HomeMy WebLinkAboutSt Paul Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 7-1982
VIL-N
002
St. Paul
i RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
i OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
AND ALTERNATIVES
PROPERTY OF:
FOR ka Power Authority 34 W. 5th Ave. Orage, Alaska 99501 ST PAUL
ANIAK ak MEKORYUK rho NEWTOK ee ae NIGHTMUTE
COLD BAY NIKOLSKI ieee wase ST. GEORGE Seen dak ST. MARYS
IVANOF BAY ST. PAUL eal TOKSOOK BAY
LOWER AND TUNUNAK
UPPER KALSKAG
PREPARED BY
NORTHERN TECHNICAL SERVICES
&
VAN GULIK AND ASSOCIATES
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY__
ST. PAUL
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
A Report
by
Northern Technical Services
van Gulik and Associates
Anchorage, Alaska
July, 1982
1.0 Summary and Recommendations
2.0 Background
3.0 Village Meeting
4.0 Existing Heating and Electrical Power
Generating Facilities
4.1 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances 4.2 Electrical Generation Facilities
4.3 Fuel Oil Usage 4.4 Electrical Energy Distribution
5.0 Energy Balance
6.0 Eneryy Forecasts
6.1 Population Projection
6.2 Capital Projects
6.3 Thermal Energy Projection
6.4 Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection
7.0 Energy Resource Assessment
8.0 Energy Plans
8.1 Base Case
8.2 Alternate Plan A
9.0 Analysis of Alternatives and Recommendations
Appendix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Review Letters and Replies
Page
Ao
2.1 Pees eee ee Neo o a uo 1 ~ ADANNAD . eo ee ee —- NNeewo wo ooo eee ue =
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
5.1
8.2
9.1
9.2
9.3
LIST OF TABLES
Energy Balance for 1982
Itemized Present Worth Analysis of the
Base Case
Itemized Present Worth Analysis of
Alternate Plan A
Summary of the Present Worth Analysis
and Any Non-electric Benefits for Each
Energy Plan
Direct Power Generation Costs for Each
Energy Plan
Preference Ranking of Village Energy Plans
and Associated Recommended Actions
ae
8.2
8.7
9.1
9.2
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
2.1
2.2
4.1
4.2
6.1
LIST OF FIGURES
Location Map
Climatic Background
Bulk Fuel Storage Capacities and Types of Heating Appliances
Electrical Generation Facilities
Fuel Oil Usage
Electrical Generation Sector Energy Distribution
Energy Flow Diagram
Distribution of Total Useable Energy
Population Projection
Thermal Energy Projection
Peak Demand and Electrical Energy Projection
Appropriate Technology Ranking Diagram
aid
Page
2.2
2.4
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5.3
5.4
6.3
6.3
6.4
7.3
1.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The production of electricity is the focus of the nergy
Reconnaissance Program. The study has focused on seeking
potential alternatives to diesel powered electrical generators.
Opportunities to reduce the cost of electrical generation, such
as waste heat capture systems, were also detailed. A waste heat
capture system utilizes a resource (thermal energy) which is
currently wasted in diesel electric generation. Tue sale of
otherwise wasted heat can provide additional income to the
utility and thus reflected in lower costs for genecation of
electricity. In St. Paul, an efficient operation 2f the exist-
ing power plant through load management was compar2d to the
central generation base case. A waste heat capture system is
currently being installed at St. Paul.
' Summary Statements
Only those technologies that could be readily assimilated
into St. Paul were considered.
1. Fuel oil was found to be the major source of energy
used in the village. Additional energy was supplied
by propane and gasoline.
2. Significant amounts of energy are lost in the village
due to: (1) inefficient combustion; (2) poor
insulation and excessive air infiltration; and (3)
wasted heat from diesel electric generation.
3. Forecasts show an inevitable increase in energy
consumption in the village due to population growth.
Additional construction unrelated to population size
is anticipated and will impact energy consumption and
demand.
Energy resource baseline data is generally weak in the
village. This weakens the accuracy of technological
or economic predictions. However, the estimates
relative to waste heat availability appear reasonably
reliable.
The feasibility of various technologies, for electri-
cal and thermal energy production, were evaluated.
Wind, coal, wood, solar, hydro, geothermal, and peat
were considered as potential energy resources but are
not viable alternatives to fuel oil generated electri-
city. More effecient operation of the existing power
plant formed the basis of the alternate energy plan.
The Base Case Plan was formulated based on the
continued use of centrally generated electric power.
A present worth analysis of each alternative plan was
performed.
Waste heat capture system is presently being installed
on the generators to serve the school and other
village buildings.
General Recommendations
1. The supporting energy and resource data base should be
strengthened.
New technologies, and advances in old technologies,
need demonstration projects to determine their
feasibility in rural Alaska.
1.2
Je Significant energy savings could be realized by a
village-wide energy conservation and weatherization
program.
Village Specific Recommendations
1s An automatic control system to match on-line
generating capacity to peak demand, as it varies
throughout the day, will improve the the generation
efficiency of the NMFS power plant. Installation of
such system is recommended.
2. The following should be undertaken:
a. Initiate feasibility study of automatic control
system.
2.0 BACKGROUND
Introduction
St. Paul was founded in the late 1700's by Russian fur
traders who brought Aleuts to the Pribilof Islands to
conduct the fur seal harvest. The fur seal industry has
historically been the basis of economic and political
activity. In order to manage the fur seal harvest, the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) became the sole
administrator and operator of St. Paul Island. NMFS is
currently in the process of turning over administration of
the island to the community of St. Paul. The Aleut
Corporation is the native corporation encompassing St.
Paul while the Tanadgusix Corporation is the local village
corporation.
St. Paul is accessible by sea year round. Reeve Aleutian
Airways provides transportation to St. Paul from Anchorage
via Cold Bay twice a week during summer and once a week
during winter.
Location
St. Paul is located on the southern tip of St. Paul
Island, the northernmost island of the Pribilof Island
group near the southeast Bering Sea Shelf. St. Paul is 40
miles north of St. George, 280 miles north of Dutch Harbor
and 800 miles west of Anchorage (see Figure 2.1).
Topography
The topography of St. Paul Island includes volcanic flows
and cores. Much of the shoreline is volcanic cliffs edged
by rocky beaches that serve as seal rookeries.
KEY
KOTLIK
SAINT MARYS
KALSKAG
ANIAK
LOWER KALSKAG
NEWTOK
NIGHTMUTE
CHEFORNAK
MEKORYUK
10 TOKSOOK BAY
11 TUNUNAK
12 HOOPER BAY
13. CHIGNIK LAGOON
14 CHIGNIK
15 IVANOF BAY
16 FALSE PASS
17 COLD BAY
18 NIKOLSKI
nawrion 5= fine! Saint mapys.2 ee
: oO wausKas 3° -=.
“pd tower oat aninx &
11 TunuNAK —
manne 7 x a
10 toxsoox Bay -! ! | QMEKORYUK—~as, 5 no
{ jf ; _ * \ | | j i % 2 || tle, * CHEFORNAR> | | 7 | j | j | 8.
ODNOOLUN—
nN
Ae 19 ATKA
20 ST. PAUL
2l ST. GEORGE 2a ea 20
as a ; AEN cmon 14
sjvanor say 15
mH “FALSE Pass 16 “1 S LAN os
300 MILES
Figure 2.1
LOCATION MAP
\
Climate
Climate in St. Paul is directly influenced by the cold
Bering Sea waters. Temperature ext remes range from 52°F to
24°F. Rain occurs year round but maximum precipitation per
month is 5 inches. Snow has occurred during all months of
the year but there is generally little accumulation.
Climatic background information from St. Paul is summarized
in Figure 2.2.
Population
Historical population data is as follows: ‘Jones 1976,
Foote, et al. 1968)
Census Year 1867 1880 1899 1950 1970 1981
Population 283 279 214 350 455 590
Population projections for the next 20 years are discussed
and graphed in Section 6.
Economy
The economy of St. Paul is based on the harvesting of fur
seals on the island. The NMFS now controls the harvest,
but is withdrawing its support at the island gradually over
the next 5 years. Village planners are exploring
establishing other industries on the island.
Other employers in the village include the school, village
corporation, and the Public Health Service.
Climatic Background
san | ree | man | ap | may sun | sui | auc! see! ocr! nov! oe
Light Conditions Pode
too F! ing Weather < 1.000 tt ceiting/ 3 miles visibility
VFR Conditions PERCENT FREQUENCY g TFR Conditions
°
o Winds Mean wind speed /prevsiting direction
| e_[NNe| NE | NWN |S |S [ssw | hw | NW | NNE| NNE rt
x
220 $ ; ~
£10
0. 3 aes ; Wind >28 knots Unfavorable Favorable PERCENT FREQUENCY o 3 8 Wind >7 knots PERCENT FREQUENCY 8 oa a Oecurrence of calm gree ols
°
1 Precipitation Maximum precipitation
t SOE T
oT een ereciprrstion 4
mum tnowtell + I | T { T
Temperature
& 7 + 60}—— |
Atreme maximss sof Mean maximud
sere pays
Growing Degree Days
‘ —+ —+__f.
JAN | Feb) MAR | APRIMAY. JUN | JUL! AUG | SEP | OCT | NOV; DEC : i ! 1 I Source: Department of Community and Regional Affairs, Community Profile Series.
Figure 2.2
2.4
3.0 COMMUNITY MEETING
Upon arrival in St. Pau!, the field team met with the St.
Paul-St. George Inter-Island Council. Representatives from
both city councils as well as representatives from the St.
Paul Tanadgusix Corporation (TDX) and the St. George Tanaq
Corporation were present:. Members present included:
Larry Merculief
John R. Merculief
Victor Lekanof
Boris Merculief
Stan Bippus
Flore Lekanof
Iliodor Philemonof
Gilbert Kashavarof
Johnsenia and Jason Bourdekofsky
Douglas Melivedof
Project personnel informed the council of the purpose of
their visit and the facilities, homes and records they
would like to see while in St. Paul. The council was very
willing to assist the project team and arranged for tours
of the power house and National Marine Fisheries (NMF )
buildings.
Victor Lekanof detailed the services that will be curtailed
by 1986 due to the NMF pull-out. These were as follows:
Delivery and sales of home heating fuel and gasoline;
Maintenance and operation of the power and sewer
plants and power lines; and
50% subsidy of electrical cost.
Stan Bippus, council member and superintendent of schools
informed project personnel that the school is currently
planning a waste heat capture system at the NMFS power
plant to provide space heat to the school. The system will
be installed in 1982.
Larry Merculief informed the project team of the four types
of homes in St. Paul; very old cement houses, newer houses
(circa 1965) of wood and cement, HUD homes, and large wood
frame homes.
A community evening meeting was held, with the attendance
of nine villagers. A film by the Division of Power and
Energy titled "Energy for Alaskans" was shown. After the
film, discussion with the villagers centerd on
weatherization and home heating, as well as heat recovery
at the power plant. Interest was also expressed in
utilizing wood or coal for home heating.
Residents present supplied information on the price of
heating fuel, the appliances present in most homes and the
condition of the homes. Some residents said that the HUD
homes are settling and the skirting is splitting and cold
air entering through the uninsulated floors.
3.2
4.0 EXISTING HEATING AND ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATING FACILITIES
4.1
4.2
4.3
Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances
Bulk fuel storage capacity within the village is
listed, segregated by sector, in Figure 4.1. These
Capacities are based on actual tank sizes and on
estimates where reliable data could not be obtained.
The storage capacity of domestic fuel tanks and 55
gallon drums is not included in the bulk storage
capacities.
Also listed in Figure 4.1 are the types of heating and
cooking appliances, segregated by sector, being used
in the village.
Electrical Generation Facilities
The existing generating equipment installed in the
village is listed in Figure 4.2. Comments on the
Operation of the generators are included.
Fuel Oil Usage
Figure 4.3 illustrates the use of fuel oil in the
village. Consumption of fuel oil by sector for space
heating is listed as a percentage of the total oil
consumption. Similarly, the percentage of oil used
for electrical power generation is shown,
4.1
4.4
The oil used for space heating is broken down to show
the portion that actually heats building space, and
that which is lost to waste. The electrical
generation fuel oil is also separated into electrical
energy and waste heat segments.
Fuel oil consumption in the village was based on
records, where available, and calculated estimates
where no reliable records existed. Please refer to
the main report for an explanation of the estimating
process.
The fuel oil consumption for electrical power
generation was based on an assumed central electrical
power plant, with the generating equipment listed in
Figure 4.2.
Electrical Energy Distribution
The energy flow through the electrical generation
sector is depicted graphically on Figure 4.4. The
"pie-chart" represents the total energy dedicated to
the generation of electrical power. Each sector in
the village consumes a slice of the pie, as shown.
4.2
ST. PAUL/1982
BULK FUEL STORAGE CAPACITIES AND TYPES OF HEATING APPLIANCES
SECTOR
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS PUBLIC
FUEL OIL
630000
(GALS)
GASOLINE
' 100000 STORAGE *
TYPE OF
HEATING APPLIANCE 1,3,5 1,2,3 2
LEGEND: TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE
] OIL-FIRED FORCED AIR FURNACE
OIL-FIRED BOILER WITH WATER/GLYCOL DISTRIBUTION
ORIP-TYPE OIL STOVE/FURNACE
WOOD STOVE
PROPANE COOKING STOVES oo FW HP WASTE HEAT FROM GENERATORS
*DAY TANKS AND FUEL DRUMS ARE NOT INCLUDED.
Figure 4.1
ELECTRICAL GENERATION
GENERATOR OUTPUT RATING
TYPE OF ENGINE
ST. PAUL
TYPE OF GENERATOR
FACILITIES
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION COMMENTS ON OPERATION
National Marine
Fisheries Service
350 KW
150 KW
350 KW
Worthington
GMC
Westinghouse
General Electric
General Electric
Figure 4.2
2400/4160V
One 350 KW Worthington not oner-
ational. Generators operate in
parallel. Heat recovery will be
added in 1982. Typical operation
is one 350 KW unit and one or
two 150 KW units.
The 350 KW GMC units will become
operational by June, 1982.
FUEL OIL USAGE
ST. PAUL / 1982
SECTOR END USE
Space Heat
Waste Heat
21% Percent Generator
Waste Heat
36%
Electricity
12%
R Residential 25 %
C Commercial 7 %
P Public 13 %
S School 6%
E Electrical Power °, Generation 48 %
ESTIMATED FUEL OTL USE = 528000 GAL = 71300x10°B Tu
Figure 4.3
4.5
ELECTRICAL GENERATION SECTOR
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
ST. PAUL
Residential
Commercial
Public
School
Waste Heat
Generation Losses
TOTAL ENERGY 34,200 x 10 BTU/YEAR
TOTAL ELECTRIC POWER 2440 MWH/YEAR
Figure 4.4
4.6
5.0 ENERGY BALANCE
The estimated energy consumption in St. Paul during 1982 is
listed in Table 5.1. Estimates of the different types of
energy consumed by the various sectors are based upon the
1980-81 fuel purchase records kept by the store, the
school, and the NMFS. Estimates based on the population,
square footage of residences and other buildings, and
calculated energy usage factors, were used where data were
incomplete.
The flow of energy through the village is illustrated in
Figure 5.1. In 1982 it is estimated that 78,655 MMBTU of
fuel will enter St. Paul in the form of gasoline, propane
and fuel oil. This fuel will be distributed to the various
sectors and used for transportation, cooking, heating and
electricity generation. The conversion of the fuel to its
end use will result in 52% or 40,690 MMBTU of energy lost
as heat. 73% of this waste heat could be recovered using
conservation and waste heat recovery practices. The actual
amount of energy used by each sector is listed in the last
column of the diagram.
The 1982 projected distribution of useable energy is shown
in Figure 5.2. The distribution represents the quantity of
energy that will be required by each sector (excluding
transportation) for electric lights and appliances, water
heating, space heating and cooking, and generation station
service. Percentages listed in the figure can be
multiplied by the useable energy of 30792 x 10® Btus to
determine the projected energy requirements for a
particular end use in a given sector. These projected
energy requirements do not include energy conversion losses
and therefore represent the actual quantity of energy
required for each end use.
CS VILLAGE: ST. PAUL
FUEL OIL
ENERGY BALANCE
GASOLINE
PROPANE
TOTAL
ENERGY
| SECTOR
ELECTRICITY
BTU
GAL 7 Te %
MWH
BTU, GAL 6 10° x10
LBs. BTU x 10°
atu x 108
15846
%
42
TRANSPORTATION
RESIDENTIAL 134000 18100 | 25 1412 | 4821 | 58
COMMERCIAL as90} 13
PUBLIC 6163] 16
SCHOOLS 3i06| 8
GENERATION 25300 34200] 48 231 wet | 9 787| 2
7170; 19
527804
*station service or distribution losses
Table 5.1
€°s ainbi4 L's
ST. PAUL /1982 Pop: 590 HOUSEHOLDS: 112
10,800 HTG. DEGREE DAYS
FUEL AMOUNT ENERGY PROOUCT ELECTRICAL END USE TOTAL BY SECTOR CONVERSION DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR USABLE ENERGY
GASOLINE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION (7170) TRANSPORTATION (7170) (7170) 0 4
PROPANE COOKING (145) (145) (15246) RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL wood HEATING
(18245) (10229) HEATING/ mimi COOKING = - (4821) wh 2,29.)
COMMERCIAL a COMMERCIAL qemnite (3160), (1730) (4890)
(3270) _ (2110)
(787) (8340) (787) FUEL OIL POWER : POWER GEN. GENERATION ELECTRICAL . (rea) GENERATORS
(34200)
(576)
1 SCHOOL(S) 6 SCHOOL(S) HEATING/ (2530) (3106) (4210) COOKING — - 42 (1680). ages!
PUBLIC 163 PUBLIC ae (5740) oe 1 N a (9560) Pee - | at
|
| TOTAL | TOTAL WASTE TOTAL INPUT HEAT USABLE i ENERGY (40690) ENERGY ! RECOVERABLE (78655) WASTE HEAT iy i (23538) (61500)
WASTE HEAT NON - RECOVERABLE . (17152) HOLE: - i he NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ARE 10° BTU'S. WVYOSVIG MOTTA ADYSN]A
DISTRIBUTION OF
TOTAL USABLE ENERGY™*™
ST PAUL/1982
SECTOR END USE
BY SECTOR
100
90
a
< 80 =
~ 2
ae a - 70 “= H/C (35.83)
uu w
a 2 60
-
= w 50 = E (5-68) _
a 40 H/C (10.38
PWR GEN P (2.6%)
30 E: (1.9%)
ec E (1.48)
10 PUBLIC H/C (14.0%
0
END USE SUMMARY
E LIGHTS, REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS, 16.3 %
VIDEO, AND OTHER ELECTRICAL USES
WH WATER HEATING 13.2 %-
H/C SPACE HEATING, COOKING AND MISC. 68.0 %
P GENERATOR STATION SERVICE/ 2.6
TRANSMISSION LOSSES
TOTAL USABLE ENERGY = 30792 x 10° Btu
% DOES NOT INCLUDE ENERGY USED FOR TRANSPORTATION
AND RECOVERABLE WASTE HEAT
Fig. 5.2
6.0 ENERGY FORECASTS
6.1
6.2
Population Projection
The population of St. Paul was forecast for the twenty
year planning period based upon historical population
trends, expected changes resulting from planned
capital projects, and the villagers' projections of
the growth of their own community. Historical data
approximates an average annual growth rate of 2%.
Growth is expected to slow somewhat when the National
Marine Fisheries Service discontinues their management
of the island. However, the village is planning to
expand the dock and harbor facilities in order to
stimulate the fishing industry. Additionally, many
residents are returning from regional centers and
schools to settle in St. Paul. Thus, the 2% average
growth rate is expected to continue and was used in
the population projection.
Historical and projected populations are listed below.
Figure 6.1 illustrates the population projection over
the 20 year planning period.
Historical | Projected
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
359 378 450 551 608 671 742
Capital Projects Forecast
A dock and harbor facility may be built in St. Paul as
the villagers plan to expand the fishing industry.
Actual dates of construction have not been decided.
6.4
Thermal Energy Projection
Figure 6.2 presents the anticipated thermal energy
consumption of St. Paul during the forecast period.
The thermal energy is provided by the combustion of
fuel for space heating. The projections were based on
fuel use records and estimates of the heating
requirements of the buildings.
Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection
Figure 6.3 presents the anticipated electrical energy
consumption of St. Paul, segregated by sector, during
the forecast period. The projections were based on
the existing electrical loads, consumption records,
and estimates where accurate data was not available.
Details of the estimation methods and calculations are
included in the Methodology section of the main
report.
6.2
ENERGY (MMBTUD ° THERMAL POPULATION PROJECTION
ST PAUL
9a2
esa
Zz 8228
oO
Ht
kK 758
<
ad
2 722 Qa oO a 858
622
552 1 1 4 a | 1 1 1 Dein 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1982 1984 1986 1988 1992 19s2 1994 1996 1998 2228
YEAR
Figure 6.1
THERMAL ENERGY PROJECTION
ST PAUL
35228
1954 1986
Figure 6.2
1934 1935 1938 28
22
ELECTRICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY PEAK DEMAND (KY) TOTAL (MWH) BY SECTOR CMWH) PEAK DEMAND PROJECTION
ST PAUL
923
828
788
622
Seg po og et ea
1gs2 1984 1988 1988 1998 1992 1994 19968 1988 2888
YEAR
ELECTRICAL ENERGY PROJECTION
ST PAUL
4282
35288 L
ee 3ec2 ;
2582
2222 1 1 — 1 4 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 L 1 oa
2528
RN 2028
abh.... et
1828 +
eer
522 -— GN
b-- Sb -2+-25-- S57 St TSS TST SS
g A 1 1 1 LL 1 1 1 a 4. 1 1 1 1 decinibemeelies
1982 1984 1986 1988 199% 1992 1994 1996 1898 2220
YEAR
G = Electrical Generation Sector C = Commercial
P = Public S = Schools R = Residential
Figure 6.3
6.4
7.0 ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
Wind
The mean annual wind speed recorded at St. Paul is 14.9
kts. Although this speed is sufficient to render operation
of a wind generator viable, wind speeds and direction vary constantly. Placement of a wind generator on a site with relatively consistent wind May result in increased
transmission distance and preclude the benefit of wind
generation.
Wood, Coal, Peat, Geothermal, Hydro
The resources necessary for generation by these methods
are not available in St. Paul.
Solar
Passive solar heat may be considered viable only as a
supplement to home heating, however, the poor weather
conditions and short winter daylight hours preclude
effective use of passive solar systems.
Conservation Measures
Waste Heat Capture
The majority of the energy in the fuel oil burned in a
diesel generator is lost as waste heat through the engine
water cooling system, exhaust gases, and radiant heat from
the engine. Much of the waste heat can be reclaimed from the engine cooling water and exhaust gas by transferring
ries
the heat in heat exchangers to a secondary fluid, usually
an antifreeze solution. This is then pumped to buildings
and used in heaters for space heating. The school district
is currently installing waste heat recovery equipment at
the NMFS power plant to heat the school complex and
additional community buildings.
Weatherization
Homes and buildings built in the Pribilof Islands in the
past have in general been poorly insulated and weatherized.
Heat loss from such buildings is high, in the forms of heat
loss directly through the walls, floor, and ceiling, and by
the cold air that enters around leaky doors and windows.
Insulating and weatherizing a home can often cut the
heating fuel requirement in half or more, and make the
building more comfortable and liveable at the same time.
The materials required are inexpensive, and the skills
necessary for installation low. This work is perhaps the
most effective way of reducing village energy usage.
Technology Ranking
Figure 7.1 presents a ranking of the technologies that
could be applied to the village. Each technology was
examined on the basis of state-of-the-art quality of the
technology, cost, reliability, resource, labor, and
environmental impact. Please refer to the Methodology
section of the main report for the ranking method.
7.2
Village of St. Paul
_ Technology Relia- Environ- Ranking State-of-the-Art Cost bility Resource Labor mental Factor
Impact ric + 1 + Weatherization* 5 5 5 5 5 5 1.00 b —— ad Diesel Power 5 4 4 4 4 4 0.87
Waste Heat Recovery* 5 4 3 3 3 4 0.77
Hydroelectric Power N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00
Wind Energy Conversion 2 2 2 2 2 4 0.43 Systems
i {+
| Geothermal Energy | N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00
Steam Power from local N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 fuel,wood,coal,ect.. v v Z “ / at
Gasification of wood,coal N/A A A N or peat / N/A N/ 0 N/ /A 0.00
G ti i h |
feneration via synchronous 4 3 2 3 1 4 0.63 Esaonbabala
Electrical Load Management* | 5 4 3 4 3 4 0.83
* Energy Conservation Measures
Note: 0 = worst case, 5 best case
Figure 7.1
N/A Not Applicable
8.0
8.1.1
8.1.2
ENERGY PLAN
Base Case
General Description
The base case plan for St. Paul is to continue using
the centralized diesel generating system. As the
village grows additional generators are added as
required by the increasing peak demand.
Base Case Cost Analysis
The capital value of the existing central electric
power plant was estimated to be $2,582,000. The plant
value was amortized over a 20 year period. Additional
generation capacity was added, in increments of 150
kw, aS required by growing peak demand. The cost of
additional generation capacity was estimated to be
$830/kw.
The cost of fuel oil was set at $9.33/MMBTU, based on
a fuel cost of $1.26/gallon. Operation and
Maintenance expenses were estimated at 8¢/kwh,
Table 8.1 presents the itemized present value analysis
of the base case for the 20 year study period. The
discounted 20 year present value was $14,363,700.
7°8 DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL °
TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST
DISCOUNTED PLAN COST
DIESEL - ELECTRIC
INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL
TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST
DISCOUNTED PLAN COST
1982
173.0
334.6 199.9
707.5
707.5
707.5
1992
181.4
535.5
247.5 964.3
964.3
717.6
1983
173.0
351.1
204.4 728.5
728.5
707.3
1993
181.4 560.8
252.6
ST PAUL PLAN 1
BASE CASE
1984 1985 1986 1987 173.0 173.0 173.0 173.0 368.2 386.1 404.7 424.2 209.0 213.6 218.2 222.9 750.2 772.6 796.0 820.2
750.2 772.6 796.0 820.2
707.1 707.1 9707.2 = 707.5
1994 1995 1996 1997 181.4 181.4 181.4 181.4 587.3. 615.0 644.0 674.2 257.9 263.2 268.6 274.1 994.8 1026.5 1059.6 1093.9 1129.7
1988
173.0 444.6
227.7 845.3
845.3
707.9
1998
181.4
705.9
279.7
1989
1381.4 465.8
232.5 879.7
879.7
715.3
1999
189.7
739.0
285.4 1167.0 1214.2
994.8 1026.5 1059.6 1093.9 1129.7 1167.0 1214.2
718.7
NOTE:
720.0 721.5 723.2 725.1
**k ALL VALUES IN $1000's
Table 8.1
727.2 734.6
1990
181.4 488.0
237.5 906.8
906.8
715.9
2000
189.7
773.7
291.2
1254.6
1254.6
737.0
1991
181.4 511.2
242.4 935.0
935.0
716.6
2001
189.7
809.9
297.1
1296.8
1296.8
739.5
TOTAL
3593.9
10823.8
4925.6
19343.2
19343.2
14363.7
8.1.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation
Base Case Plan Summary: Continuation of >resent
diesel generation
1)
2)
Community Preference: The villagers of St. Paul
recognize that diesel generation is the only
technologically feasible way of generating
electricity today. Therefore, their interests are
in seeing the most efficient use of the system.
Reliability of power supply is regard2d as basic
to the village's needs.
Environmental Considerations:
i) Air Quality: Exhausting combustion gases
releases a small amount of pollutants to the
local environment, but the impact is
minimal.
ii) Noise: The exhaust stacks from the
generators produce a considerabl2 amount of
noise. The installation of more effective
mufflers would reduce the noise level.
iii) Water Quality: No impact.
iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: No known impact.
v) Terrestrial Impacts: There is no impact on
vegetation or soils.
vi) Land Use and Ownership Status: All leases
and permits are in place.
8.3
8.1.4 Base Case Technical Evaluation
The continued operation of the central diesel electric
power plant in St. Paul is expected to conform to the
following:
1. High Reliability. Diesel electric is a well
proven well understood technology with a
successful history in rural Alaska. Backup
generation allows maintenance of the generators to
be performed without major power interruption.
Occasional system downtime is expected for
distribution system maintenance.
Safety. A small risk is realized by the storage
and handling of fuel oil. Normal risks associated
with electrical power are also present.
Availability. There are no indications that spare
parts will become difficult to obtain in the
future. The availability of fuel to the power
plant depends on the reliability of transportation
to the village.
8.4
8.2 Alternate Plan A
8.2.1 General Description
The Alternate Plan A for St. Paul is the installation
of equipment to automatically start and stop
generators as required, to meet the varying electrical
demand.
Current operating practice is to attempt to match the
demand by manually switching generators, in parallel,
on or off. The automatic system, based around a
peogrammable logic controller, would automatically add
extra on-line capacity, or remove it, in response to
rising or falling electrical demand. The generation
rate, based on 1980-81 figures, was 9.65 KWH/gallon
fuel oil. The estimated generation rate, with the
automatic control, is 10.75 KWH/gallon fuel oil. This
corresponds to a 2.8% increase in efficiency.
8.2.2 Alternate Plan A Cost Estimate
The installation cost of the automatic control system
is itemized as follows:
Programmable Controller, switching, 12,000
indicator lights, control cabinet,
shipping
Labor and Software Development 33,000
Subtotal 45,000
Engineering 9,000
Project Management 2,500
Test and Energization 2,500
Contingency 13,500
Total Estimated Cost 72,500
Table 8.2 presents the itemized present value analysis
of Alternate Plan A for the 20 year study period. The
discounted 20 year present value was $13,624,400.
8.2.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation
Alternate Plan A Summary: Improved diesel operation.
1)
2)
Community Preference: The villagers recognize
that diesel generation is the only viable
technology available for the levels of electrical
generation required in the village. The village
is also installing waste heat currently.
Therefore optimization of the electrical
generation system is of great interest to the
community.
“nvironmental Considerations:
i) Air Quality: No impacts beyond those of the
base case.
ii) Noise Levels: No impacts will occur beyond
those of the base case.
iii) Water Quality: No impact beyond that of the
base case.
8.6
DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION
FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
TOTAL
TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST
DISCOUNTED PLAN COST
DIESEL - ELECTRIC
INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL :
(TOTAL YEARLY PLAN LUSI
DISCOUNTED PLAN COST
1982 1983 178.0 178.0
300.2 314.9 199.9 204.4
678.1 697.3
678.1 697.3
678.1 677.0
1992 1993 186.4 186.4 480.3 503.1 247.5 252.6 914.2 942.1
914.2 942.1
680.3 680.6
NOTE:
ST PAUL PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 178.0 178.0 178.0 178.0 178.0 186.4 186.4 186.4 330.3 346.3 363.1 380.6 398.8 417.9 437.8 458.6 209.0 213.6 218.2 .222.9 227.7 232.5 237.5. 242.4 717.3, 737.9 759.3, 781.5 804.5 836.8 861.6 887.4
717.3 737.9 759.3, 781.5 804.5 836.8 861.6 887.4
676.1 675.3 674.6 674.1 673.8 680.4 680.2 680.1
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 186.4 186.4 186.4 186.4 186.4 194.7 194.7 194.7 926.8 551.7 577.7 604.8 633.2 663.0 694.0 726.5 257.9 263.2 268.6 274.1 279.7 285.4 291.2 297.1 971.1 1001.7 1932.6 1065.3 1099.3 1143.1 1180.0 1718.4
9/11 1001.2 1032.6 1065.3 1099.3 1143.1 1180.0 1218.4
681.1 681.8 682.7 683.8 685.1 691.6 693.1 694.8
*** ALL VALUES IN $1000's
Table 8.2
TOTAL 3693.9
9709.6 4925.6
18329.0
18329.0
13624.4
iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: No known
impacts.
v) Terrestrial Impact: None known.
vi) Land Use and Ownership Status: No change
from the existing situation.
8.2.4 Alternate A Technical Evaluation
The installation of the automatic switching system at
the St. Paul power plant would be expected to conform
to the following:
1. Reliability. Good reliability would be expected.
The system components are proven, rugged, simple
industrial quality control hardware.
2. Safety. No safety hazards would be expected.
3. Availability. All system components would be
available off the shelf.
8.8
9.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS en ea en enn a ee eS,
Table 9.1 summarizes the village plans, the associated
Present worth analysis, and any non-electric benefits.
Table 9.1
Dp AN
ST. PAUL Base Case Alternative A nergy Source Diese mproved diese
efficiency Present Wort ; 6 00 7,624,000 Non-Electric Benefits eee ‘ota q,30 00 7024,000
Direct power generation costs, excluding administrative
costs, are presented in Table 9.2 for each energy plan.
Table 9.2
Energy Base Case Alternative A Production Plan 1 Cost Plan 2 Cost Year (kwh/yr. ) (¢/kwh ) (¢/kwh )
, ’ . . 1983 2,555,000 28.51 27.29 1984 2,612,000 263.72 27.46 1985 2,670,000 28.94 27.64 1986 2,728,000 29.18 27.83 1987 2,787,000 29.43 28.04 1988 2,846,000 29.70 28.27 1989 2,907,000 30.26 28.79 1990 2,968,000 30.55 29.03 1991 3,030,000 30.86 29.29 1992 3,094,000 31.17 29.55 1993 3,158,000 31.50 29.83 1994 3,223,000 31.85 30.13 1995 3,290,000 32.21 30.43 1996 3,357,000 32.59 30.76 1997 3,426,000 32.97 31.09 1998 3,496,000 33..38 31.44 1999 3,568,000 34.03 32.04 2000 3,640,000 34.47 32.42 2001 3,714,000 34.92 32.81 el ee
Ord
Table 9.3 presents the plans for the village, in rank of
recommended preference. The recommended action appropriate
to each alternative is listed as well.
Table 9.3
Energy Plan Alternative Recommended Action
Alternative A - Improved Initiate design of
Diesel Generation Efficiency automatic load matching
system. Base Case — Operation of ~
Anticipated Central
Power Plant Additional Recommendations
Weatherization No resource assessment or
-building insulation feasibility study
»building envelope indicated; immediate action
infiltration required to bring Energy
-improved combustion Audit and/or weatherization
program to this community.
APPENDIX.
See Section 3.0 (Methodology) of the Main Report:
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
FOR THE VILLAGES OF
Aniak, Atka, Chefornak, Chignik Lake, Cold Bay, False Pass,
Hooper Bay, Ivanof Bay, Kotlik, Lower and Upper Kalskag,
Mekoryuk, Newtok, Nightmute, Nikolski, St. George, St. Marys,
St. Paul, Toksook Bay, and Tununak.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
ALASKA DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P.O. BOX 7002
ANCHORAGE. ALASKA 99510
REPLY TO
ATTENTION OF NPAEN-PL-R 3 1 MAR i9g2
REGEIVED
APR ~ z 3982 Mr. Eric Yould
334 West Sth Avenue ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY Anchorage, Alaska 9950]
Dear Mr. Yould:
Thank you for the Opportunity to review your draft enercy reconnaissance reports for FY 1982. In general, we found the reports to be comprehensive and potentially helpful in our planning studies for both hydropower ana boat harbors. We would appreciate copies of the final reports when they are available.
We have limited our comments to the reports that considered the areas we are most familiar with; however, some of the comments May apply to the other reports as well. The attached pages list specific commeits for various communities.
If we can be of further assistance, please feel free to contact Mr. Loran Baxter of my staff at 552-3461.
Sincerely,
1 Incl . had A ‘eon As stated Chief, Engineering Division
Comments
Page 7.1 is inconsistant. The lack of wind data is sted in the first Paragraph, then details of specific average annual wind speed versus height is given in the next Paragraph. Then a comment that a site with wind in excess of 12 mph is a good site is followed bythe statement that wind energy is expensive. We suggest that this be reworded for clarification.
Page 7.3 - 7.4. The write-up under the heading "Assumptions" is contradictory. The statement is made that “Weather on the Aleutian Islands varies greatly from one island to the other..." but is preceded and followed by statements stating that weather on Amchitka is comparable to that on Shemya, and that Atka's weather is comparable to that on Adak.
Page 8.7. Mobilization and Demobilization costs of $50,000 appear low.
Chignik Lake:
Pages 7.1 and 8.13. Location of hydropower site is inconsistant.
Page 8.14. Average power of 114 kW assumes 100 percent efficiency. "Energy ” Available" is wrong based on 30 percent plant factor.
Table 8.5. This table shows the hydropower project dispiacing all the diese] generation until 2000. However, the peak-demand projection on page 6.4 ranges between approximately 85 kW in 1982 to about 125 kW in 2000. Based on the streamflows shown on page 7.2 and the data Presented on page 8.14, the hydropower system could not Produce more than about 80°kW in December, 65 kW in January, 60 kW in February, and 50 kW in March. The peak deinanas would likely fall during this period and not during the summer when most of the village moves to Chignik Lagoon.
Page 9.1 . The feasibility cost estimate of $35,000 to $45,000, including streamgaging, appears low.
Cold Bay:
The hydropower potential for Cold Bay referenced from the Corps' 1980 reconnaissance study has been found to be overly optimistic; therefore, the data should not be used.
icc /
False Pass:
We concur with their findings that hydropower does not appear feasible.
Ivanof Bay:
Table 8.5. The table shows the hydropower system will displace all diesel. Based upon load and streamflow assumptions, it would not.
Page 8.15. Mobilization and Demobilization costs appear low.
Page 9.1. The feasibility study. cost estimate of $25,000 to $35,000, including streamgaging, appears low.
Nikolski:
The findings, as reported, agree with the results of the Corps' study. We feel that wind generation is the most Promising alternative to diese] generation. The White Alice site may not be the most feasible location because of its distance from town. Although it is protected from corrosive salt spray because of its elevation, a wind energy conversion system may be affected by the other structures within the installation. The bluff between the runway and Sheep Creek may be a better site.
The report neglected to mention if the WECS installed on the Chaluka Ranch has been repaired and placed in service and if it is Performing satisfactorly.
If a diesel enlargement were recommended to cope with substantial expansion of electrical demand, a salvaging of White Alice units could be Pursued as an option if appropriate government channels can be identified.
St. Paul:
The reconnaissance study did not consider the impact of the proposed expansion of the fishing industry being considered by the local community. This could substantially alter the report findings.
Galena:
In a letter dated 9 June 1981 (copy previously furnished to your office), dtt Nater Engineers stated that they felt that a storage project with a 100 to 300-foot dam may be feasible. The Corps will be taking a second look at this site this summer to determine if a feasibility study is warranted.
Gustavus:
The National Park Service has been directed to cooperate with the Corps of
Engineers to determine the feasibility of hydroelectwic power on Falls Creek.
An initial field trip and public meeting is tentativ@ly scheduled for
mid-May. ‘We will be installing a streamgage this summer.
New Chenega:
The study indicates that it would be possible to construct a hydropower system
at the site above the San Juan fish hatchery. It is our understanding that
San Juan Aquaculture is going to construct a new hydropower system at this
site for their personal use. We suggest you call Mr. Mike Hall with R.wW.
Retherford Associates at 274-6551. He is involved with the proposed
development.
Reply to Department of the Army, Alaska District, Corps of
Engineers, letter dated 3/31/82.
Atka
p- 7.1 (draft) Statements concerning wind resoures have been
clarified.
p. 7.3-7.4 (draft) Because of the lack of climatic data from the
Aleutian Islands, it is necessary to extrapolate data from the
nearest recording station. However, variability in the local
climate means that all extrapolations are conservative.
p- 8.7 (draft) Cost estimates for mobilization and
demobilization have been adjusted to reflect Anchorage prices
for equipment rather than those quoted from Adak.
Chignik Lake
p. 7.1 - 8.13 (draft) The distance has been corrected.
8.14 (draft) The energy available value has been corrected.
Table 8.5 (draft) The table presented in the final report
illustrates the use of diesel powered generators when there is a
projected short fall.
p. 9.1 The feasibility study estimates have been addressed
especially in light of the comments from the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service which are included above.
Cold Bay
The hydropower data was included as part of the resource
assessment and was the determining factor for our not including
an alternative plan which was based on hydro.
False Pass
No comment necessary.
Ivanof Bay
Table 8.5 The hydropower scenario calls for the construction of
a small dam and creates a reservoir. Without extensive field
work, it has not been possible to show that this would be
inadequate to meet the estimated demand of the village.
p. 8.15 Mobilization costs have been increased.
p. 9.1 Feasibility study figures have been increased especially
in light of the comments and requirements of the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service which are included above.
Nikolski
The White Alice site was considered because excellent
foundations exist and the site is removed from the influence of
salt spray. The bluff between the runway and Sheep Creek has
been reconsidered and discussed with representatives of the
village. The result has been the suggestion that the bluff site
is a viable alternative and marginally less costly to develop
because of a shorter transmission distance. However, this is
largely offset by anticipated foundation problems at the bluff
site.
WECS at the Chaluka Ranch was not in operation when the field
team was in the village.
The diesel set from the White Alice site was purchased by the
utility; however, its condition was uncertain and the engine was
being stored outside.
St. Paul
As the role of the National Marine Fisheries in the Pribilofs is
curtailed, the future of the islands' economies is uncertain.
The proposed boat harbor has not been funded, as yet, and no
data was available which would enable predictions to be made as
to its effect on the local economy and power requirements.
Therefore a scenario including the possible development of such
facilities was not included.
PROPERTY OF; Alaska Po
334 Ww. Anchorage,