HomeMy WebLinkAboutBradley Lake Timber Reconnaissance 1986ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
Anchorage~ Alaska
BRADLEY LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
Tl MBER RECONNAISSANCE
JANUARY 21, 1986
KERR & ASSOCIATES
RICHARD C. SANDERS
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
Anchorage, Alaska
BRADLEY LAKE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT:
TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE
January 21, 1986
KERR AND ASSOCIATES
RICHARD C. SANDERS
PO Box 111293
Anchorage, Alaska 99511
907-346-3141
-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -
The Alaska Power Authority {APA) received approval from the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC) to construct a 90 mega watt hydroelectric power
plant near Bradley Lake, across Kachemak Bay from Homer, Alaska.
The APA received statements of public concerns about construction clearing,
timber utilization and residue burning. Consulting foresters Cal Kerr and
Richard Sanders were contacted, submitted a cost proposal, and conducted
field work along the project area from January 10 to 13, 1986. Work
objectives included estimates of quantity and quality of timber,
utilization, economics, and recommendations.
Trees are virtually 100% Sitka spruce along near-tidal slopes and higher
altitudes. Cottonwood is found on stream flats. Log quality is low due to
limbs, fast growth, and small diameters. Log export is considered unlikely.
Two main areas exist: (1) the support facility base, housing a road,
construction camps and the powerhouse, and (2) the transmission corridor.
The first area is scheduled for construction this year while the corridor
may be cleared during the period 1887-1989.
Estimated timber volumes at the support facility total 1,140 MBF (1 MBF is
1,000 board feet), consisting of 491 MBF of Sitka spruce and 649 MBF of
cottonwood. Cottonwood will be difficult to dispose of; Sitka will sell.
Transmission corridor timber volumes could total up to 3,717 MBF, depending
on final design and line location.
Estimated logging costs are $150/MBF, using a comparable transaction from
Seward, Alaska, and assuming conventional methods (i.e. no helicopters).
Utilization recommendations include public sale of accessible timber
wherever possible (especially the support facility area), local use on a
nominal or free basis (Caribou Lake area along the line corridor), or
residue treatment (burning, chipping or burying of waste material).
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..
1.1 Objectives
2.0 SCOPE OF PROJECT .
-TABLE OF CONTENTS -
2.1 Project Information
2.1.1 Aerial Photographs
2.1.2 Base Maps ....
2.1.3 Vegetation Maps
2.1.4 Other Information
3.0 METHODOLOGY ......... .
3.1 Phase I, Collect Data .....
3.2 Phase II, Classify Aerial Photos
3.3 Phase III, Field Sampling .
3.4 Phase IV, Analysis
4.0 TIMBER VOLUMES ....... .
4.1 Projected Transmission Line Volumes •
4.2 Log Quality .
4.3 Statistics .
5.0 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
5.1 ~1arkets . . .
5.1.1 Export Markets
5.1.2 Alaskan Markets
5.2 Transmission line ...
5.2.1 Caribou Lake Corridor
5.2.2 Fox River Corridor
5.2.3 East Side Corridor
5.2.4 Support Facilities
5.3 Base Case ....... .
5.3.1 Support Facility Area
5.3.2 Transmission Corridor
5.3.2.1 Caribou Lake
5.3.2.2 Fox River ..
5.3.2.3 East Side ...
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6.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...
6.1 Support Service Area
6.2 Transmission Line Corridor
6.3 Burning and Chipping ....
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BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Page 1
The Alaska Power Authority (APA) recently received approval from the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC} to begin construction of a 90
mega watt hydroelectric power plant. The project is located at Bradley
Lake, across Kachemak Bay from Homer, Alaska.
According to the project's Terrestrial Impact Assessment Report (TIAR),
construction, including a transmission line, will require clearing of about
685 vegetated acres out of a total 5,169 acres. The proposed land clearing
process, along with residue treatment, prompted several agencies and
individual citizens to express concern about timber utilization, possible
wood waste, and air quality, if burning is prescribed.
The APA contacted Cal Kerr, forester with Kerr and Associates, in December,
1985, and asked him to submit a proposal regarding alternatives for
commercial timber utilization on that land designated for clearing. Kerr
joined with Richard C. Sanders, a consulting forester from Hope, Alaska, on
the proposal. A copy is enclosed in Appendix A.
Project field work was completed from January 9 to 13, 1986. Helicopter
support was available to maximize use of short field days. This report
summarizes project results and recommendations.
..
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 2
1.1 Objectives
The following are project objectives:
1. Estimate the quantity and quality of commercial size timber
affected by the Bradley Lake hydroelectric facilities.
2. Evaluate economics of timber utilization.
3. Provide the Alaska Power Authority with timber utilization
recommendations.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 3
2 .0 SCOPE OF PROJECT
The Bradley Lake study area is shown in figure 1, adapted from the
"Terrestrial Impact Assessment Report, November, 1985" {TIAR), prepared by
ENTRIX, Inc. and Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation.
r ·
1 . !""'
·(
· .. )
. .5
Figure 1. Bradley Lake Study Area.
,'
• 1
----=
BRADLEY LAKE
STUDY AREA
\:..
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 4
Kerr and Sanders further delineated the project study area into four (4)
separate units:
1. Caribou Lake Corridor
2. Fox River Corridor
3. East Side Corridor
4. Support Facility Area
These are shown on figure 1 by number.
2.1 Project Information
Kerr and Sanders met with the APA (and its design engineers) to evaluate
available information.
2.1.1 Aerial Photographs
The APA provided a complete set (65 photos) of 1:12000 scale (1 inch equals
1000 feet) black and white photographs flown in May, 1985, by Walker
Alaska.
2.1.2 Base Maps
The engineering firm of Dryden and LaRue provided a full set of blue line
prints for the transmission corridor. Print scale was 1:2400 (1 inch equals
200 feet).
Stone and Webster, APA's design engineers, provided copies of project
facility site surveys, including right-of-way surveys for the Bradley Lake
access road. These blue line maps also had a print scale of 1:2400.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 5
2.1.3 Vegetation Maps
The TIAR included a vegetation map, publication figure 2, at a scale of
1:31680 (1 inch equals 0.5 mile). This map was prepared using Viereck's
vegetation classification system and provided preliminary vegetation
identification.
2.1.4 Other Information
Kerr and Sanders contacted the State Department of Natural Resources, both
in Anchorage and Soldotna, for other maps and aerial photos. The Kenai
Peninsula Borough (in Soldotna) had plats of proposed subdivisions near
Caribou Lake; however, their map and aerial photo coverage was based on
State DNR information. The project photos and maps were determined to be
the best available.
Officials at the City of Homer offices provided verbal information and
insights into off-loading facilities within the city limits. City planners
provided information about permits, tourism concerns, and local economic
activities.
..
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
Project work consists of five (5) phases:
Phase I Collect existing data.
Phase I I Classify timbered areas
Phase I I I Conduct field sampling.
Page 6
on aerial photos.
Phase IV Analyze field and economic results.
Phase v Write report.
3.1 Phase I, Collect Data.
Existing data was collected as noted in sections 2.1.1 to 2.1.4,
preceding.
3.2 Phase II, Classify Aerial Photos.
The 1:12000 aerial photos were "timber typed" by Sanders to break down and
stratify contiguous areas (or polygons) of similar timber species, dens1ty,
and volume. The actual codes and symbols used are discussed in detail in
Appendix B, a timber cruise report. The type boundaries and codes were
later reviewed and adjusted, as necessary, during and after field work.
The aerial photos, with final timber type boundaries and codes, are
enclosed as a separate appendix to this report.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 7
3.3 Phase III, Field Sampling.
Kerr and Sanders used a form of timber sampling known as stratified random
sampling. Field sample "points" were proportionally allocated to each of
the original eight (8) strata, based on a weighted percentage of their
estimated project acreage. These strata were consolidated into six (6)
groups after computer analysis of timber volumes.
A total of 101 sample points were measured. This number was statistically
derived (by formula) to meet desired accuracy at the 95% confidence level
(19 times out of 20), and a desired precision (or standard error) of 10-15%
about final average total volumes.
Appendix B provides greater detail on field procedures and observations.
3.4 Phase IV, Analysis.
Field data was edited and coded for data entry. Kerr and Associate's CRUISE
program, written in BASIC for an Osborne nicrocomputer, was used to process
strata volumes (both gross and net), log grades, and estimated defect. The
program's author, located in Longview, Washington, assisted in
modifications for Alaskan conditions.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 8
Kerr and Sanders also visited several agencies on Monday, January 9, to
determine possible environmental concerns regarding logging at Bradley
Laket permitting requirements, and availability of heavy equipment. Market
information was gathered both before and after the field phase; local
(Homer area) and regional (Kenai Peninsula) markets for standing timber
(
11 stumpage 11
) and logs were also contacted for price and volume information.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 9
4.0 TIMBER VOLUMES
Summary (total) timber volumes are presented in table 1 by stratum. The
strata correlate directly to both the 1:12000 scale aerial photos and the
1:2400 base maps used by Kerr and Sanders. Detailed printouts are listed in
Appendix C.
Table 1. Total Estimated Net Volumes, in Board Feet (Log Scale,
Scribner) and Cubic Feet, Per Acre and by Stratum, Bradley Lake.
==================================================================
STRATA ACRES TIMBER AVERAGE
(Gross) TYPE BD FT
CODE PER ACRE
TOTAL AVERAGE
BOARD CU FEET
FEET PER ACRE
TOTAL
CUBIC
FEET
==================================================================
Strata 1
Strata 2
Strata 3
Strata 4
Strata 5
Strata 6
Total
350
104
966
595
599
115
2 '729
S11 2,356 824,600
S22 6,023 626,392
S22 2,997 2,895,102
S33 14,117 8,399,615
S34 17,739 10,625,661
P33 14,426 1,658,990
24,205,760
744 260,400
1,864 193,856
1,052 1,016,232
3,836 2,282,420
4,341 2,600,259
3,202 368,230
6,460,997
==================================================================
These are total net volumes, after allowances for visible defect such as
rot, insect damage, deformity, and scars. Additional unseen defect, called
hidden defect, is present but not considered significant, except along the
Bradley Lake access road where felled trees revealed internal defect.
Actual project volumes will be less than amounts shown in table 1; for
example, the entire transmission line corridor was typed and sampled but
actual clearing will only occur on a 225 foot width.
Table 2 lists project acreages by stratum, based on current known
facility location. These will change as facility locations change,
especially the transmission line, due to ongoing design work.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 10
Table 2. Total Project Acreages, By Stratum and Area, Bradley Lake.
======= ==========~==:;==============================================
FACILITY STRT 1 STRT 2 STRT 3 STRT 4 STRT 5 STRT 6 TOTAL
Mapping Code: Sll S21 S22 S33 S34 P33
==================================================================?==
Caribou Lake 290 69 802 269 0 0 1,430
Fox River 45 35 0 65 23 70 238
East Side Corridor 15 0 162 248 559 0 984
Support Facility
Area:
Power House 0 0 0 0 10 0 10
Const Camp 0 0 0 0 0 45 45
ROW/Quarry 0 0 2 13 7 0 22
TOTAL 350 104 966 595 599 115 2,729
=====================================================================
Table 3 provides estimated net total board foot volumes by area and
stratum.
Table 3. Total Estimated Net Board Foot Volumes (Scribner), By Stratum and
Area, Bradley Lake.
=============================================================================
FACILITY STRT 1
Mapping Code: S11
STRT 2
S21
STRT 3
S22
STRT 4
S33
STRT 5
S34
STRT 6
P33
TOTAL
=============================================================================
Caribou Lk 683,240 69 802 269 0 0 684,380
Fox River 106,020 210,805 0 917,605 407,997 1,009,820 2,652,247
East Side
Corridor:
Support
Area:
Power House
Const Camp
ROW/Quarry
35,340
0
0
0
0 485,514 3,501,016 9,916,101
0 0
0 0
0 5,994
0
0
183,521
177,390
0
124,173
0 13,937,971
0
649,170
0
177,390
649,170
313,688
TOTAL 824,600 210,874 492,310 4,602,411 10,625,661 1,658,990 18,414,846
=============================================================================
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 11
Table 4 provides estimated total net cubic feet by area and stratum.
Table 4. Total Estimated Net Cubic Volumes, By Stratum and Area, Bradley Lake.
=============================================================================
FACILITY STRT 1 STRT 2 STRT 3
Mapping Code: S11 S21 S22
STRT 4
S33
STRT 5
S34
STRT 6
P33
TOTAL
==============================================================================
Caribou 215,760 128,616 843,704 1,031,884 0 0 2,219,964
Fox River 33,480 65,240 0 249,340 99,843 224,140 672,043
East Side
Corridor 11,160 0 170,424 951,328 2,426,619 0 3,559,531
Support
Area:
Power House
Const Camp
ROW/Quarry
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,104
0
0
49,868
43,410
0
30,387
0
144,090
0
43,410
144,090
82,359
TOTAL 260,400 193,856 1,016,232 2,282,420 2,600,259 368,230 6,721,397
==============================================================================
4.1 Projected Transmission Line Volumes
The support area acreages and volumes are relatively firm. However,
acreages and volumes along the line corridor can only be estimated until
actual design and location is complete. Line distances by segment were
measured along the corridor to provide the following; maximum acres were
calculated at 27 acres to the mile, assuming a 225 foot clearing limit.
Caribou Lake
Fox River
East Side
9.0 miles
4.8 miles
5.2 miles
243 acres maximum
130 acres 11
140 acres 11
===============================================
Tot a 1 19.0 miles 513 acres maximum
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 12
Weighted average volumes per acre were calculated for each of the three (3)
areas, based on the relative acreage within each stratum. Results are:
Caribou Lake
Fox River
East Side
6,678 BF/ac
10,760 BF/ac
14,739 BF/ac
Actual vegetation cover is less than 100%, especially along the Fox River.
Total area by segment was calculated for a 1600 foot wide total corridor
and the lengths mentioned above. The projected forest cover percentage (and
likely maximum timber volumes) are shown below:
Caribou Lake
Fox River
East Side
82% forest
26% forest
98% forest
1,331 MBF total
364 MBF total
2,022 MBF total
===============================================
Total 3,717 MBF total
Again, this assumes complete clearing along the transmission line within
each segment.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 13
4.2 Log Quality
Log grading rules from the Puget Sound Log Scaling and Grading Bureau were
used during field sampling; a copy of these is enclosed with the cruiser's
report (Appendix B). Log quality was typical for the area and favors
domestic consumption in the form of saw logs and house logs. Certain logs
met lower grade export requirements but were not present in sufficient
quantity to warrant export consideration. Log grades by strata are listed
in table 5.
Table 5. Net Log Volumes by Grade and Per Cent per Stratum;
Tree and Log Counts and Volumes Per Acre, Bradley Lake.
=========================================================
ITEM STRATA STRATA STRATA STRATA STRATA STRATA
Nbr 1 Nbr 2 Nbr 3 Nbr 4 Nbr 5 Nbr 6
=========================================================
LOG GRADE:
;t2 Sa•:J o~
::;3 Sav1 ~~
.::4 sa~v v
Total Sav1 %
Total, Othr:
Total trees
per acre:
Average vol
per tree (BF):
Total logs
per acre:
Average log
vo 1 ume ( BF):
.00 1.14 .00 16.72 31.76 .00
.00 36.36 .00 42.45 46.38 .00
72.53 61.16 84.94 36.60 13.09 100.00
72.53 98.66 84.94 95.77 91.23 100.00
27.47 1.34 15.06 4.23 8.77 0
140.5 161.9 121.2 242 215 104.1
16 37 25 60 82 139
153 192 148 349 467 224
14 31 20 41 38 65
------------------------------------------------------~-----------------------------------------------------------
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 14
4.3 Statistics
Kerr and Sanders stated they would gather sufficient field samples to
develop estimated total volumes at the 95% confidence level with no more
than a 10-15% error about the mean volumes.
Final results indicated a coefficient of variation of 44.61% and a standard
error of 8.9% about estimated mean total volumes.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE
5.0 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Page 15
The basic criteria used to evaluate proposed timber utilization is
obtaining maximum recovery in the ~ost economical fashion. Project timing
has a direct impact on economic feasibility and utilization recommendations.
Immediate facility construction is planned for calendar year (CY) 1986,
including construction camps, the road to Bradley Lake, and the powerhouse
site. Timber from this area will be cleared much sooner than land under the
transmission line. Actual timber recovered will be sold to one of two
possible ~arkets.
5.1 Markets
Coastal Alaskan timber, consisting of Sitka spruce and hemlock, is sold to
export log buyers as well as domestic manufacturers. Both markets are
available but only the domestic market is considered viable.
5.1.1 Export Markets
Export log operations exist on Afognak Is~and, northeast of Kodiak.
Proposed operations include possible timber 3ales in Prince William Sound,
primarily on native owned lands south of Valdez and on Montague Island.
Although these operators provide logs for export markets, the Bradley Lake
timber volumes are too low to entice a large operation. A minimum "cargo"
of logs is about 3 million board feet, based on a 17,000 ton log carrier
(ship). The estimated 491,000 board feet (at the support facility area) of
recoverable spruce time is too small a volume by itself; log quality is
. .
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 16
also important for export markets and the Bradley Lake timber is young with
more limbs and knots, generating lower quality logs.
5.1.2 Alaskan Markets
Alaskan markets present the greatest opportunity for timber salvage at
Bradley Lake. Possible markets include local Homer and Jackalof Bay saw
mill operations as well as possible sales along the western Kenai Peninsula
road network. If barge transportation is available for longer hauls, mills
in Anchorage and Yakutat may be interested in purchasing Bradley Lake
timber.
local use house logs are selling on the stump for $40 per thousand board
feet (MBF), according to Mr. Jim Petterson, Soldotna Area Forester for the
Department of Natural Resources. Recent saw log sales on the Kenai
Peninsula have reached stumpage prices in the $25 to $75/MBF range,
according to US Forest Service officials in Seward and DNR foresters in
Soldotna.
Logs are also sold delivered to a specified point; fresh cut sawlogs have
been purchased at Seward, loaded, for $150/MBF, according to industry
officials in Anchorage. Delivered log prices (to Anchorage} are in the
range of $225 to $300, depending on size, quali-ty, terr.1s, tir.1e of year and
market conditions. About 2 million board feet of logs were recently sold at
Seldovia for about $75/MBF; this sale was not considered a market
comparable as the timber was distressed. Much was older material, cut in
the late 1970's and early 1980's. The purchaser has a mill at Jackalof Bay,
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 17
near Bradley Lake, and has the capability to manufacture timber of the size
and volume likely to be cleared.
For purposes of economic analysis, the project is broken down into two
areas: the facility area and the transmission line.
5.2 Transmission Line
The transmission line will be cleared and constructed sometime during the
period CY 1987 to CY 1989. No roads are planned for the line, thereby
eliminating easy access for timber removal. Towers will be erected and
lines strung by helicopter.
5.2.1 Caribou Lake Corridor
Ti~ber located in the Caribou Lake Corridor is considered economically non-
commercial. It is low volume, scattered, and inaccessible on ground except
during winter; it generally possesses characteristics of high altitude
timber: short height, slower growth, greater taper and smaller diameters.
Figure 2 is a photo of timber east of Caribou Lake; by contrast, figure 3
is a photo of timber coded S33 near Fox River. It is denser, taller and has
better commercial product potential.
Suitable uses are local consumption for house logs, rough green lumber and
firewood. There is a small band mill located at Caribou lake; Kerr spoke
with local residents who indicated they would definitely be interested in
the timber for either purpose.
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BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 18
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Figure 2. Low Volume Spruce Timber East of Caribou Lake.
Figure 3. Medium Volume Timber Near Fox River.
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BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 19
5.2.2 Fox River Corridor
The Fox River area is strictly a transmission line corridor; no road access
is planned, leaving this area the most marginal of all project areas. Two
(2) possible logging techniques exist: cable logging or helicopter logging.
The extre~e distances involved and low volume and value of ti~ber suggest
ti~ber in this area should be considered for residue treatment. The local
Russian villages might be a market for firewood recovered from the project.
5.2.3 East Side Corridor
The East Side Corridor has the greatest recovery potential of any line
segment; it is close to road access and support services. As with the Fox
River segment, two (2) types of logging are feasible.
Cable yarding is a fairly ~xpensive logging technique well-suited to large
ti~ber sales in high value stands. Relatively sophisticated equipment would
be move~ into the area for relatively small amounts of wood. An example of
suitable logging equipment is shown in figure 4.
Columbia Helicopters logged the Tyee Hydroelectric Project, dropping logs
into saltwater with an average yarding distance of under 1/4 mile. The
environ~ental concerns at Kachemak Bay suggest this is not a feasible
approach. Costs for helicopters with an external load capacity of 10,000
pounds and a 60 knot flight capacity are quoted around $2500 per hour. The
most feasible portion of the East Side segment (up to about 1 mile flight
distance) might be logged by helicopter in a relatively economical fashion.
Lon9er distances are prohibitive.
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BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 20
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BLOCK S T RA P
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 21
5.2.4 Support Facilities
The 77 acres comprising the power plant, construction camp and road right-
of-way has the greatest opportunity for log salvage and utilization. Total
timber volumes are projected as:
177,390 BF
649,170 BF
313,688 BF
Power House, all spruce
Construction Camp, almost all cottonwood
Road ROW, Quarry, all spruce
=========================================================
1,140,248 BF Total estimated volume, support facilities
These is sufficient spruce volume to support domestic recovery; there is
virtually no market for cottonwood, either domestic or export.
5.3 Base Case
A "base case" was established as a point of comparison. APA records
indicate clearing costs along the Anchorage-Fairbanks Intertie were about
$3,000 per acre with an estimated 50:50 cost allocation between timber
felling, bucking, and handling and actual grubbing costs. The $3,000 per
acre figure was increased to $4,500 to allow for higher costs due to
steeper landfor~s, larger timber, and greater remoteness of Bradley Lake.
The average volume per acre at the support facility area is 14,808 BF,
rounded to 15,000 or 15 MBF (1 MBF is 1,000 BF). This suggests an average
clearing cost, in $/MBF, of $150.
Timber recovered from Bradley Lake will be compared to this $150/MBF cost,
considering the product should essentially pay for its removal.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 22
5.3.1 Support Facility Area
Current logging costs at Seward are estimated at $120/MBF, without profit,
and $150/MBF with a 20% allocation above direct costs for profit and
overhead. Logs have been sold at Seward for $150/MBF during CY 1985.
Timber logged at the Bradley Lake support facility area will cost an
estimated $171,000 (1,140 MBF at $150/MBF). Spruce logs could be priced for
local sale at $150/MBF, on-site, for whoever wished to purchase them. An
outcry auction ~ay be a good sale method. It is highly unlikely any
cottonwood would be sold. Total expected log value recovery would be
$73,650 (491 MBF at $150).
5.3.2 Transmission Corridor
The proposed transmission corridor is discussed by segment.
5.3.2.1 Caribou Lake
Clearing costs for this line segment are expected to reach the full
$150/MBF or $4,500 per acre, whichever is greater. APA's costs could be
lowered by designating clearing limits and allowing local residents to
enter the corridor and salvage timber before line construction. At an
estimated 1,331 MBF, costs would be reduced significantly, leaving residue
treatment for limbs and tops as the major clearing cost.
Local residents could utilize all accessible timber by seismic lines and
existing trails for firewood or house logs.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 23
5.3.2.2 Fox River
Recovery along the Fox River segment appears unlikely. The area is remote,
has less potential timber (364 MBF), and is in an environmentally sensitive
area. A possible solution is contacting local residents along the area to
determine if firewood salvage (by snowmachine) is desirable. If so, this
area could be managed much like the Caribou Lake area.
5.3.2.3 East Side Transmission Corridor
If the transmission line is designed and located to require clearing along
this segment, up to 1 mile of clearing (27 acres) could be recovered by
helicopter logging. Assuming an average turn distance of 0.5 mile and a
10,000 pound capacity, an estimated 15 to 20 turns per hour could be
expected. Green Sitka spruce weighs about 31 pounds per cubic foot;
assuming an 80% effective load capacity (8,000 pounds), about 260 cubic
feet could be yarded per turn. Hourly production would be about 3,900 cubic
feet at 15 turns per hour for a projected recovery of 19.5 MBF per flying
hour (3900 cubic feet x 5.0 board feet per cubic foot, Scribner log scale).
At $2500 per hour, this is a yarding cost of about $128 per MBF. Adding
logging costs of $120 per MBF puts recovery cost very close to $300/MBF or
a direct loss of $150/MBF.
Beyond this distance, productivity declines significantly to a projected 8
to 10 turns per hour at 5.0 miles, the most distant portion of this
segment. At this production rate, yarding costs are about $250/MBF with
felling and bucking costs an additional $150, yielding a total delivered
cost of $400/MBF.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 24
Assuming transmission line construction begins in 1987, salvaged wood could
be decked on land and, if quantities warrant, be sold by public auction.
Timber scheduled for sale should include the timber felled for helicopter
pads, currently "jackstrawed" on site. Spruce bark beetle populations could
build inside this dead and dying material and, given proper conditions,
spread to live timber much like the problem at Tyonek (west of Anchorage)
and the insect infestation along most of the western Kenai peninsula.
This segment and the support facility will likely experience moderate to
severe windthrow problems from trees newly exposed to downslope and
southeasterly winds. These trees do not have a stable root system for
resisting winds, have grown inside the timber stand. Exposed stand
boundaries will "unravel" along the road, construction areas, and any
cleared area under the transmission line. Prompt removal or treatment will
keep insect hazard low.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 25
6.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
Economical timber recovery is a major goal for Bradley Lake construction.
Recoverable timber should~ sold as a means of recovering full or partial
costs. If this proves unfeasible (e.g. Fox River}, then second
consideration should be given to local use on a nominal or free use basis
for firewood or house logs. This will reduce clearing costs and provide
wood for Homer residents. Lastly, unutilized wood should be disposed of by
burning, chipping or burying. Options are discussed below by geographic
area.
6.1 Support Service Area
There is a ready local market for the estimated 491 MBF of Sitka spruce
logs projected from the area; however, the estimated 649 MBF of cottonwood
has no ready market. The APA's most feasible approach may be logging the
facility sites and decking all logs along the proposed construction site.
Public notice of a timber sale could be given by direct mail, through
logging associations and in newspapers. Both species should be sold in a
lump sum with the purchaser required to removal all wood within a
reasonable time. The expected costs of clearing should be directly reduced
by sale of Sitka spruce in the $100 to $150/MBF range.
If this is not successful, the species should be split and a resale
attempted for the Sitka spruce volume. The cottonwood should be burned or,
alternatively, chipped and/or buried in a solid waste landfill.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 26
6.2 Transmission Line Corridor
After design is complete and clearing limits are known, projected volumes
should be coMpiled using stratum volumes and actual cleared acreages. The
East Side line segment is the most likely candidate for further economical
timber utilization. Timber recovered from this segment should also be sold
at public auction with requirements for removal.
Timber along the Fox River segment will be difficult to utilize. The wood
should also be burned or chipped for solid waste disposal.
Timber cleared for the Caribou Lake segment should be designated for local
use with sufficient advance timing to allow winter logging and
transportation. Residual tops and limbs could either be piled and burned or
chipped. Burning is the recommended Qethod for residue disposal in this
area; it is complete, quick, returns nutrients to the soil, and is
economical.
6.3 Burning and Chipping
Burning can best be accomplished with correctly piled material that has
been dried to the lowest moisture content possible. A brush blade mounted
on the front of a crawler tractor will minimize dirt deposition and
encourage more complete burning.
BRADLEY LAKE TIMBER RECONNAISSANCE Page 27
Chipping can also reduce the amount of wood residue and prevent insect and
disease buildup in the dead wood. Wood chips are another form of residue,
however, and one that will be a significant problem, given the likely
amounts of wood to be cut.
Burying unutilized slash, limbs, tops and chunks may also be desirable.
Volumes presented in Appendix C are bole or stem volumes only; an
additional amount of material is present in the form of roots, stumps,
tops, etc. Burning will reduce unutilized volumes the most if moisture
contents are low, relative humidity is low, temperatures are high and winds
are strong.
Cottonwood will be the major disposal problem due to its high moisture
content, concentrated volume, poor market demand, and immediate presence at
proposed construction sites. Every effort to sell the wood should be made,
including reduced minimum bids for Sitka spruce as an enticement. Contact
with the Kenai Woodcutters Association or Mat-Su Loggers Association may
stimulate sufficient interest to sell the wood.
. .
-APPENDIX B -
-FIELD NOTES -
Bradley Lake Timber Reconnaissance
January, 1986
Richard C. Sanders
Calvin L. Kerr
Timber stands within the project area form three (3) distinct forests by
cover, geographic features, and logging feasibility.
1. The high altitude spruce forest typical of the Caribou Lake area is
found throughout the transmission corridor from bluffs along the Fox River
to the western boundary of the project.
2. The mixed hardwood/coniferous forest is located only along the alluvial
floodplains of the Fox River.
3. The coastal spruce forest dominates the steep slopes adjacent to Fox
River and southeast along Kachemak Bay.
CARIBOU LAKE
Terrain:
-Relatively high elevation.
-Much of the area is poorly drained, evidenced by large acreage of
muskeg and standing water.
-Commercial timber sites found only where the terrain has sufficient
relief to allow for adequate drainage.
-Heavy snow fall and short growing season.
Timber Description:
-Extreme taper in bole of trees.
-Open grown stands.
-Age of dominants average 150 years old.
-Current growth rates indicate stands are stagnant, producing
virtually no annual growth.
-Limbs are large and extend throughout the bole of the tree to ground
level.
-Visible defect low.
-Evidence of endemic bark beetle population, including woodpeckers.
Logging Feasibility:
-Will require extensive overlay road construction or winter haul road
construction for commercial market access.
-Heavy and frequent snows in winter months may create additional
falling, skidding, and yarding problems.
-Small conventional skidding equipment would be adequate for timber of
this size class and terrain.
FOX RIVER FLOODPLAIN
Terrain:
- A braided river channel typical of large glacial rivers.
Evidence of constantly changing channels and reoccurring flooding of
the alluvial flats.
-Dry sites are highly productive sites but are still threatened river
course changes.
Timber:
-The timber stands, where established, are primarily young growth.
-The newer sites are dominated by black cottonwood with a understory of
seedling/sapling spruce.
-Older soils found adjacent to eroding bluffs are young growth
spruce stands, fading into cottonwoods along the Fox River.
-Growth rates and productivity of well drained sites appears high,
yet is always under the threat of channel changes and river flooding.
Logging Feasibility:
-Haul route access to a market other than local use is unlikely due
to numerous stream and river channel crossings.
-Conventional ground skidding equipment would be suitable for this
terrain and timber size class.
COASTAL FOREST
Terrain:
-Steep broken side slopes with bedrock outcrops exposed.
-Stream channels located in V-notch drainages.
-Well drained with few muskegs present.
-''Flatter" bench areas appear less well drained.
Timber:
-Stands of dense spruce with narrow crowns (possibly lutz spruce).
-Low defect.
-Limbs extend throughout the crown but not nearly as dense or as
large as those found at Caribou Lake. Limbs generally less than two
inches in diameter.
-Dominants averaged 100 years old. Maintaining a satisfactory growth
rate.
Logging Feasibility
-Road access throughout the area will require extensive cut and fill
construction.
-Cable or helicopter logging will be required for most of the terrain.
-If timber is cut, but not removed, the amount of residual slash will be
considerable.
The timber volume/acre is adequate in quality and quantity to
support a logging operation. The question is the exact location and
total volume available.
PROCEDURES
The timber reconnaissance was divided into three (3) phases:
-F'refield Forest Classificat1on
II -Field Sampling
III Postfield: type maps, acreages, and volume compilations
Each of the three t3) phases is discussed 1n deta1l below.
Forest Class1f1cation
Initial forest classif1cation began with forest typing and was completed
with sa~ple plot allocation.
Blac~ and white aerial photography, flo~n in 1985, at a scale of 1:12000
~35 suppl1ed by AF'A. All forest types were delineated by Sanders on the
photo surface with erasable grease pencils. type overlay. Min1mum starj
si:e was ten (101 acres.
fhe classiflcat1on system was adapted from U.S. Fc.,-est Serv1ce Fc·rest type
definitions! each forest call consists of spec1es, size class, density and
vC•lume cl.:<ss:
F.:·o,-1 r stc•.:.h?d
r·led I um s tc·c ked
l~ell stc•cked
~ess tr. 25~ qros~ M8F of hemlocl
4(•-6'1'1; C ;" C••..11··, C lC•SU1.E
70'l. + c ~·c,w,·, c 1 c•su.-e
..
.--, ,_
c ~ (J,~I(l BF per ,iti~ :-E:
1 tD 12:t')t)i) 8F pE·( ~,;Ll~
3 lC"t~,;~;<-1 to 18~\)(H) BF per .::.1Cfl2
4 18.000 and over BF per ac e
For example, a typ1cal forest type call would be 5=2 r 1ng a spruce
stand of sawtimber, intermittently stocked, with 6 to 12,000 BF per acre,
•:;p-c•ss Scrlbnel-.
Areas of less than 10% stocking were considered non-stocked INSl, such as
t~e eroded slopes west of Fox River. Areas not capable of producing
ce<rnmen:ic.l s1ze timber were ct:.nsi,je,-ed non-forested INFl and wen:; not
1ncluded in this 1nventory.
Stratification
All commercial forest land was divided into smaller parts called strata.
consisting of several t1mber stands. Sample points were selected in each
str2twn using a sampl1ng ,jesigr, called ''stratified sampling". This approach
h,~.s CE·rta<ln stat1st1cal adve~ntages. If the,-e is more v.:~i-iat:ic•n ( l'll volwne)
b strat2 than ~i!~!D strata, total olume lforestl estimates w1ll be
prec1~e. ~lso. th1s sampling design allows estimates to be made of
,::-•S-?.1i!pl,;:..j = tut 1rn11 ::1·t) areas:-. F'1nally" it ~.·:; more effic1ent . .=..nd les:;;
Sa~pl po1 ts were ~llocated to each commercial forest strata on the bas1s
f a~reage. To jo this. acreage figures compiled from .:~erial photos were
furtner grouped by ind1v1dual strata and forest area.
Sample Plot Allocation
Th~ ~es1red Inventory sampling error was set at 10-15% of the total volume.
"''Tlve 2.t ttus sarr•pllng en-cq-the total nLtmber C•f sample plc•ts was based
o ~n est1mated ~oeffic1ent of var1at1on tof avere~ge plot volume) of 50%.
T' e'"·:::-.u,·E· n·,.,:.t tr,.::; desl,-ed accLu-acy was met. n·,e tc•t.al numbei-c·f sample
::-.-t\.:.:.~:1,.. •T•t~·C1.~u,·;;;;:c.; 101.
T. e:;.e i·_· :::~u~;.:·lf~ ~.:,.:~t~ ~.r.Je!·~e sys-~-em~~l,-.91: ... ~llc>cdted t~~~ each commerc::1al
~--: .. -es:_ :;+~·rr~·~q-r, t;;,.~ec~ ~·r! 1ts r~~i-c,pc··-t'l~~~~ .~-f :~-·L::.~tc~ acres.
Fo,·est l, ,-,g
F!eld sampl1ng w~s _onducted on January 10,11.12. 1986. The f1eld crew
-:~:·r·Slc>i:ed of Cc.~, ,, f.e,-,-and Ri·=ha.rd S::;nder . Operat1ons we,-e based 1n
Hc.(m·:;:.-~-..
he sample plc·t·: \c.-,-"point:;.") cc,ns1sted c,f .;:, st,-ing of f1ve (51 c,,-me,,--,=·
v~r1able radius po1nts spaced three (3) cha1ns (198 feetl apart. The
locat1on of the sample points was ind1cated on the aer1al photo overlay and
11 ~he ground with flaqg1ng. Sample trees at each po1nt were selectsc w1th
"' 1egel F:elaskc•p us1r.g a basal area factc··-<BAF) .:•f 40, 20 ~·~-10. Th1
.j;:::-, 1ce allo;.ts fc·,-este·,-s to deterrnu-.e ~-'hich trees are ''in" .:.nd 1\llll be
rr.easured as well as wt-1ich trees are "out" .:<.nd wlll be ignc•red. The BAF 1s
s2t so an average of four 14l to si 161 trees will be measured at each
po1nt. One (1) out of every three (3) plots is des1gnated a grade plot. At
these locat1ons, the "in" tl-ees had the fcdlowing details recc··,-ded:
species, diameter at breast height CDBHl to the nearest two 12) inch class,
total height, log grades !by Puget Sound Log Scaling and Grading Rules -
copy enclosed), and variable log lengths.
Tt1ese f1eld measurements were recorded b~ p~ot oumber on a waterproof f1eld
tall crulse card.
Tvpe Maps. Acreage. and Volume Comp1lation
The pc•stfield off1ce pt-.ase invcdved p,-epa,-lng fc•,-est type maps, cc•mpllu-.g
;trata acres and computing cruised volumes for the inventoried project
~. i '='~.
Forest Type 8ase Maps
·:--,,_, ::.,-._,e ::;c::.lE· l:C.4•}) ~jlue llne pt-,c.tc• mc•=a•c maps we,-e used as bas-e maps
= .. d ~ -:::::-t;::,-,~,i-.c, "'':,-e<?.,~es. ~lhet1 tr-;e a•:tual t,·ansmisslc•n ,-out.e 1s chc•sen and
:Lo·C'·. ; .. ~ ~"·•.:t:: ::?'f'1,·,ed. th1s r;,.:q::: will p.·c·-lde total volumes <from e>:panded
-·:·L::.c ::~<:::-, -;.c,-"' t.pe -all:;;) :::;,-,.j u,d~cat-:-c._.,,c.;:;nt.-atlons c·f cc•mmerci:;d s1:::ed
t, mt ;;: . .-.
Acre~ge Determ1nat1on
Acr age ~as measured for each stand us1ng a polar planimeter; it was
,-c:c:c··-dt::·d by t1mbe,· type. strata, and management Ltnit (i.e. Caribc•Lt Lake,
Fox R1ver. etc.;.
F 1 ·r··.?i. 1. (!\./ento (" ~/ c ( u i ~;t:·d </[! 1 urrleS i-'JF?I-e c ·~:1 m:.)u: ed lt s i -J-Ig VE'I-1-Ctnd AsSCtC i e.. t e·.:;
CRUISE progrdm. Th1s s;~tem ed:t f1e!d dat~ and 1dent1fies coding err)rs.
3egments the tree 1nto logs as spec1f1ed b: tne cruisers, calculates loq
"-•i:llL~,i:es: ... 6Ccumulat2s \/Olume per ac(·e Fi~;u e·::: and rt:·por·ts str-at::~ -~-iu~r~E·':": by·
spec12s, DBH class and log grades.
The CRUISE program used a taper equation based on coefficients for mature
(140 year old trees and older) timber in coastal Alaska. CRUISE segmented
each merchantable stem into logs us1ng cruiser assigned segment lengths
w1thin m1ni~um <10' or 12') and maximum (40'1 log lengths.
:\finimum Volume-50 board feet :-;ET scale.
Surface-Sound, tight knots, not to exceed 3" in
diameter. Any larger knots, knot clusters. and
burls shall be so distributed as to pennit the re·
quired recovery.
Slope of Grain-May include logs having "exces-
sive slope of grain" with proper deduction.
So. 4 Sawmill Douglas Fir
Logs having less than the minimum required GROSS
diameter and;or ~ET volume which prevents grading
them as :-<o. 3. but which have a :\YET scale of not
less than 33 1;3°~ of the GROSS scale, nor less than
I 0 board feet.
FAST GROWTH SAWMILL LOG GRADES
FOR DOUGLAS FIR
All Fast Growth Sawmill logs shall have an :\nnual
Ring Count of LESS TH.\N SIX (6) PF.R INCH. In
all other features such logs will have the same specifi-
cations and recovery requirements as the correspond-
ingly numbered regular Douglas Fir Sawmill log grades
2. 3, and 4.
SITKA SPRUCE SAWMILL LOGS
(Picea sitchensis)
Select Sawmill Sitka Spruce
Logs shall be suitable for the manufacture of n and
Better lumber to an amount of not less than 50'70 of
the :-.:ET scale. Such logs shall meet at least the fol·
lowing minim urn exterior characteristics:
Gross Diameter-30 inches.
Gross Length-16 feet, plus trim.
Surface-90°~ clear.
Annual Ring Count-8 per inch.
Slope of Grain-:>lot to exceed 3" per foot.
So. I Sawmill Sitka Spruce
Logs shall be suitahle for the manufacture of n and
Better lumber to an amount of not less than 25% of
:-\ET scale. Such logs shall meet at lca~t the following
minimum exterior cllaracteristics:
Gross Diameter :.! ! inches
-14-
......... _
Gross Length-12 feet, plus trim.
Annual Ring Count-S per inch.
Slope of Grain-Not to exceed 3" per foot.
No. 2 Sawmill Sitka Spruce
Logs shall be suitable for the manufacture of Con-
struction and Better lumber to an amount of not less
than 65% of the NET scale. Such logs shall meet at
least the following minimum exterior characteristics:
Gross Diameter -12 inches.
Gross Length -12 feet. plus trim.
Minimum Volume-60 board feet NET scale.
Surface-Sound, tight knots, not to exceed 2 1;2"
in diameter. Any larger knots. knot clusters, and
burls must be so distributed as to pennit the re·
quired recovery.
Slope of Grain-Not to exceed:
2" per foot on logs 12" thru 20".
3" per foot on logs 2!" thru 35".
4" per foot on logs 36" thru 50".
5" per foot on logs 51" and over.
No. 3 Sawmill Sitka Spruce
Logs shall be suitable for the manufacture of Stand·
ard and Better lumber to an amount of not less than
33 1!3'70 of the GROSS scale. Such logs shall meet at
least the following minimum exterior characteristics:
Gross Diameter-6 inches.
Gross Length-12 feet, plus trim.
Minimum Volume-50 board feet NET scale.
Surface-Sound, tight knots, not to exceed 3" in
diameter. Any larger knots, knot clusters, and
burls shall be so distributed as to permit the re·
quired recovery.
Slope of Grain-May include logs having ''excessive
slope of grain" with proper deduction.
No. 4 Sawmill Sitka Spruce
Logs having less than the minimum required GROSS
diameter andtor NET volume which prevents grading
them as No. 3. but which have a NET scale of not
less than 33 1;3% of the GROSS scale, nor less than
10 board feet.
-15-
-APPENDIX C -
-SPRUCE -
Stratum 1. Sll.
Age: 150 yrs
Form factor: .78
Bark ratio: .960
Max log len: 40
Hin log len: 10
N:G ratio .927
-----Stand Table (per acre) -----
DBH
8-10
12-14
Tot a 1
Ave tree
Unit Totals
T/AC
118.4
22.1
140.5
for 350 acres
---Bd Ft ---
GROSS NET
1637
719
2356
17
1518
667
2185
16
825 765
(Mbf)
-----Grade Table -----
Grade
Ave
dia
Ave
len Pcs/ac
---Cubic
GROSS NET
454
348
802
6
421
323
744
5
2807 2604
(Cunits)
Bd ft Cubic
(% of Total Volume)
4 SAW 6.3 21.7 72.53 83.78
Tota 1 153 100.00 100.00
Average Log Vol
Ave Log 5.8 12.1 14 5
Age: 150 yrs
Form factor: .78
Bark ratio: .960
-SPRUCE -
Stratum 2. S21.
-----Stand Table (per'acre)
DBH
8-10
12-14
16-18
Total
Ave tree
Unit Totals
T/AC
74.6
40.4
6.1
121.2
for 454 acres
Grade
Ave
dia
---Bd Ft ---
GROSS NET
1307
1327
369
3003
25
1304
1324
368
2997
25
1363 1361
(Mbf)
Grade Table -----
Ave
len Pcs/ac
Max log len: 40
Min 1 og 1 en: 10
N:G ratio .998
---Cubic
GROSS NET
333
535
186
1054
9
332
534
186
1052
9
4785 4776
(Cunits)
Bd ft Cubic
(% of Total Volume)
4 SAW 6.6 17.3 84.94 89.35 ........................... " ............................ .
Total 148 100.00 100.00
........... '" ............................. " ................. .
Average Log Vol
Ave Log 6.3 14.7 20 7
Age: 150 yrs
Form factor: .78
Bark ratio: .960
-SPRUCE -
Stratum 3. S22.
Max log len: 40
Min log len: 12
N:G ratio .950
-----Stand Table (per acre) -----
---Bd Ft ------Cubic
DBH T/AC GROSS NET GROSS NET
..............................................................
8-10 115.5
12-14 34.0
16-18 8.7
20-22 3.1
28-30 0.3
32+ 0.2
Total 161.9
Ave tree
Unit Totals
for 690 acres
Grade
2 DOM
3 DOM
4 SAW
Ave
dia
11.0
7.8
6.3
2569 2441 717 681
1828 1737 694 659
883 839 294 279
650 617 167 159
211 200 52 49
199 189 38 36
6340 6023 1962 1864
39 37 12 12
4375 4156
(Mbf)
13538 12861
(Cunits)
Grade Table -----
Ave
len
12.0
29.3
15.6
Pcs/ac Bd ft
(% of Total
1.14
36.36
61.16
Cubic
Volume)
1.16
40.48
56.77 ....................................................................
Total 192 100.00 100.00 .................................................................
Average Log Vol
Ave Log 6.7 19.6 31 10
-SPRUCE -
Stratum 4. S33. 20 BAF.
Age: 100 yrs
Form factor: .78
Bark ratio: .960
Max log len: 40
Min log len: 10
N:G ratio .978
-----Stand Table (per acre} -----
DBH
8-10
12-14
16-18
20-22
24-26
Total
Ave tree
Unit Totals
T/AC
145.9
64.0
31.3
5.1
1.0
247.2
for 162 acres
Grade
Ave
dia
---Bd Ft ---
GROSS NET
3483
4127
4288
1255
330
13483
55
3406
4036
4194
1227
323
13187
53
2184 2136
(Mbf)
Grade Table -----
Ave
len Pcs/ac
---Cubic
GROSS NET
976
1305
1151
322
85
3839
16
955
1276
1126
315
83
3755
15
6219 6083
(Cunits}
Bd ft Cubic
(% of Total Volume)
2 oor~
3 DOM
4 SAW
12.2 14.4
7.6 28.8
6.3 16.2
2.81 2.28
49.14 51.04
40.01 40.25 ....... "' ................................................... .
Total 357 100.00 100.00 .........................................................
Average Log Vol
Ave Log 7.4 19.5 37 11
-SPRUCE -
Stratum 4. S33. 40 BAF.
Age: 100 yrs
Form factor: .78
Bark ratio: .960
Max log len: 40
Min 1 og 1 en: 10
N:G ratio .932
-----Stand Table (per acre) -----
---Bd Ft ------Cubic
DBH T/AC GROSS NET GROSS NET
...................... " ..........................................
8-10 142.4 3152 2937 876 816
12-14 63.2 4161 3878 1314 1225
16-18 21.1 2975 2772 798 744
20-22 11.1 2948 2747 662 617
24-26 3.2 1271 1184 308 287
28-30 0.6 481 448 88 82
32+ 0.5 487 454 103 96 .........................................................
Total 242.0
Ave tree
Unit Totals
for 303 acres
Grade
2 DOM
3 DOM
4 SAW
Ave
dia
10.7
6.4
6.5
15475 14421 4149 3866
64 60 17 16
4689 4370 12571 11714
(Cunits) (Mbf)
Grade Table -----
Ave
len
19.7
30.3
23.8
Pcs/ac Bd ft
(% of Total
16.72
42.45
36.60
Cubic
Volume)
15.53
46.44
33.97
............. "' ............................................. .
Total 349 100.00 100.00
...........................................................
Average Log Vol
Ave Log 7.9 20.2 41 11
-SPRUCE -
Stratum 5. S34.
Age: 100 yrs
Form factor: .78
Bark ratio: .960
-----Stand Table (per acre)
---Bd Ft ---
DBH T/AC GROSS NET
Max log len: 40
Min log len: 10
N:G ratio .881
-----
---Cubic
GROSS NET ................................. " ......................
8-10 93.6 2307 2033 547 482
12-14 59.8 4284 3775 1224 1078
16-18 42.7 7338 6465 1793 1580
20-22 18.0 5497 4843 1239 1092
24-26 0.4 199 175 39 34
28-30 0.3 234 206 41 36
32+ 0.2 274 241 44 39 ....... ' ............................ " ....................
Total 215.0 20133 17739 4927 4341
Ave tree 94 82 23 20 ........................................................
Unit Totals 16791 14794 41091 36204
(Cunits) for 834 acres (Mbf)
-----Grade Table -----
Grade
Ave
dia
Ave
len Pcs/ac Bd ft Cubic .........................................................
2 DOM
3 DOM
4 SAW
12.2 22.9
8.0 26.3
6.7 19.3
(% of Total Volume)
31.76 30.60
46.38 46.37
13.09 14.61
............................................ " ................ .
Total 467 100.00 100.00
........... ~ ............................ " ................. .
Average Log Vol
Ave Log 8.7 17.6 38 9
-COTTONWOOD -
Stratum 6. P33.
Age: 60 years plus
Form factor: .80
Bark ratio: .920
Max log len: 40 feet
Min log len: 20 feet
N:G ratio: .770
-----Stand Table (per acre) -----
DBH T/AC
---Bd Ft ---
GROSS NET
---Cubic
GROSS NET ........ "' ........................................ " .......
12-14 29.9 2394 1843 623 480
16-18 49.2 6950 5350 1667 1283
20-22 16.4 4835 3722 1016 782
24-26 5.1 2192 1687 432 333
28-30 3.5 2417 1861 432 333 ..........................................................
Total 104.1 18788 14463 4170 3210 ....................... "' ................................
Ave tree
Unit Totals
for 115 acres
Grade
Ave
dia
180 139
2161 1659
(Mbf)
Grade Table -----
Ave
len Pcs/ac
40 31
4700 3682
(Cunits)
Bd ft Cubic ........................................................
(% of Total Volume)
4 SAW 7.0 31.2 100.00 100.00 .........................................................
Total 224 100.00 100.00 .............................. " ........................ .
Average Log Vol
Ave Log 9.1 26.8 65 14
. .