HomeMy WebLinkAboutBlack Bear Creek Biological Ecological Work 1981DANIEL M. BISHOP ~nvi;onaid
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BLA
021
An Interim on
Biological-Ecological Work
on the Black Be·ar Creek System
Prepared for:
Harza Engineering Company
Chicago, Illinois
November 2, 1981
12175 Mendenhall Loop Road
JUNEAU , ALASKA 99801
907 789-9305
Alaska Power Authority
LIBRARY COPY
DANIEL M. BISHOP
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
An Interim Report on
Biological-Ecological Work
on the Black Bear Creek System
Prepared for:
Harza Engineering Company
Chicago, Illinois
November 2, 1981
f' r
~nvironaid
12175 Mendenhall Loop Road
JUNEAU. ALASKA 99801
907 789-9305
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Black Bear Lake .
Black Lake
. . .
Black Bear Creek Tri~utaries
Above Black Lake
III. RESULTS ....•......••
IV.
v.
A.
B.
c.
Characterization of Flow
Regime and Water Quality
Adult Escapement Into the Stream
System Above Black Lake • . • •
Resident Juvenile Salmonid Populations
in Black Lake and Upstream Waters
D. Observations of Mammal Populations
Above Black Lake . . • .
Objectives
Approach
Specific Observations .
FURTHER WORK ANTICIPATED -SPRING, 1982 . . .
TENTATIVE COMMENTS ON POSSIBLE MITIGATION
AND PROTECTION MEASURES NEEDED FOR DESIGN-
CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPOWER SYSTEM • , . . .
PHOTO APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1: KLAWOCK WEIR SHIFT TOTALS
Page
1
1
1
2
2
4
4
25
31
33
33
33
34
37
37
39
44
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure lOa-d
LIST OF FIGURES
Chronological Record of Streamflow Measurements
Chronological Record of Black Lake Level and of
Rainfall
Chronological Record of Streamflow Expressed as
Yield in Cubic Feet/Sec/Square Mile (C.S.M.)
Lake Level -Discharge Flow Relationship
Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and
Temperature in Upper Black Bear Lake
Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and
Temperature in Lower Black Bear Lake
Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and
Temperature in Black Lake
Mean Daily Water Temperatures for Four Stations
on Black Bear Creek, August 1980 Through
July 1981
Temperature Unit (°C) Accumulation Curves for
the Four Black Bear Creek Stations
Hourly Profiles of Water Temperatures (°C) Over
a 48-Hour Period
Table 1
Table 2a-d
LIST OF TABLES
Tabulation of Stream Flow Measurements, Black
Bear Creek, August 13 Through October 24, 1981
Numbers of Spawning Salmon in the Stream System
Above Black Lake
- 1 -
I. INTRODUCTION
The environmental work outlined in this interim report is a part of
feasibility studies_for the proposed Black Bear Lake hydropower installation.
This work is a continuation of studies in 1980 measuring or describing
water quality, stream flow regime and habitats found instream and on
adjacent valley bot~am lands, as well as spring 1981 trapping of
outmigrating fry fr~m Black Bear Creek.
Work carried out in summer and fall, 1981, focuses primarily on the
upper portion of the Black Bear Creek drainage, i.e., Black Lake and its
primary inflowing streams which provide salmonid spawning and rearing
habitats. It is this part of the Black Bear Creek system which is most
likely to be affected by installation and operation of the hydroelectric
facility.
A field camp was established on the southwest shore of Black Lake on
31 July 1981. From this base intensified biologic and hydrologic
investigations were carried out. Visits were made to Black Bear Lake to
make lake profile measurements, to make plankton hauls, and to service
a thermograph installation, but detailed investigations of the fish
population in Black Bear has been deferred until spring 1982. The field
camp was broken on October 24 after a final round of adult coho salmon
counts, stream flow measurements, and servicing of thermographs.
II. ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Work was done in three distinctive areas: Black Bear Lake, Black Lake,
and Black Bear Creek tributaries above Black Lake. These efforts are
summarized below.
Black Bear Lake
Monthly measurements of temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen
were made in two vertical sections located in the two opposite ends of
the lake. The continuous thermograph was maintained. Plankton hauls
- 2 -
were made during the August visit, and a casual hook-line sampling was
made of resident fish population. Incidental observations were made of
lake level and air temperature at times of visit.
Black Lake
A staff gage was installed near the downstream end of the lake. This
gage was read daily during camp operations. Weekly flow measurements
were made near the outlet of Black Lake. These flows were related to
readings of lake stage. A buoyed sampling station was establi~hed at the
deepest (40 feet) point of the lake. Monthly temperature, conductivity
and dissolved oxygen profile measurements were made at the sampling
station. Zooplankton and phytoplankton hauls were made. Benthic
invertebrate sampling was carried out. Population estimates of rearing
salmonids were made using minnow traps. This work did not include
sockeye juveniles, since these fish are not susceptible to trapping of
this nature. Mapping of the lake was undertaken, including a description
of the littoral zone. A rain gage was maintained daily during camp
operations.
Black Bear Creek Tributaries Above Black Lake
A stadia traverse was made of the stream system which provides salmonid
habitats for spawning and rearing. This work did not include the South
Fork stream channels above their confluence with the main channel. A
map was made from this work (Map 1 ), and detailed additional notes,
corrections and habitat descriptive information were added to the draft
map. Detailed additions to the map will be incorporated in the final
(1982) product. Stations were established for weekly flow measurements
of (a) stream system draining Black Bear Lake, and (b) stream draining
South Fork. Measurements were continued during periods of camp operations.
These two stations are located in a section of the stream whieh is
unstable in character, and without suitable "control" to allow meaningful
use of staff gages. Regular escapement counts were made of adult
salmonids from August 5 through September 16 and October 21 through
October 24. Population estimates of juvenile rearing salmonids were
made in three homogenous sections of the stream and in the associated
beaver ponds. Mammal uses of the area above Black Bear Lake were observed
and recorded. Periodic specific observations of beaver activity were made,
- 3 -
Map 1: Black Bear Creek Above Black Lake
(see map pocket)
- 4 -
and a reconnaissance of bear routes in the valley above Black Lake was
completed. An extensive characterization of the stream was completed.
This included bank stability and type, aquatic and streambank vegetation,
stream canopy, substrate character, flow regime, and extent of fallen
log debris.
III. RESULTS
Although a comprehensive evaluation of the stream system under study
must await completion of analyses of samples and measurements taken this
field season as well as results from next spring's work, a considerable
body of information is now available. This information can be grouped
into four headings:
A. Characterization of flow regime and water quality;
B. Adult escapement into the stream system above Black Lake;
C. Resident juvenile salmonid populations in Black Lake and
upstream waters;
D. Observations of mammal populations above Black Lake.
These interim results represent the body of this report. A thorough
integration of physical and biological conditions and effects will be
made at the time of the final report in 1982.
A. Characterization of Flow Regime and Water Quality
Physical aspects of the upper Black Bear Creek system considered in
summer-fall, 1981, included:
1. Location and description of the Black Bear Creek watershed
above Black Lake;
2. Comparative streamflow measurements at and above Black Lake;
3. Continuing lake profile measurements of temperature,
-5 -
conductivity and dissolved oxygen in Black Lake and Black
Bear Lake;
4. Continuing water temperature measurements plus installation of
a fifth thermograph buried in streambed gravels above Black
Lake.
This interim report summarizes physical information available as of the
end of October in terms relevant to biologic observations and to design
and operation of the hydroelectric facility.
1. Four principal channel conditions have been identified between
Black Lake and the base of the falls below Black Bear Lake.
These are described consecutively, moving upstream. The first
three are shown on Map 1.
a. Immediately above Black Lake begins about 3,000 feet of
streambed with sustained, slow-moving water in a channel
about 50-75 feet wide. The stream loses about 1.3 feet in
this section: approximately 4/10 of 1% gradient.
Occassional logs and windfalls provide stream controls as
well as favorable resident fish habitat. Pools range up to
6-8 feet deep, even on low water, and streambanks are
generally vertical, often over-hanging, and reach 4-6 feet
above the streambed. The streambed is predominantly sand/
silt. In one or two locations angular rocks, some of
cobble or boulder size, are found on the streambed. The
origin of this material is unclear.
Stream edges are thickly grown with Devils club, salmonberry
and high-bush cranberry. Dispersed, open-grown Sitka spruce
80-100 feet tall are common along the stream.
b. Above the slow-moving stream, there is a section roughly
300 feet long to the primary forks separating the South
tributary from the Black Bear Lake system. This channel,
generally about 35-50 feet wide, has an overall gradient of
- 6 -
nearly 1% which is controlled by numerous log barriers and
drops across the stream.
The streambed gravels in this section are not coarse, and
are uniformly iron-stained, clearly indicating the emergence
of poorly aerated ground water with a dissolved iron load.
The fifth recording thermograph is buried in the streambed
in this section.
Streambanks extend 2-4 feet above the streamhottom, ranging
from overhanging and vertical to gradual bars of gravel.
The stream channel is vulnerable to radical changes due to
flood flows.
c. Beyond the forks of the South tributary and the Black Bear
Lake system, mapping of the latter system continued to beyond
the limits of spawning. The approximate lengths of these
channels (either Spring Fork or Lake Fork) providing spawning
habitat is about 700 feet and the channel width about 25-35
feet.
The gradients of these channels are about 1%+ overall,
although beaver dams have major effects on gradient conditions
in the lower Lake Fork. On higher flows the beaver dams are
crested by flows and upstream migration into the limits of
spawning in Lake Fork is unimpaired.
Iron-staining in the coarser gravel-cobble bed materials of
these channels becomes less frequent moving upstream and is
not found in upstream reaches. Lack of iron staining is
particularly evident in source areas of these streams. In
these areas upwelling spring flows of variable volume and
temperature occur. We believe these concentrated spring
areas are fed by near-surface flows through the voids of
boulders and rubble, which provide a rapid flowing conduit
from the streambed below the falls. In this way, these
waters do not pick up much iron from groundwater sources
-7 -
and do not have as much time in groundwater flow to have
much tempering of water temperatures. Hence, it may be
that these springflows are more variable in volume,
constancy and temperature than the iron staining upwelling
flows that probably feed through the beds downstream.
The South tributary was not mapped. Gradient conditions
on the spawnable portion of this stream above the forks
(also about 700 feet in length) may be somewhat higher.
It is also possible that some of the flow in the South
tributary is fed by observed springs just before the
tributary turns south into the steepening slope. However,
these spring flows are small in volume and extent.
d. Above the limits of habitat, and beyond the channels seen
in Map 1, is the intermittently flowing channel(s)
originating below the falls. This channel system, including
abandoned channels and flood routes, is built of large,
angular rubble and boulder material. During conditions of
continuous flow below the falls, the stream is a cascading
rapids, while during periods of receding low flow the stream
loses its flow into the bed and will become intermittent and
then dry if the dry period continues. The latter condition
undoubtedly occurs during both summer and winter dry (or
extended cold) periods.
2. Comparative streamflow measurements at and below Black Lake.
Measured flows are summarized in Table 1 and are displayed
graphically with rainfall and lake level data in Figures 1, 2
and 3. Note that data needed on the flows from Black Bear Lake
is not yet available.
Figure 1 provides a plotted, chronologie record of streamflow
measurements taken at the respective stream stations. It should
be borne in mind that peaks and lows shown in this plotting
represent only values measured at a point in time, and are not
- 8 -
TABLE 1: Tabulation of Streamflow Measurements, Black Bear Creek;
August 13 through October 24, 1981.
1/ !:_/ 11 !!_I 2._/
Black Bear Below Black Bear South Mouth,
Date Lake (USGS) Lake System Tributary Black Lake
8-13 (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 3 PM)
7.79 cfs 3.25 cfs 12.38 cfs
[2.33 C. S.M.] [1.48 C.S.M.] [1.69 C.S.M.]
8-18 (ca. 1 PM) (ca. 2 PM) (ca. 4 PM)
4.29 1.72 7.20
[1.28] [ .78] [ . 98]
8-28 (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 3 PM)
18.38 9. 89 39.51
[5.50] [4.50] [5.38]
9-5 (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 3 PM)
24.2 32.07 34.64
[7.25] [14.58] [4.72]
9-7 (ca. 8 AM) (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 1 PM)
112.53 54.64 291.26
[33.69] [24.84] [39.68]
9-16 (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 3 PM)
65.96 27.16 143. 75
[ 19. 75] ( 16. 89] [19.58]
10-22 (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 11 AM) (ca. 2 PM)
19.52 13.28 47.54
[5. 84] [6.04] [ 6. 48]
10-24 (ca. 9 AM) (ca. 10 AM) (ca. 2 PM)
19.29 29.36 70.54
[5. 78] [13.34] [9. 61]
1/ Data not yet available from USGS.
2! Drainage area = 1.92 square miles.
3! Drainage area= 3.34 square miles.
4/ Drainage area = 2.20 square miles.
ll Drainage area = 7.34 square miles.
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- 9 -
FIGURE 1: Chronological Record of +
Streamflrw' Measurements 1\
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FIGURE 2: Chronological Record of Black Lake Level and of Rainfall
"-10
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-10 -
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FIGURE 3: Chronological Record of Streamflow Expressed as Yield in
Cubic Feet/Sec/Square Mile (C.S.M.)
-11 -
necessarily representative of an actual hydrograph. Nevertheless,
the peak flows shown for September 7 suggest surprisingly high
values for the station below Black Lake.
This record is also shown in Figure 3 in terms of flow in yield,
cubic feet/sec/square mile for the respective stations and
measurements. Several features are suggested:
a. Summertime low flows from the Black Bear Lake system have
higher yields/square mile than either the South tributary
or the large outflows below Black Lake. This was not
evident, however, in the October measurements.
b. High flows measured on September 7 suggest that stormflows
from Black Bear Lake and Black Lake were comparably larger
than flows from the South tributary. Alternatively, it
could be that our measurement schedule missed the peak flows
from the South tributary by a larger margin than the lake
streams. By this argument, the South tributary peak flow,
representing a higher CSM yield, had already passed and
then receded before measurements were made on September 7.
This interpretation is supported by the CSM yields between
October 22 and 24, as a result of only a half-inch of rain.
It is also supported by the streambed characteristics, which
clearly show that the South tributary is subject to periodic
torrent flow conditions.
Figure 2 indicates the responsiveness of Black Lake level to
rainfall. The two-inch rainfall on August 22 produced over a foot
of lake rise, while about three inches of rain during
September 5-7 caused the lake to rise about 3-1/2 feet.
The relation of Black Lake level to discharge measured at below
the lake mouth is shown in Figure 4. This is probably a stable
relationship as long as the log jam below the lake mouth stays in
place.
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-13 -
3. Continuing lake profile measurements of temperature, conductivity
and dissolved oxygen in Black Lake and Black Bear Lake.
This data is shown plotted in Figures 5, 6 and 7. When compared
with earlier data shown in Black Bear Aquatic Study -Phase I
(December 15, 1980) the following characteristics are evident:
a. Upper Black Bear Lake -Temperature conditions in the lake
reached much higher levels in August 1981, but the thermo-
cline at this time was shallower, only about 10-15 feet.
The September temperature profile showed a well developed
thermocline at 40-50 feet, probably 5 or 10 feet less than
in September of 1980. The late October profile for 1981
again showed nearly iso thermal conditions, but at 7.4°C
instead of the 6.3°C level of 1980.
Conductivity values contain no surprises: rather low values,
which in September show a consistent increase with depth.
Dissolved oxygen levels were similar to those of 1980. The
September profile also showed a strong thermocline at 40-50
feet.
b. Lower Black Bear Lake -Temperature curves show patterns
similar to those of the upper lake. The September thermocline
is 50-60 feet deep rather than 40-50 feet found in the upper
lake. This difference was not found in 1980 measurements.
The conductivity profiles are similar to those in the upper
lake.
Dissolved oxygen levels shown for the lower lake again
indicate the September thermocline at 50-60 feet (same probe
as temperature). This, too, contrasts with a 40-50 foot
September thermocline in 1980.
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-15 -
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FIGURE 5: Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature
in Upper Black Bear Lake
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FIGURE 6: Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature
in Lower Black Bear Lake
7 D .-..rn ho
-17 -
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FIGURE 7: Profiles of Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature
in Black Lake
-18 -
c. Black Lake -Here, too, the August 1981 lake teEperature
profile begins at a high value (15.7°C) and drops at a high
rate with depth. This was not nearly as pronounced in
August 1980. The September and October profiles are similar
to 1980.
The conductivity profiles in August and September are low
and without particular significance. Elevated conductivities
~hown for October may be the result of winds stirring up
the lake earlier in the fall. Levels are higher than seen in
1980.
The dissolved oxygen profiles of 1981 show similar curve
forms, but somewhat different levels. No particularly
noteworthy difference was seen.
4. Continuing water temperature measurements plus installation of a
fifth thermograph buried in streambed gravels above Black Lake:
No processed thermograph records are available yet for the summer
1981 field season. Records are being processed at this time.
However, the thermograph records from August 1980 to July 1981
have been examined and are summarized at this time. Daily
temperature values for the four stations are shown in Figure 8.
Within this plotted record are 185 days of synthesized values for
the station at the mouth of Black Bear Creek (MBC). Of these
days, 106 occurred November, 1980, to February 15, 1981, and the
remainder occurred in spring-summer 1981. Linear regression tests
for best fit were made using the other temperature stations and
air temperature (Klawock hatchery) as predictors, with the result
that the thermograph record for lower Black Lake (LBL) provided
the most reasonable predicting tool.
This analysis-synthesis provided a record which was suitable for
development of temperature-unit accumulation curves for the four
Black Bear Creek stations. This product is shown in Figure 9,
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FIGURE 8:
BBL:
UBL:
LBL:
MBC:
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Ill
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Mean Daily Water Temperature
for Four Stations on Black
Bear Creek, August 1980
through July 1981
Black Bear Lake Station
Upper Black Lake Station
Lower Black Lake Station
Mouth, Black Bear Creek, near
tidewater
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-20 -
and provides a means of evaluating relevant temperature characteristics
and differences found within the drainage.
The cumulative temperature record was begun on Septe~er 1, 1980,
and carried through April, 1981. The September beginning conforms
with approximate peak of sockeye spawning in 1981 above Black Lake.
The role of Black Lake in elevating water temperatures is evident
from the graph, as is also the slow rate of spring heating observed
in Black Bear Creek. It can also be surmised that the mouth
Black Bear Creek station (MBC) has a relatively low temperature
unit gain in winter as a result of cooling action as the stream
flows three miles from Black Lake to tidewater.
The Klawock hatchery finds that chum salmon eggs require about:
270 -300 T.U. (°C) to eyed stage
600 T.U. (°C) to hatch
900 T.U. (°C) to emergence
These values are probably low for development of wild eggs-embryo,
but they can be used for comparison purposes. Thus, the four
stations compare as follows:
T.U. 's -°C
270-300 600 900
Black Bear Creek Sept 27-30 Nov 7-9 Jan 14-15
Upper Black Lake Sept 29 to Nov 8-9 Jan 24-25
Oct 2
Lower Black Lake Sept 23-26 Oct 29-30 Jan 8-9
Mouth, Black Bear Creek Sept 25-28 Nov 1-2 Jan 21-22
Plottings were also made of hourly temperatures at respective
stations for 48-hour periods in summer, fall, winter and spring
(Figures lOa, b, c and d). These serve to examine differences
in heating characteristics along the drainage system and, hence,
to consider how downstream temperatures may result from upstream
temperature conditions.
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-21 -
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FIGURE 10: Hourly Profiles of Water Temperature 8ver a 48-Hour Period.
(a & b)
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FIGURE 10: Hourly Profiles of Water Temperature Over a 48 Hour Period.
(c & d)
-23 -
During a sunny summer day heating peaks first immediately
below the lake situations (about 2 PM). After a delay of about
two hours, the peak from Black Bear Lake (BBL) reaches upper
Black Lake (UBL), while a delay of six-seven hours is found
between the peak at lower Black Lake (LBL) and the resulting
peak near the mouth of Black Bear Creek (MBC). The extended
peak found on the MBC record suggests that several "waves" of
warm W?ter may successively interact to produce an integrated
patterp..
The Oc~ober 16-17 temperature plottings show diurnal fluctuations,
but in a much more confusing pattern and involving a temperature
range of only about 2°C.
The December 22-23 plottings also involve only about 2°C but
even in this plot the thermograph below Black Lake (LBL) shows
a significant warming effect produced by the lake, including
a mid-day rise on December 22 of about a half degree C.
Unfortunately, the thermograph at the mouth of Black Bear Creek
was not operating at this time.
The mid-April 1981 plottings show cyclical patterns somewhat
similar to but less pronounced than the summer 1980 record.
Maximum daily range of temperature at this time is about l°C.
The daily peak temperature at Black Bear Lake (BBL) occurs at
1,200-1,400, while comparable peak in upper Black Lake (UBL)
occurs about 1,600-1,800.
The occurrence of spring flows in the stream system below Black
Bear Lake undoubtedly has significant effects on water temperatures
in the spawning gravels. This will be most true where such
upwelling flows in the bed are from deeper sources most likely to
be both sustained as well as moderated in temperature (increase
in winter; decrease in summer). Information gained from the
buried thermograph may indicate the influence and magnitude of
such upwelling flows from relatively deep sources.
-24 -
Upwelling flows resulting from near surface flows through
rubble-cobble streambed material also moderates temperatures,
but to a lesser degree. These flows are also more prone to
recede as low flow water levels drop.
-25 -
B. Adult Escapemen-t Into the Stream System Above Black Lake
The numbers of adult salmonids returning to spawn was monitored from the
end of July to October 24. The method involved two people canoeing and
walking identified respective stream sections of the stream system,
using a tally counter to record the totals. Averages were then calculated
of the two figures. The results, showing counts for respective species
by principal spawning sections, are given in Tables 2a through 2d.
On August 5, 420 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were counted in the
lower section of the system up to the junction of the two principal forks.
The count on August 10 revealed 598 sockeye in the system, of which 405
were in the lower section of the stream below any suitable spawning area.
(Suitable gravel for spawning does not occur until 160 feet below the
junction of the main channel with the West Branch of the south tributary.)
Of the remaining 193 fish, 143 were located in the south tributary and
50 in the Spring Fork of the Black Bear Lake system. These latter fish
were found in the lower section of the Spring Fork and, although pairing
was evident, no actual spawning was observed at this time. Four chum
salmon were observed at the upwelling of the Spring Fork in early August.
By August 13, 730 sockeye were in the system, 401 were in schools or
nonspawning habitat in the slower flowing section, 239 were in the
south tributary, and only 90 were in the Spring Fork. By August 18,
1,022 sockeye were counted above Black Lake. Of these, 651 were still
in schools in the lower section, 283 were in the South Fork, and 82 in
the Spring Fork. Spawning activity had commenced at this time. The peak
of sockeye spawning was towards the end of August, when 1,281 fish were
counted in the system above Black Lake. Of these, 380 were in the South
tributary and 543 in the Black Bear Lake system. Allowing for mortality
between counts, the total number of sockeye which spawned in the Black
Bear Lake system was estimated to be in the region of 650·. No sockeyes
were observed to spawn in the Lake Fork (of the Black Bear Lake system)
above the beaver dam. Approximately 15-20% of spawning sockeyes were seen
to be 'jacks', or precocious males.
From the beginning of August various schools of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha) had been observed congregating around the mouth of Black Bear
Creek, as it enters Black Lake. On August 18, 18 pinks were observed to
TABLE 2a: Numbers of Spawning Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Stream System Above Black Lake
Date August August August August August September September
Location 5 10 13 18 28 5 16
Mouth of creek to lvest Fork of South
tributary 420 345 309 546 165 42 0
Main creek from West Fork of South
tributary to junction with the South
tributary NC 60 92 111 145 71 0
West Fork of the South tributary NC 10 34 59 43 36 6
South tributary NC 133 205 224 337 292 10
Lake Fork to Beaver Pond NC 0 0 0 0 19 0
BLACK
BEAR Beaver Pond on Lake Fork NC 0 0 0 0 0 0
LAKE Lake Fork above Beaver Pond NC 0 0 0 0 0 0
SYSTEM Spring Fork NC 50 90 82 500 396 7
TOTAL 598 730 1,022 1,218 856 23
TABLE 2b: Numbers of Spawning Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the Stream System Above Black Lake
Date August August August August August September September
Location 5 10 13 18 28 5 16
Mouth of creek to West Fork of South
tributary 0 0 0 16 629 830 121
Main creek from West Fork of South
tributary to junction with the South
tributary 0 0 0 0 51 280 156
West Fork of the South tributary 0 0 0 0 14 270 148
South tributary 0 0 0 0 250 1,401 1,752
I
Lake Fork to Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 18 22 127 N
-....!
BLACK
BEAR Beaver Pond on Lake Fork 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
LAKE Lake Fork above Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 0 0 468
SYSTEM Spring Fork 0 0 0 0 206 1,265 1,111
TOTAL 16 1,168 4,059 3,906
TABLE 2c: Numbers of Spawning Churn Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in the Stream System Above Black Lake
Date August August August August August September September
Location 5 10 13 18 28 5 16
Mouth of creek to West Fork of South 0 0 3 4 0 0 0
tributary
Main creek from West Fork of South
tributary to junction with the South
tributary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
West Fork of the South tributary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South tributary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lake Fork to Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BLACK Beaver Pond on Lake Fork 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BEAR
LAKE Lake Fork above Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SYSTEM Spring Fork 4 4 2 0 0 1 1
TOTAL 4 4 5 4 0 1 1
TABLE 2d: Observations of Spawning Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Stream System Above Black Lake
Date September September October October October
Location 5 16 21 22 24
Mouth of creek to West Fork of South
tributary 0 3 1 5 16
Main creek from West Fork of South
tributary to junction with the South
tributary 0 0 0 0 0
West Fork of the South tributary 0 0 1 1 2
South tributary 0 0 7 6 20
N
\0
Lake Fork to Beaver Pond 0 1 0 0 0
BLACK Beaver Pond on Lake Fork 0 6 1 2 2
BEAR
LAKE Lake Fork above Beaver Pond 0 0 0 0 0
SYSTEM Spring Fork 0 1 4 6 2
TOTAL 0 11 14 20 42
-30 -
have entered the lower section of the creek. Three inches of rain between
the 21st and 28th of August caused the stream to rise markedly, where-
upon large schools of pinks entered the creek. A count of 1,158 fish was
found in the system on August 28th. This run reached its peak by the
middle of September when 3,906 pink salmon were counted. Of these fish,
1,960 were spawning in the South tributary and 1,730 in the Black Bear
Lake System. The high water in early September had allowed the pinks to
migrate over the beaver dams in the Lake Fork of the Black Bear Lake system,
and fish were observed in all of the branches up to where the stream grad-
ient starts to markedly rise in the lake outlet channel. No fish were
seen in this section of the stream before that date. In the Spring Fork
some pinks were observed spawning right up to where upwellings arose from
the ground among moss covered rocks. The total number of pink salmon that
spawned in the Black Bear Lake system was estimated to be in the region
of 2,000.
A few isolated efforts by sockeye to beach spawn were recorded, and three
or four pinks were seen attempting to spawn in an inlet stream in the
western part of Black Lake.
By the middle of September a number of early coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
had appeared and 11 were found in the system above Black Lake. Six were
seen in the beaver pond on the Lake Fork. Two counts of coho in the third
week of October located a maximum of 42 fish in the system above Black
Lake. A higher percentage of these fish were in the South tributary. It
is likely that coho will continue to enter the system well into winter.
Coho were seen jumping in Black Lake during the last week of observations.
This trend has been observed by ADF&G biologists on the Klawock River-Lake
system, where spawners have been observed as late as March 1. While the
total coho escapement into Upper Black Bear Creek cannot be estimated from
counts made to October 24, an examination of coho escapement counts made
on Klawock River (Appendix 1) showing daily numbers through the Klawock
River weir and indicating total annual escapements of coho in the last
several years ranging around 2,500 to 4,000 fish suggests the view that
adult coho escapement into the upper Black Bear Creek system may be in the
magnitude of 200 -1,000 fish. Later analyses of juvenile fish populations,
available rearing area, growth rates, etc., may provide some basis to eval-
uate this speculative figure.
-31 -
Schools of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) were observed in the stream
system above Black Lake, principally in the South tributary. The number
in these schools did not exceed 200 and none were observed in spawning
coloration. However, Dolly Varden do spawn in the system, as shown by
the occurrence of juveniles (discussed later). It is possible that these
fish were in the system to feed on salmon eggs.
C. Resident Juvenile Salmonid Populations in Black Lake and Upstream
Waters
An estimate was made of numbers and species of the resident juvenile
salmon in Black Lake and the stream system above the lake. For population
estimates 1/8 and 1/4-inch mesh minnow traps were used, baited with
boraxed salmon eggs and a mark-recapture method was employed. In Black
Lake, four large, field-fabricated, wire traps were also used. Other
possible methods of capture, for example, seine nets and electro-shocking,
were thought to be unsuitable due to the large amount of fallen logs and
log debris in the stream and the presence of large numbers of migrating
fish.
In the lake, an eight-day multiple mark-recapture using the Schumacher
and Eschmeyer's estimate was undertaken. A similar method was utilized
in the beaver ponds near where the stream enters the lake and at the
lower end of the Lake Fork of the Black Bear Lake system over five and
three days, respectively. The stream was divided into three homogenous
sections and mark-recapture experiments were undertaken over a 24-hour
period using a single Peterson estimate in representative 100-meter
sections. Fish collected were divided into young of the year (0+) and
fingerlings (1+) using length measurements. At the beginning of August
the dividing length used was 55 mm and this was increased to 65 mm by the
middle of September.
Length-weight analysis for the fingerlings were undertaken on samples from
the lake, the beaver ponds and the lower section of the stream.
A preliminary examination of the results show the principal rearing areas
for juvenile coho in the stream system to be the lower section of the'
stream below the forks and in the beaver ponds. The lower section of the
-32 -
stream runs for approximately 0.6 mile before entering Black Lake.
Typical velocities in the section are from 0.2 to 1.5 ft/sec and depth
up to 6 feet. Most of the fish were located along the margins where
undercut banks and small side channels are present and where there is
a large amount of overhanging riparian vegetation providing suitable
cover for the juvenile fish. The substrate is predominantly sands,
silts and organics. The controlled range of velocity provides this
section of the stream contains stable rearing habitat in terms of flow
and probably accounts for the larger rearing fish populations than in the
stream section above the forks. The beaver ponds are also not subject
to marked changes in flow and, hence, also provide stable rearing habitat.
The ratio of coho fingerlings to fry was higher in the beaver ponds than
in the stream.
Population estimates for coho fingerlings (1+) were 504 (95% confidence
limits 440-595) in the beaver ponds adjoining the stream as it enters
Black Lake and 442 (95% confidence limits 344-615). This corresponds to
an average estimate of 372 (95% confidence limits 240-431) in a 100-meter
section in the lower part of the stream. For the 980 meters of this
entire section, this would correspond to an estimate of 3,646 for the
lower part of the stream below the forks. This compares to an estimate
of 946 coho fingerlings in the two sets of beaver ponds and, thus,
these ponds represent an important part of the coho rearing habitat in
the Black Bear Creek system.
The flow regimes of the Lake Fork during the summer has an effect on
rearing coho juveniles. When the outlet flow from Black Bear Lake is
low, the upwelling at the lower end of the gradient is insufficient to
permit continuous flow in all of the channels and, thus, isolated pools
are formed which trap fish and which may eventually dry up, resulting
in fish mortality. The numbers involved are probably small as this
section of the stream does not support large rearing populations but,
nevertheless, mortality of juveniles does occur.
Only very small numbers of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) were found in
the stream system above Black Lake. The largest population was located
in the beaver pond system on the Lake Fork where a population estimate
-33 -
of 82 (95% confidence limits 74-92) was obtained. These fish were all
1+ fish.
No other species of juvenile salmonid were found at this time in the
stream system above Black Lake.
A population estimate of coho fingerlings (1+) in Black Lake gave a
figure of 2,628 (95% confidence limits 2,196 to 3,271). The two most
productive littoral areas were the extensive shallow areas near the
east end of the lake where Black Creek enters and the west corner near
the mouth of the lake. Many areas on the north shore of the lake are
too steep-sided to constitute extensive littoral areas and, thus,
numbers of coho in this area were low. The extensive use of large minnow
traps seemed to indicate that the numbers of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus
malma) in the lake are low for very few fish were captured. Rod and
line and the large minnow traps caught only 4 cutthroat (Salmo clarki).
Captures of the two species were not high enough to undertake mark and
recapture experiments.
D. Observations of Mammal Populations Above Black Lake
Objectives
To approximate the number of beaver and black bear using the drainage
above Black Lake, identifying key habitats; to maintain a log of sightings
of beaver and black bear, and to develop a map of the valley bottom above
Black Lake showing key use areas.
Approach
Mammal sign (including tracks, den and bedding sites, feeding sites, scats,
remnant hair, and actual sightings) was observed and recorded daily. In
addition to data collected during fisheries biology work (which was
stream and lake-intensive) five traverses of Black Bear Creek valley were
undertaken with the sole objective of observing mammal sign. One complete
circumambulation of the valley was thus achieved, with more intensive,
repeated thrusts into areas heavily used by mammals.
These intensively used areas include the marsh area south of the lower
beaver ponds; the area of the forks; a narrow conduit (approximately 60
-34 -
meters broad) the length of Lake Fork up to the steepening streambed
section where spawning ceases; a similar conduit the length of Spring
Fork to where it emerges from the ground; a somewhat broader band of
use following the South Fork from the outlet of West Branch upstream to
where the South Fork turns due south and climbs steeply and spawning
ceases in the large-stone streambed. The above areas were traversed at
least weekly during the study period.
Specific Observations
Beaver
Beaver sign (shrub and sapling cuttings, tracks, gnawed stumps,
peeled sticks, dams, scent mounds, scats, etc.) was found throughout
the lower drainage above Black Lake. There is frequent old beaver
sign along Black Bear Creek, Lake Fork, Spring Fork, and West
Branch. Current, fresh sign is found along Black Bear Creek from
the lake up to the forks, and up Lake Fork to a maintained dam and
approximately 50 meters beyond. This area shows consistent, current
use, with fresh cuttings observed on 30 occasions. Beaver use of
the lower ponds is light and intermittent in the presence of people.
Eight days of minnow ·trapping in this area drove the beaver upstream;
they returned to the ponds two days after the minnow trapping was
concluded.
An adult beaver was seen swimming in the creek just opposite this
lower pond area on the morning of August 13 -the only beaver seen
all summer.
No small tracks ascribable to juvenile animals were seen, but
frequent adult tracks were observed along the stream banks during
the times of low water (August 9-20; August 28-September 5) and in
the mud along the shores of West Branch and Lake Fork.
Beaver were active throughout the system described above, with most
of the approximately 40 runways in the lower creek used frequently
enough to inhibit vegetation growth.
-35 -
Black Bear
From July 31 to August 17, tracks of one small individual prevailed
throughout the study area; this was the only animal present until
August 18 when a larger black bear moved into the lower creek
section back of the lower beaver pond and along the southeast
side of Black Lake. This individual's tracks correspond to those
of a large black bear seen swimming across the upper lake in
March of 1981. These two bears staked out their territories, with
the smaller animal ranging widely throughout the forks area, using
den sites along Spring Fork and South Fork, and feeding heavily on
sockeye and pink salmon, respectively, as the spawns overlapped.
On September 3, tracks of a third bear (sized in between the other
two) were seen on the north bank of Black Bear Creek just above
the lake, accompanied by the tracks of two cubs with identical-
sized tracks.
These five bears, as of September 16, were all feeding heavily on
the pink salmon in all three upper branches of Black Bear Creek; on
September 16 over 200 fresh, partially-eaten pink salmon carcasses
were seen hauled out on the stream banks, with heavy bear sign
abundantly dispersed throughout the upper forks area.
August 4
August 7
August 18
August 26
Black Bear Sightings
Two bears seen on slope above Black Bear Lake outlet,
at approximately 2200' elevation.
Small bear near forks in spruce tree.
Large bear, southeast shore of Black Lake.
Large bear, face-to-face, back of lower beaver pond,
in marsh.
August 28 Small bear, West Branch, eating salmon.
September 3 Medi~sized bear, on log in lower Black Bear Creek
near lake.
September 12 Small bear, west end of Black Lake, on south side in
brush.
September 13 Large bear, Black Creek, 1/2 mile below Black Lake,
fishing.
-36 -
Wolf
Tracks of two individuals were seen on two occasions, indicating the
passage of a large animal downstream near the head of the lake on
August 13; a smaller animal's tracks were seen in the same area on
August 10. There was no other wolf sign encountered anywhere in
the study area at any other time, nor were there discovered any
well-developed game trails of the sort wolves frequent.
Mustelids -Mink and Marten
Mink tracks were commonly seen along the creek banks in the mud on
every trip upstream. This sign extended up all three forks,
corresponding roughly with spawning activity, and seemed to be
heaviest in the lower stretches of Black Bear Creek where coho fry
rearing habitat is best.
Marten sign was seen less abundantly than was mink, but occurred
more diffusely throughout the upper valley, extending up South Fork
valley to at least the lower falls; up Spring Fork and Lake Fork
sign is less visible, with no sign seen in the dense brush and blow-
down area at the base of the ridge north of the upper Lake Fork
section. One marten was seen on September 2 in the deep woods east
of the falls on South Fork.
These observations are ongoing. Conclusions, population estimates, and
a map on dispersion and heavy use areas-key habitat will accompany the
final report, as well as details of observations.
-37 -
IV. FURTHER WORK ANTICIPATED -SPRING 1982
A. Continue thermograph operations until June 1 (?). Pull all
records, thermographs at that time.
B. Continue monitoring of lake temperature, conductivity, dissolved
oxygen profiles. Measure in winter 1981-82 and in spring 1982.
C. Perform outmigrant work to determine smolt and fry migration
from the stream system.
D. Develop estimate of the rainbow population in Black Bear Lake,
?nd identification of their areas of spawning.
E. Complete length-weight analysis of juvenile coho fingerlings
to compare growth conditions in Black Lake, the beaver ponds
and the lower section of the stream system.
F. Complete stomach analysis of juvenile coho to ascertain principal
food items in the various areas of the stream system.
G. Supplement present map information describing the streambed,
stream bank characteristics, streamside vegetation.
V. TENTATIVE COMMENTS ON POSSIBLE MITIGATION AND PROTECTION MEASURES
NEEDED FOR DESIGN-CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
The points summarized below have not been researched or considered in
detail. They are offered at this time primarily for further discussion
or examination.
A. The routing and the design of tailrace waterflow should seek a
designed balance between discharged water entering groundwater
flow routes and water passing back into natural surface flow
routes. This may be possible by routing flow across the valley
bottom through an infiltration ditch. The depth, width and
water level control within this ditch may be used to adjust
-38 -
proportions of flow reentering groundwater versus surface flow
routes.
B. When the road access is redesigned, particular care should be
taken of the several tributaries entering Black Bear Creek very
near to the outlet of Black Lake. It is possible that these
tributaries play a significant role in maintaining the level of
the lake's outlet and the quality of streambed gravels in the
vicinity. Accordingly, the flows of streambed gravels as well as
water flows should pass at natural rates into the creek.
C. It is likely that the beaver population above Black Lake will be
heavily impacted by the hydro project, road, etc. In time, loss
of beaver may reduce coho rearing habitat. An approach to deal
with this situation should be developed.
D. The schemes of water volumes released and of associated water
temperatures in the tailrace waters may require further
adjustment in the hydropower design-operations now that more
complete biologic information is becoming available.
-39 -
2. Point at which stream from Black
Lake disappeared underground.
PHOTO APPENDIX
1. Falls from,Black Bear Lake in
August. 30 yards below this
point the stream disappeared
underground.
-40 -
3. Dried up s ,treambed in main chanp.el from . Black Bear Lake
in August.
4. Reemergence of creek as upwellings at the base of the
gradient leading to the falls. Temperature here was
little changed from where it went underground upstream
near the base o.f the falls.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-41 -
5. Moss covered stones at
upwellings that constitute
the Spring Fork of the
Black Bear Lake system.
The temperature difference
here was 2-l/2°C colder
than where. it went underground.
6. Black Bear Lake system to the left at junction with the .
South tributary (right) to form ·Black Bear Creek.
-42 -
7. Spawning gravels near junction of South tributary and
Black Bear Lake system. Fallen logs are typical of
this section of stream above the two forks where the
principal spawning gravels exist. These logs do not
form sufficiently large jams as to block the passage
of migrating fish.
8. Typical section of stream .in the lower reaches of Black
Bear Creek below the junction of the two principal forks.
It is characteristically slow flowing and with a
predominantly sands, silt and organics substrate.
I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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9.
10.
-43-
OVerhanging riparian vegetation and undercut banks are
typical of the lower section of Black Bear Creek,
providing suitable rearing habitat for coho juvenile
salmonids. ·
Beaver dam on Lake Fork causing the formation of beaver
ponds which provide rearing habitat for coho and Dolly
Varden juvenile salmonids.
-44 -
KLAWOCK WEIR SHIFT TOTALS
I .
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I : I .
Jack
1···-··------
1
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) -.....
~-
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Other InitiaL
. ... I
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' ... ! ---------• i
t-··~·-... -,_._.,__...__.,
I ~-----~-r -··-----I --------
I-~--------
1 . --...
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·--·--··-----l ·-··-··----
-45 -
KLAWOCK WEIR COUNT
Date Chum Coho Sockeye Pink Comments
ltZ'i ,;(. 8:6g ~IS:~ I f ?,II; zz 6 $(!)t./
4 'ill o3v rtt;. c712;[7rs-
4 !;"'{ ;;, !1f aa?. !(:,s--
9. /;iJr (,. I'll/ cr:~ ,
9,. t!r ~ filff
.-...l..=-..L..!!:::..----~..::!.M.....!..---+-f--l..l...!.---~-l!-L..==--------'"~~:;:.__-------(
f
2./f ·~.~ ;. 4 983 ;21 .flj( 3·%/SO
dl,!IC/ ~!91 3tl3&1 9,;:? 3. :J.51!tf .
'"f,lftz ~ftl/ ;;;,tze!_ 3t./,stl
1.t? l£c.:U.(,. ;;,m . {3ij.~tr
?.tl '/;15~ ~2A~
. ltJ ~
. :u;
>, 'I
9.~~
-46 -
c
,. KLAWOCK WEIR COUNT . '
'11
{
~ Chum Coho Sockeye Pink Comments
/4·tn II; t3"1i[ 3;4'9? ~~nt .3~431-
'I tf~/
{).3 51@
3
! 6;1()
!!>:·~ . @~ Ot_;:J-
I 2J,.o~s-
I .
JS,. .s ·~ t;
tJ.i S3';1..-3
'1 3
i3,lf'£ S"i/l) i:O ./0./{) t2,. 2a.L I >
/t!J./1 f,2, /.ri' ~1~ o:t.lt'/1 'iPt ~s--
7 I I
-47 -
Table 2. Daily Klawock Weir Count, 1978.
Date Chum Coho Sockeye Pink
8/30 14 470 241 11,685
8/31 28 741 242 21,584
' 9/1 ... 82 1,150 246 51,226
9/2 117 1,317 246 57,051
9/3 140 1,401 246 58,955
9/4 159 1,407 246 59,866
9/5 202 1,412 246 60,743
9/6 ·. 243 1,429 246 62,249
9/7 . 348 1,482 246 63,875
9/8· .• 420 1,505 246 64,295
9/9 • 457 1,513 246 64,506
9/10 .' 530 1,520 246 64,799
9/11 683 1,522 246 64,962
9/12·' 1,584 1,528 246 65,844
'9/13· 2,658 1,627 246 67,088
9/14. 4,695 1, 778 246 68,918
9/15 5,674 2,057 246 72,398
9/16 . 7. 020 2,166 246 73,362
9/17 7,359 2,186 246 73,744
9/18 7,527 2,212 246 73,904
9/19 8,097 2,249 246 74,452
9/20 9,195 -~ ~_~36 ... 246 75,089
9/21 , .. · 9,323 2,363 246 75,209
9/22 . 9,351 2,373 246 75,233
9/23 9,526 2,400 246 75,286
9/24 9,560 2,412 246 75,315
9/25 9,599 2,429 246 75,355
9/26 9,725 2,456 246 75,428
9/27 9,808 2,469 246 75,484
9/28 .. 10,173 2,583 246 75,628
9/29 10,229 2,633 246 75,686
9/30 10,399 2,682 246 75,739 -
10/1 10,498 2,706 246 75.772
10/2 .· High water closed weir
10/3 II II II tl
10/4":· 10,505 2, 711 246 75,931
10/5;' 10,511 2, 715 246 75,977
10/6 10,517 2, 720 246 75,996
10/7 10,537 2,734 246 76,027
10/8 10.549 2,758 246 76,051
10/9 10,575 2,783 246 76,096
10/10 10,582 2,791 246 76' 118
10/11 10,588 2,796 246 76,137
10/12 10,590 2,800 246 76,240
10/13 High water closed weir
10/14 It II II II
.• ~ :
-\
, .
.. . .
. \ '
,•""':.-·,
'-:.•·
:, .··.
l
i
, I
'i
:J
I
I
I •
< '' ,. ...
.-.._, '.:""-.;:
. . ... .. . : , .·,~j~ll~~~~~~(~r~ .. s~~D~~·: . -·:: ·>.;_ >.. .·~. ·v ·.·.·. · .... ··.. ·, ..
t1-0N'IH .::c; ··; ;' A;l-SIJSt; ·t'9-79 u~ • • •• • -• • • ·; j • ' • • i ' ·. . ·~ • WEIR Kln{vock River. ".· .. ,_ .. ·' .·.
: .•.. ··· .. ' ·. ·. ; ..••. RFD~~uu ~· . . . ... } : ·.~~i,RJLA: . ' ~ Pi~~~-' .. · ·' .. a~~j; .• 2
-: . ' •.•. : ..•. ' ···: : ~ :·· .0 '."· .''' .. ' ;:" ~~E~~ ..
J0TE ID.-\ILY TlvE D:\!LY . TIVE. c'. bA'ILY 'fiVE:··,<· 'nAlLY TiVE . j TOTAL .. _.;GAGE ...... F . .·.L -'~_JE}u<JXS~·:,.:-:· 81 '· . : . ~ ~0 ·, ~6 ,' ~ . ~~ -. ·, -~·· . -~ . . . . -.. ---]-~~~-:~~~-~-:·_·· ~ · fo 1 1 49 65. ·so 7Z D -u . 1 -~----~---------·-. ··
11_ 1 2 ___ a2. 147 . ·]~o. 46:L. .1 1 _ 1 ---~r-·_1 --------·-·· ...
121 1 3 27 17{1 uJ · .)~.) 1 L. . . · · 1 · --~ --
·r3 1 o ·-3 ·1----z.-r= zi6 ---rm 'u -v L ---.. r-... :· ·-::-::--· ~. -.-.,--1 --
l=[i r··; ; j ~r --~;; ~i; TI~o · ·~ ·~ ·-l--~-=.1_---l ~--~--~ ~~-~--
17 I .. n 5 49 395 132 1167 1 6 _j__ ---·
18 I 1 _15_ 420 425 . 1587 o 6 . . ----
..
'i
LZj / I . / / I / / I . ---··.
23 I Q____J 6 1 ---421 12 1s99 o 6 --i l . ---...
~-. -o" 1 6 1 422 16 1615 o 6 ~==r-· -=c---:----.-
z.) · I o __:_6 ___ . __ 3 ___ .--425 24 1639 o 6 ~----------·.·
26 J . 0 f) 1 426 15 1654 1 7
27. I_· . _ _o_. n 38 464 877 2531 1 -8
28 I 0 6 . 23 487 644 3175: . 1 9 I I ---::~~
f----~ .' ' . · .•. ' . . . . . .. ~-~-~ ~~·=·:_.FE~
i . . --' ---------EJ ---r---~_---,-------.. . ---_ ------·--.. · " -i ---:-----1 . .......,.~ .. : . . . . -~ . =--=-~ ·---~--. -_· --.::.·J:~] ~=:
· J~---.. -r ·· ·-----. 1-t----. ---f---_ _J __J -~---
---+ --
.,
~~J~t:4_i ____ j::;_~t~ ·~ 1· · [ ··: +~~-==1--=1--·-. r=----]------;-------:\~§ ~r =-~l±t: , ::: : . . . . . . ~:_·r-'-. -~~~,1=~-----=--~-=~t-=~ ---_ f· t-::.-~-~-.. , ;·;}~ ·. ·. . . -.. _--.-· _· -~~ :.-~--: .· . : ; ~·: ::: ·. ·~i!.r:.·;\.;;~~;;s: . ,,c::r.·:,I~;.: : . :. ! : ~ ~ : ,, • . : . -~; •• > ~~-:· . ;
~· i : ·:;-.."·
.· -· --~ .-: ~ 'cc'. ·--""
~ . ..-. . . l.;. .. '--·
~ •,' I .. ~~ < .> ~. \ ~ • •·
. •. . . ' ; ' :. C: • : • -: ; ,\' -' . • . . , ...
~".-,...::
.....
.... ·-· ---
·r ,.
·,: . _ _ ::; ·• . : ~ • c. • _-.\L\SlV\~-.DEPAtrrl'n:..\fr or FI s11 A'!D GAME-. . , -.
~ .·,,· -:. _ .··: _._::. =.~ __ <; _ _ .• , • _. · :_. · · ~.o~:~ lL~·/'!~l~-:~?u~_,_.:,'; :::-y~~~:-:~-~--
_<: • •• ' ·.September 1979 ·• .· .. ' · ·· ' .·· · ·-·
-.<' ·' "
..., •' ·~ ..<:': •. -.•: c.~,... • ~ •,;: •. '
---•; _:-I - . . : . - -' -
.'· ~0:--J'nf,:.; -' : .· •·· .. ' '••! --~ ·_ ·: ~,_ . • ):··: ·.\ ~. "·-. , · . ' WEIR Klm-mck Rive-.:---'~ '~--~ " -·. ..,, ·.·. ~ '---=~ ....... "'--'=--'--'-----
~ ;---
··!' . -'"Rffi .-----.-: ·mfD· ~: ·.~-:<: :~~INJC,·--._:·_ -.':,-~b~~--·--... '.-.... -·· .. ;c
-~'
"'
·· CID!lJLA.---. CU~nJLA-. : -, ClJj\lULA-: ---. -CilllU.LA-. 0 ·j --~ --
cot !PATE D.ULY TIVE--DAILY 'fivE.-. . DAILY TIVE -DAILY TIVE TOTAL ·G_.\GE F _l j_ _PJ?:'-~\?j~S
\ug. 30 __ f.. bP,7 ·· · 3175 9 3761 l
1 153 , r;o 111 n~o ·· . 7409 ·-10584 16. 25 22472 1 -----
_2 _J___:__V_ ·..:... _ ?nh 9s 718 -3917 14so1 8 33 · 1s542 · -----·r -,----c------
3 I 140 --346 · _ !____15_ 793 1864 16365 s 38 . 17626 I ---l---
_4 _ _1_ 213 559 _ 119 912 3419 19784 7 45 2138£f 1 --~-~ ------------_,
s 1 148 7()7 _Lli__f-~127 9641 19432 1s ~ 60 31410 __ ~~-=---c-= ==-~----
6 LJu 7RR 98 '1225.-'3720' ·33152. 17 ·-77 ' 3Y3L6 ---. __ I --I ---, --
_ _}__ ____ _L_l§_ Rn4 I c; 7 1 ?82 · 2598 35 7 so 8-85 Jl:SUU::> r------1 ----~----------. -
_8 _ _1 23 _ R?7 1? 1114 3014 38764 25 110 4 lU'i'i ~-1----d·-~ --------
_9_1)_3 840 _ 15 1329 5730 44494 70 180 4b'JL/ ~f--------------
t_!__Q___T 2~-_ ___8_65 161 1490 J 18912 63406 D6 296 bbl41 -----------------
11 I 6 R71 I 79 1569 10158 73564 T57 Ll53 /b.)Lfl --~-·· ------
12 j_~7 -Qi8 ' 399 --1968 -32271 105835 961 1414 110239 -------------------
~u 9.3.9_ __ ~2 1990 s7s 106410 180 159Z. . ·~ -------------
14 I _ ..9..li 44 2034 211 106621 10 1604 j ----~----------·-
15 l____ 919 44 2078 -123 106744 92 1696 ----~---_I ,----. ---~-~=--I[] 919 21 2o99 42 106786 3s 1731 -f-1 ! C -
a±= q1g 30 2102 28 106814 114 1845 -----
g1g -23 2125 ' 60 106874 77 1922 · . I ,
_.; __ --
-~
-;,·
"!l
~ ..
l. ~-.
:lw
2 · ~--__ . 6 2131 · 86 ' '106960 · 12 ·. 19.34 ,.· r. _--. -_1-1.:_~_;_·~ -t··
. 20 I 9Ld. 21 2152 27 .106987 19 . 1953• ' '. -~ -----
21 I 48 2200. 120 !07oo7, 30 1983 ----, ; ------------.,---·.-
~1 _l_Q __ 2210 7' i07bl4 6 ' 19l:S9 ' -----------:-----------
23 I 10 222B s 1o1o22 --s-~J · -----· · -------
E-v;--J --_ ----~ s"-r:2~.s 44 10706l>~-~-----zon~-.. • . ... . -. ---._-_---!---------· ---
2~ I 8-2233 56 ___ 107122 3Z· .2033 ----_--_-._-I------___ ---.. -,,_ .. .--. --;~ r:--. --. --· :--·~= ~~ -~~~~ .--: -~~~ ~~;j~fhJ--~ZUbb , -_------. -~_--=-. _c== == ~-_ ~ .·~~=~--:. t~,. ~I . . _-.---"32 2277 I --347 107691r 78_ 't-------zi64 ' ----:-.------_-----~ -. -j-----::~--: ::-T'---'-:_
-'~ I~ · 1-·--------• • 169--7107799"" · lt5 -· · 2rsz -·-----~---------__ ,__ _;.:_f_::;_ ___ __ ';~;~,'-'-~~ ';·, /}__-', .·,~:." > :~ .' :~-:~ ._·• ' •. _-_·. • '-' ~ • -~~-· ., '~-·-· _: ___ ,_: ___ :L-·. -,J,jJ~----:~~?~' ·' '/
. ~;~
...
,''
'· . -AL:\SKA.;i1Lr~\m:M:..\rr or· t,~SHA\!D ~!If·
' . · MJ~'JliLY l\'EIR COUNT '... ' ' ....
...
--·-\oN1H Octpb~r 1979· ·
·' J, . '' . . .· .. ·. ,>.·. . > . ' '
-.··
.,
.... ,. . . '·. ·.· r~ .. . . . ·RED· -.. ···ma:Y ; ,_··aruM ·. · ;· · .
1----.i-~~--:;~~ CIJj\fiJLA-CU~ULA-CUMtJLA.,. · -.----... ·
DAILY.. TIVE TIVE TIVE • . Ace .... · . . Rl:::'-~\PJ:S'
941 ;i~~ -=-~r~ -.~-= · --~~=~---
2220 -~, ·· ---r·---·---------...... ------
--,---'~'-·
-0
:HWA-T-ER ___ ....... I ~l l =+-·· _--I ---:-~~-=l--II.IGH·~~AT~~-
-T072~--. _,:,... -. -----:-·--r·-. --+----I · ':::"~ f t hroui\l U /12 t _ __!!l~H~!l'L-I HI Gl WATER
4
___ I_ ' ___ _
r---~-l ·--:--------, 4----z3sz _· -L·-~ ---5--:-----·•--·
:-~---,~'----1 ' 2353 -' ---+--
r--ursct~~u-~t:.IR_Ut'l':KA __ wr;~-=-~ 1 '::1 J':J + .. ---\~:t,_u~ CI:~SED
~-=F-=~---· --------------~~---·-· ----------..
-I . -r----------
~c"Fh~:;-;re observed jumping from trap o pen tc river ab1 ve pens during lll~ water. .. ----,--·----· -----i--·----· . --:--· ------1----·------:::----;·
·, ·. . . -------------·--· ' ---~ '.. . . . ' ---__ .. ··-------
-~-7------'-+·-~-~---~ ----~. __ --~:: _ _·. ----------_:.__-~ ===L __ -~ =-=-
------:---,..----·-------~---------~:· -----L-~------
f------·--------------------------------·--------------___ _! --I -~--------
____ __, ________ ------·-·---:---;---:-----------------------------r----. -----:;::'(f'~~~~ ,-_ --.-= =_._.-:_·_ ~--_-=c .. -=~3=-~-... ··· ---' :_" __ -·--------~---~ J -1~--
·~-.'· . . . . . . ' ,_. -. ' . . . -~ _.;___. ., ·-·----.~~.:tiJf~ .: ' ., : : ' . .1· ·:,. '"-: ·.' -:./ ;·~,: > :~};-~:r:<.-·:,::;?.-:.£'1 ~ --~ ., '·; .. :..: , ~~l-: ~:_, lc
. .c;' ~, •'' , ':r' :• ,:, . , ' }: . ,' 'j,~·~;~. ·i';~::. , ; ._::~r ·. •, . , :_.
' ' ~: . .~,, _;· ~.
.~ .,
• d . . ~ ,..
L ~ .qo·
' ~:. ,. · .. .. ~. <.'·
~-'·. .:• . ·> . '' r· ~
~ .. ·-~
\ .. :
. .-.
~-_.··
... ;.n;;rm
. . . --· J?V VGlli'
-·>>·.,·~ .
< )/". ~ ~
w ' .'. ·:. •· ... •· /
t:
co~p -_ '·· ' . ~ .
.. .. •'" ~
,_, ; -.. . ..•. ~
'·.··
. ~ ~ ~ ...... · r:·. •• .~<
·-'·r:.-
.,
. '· • •"!
j·
~~ ~ ·. '
J''i'
. 1.: ·.· ·-._.·
;.
'' ··' : T~~~p<;i Sein'ed ;ln
WEIR ·KJ a\\'ocl( ·Lake' :· ..
~', ~ ~' :~~--.-.. ----.---. -~:
'· 1 '
·;··
·--+----
1---------------
-------~---
i{~~==--:1-. . ~-~ . I 1 · I t=-----+~ I ~~= ___ 1'=-·l=E~.=·
2 0 I . 1-:---j . u • • • • • • ~---j :--t-'-'=F~ --~. --.
_21_,--
I
. §r-1=----==---~-22 .-,-.. +
1231 24 I
__ 25 I --26 __ . __ _
' -2 __ I . ---
·::. 9 --·-
'·· 30 d-·-~-
., ' ,}1~:,-~-~
' .: .. ' .. ::·~ ·~ ,.~ '"': • .·.<':.); ,-,,; _c'_<; ,. •;·:, I •
·:J~-
____ ·_-~:;;~ . -~~~~ ~~--.'
_\:: ;;.·:.: ...
-:. i -~
.. ~ ·-, •: ..... -
~-~~
·-''
,._,._ . <
1
··,'-.' ..--.
~-'
#-'~~·
-_,
'.::· ·_, \. 1
· .. -..... ·
., . ":· . .
.... · ~----·;··· . , ~--. .. ~-,. ';··I • ·i ' ..
.,
. :.:i: ........ -.--. _ .. ·' ,
AL\Sl\A · Dl31,ART~U:..Yr .Of. fiSH A\!D C.U\'.lE
. . ·,' ~:hll:-:J11lL Y.,l\'EIR_ COUNT ·. •' .
;-;:. \. :.·t .
·:_.-..
;.,.·. ,. ...
; -.• ,_.
-.... ~
. ·. ,·,.' . ·-~,;.
-.. ·.··,· .i ~ ~ :.. ·~ -~ . I .:wmJi· Tra,._pped
. . ,"_ ·:-. ,r -·' :,· ~~ : : •
COHO···· .
' ' ,/ ;·. : · • NO Nt\ME ; • .';· ' > JN~Ai\E '· .. 1 ; .· . '' i • . . ..
. l·DNTI:f . -_ Dec~~ber 1979
• • _'· .. ¥ k-.. ---~~-~' -·-· -' ,....__:..~-
. t -' -.-~. " .
--~ ; .... ,' . ~-· Kla,wo O'k · Lake.~
'"· . .
: "}' ~-
.-, '""'' .• "' ...... _ ~~· .~..... . ..JR.·IULA-· . ·o· .. · · 1 .-. · .-.. --T'~-
• ~ ._~ -· -~-~ _ • ~ .. l· DAILY-_ TIVE ~ . · DAILY. 71VE -TOTAL·~ ·.GAGE -F. J_.-_ _:_PB-~\F~0--c~~-· .. -· ·
IDee I . s·· .. · ·.·._ 23 ' . 17'. . '23 ·76 f I" .
lt 0 . 3 26 . 79 -·---r-------
21 2 2s -s1 · -r ---~ ------
3 t _ · ___ -. 3 31 _, s4 r· -I ~~-1--------. .c: t __ 4 1 _ 3 20 --s1 -,---r-------
-51 2 33 1 21 90 (-1--·---n -l . -· ------:-:~-r-r. -
I --. ~ I j
L -----
~ + 1 ~ -§ \ @-1---~--t-'--~~--__
t= 1 · . + , = ; : =~ = J--u=-:..~-~ ~ : ·. ~----._-_, -~ l ~ ~ i I-'=I= < ~--t-1_ __ .. . 0__7_ C j<? --Fl=t= --~
~~~ _ _: ____ .· .. ~~=~---r---=---------;----------~-==-----~~--=---=---1 . . 1-----f---1----;---------_____ L __ ---1--------------·..: ---_-----;---:--------~---------. --. ____ c -.----
--1----
~~{~ ,j< . " ~ . '-! ,,:\ . ''" .,,
'.;'~:·>,~.... ':, .. ,' -:~ ,,;·?·:.:-.:-·;< ·~· -.,
e . -.. . . :\LAS !\A DEP.~\RniF .. vr. ·oF. r-rsit·:~JD'ti~tE ~~·.> -·.·· ... : :· -•~ . :· ·-. ,.NJ:'1111LY.l\EIR..COOO· ~;· .. •· ·-·
. ·.,, ;· .p ",. •. •," '. ~ . , ... ';'. ,?~:~/:.: ·;~ :' .. . , ... . -,}o:-rtH~.Z :. ~1::·, .l'1"1 .... ·,-.. ·,.· . .>f'f.,v:u-.. < ·" ,. •:··· . ~} c: :'.;>:;:, ·: :· ·_ ';. . ~~;g~;:<: ' :PI;~ -~ _> ; •• :
·.~
'•.
. ------aruM·
. . . CU} ll..llA-. . r • Ct»lUI,A .. "-·. C~[JLA-. QJMULA-. :. . ,,..., . . .
DATE DAILY TIVE DAILY TIVE DAILY TIVE DAILY TIVE
!f. ... -
f;l_j · /3oG·· L/ 0 0
1:2 0 Ito I(~ . 2'102 l/ooR tO /'( ... ;
..23 L/ Cf -y .32 J..'if/1· ·ro.f"J r 0 tc/
;J.t./ -~.~ R ~-q C-3 ?~;2{, I !}lift> 0 . 1</'
:2-5" /t/ ';;l;l.. l./)( I/ I . 5'_?17 :20 9 ~..2 ·o IV
~(~ 2' (/~ 6f? l?tj' tlt71 125"133 lJ IQ;/
' ,· ·'
..
?Jf 0 /1&. 315" 2.9 ::t:? 15!5051 . .,!) tcr .-
·-. . . · ..
3/ lC/ '-II(, ) ~·/;/ flD/t;2 /,;) )._q
---· --I -· . --·-
I
J ... . . J I .
.0-,.,r;l \" ]O .r ;;-if") -..!.. i "" i~ I
~ \~ !9' 9~/ ' K
?r's{ y h . .J" I; -~
~.-;I II ;;L""' 5 I I/' ~ ' • 'f" -/ -----)~ ~ ~
-.,1
.........._..
. ' . -
I ,-!--.. --I . . ' . . . . --.... .·
' .
·'
I
. . .. -'
.. c.._, .
.. ·.· · .. . -; ; ~-'. ~~ '-~· -. :. -.... •, ;·>:;.· .. ·<:,: ._:;,';··) I ....
i -...::.
; .. -. . . .--~ . ;. .. . .. . -~ .. . ; . -.. . . -. >-. _.., '·!'" .' -..
-{ ... ·-r .. • -~-... :: --:: ~
',..'"•' ,r ".
.. :. ~
~
TOTAL
I ?;to
t./0.3Q
tog~{
IS~3o
,
--
-
i ., ... ..
. ,: ;
•.,
'. ·-:· '
·'
~~---~.
--
';.:
. ~~ :. ... ;·,-;·~-.:-·'
.. .. .
GAGE
.· .
· .. ~ ..
...
; .. -
.~ .. -'
~
I
"·, ·,,
·~··.. /'
'"-. . ---· ~···-::.."-"-·
.....
'~;;-·
' .....
~ '·
0 ~ ...
_-= PD i-\RxS . F -..
-~
~ --...---~ ~~-~
. --=-----
. --... --..
··---
I ---~-
•· --.-
-· ~
It-· 5 '3. Ll& y .
i,P_..., C?.
-----... ~-
·--
----
-----.. ---'-.__
. --------
-------~
~-f--------------
-----~-P-•
--,-.. -·
--·--··-· ·--~--~-~~
' -------_ __.. ... -------
-·--------·
-· . ' .. ---. ---. . -~ -· .. ·
-~-•--•... ;--
--~ ;.,.-~~
~ r : r ... ·-~~
~~ t ' ! j ' i ' I r j • I ' ' ' I ' I I I i <I fr"T I ' I I I I . i ; I I r ! i r ' ' I ! I ; I . , ! l l l . ! ' I ! I , I • ~ i ' I I I ! i ' i I : l I ; I I i I I I I I I I I I ! I I l l I I ' I ! I I il11:l I l ' 'ty. 't .,... r "" ~ "" !'--<:) ~ I . I I . I "''
BLACK
LAKE
<(
w z -....J
)
/
I
OUTMIGRANT FRY TRAPPING f
STATION, SPRING, 1961 ~----l ~JCC
~ -
I.Ll z -....J 113~ ------.C.--ff '
SPRU C E
P'
.
UPPER BLACK LAKE THERMO GRAPH
G
'~'o
I~
!14!. ~·;_--------------------. xs~ LO W FLOW ....._ ______ ,.zoz
X -
FEW POOLS 1
LITTLE S ~WNING
DRy AT LOW
FLows --__ J
9Jl-
y
~
BEAVER PONDS-
IMPORTANT COHO
REARING HABITAT f
.
I 'I f _;_
...
;otl
'
BELOW THIS POINT TO MOUTH OF STREAM IS
CHARACTERISTICALLY HOMOGENEOUS; DEEPER,
SLOWER FLOWING WATER ( 0 .2 to 1.5 fl./sec .),
WITH SAND, SILT a ORGANIC SUBSTRATE.,. . .__-f...~
UNDERCUT BANKS a OVERHANGING
Gl z
fTl
-f
C'l
SCALE: 1"=50'
ELEVATION DATUM: 0. 0' ON BLACK LAKE
GAUGE EQUALS AN ASSUMED ELEV . OF 100.0'.
TERMINATION OF OBSERVED SALMONID SPAWNING.·
MAIN CHAN'JEL FROM BLACK BEAR L AKE .
~~=====9f3~~~~~6 ;; = '/,. x -GRADIENT BEGINS TO MARKEDLY INCREASE .
SUBSTRATE BECOMES LARGE COB BLES : 12.7-25.4 em
PWELLINGS AT LOW FLOWS
MOD ERATE WATE R TEMPERATURES.
SPRUCE 8 HE ML OCK FOREST
HEW L OCK FORE S T
tiel.
r-::>.::==-x_...... , -.... -2!5c ~-__.-
,; Y.:·.,~ -}'o' • ~
SOME ORGANIC--;; .• SPRING EBAIS tl$_;.
LIMIT OF
SALMON
SPAWNING
y
SOURCE
FORK
'·
START OF SUITABLE SPAWNING
HABITAT FOR ADULT SALMONIDS
X-S 2
" . . --..
3 -12c~ ·:.
SHORELINE
ELEVATION
CROSS SECTION
;o7§
i
MOSS COVERED STONES
UPWELUNGS
LOG
DEVIL'S CLUB
ALDER
SALMONBERRY
GRAVEL
rev. I I 13/81
103~
X~---
FAST WATER
CD
w z -....J
~
(.)
~
~
RIFFLES a RUNS DOMINATE THIS SECTION OF
STREAM ABOVE THE FORKS, TOGETHER
WITH POOLS BEHIND LOGS. SOME
UNDERCUTTING OF BANKS a OVERHANGING
RIPARIAN VEGETATION.
BED GRAVELS: 2.4 to
SIZE OF STREAM-
12 .7 em.
PRINCE
ww
_(\j
<D<D
a: a:
SCALE: I : 63,360
OF
WALES
ISLAND
..
T 7 2. S
T 73 S
w w
"'"' CI)<D
a: a:
VICINITY MAP
BLACK BEAR CREEK
FOR: ENVIRONAID
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING SERVICES
DATE:
Oc! 1781 I of