HomeMy WebLinkAboutBlack Bear Lake Exhibit W 1973•
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APP.ENDI'CES
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I PROPERTY OF: 1'
Alaska Power Authority
334 W. 5th Ave.
Anchorage, Alaska 99501-
"' ANGHORA'GE, ALASKA ~~!4;
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BLACK BEAR LAKE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
FERC NO. 5715
EXHIBIT W
ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
Al?PF..NDICES
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA
List of ~endices
~ Title
W-A ADFG Lake and Stream surveys
W-B Applicant's Aquatic Field Studies
W-C Applicant's Archeology Survey Report
W-D Correspondence with Agencies and Other Entities
W-E Consultants• Vitae
W-H Hydrology Report
W-J Exhibit J -General Map Covering the Entire Project Area
W-R Exhibit R -Detailed Maps Covering the Entire Project Area
W-L General Design Drawings of the Principal Structures
W-R Exhibit R -Proposed Project Recreation Plan
w-v Exhibit v -Protection of Natural, Historic and scenic Features
W-X Alternative Sites Analysis
W-Y Acronyms
Appendix W-A
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF
FISH AND GAME
LAKE AND STREA.M
SURVEY REPORTS
1. Blac~ Bear Lake and Black Bear Creek
2. Thorne River System
3. Reynolds Creek and Portage Creek Systems
1. Black Bear Lake and Black Bear Creek
Alaska· Depa,.tment of
Fish and Game
JAMES W. BROOKS, COMMISSIONER
A RCTI~ OCEAN
Division of Sport Fish
Federal Aid in Fish Restoration
July 1, ·1973 to June 30, 1974
Study No. G -1:
Inventory and Cataloging
JOB NO. G-1-A:
Inventory and Cataloging of the
Sport Fish and Sport Fish Waters
in Southeast Alaska
BLACK BEAR LAKE
Black Bear Lake is located on Prince of Wales Island at 55°33' north
latitude and 132°52' west longitude. The system was named after the
heavy black bear activity on spawning salmon by E. I. Jones in 1914
(Orth, 1971).
An outline map was prepared from an aerial photograph. Depth contours
and bottom features were measured by use of a recording echo sounder,
and representative depth contours were plotted on the outline map (Figure
15). Morphometric data, areas of depth zones and values of depth strata
are presented in Table 30.
Black Bear Lake is a cirque mountain lake located at the northwest foot-
hills of Pin Peak, northwest of Klawak Lake, and west of Salmon Lake. It
collects the runoff from the mountain walls above and empties into Black
Bear Creek. Two miles downstream the creek widens to form Black~~
Lake and then narrows to flow north to empty into Big Salt Lake estuary.
Black Bear Lake is 1.4 miles long and varies in width from 1/8 to 3/8
mile. Six streams drain into the head of the lake.
The mountain runoff streams that flow into the lake are narrow and steep.
They were I to 3 feet wide and 1 to 2 inches deep at the time of survey.
Black Bear Lake spills into Black Bear Creek, which descends through a
steep draw to empty into Big Salt Lake. The creek flow is rapid at the
lake's outlet and varies down to a sluggish movement near the estuarine
zone. It varies in depth from 3 feet upstream to 9 inches downstream.
The width is about 80 feete Throughout its course small muskeg tributaries
enter to contribute to its light muskeg coloration.
The stream was found to contain abundant pools with bank cover. Substrate
is comprised of rubble, gravel, and sand.
Temperature profiles were recorded during the onc-dny survey. A gradual
thermocline was recorded in the 7-15 meter zone (Fi&urc 16).
Surface and bottom water samples were tested for Jisso1ved oxygen and
carbon rlioxidc and found to be 12 mg/1 and 15 mg/1, respectively. The
pH fluctuated only slightly from 6.5 on the surface to 6.6 at the bottom.
Zooplankton at the time of sampling was composed primarily of large
copepods (Table 31).
Rainbow trout introduced to the lake have established a good trout sport
fishery. Length-age of rainbow caught August 30 was as follows: 24 em,
3+; 32 em, 4+; 39.5 em, 5+.
Black Bear Lake is only accessible by float plane. Charters may be
made from Ketchikan for those persons outside Prince of Wales Island or
from Klawock for parties already located on the island.
71
......
N
TRUE NORTH
Depths In meters
'iRi?i1GS" . &.1:6~3,-" :· ;.r,ll
0 t/4 1/2 3/4
Figure 15. Bathymetric Map of Black Bear Lake •
BLACK BEAR LAKE
N ss! 33/-w 132
1
s2'
AREA-232 Acres
VOLUME • 21.888 Acre Feet
26.4 Million Cubic Meters
MAXIMUM DEPTH -67 Meters
MEAN DEPTH-28 . Meters
I Mile
TABLE 30. Morphometry of Black Bear Lake,
Water Area
Hectares 93.9
Acres 232
Percent of Depth Zone Areas
o-6 (m) 17.2 (%) 36-42 (m)
6-12 8.6 42-48
12-18 11.6 48-54
18-24 J.0.8 54-60
24-30 9-5 6o-66
30-36 7.8
Water Volume
Cubic meters x 106 26.4
Acre feet x 103 21.9
Percent Volume of Depth Strata
0-6 (m) 19.0 (%) 36-42 (m)
6-12 16.4
12-18 14.2
18-24 11.8
24-30 9.8
30-36 8.0
Maximum Depth = 66m
Mean Depth = 4.7m
Lake Perimeter = 3.435m
42-48
48-54
54-60
6o-66
73
6. 5 (%)
9.0
6.0
5.2
1.7
9.0 {%)
5.2
3.6
2.0
0.8
........ .......
Figure 16. Temperature Profiles of Black Dear and Salmon Lakes.
...
II
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Yt.,.,.,.,, '""" 11 ,, .. , , .. , Lth. 1111 n
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······ ······~ \ ······:..,,,,. ... .. .....
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, •• ,UIIIU Pttlilt •• , •••••
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74
lib, t/U/U
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TABLE 31. Zooplankton Composition and Density,
Black Bear Lake 2 August 31, 1973.
Rotitera
Kellicottia • 21.2
Conochilus • 50.3
Cladocera
Bosmina
Copepoda
Calanoida
Cyclopoida
Nauplii
• 5.3
= 20.7 = 2.9
= 1.2
75
Most of the lake shore can be walked but not without some labor. Large
boulders along the shore line make a rapid straight course impossible.
The rocky bank is limited to the eastern shore line. Fishing from any
given spot along the shore was generally good. Deep waters immediately
adjacent to shore make fishing from land easy. Perhaps the best spots
for fishing from shore are located in the southeastern section of
the lake where rock slides have provided large boulders to fish from.
Black Bear Lake exists as a photographer's delight. The ·lake sits in
a spectacular setti~g with the westerly shore having steep mountainous
sloped to the water's edge. The peaks supply a constant source of melting
snow that produces streamlets that end in a series of waterfalls to the
lake.
The National Forest Service maintains a cabin for public use at the
northeast end of the lake. A boat, of questionable safety. was available.
Fishing can be slow at times but persistence should produce some fine
rainbow, the only species present.
Hunting and hiking are other activites available in proximity to the lake.
Behind the Forest Service cabin a trail leads to an easily climbed ridge.
which gives access to other high country.
76
RECREATIONAL SURVEY OF BLACK BEAR CREEK
Black Bear Creek may be reached by skiff of any size from Klawock;
waters are protected but caution should by taken to enter Big Salt
Lake at high or low water slack via the south entrance. Strong tidal
currents may prove hazardous at any other time of entry to the lake.
Big Salt Lake high and low water is two hours after outside water.
The creek is accessible via Big Salt Lake logging road. The road will
be passable by most any vehicle. Big Salt Lake road crosses the creek
approximately 8 miles from Klawock.
Charter flights can be made from Ketchikan to Big Salt Lake or "Coastal
Air" daily flights to Klawock or Craig.
The creek can be fished from the banks, but bank cover of salmonberry,
devils club and blueberry may restrict fishing in parts of the lower
2 miles. Within the section of stream surveyed, certain areas are
distinctive as being good fishing spots: 1) The mouth of the stream
enters an estuary habitat, an open area of grasses with no trees or
shrubs to impede fishing; 2) Within 200 yards south of bridge crossing;
3) Approximately 1 1/2 miles from mouth of the creek a large marshy
meadow exists for a half mile. This spot provides good fishing its
entire length. The stream channel here is wide and deep allowing for
a variety of fishing methods.
The first mile of stream is composed of wide shallows, primarily with
gravel and rubble bottom, which can be forded easily. In the second
mile, the velocity of stream increases and a more irregular and slippery
bottom exists. In this section the western bank provides the best walk-
ing. The marshy area can be walked from either side of the stream. The
walking is difficult due to overgrown vegetation over the stream c.hannel
and holes.
From the marshy lowlands, 1 mile south of the bridge, one gains a good
view of Pin Peak and the mountains to the south making for a pleasurable
fishing spot.
The Forest Service maintains a public cabin on Big Salt Lake, which
might provide shelter for fishermen in the area. Access to other nearby
fishing sites, Thorne River and Steelhead Creek. is provided.
Species present include silver, pink, red, and chum salmon; Dolly Varden;
and cutthroat. In the first week in August, pink and chum salmon were
seen in the stream. Four major pools in the first 2 miles had salmon.
An estimated 75 salmon were seen in the first pool below the bridge.
Rod and reel survey proved successful in taking cutthroat trout on streamer
flies in three of the major pools.
77
I CJ ., • /... 0 · O.S I ALASKA ·DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME " w
DIVISION OF SPORT FISH
LAKE SURVEY SUMMARY
lAKE_.=B;.:LA=C:.:.:K:.-.=B;.:EA=R=-=LA=K=E-----82E, 83E
'f._...::c-=r-=a-=i~g:......;::;C;...--=3----T-...:.7-=3-=S~R 8 2E 1 8 3E s 12 1 13 : 7, tAT. 18
LOC __ __:P~r~i:.:.n:;:C:.:e:.-..!O::..:f::......:.W:.:a:.:l:.:e:.:I~I:.:S::..:l:.:a::.:n::.:d=-----------_.,suRF. EL£V_::.l.::.6:..5.::.0_f:..t.::.:..• --------
1. SURF. ACR£S,_....:Z.:::;..?"-=:a...::;_ _____ MAX. DEPTH 37 fm. AVG. DEPTH 20 fm. ACRE FT .,, tf8
SHOAL AREA WATER COI..OR __ ga:r::.;e::::;e:::;n:=..-_ __,_ __ -::-SECCHI READING 22 meters
AQUATIC VEGETATION None seen in lake, ex. moss at creek mouth (Rhacomitrium
aciculare?)
2. FISH SPECIES: NATIVE. __ N=O:::n.::::e _____________ INTROOUCEO RainboW
3. FISHING HISTORY Light fishing pressure USU. 4-5 parties of people a year •
Season is limited due to late breakup •
•. ~~~~TES Caddis fly larvae, annelids, small clams, platyhelminthes, cladocera.
5 ..... ~ Numerous l'iountain runoff streams. Dtsc ...... RG _.. .~~·~--~==~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~----~ ·~-------------~ _ __:U=.=S:.:U=.=a=.=l:.:l~y"---=l:..-...::3:.......:f:..:t:..:•~W:.:i:.:d::.:e~,L.-.:l=---=2=--=i:::n.:..:•:__;:d::.:e:..:e::.~p;:.;•::...__DISCHARGE c&
-------,,--------~:---,-----,.---,,.-,....---...uiSCHARGE_------------<n ~RRIERS Osu. quite steep gradient & shallow.
6.0UTLETS N. end of lake-5 ft. wide. OISCHARG~:_ __ ----------'cfs
-~~-~~~--~-~~-~-~~~--D~CHARG~---,~---------.-cfs ~RIERS Falls just beyond outlet, then further 1000 ft. drop.
7.~AWNINGAREAS There is some good spawning gravel, esp. off inlets at the south
and northeast ends.
B. WA~RSHEO TYPE Mountain-cirque lake • Steep gradientDRAINAGE AREA ACRES
some muskeg in gentler slopes. Mountain hemlock, rusty menenzia, cedar,
9.ACCESSIBILITY By float plane. few spruce, moss, vaccinium, cassiope,
etc.
10. ACCESS STATUS _ __.S:.:=O:.:Uu.t~hi-...:'!T~o~nuog!.!!a:.:S~Sr.....:;N:.:a:.::t:.:i:.::::O~n:.:a:.:l:......:F..=O:.:r:.::e::.:S:..:t:..:•~------------------
11. usE SllE-----------------T•c•unes USFS cabin, wood stove, 14' aluminum
skiff.
12.0T~RU~-------------------------------------------------
13. POLLUTION None •
••· REMARKS A beautiful area, the crystal clear mountain waters and breathtaking
mountains make this cirque lake an excellent place for those who enjoy
the esthetics. The trout, though not plentiful, were healthy and
scrappy and deliciousl The south end of the lake produced 4 pan size
in a half hour with a spoon. Trolling produced only 1 fish for sev.·
hours though larger. One of the cabin users reports a 20• rainbow.
The lake is quite deep, usually dropping quite rapidly not far from
shore. The south and northeast end of the lake have the greatest area
of shallows, some boulder-rubble areas extend into the lake below
slide areas. These slides are undoubitedly an important nutrient
source of the lake, bringing trees, other plants, and soil to the
system.
~---------~SuhuOur~tL-~Baeuh~r~---------------------DA~ September 2, 1973
BY
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
DIVISION OF SPORT FISH
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
NAME BLACK BEAR LAKE
LOCATION Prince of Wales Is.
REMARKS
The bottom is mostly boulder-rubble in the steeper graded areas
with some gravel and sand present on the more gradual slopes. The
basin of the lake was dredged coming up with brown ooze, sand,
gravel, and wood debris. Many trees could be seen on bottom.
Invertebrates were surprisingly abundant. The dredging brought up
annelids and small clams. Caddis fly, stonefly larvae, leeches were
found in streams and lake shallows. The plankton net brought up
abundant what appear to be red cladocera plus some green planktons.
There is melt water and snow patches near the lake year round;
accumulative snow fall in. the winter is great -it has crushed
two Forest Service aluminum skiffs.
Deer hunting appears to be an attraction here also, though none
were sighted.
STA 1 STA 2
air 6.0°C 2 TVL Plankton hauls air 9.0°C 2 TVL Plankton hauls
secchi 22 m.
deEth tem12 E!L DO depth temp depth temp
surf 7.8 6.'5 12 mg/1 surf 8.7 25 4.9
1 7.9 1 8.6 27 4.8
7 7.7 3 8.5 28 4.7
8 7.5 6 8.4 29 4.6
9 7.0 C02 8 8.3 31 4.5
10 6.5 10 8.2 34 4.4
11 6.3
15 mg/1 11 8.0 40 4.3
12. 6.0 13 7.6 42 4.2
13 5.8 14 7.2 44 4.1
14 5.6 15 6.7 49 4.0
15 5.6 16 6.5
16 5.4 17 6.2 end of thermocouple
18 5.3 18 6.0 cable
19 5.1 19 5.7
20 5.1 20 5.5 E!!_ DO C02
23 s.o 22 5.4 surf 6.5 12mg/l 15mg/l
25 4.9 23 S.l bottom 6.5 12rng/l lSrng/1
26 4.9 6.6 24 5.0
bottom
Short-Behr DATE September 2, 1973 ----------------------------------
Name: Black Bear Creek Catalog No: 103-60-31
Latitude: 55 6 37'14 11 Fonner Strcru:: No: WC 41, Previous no. 51,-
Lon~itude: 132° 56'08" AOF no. 177, FWS no. 18 _______ _
(;codctic t.fap No: Craig C-3 Work Arca: ______ Ke.t.cbfun. __
to cat. ion: head of Big Salt Lake Creek and l1atcrshcd J.engtll": _L,.Z5_.m.He .... s.._ _
_ i_ts_ lakes and tributaries including Black Drainage Area:_ 17 sg mL(.p..olaL..P.la.nime.ter'-
lak.e and Black Bear lake r:atcr Supply Trpc:. two Ja.Jre.s.....and...mn.-_
off·
T-rails & Survey Routes: the left side of th,.....e-st_r_e-am is ~t.e~Ltp~_t.he.. easier
route for hiking along the strea111
RESOURCES
Schooling Areas: at the mouth on the extensive flats or in the several deeJLpools
beginning at the bridge and in the deep slough area _____ _ __
Spa1·:1\ing .}\reas: the upper intertidal to the slough area and between...ibe.....slo.J,I;ug~hl----
and }f.ack Lake . ____ _
SHELL f. ISH PO'fE~TJ AL: dungeness crabs reported iD . ..B:is.~ll_Llle. __ ·-----·--·--·----------------
SPORT f-ISHERIES: Dolly Varden, cutthroat, abundant at times; rainbow io ... .DJ~~ Bear
-~~~-~!ld steel head rep<>rtea -·---·---·--·-···-·-·······-····-··-
LA~m USE (history, present, proposed): the Big Salt Lake Road crosses the
stream at the head of tidal influence and connects Craig and Klawok with the logging
camps to the north; there was reported to be an old canner.L.!_ short distance fr:_om the_
streain on B1g Salt lake
------·-·-------------------------------------
I<EHJ\Bl LITATION POTENTJ Al.: none needed; flow: 9-11-76, 117 cubic feet_.e.~r second
SOT LS: --~~bl!:_ __ .. ·-------------------·---····------
------·-----------------
GA~IE J:ESOUHCES (species t use, habitat): was named for the abundance of black bears
in the area; is wen known for the number of dum-ana-geese-wnlcn-·ut1llze-lne··rnt.er--
~~,~~s41rtl'fe-m1-an<f!Pr~------~=:~~.=~·===~~~:. ______ ··-~·-~~~~~-~ _
---------·------------
----·----~···------··--
-426-
50% ASA
Reported left bank easiest
to walkr.
103~60-31 Black Bear Creek
9-11-76
lar~on, Jackinsky
Salmon berry, devils club and blueberry brush in areas alons
d. banks in lower 1/2 of stream.
Spr~ce and
hen1cck
j
1 im1 t of tide.
\I
I\ ,,
1 '" t I
I. I '
J. ' ' ' ' 'l
\ I
l
\ \
I
\ \
,• 111' wide, pH 6.5, air temp
___ ..,.., ,, 64 F., water temp. 50 F.,
PRINCE 0 14ALES ISLAND
Big Salt L ke
~
~ Grassy,
\'substrate-1-10" rounded
,~ravel with few fines.
~apid current, narrow, shal ow
~~ls. Rocks slick with dia
tar.k~
,
I \ ,. "" "" ..... ~ . , ...
"' , ,' ~ '~-'-\• . , t I , ~ _._u I I
, V""'t. I t
' .. -, . ~
• • .• .. . . . ' .. .
t ''tomaceous algae. No fry
\, observed. ,,
Klawok
Big Salt Lake -423-
cfs.
Small rapids ~ Coarse gravel
103-60-31
~Riffles Some areas of bottom slippery
60SASA
40' wide
•Riffles
Log
Good spawning
70% ASA g-
Gravel riffles
\
lugg~sh & dark .
t
e 0% ASA t 't Exce 11 ent rearing area
<if
i. 1 mile
Area used by
ducks & geese
4-12" grave 1
-424-
Sluggish
10% ASA
Dark & sluggish
Grass fA brush on
banks
~ASA~
...... ~·
Black Bear lake Inlet
9-11-76
larson, Jackinsky
Water approx. 3' deep
air temp 64 F
~ttater 48 F
Fine sand and silt bottom
Sluqoish current
Banks are 3' high, undercut, silty, covered
with grass and high bush cranberries.
Hemlock and spruce
Gentle slope
Clear, colorless water
No aquative vegetation
Several unidientified fry (may be trout}
No signs of adult salmon
PRINCE OF ~~ALES ISLAND
~ . .•
., • ti,11y' pads
0 • ,
fine sand
BLACK LAKE
-425 -N
PEAK ESCAPEMENT RECORD
103-60-31
Black Bear Creek (head of Big Salt Lake -San Alber to Bay)
..
DATE PINK CHUM OTHER SPECIES P.Er1ARKS .
10/27/44 11o;ooo .. 6,500 coho Bxcellerit .
.
10/9/45 .350,000 6,000 ~xcellent
10/1/46 15,000 Few ~oor seed~ng.None at_ me~ th
9/2~/48 46,000 1,300 2,090 coho
(1,950deac )(550 deac )
~tre$lll .flooding. 9/13/53 490 Vis 1M 11 ity
9/8/54 3;000 0
poor.
3/l3/57 4,000 eoo Very poor
pec.scn'5E 5,000
I
re<::son' 59 12,000 8,000 Fair
(2, OOOdeac ) ( 3, 000 ( ead)
IO /')"? 1;:.n !7,000 None seen t''~.,-~
~/~3~61 11,600 None seen None see
23,300 None seen None seen .J j/-:;,2
I
I
p!:::?/63 62,000 10,000 None seen
~/31/64 150 sockeye I
I
f;/:0/64 23,000 200 :
~/4/65 50
!
t/24/65
I 700 sockeye
b;i "/,..5 r ~-o 3,400
I
f'!:/66 5,500 None seen None seen
~Ot:'7 r ......... ' None seez None seen None seen
t/27/68 ! . 3,700 None seen None seen
t: ; It ;t:.g 2,630 None seen None seen ;u ~-...
lc/27/7o ..
20,000 None seen None seen
I
1 2/26/71 14,000 None seen None seen
L~~. 6,100 None seen None seen
-4.?7 -
PEAK ESCAPEMENT RECORD
Continued:
103-60-31 Black Bear Creek
..
DATE PINK
. . . CHUN OTHER SPECIES P.Er-1ARKS
9/7/73 7 ,.000 None seen
9/17/73 800 None .seen
9/3/74 5,000 None seen . None seen
8/27/75 142,300 None seen None seen
\ 8/23/76 510 ' None seen None seen
8/16/77 . 8,400 Non~ seen
' ...
-
--
-
....___ ----'---· -----·-----·--·---------·-----
-428-
AlASKA DE:PARTtllENT OF FISH AND GAM£
DIVISION OF SPORT FISH
STREAf,, SURVEY SUt.1r.1ARY ,: .
STREAM BLACK BEAR CREEK
toc.Big Salt Lake, Prince of
. Wales Island
•REP craig c-3 LA' ss•37 • N LoNG 132• 57 • 40" w
·MAIN DRAINAGE Black Bear Creek \JfARY TO Big Salt Lake
~IN_ Black Bear Lake lENGTH 6. 5 miles WATERSHED AREA t. G P: ~ "'oJ
·~
FLOW l,'ap,id to lower upper lower upper
M.NG cia. VElOCITY sluggish AVG. WIDTH 25 m;_ • 25 m AVG. DEPTH gn 3 ft.
FLOOD HEIGHT COLOR/fURBIOITY tlf'((s..,. Zvu.. / ,:4tM.,.
Plane-boat to Big Salt.Lake. · 1
ACCESStaiUTY By road from ~raig, Hollis'· bridge crossing near mouth,
ACCESS STATUS South Tongass Nat' 1 Forest,
sECTION suRVfVEO Lower 2 miles from mou!fu.
TRIBUTAR!SS Numerous small muskeg tributaries, One-balf mile upstream on eas:t
bank a tributary 12 1 wide and 3" deep enters Black Bear Creek.
BOnOMTYPt: Lower 1/2 mi •. -50' rubble, 40, STREAM GRADIENT S
gravel, lOt sand w/few boulders. Next 1/2 mi. -40' rubble (cont. next page)
POOLS. oesCIIPTlON & FREQUENCY Lower ·mile has occasional pools, 3-4 ft. deep about as
long as.stream width with little shelter. Two such pools at first bend above
b~idge. One Jnile up a very larae, deep (10 ft.) pool with luxurious yeaetation
extends 1/2 to 3/4 mile upstream.
SARRIERS None noted.
WING AREA Excellent facilities in lower 1/2 mile, poor the next mile, then
excellent above.
~NKCOVE~ Lower mile partially shaded by hemlock-spruce, salmonberry, devils
clubs a few gravel bars •. Next 3/4 mile open, overhanging banks of (cont)
WATf.RSHEO TYPe Hemlock spruce coastal forest. Wide flat valley with some muskeg
headed up by mountain drainage area.
FISMSPECIES Cutthroat, Dolly Varden, oink salmon, chum salmon, silver salmon,
sculpin, stickleback, and reportedly steelhead. FISHING HIS!QA.V _________________________________ _
FISHING INT!:NSITY_..;....... _______________________________ _
IN'IEP.TEBRAleS'--o::----:----:-----------------------------ASUNOANCE---:2_s~u~rb~e~r~s~t=ak~e~n~·--------------------------------------
AQUATIC VEG!TAnON Diverse, abundant above 1/2 mile. Green & brown filamentous
algae, mosses, eel grasses, equisetum, bladderworts, l"ily pads.
WMBuse~N~'o~n~e~~----------------------------------------------------------
RBM~s Big Salt Lake should only be gone into by boat through the south
entrance at slack high water •. Consult locals. The large shallow
tidal area at the head of the lake make it difficult to take a
boat up near the mouth.
I
BY
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
DIVISION OF SPORT FISH
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
NAME BLACK BEAR CREEK
LOCATION Big Salt Lake
Prince of Wales Island
A large rocky mud flat extends out 1/4 mile from the mouth of
Black Bear Creek. Many types of algae and Zostera marina are
present along with many Euphasids, sand dabs, starry flounder,
Gangonid shrimp, and small sculpin. An interesting area.
WATER
Air °C 14.0
Water°C 12.0
pH 6.6
co2 (. 5 mg/1
DO 12 mg/1
Overcast skies
Tot. alkalinity 1 grain/gal~
17.1 mg/1 caco3
vn Tot. hardness 1 grain/gal ~
17.1 mg/1 Caco3
MINNOW TRAPS 6 tra;e hours
Sculpin Silver
8.6 9.0
11.2 8.2
11.2 8.4
9.6 8.5
8.4 7.4
10.0 7.8
11.0 8.9
11.4 6.7
9.1 6.8
10.0 5.4
Short-Behr ·
Salmon
9.1
8.6
7 .·a
6.4
8.6
4.2
9.1
9.3
7.6
Dolly Varden
14.8
11.5
8 Spine Stickleback
5.0
9.3
Three cutthroat were picked
up w/rad and reel.
X F.L. 34.5
'
Schools of pink and chum salmon
were seen in most of the pools.
DATE August 6, 1973 ---------------------------------
122-20
ss•37, 3' N. 1a2•s.6.1• .w.
WEST COAST, SHINAKU JNI.ET, BIG SALT L.AKE, Heod.
ADF STAT. No.
we 41
Prevlo.as No. 51
ADF No.177
FWS No. 18
MAJOR SPECIES Pink. OTHER SPECIES Chum, coho.
ESCAPEMENT TIMING lAte. Aug • ..OCt.(.-lmated). ESCAPEMENT MAGNITUDE
SPAWNING FACILITIES Folr. .
STREAM TEMPERATURES Normol-~GDge. No observed tempe:otures.
VALLEY DESCRIPTION Wide gloc:iol--cut. The valley slopeS. of tit• stnom b very steep. Bonks ore
sparMly bested.
DRAINAGE 17.8 sqw:are miles (polar plGAlmeter). Drat.u a loke 4 miles .ap~treom. aad Bear Lake. s-netds to E.
Gild w. CCIIItrllNte IDOWIDek. ·
STREAM MOUTH IDENTIFICATION Thuueoin eaters the bead &ad ofBig Salt lAke. 1'henl b
o large ilclaflat at the mouda. ·
ANCHORAGE Refer to WC 40.
TRAILS AND SURVEY ROUTES No cldiDit• a:allJ. The left bonk 11 most eosily followed. Diffielllt
to wade •
.AERIAL SURVEY NOTES . Only fair aerial ris1billty because of dark colored water. Go:>c! dW'ing low flow.
INTER TJD.AL ZONE
LENGTH 0. 3 mile. AVERAGE WIDTH/DEPTH 40'-60 1 /6"-10':
GRADIENT .AND VELOCITIES Slight.
BOTTOM GraveL
LOW TIDE LOC.A TION
HIGH TIDE LOCATION
SCHOOLING LOCATION
SCHOOLING AR E.AS The lish seem to school ba Big Salt Lake.
SPAWNING AREAS F"!.Sh 'JIGWD 1Jl the upper port, the bottom composition 1n the lower sectiac Is largely mud.
GENERAL NOTES
LENGTH ACCESSIBLE 4 mlles to.lake.
GRADIENT AND VELOCITIES Moderate.
BOTTOM Sand, gtovel, cmd boulders.
MARKER DISTANCE
MAR K.ER IDENTI FICA TION
BARRIERS None.
UPSTREAM
AVERAGE WIDTH/DEPTH 251-40 • /16"-30".
T RIB UTA R IE S Three ·sma 11 tributaries below lake.
SCHOOLING AREAS Se.verollorge pools in tbe lint O • .S.mile. Tbe major schooling area is just above the inte.r-
tidal ZOile. Also achooUDg in the 1. S miles of slough above.
SPAWNING AREAS Scatta'ed throughout the first 0. 5 mUe. Spawning obove the slough.
this o.rea. Some spaWDlDg in Inlet stream to lake.
GENERAL NOTES
122-20
Date
1944
Oct 71
1MS
Oct 5)
1!M8
Aug21
Sep 24
Oct s
1953
Sep 13
19M
5ep 8
1957
Sep 8
1960
Aug 22
Sep 2
Sep 'Zl
1961
AuglO
Aug 15
Sep l2
S..p lS
1962
Aug 2
Aug 15
Sep 3
ESCAPEMENT RECORD
ADF STAT. No.
we 41
Previous No. 51
ADF No.177
FWS No •. 18
(Counts made by ground INI'Vcyl are designated by G. Aerial surveys by A)
SURVEYm I'INK CHUM O'IliER SPECII.S REMARKS
M.iln By Live Dead Live Dead Live Adjective rating
FWS 110,000 6,500 coho Excellent
FWS 350,000 6,000 Exc.e llt:J:It
c; 2.0 ASl 225 320
G 2.5 ASl 46.000 1.950 1,300 sso 2,090coho
GJ.O · -ASI .. 3,~ :··.* 170 300 2,500 coho
.•. ~ws .. · .. 490 " co.s _Stream floocUng. VislbiUty poor ..
A f.O FRI 3,000 0
CS.2 FWS 420
A ADF 0 0 20o piak at mouth ..
c 1.5 ADF a;soo 3,000 3, 000 piftk and chum at mouth
A ADF 7,000 2,000 None at mouth. Many dead fish
GO.S ADF 225 AU fresh filh
A ADF 10,100 1,500 pink at mouth, fish up to
toke and in inlet stream or lake
A ADF "· 300
2,300 R•m ov"'r
C0.7 ADF 3,295 750 Many dead arid spent fish
"" A ADF 1,900 VislbiUry excellent
A ADF .. 9,100 Some chum. Visibility excellent
A A.DF 23,300 Most lD lower stream
122-20
~
< ·.<(
A
.. .....
.... ..... -..... ( .... ......
\__r"-,
.. -J
. :
. . .. · . . . . · .. .
.......
--...
--.....
... .....
......
!
..... . . • .... :
... ....
-
.... ... A
A
A
we 41
0.25 Mile I
""""----=-------··-------.....__ _______ ----.. ___
-=::::-------
==-----------
. l_j_=·:·:·.-·:·~~·-··.: ___ ~·· ~~-:---· .......... . . ·. . . . . · . . . . ..
RECREATIONAL SURVEY OF aLACK BEAR CRE~K
Acceasibility o~ the Strea~
A. Boat. Creak nay be reached by ski~~ of a~y size !roc
K:awock, waters are protected, but caution should be taken, as
to e::.ter Big Salt Lake_ at high or lov vater slack ·.ria the south
e::rtra.:u::e. S_trong t-idal currents may prove hazardous ·as any'
. ... :""
ot'G.er time o~ ~ntr;r t_o the lake. (Big Salt Lake high and lov
. ~ ~ -· -.. : . .. .. .
Vater 2 hours after OUtsid~ V~ter) · . . . . . .. . . -~ '"":.
.-•• : 1'
B. ·Vehicle. Black Bear Creek is ac~essible vi~ Big Salt
' ' -
Lake logging road, opening September 1913 • ._:~_oe.~ vill be :P_~ss'able.·
. • ~ . . .. . ..: >·: ~ ·: ~ :"; : .· ~--· ..
b~ ~ost any ~ehicl~. Big Salt road crosses creek approximately -· ·;._
.· ·--~ -.,.·.
·~-: ." "':_ :.... ' . ~ ·~ -:. : ~!_
:..-· .,.,, __ .·-. .·· ~-:
-~. _ .•.. :
..
5 miles from Klawock.
: r· . -. > • • ~ I'-.
C .. · Aircra:f't. .."Charter flights can. be ti!ade f'r~:;:;:. Ketchike:r. ··
....
to Big Salt. Lake or ... "Coastal Air" daily flights to Kl~wock oi:--
C::e.ig. ·_ .•...
D.
·-..
Foot.= No-trails were witneased leadins to thia creek.
... --
?is~~bilitv of Area. ·-'" ~ "
' . -
... A. Creek can be :fished f'roxa_ tte. be.nk.s _, but bank cove~ o:r ·
~ .;·~~'y:-.-·.. ~· :.:. · ... ·~
sa-ltl.onberry ,· devils cl\:.g :t and. blueberry. may restrict 'rishin~-in . . . -. . . ' . . . ~ . -. . -~· .. -.. ..:._ ..... ___ ':.;,:' ____ ,. __ _
'l-Tithi:n tr.e section_ o'!" stream. su::::-veyed. _.
A.:
. . ' ..
cer-;;e.in a:::-eas are distinct-ive as being good :f"ishi::,g spots:
' .
(1.) The mouth of t'he strea!:l enters an estuary b.e.bitat~ a:1 open
a~e o~ grasses with r.o trees or shrubs to inpede fishing;
(2) \-lithin 200 yards scutr.. of ~ridge crossing; {3) Al,)~:::-oxi'ttately
1 1/2 ~ile from. mouth or.creek a. large narshy nee.ao~ exists ro=
& o~e-~ourtb to one-half ~ile. This spot provides good fishing
,. i~s entire length; here the strea~ channel is vide and deep
allowing !or a variety of tishing methods.
D. The first ~ile ot stream is co:posed of vide shallavs,
pri~:~.a.rily vith gravel and rubble bottol:l. vroich ce.n be i"orded
easily. The second mile the velocity of strea~ increases in
spots e.!ld e. nore irregular and slipper;y botto::c. e:dst; In this
section the vestern bank provides the best valking. The marshy
area can be walked from either side o~ stre~, but here~the
...,alking is C.i:f'ficult due to overgro...,n channels and holes.
Aesthetics
Frow the marsh;y low lands, one nile south of the briC.ge,
one gains a good view ot Pin Peak and the wountains to the
south making for a pleasurable fishing spot.
?roxi~it¥ to Other Recreational Areas
A. Via the Big Salt Road, access to other nearby :f'ish!x:.&
.
sights can ~e gained~ eg. ~ho~ne River and Steelhead Cree~.
B. There was little sign of ~e.n•s prese~t utilization
of this stream. The logging road as of the date o:f' this s~rvey
(August 1973) had not been opened to tte public.
C. The Forest Se~vice maintains e. public cabin on.Big Salt
Lake, ...,hich ~ight provide shelter for fisher:en in the crea.
S-oo~t Fisher''
A. Species Present: silver, pink, red, a~d chu: sa:Qo~~
Dolly Varden, and cutthroat 1 .,.~vu_l(,l
In the first week in A~gust 2 pink
and chu~ salmon were ~~ in the st~e~~-
in the first two miles all had sal~on. ~he :irst poo: below
~~e bridge an esti:c..a.ted 75 sa.lmon vere seen.
. . Rod and reel survey proved successful ir. tak~ng cutth:-oat.
.
vro~t O::l streamer tlies in three of the major pools.
A. No sign of pollution was observed.
B. The at.rea.m. is used .:f'or spe."t."ni::.g and rear!.ng salmon •. ~
~!le slov cu.:-rent a.nd deep pools in the ma.rsby area m.a.y provide
ove:-wintering sights for trout.
:£.'
..
:::-t: . . ,(
I
.,
: ,_.
:•.
.. ·:·"'. · ...
2. Thorne River System
:::-=.::.E: Thorne Rjyer t.<.t;.<.!.tug ••v. JU6.-•U-!>~
~.:1 f; 1!; ud.c _____lL_ 55 ° 41 . 9' \·:H !lo • _.,...~J~4t..:9~-------------->:· r: i~i t udt: \\' 13 2 ° 34 • 3 ' K H o • :-.:-:--::lu8:u4~o.-_____________ _
G':!odetic ;.:np No. Craig D-3,C-3,CJtcrk Area retcbj)can TbOTAO Bay
1.-:;c!:i.tion Pr. of Wales -Thorne Bay r!atershed L'2!1t:t:-r 14 ~Pi~ <::iO ;;r~.lnage Arr::a of \·!atcrshc•d_ 210 sg. miles (polar planimeter] ~----
•,;,'l.7er Supply Typo Lake system with many tributaries supply \ia ter to the
.. systC!!l· Preci ita tion & snowfields. . .
T~31ls & Survey Routes Skiff may be used at h1gh t1de to survey 3 m1 C5
of I .. T.Z. Trails (bear alon both stream hanks. HarC1 to survey on s(roui
.J.::r.fal Survey Notes M.lsl<eg color waters ma e VlSlhi 1ty poor unng most 'times of th
-year. Low water & sunshine aay only possibility. .
A~·.~horage Available about 2 miles from the head of the bay. Floats may be available
_ at the logging camP·
'li!:~e Stage \·Jhcn Surveyed Ebb tide. --~~~~----------------------------------~--
!-'ISliERY RESOURCES
Commercial Flsheries Pink, chum, coho, red. King salmon have been rumored to use
::::!~e~~=;e:n ~ffi~~)ii_~~;)~s,ooo -~9~6. ~vera:f.e ~~c. 196o-197; -23,~oo.
Species Composition UnknO\<.'D but pink most m.unerous followed by chum and coho.
Timing Late -September, October (pink-chum). July -sockeye.
Schooling areas ITZ schooling in area off deep water in bay. Upstream schooling
in the manY pools found throughout the system.
Shellfish Potential Non-productive as research has indicated from F.R.I. in-
vestigations.
Sport Fj.oberies Excellent cutthroat, Dolly Varden, steelhead, coho, sockeye, Eink,
chum fisheries present. Road access from Craig -Hollis.
Land tise at Present Logging along lower end of -...-atershed. Road parallels system
for several miles.
fiistory of Land Use Trapping cabins were established along entire route,mineral
exploration dur.in ·earl · ears with 1 in devel
Bear -----Fish carcasses or bones (old or f'rcsh) on banks, estimate
Number of cropp:!.ngs
Geese ----Number seen on tide flats
Number seen up creek
Nurnber of brcods seen
i::allards --. Nurr:ber seen en tid~ flats
Nur::ber seen up c:l.'eek
Nun,.ber of broods see-n
l(~r;:~ll1Se~3 -liurebcr· of broods. 3een
fuld EcgJ.c-!3-Nurtb~r SfJet~ c.J.o::..~:: creek
Number of nests seen and locatio~
St:<tls -----r!urr:u5r see::n at r.:o·..1t.h of r;trc::un
Tid~ f1.ut~ -l':st:i.nc:.t.e lcr:gt::1 along bee.(;!'"J
Esti:rate d::-pt:1 vut f'ro:-:1 reach
T·i!l r;rnss pr-tl:::~::"it c:·1 \·:hr~t per<..!ent or flats
-36-
numerous
numerous
10
20
1
10
0
0
4
-refer to nuip
0 -
Tinrres--
zo• -rso.,....
0 -
• Eagle trees
---Thorne Lake
falls -Low water
Control
wide
--North Thorne River
---Angel Lake
Thorne River
102-70-58
7-74 to 8-74
Novak
---Falls Creek
Bay
\
P.t::AK ESCAPENENT RECO!ll'
Tho:rne River
~~~·i CATJ\.LOG RUMBER: 102-70-58
DATE PINK CHUH
.. 8, 1937
2, 1940 . . .
.. 12, 1941. ... . .
.
t. 28, 1943
1946 .. . 4, . ;t
.. 9, 1947 .
1· 14, 1948
. 21, 1948 200
"t. 12, 1949 5,889 1,275
'
-· 2, 1953
g. 24, 1954 . 3, 500
)t::. 17, 1954 4,000
_l ly 24, 1956
OTHER SPECIES REHARKS
.
.
.
500 red •
..
500 coho
10,000 ,/ red'.
River h igh and .discolored. Good
ement.preswned from fish escap
seen d ead 9n biulks .. ·7 ·
Good.
fish.
.
GOod,
(
Good·sh.owi.ng live.and dead
G)
Many dead f.tsh._ Water h.tgh_
ddy (G) and mu
Fair.l
inst:r
5~QOO ?ff mouth~ No estimate !
eam (G) .. :
'
No est· Lmate.possible (G)
·.
Poor. Eew fi.sh. Wa~er disqolo;red (G ~
(G)
{G)
Jsl1rvey terminated just above. Thorn
Cl 'Ub camp site . (G) ~River ~ <
~
fPoor.
. ~ch\D11.
frepor
~itt1e showing, pink,· few ·
Visibili.ty poor."Resident
ts good ea:rry red run, pink
rand ch wn run poor {G) ·
. L3,000 in inouth (A)
Est. 1 0,000 above marker (A)
/
400 c oho.at mouth
·.;p t. 9, 1956 >40,000 Est. 3 - 5 times more in pool (A)
.y 1, 1957
ly 25, 1957
Jt. 16, 1957
-t. 27, 1957
6, 1959
:;;t. 16, 1960
~::.Jt. 113, 1961
' ···-----·-·-
5,000 red
200 co:1o
2,000
15,000
500 200 echo, 500 red
.
500 1, 500 -37 -
--· -----~ ---~-·------------·
.
(G}
Some dead pink. No fish observed
mouth (Al off
None at mouth (A) .
None at mouth. Water dark (A}
Fares t Servlce (G)
-·~--------~
t:AHE: l1borne River
STP..EA!1 CATALOG t~UMBER:
DATE PINK
Aug. 24, 1962
Aug. 31, 1964
Aug. 19, 1965 1o,ooo+
Aug. 23, 1966 93,000 v
Aug. 28, 1967 300
Aug. 14, 1968 500
Aug. .26, 1970 ----14,
Aug .. 31, 1971 16,ooo+
Sept. 5, 1972 39,100
Aug •. 29, 1973
Sep.t. 1111974
. :
.
JJ
I "'1.75' (1 ooo
f)o1 3oo JJ
ltt"T'
I tt"?-=1 '2..0 I 000 .!/
I 'f.~ to 1 lfo~ ..Y
....__ __
rEAK £SCAPEt1ENT RECO~D
102-70-58
CF.ill·l OTHER SPECIES
.
Some coho
20 'coho
.
~oo+ ____
N.O. ''
----19, po_----
.
-38-_ _._ __
__ R_E~_W_i\P.-"K_s __ ~
Fish pre sent for four miles (A)
30-40,00 0 in stream, present leng
arn "(A) of stre
Goodsl;lo
Stream 1
reds pre
w of salmon at mouth..
ow, fish in holes. 25
sent on July 20, 1965 (F}
/ 5,000 fi sh intertidally. Vis. goo
lvis~ pdo
largely
r: Stream dark, pinks
spawning (H)
(A)
[18-28,00
ftlouth, 1
Fish in
0 fish intertidally and i~
2 balls of fish. Vis. good .
lower stream.· (A)
Fair sh ow of jumps at mouth Vis.
poor (A} lrair to
!<!ore fis
!>ut no c
h present Ln deep holes,
ount possible, Vis. poor.
k1t1
Vis. po or. Many dead. 3,000 (H)
Too dar k to survey. Vis. poor (A)
Many ca rcasses,. spawning activity_
(A)
..llf>. ~k ,.; .. ~c. Sbfl..,. .. ..
e.s CA:f,~ .... ~ U> .......... +~.
.f.r
I~
~ /(elf'j .j.., Je,,,,..so ..
H .... v-.t " J..,. ... ..._ 1ct1-o.
----
Hc.me North Thorne River Cat a lor·; No. _ ..... l ..... o_z_-7._.0..._-_s ...... s.._ ____ __
Latitude l:!R No. 149 -Lon~~itudc K t~o. _......_.. ____________ _
Geodetic Map lio. Craig C-3 & D-3 \·lork Area.~tchikan _-Timme Bay
I.oc:~l:ion Prince of Wales Island v!atershed Length 18 miles, both fo{k
Drajnage .Area of \'Ia t ers hed-:-----:-----:----::::-=--------------
\·/a t er Supply Type_...:...M=usk~e==-=g.......:l=ak=e"""s...,.~sp"""r._.i...,n00g=s_,an""""'""d=---nm=o=f'""'f __________ _
ifrails & Survey Routes Extremely hard to survey due to heayy; undergrowth and .•
. w<lter. A long system -survey with helicopter.
Aerial Survey Notes Difficult to survey due to dark water coloration. Best]!
low water conditions on clear days about noon.
Anchorage NONE -this is a tributary to Thorne River.
Tide Sta~ When Surveyed ____ N~/A ______________________________________________ __
FISHERY RESOURCES
Commercial Fisheries Coho. pink, chtun, sockeye. All species observed exce1 King salmon.
Escapement Opt. esc. 106,000 Historic: sockeye 118 (1972), coho 259Ql)7Z)_J
to Thorne River section. Available spawning area -53,000 M2
Species Composition Coho -90%, SO'"'C'i<eye~:.6%:Chum-3%, . ...;:p_,i::-n-=-k-s~--1..,.%-.--
Timing Late, Ai,l&-Sept. pinks, July-Aug reds, Sept-Oct chums.
Schooling areas School below falls expecially on the west fork. Red salr.::
also school in Snakey Lakes.
Shellfish Potential None -freshwater mollusks found throughout the sysH
Sport Fisherles Steelhead, cutthroat, TbJJy Varden and excellent coho plus
salmon species. An excellent sport fishery present
Land Use at Present I.oggjng is occurring on the east side of the watershed
_is_being completed ijS needed.
History of Land Use Umjted logging on lm>er end of watershed area
Rehabilitation Potential None necessary as coho and Dolly Varden seen a:·r
all the falls.
Soils Unstable in the lJPI?er areas of both forks. Land slide tracks and Y-r
areas ntunerous.
GfJ.i£ RESOURCES
Bear ------Fish carcasses or bone::; (old or fresh) on ba:nl\:s, estilr.a.te m_~
Ntunber of droppings m
Geese ----N'urnbcr seen on tide flats
Nu:rr.ber seen up creek
Ntm'.ber of broods seen
Geese have been seen on Snaky_ Lakes. ---
l·'Ja.llards --Nu.'!'.ber seen on tide flats
Nt.u;.ber seen up creek
rJu.T.bcr of broods seen
rr:errransers -NUJTl.ber of broods seen
Bald Eagles-Ntur.ber· seen along creek
Number of nests seen and location n~o at mouth of creek.
Eeals ---f!u:rber seen at r:-:-?uth of stream
Tide flats -Estinatc ler!rth along. beach
Estinat0 depth out;. f'rom bcn~~h
Eel gr'<'..SS pr ... -:~;c:::t v: I \'ll'Utt pcr~er.t or fl<.: ts
-42-
.,
2_ --
----
59 cohos observed
spawning from the
falls to the upper-
most station.
\
\
Tinkerbell Lake
#2
Dolly Varden
sampled here.
SO' wide,--------
2.5' deep
80% ASA
Excellent gravel
the falls area.
North Thome River
102-70-58
Novak -Downey
1972 -1974
8" deep
J
I
)
I
' ' ' \
3 \
15' wide \
8-10" deep\
keg colo~
\
75% riffle \
\
3/4 mi. ·of \
indfall, no\
locks. '
' Steelhead '
Redds observed \
\
.. ___ ..., ____ II:
Proposed road system
Statioo. No.
Pool Size/Type
Riffle Type
Width-Depth
Pool Riffle
Frequency
Bottom Type
(Riffle)
Color/Turbidity
Velocity
Temperature
Fry Ablll1d.ance
pH
Flow
Benthos
Sample No.
Higher Plant
Class
Aquatic Veg.
Density
Ident.
(1) VJOsses
(2) Algae
1 2
2/1 212
15'W S'W
9"D 4"D
3 1
4 3/4
3 3
2 1
54 54
l-7 l-l
5-12
1 1
2 2
2 1
3 4
312 3/1
lS'W SO'\\
9"D Z.S"D
3 3
4 4
3 3
2 2
54 55
2-1 1-5
5-2
1 1
3 2
2 2
Na.rre: North Thorne River
Number: 102-70-58
5 6 7 8 9
111 1/1 2/1 2/2 2/2
7S'W 80'W 40'W lO'W lO'W
S'D S'D Z'D 6"D 6"D
1 1 1 1 1
3 4/3 4/3 3 3
3 3 2 2 3 .
1 1 2 1 1
57 57 57
1-33 5-1 -1-1 1-1
4-1 4-1
1 1 ..1 , ,
2 3 3 3 3
2 2 ' 2 2 2
General R.ffr.arks (rehab. 1 land use, barriers, log jams 1 etc.):
........
10 11
2/1 2/1
45'W 35'W
2'D 2'D
1 1
3/4 3/4
2 2
2 1
9-118 1-11
2-55
' ,
3 3
2 2
-~ '•~ .-. __ . ·---.. _:_. __ -'·--·--~ -........ (--·-·-·-<
Date: 7-3-72 and 7 -.I ~ · -14
Temperature: 55° 62°
\-leather: Overcast
12 B 1.1. g
lll 211 3/3 2/..1
75'W 45'W 6'W 5'W
lO'D 12"D 6"D 4''D
1 1 3 3
4 4/3 4 4/3
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1-200 1-59 --
2-200
9-2
, , 't ?
3 3 3 3
2/1 2 2 2
Hi.
2.L1
35'W
10"D
2
4/3
1
I
2
-
?
3
2
Station: 4. Falls-3 to 4'. No rehab. needed. STATION: 12. Falls-12' -possible ladder installation,
11. Windfall heavy to the falls. Potential silt p~·;lem if logged. 10. Falls-4'. Low flow barrier
r·
A
A
I
Page 2.
Station No. 17
Pool Size/Type 3/2
Riffle TYPe
l,:idth-Depth
30'W
8" D
Pool Riffle
Frequency 3
Bottom Type
(Riffle) 4/3
Color/Turbidity 1
Velocity 2
Temperature
Fry Abundance
pH
Flow
Benthos
Sample No.
Higher Plant
Class 2
Aquatic Veg. 3
Density
Ident.
(l) :t".:osses
(2) Algae 2
--·····---
18 19
3/2 3/2
40'W
811 D
3 3
4/3 4/3
1 1
2 2
1-sev< ral
2 2
3 3
2 2 ---
(/l ~ (/l ~ ~ ~ ~ .... .... ..... ...... I ~ cn z
I
STREAM INVEN Y FORM
Nc.me: North Thorne River
~Uwber: 102-70-58
=i""' -
------
Observers: Novak -Dow.
Date: 7-3-7 2 and 7 -1 5-7 4
Temperature: 55° 62°
¥leather: Overcast
I
I
--~··-·········-·-
General Remarks (rehab. , land use, barriers, log jams , etc.) : ·
I
11
ll
11
1I j
1l
1
1
l I
j
i.C.o.r::e Cutthroat Creek -Control S_y_st~R\talo;~ iio. _ ___.l_,OLioZ.._-_7~_0'"'---_.5 ..... 8,__ ______ _
Latitude 55 o 41' 4 9" ~·IH !! o · _..J,.1.!>4...;J9L....----------------
;.ongitudc 132° 35' 27" K ?:v. _..J,.l..a8..!;14e--_______________ _
·2ecdetic f·!ap !io. _r:rai$! C-3 & D-3 \·!o!"k Area Ketch Han -Thorne Bay
l0cation Prince_ of WJ!.ie.s. Island \·.'a":.crshed Lenr:~:h__.L..umwiulu.c~,s::...-... _____ _
Dr 2. ina gt~ fl.r e a of 1:1 at ers he d __ .....~lu2"---...mw...L.i..~.lJO<e_.;";ls:.,_;;suqf...1u.ua .. r,._ew__ ___________ _
Water Supply Type Lake system. Springs. precipitation.
~crc.ils & Survey Houtes An easv creek to foot survey. Land fixed wjng
on Cutthroat Lake and taxi to creek mouth.
l0rial Survey Notes Heavy canopy making aerial survey impossible.
f',~.r;horage N/ A
Tide: Stage \'llle n Survcyed. __ ...:.N.:..c...::A-=------------------------
fiSHERY RESOURCES
Commercial Fisheries Sockeye and coho -important coho rearing area
on stream with possible sockeye rearing in lake.
:r-;scapement Unknown at this wri_t:iJut _______________________ _
Available spawning area-47,579 M2 ______ _ ___________ _
Species Co:-::po·s:rtion-~llnknown ~~9.HC!~--~<:'_Wning area -14 I 7l~_MI___ -
~iming July-August-Socke e
SGhooling ~reas Unknown ----~~~~---------------------------------------------
Shellfish Potential ____ ~N~o~n~e~---------------------------------------
Sport Fisr.~:r·ies Dolly Varden, cutthroat, coho and pos s i hl }':.....s.teeJ head
:.s:nd Use c.t !'resent__ None -but is being planned as part of .J:l.ulc __ _
~-Ionker Divide planning unit associated \vith th~. S. Forest SJ!.ULi .... c'-"e'-'.--
:-:~story of Land k_;e None _____ _
~-... -·-------·---·-----:-•:bab:i.li t<: t. ion l'otent.i..nl Unnef_gssary as th_~ccl\.~Q_L_\illldr<Lll
and has stable soils along the banks. ----------
2oils Stable adjacent to__t_hc stream and lake hnt potential problem ..co..
Qccur with roading ·and logging on slopes of this valley
::.;..:;ar -----F:l.sh carca-sses or bones (old or fresh) on b:=.:-~1-:s, est:irrate
!Iu;,ber of dropping:;;
·.:eese -~----l~..cr.ber seen on tl.de flats
:tiurr!ber seen Ui) creek (on lake)
iiw'T.:b~r of hrcoJs seen
i-E.llards ---;:-...\n:ber :::;een on tide flats
i-!1..1r::ber seen up creek
r:un:ber or broods ssen
:·>rgansc-rs -:!t:r:'lx:r of hroods s:~.:n
!-~.lld EagleL>-::ur:.b0r ::;:..'CI1 aJ or;~: crcd:
HiJrrber of nests seen and lo::ation
~~ ~.:.:.ls -------: :u:r.b~:1' f;een ~lt r::~-Jllt"-11 CJ.f' ~~.tl\.:~:!~
1
0
17
0
0
0 ---0--·-·--o---
l l':~d-::: f]~tt:; -!·:st.-Lnt~_tr; lcr~c-th r=.•_lc:r{~ l.r:.l:~c::
l !~;;t:llcate: <1~~r,L!; Ol!t l":·c:-:1 h:· •.'::
-47 -
Controll Creek and Associated
Tributaries
102-70-58
7-l-74
Novak -Downey
------N
Rapids area -no block--
Station #l
Low falls
no block
-45 --
~ ~
>
~ r-
~ .. I; ~ • .
II
:
... _
An excellent coho rearing stream
with potential for heavy sockeye
~pnwning .1nt1 renring in the loke.
RecrenLional potential is excellent
with high aesthetic values.
1/2 mile above Lake
all excellent for
fisheries.
Pool -3-4' deep
-Trap 114
Cutthroat CrE:>ek
102-70-58
6-26-74
Novak
Soils stable, gravel
bottom throughout the
surveyed section.
-Seined 16 coh fry
from pool
()
0 ,_,
en
()
75% riffle
25% pools
SPRUCE
Pools -3-4' deep
less than width of
stream.
Excellent riffle areas.
8-10" deep
40 • wide
80% ASA
--Trap 1f3
SPRUCE
-Trap 112
--Trap Ill
. • .. ·;:.r on re-· \·'-~~· .. y:: ·
h :··~ tt,.·.!f· ere X ., .. ,.-:.· .::-..-.::t ::=..cutthroat
.:·:~·;·:.~ Dolly Varden .. , •• ;;r
.-::.• .. .y·· sample here.
C C T T H R 0 A T L A K E
-46 -
rt
0
r----
Station No.
Pool Size/Type
Riffle Type
Width-Depth
Pool Riffle
Frequency
Bottcm Type
(Ri ;: ;:1 ) ............ e
Color/Turbidity
Velocity
I FlCMT (C.F.S.)
A
co Te:np. (oF.)
pH
Fry Abundance
Benthos
Sample No.
Higher Plant
Class
Aquatic Veg.
Density
Ident.
(1) 1-'.osses
(2) Algae
STREJ\11 IN'YET\'. .Y FORM
Name: Control Creek
Number· 102-70-58
·-· .
I
1
3/1
97'W
1-2 I I
3
4
I 1 I
2
386. 8'
46
5
%:i
2
3
I
__ _2
~.
G€neral Rana:rks (rehab. , land use, barriers, log jams, etc.) :
"rhi~ ~r.ar;n,.., t-"::llrr-.,..._ ...,'\.........., ................. t..._ , ..... __ ,... -t.,
r'lt... .......... _.. ""'.,...C"' • fd .......... "'" ,.. J""'·'
Observers: Novak -De ::.z_
Date: 6-27-74 ·
Temperature :_,....5_5 __ ..,--__ _
vleather: Cloudy -calm
I
I
l
I
3. Reynolds Creek and Portage Creek Systems
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
DIVISION OF SPORT FISH
LAKE SURVEY SUMMARY
LAKE ~~ tye.
/'1 0 I Jl T ____ R ____ s _____ lAT. SJ"' /3 .f
i. 5URF. ACRES, __ .,.s.q....;G.x;.... _____ MAX. DEPTH t!"'..f-fOQ If AVG. DEPTH ~..sf 4.c=" ACRE FT C ;l c(C}
SHOAL AREA S:/o WATER COLOR re{q/.c;i:tf~ C(t:otr SECCHI READING'----------
AQUATIC VEGETATION O«'J u.u1r C a(fP+ 1),.,/nl
2. FISH S!IECIES: NATIVE-tt ... '.;I..U.""""~--------------INTRODUCED 4u.lc;. Creqtry
3. FISHING HISTORY 11/A&e -(.,. f
5. INlETS !.I.JU.e DISCHARGc_ _____________ cfs
----------------------DISCHARGE cfs
DISCHARGE cfs
BARRIERS ---,,,u.4e~&J'--.S:{.:.tJ/....,z:ouU.!.WI1-----------------------------------
6. OUTLETS ~~ 't-.Cu ~ f /eke DISCHARGE £a.o.L,..U..5tlil' t,(ert::..u.g/ 2. cfs
------------::-----------DISCHARGE ______________ ds
t(...,yu:t.f.(a ile ,/;1/J BARRIERS (1LA&'(j
7. SPAWNING AREAS C~Nac 0 /,p utJ k au r«f-r/ ~
8. WATERSHED TYPE---<0.;..4-<0-/'/1'--t.""'W"'-"-' -------------DRAINAGE AREA ___ ......_:Lf7-_Cf_t;} ____ __ACRE5
9. ACCESSiollliY /,;if _/,,.if (, lG-tt _h f(,M...t!.&J([e.
10. ACCESS STATUS f "? oJJ t-k lc~l
I I. USE SITE k"4fU.Q FACiliTIES ~
!2. OTHER USE S'e ~ C J cf_ue ~
13. ?OllUTION'--44-~Iod;;...----------------------------------
14. REMARKS 1/ ~(/ a /_p~ !et/rt:: w,j-J c;4.-~rlco-£/t' Juul fl"/"'(c,f..(~
u/ b-e~ C, J ~ ( J ~ (('&' rb..a e ~ R ~ ~ f( -e-J /) ,;~
MEMORANDUM
TO Art Sc:kaidt
S?ort Fish
Sitka
Dept. of Fish and Game
Donald L. S~man
S?ort FishJ ,
Ketchikan ~
Dept. of Fish and Game
State of
DATE: August 22, 1975
FILE NO:
TELEPHONE NO:
SUBJECT: Marge Lake
Set a variable mesh gili net in Marge Lake the evening of July 17 at 2030 hours.
T:~e surface Yater temperature was 52° F. with an overcast sky prevailing.
Tnis lake is rather small and round in size, 97 acres and 1750 ft. elevation.
looking at the lake from the air, I could not see a stream that I thought would
be suitable for grayling spawning.
The outlet stream appeared to drop off very sharply shortly after leaving the lake.
T~e first inlet stream going left from the mouth where I set the net could possibly
be a "small" spawning stream, but it appears rather steep also. I did not get
a good look at one of the other inlet streams. This lake drains northerly into
Su:;:mit Lake which then drains into "Hellen Lake and then from there into Copper
Harbor on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island.
After allmTing the net to "soak" due to bad weather, it was pulled at 0800 on
July 21 after it fished for three days plus 11.5 hours. Five Arctic grayling were
collected, four dead and one still kicking.
Iuiorc.ation is as follows:
Length(I!Dl) Age Se:x: Naturity Stomach
247 3 F t-1ature 50-75 shrimp
220 3 F Spent 50-75 shrimp plus 1-2 Caddis Larvae
251 3 M Mature 41 shrimp plus 1 Caddis Larvae
195 2 F Immature 50 shrimp
127 1 Unk. Immature
The fish appeared to be in good shape -fat wise -but not very large even though they
.:ere feeding 95% (stomach weight) on freshwater shrimp.
T<1ere ~.;ere three age classes collected, indicating successful spa~ming is taking
?lace so2ewhere in this lake.
Tne lake is not the best for air traffic and Has only used in the past by deer
l:u:.1ters. Now that there are very fe\.J deer, I doubt that the lake is used by anglers.
r:.e best thing going for the fish in the lake are the freslnmter shrimp tvhich
ap;:H:ea:-to be abundant at least part of the yr~ar.
CC: R. Armstrong
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
DIVI.SlON OF SPORT FISH
LAKE SURVEY SUMMARY
LAKE l'&l!e.vz
,., :F. C1ce(Y C1-.z.) /1/ 0 , " l{) 0 , ,
T ____ R ____ S _____ LAT. SJ: 1.$ t'o/ LONG. t.5A.. Q '/ //
coc._J.......c<.t d B. e I" C!!ol-.r T" ?;,f, .
. ~ ~
1. SURF. ACRES_....J.../.:::..~...r.J=,__ ______ MAX. DEPTH ,,.cf locz /f. AVG. DEPTH ~.,.f. tfcJ ACRE FT It:,~ 0
SHOAL AREA. ..) 7.-WATER COLOR /tj4J ft,v.a/C .. j' .r/~ SECCHI READING __________ _
AQUATIC VEGETAnON ..L,:,a(I)U t:f*.,rw U '-' f4.1i.a,. f! fc.u,rftJ , t/a f~rt ua er;,.,, "'r'" JF , )
4. INVERTEBRATES Q...! 41J {f.!..t.i r/;7 (U.J'N lv /' /of/"dti e
5. INLETS £,1.l;!t (J, c'r a I karl a I' !o ke. DISCHARGE ~rtr /Y'fl'tu.~( JfC ds
-----------------------DISCHARGE d;
--:::----------:----...,.---------..JJISCHARGE ______________ ch
BARRIERS J'/f' t:4+(j f4..<.jln I\( a 6 ..f. b (/,/
6. OUTLETS_M <f tv fr/.t cf., PLC [f.-wv ,.;fa r&ukr /llr~. DISCHARGE _ _..;.t_• _____ ,,. ___ ~'--z.l..le!Q'---·'h
!7 _,1 '-"7 ' -----------------------DISCHARGE ______________ c.f~
BARRIERS I 1'Cl-r '";; / i..u.A? .t.fc & le .£:,;/f..c . or '
7. S?AWNII'.G A~SlS U rf,f" p /r lM ( ~l,..f
II. USE SITE ,~:..f/.._,1 ""ct"-ds....t::....· -----·--------1FACILITIES_...tf1~1..e.v-:.:::·h:L:!:::. ~· -----------------
12. OTHER USE J.r,U-1-? t/.y t= ~~ 7 Uy......_; ea / h'ro v-.4-e '/~ ~ ~ i' /
14. REMARKS A· tJ-i'tJ j't(~"{CJ!" ... ..r7we /~ k-e
jJI~ 0 (i' u v ./ lj MAO(" fj .. _,;_I .
I ~'I
'I
i / , "
rv1EMORANDUM /)z,~~ -/
State of Alasl<a ~
TO: Art Schmidt
Sport Fish
Sitka
DATE: August 25, 1975
FILE NO:
FROM:
Dept. of Fish and Game
Donald L. t:te n
Sport Fish
Ketchikan ·
Dept. of Fish and Game
TELEPHONE NO:
SUBJECT: Mellen Lake
On July 17 at 2100 hours, a variable mesh gill net was set in Nellen Lake. Sur-
face water temperature.was 56° F. with overcast sky prevailing. Net was set 100
yards down shore on right side of main inlet stream looking down lake.
Lake is somewhat "T" shaped and drains from Summit Lake into Copper Harbor on the
west coast of Prince of Wales Island. The hills on the top of the "T" are very
steep rising from lake elevation of 873 feet to 2000 plus feet. Air traffic in
this lake is not as difficult as it is in }~rge Lake.
After allowing the net to "soak" due to bad weather~ it was pulled at 0830 on July
21 after it fished for three days 11.5 hours. Four Arctic grayling were collected
along with five brown and orange salamanders.
Information is as follows:
Length (mm)
Head of£
232
250
240
Age
3
3
3
Sex
F
H
F
F
l-~turity Stomach
Mature Hemlock needles
Mature Hemlock needles
Mature Hemlock needles
? --------
It appeared that these fish were mature, but I do not feel they bad spawned this spring
in the inlet stream. The inlet stream has cascades and flat rock with very limited
spawning areas available if any. The outlet has no suitable spawning waters.From
the age composition, there appears to be no spawning taking place in Hellen J,ake.
Thzse fish are drop downs from }~rge Lake and Summit Lake \-Thich were stocked in 1967.
The stomach analysis were not the best due to the extended time the fish had spent
in the net.
This lake is not a high use recreational lake or is it in a very good hunting area.
CC: R. Armstrong
' ,. ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
DIVISION OF SPORT FISH
LAKE SURVEY SUMMARY
LAKE ..fu ?'It~·~
/'1' "' , , "" " , ,,.
T ____ R ____ s _____ lAT . .t=J"' 1..3 ~q?. lONG./~::!. J.l .S'f'
SURF. ElEV._...J./.~"'?!!:.....£9-'i?t__ _______ _
!. SURF. ACRES $ J'l MAX. DEPTH r:/l.O: If AVG. DEPTH e.J / ?J-ACRE FT. P2£ ~ tJ.L
SHOAl AREA I/o WATER COlOR &eoN /L<+tJ lry-Jta...:.,sECCHI READING _______ ' __ _
AQUATIC VEGETATION JAMt7(j t=e -U. ""f4 0..., r t-t:)a /,;44 tr/c...
2. FISH SPECIES: NATIVE l..l.R1Y t44/,.J: INTRODUCED ff"tf{~
ofetdu;.., 3. FISHING HISTORY .t{pt.fiJ /J f("c;,,..
1
f.,
I
4. INVERTEBRATES ,.f'1!4-trU i cu;-ctlt ~:-(<>rvo e
BARRIERS JJ)A-c.s1J (:e. ({4
6. OUTLETS C,.fdfrc liz f' fw-
tZUjta t.rof2f..,.,.
C'c·o fc.
BARRIERS /d.l, 0., (j fC,tf.t : ~
7-. SPAWNING AREAS ;:;::;;;.,. iu.u ' i< cl
,£ircf'C~Arl!J __
<;&vl tA..p
8. WATERSHED TYPE br<>ffrJ r (U.,&.(Jfc..,..JJ I #.?'-"(!/,. ct(j/G:U DRAINAGE AREA /ilOM
I GLds
ds
---.ACRES
9. ACCESSIBILITY 4 f jl h-w J s: ~t.t I /,.l b.u j',..l<"-Lct-vJ L.~J:.J:. 0 rc~-------
10. ACCESS STATUS ;;n0 .:;.toC fih h~o / ;:;;,.,..,JJ'-
11. USE .SITE ___ U,Jk,4f FACILITIES _ ____,,/d.~..q,<.~-<.:!..-_______________ _
13. POllUTION,_·--11'------------------------------------
!4. REMARKS ~ {;.,;..fy (qcg e /aie ~cl " L i,uorCI u/' ,C/1.. Jh.
-c-Vrif ~y? f' ( ~~ PI' tJ r~ (~ / rr7<0C!~ r:! /., v't.. { 4y fl ( 't! w f J
() r:;.~ f 1J.....re !~ ~ l..t...:J o..(lf,.r :r r·T"'/'"'·"'fr t? ;£ o-~71-
---------
FG-206 2j69
! ~ k_e ka nrtlt • ;, ,:. ~ u (# cvu /
1-tt~al-r~'-!3;J 0 'iJcJ 1 uJ. /tf>f9. S.f"'0 ,.,, A/. /.qf. . ''J CIJ ,G. .. r.UJJ,~ 'j ~-:_·-Dj jJftU.>t e . . .. , .
t9s.l flt>f -:-m 7lrt:?"" &A-I krruY ~To OJ1c!lrr jqJ~ aud Jo;r,~ ILl!<> JJ.I:iv .IHI~f~
J;_t-d~l-----~---.(!)Uc. .. IMaJtJr r/rt>U~. e:c...;J);.}es Obf/"r/e ~d ~ nt' .fa~ft.. j-'J;cu
. ·:-·----~-·VfN.~ .,_rf~a/'~---et.~-~3 ~1~'}/.;a:.. __ SurcN'j __ Jcy _____ _
[lror.(.(.CIC( e .. Arre;....., __ ::--:.__~-eJf.. ____ ~ .. /1111-___ . . . .... • _ .. ---···
S Ltc .... ., _-:: ______ r£ .. /---rJ-!~e-Jl--.S:ti.-t .. f:e~(/_1.7 -I'J./o-----frau,f./;t/. --:-··-.·-------
tiwCA4(J_~----~~-A fi!U(~---o/Jru.lf e 1 C!c-/u,. • J't'GU£,,'£ _(,41 ;fh _(!Pflit"/mJ/t> ~w}'[J.
e,1S(. ~f jJrtruu+ -f:kt'",. J~~ . ----·----------~-----------
;::k.x--!2¢ {:tt--------::--~--P J-"f.. -.<'-Yl':_~ ss of. kcJ .f),___ _ ________ . _________ _
t!!.efir jlfo--tLh -l?lfl•aJ~uJ~t-, u/f~e .. ot:r/j u,/...c/ ----·;-.. ----------
SLn~f Area.s /f,f._ oJ~L,.;,f1 jJruJ;.J(y ~c) of J~r,..J,.,-e
/Ja /fP~.M Jin'f /1"J'fe-St>t"'""' CLt.td Po. r.f~or~ft t7Hif'/e. £r.if. __ _
tl)c,_:frr .. (!,.,fcJtr ----akor-('..t/(/1 /c'llk )11uJ/tc.r . sfac~
J3~--"··'rtJ ~e.-1~e ((n/c:r-Ji ~A-sf j f7°F ul /()nt:J JGI/"vt-f tl"-j.
_ --71. ~ r<--t-t '" e,/;Jd'. - . 1-t.-f S UJ> r-'-'{ ... J .(; r
-~J'~s,,/ tn.d t:J/Cj.'j('"f .. -f'roJPJiy .J alu rch~ ··-d--.
. p_jj --. ..eJl--t .,s--. --------------~-------
--,-:::-.j!j (!C¥~r ~fk" k-PI"'J ~ ,/ p,.-... {Jfr sfJ,....~l /:lr rftjJ/JJ ..
~~,d vi uJu.frr v~r~!u/.01 -SpttrJe) CMif ofycn; )1~/rc! ..
H H -/-;;>(.) J (Y~rrtz 'U.lW;!_J -rt:(,:.t/ ::vtl)or:~--~:.. } ~~~( y fit lo t"dt"l (.)' J uo. 'l.r I dy lrurcl Jt'r 1/~J
.Jf2ace..lttu,4J <:jrd'u-!!..I.I ,_ t41~ t't/,..1 1 llc/C?ry.:-"11 o;/t-yvcic / a-6c Cl/l-f't-__
. -· . . 'Trrbt.~f..,rj 9ro ~o''-f .f:./IJ, . _ . _
Pr--r-dct lt)rJ -t/,_L~kJ /Au/rei ~J .7"//j ch j;l'(_ bf~c.t..;
.... /7Jt~ --_ )1V;r~e .. ·-/alt: ... Tkuy~J .h~tir:-'1
Gt!L tttf.Jt.f!.kJ.. -_N PH .. e ...... L!L .. f" vt -cf ~J
!'>kfn ~ ::~~:t1:;:t:x:;,': d.--e/' .. ~ ~ .. cl o<f''/-=~e~~L=~~-
-· ---. --
-llrJ. h-Ie ... .v,!r ~?f1ort -ecflr,.t~ rac~l~.v ur
-/ra-yl~i .c.r--r.-<d be:::. tL-(;:. r;,. _l'rct-lc:.r a et"
"
\•li th grayling fry in 1965 and gill netted off the mouth of" the
main inlet 8 net days on August 29.
The nets taok 8 grayling 14.5 to 15.25 inches long anC. 35
grayling 6 to 7-5 inches long. A check of the scales confirms th&t
these were the planted fish. There is nne;.reliable :r·eport of angler
success on this lake. The lake has been used primarily as a base.
of goat hunting operations and is accessible by float-plan.e only.
,~ummit_;L~ ,of 350 acres lies on Prince of "i'Jales Island
betl<Teen 2 ifierufleC of the \fest Arm of Cholmondeley Sou:::-.. d and Copper
Harbor on Hetta Inlet at an elevation of 1298 ft. There are falls
impassable to fish between the lake and those belov; and Copper
Harbor. The shorelines are mostly quite steep and bedrock and the
area surrounding is alpine and subalpine. The maiD inlet is fro<~
Lake Marge which lies above and :'!..s impassably steep. The •.-:at-=r
carries muskeg stain a:r.d t~:e dra::.r~a.ge to. the lal'.:e :!.s 2~!30 <-<.cres.
Water depth is estimated to be ow~r 200 ft. Graylins eggs v;ere
planted in the main inlet in 1962. It vias gill netted for 6 net
days on July 29. Five grayling v;ere in the nets and these \•rer·e
12.25 to 13 inches long.· These fish l•Iere quite heav-y for their
length averaging almost 1 pound each. The scales are beyond
the ability of this agent to read.
Tyee Lake is of 445 acres above the Bradfield ~iver Flats on
the Cleveland Peninsula. It lies at an elevation of 1366 ft. The
surrounding area is alpine and sub-alpine and the drainage area into
the lake is approximately 7 _,000 acres. The \'.'ater is quite clear
altho occasionally glacial r:tover~ent above the lake '\·:ill silt the
inlet end. There are falls that are barriers to fis~ in the outlet.
The shorelines are mostly steep but \·ti th much broken bedr·:Jck. The
lake appears quite deep and is estimated over 300 r-;;.
Grayling eyed eggs \vere planted in the inlet of the lake in
1962. Subsequent gill netting has disclosed no survival.
Halfmoon Lake is of 269 acres in the head of the Lake NcDonald
drain~ge into Yes Bay on the base cf the Cleveland Peninsula. It
lies at an elevation of 812 ft. and has a bedrock dike forming the
spilh1ay over a barrier falls to another lake belO\·:. Dr·ainage area
is 9568 ?,cres. The shores a:-·a r::ostly bedrock and ve-::.-y steep u:i.th
alluvial fllls at both lak2 extr·ema'cies. The lake 1::e.s not soundcid
but estimated to be over 300 ft. in depth. A plant of eyed grayling
eggs 'IJas made in 1964 in the inlet. Access is by float plane only.
'1\w gill nets f:Lshed 3 da:,.-s and v:are l·H·ted A'.J_:;ust 25. No
fish were take~. _It may be too early (2 years) to asswne failure
of the p1ant on this lake ~-;hich looks so promising.
. 1/ Donald L. S1.ede~lf
Area Biologistfo '1/7 /
Sport Fish Divi~
Ketchikan
State of Alaska
DATE: Septccber 26, 1975
FILE NO:
TELEPHONE NO:
SUBJECT: Summit Lake
Flew into Summit Lake on 9-17-75 and set a variable mesh gillnet. The net
was set across the lake from the outlet near a small inlet stream. Surface
water temperature was 54°F (12.2°C) at 1600 hours. The small creek was
47.5°F (8.6°C). The lower end of this creek could be used by arcticgrayling
for spawning. From the air there were no inlet streams other than this one
thab. could be used for spawning. The stream from Marge Lake could have a
little spawning area where it enters Summit Lake.
On the 18th at 0930, we picked the net up. Lake surface temperature \vas 52°F
(ll.l°C). Weather was CAVU and couldn't have been better (unusual for Ketchikan).
The net-had fished for 17.5 hours catching 15 arctic grayling. The attached
sheet fairly well summarizes the information obtained from the samples.
There were two age groups -age 2 and 3. Lengths ranged from 179-300 mm,
averaging 257 mm. Nost of the fish collected would spawn this next spring.
Some had spawned this spring. The catch/unit of effort was the highest for
all grayling lakes sampled so far.
If these fish are not reproducing in this lake then they would be dropping out
of }ffirge Lake and also from Summit Lake into Mellen Lake. Fish can be taken
in all three lakes.
Stomach samples indicated the fish were feeding actively with the most prevalent
item being:·freshwater shrimp. Following is the stomach items by fish preference
or availability.
1. Freshwater shrimp 11 of 15
2. Caddis fly larvae 5 of 15
3. Tipulidas 2 of 15
4. Water beetles 1 of 15
5. Diptera 2 of 15
6. Hemlock needles 1 of 15
All fish but one \vere in excellent physical condition lvith layers of fat lining
thc-body cavity.
cc: Boh Ar~strong
TYPE FISH DATI! GEAR SPECIES*
c; /181'75 &·'' n~r v. Jller.4 GR:.
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..;T-SROCK TROUT
SS-SILVER SALMON
CT-CUTTHROAT
LT-LAKE TROUT
OV-OOLLY VARDEN
AC -ARCTIC CHAR
2/69
FG·210
'
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
DIVISION OF SPORT FISH
FISH SAMPLING SUMMARY
WATER NAME ,<;cl1'?1r"'liT L 1'?#:.£.
AGE
CLASS
.2.-t-
d-+-
d-+
Pl-3
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~ • 3
31-
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3-~-
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NUMBER HOURS
IN OF
SAMPLE EFFORT
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KS-KING SALMON
WF-WrliTE?"ISH
SK-SUCKER
SB-STICKLEBACK
CD -COTT!DAf-sp.
S -SHeEFI&H
LENGTH -MM
ltf'S
1/'j
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HS ·-REO SALMON
138-DLJR•IOT
CR-GRAYLING
P-l'tKE
DS-CHUM SALMON
PS-PIN~ SAl.:>.IQN
K-KOKAN~E
ALASKA· DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
DIVISION OF SPORT FISH
LAKE SURVEY SUMMARY
LAKE tlaJ"e/IJlt~e
I
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SHOAl AREA il ~a WATER COlOR (! fre f: SECCHI READING _________ _
t,QUATIC VEGETATION ()=('r}f. {jlor4
2. FISH SPECIES: NATIVE /1t:J1&e .· INTRODUCED (j~fc4~ If'" Y ./1/) Ft·c;
3. FISHING HISTORY f!o nc CM Cct!J?rd t::A.rl,tc/' uP CGlt,U(!IrJ
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10. ACCESS STATUS_~fr;-7/ fc; Ce.J-'-1-------------
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14. REMARKS A t:iu~ry
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M.EMORANDUM
To: Art: Schaidt • Fisheries Biol.ogist
Sport Fish Division
Sitka
State of Alaska
DATE: September 26, 1975
FILE NO:
"'OMo Doaal4. ~iedel-/d ~ B1Dlogl.a•
Spott J':l.ah Di~ .
TELEPHONE NO:
SUBJECT: .Josephine Lake
l:etcMkaa. ;:. • ..... ,?"'>.;_,...,"'
.. -~~ .... l\:;~. ~-:" ""'~ ... -. ·-~-
• 4 -~.:, ,... ~"':' .. --OD:·,:.i7-7s ·a :varlable ·.;ah gi:J,net .vas eett:ln . .Josephine Lake ·at 1530 hours.'·:
'l'be Bat W1UJ set bhree-fourtba down the lake on the left side looking up into
the baa:ln f-.the outlet.. ·-
,., ..
S~ water t~~rature was 49~((9.4•c), the lake was very clear and one
eou1d see 2D-30 feet down. There were a few aquatic insects floating on the
surface but no fish activity was noted. The outlet did not appear to be
sui.table for spmming and there were no~stdtable inlet streams.
There is a USFS cabin near the outlet which was set up for deer hunting in
the good·ole days •. Float plane pilots do not really like to go into the lake
with hunting parties due to the lead they 'tl!ly have to bring out in conjunction
with the shortness of the lake. Presently there is very little use in the lake
by anyone since there are no deer or very few in the area.
Josephine Lake drains into Gertrude Lake and then into Isabel Lake and out into
Portage Bay of Retta inlet.
There were no fish in the net on tha 18th after it kad fished for 17.5 hours.
The lake surface temperature at 0900 hours was 48.5°F (9.2°C). This lake was
never stocked I guess by Bob Baade. He had thought he stocked the lake, but
was not sure and suggested prior to his leaving that it should be checked.
At this time,. I do not feel that this lake should be stocked with fish. There
were 24 people visiting the lake in 1974 spending 92 man days. In 1973,. 106
I:Um days were spent at the lake. This year so aar there have been 18 people
i:1 the cabin for 74 man. days.
This lake would have to be continually restocked since there are no spawning
areas unless they could spawn in the outlet which looked to be marginal from
the air. Due to the clarity and devation (1830 feet) I feel it: would not be
a real producer of fish.
Eventually it could be sto~~ed to provide a varied recreational o~portunity
for the hunder.
cc: Bob Armstrong
~ ... :,-. ...
RESOURCES
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Appendix W-B
APPLICANT'S
AQUATIC FIELD STUDIES
1. Phase I Report
2. Winter (February 1981) Report
3. Spring 1981 Outmigrant Report
4. 1981~1982 Ecological Studies: Interim Report
1. Phase I Report
DANIEL M. BISHOP
BLACK BEAR LAKE AQUATIC STUDY
Phase I
Purnose and Scone of the Work:
~nvironaid
RR 4, SOX 4993
JUNEAU. ALASKA 99803
907 789-9305
December 15, 1980
This work was begun in the late summer of 1980, with funding
for three field visits, carrying observations and measurements
through October, 1980. Need for additional work was to be re-
viewed upon completion of this three month phase I.
The emphasis in this phase has been on hydrologic features
essential or important to fresh water habitat for spawning
and rearing fishes of the waters downstream from Black Bear
Lake. Those features which may be influenced by hydro-power
regulation have been stressed.
Observations of fish and wildlife have been made as an adjunct
to this work. Fish observations above Black Lake are of par-
ticular value because little information is available in this
relatively inaccessible area, and because this portion of the
drainage would be most influenced by hydropower development.
Specific Situation:
Black Bear Creek heads in Black Bear Lake at elevation 1,680
feet. This lake drains 1.8 mi.2, and its outlet falls about
1,500 feet elevation in 3/4 mile to the valley below. The
upper end of Black Lake begins about 1 to 1! mile below the
base of the falls, draining about 6.3 mi.2. Black Lake is
about 1 mile long, with an increase in drainage area to 7.4 mi2
at the lake's mouth. Black Bear Creek continues about 3~ miles
below Black Lake to tidewater at Big Salt Lake, where total
drainar.e area is about 17.5 mi2. Thus, the Black Bear Lake
- 2 -
drainage (1.8 mi.2) represents 29% of the watershed area
at the head of Black Lake; 25% at the lower end of Black
Lake; and 10% of the total drainage at tidewater.
Black Bear Creek has been studied by CH2M Hill hydrologists
using (1) regional climatic data; (2) records of other
stream flows in the region; (3) specific features of the
Black Bear watershed; and (4) newly collected (USGS) flow
records for the outlet of Black Bear Lake. Major elements
of CH2M Hill work are Synthesized Average Monthly Flows
for Thirty Years at Four Stations Within Watershed; Momen-
tary Peak Flows at Four Station~ in Watershed; and Estim-
ation of Low Flows at Mouth of Black Bear Creek. These
hydrologic parameters have been used in analyses of stream
temperature, sediment and streambed form of Black Bear
Creek.
Peak ADF&G escapement records for Black Bear Creek show
valuable runs of salmon, but leave the magnitude of coho
and sockeye runs in question. Surveys of 1944,45,46 and 48
were made in late September and late October, and produce
counts of pink salmon as high as 350,000. These surveys
also show unusually large numbers of coho salmon for this
size system (1944 -6,500; 1948 -2,090). Since 1960
only one survey has been made after the middle of September.
Peak count for this period was 62,000 pinks and 10,000
chum found on 8/12/63. This August survey period allowed
the sighting of 150 sockeye on 8/31/64 and 700 sockeye on
8/24/65. It is likely that all stream surveys were made
only below Black Lake, since the drainage above the lake
is relatively inaccessible by foot.
The Black Bear Creek drainage is now owned by the Sealaska
Corporation and is being logged by the Sealaska Timber
Corporation. A logging road extends up the drainage from
- 3 -
the highway at Big .Salt Lake to within a few hundred yards
of the outlet of Black Lake. The only developments above
Black Lake are a USGS stream gauge installed in summer,
1980 at the mouth of Black Bear Lake, and a U.S. Forest
Service recreational cabin at the southeastern end of
Black Bear Lake.
Proposed Hydropower Installation:
The contemplated hydropower installation at the mouth of
Black Bear Lake would include a low 30 ft. dam elevating
the water level to a spillway height of 1,710 ft. with a
minimum lake drawdown to about 1,685 ft. Thus the maxi-
mum depth of intake below lake surface would be about 24 ft.
The penstock below the dam would carry an average of about
24 c.f.s. to the power-house located at about elevation
120 ft. adjacent to the stream about 1! miles above Black
Lake. Lake discharge over the dam's spillway would be
relatively rare. Entrainment of air into the penstock
through vortex action at the intake during low lake levels
is presumed unlikely.
Results of August-November Field Work by Bishop-Smith:
1. Streamflow current meter measurements were made at
four stations in the Black Bear Creek drainage during
each of the three visits made to the area. These are
shown in Figure ~ along with appropriate segments of
the USGS provisional hydrograph for the discharge at
the mouth of Black Bear Lake. Each of the four meas-
urements taken during the August visit occurred within
a period of sunny weather and consistently falling
hydrograph. The September measurements were made dur-
ing a period of intermittent rainfall, and the high
measurement at the mouth of Black Bear Creek on 9/25
reflects .47 inches of rainfall between the noons of
Sept. 24 and 25 (see Figure ~). The measurements in
August
Sept.
Mouth,B. B. Lk.
23.8 cfs
(8/20 @ 1050)
42.4 cfs
(9/23 @ 1300)
October 100 cfs
(10/29 @ 1130)
CF.S
300
DISCH
AT
BEAR.
CREE
srA-
-noNS
r:!J
I
I
I
-r-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-----
I
21 '31
AU&Vsr
I
I
I
-3a -
Head of Bl. Lk.
34.2 cfs
(8/21 @ 1030)
72.6 cfs
(9/24 @ 0800)
84.5 cfs
(10/31 @ 1415)
I
I
I
I
Outlet, Bl. Lk.
63.0 cfs
(8/21 @ 0845)
101.4 cfs
(9/24 @ 1100)
131.9 cfs
(10/31 @ 1630)
--+---.--
30
SEPTEMBER
Mouth, B.B.Creek
78 cfs
(8/20 @ 2100)
355.7 cfs
(9/25 @ 1000)
187.8 cfs
(10/30 @ 1130)
--
' '
--
' Q
--+
3l
Figure l: Summary of Instantaneous Discharge Measurements
- 4 -
late October were made during a period of heavy and
periodic rainfall (Figure~). The relation of re-
spective flow measurements to drainage area is exam-
ined in the Analysis section.
2. Stream temperatures were recorded with ENDECO 109
thermographs installed at four streamflow stations
in the drainage. These instruments produced complete
and un-interrupted records which were read and com-
piled by the Environmental Devices Corp., Marion,
Massachusetts. Their product, as returned, shows
24 hourly temperatures at one-tenth o C for each day
of record, along with daily mean temperatures. Vol-
uminous hourly data is not included in this report,
but daily mean temperatures for the four stations are
shown in'Figure 2. In addition, Figure~ shows a
similar temperature graph in which each daily value
is the average of that day and the preceeding and
following days. This averaging was done as a system-
atic effort to smooth the curves for easier comparison.
Also shown on Figure ~ are air temperature and rain-
fall records measured at ADF&G's Klawock hatchery.
3. Water chemistry results are summarized in Table 2
and are shown graphically in Figure ~· In addition
to these results, the conductivity and dissolved oxy-
gen profiles for Black Bear and Black Lakes also in-
dicate water chemistry.
These results show very dilute and unbuffered bi-
carbonate waters of acid pH with low hardness. Cal-
cium and magnesium are in the low range compared with
other S.E. Alaskan waters; Ca/Mg ratio is similar
to other southeastern waters. Heavy metal anomalies
were not found in sample results. Phosporous and
total Nitrogen values are low, as is common for the
region. Total nitrogen may increase at the stream
Table 1: Summary of Daily and Average of Daily + Previous and Following Days Water Temperatures -oc
Date BBL UBL LBL MBC Date BBL UBL LBL MBC
Aug. 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Sept. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Daily Ave. Daily Ave. Daily Ave. Daily Ave. Daily Ave. Daily Ave. Daily Ave. Daily Ave. Daily Ave.
10.5 12.5 12.7 Sept. 26 10.1 10.0 9.6 9.5 11.2 10.8 10.7 10.2
11.4 10.2 10.2 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 27 10.0 9.8 9.5 9.9 10.8 10.8 11.0 10.5
11.3 11.2 10.0 10.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.2 28 9.4 9.6 9.4 9.4 10.4 10.5 9.9 10.2
10.9 11.1 9.9 10.0 12.6 12.6 12.0 12.3 29 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 10.3 10.2 9.8 9.8
11.1 11.0 10.0 9.9 12.9 12.6 12.7 12.3 30 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.0 10.1 9.8 9.8
11.1 10.9 9.9 9.8 12.4 12.6 12.2 12.4 Oct. 1 9.0 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9
10.6 10.0 9.6 10.0 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.4 2 9.2 9.0 9.5 9.5 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.9
11.0 10.9 10.4 10.2 12.8 12.9 12.5 12.7 3 9.9 9.0 9.5 9.5 9. 7 9.8 9.8 9.8
11.0 10.9 10.6 10.4 13.4 13.4 13.1 12.9 4 8.9 8.9 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9
10.6 10.7 10.3 10.3 13.9 13.5 13.1 12.7 5 8.8 8.9 9.9 9.7 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.0
10.6 10.7 9.9 10.1 13.2 13.5 12.0 12.4 6 8.9 8.6 9.8 9.7 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.1
10.9 10.7 10.1 10.0 13.3 13.1 12.1 12.1 7 8.8 8.7 9.5 9.3 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.9
10.6 10.7 10.1 10.0 12.8 12.9 12.1 12.0 8 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.9 9.9 9.5 9.6
10.6 10.6 9.8 9.9 12.7 12.7 11.8 11.9 9 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.6 9.5 9.6 9.3 9.3
10.7 10.6 9.9 9.8 12.7 12.6 11.9 11.8 10 8.2 8.1 8.4 8.4 9.4 9.4 9.1 9.1
]0.5 10.6 9.6 9.6 12.4 12.3 11.7 11.8 11 7.8 7.9 8.3 8.1 9.2 9.2 8.9 8.6
10.5 10.4 9.3 9.4 11.9 11.9 10.9 11.1 12 7.8 7. 7 7.7 7.7 9.0 9.0 7.9 8.2
10.1 10.2 9.2 9.2 11.5 11.5 10.8 10.8 13 7.6 7.6 7.2 7.3 8.8 8.7 7.8 7.7
10.0 10.0 9.0 9.1 11.1 11.2 10.6 10.6 14 7.4 7.5 6.9 7.2 8.4 8.5 7.2 7.5
9.9 9.9 9.1 9.2 11.0 11.0 10.3 10.5 15 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.6 8.4 8.4 7.5 7.6
9.7 9.8 9.4 9.3 10.9 11.0 10.6 10.5 16 7.8 7.6 8.3 8.1 8.5 8.5 8.1 8.1
9.9 9.8 9.4 9.4 11.0 11.0 10.6 10.5 17 7.7 7. 7 8.5 8.3 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.4
9.8 9.8 9.3 9.2 11.2 11.1 10.4 10.4 18 7.5 7.5 8.2 8.2 8.6 8. 7 8.4 8.3
9.7 9. 7 9.0 9.1 11.1 11.1 10.3 10.3 19 7.3 7.3 7.9 7.9 8.5 8.5 7.9 8.1
9.7 9.8 9.0 9.0 10.9 11.2 10.1 10.4 20 7.1 7.2 7.7 7.8 8.4 8.4 7.9 7.4
9.9 10.0 9.0 9.4 11.5 11.5 9.9 10.6 21 7.2 7.1 7.7 7.6 8.2 8.1 7.8 7.7
10.5 10.4 9.8 9.6 12.1 11.8 11.9 11.5 22 6.9 6.9 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.0 7.3 7.6
10.7 10.4 10.0 10.0 11.9 12.0 12.6 12.3 23 6.7 6.7 7. 7 7. 7 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.6
10.0
9.8
9.7
10.2
10.1
9. 7
9.9
9.9
9.6
9.8
10.2 10.2
9.8 10.2
9.9 9. 7
10.0 9.2
10.0 9.1
9.9 8.9
9.8 8.9
9.8 9.0
9.8 9.1
9.8 9.5
10.1 12.1 12.1 12.5 12.4
10.2 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.2
9. 7 12.4 12.3 11.8 11.6
9.3 12.2 12.2 10.9 11.3
9.1 12.0 11.9 11.1 10.9
9.0 11.5 11.6 10.6 10.7
8.9 11.4 11.3 10.4 10.5
9.0 11.0 11.1 10.4 10.3
9.2 10.8 10.8 10.1 10.3
9.4 10.6 10.9 10.5 10.4
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
6.5 6.5 7.8
6.3 6.4 7.5
6.3 6.4 7.2
6.6 6.6 7. 7
6.8 6. 7 8.4
6.7 6.7 7.4
7.1
7.7 7.9
7.5 7.9
7.5 7.7
7.8 7. 7
8.0 7.9
7.6 8.0
7.6
7. 7
7.9 8.0
7.8 7.6
7.8 7.3
7.8 7.6
7.9 8. 7
7.8 8.0
7.8 7.5
7. 7
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.9
8.1
8.1
7.7
~
Ill
~
-
~
\
/2.. -
BBL '\
II~
UBL
~~ "t;
0 u
:t ~ u 'J>
~" ~
-
\
p
-
-
~ ~ ~ ?D
1-0 ~ :t --..
;n \) :J -"
)( "' " -~,..
-4b -
Figure 2: Mean Daily Water Temperatures at Four Stations
In Black Bear Creek
I Ut
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t-· \ ' : ' I
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I ' ' ' ' ' ' '
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T :\ \ I ! 1\ (\ ---
l/ \ ' ~ '"" \ .u y •j\ \i. 1Li --1---;--.--,.... 1-' ,,, BP.:L \ ---------F==-,=--1-'
' ' ., ' 'i l ' / ! 1'\ i:L---~\----'
If{ ' !\ '!-' ' -·-__ ,, ___ ---, \ ''\;_ _ _:_
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-4c -
Figure 3: Water Temperatures at Four Stations on Black Bear Creek.
Each Temperature Is Average of Day Shown Plus Previous
--,-------.---"a,..n"'"d Fn 11 nwi nrr n::~u~
r
1---'-+ll,--'-'-+ \-+----'----+---+----------
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~--'-~+-"--,-i----11--'-_;__;____+-,------t----+----',--:-, +-"-~..1__ l ./ '-' 't--\ r----
1--l--;__,...--T,.,_~""""':M'""'t~·{:....,.,'"~~-1-12-P£: /. ti :J\fl~-:\, . --------
nN~r------~--~~~'--,-t------:-+---:-_;__-~_;__~-+~~~f~_~~\\'\~~~,~-~--trc~~~~ -==------
~====::;=~=====~~~~~~::': ~~~~~· ... ~~· r--===~~~:'::~ "'~~~~~r:..;~::t-:_::::=+===---=----=---=j-------t------''-"d-----~--~~--,1\-__;__ ------
,. _~--'-~~+--~--t--'--:-----+-·-'----t-----t------+----------,----t~ ........ --_-j---~/ [7L-\N:-=----=
~ac~~~~· -~~~~--~----~~---+=====j====~~:~==;~=====~=====~====:j::::-_-~--~_-·.--_--~~~~~~-~-~-~~-:-r-~~-~~~-=-~~-
' ~ \:-i "\ -/-J .. /'' ... ------__::,.._L __
I tJ, ~ .__--+--~-+----+---~....,.=-"'-l ~: .._, I" ~---~r ;:-~:s;;t~-------
!--'----+---~:--'---1-'----t-----+.,_7_''--t----+---~------f--"'' -~-\.\:
3 uwa · . ; n ~\.0~~~ ---~ tO ..1. ;.>>= J.\. T\ ~~' N;;~~:~--;, r~KJ ~A L.-c. "''--....tl---~------,--
r-:--: , 1 . ___ i---'--'-...;::::::-~-----1--L ' \ -b /" -__ ; --
" ......,..~ I I ' ----1----t--~---l
I -----=--~---~~-----! 21~.~---+~~+---~----~----~---r----+----+~--~~~----~----~---r~~ r----+~~~~~=~F-----r------l--=~------rl-----~----r-
r-------1---------~~;-~-:--:_!--·---+----=---=---=---~---~-_-+_-_-! 11~-+----+----r-+-~---4----~---+----r-~~~--t~~~--~----~---rorl~
t----t----.----Jf--+--+----+---+------------J-~H-t-t-1 --.-f-;----------t---
---r-------: ----+----'----t--+--1
~~.--:1---l--'--f--+----i---+4----+-1-~ll~--1r--~-1--+-~~+-~+--i--+---J~---l-1r--rf-f-,---+-f-rf--,--1J
-4d -
Table 2: Water Chemistry Data.
Parameter Con~entrations in P.P.M.
Bl.Bear Lk. Mouth,Black Upper Black Lower Black Mouth Black
-50 Feet Bear Lake Lake Lake Bear Creek
Aug. Oct. Aug. Oct. Aug. Oct. Aug. Oct. Aug. Oct.
so4 2. 0 < 0. 5 2. 0 < 0. 5 3. 0 1. 0 2. 0 4. 0 4. 0 3. 0
Cl k' 2 . 0 < 1. 0 < 2 . 0 < 1 . 0 f<2 . 0 <1. 0 1<2 . 0 < 1. 0 < 2 . 0 <.1. 0
K 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4
Na 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1
~a 2.3 1.2 1.9 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.8 1.4 2.4 2.0
Mg 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3
~e 0.02 .02 0.08 0.010.09 0.12 0.19 1.5 0.19 0.19
~o ~0. 02 < 0. 02 < 0. 02 .(.Q. 02 ~0. 02 r..O. 02 ~0. 02 < 0. 02 <. 0. 02 <O. 02
Cu . 013 < . 002 <... 002 -'. 002 (. 007 ~· 002 . 007 . 006 . 010 . 006
Zn . 018 <. 002 . 045 (. . 002 . 005 <. 002 . 029 (. 002 . 018 <:. 002
Pb <. . 05 <. . 02 <. . 05 <. . 02 <.. 05 '-.. 02 <. 05 <. . 02 <. . 05 < . 02
Ag ~.002 .015 <..002 <.002(.002 ~.002~.002 1<.-.002 <.002 (.002
Au
T diss Sol
Alk(Caco3 )
Alk(HC0 3 )
H'dness
T.Phos.
T. (Kjel )N
<. • 01
12.0
0.0
14.0
3.0
<.05
.01
Sept.
<.. • 01 < . 01 < . 01 <. 01
7.0 7.0 4.0 20.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
4.0 15.0 4.0 10.0
3.0 2.0 4.0 5.0
< . 05 <. . 05 <. . 05 <.. 05
. 04 0. 1 <. . 1 0. 2
Sept. Sept.
<.01 <..01
20.0 20.0
0.0 0.0
3.0 14.0
3.0 4.0
0.21<...05
1
1
0.1 0.1
Sept.
<:..01 < .01 ,,01
22.0 23.0 20.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
< l.O 13.0 3.0
4.0 7.0
< . 05 \ <... 05
< .1 0.3
Sept.
5.0
<..05
0.4
Color 5 5 5 5 I Sept.
5 5 5 5 30 I 5
Sept. Sept.
Turbidity 0.7 .3 0.6 .2
Sept.
pH
Sept.
Bl.Bear Lk.
-50 ft.
Aug. Sept Oct.
-6.6 6.7
Mouth,Black
Bear Lake
Aug. Septloct.
7.0 6.5 6.7
I
.Sept. 1Sept.
\o.6 .3 1.0 .. 9
rept. Sept.
Upper Black
Lake
I
Lower Black
Lake
1. 0 . 6
Sept.
Mouth Black
Bear Creek
Aug. i Sept Oct. Aug. Sept Oct. Aug~Sept[Oct
I 6.3 i6.3 6.4 6.2 6.3 16.4
K
P.'P.M.I
s.o .. 1
4 ..,j
!
.3 .0 -l
2•0 ~
I J •0-
.i-
. 3 -
."2.-·' -
I. (-
1. o_
0. q-
0. g-
0.7-
:! . .cf _,
z. .:z ""'1
'2.0-i
1.8 ...
I.' i
i l.l{ ....
I ,;z _i
},0-!
0.4-J
o.3 -1
o.a. _;
o. ( _;
c.o -
-4e -
MOVT'H
"SeAtt.. St..AC.'c... GLPG\c..
L. 'C -5'0 ...f.t:-. t; e;o.az. l..'t:;, • l-\:::..
LD~
Sl.J\C\c:: ..
L~.
-~·-·-·······~·
-----·~ ~ ···e ·------.-~ -
<zo-<:z. . .o <z.o <:z. ...
<f.o ··--·····<l.o ----· --· <'·"' ····--··-·-® .............. -<D
~--.... ' .. .,.,.•\~,;/
-. .-<::::>-------· •-0 --
0 -----------0-·'···· ... ----· -----· . ------
s::>..... . fZ)
_ _,.· ------~~-
~~~-
...
-~-/~
~ __../.. ,' ~ • ....---~--e·'/ .. .-
0 A'\. ----0··· .... ---·-····-------~---
0--.. _ __....
""', .. ,.,.. ..... •· ... ---~--
------· --~ -.. --~-(!) ~-w--·-.. --.··~ ·-----· .... e-.,
Figure 4: Graphical Presentation of Water Chemistry
at Five Stations in Black Bear Watershed
---· ___..-::LA-o!: AVG.VJT rAMI"'LIIV~,G"K"C::..e."PI ;.l.:; 'l~b...._.IV,
• ·"··--···-•·-····--···• ; LA-rt:: OC:.Tbi3G£. 5 AHPL/NGr.
TOTAL
DlSSOU/EP
SOLIP.S
ALKAU IV 1TY. :J
(c.,qCOa)
!V-KAUNITY
(H~)
TOTAL
PH DSPH DR.V ..5
tOTAL.
KlEL.D,qHL
N rrt:to&ellJ
As N.
COLOR
TI.JRB/Drry
~-~M..
~.o_
2/'J, 0-
l&.o _
I'S.o _
B.o _
4.0 -
o.o_
/#=0-,.,.o_
12.0-
IO.o-
B.o_
6,0-
""' .o-
z.o-
o.o-
B.o_
c;.o-
4.0-
z..o-
o.o -
.2-
.. 1 -
.-4 -. :., ..
.2 -
• I -
a.() -
30.
20.
zo.
o.
1.o _
·"-..... ......
UPf'ER
SLAC.k..
LK.
LOWER
BLA<:.l<:.
U<.
. / ...... ·····~;.:.:.-.. ::-::-:7..;
. --~ .-·· " . . e .·· ---.G)·
o. o ···· · ·· ··o.o···· · · · -o. o· ···· · ···o. o · ·---~·4e;;,.0
--·~ ~-----.
•
E:> •••••••••••••• e-·-........ ··-...-;-. ~-. E) ... ,~t~ ...... .,..•""' ······· < c.o .--··
< -·· (!).... •••••• . ~-········-<. os:-·d·-< .o-s:-...·· _···..:;.,·:·< .05:·=·--·-··-< O!J
@ ••••
_............_!!; • •. • • • s ev-r.
----• ----:::::-.. -........ ··00<..-r . . . ·----
0· .... ·-... --0-· -· ........ .e··
Figure 4~continued.
PAO.A~\;" \ ~
Fe.. -
Mo -
k"'-•
-.· z,;·--· -
Pb. -
~
&l
p 1-1.
SCJ\\E
'P. P.M.
1,4 -
1,2 •
1.0-
.8 -
.4 •
.e.. --
<.02
~B-
,at(_
• ttJt!) -
,D'3-
,.01-
.0.3 -
,02 -
.01 -
,05'-
.o.tf-
.03 -
~2.-
.CI -
.Gf«{-. ,, : -• oo ~ --
. &"L•
<.OJ
7.0
c.,,8
-
"·" -'-9 C..2.
-1g -
fVIOUTH I LOWER..
se:An... GL..PtC.K. GLAC.lc. tO LAc. 'I::.. SLAC.\:.
l.~ -50-ff:;. a~ U:::.. L~. LK· C."Rs
"
0. . , . , . . , . , . . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . ~ =e--·· ..... ···--(!]:---------(9:=.··--...
<.oz. G)··········· .. -~····-··· ···-···G)·--··········..:Q··--... -· --€)
oOI:J~ .401. ,oo;, .OlD <a~ ··-···--.(!:11)~ .......... -~zd:>--···-.... oo ···-···---.oo~:
• ./~ ·----.
G. oz. ·-··· ~-.. ·------·<·••L .. --····-·· <·DD%.
~.cs-(.OS'"" (.or: ~.DS"'= <· IJ')
< .a'2..·····-····• .. -@ ......... <:',D .2.·--••••. <.tJ Z.·----• • ~.6"2...
<:::> • . . .
. . .
~D-' 1._ ~.6~ L.. ·--• --<.~~---~-~" z.
< .o c··-------··<.ot---·--<~·t ·---·---<.o'-----<.at
• • -· : Auc:.. MGA-3.
' <:!>---0 =-SePr. •• •
Gl· ... -....... -QI. -~ l:) ....... t:J: ()c.\-.. • _lll
0--. -·· ----0--............. -m .. -.. -------• ~
Figure 4:continued.
- 5 -
mouth. Stream color is consistently lacking above
Black Lake and increases markedly at the stream mouth
during the September visit. This color increase re-
sulted from flushing of the lower watershed as a re-
sult of .47 inches of rain 24 -25 September. Total
dissolved solids show a small increase from surface,
Black Bear Lake, to -50 ft. depth and a more graphic
increase from headwater to stream mouth. Small con-
ductivity increases with lake depths may result from
water density differences between deeper lake waters
and surface waters more subject to rainfall dilution.
The increase in conductivity moving downstream may
be at least partly due to dissolution of marine sed-
iments found along the stream channel (particularly
seen about i mile above the highway bridge). Conduc-
tivity measurements(shown in Figures Sa, Sb and
Sc and in the miscellaneous data of Table ~) also
show small increases with lake depth, particularly
near lake bottoms, and show increases in a downstream
direction, as well.
4. Profiles of lake temperature, dissolved oxygen and
conductivity measurements are shown in Figures Sa,b&c.
Also shown in Figures Sa & Sb are temperature meas-
urements made by ADF&G -Sept. 2, 1973.
Black Bear Lake demonstrates strong thermal strati-
fication in August, reducing in September and showing
uniform temperatures throughout depths in late October.
Depth of stratification, summer to September, varies
from about 30 to 50 feet.
Black Lake temperatures in August decrease sharply
and without a defined break from surface to lake bot-
tom. In late October no marked temperature change
with depth occurs.
CONover.
15 mmhos
12/!f!M. 0'1..
OlSSOl.V
OXYGEN
IO.P.P.M Oz
WATER
,. T'
Gf 27 \ p 5 /, ' . g. a , ' " 0 -· '·
_,0'" .... ~ /,) \®, :-;.-··--1:1 , ~-' ··~ / ~ • ,,,....z::l ...... , •••• ••
-.. Q ~· ·~· e-·-· ~ .-n-···-·(!l'' ' , .-··\.;..~ (!) ....... -c::>---0---0
'" .... r." .G]"··
\,;,#' .. ,. • .... •
····G·-.. ·-m···
f
-• === S-2a -8o
e---e :: '-23-Bo
El"·· .. -GJ ~ IO -2!' -8o
UPPER BLACK BEAR LAKE
---0---0---0---. ......
4o o=-. ~ ''t:)
··-· go 3-~-... ' ·-·-·-...... ~ -. . -.,-; ... ~ ........ ,., \,
' ' ... \
• '· G{
··---ID-···· .. &·····-G-·-··-m-···' ::~ , 01 '··-·-Q!o· .. -·-ID-·-·~~~ ----~--...,
. <tt~--...-:,-~-
0 ··-~ ........ ~--~ -<e::>-~---..... ..... <::>
--r.o#: -so -~e.
DEPTH
Figure 5a: Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved 02, and
Temperature in Upper Black Bear Lake
Ct:JNDVCT:
._./-'~ Pg. 5b
I •
,._.,/' <!)..... s--c:>------t:l
_.,. , "" "' ""' I • ,.,..... ... -@"' --6""' ct • • .... ·
.--. \ -I ..... 1!1'•••••• -··· \:1 .-· a.w ,-G··. ·......,
, l'fto ··' I ...... ._.---·· -....m-' I
aJ• •• '""""· 1 •• -m···· ... er:~
.,..1 .. ...-I!J···
I
I
. ...--·:x--0-f -... 4).....
·-· .. ··G>··· .. (!)-··-a>-··-• -····· ~;..L:.. ····-t!>······-r:;..':::-"'Q'.::::-r~
,~~ ~
-............. <:;:)---e-·--G..,.. --·--/ ~.----· r.;::::::::::::::::~~
·-· ;:: s-2o-so
e--c:> = ,_.2.3-8o
C!7-Gl = lo-"Z.P-80
• lOWER BLACK BEAR LAKE
..... tlJ----e-----<a>---I':!L_ ~ ... ..... ,
'\
' \
,~~ ', .. _.......... '
·. ~ .... \
'· \
'·~ ·~ ~
·--(!)-......... m····-... -li:l--·~m···.--. ....... liJ ...... ~, -·--m-······ e ... ·-·· -m '• ~
' ., ........_ .... . ............. -... ---.............. .... .... --.... cg ............. _ •··-.....
·zo-R;. -4o~. ~ &o-A:.. -s~. -100 .fi.
PEPrH
Figure 5b: Profiles of Conductivity 1 Dissolved 02. and Temperature
in Lower Black Bear Lake
OXYGEN
IO P.f'.l\f. Oz.
wA~-
1o•<:...
·····-m·· ..... ... m/·,····· .
•
/ .
-Z()+-1::.
• I .
I
I
Pg. 5c
·-· ::: 8-19-So
(!)---G)= ,. 23.,..2"1-t.
c:;J·---lD-= lo-31-8o
BLACk LARE
-4o-k:. -6c+c. -10~·
De:PrH
Figure 5c: Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved 02, and Temperature
in Black Lake
- 6 -
Dissolved oxygen in Black Bear Lake is highly respon-
sive to decreased temperatures with depth and result-
ing increase in oxygen saturation level. The high
dissolved oxygen levels below the thermocline also
indicate low oxygen demand, as would be expected in
this lake.
Black Lake shows marked reduction in-dissolved oxygen
with increasing depth, during summer. This depression
was less in September,and lacking in October. The
August depression of oxygen suggests significant bio-
logic oxygen demand.
5. Miscellaneous physical data were collected at respec-
tive stations and are useful particularly in describing
conditions at times of measurement. These data are
shown in Table 3.
Location Date/Time
Bl.Bear Lak~ 8/20,1000
@ outlet 9/23, AM
10/29,1130
B1.Bear L~e 8/20
wtr. -50' 9/23
10/29,1100
Black Lake 8/20
inlet stream 9/22,1200
10/31,1415
Black Lake 8/20,
outlet stream 9/22,1300
10/31,1630
Bl.Bear Creek 8/19
at mouth 9/24,1000
10/30,1130
Air Temp.
_g c
11.1
10-11
5.5
5.5
15.5
11.0
10.2
12.3
10.0
13.5
Wtr. Temp oc
11.2
9.4
6.3
6.2
9.1
6.3
11.0
9.4
7.5
12.2
10.0
7.5
12.2
10.0
6.7
pH
7.0
6.5
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.7
Conduct.
mmhos.
21
14
18
28
21
19
19
32
19
37
22
100
96
28
Table 3: Physical Measurements Taken at Times of V~sits at
Five Stations.
Diss.Q2
ppm
10.2
10.6
11.4
12.2
10.9
11.3
10.0
11.2
10.2
10.0
11.9
10.6
10.6
12.4
- 7 -
6. Interpretation of 1:12,000 color air photography of
the drainage resulted in Figure JL. This map is un-
corrected for photo distortion of distances and loc-
ations, but serves to locate physical or habitat
features of the streams and lakes of the drainage.
Some of these features are summarized below.
Black Bear Lake
The southeast end of the lake has a sizeable gravel
beach formed from colluvial and alluvial material off
the adjacent steep mountain slopes. A couple of small
tributaries enter the beach strand off steep adjacent
slopes. Southwesterly shores of the lake have several
small shallow areas formed by the colluvium off the ad-
jacent slopes. The northwesterly shore does not show
much shallow shoreline.
Outlet, Black Bear Lake to
Toe of Steep Streambed
In addition to the waterfall-rapids character of Black
Bear Creek, .this section is marked by at least four
steep rock slide paths leading to Black Bear Creek.
These tributary channels undoubtedly contribute impor-
tant volumes of sediments into Black Bear Creek, where
the gradient transition is made from a boulder bed to
a cobble and gravel character. The bedrock sources of
these tributary sediment loads is evident -such raw
areas probably yield annual spring crops of sediment.
Significant groundwater discharges are likely at thefan
toes of these tributary channels, where they are con-
fluent with Black Bear Creek.
Gravel Streambed from Black Bear Creek
Transition to About 500 Feet Below the Forks
This section of upper Black Bear Creek is approximately
located from the photos, and is around 800 '-1,000 feet
long. It is subject to flooding and to frequent channel
~. ~ ---y r , I I
/
~-
7.
-8 -
changes. Fallen spruce -root systems undermined by
the stream -are common. This sector may be the prin-
cipal spawning area for sockeye salmon running up
Black Bear Creek.
Below Transition to Black Lake
Sand streambed with numerous downed spruce obstructions,
dominates. Streamside areas are flood-prone, partic-
ularly along the westerly side of the stream.
Black Lake
The inflow of Black Bear Creek maintains a sizeable
tongue of sand out into the lake. The east-northeast
shore is the steepest, with several landslide tracks
leading from upslope to the lake. Two sizeable alluvial
fans lie on opposite shores of the lake about a third
the length of the lake below its upper end. Many large
logs extend from the lake's easterly shores.
Black Lake to Tidewater
Numerous tributaries, both from heavily timbered fans
with sizeable gravel loads, and from muskeg channels
with deep, slow, waters, are found along this 3 - 4
mile section. Likely main channel spawning areas have
been identified from earlier ADF&G examination.
Fish observations were made as part of each of the
three visits. Particular focus was on the stream
above Black Lake, because it appeared that little was
known about fish use of this section.
During the August visit our estimates were 300 sockeye
spawners seen above Black Lake. We walked to the forks
above Black Lake but did not see all of this section
and believe at least 500 sockeye spawners were probably
in this upper stream. We examined the shore lines of
Black Lake in August -particularly the toes of allu-
vial fans into the lake -and found no beach spawning.
A few adult sockeye ( < 10) were seen at the mouth of
- 9 -
Black Lake. At the time of the August visit several
schools of pink salmon were seen in Black Bear Creek,
near the highway bridge. Few paired pink salmon
spawners were seen in the section of stream near the
bridge. Chum salmon were scarce in the stream in
August, 1980.
During the September visit we walked from upper Black
Lake to near the base of the falls below Black Bear
Lake. No adult fish were seen. We saw many fry and
fingerling salmonoids at the mouth of the inflow
stream into Black Lake, but did not identify them.
Two loggers fished in the mo.rning of Sept. 22 at the
outlet of Black Lake. They caught a half-dozen 10 -
12 lb. coho and several dollies and cut-throat. One
coho was bright; the others beginning to turn color.
Numerous adult salmon were seen jumping in Black Lake -
they were undoubtedly coho. Coho salmon were also
amply evident in the lower mouth of Black Bear Creek
near tidewater, despite the brown color of the water
in this section. A pair of late spawning sockeye re-
mained below Black Lake and were accompanied by a
half dozen jack sockeye.
In October we re-visited the stream above Black Lake
and saw 14 spawning coho varying in condition from
red to advanced degeneration. At least 10 adult coho
were seen in 300 yds. of stream below the outlet of
Black Lake. Several coho were seen near the lower
bridge. Coho are evidently widely dispersed through-
out the Black Bear Creek system.
8. Mammals of the Black Bear Creek drainage (or their
sign) were observed in the course of this work. Two
black bear were observed eating berries on the slopes
of Black Bear Lake basin (August 1; Sept. 1) and one
-10 -
black bear was seen in October at the mouth of Black
Lake. No other large mammals were seen.
Considerable time was spent in the vicinity of Black
Lake, and .note'S. on. mammal si.gn observed in this ·· -~ ..
area during hiking and stream work are provided by
assistant Leigh Smith.
"The low country bisected by Black Bear Creek as it enters
Black Lake is marked by a number of large mammal trails gen-
erally paralleling the creek, and intersected frequently by
smaller ancillary trails heading cross-valley toward the
higher ridge passes. Much of this intermittent trail system
seem aged from a time some years B.P., and mammal use appears
to be presently lower than in the past. Sparse presence of
scats, bed site, tracks and hair, signs of feeding, indicate
that the trails were formed in a time some years ago when
mammals were more populous in this area.
Bears appear to use this low country heavily for foraging,
there being healthy stands of Vaccinium, Rubus Spectobilis
and Lysichiton americanum which are important food sources.
Areas of dense L. americanum are extensively uprooted by
bears. At several sites along the creek there were fresh
bear trails heading through the brush at right angles to the
creek, petering out SO' distant in the brush as.is common in
bear country.
Marten sign is common. Mink are abundant in the area below
Black Lake but no definite sign was observed above the lake
on 9/23. There is no reason to believe they are not present.
No definite deer sign was observed, although one possible
old winter scat was found on a well-worn trail 300 meters
below the falls.
Beaver sign is dense in the area immediately above Black Lake.
Fresh cuttings, tracks, scats, and well-used runs are common.
There is an extensive, freshly and well-maintained dam of some
200' in length above the creek on the S.W. side.
Generally speaking, mammal use of this area appears to be at
a lower point in a cycle which in the not-too-distant past
was much greater. This information was garnered only by the
most casual and brief observations secondary to a strea~
intensive hike of some five hours duration. For any realistic
assessment of mammal use in this area a great dea~ more ground
time is required."
-11 -
Analysis:
This work is directed particularly toward features of the
stream that produce or strongly influence habitat of sal-
monoids. Thus, it is important to identify salmonoid
habitats and seasons of use in Black Bear Creek. Based
upon ADF&G information, timing of fish returns to Klawock
hatchery, and upon our observations the following tabular
summary of uses was constructed:
Locatiop.
Species & Activity above Bl. Lk. ·Black Lk below Bl. Lk. above Hwy Br.
pink -spawning --Aug.-Sept. Aug. -Sept.
chum -spawning --Sept. Sept.
coho -spawning Sept.-Nov. -Sept. -Nov. Sept.-Nov.
rearing continuous
sockeye-spawning August -August (?) -
rearing continuous --
Dolly V-spawning possible over-:spawn. spawn
reside reside rear~ng-residence possible winter
...
IJt.eel::head-sp awning possible ? possible possible rearing-residence possible possible possible
cutthroat-spawn. possible resident possible possible rearing-residence possible 'overwinte 1-possible possible
I
Spawning activities,=as indicated ahove, require gravels
in the general range of 1 - 4 inches diameter, with stream
depths of 6 -18 inches and flow velocities of 1 - 2 feet/
second. Coho and chum salmon may favor the coarser gravels
and higher velocities, while pink salmon are likely to pre-
fer gravels in the smaller size range and a bit slower vel-
ocities. Sockeye preferences probably are intermediate be-
tween these species. Dolly varden,steeheaq and cutthroat
spawning preferences are less known by the writer. Work by
-12 -
two investigators indicates that Dolly varden use small to
large gravel (differing views) with velocity range of 1 - 4
f.p.s. (aquarium measurement).
These are the spawning criteria that were in mind when de-
veloping an analysis of flow information and when evaluat-
ing possible changes in character of streambed and channel
form with regulation of Black Bear Lake discharges.
Salmonoid egg to fry develqpment is dependent, among other
factors, on water temperature. The accumulation of heat
from stream and intra-gravel waters provides the principal
basis for controlling the rate at which salmonoids develop
in the gravels. Although comparison of temperature unit
accumulation under regulated and un-regulated flow con-
ditions is not yet possible with the data at hand, trends
are suggested, based upon temperature-flow analysis.
Rearing and residence requirements for salmonoids of Black
Bear Creek are dependent upon a number of pnysical factors
including surface area, flow velocity, water temperature,
available edges or water current interfaces, and available
protection by overhanging banks, log jams, etc. The trend
of several of these factors with flow regulation is sug-
gested in the following analysis, though a comprehensive
examination was not attempted.
Streamflow:
The data developed by CH 2 M Hill provides preliminary bases
for considering the hydrologic changes that may result from
regulation of Black Bear Lake flows. Synthesized monthly
flows (August, September, October) along with two sets of
discharge measurements are plotted in Figure ~· The pre-
mary purposes of this plot are to compare the monthly ave-
rage flow curves with two sets of stream discharge meas-
urements taken synoptically (see also, Figure 1 ), and to
-12a -
Figure 7: Average August, September and October flows.
Two sets of Synoptic Streamflow ~~teasurements
Taken in August, September.
-13 -
provide a basis for estimating comparable streamflows at
different stations of the watershed. The results shown
are systematic and reasonable, but have limited basis in
observed record. Data are taken from Figure ~ for use in
analysis of stream temperature data. Effect of flow reg-
ulation on the average monthly values (Figure ~) have not
been determined at this time.
Table 4: Momentary Peak Flows as Determined by CH2M Hill
Outlet, Black Inlet to Outlet of Mouth of
Bear Lake Black Lake Black Lake Black Bear Cr.
un-re_gulated 660cfs 1,900 cfs 2,200 cfs 4,400 cfs
Qlo regulated 000 1,240 (65%) 1,540(70%) 3,740 (85%)
un-regulated 770cfs 2,200 cfs 2,500 cfs 5,100 cfs
Q2o
regulated 000 1,430(65%) 1,730(69%) 4,330(85%)
Q5o
qlOO
900cfs 2,500cfs 2,900cfs 6,000 cfs
l,OOOcfs 2,700cfs 3,300cfs 6,700 cfs
Peak flows for QlO yr. and Q20 yr.recurrence intervals are
also shown in Table 4 as reduced by removing the peak flows
from Black Bear Lake. Reductions of the magnitudes shown
will be significant in terms of sediment load carried by
the stream, and in regulating the form and character of the
streambed. This will be particularly true above Black Lake,
where peak reductions are most pronounced. See also,
Sediment ~lovement and Streambed Form.
Low flow data provided by Ch2M Hill is summarized in Figure ~·
8~
N::i
... !
!Dl: ..,: 8
a: .. .
" .. u .. ; ....
z:!:: d
!: ~ ~ • a: u ::0
<( ....
.....
.I
-13a -
' •' u-.s 3 4 .5 6
AIU!.A
Figure 8: Low Flow Data Provided By CH2M Hill. Data from Lowest
Synthesized Monthly Avera~e Flows and from Estimates of
Low Flows for Respective Periods and Recurrance Interval.
0
-14 -
These data are derived from regional information and should
be assumed to be highly speculative. A relation line in-
dicating a conservative assumption is also shown. This
line is drawn with the realization that peak flows could
be several hundred percent in error.
The effect of regulation of Black Bear Lake would be to
eliminate all low flows. Eliminating low flows will have
significant effect upon water temperatures, as seen in
later calculations.
Water Temperatures
Calculation of estimated regulated temperatures have been
made at four stations in Black Bear Creek drainage. Un-
regulated temperatures assumed for these estimates were
taken from Figure ~ for the drainage's four stream temp~
erature measurement stations on August 20, September 20,
and October 20.
Small differences between surface water temperature at
Black Bear Lake outlet and assumed temperatures of regul-
ated flow discharge (from future powerhouse} have been.
interpreted by using the lake profile data shown in Figure 5b
reading differences between surface and -20 foot temper-
atures.
Respective stream flows for these stations and dates were
found by using the relations shown in Figure ~. and select-
ing the smaller, more conservative, streamflows for August
and September curves, with the single October curve being
read directly.
An example of calculation procedure is shown tor August 20:
Given: un-regulated flow at mouth, Bl. Bear Lk. = 22cfs
un-regulated temp. at mouth, Bl. Bear Lk. = 11.2oc
regulated flow at outlet powerhouse = 24 cfs
regulated temp. at outlet powerhouse = 11.2oc
-15 -
un-regulated flow at inlet to Black Lk. = 45 cfs
un-regulated temp. at inlet to Black Lk. = lOOC
regulated flow at inlet to Black Lk. = 47 cfs
Find: August 20 re~ulated temperature at inlet to Black Lk.
a. find inferred water temperature of flows other than
from Black Bear Lake
:; <iL2) +
t2 = 8. goc
b. find inferred water temperature of regulated flow.
24 t3
47 (11.2) +
Calculated temperatures are shown with flows in Table 5 .....
and Figure JL .
This method of estimation does not include consideration
of possible changes in rate of stream cooling or heating
produced by altering the initial, upstream water temper-
ature. Such an approach dealing more precisely with the
physics of heat exchange was beyond the scope of this work.
The approach shown is used simply to show the largest
temperature changes, as attributed solely to mixing flows
of differing temperatures.
Maximum computed water temperature change with regulation
of Black Bear Lake given these respective average flow con-
ditions occurs in September with an increase of 0.3oc
under these assumed average flow conditions.
-15a -
Table 5: Stream Temperatures at Four Stations in Black Bear
Creek for Present Un-regulated versus Possible
Regulated Flow Conditions. Months of August, September
and October are Shown.
Outlet, Black Inlet to
Bear Lake· Black Lake
flow temp. flow temp.
un-regul-22cfs 11. 2oc 45cfs 1o.ooc Aug.20 ated
regulated 24cfs 11. 2°C 47cfs l0.1°C
un-regul-
Sept.20 ated
35 II 10.0 II 80 !I 9.1"
regulated 24 II 10.0 II 69 II 9.0"
un-regul-47 !! 7.2 " 135" 7.8"
Oct.20 ated
I regulated 24 tl 7.1 " 112" 7.9"
~· -
AU62o ~ ...,,
-
10° -.s err.zo •
,, J
~'~ ,
~.. ,.'/ , ... ~-. ..·/ ,.... .· ./ , .•.
.....:·-... / . •• '®
,._
Outlet of Mouth of,Black
Black Lake Bear Creek
flow temp. flow temp.
50cfs 12. sec 78cfs 12.2°C
52cfs 12. 4> c 80cfs 12.2oc
99 " 11. 9" 140" 10.9 "
77 II 12.2" 129'' 11.0 It
155" 8.4 11 320" 7.9 II
132" 8.6" 297" 7.9 "
J:!.-:-: .. ~ .::-; -.· .......... ~.,.. .. ....
/.' ···. -<i) ,' . ~ '-... ' h" •• •
/
... -··" .-.... ···-..........
ocrzo . 7·-r------~·~------------------------------~---------------s AT MO Ttl
0 t= 'Sc..AC. \C. uc:...
Figure 9: Un-re~ulated (measured) Versus Regulated (Calculated)
Stream Temperatures at Four Stations and Three Dates.
{
\
-16 -
Although low flow periods were not observed during the
three month period of study, a speculative effort has been
made to estimate 'respective water temperatures during such
periods. Results are shown in Table ~·
The first set of assumed low
water temperatures was taken
of record shown in Figure JL.
flow values used to develop
from the synthesized low f~ow
The second set of low flows
is the conservative assumption.
Table 6: Stream Temperatures, Assumed (un-regulated) and
Calculated (regulated) for Two Conditions of Low
Flow as Suggested in Figure 8.
Outlet, Black Inlet to Outlet of Mouth of Black
Bear Lake Black Lake Black Lake Bear Creek
flow. temp. flow temp. flow temp. flow temp
\
unregulated . 3cfs ooc 4.cfs .soc 5.cfs 1.5°C 13.cfs 1°c
Sinthesized
30Ir.~Jebllows
regulated 24 2. o· 28. o· 1.8 29.0 1. 9" 37.0 1.6·
unregulated .3 o.o 1.3 .5 1.6 1. 5" s. o·· 1
Ass\.uned Con-
servative lows 24.0· 2. O· 2s. o· 2.0 25. 3· 2.0" 28.7 1.8 regulated
The values of regulated water temperature shown in Table 6
suggest a significant increase in regulated water tempera-
tures during winter low flow periods. This increase will be
most pronounced above Black Lake.
Further projections of un-regulated and regulated water
temperatures at other periods of the year were not made,
in the absence of field data.
-17 -
Water Chemistry
Analyses to proje.ct the possible impact of damming and
flow regulation on water chemistry were not made. In-
spection of the results of water chemistry shown in
Figures ~ and ~ clearly indicates that none of the par-
ameters measured are likely to change significantly with
lake regulation and sub-surface withdrawal of flows.
Sediment Movement and Streambed Form
The reduction in peak flows resulting from regulation of
Black Bear Lake (Table ~) would have marked effect on
sediment movement and channel form between Black Lake and
Black Bear Lake. Periodic heavy sediment loads from steep,
unstable and eroding tributaries in the vicinity of the
base of the Black Bear Lake falls, will no longer be as
rapidly or as completely entrained into upper Black Bear
Creek's suspended and bedload sediment system. This will
also be true of the sediment load carried into the upper
Creek by the drainage's southwesterly fork. The possible
ramifications of this change in upper Black Bear Creek
over a period of years will include:
a. build-up of materials at the toes of the tributaries,
where they meet the mainstream.
b. increased spring flows at the base of tributary toe
deposits and adjacent to the mainstream, resulting
from thickened fan-aquifer deposits.
c. increased stability of streambed materials in main-
stream channel i.e. reduced rate of bedload movement.
This may be particularly true for the boulder to gravel
sized materials which occur from the base of the falls
to the vicinity of the confluence of the stream's
southwest fork.
d. increased stability of the location of the streambed,
accompanied by reduction in undercutting of stream-
side spruce. This will be prominent in the braided
-18 -
area in the vicinity of the confluence of the south-
west fork.
e. possible slow degrading of gravel bed materials be-
low the southwest fork. This action would proceed
slowly upstream from the lower end of the gravel
bed.
The outlet of Black Lake appears to be controlled in
elevation by the balance between the tributary's bedload
material moving into the mainstream from the large fan
to the northeast of the lake's mouth, and the scouring
ability of the discharge stream, particularly during the
annual storm (usually about a bi-annual event). If this
tentative observation is correct, the outlet elevation
immediately below Black Lake would rise as the load carry-
ing ability of the annual storm was reduc~d and more bed-
load from the tributary remained in place in the main-
stream. Such change, if it occured, would be slow.
-19 -
CONCLUSIONS:
This work allows some reasonable conclusions regarding
fisheries habitats below Black Bear Lake, and suggests
some more speculative possibilities. These are summar-
ized by sector of the stream in order of likelihood of
occurrence, and do not attempt to consider more than the
late summer to winter seasons.
Spawning -Incubation Above Black Lake
-little change in stream temperatures during the August -
October period of spawning by sockeye and coho.
-more stable volumes of spawning-incubating flows; partic-
ularly evident during winter drought -January -February.
-increased stability of streambed gravels, also resulting
in tendency toward finer texture; more stable channel
location.
-possible tendency to degrade gravel streambed.
-possible enhancement of springflows at confluence of
torrent-flow tributaries with mainstream.
Habitat of Rearing and Resident Fishes
Above Black Lake
-over-wintering flows for fingerling or resident adult
fishes will be more stable in volume and generally warmer.
-detritus flow (food supply) probably much reduced by
elimination of high streamflow events.
-more stable streambed with smaller gravels will alter
habitat for aquatic insects, algae, etc.
Habitat of Rearing and Resident Fishes
In Black Lake
-reduced sediment and detritus food supply into lake from
upper Black Bear Creek
-less tendency for lake to freeze over during winter low
flows, with possible increases in dissolved 02 levels.
-20 -
Spawning Habitat Below Bla.ck Lake
little or no temperature change during spawning.
winter incubating flows more stable in volume during
low flow periods, and significantly warmer.
-possible slow increase in stream gradient below lake
mouth.
Rearing Habitat Below Black Lake
-winter low flows will be larger, more stable, and may
have somewhat higher temperatures.
Spawning Habitat Above Mouth of Black Bear Creek
-increase in flows during winter drought/cold periods.
-reduction in peak flows will increase stability of channel
features with possible tendency to degrade.
-fraction of fines in spawning gravels will increase with
reduced streambed movement.
-possible small increase in water temperatures during
winter low flow periods.
Rearing Habitat Above Mouth of Black Bear Creek
~ larger volume and warmer winter low flows.
possible reduction in detritus and food drift in main-
stream; possible relative increase of importance of trib-
utary confluence areas as food sources.
2. Winter (February 1981) Report
HARZA ENGINEE£UNG CO.
DANIEL M. BISHOP Date Received
R:;uted To ~~-.L4,nvironaid
CimiMd toi Filing ~,
Projacl N~mber l ?...8 q 8
Classihc~lion
Satject ilasi;~~F~n f)O'
RR 4, BOX 4993
JUNEAU, ALASKA 99803
907 789.930S
February 27, 1981
Notes on Black Bear Creek Investigations
Visit 2-13 to 2-18-81
I. Thermograph installations: All thermographs in place
and ok, though the safety line on the thermograph near
the mouth of the stream had been cut and taken. This
is the first evidence we've had of any disturbance.
II.
Film was removed from each thermograph and has been
sent to ENDECO for processing. New film and new batteries
were placed into the thermographs and they were re-installed
into their respective stations. The thermograph at the
mouth of the stream had a damaged case (see earlier report)
and though it worked fine, it was replaced by a new thermo-
graph (thermograph 0559). The damaged thermograph (0550)
was shipped back to ENDECO so that the instrument could
be mounted in a new case.
Lake water quality profiles: See tabular data below;
Upper Black Bear Lake
Depth ~ Conduct D.O.
Surface 2.4 28 12.5
10 2.3 29 12.5
20 2.3 29 12.5
30 2.3 30 12.5
40 2.3 31 12.5
50 2.3 33 12.5
60 2.3 33 12.5
70 2.3 33 12.5
80 2.3 32 12.5
90 2.4 32 12.5
100 2.4 32 12.5
-2-
Lower Black Bear Lake
(taken within local ice cover of ca.2-4 Inches)
Depth Temp Conduct D.O.
Surface 0.6 8 12.7
10 1.8 9 12. 4
20 2.0 11 12.4
30 2.0 12 12. 4
40 2.0 13 12.4
50 2.1 13 12.5
60 2.1 13 12.5
70 2.1 13 12.6
80 2.1 14 12.6
* 90 2.2 14 12.0
*evidently found a relatively deep spot
in this end of lake
Black Lake
Depth Temp Conduct D.O.
Surface 3.1 56 12.6
10 3.2 59 12.3
20 3.1 62 11.9
30 3.0 65 12.0
35(bottom) 3.0 70 11.4
Temperatures of the upper Black Bear Lake profile are a
little warmer on this visit than of the lower Black Lake
values. At least part of the reason for this difference
is attributed to 2-4 inches of ice in the ~icinity of
the lower lake but completely absent in the upper lake.
No stratification is evident.
Conductivities in the Upper Black Bear Lake continue to
be significantly higher than in the lower lake profile.
D.O. values for the two Black Bear Lake profiles are
similar.
The Black Lake profile data continues to show a trend of
warmer temperatures, compared with Black Bear Lake. No
stratification is evident. Black Lake conductivities remain
remain higher than Black Bear Lake and D.O. levels are
again typically more variable than in Black Bear Lake.
III. Stream discharge measurements;
Nearly 3 inches of rain fell at the Klawock Hatchery
during our visit to Black Bear Creek. Between our
arrival by skiff at the head of Black Lake on 2-14-81
at 1000 and 1600 when we left, the lakes' level rose
at least 16 inches.
-3-
We were unable to measure stream flow at the mouth of
Black Bear Creek due to high water. Other stations were
measured and are shown below':'
Aug. Sept Oct Feb-81 Mouth of Black Bear
Lake (Staff Gaf~e(Ft.) 23.76 42.45 100 (2-16-81)---so. 47
( 4, 60 I ) (4.91') (5.57') (5.07')
Black Lakez inlet 34".19 . 72". 5"7 84. s· ~-2-15-81;Em):236. 5
Black Lake, outlet 63.01 lOT. 44 . 131.9 ~2-15-81Emc312. 8
Mouth Black Bear Crk. 78.41 35"5. 71 187. 8. · no measure.
IV. PH and other measurements;
Location Date/Time Air Wtr. pH Conduct.
Temp. Tenip. m.mhos
Upper Black 2-16-81 4.06 2. 42 28
Bear Lake 0910
Black Bear 2-16-81 4.5 2.2 6.5 8
Lake. Outlet 1100
Black Lake 2-14-81 6.5 4.7 6.4
@ inlet AM
2-15-81 5.9 4-.5
PM
Black Lake 2-14-81 6.5 4.4 6.3
@ outlet PM
2-15-81 5.9 4.5
PM
Black Bear 2-14-81 3.8 6.3 85
Cr.
@ mouth
V. Ubser~ations of fish. None seen.
On 2-15 we met two fishermen at the mouth of Black Bear
Creek. They reported that 2 weeks earlier a fellow
caught 7 Steelhead out of Black Bear Creek just below the
highway bridge. They reported seeing Steelhead as far up-
stream as about 1000 feet above the bridge. Four hours
later we saw the same two fishermen, and they reported
hooking but losing an 18 inch Steelhead at the mouth of
Black Lake.
VI. Mammals None seen. Noted recent browsing by beaver above
Black Lake.
VII. Other. On 2-14-81 while working at the head of Black Lake
we experienced heavy vertical winds of 20-40 kts. This
violent "williwaw" wind pattern may be fairly common in
the drainage and may be the cause of the windthrow promin-
ent in the head of the Black Lake drainage.
D.O.
ppm
12.5
12.7
-
-4-
VIII. Photographs. Two, 36 exposure rolls of Ektachrome
and four rolls of 20 exposure B/W were taken. Results
were good, and pertinent coverage will be forwarded
with location map.
IX. Stream gaging sites: A staff gage or a stage recording
station at the outlet of Black Lake could in my opinion,
be effectively operated to relate to discharge from Black
Lake. This location appears to be relatively stable,
indicating that a stage-discharge curve could be developed.
Such sites upstream from Black Lake, both above and be-
low the juncture of the s~~b~fork have not been found
on either the Black Bear~-~r the South forks. It
appears to me that we will have to rely on relating a
-series of instantaneous measurements in this sector to
up-or down-stream stations.
A gaging station at the mouth of Black Bear Creek is
feasible. A suitable site could be found, though it might
have tidal influence.
X. Fry trapping stations: The inlet stream into Black Lake
is slow moving for about a half mile above the lake. This
may be a problem in fishing a fyke net. About the best
spot located so far for most stages of flow is j.ust above
the lake and just below a beaver dam. But this site will
not fish well during high runoff conditions, when the
dam is over-topped.
Suitable locations are possible at the mouth of Black Lake
and at the mouth of Black Bear Creek.
,.
. TION RECORD FOR USE WITH YOUR.
··~ ;;: !-.,.\:·.,(~ ~-l ' .·' .. . . . -. -·. . '";
._.. ..... ._·,. lV' CL~R-YU ~AI~ GAGE. · ... :n·-·. ~-
. ~· . . , ..
.. ,. .. .. .. . r·. ·~,-..
June July Aug. Sept. 0 ct~ Nov. Dec •
...
Jl.
/3,.(' II.$
13.5
. ~-:. ',,..
...._c._,...f'~ .. --· -·11'&. ·~~::.;.;.;,~~~.:t=-~~~-;-.:..--+--+-...;_--+--+--+-:;--r---+-::=-----1.,_-_ s---i ,,.~. , :
... . . '
i~~~~~~~~~~~~---+~~1---~~~-+----~--~--.~-r----~--.~~·~~~ ~-.-·~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~+-~,~~-~,:~·+-~-4~·~'---~--~~~~-·:~:-·-r·-=~~~:-i'~~-.:~:·~···,~-~
1/
.I. 13 ,,
13
13.~
I'J • ...r
11
13
13 ro
13 10
13 rO
.r
t.3
11
t3
-·
.. .
~AON~~ . Totol Annual .~ · ·H!I! ~~1: · ~ : · ... ... ·.A ........... -..,.~·;. • .......... ,: ............. -....... ~ ..... _,, .. ,.,,,.,. ....... ~h··~~n•f .. -..ulltu• .. u •• ,. ... , •• ,. .. ,.,"-••&.o•--..
HARZA ENGINEERING CO.
DANIEL M. BISHOP Date Receivei
Ii;,uted To
ti 1.=i!i 'd lur FiliBU .,
mject ftuillbn
Ciassiliclli3B
Sllbjetl ilasi;!F': ·~
nvironaid
/'2.$!! B 12175 -Mendenhall Lp. RD.
_...._......_~~-JUNEAU, ALASKA 9980t
oov, 907 789-930!5
NOTES ON SALMONID HABITAT ABOVE BLACK LAKE
SAND BED HABITAT:
Location: As shown on map (fig. 6 of earlier report).
Length of channel: About 3/4 mile from lake mouth to
first streambed gravel.
Character: Slowmoving (dominantly less than 1 f.p.s.)
and deep, (1 1/2-5ft.) with numerous overhanging and
fallen logs or trees. Level of Black Lake (which fluc-
tuates several feet) controls the water level in most
of this stream section. Water is clear, without color.
Considerable load of small organic detritus evident.
See photos R,T,W,Y.
Adjacent streamside area: Land on the westside of the
stream is particularly prone to flooding. This is due
both to tributaries flowing off the nearby slopes and to
beaver damming. The eastside of the stream is subject
to some river flooding, but is not as prone to flooding
by tributaries or beaver.
Possible effects on habitat with regulation: Reduction
in flows from Black Bear Lake may not have much effect
on wetted area in this section of stream. Some loss in
migration routes into or out of tributaries may occur
during lower flow periods. Log-Stump obstructions in
the stream will remain effective in protecting resident
fish during all stages of stream flow.
GRAVEL (SPAWNING) HABITAT:
Location: As shown on map.
Length of channel: About 800-1000 ft. of gravel stream-
bed coming from Black Bear Lake is estimated to be spawn-
ing habitat. The wetted channel during moderate flows
is probably about 10-20 ft. wide. This does not include
the south fork.
Character: The upper transition end of this section merges
into a high-energy cobble boulder streambed while the
lower transition merges into the more quiet sand-bed stream.
-2-
This spawning section shifts frequently in location, and
has much down timber in its channels from both river
action and wind. There is evidence on the streambed of
ground water flows entering surface flow, with accompany-
ing iron oxidation. The mouth of the south fork joins
the main stream in this spawning section, and its
character is similar. See photos M,N,0,34,36.
Adjacent streamside areas: Abandoned or flood-channel
areas are frequent. In addition to the south fork, several
small, partially spring fed tributaries enter from the
east. Some of these tributaries undoubtedly support both
resident/rearing fish as well as a few coho spawners.
Alder and spruce on adjacent land areas utilize the allu-
vium and also are frequently washed out or drowned by the
stream.
Possible effect on habitat with flow regulation: Loss of
peak flows will tend to stabilize channel location and
reduce undermining action of adjacent alder-spruce. Caliber
of bedload material as well as volume and rate of bedload
will be reduced. The section of channel potentially use-
ful for spawning could extend somewhat upstream, in time.
The effects of bedload and stream building from the south
fork will be more prominent as the peak load and strength
of the lake fork is reduced.
Reduced flows in this portion of the stream undoubtedly
produce a marked reduction of stream channel areas, includ-
ing both spawning and rearing areas.
CHANNEL BELOW FALLS AND SPAWN SECTION:
Location: Upstream of gravel (spawning). See map.
Length: About 800-1000 feet.
Character: Gradient around 5 %, many boulders. Flows
too fast and the bedload too heavy and rapid to support
spawning. Numerous abandoned or flood channels are ad-
jacent to stream. Some of these develop spring flows.
Spruce trees along the stream bank are frequently toppled
into/over the stream. See Jintos I,J,K,L.
Possible effects on habitat with flow regulati·ons: Pro-
duction of aquatic insects which drift downstream and
enter salmonid food chain may be altered with regulation.
Spawnable gravels may tend to develop at the lower reaches
of this channel section, as coarse material is slowly
replaced with finer bed materials.
~~
Daniel M. Bishop
Pl'x>togra!il location Map
..
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3. Spring 1981 Outmigrant Report
DANIEL M. BISHOP
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF OUTMIGRANT FRY
FROM BLACK BEAR CREEK,
PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, ALASKA
ALEXANDER MILNER
May 15, 1981
~nvironaid
Mendenhall Loop Road
JUNEAU. ALASKA 99801
907 789-930!5
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF OUTMIGRANT FRY
FROM BLACK BEAR CREEK,
PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, ALASKA
CONTENTS
Introduction .......................... Page 1
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 1
Results Page 2
Discussion ............................ Page 3
Suiiliilary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 6
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 7
-1-
Introduction :-
The principal aim of the project was to estimate the timing and
relative size of the outmigration of pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
and chum (Onchorhynchus keta) salmon fry from the Black Bear Creek
system, Prince of Wales Island in the spring of 1981. Other salmonid
species were also recorded and in addition an attempt was made to
ascertain the species composition of the outmigration from the
section of stream above Black Lake. Both pink and chum salmon fry
normally migrate directly to sea after emergence from the gravel
in spring, having been spawned the previous summer/fall.
Methods:-
A fyke net with a 3ft x 3ft internal opening and 3!16 ths inch mesh
was used at a suitable site located approximately one third of a
mile from the estuary and with excellent access from the bank. A
steel cable was fixed across the stream between two trees to which
the fyke net was attached using trolling wire. By the use of clips and
cable clamps a set-up was installed that allowed for easy withdrawl
and placement of the net in the stream as required. A 5ft x 3ft x 2ft
live box attached to the end of the net was supported by trolling wire
and faciliated holding of the fry after capture. (see photographs in appendix}
The net was fished with the aid of local help being installed towards
sunset and emptied the next morning. The work commenced on the evening
of March 17, initially being fished every 3 nights,but this was
changed to every two nights as the run increased, circumstances permitting.
The study was continued until April 22 when it was concluded that the
principal outmigration of pink and chum was over.
Total counts of pink and chum fry were made and where numbers exceeded
1000 this was achieved by weighing the total number of fish and then
weighing a representative sub-sample. Fork lengths and weights were
made on approximately 50 fish of each species (pink and chum) for each
operation of the net.
-2-
Water depths as an indication of relative stream discharge were measured
using a graduated staff attached to a piece of piping driven into the
stream bed.
On April 26 the net was installed using a similar set-up and proceedure
at the mouth of the inlet stream into Black Lake and was fished for three
nights. The location of these two sampling sites is shown on the map.
A neligible mortality of fry occurred during the operation of this
sampling programme.
Minnow traps baited with salmon eggs were set in the beaver ponds
near the entrance of the stream into Black Lake to ascertain if any
rearing salmonids were present in this habitat.
Results
Numbers of outmigrating pink and chum salmon fry for each set of the
fyke net near the mouth of the stream are plotted against date of
the month in Figure 1 to give an indication of timing. Points for
March 27 are estimated from visual observations of the life box at
midnight of the set. A susequent unexpected rapid rise of the river
caused the live box to become submerged and it was a testimony to
the robustness of the installation that no gear was lost.
The numbers of outmigrating fry for each species are compared with
temperature and water depth values of the stream at the dates of
sampling in Figures 2 and 3. Length frequency distributions of the
fry are given in Table 1 and are plotted as histograms in Figure 4.
Length-weight regressions for each species are given in Figures 5 and 6.
A number of coho fry and smolt were taken in the net operation
near the estuary. Smolts were found in most settings but never exceeded
9. Coho fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were first taken on March 31 and then
throughout the operation, the largest number being caught was 257.
Fyke net location nr . 1110uth
of strea•, March 17 to April 22 .
(!] • 511UWA. ft.OW ... iUifc .... t Stlt.T!Of'ol
'iill· .. ---.... ... -® • '1ellrMA1\.IIIol. IU'"""' tf"""'~
Ll" • ....,...,_....._ ~NH
;:(:( . _,_ -·----'"'· .... ........__
.. • fi.Oob•f'IIOMLM ...... ~P«Tot~f'-1.
>4'\\4 • St\oM. ~ ~ .....,. SNa&.l , ........
*"' ""'' WI'~-~ ~ '"*'"04C'""IIif ........
• CI:IIIUflQIIIs "* Mbt:rGN oP SCAU. Cit JMA..TIOH .
Pt~ .....,_,..,. MPIC ...... ~,_
ttMDf'ftt*-IH~
15,000 Figure 1 -Ntmlbers of outmigrating pink and chum fry
from Black Bear Creek, Spring 1981.
14,000
13,000
(1) -PINK SALI\DN.
12,000
11,000 .
~ 4-110,000
0£)
1::
·~ 9000 .j..J ro
"" 0£)
·~ 8000 e 0 .j..J
;:::l
0
4-1 7000 0
({)
!-< 6000 <I)
~ 5000
4000 0 0
\ 3000
0"'
2000 0 0
\ 1000 0 0
0
0
17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 ]0 12 14 16 18 20
J\1arch April
.
j; 3500 0 4-1
co
.~ 3000
.j..J ro (ii) -GiUM SIDDN .~2500
p
g 2000
4-1
0
lfl 1500
"" <I)
..0 ~ 1000
o--o "
""'0 /
0
/ 0 0
500 "-.....o-o
0 -=r==-a
17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
~iarch April
24
. 21 'Jl
~ u ,... 18 ...., ......
,.... 15 ';::;
I" -a>
'"0 12 ~
a> ....,
cj 9 :=:
6
6.0
:5 5. 0
3.0
. c
4-.
t:JJ15, 000
~ •rl
...., P ~oo <:;3 ... '::l
"" 01)
•rl
fj 10,000
::l
0
....., 7,500 0
'Jl
"" C) 5,000 ""' ~ ~ z 2,500
0
\ 0 I 0
I \ \(i) \/0 ' -WATER DEPI'H. I 0
I \ I
0"' 0 o-o
0
"'0 "'0
17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
March April
/o' o
/ ' ---0'--o (ii) -TEMPERATURE I
1 °
0
"" o-o /o-........... .,/"'"o o-o-\ 0
0
17 19 21 23 25 27 29
~larch
31 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
April
(iii) -PINK SAilvDN FRY .
0"" 0 0 \ \/0'-0"' /0~0 -0 0 0
0""'
0
17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 4 5 8 10 n i4
rvlarch April
Figure 2 -Comparsion of ternperature,\vater depth and nos. of outmigrating pink fry.
Figure 3 -Canparsion of temperature;water depth and outmigrating chmn saln:on fry.
24
21
18
6
6.0
. g 5.0
Q)
3 ro
~
Q) ft 4.0
0 E-<
.
3.0
~3500
4-1
bO .• ;:i 3000
.j..l
ttl .~2500
p
5 2000
4-1 .
0
~ 1500
Q)
..Q
~ 1000
500
0
I
I
\
' ' I 0
I
I
17 19 21 23 25 27 29
:March
17 19 21 23 25 27 29
March
\
o-o
31 2
31 2
0 \i)-WATER llEPI1l
0"' 0~ 0"' 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
April
( ii) -TEMPERATt.lRE
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
April
(iii)-CHUM SALMON
o-_0~ /'~ 0 .,
o-0
=r=-,
17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
tviarch April
Fork Length Nur.1bers C! Numbers C! !0 tO \mm) Pink Pink Chum Chum
26 0 0.6
27 5 1.0
28 4 0.8
29 25 4.9
30 63 l2. 4
31 l 0 ., .~ 53 10.5
32 30 4.7 L,O 7.9
33 138 21.5 7 1.4
34 165 25.7 5 1.0
35 195 30.4 5 1.0
36 105 16.4 6 1.2
37 6 0.9 13 2.6
38 2 0.3 65 12. 8
39 81 16.0
40 78 15.4
41 33 6.5
42 16 3.2
43 4 0.8
44 0 0
45 1 0.2
Table 1: Length-frequency distribution (numbers and %)
of outmigrating pink and chum salmon fry from
Black Bear Creek, Spring 1981
I
I
Figure 4 -Histograms of length frequency distribution of
pink and churn salrron fry fran Black Bear Creek, Spring 1981.
90
( i) -aruM SAL\lON.
80
70
. ..c: 60
Vl
•r-1
~ so
~
0
Vl 40 1-<
(J.)
~ 30 z
20
10
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Total no. of fish measured = 507 mm. fork length.
200 r--
(ii) -PINK SAIMJN •
180 .
~
160 .
..c: 140 Vl
•r-1
~
~ 120 0
Vl
1-< -(J.)
i 100
80
60
40 .
-
20
0 -r--,_
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Total no. of fish measured = 642 mm. fork length.
.
~
Gil
•..-I
C) :::
4-<
0
>= .£: ...., ...... ... ro
CfJ
Q
-0.550
-0.575
-0.600
-o.625
-0.650
-0.675
-o.7oo
-0.725
-o. 725
1.4700
PINK SAL\KJN
Log weight= 1.9491 log length -3.5886
~umber of samples = 642
C~rrelation ceefficient (r) = 0·894
r = 0·799.
1.4850 1.5000 1. 5150 1.5300 1.5450 1.5600
Logarithm of Length.
Figure 5 -Length-weight relationship of outmigrating pink
salmon fry in Black Bear Creek, Spring 1981.
1.5750
.
+J
~
•..-I
Q)
~
1..1..<
0
]
+J .,...,
!-<
Cil co
0 ......1
-0.200
-0.300
-0.400
-0.500
-0.600
-0.700
-0.800
-0~900
-1.000
1.4000
aruM SAL\DN.
Log weight = 2.6707 log length -4·6360
Number of samples = 507
Correlation coefficient (r) = 0·953
r2 = 0.908.
1.4350 1.4700 1. 5050 1.5400 1. 5750 1.6100
Logarithm of length.
Figure 6 Length-weight relationship of outmigrating chum
salmon fry from Black Bear Creek, Spring 1981.
1. 6450
Date
April 26
April 27
April 28
Fish Collected
3 fry*
80 fry* 6 were chum
8 coho
3 fry*
2 coho
* see p 3 for explanation of identification
Table 2: Out-migration of fry from creek into
Black Lake
-3-
The results of the outmigration from the section of stream above Black
Lake are given in Table 2. Initially the fry, other than cohos, were
thought to be sockeye but the examination of a small sub-sample
proved to be chum fry. It is not possible to assume that all the other
fry captured were chum at this point.
No juvenile salmon were collected in the beaver ponds adjacent to the
inlet of the stream to Black Lake.
Discussion :-
From Figure 1 it can be seen that the peak of the outmigration for both
pink and chum salmon fry from The Black Bear Creek system occurred bet\teen
March 21 and March 24. Nearly fifteen and half thousand pink fry and
three and half thousand chum fry were captured on March 23. A second
peak of pink fry a·nd to a lesser extent chum fry occurred at the
beginning of April. The major peak for pink and chum corresponds
to a marked rise in stream temperature from 4 oc to 5·5 °C and an
increase in stream discharge as indicated by the water depth.(Figure
2 & 3) The second peak corresponds directly to a marked increase in
stream discharge. The fall from this second peak mirrors exactly
a corresponding fall in stream discharge and temperature. Stream
discharge, as indicated by water depth, appears related to stream
temperature presumably as a function of the higher stream flows
being caused by relatively warmer run-off water after periods of rain
in comparsion to snowmelt and lake feed.
The importance of water temperature and stream discharge i:n determing
the timing of the major outrnigration of pi.nk. and chum salmon fry as
evidenced by these results has been documented previously. (B.a il ey and
Evans 1971, Comb.s 1965, Davidson and Hutch.inson 1943, Vernon 1958 and
Wickett 1958) Consequently the exceptionally mild wi.nter and th.e marked
rise in stream temperature and discharge in late March. produced an early
outmigration peak in relation to the normal peak which. usually occurrs
sometime in the middle of April. No written data is yet availahle to
compare with similar stream systems in Th.e Pri.nce of Wales area alth.ough.
an initial appraisa 1 (Hoffmeister pers. comm.l inqicates earlier peak.
-4-
outmigrations than normal, although not as early as r·1arch 21 to 25.
Length frequency distribution of pink salmon fry fall within a narrow
range with a mean of 33.4 mm (Figure 4). Chum salmon, on the other hand,
display two distinct size groups as indicated by Figure 4 , one group
falling within predominantly 29 and 32 mm, while the other group is
between 38 and 41 mm. There is the possiblity of mis-identification by
the local help and that the smaller size class is sockeye fry (Onchorhynchus
nerka) but the large number of fish involved in this location near the
estuary would seem to indicate this as unlikely as sockeye normally
remain in freshwater for a number of years to feed before outmigrating
as smolts. This leads to the possiblity that two stocks of chum salmon
use The Black Bear Creek system, one stock having a run in summer, the
other in the fall, thus accounting for the distinct differences in size
groups of the fry. In addition it appears that chum salmon use the
section of creek above Black Lake for spawning and there is the possiblity
that some of the fry may feed in the lake before migrating seawards,thereby
gaining weight and length. However the larger size group \'las captured
throughout the run while the smaller size group were not markedly evident
until March 29.
Coho fry normally remain in freshwater to feed but a number become
displaced from a system due to competition for rearing habitat and the
aggressive behaviour of certain dominant individuals. (Sale and Bayliff 1958,
Chapman 1962) These so called 'nomads' move downstream until they reach salt-
water and this probably accounts for the coho fry taken in the net
at the mouth of the stream near the estuary. These fish can survive and
feed in the estuary if sufficient freshwater run-off is present but
normally perish in winter unless they can re-enter a stream. The collection
of coho migrating into Black Lake supports previous suppositions that the
section of stream above Black Lake is an important spawning and rearing
habitat for coho •. 1\lthough large numbers of coho fry were not captured
in the net during the three nights of operation, this may have been
related to the slow stream flow and that the fry may be abJe to
avoid the net.
-5-
No sockeye fry were definitely identified in the system but this is
probably more related to the limited amount of work undertaken in the
inlet to Black Lake than actual absence.
Length-weight regressions show a better correlation for chums (r2 = 0·908)
compared with pinks (r2 = 0·799). At the present time it has not been possible
to compare this data with populations from other streams in the area but
this will be undertaken in the future.
An initial appraisal of the beaver ponds by a limited amount of minnow
trapping indicates that they may not be important rearing grounds for
coho possibly as a result of their relatively low pH and associated
water chemistry.
Summary :-
The peak of the outmigration of pink and chum salmon from The Black
Bear Creek system occurred between March 21 and March 24 as result
of increased water temperature and stream discharge at that time. This
early peak is probably also related to the exceptionally mild winter.
Nomadic coho fry and a small number of coho smolt were found to be
moving downstream out of the system.
There may be a summer and a fall run of Chum salmon as a result of two
stocks of fish using The Black Bear Creek system.
Chum salmon have been found to spawn in the section of stream above
Black Lake.
The beaver ponds near the stream entering Black Lake may not be an
important rearing habitat for coho.
-6-
References :-
Bailey, J.E. and D.R. Evans ll971) The low temperature threshold for
pink salmon eggs in relation to a proposed hydroelectric installation.
Fishery Bulletin 69 (3) 587 -593.
Chapman D.W. ll962) Agressive behaviour in juvenile coho salmon as a
cause of emigration. J. Fish Res. Bd. Can. ~ (6) 1047 -1080.
Combs, B.D. (1965) Effect of temperature on the development of salmon
eggs. Prog. Fish-Cult. ~ 134-137
Davidson, F.A. and S.J. Hutchinson (1943) Weather as an index of
abundance of pink salmon . Pacific Fisherman 41 21-29.
Hoffmeister, K. personal communication. Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, Ketchican.
Salo, E. and W.H. Bayliff. 1958. Artifical and natural production
of silver salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch at Minter Creek, Washington.
Washington Dept. Fish. Res. Bull. no 4. 79p.
Vernon, E.H. 1958. An examination of factors affecting the abundance
of pink salmon in the Fraser River. International Pacific Salmon
Fisheries Commission progrees report no. 5 49p.
Wickett, W.P. (1958) Review of certain environmental factors affecting
the production of pink and chum salmon. J. Fish Res. Bd. Canada,
_]2_ (_5) 11 03-1126
-7-
APPENDIX
Fyke net and live box attached to cable bwtween two
trees at sampling near mouth of Black Bear Creek.
-8-
Clips attached to fyke net facilitated ea.sy placement
and removal from stream.
Adjusting the position of the live box in the s ·tream.
I
I
I
I
I
-9-
Emptying fry from live box with a dip net into buckets
for numeration.
Taking a weight to
estimate total number.
-10-
,__·,--· ·-.,. .... _;,.,J' .... . -
' .. •. • -1, . I
"~ ,,,
/.'1-:fl. ; •. , • ..61J'.. . ·~~ .. '11':
::_-
Position of fyke net at the inlet of the creek
into Black Lake
I
I
I
I
4. 1981-1982 Ecological Studies: Interim Report
DANIEL M. BISHOP
An Interim Report on
Biological-Ecological Work
on the Black Bear Greek System
Prepared for:
Harza Engineering Company
Chicago, Illinois
November 2, 1981
~nvironaid
12175 Mendenhall Loop Road
JUNEAU. ALASKA 99801
907 789-9305
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION . . .
II. ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Black Bear Lake
Black Lake
Black Bear Creek Tributaries
Above Black Lake • . • . •
III. RESULTS ...•••••
A. Characterization of Flow
Regime and Water Quality
B. Adult Escapement Into the Stream
System Above Black Lake • • • .
C. Resident Juvenile Salmonid Populations
in Black Lake and Upstream Waters
D. Observations of Mammal Populations
Above Black Lake . . • • • • •
IV. FURTHER WORK ANTICIPATED -SPRING, 1982 .
v. TENTATIVE COMMENTS ON POSSIBLE MITIGATION
AND PROTECTION MEASURES NEEDED FOR
DESIGN-CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
PHOTO APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1: KLAWOCK WEIR SHIFT TOTALS
1
1
1
2
2
4
4
25
31
33
37
37
39
44
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure lOa-d
LIST OF FIGURES
Chronological Record of Streamflow Measurements
Chronological Record of Black Lake Level and of
Rainfall
Chronological Record of Streamflow Expressed as
Yield in Cubic Feet/Sec/Square Mile (C.S.M.)
Lake Level -Discharge Flow Relationship
Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and
Temperature in Upper Black Bear Lake
Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and
Temperature in Lower Black Bear Lake
Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and
Temperature in Black Lake
Mean Daily Water Temperatures for Four Stations
on Black Bear Creek, August 1980 Through
July 1981
Temperature Unit (°C) Accumulation Curves for
the Four Black Bear Creek Stations
Hourly Profiles of Water Temperatures (°C) Over
a 48-Hour Period
Table 1
Table 2a-d
LIST OF TABLES
Tabulation of Stream Flow Measurements, Black
Bear Creek, August 13 Through October 24, 1981
Numbers of Spawning Salmon in the Stream System
Above Black Lake
- 1 -
I. INTRODUCTION
The environmental work outlined in this interim report is a part of
feasibility studies for the proposed Black Bear Lake hydropower installation.
This work is a continuation of studies in 1980 measuring or describing
water quality, stream flow regime and habitats found instream and on
adjacent valley bottom lands, as well as spring 1981 trapping of
outmigrating fry from Black Bear Creek.
Work carried out in summer and fall, 1981, focuses primarily on the
upper portion of the Black Bear Creek drainage, i.e., Black Lake and its
primary inflowing streams which provide salmonid spawning and rearing
habitats. It is this part of the Black Bear Creek system which is most
likely to be affect~d by installation and operation of the hydroelectric
facility.
A field camp was established on the southwest shore of Black Lake on
31 July 1981. From this base intensified biologic and hydrologic
investigations were carried out. Visits were made to Black Bear Lake to
make lake profile measurements, to make plankton hauls, and to service
a thermograph installation, but detailed investigations of the fish
population in Black Bear has been deferred until spring 1982. The field
camp was broken on October 24 after a final round of adult coho salmon
counts, stream flow measurements, and servicing of thermographs.
II. ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Work was done in three distinctive areas: Black Bear Lake, Black Lake,
and Black Bear Creek tributaries above Black Lake. These efforts are
summarized below.
Black Bear Lake
Monthly measurements of temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen
were made in two vertical sections located in the two opposite ends of
the lake. The continuous thermograph was maintained. Plankton hauls
-2. -
were made during the August visit, and a casual hook-line sampling was
made of resident fish population. Incidental observations were made of
lake level and air temperature at times of visit.
Black Lake
A staff gage was installed near the downstream end of the lake. This
gage was read daily during camp operations. Weekly flow measurements
were made near the outlet of Black Lake. These flows were related to
readings of lake stage. A buoyed sampling station was established at the
deepest (40 feet) point of the lake. Monthly temperature, conductivity
and dissolved oxygen profile measurements were made at the sampling
station. Zooplankton and phytoplankton hauls were made. Benthic
invertebrate sampling was carried out. Population estimates of rearing
salmonids were made using minnow traps. This work did not include
sockeye juveniles, since these fish are not susceptible to trapping of
this nature. Mapping of the lake was undertaken, including a description
of the littoral zone. A rain gage was maintained daily during camp
operations.
Black Bear Creek Tributaries Above Black Lake
A stadia traverse was made of the stream system which provides salmonid
habitats for spawning and rearing. This work did not include the South
Fork stream channels above their confluence with the main channel. A
map was made from this work (Map 1 ), and detailed additional notes,
corrections and habitat descriptive information were added to the draft
map. Detailed additions to the map will be incorporated in the final
(1982) product. Stations were established for weekly flow measurements
of (a) stream system draining Black Bear Lake, and (b) stream draining
South Fork. Measurements were continued during periods of camp operations.
These two stations are located in a section of the stream which is
unstable in character, and without suitable "control" to allow meaningful
use of staff gages. Regular escapement counts were made of adult
salmonids from August 5 through September 16 and October 21 through
October 24. Population estimates of juvenile rearing salmonids were
made in three homogenous sections of the stream and in the associated
beaver ponds. Mammal uses of the area above Black Bear Lake were observed
and recorded. Periodic specific observations of beaver activity were made,
-----·---------·-~ )I ---·:~-.. . -· .. ·:-.,._ ~~-,_.
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i'' ~ -
...US a IIIICS llCllltUin TIIS HCT1QII t1f
STREAM ABOVE THE: FOIIICS. TOKTHDt
wtnl POOLS BEHIID L08S. SOIIII
IIIIDQCUTTIIG t1f IINIKS a Oll!li4AHGIHI
111FM1A11 Y£8E:T.motl SIZE: OF STIIUII-•o GIIAVD.S: 2.4 to 12.7 Clll.
PRINCE:
t1f
WALES
ISLAND
T721
TUI .. , .. :::
0:0:
SCALE• I: U,360
VlC!ttTY MAP
BLACK BEAR CREEK
•oR: ENVIRONA!O
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING SERVICES
,OA.h .•
'---------..------~----~--~~,~-~~,=~-·~-od 11-81
I., I
-3 -
Map 1: Black Bear Creek Above Black Lake
(see map pocket)
-4 -
and a reconnaissance of bear routes in the valley above Black Lake was
completed. An extensive characterization of the stream was completed.
This included bank stability and type, aquatic and streambank vegetation,
stream canopy, substrate character, flow regime, and extent of fallen
log debris.
III. RESULTS
Although a comprehensive evaluation of the stream system under study
must await completion of analyses of samples and measurements taken this
field season as well as results from next spring's work, a considerable
body of information is now available. This information can be grouped
into four headings:
A. Characterization of flow regime and water quality;
B. Adult escapement into the stream system above Black Lake;
C. Resident juvenile salmonid populations in Black Lake and
upstream waters;
D. Observations of mammal populations above Black Lake.
These interim results represent the body of this report. A thorough
integration of physical and biological conditions and effects will be
made at the time of the final report in 1982.
A. Characterization of Flow Regime and Water Quality
Physical aspects of the upper Black Bear Creek system considered in
summer-fall, 1981, included:
1. Location and description of the Black Bear Creek watershed
above Black Lake;
2. Comparative streamflow measurements at and above Black Lake;
3. Continuing lake p~ofile measurements of temperature,
- 5 -
conductivity and dissolved oxygen in Black Lake and Black
BeaF Lake;
4. Continuing water temperature measurements plus installation of
a fifth thermograph buried in streambed gravels above Black
Lake.
This interim report summarizes physical information available as of the
end of October in terms relevant to biologic observations and to design
and operation of the hydroelectric facility.
1. Four principal channel conditions have been identified between
Black Lake and the base of the falls below Black Bear Lake.
These are described consecutively, moving upstream. The first
three are shown on Map 1.
a. Immediately above Black Lake begins about 3,000 feet of
streambed with sustained, slow-moving water in a channel
about 50-75 feet wide. The stream loses about 1.3 feet in
this section: approximately 4/10 of 1% gradient.
Occassional logs and windfalls provide stream controls as
well as favorable resident fish habitat. Pools range up to
6-8 feet deep, even on low water, and streambanks are
generally vertical, often over-hanging, and reach 4-6 feet
above the streambed. The streambed is predominantly sand/
silt. In one or two locations angular rocks, some of
cobble or boulder size, are found on the streambed. The
origin of this material is unclear.
Stream edges are thickly grown with Devils club, salmonberry
and high-bush cranberry. Dispersed, open-grown Sitka spruce
80-100 feet tall are common along the stream.
b. Above the slow-moving stream, there is a section roughly
300 feet long to the primary forks separating the South
tributary from the Black Bear Lake system. This channel,
generally about 35-50 feet wide, has an overall gradient of
- 6 -
nearly 1% which is controlled by numerous log barriers and
drops across the stream.
The streambed gravels in this section are not coarse, and
are uniformly iron-stained, clearly indicating the emergence
of poorly aerated ground water with a dissolved iron load.
The fifth recording thermograph is buried in the streambed
in this section.
Streambanks extend 2-4 feet above the streaEhottom, ranging
from overhanging and vertical to gradual bars of gravel.
The stream channel is vulnerable to radical changes due to
flood flows.
c. Beyond the forks of the South tributary and the Black Bear
Lake system, mapping of the latter system continued to beyond
the limits of spawning. The approximate lengths of these
channels (either Spring Fork or Lake Fork) providing spawning
habitat is about 700 feet and the channel width about 25-35
feet.
The gradients of these channels are about 1%+ overall,
although beaver dams have major effects on gradient conditions
in the lower Lake Fork. On higher flows the beaver dams are
crested by flows and upstream migration into the limits of
spawning in Lake Fork is unimpaired.
Iron-staining in the coarser gravel-cobble bed materials of
these channels becomes less frequent moving upstream and is
not found in upstream reaches. Lack of iron staining is
particularly evident in source areas of these streams. In
these areas upwelling spring flows of variable volume and
temperature occur. We believe these concentrated spring
areas are fed by near-surface flows through the voids of
boulders and rubble, which provide a rapid flowing conduit
from the streambed below the falls. In this way, these
waters do not pick up much iron from groundwater sources
-7 -
and do not have as much time in groundwater flow to have
much tempering of water temperatures. Hence, it may be
that these springflows are more variable in volume,
constancy and temperature than the iron staining upwelling
flows that probably feed through the beds downstream.
The South tributary was not mapped. Gradient conditions
on the spawnable portion of this stream above the forks
(also about 700 feet in length) may be somewhat higher.
It is also possible that some of the flow in the South
tributary is fed by observed springs just before the
tributary turns south into the steepening slope. However,
these spring flows are small in volume and extent.
d. Above the limits of habitat, and beyond the channels seen
in Map 1, is the intermittently flowing channel(s)
originating below the falls. This channel system, including
abandoned channels and flood routes, is built of large,
angular rubble and boulder material. During conditions of
continuous flow below the falls, the stream is a cascading
rapids, while during periods of receding low flow the stream
loses its flow into the bed and will become intermittent and
then dry if the dry period continues. The latter condition
undoubtedly occurs during both summer and winter dry (or
extended cold) periods.
2. Comparative streamflow measurements at and below Black Lake.
Measured flows are summarized in Table 1 and are displayed
graphically with rainfall and lake level data in Figures 1, 2
and 3. U.S.G.S. provisional data for the outflow of Black Bear
Lake is also shown.
Figure 1 provides a plotted, chronologie record of streamflow
measurements taken at the respective stream stations. It should
be borne in mind that peaks and lows shown in this plotting
represent only values measured at a point in time, and are not
- 8 -
TABLE 1: Tabulation of Streamflow Measurements, Black Bear Creek; August 13 through
October 24, 1981.
};_/ J:../ '}_/ 4/ 5/
Black Bear Below Black Bear South Mouth,-
Date Lake (USGS) Lake System Tributary Black Lake
8-13 (8 AM) (12 AM) (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 3 PM)
2.50 cfs 2.83 cfs 7.79 cfs 3.25 cfs 12.38 cfs
[1.30 C.S.M.] [1.47 C.S.M.] [2.33 C. S.M.] [1.48 C.S.M.] [1.69 C.S.M.]
8-18 (12 AM) (6 PM) (ca. 1 PM) (ca. 2 PM) (ca. 4 PM)
1.41 2.13 4.29 1. 72 7.20
[ o. 73] [1.11] [1. 28] [ . 78] [ . 98]
8-28 (8 AM) (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 3 PM)
9.7 18.38 9.89 39.51
[5. 05] [5.50] [4.50] [5.38]
9-5 (8 AM) (12 AM) (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 3 PM}
15.1 17.1 24.2 32.07 34.64
[7.86] [8.91] [7.25] [14.58] [ 4. 72]
9-7 (7 AM) (12 AM) (ca. 8 AM) (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 1 PM)
110.0 92.0 112.53 54.64 291.26
[57.29] [47.92] [33.69] [24.84] [39.68]
9-16 (8 AM) (12 AM) (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 3 PM)
50.8 46.5 65.96 37.16 143.75
[26.46] [24.22] [19.75] [16.89] [19.58]
10-22 (8 AM) (12 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 11 AM) (ca. 2 PM)
12.4 12.0 19.52 13.28 47.54
[6.46] [6.25] [5.84] [6.04] [6.48]
10-24 (8 AM) (12 AM) (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 2 PM)
9.96 9.96 19.29 29.36 70.54
[5.19] [5.19] [5.78] [13.34] [ 9. 61] .
1/ Provisional data provided by U.S.G.S.
2/ Drainage area = 1.92 square miles. Flow measured at mouth, Black Bear Lake.
J/ Drainage area = 3.34 square miles. Measured 3/4 mile below Black Bear Lake.
4/ Drainage area = 2.20 square miles. Measured near (3/) where tributaries meet.
5/ Drainage area= 7.34 square miles. Measured immediately below Black Lake.
b
k
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' ~ If
1.1.1
~ 3 ~
~ ~ .;z..
~
- 9 -
FIGURE 1: Chronological Record of +
l(
\
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Strearnf1n~-Measurements 1\
-r---+ I'JOUTH 8LFI<:.I<. LAKI£
x.-~ .i?r::t..oW Bun::.;:. .'.De~ l.AI<E
0-0 :SOUTH TRt&t/TFIRY
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X:..... 'X \ 'x ll, '~, l(" I ><,1(......-"-....._.__.._x :t",.....,->:-lr
l(
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FIGURE 2: Chronological Record of Black Lake Level and of Rainfall
lb
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... ·
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•
0
FIGURE 3: Chronological Record of Streamflow Expressed as Yield in
Cubic Feet/Sec/Square Mile (C.S.M.)
-11 -
necessarily representative of an actual hydrograph. Nevertheless,
the peak flows shown for September 7 indicate a surprisingly high
discharge at the mouth of Black Bear Lake. This pattern is also
shown in Figure 3 in terms of flow in yield, cubic feet/sec/square
mile for the respective stations and measurements. Several features
are suggested:
a. Flows from the outlet of Black Bear Lake are probably much
more extreme in both high and low flow yields (CSM) than for
the Black Bear Lake station located downstream from both
the groundwater system and the beaver dams.
b. Summertime low flows from the Black Bear Lake system have
higher yields/square mile than either the South tributary
or the large outflows below Black Lake. This was not
evident, however, in the October measurements.
c. High flows measured on September 7 suggest that stormflows
from Black Bear Lake and Black Lake were comparably larger
than flows from the South tributary. Alternatively, it
could be that our measurement schedule missed the peak flows
from the South tributary by a larger margin than the lake
streams. By this argument, the South tributary peak flow,
representing a higher CSM yield, had already passed and then
receded before measurements were made on September 7. This
interpretation is supported by the CSM yields between
October 22 and 24, as a result of only a Qalf-inch of rain.
It is also supported by the streambed characteristics, which
clearly show that the South tributary is subject to periodic
torrent flow conditions.
Figure 2 indicates the responsiveness of Black Lake level to
rainfall. The two-inch rainfall on August 22 produced over a
foot of lake rise, while about three inches of rain during
September S-7 caused the lake to rise about 3~ feet. The
relation of Black Lake level to discharge measured at/below the
lake mouth is shown in Figure 4. This is probably a stable
relationship as long as the log jam below the lake mouth stays
in place.
)(.
' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' "'\
' ' ' ' '\
' '
-12 -
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '.1(
' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' )(
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)< \ )(
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llr r-4
-r----------~r-----------~----------~----------~------------r-----------~~
I:'
~
~ "-...:
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' ~
4.1
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""'
-13 -
3. Continuing lake profile measurements of temperature, conductivity
and dissolved oxygen in Black Lake and Black Bear Lake.
This data is shown plotted in Figures 5, 6 and 7. When compared
with earlier data shown in Black Bear Aquatic Study -Phase I
(December 15, 1980) the following characteristics are evident:
a. Upper Black Bear Lake -Temperature conditions in the lake
reached much higher levels in August 1981, but the thermo-
cline at this time was shallower, only about 10-15 feet.
The September temperature profile showed a well developed
thermocline at 40-50 feet, probably 5 or 10 feet less than
in September of 1980. The late October profile for 1981
again showed nearly iso thermal conditions, but at 7.4°C
instead of the 6.3°C level of 1980.
Conductivity values contain no surprises: rather low values,
which in September show a consistent increase with depth.
Dissolved oxygen levels were similar to those of 1980. The
September profile also showed a strong gradient at 40 to 50
feet.
b. Lower Black Bear Lake -Temperature curves show patterns
similar to those of the upper lake. The September thermocline
is 50-60 feet deep rather than 40-50 feet found in the upper
lake. This difference was not found in 1980 measurements.
The conductivity profiles are similar to those in the upper
lake.
Dissolved oxygen levels shown for the lower lake again
indicate the September thermocline at 50-60 feet (same probe
as temperature). This, too, contrasts with a 40-50 foot
September thermocline in 1980.
/
/
--<::> e--0-,....-
-14 -
/
0"
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e ...
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.... e ... ....
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/e . -.. .... (3 ••• ·&
·GJ····.:::::Z••••i!l·• ••G••• L.;.l Y ::'. i!1 .•• ·l!J •••• m ••.
. m· ·-· m~. :-0-_
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10-Z.O-Sl [). o.
9-13-Br D.o .
8-1\-B! D.o.
,:'f .. I:? f3 I /c/"?P.
8-1!-Bt /~1'1P.
-zo~ -fOO~f.
FIGURE 5: Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature
in Upper Black Bear Lake
~
' ~ .....
l-.
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~ o:;b ""ttrohs
~
~ tel N,..,., Oz. ~
~ II f'f/rYI /;see.
...1
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-15 -
L owe 1<. B£Ac ,< &AIZ. LA K t:F {i) 9-/3-8/ {!,pit/'/)1/CTlU,
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-•• 1!1· •• ·Gl ••• ~ ••• ·\!J •• CEJ~ •. ·J:!J· •• ·Cl· ••. Q•.
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· \ 'm to-z.o-s, TcM?. ~G,
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c.__ 8-11-8 I TeMP.
-too .f-1
FIGURE 6: Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature
in Lower Black Bear Lake
IO""""I..os
8"C.
• • t
-16 -
El· ... ··13 ..... .... ··I!l lo-z:J.-81 CCJNDucrrur"rt1
-20++
])rssot.-u£7:> OX'f<feAI
l>! Ji SOL..Ue1:> OX'f1e;;'\.l
-&of+
GJ · · .. 1ZJ o c-ro Be:R..
-IOC> ++
FIGURE 7: Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature
in Black Lake
-17 -
c. Black Lake -Here, too, the August 1981 lake temperature
profile begins at a high value (15.7°C) and drops at a high
rate with depth. This was not nearly as pronounced in
August 1980. The September and October profiles are similar
to 1980.
The conductivity profiles in August and September are low
and without particular significance. Elevated conductivities
shown for October may be the result of winds stirring up
the lake earlier in the fall. Levels are higher than seen in
1980.
The dissolved oxygen profiles of 1981 show similar curve
forms, but somewhat different levels. No particularly
noteworthy difference was seen.
4. Continuing water temperature measurements plus installation of a
fifth thermograph buried in streambed gravels above Black Lake:
No processed thermograph records are available yet for the summer
1981 field season. Records are being processed at this time.
However, the thermograph records from August 1980 to July 1981
have been examined and are summarized at this time. Daily
temperature values for the four stations are shown in Figure 8.
Within this plotted record are 185 days of synthesized values for
the station at the mouth of Black Bear Creek (MBC). Of these
days, 106 occurred November, 1980, to February 15, 1981, and the
remainder occurred in spring-summer 1981. Linear regression tests
for best fit were made using the other temperature stations and
air temperature (Klawock hatchery) as predictors, with the result
that the thermograph record for lower Black Lake (LBL) provided
the most reasonable predicting tool.
This analysis-synthesis provided a record which was suitable for
development of temperature-unit accumulation curves for the four
Black Bear Creek stations. This product is shown in Figure 9,
,.
17
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IS
1¥
15
11
"-...\ II
• "-"
J{)
1\1
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~
~
j •
5
¥
}.
uu../\
? '· \
FIGURE 8: Mean Daily Water Temperature
for Four Stations on Black
Bear Creek, August 1980
through July 1981
BBL: Black Bear Lake Station
UBL: Upper Black Lake Station
LBL: Lower Black Lake Station
MBC: Mouth, Black Bear Creek, near
tidewater
,,. ... ~ -/ '
rfac ... \ ::0
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d / \.
\\./// \ \ ... ··-,
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' . :\.\ "'·
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\/\/ \/ 1'. '. r•
Bt.L
\~. ~.r·,\, .··.
\', i~ ~"···~:--~~ ~-··· r;:,, \ea~.
" 1\,\LIIL
v&h • ...,.\\ •
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nee ··~-l
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\'/\:r··"·"' ,.:-·. ,-l \ ,. • {<.... V' 't ,.. •
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~---------------------1180 -----------------1~-------------------------------1981 --------~-----------1
1-'
00
/500
1'100
JJ(]O
......,.
'-.J 121)/)
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~ 1/00 ' ~
1000
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800
~ 700
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FIGURE 9: Temperature Unit (°C) Accumulation Curve
for the Four Black Bear Creek Stations
... -"' ..... .. _.-;::.;:.... ........ --
.--_ ..... -_ .. ;:.""
__ .. ·::-,.,. _ .... ---
7/ ........ ...-
./_(::-··
......... : ~ , ....
/-''
w, .. " ~ . ....-:-;..--.' 7
,(·' v~
/' 7
.. ::~-"' 7
/.-' '/ . "'.. "/ ,F ?''/ _;,)' (/
J-:'
J''
t
~
"' () .,. ... ' g ~ ...
/980 ~ ~
iii
~
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,/
.....
.---· _..-A
./·
/.LSL
/ . .---, 1'1BC
,•'
,.···· ..-U8L
•' "' ,• .... ................ .,.,..,..
,, ... ~;;. .. ..,.........,.,.. ....,
........ ~ _.....-....... ;;:,*"'
.... -:.-;;.,:;;:,.,.-
881..
~
~
/98/
"' ' I
----1
......
"'
-20 -
and provides a means of evaluating relevant temperature characteristics
and differences ~ound within the drainage.
The cumulative temperature record was begun on Septe~er 1, 1980,
and carried through April, 1981. The September beginning conforms
with approximate peak of sockeye spawning in 1981 above Black Lake.
The role of Black Lake in elevating water temperatures is evident
from the graph, as is also the slow rate of spring heating observed
at the mouth of Black Bear Lake. It is likely that the mouth of
Black Bear Creek station (MBC) has a relatively low temperature
unit gain in winter as a result of cooling action as the stream
flows three miles from Black Lake to tidewater.
The Klawock hatchery finds that chum salmon eggs require about:
270 -300 T.U. (°C) to eyed stage
600 T.U. (°C) to hatch
900 T.U. (°C) to emergence
These values are probably low for development of wild eggs-embryo,
but they can be used for comparison purposes. Thus, the four
stations compare as follows:
T.U.'s-°C
270-300 600 900
Black Bear Lake Sept 27-30 Nov 7-9 Jan 14-15
Upper Black Lake Sept 29 to Nov 8-9 Jan 24-25
Oct 2
Lower Black L~e Sept 23-26 Oct 29-30 Jan 8-9
Mouth, Black Bear Creek Sept 25-28 Nov 1-2 Jan 21-22
Plottings were also made of hourly temperatures at respective
stations for 48-hour periods in summer, fall, winter and spring
(Figures lOa, b, c and d). These serve to examine differences
in heating characteristics along the drainage system and, hence,
to consider how downstream temperatures may result from upstream
temperature conditions.
/~d
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tJ..'!i
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f.$'" .
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-21 -
LSL
•, ,·-·-/"'·-· Me.t!
\ ,.-.--,~-·\, /
\·-·---·" -..!
\ // ~. I "'-· .,-,_,
if ' 8 ltJ IZ... I~ '" ltl U'J A.%-A/{ Z
1/Ut:.usr .17, t'!8o
1/ '-11 I~ IZ. ll/ 1._ /II ~ :z.Z ..Zi/
A en; usr .zs, I"! So
I
I
I I
I I
'I 'J
Ot!TOIIE.I<! '" I 1980 ocToBEfZ.. 1-r , 19So
FIGURE 10: Hourly Profiles of Water Temperature ever a 48-H0ur Period.
(a & b)
,.....
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lb
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-22 -
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0 ·0 \~1---Z---¥----~--~---~-o--,-z---~---~~~~-~~-~~~2Z---2-~~z---~~-6---8~--~o--;-~--~-~---,~~~/8~zo--~2~L~Z~
A p~ \ L IC. I I ~ 2' l
FIGURE 10: Hourly Profiles of Water Temperature Over a 48 Hour Period.
(c & d)
-23 -
During a sunny summer day heating peaks first immediately
below the lake situations (about 2 PM). After a delay of about
two hours, the peak from Black Bear Lake (BBL) reaches upper
Black Lake (UBL), while a delay of six-seven hours is found
between the peak at lower Black Lake (LBL) and the resulting
peak near the mouth of Black Bear Creek (MBC). The extended
peak found on the MBC record suggests that several "waves" of
warm water may successively interact to produce an integrated
pattern.
The October 16-17 temperature plottings show diurnal fluctuations,
but in a much more confusing pattern and involving a temperature
range of only about 2°C.
The December 22-23 plottings also involve only about 2°C but
even in this plot the thermograph below Black Lake (LBL) shows
a significant warming effect produced by the lake, including
a mid-day rise on December 22 of about a half degree C.
Unfortunately, the thermograph at the mouth of Black Bear Creek
was not operating at this time.
The mid-April 1981 plottings show cyclical patterns somewhat
similar to but less pronounced than the summer 1980 record.
Maximum daily range of temperature at this time is about l°C.
The daily peak temperature at Black Bear Lake (BBL) occurs at
1,200-1,400, while comparable peak in upper Black Lake (UBL)
occurs about 1,600-1,800.
The occurrence of spring flows in the stream system below Black
Bear Lake undoubtedly has significant effects on water temperatures
in the spawning gravels. This will be most true where such
upwelling flows in the bed are from deeper sources most likely to
be both sustained as well as moderated in temperature (increase
in winter; decrease in summer). Information gained from the
buried thermograph may indicate the influence and magnitude of
such upwelling flows from relatively deep sources.
-24 -
Upwelling flows resulting from near surface flows through
rubble-cobble streambed material also moderates temperatures,
but to a lesser degree. These flows are also more prone to
recede as low flow water levels drop.
-25 -
B. Adult Escapement Into the Stream System Above Black Lake
The numbers of adult salmonids returning to spawn was monitored from the
end of July to October 24. The method involved two people canoeing and
walking identified respective stream sections of the stream system,
using a tally counter to record the totals. Averages were then calculated
of the two figures. The results, showing counts for respective species
by principal spawning sections, are given in Tables 2a through 2d.
On August 5, 420 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were counted in the
lower section of the system up to the junction of the two principal forks.
The count on August 10 revealed 598 sockeye in the system, of which 405
were in the lower section of the stream below any suitable spawning area.
(Suitable gravel for spawning does not occur until 160 feet below the
junction of the main channel with the West Branch of the south tributary.)
Of the remaining 193 fish, 143 were located in the south tributary and
50 in the Spring Fo.rk of the Black Bear Lake system. These latter fish
were found in the lower section of the Spring Fork and, although pairing
was evident, no actual spawning was observed at this time. Four chum
salmon were observed at the upwelling of the Spring Fork in early August.
By August 13, 730 sockeye were in the system, 401 were in schools or
nonspawning habitat in the slower flowing section, 239 were in the
south tributary, and only 90 were in the Spring Fork. By August 18,
1,022 sockeye were counted above Black Lake. Of these, 657 were still
in schools in the lower section, 283 were in the South Fork, and 82 in
the Spring Fork. Spawning activity had commenced at this time. The peak
of sockeye spawning was towards the end of August, when 1,190 fish were
counted in the svstem above Black Lake. Of these, 380 were in the South
tributary and 500 in the Black Bear Lake system. Allowing for mortality
between counts, the total number of sockeye which spawned in the Black
Bear Lake system was estimated to be in the region of 650·. No sockeyes
were observed to spawn in the Lake Fork (of the Black Bear Lake system)
above the beaver dam. Approximately 15-20% of spawning sockeyes were seen
to be 'jacks', or precocious males.
From the beginning of August various schools of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha) had been observed congregating around the mouth of Black Bear
Creek, as it enters Black Lake. On August 18, 16 pinks were observed to
TABLE 2a: Numbers of Spawning Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Stream System Above Black Lake
Date August August August August August September September
Location 5 10 13 18 28 5 16
Mouth of creek to {\lest Fork of South
tributary 420 345 309 546 165 42 0
Main creek from West Fork of South
tributary to junction with the South
tributary NC 60 92 111 145 71 0
West Fork of the South tributary NC 10 34 59 43 36 6
South tributary NC 133 205 224 337 292 10
Lake Fork to Beaver Pond NC 0 0 0 0 19 0 N
0'\
BLACK
BEAR Beaver Pond on Lake Fork NC 0 0 0 0 0 0
LAKE Lake Fork above Beaver Pond NC 0 0 0 0 0 0
SYSTEM Spring Fork NC 50 90 82 500 396 7
TOTAL 598 730 1,022 1,190 856 23
TABLE 2b: Numbers of Spawning Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Stream System Above Black Lake
Date August August August August August September September
Location 5 10 13 18 28 5 16
Mouth of creek to West Fork of South
tributary 0 0 0 16 629 830 121
Main creek from West Fork of South
tributary to junction with the South
tributary 0 0 0 0 51 280 156
West Fork of the South tributary 0 0 0 0 14 270 148
South tributary 0 0 0 0 250 1,401 1.752
I
Lake Fork to Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 18 22 127 N
.......
BLACK
BEAR Beaver Pond on Lake Fork 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
LAKE Lake Fork above Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 0 0 468
SYSTEM Spring Fork 0 0 0 0 206 1,265 1,111
TOTAL 16 1,168 4,068 3,907
TABLE 2c: Numbers of Spawning Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the Stream System Above Black Lake
Date August August August August August September September
Location 5 10 13 18 28 5 16
Mouth of creek to West Fork of South 0 0 3 4 0 0 0
tributary
Main creek from West Fork of South
tributary to junction with the South
tributary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
West Fork of the South tributary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South tributary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lake Fork to Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N
CXl
BLACK Beaver Pond on Lake Fork 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BEAR
LAKE Lake Fork above Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SYSTEM Spring Fork 4 4 2 0 0 1 1
TOTAL 4 4 5 4 0 1 1
TABLE 2d: Observations of Spawning Coho Salmon (OncorhyPchus kisutch) in the Stream System Above Black Lake
Date September September October October October
Location 5 16 21 22 24
Mouth of creek to West Fork of South
tributary 0 3 1 5 16
Main creek from West Fork of South
tributary to junction with the South
tributary 0 0 0 0 0
West Fork of the South tributary 0 0 1 1 2
South tributary 0 0 7 6 20
N
"" Lake Fork to Beaver Pond 0 1 0 0 0
BLACK Beaver Pond on Lake Fork 0 6 1 2 2
BEAR
LAKE Lake Fork above Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 0
SYSTEM Spring Fork 0 1 4 6 2
TOTAL 0 11 14 20 42
-30 -
have entered the lower section of the creek. Three inches of rain between
the 21st and 28th of August caused the stream to rise markedly, where-
upon large schools of pinks entered the creek. A count of 1,168 fish was
found in the system on August 28th. Spawning reached its peak by the
middle of September when 3,907 pink salmon were counted. Of these fish,
1,900 were spawning in the South tributary and 1,730 in the Black Bear
Lake System. The high water in early September had allowed the pinks to
migrate over the beaver dams in the Lake Fork of the Black Bear Lake system,
and fish were observed in all of the branches up to where the stream grad-
ient starts to markedly rise in the lake outlet channel. No fish were
seen in this section of the stream before that date. In the Spring Fork
some pinks were observed spawning right up to where upwellings arose from
the ground among moss covered rocks. The total number of pink salmon that
spawned in the Black Bear Lake system was estimated to be in the region
of 2,000.
A few isolated efforts by sockeye to beach spawn were recorded, and three
or four pinks were seen attempting to spawn in an inlet stream in the
western part of Black Lake.
By the middle of September a number of early coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
had appeared and 11 were found in the system above Black Lake. Six were
seen in the beaver pond on the Lake Fork. Two counts of coho in the third
week of October located a maximum of 42 fish in the system above Black
Lake. A higher percentage of these fish were in the South tributary. It
is likely that coho will continue to enter the system well into winter.
Coho were seen jumping in Black Lake during the last week of observations.
This trend has been observed by ADF&G biologists on the Klawock River-Lake
system, where spawners have been observed as late as March 1. While the
total coho escapement into Upper Black Bear Creek cannot be estimated from
counts made to October 24, an examination of coho escapement counts made
on Klawock River (Appendix 1) showing daily numbers through the Klawock
River weir and indicating total annual escapements of coho in the last
several years ranging around 2,500 to 4,000 fish suggests the view that
adult coho escapement into the upper Black Bear Creek system may be in the
magnitude of 200 -1,000 fish. Later analyses of juvenile fish populations,
available rearing area, growth rates, etc., may provide some basis to eval-
uate this speculative figure.
-31 -
Schools of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) were observed in the stream
system above Black Lake, principally in the South tributary. The number
in these schools did not exceed 200 and none were observed in spawning
coloration. However, Dolly Varden do spawn in the system, as shown by
the occurrence of j~eniles (discussed later). It is possible that these
fish were in the system to feed on salmon eggs.
C. Resident Juvenile Salmonid Populations in Black Lake and Upstream
Waters
An estimate was made of numbers and species of the resident juvenile
salmon in Black Lake and the stream system above the lake. For population
estimates 1/8 and 1/4-inch mesh minnow traps were used, baited with
boraxed salmon eggs and a mark-recapture method was employed. In Black
Lake, four large, field-fabricated, wire traps were also used. Other
possible methods of capture, for example, seine nets and electro-shocking,
were thought to be unsuitable due to the large amount of fallen logs and
log debris in the stream and the presence of large numbers of migrating
fish.
In the lake, an eight-day multiple mark-recapture using the Schumacher
and Eschmeyer's estimate was undertaken. A similar method was utilized
in the beaver ponds near where the stream enters the lake and at the
lower end of the Lake Fork of the Black Bear Lake system over five and
three days, respectively. The stream was divided into three homogenous
sections and mark-recapture experiments were undertaken over a 24-hour
period using a single Peterson estimate in representative 100-meter
sections. Fish collected were divided into young of the year (O+) and
fingerlings (1+) using length measurements. At the beginning of August
the dividing length used was 55 mm and this was increased to 65 mm by the
middle of September.
Length-weight analysis for the fingerlings were undertaken on samples from
the lake, the beaver ponds and the lower section of the stream.
A preliminary examination of the results show the principal rearing areas
for juvenile coho in the stream system to be the lower section of the
stream below the forks and in the beaver ponds. The lower section of the
-32 -
stream runs for approximately 0.6 mile before entering Black Lake.
Typical velocities in the section are from 0.2 to 1.5 ft/sec and depth
up to 6 feet. Most of the fish were located along the margins where
undercut banks and small side channels are present and where there is
a large amount of overhanging riparian vegetation providing suitable
cover for the juvenile fish. The substrate is predominantly sands,
silts and organics. The controlled range of velocity provides this
section of the stream with stable rearing habitat in terms of flow
and probably accounts for the larger rearing fish populations than in the
stream section above the forks. The beaver ponds are also not subject
to marked changes in flow and, hence, also provide stable rearing habitat.
The ratio of coho fingerlings to fry was higher in the beaver ponds than
in the stream.
Population estimates for coho fingerlings (1+) were 504 (95% confidence
limits 440-595) in the beaver ponds adjoining the stream as it enters
Black Lake and 442 (95% confidence limits 344-615) in the beaver ponds
on the lake fork. This compares with an average estimate of 372 (95%
-confidence 1:fmil:s 240 ·-431) :tn a 100 meter section in the lower part of
the stream. For the 980 meters of this entire section, this would
correspond to an estimate of 3,646 for the lower part of the stream below
the forks. This compares to an estimate of 946 coho fingerlings in the
two sets of beaver ponds and, thus, these ponds represent an important
part of the coho rearing habitat in the Black Bear Creek system.
The flow regimes of the Lake Fork during the summer has an effect on
rearing coho juveniles. When the outlet flow from Black Bear Lake is
low, the upwelling at the lower end of the gradient is insufficient to
permit continuous flow in all of the channels and, thus, isolated pools
are formed which trap fish and which may eventually dry up, resulting
in fish mortality. The numbers involved are probably small as this
section of the stream does not support large rearing populations but,
nevertheless, mortality of juveniles does occur.
Only very small numbers of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) were found in
the stream system above Black Lake. The largest population was located
in the beaver pond system on the Lake Fork where a population estimate
-33 -
of 82 (95% confidence limits 74-92) was obtained. These fish were all
1+ fish.
No other species of juvenile salmonid were found at this time in the
stream system above Black Lake.
A population estimate of coho fingerlings (1+) in Black Lake gave a
figure of 2,628 (95% confidence limits 2,196 to 3,271). The two most
productive littoral areas were the extensive shallow areas near the
east end of the lake where Black Creek enters and the west corner near
the mouth of the lake. Many areas on the north shore of the lake are
too steep-sided to constitute extensive littoral areas and, thus,
numbers of coho in this area were low. The extensive use of large minnow
traps seemed to indicate that the numbers of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus
malma) in the lake are low for very few fish were captured. Rod and
line and the large minnow traps caught only 4 cutthroat (Salmo clarki).
Captures of the two species were not high enough to undertake mark and
recapture experiments.
D. Observations of Mammal Populations Above Black Lake
Objectives
To approximate the number of beaver and black bear using the drainage
above Black Lake, identifying key habitats; to maintain a log of sightings
of beaver and black bear, and to develop a map of the valley bottom above
Black Lake showing key use areas.
Approach
Mammal sign (including tracks, den and bedding sites, feeding sites, scats,
remnant hair, and actual sightings) was observed and recorded daily. In
addition to data collected during fisheries biology work (which was
stream and lake-intensive) five traverses of Black Bear Creek valley were
undertaken with the sole objective of observing mammal sign. One complete
circumambulation of the valley was thus achieved, with more intensive,
repeated thrusts into areas heavily used by mammals.
These intensively used areas include the marsh area south of the lower
beaver ponds; the area of the forks; a narrow conduit (approximately 60
-34 -
meters broad) the length of Lake Fork up to the steepening streambed
section where spawning ceases; a similar conduit the length of Spring
Fork to where it emerges from the ground; a somewhat broader band of
use following the South Fork from the outlet of West Branch upstream to
where the South Fork turns due south and climbs steeply and spawning
ceases in the large-stone streambed. The above areas were traversed at
least weekly during the study period.
Specific Observations
Beaver
Beaver sign (shrub and sapling cuttings, tracks, gnawed stumps,
peeled sticks, dams, scent mounds, scats, etc.) was found throughout
the low~r drainage above Black Lake. There is frequent old beaver
sign along Black Bear Creek, Lake Fork, Spring Fork, and West
Branch. Current, fresh sign is found along Black Bear Creek from
the lake up to the forks, and up Lake Fork to a maintained dam and
approximately 50 meters beyond. This area shows consistent, current
use, with fresh cuttings observed on 30 occasions. Beaver use of
the lower ponds is light and intermittent in the presence of people.
Eight days of minnow trapping in this area drove the beaver upstream;
they returned to the ponds two days after the minnow trapping was
concluded.
An adult beaver was seen swimming in the creek just opposite this
lower pond area on the morning of August 13 -the only beaver seen
all summer.
No small tracks ascribable to juvenile animals were seen, but
frequent adult tracks were observed along the stream banks during
the times of low water (August 9-20; August 28-September 5) and in
the mud along the shores of West Branch and Lake Fork.
Beaver were active throughout the system described above, with most
of the approximately 40 runways in the lower creek used frequently
enough to inhibit vegetation growth.
-35 -
Black Bear
From July 31 to August 17, tracks of one small individual prevailed
throughout the study area; this was the only animal present until
August 18 when a larger black bear moved into the lower creek
section back of the lower beaver pond and along the southeast
side of Black Lake. This individual's tracks correspond to those
of a large black bear seen swimming across the upper lake in
March of 1981. These two bears staked out their territories, with
the smaller animal ranging widely throughout the forks area, using
den sites along Spring Fork and South Fork, and feeding heavily on
sockeye and pink salmon, respectively, as the spawns overlapped.
On September 3, tracks of a third bear (sized in between the other
two) were seen on the north bank of Black Bear Creek just above
the lake, accompanied by the tracks of two cubs with identical-
sized tracks.
These five bears, as of September 16, were all feeding heavily on
the pink salmon in all three upper branches of Black Bear Creek; on
September 16 over 200 fresh, partially-eaten pink salmon carcasses
were seen hauled out on the stream banks, with heavy bear sign
abundantly dispersed throughout the upper forks area.
Black Bear Sightings
August 4
August 14
August 18
August 26
August 28
September 3
Two bears seen on slope above Black Bear Lake outlet,
at approximately 2200' elevation.
Small bear near forks in spruce tree.
Large bear, southeast shore of Black Lake.
Large bear, face-to-face, back of lower beaver pond,
in marsh.
Small bear, West Branch, eating salmon.
Medi~sized bear, on log in lower Black Bear Creek
near lake.
September 12 Small bear, west end of Black Lake, on south side in
brush.
September 13 Large bear, Black Creek, 1/2 mile below Black Lake,
fishing.
-36 -
Wolf
Tracks of tHo individuals were seen on t>vo occasions, indicating the
passage of a large animal doHnstream near the head of the lake on
August 13; a smaller animal's tracks were seen in the same area on
August 10. There was no other wolf sign encountered anywhere in
the study area at any other time, nor were there discovered a[cy
well-developed game trails of the sort wolves frequent.
Mustelids -Mink, Marten and Otter
Mink tracks were commonly seen along the creek banks in the mud on
every trip upstream. This sign extended up all three forks,
corresponding roughly with spawning activity, and seemed to be
heaviest in the lower stretches of Black Bear Creek where coho fry
rearing habitat is best.
Marten sign was seen less abundantly than was mink, but occurred
more diffusely throughout the upper valley, extending up South Fork
valley to at least the lower falls; up Spring Fork and Lake Fork sign
is less visible, with no sign seen in the dense brush and blow-dmvn
area at the base of the ridge north of the upper Lake Fork section.
One marten was seen on September 2 in the deep woods east of the falls
on South Fork.
Otter sign was seen in the upper Black Bear Creek watershed only dur-
ing the October, visit (October 23). Tracks of one adult were seen at
the upper end of Black Lake, and several areas of otter scat were found
above Black Lake.
Deer
Although not a part of the contracted biological work in the Black
Bear Lake drainage, deer sign Has sought during investigative perambul-
ations and recorded Hhen encountered. Evidence of deer use of the area
between Black Lake and the falls of Black Bear Creek was sparse and is
listed belm.,r.
Augu:ol 7
Lake, no good estimate of age.
August 8 Recent tra<":ks of one anim:1l \vPrc seen along lowct· Black
August 13
August 24
October 21
37 -
Bear Creek shore, disappearing into marsh on the south
side of the creek.
Tracks, several days old, of one animal on north shore
of lower Black Bear Creek -these tracks exposed by
falling water level in the creek.
Evidence of at least one deer's passage toward the high
country, in the form of a scat pile and old tracks ~mile
northwest of the falls.
Deer skeleton, 2-3 weeks dead, found in the creek below
Black Lake by MBC thermograph station. Skull missing,
remainder of skeleton intact. Unable to determine nature ..
of death. This was the only deer actually seen in the
study area over the course of 14 months.
Deer sign is very sparse in the study area. Pilots who regularly fly
over the area told us they have seen deer in the past on the slopes
above Black Lake and Black Bear Lake during the summer months, but had
seen none this year. All of the sign seen in August could be attributed
to one animal's passage.
These observations are ongoing. Conclusions, population estimates, and a
map on dispersion and heavy use areas -key habitat will accompany the final
report, as well as details of observations.
IV. FURTHER tvORK ANTICIPATED SPRING 1982
A. Continue thermograph operations until June 1 (?). Pull all records,
thermographs~ at that time.
B. Continue monitoring of lake temperature, con~uctivity, dissolved
oxygen profiles. Measure in winter 1981-82 and in spring 1982.
C. Perform outmigrant work to determine smolt and fry migration from
the stream system.
D. Develop estimate of the rainbow population in Black Bear Lake, and
identification of their areas of spawning.
E. Complete length-weight analysis of juvenile coho fingerlings to
compare growth conditions in Black Lake, the beaver ponds, and the
lower section of the stream system.
F. Complete stomach analysis of juvenile cbh0 to a~certain principaJ
food items in the various areas of the stream system.
G. Supplement present map information describing the streambed, stream
bank characteristics, streamside vegetation.
-38 -
V. TENT!\TIVE COMME~TS ON POSSIBLE HITIGATION AND PROTECTION MEASURES
NEEDED FOR DESIGN-CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPO\.JER SYSTEH
The points summarized below have not been researched or considered in
detail. They are offered at this time primarily for further discussion
or examination.
A. The routing and the design of tailrace waterflow should seek a
designed balance between discharged water entering groundwater
flow routes and water passing back into natural surface flow
routes. This may be possible by routing flow across the valley
bottom through an infiltration ditch. The.depth, width~ and water
level control within this ditch may be used to adjust proportions
of flow reentering groundwater versus surface flow routes.
B. When the road access is redesigned, particular care should be
taken of the several tributaries entering Black Bear Creek very
near to the outlet of Black Lake. It is possible that these
tributaries play a significant role in maintaining the level of
the lake's outlet and the quality of streambed gravels in the
vicinity. Accordingly, the flows of streambed gravels as well
as water flows should pass at natural rates into the creek.
C. It is likely that the beaver population above Black Lake will
be heavily impacted by the hydro project, road, etc. In time,
loss of beaver may reduce coho rearing habitat. An approach to
deal \vith this situation should be developed.
D. The schemes of water volumes released and of associated water
temperatures in the tailrace waters may require further adjust-
ment in the hydropower design-operations now that more complete
biologic information is becoming available.
:~~/
-~-~
2.
-39 -
Point at which stream from Black Bear
Lake disappeared underground.
PHOTO APPENDIX
1. Falls from Black Bear Lake in
August. 30 yards below this
point the stream disappeared
underground.
-40 -
3. Dried up·streambed in main channel from Black Bear Lake
in August.
4. Reemergence of creek as upwellings at the base of the
gradient leading to the falls. Temperature here was
little changed from where it went underground upstream
near the base of the falls.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-41 -
5. Moss covered stones at
upwellings that constitute
the Spring Fork of the
Black Bear Lake system.
The temperature difference
here was 2-l/2°C colder
than where it went underground.
6. Black Bear Lake system to the left at junction with the
South tributary (right) to form Black Bear Creek.
-42 -
7. Spawning gravels near junction of South tributary and
Black Bear Lake system. Fallen logs are typical of
this section of stream above the two forks where the
principal spawning gravels exist. These logs do not
form sufficiently large jams as to block the passage
of migrating fish.
8. Typical section of stream in the lower reaches of Black
Bear Creek below the junction of the two p rincipal forks.
It is characteristically slow flowing and with a
predominantly sands, silt and organics substrate.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-43 -
9. Overhanging riparian vegetation and undercut banks are
typical of the lower section of BlaCk Bear Creek,
providing suitable rearing habitat for coho juvenile
salmonids.
10. Beaver dam on Lake Fork causing the formation of beaver
ponds which provide rearing habitat for coho and Dolly
Varden juvenile salmonids.
-44 -
KLAWOCK W_EIR SHIFT TOTAl:_~
Pink
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-45 -
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.. KLAWOCK WEIR COUNT
~ Chum Coho Sockeye Pink Comments
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z;-r 3, :l51 ;/, I/_ Cj_ . ~f9j 3i 31.?1
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I
1.tl lj,,.:/N(, d2.m 34/ .lolf
'liB' 't15~ .e:r, ::J.tJ <?
I
£Z1~ :lfi; 1'98'
,, I ttt./9 ~.3/'i! ~1.r lj;:" !!) , ;·Ji ·( u t;:•l. (• ' • • I._,
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-9,
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3
3
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1. 3tJ 1(,19? 31#9.2 '
_j. ,<?Tl
I
J:i; 3~Pk
-46 -
'
. KLAWOCK WEIR COUNT
Date Chum Coho Sockeye Pink Comments
/o·L n 14t2f£ .. a; qyz ~,pj e3~ t{jJ
t """/
tJ. ~ 51@
LO-t/ tl (;J.~
I 5
II I!/ 6;:1()
!'0·"' !PitOI#-I
{().
to.f S3;J..-3
1 3
/OJ() £2.701 3tf.ro-S'/1)
' '
/r!J,/1 /,2, 7€'! ~'~ o2jt7'7' qol ~s;-
I I
-47 -
Table 2. Daily Klawock Weir Count, 1978.
Date Chum Coho Sockeye Pink
8/30 14 470 241 11,685
8/31 28 741 242 21,584
9/1 •' 82 1,150 246 51,226 ...
9/2 117 1,317 246 57,051
9/3 140 1,401 246 58,955
9/4 159 1,407 246 59,866
9/5 202 1,412 246 60,743
9/6 243 1,429 246 62,249
9/7 348 1,482 246 63,875
9/8 420 1,505 246 64,295
9/9 457 1,513 246 64,506
9/10 530 1,520 246 64,799
9/11 683 1,522 246 64,962
9/12 1,584 1,528 246 65,844
9/13 2,658 1,627 246 67,088
9/14. 4,695 1, 778 246 68,918
9/15 5,674 2,057 246 72,398
9/16 7,020 2,166 246 73,362
9/17 7,359 2,186 246 73,744
9/18 7,527 2,212 246 73,904
. 9/19 8,097 2,249 246 74,452
9/20 9,195 -2, 336 .. 246 75,089
9/21. 9,323 2,363 246 75,209
9/22 9,351 2,373 246 75,233
9/23 9,526 2,400 246 75,286
9/24 9,560 2,412 246 75,315
9/25 9,599 2,429 246 75,355
9/26 9, 725 2,456 246 75,428
9/27 9,808 2,469 246 75,484
9/28 10,173 2,583 246 75,628
9/29 10,229 2,633 246 75,686
9/30 10,399 2,682 246 75.739 -
10/1 10,498 2,706 246 75,772
10/2 High water closed weir
10/3 II II II II
10/4 10,505 2, 711 246 75,931
10/5 10,511 2, 715 246 75,977
10/6 10,517 2, 720 246 75,996
10/7 10,537 2,734 246 76,027
10/8 10.549 2,758 246 76,051
10/9 10,575 2,783 246 76,096
10/10 10,582 2,791 246 76,118
10/11 10,588 2, 796 246 76,137
10/12 10,590 2,800 246 76,240
10/13 High water closed weir
10/14 11 II II II
·: . .-,
~ -
Table'-2.-
.Date
10/15-
10/16
10/17
10/18.
10/19
10/20
10/21
10/22
. ··:
---
... .
-48 -
Daily Klawock l'ieir Count, 1978. (continued)
Chum Coho Sockeye Pink
10,590 2,802 246 76,263
10,592 2,808 246 76,281
10,596 2,813 246 76,297
10,596 2,820 246 76,314
_.High water closed weir
10,596 2,823 246 76,323
10,596 2,828 246 76,331
10,597 2,831 246 76,335
. ·:--~~;~ : ': ~~~\; ; ·· ·· . . ···· . ,, ( ·. · , •. ?<:~}f.·. fts;;-?;_it::t·.\ · ·: ,' : .. ·, .·.: · ~ ._ . . · ,~~;;~s.f;r .
\' \s t•A "EP\R"'Il''l'T' OF F'ISI 1 Alo.ID £'A\.~ ._.,,,_ ___ ,,," .: ,; .. , . ' '-·. ' ' .· --.. , •. ,, •... -· -•· ~ IV'\ U .. J .II' ".11 • " I !'-"' \.V\I."'W '.. _,. ... :··::_· .. '.,.. --·... .•:.~ .... · ,.· -~~ .. }i_-,·.>t-~7__.=~::;_.., .... ~~ ., · ~o~n lL Y l\'EI R COUNT· {-. :-·-'< -->. ' . , ' --.. .-_.,_,_ _,, '"' -
....•• ; · ··•·· .. > ,: ,X : ·; ·: ~~;:: ;, ' ... ,' .·.···•. •. ·: · ••... ' • .. ,li;II(uaLk RiVer
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1--~---Ct»ilnA--CU~JULA.. CUi\lULA--. · ClffilULA-0 ~--.--~--~"c'---
~TE D.-\ILY TIVE D:\ILY . TI'VE -·n-\I~Y TIVE .... ·. DAILY TIVE TOT~"~.L _ C'~GE . L_ _ _ _PD_~u":!:S_;.,_:; __
8 o 6 6 a -8 --· o ·_ o · -· t ·
9
_ _1 o--10 16 · s 16 u u -----r· -r ___ ,_
--r<f1 1 1 49 65 . 56 //_ u o 1 1
11 I 1 2 "82 141 • 3Yu 4oz _ 1 1 , .. ·--r·-------rTI-1 3 . -27 174 lL..5 )tD -i 7: . · --r---, --1-------
13 1 o --3 J~.z-:-zr6 -r:m /D u L ---1--------r-1-l--------
TZ!l U 3 l4-s----261, · l:SY l:IU4 U -z -r --r--------.
rs-1 1 b -.1 bR 3Q2 123 927 0 2 · -, . l= ~: ... . lbl 1 ') =J 17 146 103 1030 3 5 -i----------
17 I __ _o_ 5 ..:..=J 49 395 132 1167 1 6 I .. -
~-~-_ 1 ~ __ l__Q_ _ 420 ___ 425 1587 0 6 ___ --=tr I -
-20
1 ----~i~---L : I I 1 ·7 -1 7j7 ;__ _ ---~-I :-1~ I / V I II I I V I --
21 I/-_j (___jL_ -)tjTEft:J_ f,tr;:fVJ~C!-rfflFLfREI 1 / 1_--1-----.. -. ----
'l.Z r -=--1 1 , 1_ 1 / I 1 ; 1 ; / 1 --~ 0 ~ I" ~ ~---:;r-i~ ~~i; ~ ~ --+------~--------=.I ---l--_, ------;~
1
~
1
___J_r__L __ -425 24 1639 o 6 _ --=L---, 1 E----
0 6 . _l_ 426 15 1654 1 . 7
Lll-0 6 -38 464 877 2531 1 • 8
t--~~L~-6 23 487 644 . 3175-1 9 _ 1 -'-~_:--·-----~.-::-~J~
I . . . ---------
j ---' -----
--,-----r-----------. r------
I ---~-------. .. _----------.. - - -I -----
~,:t=t-· -_· ·--~-~---: __ }=. ---.-~----· ~= :_-.____ ---~ ~~--------_----=~~.·-j_--= ~-----~-~-~~-=-
';~J==-._:~~-~--J.=----=~~-------~--t--·'' ----.----------------------__ --•, .::...:.:. ___ · __ :
~ . . ---·· .,. ____________ . ___ ....... ______ ... _____ -----_,
AL\.SJ\:\
· H)~lH Septt..:elber 1979
OF H~)JI A'lD G.t\l'·fG liE In cou:-..rr
a llJ.'-1 ·--.--·---rcDHuiA-
DAILY I TIVE
9
-38
. I
h'EI ~-Kl <nvQC:}< River ·
·-..
--,.-----·--r~----·----1· 1------• --·
·-,---· 1----l . ~---_ .. :: __ __,:_~.:.
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~
--'
x-mrm October 1979 ------------
.\L:\Sl\.\ DEP;\kl'MF.\1' Of-fiSH A\!D (_;;\.\:!~
~l1>-l'l1 U.Y 1\'EIR COI.JNT
WEIR_ 10 m•ocl:;._l.U.'~'P_. r __ _ ... ~ .
" ;
L-J~:Q_ ----· "OJ!~-~--PINK'. 0~1 I' ~_JliEE /ill_l:_l __ J _______ ._ Cl£-lVL.A-CU~lUI.A· CU}.!ULA-CUl•iUuA-. , .. .· I2:~;30_ DAILY ~I4~E t'\!f.Y __ l ~~~ En.ULY r~~~799 DAILY ~~~ _I_Q.TAL _ -~Y -~, _:____ .. -~~E-~£~:~.,.. ..
1o11l -1 6 --22s3 93 ro?!:ln 21s2 ·-·-f--.!------------
.,----, 'H ,.,..,,6 f'TO 108062-38 • 2220 ---~ (--}--------· ·---
. • 7 A 2325 -~-------m ----~ ·-:--------·· •
. d / ~-32 lUoU~4 "t), 22.2.6 . ~----·--~H-=-~----f-. . "
----16 ---~ I I_ -t--
HIC:H !HATER llit:iH HATER _ HIG!j I.JAT_ER ., ·-. ~-= 1;,-\TE-R
(} 1 2"'2·1-"\[1\TER
Ttnroug· 11/12 HII:;H \{ATER HIGt i.JATER --,.....:.:.::.· -· -··
1/ q_ --~--' -, .. 2 4 i' --· ~----.
1 _ --·---~ 2352 1· 1 5 ·-·· -·--·
-. I LJ'5~-----
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--------~--~ i-----!-----~--.... ----·· "
--· --· ----·-··
,\ = c,~h ,,•ere obscrved_j urnping fron trap o pen tc river ab ve pens during higFi '.vater. '~ ---
---~ --------·-.
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D:\TE DAILY TIVE . D.-\ILY TlVE n:\ILY .. .JIVE _ _:_ DAILY' :TIVE TOTAL GAGE __ F" _._· _____ :..:.PE:~FX~"~-~-~' ' ~~=~1 l -----+ ~-~-----+------~. ----· .
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Kla\>1o01k·Lake.: · · ·' . . . . . ' ' .:. 3 MI HATCH '; . : .... NO NAME .. ' '"·' ; ···.:·~ \ ):NTAI\E : ..
D._n_c_! D.\IL~ -I ~~\-.. ··I D.iiLY I w~ .. U\: nmY ·~¥~U\-; qDAIL~ . ~ii-:TOT~ ' ~~GE ° F ' • : .I . L?E ~;~~~~~~;
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4 1 3 20 87 l
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TIVE · · U.ULY TIVE . 'DAILY. T'IVE · . DAILY TIW TOTAL. t· GAGE
' ~ ' ' ~ .-:.·:-~-..
0, ..
F _-:P.E·!!~:KS.
I · ·. . · 'lg ·¥'/~ ...... ~-~~ Fotlr.Z . . :.;.9 · ·· , ~ · · __ · ~=~
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D~\TH . I DAILY
:2 o. q 1 S 'f..r lf:JW I of./ t/9fl ? s-Y I 3 0 3 3 57g '1123 tD ~'2J. S" '3 . f---· ---
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j'1 I I '1 2 :, ?'7?'
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Appendix t-V-C
APPLICANT'S
ARCHEOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL
SURVEY REPORT
D ·-·; ;),' ···' . J · ...
fl, ' (' -· l•<' .. .. 10
tta.:i~:iad -lot filing by
Protacl Humber -----
ClassJicatiea
1
'2-~ 1 ~
Suhjed Designatin
Archeological Investigations
for the proposed
Black Sear Lake Hydroelectric Project
Prince of Wales Island,
Alaska
report
prepared by
ALASKARCTIC
Glenn Bacon
Principle Investigator
report to
CH2M HILL
Denali Towers North
2550 Denali St., 8th Floor
Anchorage, Alaska
99503
September 1980
Fevised Fe,brUaXV 1981
Cm!TENTS
Introduction ........................................... page
Methodo 1 ogy ......•.....•....... · ..•.....•.........•....
Research Design ...................................... .
Environmental Parameters for Human Occupation .••••....
The Survey Plan ...................................... .
The Survey
Sites Revealed Through Literature Review .............•
Sites Revealed Through Interviews
3
4
5
10
.12
19
21
Conclusions ··*··~····································· 22
Recorrmenda t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Bibliography . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . 24
-1-
INTRODUCTION
This is a report on an archeological survey in the vicinity of Black Bear
Lake, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. The archeological survey was one
of several studies completed in order to evaluate proposed hydroelectric
development plans for Black Bear ·Lake. The hydroelectric project, when
completed, will provide electricity for the communities of Klawock, Craig
and Hydaburg. This report has been prepared to support a license application
before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
The field survey was conducted between July 9 and July 16, 1980 by two
Alaskarctic archeologists. The author of this report directed the field
survey and was assisted in the field by George Bacon.
The Alaskarctic plan of study included a literature search and a field
survey. The specific objective of the study plan was to identify direct
and adverse effects of proposed hydroelectric development on properties
included in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic
Places. · -
A literature search was conducted with the objective of identifying import-
ant archeological and/or historical sites which might have already been
known to exist in the project area. This literature search included an
appropriate search of the files maintained by the State Historic Preserva-
tion Office within the Alaska Division of Parks, Anchorage. Persons with
special knowledge of the history of the project area were also consulted.
A brief literature search was also conducted which was designed to locate
information necessary to establish geophysical parameters for past human
occupation and exploitation of the project vicinity.
The field survey focused on two primary objectives. The first of these
was to attempt to verify the locations of sites revealed through the lit-
erature search. A second objective was, through a sampling survey, an
attempt to locate previously unreported sites in the project area. The
field survey can generally be regarded as extensive rather than intensive.
The results of the field survey can be used to realistically ascertain
the likely impact of Black Bear Lake hydroelectric development on cultural
resources.
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-3-
METHODOLOGY
Project methodology was designed to concentrate on a field based on-the-
ground archeological survey. That survey was supported by a pre-survey
literature search.
A limited literature search was conducted. Records of the State Historic
Preservation Office and the University of Alaska library facilities, as
well as the Alaskarctic library, were searched for references to historic
and prehistoric sites within the project area.
An intensive on-the-ground archeological survey was conducted over portions
of the project area. The survey was designed so as to maximize detection
of surface and near surface archeological and/or historical resources.
Surface coverage of areas surveyed permitted visual detection of above
ground structures and collapsed structures. Such structures could have
included cabins, totem poles, grave markers, pitch trees, lean-to frames,
house pits and the like. Small trowel or shovel dug excavations provided
opportunities to examine subsurface geologic deposits. Subsurface deposits
were also revealed through natural erosion scars and through upturned
vegetation. Careful examination of test excavation holes and points of
erosion enabled field archeologists to search for buried cultural material.
Not all portions of the project area were surveyed. Some areas proved too
steep of slope to permit foot traverse. Other areas consisted of naked
rock. And, based on available ethnographic and archeological data, some
portions of the project area can be considered to hold little potential
for yielding significant historic and/or prehistoric sites. Consequently,
only portions of these areas were surveyed on the ground.
-4-
RESEARCH DESIGN
Following White (1949), and more recently Steward (1959), we will utilize
the broad concept of cultural ecology. Underlying our study is a concept
which focuses on the interaction between human social behavior, material
culture and the physical environment. A basic assumption is that material
culture applied to the physical environment corresponds to social behavior,
and that if patterns are observed in the technological record then cor-
responding patterns may be inferred in the social behavior of the societies
which used the technology.
Those aspects of material culture most closely associated with food getting
will be most sensitive to changes in available food resources (Steward
1959); and food getting technology is relatively easily studied for hunting/
fishing societies. Granting these assumptions two basic levels of study
can be persued through the study of the material leavings of human groups.
First, extinct behavior patterns can be revealed through a study of tech-
nology as it is preserved as discarded material culture. Se~ond, behavioral
response to changing physical environmental conditions will be revealed
through observed changes in the technological record.
Our study of extinct behavior patterns through the study of material
culture must necessarily rely heavily upon the archeological record.
Unfortunately the archeological record is incomplete. lost and discarded
items of material culture are not uniformly preserved. The difficulty of
the task before us is not unlike attempting to reconstruct an object
through study of t)le shaddow it has cast. Nevertheless we are secure in
the belief that enough of the technological record will eventually be re-
vealed to provide a clearer picture of human behavior.
-5-
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS FOR HUMAN OCCUPATION
In order to estimate the potential for archeology within the project area
it is necessary to gain some insight as to how long the area has been
inhabitable. Within that time range, we must then establish the types of
natural resources that might have drawn early man to the area. Unfort-
unately much of the data needed to provide better understanding of this
problem are not available.
Some of the available data are summarized by Fladmark (1979) in his dis-
cussion of the possibilities of finding additional evidence for early man
along the Pacific Gulf Coast of Alaska. Fladmark wrote {ibid.: 59):
Immediately north of the Queen Charlotte Islands, the Alexander
Archipelago of Southeastern Alaska has seen little geological
research. Swanston (1969) reports undated evidence for two
glaciations on the east coast of Prince of Wales Island, which
he correlates with main and late Wisconsinan events in Cook
Inlet. Maximum ice surfaces up to 900 m for the earlier, more
extensive glaciation in the middle of the Alexander Archipelago
suggest that any glaciers reaching the outer west coast were
restricted.to valleys and sounds, separated by ice-free head-
lands and ridges. The latter might be sufficient to provide
The biotic refugia that Heusser {1960) postulates for the area.
It is apparent from the above observations by Fladmark that the western
side of Prince of wales Island may have been available for prehistoric
human exploitation as early as late pleistocene times, over ten thousand
years ago. Additional geologic investigations appear necessary before
full discussion is possible concerning the nature and extent of coastal
areas that might have been available by a lower Wisconsin sea level.
However, it seems likely that some previously habitable areas are now
under water.
Heusser is one of the earliest scientists to argue for coastal migration
of early man into the New World. In 1960 he wrote {ibid.: 209),
Anthropologists generally agree that the route early man followed
onto this continent was by way of Bering Strait (Griffin 1960).
They also generally agree that his route continued southvtard by
way of unglaciated interior Alaska and along the Rocky Mountain
front. The northwestern coast is usually discounted as a route,
mainly because its cultures are young. The Great Fraser midden
deposit in Vancouver, British Columbia, for example, dates from
only 2100+900 B.P. (Broecker and Kulp 1957). Strong geological
evidence Tndicates that unglaciated corridors, where man may have
waited for an ice age to pass during a migration, are apparent in
western and central Alaska, Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories,
British Columbia, and Alberta {Wilson, et. al. 1958, Fig. 48).
In some of these corridors, botanical studies point toward refugia
-6-
for plants at least, if not also for man and other animals
(Halliday and Brown 1943, Hansen l949a and b). But refugia and
unglaciated tracts appear certain to have existed, as well, along
the North Pacific coast. It would seem just as likely that early
man followed this route either during or between times of glacia-
tion. Both routes are conjectural, since conclusive evidence is
still lacking.
Heusser continues and lists three main reasons for his preference for the
coastal migration thesis: "(1) equable oceanic climate, (2) available
marine food, and (3) greater travel facility by water, particularly through
coastal archipelagoes.~~ (ibid.).
It was not until after publication of Heusser•s comments in 1960 that the
first prehistoric site was excavated in southeast Alaska. That site, the
Ground Hog Bay II site near Glacier Bay, has been radiocarbon dated to
circa 10,000 B.P. (Ackerman 1964, 1973, 1979). More recently the second,
of only two, prehistoric site has been excavated along the southeast
Alaskan coast. The Hidden Falls site, located on the northeast side of
Baronof Island has been radiocarbon dated to circa 9,500 B.P. (Davis 1979,
1980). These two sites attest to the early postglacial human occupancy
of the Pacific Gulf Coast of Alaska. An artifact complex, named the
"Moresby Tradition 11
, from the Queen Charlotte Islands dates to circa
7,400 B.P. (Fladmark 1979).
Thus areas to both the north and south of Prince of Wales Island have
produced evidence of early Holocene human occupation. Other evidence for
early human occupation of the Pacific Gulf Coast of Alaska has been found
at (1) Cook Inlet (Reger 1978), (2) the Alaska Peninsula (Dumond 1971)
and (3) in the Aleutian Islands (Laughlin 1975).
In view of the fact that several archeological sites have now been dis-
covered along the Pacific Gulf Coast of Alaska, and in view of the fact
that some of these sites have been demonstrated to date to late glacial
or early postglacial time, a paleogeographic reconstruction of the North-
west Coast proposed by Fladmark may be appropriate (Fladmark 1978: 124).
The vision of an unbroken wall of ice completely sealing in the
Northwest Coast during the Wisconsinan Glaciation should be re-
placed by the more complex and realistic picture of an Greenland-
like shoreline, with major glaciers spilling out to the ocean
through trunk valleys, but separated and flanked by strips of
ice-free coast, unglaciated headlands and offshore islands.
Rapid deglaciation following Wisconsin time quickly freed Prince of Wales
Island for expanded human occupation. A glacial advance during the
period 20,000 to 15,000 B.P. (Swanston 1969) apparently was followed by a
dryer and colder period from 15,000 to 12,500 B.P. (Heusser 1966). A
warmer and wetter period from 12,500 to 11,000 B.P. saw rapid glacier
retreat (ibid.); but this was short lived and the climate reverted back
-7-
to a cold, dry climate for the interval 11,000 to 10,500 B.P. (Miller
and Anderson 1974). Heusser (QQ. cite.) and Swanston (1969) have doc-
umented what they interpret as a climatic shift to a moister but still
cold climate during the period 10,000 to 8,000 B.P. This was associated
with another glacial advance on Prince of Wales Island.
A reversal back to a warm, dry climate is postulated by Heusser (1966)
to have occurred during the period from approximately 8,500 to 4,500 B.P.
Although various authors disagree as to the exact timing, it is during
this warm period that the temperature maximum occurred. This hypsothermal
event is dated at 5,500 to 3,250 B.P. (Miller and Anderson 1974), 7,050
to 4,150 B.P. (McKenzie and Goldwait 1971) and at 3,500 + 250 B.P. by
Heusser (1953). The period following the hypsothermal has been character-
ized by Heusser as cool and dry between 4,500 and 3,000 B.P. and as cool
and wet from 3,000 B.P. to the present (1966).
Although we must be somewhat cautious in
interpretations (Anderson 1977: 10), his
with respect to Prince of Wales Island.
tentative reconstruction of vegetational
Archipelego (see Table 1).
relying too heavily on Heusser's
data set is the most complete
Heusser (1960: 178) offers a
history along the Alexander
It is apparent that wood for fuel and construction would have been available
to anyone choosing to occupy Prince of Wales Island during late glacial
time and from then on. With wood available for fuel and shelter it then
becomes a question of whether or not adequate food resources were present
to have supported aboriginal hunters on Prince of Wales Island.
The valleys that separate Prince of Wales Island from the mainland would
have been quickly inundated by the Pacific Ocean rising at the close of
the Wisconsinan glacial period. Thus the larger fauna found on the island
today must closely represent the variety of fauna that has existed on the
island since it became ice free. Faunal species present on Prince of Wales
Island today are limited in number and represent animal forms which do not
occur in herd form. Large species present include black bears, deer and
wolves. In stark contrast to this meager list is the list of sea animals
which frequent the near shore waters and coastal streams of the island.
The waters around Prince of Wales Island abound with-harbor seals, sea lions,
sea otters, whales and a large variety of waterfowl and seabirds (State of
Alaska 1974). In addition a large number of marine fishes are present.
Some of these fish species spawn in the rivers of the island.
Since human hunters, as predators, must of necessity hunted those areas
where food v1as most abundant, the coastal areas of Prince of Wales Island
can be expected to have attracted the greatest number of hunters in the
past. Coastal areas provide adequate staginf areas for near-shore marine
mammal hunting, shoreline and stream fishing, and the hunting of other
island predators such as bears. Shore areas are also contiguous to water
which represents a much smoother, and therefore much easier traversed,
surface than the steep sided and heavily vegetated inland regions.
-8-
TABLE 1.
Alexander Archipelago Vegetational History
MILLENNIA B.P. 0
Hemlocks-Spruce 1-
V'l Lodgepole Pine LLI
0::: Sphagnum 0 ................ w..
1-ex: 1-
0::: V'l
western Hemlock-(.!:! LLI ex: wz: ...... o
Mountain Hemlock :::.C LLI u
V'l (.!:!
:::::;. LLI w..
:EO:: 0
2 Sitka Spruce z::::.c Lodgepole Pine 0::: u
LLI 0 Heaths 1--I ........
V'l::E:X
3
LLILLI~ 3 :X:
3500 + 250 BP
Western Hemlock
4
Sitka Spruce 1-Lysichitum 1-V'l
V'l LLI ex:: a::
5 MARINE TRANSGRESSION 00 uw..
Ruppia
Chenopodiaceae
6
6100 + 300
Alder
Spruce
7 Mountain Hemlock
Lysichitum
Ferns
7800 + 300
8
Lodgepole Pine
9 Alder ------(volcanic ash)
Ferns
........
(postglacial) 0...0 z wcx:: 10 :================ -I -I
0:::0.:: (late glacial) 0... 0::: wcx:: Alder-Willow (.!:! 0...
10,300 + 600 0 Lodgepole Pine 0
-I
-9-
In a recent study conducted by the University of Alaska Museum (Dixon
1979) an attempt was made to delineate terrain features most likely to
be associated with detectable archeological sites. Reasoning that winter
settlements require a greater amount of ground alteration to prepare, the
Museum study concluded, "Large winter settlements will be located in areas
where the greatest possibility exists of securing surplus faunal harvest.11
Areas for which the probability of finding an archeological site (high
probability areas) is relatively high were defined in the Museum study.
They are:
1. Non-glacial river mouths and constricted marine approaches
to these river mouths, river margins and lake outlets,
2. Natural terrestrial constrictions, such as passes, which
funnel large mammal movements,
3. Prominent spits, points, rocky capes, headlands and islands
that may have provided habitat for Phocid and Otarid seals
and for marine birds. Such habitat is only considered high
potential if it occurs in conjunction with one or more add-
itional habitat types, or if there is a natural constriction
which would tend to concentrate these species,
4. Areas of habitat diversity and general high marine intertidal
productivity, particularly those which might have prompted
extensive machrophyte development. An example of this type
of envitonment would be deep sinuous embayments.
When these criteria are applied to Prince of Wales Island it becomes
immediately apparent that modern settlement patterns (Sealaska 1975)
conform to predictions made in the Museum•s proposed model.
-10-
THE SURVEY PLAN
The archeological survey plan was designed to insure coverage of those
areas thought most likely to have a high potential for yielding archeological
sites. Areas of highest probability are discussed in the previous chapter
and, on Prince of Wales Island~ tend to coincide with historically
inhabited areas.
With respect to the Black Bear Lake hydroelectric project several areas
were considered to have high archeological potential. These areas included:
a tidewater lagoon named Big Salt Lake~ the coastal areas along Klawock
Inlet, the areas contiguous to the Klawock River and Klawock Lake~ and the
land approaches to Klawock, Craig and Hydaburg. The vicinity immediate
to Black Bear Lake was considered to be of lower archeological potential,
but this area was surveyed as part of a sample of low probability areas.
On the basis of this evaluation, and on the basis of our previous decision
to conduct a sample survey, certain specific areas were selected as the
focus of on-the-ground archeological survey. Areas initially selected
for ground level survey included:
a. The shoreline of Black Bear Lake,
b. The proposed damsite,
c. The proposed spillway area,
d. The proposed penstock alignment,
e. The proposed pm<~erhouse site,
f. And portions of proposed transmission line corridors which
are located contiguous to existing roads.
Proposed Development Near
Black Bear Lake,
Prince of Wales Island, Alaska '1. ,....,,_'L IM I
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-12-
THE SURVEY
The shoreline of Black Bear Lake proved to be a steep-sided, ice-scoured,
ower portion of a glac~c rque. Naked bedrock and boulder field talus
slopes were much in evidence around the lake. As impoundment of the lake
is projected to raise the lake level some thirty vertical feet, shore areas
around the lake were surveyed to a contour line approximately thirty feet
above the present lake surface. In most instances, due to the steepness
of shore areas, the survey covered only a narrow strip of land. Often this
narrow strip ended less than thirty feet back from the present shoreline.
Within that narrow strip only three areas around the lake were found to
be relatively level. At the upper end of the lake a Forest Service cabin
lies on a relatively level boulder field. Large boulders in the field
and a high ground water level would not have encourage aboriginal encamp-
ments in this area. In addition, the area is in constant danger of being
impacted from rocks and boulders falling from the near vertical rock wall
just behind the cabin site. Some of the more recent rock fall clearly
weighs several tons.
A second level area along the lake shore is the former site of the Forest
Service cabin. This is the same location as the base camp we used during
our stay at the lake. The level area at this location is small and
measures only about four to five meters in diameter. A thin soil veneer
lying over bedrock is saturated with ground water and historic material
associated with the cabin that formerly stood there.
A third level area lies at the outlet of the lake. This is the area also
proposed as the damsite. Testing in the thin soil mantle yielded no
cultural material there.
Black Bear Lake is a snow fed lake which appears to contain too little
organics to sustain much of an indiginous fresh water fish population.
Although the lake presently supports a fish population these fish were
recently planted in the lake. The local pilots to whom we spoke claim
that because of the poor feeding conditions the fish in the lake grow
very slowly and tend to be elongated without much body bulk.
It can be assumed that conditions of the lake were not much better in
the past. If this is the case, then the only attraction at the lake for
prehistoric hunters would be in other food resources at the lake such
as bear or deer which occasionally inhabit the area.
The damsite is located on what appears to be a natural bedrock dam at the
outlet of Black Bear Lake. Each end of the damsite is dominated by steeply
rising rock walls. The outlet stream breaches the damsite and forms a
rapids. This rapids quickly gives way to a waterfall a short distance
downstream where Black Bear Lake valley hangs above Bear Lake valley
below. A fossil breach of the dam at the end of Black Bear Lake is
evident at the left margin (facing downstream) of the proposed damsite.
-13-
The proposed spillway area is located along the fossil channel. This
channel appears to have been created when ice choked the outlet of Black
Bear Lake and forced the outlet stream to cut into the steep rock wall
which rises on the west end of the damsite. As does the present outlet
of Black Bear Lake~ the old outlet consists of a deep groove cut into a
rock surface which hangs above tte valley below. The hanging Black Bear
Lake valley is too high above the low Bear Lake valley for anadromous
fish to have entered Black Bear Lake.
The proposed ~enstock alignment drops from Black Bear Lake valley to
Bear Lake val ey some fifteen hundred feet below. The steepness of slope
is suggested by the fact that the penstock drops that distance in less
than twenty-seven hundred feet on the horizontal. In fact the hillside
was too steep to completely survey.
The upper half of the penstock alignment, which is slightly less steep
than the lower half, was surveyed on the ground. However, ropes were
employed during ascent and descent. A great number of bent.and uprooted
trees attest to the fact that surface soils are unstable. Avalanche scars
were also in evidence.
No cultural features were noted along the portion of the penstock align-
ment surveyed. However, a feature which proved to be a natural sinkhole
was tested. The sinkhole was located on a small shelf at about the 1700
foot contour line just below the northeast end of the damsite.
Unsurveyed areas of the penstock alignment are considered uninhabitable
due to steepness of slope.
The powerhouse site had not been determined at the time of our survey.
A tentative location, on the northeast side of Black Bear Creek and
between the 100 and 200 foot contour elevations, had already been rejected
by field geologists due to its location within a large avalanche zone.
In any event the rejected site was examined from the air and observed to
be unsuitable for archeological testing due to standing water on the
ground surface.
Power transmission line routes had also not been firmly fixed at the time
of our survey. Tentative plans called for these lines to parallel roads
as much as possible. Tentative routes are shown on the map on page 15.
Although alternate routes are being studied, routes along roadways would
appear to present the least threat to cultural resources. Utilization of
already disturbed areas contiguous to existing roads would obviate any
need to cut new rights-of-way to string power lines such as would be
required, for example, along a straight-line route between the powerhouse
and Klawock.
At the time of our survey a logging road was being constructed toward Black
Bear Lake from the direction of Bear Lake. This road will no doubt be used
to support construction at Black Bear Lake. Existing roads come within a
few miles of connecting Black Bear Lake with Klawock, Craig and Hydaburg.
'f' -I •
Based on our analysis (see pr-evious chapter) of areas most likely to yield
cultural resources, three major segments of the power transmission line
system were surveyed. These segments included: (1) a Big Salt Lake segment,
(2) a Klawock Lagoon segment and (3) a Klawock to Craig coastal segment.
The surveyed portion of the proposed transmission line system represents
approximately 55% to 60% of the total system proposed at the time of our
survey.
A segment of the proposed transmission line route, just north of Hydaburg,
not covered by our survey was surveyed by U.S. Forest Service archeologists
just after our visit to the area. Although the report will not be completed
for some time due to scheduling delays, the Forest Service has informed us
that no archeological sites were found in the area they surveyed.
With the addition of the Forest Service survey north of Hydaburg, all areas
thought to be high in cultural resource potential will have been surveyed
except the area around Bear Lake. However, since the transmission lines
will likely follow road alignments and road alignments are separated from
streams and lake shores, transmission lines probably will not be constructed
over the highly sensitive areas nearest lake shores and salmon streams.
Should a transmission line route be selected on or near the shore of Bear
Lake an archeological survey should be completed for the near lake segment
prior to construction.
Another unsurveyed portion of the proposed transmission line system is a
portion of the system connecting the Klawock to Hollis Road with Hydaburg.
A survey of the northernmost portion of this transmission line segment
produced no evidence of cultural material. The southernmost portion of
this segment has been surveyed by the Forest Service. The middle portion
runs overland down the middle of Prince of Wales Island. Based on our
research on the paleoenvironment and on aboriginal settlement patterns, we
consider this area to be low in archeological potential. If, as expected,
the transmission line is constructed alongside the existing logging road
there is even less need to worry about potential adverse impact of trans-
mission line construction on cultural resources. Roadside transmission
line construction will cross areas already disturbed during construction
of the road itself.
An alternate to the Big Salt Lake route would connect the powerhouse with
Klawock Lake by a direct overland route (see page 15). As with the Hollis
Road to Hydaburg segment, and based on similar reasoning, we consider the
alternate route to be low in archeological potential.
The transmission line survey consisted of an on-the-ground examination of
areas near both sides of the roads mentioned above (see map indicating
areas surveyed). Standing and felled trees were examined for man-made
alteration. Historical examples of such alteration include totem carving
and stripping of bark. Ground surface topography was monitored for clues
to the presence of surface or near surface cultural material. This
material could have included cache pits, house pits, traps, lean-toes and
graves. However, none of these features was discovered during the survey.
-15-
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l-J.AR.ZA ENGINEERING COMPANY· AUGUST 1111'S~~
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ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
Bt..ACI<. BEAR L.A.K.E P'RO.JIE.CT
GENERAL LOCATION MAP
-16-
-INDEX" "MAP
• • • • • • • • • Area of Survey
0 ----·
OONTOUR INTERVAL tOO FEET
ot:nH CtJMS IN rtn-I»TUM IS •£M lOWU LOW WATER
-lllll.-·-··'"'"'--.-rt~OI'tl(,llll--l[lt , .. __ ...._01'1 ... -IIU IOrttl
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-19-
SITES REVEALED THROUGH LITERATURE REVIEW
Aside from historic use of the Prince of Wales Island area little is known
of aboriginal land use on the island. Recent mining activity near Hollis
apparently did not extend as far west as Black Bear Lake or the western
coast of the island (Bufvers 1967: 8-15). The following sites all lie
near the project area. They are listed here in order to illustrate the
nature of cultural resources potentially impacted by the Black Bear Lake
hydroelectric project. While some of these sites lie close to proposed
development, none appear to be endangered except as discussed on page 22.
Sites listed with a "CRG" prefix are from the Alaska Heritage Resource
Survey file maintained by the Alaska Division of Parks.
1. CRG-006: Craig; "Originally named 'Fish Egg' for nearby Fish
Egg Island, the name was changed to 'Craig Millar' for a
cannery owner (see Alaska Sportsman, 1962, no. 12, p. 28) .11
The present name was adopted in 1912 when a post office was
established (see Orth 1967: 243).
2. CRG-016: Klawock Burial; cemetery located on False Island in
Klawock Harbor; reported in Sealaska 1975: 268.
3. CRG-024: Craig Petroglyph; petroglyph located at the edge of.
a road which parallels the water west and south of Craig;
reported in Sealaska 1975: 194.
4. CRG-031: Klawock; "Tlinget Indian village reported in 1853,
on Russian Hydrographic Department Chart 1493, as 'Seleniye
Klyakkhan', i.e. "Klyakkhan settlement', applied to a location
on the west side of Shinaku Inlet. This may represent the
location of the village prior to the establishment of a
cannery at the present site in 1878.11 (Orth 1967: 530)
5. CRG-045: Battle Site; on Salmonberry Island this is site of
last reported battle between Haida and Tlingit in Klawock area;
source personal communication from John Galazia to Karen
Workman, 7/17/73.
6. CRG-100: Craig Burial; cemetery located on Port Bagial just
south of major portion of Craig; reported in Sealaska 1975: 192.
7. CRG-118: Klawock Inlet Burial' cemetery located on island in
Klawock Inlet; reported in Sealaska 1975: 270.
8. CRG-119: Klawock Village; located east of present town of
Klawock, at mouth of Klawock River; reported in Sealaska 1975: 272.
9. CRG-126: Nutzune Bay Village; seasonal village site at north-
east cormer of Nutzune Bay, five miles north of Hydaburg;
reported in Sealaska 1975: 308.
-20-
10. CRG-127: Peratrovich Island Burial; cemetery located on the
southern tip of Peratrovich Island; reported in Sealaska 1975: 310.
11. CRG-146: Wadleigh Island Garden anrl Burial; reported old village
site which was later used as cemetery and garden site -located
on small peninsula near the southern extremity of Wadleigh Island;
reported in Sealaska 1975: 372.
12. CRG-148: Klawock Cannery; "About 1869, an Indian Trader George
Hamilton developed a salmon saltery here. This was acquired by
North Pacific and Trading Company {San Francisco} in 1878 who
installed canning equipment, which along with a new cannery
built that year near Sitka, produced the first canned salmon pack
in Alaska. There seems little doubt that this was the site.
If the present abandoned structure, with bell tower, constitutes
Fabric of the cannery it is eligible for the National Register.
At later period, a diesel-generated electric plant was installed
hr:>re, iJOSsibly one of first to be operated by Alaska Natives.
Territorial Centennial plaque placed here in 1967."; source,
Territori~l Centennial records; Hinckley, Ame~icanization of
l\laska; Sitka Post, 1 77; U.S. Customs District Report, 1878;
·photo -avaiable-,-n8me~icanization of Alaska, p. 124.
Additional sites are referred to in an archeological survey report prepared
by the Alaska Division of Parks after a survey that agency conducted prior
to road reconstruction between Klawock and Craig (Division of Parks 1973).
13. "Totem poles are also l"eported but no one could remember seeing
them in recent times." (lbid.: 2)
14. "The west side of Fish Egg Island is good for gathering herring
eggs on hemlock boughs and many people are aware of old garden
sites in this vicinity. n Ibid.}
15. "A saltery is reported to have been located near the mouth of
Crab Creek." (]_bit!.)
16. Mile 2.5: a shell midden was revealed in a cut-bank at this
location near the beach. Then State Archeologist Karen Workman
reported,11 Superficial examination does not indicate a potentially
significant archeological site." Ibid.: 5)
17. Mile 5.5: "At mile 5.5 there is a cross which marks the location
of a 1957 automobile accident which took the life of a young
man. This is not a grave. 11 Ibid.: 4)
18. A stone maul was found by Earnest King of Craig in his front
yard when he was clearing for a garden. (Ibid.: 3)
-21-
SITES REVEALED THROUGH INTERVIEWS
No sites were revealed through interviews held with residents of Prince
of Wales Island which had the potential for being adversely impacted by
the Black Bear Lake hydroelectric project. The only site reported to us
as possibly near proposed hydroelectric development we had already identified
as CRG-126 (Nutzune Bay Village). The following persons were contacted
duri rig out study> ·
Mr. Leanardo Kato, President
Klawock Heenya Corporation
Mr. Ron Hatch, City Planner
City of Craig
Mr. George Hamilton Sr. (age 97)
Craig
Mr. Robert Sanderson
Haida Corporation
Hydaburg, Alaska
We were unsuccessful in our attempts to meet the following people.
Mr. Jim Sprague, Mayor
City of Craig
Mr. Albert Macasaet, Mayor
City of Klawock
Mr. John Morris, Mayor
City of Hydaburg
Upon leaving the field, we visited the Ketchikan Area offices of the U.S.
Forest Service. The Ketchikan Area archeologist proved hospitable but
unhelpful in locating previously unreported sites in the project study area.
We were not especially surprised at the results to our efforts. The Native
Cemetery and Historic Sites of Southeast Alaska report funded by the
Sealaska Corporation (1975) has only recently been completed. This study
is a comprehensive update of an earlier report to the Commissioner of
Indian Affair prepared as supporting documentation in a lands claims dispute
(Goldschmidt and Haas 1946). Although both reports are admittedly weak
in coverage of prehistoric sites, both reports incorporate data obtained
from extensive interviews with informants from all across Southeast Alaska.
-22-
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed Black Bear Lake hydroelectric project has the potential for
adverse impact on cultural resources. Most of the potentially threatened
resources are related to currently utilized areas on Prince of Wales Island.
Potential adverse impact would be associated with construction of (1) the
reservoir, dam, penstock and powerstation system and (2) the transmission
line system which would connect the powerstation with the communities of
Klawock, Craig and Hydaburg. The two aspects of the hydroelectric develop-
ment project might be termed (1) the power production system and (2) the
power distribution system.
Potential impact of power production system construction appears, on the
basis of our study, to be quite low with respect to cultural resources.
All areas potentially effected were either surveyed with negative results
or else were determined to be of low archeological potential on the basis
of settlement pattern analysis. Low potential areas were surveyed from
the air. Our study produced no evidence that construction of the power
production system would adversely effect any cultural resources.
Potential impact of power distribution system construction appears, on the
basis of ou-rstu-dy~-tc1-'be-sornevJhat greater tha!1 does construction of the
power production system. Specific impact potential will be related to
erection of powerline St1pport poles and to ground altering activities
which may be associated with the actual suspension of powerlines from the
poles. This impact potential can be minimized by restricting developmental
activities to those areas already impacted by past development.
For example, transmission lines could be strung alongside existing road-
ways. Roadside areas along existing logging roads were observed to be
heavily scarred. Even if cultural resources should prove to be present in
such a heavily disturbed area, they likely would not suffer significant
further disturbance through the erection of powerlines.
Potentially impacted cultural resources are associated with the communities
of Klawock, Craig and Hydaburg and contiguous areas. An old village site
is reported along Klawock Lagoon and the area near the Klawock Fish Hatchery
has produced artifacts (Clark 1977).
Of all the cultural resources now known in the study area, only two have
been identified as potentially eliglible for the National Register of
Historic Places according to criteria set forth in 36 CFR 800, Procedures
for the Protection of Cultural Properties. CRG-147 (Klawock Totem Park)
has been nominated to the National Register by the Alaska Historic Sites
Advisory Committee. CRG-148 (Klawock Cannery) has been identified by the
Alaska State Historian as potentially eligible for the National Register,
but to date no formal nomination has been submitted. In our opinion,
neither CRG-147 nor CRG-148 appears to beendangered by the proposed Black
Bear Lake hydroelectric project.
On the basis of our study, and given the qualifications above, we conclude
that the Black Bear Lake hydroelectric project is not likely to have a
significant adverse effect on any property listed in or eligible for
inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.
-23-
RECOMMENDA Tl ONS
Since no specific cultural resources are known to be under threat of
adverse impact from Black Bear Lake hydroelectric development, no plans
to mitigate specific adverse effects are included in this report.
However, certain aspects of the proposed development were not finalized
at the time of our survey. Specifically, the final location of the
powerhouse and power transmission line alignments had not been decided.
For reasons cited in the body of this report, we urge that transmission
lines be constructed near the edge of existing roadways when ever possible.
This will mitigate potential adverse effects of transmission line construc-
tion by minimizing the need for additional ground area disturbance.
Although a significant sample of proposed hydroelectric development impact
area has now been archeologically surveyed, two areas remain unsurveyed.
One area between the Klawock-Hollis road and Hydaburg has not been surveyed
but we consider to·be low in archeological potential. An existing road
in this area could be used to locate transmission line alignment in a
manner described elsewhere in this report. No further survey is recommended.
The second unsurveyed area lies along Bear Lake valley between the damsite
and an area southeast of Big Salt Lake. Because the stream that drains
Bear Lake valley is reportedly a salmon stream a somewhat higher potential
for archeological site occurrence exists here than at the other unsurveyed
location. A logging road is now being constructed through the Bear Lake
valley. If the edge of this road is utilized for transmission line con-
struction, the road edge should be surveyed prior to powerline construction.
At the time this survey is conducted it will be possible to survey the
powerhouse location. This additional survey area is relatively small and,
once the Bear Lake valley road is constructed, the survey should require
no more than about one or two field days to complete.
Areas contiguous to the shoreline of Black Bear Lake have now been surveyed
and need not be examined further for cultural resources. This is also the
case for the damsite and the upper portion of the penstock alignment. We
judge the lower portion of the penstock alignment to be too steep of slope
to contain significant cultural resources. We, therefore, recommend no
further archeological survey there.
-24-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ackerman, R.
1968 The Archaeology of the Glacier Bay Region, Southeastern Alaska.
Washington State University Laboratory of Anthropology, Report
of Investigation No. 44.
1973 Post Pleistocene Cultural Adaptations on the Northern Northwest
Coast., in International Conference on the Prehistory and Paleo-
ecology of Western Arctic and Sub-arctic, pp. 1-20, University
of Calgary Archaeological Association.
1979 Early Culture Complexes on the Northern Northwest Coast., paper
presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Society for American
Archeology, Vancouver. co-authored with T. Hamilton & R.
Stuckenrath.
Anderson, P.
1977 Alaskan Climatic History: 6000 BP to Present. typescript, 18 pp.
ms
Broecker, W. and J. Kulp
1957 Lamont natural radiocarbon measurements IV. in Science, 126,
pp. 1324-1334.
Bufvers, J.
1967 History of Mines and Prospects, Ketchikan District, Prior to 1952.
Clark, G.
Division of Mines and Minerals, Department of Natural Resources,
State of Alaska.
1977 Archeological Reconnaissance: Klawock Fish Hatchery. memorandum
to Forest Supervisor, Ketchikan Area, June 20, 1977.
Davis, S.
1979 Hidden Falls, A Stratified Site in Southeast Alaska., paper
presented at the 32nd Annual Northwest Anthropological Conferencem
March 22-24, Eugene, Oregon.
1980 Hidden Falls: A Multicomponent Site in the Alexander Archipelago
of the Northwest Coast., paper presented at the 45th Annual
Meeting of the Society for American Archeology, Philadelphia.
Dixon, E.
1979 Lower Cook Inlet Cultural Resource Study. report prepared for
the Outer Continental Shelf Office of the Bureau of Land Manage-
ment under contract AA55l-CT8-29.
Dumond, D.
1971 A Summary of Archaeology in the Katmai Regions, Southwestern
Alaska., University of Oregon Anthropological Papers.
-25-
Fladmark, K.
1978 The Feasibility of tte Northwest Coast as a Migration Route
for Early Man. in Early Man in America From~ Circum-Pacific
Perspective, edited by A. Bryan, pp. 119-128. Occasional Papers
No. 1 of the Department of Anthropology, Univ. of Alberta.
1979 Routes: Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North
America. in American Antiquity, 44(1):55-69.
Goldschmidt, W. and T. Haas
1946 Possessory rites of the natives of Southeastern Alaska, a Report
to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. mimeograph.
Griffin, J.
1960 Some Prehistoric Connections between Siberia and America. in
Science, 131: 810-812.
Hansen, H.
1949a Postglacial Forests in West Central Alberta, Canada. in
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 76:278-289.
1949b Postglacial Forests in South Central Alberta, Canada. in
American Journal of Botony, 36: 54-65.
Halliday, W. and A. Brown
1943 The distribution of some important forest trees in Canada.,
Ecology, 24: 353-373.
Heusser, C.
1953 Radiocarbon Dating of the Thermal Maximum in Southeastern
Alaska., in Ecology, 34(3): 637-640.
1960 Late Pleistocene Environments of North Pacific North America.
American Geographical Society Special Publication No. 35.
1966 Polar hemispheric correlation: Palynological evidence from
Chile and the Pacific Northwest of America. in World Climate
from 8,000 to 0 B.C .. , Proceedings of the Internationar------
Symposium on-WorldiClimate, Imperial College, London. Edited
by J. Sawyer, pp. 124-142, Royal Meteorological Society, London.
Laughlin, W.
1975 Aleuts: Ecosystems, Holocene History, and Siberian Origin. in
Science, 189(4202)
McKenzie, D. and R. Goldwait
1971 Glacial History of the
Southeastern Alaska.,
82: 1767-1782.
Last 11,000 Years in Adams Inlet,
in Geological Society of America Bulletin,
-26-
Miller,
1974
M. and J. Anderson
Orth, D.
1967
Reger,
1978
D.
Out-of-Phase Holocene climatic trends in the maritime and
continental sectors of the Alaska-Canada boundary range. in
Quaternary Environments: Proceedings of a Symposium, First York
University Symposium on Quaternary Research, edited by W. C.
Mahaney, Geographical Monographs No. 5, York University, Toronto.
Dictionary of Alaska Place Names., Geological Survey Professional
Paper No. 567, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1977 Excavations on the Beluga Point Site. paper presented at
the 5th Annual Alaska Anthropology Association Conference,
Anchorage.
Sealaska Corporation
1975 Native Cemetery and Historic Sites of Southeast Alaska. , Juneau.
State of Alaska
1974 Alaska's Wildlife and Habitat., Department of Fish and Game.
1973 Reconnaissance Survey of the Craig to Klawock Road: Proposed
ms Highway Project RS-0924(5). report prepared by the Division of
Parks, Department of Natural Resources, 10 pp.
Steward, J.
1959 Theory of CultL_J~ Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evo1uti__Q_Q_.,
University of Illinois Press.
Swanston, D.
1969 A Late Pleistocene Glacial Sequence from Prince of Wales Island,
Alaska., in Arct~, 22: 25-33.
White, L.
1949 The Science of Culture: A Study of Man and Civilization., Farrar
Straus and G--:rfoux, Toronto. ----
Wilson, J. and et. al.
1958 Glaciar-Map-of Canada., Geological Association of Canada, Toronto.
Appendix W-D
CORRESPONDENCE
WITH AGENCIES AND OTHER ENTITIES
1. January 1981 Agency Meeting and Responses
2. Agency and Public Responses to Draft
Feasibility Study and June 1981 Agency
Meeting and Site Visit
3. 1981-1982 Ecological Field Studies and
November 1981 Agency Meeting
4. Other
1. January 1981 Agency Meeting and Responses
ALASiiA
333 WEST 4th AVENUE-SUITE 31-ANCHQRAGE, ALASKA 99501
January 7, 1981
: Bureau of Land Management
.... U.S. Department of the Interior
, State Office ·
. :<> 101. c st.:. . . S1r·;~:~ :·,: ·,•:''·,
]/t:,<'ciJi:,,E!:~~a±: ~,f::~i: ~: 9 ::::e . state ni;:ctor
3i~{/.~::: .. \{)~:.·· .. -~_-· ·--·;.-. :_·
,·::::~ ·_,::·>:::-··near Mr · McVee · F·~::[?:'··:.~:::,~~~,·:::L:Fe;~sibiii~y Study ·of the Proposed Black Bear Lake
Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-2715
\:'··.: · .. \5:,,~:~. Hydroelectric Project
·:~::·:=':,·::)('J:i{~:ska ·:P~~~r. Au~h~~i ty and its consultants would like to invite you to
:·~::·;·::·~)~{~a·meeting to discuss the results of the engineering and environmental
-~·:, ·.:·'''t:::feasibility' investigation obtained to date for the proposed Black Bear
:;:_'.\''':{:,:::-;Lake hydroelectric project. .The agency meeting is scheduled for
L·· .. ~'.','-~Monday, .January 19, at 1:00 p.m., in the second floor conference room,
~,<:.· ·:·<;·>~_State Office Building, 4.15 Main Street, Ketchikan, Alaska. Add.i tiona]
): •:.'.:::)::(time for discussion will be available Tuesday morning, January 2 0, if
::,_ :j:<·'f'needed •
. }·~_.-. -';'-· ;.::. . . . -~/ .~ ~:
,,;:··,t,~·F)a~rza Engineering, consultant, and CH2M HILL, subconsultalTt, began a
· ,'::detailed on-site assessment of the feasibility of· developing a hydro-
' 'electric project at Black Bear Lake during May 1980. Summer research
'·,·. t~in~luded analysis of existing conditions: history/archeology, hydro!-
' .. :_,._::·ogy, geology, soils, geotechnical, vegetation, aquatic, and wildlife.
·' · '_<,: .. Data and preliminary analytical results obtained since May will be
· · · presented and provide the basis for discussion of environmental and
~c institutional issues at the January m~eting. Identification of poten-
... _tially critical issues and impacts is very important at this stage of
(.the feasibility investigation.
' .• . .
. We look. forward ·to discussing this project ..,.,i th you on January .19
. . and 20. If you have any questions, 'please contact Katie Eberhart,
. CH2M HILL, 2550 Denali Street, 8th Floor, Anchorage, Alaska 99503,
(907) .278-2551. .
.:;
·, .
. -:'>.sincerely,
Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
bia:34:i
Sea Iaska
1 Sealaska Plaza, Suite 400
Juneau, Alaska 99801
Attn: Mr. Robert Loescher, Director of Natural
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Habitat Protection Section
Marine View Suite 301
231 S. Franklin
Juneau, Alaska 99801
Attn: Mr. Rick Reed, Regional Supervisor
A Iaska Department of Fish and Game
Habitat Protection Section
415 Main St.
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Attn: Mr. Don Kelly, Habitat Biologist
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Ecological Services
Federal Building Room 417
P. 0. Box 1287
Juneau, A Iaska 99802
Attn: Mr. Waine Oien, Field Supervisor
National Marine Fisheries Service
Federal Building
P.O. Box 1668
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Attn: Mr. Duane Peterson
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
Southeast Regional OffiCe
P.O. Box 2420
Juneau, Alaska 99803
Attn:· Mr. Dick Stokes, Permit Coordinator
A 95 Clearing House
Office of the Governor
Policy & Legislative Affairs Division
450 Court Building
Juneau, Alaska 99801
Attn: Mr. Mike Whitehead, Director
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 3193
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
D".Q' .. 8.· Re.~·~ived / d~ / yZJ R;;,_~;d To ~~
CiM!l!~J iar fliL:g tJy --· · · ..
Resou rce~·c;~c! fluobar ·
Glassific3liJn
Suejea tlz~i;:!J';,"
~----:-__ ,. -~--
Attn: Mr. Charles Osborn, Ecological Services Representative
34:rn:1
United States Forest Service
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Attn: Mr. John Ruopp
Alaska Department of Fish & Game
Division of Fisheries Rehabilitation,
Enhancement & Development
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Attn: Mr. Paul Novak
Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game
Division of Sport Fisheries
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Attn: Mr. Don Siedelman
34:m:2
Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game
Division of Game
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, A Iaska 99901
Attn: Mr. Robert \Nood
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Federal Building
P.O. Box 1287
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Attn: Mr. Jack Hodges
Alaska Dept. of Natural Resources
Division of Forest, Land, & Water
323 East Fourth Avenue
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Attn: Mr. Theodore Smith, Director
U.S. Forest Service
Federal Office Building
Box 1628
Juneau, Alaska 99801
Attn: Mr. Jim Pierce, Regional Environmental Coordinator
U.S. Forest Service
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Attn: Mr. Jim Watson, Forest Supervisor
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
701 C St.
Box 19
Anchorage, Alaska 99513
Attn: Mr. Bill Lamoreaux
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Juneau Area Office
P.O. Box 3-8000
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Attn: Mr. John Hope, USDI
Office of History and Archeology
Alaska Division of Parks
619 Warehouse Ave., Suite 210
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Attn: Mr. Bill Hanible, State Preservation Officer
3LI:m :3
,,
..
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region X
1200 6th Ave.
Seattle, Washington 98101
Attn: Mr. Donald P. Dubois
Alaska District Corps of Engineers
P.O. Box 7002
Anchorage, Alaska 99510
Attn: Mr. Vern Thompson, Engineer
Rural Electrification Administration
SRA Box 907
Anchorage, Alaska 99502
Attn: Mr. Alan Yost, REA Representative
Alaska Power Administration
U.S. Department of the Interior
P.O. Box 50
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Attn: Mr. Robert J. Cross, Acting Administrator
Bureau of Land Management
U.S. Department of the Interior
State Office
701 C St.
Box 13
Anchorage, Alaska 99513
Attn: Mr. Curtis V. McVee, State Director
Heritage Conservation & Recreation Service
Department of Interior
1011 E. Tudor Road
Suite 297
Anchorage, Alaska 99503
Attn: Mr. Bill Welch
Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game
Division of Fisheries Rehabilitation,
. Enhancement, and Oevefopment
Marine View, Suite 301
231 Franklin Street
Juneau, Alaska 99801
Attn: Mr. Stan Moberly
34:m:4
Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game
Division of Fisheries Rehabilitation,
Enhancement & Development
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Attn: Mr. r·Aike Ward
Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game
Division of Commercial Fisheries
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Attn: Mr. John Valentine
34:rn:5
ALASKA POWI~It AUTIIOKITY
333 WEST 4th AVENUE· SUITE 31 ·ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501 Phone: (907) 277-7641
Mr. Jack Robinson
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Mr. Robinson:
(907) 276-2715
January ~RA!k.9~J~cu~LLhu.•G co.
Lh~l!l~J lor fiiu1g by -----
Pro;~t Num~er
Gi:t:iSthc.111Jn
-----~.
:)~~,:•cf ~F:;: ~·, lF"'! A meeting with representatives of various governmenta1 agencies was ne1d at
Ketchikan on Monday, January 19, 1981, to discuss the results of the environmental
investigations conducted for the Black Bear Hydro Project. The results, as dis-
cussed, will be included in the Feasibility Analysis and Federal Energy Regu-
latory Commission License Application. Information discussed was based on reports
previously transmitted to the various agencies and a handout prepared by Harza
Engineers. A list of those attending the agency meeting is attached.
We are now in the process of designing the next phase of environmental moni-
toring and analysis program for the project. As was discussed, we are soliciting
input for planning this work from your agency. In order to maintain continuity on
the field work, it will be necessary to begin the next phases in the near future.
Therefore, we request your written comments by February 6, 1981. The following
items should be addressed:
A prioritized list of items of study that you feel are needed.
An indication of the goals and time frames for the studies.
An indication of the extent of any participation by your agency
in the design and/or implementation of the studies.
Please direct your comments to Harza Engineers with a copy to the Alaska
Power Authority. Mailing addresses are:
Mr. George Volland
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Mr. Brent Petrie
Alaska Power Authority
333 West 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Copies of this letter are being addressed to all participants in the agency
meeting as well as those indicated on the attached list. We would appreciate your
early response. We apologize for the short time allotted for your reply.
Attachment:
as noted
;;;;r~
~c P. Yould A~~cutive Director
BLACK BEAR HYDRO PROJECT
AGENCY MEETING
KETCHIKAN, ALASKA
1/19/81
Attendees:
Mr. Jack Robinson
Aquatic Biologist
Harza Engineering Co.
150 S. Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Mr. Tom Kogut
Wildlife Biologist
U.S. Forest Service
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Mr. Brad Powell
Resource Assistant
U.S. Forest Service:
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Mr. Gerry Weiner
Soil Scientist
U.S. Forest Service
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Mr. Jerry Hout
Wildlife Biologist
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 3193
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Mr. Don Kelly
Habitat Biologist
A Iaska Department of Fish & Game
Habitat Protection Section
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, A Iaska 99901
Mr. Fred Prange
Geologist
U.S. Forest Service
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Mr. Don Siedelman
A Iaska Department of Fish & Game
Div. of Sport Fisheries
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
HARZA ENGINEI::R!NG CO.
P.~tle Received
_; ·.·~.l i•J
• · , · .J :,1r fi~.~:g by __ _
L, i .~'i: ~ !1'),1
S··ll···t ·'~.,-,,·.,~ .J. ;-· • ' -.' ' 1
Mr. Mike Pease
U.S. Forest Service
Fisheries Biologist
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Mr. Charles Osborn
Fish & Wildlife Biologist
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Servic~
P. 0. Box 3193
Ketchikan, Alaska 9990.
Mr. Mike Ward
Fish Biologist
Alaska Department of Fish & Game
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, A Iaska 99901
Mr. Jim Hayden
Field Officer
Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation
P.O. Box 2420
Juneau, Alaska 99803
Mr. Dave Barber
U.S. Forest Service
Recreation & Lands Forester
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Mr. Edmond Murrell
Fish Biologist
National Marine Fisheries Services
P.O. Box 1668
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Mr. Dan Bishop
Hydrologist
Environaid
R.~ 4, Box 4993
Juneau, Alaska 99803
Hr. Robert Martin, Jr.
Tlingit-Haida Regional Electrical Authority
P. 0. Box 2517
Jtmeau, Alaska 99803
Mr. Brent Petrie
Alaska Power Authority
333 Hest 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
!1 ~1~ Rm:ved
.:· ·,:::.1 Ta
.. ;1.:Si> ;,J lur Fi1;.1y
i'f.Jj.~~~ Nu;nher
Lll.;srl!~ !Inn
) . . . .
N4
by __ _
Mr. Ron Reiland
Project Manager
CH2M HILL
2550 Denali Street,
Anchorage, Alaska
8th Floor
99503
Mr. George Volland
Harza Engineering Co.
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
;·'·.,:·;:''"d !It'
.i 1.~1. ;J l!]f fit;.1g by ------
t'i Jj~GI tiJ:ntm
Gt·).:sHt~ tlnn
\ .. ' . ' .. "'
.J .• t
CH~nll,~(C'D' rYilD~~·r OlF &-'DS~G :'U ~U'D G/i :YEn·:
DIVISION OF FISHERIES REHABILITATION)
ENHANCEt·1ENT, AND DEVELOPt4ENT
415 Nain Street, Room 318
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
January 29, 1981
Eric Yould, Executive Director
Brent Petrie, Project Nanager
AlASKA POI.fER AUTHORITY
333 Hest 4th Avenue
Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear Sirs:
Re: Black Bear La~<e Hydroelectric Project
.. ~ ... .
JAYS. HAMMONO, COV£/l:IOR
nata Ret:ei'led
H~&tcd To
fh;sifi~.j lor FilU!g by --~~:or--fr:Ji~ct l!tL'!Iber j i(t4 ZS
&la.iSlficaliJn
· Sa~j~cl n~s!]9at:~n 00 ~
The more I consider the Black Bear Lake hydroelectric project, the less
sense it ma!~es. In 1991, five years after the Black Bear Lake project
is completed, demand for its electrical output \1ill surpass its capacity
to produce electricity. This \'Jill require that the Reynolds Creek
project be built. Hhy not build Reynolds Creek in the first place?
Projections are that Reynolds Creek will produce enough ele~tricity to
provide for the area through the year 2010, nineteen years longer than
Black Bear Creek.
It is likely that your ten year power demand outlook is reasonable and a
new power source \>~ill be needed in 1991 if Black Bear lake is built;
that will probably be Reynolds Creek. It is also likely that many
unforeseen changes will occur in the area that will affect power demand
bet\'1een 1991 and 2010. Many ne\v technologies \'Jill be developed. If you
build the Reynolds Creek project· first. the Black Bear Creek project may
never be needed. Don't force those people to pay for tvto dams when one
may be enough.
~::O.~vJJ
Mike Hard
Fisheries Biologist
.r(-:~ ci~J n r:.l-':)1 lr,:::J[J ,,~1'] I( ;-.&\ rl ~· (,;-=,:) '1l("1 ;-.. ,,\, !' ,~, • 1 lf1 \ 1 , J 1 r d \ 1 o \ ~\ I . , ll 0 L lil] u 1 r-:J ~L d d\1 L:J .o r:-v J\J d\\
<ID!Flli'm(CJ& ®IF 'ITillHl G®\1!3Ell~Q!H~ I
DIVISION OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING f
February 5, 1981
POUCH AD
JUNEAU, ALASKA 9981 T
PHONE: 465-3573
Hhl\ZA ENCl.t\IEEfilNG CO.
I
nate Hllteiv!!!l 02.~ 3(q I • !:uu:~d To :;;:;!. 7/~~ : Hr. George Volland
Harza Engineering Co~pany
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Subject: Black Bear Hydroelectric Project
Dear Mr. Volland:
Ci:1~sili~j far fiiing by ------.~
PrJjctl Uumb..!>f ::: l z_gq /l =·
l:lasslficatian
Thank you for your January 26, 1981 letter requesting our comments on
the next phase of environmental studies concerning ·the referenced pro-
ject.
The State Clearinghouse does not have any comments at this time. He
would, of course, like to receive the Feasibility Analysis and Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission License Application for review. Both
Office of r~1anagement and Budget Circular A-95 and Alaska Coastal r1anage-
ment Program revie~o~s t'lill be conducted by our office on the feasibility
analysis and license application. ·
We have included the list of agencies who we would send these documents
to for review purposes. Please either include these entities on your
mailing list and send us four copies or send us t\<~elve or more copies
for our distribution \'/hen the feasibility analysis and license applica-
tion are available.
For your infonnation, I have been selected to replace Michael Hhitehead
as State-Federal Coordinator and any questions you may have on the
State's review of this project should be directed to myself or my staff.
Sincerely,
~tfL
State-Federal Coordinator
Enclosure
cc: Brent Petrie, APA
Katie Eberhart, CH2M Hill
~ls. lee tkAnerney
Commissioner
Department of Community
and Regional Affairs
Pouch B
Juneau, Alaska 99811
lk. Bruce Hoffman
Ecologist II I
Southeast Regional Office
Deparbnent of Environnental
Conservation
P :o. Box 2420
Juneau, Alaska 99803
Mr. Richard·Reed
Department of Fish and Game
Habitat Protection Section
Subpart Building
Juneau, Alaska 99801
M~. Dennis Dooley, Director
Planning and Research
Department of Transportation
and Public Facilities
Pouch Z
Juneau, Alaska 99811
Mr. Bob Bal d\'li n
A-95 Coordinator
Planning and Research Section
Department of Natural Resources
323 E. Fourth Ave.
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Hr. Charles Webber
Commissioner
Department of Comrrerce and
Econanic Development
Pouch D
Juneau, Alaska 99811
Nr. Hurray l~alsh
Review Coordinator
Office of Coastal t1anagement
Pouch AP
Juneau, Alaska 99811.
Hr. Rodney Voth
Dept. of Health &
Social Services
Pouch H-01
Juneau, Alaska 99811
•·
The Honorable Al P. Macasaet
f·1ayor
City of Klav10ck
P.O. Box 113
Klawock, Alaska 99925
Mr. James F. Sprague, Mayor
City of Craig
P.O. Box 23
Craig, Alaska 99921
Mr. Robert Sanderson
City Counci 1
City of Hydaburg
P.O. Box 49
·Hydaburg, Alaska 99-830
~1r. Andrew Ebona
Executive Director
.Tli~gft-Haida Indians of
Alaska, Central Council
One Sealaska Plaza, Suite 200
Juneau, Alaska 99801
P:a!e ll!!rei~ed
.>ule~ ro
..
G:i;sii!J.l Jar FiH.o.g hJ ------
t'ra~~~l lllllllher
Ciassificalb~ · ·
S'lhJ~d Po?.$i1n.1l~.~n
-----,Q _,-; ,/
-{_{// J /ll> ~ . ·d DANI[L M. BISHOP h /e, ~nv1rona1
==========================-==~~~7r~~~,~R~
RR 4, BOX 4~~~
;~ ~J~ ter fiiua ~,
rr-:;:?J Mwm
Ci~~,.
Sii~~ ~~~-w~ ... ,
r!r. George Volland
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear George,
JUNEAU, ALASKA 9980~
907 789-9305
February 5, 1981
I am responding to Mr. Yould's letter of
January 26, 1981 requ~sting specific comments on
possible future environmental investigations of the
Black Bear Lake project.
Suggested features of additional work are listed
in order of priority and I have indicated goals and
time frames for these items.
I have made a few comments on the magnitude of
possible impacts versus scope of additional proposed
environmental work.
If such additional work is decided upon I would
be interested in developing an appropriate proposal
and study team for the effort.
Sineerely,
~~-~-'7
Daniel M. Bishop
Enclosures
cc: Mr. Brent Petrie
DANI[L M. BISHOP n . lc"J --<X-' .,.,_ I' ::.-·-~-.e ftece:td
i.,.::td To .fz . t! rJ/Ii:;"~()l)__. _ ~nvironaid
.,;1~J~ I~ ftlll ij ----
..... -~t ha!er •• j,
c:.i;:~~!': ~,.
=======================
RR 4, BOX 4993
JUNEAU. ALASKA 99803
907 789.9305 ..
S·> ~-' · .. ,. ., .. · ... , --------~February 5, 1981
Comments On
Suggested Study Items, Goals and Time
Frames For Additional Environmehtal Work On
The Black Bear Lake Project
1. Better estimates of existing fish populations in Black
Lake and upstream to rapids. Particular concentration
should be directed toward populations of resident and
rearing f1shes --coho, cutthroat, dolly varden, sockeye
and steelhead. Work should emphasize estimations of fish
populations using such techniques as trapping, electro-
fishing. Periodic, thorough counts of adult spawning
salmon should be made.
The effort should commence as soon as practical and con-
tinue at least thru fall of 1981, and possibly into next
winter to establish a reasonable basis for estimating
existing fish use by season.
2. Estimates should be made of carrying capacity -potential-
of the Black Lake upstream system for maintenance and
production of salmonids. Work would ir.volve limnology
f...(s~
of Black Lake as well as surveys of quality and ~.£€ of
stream rearing habitat. Potential spawning area above
Black Lake should also be characterized and quantified
as to capability. This estimate of natural potential
for salmonid production should be completed by fall of
1981.
/ 3. Existing water temperature stations on Black Bear Creek
should be maintained, and a 5th thermograph at about
./ 4.
-2-
25 feet below the surface of Black Bear Lake should be
considered. The purpose of this effort; to develop
sufficient temperature records thru-out the year to
enlarge the present three month evaluation of natural
water temperature regime and possible modification with
regulation. This work should be continued thru winter,
1981-82 .
A staff water level recording station should be installed
I.J ( « t k La k"" c u -! '.p ~·
at the moutb.-...o-f--B-±a-ek--Greek and read at frequent intervals
during on-going work in the area. Instantaneous stream
flew (current meter) measurements ~hculd be t;iliec in Black
Bear Creek, imrnedi ate ly be low Black Lake, and used to
"rate" the staff station. These observations and measure-
ments should also be correlated with the continuous flow
record obtained from the mouth of Black Bear Lake (USGS
station). The prime purpose of this effort would be to
relate respective discharges from Black Bear Lake to
stream levels in the lower 1/2 -3/4 mile of the stream
discharging into Black Lake. All or much of this portion
of the stream is backwatered by Black Lake. The extent
of backwat.er action depends upon the height of the lake.
This work would begin with future work and continue as
long as other work was being done in the drainage --
probably into fall.of 1981.
/5. !1.:~1 inventory should be made of strea.."'lbed and accessible
tributary-ponds characteristiC! above Black Lake to the
limits of probable spawning or residence by juvenile fishes.
This systematic survey would be related to levels read
on the water level staff (4, above). This effort would
involve instream flow evaluation intended to determine
streamjporrd habitat values associated with respective
water levels. Work begun in spring-early summer would
be completed in winter, 1981-1982.
6. If warranted by the evaluation of environmental information,
the feasibility of a small spawning channel belo~ the
.... . -3-
Y1
powerhouse tailrace should be considered.~The approach
suggested above is premised on the view that further
work should be concentrated in and above Black Lake,
and that similarly intensive work below Black Lake is
not warranted at this time, beyond the stream flow ob-
servations/measurements at the mouth of Black Lake and
thermograph maintenance at the mouth of Black Lake and
Black Bear Creek.
One factor in deciding the investment warranted for en-
vironmental work on this project is the fishery values
being risked. Though we presently lack good information
on these values, I believe the Black Lake headwaters
drainage could reasonably support annual catches somewhere
in the range of 1000-10,000 salmon, plus a significant
sport fishery. Perhaps the magnitude of possible impact
might cut this potential in half. The catch value of the
drainage below Black Lake is much larger -perhaps a mag-
nitude of 10,000 -100,000 fish -but the environmental
risk from this project is much less. I summarize these
rather conjectural views because they affect the content~
intensity and duration of study elements suggested above.
~~
Daniel M. Bishop
----·~ . "' --.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
P.O. Box 1628, Juneau, N!:. 99802
tiARZA ENGiNEERli'iG CO.
2770
f£B 6 1981
Dear Mr. Volland:
I am writing regarding your Ja.nua.ry 26 request to Jim Pierce for
envirOI'IIrental investigation itans for the Black Bear Hydroelectric
Project.
'Ibis project is being handled through our Forest Supervisor's
Office in Ketchikan, and they will be responding to your reqttest,
800 hopefully it will be placed in the mail by the date you
requested.
We wish you success in this upcoming phase of the project.
Sincerely,
2.~~~
.w1ES A. CAT . .VIN
Director of Lands, Minerals,
and Watershed Management
uoo.n (t,'l•l
JAY S. HAMMOND, Conr~tOI'
D!EPA.litTMfENT OF FISH & f.;AME
Habitat Section
415 f.fain St.~ #t208
Ketchikan, Alaska
99901
PHONE: 225-5195
HARZA ENGINEERING
February 9, 1981 Dale Reteived
itJated To Mr. George Volland
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive ·
Chicago, Illinois 60606
ti3;;sHi31 lor Fiti.ag by ---11--:--r--
Dear Mr. ~olland:
tra;~&l Number
Clast.liealiJn
S··h:.l .. , =', .; f~ ,.:~1\ J!.j·.,f... ,,\ii~£·Jli•,;,~&·;;J
Re: Environmental investigations-Black Bear Hydroelectric Project
Following· the Jam~ary 19 meeting held in Ketchikan to discuss the
impacts of hydropower development at Black Bear Lake, Prince of Wales
Island, members of the Ketchikan staff of the Department of Fish
and Game have reviewed the proposals, along with currently available
information about this stream system. We strongly suggest that the
follO\'ling studies be intitiated as soon as possibie. We feel that
the data acquired from these studies will form an important part of
the Environmental Impact Statement required for this project. In
addition, this information will be necessary for the development and
implementation of mitigation measures which \vill be required.
A. Fisheries Studies
· 1. Identification and quantification of fish habitat in Black Bear
f.reek above Black Lake.
Goal: To identify, map and quantify the extent and location of
spalming and rearing habitat in Black Bear Creek between Black Lake
and the falls.
oo6z
Justification: The proposed hydroelectric project, by regulating flO\~s
from Black Bear Lake, has the potential for adversely affecting
fish habitat in the stream. An accurate assessment of this habitat
is required before plans for the project may be finalized.
We recommend that a detailed survey of spawning and rearing habitat
be undertaken. The intensity of this survey should equal or exceed
that of Forest Service Level IV surveys, \vhich are currently being
done on other streams in the Ketchikan Area. Pertinent information on
stream gradient, bank stability, substrate makeup and stability, £1 01..,
rates and pool/riffle ratios should be gathered. This information
on spawning and rearing habitat should be corroborated by sampling
with minnm'i traps, fyke nets and clcctroshocking. This data should
he used to map this portion of the stream, and maps generated by
this study should be used in furth0r pl\mning of this project.
Mr. George Volland -2-
Hf-..:lZA £NCH•.E:£R1.NC CO.
Da\c Rereived
l{J:!:;:•.l To
Ci3~s~~~~1 !Jr fiiwg by '"'="""'~-----------. F~b~u~ry 9 1981 Projzct numtiar ' -------
C!as.)ihnliJn
S·lhi~~~ r~.\; ~n~·:·~
The Forest Service estimates that a 2-3 man crew can survey 1/2 to
3/4 mile of stream, at Level IV intensity, per day. Given the detailed
requirements of this project, it is safe to assume that a longer
period of time will be required to survey this stream. I would
estimate that a full 1-1eek of survey 1wrk, by a 2-3 man crew, Hi 11.
be required. This survey may be done concurrently with escapement
surveys outlined below, or ~_t may be done ·concurrently Hi th outmigrant
studies. ·
Further information on Level IV.surveys is available 1n the Region
10 Stream Survey Handbook, from the Ketchikan Office of the Forest
Service.
~2. Escapement studies •
Goal: To indicate spawning species composition, run timing, and
use areas.
Justification: Detailed information on the timing of salmon runs, as
well as the location of those areas used by spawning salmon, Hill
be necessary for a complete evaluation of the impacts of this project.
We recommend intensive foot surveys of upper Black Bear Creek during
the late summer-fall salmon spa1ming period. Mr. Bishop's observations
in 1980, coupled with currently available escapement information,
indicates the follo1-1ing genral pattern of peak escapements: ·
Pink and Chum Salmon: August IS-Mid October
Sockeye Salmon: August 15-Septcmb~r 15
Coho Salmon: Septcwber IS-October (or later)
Rainbow trout and steelhead trout: .spring spa1mers_, precise pattern unknmm
Cutthroat trout: spring spa1mers, precise pattern unknown
Dolly Varden charr: fall spawners, precise pattern unknmm
Twice weekly foot surveys should be conducted on the upper portions
of Black Bear Creek from early August until the end of September to
determine patterns of use by sockeye, pink and chum salmon. These
surveys 1-lill also indicate usc of the upper stream by pink and churn
salmon. Weekly foot surveys should be conducted after 1 October
to monitor coho salmon escapements. l11ese fall surveys may also
provide some indication of areas used by spawning Dolly Varden.
Surveys for spawning fish should also be conducted durinz the spring
spawning period (April-June, with a peak(?) :in ~lay). Visual surveys
may not indicate the presence of cuttthroat trout, and hook-and-
line sampling may be required.
..,
~
1
l
l
i
I
-~
Mr. George Volland -3-
/3. Salmon fry outmigration study
HAi.lZA t..~GLL-t££RtNC CO.
nale Received
ilJu!t:d Tn .
Cia~s1ii~l l:lr · fili:~g by -----
Pro;rr.t Number 1Feoruary 9,. Cia~itic311Jn 19'81
Goal: To determine the timing of fry outmigration from Black Bear
Creek
Justification: Alterations in stream temperature.caused by streamflmi
regulation may cause changes in the timing of egg hatching, emergence
and outmigration. Titis in turn may affect salmon survival and the
strength of future· adult returns. We recommend that baseline studies
be in.i tiated to determine the current pattern of outrnigration. ·
The timing of outmigration may be determined by the use of fyke nets
to sample ·fry.· The program should begin by t-larch 1 • ·and shou~d be
continued at least until t~e end of June. A minimum of two conces-
utive yearly prograrn·s should ee conducted. This will give some
measure of year to year variation, and will also provide samples from
~ven anJ odd year pink salmon stocks.
~4. Fish habitat identification-Black Bear Lake
Goal: To identify and quantify fish habitat in Black Bear Lake
Justification: TI1e proposed impoundment will raise the.level of
Black Bear Lake, and may inundate spawning areas used by resident
rainbow trout populations. The extent of habitat loss must be
determined before project work begins.
Spawning and rearing habitat in Black Bear Lake should be identified,
quanti ficd and mapped. This work may be done concurrently \o~i th \vork
done on lower portions of the creek.
B. Hydrological and Limnological Investigations
_/1. Stream temperature monitoring
Goal: To provide a continuous record of before-project stream temperature
Justification: Black Bear Creek has been classified a "Temperature
Sensitive" stream by the Forest Service. Stream temperatures may be
affected by the regulation of streamflow, in addition to logging being
conducted dmvnstream by Sealaska Corporation. In order to assess
these impacts, as well as to plan mitigation measures, background
information on stream temperatures will be required.
\\'e recommend that thermo graphs placed in ti1e sys tern by Hr. Bishop
in 1980 be left in place, aml that records of stream temperature
he used in designing the fac.ili.tr. \\'e rcco;~,:~:cnd th~t tcmpc-n.turcs
he r.ton i toTed t h ro<tghou t 1981 .
I '
Date R~eived
Roul8t! To
Nr. George Volland -4-Cl~~r1.lbrfiQ~ ')IS;..o;l ___ _
PrajeGI fl umber
Cla:c:silicJ!ian
t'-,~:or-1 fh ,; ""~:~,., ,)~ ... ~.... 1u·h:,: • ·
2. Stream and Lake Limnological Studies
Goal: To continue existing limnological studies
Justification: Limnological conditions in the system may differ from
season to season, and these differences may ·require t.hat ·.special ·~-:·
measures be taken in the design and operation of the facility. Care
must be taken to insure that adequate pre-project information has been
gathered.
We recommend that r.lr. Bishop's sampling program be continued at least
seasonally through 1981. Data on temperature, conductivity, dissolved
oxygen, discharge, and water chemistry should be gathered at those
sample points established by f-.lr. Bishop in late summer and fall, 1980.
3: Stream Discharge Gaging Station . -
Goal: To establish a stream gaging station downstream of the proposed
powerl1ouse discharge, at the confluence of the first major tributary.
Justification: Ragulation of streamflow will have major impacts ~n
the upper portion of Black Bear Creek. These impacts wi 11 probably
be buffered by Black Lake. In addition, discharges of water from
tributary streams above Black Lake may also tend to buffer changes
in flow due to dam construction. \Ve therefore recommend that discharges
below the first major tributary (marked on the attached map) be
monitored, in addition to the existing stream gaging station at the
outlet.of Black Bear Lake.
We feel that items Al and A2 are of high priority. In order to assess
impacts and suggest mitigat~on measures, this information on fish
nabitat is essential. \~ork on out:migration timing (item A3) would
be our second priority, and work on Black Bear Lake fish habitat (item
A4) would be our third priority. We do feel. however, that all of the
above-listed fisheries studies should be carried out in order to
permit a complete evaluation of impacts.
Regarding hydrological studies, \<Je feel that i terns Bl and B2 are
required. Establishment of additional stream gaging stations (item
B3) is of lower priority, and it may be possible to address this
question by other means.
The Department of Fish and Game, through our Ketchikan office, is
ready to aid in the design and development of these studies. Due
to manpm.;er and time commitments elsewhere, h01vever, we \-Jill be
unable to participate in these studies to any significant extent.
We would also like to remind you, and any consultants, that a
Scientific Collector 1 s penni t, issued by the Department of Fish and
G~mc, \vill he required for collection of fjsh.
Mr. George Volland -5-
We look fonvard to working with you and \vith your consultants on
these studies. Please contact me if you require additional information
or clarification.
Sincerely,
&nt-~~r-----.
Don Kell; \"" (}
Area Habitat Biologist
cc: R. Reed-ADFG-Juneau
J. Robinson-Harza.Engineering-Chicag~·
T. Kogut-USFS-Craig
J. Hout-USFWS-Juneau
n: Pease-USFS-Ketchikan
J. Hayden-ADEC-Ketchikan
D. Barber-USFS-Ketchikan
E • ._lurrell-l'1l-iFS-Juneau
D. Bishop-Environaid-Juneau
R. Martin-TifREA-Juneau
B. Petrie-APA-Anchorage
..
.-
.I ;·
;:)tt
/
!_lMlZA ENGINEERING CO. ~nvironaid DANIEL M. BISHOP
Mr. Jack Robinson
~ale Received
n.; •• ,..... To ih •. t...tf'l
Harza Engineering Co.
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Jack,
-
RR 4, BOX 4993
JUNEAU, ALASKA 99803
907 789.9305
February 12, 1981
I am writing to tell you the results of my talks with several
people regarding downstream migrant trapping in Black Bear
Creek this year. From what you said by phone on 2/4/81, I
gather the basis for this particular inquiry comes from Mr.
Brent Petrie, A.P.A., anticipating particularly early salmon
fry migration this year; this condition may be pertinent to
the environmental concerns of the Black Bear Creek power
project.
-Rick Reed, ADF&G Habitat Section Director, S.E. Alaska.
I explained to Rick the general nature of the proposed
work this season with fry migration, indicating that my
first objective was to determine whether ADF&G would be
able to do this particular work this year.
Rick called Don Kelley, ADF&G, Ketchikan, with results that,
(l)Don was quite sure that Black Bear Creek was not in-
cluded in ADF&G's (Commercial Fish) pre-emergent fry sampl-
ing program.(2) not very likely that ADF&G could provide
any help (3) should check this proposed work with Carl
Huffmeister, ADF&G, who heads pre-emergent sampling program
of Ketchikan. Collection permit can be acquired from ADF&G
sub-port office; should try to get permit for both down-
stream migrant trapping as well as later work.
-Carl Huffmeister, ADF&G, Ketchikan.
This talk settled several questions in my mind. First,
bear·in mind that Carl's work on pre-emergent fry sampling
is done on "index" streams strategically distributed through-
out S.E. Alaska. This sampling does not provide a measure
of quantity of fry produced by a stream system. Rather, it
provides an index value of fry productivity of a respective
stream by yearly sampling of specific, unchanging riffles
within a stream system. This provides a year-to-year basis
for comparing fry production in various areas or fjords of
S.E. Alaska.
- 2 -
At any rate, the relevant conclusions of this conversation
are:
1. nearest "index" stream to Black Bear Creel~ is Steelhead
Creek, more-or-less across BiE Salt Lake from Black
Bear Creek.
2. will not be able to do any downstream migrant trapping
in Black Bear Creek.
3. may be able to stopp off in Black Bear Creek at a con-
venient location and examine a few pre--emergent fry to
determine how near fry are to migration. Since the
first district visited for pre-emergent sampling wilJ_
be in Behm Canal ares, it may be that their visit to
Black Bear Creek may come quite late for planning.
4. Carl feels that the fry migration will begin about
l April; that few will be missed :if downstream migrant
trapping begins then.
5. has no nets he can loan us will be using what they have.
6. net trapping of downstream migrants will require daily
servicing of traps -with proper servjcin~. trappin~
will not result in much mortality. Should plan for at
least two months of observations.
-Steve , ADF&G, Klawock Hatchery.
Steve believes fry migration is likely to be a couple of
weeks earlier than usual -recommends begin trapping opera-
tion in mid-~arch. Hatchery does not plan to trap down-
stream migrants in Klawock River, below hatch2ry, and does
not have a net. Not likely to te a pl·obh~m in hiring a net--
tender for the two months of project.
-Kay Koski, ~MFS, Auke Bay Lab.
Get nets from Eastside Net Shop, Bothel, Washington (near
Seattle) -Mike Halstad.
Larger coho net for coho (larger size and larger mf-:-:;h).
Specjfy pink salmon fry net fo1 both pink and chum migrants.
Can't r:-'<tke assurance of loaninp: lH:ts -m:ci:-· be later if 1ack
of opera-ring funds continues.
-hlike Halstad, Eastside Net Shop
-pink neTs -may be 3 weeks to a month delivery from date of
ordering. Cost around $100.
-coho nets -better allow a month from dat2 of ordering. Cost
about $300.
Daniel M.
.. ,J .. ; \
'~ . (
"· I . ..... ·~_,.. . .vt....,~,·-t,
Bishop
United States Department of the Interior
IN REPLY REFER TO:
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
1011 E. TUDOR RD.
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99503
(907) 276-3800
HA!\ZA ENGINEERING co. ,
.... -:e::;,
late Receiyed • :2 -J J _ i1
Bout~ To ..£? r ldPtiJti ::_,! 12 FEB 1981
Cfa.'l.SiJied for filing &y ••
P1~d Nnml!er
Mr. George Volland
Barza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago~ Illinois 60606 tlu!W,atioa · · · -
Subjea De:ignM';~~~ • -·-
Dear Mr. Volland:
We appreciate the opportunity to provide the following information concerning
the Black Bear Hydroelectric Project per your request of January 26, 1981.
One of our primary concerns in evaluating the project is whether all the reason-
able alternatives have been evaluated. If an alternative can be found that has.
an equal potential output and will be less damaging to the resource, we would
prefer the use of that alternative. In the testimony given at the January 19
meeting in Ketchikan, which representatives of our agency attended, it was
indicated that Reynolds Creek is such an alternative. We feel that the Reynolds
Creek alternative should be evaluated and the potential impacts on fish, wildlife
and recreational resources be compared with the potential impacts on these
resources at the Black Bear site.
In response to your request we feel that the following studies, in order of
priority, should be conducted to allow adequate assessment of potential impacts
of the project.
/~.
Instream flow data should be gathered for the entire system, with particular
emphasis placed in that stretch of stream between Black Bear Lake and
Black Lake. Analysis of this data in conjunction with the historic flow
record would allow the formulation of recommended pos~-project flow
conditions.
Fishery surveys should be conducted at a level of detail sufficient to allow
the formulation of population estimates for salmonids in the watershed.
Observations should also be made on the timing of salmon runs and location
of the spawning grounds for each species. This data could be collected at
the same time as the instream flow data, and would provide an integral part
of the basis for instream flow recommendations.
A reconnaissance of the estuarine environment should be conducted. One or
two surveys at different seasons of the year would provide sufficient base-
line data to determine the potential impact of the project on this area.
-
v4. Wetlands should be located and classified. This information would allow
amenable siting of transmission lines, roads, etc. A single survey would
be sufficient, preferably conducted in mid-summer.
v' 5. A reconnaissance inventory of furbearer populations, especially beaver and
species utilizing the present beaver impoundments should be conducted. This
could be done in conjunction with the wetlands inventory.
6. Eagle nests must be identified. Avoidance of nests will reduce or eliminate
destruction or desertion.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service intends to visit the project area in the
summer of 1981, to collect baseline information on the estuary and possibly
conduct raptor and waterfowl surveys. This data will be available and should
complement your study efforts. The Service also will participate as a review
agency and provide comments on specific project plans as they become available.
cc: Brent Petrie, Alaska Power Authority
C. Osborn, Ketchikan
ADF&G~ Ketchikan
.. NMFS, Juneau
Sincerely,
•
... Retei~ef !£ ~
J·:.:cl To ~-p ~ .. ..f-.;
United States Depi~~~~~~~1f the Interior
IN AEPL Y REFER TO:
Mr. Brent Petrie
Alaska Power Authority
FISH AND wictftfP~~ERVICE
1011 E.SruobR'·if6:···'l
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99503
(907) 276-3800
18 MAR 1981
333 West 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear Mr. Petrie:
RE.C.:.IVED
un.R 2) 1981
We appreciate the opportunity to respond to your request of January 26, 1981
regarding the Black Bear Hydroelectric project.
One of our primary concerns in evaluating any project which has the potential
for adversely impacting any of the fish, wildlife or recreational resources,
is whether or not all the possible alternatives have been evaluated. If an
alternative can be found that has an equal potential output and will be less
damaging to the resource, we would ?refer the use of that alternative. In
the testimony given at the January 19 meeting in Ketchikan, which representatives
of our agency attended, it was indicated that the Reynolds Creek alternative
had the capability of producing more power and would have a longer useful life.
If this is the case, we would like to see a greater in-depth look taken at the
Reynolds Creek alternative and the probable impacts on the fish, wildlife and
recreational resources compared with the impacts on these resources at the
Black Bear site.
In reply to your request we feel that the following s;udies, in order of
priority, should be conducted:
1. Instream flow data should be gathered, preferably for the entire
system, but most importantly in that stretch of stream between
Black Bear Lake and Black Lake. This investigation should begin
immediately and continue until project completion to allow for
natural variation in stream flow. Data obtained would be used
to formulate instream flow recommendations.
2. Timing of runs, location of the spawning grounds and population
estimates of each salmon species should be determined. This data
should be collected over the same period as the instream flow
investigations. With this data it may be possible to mitigate
losses of spawning grounds and to enhance instream flow recommendations.
3. One or two surveys at different seasons should be conducted in the
estuarine area to establish baseline data to determine project impact.
4. Wetland areas should be identified to facilitate more prudent siting
of project amenities, e.g. transmission lines, roads, etc. A single
survey should be sufficient.
5. A furbearer survey should be conducted in conjunction with the wetland
survey to determine probable impacts, especially on beaver and species
utilizing beaver impoundments. Information would facilitate the
formulation of mitigation recommendations.
6. Waterfowl and eagle surveys should be conducted during spring and
fall migrations. By avoiding migration routes with the transmission
line, the number of electrocutions and bird strikes can be reduced.
7. Eagle nests should be identified in the project area. Avoidance of
nests will reduce or eliminate destruction or desertion.
Ihe Fish and Wildlife Service intends to visit the area this summer. We
will gather a variety of data, but will put particular emphasis on obtaining
baseline information for the estuary. We will attempt to be there for at
least part of one of the salmon runs. It is anticipated that our raptor
and waterfowl biologists will be conducting surveys in the area this summer.
All of the information obtained by these surveys and studies can be made
available.
We thank you again for the opportunity to provide our comments and concerns.
Furthermore, we wish to extend an invitation to meet with us in the near
future so that we may coordinate individual study efforts.
Sincerely,
/? ft!) {."')
./ 9"'1.--11~' .Jr~'"' -,
A<uo.r ~ Regional Director
"~ Received
.~n;.:d To
C~:~i!!~d lor filing by ____ __,.
lT:Ii~ Rlliilber
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• HARZA .ENCLt."'4E£1UNC CO.
UNITED STATEs DEPARTMENT oF AGRtcu~. Tu~te Receiftf
FoREsT sERvtcE R~!i!td !a
Tongass National Forest Lili.imJ lot fili1& ., ------
Ket~~~~~~ ~ ~¥!!~! ng 99901 r::~ ~~
907-225-31 01 £~ ... au~a
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Mr. George Volland
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
.Chicago, Illinois 60606
L
Dear Mr. Volland:
February 25, 1981
We have reviewed the information presented on the Black Bear
HYdroelectric Project on January 19, 1981 as well as the additional maps
and information. There are several areas of concern that will be
addressed below:
. • : . , Fi sheri es
It is evident that existing base line data is insufficient to accurately
assess the effects of this project. Accurate descriptions and
evaluations of the fisheries resources of Black Bear Creek are lacking.
Therefore, effective analysis and evaluation of the effects of this
project are not possible to make at this time.
The following discussion is reflective of the concerns of the various
agency people regarding this project.
Agency biologists tend to agree that detailed fisheries resource data for
the Black Bear Creek system is somewhat sketchy. Anadromous salmonids
inhabiting this system are pink, chum, coho, and sockeye salmon, and
possible steelhead trout. Both anadromous and resident dolly varden char
and cutthroat trout are thought to be present. Additionally, rainbow
trout were stocked in upper Black Bear Lake and have become established
as a reproducing population. ·
A stream survey of Black Bear Creek was conducted by ADFG in 1976. This
survey estimates the streams spawning habitat at approximately 63,812
square meters including the intertidal area. Past records indicate that
Black Bear Creek has supported escapements of up to 356,000 fish.
Average annual escapement for pink salmon for 31 years of record is
approxi~ely 28,000 fish. During poor years, escapements have been only
a few hundred fish. The peak coho salmon escapement was 6,500 fish
in 1944.
IZOG-11 (1/6!1)
Considering the magnitude of the escapements for Black Bear Creek and its
estimated habitat quantities, this stream should logically be considered
as a significant fish producer. This is especially true for pink and
coho salmon. A similar condition should hold true for chum salmon with
maximum recorded escapements of 8,000 to 10,000 fish. Little data are
available to indicate the potential of Black Bear Creek as a sockeye
salmon producer.
Based on the apparent significance of Black Bear Creek as a fish
producer, it would apear logical that a detailed stream survey should be
conducted. A Level IV or equivalent stream survey should be adequate to
determine the quantity, quality and distribution of fish habitat in Black
Bear Creek. Such data is an essential part of a sound data base. Such a
survey would also provide estimates of population densities for the
rearing fish species such as coho salmon, Dolly varden char, cutthroat
trout and steelhead trout.
In addition to the Level IV stream survey, intensive escapement surveys
should be continued to determine accurate numbers of returning adult
salmon and their timing of entrance into the sytem.
The availability of the above mentioned data becomes significant when
evaluating the mode of operation of the hydroelectric project. Several
aspects must be considered when examining the project operation mode and
its potential effects on the streams aquatic resources. These are:
1., Ti1e Relationship Between Stream Sta e, Oischar e and Available
F1s Ha 1tat.
This relationship is a potentially significant evaluation factor
for hydroelectric projects. The normal operation mode for a
hydroelectric project consists of daily and hourly variations in
discharge at the tailrace of a powerhouse. These variations
correspond to periodic changes in the demand for electric
energy. Powerhouse discharges during periods of base load
operation would normally be quite consistent. However, during
periods of peak power demand, greater discharges would occur.
Likewise, discharges could be very low during periods of low
energy demand or water shortages. The magnitude of the
difference between discharges produced by changes in operation
mode can be significant.
0\le Received
~ct;!!d To
Ua.-s•IBJ lor fi!ing ., -----
fra~ct Mul!l!ler
&lassillcalian
S •~";""' Oo~t·ln•!;!l" ~· .. .,f.t ,;'f#Y ·.~ ilo'\ H :1
Changes in project operation mode and the resultant powerhouse
discharges can occur rapidly. The effects of these changes
occur downstream of the project. Rapid and major reductions in
.. . discharge cause decreases in stream stage, dewatering of fish
spawning and rearing habitat, and stranding and mortality of
newly emergent and other juvenile fish. Similar effects have
resulted in significant fish mortalities on other streams
affected by hydroelectric projects.
Additionally, rapid reductions in stream discharge will result
in stranding of adult spawners and potentially the desiccation
and freezing of incubating fish eggs and alevins.
2. Alternation of The Stream Hydrograph.
Whenever a stream becomes affected by a hydroelectric project,
its flows theoretically become controlled. Such control results
fn an alteration of the naturally occurring hydrograph. Short
term peak events, normally corresponding to flooding, are
reduced in magnitude and dispersed over a longer time period.
Similarily, extreme low flow events become less frequent. Low
flows will tend to become more stable. However, the magnitude
of these low flow conditions is subject to the specific
characteristics of the project and its operation scheme. For
the Black Bear project, it is likely that a stabilized low flow
will be quite similar to the naturally occuring average low
flows in terms of total discharge over a long period of time. A
specific analysis of this aspect regarding Black Bear Creek is
not possible at this time.
3. Alternation of the Stream Temperature Regime.
The storage and subsequent release of water from a hydroelectric
reservoir has the po.tenti al of affecting the temperature regime
of a stream. These effects are:
a. Increased summer downstream temperatures when
generation and/or spill water is released from the
surface and epilymnion layers of a reservoir.
b. Decreased summer downstream temperatures when
generation and/or spill water is released from the
hypolymnion of a reservoir.
c. Increased downstream temperatures during the winter by
releasing reservoir waters that are generally warmer
than stream waters.
HARZA £NCIN.E£RINC CO.
C!la Reccire4 :WL
H~!i!.."d To -~~ Cilssun~ lor fil.Qg •1 -· -
Frajacl lumbar
Cla$Silica!iaa
S:thj!l.1 q~.~i ·~.11:r.~
The potential consequences of an altered stream temperature
regime \·lould be the accelerated development of eggs and alevin
and an early emergence of fry to the stream and esturary.
Accelerated fry emergence subjects juvenile fish to less than
optimal environmental conditions. Potential mortality could be
significant.
The effects of an altered stream temperature regime in Black
Bear Creek cannot be fully evaluated at the present time.
However, preliminary data indicates that Lower Black Bear Lake
and tributary streams provide a buffering effect on the
temperature of the main stream.
Black Bear Creek is currently classified as a temperature
sensitive stream. In addition, a local native corporation is
currently conducting extensive timber harvest in the Black Bear
Creek drainage, some of whi:h is to be adjacent to the main
stream. Due to these conditions, it appears essential that a
true picture of,the proposed project effects on stream
temperatu~e, including the potential compounding from ti~ber
harvest, be prepared and analyzed.
4. Loss Of Beaver Ponds and Coho Rearing Habitat.
It has been currently anticipated that stream flow control
resulting from the proposed project will reduce the magnitude
and frequency'of flooding conditions in the area upstream of the
lowermost lake. This area is presently being extensively
utilized by beavers for ponds. Beaver ponds, by their nature,
provide an essential element to the rearing capabilities of
habitat utilized by coho salmon. Reductions in regular flooding
are anticipated to adversely affect the beaver ponds and
consequently the rearing ability of the area for coho salmon.
5. Fluctuations In Reservoir Elevation.
The proposed Black Bear Project is expected to increase the
existing average elevation of the upper lake by 32 feet. This
lake and its tributary streams are presently supporting a
reproducing population of rainbow trout. These fish were
stocked into Black Bear Lake by ADFG.
The quantity, quality and distribution of spawning and rearing
habitat that supports this population of fish is presently
unknown. The potential effects of increasing the lake elevation
upon this population are also unknown.
HARZ.A ENClN.EEl\INC CO.
Date Received
R~wd To
Clwied lor filing ., -----
Pro~cl lwn.ber
Classilicatiall
Sl~ject Qe~i~n 11:~"
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6. Potential Changes In The Stream Channel Integrity.
Alterations in the naturally occuring hydrography for Black Bear
Creek could potentially affect the integrity of the stream
channel. Peak flow events are generally essential in
maintaining the integrity and character of stream channels,
banks, and substrates in southeast Alaskan streams. Alterations
in the hYdrograph could potentially result in reductions in the
fish producing capability of Black Bear Creek.
These previous discussions demonstrate that the consequences of
hydroelectric generation and the mode of project operation can
affect the fisheries resources of Black Bear Creek. Such effect
can be both positive and detrimental in nature. It is also
evident that insufficient data is available to adequately assess
these effects. In my opinion, it is the consenus of the
biologists reviewing the Black Bear Project, that additional
studies and data are required. These are as follows: .
1. Conduct detailed instream flow analysis of Black Bear
Creek for preproject, construction, and post
construction and project operation conditions. .
2. Conduct detailed surveys and analysis of the fisheries
habitats and capabilities of the entire Black Bear
Creek system.
3. Continue to monitor the temperature of Black Bear
Creek and its lakes.
4. Establish and monitor additional stream guage stations
throughout the drainage.
5. Conduct a thorough analysis of the environmental and
economic aspects of Black Bear Creek as it naturally
occurs in addition to those of project development and
operation.
Our fisheries biologist would have time available to discuss planning and
implementation of data gathering and evaluation procedures. A minimum
amount of time is available for reviewing procedures on the ground. No
time would likely be available for actual surveys and data gathering.
HAftZA ENC1NEER1NC CO.
nate Rereired
H;ll!Zd To
Ch.sslh~J lor filing ly -----
Fro~cl Humber
Classificaliaa
Recreation
The only developed recreation site on National Forest land within the
Project area is the Black Bear Lake recreation cabin. The use of this
cabin is recorded by sale of use permits. The recorded use for 1980 was
234 visitor days (a visitor day is the equivalent of a 12 hour period;
1-12 hour to 12-1 hour visits). A total of 39 people used the cabin
staying a total of 31 days. The recreation period at Black Bear Lake is
from May 1 through November 30 with most use occuring during the months
of July, August and September. During the summer months, the cabin is
occupied approximately l/3 of the time. The limiting factor to higher
use is the distance by air from the Ketchikan area.
The setting of Black Bear lake is unique due to the alpine character,
easy access for alpine hiking and excellent rainbow fishing.
As the project goes into further planning stages, relocation or removal
of the cabin will have to be evaluated as it's present location would be
flooded. The sport fishing resources of Black Bear lake must be
considered in project development.
Recreation in most of the project area is of a dispersed nature occuring
by hiking, sight seeing from aircraft and recreation driving. Of these,
recreation driving along the Hollis to Klawock Highway is the heaviest
use. As this road is traveled more than any other road on Prince of
Wales, care must be taken to protect the visual resources. This will be
discussed further under Visual Management.
No intensive recreation studies are identified at this time though
opportunities for development of recreation opportunity below Black Bear
lake should be considered. Forest Service recreation personnel are
available to review the situation on the ground and provide joint
recommendations for treatment of the recreation resource.
Visual Resource Management
A. Transmission Line Corridor
The transmission line route generally follows a major portion of
the main road system between Craig, Klawock and HYdaburg. This
part of the road system is now and will be in the future one of
the heaviest traveled routes on Prince of Wales Island. In
addition this route has several high scenic and recreation
values that should be considered.
In the past few weeks we have made preliminary investigation of
some of these critical areas and will continue this work through
the next several weeks. HARZA ENClNEERlNC co.
~~~:t~:Yed w.~~
ClassiligJ lor Filing ., -----
Pr~~cl IW!lber
Ctassificalioa
One primary concern is the numerous crossings of the highway by
the transmission line. This visually degrades the viewing
experience and should be minimized where possible.
Other sensitive areas along the transmission corridors are along
Black Bear Creek and Black Lake.
We would like to be able to spend some time in the field with
your transmission line engineers investigating the various
alternate locations.
B. Dam and Reservoir
The Black Bear Lake area has some of the most spectacular
mountain and alpine scenery on the Ketchikan Area. Probably the
biggest environmental impact of the project is that of the dam
and reservoir on the scenic and recreational values around the
lake and the stream below the lake. Hence a major emphasis of
the environmental analysis should be a complete assessment of
the scenic and recreation impacts of this project on the area
around the lake and possible mitigating measures.
We would like to spend some time in the area on the water, on
foot and in the air gathering data to do this analysis. This
should take place in the late spring or early summer when most
of the snow is gone.
Soil Resource
Soil resource impacts will result primarily from road construction and
aggragate source sites.
A. Road Construction
By studying available soils, topographic maps and aerial photos
it is apparent that the proposed road location along the east
side of Black Lake will present difficult construction. It is
estimated that a substantal cut will occur for at least 500
feet. The potential for slope failure and mass movement may be
high. The potential for sedimentation into Black Lake from
debris slides or from movement of rock and common material
during blasting and excavation should be evaluated.
A detailed geotechnical survey of the proposed road location is
needed to determine bedding/orientation of the bedrock and
stability of the slope.
HARJ'.A ENC1NEEPJNG CO.
Hate Received
aacted To
LillS!li~J lor filiag ., -----
Pro~cl Klliilher
Clas:silicalian
B. Aggregate Source Site
The source of aggregate, if located on National Forest land
should be identified. Prior to approval as a site, a detailed
site plan would be needed showing volumes of total excavation
and describing washing and sorting procedures. A description of
any settling ponds for treatment of water from the operation
would be needed.
It 1s important that these soils issues be addressed early in
the process as they relate directly to sedimentation effects on
fish in Black Bear Creek.
Archeological
No further archeological surveys are needed at this time. Should the
transmission line directly impact the seasonal village site at Nutzune
Bay, further evaluation of the site would be required. It is understood
that the current proposal· will route the transmission corridor east of
that site.
These are the concerns we have until such time as we have the opportunity
to review the Feasibility Report and Application for License. Please·
feel free to contact Dave Barber of this office for clarification of any
issues.
Sincerely,
~~~
Recreaton, Lands and Water Program Manager
:,ala Received
,i ; ;.!:.; To
~b.:~m~~ lor filiag br
rra~ct Humber . ------
CiassilicaliJD
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•
I--IAR..ZA ENGINEERING COMPANY CONSULTING ENGINEERS
• 1980 -Our 60th Year •
Ms. Judy Schwartz
Environmental Analysis Branch
MS-443
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
February 12, 1981
Subject: Information on the proposed Black Bear Lake
Hydroelectric Project, Southeast Alaska
Dear Ms. Schwartz:
With this letter I am enclosing the information you requested
when I spoke to you by telephone earlier today. The items are:
1) Handout distributed at the 19 January agency
meeting in Ketchikan,
2) Project summary letter to Alaska Power
Authority (APA),
3) Chapter B-II. (Project description) and Appendix
B-C (environmental evaluation) from our October
1979 Reconnaissance Report to APA, and
4) Phase I Black Bear Lake Aquatic Study report,
prepared for us by Mr. D. M. Bishop.
Maps and layouts are included in the above to facilitate your
review.
The specific concerns that you mentioned EPA may have, i.e.,
mass wasting on steep slopes, borrow and fill areas, and project
effects on water quality, will be addressed in depth in the FERC
150 SOUTH WACKEA QAIVE CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60606
TEL. !3121855·7000 CABLE: HAAZENG CHICAGO TELEX 25·3540
Ms. Judy Schwartz
February 12, 1981
Page Two
License Application. Other environmental concerns identified by
APA, Harza, and other state and federal agencies will, of course,
also be discussed in detail, along with proposed mitigation
measures.
Please do not hesitate to call me at 312/855-7050 if I can be of
further assistance.
cc: (w/out enclosure)
Petrie-Mohn, APA
G. V. Volland
J. H. Thrall
Files
Very truly yours,
~~!a~n~~~
Aquatic Ecologist and
Project Scientist
.
REPLY TO
ATTEIITION OF,
NPAEN-Pl-EN
Mr. Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
Alaska Power Authority
333 West 4th Avenue
Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear Mr. Yould:
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
ALASKA DISTRICT. CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P.O. BOX 7002
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99!510
;
MAR 19 81
This is in reference to your 26 January 1981 letter concerning
environmental investigations for the Black Bear Hydroelectric project.
We appreciate this opportunity to provide input into your next phase
of environmental investigation (i.e. environmental monitoring and
analysis program) for the above cited project. Unfortunately, no
previous correspondence has been received by this office requesting
input into your initial program development, and no proposed project
description has been provided.
If you desire our input, we would appreciate a complete description of
proposed activities, and a summary of environmental investigation
completed to date. In general, the Corps of Engineers has regulatory
jurisdiction over excavation or placement of dredge or fill material
in the waters of the United States under Section 10 of the River and
Harbors Act of 1899 and Sect ion 404 of the Clean Water Act of 1977.
The discharge of the dredged or f i 11 materia 1 in the waters of the
United States will be evaluated by the guidelines set forth in 40 CFR
230. If the effects of the activity are not adequately addressed in
an environmental document, the Corps of Engineers cannot adopt the
document for its reguJatory responsibility. If the environmental
document is not adopted, the necessary information for permit
issuance, if applicable, will still be required, and a possible delay
in construction could occur. ·
. ..
NPAEN-PL-E.N
Mr. Eric P. Yould 3 .MAR \98\
If further details are desired by your staff, contact can be made with
Mr. Lloyd Fanter of the Environmental Resources Section at 752-2572.
Copy Furnished: -
Mr. George Vo 11 and V'
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois £0606
Sincerely,
HARLAN E. MOORE
Chief, Engineering Division
/ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
P.O. Box 1668
Juneau, A'Laska 99802HARZA ENGr.::::::~~:ro c::::>.
March 24, 1981 Dale Be:eind
B~nted Ta
Mr. George Volland
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
tia~ill~d for filina ~y RE: Black Bear Hv.d,Qfi!J a;c~teic Proj-ec~t--1'T..rJ~ .. ~ !:~ill!~; :r ---
CiassificatiGll
Sllhjsct DengnEililD ------Dear Mr. Volland:
In response to Mr. Eric P. Yould•s January 26, 1981, letter, our southeast
~laska field office reviewed all available information about the Black Bear
Hydroelectric project. Fisheries information about the Black Bear system
is sketchy. So, many of our suggestions for study are subjective and
based upon our experiences with similar types of stream systems within
southeast Alaska. To better explain our agency's preferred study plan,
we have enclosed several background briefs. Subjects included in these
briefs are the fishery resource, the salmonid habitat use, the potential
dam impacts, and a description of our recommended studies.
Presently, we have concerns about this project. Many of the conditions that
caused fishery impacts in other systems could occur in the Black Bear system.
However, we believe that with the proper baseline studies most of the negative
impacts can be identified and mitigated.
We have described our recommendations for study in 11 Preproject Studies
for Black Bear Hydroelectric Project11
• For an effective baseline program,
we recommend that all of these studies be implemented. If this is not
feasible, our priority for these studies is:
length of study
First Priority l. Instream flow assessment l year
2. USGS gaging station 1 year
3. Spawning surveys
(lake & stream)
2 years
4. Rearing surveys
(lake & stream)
1 year
5. Fry emergence surveys 2 years
Second Priority 1. Upper ·tributary gaging
-station 1 year
2. Black lake gaging station 1 year
3. Outflow gaging station 1 year
.-~~ .. ··h..,.,. l
. -~. · ....• ·;;·
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2
Presently, we have three fishery biologists stationed at our southeast
Alaska field office in Juneau. Their 1981 field season is already allocated
to several large, long-term projects like the U.S. Forest Service 1984-1989
timber sale, the U.S. Borax mining project~ and the British Columbia
Hydroelectric project. Due to our manpower and financial constraints, we
cannot provide field studies or financial support for your project at this
time. However~ our priorities are reviewed annually. So, the Black Bear
project could receive additional consideration from our agency next year.
If we can be of further assistance, please let us know.
Dztc R~cai~-ed
newE~ tO
t . .,. ) 1 r··· h iS.::liiiEa or u;ng y ___ _
Fru;~ .. 1 iln.rn.ller
t!assili:ation
.Sul!iacl Designati~n
----··-
Transmittal (McVey to Volland)
Fishery Resources
Black Bear Hydro
(page 1 of 6)
There is a scarcity of fisheries resource information about the Black Bear
system. Our present knowledge of the system comes from a 1976 ADF&G stream
.survey, 26 years of aerial surveys for pink salmon, and the 1980 aquatic
hydrology survey prepared by Environaid.
From stream survey work it has been estimated that the Black Bear system
contains 31,906 square meters of spawning habitat. The average escapement
count for pink salmon over the 25 year period was 30,920.fish. However, in
the mid-forties there were two extremely strong years producing runs of
350,000 and 110,000 pink salmon. Besides these peak runs, counts have
_ranged from 62,000 fish in 1963 to 490 fish in 1953.
Occasionally, the timing of other runs of salmon have coincided \'lith
those of pink salmon. When this has occurred, escapement estimates
were made for these species as \..re11. Based on this data, \..re know that
chum salmon runs have been as high as 10,000 fish, coho salmon runs have
been as high as 6,500 fish, and sockeye runs have been as high as 700 fish.
Sport fish species reported from the Black Bear system include Dolly Varden char,
· cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, and steelhead trout. Rainbow trout were
originally introduced into Black Bear lake by the release of hatchery fish.
These fish have since established a self-sustaining population.
Based on our present information the Black Bear system should be considered
as a significant producer of pink salmon~ chum salmon, and coho salmon.
Because it is accessible by road and because it supports a variety of sport
fish species this system should be considered a significant sport fishing
resource.
Salmonid Habitat Use Within
The Black Bear System
1. Tidewater to Black Lake
It is believed that most, if not all, of the pink and chum salmon
spawning grounds \vithin the Black Bear system lie beb'feen the 3 l/2 miles
of stream separating tidewater and Black take. Also, this region is believed
to r~ heavily used by Dolly Varden char, cutthroat trout, steelhead trout,
~nd coho salmon for both spawning and rearing.
ll.. Black lake
Black lake is believed to be the major rearing grounds of juvenile
sockeye salmon. These fish are ~ost corr.rnonly found in pelagic schools
over the shoal areas of a lake. Black take is vrobably the major
ove~intering grounds for sea-run Dolly.Varden char and ~Jtthroat
trout. During winter, these fish typically inhabit the deeper sections
of a lake. Gravelly stream areas directly below Black lake and gravelly
spT'ing areas within Black take are t\-JO likely areas used as spawning
babitat by sockeye salmon. ·
III. Black Bear Creek to Falls
Slack Bear Hydro
{page 2 ad 6)
Black Bear Creek has a slow current and a sandy substrate upstream of
Black lake for l/2 mile. This area should provide good rearing habitat
for juvenile Dolly Varden char and coho salmon. Additiona11y, this region
contains several beaver dam ponds that are thought to provide rearing
habitat for juvenile coho salmon, Dolly Varden char, and possibly sockeye
salmon. ·
Above this sandy region for about l/2 mile, Black Bear Creek has a
steeper gradient. As a result, this section is characterized by a
moderate to fast current and a gravel substrate. \·Je suspect that
sockeye salmon, coho sa1mon, Dolly Varden char, cufthroat trout and
steelhead trout use this area for both spawning and rearing.
lV. Falls to Black Bear lake
One mile above Black lake a falls occurs on Black Bear Creek. This falls
creates an impass for adult salmonids. So, the only use that the upper
most 3/4 mile bet\-1een Black Bear lake and the falls receives is by resident
rainbow trout. These fish probably use the area for both spawning and
rearing.
Potential Dam Related Jmpacts
l. Alteration of Natural Flows
Water discharge rates that result in lowered stream flows during critical
·time periods can be detrimental to salmonid production. For instance,
low stream flows during spawning could dewater potential spawning
grounds so that they are no longer accessible by adult spawners. Another
·critical time period is \'linter. Reduced winter flovss could allovs anchor
ice to form in shallow water redds. This would kill both eggs and alevins.
In some streams annual high flows are necessary to clean and stir spawning
gravel. Othenvise, this gravel would compact enough to prevent fish
·from constructing suitable spawning redds. On the other hand, extremely
high flood flows could be detrimental at certain times of the year.· if
·flood flov1s cause the erosion of spawning bed gravels, eggs and alevins
could be washed from their redds. This would kill both eggs and alevins.
II Rapid Fluctuation of Fl m·1s
Water discharge rates that cause large, sudden changes in stream flows
can be detrimental to salmonids. Juvenile salmonids can be stranded in
shallow water pools rapidly f1uctuating stream flo~s. Some juvenile
salmonids prefer stream areas that contain a lowered water velocity and
overhead cover. These areas are often the shallow water ~dges of streams
that tend to get cut off from the main channel when stream discharges are
decreased. Studies have found that because of their territorial behavior
and habitat preferences, juvenile salmonids are reluctant to leave these
shallow water areas.
f
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Ill. !:.2!!. ~ Rear1 ng Hab1 tat
Black Bear Hydro
(page 3 of 6)
Beaver ponds are prime rearing areas for juvenile coho salmon and Dolly
Varden char. The loss of these areas to salmonid production can substantially
reduce the productivity of a system. A lowering of stream flows during
critical times of the year could keep migrant fry from entering or leaving
the beaver ponds. This would effectively keep beaver ponds from being
used by salmonids. ·
Additionally, beavers require wetland habitat in order to survive. If
stream discharges are lowered so that surrounding wetland habitat is reduced,
beaver hab1tat will be adversely affected. A result could be the loss of
beaver ponds and therefore, the loss of salmonid rearing habitat.
Adult salmonids can also be affected by sudden variations in stream flow
·rates. A sudden lowering of the water level could strand adult spawners
1n back water holding pools. Wide variations in daily flow rates have
been found to d1srupt spawning behavior and cause adult salmonids to
prematurely leave the1r redds.
lV. ~anges ~Water Quality
Stream temperature change is another way in which a dam can impact
salmonid habitat. Stream temperature can affect egg and alevin develop-
ment in severai ways. The way eggs and alevins are affected is
dependent upon their precise developmental stage at the time of the
temperature change. However, a prolonged exposure to above normal
stre~m temperatures will decrease the redd development time
required by eggs and alevins. This will cause early fry emergence
from the redd. For pink and chum salmon, this \oJOuld mean that fry
would arrive in ntarine waters earlier in the year. Since marine waters
are not affected by dam discharge temperatures, pink and chum fry could
arrive before the f1rst seasonal zooplankton bloom. These fry would
probably experience decreased growth and increased mortality as a result.
Supersaturation of water \'lith air is a potentially serious fisheries
problem arising from hydroelectric dams. Typically, supersaturation is
caused by plunge pool situations where water entrains air under high
pressure. Salmonids exposed to air-supersaturated water have been
observed to suffer a range of physiological effects. Both decreased
sw1mming stamina and increased oxygen consumption, stress related events,
occur when salmonids are exposed to air-supersaturated· \·later. Additional
physiological problems that have been documented are blood chemistry
thlnges and a condition called gas-bubble disease. The latter condition
1s frequently lethal to fish. ·
i
[
I
I
' I
Black Bear Hydro
{page 4 of 6)
ftQCommended Preproject Studies for
81ack Bear Hydroelectric Project
'fne major area that \'lgu)d be impacted by the proposed hydroelectric dam
1§ that pDttian Of Dlack b~ar Creek from Black Lake upstream to the falls.
A~~Ofgihg to ~lt. Daniel Bishop of Environaid, Black Lake would substantially
m99erate the eff€~t of the dam upon the lower sections of Black Bear Creek.
A9ditiohailyt the tributaries that flow into Black Lake and Black Bear
creek would help ffiQgetute the effect of the proposed dam.
tisheries Studies
i\ instreafll F1 ow Neasurementg
We re~ommeno that the in~tream flow assessment technique developed by
tne U.S. Fi~h and Hildlife Service's Cooperative Instream Flow Service Group
(~ovee 19/8~ Bovee and Cochnauer 1977~ Bovee and Milhous 1978, Trihey 1979,
i~8o, and 1980) be the primary study performed on that section of Black
~eat Creek between Black lake and the falls. \~e believe that the rep-
resentative reach concept of the Instream Flow Group (IGF) as defined by
Tr1 hey (19/9) 1 s be~ t suH~d for this area. \-le forsee a 11 habitat requirements
of sa1monids~ i.e. spawning~ egg and alevin incubation, fry outmigration,
iifH.t JUViHtlle rearih~h be1ng addressed by this study.
li~ Stream Surve~s
1n a(td1tHm to the i l'lstreaffl f1 ow assessment study, we recommend that
tl~taliea s(Ja\o.Jfling atid rearing surveys be performed. Spa\'lning surveys
thou1tJ determine t!ie t1ming of the salmon runs. size of the salmon runs,
Qfld 1o~ation or the spawning areas. Rearing surveys should be used to
ijeterm1ne the various rearing areas of juvenile salmonids. Both types of
~ur~ey& should 1nt1ude tr1butar1es and beaver ponds of the upper Black
bear sys tern ..
lll, ~ rmerjience Survevs
A fry ernergen~e stuoy is needed to determine the typical redd life of
ln~ubating eggs and a1ev1ns. fry ~m~rgence times should be correlated
w1th cumulatiVe tempe~ature units (one unit equals one degree above 32 degrees
f for a J)erio<l or 24 hours) to d~termine the effects of a changed temperature
N.g1me.
lv~ Utke Stff'v~
Ttle {Jtlmaty trhn,~tary of Bhtk lttk~ is upper Slack Sear Creek. Regulation
~f thi.s 'Stf'N\hl tou.ld 'influence wat~r levels \iithin Black Lake. Therefore,
l~f<e ~otv~ sfioy l a be performed to document sha 11 O\~ water spa~'lni ng and
l"eaN'flg a~as witMn Blatk lake~
Hydrologic Studies
1. USGS Gaging Station
Black Bear Hydro
(page 5 of 6)
The present U. S. Geological Survey {USGS) gaging station is located
at the outlet of Black Bear Lake. This is a stategic location for a
gaging station. This gaging station monitors flow rates that \'llill
·have the same hydrological and biological relationships as the
discharge flow rates from the proposed dam.
We recommend that the USGS gaging station be monitored through 1981.
It was installed last June. So, one additional year of stream data
would significantly increase our present data base.
11. Non-continuous Gaging Stations
There are three additional areas where we need hydrologic information.
One of these areas is at the mouth of the main tributary to upper Black
Bear Creek, directly below the falls. This tributary adds significant
flows to upper Black Bear Creek. It should help moderate the water
fluctuation caused by a dam. To determine its impact, we need to know
how this stream affects the temperature and stream flow of upper Black
Sear Creek.
Another area \'llhere \•le need additional hydrologic information is Black
lake. The shallow water areas of a lake usually provide the best rearing
habitat for rearing salmonids. Therefore, \'le need to know how the water '1
levels of Black Lake are affected by stream flows from upper Black Bear
Creek.
The third area that needs additional hydrologic information is the outflow
of Black lake. We need to know how upper Black Bear Creek and Black Lake
effects the outflm.;, i.e., lower Black Bear Creek. This information is
necessary to determine \•shat effects a dam \'1/0uld have on the fishery
resources of the lm'ller Black Bear system.
lll~ Data Collection
We recoilJllend that non-continuous gaging stations be established at the
&bove three sites. \·Je suggest that \·Jater height, \·later flow, and water
~~;:~perature be monitored at each station. This data could be correlated
~th data from the Black Bear Lake continuous gaging station. The result
would be an indication of how water discharge rates and water temperature
regimens from the proposed dam would affect the major salmonid producing
~ters of the Black Bear system.
These hydrology studies could then be coupled \-Jith the recorrrnended
fisheries studies to provide a ~;ide base of information. He believe that
the potential fisheries impacts from the proposed dam can be determined
by this approach.
I "
t
I
(
l .
Literature Cited
Black Bear Hydro
(page 6 of 6)
.Bovee~ K.O. 1978. Probability-of use criteria for the family salmonidae.
Cooperative Instream Flow Service Group, U.S. Fish and Hildlife Service,
Fort Collins~ CO. lnstream Flow Information Paper No. 4. 80pp.
Bovee, K.O. and T. Cochnauer. 1977. Development and evaluation of weighted
criteria, probability-of-use curves for instream flow assessments.
Cooperative Instream Flow Service Group, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Fort Collins, CO. lnstream Flow Information Paper No. 5. 130pp.
Bovee, K.O. and R. Milhous. 1978. Hydraulic simulation in instream flow
studies theory and techniques. Cooperative Instream Flow Service Group,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Collins, CO. Instream Flow Infor-
mation Paper No. 5. 130pp.
Trihey, E.W. 1979. The IFG incremental methodology. Pages 24-44 in G.T. Smith ed.
Workshop in instream flow habitat criteria and modeling. Colorado Hater
Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University:> Fort Collins, CO.
Information Series No. 40.
• 1980. Field data collection procedures for use with the IFG-2 and
--=IFG-4 hydraulic stimulation models. Draft. Cooperative Instream Flow
Service Group, U.S. Fish and ~1ildlife Service, Fort Collins, Co. 89pp.
. 1980. Field data reduction and coding procedures for use with the
--=IFG-2 and IFG-4 hydraulic simulation models. Draft. Cooperative Instream
Flow Service Group, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Collins, CO~ 315pp.
2. Agency and Public Responses to Draft
Feasibility Study and June 1981
Agency Meeting and Site Visit
'3 WEST 4th AVENUE· SUITE 31 -ANCHOFIAGE. ALASKA 99501
Hr. Edward Head
Alaska Timber Corporation
P. 0. Box 69
Klawock, AK 99925
Dear ~1r. Head:
Nay 18, 1981
Phone; (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-2715
Enclosed for your reviev-1 and comment is a copy of Draft Feasibility
Report: Black Bear }..ake Hydroelectric Project prepared for the
Alaska Power Authority by Harza Engineering Company and CH2M Hill -
Northwest, Inc. We would appreciate receiving any written comments
you have on the study by the close of business June 19, 1981.
Upon receipt and review of comments we intend to submit a license
application for construction of this project to the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission. 'contracts for additional environmental
studies and project design will be initiated during the summer of 1981.
If you have commented to.us previously on this project, you may
wish to review pertinent sections of the report that might address
your previous input. If you have not yet commented, we encourage
you to do so if you have concerns or an interest in the project.
Your input can help us finalize design of field studies and consider
operating parameters.
The Alaska Power Authority plans to schedule a series of public
meetings in Craig, Klawock, and Hydaburg in June to discuss the report
and we \vill notify you ~>Jhen arrangements are finalized.
Please direct any inquiries or comments to:
Brent Petrie
Project ~1anager
Alaska Power Authority
333 H. 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
907-277-7641
cc: Ken Leonardsen, Harza Engineering Co.
Ron R i e l and , 0!21'·1 Hi l I
Enclosure
DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LETTER AND REPORT
Robert Martin, Jr., P.E.
Tlingit Haida Regional Electric Authority
P. 0. Box 2517
Juneau, AK 99503
Ralph l.Ji l son
President .
Alaska Power and Telephone
P. 0. Box 222
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Mr. Merle Snavely
Alaska Power and Telephone Co.
General Delivery
Craig, J.\K 99921
i•ir·. Ech·;ard Head
Alaska Timber Corporation
P. 0. Gox 69
Klawock, AK 99925
Randy Bayliss
Regional Supervisor
Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation
P. 0. Box 2420
,Juneau, AK 99803
tic: r ~Ji negar
District Mrlnager
Ala ka Division of Forest,
Land and Water Management
Pouch i·1A
Jun~au, AK 99811
Cnr;:nissioner Lee tt,c/\nerney
f1la ka Department of Cornmmity and
f{NJi ona l. /\ffa irs
Pouch S
.Juneau, AK 9CJ8ll
k' · r • r; ': H d t Z
Uiv,sion of P,udqet nd llil t
Office of th:::: r-;overnor
Po 11c h !1
Bob Ba 1 d~·li n {2 copies) A-95 Coordinator
Division of Research
Alaska Department of
323 E. Fourth Avenue
Anchorage, AK 99501
& Development
Natural Resources
~lurray l·!alsh
Office ~f Coastal Management
Pouch AP
Juneau, .AK 99811
Don Kelly { 3 copies)
Area Habitat Biologist
Habitat Section
Alaska Department of Fi5h and Game
415 Main Street #208
Ketchikan, AK 99801
Dennis Dooley
Division of Planning and Prog1·ammi ng
Alaska Department of Transportation
and Public.Facilities
Pouch Z
Juneau, AK 99811
Bruce Baker
A-95 Coordinator
State Clearinghouse
Office of the Governor
Pouch AD
Juneau, AK 99811
Mr. Robert Loescher ( 2 cooies)
Director, Natural Resou1·ces
Sealaska Corporation
One Sealaska Plaza
Juneau, AK 99801
f·lr. Leonard Kato, President
Kl av:ock !!eenya Corporation
P. 0. 8nx 2S
Klawock, AK 99925
rr1 trick Ga rdn<>(, Pres i dr:·nt
Shaan Sert, Inc.
P. 0. Gnx 9C
Croig, 1W 999?1
Mr. Lorin Sanderson
Haida Corporation
P. 0. Box 89
Hydaburg, AK 99922
The Honorable John Morris
r·~ayor
City of Hydaburg
P. 0. Box 49
Hydaburg, AK 99922
The Honorable James Sprague
Hay or
City of Craig
P. 0. Box 23
Craig, AK 99921
The Honorable Robert George
t'1ayor
City of Kla\'IOCk
P. 0. Box 113
Klawock, AK 99925
Mr. Robert Sanderson
P. 0. Box 57
Hydaburg, AK 99922
Mr. Andrew Ebona
Executive Director
Tlingit-Haida Central Council
One Sealaska Plaza, Suite 200
Juneau, AK 99801
Robert Cross
Alaska Power Administration
P. 0. Box 50
,lune::u, 1\!~ 99802
(·1i ke ili shi:noto
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 1287
Juneau, AK 99802
c1ucly SclV.•Ii\ Y' tz
U.S. En'/iron::.ental Pro::::ction Agency
l2DU 6th f~vemH~
Seattle, WA 9810!
Col. Lee Nunn
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 7002
Anchorage, AK 99510
John ~~. Ruopp
Recreation, Lands and Water
Program t4anager
Tongass National Forest
Federal Building
Ketchikan, AK 99901
Robert t,/. t·~cVey
Regional Director
National Marine Fisheries Service
P. 0. Box 1668
Junequ, AK 99802
The Honorable Robert Zeigler
Alaska State Senate
Pouch V
Juneau, AK 99811
The Honor·oble Terry Gardiner
House of Representatives
Alaska State Legislature
Pouch V
Juneau, AK 99811
Th Honorable Oral Freeman
House of Representatives
Alaska State Legislature
Pouch V
Juneau, AK 99811
The Honorable Jim Duncan
Speaker of the House
Alaska State Legislature
Pouch V
Juneau, AK 99811
( 4);-. '-'1 -------\
ST 4th AVENUE· SUITE 31 -ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501 Phone: (907) 27l-7641
(907) 276-2715
June 5, 1981
Dear
Enclosed is a report on the spring 1981 outmigrant fry trapping
in the Black Lake-Black Bear Lake system. This information is supplemental
data to the Black Bear Lake Project Feasibility Report which you have
already received in draft form.
We have schedul~d a trip to the project site on Monday, June 15,1981
and will be leaving Ketchikan about 9;00 a.m. A detailed itinerary will
f o 11 m-J by rna i 1 .
Copies to;
Don Cornelius,ADF&G
Ed Johnson, USFS
Mike Nishimoto,USFWS
Ed ~,orre 11 , NMFS
Rick Harris, Sealaska
b (.. (.. ~ u D.~ ~ : S k"(F I C 1.-\ v; v-~ 0. ; ~
~ A. c.. l<-l<. o ~ \\-., <> c."" 1 H c.. v-1 t...
){-e_v.... l-et.>Y\&~.vc\sc-,..._ J ~4rt.c.....
Sincerely,
Grent N. Petrie
Project t·1anager
333 WEST 4th AVENUE· SUITE 31 ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
~~/
JJ?£ June 9, 1981
Dear ~VL + fL.. ~ /7/e?
In earlier correspondence dated May 18, 1981, we transmitted a copy of the
Black Bear Lake Feasibility Report for your review and comment. In that letter,
we advised you that scheduling of community meetings \'las in progress. Those
meetings are now scheduled per the enclosed announcement. In addition, Alaska
Power Authority and Harza Engineering Company staff have scheduled a work ses-
sion with the resource agencies to discuss the development of this upcoming
season's environmental program.
The work session is scheduled for:
Monday
June 15, 1981
3:15 p.m.
Second Floor Conference Room
State Office Building
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, Alaska
The spec1fic objective of the agency meeting is to finalize this summer's
work program for fishery surveys and set specific goals for other environmental
studies associated with the power project and transmission line. The meeting
is scheduled late in the day to allow for a site visit earlier in the day by
staff from ADF&G, National Marine Fisheries Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and forest Service and will likely run past 5:00 p.m. APA and Harza
staff will be available for additional consultation and coordination in Ketchikan
until noon on Tuesday, June 16.
I urge all participants in the meeting to have read the environmental sec-
tion of Black Bear Lake Feasibi1 ity report and look forward to meeting with you.
If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to contact me at
907-277-7641.
FOR THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Enclosures: As stated
/3::;1-/.Pe:k-
Brent N. Petrie
Project Manager
,17/:?
. ALASiiA I»()llrl~lt AlJ'I'.JIIOiti'I'Y h~ @
333 WEST 4th AVENUE· SUITE 31 -ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501. Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907} 276-2715 ...
June 10, 1981 ~
Mr. Ronald W. Wendte
Executive Director
Aquaculture Association, Inc.
P.O. Box 6916
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Dear Mr. Wendte:
lHABZA ENGINEERING ·co.
lJate Received t, _1-s--511
J~ule~To _[~
.. ·~d for Filing bT 1
1 • · ; /lumber _ /Zcf"¢B
C~t.: .l ;,calion
Subjee1 D~~ignclion
Given your interest in hydroelectric projects in southern southeast Alaska
and their potential for operating to enhance the natural fishery or provide
water supplies to hatcheries, we are enclosing a draft copy of the Black
Bear hake Project Feasibility Report by Harza Engineering Company and CH2M
. Hill Northwest, Incorporated. Also enclosed is a copy of the distribution
list of an earlier letter and copies of the report.
If you wish to comment for S.S.R.A.A. we would appreciate your written
corrunents to:
Mr. Brent Petrie
Project Manager
Alaska Power Authority
333 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
(907) 277-7641
by 4:30p.m., Friday, June 26, 1981.
In addition I will be in Ketchikan on Monday and part of Tuesday, June 15
and 16, 1981 and will try to call you. I v1ill be staying at the Narine
View Hotel Sunday and Monday nights and will have some of the Harza engineers
and scientists available if you have specific questions or comments. The
number at the Marine View is 225-6601.
Enclosure: as stated
Brent N. Petrie
Project Manager
cc: Ken Leonardsen, Harza Engineering Co.
Jack Robinson, Harza Engineering Co.
Dan Bishop, Environaid
' • '''D -.:\ h_T'l'l'"""·"""·-n.,~r '\' 11 ,~ \ , ! .;.; '\\ 1-; ... ; \ .'; ' ), _1\\ , J l ·.· t. (i I;~}-.;;_ u H J J \ j ~ .J. : ~j' '. ; -_j ' ...... "' / . ~ • .J • a. ·II.. .... y '\1.. Jol. ' r •
333 VJI:ST 4th AVENUE-SUITE 31 · ANCHOP.AGE, ALASKA 99501
~lr. Lem Guluka
Earl Combs, Inc.
9725 Southeast 36th Street
Mercer Island, WA 98040
Dear Mr. Guluka:
June 11 , 1981
(/ / /,,/:
f ,.,.' .; ·_
Phone: (907) 2·77 7641
(907 1 276-2115
HitRZA. ENGlN~"JG S:s>~ _
~nle Received In -I~--1 }
i".::~-~~--~-...
"', ~ f f'l; Ina · -~ 'u iOf l.:ng up ----.. ----·
. , ,, . h I? 84 /3 ·r:·-··1 • ~~~-.. u ..L:----· l ~ '~· ~· 11 .. ~ .J
Cl""_-':r"1:0n '"h·..>.lL .d
Su~jtcl Desigralion -------·-
Enclosed per your telephone request of today is one draft copy of the
Black Bear Lake Project Feasibility report. Your client communities of
Craig and Klawock have also received draft copies. Public meetings on
the project are scheduled June 16 -Hydaburg, June 17 -Craig, and
June 18 -Klawock.
The conunent period is open through June 26, 1981. If you have any questions
or con~ents please do not hesitate to call.
Enclosure
Brent N. Petrie
Project Manager
cc: Ken Leonardson -Harza Engineering
tl1nq1t & ha10a Req1onal electRical authORity
P.O. Box 2517 • Juneau, Alaska 99803 • (907) 789-3196
June 10, 1981
c· ""' : ! \I C: D R.;...,-•-
< 1 ' • 'l "l ; ' '') l J t~ n :1; r;,,rt:~'~u h_~ f?/ -<, •
Brent Petrie 'J , d T i :::-~-L-< ~,,,_ < .; • :R\W
A 1 a ska Power Authority 1
'0';ie• n J:...Ls-~'11.·.-AK '1';;,i;""
333 West 4th Avenue -Suite 31 C~a~sll:£d for flimq by _"""..a.c.t.l..A.o~ •
Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Project Number -----
Classification
Dear Brent: Suhjecl Designalion
The following comments are submitted on the draft reports, Volume 1 and 2 of
the Draft Feasibility Report of the Black Bear Lake Project.
1. Volume 1, page 3, number 6, my impression was that the temperature changes
would also have a tendency to counteract temperature increases resulting
from logging operations in the area.
2. Page 4, under 11 Construction Costs', water wheels is mispelled. Under the
same title, the January 1981 Construction Cost has an error, the project
should not cost $128,000,000. I believe that should be $28,000,000.
3. The comments on page 6 relating to availability of logs for Alaska Timber
Corporation might be somewhat mitigated by requesting letters from Klawock
Heenya Corporation, asking for their opinion of availability of logs for
the ATC Operation. It is my understanding that the ATC does have and will
have continued support from the native corporation as far as having a
continued supply of logs.
4. Page 1 -9, first paragraph, the 7.2/12.4 kv line should more properly be
rounded to 7.2/12.5.
5. Page 1 -9, paragraph 2, the recommended transmission route recommends
going across the low saddle and along Half Mile Creek to the Hollis Road.
My discussions with contractors in the area indicate that unless the non
road miles indicate considerable savings in mileage, it would be much
cheaper to build along the road that to go across country. There appears
to be no discussion in this paragraph indicating reasons for selecting this
overland route rather than the road route.
Brent Petrie
June 10, 1981
Page -2-
6. Page 1 -11, last paragraph, the second line, the word existing is mispelled.
7. Page 1 -13, last paragraph, excavation is mispelled in the fifth line.
8. Page 1 -14, Has any consideration been given to construction of the Black
Bear Lake to Klawock Power Line in advance rather than using two 1,000
KW diesel generators to provide power for construction?
9. Page 1 -18, your estimate for roads and bridges is $660,000. I believe
that a logging road would be adequate, that is one lane wide turn offs
every 1,000 feet. They build those things for about $80,000 a mile
10. I'm still amazed at the amount that the project has increased during the
last year. We originally started off at $12,000,000. The next study showed
$17,000,000 with a total project cost of $30,000,000. Now we are looking
at a project cost of $28,000,000 with funding requirements estimated to be
$40,000,000. The preliminary parts of the study shows that this increase
is caused by going to a tunnel, but on page 2 -3, it indicates that the
tunnel is only adding 15% more, so I'm not clear as to where all the extra
cost is coming from.
11. Page 2-4, last paragraph, you indicate a value of energy as 11¢ per KWH
from diesel and 0 & M is 2¢/KWH. I believe just the value of diesel fuel
used to produce our electricity is greater than 11¢/KWH. In fact, I believe
that our diesel fuel now is so high that it costs 12.3¢/KWH just for diesel
fuel. In addition, our operation and maintenance costs are nearly equal
system wide to what we are paying for fuel.
12. Page 3 - 4 shows that Sealaska bought Ocean Cape Beauty Seafoods. That should
be Ocean Beauty Seafoods.
13. Page 3 -5, first line, harvest is mispelled.
14. Page 3-6, the second paragraph under 11 Future Economic Activity 11
, I believe
that this paragraph does not take into consideration that logging activities
in the lower "48" is severely declined so there would be an excess of
qualified people available from that area and there may be enough people to
harvest what is planned. However:-a constraint which is not addressed in
this paragraph is the present low prices for timber products which has severely
impacted the amount of timber being harvested by the corporations.
Brent Petrie
June 10, 1981
Page -3-
15. Page 3-7, paragraph 3. The paragraph states that there is no evidence of
renewed interest at the present time in the mining sector, however,
Noranda Exploration has been active in the area for the past five years.
Their impression is that exploration has been increasing at a rapid rate,
that the world mineral markets have increased and that there is a very good
future in the mining sector. It is my belief that the issue of mining
as a potential consumer of electricity in the area has not been explored
adequately and that the potential for increased benefits are very great. I
believe that this study does not adequately address the question of mining
activity.
16. Page 3-8, third line in the third paragraph referring to Table 4-1, that
should be Table 3-l. Also it should be pointed out that the winter of
1980-81 was the first large scale use of wood burning stoves in the Tlingit-
Haida Housing Authority villages of which Klawock and Hydaburg and Craig
are three. I have information from the oil dealer in Angoon which indicates
that their oil consumption for heating fuel decreased by a full 30% during the
winter. Part of that is because of a milder winter, {a decrease in 1600 degree
days in this winter over last) and part of it is because of increased use of
wood.
17. Page 6 -51 under 11 Beneficial Environmental Effects 11
, it says that the
management of transmission line R.O.W. for low vegetation will aid deer,
grouse and edge dependent birds by providing berry and seed bearing plants.
I don't think that is right. Deer tend to get trapped by the deep snow that
builds up in those kinds of areas in the winter time and in effect keeps
them penned into smaller areas and if they overgraze that small area, they
die off. That is one of the problems that clear cutting logging areas have.
It might be well to modify that statement somewhat.
18. Page 6 -69, Item #4, for processing excavated materials, it might be well to
include a statement that the rock that is excavated (even from the project)
belongs to Sealaska and that you'd need to negotiate with Sealaska to use it.
Since Sealaska is basically for the project, it might be possible to use
that material at no cost but still it ought to be considered.
Tlingit-Haida Regional Electrical Authority is basically in complete favor
of the project and we want to express our continuing support for the project
to be completed as soon as possible.
Brent Petrie
June 10, 1981
Page -4-
RM:cmg
ALASKA POWER AIJTIIORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE· ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
Mr. William Chal::xJt, General ~.anager
Tlingit/Haida Regional Electrical Authority
P.O. Box 2517
Juneau, Alaska 99803
Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276·0001
October 15, 1981
Subject: Prop::>sed Black Bear Lctke Bydrex?lectric Project
Dear Mr. Chal::x:lt:
Thank you for THREA's prompt review of the Black Bear Lake Project
draft feasibility report and the ca:ments carmunicated in Mr. Robert
Martin's letter of June 10, 1981. We offer the following responses to
those ccmrents.
Corment No. and Response
l. This staterrent has been rrodified to read "The potential
for changes in water temperatures in Black Bear Creek
due to the Project will be greatly reduced by the
three-level power intake" (rn:xlification underlined).
As discussed in later sections of the report, the
Project discharge regime is expected to have beneficial
effects on stream water temperatures in the lower basin
where logging is occurring.
5. Our initial decision to route this section of the
transmission line overland was based on a considerable
saving in mileage and on anticipated low enviornmental
impacts of the line along the mostly untraveled
overland route. It no.v appears that much of the land
along the Klawock-Thorne Bay Road will be logged prior
to Project construction which permits installation of
the transmission line along the road with minimal
clearing, relatively low environmental impact and much
easier access for maintenance. Consequently, the
reccmrended route for the line, between the powerhouse
and Klawock, has ~..n changed to the road route.
8. Early installation of the transmission line to provide
power for Project construction is under consideration.
Implementation will depend, in part, on successful
operation of ATC's wood waste generating plant.
9. The road required for the Project will be a permanent
rather than a temporary installation. As such, we
will be required to upgrade the existing ] ogging
road to Black I...ake. We already have been asked by
ADF&G to replace two existing cul verb; with
permanent bridges.
10. Several factors contributed to the increase in
estimated Project construction cost from $13 million
in our earlier study to $28 million now. Among
these are one and one half year8 of inflation,
increases in excavation and concrete required for
the dam due to the existence of a deep talus deposit
on the dam's left abutment, increase in Project
capacity from 5,000 kW to 6,000 kW, change in
transmission line capacity from 23 kV to 34 kV,
unanticipated access road requirements, environmental
restrictions resulting in the r~1irement of the
multilevel intake, and the change from surface to
tunnel penstock.
14. Bob Durland of Sealaska told our consultants that
Sealaska is planning a timber harvest of 60 to
80 r+mF this year. This agrees with our "Forecast"
of 100 r+mF by 1986 (see page III-6, end of third
paragraph). Because of the dCMnturn in timber
demand, immediate consideration for the chip plant
has been deferred. As discussed in the Sensitivity
Analysis (Industrial Sector) , the forecast peak
demand for the forest products industries is expected
to represent about a third of the total demand. Any
delay in the implementation of these projects would
reduce the demand.
15. Our inquiries on this matter showed that sare mineral
exploration was underway on Prince of Wales Island,
but that investigations were not far enough along to
determine the extent or timing any future development.
16-18. The caments have been noted and changes have been
rrade in the text.
cc: Leonardson -Harz a
Robinson -Harza
Bishop -Environaid
Martin -Cochran Electric
Sincerely,
/
s_ ___ \> l\ vu
Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
0-/7-fl
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U. 5. E N V I R 0 N M E N T A l P R 0 T E C T I 0 N A G E N C y
REGION X
1200 SIXTH AVENUE
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98101
REPLY TO
ATTN OF: M/S 443
1 " JU'' ~ ... ..,. ~ n t:,.;ol
Brent Petrie
Alaska Power Authority
333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
flale Rmi'l~d
fl;:.:!Prl Til
~!a.:;sl;;~d tor filing by __
Frnjnd Number
Classification
Sftbjett Designation
SUBJECT: Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project
Dear Mr. Petrie:
---+J:;P.SKA POWER AUTHORITY
Thank you for sending us a copy of the draft feasibility report on the
Black Bear Lake project.
In general we believe that you have already designed many features into
the project that will help reduce potential environmental impacts.
Specifically, we support the use of the tunnel instead of a surface
penstock; the use of a multilevel water intake with three ports for
temperature control; the use of construction and operation plans which
will not require the building of a road to Black Bear Lake; and the
implementation of the construction phase water quality control provisions
and associated water quality monitoring program. We also appreciate the
attention you have given to the concerns described in our February 1981
letter.
We support your plans for additional fishery studies focusing on the
stream section upstream from Black Lake. Additional information on
stream flow fluctuation effects is needed to establish operation plans
which will minimize long term fishery impacts. Particular attention
should be given to the impact of dam operation on daily flow variations
during critical fishery use periods. The impact of the rate of change
from maximum and minimum flows should also be considered. An evaluation
of spawning activities at and above the powerhouse would also be useful
since major changes in the stream channel are proposed in the powerhouse
area.
One area where we believe the draft feasibility report could be
strengthened is in the analysis of alternatives, particularly for those
in the Reynolds Creek area. Primarily, we would like to see a more
complete comparison of environmental impacts between the currently pro-
posed Black Bear Lake project and the various projects in Reynolds
Creek. The impacts identified thus far for some of the Reynolds Creek
projects may be at least as mitigatible as the impacts of the Black Bear
Project. While we understand that construction of the Black Bear project
to be followed by the Lake Mellon project may be slightly more economical
than the reverse order, further examination of combinations of projects
in the Reynolds Creek drainage may provide certain interesting
2
advantages. For example, one possibility is to use some of the upper
lakes to provide peaking power. In any case, evaluation of alternatives
will become important during the NEPA review phase of the FERC licensing
process.
Some wetland areas within the project area have been identified. Project
design alternatives to avoid impacting these wetlands should be incorpo-
rated wherever practicable.
We would like to suggest one minor improvement to your construction phase
environmental controls. This involves the careful storage of all fuel,
oil and grease to ensure that spills and leaks will not drain into or
affect a waterway. Any bulk fuels should be stored within an impermeable
berm or other device which could contain the total volume if a leak
should occur.
We appreciate the opportunity to comment on the draft feasibility report
and look forward to continuing to work with you on this project. Please
feel free to call me or Judi Schwarz, of my staff, if you have any ques-
tions. We can be reached at (206) 442-1285.
Sincerely yours,
~')~u#~
Elizabeth Corbyn, Chie¥
Environmental Evaluation Branch
cc: Mike Mishimoto, USFWS, Juneau
Dave Barber, Tongass National Forest, Ketchikan
ALASKA POWER AUTIIORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE· ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
Dr. Elizabeth Corb)rn , Chief
Environmental Evaluation Branch
MS/443
U.S. Enviornrrental Protection Agency
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276·0001
October 15, 1981
Subject: Prq:Xlsed Black Bear Lake Jt.;droelectric Project
Dear Dr. Corbyn :
Thank you for reviewing the Black Bear Lake Project draft
feasibility report and for your letter of comment dated June 19, 1981.
Additional fisheries and related studies started in late July 1981
and are focused on Black Lake and the reach of the stream above Black
Lake. Sorre work will also be carried out in Black Bear Lake as well as
in the stream bela,.; Black Lake. We concur with your view that daily
flow variations and rate of change with the Project are important
considerations which could affect the fishery resource in Black Bear
Creek upstream of Black Lake. The next phase of study specifically
addresses this concern. Stream observations will also be rrade in the
powerhouse area. In response to your request for more information on
alternative projects in the Reynolds Creek area, our consultants have
~xpanded the appropriate section of the feasibility report. A final
copy of the report will be provided to your office. This additional
analysis will also be included in the application for license to be
submitted to the Federal Energy Regulatory Crnmission (FERC).
A preliminary inventory of wetlands along the proposed transmission
line corridor has been prepared and will be included in the final
feasibility report and FERC license application. This inventory will be
verified during the final design stage and used with other information
to establish the final alignment of the line.
Finally, your suggestion regarding safeguards against lubricant or
fuel leaks during construction will be incorporated into the final
feasibility report and license application.
cc: Leonardson -Harza
Robinson -Harza
Bishop -Environaid
Sincerely,
./ .............. . ~2--~---\) ·~\ ~~~ ~
Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
P.O. Box 113
Klawock, Alaska 99925
Eric Yould
Executive Director
Alaska Power Authority
333 W. 4th ave. Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
June 23, 1931
Dear Mr. Yould:
QPHONE: (907) 755-2261
"Tbe Sitt of the Ftnl Culll/t'Y) 111 A!"Jk,t''
CITY OF KLAWOCK
ALASKA
HARZA ENGINEERING CO ..
• 1 RECt:!VSD
,7/7 //Y !_ ___ , .·. ·; ., 1981 /(·.:~_~'~ ·-...
:.l~si:.cd lor filin1 by ____ .... -· --
~··r 1ZCI Nuwter
• ! .ilication
___ .. ___ _
This letter is to state the support of the Klawock City Council for the Black
Bear Lake project.
The people of Klawock have long been burdened with the high cost of energy.
Some families have had no other alternative but to go without electricity.
others have had to do without needed necessities especially those on fixed
incomes.
Sincerely,
I ·y
KCt.Ak A '.,\ \t'-{j~'\Y ~
Karen Moore-City Clerk
for Klawock City Council
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF A.GRICUL TURE
FOREST SERVICE
Tongass National Forest
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
907-225-31 Ol
.. ,_,. -· ...
HARZA ENGINEERING CO. 2770
jJ/7~~.r~-. r Date Hmived / ' ~.,. --.
Brent Petrie, Project Manag~uted To <f· (:·-~··"':,~.:.:':
Alaska Power Authori t~ ;·lassiiied tnr filint by __ _
333 W. 4th Avenue, Su1 te 31 '' · ,
Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Prri~d !iumoer
L Jyne 26, 1981
Dear Mr. Petrie:
',,_, ' ~ •' .
The Draft Feasibility Report Black Bear Lake Project, Volume I & II
have been reviewed. The comments provided by the Forest Service
from earlier project reviews have been incorporated i r1to the report
to our satisfaction.
Many of our concerns that deal with fisheries habitat were discussed
again at the June 15, 1981 joint agency review meeting. We feel
satisfied that our concerns requiring further studies and evaluation
are or will be considered. There are a few points in the Oraft that
will be pointed out below:
1. Vol I, VI-16. We would prefer an alternative to dumping spoil
into Black Bear Lake. Should it be necessary to use the lake,
the spoil should be limited to rock only, as overburden will
cause significant sedimentation and once in tne lake will not
likely be recoverable.
2. P. VI 26-27. The prediction that elevated winter stream
temperatures above Black Bear Lake will result in early
development of aquatic food sources, thus offsetting the effec'ts
of early coho and sockeye emergence may be risky. If incorrect,
coho and sockeye juveniles could be adversely affected.
3. Two points have been identified but should receive further study:
a) P. VI-29. Under project operations, the summary indicates
that winter flows may be greater. However, October and December
flows would be lower. This appears as somewhat of a
contradiction, the significance of which is not known. Lower
October flows could restrict access to spawning habitat. Lower
December flows could increase exposure of eggs to low water and
freezing. This stresses the need for instream flow studies that
incorporate habitat/stream stage relationships as mentioned on
P. VI-30.
62.00..11 (1/69)
b) P. VI-35. An increase of winter stream temperature by
1.5-2°C above Black Lake could be a significant change from
the normal temperature regime. Sockeye and coho would be most
affected. This potentially deserves more study and possible
more exact mitigation.
4. Vol. II, Appendix 1-14. Black Bear Lake, due to it's alpine
location with hiking access to a large amount of alpine high
country is unique to this area of Southeast Alaska. There are
very few other lakes that offer this recreation opportunity.
5. Vol. II -Appendix 4, 3.4. First paragraph-There are plans
for recreation facility construction on Prince of Wales Island
but not in the immediate project area. The implementation of
these plans is dependent on future recreation construction
funding.
6. Vol. II -appendix H, 3.5, Item 5. The National Monument
designation in no way restricts or discourages sport hunting.
Much of the Ketchikan area is not in any special land
designation. Factors that will push more hunting to Prince of
Wales are increased population due to new industry and more
familiarization with the Prince of Wales road system as it
interconnects more of the island and is more publicized.
Comments on Visual Resource Section
A. Chapter I-Project Description (p. 10, Vol. 1)
1. In section describing reservoir there might be included a
sentence describing the area in acres of land that would be
inundated including how much of this is old growth forest.
B. Appendix I
1. Operation (p. 17, Vol. 2)
Elimination of the waterfall below Black Sear Lake is a
very significant visual/recreation impact and its
importance is still great even thou~h it is not seen that
often. It is one of the most spectacular features of its
type on the forest and is therefore unique. Its
elimination is a signficant impact because it removes a
unique recreation/viewing opportunity.
HARZA ENGINEERING CO.
~ 'il~ Received
:;_r•1 To
:·.siHed lor FiliBt hy ----·---
... 'l:l Number .. '
. !icahon
' Pe3it;nalion
2. Mitigation Measures (Starting p. 23, Vol. 2)
a) Transmission line routing.
A generally good practice is to route the line along
any natural linear features such as edge of muskeg
openings along edge of topographic feature such as
bottom of ridge or bottom edge of cliff. Muskeg
openings are particularly common along the ~daburg
road corridor.
b) Transmission line and Construction.
Certain conductors can be highly reflective and
produce a highly visible line across the landscape
under the right light conditions. The visibility of
the conductor from a distance can almost be eliminated
by using a non-reflective or non-specular cable.
c) Clearing for transmission line R.O.W.
Sketches imply that in forest areas trees are only
slightly higher than poles (60-70 ft.} requiring
clearing limits up to only 70 ft. on either side of
line. However in our old-growth areas tree heights
will range from 100-150 ft.
Overall, the draft feasibility report is well done and has been
responsive to management concerns. Please feel free to give me a
call if you have any questions regarding our response.
HARZA ENGINEERING CO.
ED SON
Recreation and Lands Staff Officer
----···--
1\.LASiiA J»(}\VI~Il 1\.lT1~11f}ltl'l''Y
333 \NEST 4th AVENUE SUITE 31 -ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
Mr. Ed Johnson
Tongass National Forest
United States Forest Service
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Dear Mr. Johnson:
July 20, 1981
Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-2715
Thank you for your letter of June 26, 1981 with your agency 1 s comments
on the Black Bear Lake Draft Feasibility Report. I am writing in confirmation
of our telephone conversation of July 1, 1981 regarding item 3a of your letter
which discussed instream flow studies. As you know, our engineering and bio-
logy consultants visited Black Bear Creek with a team from the Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, National Marine Fisheries Service, and U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and walked the reach of stream in question. That trip verified our con-
sultants earlier feelings that data from staff gages on that reach of stream may
be of questionable value due to backwater effects from changing water levels in
Black Lake, the braided and cascading nature of the stream above the backwater
area and below the tailrace location, and the dynamic nature of the streambed
which makes location of a stable stream cross-section difficult.
Since we will have biologists and hydrologists in the field during the 1981
escapement season and 1982 out-migration season, we are proposing an alternate
method to determine stage/discharge relationships to refine the plant operating
regime. We propose to have the hydrologists take actual streamflow measurements
of Black Bear Creek during their periodic visits. This data can then be correlated
with the continuous recording station operated by U.S.G.S. at the outlet of Black
Bear Lake. We will place a staff gage to aid in correlation if we can locate a
suitable site, but as we mentioned at the June 15, 1981 meeting this may not be
fruitful due to stream characteristics. During our telephone conversation, you
mentioned that the Forest Service has sometimes had to use a similar approach
on other streams in the region. With the above background, we assume your hydro-
logy staff would concur with our proposed approach, if not we would appreciate
any suggestions you may provide for obtaining reasonably accurate determinations
of stage/discharge relationships under such conditions.
FOR THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
cc: Dan Bishop, Environaid
Ken Leonardson, Harza
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE-ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501 Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-0001
October 15, 1981
Mr. Ed Johnson
U.S. Forest Service
Tongass National Forest
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Subject: Proposed Black Bear J~e Hydroelectric Project
Dear Mr. Johnson:
Thank you for your agency's review of the Black Bear Lake Project
draft feasibility report and June 26, 1981 letter of cartrent. We offer
the folla,.ving responses to those CCJ~t~rents.
CartTEnt No. and Response
1. The paragraph referred to has been amplified to point
out that only excavated talus materj al will ten:porarily
be placed in the lake. This material would be of the
sarre type as that which fonns the natural lake bottan.
Soil overburden will be stockpiled separately on land
for landscaping use after construction and will not be
placed in the lake.
2. The intent of the paragraph referred to was not to
imply that early development of aquatic food sources
will offset the effects of early coho and sockeye
E'lTergence. Rather, the intent was twofold:
a) to contrast the life cycles of sockeye and
coho with those of pink and chum, concluding
that a given increase in cumulative degree-days,
and therefore a given advance in emergence time,
would be rrore serious for pink and chum fry
than for sockeye and coho fry, and
b) to }:Oint out that, in any event, the }:Otential
for adverse impact on coho and sockeye is
greater upstream of Black Lake than it is
do.vnstream.
The paragraph has been modified to clarify these J:Oints.
3a. The summary referred to is intended to highlight
the more detailed discussion contained in the two
paragraphs immediately preceding it. As noted
in the paragraph folla-Jing the summary, data gathered
the next phase of aquatic studies, which began
late July 1981, may indicate the need to refine the
pro}:Osed flew regime. With regard to study rrethod-
ology, I trust that Mr. Petrie's telephone conversation of
July 1, 1981 and his letter to you of July 20, 1981
have clarified the field techniques to be used to
your satisfaction.
3b. As stated in other sections of the draft feasibility
re}:Ort, we recognize that a winter water terr-perature
increase as large as 1.5 -2 degrees C in the stream
above Black Lake which could result under extreme
lew fla-J conditions could be significant, and that
sockeye and coho would be rrost affected. The ne..xt
phase of aquatic studies will help define the
magnitude of this potential impact and provide
information which can then be used to design
mitigation measures, if required. Mitigation
measures which might be employed were discussed
in the draft report.
4. Your view has been incorporated int.o t_he text.
5. This information has been inserte<'l.
6. Item 5. has been deleted fran the tf".xt.
A.l. The suggested change has been mctde.
B.l. This view has been incorporated into the text.
B.2.a. This recommendation has been incorporated as
mitigation measure R8.
B.2.b. This recommendation has been incorporated as
mitigation measure ClO.
B.2.c. The sketch has been modified to reflect this
cct'lll'ent.
The changes indicated above will also be included in the license
application to be submitted to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
cc: Leonardson -Harza
Robinson -Harza
Bishop -Environaid
Sincerely,
~ --~) ~\ '. \\
Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
JAY S. HAMMOND, Ccmtrnor
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
DEPARTMENT OF FISH & t;AME
PHONE: 225-5195
June 30, 1981
Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
Alaska Power Authority
333 West 4th Ave. Suite 20
Anchorage, Alaska 99510
Dear Mr. Yould:
RE.C!::lVED
~ u !_-6 1981
H '\ ,,. '
f/ _:• ~ .· ......
• ''"' _::._, $!
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game has reviewed volumes 1 and 2 of
the Draft Black Bear Lake Feasibility Report and have the following
comments.
General Comments:
1. Reasons why the Lake Mellen alternative is so much more expensive
and was thus rejected are unclear. In addition there is no compar-
ison of a proposed Lake Mellen project without a diversion of
waters from Lake Josephine and with a powerhouse sited upstream
from salmon spawning habitat in Reynolds Creek. This possible
scenario should be discussed.
2. The Department still questions the need for the construction of
both hydroelectric projects. We would prefer to see only one
project constructed and that being the one which would have the
least overall impact upon the fish and wildlife resources of the
area. The possibility of constructing only one project and then
supplementing that with power from other sources such as the burn-
ing of sawdust at the Alaska Timber Corporation mill in Klawock, or
power from several diesel generatiors maintained for use during
periods of peak demand or emergencies, should be evaluated. The
projected needs for electric power on Prince of Wales Island are
based on current economic growth patterns which may or may not
continue at the present rate during the next 25 years. Any stab-
ilizing of the timber and fishing industries on Prince of Wales
Island could affect these growth patterns. Energy conservation
measures could further reduce the continual demand for more power.
3. Some timing restrictions on construction activities, which will
significantly affect water quality, may be necessary during the
construction phase of the project. These types of activities
should be scheduled between May 15 and August 1.
Specific Comments:
p. I-1 Last paragraph:, Marten is spelled with an "e". It is our
understanding that Black Bear Creek does support all four
species of salmon listed.
_?-fd:_--~
~~~
--~--~-
E. Yould
P. I-2
-2-JWle 30, 1981
1st paragraph: should be changed to read "Rainbow trout are
reported in Black Bear Lake and in Black Bear Creek below the
project area".
P. I-3 Project Functional Design: Whether the project will provide
recreational opportunities will depend upon the land ownership
status of the areao If the land around the powerhouse is conveyed
to Sealaska Corporation, some agreement with the land owner will be
necessary to guarantee public use of the area.
P. I-4 Both the first and last paragraphs on this page list lower
stream gravel deposits as a suitable source of construction mat-
erials. The Department would prefer that these sources not be
considered for this purpose. The use of in-stream or streamside
gravels as an aggregate source would greatly increase the potential
environmental impacts of this project.
p .1-11
P.I-12
P. II-9
P.VI-2
P VI-2
P.VI-2
Recreational Facilities: The access trail discussed in para-
graph 1 should be continued up to Black Bear Lake.
Also in paragraph 1 the recreational use of Black Bear Creek
Valley will increase substantially as long as access is pro-
vided by the landowner.
Construction Schedule: This would be an appropriate place to
discuss construction activitiees which would significantly
affect water quality and should be scheduled to reduce their
impacts. See general comments.
Power And Energy Generation: Whichever flow release regime is
selected, it must provide for sufficient water to protect the
fish stocks, below the power house.
Mammals paragraph 1: add mountain goat to the list of larger
mammals which do not occur on the Island.
Mammals paragraph 2: The statement "black bear benefit from
logging operations" is inaccurate. Several years after a
clear cut until the canopy closes over in a new growth forest
this statement is true except that it makes black bear more
vulnerable to hunting pressure. Immediately after logging and
after the canopy closes over there is little food available to
black bear in a clear cut. Subsequently when the forest assum-
es the characteristics of an old growth forest in approximately
150 years it again bcomes more valuable for black bears.
Mammals paragraph 3; Although deer are not abundant in the
project area, neither are they scarce. Historically deer were
abundant in the area and good deer habitat is still available.
Thus, the potential for growth of the herd is present.
E. Yould -3-June 30, 1981
P. VI-2 Mammals paragraph 5: The list of mammals for which habitat
exists is misleading as most of the species listed are not
present on Prince of Wales Island. The following species
should be deleted from this list: pika, snowshoe hare, chip-
munk, hoary marmot and wolverine. Land otter should be added
to the list of mammals present in this area.
P.VI-3 Birds paragraph 2: Common loons nested and hatched a chick on
Black Lake in 1981.
P. VI-8 last paragraph on page: This whole paragraph continuing on
page VI-9 needs to be rewritten. Moose should not be discussed
as they are not present on Prince of Wales Island-unless you
wish to bring in caribou and perhaps sheep and goats. Wolf
numbers are currently at a reduced level compared to the past
as is the deer population. However, neither species is scarce
in the project area. We do agree that logging does have a
depressant effect on both deer and consequently on the wolf
population.
P.VI-9 paragraph-2: Predation should be inserted in the list of
items which affect deer population.
P VI-15 Terrestrial Species and Habitats paragraph 3: delete fox.
Also, the statement that this ecotone will favor deer is
innacurate. The critical habitat for deer in Southeast Alaska
is the old growth forest which provides winter habitat.
Logging is already removing large tracts of this habitat and
although the project will be insignificant when compared to
logging, it will permanently remove 220 acres of critical
winter range which may be added to the logging impacts.
Additionally, this figure is based on a 40 foot right-of
way described on page VI-52. To protect the powerline
in an area where trees are commonly 150 feet tall and subject
to severe storms will require a right-of-way greater than 40
feet.
P.VI-16 next to last paragraph: change "No" to "Few" aquatic plants
communities and little fish habitat.
P.VI-16 last paragraph: our experience with permeable beds on Prince
of Wales Island has demonstrated they don't work. We recommend
culverts be used whenever appropriate. A Title 16 permit
would have to be secured from the Department of Fish and Game
before any culverts could be installed in anadromous fish
streams.
P.VI-18 Wildlife: Only minor wildlife population reductions are anti-
cipated as a result of the project.
P.VI-19 Table VI-2: We request the April minimum downstream release
of water be increased to 15.8 cfs. This is the time of peak
outmigration for pink and chum salmon and we want to assure
E. Yould -4-June 30, 1981
all spawning areas are inundated. The water lost during April
could be paid back by further reductions during June through
November.
P.VI-21 paragraph 3: The erosion control features should be in place
before the construction of the main construction staging area
to reduce increases in sediment loads during early phases of
the project.
P. VI-23 paragraph 2: The only broad leafed vegetation which could
reach the powerline is alders. Generally alders grow in wet
areas. Any use of herbicides to suppress alders can be expeced
to enter water courses and eventually anadromous streams.
Thus~ we recommend against the use of herbicides to control
vegetation. Additionally strips of brown denuded area would
increase the visual impacts of the powerline.
P. VI-23 paragraph 3: As mentioned earlier~ in the project area,
maintenance of low vegetation along the powerline will not aid
deer.
P VI-24 Fish Entrainment: We recommend screening of the intake structures
be considered to prevent fish entrainment.
P VI-24 Water Temperatures: Water temperature changes resulting from
the Black Bear Lake hydro project could create long term
negative impacts to the fisheries, a mitigation plan should be
developed to deal with problems which could arise.
P VI-43 Fish Habitat ID in Black Bear Lake We recommend the possibility
of creating a small spawning area for rainbow trout be studied.
This could be done by making a few S curves along the feeder
stream into Black Bear Lake and covering the bottom with
gravel.
P VI-47 QPeration: As mentioned in the discussion of p. VI-24, screening
of the intake structure would preclude the accidental entrapment
of fish.
P VI-50 Aquatic Habitat and Fish Population paragraph 1: OVer the
long period of years a stocking program may become expensive.
Who would pay the cost of that program has not been discussed.
Additionally, at present no suitable rainbow trout are available
for stocking purposes. Another possible mitigation measure
would be to create a small spawning area in a stream at an
inlet to Black Bear Lake. Creating a couple of S curves in a
stream course and filling them with gravel could solve this
problem on a more permanent basis.
P VI-51 Beneficial Environmental Effects paragraph 1: As mentioned
earlier, deer will not be benefitted.
P.VI-52 Land Use paragraph 2: A 40 foot ROW will be insufficient in
an area where 50 foot trees and severe storms are common. A
change in this figure would alter the total acreage.
E. Yould -5-June 30, 1981
P VI-53 Wildlife Habitat and Population: Increased hunting and trapping
pressure may be expected. Human-bear encounters will be more
frequent with the higher likelihood of bears being killed in
defense of life or property.
P VI-53 Fish Habitat and Populations: Again, who pays for the stock-
ing programs? Increased fishing pressure may be expected with
possible season or bag limit restrictions.
P VI-62 Forest and Muskeg: We disagree with this statement. With
increased logging, old growth uneven-aged stands of timber are
becoming increasingly uncommon and will eventually be relatively
rare on Prince of Wales Island. It takes a minimum of 150
years for an old growth forest to recover (that is: return to
its old growth stage) as discussed earlier. Old growth forests
are most critical habitat for deer in Southeast Alaska.
exhibit 8: We recommend a hiking trail to Black Bear Lake for recreational
purposes.
Exhibit 9: This :flow chart should be structured to reflect our earlier
concerns regarding restrictions of activities which would
create the greatest siltation problems to the period May
15 to August l.
16: 1l1e minimum flmv releases should follow that established on -----pages VI-19.
Exhibit 36: Add Common Loon (Gavia immer) to the list of birds in the
project area.
:~r.E_endix H: Again we rcconunend a hiking trail be established between
Black Lake and Black Bear Lake.
We hope this revie·.v is of mutual benefit. Thank you for the opportunity
to comment.
Sincerely, ~ / ~ f}~tid£1 >1' C'tl4nl~__-/
Donald A. Cornelius
Area Habitat Biologist
cc: R. Reed, ADFG-Juneau
B. Petrie, APA-futchorage
M. Nishimoto, USFWS-Juneau
L l·lurrell, i'Ji-lFS-Juneau
B. Baker, State Clearinghouse-Juneau
R. Harris> Scalaska Corp.-Juneau
B. lloffman, /\DEC-Juneau
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE· ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
Mr. Donald A. Cornelius
Area Habitat Biologist
Alaska Department of Fish & Game
State Office Building
415 Main Street
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
October 15, 1981
Subject: Proposed Black Bear Ln.ke Hydroelectric Project
Dear Mr. Cornelius:
Phone: (907) 277 • 7641
(907) 276·0001
Thank you for your agency's review of the Black Bear Lake
Project draft feasibility report and June 30, 1981, letter of
comments. We offer the following responses to those comments.
Comment Identificatin and Re§P?nse
General Connent:
1. In response to your request for more information on alternative
projects in the Reynolds Creek area, our consultants have expanded
the appropriate section of th feasibility report. Your office will
receive a copy of the final report. This additional analysis will
also be included in the application for license
in the application for license to be submitted to the Federal
Energy Regulatory Cammdssion.
2. In our present efforts we are pursuing the licensing and
construction of only one hydrop<:Mer installation on Prince of Wales
Island, the Black Bear Lake Project. The I~e Mellen Project has
been shown, by preliminary studies, to be the next best hydrop:::JWer
development on the island and therefore was included in our studies
as being one of several rational alternative to meet the forecast
electric demand. As you suggest, the use of existing diesel
generators and the burning of waster forest products to supplement
the Black Bear Project's output are also rational ways to :rreet
increasing electric demand. Whether econanic conditions will
warrant construction of a second hydropower project on Prince of
Wales Island is a question for future studies and evolution of the
electrical energy load. The Black Bear Lake Project is the
least-cost significant increment of renewable energy on Prince of
Wales Island that is able to reduce the present consumption of
non-renewable diesel fuel.
1
Donald A. Cornelius
October 15, 1981
3. Preparation of the construction staging arf'!as, which includes the
water quality protection measures discussed in the report, can be
carried out withiJ1 the May 15 -r,uqust 1 ti.m:' frarre you suggest.
In addition, stipulations fixing the dctililed schedule for these
and other construci ton activities which could af feet water quality
can be included in the specifications for the Project. We would
welcc:r.e the opportunity to consult with you on this m::1t::.ter during
the next Project phase.
Specific Comments:
Page I -1,
Page T -2, .l
Page I -3,
Page I -4 ,
Paqc I -11,
Page I -12,
Page II -9,
Jast paragrr~ph. The suqgested changes have been made.
first paragraph. The sugge~;tod changes hove been m1de.
Project Functional Design. The suggest.,c1 change has rx"E:n
made.
f u.c:t a11d last p<iragraph::=3. l\s discussrc1 j n t:he
alternative section of the report, use of strearnrA:"d sands
and gravels vms rejected on environ.rrental groWids during
Project p] arming. The se J ected sotrrce j s processed
excavated materials. The paragraphs referred to have
been changed to correct thi!" oversight.
Recreation FaciJities: No access traH was pro[X)sed
frcrn the po.verhouse area to Black Bear Lake because
of the safety and rraintenance problems associated with
the steep slopes. Slopes in the vicinity have areas
where the gradient approaches 70°, especially at the
uppper elevations. Cutting into these slopes creates
unstable slope conditions increasing the potential for
rock slides and erosion. The potential hazard was also
one of the primary reasons for designing a tunnel and
burit~ penstock ossociatcd with the Project.
Part 2 of ca11rt=mt. Please refer to Appendix H,
Sections 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, and 4.0.
Construction Schedu]e. A new paragraph has been
inserted into this section and into the section entitled
Dwirofl!renta] Impact puring Construction in response to
this corrrrent. See also 3. under General COITIT€nts al:xJve.
Po.ver and Enerqv Generation. As indicated in the
first paragraph on page II-9 and discussed at length in
Chapter VI, the "v;ith constraints" case is the selected
operational regil'rl?. This stnterrent will be repeatec1 in
the subject paragraph in thr interest of clarity.
Provision of adeqLlate fla.vs for protection of fisherief;
resources downstream of the pcworhousc has b0en one of
Donald A. Cornelius
October 15, 1981
our concerns since the inception of the Project, and has
received full considereation during Project plarming.
Page VI - 2 Mammals, first paragraph. The suggested change has been
made.
Page VI -2, f.1arnnals, second paragraph. This staterrent has been
deleted.
Page VI -2, Mammals, third paragraph. The paragraph has been changed
to reflect this information.
Page VI -2, Mammals, firth paragraph. The suggested change has been
made.
Page VI -3, Birds, second paragraph. This information has been
added.
Page VI -8, last paragraph. The suggested change has been rrade.
Page VI -9, · second paragraph. The suggested change has been rrade.
Page VI -15, Terrestrial Species and Habitats. This section has
been changed to include the informa.tion on deer habitat,
and ''fox" and "deer" have been re.rroved frau the third
paragraph. See response to Pa.ge VI -52 carrrent belo,..r for
Ra-J width.
Page VI -16, next to last paragraph. The suggested change has been
made.
Page VI -16, last paragraph. The reference to pernea.ble beds has been
been aui tted.
Page VI -18, Wildlife. The suggested change has been made.
Page VI -19,
Page VI -21,
Table VI-2. Your request and reason therefore have been
inserted after Table VI-2, followed by : "While
increasing the April minimum flo,..r may benefit pink/chum
outmigration, reductions in the minima for the other
rronths mcty incraese the r:otential for adverse impact on
the fishery resource upstream of Black Lake during
reservoir filling. The continuing studies discussed
elsewhere in this document will provide more detailed
information on fish habitat and use in this reach, which
will allow refinerrent of the proposed reservoir filling
release regirre."
third paragraph. This paragraph has been rewritten to
clearly indicate that erosion control features will be
placed before disturbance of the main staging area.
3
Donald A. Cornelius
October 15, 1981
Page VI -23, third paragraph. The reference to deer has been deleted.
Page VI -24, Fish Entrainrrent. Your n::c0!1'ID2ndation is noted.
Any screening measure which would prevent entrai~nt
VX>uld be very expensive . In view of the low potential
for fish entrainment, we do not believe such a measure is
necessary.
Page Vi -24, Wat.er Terrperatures. We recognize t.hat the potential
Page VI -43,
for long-tenn impact does e.xist. The report prOp:Jses
that sabnon escapement, stream temperature, and discharge
to monitored after the Project hegins operation.
Potential mitigation measures are also proposed in a
later section.
Fish Habitat Id in Black Bear La.ke.
bela.v to CCI\11'ent on Page VI -50-. -
Sec> response
Page VI -47, 5j?erations. See resPJnse above to corrrrent on Pagr> VJ -24,
Fish Entrainment.
Page VI -50, ~tic Habitat and~ Populations, first paragraph.
We asS\Jl"!'C that the ProJect would bear the cost for any
mitigating effects of the Black Bear Lake rainlx::M'
population, and also that ADFG would provide technical
assistance in the detailed planning/design of any such
measure, be it A stocking program or construction of new
spawning areas.
A sentence citing your suggestion on using feeder
stream..s for new spawning habitat areas has been inserted
to expand upon our state.rrent made in the first sentence
of the parngraph. InforiT~C~tion on rainl:x::1.N spawning to be
gathered next spring by our aquatic field team should
help determine the feasibility of t.his potential
mitigation neasure.
Page VI -51, Beneficial Environmental Effects, first paragraph.
The reference to deer has been deleted.
Page VI -52, La.nd Use, second paragraph. Forty feet is the average
width of the RClv. We recognize that the Irn may IJe wider
than 40 feet in sorre areas, such as along "WOOded slopes,
but it should be less than 40 feet wide in other areas,
such as along the road corridors and adjacent to other
open areas.
Page VI -53, Wildlife Habitat and Populations. Your CC'!!TUent has been
inserted in the text.
Page VI -53, Fish Habitat and Populations. Stocking prograw.-see
4
Donald A. Cornelius
October 15, 1981
re5IX>nse above. The cc:mrcnt in your second sentence has
been added to the text.
Page VI -62, Forest and t-1uskeg. Your COITII'ent is noted. The text
Exhibits 8.
Exhibit 9.
Exhibit 16.
Exhit 36.
1\piJE:ndi.x II.
has been Ill:Xlified to reflect the followinq: The cament
pertains to a specific part of the Forest· and muskeg
association, namely old-growth forest, while the intent
of the section is to compare in general terms the
different associations to aid in comparison of
transmission corridor alternatives. As mentioned on page
VI-61, these criteria were used as a broad-based
{i.e. general) assessment tool for the selection of one
route over the other, and to select the route which would
have the least overall impact.
Finally, because of windthrow hazard and clearing
requirments associated with forested areas, the final
alignment of the transmission line within the corridor
will minimize disturbance of old-growth forests as much
as possible.
See response to comment on Page I-ll,
Recreational Facilities.
See response under 3. of General Carrrents above.
This Exhibit shows the two alternative flow regirrcs
examined for Project operations. Table VI-2 on
page VI-19 shows the proposed minimum release regirre
during reservoir filling. The derivation of these
regimes is discussed in detail in Chaopter VI.
The suggested change has been made.
See response to cammcnt on Page I-11,
Fecreational Facilities.
The changes indicatd above will also be included in the license
application to be subrnittod to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
cc: l.Eonardson -Harz a
Robinson -Harza
Bishop -E:nvironaid
Sincerely,
( ~--~
2_ --' . \\ '-l. (
Eric P. Yould \
Executive Director
5
Department Of Energy
Alaska Power Administration
P.O. Box 50
Juneau. Alaska 99802
Mr. Brent Petrie
Project Hanager
Alaska Power Authority
333 W. 4th Ave. Suite 31
Anchorage, AK 99501
Dear Mr. Petrie:
~· 1
j ,,
~1' 111
. 4i'.J..j
Praiecl i'iu:.:Lc:
G!a'.\ :~~~n~n ---·----
\ hjec~~tY,).~~nl9Sl-------
u ....... l,, 1.1...~-•. J •. ! -----
In response to your Hay 18, 1981 letter we have reviewed the draft lllack
Bear Lake Project Feasibility Report prepared for you by Harza Engineering
Company and CH2M-Hill Northwest, Inc. The report is presented well,
appears quite complete and contains documentation of the studies.
We have a few comments to offer:
1. We question the economic justification of the multiple level power
intake and why it is needed for the potentially small reservoir
draw down. We suspect winter icing would also cause operation
problems.
2. We also question the decision to go with a buried penstock over a
surface penstock as an alternative to the tunnel. The higher costs
of a buried system in rock do not appear to offset the risks outlined
in the report.
3. Construction of the dam using helicopter transportation for general
construction activities appears more costly than access by road or
highline. We question whether adequate consideration was giving to
alternative methods of dccess.
4. It may be justifiable to use the same size transmission line (34.5
kV) from the powerplant past Klawock and on to Hydaburg. The wood
chipper proposed at Hydaburg could cause unacceptable voltage drops
which should be analyzed during the design phase. Also, if Lake
Mellin were added at the Hydaburg end of the line, the larger size
line would be needed to transmit power to the other end of the
system.
5. The power demands were reviewed and appear reasonable.
2
6. We feel the environmental portion of the study and the additional
studies planned by Harza are appropriate.
Thanks for the opportunity to comment.
Sincerely,
'Robert J. Cross
Administrator
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE· ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501 Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-0001
October 15, 1981
t-lr. Robert J. Cross
Administrator
Alaska Power Administration
P.O. Box 50
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Subject: Proposed Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project
Dear t-1r. Cross:
Thank you for your agency's review of the Black Bear Lake Project
draft feasibility report and July 1, 1981 letter of cament. We offer
tl1e following responses to those comments.
Comment No. and Response
1. The lTR.lltiple level intake is a preventative ITEasure
proposed to avoid large changes in the existing
terrperature regiiTE of Black ~ar Creek downstream
of the Project. Without a multilevel intake, witl1
Project changes in stream temperature could have
adverse effects on fisheries resources, particularly
in and upstream of Black Lake. No econanic analysis
was made for justification of the multiple level
power intake. Further study, during the Project
design phase, will be undertaken to analyse and
minimize the effects of icing on intake operation.
2. The establish!TEnt of the buried penstock, over the
surface penstock, as an alternative to the shaft
and tunnel water conductor, was based on me
recamendations of our engineering consultant after
on-site reconnaissance of the penstock route and
subsequent office studies.
3. A high line \<IIOuld be required to facilitate
construction of a surface or buried penstock and
\<IIOuld also serve for access to the Project upper
construction site. When the shaft and tunneJ
water conduit alternative was studied, use of a
highline, solely for access to the upper site,
was canpared to helicopter access. The costs of
the two access alternatives were found to be
canparable, but the helicopter alternative was
found to have significantly less enviornmental
impact than the highline access. Construction
of an access road to Black Bear Lake was
rejected early, on the basis of the cost and
high environmental impact.
4. We are proposing that a 34.5 kV transmission
line be installed fran the }X:Merplant all the
way to Hydaburg via the new Kla\vock substation.
Should the Lake Hellen Project be added to the
system saretinE in the future, transient
stability studies would have to be performed
to determine the adequacy of the 34 . 5 kV line.
The line could be upgraded to 69 kV, if
necessary, by changing the insulators; the
initial poles and conductor will probably be
usable at the higher voltage.
5. Your cament is noted.
cc: l£onardson -Harza
Robinson -Harza
Bishop -Environaid
Sinc.."Crely,
Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
United States Department of the Interior
IN REPLY REFER TO:
Mr. Brent Petrie
Project Manager
Alaska Power Authority
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
lOll E. TUDOR RD.
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99503
(907) 276-3800
2 JU! 1981
RECEIVED
JUL-b 1981
AlASKA POWER Al.!TI-!ORITY
333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Re: Draft Feasibility Report:
Black Bear Lake Project
Dear Mr. Petrie:
Before commenting on the referenced report, dated May 1981, we would like
to thank you for showing us the project site on June 15 and coordinating
your project planning with us.
General Comments
We are generally pleased with your biological studies and plans for future
studies of the Black Bear Lake system. We agree that studies on Black Bear
Creek (above Black Lake) should be given high priority. However, existing
studies for Reynolds and Portage Creeks are not adequate to compare the
environmental impacts of the preferred project with its alternatives.
Intensive studies may not be needed, but, as a minimum, surveys should be
conducted to estimate fish populations and identify major spawning and
rearing habitat. These data should help to prepare an adequate environmental
impact statement.
In addition, we believe that the feasibility report as well as future
planning could be improved by including more discussion on the rationale
for specific assessments on impacts or mitigative measures. For example,
on page VI-18 minimum flows were presented to mitigate fishery impacts, but
the basis for establishing those specific flows was not discussed. Similarly,
on page VI-19, the discussion does not explain how the spacing of wires would
eliminate any chance of birds being electrocuted.
Specific Comments
Page II-9, first paragraph. With Constraints. We suggest that those months
identified as important for spawning include July so the peak sockeye salmon
escapement period would be considered (see page VI-11) or the reason for
excluding July be discussed. Furthe~ore, December should be included as
part of the incubation period.
Page IV-2, third paragraph. Reynolds Creek. We suggest that studies
describing spawning sites for Reynolds Creek be cited.
2.
Page VI-10, third paragraph. Fish Populations-Black Bear Lake. Since the
TLMP Fisheries Task Force Working Report was based on limited data, we
suggest that this paragraph describe the kinds of data used in rating the
lake.
Page VI-13, last paragraph. Estuaries. The shrimp groups should be euphasid
and crangonid.
Page VI-15, second paragraph. Terrestrial Species and Habitats. We suggest
that you delete the statement that removal of 220 acres of spruce-hemlock
forest is insignificant. The assessment of this action should be based on
individual project impacts and the cumulative impacts of this and adjacent
projects.
Page VI-15, last paragraph. Terrestrial Species and Habitats. We suggest
that migratory routes of waterbirds and raptors in the project area be
identified.
Page VI-16, fifth paragraph. Powerhouse and Tailrace Construction Staging
Area and Access Road. We suggest that the dimensions of the lake fill be
included in this paragraph. We also suggest that the last sentence indicate
that the fill would displace fish habitat. A rockfill embankment will be
placed in the shallow bay of Black Lake according to the narrative on
page VI-66.
Page VI-18, third paragraph. Wildlife. The second sentence implies that
small habitat alterations would promote population stability. We suggest
that this paragraph be expanded to provide further explanation of this
process.
Page VI-18, fifth paragraph. Aquatic. We suggest that this paragraph be
expanded to describe the rationale used in determining specific minimum
flow figures.
Page VI-19, first paragraph. Endangered or Threatened Species. This
paragraph should be expanded to describe how spacing of wires would eliminate
any chance of a bird being electrocuted.
Page VI-20, last paragraph. Noise. We suggest that this paragraph be
expanded to describe measures to mitigate noise impacts such as timing of
construction.
Page VI-22, second paragraph. Water Quantity and Quality. We suggest that
this paragraph be expanded to include specific control measures for minimizing
fuel spills.
Page VI-23, second paragraph. Terrestrial Species and Habitat. We suggest
that the USFS criteria for herbicides be included in an appendix.
Page VI-26, third paragraph. Water Temperature.
paragraph be revised to indicate that chum salmon
Lake as described in data collected this spring.
3.
We suggest that this
spawn upstream of Black
Page VI-27, third paragraph. Water Temperature. We suggest that this
paragraph be expanded to indicate that, while temperatures may be reduced,
increased flow does not always provide a net benefit to the fishery. Higher-
than-natural velocities could have adverse impacts on spawning or rearing
habitat in certain reaches of the stream.
Page VI-29, last paragraph. Discharge regime. We suggest that this paragraph
be modified to indicate that higher summer flows may increase survival of
rearing fish, but more information is needed to evaluate the effects of the
associated higher stream velocities.
Page VI-37, last paragraph. Logging Operations and Aquatic Ecosystems. We
suggest that this paragraph indicate that low flows would generate more low-
velocity water which young fish seem to prefer.
Page VI-43, sixth paragraph. Fish Habitat Identification in Black Bear Lake.
Fishery studies of Black Bear Lake should receive lower priority than Black
Bear Creek upstream from Black Lake as discussed during the interagency meeting
of June 15, 1981. However, we recommend that studies be conducted to provide
an estimate of fish populations or carrying capacity of Black Bear Lake.
These data should aid in developing future stocking plans.
Page VI-43, seventh paragraph. Stream Temperature Monitoring. We recommend
that a thermograph be located on the spawning grounds above Black Lake to
monitor intra-gravel temperature. These data should be useful in developing
operation plans that would maintain natural stream temperatures.
yage VI-44, fourth paragraph. Stream Discharge. We support your proposal
of taking a series of flow measurements on Black Bear Creek upstream from
Black Lake. These measurements should determine flow contribution from
unregulated tributaries which would help define a discharge regime.
Page VI-44, sixth paragraph. Estuarine Reconnaissance. This section should
be deleted as discussed in the inter-agency meeting of June 15, 1981. Minimal
project impacts are expected in the estuary.
Page VI-46, first paragraph. Wildlife. We suggest that this section be
modified to include plans to identify waterbird and raptor migration routes
through existing data or surveys.
Page VI-46, second paragraph. Wildlife. We suggest that post-project surveys
include a plan to monitor bird mortalities resulting from the transmission
line.
Page VI-47, fifth paragraph. Construction. We suggest that this paragraph
be expanded to indicate that blasting will not occur within a half mile of
an active eagle nest during March 1 through August 31.
4.
Page VI-49, seventh paragraph. Protection of Water Quality. Detailed
descriptions of the proposed stream channelization work should be given.
If extensive channelization is required, we suggest that diversion culverts
or similar control measures be used to reduce discharge of sediments.
Page VI-50, third paragraph. Aquatic Habitat and Fish Populations. A
commitment to mitigate impacts on rainbow trout should be included in this
section. We suggest that the narrative state that spawning habitat will be
maintained and/or a stocking program will be implemented.
Page VI-50, fourth paragraph. Aquatic Habitat and Fish Populations. High
flows may not always reduce stream temperatures. A water temperature study
for the Terror Lake hydroelectric facility indicates that an increased flow
in the Kizhuyak River might slightly increase water temperatures due to the
increased stream surface area exposed to warming air temperatures. We,
therefore, suggest that this paragraph be expanded to provide additional
explanation of predicted temperature changes.
Page VI-51, first paragraph. Aquatic Habitat and Fish Populations. We suggest
that this paragraph be modified to state that fishery enhancement measures
will be implemented if the project adversely impacts the fishery.
Page VI-51, seventh paragraph. Beneficial Environmental Effects. The effect
of higher winter flows on temperature in the lower basin requires further
explanation. Below Black Lake, flow rates would be primarily influenced
by unregulated flows.
Page VI-53, second paragraph. Wildlife Habitat and Populations. We suggest
that impacts be assessed from the standpoint of the individual impact of this
project as well as the cumulative impact of other developments in this region.
Page VI-54, fourth paragraph. Summary. We suggest that this section be
expanded to describe the rationale used in making estimates of annual salmon
catches.
Page VI-72, second paragraph. Operations. We suggest that instream flow
requirements be evaluated by means of some type of instream flow method to
be determined through coordination with resource agencies.
Page 1, second paragraph. Appendix C.
also consider environmental costs. We
Creek projects be terminated only when
the biological value of this system.
The selection of a project should
suggest that studies on the Reynolds
there is sufficient data to assess
Page 3, item 1. Environmental. We suggest that the project description include
the location and dimensions of the proposed dock.
Page 3, item 2. Environmental. We suggest that this section be expanded
to include all known fishery data foL this system. It should also include
anticipated changes of natural flow with the project.
Page 3, third paragraph. Environmental. We suggest the sources of these
data be cited.
5.
Page 3, last paragraph. Environmental. We suggest that this section be
expanded to identify eagle nests in the area.
Page 4, third paragraph. Environmental. This section should be expanded to
identify fish habitat in the Reynolds and Portage Creek system.
Page 4, fourth paragraph. Environmental. We suggest that this section be
expanded to validate the assumption that diversion of 25% of a drainage area
(Lake Josephine) would result in a 25% reduction in the flow of Portage Creek.
It should also identify fish habitat of this system.
Page 4, last paragraph. Environmental. We suggest that this paragraph be
expanded to cite studies of trans-basin diversion for the proposed Terror
Lake hydroelectric project, Kodiak Island.
We appreciate the opportunity to review and comment on the subject report.
Sincerely yours,
kshtW9.:::1~~~
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE· ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
Mr. John A. Morrison
Acting Assistant Regional Director
U.S. Fish <3.!\d Wildlife Service
1011 E. Tudor Road
Anchorage, Alaska 99503
October 15, 1981
Subject: Proposed Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project
Dear Mr. Morrison:
Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-0001
Thank you for your agency's review of the Black Bear Lake Project
draft feasibility report and July 2, 1981, letter of comment. We offer
the following responses to those camments.
Ccmrent Identification and Response
General Comments:
Fist paragraph Reynolds and Portage Creeks:
Your comment is noted. Appendix E and Exhibit 4 of
Appendix C of the draft report contain all available ADFG
information on these two streams, including ADFG
escaperrent data. In the case of Portage Creek, an
ADFG stream ma.p prepared in 1979 was presented in
Appendix E.
Second paragraph: See responses to specific comments
below.
Specific Comments:
Page II-9, first paragraph. The suggested change has been
ma.de.
Page IV-2, third paragraph. Since the Reynolds Creek site
originally considered for a powerhouse is at
tidewater, virtually the entire stream would be
affected by diversion of Lake Mellen flows through
a penstock.
Page VI-10, third paragraph. Your comment is noted. The
three additional citations in the paragraph,
all fran ADFG biologists familiar with the lake,
indicate there is no consensus of opinion on the
quality of sport fishing in Black Bear Lake.
More importantly, an estima.te of the rainbow trout
population of Black Bear Lake will be during their
spawning season in the spring of 1982 as part of
John A. Morrision
October 15, 1981
our continuing aquatic studies.
Page VI-13,last paragraph. The spelling error has been corrected.
Page VI-15,second paragraph. The word "insignificant" has
changed to "minor."
Page VI-15 ,last paragraph. Your corment is noted. 'I'he last
sentence of this paragraph states that the trans-
mission line will avoid wetland and edge crossings where
\-Jaterfo.vl are abundant. Also, Mr. King of your Juneau
office has informed our consultants that the Project
is not within any major waterfowl migration route.
This information has been added to the paragraph
in question.
Page VI-16,fifth paragraph. The width of the rockfill extending
e~tending into the lake will be established
during final design of the Project. Jt will be
of the minimum width required to provide safe passage
around the unstable slope rrenUoned.
The last sentence of the paragraph has boc:n
rewritten as suggested.
The sentence on page VI -66 referred to has
been clarified, substituting the words "along
the lakeshore" for "in the sha.llo.v bay."
There is a slight curvature of the shoreline
at the location in question, but it is not
a bay.
Page VI-18,third paragraph. This entire paragraph has been
deleted and the following statement substituted,
as recc.rmended by ADFG:
"Only minor wildlife :pJpulation reductions a.re
anticipated with the Project."
Page VI-18,fifth paragraph. A statement explaining that the
same considerations were used as for the analysis
of operations fla.-1s has been added. A new
paragraph responding to comments by ADFG has
also been added immediately folla.-~ing Table VI-2.
This new paragraph is as follows:
"ADFG has requested that the April minimum
release be increased from 7.0 cfs to 15.8 cfs to
assure adequate flows for pink and churn salmon
fry outmigration (Appendix J) . ADFG suggests
John A. Morrision
October 15, 1981
that the water Jost for reservoir filling
during April could be recouped by reductions in
the minirrum flCJNs of Table VI-2 for the rronths
June through Novamer. While increasing the
April minirrum flCJN rray benefit pink/chtun out-
migration, reductions in the minima for the
other rronths rray increase the potential for
adverse inpact on the fishery resource upstream
of Black Lake during reservoir filling. The
continuing studies discussed elsewhere in this
document will provide rrore detailed information
on fish habitat and use in this reach, which
will allow refinement of the proposed reservoir
filling release rcgirre."
Page VI-19,first paragraph. The second sentence has been
rewritten to read " .•. such that chances of birds
being electrocuted will be minimized."
Page VI-20,last paragraph. The suggested addition has
been made.
Page VI-22 ,second paragraph. Specific rreasures recc:mTended
by USEPA have been included in this paragraph.
Page VI -23, second paragraph. 'I'he proposed use of herbicides
has been deleted, as recommended by ADFG.
Page VI-26,third paragraph. This informrttion has been added.
Page VI-27,third paragraph, and Page VI-29, last paragraph.
These paragraphs have been revised to indicate
that the Project may decrease the frequency of
occurrence of stmTrer high water tenperatures,
and that while this would tend to increase
survival of rearing salmonids, hiqher water
velocities associated with the higher summer
flCJNs rray reduce rearing habitat in certain
reaches of the stream.
Page VI-37,last paragraph. This suggestion has been
incorporated.
Page VI -43, sixth paragraph. The actua 1 scope of continuing
aquatic work as agreed upon in our rreetings has
been substituted for the section on pages VJ -42
John A. Morrision
October 15, 1981
to VI -44. On the ree<:l'T11'a2ndation of our consultants 1
the scope of these studies does include p::>pulation
estimate work on Black Bear Lake rainl::x-M trout.
Page VI-43 1 seventh paragraph. Your recorrrrendation is noted
and was implemented during summer 1981 field surveys.
Page VI-44 ,fourth paragraph. Your concurrence with our approach
is noted.
Page VI-44 1 sixth paragraph. This section has been deleted, as
agreed in the June 15 1 1981, meeting.
Page VI-46,first paragraph. Mr. King, waterfowl biologist
of your Juneau office, has informed our con-
sultants that he anticipates no Project effects
on waterfowl migration since the Project Area is
not within any major migration route.
Hr. Hodges, eagle manageroc-nt bioJogist of your
Juneau office, informed us that eagle nests
and likely rroverrc:mt routes would be identified
during his survey work in September 198].
Page VI -4 6 1 second paragraph. The text has been changed to
indicate that transmission line maintenance and
surveillance personnel will be required to report
electrocutions of large birds.
Page VI-47 ,fifth paragraph. The suggested change has been
made.
Page VI-49,seventh paragraph. This paragraph has been expanded
to include a description of the gravel-cobble-
boulder/bedrock nature of streambed materials in
this reach and to indicate that only small amounts
of suspended fines would be expected to be released
by the construction activities referred to.
Page VI-SO,fourth paragraph. The last sentence in the para-
graph has been changed to read "t-ti tigation rreasures
will be planned in cooperation with USFS and ADFG."
Page VI-50 ,fifth paragraph. The text has been changed to read
"Higher summer fla.vs ma.y decrease the frequency ••. "
rather than " ••. will decrease the frequency ..• "
Water temperature date to be collected during our
John A. Morrision
October 15, 1981
continuing studies should be useful for predicting
teJtt:>erature changes. We caution against any
carparisions with the Terror lake project. The Terror
Lake project involves a trans-basin diversion to the
Kizhuyak River, much nore water, and a very different
type of stream system.
Page VI -51, first paragraph. The paragraph hc1s been nodi£ ied to
reflect this suggestion.
Page VI-51 ,seventh paragraph. The staterrent has been rrodified
to read 11 Higher winter flc:Ms also would tend to
arreliorate ••• "
Page VI-53,second paragraph. You cament is noted.
Page VI-54 ,fourth paragraph. This preliminary estirra.te is
based on the field observations to date and on
the experience of one of our consultants in other Southeast
Alaska streams
(See Appendix J) • The
next phase of our field program will provide data
which will permit a more precise estimate.
Page VI-7 2, second paragraph. The understanding reached during
our meetings and discussions with representatives
of the resource agencies involved in review of the
Project, including a representative of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, was that
scope and rrethods of our aquatic investigations to date
as well as those of the continuing work that began
in July 1981 are regarded as satisfactory.
The cascading and braided nature of the stream below
the pcJWerhouse location, backwater effects of Black
Lake, and dynamic nature of the stream bed make
location of staff gages difficult. During the summer
and fall of 1981 while mapping stream habitat and
performing escaperrent counts, the hydrologists and
biologists of the field team have been recording water
temperature and actual streamflows in the reach above
Black Lake. The results of this effort will be discussed
with resource agency staff in November 1981 and reported
in the license application.
Appendix C,page 1, second paragraph. You suggestion is noted.
John A. Morrision
October 15 1 1981
Appendix C,page 3, item l. You suggestion is noted.
Appendix C 1 page 3 1 i tern 2. All available ADFG fisheries date
on both Reynolds and Port.:"tge Creeks were included
in Appendix E of the draft report. The second part
of your carrrent is noted.
Appendix C,page 3 second paragraph. These data were obtained
frcrn ADFG lake and stream survey reports 1 all of
which were presented in Appendix E of the draft
report.
Appendix C, page 3, last paragraph. To our knew ledge no eagle
surveys have been conducted in this area.
Appendix C,page 4, third paragraph. As noted above, all avail-
able ADFG fisheries date were included in Appendix E
of the report.
Appendix C ,page 4, fourth paragraph. Your first CClllTTent is
noted. Second CCllllEnt: an ADFG stream map of
Portage Creek was included in Appendix E of the
draft report.
Appendix C, page 4 , last paragraph. You suggestion is noted.
The changes indic~ted above will also be included in the license
application to be sul::tnitted to the Federal Energv Regulatory Ccmnission.
cc: Ieonardson -Harza
Robinson -Harza
Bishop -Environaid
Sincerely,
' . -? \\-Li
Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
CENTRAL COUNCIL
tlmc;1t ano ha10a m01an tRIBes o~ alaska
One Sealaska Plaza -Suite 200
Juneau. Alaska 99801
(907) 586-1432 or 586-3613
RECeiVED
July 15, 1981 JUL20 1981
1-J_ASKA POWER AUTHORITY
Brent Petrie, Project Manager
Alaska Power Authority
333 West 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear Brent:
As Development Specialist for Tlingit and Haida Central Council, working
with Natives of the communities to be affected by the Black Bear Lake
Hydroelectric Project, I would like to comment on the proposed project.
The separate communities and village corporations on Prince of Wales
Island are beginning to see the advantages of thinking along regional
lines in many of their ventures. A regional energy supply would ease
the separate burdens of each village of providing electricity to the
separate municipalities, and reinforce major economic development that
is occurring on the Island. Native Village Corporations are planning
to expand activities greatly over the course of the next ten years,
and the population will almost certainly grow as opportunities become
realized. We hope to see not only the primary activities of resource
extraction, but also secondary processing, which will call for much
more energy than is currently available.
The Central Council fully supports the Black Bear Lake Project for these
reasons. Thank you for this opportunity to comment, and for your continued
efforts to keep us informed of the progress of this project. Coordination
and cooperation between agencies is of utmost importance if we are to guide
development of Southeast resources toward the betterment of our lives here.
LR:bmd
Sincerely,
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF TLINGIT AND HAIDA
INDIAN TRIBES OF ALASKA
~~
l1llian Ruedrich, Developme~t Specialist
Economic and Social Development Div.
July 17, 1981
Mr. Brent Petrie
Project Manager
Alaska Power Authority
333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear Mr. Petrie:
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine FishePies Serviae
P.O. Box 1668
Juneau, Alaska 99802
RECEIVED
; U L 2 .3 1981
ALASKA pQ\\'2i{ .:..UTHORITY
RE: Black Bear Lake Project
We have reviewed the proposed environmental monitoring program discussed
in the Black Bear Lake Project Feasibility Report Draft. Of the six
studies that we recommended in our March 24, 1981, letter, the proposed
monitoring program satisfactorily addresses all of them except our re-
commendation for an instream flow study. Instead of the instream flow
study, a USFS Level lV stream survey is proposed.
We understand that the Level lV stream survey was substituted for the
instream flow study primarily because of cost. Although we share your
concern about the cost of an instream flow study, we do not believe that
the Level lV stream survey is sensitive enough by itself to determine
major changes in fish habitat caused by a regulated flow regime. However,
an integrated approach that would combine both fisheries data and hy-
drologic data into a comprehensive format might be an alternative. If
such an approach could address those concerns discussed in our March 24
letter, we believe that an instream flow study would not be necessary.
We appreciate the opportunity to comment upon this draft report.
Sincerely,
---
/./... -
n WEST 4th AVENUE· SUITE 31 ANCHORAGE. ALASKA 99501 Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-2715
August 7, 1981 !JAazA ENGINEERiNG co ..
Mr. Robert W. McVey
Director, Alaska Region
Date Receive4
P.onlc•d To
~~!a S!':cd lot mug by ~L
-
National Marine Fisheries Service
P.O. Box 1668 ire,.-;! Nurter /;;'E~-
G:a ~ l;~a!;Jn Juneau, Alaska 99802
Dear Mr. McVey: Su~h;cl Des!gndfioll
Thank you for your comments of July 17, 1981 on the Black Bear Lake Project
Draft Feasibility Report. We have worked hard to respond to agency con-
cerns and are happy to learn that our field program, which is now being
implemented, satisfactorily addresses five of the six issues raised in your
letter of March 24, 1981.
We wish to respond for the record regarding your comments on a U.S. Forest
Service Level IV stream survey and instrean; flow study. As you may be
aware, on June 15, 1981 our engineering and biology consultants visited
Black Bear Creek with a team from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service and
walked the reach of stream in question which is below the powerhouse site
and above Black Lake. That trip verified our consultants earlier feelings
that data from staff gages on that reach of stream may be of questionable
value due to the backwater effects from changing water levels in Black
Lake, the braided and cascading nature of the stream above the backwater
area and below the tailrace location, and the dynamic nature of the stream-
bed which makes the location of a stable stream cross section difficult.
Since the incremental method of instream flow analysis relies heavily upon
the correlation of staff gage data to suitable habitat area and since
suitability of use curves have not been developed for sockeye and silver
salmon in Alaskan waters, our decision not to pursue a full scale tradi-
tional instream flmv study was based primarily upon the physical aspects of
the stream and resultant usability of staff gage data rather than cost.
We are now proceeding with a modified USFS Level IV study and will prepare
a qualitative map of habitat along the stream reach while attempting to
establish stage discharge relationships by other methods. We now have
biologists and hydrologists in the field for the escapement season and will
have them on-site during the 1982 out migration season. The hydrologists
are taking actual stream flow measurements of Black Bear Creek during their
site visits and habitat surveys and will correlate this data with the
continous recording station operated by U.S.G.S. at the outlet of Black
Bear Lake. They will place a staff gage to aid in correlation if a suit-
able site can be located, but as we mentioned at the June 15, 1981 meeting
this may not be fruitful due to stream characteristics.
Mr. Robert W. McVey
August 7, 1981
Page 2
We are aware of the desire to integrate the fisheries and hydrology data
for the reach of stream in question. We are hopeful that the USFS Level IV
study with qualitative habitat maps and periodic hydrologic measurements by
staff in the field will provide the necessary detail to finalize the
operating regime for the powerplant.
Thank you for your agency's assistance in review of the draft report. If
the above approach is not satisfactorily responsive to your agency's con-
cerns, please do not hesitate to contact us immediately.
FOR THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Sincerely, " fl.-/_ , ~-z~~y£J/. Ye~
Brent N. Petrie
Project Manager
cc: Don Cornelius, ADF&G, Ketchikan
Mike Nishimoto, USFWS, Juneau
Ken Leonardson, Harza Engineering, Chicago~
Dan Bishop, Environaid, Juneau HARZA ENG1NEERl..NG co.
Date Received
Routed To
1~IN!'i2d lot filing Bf _____ ......
;!roj£·d Number
Cln licat:on
Sur)e:t Des1gndtion
• -
~1T&1T~ @~ &~&~~b~ I JAY S. HAMMOND, Govo.-nO<
OFFI£E OF TBE GOVERNOR
DIVISION OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING
GOVERNMENTAL COORDINA T/ON UNrT
I
I
POUCH AW (MS · 0165}
JUNEAU, ALASKA 99811
PHONE (907} 465-3562
January 2R, 1982
Mr. Eric Yould
Executive Director
Department of Commerce and
Economic Development
Alaska Power Authority
333 West Fourth Street
Anchorage, AK 99501
~-D
", .. , .... ' ' ;
Subject: Black Bear lake Hydroelectric Project-Final Feasibility Report
State I.D. No. AK811221-07
Dear Mr. Yould:
The Alaska State Clearinghouse has completed review of the referenced
feasibility report.
We rec~ived this comment from the Department of Natural Resources (DNR):
"I have reviewed the Black Bear Lake Project feasibility report,
volumes I, II and the Alaska Power Authority findings and recommendations.
The Water Management Section of OLWM is appreciative of the opportunity
for comment on such documents as they are vital in insuring proper
protection and management of areas dealing with: (1) In-stream Flow
Regulations, (2) Dam Safety and (3) Senior water rights approporiations.
"Please note that pursuant to Alaska Statutes Sec. 46.15.145 dealing
with the Reservation of water, and 11 AAC 93.120, the Water Management
Section is anticipating requests for in-stream flow reservations.
These requests may include:
"1. Protection of fish and wildlife hahitat, migration and propagatior
"2. Recreation and park purposes;
"3. Navigation and transportation purposes; and
"4. Sanitary and water quality purposes.
BARZA ENGINEERING CQ;.
k.-I~-r_2 Dct~ Re~~i:ted Ji" ;1~~
,. '~·· . ' 19 ~:~·~;,~~;ied tor filing 111------
ho;c.l Number --
t;;a:.s·h~anon -----
S-·-"i"nn\ion
Mr. Eric Yould -2-January 28, 1982
"Also prior to issuing a Permit to Construct or Modify a Dam, this
office must be assured that the dam will not create a public safety
hazard. Since the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is
involved in licensing of dams, this office will accept a dam safety
certification by the FERC in any of the following three areas:
"1. design;
"2. construction; and
"3. proposed operation and maintenance schedules.
"For dams not reviewed by FERC, we will review the work done by the
applicant such that this office may certify to the dam 1 s safety.
11 Finally, if there are any prior water appropriators in the area to be
affected, they should be compensated by the applicant, if water
quantities, as stated in their water rights certificates, will be
significantly adversly affected by this project.
The Department of Fish and Game said:
"The Department of Fish and Game has reviewed the Final Feasibility
Report prepared by the Alaska Power Authority for the Black Bear Lake
Hydroelectric Project. We have been working closely with the applicant
and their consultants over the past several years concerning protection
of the fish and wildlife values if the project is constructed. We
are pleased with the response demonstrated by the applicant to our concerns.
"This document adequately summarizes the information developed to
date and accurately presents it. The concerns we expressed during
review of the draft Feasibility Report have been addressed in this
document. We concur that additional environmental studies are
necessary and we are cooperating with the consultants directly to
this end.
"We do have a few minor corrections to the text:
"(1) Volume I, Page VI-10: Rainbow trout are also in the lower
system in addition to the steelhead form.
"(2) Volume I, Page VI-11, Table VI-1:
also found above Black Bear Lake.
added to the table.
Pink and chum salmon are
This information should be
II ( 3) Volume I, Page Vl-26, Paragraph 1: Pink salmon have also have
been documented spaw~ing above Black Bear Lake.
Mr. Eric Yould -3-January 28, 1982
"Thank you for the opportunity to comment. Please express our
appreciation to the arplicant for their past cooperation, and we look
forward to working with them in the future."
We ask that you coordinate with Michael Granata and Paul Janke of DNR's
Water Management Section in Anchorage at 276-2 3 over dam water fiow and
water rights issues. If this is carried out as effectively as you have
dealt with Fish and Game, there should be no problems.
We look forward to reviewing the application for a Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission permit when is is available.
Thank you for your cooperation with the review process.
cc: Leila Wise, DNR
Rick Reed, F&G
Katie Eberhart, CH2M Hill
Eulalie Sullivan, OCM
Sincerely,
/) ''!/~;'! , (L(•-(t{/{~/. .)t:t.£1.._~
David W. Haas
State/Federal Assistance Coordinator
1\.LASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
Mr. Ty Dilliplane
Chief, History and Archaeology
Alaska Department of Natural Resources
619 Warehouse Avenue
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear Mr. Dilliplane:
Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-0001
March 4, 1982
Pursuant to your telephone conversation on March 3, 1982 with
Mr. Jack Robinson of Harza Engineering Company, I am enclosing a copy of
the Black Bear Lake Feasibility Report and Alaska Power Authority (APA)
staff findings and recommendations on the project. As ~Jr. Robinson
discussed with you, the APA has applied to the Federal Energy Regulatory
Comission (FERC) for a license to construct the Black Bear Lake project.
Last week I received word from FERC that written evidence of consultation
with the State Historic Preservation Officer is desired before accepting
the application.
Accordingly we would appreciate your review and opinion on the
Archeological/Historical Survey, Appendix G of Volume II of the feasibility
report. I also call your attention to Appendix J, letter of January 26,
19Bl frOill John r~oupp of the U.S. Forest Service to i~r. Glen Gacon, the
archeological subconsultant to Harza Engineering Company. The above
items are marked \vith paper clips in Volume II.
Evidently the SHPO did not receive earlier notices of this report
which were forwarded through the A-95 coordinator at DNR in May and
December l l. We did reveive comments fro111 other divisions in DNR
through the A-95 coordinator and probably should have called
Bill Hanable, Robert Shaw, or yourself when it was evident your comments
were not included.
We would appreciate your comments by April 1, 1982, since we have
90 days to respond to FERC with corrections to the draft application.
Mr. Ty Dilliplane
March 4, 1982
Page two
Please do not hesitate to call me at 276-0001 or
Mr. Jack Robinson at Harza Engineering (312-855-7050) if you have any
questions.
FOR THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Sincerely, Q-1_ _ ~--:! ;J f/i:-tt:cr---
BNL:mlj
cc: Ken Leonardsen Harza Engineering
Jack Robinson -Harza Engineering
Al Carson -ADNR
Brent N. Petrie
Project Manager
1o-J11LH
April 1, 1982
File No. 1130-13
Brent Petrie
APA
334 W. 5th Ave
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
DIVISION M PAIIIC$
Subject: Black Bear Lake Project Feasibility Report.
Dear Mr. Petrie:
JAYS. HAMMOND, GOVERNOR
1119 WAREHOUSE DR., SUITE 210
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
PHONE: 214-4ti76
We have reviewed the subject proposal and would like to offer the
following comments:
STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER
STATE PARK PLANNING
Project should provide annually recreation benefits in the project area
if possible.
LAND & WATER CONSERVATION FUND GRANT PROGRAM
No connnent.
Sincerely,
CD/blh
J
ALASK1\. POWER .J;:\.UTIIORI'i'Y
---·--------
334 WEST 5th AVENUE-ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
t~r. Larry 1-Jright
National Park Service
1011 East Tudor Road, Suite 297
Anchorage, Alaska 99503
t1arch 5, 1982
Subject: Black Bear ke Hydroelectric Project
Dear tvlr. Wright:
Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-0001
Pursuant to your telephone convers&tion of March 3, 1982 with
Mr. Jack Robinson of Harza Engineering Comp8ny, I am enclosing a copy of
the Black Bear Lake ibility Report and Power Authority Staff
Findinas and Recommendations. As Mr. Robinson discussed with vou, the
Jl.laskc;VPower Authority has applied to the ral Energy Regulatory
Com~ission ( RC) for a license to construct the Black Bear Lake
Project. Last week we received word from FERC that written evidence of
consultation with the Heritage Conservation and Recreational Service or
the National Park Service was desirrd on the recreation aspects of the
proposed p ect before ccepting +he application.
Accardi ly, vJe vmuld appreciate your review and op1nwn on
Appendix H, Propos Project Recreation Plan of Volume 2 of the
Feasibility Report.
~!e 've he 1 d
comments v1hi ch
consul to.nts had
not forward you
appreciate your
respo to rERC
several public meetinqs and solicited numerous aoencv
re contained in Appen~ix J. Unfortunately, alth6ugh our
everal contac s with you regarding this project, we did
a final copy of the sibility report. We would
comments by April 1, 1982 as we have ninety days to
with corrections with thr draft application.
Mr. Larry Wright
March 5, 1982
Page 2
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at
276-0001 or Mr. Jack Robinson at Harza Engineering Company
(312-855-7050) if you have any questions.
FOR THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
BNP/es
Enclosures: as stated
cc: Ken Leonardson, Harza Engineering
Jack Robinson, Harza Engineering
13;:;; /£~
Brent N. Petrie
Project r~anager
.0 ) . h/e~~
Untted States Department of the Interior -
IN REPLY REn.Jl TO:
Mr. Brent N. Petrie
Alaska Power Authority
334 W. 5th Avenue
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear Mr. Petrie:
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Alaska Regional Office
540 W. 5th Avenue
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
.. ICIIVED
A?R l 41982
·8JI;IA ~ AUJHOBIJJ
APR 1 4 ·r-
HARzi" 'ENGINEERING CO.
Date Receind _'j -_) f z_
, Routed To K.~~rvc'l*;,
"'tlassilied lor rrnnv " J , I?
Proiect Kamber t '-Bt.f c..
Classification
In response to your request of March 5, 1982, we have rev~--Detipalion
Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project Feasibility Report and have the
following comments.
Present and potential recreation use and resource analysis presented
in the report appears to be complete, however, the rationale for the
selection of the facilities identified for initial development is
unclear. We recommend that consideration be given to the expansion
of the facility development plan.
Considering the amount of precipitation in Southeast Alaska and the
distance families must drive from the closest community (thirteen miles)
to reach the project, it seems appropriate that a picnic shelter over-
looking Black Lake should be provided. The shelter should be construct-
ed to Forest Service or Alaska Division of Parks' standards and
include a grill and a minimum of two tables. A map, which identifies
the location of the fishing access trail, the project boundary and ad-
jacent lands in private ownership, if any, should be displayed. perhaps
in conjunction with the planned interpretive exhibit. And, adequate
parking should be provided to accommodate public use of all the plan-
ned facilities.
We agree that user trends should be monitored at the project, and the
recreation plan be reevaluated and modified when conditions justify it.
You might be interested to know that my staff has discussed the recre-
ation plan with the Forest Service recreation staff in Ketchkan, and have
received a no comment response from the Alaska Division of Parks.
Questions concerning our comments may be directed to Larry Wright of
my staff.
Sincerely,
\ ·-~
William c. Welch
Associate Regional Director,
Planning, Recreation & Cultural Resources
3. 1981-1982 Ecological Field Studies and
November 1981 Agency Meeting
August 26, 1981
:t-lr. Brent Petrie
Project 1-:C.nager
Alaska Power Authority
333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite
A..•1chorage, Al2ska 99501
Dear Mr. Petrie:
HARZA £NGIJJEER11~
:-: .. ·· .;~ l~r F·li:u~g • •• I __ •. ,J .. J .J • J •' Ill
JAY S. HAJ..ll.WND, Covarnor
Room 208, 415 Hain St.
Ketchik2n, Alaska 99901
PHONE: 907-225-5195
/,J..?. .• r-. i-C -,\.._,. '· ·, ....-,, :'
We were in communication ~ith Mr. Dan Bishop of Eviro~~ids concerning
his work on Black Bear Lake. It ~as noted by our staff that very
little work was being proposed for Black Bear Lake system's steelhead.
Some ste.elhead work v.·as accor;;plished tl1is spring by the De?artment
but inconclusive data was gathered on their numbers and habitat. Steel-
head information is :i;:~portant if this fish's habitat has a ?Otential
of being altered.
This is an important sport species for the local area. We would hope
that if mitigation measures are considered that this stock would be
assessed for potential enhance~ent.
If possible, steelhead information should be collected for this system
from Mr. Bishop's program.
Sincerely,
~1~~
Donald . Siedelman
Area Management Biologist
Sport Fish Division
CC: Don Cornelius, Habitat
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE· ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501
Mr. Don L. Siedelman
Area Management Biologist
Sportfish Division
Roan 208
415 f.lain Street
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Dear Mr. Siedelman:
Phone: (907) 277-7641
(907) 276-0001
October 27, 1981
HARZA ENCIM££1U.NC CO.
Date Reteiftd
Rouled Te
GlJ::SilBd tor Filiag ., ....;.;;.~;;..;'7B~'L.~-
rrJJe!:l lumber /Z.?#=C
C'.a~.nc~tiJB
This letter is in resp:mse to your letter of August 26, 1981.
Copies of your letter were sent to Dan Bishop of Environaid and
Jack Robinson of Harza Engineering Carpnay and discussed by telephone in
early September, 1981. Mr. Bishop had same further conversation
directly with you regarding work on steelhead.
Enviornaid' s suntrer-fall season of work was nearly over at that
point and will be surrmarized in an interim report within a few weeks.
Mr. Bishop plans to provide you and Mr. Cornelius with copies of this
report.
The series of minno.v trappings in Black Lake and in the stream and
beaver ponds above Black Iake will be of interest to you. While you
will want to examine the results rrore closely, it rray be significant
that only one rainbow (8-9 inches) was included in the large nurrber of
fish trapped and released. This fish was caught in a large, wire-rresh
trap fished in Black Lake.
The interim report will also Sl.lillTarize adult escaperrents a.lxlve
Black Lake of sockeye, churn, pink, and coho salrron.
As you probably kno.v, spring trapping of out-migrating fi.?hes in
1982 is included in this environrrental program and a new collector's
permit will be needed _fran ADF&G for that work. That :rrey also be a aO<Jd
t.i1re to arr.:mge for additional observations on steelhead. Specifically,
Mssrs. Bishop and MiJner suggest periodic counts of adult steelhead in
Black Bear Creek above Black Iake, and in the vicinity of the rrout.h of
Black Lake.
Please let us kno.v if this will be useful to you or if there is
another approach which you suggest. We plan to hold a rreeting with
resource agencies, Mr. Bishop, and Harza staff in Juneau on Monday,
Noveti:ler 16, 1981, at 1:30 PM in the National Marine Fisheries Setvice
ccnference roan (Rm. 461) in the Juneau Federal Building to discuss the
interim report and report on project progress to date.
FUR THE EXEO.T.riVE DIREX:'I.'OR
BNP/blm
cc: Dan Bishop, Environaid
Jack Robinson, Harza
Sincerely,
-:&-...if/!Vik::L
Brent N. Petrie
Project Manager
Dale Bereind
rbuled To
Gi:um~d Jar FiiJag ~
rro:ect lfumber ------
raa~caliJJ
SJ~j~t:l ~~~,; ~'P~~,
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 WEST 5th AVENUE-ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501 Phone: (907) 277·7641
(907) 276·0001
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
Don Cornelius, ADF&G, Ketchikan
Don Seidelman, ADF&G, Ketchikan
Rick Reed, ADF&G, Juneau
Mike Nishimoto, USFWS, Juneau
Ed Murrell, NMFS, Juneau
Ed Johnson, USFS, Ketchikan
Brent Petrie ~ ~
Project Manager
Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project
1981 Fisheries Studies.
November 6, 1981
HA.RZA ENGINEERiNG CO.
nate Received
!:outed To
t!a~si:itd lnr filing by
Proi:-·:1 Nttr.1her
C!a::s. tcal:on
Summer-Fa J;ijl,jer.t Desi~natinn
Throughout the past summer and fall consultants for Alaska Power
Authority have been conducting fishery, mammal, and hydrologic observations
concentrating on the Black Bear Creek drainage, above Black lake. This
program was developed in consultation with you and your agencies at
meetings held in January and June of 1981.
Dan Bishop of ENVIRONAID has prepared a report which describes the
summer-fall observations. I have set up a meeting with Dan and Jack
Robinson of Harza Engineering Company to go over the results of the
summer work and discuss the findings to date.
The meetings are scheduled for:
Monday November 16, 1981
1:30-5:00p.m.
National Marine Fisheries Service Conference room,
Room 461
Federal Building
Juneau, Alaska
November 6, 1981
Page two
Dan~ Jack, and I will also be available through Tuesday, November
17, to go over items in further detail as you may wish.
After your review, it is the intent of APA to incorporate this
information into exhibit W (Environmental Section) of the draft Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission license application to be filed in early
December 1981.
You will be receiving Mr. Bishop's report directly from him under
separate cover. In addition on Monday November 9, 1981, we will mail
you a copy of the final feasibility report under separate cover.
cc: Da.Bishop, Environaid
~ack Robinson, Harza Engineering Company
Rick Harris, Sealaska Corporation
BP:mlj
HARZA ENG~EERU'JG t.:O.
nate Received
n~uted To
::lassiiied lor filitg bJ -----
?rcjecl Number
ClaJSification
Su!Jjcct Desigaatimt
MEMORANDUM State of Alaska ~7?£
TO Don Cornelius, ADF&G 1 Ketchikan DATE: November 9, 1981
Don Seidel.mm 1 ADF&G, Ketchikan
Rick Reed, ADF&G, Juneau FILE NO:
Mike Nishirroto, USFWS 1 Juneau
Ed Murrell 1 NMFS 1 Juneau TELEPHONE NO:
Ed Johnson, USFS, Ketchikan
FROM: Rick Harris, Sealaska Corp::>ration suBJECT: Black Bear Lake
Hydroelectric Project
Final Feasibility
Report
Brent Petrie 'f3~
Project Manager
Enclosed for your information is one two-volume set of the Final
Feasibility Report for the Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project.
Upon your review of Dan Bishop's summer-fall fisheries studies we
will be sutmitting the Federal Energy Carmission license application in
early December 1981.
Enclosu._re: as stated
cc: Dan Bishop, Environaid
......::Jack Robinson, Harza
Ken Leonardson, Harz a
HARZA ENGlNt;ERJ.NG CO.
~~~,j~~~:ived ~~
C ·i'~i:~~,d fur Elmg by
:'t Nuder -~.-~-'b=-~-yB--
Ua~'l i:i;iillOII
s~: ?~! >:e~ignafinn
'·
November 24, 1981
Mr. Brent Petrie
Project Manager
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NationaZ Marine Fisheries Service
P.O. Bo:r: 1668 t:,· I •• o .. ...,..,
Juneau, AZaska 99802 f ~ ~
H B ,~vJt. . Atl1.A ENGINEERING Cu.
BEOJ!IYED
u·:, ...•. d.:a:il!ag Q 22}4; C.
&lass:iitalioa
Subject nes:~;~ti"~
.. r· t" -'· .... 2 1981
N.:MKA POWER Ali1HOJU.ri
RE: Black Bear Lake Project
Alaska Power Authority
333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear Mr. Petrie:
Environaid's interim report Biological-Ecological Work on the Black Bear
Creek sxstem satisf~ctorily discusses five of the six recommended studies
for a f1rst year baseline program as outlined in our March 24, and July 17th
letters. Apparently, the instream flow study was not attempted during the
1981 field season. Instead, a modified Level IV Forest Service survey was
performed. After we review Environaid•s 1982 final report where both phy-
sical and biological conditions are integrated to form a basis for future
stream flow regimes, we might suggest additional studies. These suggestions
would probably center around fishery habitat, dam impacts, or mitigation
measures.
Two years of data describing adult salmon spawning and fry outmigration
were suggested as a minimum for a baseline program in our March 24, 1981
letter. We still believe that this is a minimum level of data that is needed.
Therefore, we recommend additional adult salmon spawning studies in 1982
and fry outmigration studies in 1982 and 1983.
We appreciate the opportunity to comment upon this interim report.
Sincerely,
4. Other
DEPARTMENT OF FISH & CJiAME
Habitat Protection Section
May 30, 1979
Mr. John P. Robinson
Harza Corporation
Environmental Studies Department
Chfcago, Illinois 60606
Dear Mr. Robinson:
"'I. h "j ; I I fc• -t>{n
-, f•l
JAY S, HAMMOND, Cot'•rnor
210 Ferry Way
Juneau, Alaska 99801
This is in reference to your telephone conversation with Dick Logan regarding
this Departments' review and approval authority over hydroelectric projects.
Under state law there are two statutes wich apply: AS 16.05.840 and
AS 16.05.870. I have enclosed copies of them for your reference. As you can
see, AS 16.05.874 references passage of downstream migrants and AS 16.05.870
refers to any activity within a "specified river, lake, or stream". The
11 Specified waters" are those listed in our anadroroous stream catalog. I have
enclosed volume 1 which covers southeast Alaska. The statutes specify the
Department must review and approve such projects. This review is done on a
case by case basis, and the earlier we can be worked into the project the
better. The written approval may contain stipulations on construction, timing
requirements, or mitigative measures necessary.
In addition to our statutory responsibilities, we also comment on such federal
reviews as Army Corps of Engineers Permits, and Federal Power Commission
licenses.
Again I would like to emphasize that the earlier we are advised of a project,
the easier it is to resolve potential conflicts.
I hope you find the enclosed material useful and if I can be of further assist-
ance please feel free to contact me.
Sincerely,
?~"17~\
Richard D. Reed
Regional Habitat Protection Supervisor
enclosure
11-KSLH
11•K8LH
$U&U~ @~ m~&~~& /~~;:~~;::;;;·!;··
DEPARTMENT ot~ FISH & t.ilt.~IE I Room # 208
Ketchikan, Alaska
99901
June 16, 1980
Jack Robinson
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Jack:
Here .is the information you requested on the Thorne River,
Reynolds Creek, and Black Bear Creek. These are peak pink
salmon escapement counts.
Coppermount Creek (Reynolds Creek) 103-25-41
1960 No survey 1970 8,000
61 No survey 71 No survey
62 No survey 72 695
63 7,700 73 13,000
64 No survey 74 20,000
65 No survey 75 15,000
66 585 76 3,010
67 No survey 77 16,000
68 No survey 78 10,000
69 400
Thorne River (102-70-58)
1975 1,000
76 80,300
77 20,000
78 10,906
Black Bear Creek (103-60-31)
1975 42,300
76 510
77 8,400
78 30
Jack Robinson - 2 -June 16, 1980
I've also enclosed a copy of portions of the District 2 Revised
Anadromous Stream Catalog covering the Thorne River.
Please call if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
.&n--K~
Don Kelly
Area Habitat Biologist
(907)225-5195
h:\i\.' ... ·. I~·rCrn~o:iR!NG CO. ~··:: :':~;·::! . ~
' :. ~ ... :~.· • .. .:.~:~ ......
·.:-'t '\
-----
•.
11•K8LH
@~ I
u-/(~\ ~.-1 ./7:\ ~ ~"~ JA\ d\'1 u u,
I j ; ' '.. t u \ .. ___ .:J Lru .J LrtA
JAYS. HAMMOND, Gov•rnor
DEPARTMENT o•~ FISH & t•AME
Habitat Section
415 Mai.n Street
Room 208
Ketchikan, Alaska
99901
July 18, 1980
Jack Robinson
Aquatic Ecologist
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Jack:
Dale Rccail~d 2 7.~ (q!;o -t-,jt?£
Rou!edTo ~
Clas.slfia~ for FiEng by ------
Project r:umiler
C!a~~liic3Uon
Subject Desiynalion
In response to your most recent request for information,
I've enclosed copies of our files on the lakes in the
Coppermount (Reynolds) Creek and Josephine/Gertrude/
Isabel Lakes systems. Available information is limited,
especially on the latter system. Josephine, Gertrude and
Isabel Lakes drain into Portage Creek (ADFG #103-25-30),
a cataloged anadromous stream. The Southern Southeast
Regional Aquaculture Association (SSERA) has operated
a weir on Portage Creek in the past, and should have
information on species composition, escapement and timing.
I suggest you contact their Project Director, Walt Larrick,
at P.O. Box 6916, Ketchikan 99901. and request this
information directly from him.
I hope this information helps. As I've stated to you in
conversation, and as I'm sure you are aware, the Department
of Fish and Game reserves comment on these alternate sites
until more complete environmental impact statements
have been prepared.
Please contact me if we can be of any further assistance.
Sincerely,
~7.~~~
Area Habitat Biologist
(
(
11-ICBLH
lAY S. HAMMOND, C!wtmor
Habitat Section
DEPARTMENT OF FISH & CJIAl\lE
415 Main St., #208
Ketchikan, Alaska
99901
August 18, 1980
Jack Robinson
Aquatic Ecologist
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Jack:
Re: Black Bear Lake Hydropower Project
HARZ A
Dale R~rcived
R~uted io
tia.:stlnl tar Fili~g by --:--:::-:~.-:--PrJ;~~~ ttum~ar I '2 Bft
tla.;i[C1liJ!l t2f!2
Per your most recent· request, I've taken another look at our escape-
ment records for Reynolds (Coppermount) Creek (ADFG #103-25-041).
Our "Chum/Mostly Chum" escapement records contain no information on
chum salmon returns to this system. Systematic escapement surveys
for coho salmon are not conducted in southern southeast, except on
a few systems where special research projects are being conducted.
Sockeye returns to Reynolds Creek have never, to our knowledge,
been documented. Escapement information is thus limited to what
I sent to you in my letter of June 16.
I've discussed the question of run timing in Black Bear Creek with
John Valentine, Area Comm. Fish Management Biologist, Karl Hofmeister,
Pink Salmon ResearCh Biologist, and with Steve Hansen, Klawock Lake
Hatchery Manager. All agree that the timing of runs to Big Salt Lake
systems are similar to that of the Klawock River. In the absence of more
detailed information, we feel that the Klawock River weir counts
may be used as an indicator of run timing to Black Bear Creek. Pink salmon
runs may be earlier in Black Bear, but coho run timing is probably
similar. I've enclosed copies of escapement survey reports, 1960-
1979 (minus 1964) for your information. ~
Please call or write if you need further information.
Sincerely,
;!).~~"~"' ('{ u~Don Kelly -r
Area Habitat Biologist
(907) 225-5195
September 30, 1980
Jack Robinson
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Jack:
<
' I
I
Pr c~~~l lkmter
~'1sr"'ftft~:-:n
/
I
S ·.;~.-1 !'n.,in:~~tion -~J"'"' 1..: ...... ,.1 .... ,;,
" !
JAY S. HAMMOND, Covttnor
Habitat
415 Main Street #208
Ketchikan, Alaska
99901
c;/?/2
61/t/
h/e:;
I'm writing to more ·fully discuss our concerns and recommendations for
research on the impacts of the proposed hydroelectric development in the
Black Bear Creek drainage (ADFG #101-30-29). When \•Je reviewed and com-
mented on the Reconnaissance Report on this project submitted earlier
this year, we urged that thorough investigations of fishery habitat be
undertaken before any environmental impact statement was written. We
felt this would be especially important in those portions of the stream
above Black Lake. Since then, we've obtained information from Dan
Bishop,who is conducting hydrological investigations in the area, which
indicates that this upper portion of the stream contributes significantly
to the system's total production.
•K8LH
I'm sure that Mr. Bishop has provided you with a report on his activities,
but I think some of the fishery-related observations are worth listing
for the purposes of this discussion.
While conducting hydrological and limnological investigations on the
system in late August, Mr. Bishop made the following observations:
-Chum salmon were spawning in Black Bear Creek below Black Lake.
-Pink salmon were schooled at the stream mouth, \V'i th some intertidal
spawning observed.
-Bishop estimated that 1, 000 sockeye salmon \vere in the system at
this time. Sockeye were seen spawning in Black Bear Creek about
3/4 mile above Black Lake, and a number of sockeye were schooled
at the stream mouth at the head of Black Lake.
Jack Robinson - 2 -
September 30~ 1980
-r<lany salmonid fry were observed throughout the system. Undercut banks~
debris, and beaver dams supply abundant rearing habitat, especially
above Black Lake.
On September 15, while inspecting adjacent logging units with representatives
of Sealaska Timber Corporation, I observed approximately 30 sockeye salmon
adults and a number of pink salmon adults in Black Bear Creek immediately
below Black Lake. I returned to the area on September 24 and saw no pink
or sockeye salmon in this portion of the stream at that time.
I spoke \dth Dan Bishop on Black Bear Creek on September 24. He and his
assistant had observed salmonid fry throughout the system and had seen coho
salmon adults jumping in Black Lake. An angler reportedly caught six coho
salmon at the outlet to Black Lake on Sunday, September 21.
Collectively, these observations indicate the importance of the upper por-
tions of Black Bear Creek to the system's productivity. This portion of
the stream supports a significant proportion of the stream's spawning
sockeye and pink salmon. Other evidence; particularly the amount of rear-
ing habitat, indicates the importance of the upper stream to spawning and
rearing coho salmon. This is also the most likely portion of the stream
to be adversely affected by the hydroelectric project. The Reconnaissance
Report, our review of the report, and conversations with Dan Bishop identify
the following potential impacts:
1. Raising the level of Black Bear Lake will inundate spawning areas
used by the lake's resident rainbO\i trout.
2. Impoundment of Black Bear Lake for hydropower generation will re-
sult in changes in the upper stream's flow regime. Depending on
the timing and magnitude of these changes, spa~~ing and rearing
fish may be adversely affected.
3. Temperature of the upper stream may be altered, depending on the
point of withdrawal from the lake and rates of discharge.
4. Since a good share of the \iater discharged from Black Bear Lake
may be discharged into a nmv channel (th·e penstock), changes in
strerun channel configuration, bedload and in the amount of sus-
pended sediment may be expected, particularly in the initial
period following construction.
5. Changes in the concentrations of dissolved gases, particularly
oxygen and nitrogen, may also be expected.
Any one of these impacts could significantly affect the upper stream's
fishery resources. In combination, they may cause serious, long-term
changes in productivity. We feel that detailed investigations need to
be carried out be:Eore these impacts may be fully assessed and before
mitigation measunfflmay be discussed. Indeed, these investigations are
necessary before the viability of the entire project is considered.
Jack Robinson -3 -September 30, 1980
• I've discussed these observations and possible impacts with members of our
staff. We strongly suggest that the following ·investigations be conducted:
1. Hydrological and limnological \'lOrk should continue. We feel one
year of monthly observations is the minimum that will be required.
Preferably, this work should be continued through the design phase
of the project, since this information will be required in deter-
mining penstock location and dra\\'dO\m timing.
At the present time, it is our understanding that the hydrological work
involves flow and tempe~ature measurements in addition to a limited amount
of water quality work in Black Bear Lake. We feel the scope of these in-
vestigations should be broadened to include sampling for dissolved gases
and sediment load in the upper portion of Black Bear Creek. Surveys to
determine impacts of the project on bedload on stream configuration should
also be included. ·
2. Fish habitat in the upper portions of Black Bear Creek should be
identified and quantified. Both the quantity and quality of
spawning and rearing habitat need to be identified. We suggest that
detailed stream surveys be performed, including minnow trapping
and electrofishing, to identify areas used by spa\,.rning and rear-
ing salmon and trout.
3. The timing and magnitude of spawning runs, emergence and out-
migration must also-be determined. Available evidence indicates
the upper portions of the system are used by pink, coho, sockeye
and possibly, chum salmon, cutthroat and rainbow trout and Dolly
Varden char. Timing of spawning migrations for these species may
differ considerably and must be taken into consideration in the
design of any facility and in the timing of periods of minimum
and maximum discharge. Similarly the requirements of incubating
eggs and pre-emergent fry must be taken into consideration during
design and operations.
4. Spawning areas in Black Bear Lake must be identified. Since
these resident rainbow trout are spring spmmers, efforts should
be made to identify spawning areas during April, Nay and June.
We strongly recommend that studies along these lines begin at the earliest
opportunity. Because of manpower and budget limitations, it is extremely
unlikely that Department of Fish and Game staff members will be able to
participate to any great extent. HO\vever, we are ready to assist in any
way \o;e can in designing these studies. We would appreciate the opportunity
to meet with you and with representatives of the Alaska POlver Authority to
discuss these proposals at your earliest opportunity.
Jack Robinson -4 -September 30, 1980
It is our hope that sufficient baseline information will be gathered to
permit an evaluation of the impacts of this project and to permit the
development of adequate mitigation measures. We look forward to working
with you on these studies and hope to hear from you in the near future.
Sincerely~
L_9rx.. ~UA;-
Don Kellf
Area Habitat Biologist'
cc: R. Reed-ADFG-Juneau
K. Francisco-ADFG-Ketchikan
D. Siedelman-ADFG-Ketchikan
s. Hansen-ADFG-Klawock
J. Hout-USF\'fS-Juneau
ENGINEERING COMPANY CONSULTING ENGINEERS
• 1980 -Our 60th Year •
Mr. Robert w. Loescher
Director of Natural Resources
Sealaska Corporation
One Sealaska Plaza
Juneau, Alaska 99801
Dear Mr. Loescher:
January 6, 1981
Enclosed is a copy of the Black Bear Lake Aquatic Study-
Phase I, prepared by Mr. Dan Bishop for our use in environ-
mental studies on the Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project.
If you or Mr. Harris have any comments or questions, please
do not hesitate to call me at 312/855-7000.
Enclosure: as noted.
150 SOUTH WAO<ER DRIVE CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 6013013
TEL. (3121855·7000 CABLE HARZENG CHICAGO TELEX 25-3540
truly yours,
~
Jack Robinson
Project Scientist
1---lA-~\. ENGINEERING COMPANY CONSULTING ENGINEERS
• 1980 -Our 60th Year •
Mr. Jack Hodges
u.s. Fish and Wildlife
Service
Federal Building
Juneau, Alaska 99802
Dear Mr. Hodges:
January 13, 1981
On July 3Oth, 1980, John I<uruc and Rick Suttle from our
office discussed the proposed Black Bear Lake Hydro-
electric Project. with Don lv1ontgomery of your agency.
The discussion centered on th8 transmission line corridor
and eagle nesting sites. At that time sufficient da·ta on
corridor selection was lacking. Enclosed for your review
are maps showing the proposed transmission corridors and
text explaining the selection and proposed pole design.
These studies were done by CH2H Hill, Anchorage, Alaska
under subcontract to our firm. Also included is the
potential Ketchikan intertie route.
vve would appreciate your comments regarding potential
eagle nest sites, any unsurveyed areas, and other informa-
tion you think relevant. Please indicate your comments
on the small scale maps provided and return your response
to us at our Chicago office at your earliest opportunity.
Thank you for your time and assistance in th~s matter. If
you need additional information or have any questions,
please do not hesitate to call Rick Suttle {312) 855-7037.
Enclosures: as noted.
150 SOUTH WACKER DRIVE Cl-tiCAGO. ILLiNOIS 60600
Sincer~,
-~u ~rge Volland
Project Manager
TEL (312){.155·7000 CABLE 1-tARZENG CHICAGO TELEX 25-3540
United States Department of the Interior
IN REPLY REFER TO:
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
P.O. Box 1287
Juneau, Alaska 99802 HARZA ENGINEEIUNG CO.
March 24, 1981
George Volland
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Mr. Volland,
Dale Received
fiouled To
· ~ :siiied lor Filing by -----
Project Humber /2 ~ '-f 8
tla~sJication
Subject Designalioo
Thank you for sending the maps for the proposed Black Bear Lake Hydro-
electric project. I have placed the locations of our known nests on the
maps in red and outlined the areas surveyed for eagle nests in green.
The entire area needs to be searched for nest sites since the existing
surveys are eleven years old. We will be conducting this survey in late
July 1981.
I would expect that the saltwater shoreline in this area will have one
eagle nest for every mile or 1~ miles of coastline. These nests are
usually within 200 meters of the beach. Klawock Lake probably has
several nests as well. We Know of one nest along the creek below Black
Bear Lake and there may be more. This stream is used heavily by eagles
when the fish are present and every effort should be made to keep the
transmission line away from the stream to avoid eagle collisions.
I am enclosing a report on "Suggested Practices for Raptor Protection
on Powerlines." Remember that eagles can have a wing span of almost
8 feet. If you have additional questions or information needs please
advise me.
Sincerely yours, r J.~~e-/
John I. Hodges
Eagle Management Specialist
r
UNITED STAT£5 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
Tongass National Forest
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
907-225-3101
Mr. Glen Bacon, Archeologist
Alaska Arctic
P.O. Box 397
Fairbanks, AK 99707
L
Dear Glen:
2360
January 26, 1981
Thank you very much for sending us your project report entitled
"Archeological Investigations for the Proposed Black Bear
J{ydroelectric Project, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska." Our forest
archeologist reviewed your report and we have no com~ents to make
regarding the research design, its implementation or your
conclusions.
Again, we appreciate your cooperation.
Si nee rely,
~~~ -JO~~J W. RUOPP
Recreation, lands, Watershed Program Manager
/
ENGINEERING COMPANY
CONSULTING ENGINEERS
(312) 855-7000
ISO SOUTH WACkER DRIVE· CHICAGO, llliiiOIS 60606
Mr. Robert Martin, Jr., P,E,
General Manager. Tlingit i Baida Regional
Electrical Authority, P. a. &ox 2517
Juneau, Alaska 99803
Date Januaey 27, 1981
Subject Blac:k -1' l.•ke lly4z:oeleevio
Project
Gentlemen:
We are sending you
NUMHR OF
COPIES
1
1
1
1
DRAWING NUM&ER
II
----·----·'
II
"
!
IKJ herewith
0 under separate cover
DATE
REVISION • DUCIIIPTION
If
'-Wildlife Constraints
n Existinq and Potential RecreationOpportunitie
These are being sent to you for the following reasons:
Ple.:,·:::e review the attached maps and notify us of any corrections or
additions by the end of Februaey. Of special importance is your
innut to the identification of campQTOJmds, existing and future S.alaska
lw;ging roads (map 47) J present aD4 future area• plaumecil iol." &ealask.a
loqqinq (map 14); and present and future land OYAlDeral:lip ata'bla
0 Please acknowledge receipt of this material
(] Acknowledgement of receipt not required
ENGINEERING COMPANY
CONSULTING ENGINEERS
(312} 855-7000
ISO SOUTH WACKER DRIVE· CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60806
Date January 27, 1981
~rr. Robert w. Loescher, Director of
Natural Resources, Sealakaa Corporation
One Sealaska Plaza
Juneau, Alaska 99801
Gentlemen:
We are sending you [)herewith
Subject Black Bear Lake Hydroelectttc
Project
0 under separate cover
NUMIIIIIOF DIIAWINO NUMBIII DATI DESCRIPTION
COPIES REVISION II
1 !Preliminary Transmission Corridor Route
1 n Elevation Constraints
1 II Ownership
1 n Land Use
., 11 Visual Resources .'.
1 II t-lildlife Constraints
1 Existing & Potential Recreation Opportunities
These are being sent to you for the following reasons:
Please review the attached maps and notif.v us of anv corrections or
a::ldi tions bx_ the end of }'ehrv:arv. Of snecial importance is your
input to the identification of camoqrounds, existinq and future sealaska
J.ogq.ind roads (man #7); present and future areas Planned for Sealaska
logging {map :!1:4) ~ and oresent ann future 1 al"'d ownership st."Jtns
0 Please acknowledge receipt of this material
ElJ Acknowledgement of receipt not required
Per 2=. ~ ~~ '"'-
Received
1--lAR.ZA ENGINEERING COMPANY CONSULTING ENGINEERS
• 1980 -Our 60th Year •
Mr. Dan Benfield, Endangered
Species Coordinator
u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service
1011 E. Tudor Road
Anchorage, Alaska 99503
February 2, 1981 ·
Subject: Endangered or Threatened Plant and Animal Species
and the proposed Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric
Project, Prince of Wales Island, Tongass National
Forest, Southeast Alaska
Dear Mr. Benfield:
As part of the environmental investigations being conducted
for the Application for Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
License for the subject Project, we are requesting a list of
plant and animal species designated as endangered or threat-
ened by the u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service, and proposed and
candidate species for such classification, which are known to
occur in the Project Area. Attachment 1 shows the location
of the Project. We have also requested a list of state-
qesignated endangered/threatened species from Alaska Depart-
ment of Fish and Game in Juneau.
Our information on endangered/threatened species indicates
the following.
1. No plant species officially classifi7d as either
endangered or threatened-for Alaska-21 a37 known to
occur in the Tongass National Forest--.
2. The U.S. Forest Service has stated that "There are
few threatened or endangered animal species in
Alaska. The Federal Register, October 1976, lists
only the Eskimo curlew, the American and Arctic
peregrine falcons, the Aleutian Canada goose, and
:SO SOUTH WACKER DRIVE CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60606
iEL. (312J 855-7000 CABLE. HARZENG CHICAGO TELEX 25-3540
J 1-'tYL
Mr. Dan Benfield
February 2, 1981
Page Two
the Diomedea albatross. The Alaska Department of Fish
and Game also considers the short billed albatross as
endangered. Of these species, only the peregrine falcon
is likely to occur in the southeast and then only as a
migrant. No known nest~yg of the endangered peregrines
occurs on the Tongass."-
3. Our recent inspection of the Federal Register list~!
showed that the only fish or wildlife species designated
by u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered or
threatened in Alaska are the Eskimo curlew, the American
and Arctic peregrine falcons, and the Aleutian Canada
. goose.
Thus, it appears that only the peregrine falcon might occa-
sionally occur in the general Project area, and that the
Project should have no effect on this species.
A response to our request at your earliest convenience would
be appreciated. If you should have any questions regarding
this matter, please do not hesitate to call me at 312/855~7050.
VerytrP.y~ rE:. Robinson
Project Scientist
Enclosure: Attachment 1
cc:
1/
2/
!/
G. v. Volland
J. H. Thrall
Files
Murray, 0. F. 1980. Threatened and endangered plants of
Alaska. USDA For. Serv. and U.S. Dept. Inter., Bur. Land
Management, 59pp.
Muller, M. 1980. Progress report, Phase II. Threatened
and endangered plants in the Tongass National Forest.
USDA For. Serv. unpubl. report, 30pp. u.s. Forest Service. 1979. Tongass Land Management Plan
Final Environmental Impact Statement, Part 1, page 190.
Alaska Region, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Juneau, Alaska. March 1979.
u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1979. Fish and Wildlife
Service List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife.
50 CFR 17.11; 43 FR 58031, Dec. 11, 1978~ amended by 44 FR
29478, May 21, 1979.
.li:J:.l\:'RZA ENGiNEERiNG CO.
Dale Received
United States Department of the InteriOO:Ited To
IN REPLY REFER TO: SE
Mr. John Robinson
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Dear Mr. Robinson:
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
lOll E. TUDOR RD.
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99503
(907) 276-3800
Classiiied for filiny by ___ _
Pioj~t Humber
Cla:.si!icalion
Subject Designatioa
13 FEB 1981
This responds to your February 2, 1981 request for information c6ncerning the
presence of endangered or threatened species in the vicinity of the proposed
Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska.
Based on the best information currently available to us, no candidate,
proposed or list:ed endangered or threatened species occur in or near the
proposed project area.
Thank you for your consideration of endangered species. If other questions
arise, please contact us.
Sincerely,
)
:: -~ //?.
AssistantRegional Director
I--IARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY CONSULTING ENGINEERS
• 1980 -Our 60th Year •
Dr. Richard E. Logan, Chief
Habitat Protection Section
Alaska Department of Fish and
Game
Subpart Building
Juneau, Alaska 99801
February 4, 1981
Subject: Endangered or Threatened Plant and Animal Species
and the proposed Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric
ProjBct, Prince of Wales Island, Tongass National
Forestt Southeast Alaska
Dear Dr. Logan:
As part of the environmental investigations being conducted
for the Application for Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
License for the subject Project, we are requesting a list of
plant and animal species designated us endangered or threat-
ened by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1 and proposed
and candidate species for such classification, which are known
to occur in the Project Area. Attachment 1 shows the location
of the Project. We have also requested a list of federally-
designated endangered/threatened species from the u.s. Fish
and Wildlife Service Alaska Area Office in Anchorage.
Our information on endangered/threatened species indicates
the following.
l. No plant species officially classiff7d as either
endangered or threatened for Alaska-21 arj1known to
occur in the Tongass National Forest-' ·
2. The U.S. Forest Service has stated that "There are few
threatened or endangered animal species in Alaska. The
Federal Register, October 1976, lists only the Eskimo
curlew, the American and Arctic peregrine falcons, the
Aleutian Canada goose, and the Diomedea albatross. The
Alaska Department of Fish and Game also considers the
15CJ SOUTH WACKER DRIVE CHICAGO. ILLJNOIS 60606
TEL (312Hl55-7000 CABLE HARZENG CHICAGO TELEX 25-3540
Dr. Richard E. Logan
February 4, 1981
Page Two
short billed albatross as endangered.
only the peregrine falcon is likely to
southeast and then only as a migrant.
of the endangered peregrines occurs on
Of these species,
occur in the
No known nest~yg
the Tongass. "-
3. Our recent inspection of the Federal Register list!/
showed that the only fish or wildlife species designated
by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered or
threatened in Alaska are the Eskimo curlew, the American
and Arctic peregrine falcons, and the Aleutian Canada
goose.
Thus, it appears that only the peregrine falcon might occa-
sionally occur in the general Project area, and that the
Project should have no effect on tpis species.
A response to our request at your earliest convenience would
be appreciated. If you have any questions regarding this
matter, please do not hesitate to call me at 312/855-7050.
Very truly yours,
kJL / ~-&~~"-.
OJack Robinson
Project Scientist
Enclosure: Attachment 1
cc:
1/
2/
G. v. Volland
J. H. Thrall
Files
Murray, O.F. 1980. Threatened and endangered plants of
Alaska. USDA For. Serv. and u.s. Dept. Inter., Bur. Land
Management, 59pp.
Muller, M. 1980. Progress report, Phase II. Threatened
and endangered plants in the Tongass National Forest.
USDA For. Serv. unpubl. report, 30pp.
U.S. Forest Service. 1979. Tongass Land Management
Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement, Part 1, page 190.
Alaska Region, Forest Service, u.s. Dept. of Agriculture,
Juneau, Alaska. March 1979.
u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1979. Fish and Wildlife
Service List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife.
SO CFR 17.11; 43 FR 58031, Dec. 11, 1978; amended by
44 FR 29478, May 21, 1979.
.. ,.
-~;~~-
:·'·
. ' . ' ~ '.
~·
...
I
! 111.H
DEP,\RT:tiE:\T Of ... FISH .l.:\1) G.l. :tit:
February 27, 1981
Mr. Jack Robinson
Project Scientist
HARZA Engineering Co.
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, IL 60606
Dear Mr. Robinson:
OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER
I
j I JAYs. HAMMOND, GOVERNOR
I SUBPORT BUILOING
I JUNEAU, ALASKA 9980r
l1Jl...i1.ZA £NC!NE£Rh"G
t:~~~i~ lac fi:Ug bf -----.--
trJ1!lt:l Mdtll3er l U q !?_
C iit'.i.finti:JB
S:!r:srt !\~' ·~~~:."~. (20 (,.-e
Dr. Logan routed your request for information regarding endangered
species in the Black Bear Lake Hydro project area to me for reply. The
Department of Fish and Game recently (1980) reviewed and updated the
list of species to be considered endangered under State Endangered
Species Statutes. This list, as indicated by the Forest Service, includes
only the two subspecies of peregrine falcons that would be of concern to
you, and then only during migration.
There are no other proposed or candidate species for classification
under State statutes which would be of concern to you on this project.
Sincerely,
~\'l\~
Donald E. McKnight
Research Chief
Division of Game
(907) 465-4190
cc: Reed, Habitat, Juneau
Mr. Robert Mohn
Alaska Pov;er Authority
333 West 4th Avenue, Suite 21
Anchorage, Alaska, 99501
Dear Mr. t~ohn,
RE: Hydroelectric Studies,
230 S. Franklin Str~et
Juneau, Alaska 99901
PHONE: 465-4290
vorite Eay, West Creek, Reynolds Creek.
This is in response to those potential hydroelectric sites in southeast
Alaska you asked about in your letter of 3 June 1981. Since we did not
receive your letter until after the date by v-1hich you indicated comlllents
were needed, I decided to wait until proposed initial field surveys of
Favorite Bay Creek v;ere completed by the Commercial Fisheries Division
of Fish and Game. I apologize for the delay, but hope you find the
information useful.
w
l . Re_yno l~ C reek:___!1_:2_~r _ _H_y_c~-~~_r_g_: Contact person: Don Cornelius,
Habitat Biologist, Room 208 State Office Building, 415 Main Street,
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901. phone: 225-5195.
Some data has already been compiled regarding the Reynolds Creek Project
and has been discussed as an alternative to the Black Bear Lake Hydro
project. Appendices C and E in Volume II of the Black Bear Lake Project
Feasibility Report Draft briefly discuss the resources in the Reynold's
Creek area.
Pink salmon are the main resource that could be potentially impacted by
the development of hydropower on Reynolds Creek. Coho salmon have also
been confirmed in the creek. It is probable that chum salmon also use
the same system but this hasn't been confinned. Trout are confirmed but
we have no species break down. Not including the intertidal area the
first 1445 feet of the stream is accessible to pink salmon. There is
8046 square feet of available spa1·ming area. The average escapement for
the last 20 years has been 9454 pink salmon. The even year average is
7382 and the odd year is 11941. Tr1e available peak pink sall1lon sutveys
are presented below:
1963
1966
1972
1973
1974
1975
Year
7700
585
695
13000
20000
15000
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
Year
3010
16000
-10000
8003*
10000
* 3 means more fish were present but conditions prev~ntrd count.
R. Mohn -2-August 24, 1981
Reynolds Creek system supports three lakes-t'Jarge, r~ellen and SUinmit.
F''· '?,
Marge Lake was stocked with Arctic grayling in-~. The lake was
test-netted on August 22, 1975. Though not many fish were recovered,
they were a sustaining population. The lake is small with only a few
feeder streams. Spawning areas may be a limiting factor causing a small
population. The Lake appears to be very productive with freshwater
shrimp consistently the bulk of the grayling feed,
Mellen Lake was not stocked but has received Arctic grayling from
Summit Lake. This lake was test-netted also on July 17-21, 1975.
A small number of fish were captured. All fish appeared to be mature,
but had not spawned. We are unsure whether this is a self-sustaining
population or not.
Summit Lake was stocked in 1962 and 1967 (booster). Test-netting on
September 17-18, 1975 indicated that a large population had established.
There appeared to be two age groups in the sample. Two potential spawning
areas were obs~rved, which could be adversely affected by raising lake
levels. This lake is the best of the three lakes associated with Reynolds
creek.
Wildlife resources are very similar to those found in the Black Bear
Project area. At this point we have no information regarding the relative
abundance of deer and black bear in the project area. This is one of
the topics that may need to be addressed in the proposed baseline studies.
Other terrestrial species which are present include the wolf, river
otter, beaver, mink, marten, red squirrels, flying squirrels, bats
(probably little brown) and various species of microtine rodents. As in
the Black Bear Lake hydroelectric project vicinity many of the 212 avian
species found in S.E. Alaska may potentially occur in the area. Of
these, the bald eagle and many species of loon or other waterfowl which
nest on the lakes in the upper Reynold's Creek drainage would not likely
be impacted. We have no data on their relative abundance or value.
We would recommend that studies similar to those proposed for the Black
Bear Lake project be initiated for the Reynold•s Creek project. Don
Kelly. Area Habitat Biologist, in a September 30, 1980 memo to Jack
Robinson of Harza Engineering CoRpany recommended a series of studies
for the Black Bear Lake Hydro project most of which would be applicalbe
to Reynold 1 s Creek and the other two sites as applicable. The studies
identifed included:
1. Hydrological and limnological work should be initiated on a year-
round basis. Preferably, this work should be continued through the
design phase of the project, since this information will be required
in determining penstock location and drawdown timing. These studies
should include sampling for dissolved gasses and sediment load as
we 11 as flow and temperature measurements for Reynolds Creek.
R. i•iohn August 24, 1981
2. Fish habitat in Reynolds Creek should be identifed and quantified.
Both the quantity and quality of spavming and rearing habitat need
to be identifed. We suggest that detailed stream surveys be performed,
including minnow trapping and electrofishing, to identify areas
used by spawning and rearing salmon and trout.
3. The timing and n•agnitude of spc.'.ming n.inS, emer92nce and outmigtation
must also be determined. Timing of spawning migrations for each
species may differ consi rably and must be taken into consideration
in the sign of any facility and in the timing of periods of
llllnlrnum and inaximum discha Si larly the rE:quirement of incu ting
eggs and pre emergent fry must be taken into consideration during
design and operation.
4. Spavming areas, in r~arge, t·1ellen and Summit Lakes must be identified,
since these resi nt grayling are spring spawners, efforts should
be made to identify spa1·ming areas during April, r~ay and June.
Studies regarding salmon escape~ent and timing should be initiated
i i ately as escapen:ents vary from year to year and collection of good
baseline data ~ill take several years.
Finally, a diversion tunnel from ke Jos hine has also been suggested
fort project. If this is a serious proposal, data collection would
have to be expand to both lake Jo ine and Portage Creek, a major
sal1non stream,
2. vorij£_B~_Cr~fk_,_n_~a r ___ ~_!l_goo_!l Contact person, Dave Hardy, Area
biTaC81ologist, P.O. Box 499, Sitka, Alaska 99835, phone: 747 5828.
vorite Bay Creek is an anadromous fish stream supporting populations
of pink, chum, and coho salmon and Dolly Varden Char. Approximately 1~
to 2 miles above tideland there is a falls which is a block to fish.
Spawning area is present from the inter-tidal area up to 300 to 400
yards low falls were drock s prevalent. Wildlife found in the
area include Sitka blacktail deer, brown bear, bald eagles, furbearers,
hirds and sn~al1 rnamr:,a1s. T studies (1-3) recon1rE:nded for Peynolds
Cre~~ would apply to Favorite Bay Creek also.
3. tact person: Myself at this office.
workina with R.~. Beck and Associates on the West
West C ~k is an anadromous stream which supports
coho and possibly chum salmon, and probably Dolly Varden char. There
may be a barrier falls on the tern, but this has not been verified.
Wildlife s ies present incl GJuntain goat, Sitka blacktail deer,
~rm·m bear, black bear, bald eagles, fu rers, birds and small r:amlllals.
The recol!l~~nded (l-3) studies for Reynolds Creek would also apply to
\·Jest Creek.
R. fljohn -4-August 24, 1981
We look forward to working with you as these projects develop. Please
feel free to contact the appropriate offices directly for further infor-
mational needs.
Sincerely,
--~--::::::>' ~ .-__ ...... I I -\"7 ---K---~-1~---<_z ~ _...___._ .
Richard Reed
Area Habitat Biologist
Regional Supervisor
cc: D. Cornelius, ADFG-Ketchikan
D. Hardy, ADFG-Sitka
I--IARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY CONSULTING ENGif'JEERS
USDA Forest Service
Federal Building
Ketchikan, Alaska 99901
Attention: Mr. Dave Barber
3 December 1981
Recreation and Lands Forester
Subject: Draft Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
License Application for the Proposed Black
Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project on Prince
of Wales Island, Alaska.
Gentlemen:
On behalf of the Alaska Power Authority, Applicant, we are
pleased to transmit herewith a copy in three volumes of the
Draft FERC License Application for the Black Bear Lake Hydro-
electric Project, as requested by Mr. Barber. Also included
is a complete set of full-size prints of maps and design
drawinqs contained in Exhibits J, K, L, and 0. V.le vmuld
appreciate acknowledgement of receipt of this material.
Should you require further information on this or any other
matter regarding the Project, please do not hesitate to
contact me at (312) 855-7050.
Very truly yours,
/);c
·; fl/Jlf '-.
. · /1'-.-v/ r (/l_r/C/~
Encl: As noted
cc: B. Petrie -APA
K. R. Leonardson
Files
150 SOUTH WACKER DRIVE CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60606
TEL (3121855·7000 CABLE HAH?I:'NG CHICAGO 1ELF'X 25<:-1540
ohn P. Robinson
Senior Aquatic Ecologist
and Lead Scientist
Appendix W-E
CONSULTANTS' VITAE
CONSULTANTS' KEY PERSONNEL
HARZ A
Project Manager
Lead Civil Engineer
Lead Environmental
Scientist & Aquatic Ecologist
Field Geologist
Aquatic Ecologist
Terrestrial Ecologist
Wildlife Ecologist
Land Management Specialist
Planning Engineer
Senior Professional Staff
Principal Power Development
Engineer
Principal Geologist
Principal Hydrologist
CH2M HILL
Project Administrator
Lead Civil Engineer
Planner, Economist, Public &
Agency Coordination
Hydrologist
Electric Distribution Engineer
G. v. Volland/K. R. Leonard son
G. J. Kocian
J. P. Robinson
D. c. Frey
J. R. Bizer
J. J. Kuruc
P. L. Ames
R. K. Suttle
B. Trouille
A. E. Allen
E. E. Komie
B. H. Wang
J. Nest
R. Reiland
K. Eberhart
F. Damron
A. Showalter
ENVIRONAID
Project Leader & Hydrologist
Fisheries Biologist
Wildlife Specialist
ALASKARCTIC
Principal Archeologist
Archeologist
D. M. Bishop
A. Milner
L. Smith
G. H. Bacon
C. E. Holmes
DESCRIPTION OF HARZA
Harza Engineering Company is a consulting firm that was established in
1920. Its principal office is in Chicago, Illinois. The address and
communications numbers are:
Harza Engineering Company
150 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
U.S.A.
Telephone: (312) 855-7000
Cable Address: HARZENG CHICAGO
Telex: 25-3540
Consulting services overseas are provided through the affiliated firms
of Harza Engineering Company International, Harza Engineering Company
International, S.A., and Harza Overseas Engineering Company.
Complete Independence and Ownership
Harza is an independent consulting organization directed chiefly by
engineers who are complemented by professionals in related fields. It
does not have any affiliation, direct or indirect, with construction
companies, equipment manufacturers, government agencies or financial
institutions. It is Harza's conviction that complete independence is a
requisite for service devoted to the client's maximum benefit.
Harza is entirely owned by its officers, associates, and professional
employees, with the Board of Directors elected from the officer group.
Thus, all actions taken by the firm are directed by officers who have a
professional responsibility to our clients. All of Harza's owners are
full-time employees of the firm.
Credit Rating and Assets
Harza has a rating of 3Al with Dun & Bradstreet; this is the highest
credit rating on the rating scale established by that firm for companies
of Harza's size. In our latest financial statements, the net assets of
Harza Engineering Company were $7,970,000, and net assets of all the
Harza companies totaled $18,780,000.
~-----------------------------------·-----·---------------------------------------
DESCRIPTION OF HARZA (Continued)
Personnel
Harza and its affiliates currently employ 768 full-time personnel: 603
in the Chicago office and 165 in some 20 affiliated offices throughout
the world. Sixty-five percent of Harza's total personnel are professionals -
engineers or specialists in the sciences. Among our technical personnel,
212 have advanced degrees, including 41 with Doctorates.
Harza is fully staffed and has in-house capability in the disciplines
required for each phase of engineering development. These disciplines
include the traditional fields of civil, structural, sanitary, electrical,
and mechanical engineering, architecture, agriculture, hydrology, geology,
and environmental sciences, and also resource economy, financial and
permitting assistance, ecology, forestry, fish and wildlife, and soil
conservation.
Services
Harza's available services include every phase of the development of a
project: from reconnaissance, through feasibility investigations,
contract documents, design, engineering services during construction,
and on to start-up and operation.
Harza is diversified, with its primary activity being the development
and control of water resources for electrical power, irrigation, flood
control, land reclamation, water supply, and pollution abatement. In
addition, Harza is actively engaged in fields such as: industrial architecture,
agriculture, transportation, telecommunications, underground excavation,
roadways, industrial and municipal solid waste disposal, services to the
mining industries, and a variety of specialized fields.
In-House Computer Facilities
Harza makes extensive use of computers in all its operations including
engineering, management, and accounting. The in-house facilities include
large computers, high speed printers, plotters, remote terminals, and
direct connection to time-shared computer systems.
Training and Technology Transfer
Definite programs for training of our client's technical personnel are
available if such programs are requested. During the past decade, Harza
has provided training for client's engineers and managers from 20 countries;
trainees from six of these countries were hosted in our home office in
Chicago.
tember 1981
-2-
•
ENGINEERING COMPANY
GEORGE V. VOLLAND
Head, Energy Resources Planning Section
Degrees:
Languages:
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
Union College, 1965
Bachelor of Arts in Economics
Union College, 1965
English and Spanish
Professional Engineer -Illinois
Harza Engineering Company since 1967.
-
Head, Energy Resources Planning Section, 1980 to date; Senior Planning Engineer, 1976-80; Planning Engineer, 1967-76.
Experience Highlights:
Responsible for the direction and content of technical, economic and financial studies of hydroelectric and energy
resource projects prepared by the section. Studies include reconnaissance through feasibility reports, FERC license
applications and financing reports required by international lending institutions. Specific assigmments include:
Project Manager for the Black Bear Lake Project, Alaska, through feasibility study and license application to the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Technical, economic and environmental studies were made of the
project which would have a net head of 440 meters and develop 5 MW.
Project Engineer for the Tlingit-Haida Hydropower Studies through prefeasibility study. Technical, economic and
environmental studies were made of four projects located in Southeast Alaska.
f!lroject Engineer for the Sullivan Creek Project, Washington, through license application of the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC). Technical, economic and environmental studies were made of the project which
would develop a capacity of 14 MW uti I izing a head of 170 meters.
Project Engineer for the Center Street Project, Iowa, through appraisal. Preliminary cost and economic studies were
made of the project which would have a net head of two meters and develop 800 kW.
Project Engineer for the valuation of property for tax assessment of three hydroelectric projects owned by Yadkin,
Inc., North Carolina.
Project Engineer for Brazil pumped-storage projects through prefeasibility study. Technical and cost studies were
made of the following two projects: ( 1) the Cipo Project, which would develop a total head of about 550 meters
and have an installed capacity of up to 6,000 MW in multiple stages; and (2) the Primavera Project, which would
develop 1,000 MW utilizing a head of about 100 meters.
Project Engineer for the Kootenai River Hydroelectric Project through license application to the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC). Responsible for preparation of FERC license application for the project, which
would develop a capacity of 144 MW utilizing a head of about 28 meters.
Project Engineer for the Tavera-Lopez Project, Dominican Republic, through feasibility report. Responsible for
technical, economic, and financial studies leading to financing of the project which consists of the expansion of
a 100-MW hydroelectric generating station and a 60-meter high reregulating dam and powerstation having an
installed capacity of 18 MW.
GEORGE V. VOLLAND
Project Engineer for the Chimbo Project, Ecuador, through prefeasibility study. Responsible for coordination of
studies leading to the identification, selection and technical and economic justification of a scheme for the develop-
ment of the hydroelectric resources of the Chimbo River Basin, consisting of a 460-MW development in three
powerstations including a 40-MW pumped-storage project.
Project Engineer for the Betania Multipurpose Project in Colombia, through feasibility report Responsible for
preparation of alternative fill and concrete dam layouts and cost estimates, power operation studies, and economic
evaluations.
Project Engineer for the Santa Cruz System Expansion Project, Bolivia, through feasibility report leading to the
technical and economic justification of the expansion of the system. The project consists of a 16-MW gas turbine
generating plant and a 25-km, 69-kV transmission line and substations.
Assistant Project Manager for the 80-meter high rockfill dam and 270-MW Cerron Grande Project, El Salvador,
through feasibility study; and for the expansion of the CEL system. El Salvador, responsible for power market
analysis, evaluation of existing system, and economic analysis of future expansion programs.
Responsible for econornic studies of water resource developments in the Gauley and Kanawha Basins in West Virginia.
Prepared power, energy, and cost analyses of the Corj;jus Project. Studies included analyses of reservoir elevations
and sites for a proposed 2,000-MW to 9,000-MW hydroelectric development on the Parana River between Argentina
and Paraguay.
Prepared economic evaluations of a 3-pro)ect, 1,200-MW development for the Uribante and Caparo Basins in Venezuela.
Prepared economic and financial analyses of 2,700-MW Yacyreta Project on the Parana River between Argentina
and Paraguay
Prepared a 30-year financial forecast for the Blue Mountain Water Supply Project. Jamaica. as a part of the feasibility
study to support loan application to international lending agencies.
Responsible for the economic justification and layout and cost estimates for the rehabilitation and expansion of the
distribution system for the City of Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, through the feasibility study.
1965 to 1967:
US Peace Corps, Ecuador.
Resident Engineer for the Ecuadorian Institute of Electrification. Responsible for distribution system construction and
maintenance. and for construction of a 1 ,500-kW diesel generating plant.
Technical Papers and Articles:
"An Introduction to Physical Analogues in Economics," unpublished thesis.
1/81
I
ENGINEERING COMPANY
KENNETH R. LEONARDSON
Head, Small Hydro Design
and Fish Facilities Section
Degrees: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
University of Illinois -Hydraulics
Option, 1954
Professional Engineer -Illinois and Washington
Professional Societies:
American Concrete Institute
American Society of Civil Engineers
Harza Engineering Company 1970 to date; 1957-1969; 1954-1955.
Head, Small Hydro Design and Fish Facilities Section, 19 79 to date. Po wer Projects Section: Head, 1978-79; Senior
Engineer, 1972-78; Civil Engineer, 1954-72.
Experience Highlight s:
Lead Engineer for the preparation of a report on fishway stud ies at the Holtwood, Safe Harbor, and York Haven
Hydroelectric Projects on the SuSCiuehanna River. Prepared report for two small hydropower projects for Homestake
Mining Company in South Dakota.
Lead Engineer for a 140-MW hydroelectric plant on the Koot enai River in Montana for the FERC License Application.
Lead Engineer for the 21 0-MW Hrauneyjafoss Hydroelectric Project in Iceland for preparation of contract documents,
review of construction drawings and designs, and assistance during construction.
Prepared feasibility report on the expansion of the Cow litz River Salmon Hatchery in Washington State.
Conducted studies for new intakes for the Dresden and Quad Cities nuclear power plants.
Engineer responsible for design and construction drawing preparation for third unit at Smith Mountain pumped-storage
hydroelectric plant, Virginia.
Lead Engineer for reconstructing an existing hydro plant to a "tube turbine" hydro-generating plant, Cornell, Wisconsin,
through feasibility study, design, and engineering services during construction; and repairs to Upper Occoquan Dam,
Virginia, through preparation of contract and construction drawings.
Supervised the preparation of construction drawings for the spillway of the 200-meter high concrete arch Karun River
Dam, Iran; the morning glory spillway and outlet works for the Electric Lake Dam, Utah; and the gravity water supply
pipeline and trashrack for the River Mill fishway modifications, Oregon.
Prepared report on making waterfalls passable to fish for the Brule and Stewart Rivers, Minnesota.
Participated in the hydraulic and structural design for the Wanapum Dam fish passage facilities and supervised the
preparation of construction drawings for the right bank fish ladder at Wanapum Dam, Columbia River, Washington.
KENNETH R. LEONARDSON
1969 to 1970:
State of Washington, Department of Ftsheries.
Duties included fish hatchery design and inspection of fish facilities throughout the state.
1964:
State of Washington, Department of Fisheries.
Hydraulic Engineer, Research Division.
1955 to 1957:
United States Army, Engineer Corps.
Topographic Surveyor in 320th Engineer Company.
11/79
Date of Birth:
Citizenship:
Degree:
Language:
Professional
Registration:
November 1972
to Date:
HARZA Ef'JGINEERlNG COrv1PANY
GENE J. KOCIAN
Construction Engineer
April 14, 1948
U. S. A.
Bachelor of Science in Civil.Engineering
1971, University of Illinois
English
Professional Engineer -Illinois
Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Illinois.
Cost Estimator, Construction Management Division.
Duties include preparation and review of detailed
construction cost estimates, preparation of construction
schedules, analysis of bids, and technical report
preparation. Performance of these duties is carried
out independently subject only to final review by
the Department Head. Responsible for on-site data
collection and cost estimating for various major
overseas projects, such as the Cerron Grande Project,
El Salvador, 1973; the Nader Shah Project, Iran,
1974; the Behbehan Project, Iran, 1975; and the San
Lorenzo Project, El Salvador, 1975. Prepared the
feasibility estimate and cost appendix for San
Lorenzo Hydroelectric Feasibility Study, 1975.
Prepared cost data and text for "Impact of Fiscal
Constraints on Water Project Construction" for the
Department of the Interior, 1975. Participated in
the preparation of the Engineer's Estimate for the
$1.3 billion Guri Project, Venezuela, 1976.
Recent experience includes participation in preparation
of Engineer's Estimates for civil works construction
contracts for Chicago Tunnel and Reservoir Plan,
Chicago Metropolitan Sanitary District (5 contracts);
Uribante-Doradas Diversion Tunnel, Venezuela; \vest
High Service Center covered water storage tank, Ann
Arbor, Michigan; Kajakai Gates Project, Afghanistan,
1977.
Prepared feasibility or prefeasibility level cost
estimates for El Nispero Hydroelectric Project,
Honduras; Lake Andes-Wagner Irrigation Feasibility,
South Dakota; Skokie Step One (connection to Chicago
TARP system), Skokie, Illinois in 1977.
GENE J. KOCIAN
Construction Engineer
-2-
November 1972
to Date:
(Continued)
July 1971
to November 1972:
August 1978
~f;CJ3c,t
Participated in the preparation of Engineer's Estimates
of general construction contracts for Tavera Bao
Project, Dominican Republic; San Lorenzo Project, El
Salvador; Strontia Springs Dam, Denver, Colorado, in
1978.
Prepared feasibility cost estimates and cost chapter
text for Griffith, Indiana, 205 Flood Study 1978.
Prepared the Engineer's Estimate for Chicago MSD
North Branch Tunnel, 1978.
Act as Head of the Cost Estimating Department in
the absence of the Department Head.
Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Illinois.
Engineer, Power Resources Division. Duties included
calculation of potential energy available at potential
hydroelectric sites, quantity estimates, preparation
and review of technical reports, economic and financial
feasibility analyses, structural stability analyses,
and enviro~~ental studies.
I
.L. · ~ ENGINEERING COMPANY
JOHN P. ROBINSON
Aquatic Ecologist/Fisheries Biologist
Degrees:
languages:
Master of Science in Zoology
University of Wisconsin, 1973
Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry
Michigan State University, 1969
English and Spanish; reading knowledge of Portuguese,
Italian, and technical French and German.
Professional Societies:
American Fisheries Society
American Society of Ichthyologists ard Herpetologists
Harza Engineering Company since 1976.
Environmental Sciences Section : Aquatic Ecologist/Fisheries Biologist, 1976 to date.
Experience Highlights:
Lead Scientist responsible for preparation of Exhibits R, S, V, and W of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC) license application for Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project, Southeast Alaska, including agency coordination
and design and monitoring of field programs.
Lead Scientist responsible for coordination of environmental studies associated with expansion of the Holtwood
Hydroelectric Project, Pennsylvania.
Prepared preliminary technical specifications and capacity requirements for installation of fish hatchery facili t ies
at the Yacyreta Hydroelectric Project, Argentina and Paraguay.
Analyzed aquatic resource costs and benefits of installation of hydropower at Corps of Engineers Summersville
Dam, West Virginia, including aspects of instream flow and water temperature.
Lead Scientist responsible for environmental review of client's Exhibit E of FERC license application for Sullivan
Lake Hydroelectric Project, eastern Washington .
Prepared aquatic resources sections of Exhibit E of FERC license application for Raystown Hydroelectric Project,
Pennsylvania.
Trained client personnel in the use of miniaturized radio telemetry equipment for monitoring fish movements in
the lower Caroni River, Venezuela .
Performed reconnaissance level field studies of five potential hydroelectric sites in Southeast Alaska, with major
emphasis on anadromous salmonids .
Evaluated potential impacts on aquatic organisms, including migrato~ salmonids, of development alternatives for
additional generating capacity at five existing dams on the St. Joseph River, Michigan and Indiana.
Prepared detailed specifications for a two-year fisheries investigation program for the Yacyreta Hydroelectric
Project, Argentina and Paraguay.
JOHN P. ROBINSON
Monitored field studies and prepared aquatic ecology sections of Exhibits S (impacts on fish and wildlife resources)
and W (environmental report) for FERC license application for the Kootenai River Hydroelectric Project, Montana.
Identified potential impacts on fish and wildlife and on the esthetics and recreational use of the Missouri River for
upgrading the water supply intake for the City of Williston, North Dakota.
Identified potential effects of hydropower generation flows on tailwaters fisheries and water quality at existing
flood control dams in the Kanawha River Basin, West Virginia.
Studied aquatic plant conditions in Lake Yojoa, Honduras, to identify potential problems and their causes;
recommended prevention and control measures.
Made recommendations for optimum design of the Lake Andes-Wagner Irrigation Project intake, Lake Francis Case
(Missouri River). South Dakota, to minimize adverse effects on aquatic organisms.
Performed environmental field studies and made recommendations for mitigation of potential adverse impacts of
the El Nispero Hydroelectric Project. Honduras.
Identified potential impacts on fisheries and wetlands resources and on public health of irrigation and flood control
projects in Honduras; recommended mitigation measures and long-range environmental planning programs for the
watersheds.
Identified design parameters, available: biological data, and scope of aquatic studies required for compliance of an
Illinois cooling water intake with federal (Section 316b, PL 92-500) and state requirements to minimize effects on
aquatic organisms. Compared impacts of alternative intake sites and water pipeline routes on stream organisms.
Provided biological criteria for optimum design to minimize mortality of aquatic organisms for expansion of cooling
water intake capacity at Commonwealth Edison Quad Cities and Dresden Nuclear Stations, Illinois.
Assisted in evaluating riverine and reservoir fisheries data, and in making recommendations for further investigative
and fisheries management programs for the San Lorenzo Hydroelectric Project, Rio Lempa, El Salvador.
Evaluated the human use of riverine and marine aquatic resources in the project study area based on data obtained
in Cairo, Alexandria, and Rome for the Oattara Hydroelectric Project, Egypt.
Evaluated the important freshwater shrimp and estuarine fisheries resources of the Lower Morass area for the Black
River Upper Morass Irrigation ProJeCt, Jamaica, and made recommendations for the conservation and management
of aquatic resources in the Lower Morass.
1974 to 1976:
Smithsonian Institution/U.S. Peace Corps Environmental Program; Servicio de Recursos Pesqueros, Direccion General
de Recursos Naturales, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderi'a, El Salvador, Central America. Planned and supervised
fisheries and general biological surveys of maJOr river systems.
1970 to 1973:
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Graduate Research. Responsible for all phases of coho salmon ultrasonic
tracking program in Lake Michigan near Point Beach Nuclear Plant, Wisconsin; marine tracking of sockeye salmon
near Prince Rupert, B.C. Canada.
Technical Papers and Articles:
"Study of Spawning Migration of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Lake Michigan Using Ultrasonic
Transmitters," Master of Science Thesis (on file at Laboratory of Limnology, University of Wisconsin).
Three biological river survey reports from the Servicio de Recursos Pesqueros, Direccion General de Recursos
Naturales, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Soyapango, El Salvador, Central America, in Spanish.
5/81
(
~.A ENGINEERING COMPANY
DAVID ALAN FREY
Engineering Geologist
Degrees:
Languages:
Master of Science in Geology
Ohio University, 1977
Bachelor of Science in Geology
Ohio University, 1970
English and Farsi (Persian)
Professional Geologist -Oregon
Engineering Geologist -Oregon
Professional Society:
Association of Engineering Geologists
Harza Engineering Company since 1972.
Geology Division: Acting Resident Project Manager, Jordan, 1979 to date; Engineering Geologist, Chicago Office,
1978-79; Field Geologist, Jordan, 1977-78; Geologist, Iran, 1973-76; Geologist, Chicago Office, 1972-73.
Experience Highlights:
Acting Resident Project Manager, Jordan Valley Irrigation Project Stage II, Amman, Jordan. Company representative
in Jordan. Duties include client relations, correspondence, contract negotiation and payment, claim settlements, and
company and contract administration for all phases of the project. The major components of the project include the
Maqarin Storage Dam and powerplant, downstream diversion, and conversion and development of irrigation lands.
Office responsibilities include the preparation of the final grouting and foundation treatment report for the Reza Shah
Kabir Hydroelectric Project, Iran, and liaison for the Maqarin Hydroelectric Project, Jordan.
Field Geologist, Maqarin Dam Project, during feasibility and design exploration studies for a 120-m high fill dam .
Duties included core logging, pressure testing, field mapping and office studies, as well as contract supervision,
administration, and payment authorization.
Geologist, Foundations Engineer, and then Foundations Office Engineer for the Reza Shah Kabir Project, consisting
of a 200-m, double-curvature arch dam and a one million-kw powerplant. Duties encompassed all phases of drilling
and grouting works and extensive geological exploration, including adit and foundation excavation, geologic mapping,
contract inspection and supervision, field design, payment authorization, and administration.
Performed geologic office studies on several projects including an evaluation of geophysical survey methods for the
Mount Hope Underground Pumped -Storage Project; geologic field mapping of the Mount Hope Project site area; and
compilation and analysis of rock test data for the Chicago Northside Rock Tunnel Project.
Inspected water pressure testing of core holes and recorded test data for the Bath County Pumped-Storage Project,
Virginia.
DAVID ALAN FREY
Logged core and soil samples and conducted field inspection of drill crews for the Racoon Creek Conveyor
Project, Ohio.
1970 to 1972:
Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.
Worked as a Teaching Assistant in mineralogy, petrology, and elementary geology labs while attending graduate school.
1971:
Arkenhiel and Associates, Consulting Engineers, Charleston, West Virginia.
Supervisor and Inspector for drill crews engaged in coal exploration and evaluation in southeastern Ohio.
1969:
U. S. Steel Corporation, Minnesota.
Worked on geologic and geophysical exploration. Conducted field work with magnetometer, electromagnetics, and
self-potential and induced-potential instruments.
5/79
JOHN R. BIZER
Aquatic Ecologist
ENGINEERING COMPANY
Degrees : Doctor of Philosophy in Biology
Washington University, 1977
Bachelor of Arts in Biology
Elmhurst College, 1969
Profess ional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
International Society for Ecological Modelling
Missouri Prairie Foundation
Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory. Inc.
Harza Engineering Company since 1978.
Environmental Sciences Section: Aquatic Ecologist, 1978 to date.
Experience Highlights:
Responsible for making environmental assessments and writing reports, design of investigation methods for
environmental protection and impact mitigation, and on-site evaluation of actual or potential impacts on aquatic
habitats.
Lead Project Scientist for the Raystown Hydroelectric Project in Pennsylvania. Responsibilities included coordination
and implementation of a fisheries reconnaissance study and an environmental baseline study and the preparation of
the Environmental Report of a FERC license application.
As Project Scientist, designed and conducted field investigations and prepared an Environmental Report for an
aquatic fauna inventory and a water quality survey of a small river in Michigan.
Project Scientist for a nationwide survey of water quality mitigation measures for new and existing dams.
Project Scientist on several projects to study the renovation of existing small hydroelectric facilities.
Reconnaissance-level impact assessment for the Cuff's Run Pumped-Storage Project in Pennsylvania.
Site selection studies for an augmentation reservoir in Pennsylvania and for an underground pumped-storage project
in Illinois.
1978:
Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois.
Assistant Professor of Ecology. Department of Biological Sciences. Taught lecture and laboratory course in General
Ecology; presented seminars in Ecology; and conducted aquatic research and prepared articles for publication in
professional journals.
JOHN R. SIZER
1977:
Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Acting Assistant Professor. Department of Biological Sciences. Taught course in Introductory Biology.
Technical Papers and Articles:
"lnterpopulational Differences in the Life History Patterns of Ambystoma tigrinum from High Elevations," presented
at Annual Meeting of the Guild of Rocky Mountain Population Biologists, 1977.
"Life History Patterns in Ambystoma tigrinum in Montane, Colorado," with 0. J. Sexton, American Midland
Naturalist 99, pp. 101-118, 1978.
"Quantification of Individual Growth in Naturally Occurring Populations," presented at Annual Meeting of the IllinOIS
State Academy of Sciences, 1978.
"Growth Rates and Sizes at Metamorphosis Within and Among Populations of the Tiger Salamander," presented as
part of a Symposium on Amphit:iian Metamorphosis at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists
and Herpetologists, 1978.
"A Between-Clutch Comparison of Hatching Weights in the Lizard Sceloporus undulatus (Sauria: lguanidae)," with
K. R. Marion and 0. J. Sexton. Herpetologica 35, pp. 111-114, 1979.
"Gtowth Rates and Size at Metamorphosis of High Elevation Populations of Ambystoma tigrinum," Oecologia 34,
pp. 175-184, 1978.
1/80
JOHN J. KURUC
Plant Ecologist
Degrees: Master of Science 1r1 Botany
Universrtv of North Ca•o' n<:,
Stichelor of Science ;n Sie;!~~gv
Moravian Col
Hill, 1973
languages: Eng! ish and reading of Frer;;:_r. and S::;anish
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Ecological Society of America
Harza Engineering Company since 1976.
Environmental Sciences Division Plant Ecologist, 1976 to date.
Experience Highlights:
Responsibilities include evaluation of natural resources with particular emphasis on plant communities,
determination of botanical effects of projects, recommendations for mitigatrng actions, and preparation of botanical
sections of environmental reports.
Environmental Task Leader for a feasibility study evaluating alternative construction and operation designs for
increasing the generating capacity of five interconnected low-head hydropower stations on the St. Joseph River,
Michigan and !ndi<ma. Prepared a reconnaissance reoort on the envnonmental effects anticipated from the
modernization and t:xpansron of a low·r.cad t,y,Jrop:.::t:' ~Ullion on lhE Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania.
Environmental Task Leilder lor the preooriH;on of Exhit:.·its R. S, V, and W of a FERC License Application for a
hydropower development orr the Koownai River. t,~or,;ana. '"'rlditional duties included Acting ProJeCt Manager for
coordinating the entire license application to state and federal regula10ry agencies, coordinCiting responses to agency
review comments, and participating in public presentations.
Developed a land reclarnation plan for restoring an iiCa:v::!oned underground mine ;ite and rnirre waste disposal area
in south-central Illinois into a regional wildlife and recrcatron natural resource. Develored a conceptual reclamation
plan for revegetating and providing alternative land uses for lands degraded by temporary flood water storage
behind the proposed Burlington Dam on the Upper Souris River, North Dakota. Also evaluated the potential for
increased mosquito production in stored flood vvaters and recommended appropriate mosquito control and
monitoring techniques.
Environmental Task Leader for a feasibility study of cieveloping conventional hydropower rJr;nerating ca,;abilities at
three existing flood-control dams on the Gauley, Elk. and Bluestone Rivers in West Virginia. The Bluestune River
study also included an environmental assessfl'ent and comparison of alternative upper pumped-storage rt:scrvoir sites.
JOHN J. KURUC
Actrvc ,,n 'Cvveral over:.eas projects. including envirvnrc:o;:ntai c:iilnilgernent programs for the Yacyreta Reservoir
ci>"v::!u:;rr:e:rt on the Rio Pcnana, Argentina and Para:;"ay. Prograrns irwo!verJ and managing reservoir
selected rip<lrian ere~'" sp•:~ies nnd ;Jrovidir1s; v,·ildlrfe habitat and alternatives to
pr•;sPnt idnd use options. Assisted in an economic arra!ysis o' ;;!!':'native u
d,·velop:m::ll in thr Upper Morass of the Black River. j:,-:--.aica.
of ;he ir r
patterns for an agricultural
cievr.lunment of 80.000 acres in
wildlife lrabitat.
Pr an envirormwrnal sr study for ;, ; ~.,,c:;,ar po.ver station cool u,servoir on a tributary of the
1\.'c.!J.:,sh f1iver, Indiana. A.so-•·:ssed ;;qd cornpa:E<J r,:'.vr•owr•"rnal impacts of alternat1ve above-ground pipeline corridors
iur -,,nli•r:; wa1er sup;;!ier in north-rcntral Illinois.
Pi!rtir ip;:Jed in the prq._,;.JratiCJn of the Draft <:::-vire;mnen<al Impact Statement for the rehabilitation of Lock and
Darn No. 1 or' the Miss:ssippi Rrver, Minne~ota.
Env1rurl1T1cntal Task Lender f01 an environrPental siting study of a perched and underground pumped-storage
rcoS(e•vorr complex 1n north-nmtral Illinois.
Evr1! '"te:] thl: r,c,wntia! crnc] pr•~nared a drvr:!owncrna! s;J,e:rrre ior developing flood-compatible outdoor recreation
fiJCII'tics along a 17-rnile urbanr;ed sectron of the Rock River fioodiNay, lllrnois.
1973 to 1976:
Environment Cuf"lsult;;nts, Inc., Dallas, Texas.
Field in residence for a om>year detailed field survey of the flora and fauna of the islands of American
Sdmoa, Rose Awl!, and Swains Island. Designed, coordinated, and conducted field studies analyzing the island's
c!ar11 cormnunities, soil types, fores•.
Statt~!T·c~rns fer iossil iuPi And nuclcd: povver
wiidl:fe habitats, and land-use patterns.
repor:s, including Environmental Impact
''''rating u:ants and rnul!ipurpose reservoir developments in
Texas, North and South Cd·olina, i11drana, Ohio, an::: t<entucky.
R''Vre\ved and evaluated lamJ reclamatiorr programs !or reswring lignite surface strip m~nes, and assessed impacts of
1n:nc r::\Juth pov1er plnnt develup::'fents in c.Jswrn and soc<heastern Texas.
Re··o;:•r:,urcied wild:ife l:al.Jil<ll i':rf'ilnrt:rnent and rna':<;~>:rnem pro~Jrams for proposed resort developments in
Nevv York, Texds, and Mex1co.
1971 to 1973:
University of North Carol1na, Chapel Hill, Norttl Carol1na.
and Rt>sc:arch Ass:stant. lab courses ir> and economic botany, ecology, and plant taxonomy.
Conducted field studies on barrier island plant communities and physiological ecology of individual species.
1968 to 1970:
U.S. /'vrny.
5179
(
I
II
~ ENGINEERING COMPANY
PETER L. AMES
Assistant Head,
Environmental Sciences Division
Degrees:
Languages:
Doctor of Philosophy in Biology
Yale University, 1965
Master of Science in Zoology
Yale University, 1962
Bachelor of Arts in Architecture
Harvard College, 1958
English, Spanish; read German, French
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Ornithologists' Union (life member, elective)
British Ornithologists' Union
Cooper Ornithological Society (life member)
Illinois Association of Environmental Professionals (President)
National Audubon Society (Director, Chicago Chapter)
The Wildlife Society
Harza Engineering Company since January 1973.
Environmental Sciences Division : Assistant Head, 1978 to date; Head, Environmental and Recreation Studies
Department, 1973-78.
Experience Highlights:
Supervise the preparation of environmental impact analyses and sections of other resource management projects.
Prepared environmental assessment report for the Revised Action Programme of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan,
a 25-year agricultural development and water management plan. The report was prepared during a seven-week
visit to Pakistan and was based on prior reports and scientific papers, verbal information received from provincial
and federal resource managers, and direct field observations. Areas of special concern were the effects of flow
reductions on the Indus Delta, and of water management policies on freshwater fisheries, forest resources, range
management, endangered species, human health, and social institutions.
Project Manager for Harza's environmental and pumped-storage design contribution to Qattara Project feasibility
study. The project, located in the Western Desert of Egypt, will create a sub-sea-level salt lake 12,000 sq. km . in
area. Established and supervised a program of data gathering and analysis of desert ecosystems in the Depression
and of human food chains in a broad zone that could be affected by nuclear excavation of the project canal.
Project Manager for environment section of Great Lakes Winter Navigation Extension Program work conducted
for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District. Supervised preparation of two Draft Environmental
PETER L. AMES
Statements and updating of annual reports. Supervised preparation of environmental assessment for the
rehabilitation of the navigation locks for Lock and Dam No. 1 on the Mississippi River at Minneapolis,
Minnesota.
Performed field reconnaissance and prepared environmental impact report for the Stage Ill expansion of Guri
Dam and Reservoir in Venezuela, the San Lorenzo Project, El Salvador, and the Corpus Project on the Rio
Paran6 between Argentina and Paraguay, including evaluation of impacts on physical, biological, social and
cultural characteristics of the project areas.
Conducted aerial and ground survey of northern New Jersey to evaluate the relative importance of nesting mute
swans at a lake intended for pumped storage use.
1968 to 1972:
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, Illinois.
Associate Editor, Life Sciences.
1970 to 1971:
University of Chicago, Extension Division, Chicago, Illinois.
Taught two courses on general environmental problems and two on water pollutton.
1965 to 1968:
University of California, Berkeley. California.
Assistant Professor of Zoology and Assistant Curator of Birds in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Taught
courses on Advanced Ornithology, Vertebrate Natural History, Animal Evolution, and Vertebrate Morphology.
Conducted research on the impacts of agricultural and recreational land use on the ecology of birds and mammals.
1959 to 1965:
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Graduate Student and Research Ass1stant. Studied environmental effects of DDT residues on the biology of ospreys
Technical Papers and Articles:
Sixteen scientific papers on birds, including:
"Some Factors on the Decline of the Osprey in Connecticut," with G. S. Mersereau, The Auk 81 @. pp. 173-185. 1964.
"Effects of Pesticides on Birds of Prey: Ospreys in Connecticut and Maryland," with L. F. Stickel, F. C. Schmidt
and W. L. Reichel, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Circular 226, pp. 4-5, 1965.
"L'histoire nkente du Balbuzard (Pandion haliaetus) dan le sud du Connecticut, U.S.A.," Aves 5 (1). pp. 16-22, 1966. ---
"DDT Residues in the Eggs of the Osprey in the Northeastern United States and Their RelatiOn to Nesting Success,"
Jour. Applied Ecology, Suppl. (1966), pp. 85-95, 1966.
"Planning Preimpoundment Deforestation Programmes," Proceedings, Conference on Hydropower and the
Environment, National Science Research Council, Guyana, 1976.
12/78
I
I
J-JAR.7A ENGINEERING COMPANY
RICK K. SUTTLE
Landscape Architect
Degrees: Master of Landscape Architecture
University of Michigan, 1978
Bachelor of Science in Natural Resources
University of Michigan, 1975
Landscape Architect-in-Training -Illinois
Professional Societies:
American Society of Landscape Architects
National Wildlife Society
Harza Engineering Company since 1978.
Environmental Sciences Division : Landscape Architect, 1978 to date.
Ex~rience Highlights:
c
Responsible for recreation designs. construction drawings, specification writing, planning and impact analyses. and
landscape and visual assessments. Assists in prepa;ation of environmental assessment and impact reports.
Assessed visual impacts of the proposed Kootenai River Hydroelectric Project. Montana. and proposed actions to
mitigate adverse impacts. Prepared the recreation master plan for the project, including Exhibit R of FERC License
appiication. Prepared final plans for recreation area for the Bath County Pumped-Storage Project , Virginia.
Performed the analysis of benefits and adverse impacts of hydroelectric development along the St. Joseph River,
Michigan and Indiana. upon recreation, scenic, and historic resources.
In the area of land reclamation. has worked on spoil disposal and mine reclamation projects. Performed landscape
design for a 150-ft. ski hill in ~uburban Chicago , utilizing rock from the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP).
Assisted in the landscape program for the waste piles of an inactive coal mine in Madison County. Illinois.
1976 to 1978:
University of Michigan . Ann Arbor , Michigan.
Graduate student and teaching assistant. Planned outdoor recreation areas with focus on design princi ples. concept,
site selections and development.
Also worked part-time in Landscape Architect's Office. University of Michigan. Duties i ncluded design, office and
construction supervision. preparation of working drawings, specification writing, and cost est imating.
1975:
Coastal Zone Laboratory. Sea Grant Institute, University of Michigan .
Duties included field research and data ass imilation of i nformation pertaini ng to shore eros ion along the Great
Lakes region.
3/79
1--tAR...ZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
BRUNO TROUILLE
Planning Engineer
Degrees:
Languages:
Master of Science in Industrial Relations
1978, Loyola University. Chicago, Illinois
lngenieur ICAM (Civil and Mechanical Engineer)
1975, lnstitut Catholique des Arts et Metiers
Lille, France
English, French; knowledge of German and Indonesian
Harza Engineering Company since 1978.
Energy Resources Planning Section: Planning Engineer, 1978 to date.
Experience Highlights:
Responsibilities include economic studies, reservoir operation studies, and power and energy forecasts for hydro-
electric and water resources developments. Duties also include basic hydraulic computations.
Led the work effort to produce a report for the Institute of Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
concerning the magnitude and regional distribution of the needs for hydropower in the United States. Duties
included an analysis of the 1978 electric demand and supply situation in 26 separate regions representing the
nation and development of power and energy forecasts for the same regions through the year 2000.
Participated in the power operations, quantity and cost estimates, and economic analysis of the Summersville ·
Lake Modification Study (West Virginia) for the Huntington District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Participated in and wrote a computer program for the economic analysis of hydroelectric prefeasibility studies
of Gartina Creek, Black Bear Lake, Cathedral Falls, and Thayer Creek projects for the Alaska Power Authority.
Participated in technical studies and layouts of dams, intake-outlet structures, water conductors, and underground
powerstations for the following pumped-storage projects: Brumley Gap Project, Virginia (3,000 MW), Cipo Hills
and Primavera Project, Brazil (1,000 MW, and 2,000 to 4,000 MW).
1976-1977:
Schlumberger Technical Services, Singapore. Senior Field Engineer, Indonesia. Provided services to oil companies
in the fields of exploration and production of gas, oil, and water. Conducted a wide variety of measurements, tests,
and controls at well -sites. In charge of a Schlumberger unit, as such supervised a team of technicians and operators
-and worked closely with rig superintendents and geologists. Familiar with offshore, onshore and helicopter
dependent drilling operations.
1975:
Centre d'Essais des Structures, Saint Remy-les-Chevreuse, France. -Research Engineer. Conducted a research study
in the elasticity of prestressed concrete. Participated in several other research studies.
·---··1
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BRUNO TROUILLE
Societe d'lngenierie du Tunnel sous Ia Mer, France. Resident Engineer, Calais, France. Supervised cement
injt:ction and tests for v.:ater tightness during the preliminary philses of the English Channel Tunnel Project.
Also participated in cost/performance analysis of a!ternative construction materials and scheduling of
construction operations.
5/80.
.I LI\R ZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
ARTHUR E. ALLEN
Vice President, Chief Staff
Engineer and Principal Power
Development Engin~r
Degrees: Master of Science in Civil Engineering
Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1939
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Carnegie Institute of Technology, now
Carnegie-Mellon University, 1938
Professional Engineer -Arizona, Illinois, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Virginia and Washington
Professional Societies:
American Society of Civil Engineers (Fellow)
Advisory panel on research in pumped-storage, September, 1968
Power Division Committee on Hydro Power Project Planning and Design, 1969-71
Power Division Research Committee, 1974-77
Harza Engineering Company since 1960.
Vice President, 1971.
Associate, 19 64.
Chief Staff Engineer and Principal Power Development Engineer, 1980 to date. Principal Power Development
Engineer, 1977-80. Principal Hydroelectric Engineer, 1967-77; Civil Section: Assistant Head , 1966-67. Planning
Section : Assistant Head, 1965-66; Senior Engineer, 1962-65; Engineer, 1960-62.
Experience Highlights:
Project Manager for 380-MW Kint ua (Sen eca) Hydroelectric Project, Pennsylvania, through planning, design,
construction and start-up operations, including preparation of Original Cost Statement, F.P.C. Form 6.
Project Director, Methods for Analyzing Hydro Power, National Hydro Study, Corps of Engineers.
Project Director for 144 MW Kootenai River Hydro Proj ect, Montana. FERC License Application.
Project Director, FERC License Application Studies for 19.6 MW Sullivan Creek Project, Washington .
Project Director for the Gavin 15-mile Coal Conveyor Civil Works, a m i ne water supply dam, and the Gavin
and Muskingum Fly Ash Dams, Ohio, through planning, design and engineering services during construction.
Studies : Analysis of power additions (1,200-2,500 MW) Tarbela Dam, Pakistan; conventional and pumped-
storage hydroelectric power at existing Federal dams in the Kanawha River basin, West Virginia; underground
pumped-storage and surface sites in northern Illinois for Commonwealth Edison Company and in Wisconsin for
the Wisconsin -Upper Michigan System ; potential development of Clar i on River 312-MW hydroelectric facility
for Pennsylvania Electric Company; 500-MW Montezuma project for Arizona Power Authority; 240-MW Brookville
project for Public Service Indiana; 525-MW Raystown site for Pennsylvania Electric Company; 2000-MW Merrimac
site for Wisconsin Power & Light Co mpany.
I
1 -
ARTHUR E. ALLEN
Analysis of 1700-MW Stony Creek project for Pennsylvania Power & Light Company and Metropolitan Edison
Company. Assistance in preparation of License Application to Federal Power Commission.
Analysis of 1,000-MW Mount Hope Project, underground pumped-storage and compressed-air storage, for Jersey
Central Power & Light Co. Assistance in preparing license application to Federal Power Commission.
Evaluated alternate tunnel and surface routes for 10-miles of coal conveyor for American Electric Power System.
Review and advice on layouts for 500-MW Havasu project, Arizona Power Authority, Arizona.
Supervised studies of vibratory-induced stresses on Smith Mountain Dam and penstocks for American
Electric Power System and for application to FPC for addition of a reversible pumping-generating unit.
Expert witness on hydroelectric costs for Pend Oreille County Public Utility District in suit with City of Seattle.
Compiled data and computer studies for Niagara project power operation and regulation of Lake Ontario and
testified on various aspects of Great Lakes Diversion case before Special Master, U.S. Supreme Court.
Prepared FPC license applications for existing Deep Creek, Raystown and Warrior Ridge hydroelectric projects
of Pennsylvania Electric Company.
Expert witness for Beaunit F tbers, Inc. for river regulation problems in Alabama.
1958 to 1960:
Non-engineering work.
1940 to 1958:
Aluminum Company of America.
Assistant Chief Power Engineer. Hydroelectric planning, design, and operation related to industrial power use.
Studies, preliminary designs and hydraulic design for numerous hydroelectric dams for aluminum smelting facilities.
Prepared license applications to FPC for power facilities, testified in FPC hearings.
Assisted company officials in negotiations of power contracts with other utility systems.
1941 to 1945:
U.S. Army, Chemical Warfare Service. Railroad operation and track construction.
1939 to 1940:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh District Junior Engineer. Hydroelectric computations and model
studies for design of spillways for dams and flood channel improvements.
As student, summer experience with Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Madden
Dam sluices and Tionesta Dam Spillway.
5/81
I-IAR..ZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
EARL E. KOMIE
Associate and Principal Geologist
Degrees:
Languages:
Master of Science in Geology
University of Texas, 1952
Bachelor of Science in Geology
University of Amona, 1950
English and work.ing kn8wlsdge of Span1sh
Professional Societies:
Assoc:at1on of Engineering Geolog1sts
U. S. Committee on Large Dams
Harza Engineering Company since 1974.
Associate. 1976.
Principal Geologist, 1979 to date. Head, Geology Section, 1974-79.
Experience Highlights:
As Principal Geologist. respons1ble for the safety. eco<~omy. and quat 1ty of the company's geologic work and
application of such work to siting, design and safety of c:vil structures.
As Head, Geology Section, was responsible for the technical direction and administration of geologists. geohydrologists,
and hydrogeoiogists for both dom_estic and international proJects. Ass1gnments included conventional hydro proJects;
conventional and underground pumped-storage hydro projects; tunnels and underground chambers for hydro.
transportation, ;.md urban storm runoff control projects; waste products disposal and pollution control projects;
coal and uranium mmmg projects; and ground-water projects. These projects encompass appraisal through
construction phases.
Major participant in the planning, design, and construction of international proJects in El Salvador, Honduras, Brazil,
Ecuador, Peru, Argentina. Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela, Philippines. and Iceland. Directed geologic, hydrogeologic,
and foundation studies on domestic projects in Arizona, Wyoming, California, South Dakota, Colorado, Montana,
Oklahoma, Texas, Iowa. Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Kentucky, and Virginia. Also d1rected studies that are
nationwide in scope.
1961 to 1974:
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix, Arizona.
Chief, Geology Branch. Directed aJI geotechnical activities for a wide variety of single-pupose and multipurpose
reclamation projects in the Southwestern U.S. Directed all geotechnical activities for the large Central Arizona
Project from rec:mnaissance through construction phases. Directed local and regional ground-water investigations
and participated in water resources p:anning. Directed an interagency geologic feasibility investigation in the
Salton Sea. California. mvolv:ng a 20-mile dike to be constructed within the sea. Participated ,n safety-of-dams
EARL E. KOMIE
inspections for Salt River Project in Arizona, U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs in Amana, California, and 1-Jew Mex1co,
and for the Arizona Game and Fish Department. Advised U.S. Bureau of Indian Affa1rs on remed1al treatment
of leaky reservoirs in Arizona and New Mexico. Served as official reclamation geological representative tor the
use of nuclear explos1ves in civil engineering works (plowshare program), and for an Arizona interagency land·
subsidence comm1ttee.
1956 to 1961:
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.
Engir.eering Geologist. Performed geologic mapping, conducted subsurface investigations for foundations and
construction materials, and prepared memoranda and reports on portions of the following: Cas1tas Dam, Monticello
Dam, San Luis Dam, Trinity Dam, Spring Creek Debris Dam, Herndon Dam, and Spring Creek Tunnel. Conducted
local and regional ground-water stuo1es in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and along the Northern
California coastal area.
1954 to 1956:
Crane Company, Chicago, Illinois.
Minmg Geologist.
1952 to 1954:
Dan Krails and Associates, Consulting Petroleum Geologist, Abilene, Texas.
Research Geologist.
Technical Papers:
"·Regional Studies for Underground Energy Storage Development," presented at the 1978 ASCE Power Divis1on
Meeting, Chicago, lllinots.
"The Changing Rule of tl--te Ground-Water Reservoir in And Lands," presented in the 1969 Arid Lands in Changing
World Conference, American Association for the advancement of Science, Tucson, Arizona.
"Geology of Red Bluff Lake Area, Texas," Unpublished Thesis.
2/80
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I--IAR..-zA ENGINEERING COMPANY
BI-HUEI WANG
Associate and Principal Hydrologist
Degr e es:
La nguages:
Doctor of Philosophy in Hydrology
Utah State University, 1970
Master of Engineering in Hydraulics
Asian Institute of Technology
Bangkok, Thailand, 1967
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering
Taiwan University, Taip-ei, Taiwan, 1955
English, Chinese, and Japanese
Professional Engineer -Illinois
Professional Societies:
American Geophysical Union
American Society of Civil Engineers
American Society of Mining Engineers
Harza Engineering Company since 1972.
A ssociate and Principal Hydrologist, 1979 to date.
Hydrology Section: Assistant Head, 1978-79; Senior Hydrologist, 1972-78.
Experience Highlights :
As Principal Hydrologist, establishes basic planning and design concepts, approves design criteria and reviews and
approves hydrologic analyses of all types for quality for analyses and results.
As Assistant Head of the Hydrology Section, directed, supervised, and performed hydrologic analyses of all types,
such as determination of spillway design floods, flood frequency analyses, determination of dependable water yield,
reservoir operation studies, stochastic hydrology, sediment analyses, and mathematical simulation of water resources
systems.
Directed comprehensive hydrologic analyses for the San Lorenzo hydroelectric project in El Salvador, the Jordan
Valley irrigation and hydropower project in Jordan, the Black River Upper Morass irrigation and drainage project
in Jamaica, and the Northeastern Honduras hydroelectric site survey in Honduras.
Directed probable maximum flood analyses and reservoir operation studies for the Kajakai irrigation, hydroelectric,
and flood control project in Afghanistan and probable maximum flood analyses for Guri Project in Venezuela.
Participated at review level capacity in the comprehensive hydrologic studies for the Betania and Sogamoso hydroelectric
projects in Colombia, Guri and Uribante-Caparo hydroelectric projects in Venezuela, Chimbo hydroelectric project
in Ecuador, and Puyango-Tumbes irrigation and hydroelectric project in Peru and Ecuador.
Lead Hydrologist for review of flood analyses for the Aliens Creek nuclear power project, Texas, and the Ouanicassee
nuclear power project, Michigan, for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Project Engineer for a study of water supply and demand relationship for a proposed lignite fuel power project,
North Dakota.
I
Bf-HUEI WANG
Lead Hydrologist for development of the Caroni River streamflow forecasting system in Venezuela.
Directed thermal discharge and supplementary cooling studies for Dean H. Mitchell Station in Indiana for the Northern
Indiana Public Service Company and hydrothermal modeling for Black Dog Station in Minnesota for Northern States
Power Company.
Directed flood and low flow analyses for the 1710-MW Stony Creek pumped-storage project, Pennsylvania, in
connection with FPC license application.
Estimated the reservoir sediment deposition and downstream degradation for the Foothills Water Supply Protect,
Colorado, and the Powder River Water Supply Project, Wyoming.
Directed flood operation study for Bath County Pumped-Storage Project in Virgin1a and dam failure analyses for
Piney Project in Pennsylvania.
1967 to 1972:
Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
Teaching Assist<mt, Research Assistant, and Research Engineer. Assignments 1ncluded the following: instructing
hydraulic experiments; directing graduate students' research programs toward M.S. and Ph.D. degrees; and develllfiiiH:nt
of mathematical models and com!)uter programs for simulating hydrologic and water resources systems.
1967:
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Bangkok, Thailand.
Civil Engineer. Pamong Project. Assignments included determination of irrigation requirements, computer
programming, and comprehensive water resources development planning.
1966 to 1967:
SEATO Graduate School of Engineering (presently Asian lnst1tute of Technology), Bangkok, Thailand.
Graduate Assistant and Research Associate. Duties included research in hydrology and instruction ot graduate
hydraulic experiments.
1956 to 1965:
Taiwan Water Conservancy Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan.
Junior Engineer; Associate Engineer; Chief, Survey and Design Team, Shih-men Rotation Irrigation Project.
Assignments included the following: hydraulic and structural design of irrigation and drainage structures; hydrolo\Jic
and economic analyses of dramage and tide prevention projects; and supervision and review of water resources
planning and design of all types. Was honored by the Governor of Taiwan in 1959 and was awarded the Outstanding
Engineer Award by Taiwan Water Conservancy Bureau in 1963.
Technical Papers and Articles:
"Insolation on Natural Watershed," M. Engineering Thesis, SEATO Graduate School of Engineering. Bangkok,
Thailand, 1967.
"Influence of Mountain Groundwater on Streamflow," with Roland W. Jeppson. Utah Water Research Laboratory,
Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1970.
"Combined Surface Water -Groundwater Analysis of Hydrological System with the Aid of the Hybrid Computer,"
with W.J. Morris, N.W. Morgan. and J.P. Riley, American Water Resources Association Conference, Las Vegas.
Nevada, November 1970.
"Evaporation from Shallow Lake," with J.P. Riley, American Water Resources Association Conference, Washinyton,
D.C. October 1971.
"Hybrid Computer Simulation of Groundwater Regimes," Fall Annual Meeting ot the American Geophysical
Union, San Francisco, California, December 1971.
"Water Resources Management Model, Upper Jordan River Drainage, Utah," with Felix, Gold, Jones, and Riley,
Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, March 1973.
"Manual for Probable Maximum Flood Analyses," Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Illinois, January 1981,
with K. Jawed, N. Pansic, N. Schickedanz.
5181
CH2rJf HILL
Project Administrator for CH2M HILL responsibilities on the
FERC License will be Jack West. Mr. West has 18 years pro-
fessional experience as a consulting electrical engineer in
Alaska. He is intimately familiar w5th the Southeast Alaska
Region and has conducted site specific technical and eco-
nomie feasibility studies for hydroelectric developments at
Ketchikan, Petersburg, Wrangell, Kodiak, Haines, Skagway and
other Ala:.skan communities.
Hydrologic responsibilities for the FERC License preparation
will be managed by Floyd Damron. Mr. Damron is responsible
for all water resources projects in the Alaska region for
CH2r.1 HILL. He has been involved in feasibility work for
hydroelectric developments at Haines, Skagway, Seward and
Cordova.
Ron Reiland 'Vlill be responsible for Topographic and Field
Surveys for the project. Mr. Reiland has an extensive back-
ground in the survey and civil aspects of hydroelectric pro-
jects, including layout and design of access roads, survey
and design of penstocks and transmission lines and various
types of control surveys. At the current time he is a Divi-
sion fl1anager for CH2M HILL • s Alaska office, where he is in
charge of civil engineering, surveying and planning pro-
jects.
Cost Analysis for the FERC License application will be a
very close, joint HARZA/CH2rJJ HILL effort. Recent hydro
development unit cost reviews will be conducted by CH2~~ HILL
project participants for synthesis by HARZA. All CH2M HILL
project organization personnel will participate with HARZA.
Public Agency Coordination will be managed by Katie Eber-
hart. r1s. Eberhart will have multiple functions in plan-
ning, economics, and environemtnal science research.
Electric Distribution system planning and design vlill be
managed by A. W. Showalter assisted by M. J. Girard.
Mr. Shov1alter joined CH2M HILL in October, 1979. His pre-
vious enperience included work for consulting fi~s, a state
cornQission, and various Federal agencies.
Hs. Eberhard joined CH2l1 HILL in , 1979 as a member of the
planning and economics department in the Anchorage Regional
Office. She is responsible for environmental impacts anal-
yses, land use planning, resource planning and development,
and market demand and economic feasibility studies. Ms.
Eberhart's background in land use planning, real estate
development, and economics enables her to identify and
evaluate potential impacts of proposed projects on the phys-
ical, social, and economic environments.
ENVIRONAID
Leigh Smith has operated :.:iackcountry c.:amps in Connecticut, Washington,
Alaska, and Yukon Territory, Canada, He worked five seasons in Glacier
Bay National Park as a field biologist recording observations for a
large mammal survey, and studying the flora and fauna of Southeast Alaska.
He has canoed thous.ands of miles in the north and as an active outdoorsman
has hunted and tracked for twenty years. He is currently nearing completion
of a B.A. in American History.
1
Alexander Milner, M.Sc. University of London, conducted dissertational
studies of streams in Glacier Bay National Monument to determine patterns
of colonization and succession in streams following glacial recession. He
instructed courses at the University of Alaska, Juneau,in Limnology and
Aquatic Entomology. He anticipates receiving his doctorate in hydro-
biology in Spring, 1982 from the University of London.
Daniel Bishop, Project Leader and Coordinator of Black Bear Creek environ-
mental investigations, has extensive experience with the bio-hydrology of
coastal Alaskan streams. Dan worked 11 years as a research scientist and
a hydrologist for the U.S. Forest Service in Southeast Alaska before begin-
ning land-t..rater resource consultant t..rork in 1973. He has extensive exper-
ience dealing with salmon habitat, salmon hatchery siting, water quality
control and land planning efforts.
ALASKARCTIC I'
Alaskarctic is a minority (Alaskan Athapaskan, Adele Bacon)
owned firm extablished in 1977 as an alternative to
university based archeological expertise in Alaska. At
the present time Alaskarctic maintains one full-time
archeologist (Glenn Bacon) on staff, and an additional
archeologist (Charles Holmes) and an historian {Terrence
Cole) are affiliated with the firm. In addition,
contractual commitments require the hiring of additional
staff archeologists during the summer months .
• The Alaskarctic lead archeol~gist is qualified by over
ten years of Alaskan archeology experience --experience
which covers all regions of Alaska. In addition he has
past experience as acting Alaska State Archeologist and
as Lecturer and Research Associate in Archeology with the
University of Alaska. He is certified by the Society of
Professional Archeologist in {1) Field Archeology, {2)
Laboratory Archeology, {3) Culteral Resource Management,
and (4) Archeological Administration.
The Alaskarctic office and library are located in Fairbanks,
Alaska. In addition to the administrative office, the firm
maintains a 400 square foot laboratory and a dark room.
Our Anchorage affiliate archeologist also maintains a
laboratory facility, including a dark room.
I'
The Alaskarctic library, while small, boasts one of the
best collections of unpublished manuscripts concerning
Alaskan archeology in the State. In addition, several
rare and out-of-print books are available.
Permanent curatorial services are provided courtesy of
the University of Alaska.
Glenn H. Bacon
Personal;
Education
Present Position:
"'iemberships:
Certification:
Awards:
Relevant Field
Work and Research:
I,
VITA
born: 11 August 1947, Portland, Oregon
married: Adele J. Michel, no children
Alaska Resident for over 25 years
B.S., Anthropology, University of
Alaska, 1970
M.A., Anthropology, University of
Alaska, 1972
Ph.D., Anthropology, candidate,
Brown University
Consultant Archeologist, Alaskarctic
Alaska Anthropological Association
American Anthropological Association:
American Society for Conservation ·
Archeology
Society for American Archeology
Society of Professional Archeologists
Certified by the Society of Professional
Archeologists for:
Field Research
Collections Research
Archeological Administration
Cultural Resource Management
1971 Geist Fund Memorial Award
1979
1978
Consultant Archeologist,
conducted the following contract
archeological research:
Archeological Survey and Cultural
Inventory at Fort Greely, Alaska
Archeological Survey for the
Alaska Petrochemical Company
Development near Valdez, Alaska
Archeological Survey of Selected
Portions of the Upper Susitna
River Basin, Southcentra1, Alaska
(two phases)
I'
1978
1976-77
1976
1975
1974-75
1974
1974
1973
Archeological Survey of Selected
Portions of Texas Range, Fort
Greely, Alaska.
Archeological Survey of Selected
Environmental Monitoring Sites
Associated with the Quartz Hill
Molybdenum Project, Tongass
National Forest, Southeast,
Alaska.
Research Associate in Archeology,
University of Alaska Museum,
responsible for maintaining a
self supporting archeological
research program, proposal writing,
contract negotiation, field
research, report writing.
(Jan.-June) Teaching Assistant,
Department of Anthropology,
Brown University, Providence,R.I.
(summer) Archeologist with the
Office of Statewide Cultural
Programs, responsible for main-
taining control of field archeo-
logy on State Lands, appraising
,archeological sites for future
excavation, recommending action
to mitigate the effects of
developmental projects on archeo-
logical resources.
(winter) Consulting Archeologist,
to Office of Statewide Cultural
Programs, Alaska Division of Parks.
(May-Oct.) Supervisory Archeologist,
directed field surveys and excav-·
ations along the Alyeska pipeline
route from Galbraith Lake to
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska.
(summer) Principal Investigator,
archeological survey and excavations
at the Long Lake Wayside, South-
central, Alaska.
(Sept.) Limited test excavation at
the Dry Creek Site, Lignite, Alaska.
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1973
1971-72
1971
1970
1967-68
1967
1966
Publications
and Manuscripts: 1980
1979
1978
(Feb.-May) Lecturer, University
of Alaska, Anchorage, Department
of Anthropology.
(winter) Teaching Assistant,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks,
Department of Anthropology.
(June-Sept.) Principal Investigator,
archeological survey and excavations
near Murphy Lake, Arctic Foothills,
Alaska.
(May) Limited test excavation
at the Campus Site, College, Alaska.
{Sept.) Field Director, archeo-
logical test excavation at the
Tieman Homestead, Ninilchick,
Alaska.
(Sept.-Jan.) Research Assistant,
cataloging and preliminary
analysis of Point Hope Tigara
and Ipiutak assemblages.
(August) Field Assistant,
archeological salvage and eval-
uation, Point Hope, Alaska.
{Sept.-Jan.) Laboratory Assistant,
cataloguing Campus Site Material,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks,
Department of Anthropology.
with Charles Holmes
Archeological Survey and Cultural
Resource Inventory at Fort Greely,
Alaska. {150 pp., report to the
Army Corps of Engineers under contract
DACA-85-78-C-0045)
Archeology Related to Alaska Petro-
chemical Company Development near
Valdez, Alaska. (25pp.,report to
Dickinson-Oswald-Walch-Lee Engineers)
Archeological Survey of Selected
Environmental Monitoring Sites -
U.S. Borax & Chemical Corporation
Quartz Hill Molybdenum Project,
Tongass National Forest, Southeast
Alaska (4pp., report to VTN
environmental consultants)
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1978
1978
1978
1978
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977
Archeology Near the Watana Damsite
in the Upper Susitna River Basin.
(23 PP·t report to the Army Corps
of Engineers under Contract DACW-
85-78-C-0034)
Archeology in the Upper Susitna
River Basin 1978. (59pp., report
to the Army Corps of Engineers
under Contract DACW-85-78-C-0017)
The Denali Complex as seen from
Long Laket Southcentral Alaska,
paper prepared for the Fifth
Annual Meeting of the Alaska
Anthropological Association,
Anchorage.
Final Report on the Archeological
Survey of the ~~-1 Tank Range,
Fort Greely, Alaska., report to
the Army Corps qf Engineers under
Contract NPASU-~8-78-41, 16pp.
The Prehistory of Alaska: A
Speculative Alternative., in
Prehistory of the North American
Sub-Arctic: The Athapaskan
Question, J. Helmer & S. Van
Dyke & F. Kense, eds., Univ.
of Calgary, Canada.
with D. Plaskett
A Report on the Pre-Construction
Archeological Survey of the New
Museum Site, University of Alaska,
Fairbanks.
A Preliminary Narrative Report on
the 1977 Excavations at the
AMAKNAK BRIDGE SITE, Aleutians,
Alaska.
with P. Bowers
Report on a Pre-Construction
Archeological Survey near Nelson
Lagoon, Alaska.
Report to the Alaska Division of
Aviation on an Archeological
Survey at Noorvik and Point Hopet
Alaska.
I •
1976
1976
1975
1975
The Prehistory of Alaska: A
Speculative Alternative.,
paper prepared for the 9th
Annual Conference of the Univ.
of Calgary Archeological
Association, Calgary, Canada.
Comment on Robert A. Paul's
"Athapaskan Personality Again",
American Anthropologist, 78 (1) :115.
Heritage Resources Along the
Upper Susitna River., Misc.
Publications, History and Arch-
eology Series Number 14, Office
of Statewide Cultural Programs,
Anchorage.
The Impact of Recent Federal
Legislation on Historic Preser-
vation Efforts in Alaska.,paper
prepared for the 2nd Alaskan
Anthropology Conference, Univ.
of Alaska, Fairbanks.
1975 Preliminary Testing at the Long
Lake Archeological Site., paper pre-
pared for the 2nd Alaskan Anthropology
Conference, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks.
1974 •with E.J. Dixon, Jr.
A Reply to Hippler's "The
Athapaskans of Inteior Alaska:
A Culture and Personality
Perspective", American Anthro-
po 1 og is t , 7 6 { 3 ) : 56 9-5 71 .
1972 Archeological survey and Excav-
ation near Murphy Lake, in the
Arctic Foothills, Northern
Alaska. , M.A. thesis, Department
of Anthropology, University of
Alaska, Fairbanks.
1971 Archeological Survey and Excav-
ation near Murphy Lake in the
Arctic Foothills, in ALES
Archeological Survev and Excav-
ations., pp. 208-271, J. Cook
editor, Department of Anthropology,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
Charles E. Holmes
Personal:
Education:
Military Service:
Present Position:
Memberships:
Certification:
Grants/Awards:
Relevant Field
Nork and Research:
I •
VITA
born: 30 September 1942
married: Dianne Gudgel, no children
B.A., Anthropology, University of Alaska,
1970
M.A., Anthropology, University of Alaska,
1974
Post-graduate studies in archeology,
University of Calgary, 1974-75
Post-graduate studies in archeology,
Washington State University, 1977-78
Army Security Agency, 1961-64, Honorable
Discharge.
Consultant Archeologist
Alaska Anthropological Association
Alaska Historical Society
American Anthropological Association
Arctic Institute of North America
Canadian Archaeological Association
Society for American Archeology
Certified by the Society of Professional
Archeologists for:
Field Research
Collections Research
Cultural Resource Management
1972 Geist Fund Memorial Award
1977 Field Director, archeological
excavation of the Gerstle River
Quarry Site, Tanana Valley, Alaska.
1976 Field Director, archeological survey
along the Alaska Highway between Tok
and Delta Junction, Alaska.
1973-Project Director, Lake Minchumina
present Archeological Project, Alaska.
.charles Holmes -VITA
Page 2
Publications
and Manuscripts:
I'
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1971
1970
1969
Project Director, archeological
survey in the Nenana Valley, Alaska.
Field Director, preliminary
investigations at the Dry Creek
archeological site, Lignite, Alaska.
Project Director, Archeological
survey in the Lower Tanana River
Valley, Alaska.
Project Director, archeological
excavations in Bonanza Creek Valley,
north-central Alaska.
Co-Assistant Investigator,
Archeological excavation of 49-RAT-31,
Amchitka Island, Alaska.
Crew Chief, archeological survey
and excavations along the proposed
trans-Alaska pipeline route, south-
central Brooks Range and north-
c~ntral Alaska Range, Alaska.
Cre'v Member, archeological excavations
at the Healy Lake Site, Alaska
1975. A Northern Athapaskan Environment
System in Diachronic Perspective,
in Western Canadian Journal of
Anthropology, val. 3-4: 92-124.
1974 Antiauities Resources of Alaska
{six volumes}, Resource-Planning
Tea~, Joint Federal-State Land Use
Planning Commission for Alaska,
Anchorage.
1974 Preliminary Testing of a Microblade
Site at Lake Minchumina, Alaska; in
Proceedings of the International
Conference on the Prehistorv and
Paleoecology-of the Western North
k~erican Arctic and Subarctic, Calgary.
1973 The Archeology of Bonanza Creek,
North-Central Alaska; unpublished
M.A. thesis, University of Alaska.
:charles Holnes -VI7A
Page 3
Conference Papers:
I •
1973 Report of Archeological Survey,
the Lower Tanana River Region, 1972;
Universitv of Alaska Muse~ Newsletter,
April 1973.
1976 3000 Years of Prehistory at Minchumina:
the Question of Cultural Boundaries;
paper presented at the 9th Annual
Conference of the Calgary Archaeological
Association, Calgary.
1975 Powers, W.R. & R.D. Guthrie & T.D.
Hamilton & C.E. Holmes
A Late Paleolithic Site at Dry Creek,
Central Alaska; paper presented at
the All-Union Symposium on the
Correlation of the Ancient Cultures
of Siberia and adjoining Territories
of the Pacific Coast, Novosibirsk.
1974 Form, Function and Material: Techno-
logical Aspects of Prehistoric Eskimo
Toggle Harpoon Heads; paper presented
at the 8th Annual Conference of the
Calgary Archaeological Association,
Calgary.
1974 Archeological Investig~tions in Central
, Alaska During 1973i paper presented at
the 39th Annual aeeting of the Society
for American Archeology, Washington, D.C.
1974 New Evidence for a Late Pleistocene
Culture in Central Alaska: Preliminary
Investigations at Dry Creek; paper
presented at the 7th Annual Meeting of
the Canadian Archaeological Association,
Nhitehorse.
1972 & E. James Dixon & John Cook
49-RAT-32, Amchitka Island; paper
presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of
the Society for American Archeology,
Bar Harbor.
1972 Archeological Materials from the Upper
Koyukuk River Region, Alaska: The
Proble~s of Affinities and Dating;
paper presented at the 37th Annual
Meeting of the Society for American
Archeology, Bar Harbor.
···Charles Eol:~~es -VIT2\
?age 4
Research Reports:
I'
1977 & R.G. Dixon
Archeological Investigations at
CHK-11 on the Chignik River; report
to the Alaska Department of Fish and
Game.
1977 Progress Report on Archeological
Research at Lake Hinchumina, Central
Alaska; report to the State Historic
Preservation Officer and to the
University of Alaska.
1976 Archeological Survey Along the Alaska
Highway Between Delta Junction and Toki
report to the Alaska Department of
Highways.
1975 Archeological Report: Preliminary
Survey of the Proposed BLM Campground
Project at Paxson Lakei report to
Bureau of Land Management,·· Anchorage.
'!
1975 Archeological Survey in the Nenana
Valley: A Preliminary Assessment;
report to Alaska Division of Parks
under Contract PL 89-665.
1975 Archeological Investigations in Central
• ·Alaska During 1974; report to the
Alaska Division of Parks.
1972 A Brief Archeological Survey Around
Lake Minchumina, Central Alaska;
report to the Alaska Division of Parks.
1972 Report of Archeological Survey, the
Lower Tanana River Region, 1972.
report submitted to the Alaska Division
of Parks, Anchorage.
Appendix W-H
HYDROLOGY REPORT
Exhibit H
Appendix A
HYDROLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Basin Description
Climate
Streamflow
Streamflow Records
Flow Synthesis for Black Bear Lake
Flow Synthesis Downstream of Black Bear Lake
Floods
Probable Maximum Flood
100-Year Floods
Flood Frequency Curves
Reservoir Routing for Spillway Design
Low Flow Frequency
Evaporation
Sedimentation
References
HA-i
HA-l
HA-4
HA-6
HA-6
HA-6
HA-9
HA-17
HA-17
HA-17
HA-22
HA-24
HA-26
HA-30
HA-31
HA-33
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
LIST OF PLATES
Location Map
Drainage Area Map
Basin Elevation vs. Runoff
Monthly Percent of Annual Runoff
Monthly Average Flow
1946-Low Flow Year
1944-Average Flow Year
1949-High Flow Year
Black Bear Lake Unit Hydrograph
Black Bear Lake-Probable Maximum Precipitation
and Inflow Hydrograph
Black Bear Lake-100 Year Precipitation and Inflow
Hydrograph
Momentary Peak Flood Frequency Curves
Spillway Design Curve
Black Bear Lake PMF Inflow and Outflow Hydrographs
7-, 14~, 30-Day Low Flows
LIST OF TABLES
Ketchikan Average Precipitation and Temperature
Area Stream Gages
Black Bear Lake Monthly Runoff Percent
Black Bear Lake Outflow Rating
Black Lake Outflow Rating
100-Year Flows
100-Year Flood Derivation
Average Monthly Evaporation Losses, Juneau Airport
HA-ii
HA-2
HA-3
HA-10
HA-12
HA-13
HA-14
HA-15
HA-16
HA-18
HA-19
HA-21
HA-25
..
HA-27'
HA-28
HA-29
HA-4
HA-7
HA-9
HA-20
HA-22
HA-22
HA-23
HA-30
HYDROLOGY
BASIN DESCRIPTION
Black Bear Lake is located on Prince of Wales Island eight miles east of
Klawock and nine miles northwest of Hollis, Alaska (Plate 1). The lake
is approximately at elevation 1 ,650 feet, National Geodetic Vertical Datum
(mean sea level), and has a surface area of 0.30 square miles. The·
total drainage area for Black Bear Lake (including the lake) is 1. 82 square
miles (Plate 2) •
The drainage basin is about two miles long with the lake extending about
70 percent of this length. The basin is oriented in a northwesterly
direction. Ground slope Is very steep and averages 60 percent. Approx-
imately 80 percent of the 5.5-mile basin divide length exceeds 2,500 feet
in elevation with peaks to 3, 996 feet. The average distance from the
basin divide to the lake is about 2,200 feet. The mean basin elevation
of 2,410 feet makes Black Bear Lake one of the highest basins on Prince
of Wales Island.
The drainage basin is very rocky with only about ten percent of the
drainage forested. Most of the trees are located at the lower elevations
near the lake. The upper elevations consist of bare rock and light
brush, grasses, and moss. Several avalanche paths and talus slopes
from the high rocky peaks extend into Black Bear Lake.
Black Creek leaves Black Bear Lake and drops 1 ,400 feet by a series of
falls and rapids within 0.6 miles. The stream trends i~ a northwesterly
direction to Black Lake (Plate 2), 1.7 miles downstream of Black Bear
Lake and about 1 ,600 feet lower in elevation. Black Lake is about
0.8 miles long and has a total drainage area of 7.39 square miles. The
stream leaving Black Lake flows in a northerly direction for three miles
to tidewater at Big Salt Lake (Plate 2). The total drainage area of Black
Creek at tidewater is 17.46 square miles. The basin below Black Bear
Lake is heavily forested.
3t:a HA-l
0
SCALE: APPROX. 1•: 30 mllea
LEGEND:
S-STREAM GAGE STATIONS
( See Station Namea below )
·-WEATHER STATIONS
1. BIG CREEK
2. NECK CREEK
. 3. STANEY CREEK
4. KLAWOCK RIVER
5. NB TROCADERO CREEK
6. KART A CREEK
. 7. MA YBESO CREEK
8. HARRIS RIVER
9. INDIAN CREEK
10. VIRGINIA CREEK
0
DIXON ENTRANCE
11. CABIN CREEK
12. OLD TOM CREEK
13. REYNOLDS CREEK
14. UPPER MAHONEY LAKE
15. MAHONEY CREEK
LOCATION MAP
PLATE I
HA-2
-ro;Ml
~
I' I 10
~~:'Jill
· INCREMENTAL
DRAINAGE AREAS
(A) .. OUTLET TO BLACK BEAR
LAKE DA.-:1.82. sq.mi..
r' .
'·--~ (B).INLET TO BLACK LAKE
~~~~~~~-F~~~7:~t2: D..A.:~. 48 sq.ml
,~(Cl..OUTLET TO BLACK LAKE
D.A.::t.oa aq.mL
1JID~~~~~(D);;.MOunt OF BLACK CREEK
El..A--ta.a?' aq;mL
DRAINAGE AREA MAP
HA-3 PLATE 2~~~
CLIMATE
The climate of the area is maritime in nature. The climate is humid and
is typified by mild temperatures and heavy precipitation. Small diurnal
temperature fluctuations and relatively small mean temperature changes
from· season. to season are characteristic of the region. The pacific air
is the moderating influence, but temperature extremes in both winter
and summer reflect occasional air mass invasions from Canada.
The climate in southeastern Alaska is closely related to the numerous
low pressure systems created in the Aleutians. The storms move easterly
along the mainland cold front across the Gulf of Alaska to southeastern
Alaska. The low pressures create cyclonic wind patterns that rotate
counterclockwise ( Coriolis effect). This produces prevailing southeasterly
winds in the Black Bear lake region. The moist air cools and forms
precipitation as it rises over the colder continental air. The Black Bear
lake area gets even more precipitation due to orographic effects. Sub-
stantial precipitation variations can be found throughout southeastern
Alaska and very little data has been collected.
Ketchikan is the nearest long-term climatological station to Black Bear
lake. Ketchikan, near sea level, has a historical mean annual precipi-
tation of 156.06 inches and mean annual temperature of 45.7 degrees F
(Fahrenheit). Table 1 shows the monthly variation of precipitation and
temperature at Ketchikan.
Table T
Ketchikan Average Precipitation and Temperature
(63-Year Record)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Precipitation
Inches
T 4.33
12.49
12.08
11.80
8.98
6.47
7.94
1 T .24
13.50
22.47
18.50
16.26
Temperature
(Degrees F)
33.7
36.0
38.2
42.8
49.1
54.6
58.0
58.6
54.1
46.8
40.2
35.8
Other weather stations in the area are shown on Plate 1 . Mean annual
temperature at Hollis, nine miles southeast of Black Bear lake, is 44.2
degrees F. January is the .coldest month at Hollis with an average tem-
perature of 32.4 degrees F, and August is the warmest month, with an
31 :b HA-4
_)
average temperature of 58.1 degrees F. The temperature on the Black
Bear Lake drainage basin may average .approximately 8 degrees F cooler
than Hollis, due to the decrease in temperature with altitude. The aver-
age annual precipitation at Hollis is about 100 inches. Mean annual precip-
itation on the Black Bear Lake drainage basin is estimated to be near
220 inches.· This large amount of precipitation is associated with orographic
effects.
31: b HA-5
STREAMFLOW
A streamflow gage was installed at the outlet of Black Bear Lake in June
1980 and. is being serviced by the USGS. Due to the very short period
of .record, the gage was of limited value in the hydrologic studies contained
in this report. The gage will become of greater value as more data is
collected. It is recommended that all analyses related to streamflow in
this report be reevaluated after at least one year of streamflow data
becomes available. This reevaluation is required prior to final design
of the project.
Streamflow Records
Since the streamflow gage at the outlet of Black Bear Lake has a very
short period of record, other gages in the area of Black Bear lake were
utilized for the hydrologic analyses. These gages are listed-n Table 2
and shown on Plate 1. Most of the stream gages in the area are near
sea level and record flows from basins with mean elevations considerably
less than that of Black Bear.
During the hydrologic analysis it was determined that the only other
basin in the area with characteristics similar to Black Bear Lake and
being gaged in 1980 was the Upper Mahoney basin. Although the Upper
Mahoney record is short, Lower Mahoney has been gaged for 25 years
and could be used to extend the Upper Mahoney record.. It had been
planned to compare the concurrent records of Black Bear Lake and Upper
Mahoney lake and extend the short Black Bear Lake record if reasonable
to do so. Unfortunately, the required Upper Mahoney record was deter-
mined to be unusable by the USGS this fall.
Flow Synthesis for Black Bear Lake
To synthesize Black Bear Lake flows, other nearby gage records were
used. There are no stream gages in the immediate area. To use all of
the available flow data, the records of the area gages were reviewed.
The stream gage records, along with precipitation records, were used
collectively to estimate mean annual runoff, normal monthly distribution
of runoff, and variation of this normal distribution for a sequence of
years.
Mean annual runoff per square mile for each stream gage was plotted
versus mean basin elevation for gages near Black Bear Lake, on Prince
of Wales Island. An additional point was added to this plot for sea level
by converting the mean annual precipitation at Hollis to a discharge.
This was done by assuming an 80 percent runoff coefficient. A straight
line was fitted through the points of nearby gages and gages on similar
basins and is shown on Plate 3. The orientation of the basins makes
little difference in the mean annual runoff. Orientation may be significant
for individual storm events. Therefore, the straight line was extrapolated
directly to the 2,41 0-foot mean basin elevation of the basin feeding Black
Bear Lake to obtain a mean annual runoff of 13.5 cubic feet per second
(cfs) per square mile. As a check on this value, the discharge per
square mile was estimated by two additional calculations.
31: d HA-6
Table 2
Area Stream Gages
Drainage Mean Basin Elevation Runoff Per Square Mile Period of
No. on Gage Area Feet {Cubic Feet Per Second Record
Plate 1 Name {Square Miles) (Mean Sea level) Per Square Mile) (Years)
1 Big Creek 11.2 360 7.84 15
2 Neck Creek 17.0 500 7.29 7
3 Staney Creek 51.6 600 6.94 14
4 Klawock River 46.1 1,150 6.49 1
5 N B T rocadero Creek 17.4 850 8.74 6
6 Karta Creek 49.5 1,000 9.27 7
7 Maybeso Creek 15.1 1,120 9.01 14
8 Harris River 28.7 1.400 8.92 15
9 Indian Creek 8.82 1,000 9.76 15
10 Virginia Creek 3.08 less than 200 5.58 2
X:: 11 Cabin Creek 8.83 1,300 9.77 2 I>
I 12 Old Tom Creek 5.90 1,000 6.47 29 -.1
13 Reynolds Creek 5.70 1,600 10.95 5
14 Upper Mahoney lake 2.03 2,400 15.07 2
15 Mahoney Creek 5.70 1 ,680 18.24 25
31 :h:1
Runoff from the Black Bear Lake gage for August 1980 was compared
with concurrent precipitation at the A Iaska State Hatchery at Klawock,
near sea level seven miles west of Black Bear Lake. Runoff for this
period was assumed to have been almost entirely from precipitation.
Base flow at Black Bear Lake was separated from the recorded flow,
and It was determined that the stream gage recorded a runoff (converted
to inches over the basin) that was 1 .83 times the precipitation recorded
at Klawock. The average annual precipitation at Klawock is not known,
but it should be very close to the mean annual precipitation at Craig of
1 OS inches per year. It was assumed that the above 1 .83 factor observed
between Klawock precipitation and Black Bear Lake runoff during August
1980 is representative of conditions throughout the year. Therefore,
approximately 192 inches of runoff per year could be expected from
Black Bear Lake. This is equivalent to a mean annual runoff of 14.14 cfs
per square mile.
A third estimate of the mean annual runoff for Black Bear Lake was
made by utilizing records from an old rain gage about 23 miles southeast
of Black Bear Lake. Precipitation was recorded at Jumbo Mine, elevation
1,500 feet, from 1915 through 1918. The mean annual precipitation at
Jumbo Mine was estimated to be 190 inches. Jumbo Mine records were
compared with the concurrent records at Ketchikan and adjusted to account
for the Ketchikan departure from normal during that period.
The average annual precipitation increase with increase in altitude was
assumed to be linear between sea level and Black Bear Lake. Since
Hollis is situated near Black Bear Lake and Jumbo Mine, it was used for
the sea level precipitation station. The average annual precipitation at
sea level {Hollis) is l 00 inches, at 1 ,500 feet {Jumbo Mine) is 190 inches,
and at 2,410 feet (Black Bear Lake) is extrapolated to 240 inches. This
is equivalent to 15.9 cfs per square mile at Black Bear Lake with a runoff
coefficient of o. 9.
The three estimates of average annual runoff at Black Bear Lake (13 .s,
14.1 • and 1 5. 9 cfs per.-square mile) were reviewed with all of the data
assembled for this analysis. Additionally, the short record at Upper
Mahoney Lake was analyzed, although the record is considered poor and
it is remote from Black Bear Lake. Since the precipitation record at
Jumbo Mine is very old and short, the runoff estimate using Jumbo Mine
data was considered least reliable. Therefore, it was assumed that the
. aver. age annual precipitation at Black Bear Lake is between 21 5 and 220,
which is equivalent to 14.3 cfs per square mile. This produces a total
mean annual runoff of 26 cfs.
The monthly runoff variation for several of the nearby stream gages
was studied. A relationship of seasonal runoff versus mean basin eleva-
tion was developed for an area of Baranof Island by the Alaska Power
Administration and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Ref. 1). Runoff
variation for selected stream gages on Prince of Wales Island near Black
Bear Lake did not agree well with this relationship. This may be due
to lower precipitation on Prince of Wales Island.
31 :d HA-8
...
Mean monthly runoff, as percentages of mean annual flow were estimated
from relationships between Maybeso Creek, Reynolds Creek, Lower Mahoney,
and Takatz Creek. The estimated normal monthly flows, as percentages
of mean· annual flow, are shown in Table 3 for the Black Bear Lake drain-
age •.
Month
January
February
March
April
May·
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Table 3.
Black Bear lake
Monthly Runoff Percent
Normal % of
Mean Annual Flow
25
23
20
57
156
179
103
96
132
181
134
94
The variation of flows from year to year was accomplished by use of the
variation of precipitation from normal. A table of ratios of precipitation
at Ketchikan was developed. by dividing each monthly value of precipita-
tion by the normal precipitation for that month. A ten-year set of flows
for Lower Mahoney was developed by multiplying the precipitation ratios
by the Lower Mahoney normal monthly flow. These developed flows
correlated well with recorded Lower Mahoney flows for the same ten-year
period. Better correlation was obtained during the snowmelt months of
April, May, and June by shifting 50 percent of the portion of flows in
excess of the monthly average to the next month. Using these same
methods, 60 years of estimated flows for Black Bear Lake were developed.
The estimated low monthly flows appeared high and were adjusted to
more closely correspond to the calculated low flow probability.
The estimated monthly flows
were used as data in the Corps of Engineers computer program, H EC-4
( Ref. 2) to generate the 50 0 years of flows.
Flow Synthesis Downstream of Black Bear Lake
Flows were synthesized for three basins downstream of Black Bear Lake.
These basins are shown in Plate 2. The mean annual runoff for each
basin was determined by comparison of nearby gaged streams' runoff
versus elevation trends (see Plate 3). This is similar to the method
31 :d HA-9
2600
--Q) 2000 Q) --z
0 -....
< > w 1500
....1 w
~ z
I en t-'
0 <
Ol
w 1000 (!J
< a: w > <
500
0
4
BLAC~.J EARJ:A~J ELEV. : 2 fllQ_ ___
~---$ . -----
$
v -&-
s s
& $ $
Ida Creek
"" 111'1
t.bln Creek
"" ~
$
$ &~ $ ~~ $ $
S Maybeao Creek@ r.i: Indian Creek
"" -~-~ Karla Creek $
NB Troc adero Creek $
I
Shtney Oreek @~/ LEGEND: --Nee k Creek @ Nearby Gage Statio a on
(! Big Creek Prine ~ of Walea I land
I S Other C:: age Statlonf within s
100 1~lle radlua ~ :..---0.8 Klaw o k Preclpllall 0~
'\._-J
8 8 10 12 H 18 18 20
BASIN RUNOfF ( cfs/aq.ml. )
BASIN ELEVATION vs. RUNOFF
PLATE 3 CH2M
II HILL
described for Black Bear Lake in the previous section. To determine
the average monthly variation in the calculated average annual runoff,
stream flow and precipitation were reviewed. Elevation effects on monthly
runoff were also evaluated. Maybeso Creek and Reynolds Creek flow
records and Ketchikan precipitation records were reviewed and plotted
tg .establish percentage of annual runoff for each month versus elevation
(see-·Piate 4).
Flows were synthesized for Maybeso Creek and compared with recorded
flows to establish empirical formulas for synthesizing flows on Black.
Creek basins. Correlations were lowest in the spring and summer. To
improve the correlation between predicted and recorded flows, adjustments
were made for temperature extremes and precipitation extremes.
The 30 years of synthesized monthly flow data for each basin downstream
of Black Bear Lake were then calculated · To do this·
the mean basin elevation was used to determine average annual flow and
the average monthly percent of annual flow for each month. These monthly
values were then multiplied by 30 years of monthly precipitation record
from Ketchikan, as measured by deviations from the mean. Each of
these monthly flows was then adjusted using the empirical extreme temper-
ature and precipitation adjustments used on the test synthesis for Maybeso
Creek. Plate 5 shows the monthly average Black Bear basin flows and
corresponding Ketchikan precipitation and temperatures. Similar plots
for low, medium, and high years are shown in Plates 6-8.
31 :d HA-ll
z
2 .... < > w
..J w
z
0
< m
z
< w
~
~ ~ i *I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ------------H'" --~--~-0---____ J -------REYI'OLD'S CREEK Q ,_-r/ ~ II 1----------------------
1500 fj \
--~ ----l\ --1------------------------~ !:~_9_K LAK ~ AREA '
\ II
-----------------
100 0
-------f--------------.l~AYBESO CREEK Q -1 -7 --,_ --------->----====~i ~=g~~~~ ,-::~~;
. J
I I v
J 500~-----11-1r~tW----+-~---+--~------4------__j
/ /
0
%OF MEAN
MON-THLY PERCENT
OF ANNUAL RUNOFF
HA-12
"ETCHIKAN IPRECIP.
200
Q: RECORDED FLOW
PLATE 4 irrtl
a.: o-w.c a:-
0.. §
z E <' ::.:: G)
-G) :c.C oj
tu-
!:11::
~ w t-
z <U. ::.::o x
0
tu ::.::
.:2 u
I
C\)
> ca
0
25
''""
15
10
5
0
-
..... -
.4()
30
_'\ '\
~ ~ \\ \\\
300
---\~~
100
--
A VG.A NN. Pf ~ECIP.
A ~G. AI NN. TI ~MP. =
A:..n• IIIUII -it .. -8: "' .uiU;; a1
C: n1 NIUII 81
o:;:;, ~IUii a1
,\\
l\\ r\ \ \
·~~ ~\1\
I= 15
46.2
KEY
BlicK
Upper
I,.._..,... -· ""
Mouth
~.8/yr.
~F
~ear w
End a~
End B'
lke.
lCk Lak e
e lck Lak
of Blac 'k Creek
.~ 0
l\\1\\ \:~\ ~ [\ \1\\\1\ \ ~ ~ ~ ~
0 ~~F/"~ '////~ ~~~~ll~
OCT NOV OEC JAN FEB MAR APR MA~ JUN .AJL AUG SEP
iviONTHL Y AVERAGE .VALUES
HA-13 PLATE 5 CH2M
::HILL
:>lo . :E 0.: --c 0 ow
;:Ea:
G) a. 200 az cG< ~::.: 100 >-<J: 0 -... 0 w 0 .,.::.:
0.: 80 :::E w
1-50 z <u.. ~0 40 J:
0
1-w 30 ::.:
400
300
CD -C)
I
~ 200 ca
0
100
L:--.;.:.;.7x~ .... '\~ &~k£({
t{;~~.=·"~:~: ~.·J,:-:-·:.:-~~t~?~: f;E~~~~:;
_. ~ '• 1946 ANN. IP-Ffec P. : 42.6.
1946 ANN. ITEMF = 4~ .7 °F
~ K f:y
~ A ~Rum; In at B lack 81 ~ar Lat
B ~Rune iff at 11 h ........ E hd llai ~ c ~Rune Iff at L pwer E fnd Ua
c I: Run, 'ff at tv Iouth c ~ BlacJ .. ~ \\ i\"0 ~\ \ \\ \\
~\ L\V \\~\ ~ f\\ f\\' \\ ,\\ ,\\ ~ ~ ~ ~V//.0 VT0 V//// V//// V//~ '//// V////
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
1946 -LOW FLOW YEAR
HA-14 PLATE 6
!e
Fk Lake
pk Lake
Creek
]
A C
I I
CH21v1
::HILL
a a.
:! 0 • w ~ f 200
~z = < c: ~ 100
0 -~ a
-... 0 0 w
'lit ~
u. 80 •• a:
~ w 50 ...
z < 40 ~
:f
0 30 ... w
~
400
300
• -u
I
a > •
0 200
100
~~.(~:.: 'J\:i}.~ ~ :: . :_:::-:·;.:: !.1/~:-:..::;(~ r?!:{;\~; '~;;·;. :_>:~.~
~:\;:7,;·:'(!;; ~~~(:~:·;}~:] :'
PRECI p : 1 944 ~VG. 57.5.
~
1944 AVG. TEMP -: 47 .5 °F
K ~y
A ;; Huno tr at ts 18CK t'U 1ar L.aK e
. B -: num: iff at U ~per E: 1d llac k Lake
C: :Rune Jt at L< ~wer E1 ~d Blac ~Lake
.\\' 0: ~ luno ff at M )Uth of Black Creek
~ ~ ~
~\~0 ~ \ \ \ (\\ ~~ ~\\
\\ 1\\" ~\\\\ l\\ \\\ '\ \\ 0
51 ~\\
, ///.~~w~ ~ -~ ~ ~ :J 19 V/~
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
1944 -AVERAGE FLOW YEAR
PLATE 7
HA-15
CH2M
::HILL
CD
CD 9:: as
'-0 CD w > < 0:
0.. >-z :c -< c ~ 0 -~ ::t -0
1-0 w
it ~
a.:
~ w
1-
z < LL.
~ 0
3:
0
1-w
~
at -(J
I
CD > as
0
200
100
0 1949 AVG. PR
60
50
40
1949
30 AVG. TEM .7 °F
400+---~----~----r----+----+---~----~----+---~----~----~--~
300
200
100
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
1949-HIGH FLOW YEAR
HA-16 PLATE 8
0
t c
CJ-i2M
::HILL
FLOODS
Probable Maximum Flood (PMF}
The National Weather Service is currently preparing a Hydrometeorological
Report for Southeast Alaska. Advance copies of the probable maximum
precipitation ( PMP) isohyetal map and a chart of depth-area-duration
relation for southeast Alaska PMP were used to develop the PMP for the
Black Bear Lake drainage basin. The 72-hour PMP for the Black Bear
basin produces 9.2 inches in six hours, 18.4 inches in 24 hours, and
31.3 inches in 72 hours. Precipitation was plotted in the form of a depth-
duration curve to aid in obtaining incremental rain.
The precipitation was arranged into a critical storm pattern as recommended
in the U.S. Weather Bureau's Hydrometeorological Report No. 43 (Ref. 3).
An SCS triangular unit hydrograph (Ref. 4) for a five-minute rainfall
duration was developed for the 1.52-square-mile land portion of the
basin. A curvilinear fit of the triangular unit hydrograph was used.
A time of concentration of 20 minutes was estimated using a combination
of overland flow and channel flow. The resultant five-minute unit hydro-
graph has a time to peak of 15 minutes and a peak flow of 2,943 cfs
and is shown on Plate 9.
No infiltration losses were taken for the basin. The basin is almost
entirely solid rock, and was assumed to be completely saturated by ante-
cedent storms.
A base flow of 200 cfs was used for the entire 72-hour PMF. This flow
is consi'dered adequate to account for snowmelt conditions or to account
for runoff conditions from an antecedent storm. Either base flow condi-
tion is applicable since the PMP could occur during any season. However,
October is· probably the most likely month for the PMP (Ref. 5).
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers computer program, HEC-1 (Ref. 6),
was used to combine the PMP with the unit hydrograph to obtain the
inflow PMF to Black Bear Lake. The inflow to the lake was combined
with the flow from direct precipitation on the surface of the lake to
obtain the PMF for Black Bear Lake. The flood has a peak flow of
4,000 cfs and a volume of 4,250 acre-feet and can be seen on Plate 10.
1 oo-Year Floods
The 1 00-year floods were estimated for the outlet of Black Bear Lake,
the inlet to Black Lake, the outlet from Black Lake, and the inlet to
Big Salt Lake (see Plate 2).
The 1 00-year precipitation was estimated from the U.S. Weather Bureau's
TP 47 (Ref. 5). The storm produces 4.4 inches in six hours and 8.0 inches
in 24 hours. The precipitation was plotted as a depth duration curve
to aid in estimating five-minute precipitation increments. The storm
31 :e HA-17
3000 I Iff\ ~;:fc~~~:4~u~=TION: 5lln. I I I I
2600 I I ----
I \ I I I I I ~-
I '
2000
I
-I I cJ)
lL
0 1500 -w
(!)
I ,. I • . I ~ a: I
I <C
1-' :I:
CXl 0 5 1000 1 /, I I '
500
o lL I I I I
7.6 16 22.5 30 37.6 46 62.6 60
TIME ( min. )
BLACK BEAR LAKE
UNIT HYDROGRAPH. PLATE 9 l~lt!i~
~ I
1-'
"'
18 2.4 32 •o ... ae , .. 72 0
z-
0 ..... 1 t= ::I
0
c(..C
I I I --,JW I I .. .......... I I :
-t4 Q. G) 2 -J:: 0 (.) w.e a:_
Q. 3
FLOW :14000 cfs
50 acre-teet
-.
(.)
Q)
3ooo ~ I I I I Ill I I I I
t4 ...... :: .
::I
(.) -•
3:
0
2000 I I I I I I I \ I I I I
..J
LL
1 ooo t 1 1 1 =* ~ I \ I I I I
0+----------;----------+----------r----------r---------~--------~~--------;----------+--------~
0 8 18 24 32 40 48 68 ,.. 72
TIME ( hours )
BLACK BEAR LAKE PLATE 10
PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION AND INFLOW HYDROGRAPH CH2M
::HILL
was arranged as suggested by the U.S. B. R. Design of Small Dams (Ref. 4).
The unit hydrograph used for the Black Bear Lake basin 1 00-year flood
was the same as that developed for the PMF. Rainfall losses were assumed
to be 0.05 inch per hour and base flow into the lake was assumed to be
30 cfs (approximately the estimated mean annual flow). H EC-1 was used
to combine the 100-year precipitation with the unit hydrograph. This
flow into Black Bear Lake was combined with the flow from direct precipi-
tation on the lake to obtain the 100-year flood. The 100-year flood
peak flow was estimated to be 1 , 000 cfs (see Plate 11) • In order to
route the Black Bear Lake inflow, survey information was used to deter-
mine an approximate outflow rating curve. The channel cross-section at
the critical section in the outlet stream was found to be approximately
trapezoidal with a bottom width of 15 feet and side slopes of 1 V on 3.5 H
and 1 V on 4.5 H. The outflow rating was developed by using the weir
head discharge relationship with a discharge coefficient of 2.6. This
relationship agreed well with the three stage-discharge points determined
by the U.S.G.S. The storage of Black Bear Lake above the outflow
elevation was estimated by using a constant lake area of 192 acres for
this routing. The outflow rating used for the lake is shown in Table 4.
Active
Storage
(Acre-Feet)
81
125
190
265
3211
Table 4.
Black Bear Lake Outflow Rating
(Natural Channel Outlet)
Active
Discharge Storage
(cfs) (Acre-Feet)
10 407
20 478
40 689
70 918
100 1,094
Discharge
(cfs)
150
200
!tOO
700
1,000
The routing of the 1 00-year flood resulted in a peak outflow from Black
Bear Lake of !tOO cfs.
Unit hydrographs were developed for three subbasins downstream of
Black Bear Lake for use in determining the 100-year flood at the various
locations. The first subbasin was the area between Black Bear Lake
and the upper end of Black Lake. The second subbasin was the area
feeding directly to Black Lake with the lake area considered separately.
The third and last subbasin was the area between Black Lake and Big
Salt Lake. An infiltration rate of 0. 05 inch per hour was assumed and
base flow for each area was the estimated mean annual flow for the sub-
basin elevation and area. The outflow from Black Bear Lake was lagged
30 minutes to account for the travel to Black Lake, and the outflow
from Black Lake was lagged 1 hour and 20 minutes for the travel to Big
Salt Lake.
31 : e HA-20
z-0 ....
-:J 1-0
<.&: .........
-(I) 0.. OJ -.&: 0 0 w c:: a: ·-o..-
-.
~ 0
G)
(I)
N -....... -.... .
:J
0 -~
0
..J
1L
u ., g y l<o! 10 us 21 24
0
.2
.4
.8
.8
1
1 ooo I I I I I I ~~ I · ... ..... · 1f= _. ... -• .... ., lf -·... I
760
600
260
0
0 3 6 9 12 16 18 21 24
TIME (hours )
BLACK BEAR LAKE PLATE 11
100 YEAR PRFf"!IPITATinN ANn INFLOW HYDROGRAPH r;:::::,
I~'Hi1l'l
In order to route the flow through Black Lake, aerial photos were used
to estimate a channel width at the outflow of Black Lake. The weir
head discharge relationship with a discharge coefficient of 2.6 was used
with a 30-foot-wide rectangular channel and a constant lake area of
8~ acres to estimate the outflow rating shown in Table 5.
,>.
Active
Storage
(Acre-Feet)
44
70
98
155
286
Table 5.
Black Lake Outflow Rating
(Natural Channel Outlet)
Active
Discharge Storage
(cfs) (Acre-Feet)
30 455
60 596
100 722
200 946
500 1 ,330
Discharge
(cfs)
1,000
1 ,500
2,000
3,000
5,000
Table 6 shows the various parameters used for each subbasin,
1 00-yea r peak flow at each location.
and the
As a check on the computed 1 00-year peak flows, Reference 7 was used
to estimate 100-year flows based on a U.S.G.S. regional study. Both
sets of flows are tabu Ia ted below.
Table 7.
100-Yr. Flows
Location
Black Bear Lake Inflow
Black Bear Lake Outflow
Upper End of Black Lake Inflow
Lower End of Black Lake Inflow
Black Lake Outflow
Big Salt Lake Inflow
Cumulative
1 00-Year Peak Flows
Computed
Flows
(cfs)
1 ,030
400
1,740
3,320
2,670
7,400
U.S.G.S.
Flows
(cfs)
970
440
2,540
3,170
2,430
6,610
The agreement between the two methods is very good, especially when
considering the routing by the two lakes.
Flood Frequency Curves
Flood frequency curves were developed for Black Bear Lake and the
three downstream basins. These curves are used to estimate 10, 20,
31 :e HA-22
Table 6.
100-Year Flood Derivation
Incremental
Total Unit H}:drogra~h
Drainage Area Time to Peak Peak Base Flow
{Miles) Hours) (cfs) (cfs)
Black Bear Lake
Total Inflow 1.82 .25 2,943 30
Black Bear Lake
Routed Out flow
Black Lake Inflow
at Upper End 6.30 • 75 2,891 46
~ Black Lake Inflow
I at Lower End 7.39 .33 1,394 8
N w
Black Bear Lake
Routed Out flow
Big Salt Lake
Inflow from Stream 17.46 1.67 2,924 60
*The 1 00-year peak flows at these subbasins Include the flows from the above subbasin( s).
31 :h:2
:-.
100-Year Peak
Flow
1,030
400
2,740*
3,320
2,670
7,400*
50, and 1 00-year recurrence flood events. Since 1 00-year floods were
already calculated (see previous section), these values were included in
the curve development.
Peak flow data from nearby stream gages were plotted as frequency
curves using the Weibull plotting position formula. From these curves,
peak 10, 20, 50, and 1 00-year recurrence flows were plotted versus the
basin drainage area for each gage.
An envelope curve was drawn for maximum flows for each frequency.
The envelope curves were found to be approximately parallel straight
lines. The 100-year flows computed for Black Bear Lake and the down-
stream areas were also plotted on the envelope curve for comparison
with the maximum 1 00-year peak flows of the area. These computed
flows formed a straight line which was parallel to the envelope curve
for the area. The 10, 20, and SO-year envelope curves for locations
along the drainage from Black Bear Lake were drawn parallel to the
1 00-year flow curve for the same drainage. Spacing was determined by
spacings between the various frequency envelope curves for the other
gages. Flow values for the 10, 20, 50 1 and 1 00-year recurrence inter-
vals were obtained from the curves and were plotted in the form of flood
frequency curves for each of the desired locations along the drainage
from Black Bear Lake. The flood frequency curves for Black Bear Lake
outlet, Black Lake inlet, Black Lake outlet, and Big Salt Lake inlet are
shown on Plate 1 2.
As a check on these flood frequency curves, the U.S. G. S. flood frequency
method (Ref. 7) was used to compute ten-year peak flow for Black Bear
Lake. This flow was within seven percent of the value shown on Plate 12.
These curves are based on undeveloped conditions. Regulation of flow
at Black Bear Lake or at downstream locations could significantly alter
flood peaks.
Reservoir Routing for Spillway Design
The probable maximum flood (see Plate 10) was selected for the spillway
design flood. This design is to insure full hydraulic spillway protection
of the dam to prevent overtopping of the dam. The design of the spill-
way to pass the PMF is determined by the shape, width and elevation of
the spillway crest. The following assumptions were made prior to deter-
mining the required spillway width: ·
0
0
0
31 : e
Ogee Crest Shape
Discharge coefficient, C, of 3.95
Q = CLH 312 , where
Q = discharge I cfs
C = discharge coefficient
L = length of spillway crest, ft.
H = total head on spillway, ft.
HA-24
-
(/) -0 ~-N
IJ!
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
1-( .. E I'ROBAtiiLIIl' X 2 LUu <.:YCll:.
KEUfFEl a Ess.::R co. ....-ol uc u $.. • 46 8043
2
1-43Jl1J11kj4;1=143111tt111k#~~-~4~»rl#m~N~Ff~mm11UH#HttU•m=tt~ttt~IHtfffF-ff=IIH-flfff-;1
1,0
9 ·= r't -. f'O+.::"F';' =H -F=-F 9
. c:c :=· I~= n I ~f:· l)~ I~ . ·--·
"' f---·.:::::.. -~~ a -----·--· ----~-a .:::: -.
I= .. ' ~~--!>' ~~ -. .o. -. .. ---=· 7 -~
.. ·-r= I= ;::: :' -~-. -.o -~-~--· ::.:
7 : 1·-i ••. 1-----~ -:.= -~----.. -:= !== 1.: ~== -~ ~ -. . -. . r= -.. --. . J --: .. : 6 ~__;_:.. -. -.
6 I :..:: '1.::.·: . -1·;::;:::: ··f6 . -. I"' : --. ·-... tJ 1.; ~ 5 I --:: t·~ [::::::: -1::: . 1==-··.L:O: ·--~. . ·-. ·o ~~ :: c:· ~ 5 ... .. i'--'':~· I -.:: -. ~-"·= I'= =n t= --:F7 !-· . -------". -.--e=::
.·;::.: ': ·r= . -I~ -. 1:::: f-----t"::'. ,__ .r:---4 1'-' . -· --•= r-: -----. .. --r:.::. 4 -~ ~: ----. --t== 1::":: :· ·-. --·. --f--~ '= E .. -.. ~ t=-:· :: ··: r= -1..! ~= . -
-i-1--1--f--.
j__ '-I-. ~==,:..: r · ~·-.. - . ·.-~-1-~ ~:.: . : ::~~/::-~ .. :-· . 1--·-= 3 I·: 1-:.. ~: -·:r 9.
1.. ....
-L: 1"-3
2 2
':lO
10
9
a
7
6
5
4
3
2
o A maximum water depth of six feet is allowed over the
spillway.
o The spillway crest elevation is 1, 715 feet.
The 72-hour PMF and 200 cfs base flow were routed through the reser-
voir 'for spillway widths ranging from 30 to 50 feet. The 200 cfs base
flow produces a depth of water over the spillway and was used as the
condition at the beginning of the routing. This depth varies from about
1.4 to 1.0 feet, depending on the spillway width used.
The 72-hour PMF has a volume of 4,250 acre-feet and the unimpounded
lake has a surface area of 192 acres. The storage volume is a function
of the elevation of the water surface and was computed by assuming 1 :1
side slopes on the banks of the lake. The routing was accomplished by
using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers computer program, HEC-1
(Ref. 6). The output of this mathematical model·
was used to make Plate 13. This plate shows the peak outflow and the
peak depth of water above the spillway crest for varying spillway
widths. The 30-foot ogee crest spillway will pass the 72-hour PMF at a
peak flow of about 1 , 700 cfs and maintain a peak outflow depth of less
than six feet.
Plate 14 shows the inflow and routed outflow PMF hydrographs for a
30-foot wide spillway. The peak outflow is 2,000 cfs less than the peak
inflow and occurs about o·ne and one-half hours later.
Low Flow Frequency
The 7, 14, and 30-day low flows for Black Bear Lake were based on the
low flow frequency of nearby gaging stations. The developed low flow
frequency curves were divided by drainage area. The slopes of the
corresponding 7, 14, and 30-day lines were fairly constant. The differ-
ence of flow divided by drainage area between the duration lines for a
given recurrence interval was also quite steady. There was not a
strong correlation between the magnitude of the low flow and the mean
basin elevation. However, low flows at the higher elevations tended to
be slightly greater than those at lower elevations. Unfortunately, none
of the nearby gaged basins approach the elevation of the Black Bear
Lake basin. Since the basin is mostly rock, there is less opportunity
to sustain greater low flows since there is little ground water to be
released. Additionally, the very high elevation of the basin may cause
almost complete freezing of movable water in the winter. Therefore,
the low flow frequency curves for Black Bear Lake take the form of the
lowest curves from fhe nearby gages. For computation purposes, a low
flow of 0.1 cfs/ mi was assumed to be the 7-day, 25-year low flow of
the area. The curves were drawn based on the slopes of the curves
from the nearby stations. The low flow frequency curves of 7, 14, and
30-day duration for Black Bear Lake are shown on Plate 15.
31 :e HA-26
-~ w w
LL. -
==-0
..J
LL.
LL.
0
::I:
~ a. w c
::E
::)
::E -X <
:2
8.0 +---------------r-------------~--------------~
=
1880 cfa
PEAK 0
K OUTFLOW:
1783 cia
PEAK OUTFLOW :
1799 cfa
FLOW:
1968 eta ---
4.5~------------~--------------~-------------4
W:
K OUTFLOW:
1895 cfa
30. 40 50
SPILLWAY WIDTH (FEET)
SPILLWAY DESIGN CURVE
HA-27 PLATE 13
6000
4000
3000
-.
0
Q)
1/) 2000 ...... --.
::I
f& 0
I -N
CG 3:
0
..J
1000
u.
0
-----'
----l::::::.._ 'INFLOW
PEA ~ FLOW : 4000 cfs .
PMF VOLUME f:: 4250 8( re-feet
I
'" ROUTE[ ) OUTFLO N FOR ~L ~ ' 30 FT. NIDE SPIL ... WAY
\ ' .. PEAK F LOW = 1t 80 cfs
~ ..,..,,. ~ , ............ I
I .,...,..... .....__ i"'----I
I( --~---------t-"----~
~--
0 8 18 24 32 40 48 56 64
TIME ( houre )
BLACK BEAR LAKE PLATE 14
PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD
INFLOW & OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPHS CH1M
II HILL
7:
10
9
I)
7
6
5
4
3
~" -I'(EUff~ ... .,.. ~.-.oioSt:R c...... .. .. ut: 1,. u ~ .-•
99 98 95 90
ll :::a=e:t==a=:=k'i.:.:"t:±tf
80 70
::n-+r-rrr=T
'lO t..,.-, ....
50 40 -30 20 10 5 2 1 0.5
1Utttl'tf#t¥¥Hlil f=i 'lflffHtttm+::t::i~ft'tl=
0.2 0.1 0.05 O.Ql 10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
~ 2 ~---ti=ltttlll--11=4--l-1 riiiiA-Itll-~=1_:1.f4-l~-l-tHIItiiU-t+l-Htrlii:Will~l-ll+t1-tti-l ~ IIHH~UH1iii-W:l=l--IU+t:UHUlt-1-l~mn ltll=-~1 2
E
a
(/j -U)
~0 I
r·.l '-" •.n
e ·.~· tti.I!IIIII;II~tli-IB.Iintll!ml1t1!tfl~lll~!l!rllllfflll~l-fl:
0 .6 L __ .L_.'....C_LLLLJI I I l ;·LLUILLUTI=-~T-TT11TNIIII!IIII -.. ' ---·· -. --· 6 -r--. ~ == . -7· -~ r=_ n-:::::
. 5 ·1 I I ll!l ~ : c:: . -l . . ::.:: r-=r:::: '" =: II F: : .:·I~~ .. -. -~-----.. : ··':c 5 J I iJ1 ~t r-: .. . -:::::. ,._. -: ' ~.:.:: -. F 1:::::1:::-: i=:: .. = ~ ---t::::: ·.o I:-~~: ;---:::-: --== ----1::· -. :·:-..:::-:: .. 1·-::: ---· .. : .. . -.4 ' I : :: =-. -1:. 4
I l I
: -.. = _::=-=
. ~ .. --1·:: ·-··. ·---F' t=· ···I·~ 1:::-i·=_::= ,.--:= . -. ::. ,_::.:
__tU_ ,.:::: ·::-I= ~::::-1-. -t. ~ --.. I-: --. -1-----1--.3 '=
, __ r: 1: -~ ---~ .. ---i-·--1.:. : .. ..
~ -3
.2 2 lJ:
r1lrtliiilltlltf-l -+1--l-1 -lUI= I
. 1 !
001 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 2 20 50 60 70 80 90
EVAPORATION
Evaporation from a free-water surface is controlled by a number of inter-
dependence factors: temperature of the water and air, wind, atmospheric
pressure, quality of the water, and the nature and shape of the water
surJace. Because of such interdependence, a high correlation between
evaporation and any one of the controlling parameters cannot be expected
(Ref. 8).
Due to the dominating maritime influence, the climate of the Black Bear
Lake basin is mild and humid with much precipitation. Prevailing winds
bring rain and, therefore, have little or no capacity to remove water
vapor produced by evaporation. The predominance of overcast days
and relatively cool temperatures also precludes any appreciable evapora-
tion losses. Evaporation virtually ceases in mid-winter when Black Bear
Lake freezes over.
The nearest Weather Bureau station for which evaporation data are avail-
able is located at the Juneau airport. As shown below, average monthly
evaporation losses totalling 15.91 inches were observed at Juneau between
1968 and 1977 (Ref. 9).
Table 8.
Average Monthli: Eva eo ration Losses, Juneau Air~ort
(Inches)
~ June ~ August Seetember Total
3.30 3.7El 3.98 3.47 1.40 15.91
These are pan evaporation values and are not representative of evapor-
ation from a large free-water surface such as a lake or reservoir. An
assumed annual Class A pan coefficient of 0.70 (Ref. 10) gives an
estimated equivalent annual lake evaporation of 11.14 inches.
The annual evaporation loss at Black Bear Lake is probably less than at
Juneau because of a higher annual precipitation and lower average annual
temperatures. Therefore, it is estimated that the mean annual evaporation
losses in the project area range from six to eleven inches.
31 : f HA-30
SEDIMENTATION
The Black Bear Lake basin is in steep rock and talus slopes and has
very little soil cover. Vegetation is sparse and covers only about
50 percent of the basin, primarily at the lower elevations. Trees cover
only about 1 0 percent of the basin. There are several small snowmelt
streams in the basin.
Available sediment data for Alaska streams do not include measurements
for small basins such as Black Bear Lake. However, these sediment
observations indicate that suspended sediment is not a significant problem
in basins not containing active glaciers. Published reports (Ref. 1, 11)
indicate sediment yields of Alaska streams ranging from 0.1 to 5.1 acre-feet
per square mile per year. The higher value is for a drainage area with
a glacier cover of 22 percent.
Because there are no glaciers in the Black Bear Lake basin, the suspended
sediment production rate is expected to be at the low end of the reported
range. The sedimentation rate for the 1 .5-square-mile land portion of
the basin is. estimated to be about o. 15 acre-foot per year.
Bedload portions of material entering Black Bear Lake would consist
mainly of rockslides and rockfall accompanying the normal weathering
process. There are a number of old rockslides around the lake: None
appear to be very recent, and the talus slopes appear to be stable.
Vegetation has been re-established in the major rockslide areas. The
accumulation of rock is most likely to occur as the result of mechanical
weathering, particularly frost wedging in the bedrock formation. In
any given year it is possible for a significant quantity of sliderock to
be carried into the lake. However, since there is no evidence of this
having taken place recently, the averag,e annual sediment contribution
due to slide hazard is relatively small. It is estimated that the sediment-
ation rate due to rockslides and avalanches is about 0.2 acre-foot per
square mile per year, for an annual total of 0. 3 acre-foot for the
1.5-square-mile basin.
In the higher elevations of the study area, snow depths in excess of
20 feet may be reached. Snows of these magnitudes build up on the
steep slopes of the drainage basin until enough weight is accumulated to
overcome the shear friction in the snow and create an avalanche. The
exact critical angle of repose depends on the temperature, wetness, and
shape of the snow grains. There is evidence that avalanches occur
with regularity at a number of locations in the Black Bear Lake basin
and are apt to occur at any susceptible location. It can be assumed
that all treeless slopes, gullies, and bowls steeper than about 30° are
possible avalanche paths (Ref. 12). An avalanche carries with it any
debris, such as rocks and vegetation, in its path. Debris drops out
continuously. The amount of sediment annually borne into Black Bear
Lake by avalanches is probably small. It is assumed to be included in
the amount estimated as the annual contribution due to· rockslides.
31 :g HA-31
The total annual sediment production rate for the Black Bear Lake basin
is estimated to be 0.5 acre-foot. This results from a suspended sediment
deposition rate of 0.1 acre-foot per square mile per year and a bedload
or rockslide and avalanche contribution rate of 0.2 acre-foot per square
mile per year for the 1 .5-square-mile-basin.
31 :g HA-32
REFERENCES
1. U.S. Department of the Interior, Alaska Power Administration,
Takatz Creek Project, Alaska, Juneau, September 1967.
2-. ·U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center,
·HEC-4, Monthly Streamflow Simulation, February 1971.
3. U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Hydrometeorological
Report No. 43, Probable Maximum Precipitation, Northwest States,
Washington, D.C., November 1966.
4. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Design of
Small Dams, Washington, D.C., 1977.
5. U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, T. P. 47, Probable
Maximum Precipitation and Rainfall-frequency Data for A Iaska,
Washington, D.C., 1963.
6. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center,
HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package, January 1973.
7. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations, R. D.
Lamke, Open-file Report #78-129, Flood Characteristics of Alaskan
Streams, 1978.
8. Veihmeyer, F. J., "Evapotranspiration" in Handbook of Applied
Hydrology, V. T. Chow, ed., New York: McGraw-Rill, 1964.
9. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Center, Clima-
tological Data for Alaska, annual summaries 1968-1977.
10. Linsley, R. K., Jr., M. A. Kohler, and J. L. H. Paulhus,
Hhdrology for Engineers, 2nd Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill,
19 s.
11. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District, Rivers and Harbors
in Alaska, Interim Feasibilit Re ort on H droelectric Power and
Rea ted Purposes or Ketchikan las a, 1978.
12. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Avalanche Handbook,
November 1978.
31:h HA-33
Appendix W-J
EXHIBIT J
GENERAL MAP
COVERING THE ENTIRE
PROJECT AREA
~• P~rt ..
.
qr·
f>}.. y
SCALE 0
KEY MAP
N
liN
ze.s•
NOTE: TOPOUiAPHY SHOWN IS AREPIIOOUC:nOII
01' USIIIIAP CRAll, ALAI!( A, 1'250,000
SCALI. THE CONTOUR IITI:IIYAL 11100 fi!:IET.
DATUIIIIMEAII SEA LEVEL.
LEIEND
----RaiU)S
.EX ... T~T..! ... OI'...!...
Tille ......... ,..,., ... ............... ._ .... .................
n.. ..... ~ .....
ALASKA POWEit AUlltORITY
•
.., S.C.. Q 't u ~~ DlrMter
l 4 • • • 10 ---- -----1'100,000
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDRPELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
GENERAL MAP
~ POWER AUTHORITY
NO .• 5715-1
Appendix W-K
EXHIBIT K
DETAILED MAPS
COVERING THE ENTIRE
PROJECT AREA
BLACK BEAR LAKE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
EXHIBIT K
PROJECT DETAIL MAP
Exhibit K drawings, Sheets 1 through 6 of 9, show the Proposed
Project Boundary for the area affected by the Project. The proposed
boundary includes sufficient area for all project structures and
other access, construction plant area, operation and maintenance
activities, and recreational facilities.
The Applicant has not shown the Proposed Project Boundary in
more detail at this time since negotiations for acquisition of the
required lands are dependent upon further development of the project
design. Upon completion of the investigations necessary to further
develop the project design, negotiations will be held with the land
owners for the necessary land and land rights to construct and
operate the Project. After agreement is reached with the land
owners, the Project Boundary will be surveyed and the Exhibit K
drawings revised to show the Project Boundary as surveyed and
procured.
Additional information, including the reservoir area-capacity
curve, a tentative centerline survey of the penstock, and tentative
locations of the project transmission line substations at Hydaburg,
Klawock and Craig, is shown on Exhibits K-7, K-8 and K-9
respectively.
K-1
SCALE 0
KEY MAP
N MN
Z8.5
NOTES•
I, UTIMATED TOTAL ACREAGE 01' U.S. LANDS
WITHIN THE PROJECT BOUNDARY ON THIS
EXHIBIT IS 791.5 ACRES.
2. TOP08RAPIIY SHOWN IS A REPROOUCTION
01' US8S MAP CRAll, ALASICA, 1:250,000
SCALE. THE CONTOUR IIT£RYAL IS 200 fEET.
DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL.
LEGEND
----~
--TRANSIISSION LINE
EXHIIIIT_K_SH£ET .Lew..!.
TNa drawi"V Ia a partf/lllle
applloatloll forlloe--.., .............. ~
TN.41i..,of ~. IMI
ALA8KA ~'DWElt AUTHOIIITY ., s... Q '4; .u. ~" 01-
2 4 • I 10 ---------1'100,000
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
DETAIL MAP
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
I)WG. NO. 5715-2
'0J
\
"'V
0
--,::...
N.56;000
8
PROJECT BOUNDARY SURVEY DATA
POINI_
DAM SITE
Dl
D2
03
04
D5
D6
POWERHOUSE
SITE
PI
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
LEGEND:
G
NOTES:
ALASKA STATE PLANE
COORDINATES
N E
49,180 100,000
49,300 99,600
50,000 99,310
50,000 99,550
50,000 100,000
49,890 100,110
N E
51.725 99,460
51,860 98,260
51,860 97,860
52,170 97,620
52.280 98,820
52.280 98,120
52.120 98,220
52,840 98,680
PROPERTY LINE
PROPOSEO TRANSMISSION LINE
b.PPROXIMATE PROJECT BOUNDARY
PROPOSEO WILDERNESS AREA
BOUNDARY
ESTIMATED ACERAGE OF SECTION
INCLUOEO IN PROJECT BOUNDARY
I. TRANSMISSION LINE LOCATION SHOWN
IS APPROXIMATE. PROPOSED PROJECT
BOUNOARY LINES ARE OFFSET 100 FEET
FROM THE TRANSMISSION LINE ON BOTH
SlOES.
2. TOPOGRAPHY SHOWN IS A REPRODUCTION
Ot' USGS QUADRANGLE SHEET C-3
CRAIG, ALASKA. THE CONTOUR INTERVAL
IS 100 FEET. DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL.
3. PROPERTY LINES SHOWN ARE BASED ON U.S ..
OEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST
SERVICE-ALASKA REGION PUBLICATION NO.
103, "PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND ROAD SYSTEM,
TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST".
4. TOTAL ESTIMATEO ACREAGE OF U.S. LANDS
INCLUDEO WITHIN THE PROJECT
ElOUNDARY ON THIS EXHIBIT • 329.8 ACRES.
EXHIBIT_K_SHEET .!..OF~
Thit drawing It a part of the
application forlicenae made
by the undertlgned.
Thlo410 day of D=. 1981
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
b1 (....;._ \?. ~.ll Executive Director
.SCALE
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400
...,.._-I
1"-400 FEET
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
DETAIL MAP
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
DWG. NO. 5715-3
NSMI SSION LINE '-MATCH LINE
N MN SKEET NQ K4
MATCH LINE
TRANSMISSION LINE CENTERLINE SURVEY SHEET NQ K4
COURSE NO. BEARING DISTANCE REFERENCE COURSE NO. BEARING DISTANCE REFERENCE
1-1 N 68° 10' W 4300 Exhibit K 4 3-1 S 87° 25' E 3300 Exhibit K 4
1-2 · N 57° 20' W 2700 " K, 4 3-2 S so• 55' E 2200 " K '4
1-3 . N 20° 25' W 2550 " K 4 3-3 N 68° 20' E 4300 " K 4 • 29•
1-4 N 7° 15' W 4200 " K 4 3-4 S 60• 0' ·E 2100 " K 4
1-5 N 15° 45' W 4000 Exhibit K 3 3-5 S 65• 10' E 3150 " K 4
1-6 N 7° 10' W 5700 " K 3 3-6 S 56° 55' E 3750 " K 4
1-7 N sg• 0' W 800 " K 3 3-7 S 33° 10' E 4750 " K 4
1-8 S 70° 0' W 1150 " K 3 3-8 S ss• 50' E 4goo " K 4 LEGENO:
1-g N 20° 40' W 1800 " K 3 3~g S 48° 55 ' E 4100 " K 4 EXHIBI T .....!LSHUT .!..OF...!.
1-10 N 57° 40' W 2g00 " K 3 3-1 0 S 40° 10' E 2100 " K 4 Tlllodnlw
1-11 S 76• 30' W 1300 " K 3 3-11 S 32° 30' E 4600 Exhi bit K 5 ~ ~~~ENSJM~lYfLOPLIENTROAD lnglea,.rtof ...
1-12 S 62° 20' W 2100 " K 3 3-12 S 51° 45' E 8800 K 5 -..kotloaforll---
1-13 N 4g• 55' W 1250 K 3 3-13 S 81 ° 10' E 6200 K 5 1-23 PROPOSEDTRANSMISSIONLINE ., .... _.., .......
1-14 S 70° 50' W 2400 K 3 3-14 S 63° 45' E 3750 K 5 AND COURSE NUMBER '
1-15 S 37° 15' W 1750 K 3 3-15 S 3° 25' W 5050 K 5 ---PROPERTYLINE Tllle4&..,ot'1MI...IHI
) ralj (~ l l /
,· g-
_./
1-16 s a• 25' w 1100 K 3 3-16 s 54• 5 ' E 3250 K s (0 ALASKA POWER AvntORITY
1-17 S 21° 55' W 2350 K 3 3-17 S 45• 30' E 1500 K 5 7Z ES TIMATEDACREAGE OFSEC TION <: , \A..J,l,
1-18 S 50° 30' W 1100 K 3 3-18 S 23• 35 ' E 27 50 K 5 . INCLUDED IN PROJECT BOUNDARY ., -""'"' e b-lwe Director
1-1g S 35• 40' W 2100 K 3 3-1g S 3 ° 0' E 2300 K 5
1-20 S 90• 0' W 1200 K 3 3-20 S 33° 10' W 4450 K 5
1-21 S 3g• 5' W 2050 K 3 3-21 S 40° 35' E 8850 K 5 SCALED 2000 4000 SOOO IOOO 10000 .12000n.
1 -22 S so• 10' W 1650 K 3 3-22 S 45• 50' W 4700 K 5 NOTES:
1-23 s 60• 40' W gso K 3 3-23 s 22• 20' E 5000 K 5 1•• 2000 FEET
1-24 S 2g• 5' W 2650 K 3 3-24 S g• 5 ' W 7550 K 5 1. TRANSMISSI ON LINE LOCATION SHOWN
1-25 S 47° 30' W 7250 Exhibit K 4 3-25 S 25° 5' W 4750 " K 5 IS APPROXI MATE. PROPOSED PROJECT
1-26 S 20• 50' W 3800 " K 4 3-26 S o• 0' W 7350 " K 5 BOUNDARY LINES ARE OFFSE T 100 FEET BLACK BEAR LAKE
1-27 S 3g• 50' W 5300 " K 4 3-27 S 60° 0' W 1450 " K 5 FROM THE TRANSMISSION L I NE ON BO TH HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
1-28 S g• 10' E 1600 " K 4 3-28 S 4° 35' W 1500 " K 5 SIDES. ALASKA
3-2g S 3g • 25' W 7450 " K 5
2-1 S go 30' E 1100 Exhibit K 4 3-30 S s• 40 ' E 6g50 " K 5 2. TOPOGRAPHY SHOWN IS A REPRODUCTI ON
2-2 s 4° 55' w 3400 " K 4 3-31 s 2go 45' E 4850 Exhibit K 6 OF USGS QUADRANGLE SHEETS C-3 ANOC-4, DETAIL MAP
2-3 S 61 ° 10' W 2300 " K 4 3-32 S go• 0' E 7g50 K 6 CRAIG, AL ASK A. THE C_ONTOUR INTERVAL
2-4 S 27° 40' W 2300 " K 4 3-33 S 26° 0' E 2350 K 6 IS 100 FEET. DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL.
2-5 S 48° 30' W 2350 " K 4 3-34 S 23° 5' W 3650 K 6 ALASK A POWER AUTHOR ITY
2-6 S 28• 50' W 3450 " K 4 3-35 S o• 0' W 2650 K 6 3, PROPERTY LINES SHOWN ARE BASED ON U.S ..
2-7 S 20• 0 ' W 1850 " K 4 3-36 S 4° 55' W 3750 K 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST
2-8 S o• 0 ' W 1400 " K 4 3-37 S 6° 35 ' W 3g00 K 6 SE RVICE-ALASKA REGION PUBLICATION NO.
2-g S 5° 55 ' W 2450 " K 4 3-38 S 33° 25 ' E 3050 K 6 103, "PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND ROAD S YST EM,
2-10 S sg• 0' W 800 " K 4 3-3g S 8° 40' E 4650 K 6 TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST".
2-11 S 6° 25' W 4000 " K 4 3-40 S 14° 30' W 1600 K 6
2-12 S 50° 5' E 2400 " K 4 3-41 S 2g• 5' W 2400 K 6 4 . ESTIMATED TOTA L ACREAGE OF U.S. L ANDS
2-13 S go 30' W 1700 " K 4 3-42 S 6° 5' W 1g00 K 6 WITHIN THE PROJECT BOUNDARY ON THI S
2-14 S 38° 15' W 1g00 " K 4 3-43 S 30° 10' W 1800 K 6 EXH IBIT IS 25.9 ACRES.
2-15 S 63• 25' W 350 " K 4
DWG. NO. 5715-4
•
~·' ·.~
_;.=~
l · ~·~ "
o\.ot.s
LEGEND:
~
~
3-23
STATE HIGHWAY AND NUMBER
FOREST DEVELOPMENT ROAD
AND NUioiBER
PROPOSED TRANSMISSION UNE
AND COURSE NUMBER
PROPERTY UNE
N
0 ESTIMATED ACREAGE OF SECTION
INCLUDED IN PROJECT BOUNDARY 2t•
NO TESt
1. TRANSMISSION LINE LOCATION SHOWN IS APPROXIMATE.
PROPOSED PROJECT BOUNDARY LINES ARE OFFSET I OO ·FEET
FROM THE TRANSMISSION L INE ON BOTH SIDES.
2. TOPOGRAPHY SHOWN IS A REPRODUCTION OF USGS
QUADRANGLE SHEETS B-4, C-3, C-4, CRAIG, ALASKA. THE
CONTOUR INTERVAL IS 100 FEET. DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL.
3. PROPERTY LINES SHOWN ARE BASED ON U.S., DEPARTioiENT
OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE-ALASKA REG ION
PUBLICATION NO.I03, "PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND
ROAD SYSTEM, TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST•.
4. PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE CONNECTION TO KLAWOCK
AND CRAIG DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ARE SHOWN ON FIGURE K-3.
5. ESTIMATED TOTAL ACREAGE OF U.S. LANDS WITHIN THE
PROJECT BOUNDARY ON THIS EXHI BIT IS 3!51.0 ACRES,
INCLUDING 329.8 ACRES FROM SHEET NO. K2.
loiN
SCALED
EXIIBIT ....!L.SHE:ET ~OF..!.
T1lto ........... port"' ...
oppttcoiiM forltoe--
., ....... , .. "*'·
~-.. ~ ....
MAIKA POW£R AUTHORITY
t1r S ' A '+ U ~lwe Director
2000 4000 eooo eooo to ooo 12 ooo
1••2000 FEET
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
DETAIL MAP
ALASKA POWER AUTHORIT Y
DWG. N0.5715-5
/
·~
LEGEND: -
-@-
~
3-23
8
NO TES:
21.11°
STATE HIGHWAY ANO NUMBER
FOREST DEVELOPMENT ROAD
AND NUMBER
PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE
AND COURSE NUIIBER
PROPERTY L INE
ESTIMATED ACREAGE OF SECTION
INCLUDED IN PROJECT BOUNDARY
1. TRANSMI SSION LINE LOCATION SH OWN
IS APPROXIMATE. PROPOSED PROJECT
BOUNDARY LINES ARE OFFSET IOO ·FEET
FROM THE TRANSMISSION LINE ON BOTH
S IDES.
2. TOPOGRAPHY SHOWN IS A REPR ODUCTION
OF USGS QUADRANGLE SHEE T B-3
CRAIG, AL ASKA. THE CONTOUR INTERVAL
IS 100 FEET. DATUM IS MEAN SE A L EVEL.
3. PROPE RTY LINES SHOWN ARE BASED ON U.S.,
DEPAR TMENT OF AGR I CULTURE F ORE ST
SERVICE-ALASKA REG ION PUB LICA TION NO.
103, "PR INCE OF WALES ISL AN D ROAD SYSTEM,
T ONGASS NATIONAL F OREST".
4. ESTIMATED TOTAL ACREAGE OF U.S. LANDS
WITHIN THE PROJECT BOUNDAR Y ON T HIS
EXII\8 \T IS 3!14.1 ACRES.
EX !tilT ....!LSHEET ..!.OF..!.
Tllil dtowlftg II o ,art of lk
eppllcotiCMiforll-OIOdo
., ........... 11.-ct.
nlo ... 4GJ of P....11111
AlASKA POWER AUTHORITY
., S...... Q *,u ~~·· DlriCtor
SCALE 0 2000 4000 8000 8000 ·------
I"• 2000 FEET
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECT RIC PROJECT
ALASKA
DETAIL MAP
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
DWG. NO. 5 7 15-6
LEGEND:
4000 ~
3-23
e
FOREST DEVELOPMENT ROAD
AND NUMBER
PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE
AND COURSE NUMBER
PROPERTY LINE
ESTIMATED ACREAGE OF SECTION
INCLUDED IN PROJECT BOUNDARY
18.11
NOTES:
I, TRANSMISSION L I NE LOCATION SHOWN
IS APPROXI MATE. PROPOSED PROJECT
BOUNDARY LINES ARE OFFSET IOO ·FEET
FROM THE TRANSMISSION LINE ON BOTH
SIDES.
2. TOPOGRAPHY SHOWN IS A REPRODUCTION
OF USGS QUADRANGLE SHEETS B-3, A-3.
CRAIG, ALASKA. THE CONTOUR I NTERVAL
IS 100 FEET. DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL.
3. PROPERTY LINES SHOWN ARE BASED ON U.S.,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST
SERVICE-ALASKA REGION PUBLICATIO N NO.
103, "PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND ROAD S YST EM,
TONGASS NATI ONAL FOREST".
4 . PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE CONNECTION
TO HY DABURG DI STRIBUTION SYSTEM IS SHOWN
ON FIGURE K-,.
5. ESTIMATED TOTAL ACREAGE OF U.S. LANDS
WITHIN THE PROJEC T BOUNDAR Y ON THIS
EXHIBIT IS 59.D ACRES.
SCALED
EXHIBIT_K_SHEET.!..OF..!..
1'1111 drawl"' Ia a part af 1M
appllcatloa hrlloo--
.,,~ ........ .-~.
1'1111..-...,of~ lUI
ALASKA POWEll AUTHOIIITY
~J S,;,. A '+..IJ. ~I•• Dlrec~
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12 000FT.
1••2000FEET
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
DETAIL MAP
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
DWG. NO. 5715-7
RESERVOIR AREA IN ACRES
300 200 100
1800
..........
!
1700
~ ~ ~
......... ~
... w w
~
z
~ 1600
~ > w
...1 w
1500
........ ~ ~ ...... _...,
r---...... ~ ........... ~ ~
~ ,.. ~ r---...... ~
~ r
1/
1400
0 10,000 20,000
RESERVOIR STORAGE IN ACRE-FEET
l-I.A.R.ZA E"-'GINEki'IING CO"""'A'J>" • l\i'IAI'I(..H 19E11
EXHIBIT K-7
0
l I l 1800
s. : EL. 1721 Max
......,. EL. 1715 Max Norm W.S.
Norm W.S. EL. 1685 Min
1700
... w w
~
!
1600 z
0
'-... ~
<C >
~~
'
w
...1 w
30,000
I' 1500
1400
M.ACIC BEAR LAKE.
HYDROELECTRIC PRO.IECT
ALASKA
RESERVOIR
AREA-VOLUME CURVES
M.A8KA POWER AtfTMORITY
DWG. No. 571 &-8
rf!~' ')\~ '
t..IP:~
'}•
rl/ ~,~9'
--------~--~-------------~ ·.-r--------------------~-----------------.-----
) I
V\
~
EXHIBIT K-8
TENTATIVE SURVEY DATA
COURSE BEARING DISTANCE
No. FEET -P1 N61° 30'W 67
P2 N67° 35'W 270
P3 N3r 10'W 1841
P4 NB" 40'W 438
P5 N5r 50'W 415
P6 N77" 50'W 109 --
3140
NOTES: 1. START OF SURVEY IS AT
THE FACE OF THE DAM.
2. ELEVATIONS ALONG THE
PENSTOCK CENTERLINE ARE
SHOWN ON EXHIBIT L-2.
SCALE 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 F"EE ---<'co ~ •
111 •401
ll.ACI< BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
PENSTOCK CENTERLINE
SURVEY
Al.ASICA POWER AUTHORITY
DWG. No. 5715-9
~ ~
~
~
~
MN
>f
!Own•ile &undllf'!l ( 8L M) ·h Bit; $Q/f L•ke
\
\'""S'" N"iM•I F,n)
TO Hollis .st:;te Hig~ J?l~ ~ /"
~
r /R.I./l.lll<v
to Cr:~ig
pbcr:.ip
lfLANOCK
· ~ K /QJVOC/f ln!ef /
/
01fli«*
.3-/.6/rv /tiN! to
Hyd:~lillf',9
# !/,
(7-I( /\~~""""' ff~!Jir~~rr~if::::;;:;;;;;;~:::n::::=::;:~~==~~~~7.~~kv
ffoom ttf.?,.,.,k
Propo,.d Sil/;sftJ lion
CRAIG
LEGEND:
c <"..,.,
~ ~
~~
HYDABURG
----PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINE
EXISTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
~ PROPOSED SUBSTATION
• EXISTING GENERATING FACILITY
-----TOWNSITE BOUNDARY
------MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY
NOTES:
citydx!ll
I. LOCATION OF PROPOSED TRANSMISSION LINES
AND SUBSTATIONS ARE APPROXIMATE.
2. TOWNSITE AND MUNICIPAL BOUNDARIES
AND EXISTING DISTRIBUTION AND
GENERATING FACILITY LOCATIONS ARE BASED
ON COMMUNITY MAPS PREPARED FOR THE
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY
AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS, APRIL 1981.
3. EXISTING GENERA TOR OWNERSHIP:
TLINGIT & HAIDA REGIONAL ELECTRICAL AUTHORITY <THREA)
ALASKA POWER & TELEPHONE COMPANY (APT)
EXHIBIT K-9
SOUTHEAST ALASKA
KEY MAP
MIV fw
c;s·~ ~~ r.~'j
SCALE 0
· .!JUf kv tine from 1{/t;I!DCI<
',~~'-'
400 800
' '
1200 1600 2000 2400 FT
I" • 400 FEET
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
TRANSMISSION LINE SUBSTATIONS
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
DWG. NO. 5715-10
Appendix W-L
GENERAL DESIGN DRAWINGS
OF THE PRINCIPAL STRUCTURES
<;a. ..:;
/
/
/
/
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~
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-~,.----+---+----+---+----+ I
T ---1---t------+----1----+---+---+---+-----t---1----+-
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-+---+---+-+ --+----~--+--
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!·---+--1----+---+
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~~~-v ·~ 1 1 ~-J--1 I I I ~,.t..=2j· +-+-F><r--
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21()() Jt(K) 4t00 !itaJ fitOO 7t00 8t00 !JtOO IOtOO fff[J{J !/?tOO /81{XI /4t00 15r00 10100 17100 !8t/XI 19100 20100 12/tOO /?31(}{) 211(}() f/JtOO 26'00 27t00 RBtOO li!!lt(}(} 8{}1fX] .ift(}{) I .%'tOO
~ ~ ~ '
IB'dit:J. bt~ried pmsloc/1
PROFILE ALONG i< PENBTOCX
Sc~fl> ~• shol'ln
EXHIBIT_L_SHEET .!.OF.!.
Thio drawing 11 o port ol tho
oppllcollon fotiiC*nM "'""
bJ tho undonlgnod.
Thio dOJ of 1!.181
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
I>J t...:._ Q. \l,.J.~ E•.c•ll•o Dlroclor \
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
GENERAL PROFILE
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
.!3ttxJ .ill(}()
DWG. NO. 5715-12.
PLAN
!780
mo
1760
17~0
l 1140
""-""-/"'"""Hl;/1(/rQi/ .... 1790 " c)J
~-Sptiln:;!l CIY!sl
/ £1.1713.0
~ 1720
~ 1710 ~ 1700 t ~ 1690
r-
·~ !tt80 l "' 1870
1660
Sfrilions OtOO /tOO
DOIVNSTREAM ELEVATION
/~!OpofdGm
[1.17:?3.0
~
I
~
\
R t":
I
SCALE 0 20
EXHIBIT_L_SHEET lOF i.
Thia d"'Wi"'Jito port of tho
oppllcoliOII for IIcon" modo
by tho uiMieroltned.
Thla doy of 1981
Al.yKA POWER AUTHORITY
by 'l...... 2 ~.J,l, Eltcu!lvo Director
40 60 80
111 -2,.0 1
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
.100 120FEET
-I
DAM, PLAN a ELEVATION
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
OWG. NO. 5715-13
\I\
f'/{JIY -
q 48"dt~. st.elp•nsloalr
&>:/ af''''" pw~•luc*
r/o'
I ._. --<t shaft
Axis of et:incl'l!le
$fJ1ilvi.Jy d:tm
-lf:Jpofdom
£!.!1.?J.IJ
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... ~Bp/llwoysic'< tr:~l!
4!J!ou
SECTION A-A
! r can<:'~et• !tnerf
sn:~f! 48'1 D
1
co:Jfi!Je-
.SECTION AT PENSTOCK AND SHAFT
Scale 0 S feel ......._,_,__,_
J"·5'o'
r
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'---l1't!f'O.'io,/>,y f!':no(:,""h
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Mlr!!;7;um ex~:J,"ll.!fl
~~·~~E~~I!:f==jl r:r;;vd lerelmg \:B!!!i:=~~-" cmr-.se
JO'O'ac
TYPICAL TUNNt:L SECti)V
:,; :<~fe feet
Existing giYJI¥>d line
-<
~
TYPICAL PENSTOCK SECTION
(Sectron ft'U!!i porf,;j/ to pOJTerhouse luakmg doNnQtre;;m)
;'-§lOot
5170
,, ,,
\\ Volve tr:J/J/10111'
\'\'----Df'Qin hole
/
1-f5C
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SECTION B-8
'·"'"' 48 inotVI'" opergfed
bullufly .:tlve
TYPICAL P[NS'OC'< SEC!i(}N
:ooo
( Ser.:':Jtl lf'om .::.:. ff. ~w sh.ft)
J'•!~O"
IJUO
Ot':di;;rgt! • cf.s
SPILLWAY R/,7f!V:,' C~.RilE
dM>
£1.1723.0
·~·
SECTION Bt-81
I
1"--.r;t s/Jc/f
o!o 'nomintJI slltlf'l
l!XC'Qyt;/I(JI?!J;"H!
TYPICAL SHAFT SECTION
j"~t!O
EXHIBtT_L_sHEET ..!..OF~
TMo drawing loa part at tho
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by tho undonlgnod.
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ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
by 'i:...,:_ \). I ~.') Encullwo Director
SCALE 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 FEE
----I <EXCEPT AS NOTED)
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
DAM a PENSTOCK, SECTIONS
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
DWG. NO. 5715-14
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EXHIBIT_L _SHEET iOF i
Th11 drawinQ It a part of the
application for licente made
by tho undonlonod.
Thla day of 1981
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
by S,.... P, 1.\....JJ.. Euculivo Diroclor
SCALE IN FEET
12 18 24 30 36
~-------------,
3/1611 -I'
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
POWERSTATION,
PLAN a SECTIONS
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
DWG. NO. 5715-15
Appendix W-R
EXHIBIT R
PROPOSED PROJECT RECREATION PLAN
BLACK BEAR LAKE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
EXHIBIT R
Table of Contents
Page
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Project Area Setting 1
1.2 Regional Perspective 1
2. Regional Recreation Opportunities 4
2.1 Existing Resources and use 4
2.2 Regional Issues and ~rends 5
3. Recreational Opportunities of the Project Vicinity 6
3.1 Existing Facilities 6
3.2 Existing Activities b
3.3 Existing Use 8
3.4 Planned and Potential Recreation Resources 9
3.5 local Issues and Future Use 9
3.6 Potentials and Limitations on Recreation Use 10
4. Proposed Recreation Development 1 1
4.1 Proposed Facilities 11
4.2 Estimated Recreation use with the Proposed Project 12
4.3 Project Recreational Facility Cost Estimate,
Development schedule and Maintenance 13
5. Consultation and Cooperation with Federal, State
and Iocal Agencies
6. References
-i-
14
15
List ot TablP-s
Reasons tor Coming to Alaska
Alaska Regions
----
Comparison Between
Summarization of Black Bear Hunting Statistics for
Prince of wales Island
Regional Recreation Areas that Draw Non-Resident Use
Existing and Potential Recreation Facilities
Proposed Recreation Plan
-ii-
Paqe
R-1
R-2
R-1
R-2
R-3
BLACK BEAR LAKE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
EXHIBIT R
PFOPOSED PPOJF:Cr RECREATION PLAN
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Area Setting
The proposed Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric Project is centrally
located on Prince of Wales Island in Southeast Alaska. Prince of
Wales Island, a sparsely populated area approximately 30 air miles
west ot Ketchikan, is physiographically typical ot southeast ~laska.
Black Bear Lake is a high elevat1on (1680 ft msl) cirque lake
surrounded by mountains and steep forested slopes. The lake has a
surface area of 212 acres, which will be increased to approximately
2~1 acres upon completion ot the 9roposed Project. Access is by
float plane or helicopter.
Major recreation activities in tne proposed Project vicinity
are dispersed activity-types such as tishing, hnnting and hiking
which de~end largely on the natural character of the envirorment for
their existence. Presently, tne only developed recreational
facility in tne Project Area is a u.s. Forest Service (USFS) Cabin
on Black Bear Lake.
1.2 Regional Perspective
Recreation is, and will continuP to bA important to Southeast
Alaska because the region•s relatively undeveloped character, vast
and diverse natural resources, and spectacular scenery attract many
visitors seeking remote areas and d1spersed recreation activities.
Other factors strongly influence recreation and affect the course of
1ts develo.t,:ment. · These factors, discussed below, are:
Physiographic Character
'Transportation
Lite style
Management Policy/Ownership
-1-
Physiographic Character
The physiographic character of southeast Alaska is the one
factor that influences all of the others. Geographically the area
1s quite isolated due to the rugged and heavily forested mountains
and numerous islands. Communities are located near the shorelines
and generally remain physically isolated from one another. Of the
50,000 people residing in an area ot approximately q2,000 square
miles, 71 percent live in only three communities, Juneau, Fetchikan
and Sitka (Clark 1978). The region's rugged and remote character
provides a plentiful resource supply for dispersed recreational
activities.
Transportation
~he lack of road systems throughout Southeast Alaska,
contribute largely to the physical isolation and individual
character of the. communities. However, Prince of wales Island is
one ot the few areas in Southeast Alaska that has a developed road
system. This system connects the communities of Thorne Bay,
Craig, Klawock, and Hollis. The Alaska Department of Highways is
currently planning to extend a road south from the Craig to Hollis
road to the community of Hydaburg. Prince of Wales Island still has
many remote areas. However, the island is beginning to experience a
change toward a more developed character.
Travel by boat is the most popular and practical mode of
transportation, utilized by more than 80 percent of the visitors
entering the region this way (ISER, 1978). Principal access to the
island is by the Alaska Mar~ne Ferry system to the Hollis terry
terminal. The terminal is served four days per week. Air
transportation, while often the only means of access to remote
inland areas, is expens~ve and used mostly by non-resident visitors.
lifestyle
In southeast Alaska the land and water directly shapes the
lifestyles of its people. This lifestyle is typically characterized
by self-sufficiency and a desire to be close to a wilderness
environment. These factors strongly favor the dispersed type of
recreation that is predominant. Being close to wilderness,
recreation and self-sufficiency are the three reasons ranked the
highest by residents for staying in the region, as shown in
Table R-1.
-2-
Similarly, dispersed recreation activities are tied closely
with the subsistence way of life of many of the native populations.
The subsistence lifestyle is valued as a traditional practice and
the activities of hunting, fishing, hiking and camping are as much a
way of life as they are recreation. However, increased growth and
development in the region are beginning to affect this life style.
Many communities have begun to encourage development to stimulate
their economies. Management decisions are beginning to alter land
uses in areas used for sport, subsistence hunting and fishing,
recreation and as scenic backdrops. In general, all indications are
that in certain areas, including Prince of Wales Island, the shift
toward more development and thus a more urban and conventional
economy will continue, and that dependence on a subsistence way of
life will decline. The effect this shift may have on recreation
most likely will be towards more concentrated activities with
developed facilities.
Management Policy/OwnershiE
Land management policies and ownership are important elements
in the determination ot future recreation trends in Southeast
Alaska. The ownership issue of parts of the Project Area at the
present time is somewhat complicated due to the Native Claims
Settlement Act, and possible selection by native corporations (see
Project Area Ownership map, Exhibit w, ~igure W-30). It is
difficult to say at this time what impact a change in land cwnership
would have, if any on future recreation.
The management policies established for the lands in the
vicinity of the Project will have perhaps the greatest influence on
recreation development. The prevalent management policy for
National Forest lands on Prince ot Wales Island is the recently
completed Tongass National Forest Land Management Plan (TLMF) • This
plan directly affects the proposed Project, since part of the
Project Area is in National Forest Ownership. The TLMP has four
land use designation categories ranqing from wilderness to intensive
resource use and development. All of the Project lands within the
National Forest are in the intensive resource use designations, as
is most of Prince of Wales Island. This general
development-oriented policy for the island creates a number of
concerns which will directly affect the extent and types of future
recreation desired. These are:
1. As a result of the Alaska Native Claims Act and land
selections by tne State of Alaska, land ownership
patterns will substantially change in the next
few years, predominantly near population centers.
-3-
2. As more acreage of National Forest goes into State and
private ownership, the demand for roads, power sites and
lines, communication systems and aids to aviation and
navigation will increase.
3. The value of private lands within National Forest
boundaries will contine to increase as more adjacent
lands become privately owned. Subdivisions and
development ot private holdings lying within National
Forest boundaries will also expand, increasing Fressures
for local recreational activities.
4. Public pressure will increase tor such uses as
recreation cabins, campsites, recreational vehicle
camping, and oft-road vehicle (ORV) use.
In general, because of the management policies of the area, the
trend seems to be towards recreation of a more developed and
use-intensive nature.
2. REGIONAL RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES
2.1 Existing Resources and Use
Tourism and recreation are major industries in Alaska. Total
tourist expenditures in 1972 were approximately bb million dollars.
In 1977 that figure grew to 130-150 million dollars (EIA, 1978).
Recently, however, tourism growth has slowed somewhat due to the
high transportation costs encountered and the economy in general.
The State Division of Tourism projected an eight to nine percent
increase in non-resident tourists for 1980. Though this projection
shows an increase, it falls short of the historical 15 percent
annual increase (Inside Passage, 1980). While the majority of
visitors to Alaska as a whole travel by air, it is estimated that
greater tnan 80 percent of Southeast Alaska visitors enter the
region by water (ISER, 1978). The two major water-oriented access
modes are the Alaska Marine Highway System (State Ferry) and private
cruise ships. Most of the tourist traffic is directed to the larger
communities of Juneau, Skagway, Haines, and Ketchikan. Ferry
traffic to Prince of Wales Island primarily serves local residents.
The recreational season in Southeast Alaska is relatively
short, with most activity occurring from June through September.
Most recreation in Southeast Alaska is of a dispersed type.
Hunting, fishing, camping, boating and beachcombing account for
75 percent of all recreational use in Alaska• s National Forests, and
acout 75 percent of this use takes place in the coastal areas
(ISER, 1979) • This reflects the limited access to inland areas.
-4-
Opportunities for concentrated recreation are not common in
Southeast Alaska, primarily because large numbers of users generally
are required to justify the expense of develo~ment. This need for
more outdoor recreation close to smaller communities is an important
concern of Southeast Alaskan residents {ISER, 1979).
Non-resident or tourist use occurs primarily at well-known
recreation areas where sightseeing and interpretive facilities are
popular. These areas are shown in Figure R-1. Areas with developed
recreation facilities such as resorts also draw non-resident use.
The major torm of tourist access to Southeast Alaska are cruise
ships. It is expected that this trend will continue, but with a
slower increase in use than in the past. Tourist use of the state
ferry system is expected to increase moderately as available space
and runs increase. Access by air travel is expected to show the
greatest increase (ISER, 1978).
2.2 Regional Issues and Trends
The attraction of Southeast Alaska as a recreation area is
dependent on a number of issues and trends that have developed
regionally and nationally. Many of these will influence the
direction of recreation on Prince of Wales Island in the future.
These trends and issues are as tallows:
1. Total resident recreation demand in the future will grow
slightly faster than the region's population.
2. Access is perceived as the most im~ortant constraint to
participation in recreation activities.
3. Statewide, five of the fastest growing activities are
cross-country skiing, downhill skiing, snowmobiling,
motorboating, and camping.
4. As fuel and energy costs increase, the demand for nearby
areas for recreation will increase. Therefore,
locational factors will begin to receive more empnasis
than site factors.
5. Policies which stimulate the timber
industries, thereby increasing resident
will also increase the demand for
activities by residents.
and mineral
populations,
recreational
6. Non-resident tourist use is directly affected by the
cost of transportation, goods and services, and by the
capacities of the existing ferry system, tour ships, and
commercial airlines and related facilities.
-5-
7. Road-oriented recreation equipment is strongly dependent
on ava~lable terry capacity.
8. Demand for off-road vehicle use is expected to increase.
3. RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES OF !HE PROJECT VICINITY
3.1 Existing Facilities
Very few developed facilities exist on Prince of Wales island.
The USFS maintains some cabins on tne island and there are a few
private campgrounds. The extent of developed facilities within the
private campgrounds is not known. Locations of existing recreation
facilities in the proposed project vicinity are shown on Figure R-2.
The villages have limited recreation facilities. There are a tew
lodges located in Crdig and Klawock that cater to tourists during
the summer recreation season, and to government and construction
workers in the oft-season.
The Alaska State Ferry has an unmanned terminal located in
Hollis. The ferry from Ketchikan makes runs four times per week.
Most use is presently by local residents. This is not surprising,
since round trip air fare from the island to Ketchikan is
Sb dollars, but only 12 to lb dollars for the terry (1978 ~rices).
one ~oint of local interest on the island is a military
transport aircraft that crashed in Big Salt Lake some time in 1969.
3.2. Existing Activities
Hunting
Hunting is a popular activity on Prince of Wales island and
most often occurs in close proximity to the marine shoreline. The
most popular game animal is the black bear. Bear hunting has two
seasons: Spring (late April-June) and fall (September-Cctober).
Most bear hunting occurs in the spring, peaking in May. A
large percentage of bears taken in the fall season is incidental,
occurring while residents are engaged in other activities. Records
indicate that almost all non-resident hunting in the Ketchikan and
PWI region occurs on Prince of Wales Island. The island's
popularity with bear hunters seems to be due to the extensive road
system and the larger size of the black bear there (ADFG, 1979).
-b-
Trans~ortation used by bear hunters in 1979 reflects the
extensive logging road system on Prince of Wales Island. There,
52 percent used road vehicles compared to 10 percent in the
~etchikan area; 14 percent used small airplanes and 33 percent
traveled by boat. The majority ot non-resident hunters used air
transportation. These percentages have not changed significantly in
the last four years as shown in the comparison chart in Table R-2.
overall, bear harvest on the island has increased 32 percent in
the past five years as a result of increased logging activity and
extensions of the road system.
Fishing and Boating
Boating and fishir.g are two of the most popular recreational
activities on the island, as well as in the region. Boating and
fishing areas are plentiful due to the many inlets, coves, lakes and
streams. For example, Thorne River, located to the north of the
proposed Project .is one of the best sport fishing streams in
southeast Alaska. Fishing is especially popular in the late summer
and fall during the salmon runs. Most of the villages on the island
except Thorne Bay are fishing centers and harbor bases.
Camping and Hiking
very few developed campgrounds exist on Prince of Wales Island.
There are three designated private campgrounds along the mouth of
~lawock Lake, but no intormation is available on facilities there.
The USFS maintains some recreation cabins on the island. Most are
located on island lakes and are accessible only ty float plane.
Figure R-2 shows the location of the campgrounds and cabins in the
Project vicinity.
There are no areas closed to camping on Prince of Wales Island,
but since there are essentially no developed facilities, camping
activities are limited. However, the USFS has putlished an
excellent touring guide booklet which recommends areas, mainly along
the roads, which can be used as campsites.
Most of the trails on the island started out as logging roads.
The Harris Peak trail, south of Black Bear Lake, is one of the more
prominent trails in the Project vicinity (Figure R-2). The trails
generally receive the highest use during the hunting seasons.
-7-
3.3 Existing Use
Recreation use in most of the Project vicinity, in general,
occurs by hiking, sight seeing from aircraft and recreational
driving. Of these, recreational driving along the Hollis to Klawock
nighway receives the heaviest use, as this road is traveled more
than any other road on Prince ot Wales Island (USFS 1981).
Existing recreational use of the Black Bear Lake basin is not
extensive because of its general inaccessibility. The USFS reported
that their cabin on Black Bear Lake received 300 visitor days 1/ in
1978, representing approximately 14 percent of the theoretical
seasonal capacity. Visitor use 1n 1980 totaled 234 visitor days,
with 39 peo~le staying 31 days {USFS 1981). Most of the use at
Black Bear Lake occurs during the months of July through september,
with the cabin being occupied about one-third of the time during
these months. The factor limiting higher use is the distance by air
from the Ketchikan area (USFS 1981).
Activities taking place in association with the use of the
Black Bear Lake cabin include fishing, hunting and hiking. No use
data are available on fishing in Black Bear Lake. Fishing is
reported to be poor to good (see Chapter VI). The fishing season
is limited by late ice breaku~ (ADFG 1973). Hunting use is probably
light, since Alaska Department of Fish and Game {ADFG) data show
that most hunting activity in tne region occurs along marine
shorelines and along roads. Hiking and sightseeing are probably the
most popular recreational uses of Black Bear Lake. The steep
mountain slopes, snow-capped peaks and numerous small stream
cascades are attractive photograpric subsects. Hiking is possible
in the meadow areas and along grassy ridge tops, but is generally
difficult tecause of the rugged and steep topography.
Downstream ot Black Bear Lake, recreation use has until
recently been severely limited by the area•s general
inaccessibility. Recreational use is expected to increase here in
the tuture because of improved access due to planned logging
activities. Fishing activities do occur in the lower section of the
Black Bear Creek and in Black Lake, but access is difficult because
of the dense shrub growth. There are a number of good fishing
locations in tne lower two miles of Black Bear Creek (see
Appendix w-~ of Exhibit W). There is no data on fishing use above
Black Lake.
1/ A visitor day is defined as 12 visitor hours which may be
aggregated continuously, intermittently, or simultaneously by
one or more persons.
-8-
3.4 Planned and Potential Recreation Resources
'Ihe USFS has no plans to develop recreation facilities on
National Forest land in the immediate vicinity of the Project in the
near future. ~hey do plan to develop campgrounds and picnic areas
on the island eventually, but the locations and schedules have not
yet been established (Johnson, 1981). Recreation activities planned
on native lands center around the communities. The community of
Klawock, in their 1980 Economic Development Plan, has proposed
construction of picnic sites and jogging and bicycle paths. Craig
also plans to develop local recreation sites, including a camper
park, playground, cultural facility and bicycle path to Klawock
(OEDPC 1980). Such plans retlect the demand for recreation sites
close to the local communities.
Another recreation facility planned for the future is a fishing
and hunting resort located on state land near suemez Island south of
Craig. ~he resort will be open in June 1981 and will have an
initial capacity of 50-75 people. Ultimately it will serve 100-125
visitors. The emphasis of the resort is on sport fishing. No road
is planned to connect the resort with the other roads and
communities at this time (Chun, pers. comm.).
Potential recreation opportunities in the study area as shown
in Figure R-2 are based on the USFS's Recreation Opportunity
Spectrum (ROS) system (USFS 1979). This system defines classes of
potential recreation opportunities in terms of physical, social and
managerial conditions. The opportunity classes range from trailess,
undisturted areas offering hiking and wilderness experiences to
highly moditied urban areas offering concentrated and developed
recreation act1vities. These classifications, applied to the study
area, serve as a guide for potential recreation opportunities in the
future.
3.5 Local Issues and Future use ---------
Prince of Wales Island
recreational opportunities.
development depends largely
communities and land owners.
strongly intluence recreation
has much to offer in the way of
~he direction of future recreation
on the needs and policies ot the local
Listed below are some issues that will
use on the island in the future.
1. The ferry service is considered the reason for slow
visitor use increase to the island, because capacity is
limited. Increasing ferry service may increase
recreation use and demand for developed recreation.
2. There is a general lack of recreation in and adjacent to
the communities.
-9-
3. The local economy and population is beginning to expand,
primarily due to increased logging activity. Road
traffic is expected to double by the year 2000(Alaska
DOT 1979).
4. The increase in roads and road connections is likely to
increase tourism and various existing recreation
activities, notably hunting and fishing.
5. Increased logging activities may adversely affect deer,
bear and turbearer habitat, resulting in a reduction in
hunting and trapping opportunities.
6. The increase of road development, logging, noise and
discordant visual effects will increase pressures for
recreation in primitive settings, as well as facilitate
concentrated recreation opportunities.
Future recreational use on Prince of Wales Island is difficult
to forecast. However, in light of the various regional and local
issues mentioned above, recreational use is expected to increase in
the future. In particular, tne road system between Craig, Klawock
and Hydaburg is expected to receive increasing use tor recreation -
related activities (USFS 1981}. The villages of Prince of Wales
Island and their pol~cies will do much to determine the amount of
future recreation growth, since they are the bases to which tourists
will come.
3.b Potentials and Limitati~ 2n Recreation Use
~he most signiricant limiting factor to recreation use in the
vicinity of the proposed Project has been the general lack of
access. An additional factor limiting recreation potential in the
vicinity of tne Project is the steep topography. Recently, logging
activities have begun in Black Bear Creek valley. As a result,
access has been improved, which will certainly increase the
opportunity for fishing, hunting and hiking. The proposed Project
would further develop access into the valley.
However, logging activities will generally preclude heavy
recreation use or construction of developed recreation facilities
tor some time into the tuture. Tne proposed Black Bear Lake Project
could help accommodate the anticipated increased use in dispersed
recreation activities through development of recreation access to
Black Bear Creek and Black Lake. The Project itself will also
attract visitors.
-10-
q. PROPOSED RECREATION DEVELOPMENT
The recreation related issues, potentials and limitations
discussed above were considered in the formulation of the proposed
Project recreation development plan.
q.1 Proposed Facilities
In light of the points discussed above, it is anticipated that
Black Bear Creek valley will experience some increase in
recreational use with the proposed Project, notably in fishing
activities. This increase is not expected to be significant. ~he
following facilities are proposed to accommodate this expected
increase in use. Figure R-3 shows the proposed recreation
facilities in relation to the otner Project facilities and
surroundings.
Fishing and Boat Access to Black Lake
Boat access to Black Lake will be provided by a gravelled ramp
accessible from the proposed Project access road (Figure R-3). ~he
access road will be widened near the boat ramp to provide vehicle
parking. In addition, two picnic tables, a trash rece~tacle and
simple vault toilet will be provided for the convenience of
visitors.
It detailed site investigations reveal slope and stability
problems at the proposed Black Lake boat launch location, the
alternative location shown in Figure R-3 would be used. Access to
the alternative site would be via the bridge across Black Creek
which will be necessary for construction and maintenance access to
the proposed transmission line corridor. Other locations along the
Black Lake access road appear either too steep or too marshy for
development of the boat launch.
Fishing Acce§E Trail
A sirr,fle woodchif?
Black Bear Creek will
upstream o.t Black Lake.
the Project access road.
covered foot trail for fishing access to
be provided approximately one-half mile
The head of the trail will be located on
-11-
Powerhouse Interpretive Display Structure
An interpretive display explaining Project facilities and
operation will be placed outside the powerhouse. Visitors ~ill use
the parking spaces provided at the powerhouse. The powerhouse will
be closed to visitors except tor occasional tours. A ccnceptual
design of the interpretive display is shown in Figure R-3.
No additional recreation facilities are proposed on
Lake. The existing USFS cabin will be relocated
reservoir is tilled.
4.2 Estimated Recreation Use With !he Proposed Project
Black Bear
before the
As a result of construction of the dam on Black Bear Lake,
future recreation use of the USFS cabin may decrease somewhat
because of the perceived impact of man-made development to the
natural character of the lake. Recreation use in the valley,
however, is expected to increase due to the improvement of access.
Recreation use studies done by Alaska Power Authority (APA) at
Snettisham Hydroelectric Project {30 air miles from Juneau), and by
Ketchikan Public Utilities (RPU) for the proposed swan Lake
Hydroelectr1c Project {22 air miles tram Ketchikan) have shown that
annual recreation use rarely exceeds 200 visitors per year
(KPU 1980).
Future recreation use associated with the Black Eear Lake
Project may be somewhat higher than the APA and KPU use figure would
indicate, since the area would likely receive more local recreation
use trom tne villages of Klawock and Craig (approximately 13 and
20 road miles from the Project site, respectively). Eased on this
information on Black Bear I.ake USFS cabin use data, it is expected
that the average recreational use of Black Bear Lake and the valley
below will not exceed 300 visitors per year for the foreseeable
tuture. It is likely that annual recreation use will remain below
200 visitors per year until logging activities are concluded.
~he recreational development and facilities ~roposed herein
have been flanned with regard to the magnitude of use discussed
above. There does not appear to be, at this time, a need for
extensive development ot recreation facilities in the Black Bear
Lake area. However, should usage resulting from the improved access
increase beyond that expected, the Applicant will reevaluate
specitic recreational needs and modify the Project Recreation Plan
accordingly, in consultation witn communities and agencies
concerned.
-12-
q.J Project Recreational Facili!Y Cost Estimate, Development
Schedule and Maintenance
tegin after
facilities.
road in the
Construction of proposed recreation facilities will
completion of the powerhouse and related hydroelectric
One exception will be the widening of the access
vicinity of the Black Lake boat access ramp for parking.
be done at the time the access road is constructed.
proposed recreation facilities will be constructed within
of the completion of the hydroelectric facilities.
~his will
All of the
one year
The total cost of tne proposed recreation development,
including 25 percent contingency, is estimated at $28,000. This
includes $9,000 for relocation of the u.s. Forest Service Cabin on
Black Bear Lake. Itemization of the total cost is as follo~s:
Estimated Cost
Item 1981
Boat launch (one-lane, gravelled) 5,000
Picnic ~ables & Trash receptacle 500
vault Toilet 2,500
Fishing access trail (woodchip, approx. 2000 sq. ft) 500
Interpretive Display, Signs and Markers 4,000
Mise-Site Development (clearing,grading, etc.) 1,000
Black Bear Cabin Relocation. 9,000
~idening of
boat launch is not
included in the
could be used as a
Sub-Total 22,500
Contingency (+25%) 5,500
Total 28,000
the access road tor parking near the Black Lake
expected to be extensive and its cost has been
cost ot constructing the access road. ~his area
turnout during construction of the Project.
-13-
Little maintenance will be required for the proposed recreation
facilities. Periodic maintenance of the proposed facilities, such
as adding woodchips to the fishing access trail and review of
facilities for vandalism damage, will be conducted by the owner of
the Project. Since maintenance requirements are so low, maintenance
costs were not included in the initial recreation development cost
estimate.
5. CONSULTATION AND COOPERATION WITH FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL
AGENCIES
In completing the Proposed Project Recreation Plan, the
follo~ing agencies were consulted. These are documented in Section
10 and Appendix w-D, both of Exhibit w.
1. Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service and National
Park service, Department of the Interior.
2. u.s. Forest service, Department of Agriculture.
3. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Q. Alaska State Division of Parks
5. u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior
6. sealaska Corporation
7. Tlingit & Haida Regional Electrical Authority
-1Q-
b. REFERENCES
Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fisheries (ADFG-
DSF). 1973. Inventory and Cataloging of the Sport fish and
Sport Fish Waters in Southeast Alaska, Black Bear Lake. July
1973.
Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game (ADFG) 1979. Black Bear Harvest and
Hunting Pressure, survey-Inventory Progress Reports, 1976-
1979. Ketchikan and Prince of Wales, Ketchikan, Alaska.
Chun 1980. Waterfall Development Group.
Fishing Resort near Suemoz Island.
Harza Engineering.
Development of Hunting and
Personal Communication to
Clark, Roger N. and Robert c. Lucas. 1978. The Forest Ecosystem
of southeast Alaska. 10 Outdoor Recreation and Scenic
Resources. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exp. Station.
u.s. Forest service. USDA Forest Service General ~echnical
Report PNW-66. 1978. Portland, Oregon. 116 pp.
Division of Economic Enterprise Department of Commerce & Economic
Development, State of Alaska. March 1978. Alaska Visitor
Industry, a summary. Juneau, Alaska 7p.
Inside Passage, 1980. Southeast Alaska's Visitor Newspaper. Volume
5, No. 2, "Tourism up 8-9 Percent."
Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska
(ISEF). 1978 National Demand tor Developed Recreation and
Tourism in southeast Alaska -An overvie~. Prepared for u.s.
Forest service, April 1978.
Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska
(ISER). 1979 William Alves. Residents and Resources: Findings
of the Alaska Public Survey on the Importance of Natural
Resources to the Quality ot Lite in Southeast Alaska.
Prepared tor u.s. Dept. of Agric., Forest Service, Region 10.
Johnson, E. 1982. Recreation and Lands Staff Officer, USFS,
Ketchikan. Personal communication to Harza Engineering Co.
-15-
Ketchikan Public Utilities. 1979. Application for License tor the
Swan Lake Project. Project No. 2911, Exhibit w.
Overall Economic Development Plan Committee (OEDPC). 1980 City of
Craig, Alaska Overall Economic Development Plan Update.
Craig, Alaska, June 1980.
Overall Economic Development Plan Committee (OEDPC). 1980.
Klawock, Alaska overall Economic Development Plan
Klawock, Alaska, June 1980.
City of
Update
Pacific Rim Planners, Inc. 1977. Craig and Klawock Coastal Zone
Management Program Interior Report. Craig and Klawock, Alaska
by PRP Inc., Seattle, Washington. December 29, 1977. 121 p.
Planning Support Group, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Dept. of
the Interior. July 1978. Hydaburg, Alaska Its History,
Population and Economy, Report No. 257.
u.s. Forest Service (USFS). 1981. John w. Ruopp letter of 25 Feb.
1981 to G. Volland, Harza Engineering Co. 8 p.
u.s. Forest Service (USFS). 1979. Recreation Opportunity Planning
Guidelines for Land and Resource Management Planning (ROS)
Draft. December 1979. u.s. Forest service, Ketchikan, Alaska.
37 p.
u.s. Forest Service (USFS). 1979. Tongass Land Management Plan,
Final Environmental Impact Statement, Part 1. Alaska Region,
Forest Service, u.s. Dept. of Agriculture, Juneau, Alaska.
March 1979.
u.s. Forest service (USFS). No Date. Touring the Prince of Wales
Island Road System. Alaska Region, Forest service, u.s. Dept.
of Agriculture, Juneau, Alaska. 32 p.
-16-
TABLES
Table R-1
Reasons for Coming to Southeast Alaska-
Comparison between Regions
Reason for coming to or
remaining a resident of
region
Being close to a wilder-
"very important"
or important in
Southeast Alaska
ness environment 86%
Recreation opportunities 84
To be self-reliant 84
Living near the water 84
Being part of a small
community 82
Get away from urban
problems 79
Good hunting and fishing 78
Chance to be independent,
start something new 78
Long-term economic oppor-
tunity 74
Challenging or exciting job 70
Being near friends and family 61
Immediate income gains 60
South-
east
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Rank
South-
central Interior
3 4
1 3
2 1
11 12
10 5
6 6
8 9
4 2
5 8
7 7
12 11
9 10
Source •.. Institute for Social and Economic Research. University of
Alaska Residents and Resources, Alaska Public Survey
Findings, 1979.
Table R-2
Summarization of Bear Hunting Statistics
for Prince of Wales Island
Year
1976 197 8
H
Spring 61 34 44
Fa 11 1 8 17 23
Total 79 51 67
Non-Resident
Ki 11 { % ) 18 {23%) 1 2 (24%) 22 (33%)
Trans porta-
ion Used
Air 34 24 32
Boat 20 33 27
Road Vehicle 46 43 41
1979
47
23
70
23 (33%)
14
33
52
Source: Black Bear Survey-Inventory Progress Reports, 1976-
1979. Game Management Units lA and 2, Ketchikan and
Prince of Wales.
FIGURES -----
GLACIER BAY NATIONAL MONUMENT • NORTH
SCALE 0 15 30 45 MILES
I I I I
MENDENHALL GLACIER
• •• AIRLINE ROUTES •
0 LODGES
m_ NATIONAL MONUMENTS
~AND/OR SCENIC AREAS
• CAMPGROUNDS
' MAJOR CRUISE SHIP
', AND FERRY ROUTE
(!) PROPOSED PROJECT LOCATION
SOURCES: Tong~a Nll'tionll Forest m~~p &
Outdoor Recrenion and Scenic ReiOUfCII,
Vol. 10 USFS, 1978.
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
REGIONAL RECREATION RESOURCES
ATTRACTING NON· RESIDENT USE
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
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ENTRANCE SIGN ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
EXHIBIT R, FIGURE 3
DWG. No. 5715-16
Appendix w-v
EXHIBIT V
PROTECTION OF
NATURAL, HISTORICAL,
AND SCENIC
FEATURES
BLACK BEAR LAKE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
EXHIBIT V
Table of Contents
1. INTROI:UCTION
1. 1.
1. 2.
1.3.
Purpose
Approach
setting
2. EXISTING CULTURAL/HISTORIC RESOURCES
3. EXISTING VISUAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT
3. 1.
3. 2.
3. 3.
3. 4.
3. 5.
Description of Landscape Character Types
scenic Quality Evaluation
Visual sensitivity Evaluation
Development of Visual Resource Management Classes
Issue of Unique Scenic Resources
4. IMPACTS ON SCENIC, HISTORIC AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
4. 1.
4. 2.
4.3.
Black Bear Lake Impacts
Downstream Imfacts
Transmission Line Im~acts
5. MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
5. 1.
5.2.
5. 3.
5. 4.
Black Bear Lake
Downstream Mitigation Measures
Transmission Facilities
General Transmission Line Mitigation Guidelines
b. CONSULTATION AND COOPERATICN WITH FEDERAL, STATE AND
LOCAL AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
7. REFERENCES
-i-
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
5
6
b
14
14
14
1b
17
19
19
20
21
22
31
32
List of Tables ----
Landscape 7ype Scenic Quality Evaluation Chart V-1
Visual Resource Management Class ~atrix V-2
List of Figures
Physiographic Province Map V-1
Visual Resource Management Class Map V-2
Proposed Damsite Viewshed Map V-3
Black Bear Lake Overlook Viewshed Map V-4
Mitigation Aspects of the Proposed DEvelopment V-5, b, 7
Project Area Photographs V-8
-ii-
BLACK BEAR LAKE HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
EXHIBIT V
PROTECTION OF NATURAL, HISTORIC ~ND SCENIC FEATURES
1. INTFODUCTION -------
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of Exhibit v is to describe and evaluate the
natural, historic and scenic resources ot the Project Area, and to
design measures to avoid or minimize Project-related conflicts with
those resources.
1.2 Approach
~hE development of Exhibit V was basEd largely on discussion
with the USFS (USFS) and an adaptation of their Visual Resource
Management System (USFS 1974). ThE Regional Forest District for
Prince ot Wales Island had prepared a preliminary visual analysis of
Prince of Wales Island. This analysis which formed the basis for
tne Exhibit was moditied to reflect existing and tuture development
plans as well as professional judgements of APA's consultant.
1. 3 setting
Regional
The scEnery of SouthEast Alaska has otten been described as one
of its chief assets. This is primarily due to two features: its
marine setting and its mountains. The hundreds of islands and
broken coastline form many intricate sheltered waterways which
provide outstanding natural features tor viewing. Because of the
regional land and water fEatures, land travel is difficult and these
waterways also serve as important travel zones.
Two mountain ranges are responsible tor the Southeastern Alaska
landscape character (Figure 1). The eastErn range along the
boundary with Canada is part ot tne Coast Range, which is the
extension of the Cascade Mountain of washington. Peak elevations
range trom b,OOO to 10,000 tt. msl. Many peaks rise directlv from
the sea creating spectacular steep-walled fiords. The second
mountain range is the Pacitic Border Range of which the Prince of
-1-
Wales Island is a part. Though smaller than the eastern range, with
elevations ranging between 2,500 and 3,500 ft. msl, it combines with
the countless coves. inlets and points of this island-dominated area
to create a highly scenic environment.
Local
The proposed Black Bear Lake Project on Prince of Wales Island
is located in the southwest region of Southeast Alaska. The island,
typical of the Southeast Region, is rugged with steep wooded slopes,
numerous water courses and rocky peaks. Prince of Wales Island is
also the only island in Southeast Alaska with a developed road
system which connects the communities of Craig, Klawock, and Thorne
Bay. A planned road extension will soon add the community of
Hydaburg to this system as well.
Logging is the dominant land use of the island. It is also the
strongest visual impact in the region, with old and new clear-cut
areas contrasting with surrounding steep forested slopes. Planned
and potential logging areas are shown in Exhibit w, Figure W-26.
This activity, more than any other. will strongly influence the
future visual character of the island.
~he area around Black Bear Lake is visually striking,
characterized by steep wooded slopes, rocky peaks and outcrops,
cascades and waterfalls. The 1,000-foot waterfall/cascade from the
lake outlet is particularly scenic, though it is difficult to view
except from immediately downstream of it or from the air. on a
smaller scale, other characteristics also contribute to the scenic
quality of the Black Bear Lake area. ~hese include gnarled
evergreens, numerous wildflowers, ferns, and mosses, the sound of
rushing water, placid meadow pools. and the more temporal
experiences of viewing black bears, eagles and changing patterns of
light on the surrounding slopes. All of these characteristics
together with the area•s relative inaccessibility, imparts a rugged,
remote and highly scenic quality to the Black Bear Lake vicinity.
This quality may soon change, however, since logging is planned for
areas in the lower Black Bear Creek valley (Exhibit w, Figure W-26).
Since recreation related activities often follow logging reads, it
is expected that the sensitivi~y to visual impact in the Black Bear
Creek valley will increase in the future.
-2-
2. EXISTING CUL~ORAL/HISTORIC RESOURCES
In response to the Alaska Native Claims settlement Act, an
archeological investigation was undertaken in 1975 by the sealaska
Corporation. A number of sites of historic interest were identified
and documented (Sealaska, 1975). None of the identified sites are
listed on the National Register of Historic Places nor will any be
affected by the proposed Project.
A cultural resource consultant was contracted by the Applicant
to conduct a reconnaissance survey within the Project Area. The
consultant concluded that no cultural resources will be adversely
affected by the proposed Project. The consultant's report is
presented as Appendix w-e.
3. EXISTING VISUAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT
The visual quality assessment, reflects to a large degree the
input of the USFS and their recent visual analysis of the area.
Certain modifications, however, were made based on field work and
professional judgement. For planning purposes, activities known to
occur within five years were included in the analysis process.
These included logging activities, Black Lake road and the road
extension to Hydaburg. The assessment of the existing visual
quality of the study area consisted of four components: description
of landscape character types, evaluation of the scenic quality, the
visual sensitivity of the area, and the development of visual
resou~e management classes. These are described tela~. For a
detailed explanation, the USFS•s Landscape Management Report,
Volume 2 should be consulted (USFS 1974).
3.1 Description of Landscape Character Types
In order to evaluate the scenic quality of the general Project
vicinity the area was first broken into units that have similar
landform and vegetation types. Five such units or landscape
character types were identified and are described below.
Rock/Subalpine
Rock/Subalpine areas are prevalent above El. 2,000 ft. msl.
High vertical relief and prominant peaks create a dramatic visual
element against the skyline. The wind-swept trees and subalpine
meadows add variety and contrast to the rock surroundings. The
presence of lakes, waterfalls and cascades, significantly enhance
the visual character of these landscape types.
-3-
Within these areas, views are strongly enclosed, with emphasis
on spatially defined edges. Viewed from a distance, these landscape
types dominate the vista.
Muskeg/Fa~
Muskeg/Forest is one of the more extensive landscape types in
the area. The landform is flat to hummocky with few visually
dominant elements. Water bodies, when present add interest. Muskeg
vegetation, dominated by low shrubs, mosses and grasses, creates an
open landform which presents long views to adjacent landscaFe types.
Viewed from a distance, the openings provide contrast to the
forested surroundings but because of their frequency they tend to
become visually monotonous.
Shoreline
The Shoreline landscape type extends from the water's edge to
the first ridge top. Its landform ranges from flat to steep with
steep forested slopes dominating. The numerous coves and inlets
create a sinuous shoreline that added visual interest to this
landscape type. Views, depending on location, range from open to
enclosed. Because ot the dominant role the water plays in
transportation in these regions, the shoreline landscape type tends
to contain the majority of man-made modifications.
Valley
The Valley landscape type extends from sea level to about
500 feet in elevation. They are generally forested except where
clear-cutting has occurred. Many of these openings contrast with
tne continuous forest cover adding visual interest. Streams and
lakes, when present, tend to be visual focal points adding
additional contrast and visual interest.
-4-
Steep Forested SloEes
~he Steep Forested Slopes of the region act as a transition
element tying the valley and the ridge tops together. The
continuous forest cover is sometimes troken by harvested patches
which adds visual contrast. Water, when present, is in the form of
cascades and waterfalls creating a strong visual attraction. The
steep forested slopes, when viewed from a distance, tend to become
monotonous, directing views towards other landscape types. In close
proximity to the steep slopes, this landscape type tends to direct
views up and down the valleys and saddles.
3.2 scenic Quality Evaluation
Scenic quality is perhaps best described as the
impression one retains after driving or walking through, or
over an area.
overall
flying
~he Project vicinity was classified into the three scenic
quality classes defined below:
Class A: Areas that combine the more outstanding or uncommon
characteristics of the region.
Class B: Areas that contain variety, but tend to be common
throughout the region.
Class C: Areas whose features have little change in form, line,
color or texture, or areas that have been greatly
disturbed through cultural modifications.
The Project vicinity was mapped as Class A, B, or C scenic quality
by evaluating the landscape character types according to seven
criteria. These criteria were landform, vegetation, water form,
color, adjacent scenery influence, scarcity, and cultural
modification. With the exception of the Rock/Subalpine landscape
type, the landscape types included more than one scenic quality
class, as shown in Table V-1. Selection of the scenic quality class
tor these landscape types depended on the characteristics and
spatial arrangement of the seven criteria with respect to the
Project vicinity.
-5-
3.3 Visual Sensitivity Evaluation
Although landscapes do have distinguishing elements that can be
objectively measured, there is still a subjective dimension to
landscape aesthetics because of perceptual attitudes and personal
values of individuals. These viewers• concerns are an important
consideration in evaluating visual impacts of a proposed Project.
Evaluation of the visual sensitivity of the Project vicinity was
based on the visibility of the area from travel routes, recreation
sites and overlooks. In addition, assumptions ~ere made as to the
viewer's concern for scenic quality. Viewing distances were also
considered. Three levels of visual sensitivity resulted.
The highest visual sensitivity areas (level one) included the
areas viewed from the campsites around Black Bear Lake and Rlawock
Lake, areas viewed from the water (since this tends to te the most
frequent form of travel) , and areas viewed from the Hollis to
Klawock road and proposed Hollis to Hydaburg road. These two routes
were considered primary travel routes since they connect coremunities
with the ferry route and it was assumed that the majority of users
have a major concern for scenic quality. This is not the case with
the Big Salt road which is used primarily for logging purposes.
Moderate visually sensitive areas (level two) included areas viewed
along secondary travel routes by visitors with a high concern for
scenic quality, or along primary travel routes viewed by few
visitors ~ith a major concern for scenic qualities. Areas of low
visual sensitivity (level three) are those areas that are seldom
viewed from the use areas and travel routes.
3.4 Visual Resource Management Classes
The final development of the visual quality assessment combined
tne scenic quality and visual sensitivity components. The resulting
combinations were given a visual resource management (VRM) class,
derived as shown in the matrix in Table V-2. The VRM classes ranged
from Class I which are designated wilderness areas, national
monuments or recreation areas, to Class V which are areas of low
scenic quality and low visual sensitivity such as logging clearcuts.
No VRM Class I areas are impacted by the proposed Project. Each VRM
class is accompanied by a visual quality objective as defined by the
USFS•s VRM system. These are as follows:
Retention. Activities should repeat the form, line, color and
texture which are frequently tound in the characteristic landscape.
Changes should not be visually evident.
Partial Retention. Activities may introduce form, line, color, and
texture found infrequently in the characteristic landscape tut they
-6-
should remain visually subordinate to the visual strength of the
characteristic landscape.
Modification. Activities may visually dominate the characteristic
landscape but their visual characteristics should be compatible with
the natural surroundings.
Maximum Modification. Activities may visually dominate the
characteristic landscape. When viewed in foreground or middleground
distances they may not appear to borrow from naturally established
form, line, color or texture.
The resultant VRM classes were mapped in Figure V-2 and then
used to assess the potential visual impacts of the proposed Project.
The VRM classes for the Project vicinity are described below, with
respect to their characteristic landscape.
-1-
CLASS II
VALLEY/STREAM/LARE
AS SOCIA 'II ON
View of Harris River
from Hydaburg Road
Description. Flat low land areas with mixed ve9etation adding
contrast and variety. Steep wooded slopes define edges and enclose
visibility by directing views up and down the valley corridor with
focus on streams and lakes. Scenic quality is mostly moderate.
Visual sensitivity, because of road system, is high.
Significance. These areas act as principle travel corridors so that
any development here would have the greatest likelihood of being
viewed. Waterforms are strong visual elements in the landscape and
developments in proximity to them are visually vulnerable. ihe VRM
quality objective is retention. Changes should not be evident in
the landscape. Contrast may be seen, but should not be evident.
Change Potential. Because of the variety in form, line, color and
texture the ability of the landscape to visually absorb certain
developments is moderate to high. Developments that can repeat the
basic elements and landscape character would be compatible. Because
trees are often growing close to the roads, effective screening of
developments in areas is possible.
-8-
CLASS II
Rock/Subalpine
Association
View of southeast
end of ·
Black Bear Lake
Description. Dramatic, high-walled rock, often snow capped and
dropping ~o a subalpine forest and/or meadow. Great contrast and
variety ~n land form, vegetation patterns and water. Views are
strongly enclosed because the very steep slopes and openings provide
dramatic views across the valleys. From a distance, this complex
dominates the visual landscape by providing landmarks.
Significance. These areas represent the highest relief and most
rugged landscape on the island. Visitor preference for this
landscape type is very high, therefore, visual sensitivity is high.
The rock/subalpine complex is highly scenic and the VRM quality
objective is retention.
Change Potential. The capability of this association to visually
absorb disturbances is relatively low. Lakes tend to focus views
across to the steep slopes which readily show disturbances.
converging landforms tend to focus views at the apex, and in
general, disturbances will be . more readily perceived due to the
viewer's increased awareness of the surroundings. Water levels
could be increased with little perceived change, but developments
would be hard to design so as to not be evident or attract
attention.
-9-
CLASS II
SHORELINE/ESTUARY
Typical shoreline
view along Prince
of Wales Island
I
I
I
Description. The shoreline with its numerous undulations creates I
many areas of visual interest. The different landforms adjacent to
the water creates a variable edge that is highly imageable. This
water edge is most dynamic, acting as a strong attractive force
visually.
Siqnificance. . These areas, for the most part, have a hig~ scenic
quality. Visual sensitivity tends to be quite high since travel by
boat is the principle mode of transportation in these inaccessable
regions. The VRM objective is retention with the exception of areas
around communities where cultural modifications have reduced the VRM
objective to Class III, Partial Retention.
Change Potential. The combination of steep forested slopes
descending directly to the water, and the visually sensitive water
edge makes development in compliance with the management class in
these areas difficult. Extreme care and adherence to design and
mitigation principles should be taken if development is attempted.
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CLASS YYY
SLOPErvALLEY
Typical wooded slopes.
Old clear-cut area
viewed .from road to Hollis
Description. VRM Class III areas are primarily steep wooded slopes
and valley areas that are quite c~mmon throughout. scenic quality
is moderate with moderate to high visual sensitivity. Small
developments may be present such as logging and recreation land
uses. This class also encompasses areas of high scenic quality with
low visual sensitivity as well as areas of low scenic .quality with
high visual sensitivity. (see VRM class matrix, Table V-2).
Significance. The VRM objective of Class YIY areas is partial
retention. Contrasts to the basic elements (form, line, color,
texture) caused by an activity may be evident and begin to attract
attention in the landscape. However, the changes should remain
subordinate to the visual strength of the characteristic landscape.
Change Potential. The majority of Class YII areas have steep slopes
with uniform vegetation cover. Blending development activities with
the characteristic landscape in these areas is difficult.
Exceptions are areas in the valley and areas where developments now
exist. certain developments would be possible with the use of
·special design and mitigation methods.
-11-
CLASS IV
SLOPE/MUSKEG/VALLEY
Typical valley,
slope, muskeg
association by
Hydaburg.
Description. Class IV areas consist of a mix of landscape character
types that tend to fall into two categories: those areas of moderate
scenic quality with low visual sensitivity, and areas of low scenic
quality with moderate sensitivity. The latter category for the most
part are logged areas that are within foreground and middleqround
distance zones.
Significance. The VRM objective of Class IV areas is termed
modification. Contrasts may attract attention and be a dominant
feature of the landscape in terms of scale. The changes, however,
should borrow from the natural visual elements in such a way as to
be visually compatible with the natural surroundings.
Change Potential. Most developments designated in Class IV areas
should have little trouble in meeting VRM objectives as long as they
are designed with the surrounding landscape characteristics in mind.
Areas with lower visual absorption capabilities such as slopes will
be more difficult to develop within VRM objectives.
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Description.
designation:
quality and
the landscape
needed.
CLASS V
SLOPE/MUSKEG/VALLEY
Class v areas similarly fall into two categories of
areas of flatter topography that are low in scenic
seldom seen, and areas where the natural character of
has been disturbed to a point where rehabilitation is
Significance. Class V areas have a VRM objective of maximum
modification. Here, activities may take place in order to add
acceptable visual variety to the area as in the first category, or
as in the second category to upgrade a disturbed area in order to
bring it back into character with its surroundings. In the latter
case, the VRM objective may be tentative until another VRM objective
is reached. Activities may dominate the characteristic landscape
when viewed in the foreground or middleground, but should blend with
the characteristic landscape when viewed as background.
Change Potential. Developments designated in Class V areas should
have little trouble meeting the VRM objective.
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3.5 Issue of Unique scenic Resources
The Black Bear Lake area is considered highly scenic as
evidenced trom many of the log entries in the USFS visitor cabin.
However, while its value as a scenic resource is considered high, it
is not unique to the Southeast region in the sense that it has
national significance or scarcity as a one-of-a-kind resource,
since areas of similar quality exist in closer proximity to major
tourist routes and population areas. However, it is the view of the
USFS ~ongass National Forest Ketchikan office that "Black Bear Lake,
due to its alpine location with hiking access to a large amount of
alpine high country, is unique to this area of Southeast Alaska.
There are very few other lakes that offer this recreation
opportunity. (See Appendix J) • "
4. IMPAC~S ON SCENIC, HISTORIC AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Adverse imFacts to the visual and historic resources have been
avoided to the extent feasible throughout the planning of the
proposed Project. However, total concealment of such a Project is
impossible and some impacts will occur. The most significant
adverse visual impact will be on the perceived "wild" character of
the area as it now exists. This could change, however, depending on
future logging activities in Black Bear Valley. Such activities
would reduce the significance of the visual impact resulting from
construction of the proposed Project facilities. No known historic
sites would be affected by development of the proposed Project.
Adverse Project impacts on existing recreational resources will be
minimal as most recreational activities are of a dispersed-nature
and few facilities exist. Recreation use of the Black Eear Lake
area and USFS cabin will be disrupted during the Project
construction period. The cabin will be relocated before reservoir
filling is completed so that recreational use of it can continue
after Project construction. Potential visual impacts from the
construction and operation of the Project facilities are described
below.
4.1 Black Bear 1ake Impacts
Facilities and Construction
Public access to Black Bear Lake and its immediate area will be
restricted during construction of the dam for safety reasons. This
will limit visual impacts of the area during construction. However,
construction related activities would be visible from aircraft which
are used often in the region, creating short-term visual impacts.
Construction related reatures, primarily spoil and topsoil
stockpiles, the construction staging area and the cleared reservoir
area ~ill also be visible from the air. These too will be
short-term visual impacts, since after construction they would
either be utilized for mitigation or inundated by the reservoir.
Long-term visual impacts in the vicinity of the Black Bear Lake
will result from the construction of the dam and intake structure
and the increased lake level. The increased lake level will
necessitate relocation of the USFS cabin approximately 100 feet up
slope of its present location. The visual impact of the dam on the
cabin viewshed will not be extensive since the dam is nearly
1.5 miles distant and largely screened from view by the existing
topography as shown by the dam•s viewshed in Figure V-3. A portion
of the right abutment of the dam may be visible from the existing
cabin site but through relocation, impact on the cabin•s viewshed
may he avoided.
~he proposed reservoir will inundate all tut eight vertical
feet of the dam at normal maximum reservoir elevation. This will
increase to 38 vertical feet at the minimum reservoir elevation
creating a strong visual impact, especially from the water surface
in the vicinity of the dam. Much of the area visually im~acted by
dam is very rugged and receives little recreational use. This
effectively limits views of the dam to the immediate area. The
majority of visual impacts of the dam and related facilities will
occur from the air. These will be attenuated, however, because of
viewing angle and distance. The magnitude of the dam's visual
impact will be further reduced since the spoil, used for the
construction staging area, will be used to cover the left dam
abutment for stability purposes.
Increasing the lake level 35 feet (normal maximum elevation)
will not ~resent a significant visual impact since there would be
few visual references with which to discern the water elevation
change. The majority of vegetation in the reservoir area will be
cleared and, thereforer dead standing vegetation will not be a
visual impact along the reservoir. Clearing operations would be
done according to mitigation guidelines described in section 5 of
thie Appendix in order to further reduce visual impacts.
Operation of the Project will result in an average daily
reservoir level fluctuation of one toot vertically. ~his will not
present a significant visual impact in most areas because the
generally steep slopes minimize the amount of exposed shore. This
visual impact will become more noticeable in the vicinity of the
-15-
USFS cabin since the slopes flatten out there, creating a fOtential
daily fluctuation of approximately five feet horizontally.
overall, construction and operation of Project facilities in
the vicinity of Black Bear !,ake would be viewed from a very
localized and infrequently used area. The magnitude of their visual
impact therefore is small. The significance of the visual impact
nowever, will be quite high. The introduction of a large-scale
manmade element with a visually dominant straight edge, into a
highly scenic and natural setting, creates a strong visual impact.
This would not meet the visual quality otjective of retention
associated with VRM Class II as defined in the visual quality
assessment study in Section 3 ot this Exhibit and mapped in
Figure V-2.
4.2 Downstream Impacts
Facilities and Construction
Project facilities of the Black Bear Lake Project occurring in
the area immediately downstream of the dam include the powerhouse,
switchyard area, channel modification, transmission line, access
road and penstock discharge portal. The penstock itself will be
underground presenting no visual impact. Construction activities in
and around the area will be highly visible from the air presenting a
significant though short-term visual impact.
Construction of the access road would increase road traffic and
equipment noise in the area. These impacts too will be short-term,
occurring for the duration of the construction period only.
Construction of the proposed facilities mentioned a~ove will
permanently change the natural character of the area. The
powerhouse, switchyard and support areas will require grading and
the cutting of forested areas. The access road, construction
staging area and downstream diversion will visually impact portions
of Black Bear Creek ~etween the powerhouse and outlet portal, from
stream ctannelization and grading. Soil removed from the
construction of the penstock will be used as aggregate or in
construction of the access road. If the penstock spoil is not
suitable for aggregate a section ot the stream between the
powerhouse and outlet portal would possibly be utilized. This would
significantly modify that stream section.
The visual impacts resulting from development of the Project
facilities downstream of the dam will be modestly significant
because they interrupt the visual integrity of a continuous steep
forested slope in a generally undeveloped area.
-1b-
~hese impacts are very localized however because the proposed
facilities will be screened from most viewing positions in the area
except trom the air. Therefore, the visual quality objective of
partial retention defined for this area could be maintained.
Exceptions to this will be a portion of the access road and
transmission line in the vicinity of Black Lake. These will visibly
impact the valley overlook from Black Bear Lake (Figure V-4) •
Compliance with the retention visual quality objective defined for
this area as viewed from the overlook would be unlikely.
~he greatest visual impact associated with the proposed Project
operation would be the loss of the Black Bear Lake waterfall. The
stream tails and cascades for over a thousand vertical teet creating
a highly scenic attraction. Operation of the proposed Project will
prevent flows over the talls, except during times of high rainfall
or snowmelt when flows are released over the spillway. This impact
will be most noticeable from the air since the falls are screened
from most viewing positions on the ground. Additional aesthetic
impacts will be the loss of the natural noise and spray from the
falls. ~hese will be replaced by the sound of the discharge from
the powerhouse associated with a manmade development. While
opportunities for viewing the waterfall presently are not great due
to the area's inaccessibility, such opportunities will increase as
access opens the area to recreation-related use. Elimination of the
falls removes a future recreation/viewing opportunity of a highly
scenic attraction and therefore must be considered a significant
visual impact.
4.3 ~ransmission Line I~ts
Transmission Li~ Routing
~he significance of visual impacts resulting from the location
of the transmission corridor were based on the degree of the
corridor's compatibility with the visual resource management classes
shown in Figure V-2. The strongest visual impacts occur in the VRM
Class II areas. Here, high scenic quality, viewer sensitivity or
both are evident. Rerouting in the planning stages was done where
feasible to avoid these areas, but some conflicts were unavoidable.
~he strongest visual impact occurs in the section from the
powerhouse to the bend at Black Lake. Here, the construction of the
transmission line and powerhouse access road intrude upon the highly
scenic character of the valley which is visible from the dominant
viewpoints of Black Bear Lake. Additional visual impacts to
-17-
Class II areas occur where the transmission line ~arallels the
roadways. These are the areas of highest visual sensitivity.
Generally however, the overall impact ot the transmission line along
the roads is lessened because of the roadway's existing developed or
disturbed nature. Potential for significant visual im~acts within
these areas do occur in the Klawock Lake and Klawock to Craig
shoreline vicinity where the line may be placed on the waterside of
the road, due to physical constraints on the landside. The views
across lakes and bays are very scenic and routing of the
transmission line should be kept to the landside of the road, if
possible. Also certain areas along the shore between Craig and
Klawock contain no trees and placement of ~oles here may increase
the potential of eagles perching on the facilities.
~e
Hydaburg.
waterway,
slo~e.
additional impact to Class II areas may occur north of
Here, the tranmission line may impact views trom the o~en
if the proposed road extension traverses the shoreline
~ith the exceptions noted above, most of the visual quality
objectives ot the visual resource management classes through which
the transmission line passes can be met. Generally, the majority of
visual impacts from transmission line routing result from the linear
edges of the corridor rather than the facilities themselves. Many
of these impacts will be reduced through the application of
mitigation measures identified in the next sect~on. Potential
adverse im~acts of the transmission line to historic resources have
been avoided in the planning stages.
Transmission Facilities and Construction
Visual impacts resulting from transmission facilities have been
kept to a minimum with the exception of the visual intrusion of the
switchyard from the Black Bear Lake overlook. The wooden pole
design with its vertical line arrangement minimizes the impact from
clearing. The right-of-way (ROW) width required is a maximum of
qo feet, plus the selective removal of danger trees. Visual impacts
resulting from the ROW will be minimized through the application of
mitigation guidelines described in section 5 of this Exhibit. The
qo-50 foot pole length will also remain below the height of most
trees, further reducing visual impacts. ~he Klawock sutstation,
located near the Big Salt-Hollis Road intersection, will use natural
vegetation and architectural treatment to reduce its visual impact
from the roadways.
Construction of the transmission line will present a
significant visual impact along the high visibility roads due to the
presence and numbers of various construction-related equi~ment and
activities. Generally, these impacts will be short-term, occurring
-18-
for the duration of the construction period. Longer term visual
impacts resulting from construction activities will occur where tree
clearing and slope cuts are visible. Mitigation measures described
in the next section will be applied to these areas when applicable
to reduce the significance of the impacts.
5. MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
5.1 Elack Bear Lake.
Significant visual impacts to the Black Bear Lake area will
result primarily from construction of the proposed dam and clearing
of vegetation within the expected reservoir operation range.
Measures to mitigate the strong linear edge resulting from the
cleared vegetation will involve clearing in an irregular pattern to
reflect a more natural-appearing setting. Most of the vegetation in
areas only periodically inundated will be retained. In addition,
smaller understory vegetation within the reservoir operation range
will be left where posssible. This will minimize erosion, reduce
visual contrast and may improve fish habitat which would benefit
fishing opportunities in the reservoir.
Approximately 60 acres of the Black Bear Lake shoreline will be
impacted by clearing operations. However, only 23 acres will
involve heavy clearing of timber. Most of the vegetation that is
cut will be floated to a site in the construction staging area and
burned or chipped. This will then be spread with topsoil spoil for
revegetation purpos'es or used as mulch. No access roads for
clearing operations will be located above elevation 1685 ft. msl,
the minimum reservoir elevation.
Disturbed areas adjacent to the dam will be revegetated soon
after construction if cover material is available to reduce erosion
and visual contrast. These areas will be regraded as close to
existing contours as possible. If revegetation is not possible, the
area should be covered with a mulch or asphalt emulsion to reduce
the visual contrast resulting from construction.
The proposed concrete dam will create a strong contrast in
texture and form against the surrounding natural setting. While
this will present a significant visual impact to an otherwise
natural area, its long horizontal form creates a visual contrast
that is interesting in itself. To further reduce the dam•s
contrasting features formwork could be used to add texture to the
surface. Also, brown-pigmented concrete would reflect sow.e of the
natural fracture lines and colors of the surrounding rock.
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5.2 Downstream Mitigation Measures
Powerhouse, Switchyard and Related Facilities.
The ~owerhouse, switchyard and related facilities have been
located at the head of a valley. Here, the steep wooded slopes
curve around the structures, limiting visual access and reducing
their apparent scale by providing a backdrop for the facilities to
blend against. S~ecific mitigation measures involve varying cut and
fill slopes where possible to more readily reflect naturally
occurring conditions. Revegetation of areas will involve spreading
with available stockpiled topsoil and seeding with native species.
Trans~lanting of native shrubs and small trees around the Project
facilities may be done to further screen and reduce visual contrast
with the surroundings. If sufficient topsoil material is not
available or revegetation is not likely, construction scars and cut
and fill slopes should be mulched or sprayed with an asphalt
emulsion to reduce the apparent visual contrast in color.
The lack of flow over the falls is the most significant
downstream visual impact resulting from operation of the Project.
Because of the shape and height of the talls, even a small amount of
water over it creates a dramatic visual effect. This adverse impact
will be interrupted periodically when periods of highflows exceed
the normal maximum reservoir elevation and spillage occurs. No
mitigation measures are proposed to reduce the visual impact to the
falls.
Construction Staging Area and Acces~ Road
The construction staging area located in the stream corridor
upstream of the powerhouse site will present a strong short-term
visual impact from the air. It is expected that little clearing
other than shrub growth will be required. Following construction,
the portion of the construction area not needed for storage and
maintenance will te regraded to reflect the natural surroundings.
Available stockpiled topsoil will be spread and the area reseeded
with native species or mulched to reduce the visual contrast of the
construction area with the surroundings. As ~ith logged areas, it
is expected that the area will naturally revegetate itself with
species that originally existed there.
Construction of the access road will involve cut and fill
slopes. These will be kept to a minimum and seeded and mulched to
reduce their visual contrast. Cut slopes will be rounded instead of
sharp angled in order to appear more like natural landfor~s. The
edges of clearings along the roadway will be irregular, in order to
-20-
reflect natural occurrences. All slash from the vegetation removal
will be removed from the roadside and buried or chipped and used as
mulch. ~he alignment of the road itselt will conform ~ith the
natural landforms in order to appear as visually compatible as
possible.
Additional migitigation measures that will be utilized to
reduce adverse visual impacts during and after construction of the
Project facilities are described below:
1. To prevent siltation of the stream during construction,
erosion and sedimentation control measures will be used.
~hese will consist of temporary diversion channels, settling
FOnds and efficient and careful construction techniques.
2. Existing vegetation that can be saved
vicinity of the Project facilities will be
damage during construction.
in the immediate
protected from
3. ~he visual contrast of the powerhouse can te reduced by
adding texture through formwork and adding pigment to the
concrete to darken it. The roof of the powerhouse could be
darkened by painting, or a facade could be constructed to
reduce its visual contrast from the air.
q. Only the vegetation that presents a hazard to the s~itchyard
lines and structures will be removed. Vegetation UFSlope of
the switchyard will be topped instead of removed.
5. Cut slopes will be re-seeded with native plant material as
soon as Fractical to reduce erosion and visual contrast.
6. ~he construction staging area will avoid a rectangular
shaped boundary to reduce the apparent visual impact
resulting from contrast with surrounding landforms.
5.3 ~ransmission Facilities
In planning the transmission route, much has been done to
reduce or avoid potential adverse impacts. This will continue
throughout the final design and construction phases of the Project
development. This work will be accomplished in close coordination
with the OSFS, other concerned agencies, Project landowners and the
local communities.
An attempt has been made to blend the transmission line into
the surrounding landscape by appropriate use of shape, size,
texture, and location. By doing so, its visibility is .reduced and
impacts to environmentally sensitive areas are minimized. In
adhering to this objective, APA has consulted guidelines established
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by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) • USFS and the
u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).
While total concealment of transmission lines and related
facilities is impossible, some basic mitigative objectives can be
applied in order to make them less obstrusive. The proposed Project
switchyard and substations will be so located as to take advantage
of screening from existing vegetation. Disturbed areas around them
will be planted after construction with native vegetation to
complete the screening effect. Along the transmission line route,
adverse visual impacts will be minimized through selective siting of
poles to take advantage of natural screening such as behind trees
and knolls and below ridges. Construction of the line away from
roadsides will utilize all-terrain vehicles to minimize adverse
impacts to these areas. Construction along roadsides and streams
will adhere to measures which will reduce soil erosion and avoid
degrading stream edges and water quality. A logging plan for the
removal and storage of merchantable timber cleared from the
transmission corridor will be coordinated between the contractor and
landowners. Slash disposal will be kept to a minimum through
clearing techniques described below. Small piles that can be
adequately screened from view may be left for wildlife enhancement.
Others will be piled and burned or chipped in a controlled and
acceptable manner.
5.4 General Transmission Line Mitigation Guidelines
The following mitigation guidelines were selectively identified
from guidelines developed by the FERC, USFS and others. Many of
them are keyed to points of application shown on the maps in
Figures V-5 to V-7. Photographs and sketches of certain areas along
the route are also keyed to these maps, and are included at the end
of this report.
Incor~oration of these mitigation guidelines will assure that
tne natural, historic, scenic and recreational values of the area
are protected to the fullest extent feasible.
-22-
R1. Rights-of-Way (ROW's) should avoid sites of high visibility
such as prominent ridges lakes and streams. They should avoid
heavily timbered areas, steep slopes and proximity to main
roads where possible.
R2. Transmission ROW's should avoid paralleling rivers and streams
since these are heavily used wildlife corridors.
R3. Select a route that will maximize the use of natural screens to
remove transmission facilities from view.
R4. Unobtrusive sites should be selected where possible for the
location of substations and like facilities.
R5. The joint use of ROW's with other types of utilities should be
coordinated in a common corridor wherever uses are compatible.
,
R6. In rough or very hilly country, change the alignment
continuously in keeping with the scale of topographic chanqe.
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CURVED TO FIT TOPOGRAPHY
IN MOUNTAIN AREAl.
R7. Avoid alignments which result in long views of transmission
lines parallel to highways. Locate transmission alignments at
sufficient distance from the highway that intervening vertical
elements will interrupt the view down the transmission lines.
RB. Locate transmission alignments along natural linear features
such as the bottom of a ridge, valley or cliff, or along the
edges of muskeg openings, instead of centering down the middle.
A center alignment focuses attention on the utility, while
there is minimum visual disturbance if the alignment follows
the edqe of landform change. The background vegetation and
topoqraphy of the slope serve as an effective visual screen,
since lines and poles blend against their texture.
POOR LOCATIOII MEFERRED
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R9. ROW's should not cross hills and other high points at the
crests or perpendicular to the contours. Where ridqes are
adjacent to highways, the ROW should be placed beyond the ridge
or do~nslope so that facilities are not silhouetted against the
sky and tunnel effects are avoided.
ALIGNMENT ON CREST
CREATES A STRONG VISUAL IMPACT. FROM THE CREST AND LAKE.
~10. ROW's through forest areas should be deflected and follow
irregular patterns. This will prevent the rights-of-~ay from
appearing as tunnels cut through the timber.
DOWN ROW.
-2 5-
VIEW LIMITED BY CHANGE
IN ALIGNMENT.
C1.
Transmission Line Construction (£)
Trees and other vegetation
public view should be disposed
trees and other vegetation
pollution regulations should
stumps which are adjacent to
view should be cut close to the
cleared from RO~'s in areas of
of without undue delay. If
are burned, local fire and air
be observed. Unsightly tree
roads and other areas of public
ground or removed.
C2. Clearing shall be performed in a manner which will maximize
preservation of natural beauty, conservation of natural
resources, and minimize marring and scarring of the landscape
or silting of streams.
C3. Clearing and construction activities in the vicinity of streams
Should be performed in a manner to minimize as much as
possible, damage to the natural condition of the area. Machine
clearing should not be permitted within 100 feet of any stream
ted.
C4. The use of helicopters for the construction on ROW's should be
considered on the steep slopes, where all-terrain vehicles
cannot be used.
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CS. Clearing of natural vegetation should be limited to that
material which poses a hazard to the transmission line. On
slopes, clearing should be limited on the downslope side in
order to screen the upslope edge created by clearing.
Selective thinning and topping shall be done to remove danger
trees.
( T..-in ~uwlh .,.. IMY rudl 160 fwt. rwquirintl tile ·
topping zone to be ex1Bnded out )
C6. The angle at wnich transmission lines cross major roadways
should be as near to perpendicular as possible to allow for
maximum setback of line stuctures and minimum visitility from
the roadway into the ROW on each side. Long spans should be
used in order to preserve existing vegetation along the
roadside. The~same should be done where the ROW enters a
wooded area from open land. Retention of existing material is
preferable to replanting.
PLAN VIEW
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C7. Where the transmission line must parallel the roadway, vary the 1 ROW and create openings in the forest edge. This reduces the
visual impact from the linear form of the transmission line,
and ROW edge.
PLAN VIEW
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ca. In locatinq transmission lines through wooded zones, preserve
~ithin the ROW as mucn vegetation as possible in crder to
reduce tunnel effect. Achieve a natural and random tapering
down of forest edge tnrough careful installation and selective I
thinning and topping to reduce the sheared-edge effect. The
notched affect of a FOW cross section should be avoided.
MEDIUM SIZE TREES EXTEND INTO
ROW IN IMMEDIATE AREA OF POLES
-.wHERE LINE SAGIS LEAST.
SELECTIVE THINNING OF EXISTING
EES AT RIGHT -OF-WAY EDGE.
SERVICE ACCESS PROVIDED VIA A
ZONE IN RIGHT -OF-WAY KEPT FREE
OF SUBSTANTIAL WOODY VEGETATION.
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CROS$-SECTION CREATING
"TUNNEL EFFECT ...
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C9. If th~ transmission line must cross valleys, particularly
stream corridors, the use of longer spans and taller poles
should be considered in order to retain as much existing
vegetation as possible and to reduce construction im~acts to
the slopes.
·-------··
C10. Certain conductors can be highly reflective and produce a
highly visible line across the landscape under the right light
conditions. ~he visibility of the conductor from a distance
can almost be eliminated by using a non-reflective or
non-specular cable.
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'Transmission Line Management and Maintenance (MM)
MM1. Native vegetation, particularly that of value to fish and
wildlife, which has been saved through the construction process
and which does not pose a hazard to the transmission line
should be allowed to grow on the ROW.
MM2. If the natural vegetation cannot be effectively saved to
provide an adequate screen, trees and shrubs native to that
area should be planted to ultimately provide the necessary
screening. Considerations should be given to the esta£lishment
of native vegetation of value as food and cover for wildlife.
MM3. DisFose of debris by chipping and shredding. After reduction
in this manner the materials can be dispersed to serve as
mulch, rather than burned.
MM4. Brush or small trees
be piled in a way to
animals and birds.
r;ublic view.
cleared and not otherwise disposed of may
provide cover habitat for small game
Such brush piles should be screened from
MM5. The time and method of clearing ROW's should take into account
soil stability, the protection of natural vegetation, and the
protection of adjacent resources, such as the protection of
natural habitat for wildlife and appropriate measures for the
prevention of silt deposition in water courses.
MMb. Aerial and ground maintenance inspection activities of the
transmission line facility shall include observations of soil
erosion problems, fallen timber and conditions of the
vegetation. The use of aircraft to inspect and maintain
transmission facilities should be encouraged.
In general, the guidelines mentioned above are subject to
adjustment according to judgements of the various landowners across
whose lands the transmission line may be routed.
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6. CONSULTATION AND COOPERATION WITH FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL
AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
In completing
historic and scenic
consulted:
1. USFS
the pro~osed Project protection of natural,
features plan, the following agencies were
2. u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service
3. Ketchikan Public Utilities
4. Tlingit and Haida Regional Electrical Authority
5. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
b. Sealaska Corporation
7. State Historic Preservation Officer, Div. of Parks, ADNR
Documentation of consultations with these agencies can be found
in Section 10 and Appendix W-D of Exhibit w.
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7. REFERENCES
Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Upland Visual Resource Inventory
and Evaluation 8411 Manual. u.s. Dept. of the Interior. 1978.
Galvin, M, K.D. Hoover and M.L. Avery. 1979. Management of
transmission line rights-of-way for fish and wildlife. Vol. t.
Background information. USDI/FWS/OBS-79/22, 1b8 pp.
Harris, A.S. et al. 1974. The forest ecosystem of Southeast Alaska.
1. '!he setting. USDA Forest serv. Tech. Rept PNW-12. Portland,
cregon.
Federal Power Commission (FPC). 1980. Commission order No. 414 of
27 November 1970.
Litton, R. Burton Jr. and Robert J. Tetlow. A Landscape Inventory
Framework. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station. Research Paper PSW-135. December 1978. 83 p.
Robinette, Gary 0. Energy and Environment. 1973. Kendall/Hunt
Publishing Comoany, Dubuque, Iowa. 303 pp.
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
~Y eagles and other large birds. REA
7 PP•
1979. Powerline contacts
Bull b1-10 (Rev Mar 79),
Sealaska Corportation. 1975. Native Cemetery and Historic Sites of
Southeast Alaska, Preliminary Report. Wilsey t Ham, Inc.
Consultants, seattle, washington. 737 pp.
USFS (USFS). 1979. Tongass Land Management Plan Final Environ-
mental Impact Statement (Two Parts). Alaska Region, Forest
Service, u.s. Dept. of Agriculture, Juneau, Alaska. March 1979.
USFS (USFS). 1977. Southeast Alaska Area Guide. Juneau, Alaska.
USFS (USFS). 1974. National Forest Landscape Management.
Chapter 1, '!he Visual Management System, Agricultrue
No. 462.
USFS (USFS). 1973. National Forest Landscape Management.
Chapter 2, Utilities, Agriculture Handbook No. 478.
-32-
Volume 2,
Handbook
Volume 2,
EXHIBIT V
TABLES
landscape
D'~--landform
Rc,ck Sub-
Alpine
Muskeg-
Forest
Very ;teep, high
vertical relief w/
prominent cliffs
spir~s. Features
dominate landscape.
Flat to hummocky
appearance,with few
if any dominant
features.
Shoreline-Ranges from flat
Estuarine to steeply forested
slopes.
Valley Ranges from flat to
steep slopes with
numerous forested
hummocks & lowland
areas. These
features though are
not visually domi-
nant or exceptional.
Table V-1
LANDSCAPE TYPE SCENIC QUALITY EVALUATION CHART
Vegetation ____ Water:-.:f-=o"-r"'"m __ _ Color
Adjacent Scenery
Influence Scarcity
Sub-alpine meadow When present-very Variety of color Adjacent Scenery Distinctive-
& scrub, inter-striking. Creat-combination-has little influ-Constitutes
mixed with stunted ingtirque lakes & different hues of ence, since Rock smallest per-
conifers; edges waterfalls. green, contrast-Alpine tends to centage of land-
create variety & ing with rock, be dominant ele-scape types.
contrast. water & snow. ment in landscape.
Open areas with Often dotted with Provides variety Adjacent scenery One of more
low-growing vegeta-numerous small of colors thru the which is generally extensive land-
tion & clumps of potholes. Larger seasons with some forested slopes, scape types on
trees. Openings bodies of water being more dis-tends to have island.
provide contrast add interest. tinctive than little effect on
to forest surround-others due to enhancing the
ings but can become combination of scenic character.
monotonous in large vegetation, soil
aggregations. and water.
Grassy flats are The numerous
located around the coves & streams
stream mouths which provide an
contrast with the interesting &
more common con-sinuos shoreline
tinuous wooded configuration.
slopes com ing down This adds variety
to the water's to and contrast
edge. with the surround-
ing vegetation
creating a strong
visual image •
Some variety in
colors but not a
dominant scenery
element.
Adjacent scenery
does influence
the scenic
character.
Mostly continuous
tone forest with
little variety
tending to become
monotonous. Areas
with streams and
muskegs tend to
create edge con-
trasts, which
increases variety
and visual inter-
ests. Old clearcut
areas tend to add
contrast to the
forest similar to
the muskegs and
stream areas.
Streams and lakes Color tends to Adjacent scenery
tend to be visual.vary depending on can influence the
foca 1 points·, the combInation of vis ua 1 qua 1 ity
creating contrast vegetation types ranging from very
with the surround-and waterform. significantly to
ing forested areas. moderately.
Interesting, but
quite common.
Common.
Cultural
Modification
Relative Scenic
Quality Class
Very little
disturbance if any.
Developments tend
to be USFS cabins
and trails.
Few disturbances
due to wet environ-
ment & poor
structural
capability.
Due to emphasis
of water trans-
portation, this
1 andscape type
tends to contain
the majority of
development.
Because of flatter
slopes, valley
Breas become travel
corridors. Logging
tends to be the
dominant disturbance
degrading visual
quality when recen~
and sometimes
enhancing visual
variety when older.
A
B-C
A-B
A-C
landscape
Type
Steep
Forested
Slopes
landform
Slopes range from
45 to over 60%.
Relative relief is
high. This landscape
type acts as the
major space-
defining element
in the landscape.
Vegetation
Slopes are gener-
ally uniformly
forested creating
a continuous
tone with little
variety in form,
line, texture or
color. Areas with
rock outcroppings
or slides tend to
add interest.
Table V-1 (Cont.)
LANDSCAPE TYPE SCENIC QUALITY EVALUATION CHART
Waterform Color
Water, when pre-Color contrast
sent is in the is limited to
form of cascades subtle hues.
& waterfalls, Visual interest
creating a strong is heightened
visual attraction.in the winter
when snow adds
contrast.
Adjacent Scenery Cultural
Influ~n~~ Scarci!Y Modification
Steep wooded
slopes tend to
serve as a
transition
between ridge
~ps & valley,
and they are
strongly
influenced by
adjacent
scenery.
Quite common
throughout the
area.
logging practices
tend to be the
only man-made
disturbance,
degrading scenic
quality when
recent.
Relative Scenic
Qua l_i_ty_!J..ass_
A-C
Table V-2
Visual Resource Management
Class Matrix
VRM Sensitivity Level
Classes 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
!OJ.. stance
Zones fg mg bg fq mg bq
>t Class A II {R) II {R) II {R) III III III III +J ...... (PR) (PR) (PR) (PR) r-1
lilUl ::s (/) Class B II (R) III III III IV IV IV(M) Olil
r-1 (PR) (PR) (PR) (M) (M) ------~':" ou V(MM)
•d a ~lass c III III IV IV IV v v (!,)
0 (PR) (PR) (M) (M) {M) (MM) (MM) tr.l
Source ..• USFS Landscape Management,
Volume 2, Chapter 1, 1974.
Legend:
Distance Zones
fg -foreground
mg -middleground
bg -background
VRM Classes
II(R) -Class II, Retention visual quality objective
III(PR) -Class III, Partial Retention visual quality objective
IV(M) -Class IV, Modification visual quality objective
V(MM) -Class V, Maximum Modification visual quality objective
Note: Class I areas are designated Wilderness, National Parks, etc.
EXHIBIT V
FIGURES
\
•
Source: BLM Visual Resource
Management Manual, 1978
....
LEGEND
1 • ARCTIC COASTAL PLAIN
2 ·ARCTIC FOOTHILLS
3 ·ARCTIC MOUNTAINS
4 ·NORTHERN PLATEAUS
5 ·WESTERN ALASKA
6·SEWARO PENINSULA
1 ·BERING SHELF
8 • AHKLUN MOUNTAINS
9 • AI.ASKA·ALUTIAN
TO·COASTAL TROUGH
11 ·PACIFIC BORDER RANGES
12 ·COAST MOUNTAINS
Project
....
N .. D-" "... • • 'i)r;4Y~· -, ,..
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES
OF ALASKA
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
EXHIBIT V FIGURE 1
~
~~~ 11
YJt;;;lr';;d'
t .
I !
~
~
4>
LEGEND
r:0]1-WILDERNESS (DESIGNATED Ld ROADLESS AREAS)
II -RETENTION
Ill -PARTIAL RETENTION
IV-MODIFICATION
V-MAXIMUM MODIFICATION-
REHABILITATION
.. ~
~~
SCALE 0 1 2 3 MILES
I I I I
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
VISUAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT CLASSES
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
EXHIBIT V. FIGURE 2
w ...I 0 C") * ~z :::t ...J 0 z ~ 0 c( (!) oo a: :::> z w 0 ... w u:-u.. t;offi :::t !:o c(~ 1-:I: > w u.~ o:::tw (.) (/) 1-u: fa:z:<ww a: :::it; w(.) ww 3: :::> 3:(.) a:o u: Nt-0..:1-a: u.. w c(...J :.:::.., w (!) wo ~~~~~ w~a: c(~ 0 _ .... !:wOw ...Jw > :X: ~ >u: c(c((.)...JZ w>u..u ~~--·~ ...JQ. 1-~t;:<w2 ~---> zw :::Ewo.:z z0 a:UCI: w :::> -> 0 a:~a:~t-<a:w< w:::t c(-~ 1-c( 1-c(u: ~(.)~~~ o<wt; 1-c( N wU:cn (/) u: iii ww ~:::tliic 20 -col-< u:CI) :t~it:::t~ .... (.)_, ::E w :X: :::t 3: c(~ o~<0 w t-<U..O ~0 :.::We( <t X wa:a:w> wOz oa: u-' 0 2 w ilit:>t:>:z:o ~a:w< c(w I wu.. _,0 ri) :r:o~~t-wt;3w :z:W ala: 0 c( w wo..o w :tz<~ w...J 0 w :.::: 1->~:z:~:::> w:tuo :t!!! > (/) Cl) 0 o..>O :;;Ow...J W0 :X: 0 c( z Oa:10 >> a.. ...I .... N 0 0 c( M w a: ...I a.. c( (.) Cl)
..
~
r-
~ AREA IN VIEW FROM
~ OBSERVER LOCATION (*)
NOTES:
VIEWSHED WAS ANALYZED FROM
TOPOGRAPHIC DATA WITH
PHOTOGRAPHIC BACKUP. ACTUAL
VIEWSHED MAY BE MORE LIM ITED
DUE TO VEGETATION SCREEN I NG .
II LOCALIZED AREAS WITHIN THE
VIEWSHED SUCH AS STREAM VALLEYS
AND BEHIND KNOLLS, MAY NOT BE
VISIBLE FROM THE OBSERVER LOCATI ON .
• NORTH
SCALE 0 1 MILE
I I I
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
OVERLOOK VtEWSHED
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
EXHIBIT V FIGURE 4
,,..,··
-;
..
"'
,. .. . ; .
'~.1
•
BLACK BEAR
LAKE
• NORTH
HYDABURG
KEY MAP
LEGEND:
SPECIFIC MITI-
GATION MEASURES I DESCRIPTION
r--------.. GENERAL MITI -I R-3, C-4, mm-51 GATION GUIDE-'
LINES KEYED TO
TEXT
PROPOSED TRANS-
.,,,. ... -,, ,'' MISSION LINE
...,, CORRIDOR
(2),..._
NOTE:
PHOTOGRAPH No.,
LOCATION AND
DIRECTION OF
VIEW
PRINCIPAL
WETLAND AREA
MITIGATION POINTS WERE DEVELOPED
THROUGH ANALYSES OF TOPOGRAPHIC
MAPS. OBLIQUE AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS.
ACTUAL APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES
WILL DEPEND ON FINAL LINE ROUTING
THROUGH FIELD ANALYSIS.
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC P~OJECT
ALASKA
MITIGATION ASPECTS OF THE
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
EXHIBIT V FIGURE 5
• NORTH
KEY MAP
lEGEND:
SPECIFIC MITI·
GATION MEASURES I DESCRIPTION
r---------GENERAl MITI
[ R-3, C-4, mm-5 J GATION GUIDE·
LINES KEYED TO '
TEXT
~ ... -.... /
,-' ' ,
PROPOSED TRANS
MISSION LINE
CORRIDOR .... ,
(2)~
r•
NOTE:
PHOTOGRAPH No.,
LOCATION AND
DIRECTION OF
VIEW
PRINCIPAL
WETLAND AREA
MITIGATION POINTS WERE DEVELOPED
THROUGH ANALYSES OF TOPOGRAPHIC
MAPS, OBLIQUE AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
ACTUAL APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES
WILL DEPEND ON FINAL LINE ROUTING
THROUGH FIELD ANALYSIS.
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
MITIGATION ASPECTS OF THE
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
AlASKA POWER AUTHORITY
EXHIBIT V FIGURE 6
~J;J_e;
~\')~
""1' "" \~ ~ <J t\1). "'
9
t.J -:~?·
.;, .. ,.,.
~~
}
.~ %V
~BLACK BEAR
LAKE
..
NORTH
KEY MAP
LEGEND:
SPECIFIC MITI·
GATtON MEASURES I DESCRIPTION
--------GENERAL MITI ·
[ R-3, C-4, mm-51 GATION GUIDE·
LINES KEYED TO
TEXT
PROPOSED TRANS ·
~,,.--.... , ,/ MISSION LINE
'' CORRIDOR
(2)~
PHOTOGRAPH No.,
LOCATION AND
DIRECTION OF
VIEW
r. PRINCIPAL
WETLAND AREA
NOTE:
MITIGATION POINTS WERE DEVELOPED
THROUGH ANALYSES OF TOPOGRAPHIC
MAPS, OBLIQUE AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS.
ACTUAL APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES
WILL DEPEND ON FINAL LINE ROUTING
THROUGH FIELD ANALYSIS.
BLACK BEAR LAKE
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
MITIGATION ASPECTS OF THE
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
EXHIBIT V FIGURE 7
PROJECT AREA PHOTOGRAPHS
Refer to Figures V-5 thru V-7
for locations of photographs.
(2) Aerial view of the Black
Bear Lake area. View of Black
Bear Falls and dam site loca-
tion in center. Black Lake in
foreground. Access Road would
traverse lower left slope.
Powerhouse location in lower
left center.
(1) View of Black Lake
Valley from Black Bear
Lake overlook. Black Lake
in center. Powerhouse
location in lower right is
screened from view.
(3) View of logging clearcut by Black Lake. Project
access road and transmission line would follow this
logging road from the powerhouse.
(4) Big Salt road bridge across Black Creek. ~he
transmission line will parallel this route to Klawock.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
(6) Hollis Road. A typical view
along the roadways.
(5) View along Craig/Rlawock
Road towards Craig. Trans-
mission Line should be routed
on the land side if possible
to avoid the visual impact
and potential hazard to
eagles along the shore edge.
(7) Bend in Hollis Road along lUawock Lake. It
will be difficult to route the transmission
line here to avoid visual impacts. The least
impact location may be at mid-slope on the land
side of the road.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
(8) Aerial view of stream
crossings on road to I
Hydaburg.
I
I
I
(9) Aerial view of one of the bends in the
Hydaburg road. The proposed transmission line
.would cross behind the wooded knoll in the
bend.
(10) Aerial view of logged
areas around Trocadero Bay
North of Hydaburg. The proposed
transmission line will utilize
the existing logging roads to
cross the stream.
(11) Aerial view of Natzuhini Bay North of Hydaburg.
Proposed transmission line is routed around the bay
(in background) to avoid impacting the open waterway
across the neck of the bay.
(12) Aerial view
Natzuhini Bay. The
follow the planned
this slope.
of s·teep forested slope south of
proposed transmission line would
road extension to Hydaburg along
I
I
(13) Aerial view of Hydaburg. The proposed
transmission line will parallel the road coming in
from the lower right.
Appendix w-x
ALTERNATIVE
SITES ANALYSIS
1. Reynolds Creek Alternative
2. Thorne Bay Alternative
1. Reynolds Creek Alternative
REYNOLDS CREEK ALTERNATIVE
GENERAL
Introduction
This Appendix presents the results of a reconnaissance
level study performed to evaluate the hydro power potential
of four possible hydro sites in the Reynolds Creek and Portage
Creek drainage basins, on Prince of Wales Island, about 10
miles east of Hydaburg. The four projects are Lake Mellen,
Summit Lake and Lake Marge in the Reynolds Creek basin and
Lake Josephine in the adjacent Portage Creek basin. See
Exhibit 1.
The study is based on observations and data collected
during two reconnaissance visits to the projects area l/
supplemented by a review of a previous study of the projects-
and other literature pertaining to the geologic, hydrologic
and environmental characteristics of the area. Where applicable,
information from the Black Bear Lake Project Feasibility Report
is incorporated in the study.
General information concerning the ge6logy and hydrology
of the projects area is presented in the following sections of
this Appendix. Each of the four projects is then described
and two plans of total development of the resource are presented.
Subsequent sections of the Appendix present the environmental
aspects of development of the Reynolds and Portage Creek
Projects, estimates of construction and operation and mainte-
nance costs for each project and the economic studies performed
to evaluate the projects and plans of total development. The
final section of the Appendix presents a summary of the study
and its conclusions.
Geology
A reconnaissance of potential damsites at Lake Mellen,
Lake Marge, Summit Lake and Lake Josephine and the mouth of
Reynolds Creek at Copper Harbor was conducted on July 15, 1980.
Robert W. Retherford Associates; "Preliminary Appraisal
Report, Hydroelectric Potential for Angoon, Craig, Hoonah,
Hydaburg, Kake, Kassan, Klawock, Klukwan, Pelican, Yakutat,
Anchorage, 1977."
-1-
Previous work by the u.s.G.s.~/ has been performed on a regional
reconnaissance basis and the geologic units named in that report
are used here.
The bedrock observed at the potential damsites at Lake
Mellen, Summit Lake and Lake Josephine is granodiorite and
believed to be of Jurassic to Cretaceous age. The granodiorite,
of igneous origin, is massive, hard and strong and appears to
be moderately to slightly fractured. Steeply dipping joints are
developed striking northwest and northeast. At Lake Mellen
both steep and flat lying joints are also developed striking
approximately east-west. Interbedded schist and limestone are
exposed on the right abutment of the proposed Lake Marge
damsite. These metasediments are considered part of the Wales
Group of Pre-Ordivician to Devonian age. These rocks are thin-
bedded and/or moderately foliated with a northwest strike and
dipping steeply northeast. No faults were observed at the four
damsites during 5?e reconnaissance but some faults have been
mapped by others-at or near some of the damsites and other
structures.
Overburden at the damsite locations consists predominantly
of talus and colluvium. These deposits completely cover bedrock
in certain areas but in general are expected to be relatively
thin.
The region is seismically active and moderately damaging
earthquakes can be expected to occur. Project structures and
final cut and fill slopes must be designed for stability under
expected seismic ground acceleration.
No adverse geological conditions were observed during the
reconnaissance of the damsites that would preclude their
development. Further investigations would be required to
determine feasibility of the sites.
H~drology
An average annual runoff of 10.5 cfs per square mile was
used in the 1977 report by R. w. Retherford Associates. The
value was checked using techniques developed during preparation
of the 1979 reconnaissance report for the Black Bear Lake
Project. As discussed in that report, previous hydrologic
studies of Southeast Alaska by the Alaska Power Administration
and u. s. Bureau of Reclamation indicate that average annual
~I Geology of the Craig Quandrangle, Alaska by w. H. Condon
(1961) u.s.G.s. Bullentin 1108-B.
-2-
runoff increases as the average elevation of the drainage
basin increases. For the Black Bear Lake study, a value of
0.003 cfs per square mile was estimated to be the increase in
average annual runoff per foot of increased average basin
elevation. Streamgaging data from Maybeso Creek near Hollis,
Alaska were used to check the average annual runoff of the
Reynolds/Portage projects. The average basin elevation of
Maybeso Creek is about El. 1180 m.s.l. and the average annual
runoff is about 9 cfs per square mile. The average basin
elevation of the Reynolds/Portage projects is about El. 1870.
Using these values, the computed average annual runoff for the
Reynolds/Portage projects would be about 11 cfs. The previous
estimate of 10.5 cfs per square mile was accepted for the
present studies. The drainage areas and average annual runoff
for each of the projects are shown in Table 1 below.
For purposes of this study each project was provided
with sufficient spillway capacity to pass a flood equal to
the probable maximum flood, without overtopping the dam. The
PMF for each project was estimated using the project's drainage
area and the Creager formula. The value of the coefficient
C in the formula was taken to be 33, the same value established
for use in the reconnaissance study for the Black Bear Lake
Project. The estimated PMF for each project is shown in
Table l.
Table 1
Hydrologic Data
Drainage Avg. Annual PMF
Project Area Sq. Mi. Runoff cfs cfs
Lake Mellen 5.5 58 6200
Summit Lake 3.5 37 4400
Lake Marge 1.1 11 1700
Lake Josephine 1.5 16 2200
Description of the Projects
This section and the appended Table of Significant Data
briefly describe the projects. Data for the Black Bear Lake
Project is also provided in the table for reference. A
general plan and schematic profile of the Reynolds Creek
Projects are shown on Exhibits 2 and 3 respectively.
-3-
Lake Mellen Project
Lake Mellen Dam would consist of a concrete gravity dam
with an uncontrolled spillway section. The spillway crest and
maximum normal pool elevation would be El. 930. Water for
hydro power generation would pass through a single 46 in
diameter steel penstock to a powerhouse at El. 200. The
powerhouse would have two single nozzle impulse turbines
totaling 6,000 kW installed capacity. The average annual
energy production is estimated to be 26,100 MWh.
Summit Lake Project
Two 1,000 kW single-jet impulse turbines at El. 940 would
be supplied from the Summit Lake impoundment by a 46 in diameter
steel penstock. Summit Lake Dam would be a concrete gravity
structure with an uncontrolled ogee spillway impounding a
reservoir with maximum normal pool at El. 1308. The project
energy output is estimated to be 7,900 MWh per year.
Lake Marge Project
Lake Marge Dam would be a concrete gravity dam with an
uncontrolled spillway. Water would flow thorough a 26 in
diameter steel penstock to the powerhouse on the shore of
Summit Lake. The project would have one 750 kW single-jet
impulse turbine. The project's maximum normal reservoir
elevation would be El. 1738 and its average annual energy
output is estimated to be 3,000 MWh.
Lake Josephine Project
Lake Josephine lies in the Portage Creek drainage basin
adjacent to the Reynolds Creek basin. The proposed Lake
Josephine Project would divert drainage from the lake through
a tunnel and penstock to a two unit, 2,000 KW powerhouse at
El. 940 near Lake Mellen. The required concrete intake
structure and upstream tunnel portal could be constructed above
present lake level. The lake would then be raised by constructing
a concrete gravity dam with an uncontrolled ogee spillway at
the northeast outlet of the lake.
The estimated average annual energy available from the
Lake Josephine diversion into Lake Mellen would be about
8,000 MWh. The Lake Mellen Project energy output would be
increased, due to the diversion, by an estimated 7,200 MWh
per year to 33,300 MWh annually. These estimates assume 100
percent diversion of Lake Josephine flows to the Reynolds
Creek basin.
-4-
Complete Development Plan l, Reynolds Creek
Two plans of complete development of the hydro power
resources available at Reynolds Creek were investigated.
Plan 1 includes development of the three projects in the
Reynolds Creek drainage basin. The Lake Mellen Project would
be constructed first, followed by the Summit Lake Project and,
finally, the Lake Marge Project. The projects would be
scheduled to come on the line in the year when the energy
demand would otherwise exceed the capability of the existing
facilities. During the first stage of development, the Lake
Mellen Project would provide both base and peaking power.
After installation of the upstream projects, the Lake Mellen
facility could be used primarily to satisfy base demand with
peaking provided by Summit Lake and Lake Marge. The
estimated average annual energy production and on-line dates
of the Plan 1 projects are shown in Table 2. The on-line
dates shown are based on the most likely growth scenario
described in Exhibit W.
Table 2
Reynolds Creek DeveloEment
Plan 1
Most Likely Scenario
Cumulative On-Line
Project MWh Per Year MWh Per Year Year
Lake Mellen 26,100 26,100 1987
Lake Summit 7,900 34,000 1996
Lake Marge 3, 000 3 710 00 2003
Complete Development Plan ~' Reynolds Creek and Lake JoseEhine
Plan 2 includes development of Lake Mellen and Summit
Lake in the Reynolds Creek basin and transbasin diversion of
Lake Josephine flows into Lake Mellen. The development would
provide an estimated 49,200 MWh of energy annually.
As in Plan 1, the Lake Mellen Project would be constructed
first and would provide both base and peaking power until
subsequent projects came on line. The second project to be
constructed would be Lake Josephine. The Lake Mellen Project
would then be used primarily as a base load plant. As noted
previously, the energy production capability of the Lake Mellen
project would be increased by about 7,200 MWh per year by
diversion of flow from the Portage Creek basin. Summit Lake
would be the last project constructed.
-5-
The average annual energy available from each plant and
project on-line date are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Reynolds Creek DeveloEment
Plan 2
Most Likely Scenario -··
Cumulative On-Line
Project MWh Per Year MWh Per Year
Lake Mellen 26,100 26,100
Lake Josephine 8,000 34,100
Lake .Mellen
Enhancement* 7,200 41,300
S urnmi t Lake 7,900 49,200
* Energy available from Lake Mellen after Lake Josephine
diversion is 33,300 MWh per year.
Environmental AsEects of DeveloEment
Existing Conditions~/
Year
1987
1996
1996
2009
Available data indicate that the wildli population in
the Reynolds Creek and Portage Creek lakes area includes black
bear, wolf, deer, river otter, beaver, mink, marten, red and
flying squirrels, bats, microtine rodents, bald eagle, dipper,
loons, other water fowl, and other birds common to Southeast
Alaska. No population density data are available.
The area has low recreational use since there are apparently
very few deer and lake fishing is poor. Lake Josephine has a
Forest Service shelter cabin, but air access is dangerous because
of wind conditions.
~I Ecological data were provided by ADFG from stream and
lake survey files and in personal communications to the
Alaska Power Au thor i ty.
-6-
Fishery surveys indicate the size of the fisheries
resource in Reynolds Creek to be on the order of 10,000 to
20,000 fish. Portage Creek has supported a resource of 22,000
to 93,000 salmon during the last ten years. Exhibit 4 summarizes
ADFG fishery data for the area.
Factors Affecting Development
Development of the Reynolds/Portage projects to serve
Klawock, Craig, and Hydaburg would require construction of
about 50 miles of new transmission line. To reduce the impact
on wildlife habitat the transmission line would follow existing
roads or project access roads wherever possible. Nevertheless
about 9 miles of transmission line would be through undeveloped
terrain. Proper choice of route and construction practices
would be required to minimize the impact of construction of the
line on the surrounding wildlife habitat.
Since it is immediately adjacent to tidal waters, the
Reynolds/Hydaburg transmission route could disturb potential
bald eagle nesting and perching areas along the north side of
Copper Harbor and the east side of Betta Inlet. The use of a
submarine crossing of Betta Inlet would decrease the adverse
visual impact of the transmission line and would also avoid
any hazard to aircraft and eagles. The cost of such a crossing
has not been included in the cost estimates for these projects.
In addition to disturbance of potential bald eagle use
areas along the north side of Copper Harbor and the east side
of Hetta Inlet, the transmission line and ROW could have signi-
ficant visual impact. Slopes along this part of the route are
steep and would probably require a rather wide ROW with
selective thinning and topping of danger trees. Screening
the line and ROW from view could be difficult on these slopes.
New access facilities would be required for development
of the lakes. Plan 1 would require about 4 miles of new access
roads, while Plan 2 would need 5.4 miles. For both plans, a
loading dock in Copper Harbor would be required during
construction. Precautions would have to be taken to avoid
interfering with passage of salmon into Reynolds Creek and
salmon use of the intertidal spawning area at the head of
Copper Harbor.
Raising lake levels would probably affect the grayling
populations in Lakes Mellen, Summit, and Marge, but a minimal
stocking program could probably be used to mitigate any
adverse effects. Grayling were stocked during the 1960's
by ADFG, and probably use lake inlet and/or outlet streams for
spawning. These streams would either be inundated or affected
by dam placement. Lake Josephine is apparently barren of fish,
as were the other three lakes before grayling stocking.
-7-
Fishing pressure is light, according to ADFG data available
from surveys during the 1970's.
Reynolds Creek is a good producer of pink salmon (see
Exhibit 4). The need to minimize the effect of project
operation on spawning by requiring minimum discharges during
spawning runs would decrease the relative economic attractive-
ness of the Lake Mellen Project.
Trans-basin diversion of Lake Josephine water to Lake
Mellen could have two fisheries-related adverse impacts.
Portage Creek has a history of excellent pink and churn salmon
production (see Exhibit 4), although chum escapement has
decreased in recent years. Diversion of Lake Josephine flows
could reduce fish habitat and production in Portage Creek.
The second potential problem with diverting Lake
Josephine flows regards possible interference with homing of
salmon to Portage Creek. It is possible that such diversion
could attract Portage Creek salmon to Reynolds Creek, because
salmon identify their homestream by smell, and each stream
has its unique characteristic odor. Diversion of Lake
Josephine could also alter the existing characteristic odor
of Portage Creek water, with potential for adverse effect
on salmon homing to Portage Creek.
A disposal site for spoil from excavation of the 1/3-mile
Lake Josephine Project tunnel would be required. It is
possible that disposal in Lake Josephine would be an acceptable
solution to this problem.
Potential Environmental Effects of the Lake Mellen Project
The Lake Mellen Project is the most economically
attractive of the Reynolds Creek projects. In a complete
development of the basin, the Lake Mellen Project would be
the first project constructed. It is also possible that
the Lake Mellen Project would be the only hydro development
on Reynolds Creek. During the early years of complete
development, and for a development of Lake Mellen only, the
project vlould be required to supply base and peaking power.
The maximum reservoir drawdown of the project would be 60
feet and the powerhouse would be at El. 200 to avoid substantial
flow reductions in the lower reach of Reynolds Creek. The
principal potential impacts of the Lake Hellen Project operating
alone are:
1. Effects of loading dock on Reynolds Creek salmon.
2. Effects of modifications in Reynolds Creek discharge
on salmon.
-8-
· 3. Disturbance of potential eagle use areas by the
transmission line.
4. Visual impacts of the transmission line.
5. Construction of 2 miles of new access road.
6. Sixty-foot maximum drawdown of the lake.
Reynolds Creek is known to support substantial pink
salmon runs (see Exhibit 4) and probably also has a chum run.
Coho salmon and at least one trout species are also known to
occur in the stream.
Location of the Lake Mellen powerhouse at El. 200 would
probably avoid dewatering most of the stream's spawning
habitat, but if suitable habitat extends beyond this elevation,
it could be necessary to place the powerhouse further upstream,
thus reducing available head. In this case, the power production
and economic benefits would also be reduced.
Regardless of where the powerhouse is located, at EJ.. 200
or higher, the release regime must provide adequate seasonal
and daily flows for the downstream salmon resource. The
controlled releases would include adequate minimum releases
as well as limit the rate of flow fluctuations at times of
the year critical to salmon. The operation restrictions might
limit the capability of the power plant to serve load require-
ments, and therefore reduce economic benefits of the project
in those months critical to salmon.
Potential Impacts of Complete Development of Reynolds Creek
Complete development of Reynolds Creek would involve
construction of the Lake Mellen Project, to meet base load
demands, and development of one or more of the other lakes
for peaking capability. The potential environmental impacts
common to all of the various plans of development are those
already a~ociated with the Lake Mellen Project, which would
be the first project developed in each plan.
Potential impacts attributable only to individual
development plans are presented in the following paragraphs:
Lake Mellen/Lake Josephine -As noted previously,
d1version of Lake Josephine flow from the Portage Creek
basin could reduce the pink, chum and coho salmon
production of Portage Creek and also could decoy Portage
Creek salmon to Reynolds Creek. The development would
require 5.4 miles of new access raod and disposal of
excavated spoil from the 1/3-mile long tunnel.
-9-
Lake Mellen/Summit Lake -Summit Lake is in the same
drainage basin as Lake Mellen. Consequently, development
of Summit Lake after Lake Mellen would have less impact
on fisheries resources than the Lake Josephine Project
would have. Impacts associated with trans-basin diversion
and tunnel construction would be avoided. In addition,
Summit Lake would require a total of 3 miles of new access
road versus Lake Josephine's 5.4 mile requirement. Lake
fluctuations and raising of Summit Lake would adversely
affect the resident grayling population.
Lake Marge -Construction of the Lake Marge Project would
require 2 miles of new access road beyond Lake Mellen.
Other impacts would be similar to those associated with
Lake Mellen-Summit Lake.
Streamflow Regime Changes Changes in streamflow regime
for a two project (or more) development would not be as
great as for development of Lake Mellen alone, since in
the former case Lake Mellen would be used for base power.
This would more easily permit seasonal adjustment of
minimum releases and greatly reduce daily flow fluctuations,
as compared with the releases from development of Lake
Mellen alone.
Fisheries Resources-Reynolds Developments versus Black Bear Lake
The size of the fisheries resource which could be affected
by developments in Reynolds Creek is on the order of 10,000 to
20,000 fish, and Portage Creek salmon escapements have ranged
from 22,000 to 93,000 fish during the last ten years (ADFG
data, see Exhibit 4).
As discussed in detail in the Feasibility Report, the
Black Bear Lake Project is not expected to have significant
impact on fisheries resources downstream of Black Lake.
The project will almost certainly affect fisheries upstream
of Black Lake, however. Preliminary estimates indicate
that the Black Lake headwaters drainage could reasonably
support an annual salmon resource somewhere in the range
of 1,000 to 10,000 fish. This preliminary estimate is
based on field observations in Black Bear Creek and experience
in other Southeast Alaska streams.
Costs
Construction Costs
A reconnaissance level construction cost estimate was
prepared for each of the projects studied. The estimates
include the direct cost of civil works, contractor's overhead
and profit, purchase and installation of equipment, contin-
-10-
gencies, engineering and owner's administration. The
estimates are at January 1981 price levels and exclude price
escalation beyond that date. Interest during construction is
also excluded. Unit prices for the various civil works items
are the same as those used in the Black Bear Lake estimate,
where applicable. Costs for electrical equipment were based
on recent data provided by manufacturers and adjusted to
January 1981 price levels. The estimated costs are for an
assumed complete development of hydro resources and are
applicable to both Plans 1 and 2. The major portion of the
cost of the required transmission system for either develop-
ment is included in the costs for the Lake Mellen Project,
the first installation to be constructed. The costs are
summarized below in Table 4 and shown in greater detail on
Exhibit 5.
Table 4
Construction Costs
Project Cost 1000 $!/
Lake Mellen 36,200
Summit Lake 16,700
Lake Marge 6,200
Lake Josephine 16,200
!/ January 1981 costs including contingencies, engineering
and owners' overhead.
Operation and Maintenance Costs
The projects would be equipped for remote control
operation from Hydaburg. The estimated operation and mainte-
nance expenses for each project and the transmission line are
shown in Table 5. The estimates are based on FERC data
adjusted for automatic operation and conditions in Alaska.
-11-
Table 5
Operation and Maintenance Costs
Project Annual O&M Cost
Lake Mellen Including
Transmission Line
$ 190,000
Summit Lake 40,000
Lake Marge 20,000
Lake Josephine 40,000
Economic Studies
The initial step in the economic evaluation of the
Reynolds Creek projects was a cost per kilowatt comparison
between the projects and the Black Bear Lake Project. Each
of the Reynolds Creek projects was considered singlely with
the cost of transmission excluded from the comparison. The
results are shown in the following table.
Table 6
Cost Per Installed Kilowatt
1/ Installed
Project Cost-Ca12ac i ty
1000$ KW
Lake Mellen 29,200 6' 0 00
Summit Lake 15,880 2, 0 00
Lake Marge 5,850 750
Lake Josephine 16,030 2, 0 00
B 1 a ck Bear Lake 24,900 6, 0 00
Cost Per
Kilowatt
$/KW
4,867
7,940
7,800
8 '0 15
4,150
A unit cost comparison between the Reynolds Creek complete
development plans and a development consisting of the Black Bear
Lake Project followed by the Lake Mellen Project is presented in
Table 7. The costs shown for these complete developments include
the cost of transmission.
!I January 1981 total construction excluding transmission system.
-12-
Table 7
cost Per Installed Kilowatt
Development
Reynolds Creek
Plan 1
Reynolds Creek
Plan 2
Black Bear Lake/
Lake Mellen
!/
Cost
1000$
59,100
69,100
62,665
Installed
Capacity
KW
8,750
10,000
12,000
Cost Per
Kilowatt
$/KW
6,754
6,910
5,220
As shown in Table 6 each of the Reynolds Creek Projects is
by itself, less attractive than the Black Bear Lake Project.
Similarly both of the complete development plans for Reynolds Creek
are less attractive than the Black Bear Lake/Lake Mellen plan, as
shown in Table 7. The Lake Mellen project was determine to be the
best of the Reynolds Creek alternatives and was selected for further
study. More detailed economic comparisons between the Black Bear
Lake and Lake Mellen Projects were subsequently performed. The
results of the studies are presented in Section 8 of Exhibit W, on
Tables W-19 and W-20, and on Figure W-21. As shown in Table W-20,
the Lake Mellen Project plus diesel generation has cumulative present
worths of $44.3, 76.0, and 99.8 million for the low, most likely and
high load growth scenarios, respectively. Corresponding cumulative
present worths for the Black Bear Lake Project are $39.9, 77.9, and
101.4. As shown in Table W-19 and on Figure W-21, the economic cost
of energy produced by Black Bear Lake Project is less than that from
the Lake Mellen Project.
Conclusion
Reconnaissance studies have indicated that hydroelectric
development of the Reynolds Creek drainage and diversion Lake
Josephine flow into the Reynolds Creek basin are possible from an
engineering standpoint. Site reconnaissance and review of geologic
data indicate no adverse geologic conditions that would preclude
development of the sites. Project features must be designed to
resist potential seismic activity.
!I January 1981 total construction cost.
-13-
The environmental evaluation of the Reynolds Creek development
indicates several potential adverse impacts which require further
study. The most important of these are possible disturbance of
pink, coho, and chum salmon spawning in Portage Creek due to
trans-basin diversion of Lake Josephine flows, disturbance potential
of eagle use areas along the shore of Hetta Inlet by the proposed
Reynolds/Hydaburg transmission line and possible disturbance of
pink, coho, and chum salmon spawning in lower Reynolds Creek due to
changes in the streamflow regime.
Comparisons of ADFG data for Reynolds Creek and Portage Creek
to recent studies performed on the area downstream of the proposed
Black Bear Lake Project indicate that the Reynolds Creek development
could affect a salmon resource of 10,000 to 20,000 fish versus
1,000 to 10,000 for Black Bear Lake; if Lake Josephine is included
in Reynolds development, the Portage Creek salmon resource of
22,000 to 93,000 fish could also be affected.
The initial unit cost comparison shows that of four Reynolds
Creek alternatives investigated, the Lake Mellen Project is the
most attractive. Comparison of complete development plans of
Reynolds Creek to development of Black Bear Lake and Lake Mellen
indicate that the Black Bear/Lake Mellen plan has the least cost
per kilowatt.
More detailed comparisons of the Black Bear Lake and Lake
Mellen Projects show the following:
1) The Black Bear Lake Project has the least
environmental problems and a lower cost than
the Lake Mellen Project for the same installed
capacity.
2) Lake Mellen can meet 2,100,000 kWh per year
greater energy demand than Black Bear Lake but
the energy would be more costly than Black Bear
Lake energy if load did not materialize.
3) Under a low load growth scenario the least cost
option for meeting the market area's energy
requirements is Black Bear Lake plus diesel
generation as needed. The next least cost plan
is Lake Mellen plus diesel generation as needed.
4) The potential adverse environmental impacts
associated with development of Reynolds Creek and
particularly with diversion of Lake Josephine will
require mitigation measures that have not been
reflected in the present study. The mitigation of
adverse environmental impacts should be expected
to reduce the economic attractiveness of the
Reynolds Creek development.
-14-
5) The Lake Mellen Project should be considered for
development after the Black Bear Lake Project.
Early collection of basic data including stream
gaging, fish counting, and an aquatic habitat
survey in Reynolds Creek will facilitate future
studies of the Lake Mellen Project.
-15-
TABLE OP Slr.NIFICANT DATA
Re~nolds C~eek P~ojects
Black Bea~ ·· ·-· Like-----suiiiml t l..ake Lake Plan 1 Plan 2
P~oject Name Lake Hellen Lake Ma~ge Jose~hine Com~l. Deve lo~men t Cornel· Develoeme11t
RE!mrtVOIR
No~mal MaK. w.s. El. mal 1,715 930 1, l 08 1, 7 38 1, 8 JO
Ta ilwate~ El. 25) 200 940 1. 308 940
II Y JJitOLOG Y
D~ainage A~ea, Sq. mi. 1. 82 5.5 ).5 1. 1 L; 5.5 7.0
Avg. Ann. Runoff cfs/nli2 14.) 10. 5 10.5 10.5 10. 5 10.5 10.5
Avq. Ann. St~eamflow cfs 26.0 58 l7 11 16 58 14
P~obable HaKimum Flood, cfa 4,000 6,200 4, 4 00 1,700 2,200
DAM -Conc~ete G~avity
Height, ft. 53 103 60 )9 35
Top Elevation, msl 1,721 938 1, l15 1, 744 1, 8 36
Dam Volume, cy 6,400 37,750 5,200 1, 550 1,000
SPILLWAY Conc~ete Ogee
c~est Elevation msl 1, 715 930 1,308 1, 738 1, 8 JO
Width ft. 30 40 40 20 20
PENSTOCK
Type Steel/Cone~./
Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel
Diameter, In. 48/48/30 46 46 26 28
Length, ft. 294/1296/2790 2,500 4, 200 2,100 4, 8 50
Shell thickness in. 5/16 to 3/4 5/16 to 11/16 1/4 l/4 5/16
POWI:RSTATION
Numbe~ of Units 2 2 2 1 2 5 6
Tu~bine Type Impulse Impulse Impulse Impulse Impulse Impulse Impulse
Rated !lead, ft. 1,370 700 340 410 820 --
Gene~ato~ Rating kW ~.ooo 3,000 1, 000 750 1,000 750-3000 1000-3000
POWER AND ENERGY
Installed Capacity kW 6,000 6,0001/ 2, 000 750 2,000 8, 750 1 o, 000
Avg. Annual Ene~gy HWh 23,700 26,100.:. 7,900 3,000 8, 000 31,000 49,200
Avg. Plant Factor t 45 50 45 46 46 48 56
COSTS AND ECONOMICS 32.5 Const~uction Costs 36.2 16. 7 6.2 16.2 59.1 69.1
Unit Cost, $/KW 5,417 6,033 8,350 8,100 8,100 6,754 6,910
!/ Without l..ake Josephine dive~aion. With diversion, Lake Mellen output inc~eaaes to 33,300 MWh annually.
II w
lD
0 ....
8
LAKE JOSEPHINE
EL. 1830
PORTAGE •
...........
"
REYNOLDS
CREEK BASIN I CREEK BASIN
COPPER HARBOR
EL. 0
1--lAR...ZA ENGINEERING COMPANY oc--rog.;_~ '981
LAKE MELLEN
EL. 930
SUMMIT LAKE
EL. 1308
~ DAM
750kW
~ POWERHOUSE
-PENSTOCK
PENSTOCK IN TUNNEL
REYNOLDS CREEK
DEVELOPMENT
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
m
X
:I:
~ .....
w
Commercial
Species
Available
Stream
Spawning
Area
Sport
Species
Salmon Peak
Escapements
Salmon
Escapement
Since 1970
SOUR:::£: ADFG
Comparative Fisheries Data
Reynolds Creek
Pink, coho,
probably chum
748m2
Trout below Lake
Mellen; Grayling
(stocked) all 3
lakes
20,000 Pink 1974
(records for 1960-
1978)
Pink
low = 695-1972
high = 20,000-1974
last
record = 10,000-1978
Portage Creek
Pink, Chum, some
Coho and Sockeye
3308 m2
Cutthroat in
stream; Lake
Josephine
probably barren
250,000 Pink
27 Sept 45
50,000 Chum
27 Sept 45
(records for
1940-1978)
Pink
low = 22,500
20 Aug 73
high = 93,000
26 Aug 71
last
record= 60,200
18 Aug 78
Chum
low = "none seen"
high = 1,300
10 July 73
last
record= 27
30 Sept 77
EXHIBIT 4
Black Bear Creek
Pink, Chum, Coho,
Sockeye
31,906m2
23,546 upstream;
8,360 intertidal
Stream Dolly
Varden 1 Cutthroat1
Steelhead; BBL
stocked Rainbow
350,000 Pink
9 Oct 4 5
10,000 Chum
12 Aug 63
6,500 Coho
27 Oct 44
700 Sockeye
24 Aug 65
(records for
1944-1978)
Pink
low = 30 1978
high= 42,300
27 Aug 75
last
record = 30 1978
Chum
only
record = 800
17 Sept 73
Coho, Sockeve
none seen s1nce
1965
REYNOLDS CREEK
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
AlASKA
AlA~KA POWER AUTHORITY
EXHIBIT 5
ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COSTS
IN THOUSAND DOLLARS
REYNOLDS CREEK DEVELOPMENT
Lake Swnmit Lake Lake
Mellen Lake Marge Josephine
ITEM Project Project Project Project
l. LAND AND LAND RIGHTS 479 640 210 623
2. RESERVOIR CLEARING 244 183 80 128
3. DIVERSION AND CARE OF WATER 100 160 80 100
4. DAH, SPILLWAY, INTAKE 12,116 1,957 855 1,017
5. WATER CONDUCTOR 2,585 4,491 1,035 5,100
6. POWERHOUSE 724 770 410 480
7. MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT 2,355 1,400 595 1,180
8. ROADS AND BRIDGES 1,100 550 550 1,650
9. TRANSMISSION LINES
535.!/ 230y l20y AND SUBSTATIONS 5,200
10. MOBILIZATION AND LOGISTICS 1,460 1,064 395 1,042
DIRECT CONSTRUCTION COST 26,363 11,800 4,360 ll, 440
COl~TINGENCIES 5,267 2,350 880 2,290
TOTAL DIRECT COST 31,630 14,150 5,L40 13,730
ENGINEERING AND
ADMINISTRATION 4,570 2,550 960 2,470
TOTAL C~NSTRUCTION COST
JANUARY 1981 36,200 16,700 6,200 16,200
y Initial installation of the Lake Mellen Project is assumed. Cost shown are
for transmission link to the Lake Mellen system.
'--l.A.R.ZA ENGINEERING cc::li\IIPANY OCTOSE~ 1991
REYNOLDS CREEK
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ALASKA
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
2. Thorne Bay Alternative
HARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
IN"'''lA:'CoiiiPAHY Coii'RDPONDDIC&
LOCA110N Chicago Office
TO~----G~·~V~o~ll~aD==d~--------------------
PRO,NM~--~c~·~R~-~G~r~a~v~·-=J~·~P~·-R=o~b~i~n~s~o~n~----------
SUIUKCT. Thorne Bay Pro1ect
Preliminary Assessment
DA,.. March 25. 1981
We have completed our study of hydroelectric development of the Thorne
River basin. This preliminary study was undertaken as part of our .
iuvestigation of alternatives to the Black Bear Lake Hydroelectric
Project.
We have determined that while the Thorne Bay Project is technically
feasible, it is not as economically attractive as the Black Bear Lake
Project. Therefore, we recommend that no further studies of the Thorne
Bay Project be undertaken at this ~ime.
Project Description
As shown on Exhibit 1, the Thorne River basin is located in Southeast
Alaska on Prince of Wales Island. The river basin drains to the east
into Thorne Bay, which connects to Clarence Strait.
The Thorne Bay Project would consist of a rockfill dam and a concrete
face. An uncontrolled spillway would be located in the left abutment.
Water for hydro power generation would pass through a single 16 foot
diameter concrete tunnel, located in the right abutment, to the sea
level powerhouse. The powerhouse would have two Francis turbines total-
ing 17.3 MW of installed capacity. The installed capacity has been set
so the average capacity factor is about equal to that of the Black Bear
Lake Project, i.e. 45 to 50 percent. Average annual energy production
is estimated as 75,800 MWh.
Exhibit 2 is a table of significant data for the Thorne Bay Project.
Also included in Exhibit 2 is data for the Black Bear Lake Project for
comparison.
Environmental!/
The Thorne River basin is an excellent producer of commercial salmon
species and also provides excellent sport fishing resources (see
Exhibit 3). · The system is considered one of the most
ll Ecological data used in the preparation of this section were provided
by D. Kelly, ADFG, from ADFG stream survey files except where noted.
HARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
IN"'"'lA-CONPANY COR'RUPONDIENCil
LOCAnON Chicago Office DATE March 25 • 1981
TO G. Volland
FROM _____ c~.R~·~G~r~a~v~·~J~·~P~·~R~o~b~i~n~s~o~n~--------------Page Two
suBJECT. Thorne Bay Project
Preliminary Assessment
valuable and productivefisheryresources in Southeast Alaska (D. Kelly,
pers. comm.). The entire drainage was assigned the highest possible
sport fishery and commercial fishery ratings (i.e., 5) in USFsr TLMP
(USFS 1978, 1979), and estuarine sensitivity was rated 4. Jones (1978)
lists the Thorne River system among the highest quality watershed in
Southeast Alaska for both steelhead and cutthroat trout. The USFS
assigned LUD designations of III or IV to lands in the Thorne River
basin, although ADFG had included the watershed among the 19 "High Qua-
lity Watersheds" in the Tongass National Forest recommended for LUD I
or II classification (USFS 1979). Logging has occurred in some parts
of the drainage, but a prime consideration during future logging opera-
tions will be protection of the fishery resource.
USFS (1979) assigned wildlife value ratings of 1-3 (low to moderate on
the scale of 0-5) to basin lands, except for those surrounding the mouth
of Thorne River and its estuary, which were rated 4 (high). Wildlife
reported in the area includes black bear, waterfowl (geese, mallards,
and mergansers), and bald eagle. ADFG has reported several eagle trees
in the basin, at least four of which are in the lower drainage (below
North Thorne Rive:r}.
Runoff Computation
Basin runoff is estimated on the basis of drainage area, and basin ele-
vation and exposure comparison with gaged basins.
There are three gaging stations about 8 miles to the southeast of the
Black Bear Lake basin having fairly comparable unit runoff. Maybeso
Creek at Hollis was selected as being most directly in the path of mois-
ture inflow. This station had an average runoff of 9.01 cfs per square
mile. An average basin elevation of about 1180 has been estimated for
Maybeso Creek.
The effect of elevation on runoff in Southeast Alaska was studied by
the Alaska Power Authority and u.s.· Bureau of Reclamation. Based on
those studies and additional studies of data from Mahoney Creek, near
Ketchikan, we established a value of 0.003 cfs per square mile for each
foot of elevation for use in computing the runoff of Black Bear Lake
for the 1979 reconnaissance study.
HARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
INTRA-COMPANY CoRRDPONDDICK
LOCATION Chicago Office
TO'------~G~·~V~o~l~l=an~d~-----------------------
PROM C.R. Gray, J.P. Robinson
suBJECT Thorne Bay Project
Preliminary Assessment
•
DATE--~M~a~ruc~h~2~5~.~1~9u8~1~------
Page Three
The Thorne River basin appears to average about 865 feet in elevation.
Using 0.003 cfs/sq. mi. decrease in runoff per foot of elevation and
allowing for a 5% decrease for the decreased average spillover for the
basin gives 7.7 cfs/sq. mi. average runoff for the basin. For the
drainage area of 175.2 mi. the average flow is 1342 cfs.
Costs
A reconnaissance level construction cost estimate was prepared for the
project. The estimates include the direct cost of civil works, con-
tractor•soverhead and profit, purchase and installation of equipment,
contingencies, engineering and owner's administration. The estimates
are at January 1981 price levels and exclude price escalation beyond that
date. Interest during construction is also excluded. Unit prices for
the various civil work items are the same as those'used in the Black Bear
Lake estimate where applicable. Costs for electrical equipment were based
on recent data provided by manufacturers and adjusted to January 1981
price levels. The cost estimate for the project appears in Exhibit 4.
Conclusion
Our reconnaissance studies have indicated that hydroelectric development
of the Thorne River basin is possible.
Our survey of geologic data indicate that suitable foundations, requir-
ing normal treatment procedures, exist at the site of the proposed
structures. Project features would have to be designed to resist poten-
. tial damage due to seismic activity.
Our environmental evaluation of the Thorne River development indicates
that any dam constructed in the lower reach of Thorne River would
require facilities to provide for upstream passage of adult salmonids,
as well as downstream outmigration of juvenile fish. Changes in the
downstream discharge regime would al~ost certainly have significant
adverse effect on pink and chum salmon spawning and rearing activities
in the lower stream and upper estuary,.unless project discharges were
modified. Estuarine salinity gradients and inflow of nutrients from
the· river would also be changed, which would adversely affect the pro-
ductivity of the estuarine ecosystem.
HARZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
INT'ItA·COMPAHY CoRRESpONDIDCCI:
LOCAT10N Chicago Office
TO------~G~·-V~o~l~l~a~nd~------------------------
SUBJECT. Thorne Bay Project
Preliminary Assessment
DATE March 25, 1981
Page Four
Except as noted above, the Thorne Bay development is expected to have
about the same magnitude of potential impacts on recreation and wildlife
as the Black Bear Lake Project.
As shown on the Table of Significant Data, the Black.Bear Lake Project
has a lower cost per kilowatt and a lower initial capital cost than the
Thorne Bay Project. The Thorne Bay Project would also have a greater
adverse effect on the environment than Black Bear Lake.
. .
\
\
ALASKA \
'
\
KEY MAP
EXHIBIT 1
Lomly
Rk•
,.._
...
Meyers
Project Name
RESERVOIR
Normal Maximum
W.S. Elev. msl
Tailwater Elev.
HYDROLOGY
Drainage Area sq. mi.
Avg. Annual Runoff cfs/mi2
Avg. Annual Streamflow cfs
DAM
Type
Height, Ft.
Top Elevation msl
Dam Volume cy
SPILLWAY
Type
Crest Elevation msl
Width, Ft.
Design Discharge cfs
PENSTOCK
Type
Diameter, in.
Length, Ft.
Shell Thickness, in.
POWERSTATION
Number of Units
Turbine Type
Rated Head Ft.
Generator Rating kW
POWER AND ENERGY
Installed Capacity kW
Avg. Annual Energy MWh
Avg. Plant Factor %
COSTS AND ECONOMICS
Construction Cost $x106
Unit cost, $/kW inst.
TABLE OF SIGNIFICANT DATA
Black Bear Lake ----
1, 710
120
1.86
13.5
25.1
Steel Binwall
and Rockfill
28
1, 719
13,000
Concrete Chute
1, 710
27
1,200
Steel
26
3,100
0.250
4
Impulse
1,460
1,250
5,000
22,000
50
13.0
2,600
Exhibit 2
Thorne Bay Project
125
0
175.2
7.7
1,342
Rockfill
170
150
570,000
Concrete Chute
125
105
37,200
Concrete
192
1,000
5
Francis
103
8,650
17,300
75,800
50
102.4
5,920
Commercial
Species
Available
Stream
Spawning
Area
Sport
Species
Salmon Peak
Escapements
Salmon
Escapement
Since 1970
SOURCE: ADFG
Thorne River
Pink, chum, coho,
sockeye, perhaps
king
309,022 m2
Excellent cutthroat,
Dolly Varden,
steel head
98,000 Pink 23 Aug 66
15,000 Chum 27 Sept 57
900 Coho 24 July 56
10,000 Sockeye 24 July 56
(records for 1937 -1978)
Pink
low = 1000 1975
high = 80,000 1976
last record -10,906 1978
Chum, coho, sockeye
not broken down in
escapement record
Exhibit 3
Comparative Fisheries Data
Coho (90%), sockeye {6%)
chum (3%), pink {1%);
no king observed
53,000 m2
Excellent steelhead,
cutthroat, Dolly Varden
259 Coho 1972
118 Sockeye 1972
Coho and sockeye
14,71
Cutthroat Cr.
(47,579m2 total
Control Cr.system)
Dolly Varden, cut-
throat, possibly
steel head
Unknown
Black Bear Creek
Pink, Chum, Coho,
Sockeye
31,906m2
23,546 upstream;
8,360 intertidal
Stream Dolly
Varden, cutthroat,
Steelhead; RBL
stocked Rainbow
350,000 Pink
9 Oct 45
10,000 Chum
12 Aug 63
6,500 Coho
27 Oct 44
700 Sockeye
24 Aug 65
(records for
1944-1978)
Pink
low = 30 1978
high = 42,300
27 Aug 75
last
record 30 1978
Chum
only
record = 800
17 Sept 73
Coho, Sockeye
none seen since
1965
ESTIMATE HARZA ENGINEERING CO)IPA.NY
CBICA..GO. ILLINOIS
Prot-cf ___ T_H_ORN_E_BA_Y _________ Dote March 9, 1981
EXHIBIT 4
Page 1 of 1 Pages
Structure_.-=.17:..L:3~0~0:........:kW!.:.-_____________ Estimated by ______ Checlc.ed by ___ _
..... ITEM a.. • ., Unit Price A.IDOUIII No.
1 Mobilization 4 000 boo
2 Land and Land Rights 7 670 boo
3 Reservoir Clearing 2 730 boo
4 Diversion and Care of Water 7 ooc boo
5 Dam and Intake 28 soc boo
6 Water Conductor 2 70C boo
7 Powerhouse 2 53C boo
8 Mechanical and Electrical Eouinment 4 70f. boo
9 Roan!': and Bridges 8 14f hno
10 Tr!'ln!':mi !':!'don T.inP~ 1 h. ?r: hoo
Direct Cost IS 69 390 000
-Contingencies ;25% 17 35C 000
Total Direct Cost ~ 86 740 000
En2im~erin2 ann Administration HI! 1 '\ fill1 non
.
Tnt-"'1 Con~trnl'tion Cost (10/79 Price T.PvPl :) I$ 102 400 000
Appendix W-Y
ACRONYMS
Appendix W-Y
ACRONYMS
ACMP
AOCED
ADEC
ADFG
ADNR
ACOL
ADOTPF
APA
AP'I
ATC
DOE
EAR
FERC
HCRS
HECO
NMFS
OSHA
REA
ROW
'IHREA
TlMP
USFS
USFWS
USGS
Alaska
Alaska
Alaska
Alaska
Appendix W-Y
ACRONYMS
Coastal Management Program
Department of Commerce and
Department of Environmental
Department of Fish and Game
Economic Development
Conservation
Alaska Department of Natural Resources
Alaska Department of Labor
Alaska Department ot Transportation and Public Facilities
Alaska Power Authority
Alaska Power and Telephone Company
Alaska 'Iimber Corporation
u.s. Department ot Energy
Environmental Assessment Report
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service
Harza Engineering Company
National Marine Fisheries Service
occupational Safety and Health Administration
Rural Electrification Administration
Right-of-way
'Ilingit and Haida Regional Electrical Authority
Tongass Land Management Plan
u.s. Forest Service
u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service
u.s. Geological survey