Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutBradley River Hydrologic and Water Quality Data 1995Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data For the Lower Bradley River, Alaska March 1993 to April 1994 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 95-338 Prepared in cooperation with the ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data For the Lower Bradley River, Alaska March 1993 to April1994 By Ronald. L. Rickman U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 95-338 Prepared in cooperation with the ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY Anchorage, Alaska 1995 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 4230 University Drive, Suite 201 Anchorage, AK 99508-4664 Copies of this report may be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Open-File Reports Section Box 25286, MS 517 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0425 .. ,.. " CONTENTS Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Survey and cross-sectional data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Hydraulic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Field water-quality data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Dissolved oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Specific conductance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 References cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 FIGURES 1. Map showing location of the Bradley Lake Hydroelectric Project area. . . . . . . . . 2 2. Hydro graphs showing daily mean discharges of Bradley River below Dam and Bradley River near Tidewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Map showing lower Bradley River cross-section locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4-9. Graphs showing cross-section and velocity distribution of the lower Bradley River: 4. At Bear Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Near Tidewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6. At Tree Bar Reach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7. Below Fish Cantp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 8. At Upper Riffle Reach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 9. At Lower Riffle Reach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 10. Graph showing daily mean surface and intragravel water temperature of Bradley River near Tidewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 TABLES 1. Selected hydraulic properties for the lower Bradley River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. Selected water-quality data and site characteristics for the lower Bradley River . . . . 9 Contents Ill CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATIONS Multiply By To obtain inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer square foot (f~) 0.0929 square meter foot per second (ft/s) 0.3048 meter per second cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.028317 cubic meter per second Water temperature: Water temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius. The following equation can be used to convert to degrees Fahrenheit: Sea !eye!: In this report .. sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929--a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the fll'St-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Abbreviated water-gualjtv units used jn report: mm, millimeter ml, milliliter mg!L, milligram per liter J.LS/cm, microsiemen per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius IV Content. " "" Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for the Lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to April 1994 By Ronald. L. Rickman Abstract A dam constructed at the outlet of Bradley Lake near Homer, Alaska has blocked natural flows to the lower Bradley River. To protect salmon egg incubation habitat during the period November 2 to April 30, a fish-water bypass was incorporated into the design of the dam to ensure a minimum discharge of 40 cubic feet per second in the lower river. This minimum flow determi- nation was based on an open-water instream flow study that did not take into account effects of ice formation. A study was begun in March 1993 to determine winter flow conditions in the lower Bra- dley River. As a part of this study, data were collected at sites in the lower Bradley River to measure discharge, wetted perimeter, cross-sectional area, water depth, flow velocity, and specific conduc- tance, as well as temperature and dissolved oxygen from both surface water and intra gravel water. Discharge and specific conductance in the Middle Fork Bradley River below North Fork Bradley River were also measured. This report presents data collected between March 1993 and April1994. INTRODUCTION The Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) began operation of the Bradley Lake Hydroelectric Project near Homer, Alaska in 1991 (fig. 1).The dam, which was constructed at the Bradley Lake outlet, incorporated a fish-water bypass system to maintain flows required for fish habitat enhance- ment in the lower Bradley River. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) licensing requirements for the Bradley Lake Hydroelectric Project require maintenance of a minimum flow of 40 ft3/s from November 2 to April30, measured at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream- gaging station Bradley River near Tidewater (station no. 15239070). This discharge of 40 ff/s is based on an open-water instream flow study (Woodward-Clyde Consultantc;, 1983). The study did not account for the effects of river ice formation, which is common in the lower Bradley River dur- ing the winter months. Many studies have developed suitability criteria for salmon spawning hab- itats, but few have addressed salmon egg incubation habitats in ice-covered streams (Morsell, 1994). It is not practical to obtain a record of continuous river discharge directly. Instead, instru- ments are installed to continuously measure river stage. Numerous discharge measurements are made at various stages to define the correlation between stage and discharge. Once the stage-dis- charge relation has been defined, periodic discharge measurements are made to ensure that the rela- tion remains valid. The stability of the stage-discharge relation is dependent on the stability of the river channel. If channel geometry changes because of either scour or fill, so does the stage-dis- charge relation. In a regulated channel, such as the lower Bradley River, changes caused by scour or fill are usually gradual, and adjustments can be applied to the stage-discharge rating as needed. Channel geometry is also changed during periods of ice formation in the river. These changes are usually rapid and highly variable, rendering the stage-discharge relation useless. INTRODUCTION 1 ,.o- BAY 0 I 0 I ;, /l I ,I I I I"' I ' v ,> " 5 KILOMETERS Figure 1. Location of the Bradley Lake Hydroelectric Project area. 2 Hydrologic and Water.Quallty Dlta for the Lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to Apr111994 .. , . , I ' \ ' . ~.;;; ~ tf • ~~ §-s cs I .t-~ ~ 0-\.5 I ~ . :?-~ 0 SMILES +<$ I I J I 0 S Kll..OMETERS ~ EXPlANATION .& USGS Stream-gaging station IJ • AEA Stream-gaging station I ' -Dam I " I -, ! Operators of the Bradley Lake Hydroelectric Project have released flows of 40 ft 3/s at the fish-water bypass (measured at the USGS gaging station Bradley River below Dam, which gener- ally remains ice free) to ensure maintenance of a flow of 40 ft3/s in the lower Bradley River. How- ever, actual flows in the lower Bradley River have been above the required minimum because the Middle and North Fork Bradley Rivers contribute inflow that has not been adequately quantified. This additional flow could be used for power generation if the flow contributions of Middle and North Fork Bradley River were better understood. In March 1993, under a cooperative agreement with the Alaska Energy Authority, the USGS began a study of winter flow conditions in the lower Bradley River. The objectives of this study are to: (1) determine the discharges that must be released at the fish-water bypass to maintain a flow of 40 fr3/s in the lower Bradley River, (2) determine whether a flow of less than 40 ft3/s might also provide adequate protection, and (3) gain insight into the minimum limits of flow that would pro- vide some assurance of egg protection in the event of unexpected decreases in flow. This report summarizes data collected between March 1993 to Apri11994 at selected sites in the lower Bradley River. A previous report (Rickman, 1993) summarizes flow losses and gains between the fish-water bypass and the USGS gaging station, Bradley River near Tidewater. DISCHARGE The USGS has operated daily streamflow stations on the Bradley River below the dam since 1989 and near tidewater since 1983. Daily mean discharge data at both stations from March 1 to April 30, 1993, and November 1 to April 30, 1994 are shown in figure 2. Discharge data are pre- sented through April 1994 to show complete period of icing, even though field sampling ended in late February. Streamflow that was estimated because of ice effect is shown using dashed lines. Very few days were ice affected at the Bradley River below Dam gaging station, whereas several days were ice affected at the Bradley River near Tidewater gaging station. Three distinct icing peri- ods occurred between November 1, 1993 and April30, 1994. Daily mean discharge for the study period ranged from 0.35 to 69 ft3/s at the Bradley River below Dam stream-gaging station, and from 46 to 356 fr3/s at the Bradley River near Tidewater stream-gaging station. Streamflow greater than 80 ft}/s at the tidewater stream-gaging station was caused by snowmelt and (or) rainfall in the lower Bradley River basin. Discharge measurements were made at the Middle Fork Bradley River below North Fork Bradley River on March 10 and December 2, 1993 and March 31, 1994. Measured discharges were 10.2, 25.2, and 7.86 fr3/s, respectively. Discharge measurements were also made at six locations in the lower Bradley River from Bear Island to Lower Riffle Reach (fig. 3) where most spawning activity occurs (Morsell, 1993, p. 12). Measured discharge ranged from 54 ff Is on March 12, 1993 to 73 ft3/s on December 2, 1993 (table 1). Both extremes occurred at the Bradley River at Bear Island gaging station and are considered accurate to 5 percent These measured discharges ranged between 35 and 82 percent higher than the target flow of 40 fr3/s. DISCHARGE 3 0 z 0 u Ill (I) 150 a: Ill 0.. Iii Ill ... ~ 100 ::> u ~ u.i Dashed ine lndicales estimated cischarge due to Ice tonnalion CJ ----·--...----___ ~ 50 ----.-. X u (I) i5 1993 MARCH 1 TOAPAU..30, 1993 EXPLANATION Bradley River below dam Bradley River near tklewaler •oor------------.-------------.-------------r-----------.-------------.------------, 0 z 0 u Ill (I) 300 a: Ill 0.. Iii ~ ~200 ::> u ~ u.i CJ ~ 100 u (I) i5 1993 January February Dashed lne lndicales estimated diseharge due lo Ice tonnallon 1994 NOVEMBER 1, 1993 TO APRIL 30, t994 Figure 2. Daily mean discharges of Bradley River below dam and Bradley River near tidewater. 4 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for the Lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to April1994 ~ ~ ~ " m UPPER RIFFLE 0 500 FEET ' I I I I I I I 0 100 METERS TIDEWATER llslo TREE BAR IV Pis. 'If C';tj Atp ,, I ,I (,-- en Figure 3. Lower Bradley River study cross section locations (modified from Morsel!, 1994, fig. 1) N BEAR ISLAND Table 1. Selected hydraulic properties for the lower Bradley River [ft. foot; f~. square foot; ft/s; foot per second; fills. cubic foot per second; <,less than; >.more than] Streamflow Cross section Cross-Ice cover Mean section site Date (percent) Discharge Discharge velocity Top width Area Wetted Hydraulic (fig. 3) (tt3/s) accuracy (ft/s) (ft) (fi2) perimeter radius (percent) (ft) (ft) Bear Island 3-12-93 <20 54 8 0.81 101.6 67.1 101.9 0.66 12..()2-93 <10 73 5 1.01 92.0 12.2 92.4 .78 2-24-94 100 65 >8 .64 109.0 102 109.4 .93 Near Tide-3-11-93 <10 56 5 1.46 35.0 38.6 35.6 1.09 water 12-03-93 <10 65 8 1.48 43.3 44.1 43.8 1.01 2-24-94 100 66 >8 1.30 43.0 50.4 43.7 1.15 Tree Bar 3-11-93 <20 56 5 1.13 64.4 49.5 64.6 .17 Reach 12-02-93 <25 71 5 1.43 69.0 49.6 69.2 .72 2-23-94 100 70 >8 .65 101.0 108 101.4 1.07 Below Fish 3-11-93 <10 57 5 .95 49.4 59.6 49.7 1.20 Camp 12-02-93 <20 12 5 .93 57.6 77.5 58.4 1.33 2-23-94 100 65 >8 1.00 50.9 64.8 51.2 1.27 Upper Riffle 3-11-93 <10 60 5 .76 81.4 78.6 82.2 .95 Reach 12-03-93 <15 60 8 .68 83.7 88.6 84.9 1.04 2-24-94 100 65 >8 .90 78.0 72.3 79.1 .91 Lower Riffle 3-11-93 <10 59 5 1.21 71.0 48.9 71.4 .68 Reach 12-03-93 0 55 >8 1.02 82.9 53.8 83.3 .65 2-24-94 100 62 >8 1.12 15.0 55.6 75.4 .74 6 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for lhe Lower Bradley River, Alnka, March 1993 to Aprtl1994 SURVEY AND CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA Cross-sectional profiles of the lower Bradley River were surveyed in March, June, and December 1993 and in February 1994 at six locations (fig. 3). At each location, steel markers were established to define cross-section end points. Standard survey techniques were used to tie all the cross sections to the same datum. An arbitrary datum was used and was not tied to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD) of 1929. The June 1993 survey was made to establish baseline channel geometry at each cross section for comparison against ice-affected cross sections. Dis- charge during the June 1993 survey was 130 ftJ/s, which is two to three times larger than observed winter discharges, and is not useful for comparison purposes. Differences between the baseline cross sections measured in June 1993 and the cross sections measured three times during the winter (figs. 4-9)1 are attributed to channel fill or scour, anchor ice formation, and survey limitations relating to streambed roughness. The most significant change in cross sections occurred at Bradley River below Fish Camp (fig. 7), where the channel scoured, and at Bradley River near Tidewater on February 24 (fig. 5), when anchor ice covered much of the stre- ambed. HYDRAULIC DATA Water-depth and flow·velocity data were also collected at each of the six cross sections three times between March 1993 and February 1994. These properties were measured at several point~ across each section using the procedures described by Buchanan and Sommers ( 1969). Wetted perimeter, cross-sectional area, and hydraulic radius were computed for each section (table 1). Complete ice cover resulted in a significant increase in cross-sectional area and decrease in water velocity at the Bear Island, Tidewater, and Tree Bar reach cross sections. These changes are evident even though the data were obtained at varying stream discharges. The most significant increase in area, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius, and decrease in velocity, occurred at Tree Bar Reach on February 23, 1994 during a period of complete ice cover. Comparing these data to those of the same site at a similar discharge during nearly ice-free conditions shows a 117 percent increase in area, 46 percent increase in wetted perimeter, 49 percent increase in hydraulic radius, and 55 percent decrease in velocity. These changes were caused by an ice jam downstream from the cross section. The effect of complete ice cover on hydraulic properties at the lower three cross sections (Bradley River below Fish Camp, Upper Riffle Reach, and Lower Riffle Reach) were not readily apparent, given the small size of the data set. Water velocity distribution within each section varied significantly with ice formation at the upper three cross sections (figs. 4-6). The most striking examples are at Bradley River at Bear Island (fig. 4) and Bradley River at Tree Bar Reach (fig. 6). Complete ice cover has forced most of the flow into narrow parts of the channels. Water velocity distribution did not vary significantly with ice formation at the Fish Camp (fig. 7), Upper Riffle (fig. 8), and Lower Riffle (fig. 9) cross sections. 1 Note: Figures 4-10 are at the end of the report, starting on p. 11. SURVEY AND CROSS·SECOONAL DATA 7 FIELD WATER-QUALITY DATA Temperature The USGS has operated daily surface-water and intragravel-water temperature stations on the lower Bradley River since 1986. The surface-water temperature station is located at the Bradley River near Tidewater gaging station, and the intra gravel water-temperature station is located down- stream from the gaging station near the Tree Bar Reach cross section (published as Bradley River near Tidewater, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987-95). The intragravel water-temperature probe is bur- ied in the gravels to a depth of approximately 1 ft, and is in an area of known ground-water dis- charge. Both surface-water and intragravel-water temperatures are recorded at 1-hour intervals. Recorded data were verified using calibrated field thermometers (Stevens and others, 1975, p. 30) and are rounded to the nearest 0.5 °C. Surface-water temperature fluctuates more than intragravel water temperature (fig. 10), is generally colder than intragravel water during cold weather periods, and is warmer than intragravel water during warm weather periods. Extended periods of 0 °C surface-water temperature are com- mon. Intragravel-water temperature occasionally drops to 0 °C, but for a shorter time. Surface- water temperature measurements were made at each cross section concurrently with discharge measurements. Temperatures were relatively constant between cross sections for each sample period (table 2). Temperature measurements were made at several points across each cross section in March 1993. Water temperature did not vary within the cross sections. Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved-oxygen samples of surface water and intragravel water were collected at each cross section concurrently with discharge measurements. Surface-water dip samples were col- lected by gently filling 300 mL glass biological oxygen demand (BOD) bottles which were then immediately fixed and analyzed using the Azide modification of the Winkler method (American Public Health Association and others, 1989, p. 4-152). Water temperature and barometric pressure were also measured to calculate the percent oxygen saturation (table 2). Dissolved-oxygen samples of intragravel-water were collected at each cross section by inserting a stainless-steel tube with an inside diameter of 3/16 in. into the streambed to a depth of 1ft. The lower 0.4 ft of the sample tube was perforated with 1/16-inch-diameter holes. Water was pumped at a rate of 10 to 15 mL per minute into a 60-mL BOD bottle. The slow pump rate was necessary to prevent surface-water intrusion (Hoffman, 1986, p. 446). A total of three sample vol- umes were pumped through the bottles, and the samples were fixed and analyzed using the azide modification of the Winkler method. Intragravel water temperature was not measured during sam- ple collection, so percent saturation is not calculated except at Tree Bar Reach (table 2), where the intragravel-water temperature station is located. Intragravel dissolved-oxygen data collected in March 1993 were discarded because of errors associated with the sample-collection method. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations of surface water ranged from 98 to 104 percent of satura- tion (table 2). Intragravel-wa~r dissolved-oxygen concentrations were 0.8 to 2.9 mg/L lower than those of the surface water. \\ / 8 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for the Lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993to Aprll1994 Table 2. Selected water-quality data and site characteristics for the lower Bradley River [mm Hg, millimeter of mercury; °C, degree Celsius; mg/L, milligram per liter; ~ts/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; ft, foot; ft/s, foot per second; N/A, not applicable;--, no data] Surface water lntragravel water lntragravel sample location Cross-Baro- section site Date metric Dis-Dis-Specific Dis-Depth of Surface- (fig. 3) pressure Temper-solved solved conduct-Temper-solved water water (mm Hg) ature oxygen ature above velocity (oC) oxygen percent ance (OC) oxygen streambed (ftls) (mg/L) saturation (~tslcm) (mg/L) (ft) Bear Island 3-12-93 750 1.0 14.3 102 68 12-02-93 745 1.5 14.0 102 66 12.5 0.88 0.56 2-24-94 771 .5 14.6 100 63 12.2 1.4 .75 Near Tide-3-11-93 750 1.0 14.4 103 71 water 12-03-93 752 .5 14.5 102 67 13.1 1.2 2.05 2-24-94 771 .0 14.5 98 60 13.0 .0 N/A Tree Bar 3-11-93 750 .5 14.7 104 62 1.0 Reach 12-02-93 745 1.5 13.9 101 65 2.0 2-23-94 775 .0 14.8 100 65 .5 14.0 2.2 .53 Below Fish 3-11-93 750 1.0 14.3 102 69 Camp 12-02-93 746 1.5 14.1 103 65 13.3 1.28 0.97 2-23-94 775 .0 14.8 100 63 13.6 .8 .61 Upper Riffle 3-11-93 750 1.0 14.4 103 72 Reach 12-03-93 752 .0 14.2 98 67 11.3 1.22 .90 2-24-94 773 .0 14.6 99 65 13.6 0.75 .77 Lower Riffle 3-11-93 750 1.0 14.6 104 73 Reach 12-03-93 752 .0 14.6 101 66 13.8 1.18 .75 2-24-94 773 .5 14.4 98 65 13.6 .7 1.64 RELD WATER-OUAUTY DATA 9 Specific Conductance Surface-water dip samples were collected concurrently with discharge measurements and analyzed for specific conductance (Hem, 1985). Specific conductance was measured to gain insight into ground-water contributions (Riggs, 1972, p. 12; Miller and others, 1988) and possible salt- water intrusion from high tides. Specific conductance values ranged from 60 to73 J.LS/cm and did not vary significantly between cross sections or between field visits (table 2). Specific conductance does not appear to be related to flow, nor is there evidence that salt-water intrusion occurred at any of the six cross sec- tions during the field visits. REFERENCES CITED American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation. 1989, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (17th ed.): Washington D.C .• 1451 p. Buchanan, T.J., and Sommers, W.P., 1969, Discharge measurements at gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Tech- niques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A8, 65 p. Hem, J.D .• 1985, Study and interpretation of chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd ed.): U.S. Geological Sur- vey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p. Hoffman, R.J., 1986, A horizontal intragrave1 pipe for sampling water quality in salmonid spawning gravel: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 6, p. 445-448. Miller, R.L., Bradford, WL., and Peters, N.E., 1988, Specific conductance-Theoretical considerations. and applica- tions to analytical quality control: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2311, 16 p. Morsell, J., 1993, Bradley River salmon escapement monitoring and tailrace attraction studies 1993-Final report: Prepared for the Alaska Energy Authority, 71 p. __ 1994, Bradley Lake Hydroelectric Project investigation of winter flow conditions required to support salmon egg incubation: Anchorage, Alaska, Northern Ecological Services, 10 p. Rickman, R.L., 1993, Hydrologic conditions and low-flow investigations of the Lower Bradley River near Homer. Alaska, October 1991 to February 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-95, 17 p. Riggs, H. C., 1972, Low-flow investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations. book 4. chap. B1, 18 p. Stevens, H.H., Jr., Ficke, J.F., and Smoot, G.F., 1975, Water temperature-Influential factors. field measurements, and data presentation: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations. book 1. chap. D I, 65 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 1987-95, Water resources data for Alaska, water years 1986-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Reports AK-86-1 to AK 94-1 (published annually). Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1983, Bradley River instream flow studies: Anchorage, Alaska, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 75 p. 10 Hydrologic and Water.Quallty Data for the Lower Bn~dley River, Alaeka, March 1993 to Aprll1994 FIGURES 4-10 F1GURES 11 20 Iii== !:!~ 18 ;:";o z~ ~~ 16 >CD ~~ 14 ~ 3 ~ 0 ffi 2 IL .._ ~ ;:; 1 ~ 0 20 40 60 BRADLEY RIVER AT BEAR ISLAND CROSS SECTION Water surface 16.42 ft. 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET VELOCITY PROFILE Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline March 12, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 54.4 cubic feet per second ~ o~~._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions. and discharge March 12, 1993, minor shore ice, Discharge, 54.4 cubic feet per second Figure 4. Cross section and velocity distribution of the lower Bradley River at Bear Island (see figure 3 for cross section location). 12 Hydrologic and W•ter-Ouallty Data for the Lower Bl"'lddey River, Alaska, March 1993 to April1994 20 ~--~ W:;, w .... 18 IL<( ~0 ·>-ZIC ~~ ::;t: 16 wm iii~ 14 0 20 40 60 Figure 4. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER AT BEAR ISLAND CROSS SECTION water IUI'Iaee16.50 n. 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE December 2, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 72.9 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge December 2, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 72.9 cubic feet per second RGURES 13 20 Iii:! te~ 18 ~Q ·>-Za; ~~ 16 >t: wm id~ 14 0 20 40 60 80 BRADlEY RIVER AT BEAR ISLAND CROSS SECTION 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET VELOCITY PROFILE Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline February 24, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 65.4 cubic feet per second 0 3r-~----~~----~----r-~----~~----~----r-~----r--T----~~----,-----r--r----~~----~~----~-, ~ 0 m ffi 2 a. Iii w 1.1. ~ 1 ~ ~ OL-~----~~----~----~-L----~~----~~~~----L-_.----~~----~~~~----~~----~~----~_j 0 20 40 60 80 Figure 4. Continued. 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge February 24, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 65.4 cubic feet per second 14 Hydrologic and Water.Quallty Data for the Lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to Aprll1994 20 BRADLEY RIVER NEAR TIDEWATER CROSS SECTION Water surface 14.70 II. .., '·.:;--·---··-············--·--····-··-·! .. . ·· 12L.~~~~~-L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET VELOCITY PROFILE Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline March 11 , 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 56.3 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge March 11, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 56.3 cubic feet per second Figure 5. Cross section and velocity distribution of the lower Bradley River near Tidewater. (see figure 3 for cross section location). RGURES15 Figure 5. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER NEAR TIDEWATER CROSS SECTION Water surlace 14.80 ft . . ·-·--····---·-·····-·-···-······ .. ···........ / ... ...... DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE December 3, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 65.2 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge December 3, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 65.2 cubic feet per second 16 Hydrologic and Water.Quallty Data for the Lower Bradley Rlv.-, Alaltka, March 1993 to Aprtl1994 ti ~> ~~ zt: QID ~!oi ~ w BRADLEY RIVER NEAR TIDEWATER CROSS SECTION 20 18 16 Water surface 15.1 ft. 14 12~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 10 20 30 Figure 5. Continued. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE February 24, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 65.7 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge February 24, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 65.7 cubic feet per second RGURES17 24 22 Iii:!! 20 ~~ i;~ 18 ·>-~~ 16 ~I:: ~CD IU~ 14 12 10 0 20 40 60 BRADlEY RIVER AT TREE BAR REACH CROSS SECTION Water surface 13.26 fl. 80 100 120 140 160 180 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK.IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline March 11 , 1993, monir shore ice Discharge, 56.1 cubic feet per second VELOCITY PROFILE DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge March 11, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 56.1 cubic feet per second Figure 6. Cross section and velocity distribution of the lower Bradley River at Tree Bar Reach (see figure 3 for cross section location). 18 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for the Lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to Aprtl1994 Iii :::IE ~~ ;;r;o ~~ 1-• ~t:: ~m w~ 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 0 20 40 60 BRADLEY RIVER AT TREE BAR REACH CROSS SECTION Water aurface 13.35 II. 80 100 120 140 160 180 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE December 2, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 70.9 cubic feet per second OL---~--~--~---L------~--~--~~--~--~--~--~--~---L---A--~--~--~ 0 20 40 60 Figure 6. Continued. 80 100 120 140 160 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge December 2, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 70.9 cubic feet per second 180 RGURES19 • 24 22 tii~ 20 ~~ 18 ~0 "> ~~ 16 ~t:: ~ID ~~~~ 14 12 10 0 20 40 60 0 3 z 0 :rl CJ) ffi 2 II. ... Ill Ill u.. ~ 1 ~ 8 ..J Ill 0 > 0 20 40 60 Figure 6. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER AT TREE BAR REACH CROSS SECTION Water surface 14.1 ft. -., 80 100 120 140 160 180 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline February 23, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 69.9 cubic feet per second VELOCrrY PROFILE 80 100 120 140 160 180 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge February 23, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 69.9 cubic feet per second 20 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for the Lower Bntdley River, Al•k.a, March 1993 to April1994 20 18 t;::e w~ u..< 16 :!!;o ~~ i=~ 14 <t: >m ~a: w< 12 10 0 20 BRADLEY RIVER BELOW FISH CAMP CROSS SECTION Water surface 12.16 n. 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET VELOCITY PROFILE Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline March 11, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 56.9 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge March 11,1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 56.9 cubic feet per second Figure 7. Cross section and velocity distribution of the lower Bradley River below Fish Camp (see figure 3 for cross section location). RGURES21 20 18 I-::I! ~~~~ 1.1..< 16 a!;c ~~ I=~ 14 ~t ~~ w< 12 10 0 20 40 Figure 7. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER BELOW FISH CAMP CROSS SECTION 60 80 100 120 140 160 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET VELOCITY PROFILE Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993 December 2, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 71.9 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey. ice conditions, and discharge December 2, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 71.9 cubic feet per second 22 Hydrologic and Water.Quallty Data for the Lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993 to April 19M 20 18 l;j2 w~ u.c( 16 ;!!';0 ~it j.':~ 14 ~t:: ~12 w< 12 10 0 20 Figure 7. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER BELOW FISH CAMP CROSS SECTION Water aurtace 12.18 n. ..................... 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 29, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE February 23, 1994, 100 percent ice oover Discharge, 64.5 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK IN FEET Date of survey, ice oonditions, and discharge February 23, 1994, 100% ice oover Discharge, 64.5 cubic feet per second F1GURES23 BRADLEY RIVER AT UPPER RIFFLE REACH CROSS SECTION Water surface 11.n 11. -··· .. ~-·· ·~~~-----...... ~ - 5L---~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~---L--~---L---L--_J 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 30, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE March 11, 1993, minor shore ice, Discharge, 60.1 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge March 11, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 60.1 cubic feet per second Figure 8. Cross section and velocity distribution of the lower Bradley River at Upper Riffle Reach (see figure 3 for cross section location). 24 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for the Lower Bradley River, Alaska, March 1993to Aprtl1994 20 Iii~ If~ 15 ;;?;c ·> ~a: i=~ ~t: 10 ~~ w< 5 0 Figure 8. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER AT UPPER RIFFlE REACH CROSS SECTION DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 30, 1993, open-water baseline December 3, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 60.0 cubic feet per second VELOCITY PROFILE DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge December 3, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 60.0 cubic feet per second AGURES25 20 li:i~ Wj:? u..< 15 i;o ·> ~a; i=~ ~t: 10 ~12 we( 5 0 20 40 Figure 8. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER AT UPPER RIFFLE REACH 60 CROSS SECTION 80 100 120 140 160 180 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 30, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE February 24, 1994, percent ice cover Discharge 65 2 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge February 24, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 65.2 cubic feet per second 26 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for the Lower Bradley River, Alaka, March 1993 to Aprll1994 ti::l! ~~ ;roe§ ·> Za: ~~ ~t:.: w!l:! m< BRADLEY RIVER AT LOWER RIFFLE REACH CROSS SECTION 14 12 Water surface 1 1 .20 ft. ., 10 &L---~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~~ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 30, 1993, open-water baseline March 11, 1993, minor shore ice, Discharge, 59.2 cubic feet per second VELOCITY PROFILE DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge March 11, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 59.2 cubic feet per second 180 Figure 9. Cross section and velocity distribution of the lower Bradley River at Lower Riffle Reach (see figure 3 for cross section location). RGURES'l7 14 t:;:=: w~ IL.< i1!;o ")-12 Za:: s~ ~5i iii~ 10 Figure 9. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER AT LOWER RIFFLE REACH CROSS SECTION Water surface 11.22 n. T DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK.IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 30, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE December 3, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 54.8 cubic feet per inch DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK. IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge December 3, 1993, minor shore ice Discharge, 54.8 cubic feet per second 28 Hydrologic llt'ld Water..Quallty Data for the Lower Bradley River, AIMka, Mardl1993 to Aprll1994 14 ti::E If~ ~0 ·> Za:: 12 ~~ >t: ~~ Ul-< 10 Figure 9. Continued. BRADLEY RIVER AT LOWER RIFFLE REACH CROSS SECTION Wateraurtace 11.211. T DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge June 30, 1993, open-water baseline VELOCITY PROFILE February 24, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 62.2 cubic feet per second DISTANCE FROM LEFT BANK, IN FEET Date of survey, ice conditions, and discharge February 24, 1994, 100 percent ice cover Discharge, 62.2 cubic feet per second RGURES29 .... , 2 ~ Ul 0 , Ul Ul a: s 0 ;;!; ui' a: :::1 ~ Ul IL :::;: Ul .... n: Ul ~ , :::1 Vi ..J Ul 0 , Ul Ul a: 0 Ul 0 ;;!; ui' a: :::1 .... ~ Ul IL :l1 Ul .... a: Ul ~ ~ 0 J, I \ \ ...... , \ I \ I .. _, EXf't.ANATION lnuagravel water 1993 MARCH 1 TO APAn.. 30. 1993 4r----------,-----------,-----------.--------~.---------~----------~ EXPLANATION .... 3 SU!Iaee water lntragnwel water 2 ,-.. ,_ I l I l t t I '- t • ' l \ :\~ r-1:-~ ~-,, r \n 1 J .,! 1 I \f t I I t If t ~· f ___ __, • t! \ ,-J ' ~ \ I 1 . ' ' !_ ______ .! '----. ., ,..---------- ' I ' I L __ i U 0 ·1~--------~~--------~~--------~----------L---------~L---------~ lik:Netnber .January .Aj'lfl 1993 NOVEMBER 1.1993 TO.APR!L30,1994 Figure 1 0. Daily mean surface and intragravel water temperature of Bradley River near tidewater. 30 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data for the Lower Bradley River, AIMica, March 1993 to Aprll1994