake.
Starting at Lake Bonnie Rose, a dam repair and raise will be completed to provide more reservoir storage.
The current dam has deficiencies in the main embankment as well as in spillway capacity. The raise of the
dam is similar to Alternative 1 except instead of a 42 inch penstock there will be a new 15-inch steel
penstock, approximately 7,600 feet long, that will be installed from Lake Bonnie Rose to the new
powerhouse located at the existing PRV-1 station. Currently, there is a steel pipeline that follows this exact
routing as the city's water supply pipeline. This water supply pipeline is estimated to have been installed
during World War II, with minimal upgrades since, and is reaching the end of its useful life. One of the
key benefits of Alternative 2 is the replacement of this pipeline with a new, reliable penstock serving both
the city water supply and power production.
The new, larger penstock will allow the full flow of up to 6 cfs to be transported to the new powerhouse, at
the existing PRV-1 site, with minimal head loss. The new powerhouse will be located adjacent to the
existing PRV-1 station. The remainder of the flow not required by the City, approximately 5 cfs, will be
diverted into a new 15-inch steel penstock to convey the excess water from PRV-I to the Mitt Lake
powerhouse. This exposed penstock will be approximately 2,200 feet long running alongside the existing
road. Both generators will be Pelton style with the one at PRV-1 producing 167 kW and the one at Mitt
Lake producing 79 kW. In order to integrate the two powerhouses and the City electrical network, a new
transmission line will need to be installed from the PRV-1 powerhouse, along the road, to the south side of
town near the small boat harbor. If it is assumed the powerhouses will have an operation time of 80%, the
system will be capable of generating approximately 1,725 MWh annually.
Alternative 3: Moffett Creek
Moffett Creek's watershed drains from a nearly 4,000-foot peak. This is the highest point on Adak Island
and nearly double the elevation of the mountains that drain to form Bonnie Rose or other creeks near Adak.
For this reason, Moffett Creek receives considerably more snow and stream flow peaks later in the summer
than the creeks supplying water to Bonnie Rose. Moffett Creek also has a greater unit discharge per basin
area than streams near Bonnie Rose. Because of the combination of high elevation and a good water supply,
Moffett Creek has potential for hydropower.
This alternative includes two diversion structures (small dams), a pipeline between diversions (15 inch;
1,050 feet long), and a penstock to a powerhouse located at the head of the valley. It also requires a
transmission line that is 4.1 miles long. The diversion structures will be small, approximately 10-15 feet
in height and 200-230 feet long. The diversions will be constructed with twin sheet pile walls with an
earthen fill between them. The intake portion of the diversion will be located at the approximate creek
bottom location and be controlled with a pair of slide gates. In high flow events, these gates will be capable
of allowing water to bypass the diversion structure and travel down the existing stream channel. The gate
arrangement will also allow the intake structure to function with the presence of surface ice as the intake
will draw off of the bottom of the water column instead of the surface.
The main, 28 inch, penstock delivering flow to the Moffett Creek powerhouse will extend from the main
division approximately 4,550 feet down the valley to the powerhouse. The Moffett Creek powerhouse will
be located just upstream of a natural stream gradient break point at an approximate elevation of 240 feet.
Because the stream upstream of the powerhouse consists of poor habitat that may not contain fish, the full
McMillen, LLC Page 5 Draft Technical Report
September 18, 2013
City of Adak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
stream flow of the creek can probably be used for hydropower. Within the powerhouse, a Pelton style
turbine generator assembly will be located along with all the necessary electrical and controls equipment.
Based on the preliminary analysis of Alternative 3, it is estimated that the system can produce an average
of 300 kW. This estimate includes the variation in stream flows as well as down time for maintenance
related items. Maintenance related downtime is expected to be performed during low power demand
periods to minimize effects on generation. Based on these assumptions it is estimated that the Moffett
Creek powerhouse will generate approximately 2,628 MWh annually. However, since this configuration
is run of the river, considerable adjustments will be needed with this system as there is considerable stream
flow variability and very little storage.
Comparison of Alternatives
All three alternatives are feasible from a constructability standpoint. All three have key obstacle(s) that
need to be overcome before construction occurs. The major difference among the alternatives are each
systems overall capacity, pattern of power production, and cost both in terms of absolute cost and cost per
kilowatt hour. The table below summarizes some of these comparisons and contrasts.
.Alternative/ Issue
Alt. I
Wind- Pump Storage
Alt. 2
Lake Bonnie Rose
Moffett Creek
Dam to PRV-1
Potential Powerhouse
2 MW (Hydro)
246 kW
513 kW
Size
4.5 MW (Wind)
Potential Total Project
$54.9 Mil
$21.3 Mil
$18.5 Mil
Construction Cost
Potential Annual O&M
$568,000
$1,863,940
$1,554,540
Cost*
Cost per kilowatt hour
(expected use;688
$0.61
$0.72
$0.52
KW)**
Cost per kilowatt hour
(base pump storage
$0.21
$0.48
$0.45
capacity; 2 MW)**
• Land ownership has not
• In stream flow
In stream flow
been determined.
reservation will need
reservation will
Ordinance cleanup has
to be adjusted.
need to be
not been completed.
Biggest Obstacle(s)
• Requires wind study.
adjusted.
• Stream flows extremely
• High cost on absolute
• High cost on kWh
variable making
basis
basis
generation to full
potential difficult.
• Provides power for
Provides relatively
both city and future
constant power to
development.
grid which will
• Uses natural features
reduce generation
costs if tied into
• Provides 1/2 MW of
Biggest selling point
(wind and large lake
system correctly.
Hydro power at
areas) to highest
• Will improve city
relatively low cost
advantage.)
water supply
• Fixes Bonnie Rose
reliability and fix
dam
Bonnie Rose Dam.
McMillen, LLC Page 6 Draft Technical Report
September 18, 2013
City of Adak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
*This potential O&M cost includes the estimated cost of diesel generation under each of the alternatives at the
expected use level (688 kW average use) which is double that of the current AEA estimate given (AEA, 2013a).
** The cost per (kilo -watt-hour (kWh) for expected (688 kW average use) and full use (2 MW average use) includes
cost for upgrading the electrical grid ($17.5 million) and all financing charges assuming 3% interest and 40 year
buyback period along with estimated diesel costs and other operation and maintenance costs..
In order to better evaluate the alternatives, the alternatives need to be compared with leaving the system "as
is" versus replacing the power grid and generators as the first step towards hydropower. The Table below
starts with the existing system, adds replacement of the distribution grid diesel generation system and then
adds the incremental benefit, as well as costs, of adding each of the hydropower alternatives.
Total Cost per kWh including
Description of Improvements Cost of Improvements
construction and O&M Costs including
diesel generation costs
Existing System -No Action
$1.24/kWh for Current Load (344 kW)**
No improvements
$0
$0.88/kWh for Expected Load (688 kW)**
NA* for Higher Loads (2, 2.5 MW)
New Diesel generation and power Grid (no hydro Alternatives
Replace existing generators with 3 new
$0.66/kWh for Current Load (344 kW)
Diesel generators. Replace electrical
$17.5 million design and
$0.50/kWh for Expected Load (688 kW)
grid with new wiring, switches,
construction cost
$0.40/kwh for P/S Base Load (2 MW)
transformers etc.
NA* for P/S Average Load (2.5 MW)
Alternative 1: Pump Storage between Bonnie Rose and DeMarie with Wind
Replace diesel generators and
$17.5 million for new power
grid and diesel generation
$1.23/kWh for Current Load (344 kW)
distribution grid. Raise Dams, install
$54.9 million for Design and
$0.61/kWh for Expected Load (688 kW)
turbines
Penstock, water and wind as
Construction of AlternativeTotal
$0.21/kwh for P/S Base Load (2 MW)
well as power house and lines.
Cost: $72.4 million
$0.17/kwh for P/S Average Load (2.5 MW)
Alternative 2: Lake Bonnie Rose to PRV-1 to Mitt Lake
Replacement of electrical grid and
$17.5 million for new power
$0.83/kWh for Current Load (344 kW)
diesel generation system. Raise Bonnie
grid and diesel generation
$0.72lk Expected8
Wh for Expected Load (688 kW)
Rose Dam. Construct 2 penstocks, 2
$21.3 million for Design and
$0.48/Whkwh for Base Load (2
power houses and transmission lines.
Construction of Alternative
NA* for P/S Average Load (2.5 MW)
Total Cost: $38.8 million
Alternative : Moffett Creek
Replacement of electrical grid and
diesel generation system. Design and
$17.5 million for new power
$0.70/kWh for Current Load (344 kW)
construction of two diversion dams, a
grid and diesel generation
$0.52/kWh for Expected Load (688 kW)
diversion pipeline, penstock and
$18.5 million for Design and
$0.40/kwh for P/S Base Load (2 MW)
powerhouse, as well as transmission
Construction of Alternative
NA* for P/S Average Load (2.5 MW)
line for Moffett Creek to main
Total Cost: $36.0 million
distribution grid.
*NA- Not applicable because system cannot meet these load demands.
** The $1.24 per kWh is based on recent pricing from TDX for Adak The $0.881kWh is based on adding non fuel
costs to a $0.41/kWh fuel cost from AEA report and then adding a $0.11/kWh cost to reflect a recent cost increase.
McMillen, LLC Page 7 Draft Technical Report
September 18, 2013
City of Adak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
Each of the actions has a cost for construction of the improvements as well as the total cost that factors in
Operation and Maintenance and the cost of providing diesel fuel. For comparison, according to AEA
statistics, the cost per kWh in 2012 was $1.13/kWh for residential users. Based on a recent personal
communication, this rate is to be raised to $1.24 per kWh. Also according to city sources, rates vary from
$1.09 per kWh to $1.78 per kWh based on type and amount of use. According to the AEA report, the fuel
related generation cost is $0.41 per kWh. Operation and maintenance and other non -fuel related costs for
the current usage of 344 kW are $2,170,496 based on data from the 2013 AEA report. This non -fuel cost
is used as abase figure for the expected load (688 kW) as well. When the grid and diesel generators are
replaced, the maintenance and operation costs, besides diesel costs, are reduced to 200,000 dollars due to
the fact that new equipment is installed that is properly sized to the system. This greatly reduces
maintenance costs.
In evaluating the costs per kWh, there is value to replacing the electrical grid and diesel generators no matter
what the expected load may be. Compared with no action, there are consistent savings at all loads. For
hydropower, the results show that Alternative 1 is a cost saving alternative if there are loads approaching 2
MW. Alternative 1 has a high fixed capital cost but its operating expenses are largely the same up to 2 MW
because power can be generated from wind or hydropower without using diesel. Even at the average load
of 2.5 MW, diesel will not need to be used because power will come from optimum use of wind and water
turbine power.
If Adak is expecting to attract economic growth, having the pump storage system (Alternative 1) will nearly
halve the cost to generate power on a per kWh basis as compared to a replaced diesel system. Beyond
potential new businesses, current base businesses such as the fish processing plant, which is currently
closed, are likely to come on line and use power under these costs. The fish processing plant in the past,
under a prior owner, used over a MW of power during peak periods seasonally but generated off line.
Both Alternative 2 and Alternative 3 show no cost savings as compared with just replacing the diesel
generator and grid alone, however it will move the City away from fossil fuels to more renewable sources.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on the cost estimates, full replacement of the diesel generation and electrical grid system is warranted.
Over a 40 year buy back period, the cost to generate per kWh is lower ($1.24 vs. $0.66 per kWh at the
estimated current load and $0.88 vs. $0.50 per kWh at the expected load. Furthermore, the current system
is limited to less than 800 kW generation capacity unless new generators and other electrical equipment are
added.
The current energy grid and generation system is outdated and there is considerable deferred maintenance.
Since the savings are immediate, as well as the advantages of having a more reliable power grid, this power
and generation system is recommended to be replaced as soon as possible. Even with loan payback, the
reduced costs in diesel generation and maintenance show a favorable economic gain over a 40 year payback
period.
After reviewing the cost per kWh for each alternative, only Alternative 1 (wind pump storage), is
recommended for lower energy costs that may lead to economic development potential. This alternative
gives low cost power especially at full 2 MW demand, allowing for economic growth and stability in power
costs. Even at expected load (688 kW) the cost of pump storage per kWh is comparable with grid and
diesel generator replacement only. As the electrical demand grows toward full capacity, the pump storage
becomes more economical.
McMillen, LLC Page 8 Draft Technical Report
September 18, 2013
City of Adak Hydroelectric Feasibility Study
With any major wind energy project, a site specific study is strongly recommended. The study normally
will collect at least one year of data (REAP, 2011). It is recommended that funds be acquired to start this
study as soon as possible. The study will determine which type of turbine system and configuration will
best capture wind energy and work under the unique wind conditions that will be found on the ridges near
Lake DeMarie.
Alternative 1 can be broken down into sub steps with some parts being completed while the wind study is
ongoing. The dam raises, penstock, and powerhouse installations will be designed and constructed
immediately with the wind turbines being constructed the following year.
The following plan of action is recommended:
Description of Action
Cost
Schedule (with assumed November 1st,
start date
Step 1: Replace Power Grid and Diesel Generators
Replace existing generators with 3 new
Design: November 1, 2013 — April 31,
Diesel generators. Replace electrical
$17.5 million design and
2014
grid with new wiring, switches,
construction cost
Construction: June 1, 2014 — November
transformers etc.
15, 2014
Step 2: Complete Alternative 1— Wind / Pump Storage
2.a Wind Study
20$ 0,000
November 1, 2013 — December 15, 2014
2.b Raise Bonnie Rose Dam, DeMarie
Design/Permitting: November 1, 2013 —
Dam, build power house and Penstock
$26.7 million design and
April 31, 2014
along with road building and trail
construction cost
Construction: May 15, 2014 —November
improvements.
15, 2014
Design: December 15, 2014 — April 31,
2.c Design/Install Wind Turbines
$28.2 million design and
2015
construction cost.
Construction: June 1, 2015 — November
15, 2015
Please note this is an aggressive schedule that assumes funds can be procured quickly. The schedule may
need to be adjusted based on funding sources' timeframes or unforeseen permitting issues.
McMillen, LLC Page 9 Draft Technical Report
September 18, 2013