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HomeMy WebLinkAboutNightmute Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 7-1982VIL-N 002 Night RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES PROPERTY OF: Alaska Power Authority al 334 W. 5th Ave. Orage, Alaska 99501 IGHTMUTE ANIAK ATKA MEKORYUK CHEFORNAK NEWTOK CHIGNIK LAKE NIGHTMUTE COLD BAY NIKOLSKI FALSE PASS ST. GEORGE HOOPER BAY ST. MARYS IVANOF BAY ST. PAUL KOTLIK TOKSOOK BAY LOWER AND TUNUNAK UPPER KALSKAG PREPARED BY NORTHERN TECHNICAL SERVICES & VAN GULIK AND ASSOCIATES ANCHORAGE, ALASKA ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY NIGHTMUTE RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES A Report by Northern Technical Services van Gulik and Associates Anchorage, Alaska July, 1982 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Summary and Recommendations 2.0 Background 3.0 Village Meeting 4.0 Existing Heating and Electrical Power Generating Facilities 4.1 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances 4.2 Electrical Generation Facilities 4.3 Fuel Oil Usage 4.4 Electrical Energy Distribution 5.0 Energy Balance 6.0 Energy Forecasts 6.1 Population Projection 6.2 Capital Projects 6.3 Thermal Energy Projection 6.4 Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection 7.0 Energy Resource Assessment 8.0 Energy Plans 8.1 Base Case 8.2 Alternate Plan A 9.0 Analysis of Alternatives and Recommendations Appendix Review letters and replies uw PrP be bP oe ew Bee ao Wwoaowo ~ DAAAA . oe ee _ owe eee o--— Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 5.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2 9.3 LIST OF TABLES Energy Balance for 1982 Itemized Present Worth Analysis of the Base Case Estimated Heat Recovery Costs Itemized Present Worth Analysis of Alternate Plan A Summary of the Present Worth Analysis and Any Non-electric Benefits for Each Energy Plan Direct Power Generation Costs for Each Energy Plan Preference Ranking of Village Energy Plans and Associated Recommended Actions it Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 2.1 2.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 Dee 6.2 6.3 Tol LIST OF FIGURES Location Map Climatic Background Bulk Fuel Storage Capacities and Types of Heating Appliances Electrical Generation Facilities Fuel Oil Usage Electrical Generation Sector Energy Distribution Energy Flow Diagram Distribution of Total Useable Energy Population Projection Thermal Energy Projection Peak Demand and Electrical Energy Projection Appropriate Technology Ranking Diagram iii 2.3 6.5 7.4 1.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The production of electricity is the focus of the Energy Reconnaissance Program. This study has concentrated on seeking potential alternatives to diesel powered electrical generators. However, where there are no reliable and viable alternatives, attention was focused on ways by which the costs of electricity generation could be reduced. Nightmute does not have a central generation facility and to establish a basis for comparison between energy plans, a central generation system was designed and used as the base case. In Nightmute there are no viable alternatives to diesel generation and a waste heat capture system was investigated as a means of making use of a resource (thermal energy) which is being wasted currently. The sale of otherwise wasted heat could provide additional income to the utility and be reflected in lower costs for the generation of electricity. Also, reduction in the volumes of fuel oil required for space heating would realize further savings to the community as a whole. Summary Statements Only those technologies that could be readily assimilated into Nightmute were considered. 1. Fuel oil was found to be the major source of energy used in the village. Additional energy was supplied by wood and gasoline. 2. Significant amounts of energy are lost in the village due to: (1) inefficient combustion; (2) poor insulation and excessive air infiltration; and (3) wasted heat from diesel electric generation. eid Forecasts show an inevitable increase in energy consumption in the village due to population growth. Additional construction unrelated to population size is anticipated and will impact energy consumption and demand. Energy resource baseline data is generally weak in the village. This weakens the accuracy of technological or economic predictions. However, the estimates relative to waste heat availability appear reasonably reliable. The feasibility of various technologies, for electri- cal and thermal energy production, were evaluated. Wind, coal, solar, hydro, geothermal, and peat were considered as potential energy resources but are not viable alternatives to fuel oil generated electricity. Waste heat recovery, from the anticipated central power plant, formed the basis of the alternate energy plan. The Base Case Plan was formulated based on the anticipated use of centrally generated electric power. A present worth analysis of each alternative plan was performed. General Recommendations 1. The supporting energy and resource data base should be strengthened. 1.2 New technologies, and advances in old tecinologies, need demonstration projects to determine their feasibility in rural Alaska. Significant energy savings could be realized by a village-wide energy conservation and weatierization program. Village Specific Recommendations 1. The installation of the central diesel electric power station is recommended. This will provide a source of economical, reliable electric power for the village. Waste heat recovery, from the anticipated central power plant, utilized for space heating in the village is economically feasible and attractive in the amount of fuel oil saved. The installation of the waste heat recovery system is recommended. The following steps should be taken: a. Initiate design of a central electric power plant. b. Initiate a feasibility study of waste heat recovery from the anticipated central power plant. 1.3 VILLAGE BACKGROUND Location Nightmute is a Yupik village in the Calista Region. It is located on the north bank of the Toksook River abutting the flanks of Nelson Island. Nelson Island is an area of volcanic rock standing above the generally rolling surface of the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta. The village is 100 miles west of Bethel (Figure 2.1). Climate Nightmute experiences a variable climatic regime. It is dominated by maritime conditions in the summer and conti- nental in the winter. The climatic data for Bethel and Mountain Village is included in Figure 2.2 since these are the nearest weather observation stations. There are differences between the climate at Bethel and Nightmute especially in relation to wind speed and direction. Nightmute is affected by turbulence induced by Nelson Island. There are approximately 12,900 heating degree days at Nightmute. Population In 1964 and 1965 many families left to establish the nearby village of Toksook Bay and the population has declined steadily since then. Census Year 1939 1950 1960 1970 1980 Population 78 27 237 127 119 Number of Houses 32 coc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 KEY KOTLIK SAINT MARYS KALSKAG ANIAK LOWER KALSKAG NEWTOK NIGHTMUTE CHEFORNAK MEKORYUK TOKSOOK BAY TUNUNAK HOOPER BAY CHIGNIK LAGOON CHIGNIK IVANOF BAY FALSE PASS COLD BAY NIKOLSK|I ATKA ST. PAUL ST. GEORGE 7s de SAINT MARYS_2 (navrion ) = 2 4% Katskas 3-2 Sowers" Lani @ KALSKAG er neat pass 16 IS Law os 180 240 300 MILES Figure 2.1 LOCATION MAP Climatic Background : | 1 ' 1 1 i ! 1 ' ! JAN | FEB MAR | APR MAY! JUN | JUL} AUG! sep | ocT | NOV! DEC Light Conditions Winds Bethel data KNOTS PERCENT FREQUENCY. ° a PERCENT FREQUENCY Temperature St. Mary's data DEGREES F Heating T Degree Days st. Mary's data T 7 9 2.00 F 2 = 4 1,500 © +000 L g 4 500 -t ° et Growing Degree Days st. Mary's data == = J84 FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL, AUG: SEP) OCT; NOV. OFC | DEGREE DAYS Source: Department of Community and Regional Affairs, Community Profile Series. Figure 2.2 2.3 A new high school was opened in Nightmute in 1981 and the children co not now have to attend school in Toksook, as they have to date. The population is expected to stabilize if not possibly expand. Economy Subsistence hunting, fishing and trapping are the mainstays of the village economy. Furs are sold or made into garments and used locally or sold to supplement families' incomes. Basket weaving and other traditional crafts are important sources of additional income. Employment opportunities in the village are limited. Several people travel to work in the salmon fisheries during the summer. The school system employs 13 people. One person is employed by the post office, 2 people are employed at the village store, and 3 people are employed by the city. 2.4 3.0 VILLAGE VISIT A village meeting was called by the recently elected village president Stan Anthony and held at the BIA School. Stella George volunteered to translate the proceedings into Yupik. The team outlined the Energy Reconnaissance Program and introduced possibilities of improving the efficiency of the present system by upgrading the village generators to a Capacity which would provide power to the entire village, and increase the efficiency of fuel conversion through the installation of a waste heat capture system. The villagers were most concerned about having a central laundry but there are considerable problems with the water system being installed by PHS, namely, it has frozen. Only two facilities in the community have running water and these are the schools which draw water from their own wells. Under Public Law 193 Section C, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is transferring the responsibility of grade school education to the State School District. Nightmute is in the Lower Kuskokwim School District which constructed a high school in the village in the summer of 1981. There is concern in the village over the transference of jurisdiction of the grade school and no timetable has yet been established. When the BIA School becomes part of the School District, renovation will be necessary to bring the building to the standards of the State Public Building Code. Due to the high cost of renovation, there is a possibility that the school will be "turned over" to the Sai) village and an addition built to the new high school. The old BIA School would then become a community center and provide the villagers with the opportunity to install a central laundry facility in one of the rooms. Subsequent discussions with members of the village council focused on the installation of a central generating system and the prospects for siting the generators near the new school so that waste heat capture could be considered. There are local sources of coal which have been used in a number of homes for space heating. A few of the houses have wood stoves burning the small (less than 3" diameter) stems of willow and alder scrub trees which grow in the lee of the rock cliffs. Limited quantities of driftwood are also used. An anemometer was set up at the BIA School by Wind Energy Systems, Inc. but it has not performed consistently and the anemometer tower is used currently as a CB antenna for the school. Wind systems for electricity generation were discussed, but unproven reliability of the systems and expense were of concern to the village. 4.0 EXISTING HEATING AND ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATING FACILITIES 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances Bulk fuel storage capacity within the village is listed, by sector, in Figure 4.1. These capacities are based on actual tank sizes and on estimates where reliable data could not be obtained. The storage capacity of domestic fuel tanks and 55 gallon drums is not included in the bulk storage capacities. Also listed in Figure 4.1 are the types of heating and cooking appliances, by sector, being used in the village. Electrical Generation Facilities The existing generating equipment installed in the village is listed in Figure 4.2. Comments on the operation of the generators are included. The anticipated generation equipment for a central power plant is also listed on Figure 4.2. Once the central power plant becomes operational the individual generators now used would be disconnected or used for back up. Fuel Oil Usage Figure 4.3 illustrates the use of fuel oil in the village. Consumption of fuel oil by sector for space heating is listed as a percentage of the total oil consumption. Similarly, the percentage of oil used for electrical power generation is shown. 4.1 The oil used for space heating is broken down to show the portion that actually heats building space, and that which is lost to waste. The electrical generation fuel oil is also separated into electrical energy and waste heat segments. Mf Fuel oil consumption in the village was based on records, where avilable, and calculated estimates where no reliable records existed. Please refer to the Methodology section of the main report for an explanation of the estimating process. The fuel oil consumption for electrical power generation was based on an assumed central electrical power plant, with the generating equipment listed in Figure 4.2. Electrical Energy Distribution The energy flow through the electrical generation sector is depicted graphically on Figure 4.4. The "pie-chart" represents the total energy dedicated to the generation of electrical power. Each sector in the village consumes a slice of the pie, as shown. 4.2 NIGETMUTE/1982 BULK FUEL STORAGE CAPACITIES AND TYPES OF HEATING APPLIANCES SECTOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION a FUEL OIL ao (105950) a <q Lo GASOLINE wn (10000 gal) TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE LEGEND: TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE 1 OIL-FIRED FORCED AIR FURNACE OIL- FIRED BOILER WITH WATER/GLYCOL DISTRIBUTION DRIP-TYPE OIL STOVE/FURNACE woOD STOVE PROPANE COOKING STOVES WASTE HEAT FROM GENERATORS or pwn *DAY TANKS AND FUEL DRUMS ARE NOT INCLUDED. **Anticipated central generation storage Figure 4.1 Village High School Primary School Proposed Central Electricity Generation Facility ELECTRICAL GENERATION GENERATOR OUTPUT RATING NIGHTMUTE TYPE OF ENGINE Deutz - air cooled 1800 RPM Cummins 75D13-3 KATO SOSX9E KATO 91 KVA KATO 19 KVA ILI Corp. 75SH9D Kohler Figure 4.2 FACILITIES TYPE OF ELECTRICAL GENERATOR DISTRIBUTION 120/240V 120/240V 120/240V COMMENTS ON OPERATION A single 50 KW generator is oper- ated continuously to provide power for village residences. Power is distributed through a transmission line draped over a series of pole tripods. A single generator provides power to the high school. At the time of our visit, the 30 KW generator was having serious mechanical problems. The 75 KW generator is providing power to the primary school and teachers' residence. Lights or other major power consumers are continually operated in order to provide a base load for the engine. The central generation system would provide continuous power to the entire village. FUEL OIL USAGE NIGHTMUTE / 1982 SECTOR END USE Space Heat 100 Waste Heat 23% Percent uo ° + oO Generator Waste Heat 35% 30 20 10 Electricity 83 R Residential 18 % c Commercial 2% P Public 3 % Ss School 35 % E Electrical Power °. Generation 42 % ESTIMATED FUEL OIL USE 583000 GAL = 7860x10°BTU i Figure 4.3 4.5 ELECTRICAL GENERATION SECTOR ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NIGHTMUTE | Residential 4% Commercial 1% Public ie %o School 8% Waste Heat 82% Generation Losses 2% TOTAL ENERGY 3340 x 10° BTU/YEAR TOTAL ELECTRIC POWER 172 MWH/ YEAR Figure 4.4 4.6 5.0 ENERGY BALANCE The estimated energy consumption in Nightmute during 1982 is listed in Table 5.1. Estimates of the different types of energy consumed by the various sectors are based upon the 1980-81 fuel purchase records kept by the store and the school. Estimates based on the population, square footage of residences and other buildings, and calculated energy usage factors, were used where no data were available. Wood use was estimated using the observations and discussions with wood users that occurred during the village visit. The flow of energy through the village is illustrated in Figure 5.1. In 1982 it is estimated that 12,111 MMBTU of fuel will enter Nightmute in the form of gasoline, wood and fuel oil. This fuel will be distributed to the various sectors and used for transportation, cooking, heating and electricity generation. The conversion of the fuel to its end use will result in 55% or 6,661 MMBTU of energy lost as heat. 50% of this waste heat could be recovered using conservation and waste heat recovery practices. The actual amount of energy used by each sector is listed in the last column of the diagram. The 1982 projected distribution of useable energy, if a central generation system is installed in the village, is shown in Figure 5.2. The distribution represents the quantity of energy that will be required by each sector (excluding transportation) for electric lights and appliances, water heating, space heating and cooking, and generation station service. Percentages listed in the figure can be multiplied by the useable energy of 4197 X 106 Btus to determine the projected energy requirements for a particular end use in a given sector. These projected energy requirements do not include energy conversion losses and therefore represent the actual quantity of energy required for each end use. oad RESIDENTIAL VILLAGE: NIGHTMUTE/1982 FUEL OIL ENERGY BALANCE GASOLINE PROPANE TOTAL ENERGY TOTAL ELECTRICITY bru atu 3 BTU 5 BTU gal x 10° «108 “e GAL x 108 “Fo MWH x10& 1s76 | 34 COMMERCIAL 117 2 PUBLIC 221] 4 SCHOOLS 1930 | 35 GENERATION 53] 1 TRANSPORTATION *station service or distribution losses Table 5.1 aunbi4 L's NIGHTMUTE/1982 POP: 119 HOUSEHOLDS: 35 13,000 HTG. DEGREE DAYS EuEL AMOUNT ENERGY Oe ELECTRICAL END USE TOTAL BY SECTOR CONVERSION WASTE HE DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR USABLE ENERGY GASOLINE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION (1250) TRANSPORTATION (1250) PROPANE COOKING R won ESIDENTIAL Seamie RESIDENTIAL (1876) (30090) (4380) £ (2100) HEATING/ (828) (147) COOKING TT (552) _ COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL (76) HEATING (127) FUEL OIL POWER POWER GEN. GENERATION ELECTRICAL (7861) GENERATORS (3340) SCHOOL(S) SCHOOL(S) HEATING/ (1670) 1330) (2790) COOKING oc SUBLIC PUBLIC HEATING ee) L (224) L TOTAL WASTE TOTAL INPUT HEAT USABLE ENERGY : (6661) ENERGY RECOVERABLE (12111) WASTE HEAT (3298) (8745) WASTE HEAT —————————— NON - RECOVERABLE . (3363) NOTE * a ; NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ARE 10° BTU'S. WVYOVIG MOT1S ADYANA DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL USABLE ENERGY * NIGHTMUTE WITH CENTRAL GENERATION END USE BY SECTOR E (3.5%) 8ECTOR 100 WH (2.8%) 90 RESIDENTIAL i 80 H/C (38.48) & - 70 WW oO 60 Pas E(1.03%) 2 H/C (1.88) w 50 P(1.38) oO . a SSS ale WH (1.4%) uw a: 40 30 H/C (38.4%) 20 10 SS a 18 (2.0%) PUBLIC H/C (3.28) Oo END USE SUMMARY LIGHTS, REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS, VIDEO, AND OTHER ELECTRICAL USES WATER HEATING SPACE HEATING, COOKING AND MISC. GENERATOR STATION SERVICE/ TRANSMISSION LOSSES TOTAL USABLE ENERGY = 4197 x 10° pty % DOES NOT INCLUDE ENERGY USED FOR TRANSPORTATION AND RECOVERABLE WASTE HEAT Fia. 5.9 6. 0 ENERGY FORECASTS 6.2 Population Projection aa, EOE CCLON The population of Nightmute was forecast tor the twenty year planning period based upon historical population trends, expected changes resulting from planned capital projects, and the villagers' Projections of the growth of their own community. Although historical population data from 1940 to 1980 shows an average annual growth rate of 1%, the population trend has been quite variable as indicated below. Nightmute has experienced a net emigration of families over the last 15 years due to people moving to Toksook Bay as a result of the construction of a new high school and HUD houses. Nightmute's population has now stabilized and it is expected to increase again. The population forecast was based on the 1981 population growth rate of 1% annually. Historical and projected populations are listed below. Figure 6.1 illustrates the population proj2ction over the 20 year planning period. Historical Projected 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 78 27) 237° 127—«119 133 145 161 Capital Frojects Forecast The transference of jurisdiction over the elementary education presently provided by the BIA School has not been finalized for Nightmute. The villagers anticipated that an addition of elementary education classrooms to the high school will be built and that the village will use the BIA complex as a community center. The realization of such plans would have an effect on the peak demand in the village. However, because the outcome of the decisions and scheduling is not known at this time no provisions have been made in the electrical and thermal energy forecasts. However, the computer programs developed for forecasting have a facility to include capital projects. When firm plans are established for specified developments the programs can be run to detail the effect on the peak demand, kilowatt hours generated and the effect on the thermal energy requirements of the community. The following capital projects and planned projects were discussed during the village visit: Schools - The LKSD high school began operation in September, 1981. There are plans for the BIA school to be transferred to the State. At that time tre high school may be enlarged to accommodate the elementary school students. The people in the village are opposed to the transfer. Water - PHS is presently installing a village water supply with comminity taps. Airport - Plans are to extend the runway to 3,000 feet in 3 to 5 years. 6.2 6.4 Thermal Energy Projection Figure 6.2 presents the anticipated thermal energy consumption of Nightmute during the forecast period. The thermal energy is provided by the combustion of fuel used for space heating. The projections were based on fuel use records and estimates of the heating requirements of the buildings. Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection Figure 6.3 presents the anticipated electrical energy consumption of Nightmute, by sector, during the forecast period. The projections were based on the existing electrical loads, consumption records, and estimates where accurate data were not available. Details of the estimation methods and calculations are included in the Methodology section of the main report. THERMAL ENERGY <MMBTUD | POPULATION POPULATION PROJECTION NIGHTMUTE 152 145 142 135 132 125 128 : els eo 1982 1984 1986 1988 1998 1992 1994 1s96 1998 2828 YEAR Figure 6.1 THERMAL ENERGY PROJECTION NIGHTMUTE 4820 3828 36288 34288 3288 3220 1 1 ra 1 4 ah ot J 1982 1984 1986 1988 1998 1gg2 1994 1996 1998 28288 YEAR Figure 6.2 ELECTRICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY SECTOR (MWH) TOTAL (MWH) PEAK DEMAND (Ki) $214} PEAK DEMAND PROJECTION NIGHTMUTE 82 72 62 5a 1982 1 4 1 n J 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 Mipalaticelcmapiiall wll. igse4 i986 1988 1998 1992 1994 1996 1998 2220 YEAR ELECTRICAL ENERGY PROJECTION NIGHTMUTE 2528 | 225 282 + 175 152 182 82 E 62+ 48+ se — 1982 ae) il 4 1 4 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 tt 4 L 1 4 1984 1986 1988 1998 1992 1994 1996 1998 2828 YEAR Electrical Generation Sector C = Commercial Public S = Schools R = Residential Figure 6.3 6.5 7. ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Wind Winds blowing from the Bering Sea average in excess of 20 mph at a height of 10 meters. However, these winds are extremely turbulent. Gusty and rapid direction changes in the wind caused by the hilly topography that surrounds the village could be destructive to a wind machine. Hydro Nightmute is located in an area of low rainfall. There is no hydroelectric potential in the vicinity. Coal Coal is available from nearby deposits. It has been used by several families in the past for space heating. The magnitude of these coal deposits is unknown. There is no record of any commercial activity. Wood Driftwood is used as fuel for space heat and steam baths. The cost of obtaining sufficient quantities: of driftwood for power generation would be large. Therefore, the use of driftwood in Nightmute as a potential fuel resource for power generation is not viable. 7.1 Peat The soils of Nightmute consist of an inorganic »>ase with discontinuous permafrost, overlain by a sedge mat. These soils experience a high degree of cryotur dation which is not conducive to peat formation. Geothermal There is no geothermal potential in the region. Solar Passive solar heat may be considered viable only as a supplement to home heating. However costs of retro fitting short daylight hours in winter mitigate against its widespread acceptance. Conservation Measures Waste Heat Capture The majority of the energy in the fuel oil burned in a diesel generator is lost as waste heat through the engine cooling water, exhaust gases, and radiant heat from the engine. Much of the waste heat can be reclaimed from the engine cooling water and exhaust gas by transferring the heat in heat exchangers to a secondary fluid, usually glycol solution. This is then pumped to buildings and used in heaters for space heating. Alternate Plan A, detailed in Section 8.2 of this report, investigates the feasibility of waste heat recovery at Nightmute. Weatherization Homes and buildings built in rural Alaska in the past have in general been poorly insulated and weatherized. Heat loss from such buildings is high, in the forms of heat loss directly through the walls, floor, and ceiling, and by the cold air that enters around leaky doors and windows. Insulating and weatherizing a home can often cut the heating fuel requirement in half or more, and make the building more comfortable and liveable at the same time. The materials required are inexpensive, and the skills necessary for installation low. This work is perhaps the most effective way of reducing village energy usage. Technology Ranking Figure 7.1 presents a ranking of the technologies that could be applied to the village. Each technology was examined on the basis of state-of-the-art quality of the technology, cost, reliability, resource, labor, and environmental impact. Please refer to the Methodology section in the main report for the ranking method. 763 pL Village of Nightmute Technology Environ- Ranking State-of-the-Art Cost bility Resource Labor mental Factor Impact —\— T 4 Weatherization* 5 5 5 5 5 5 1.00 1 Diesel Power 5 4 4 4 4 4 0.87 Waste Heat Recovery* 5 4 4 4 4 4 0.87 Hydroelectric Power N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Wind Energy Conversion systems 2 2 2 2 2 5 0.43 Geothermal Energy N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Steam Power from local . | fuel,wood,coal,ect... N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Gasification of wood,coal or peat N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Generation via synchronous 4 3 2 3 1 4 0.63 Induction* Electrical Load Management* 3 3 1 4 0.63 * Energy Conservation Measures Note: 0 = worst case, 5 = best case Figure 7.1 con N/A Not Applicable 8.0 8.1 8.1.1 ENERGY PLAN Base Case General Description The base case for Nightmute is to install a central generation system. This system would serve the village residents, the public facilities, and the schools. A centralized system would include the following components: 1. Two 75 KW diesel generators that would be used to meet the major power demands. A 30 KW diesel generator to be used for night and summer power production. Four 8000 gallon storage tanks that would be capable of storing a years supply of fuel for the generators. The replacement of the current distribution system with a single phase centralized system operating at 7,200 volts. This higher voltage would minimize voltage drop and losses in the system through the use of step-up and step-down transformers, Kilowatt-hour meters at the service entrance of all power users in order to provide an equitable billing to all consumers. 8.1 8.1. 2 6. A 16' x 24' building to provide housing for the generators and storage. Base Case Cost Analysis The estimated capital value of the anticipated central electric power plant was estimated to be $433,000. The cost is itemized below: Generators and Equipment 68,000 Fuel Storage 15,000 Generator Building 192,000 Labor 27,000 Shipping 20,000 Subtotal 322,000 Engineering 27,800 Project Management 13,800 Test 13,800 Contingency 55,600 Total Estimated Cost $433,000 The plant value was amortized over a 20 year period. Additional generation capacity was added, in increments of 50 kw, as required by growing peak demand. The cost of additional generation capacity was estimated to be $1650/kw. The cost of fuel oil was set at $10.67/MMBTU, based on a fuel cost of $1.44/gallon. Operation and maintenance expenses were estimated at 8¢/kwh. 8.2 Table 8.1 presents the itemized present value analysis of the base case, for the 20 year study period. The- discounted present value of the plan was $1,492,100. 8.1.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation Base Case Plan Summary: Continuation of present diesel generation 1) Community Preference: At the time of the village visit there was no central generation system. The villagers are requesting that central generation be installed to reduce their cost of electricity and increase its availability and reliability. 2) Environmental Considerations: i) ii) iii) iv) Air Quality: Exhausting combustion gases releases a small amount of pollutants to the local environment, but the impact is minimal. Noise: The exhaust stecks from the generator produce a considerable amount of noise. The installation of more effective mufflers would reduce the noise level. Water Quality: No impact. Fish and Wildlife Impacts: No known impacts. Terrestrial Impacts: There is no impact on vegetation or soils. 8.3 DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 0°83 DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 1992 34.5 49.4 16.4 100.3 100.3 74.7 1983 29.0 34.2 14.3 77.5 77.5 75.3 1993 34.5 51.3 16.6 102.5 102.5 74.0 NOTE: 1984 34.5 35.8 14.5 84.8 84.8 80.0 1994 34.5 53.3 16.8 104.7 104.7 73.4 NIGHTMUTE PLAN 1 BASE CASE 1985 34.5 37.3 14.8 86.7 86.7 79.3 1995 34.5 55.4 17.0 106.9 106.9 72.8 1986 34.5 38.9 15.0 88.5 88.5 78.6 1996 34.5 57.5 17.2 109.3 109.3 72.2 1987 34.5 40.6 15.3 90.4 90.4 78.0 1997 34.5 59.7 17.4 111.6 111.6 71.7 *** ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.1 1988 34.5 42.2 15.5 92.3 92.3 77.3 1998 34.5 62.0 17.6 114.1 114.1 71.1 1989 34.5 44.0 15.7 94.2 94.2 76.6 1999 34.5 64.3 17.8 116.6 116.6 70.6 1990 34, 45. 15. 96. 96. 76. NON - 2000 34. 66. 18. 119. 119. 70. 5 7 0 2 tr 2001 69. 18 121. WO Mr wo 121. 69.5 TOTAL 679.8 987.8 324.2 1991.8 1991.8 1492.1 8. 1.4 vi) Land Use and Ownership Status: All leases and permits are in place. Base Case Technical Evaluation The anticipated operation of the central diesel electric power plant in Nightmute is expected to meet the following: 1. High Reliability. Diesel electric is a well proven well understood technology with a successful history in rural Alaska. Backup generation allows maintenance of the generators to be performed without a major interruption of electrical power. Occasional system downtime is expected for distribution system maintenance. Safety. A small risk is realized by the storage and handling of fuel oil. Normal risks associated with electrical power are also present. Availability. There are no indications that spare parts will become difficult to obtain in the future. The availability of fuel to the power plant depends on the reliability of transportation to the village. 8.5 8.2 Alternate Plan A 8.2.1 General Description The Alternate Plan A for Nightmute is the installation of a waste heat recovery system installed at the anticipated central electric power plant and consists of the following features: 1. Jacket water heat recovery equipment installed on the 75 KW generators. 2. A distribution system consisting of pumps, piping and valves to deliver the ethylene glycol heat transfer fluid to the heated buildings and return it to the power plant. 3. Heating equipment installed in the high school buildings, to provide space heating. 4. A control system that automatically regulates the supply of heat to the buildings, and rejects any . surplus waste heat to the engine radiators. 8.2.2 Alternate A Cost Analysis Table 8.2 presents the itemized, estimated cost to install the jacket water waste heat recovery system. The installed cost of the heat recovery system was estimated to be $70,500. The system value was amortized over a 10 year period. 8.6 ESTIMATED HEAT RECOVERY COSTS Project Location Generators (kw) Estimated total kwh generated Generators equipped with heat recovery equipment CALCULATED VALUES Average Generation Rate Percent of On-Line Capacity Maximum Jacket Water Heat Recovery Percent Jacket Water Heat Available Estimated Recovered Heat Available Estimated Recovered Heat Utilized MAJOR COST ITEMS Main piping 25 feet x $120/ft. Heat Recovery Equipment 3. Circulating Pumps 4. Heaters and Miscellaneous Hardware 5. Contingencies (30%) 6. Base Cost 7. Project Management (5%) 8. Engineering (10%) 9. ESTIMATED PROJECT COST 10. O & M COST 11. Recovery Efficiency Table 8.2 8.7 Nightmute 75,75,30 172,000 kwh/yr 75,75 20 kw 27% 4300 Btu/min 43% -110X106 BtuH -110X10© BtuH 9,000 22,300 7,600 8,300 14,100 61,300 3,100 6,100 70,500 1.56/MMBtu 5602 Btu/kwh The cost of fuel oil normally used for space heating, which was offset by the captured waste heat, was $1 6.00/MMBTU, based on a fuel oil cost of $2.16/gallon. Operation and maintenance costs were calculated to be $1.56/MMBTU waste heat captured. Table 8.3 presents the itemized present value analysis of the plan, for the 20 year study period. The discounted net benefit of the system was $417,500. 8.2.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation Alternate Plan A Summary: Waste heat capture from existing generators for sale to major consumers. 1) 2) Community Preference: The villagers of Nightmute recognize that the installation of waste heat will improve the efficiency of fuel use in the community. The sale of waste heat will help lessen the effect of rising fuel prices on the cost of electricity. Installation of the waste heat capture system will require local expertise and should provide a number of jobs during the construction phase. The system should operate with minimal maintenance although one part time person would be required until the system has been tested and initial minor problems have been solved. Environmental Considerations: i) Air Quality: There will be a reduction in fuel use in the village resulting in reduction of hydrocarbon, monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. 8.8 DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL IOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS EXTRA COSTS BENEFITS ° NET BENEFITS DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS 1982 29.0 32.7 14.0 75.8 75.8 75.8 ooCcow oCoCcOonN 1983 29.0 34.2 14.3 77.5 77.5 75.3 COoOOCC”w OCOOCOwWw NOTE: 1984 34.5 35.8 14.5 84.8 84.8 80.0 KK NIGHTMUTE PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A 1985 34.5 37.3 14.8 86.7 86.7 79.3 1986 34.5 38.9 15.0 88.5 88.5 78.6 1987 34.5 40.6 157.3. 90.4 90.4 78.0 ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.3 1988 34.5 42.2 1535 92.3 92.3 77.3 1988 10.0 36.1 26.2 21.3 1989 34.5 44.0 1547 94.2 94.2 76.6 1989 10.0 3725 27.6 21.8 1990 34.5 45.7 1559 96.2 96.2 76.0 1990 10.0 39.0 29.0 22.2 1991 34.5 47.5 16.2 98.2 98.2 75.3 1991 10.0 40.5 30.5 22.7 OTs DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS EXTRA COSTS BENEFITS NET BENEFITS DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS 1992 34.5 49.4 16.4 100.3 100.3 74.7 1992 10.1 42.1 32.0 23.1 1993 34.5 51.3 16.6 102.5 102.5 74.0 1993 10.1 43.7 33.6 23.6 NOTE: 1994 34.5 53.3 16.8 104.7 104.7 73.4 1994 10.1 45.3 35.3 24.0 kK NIGHTMUTE PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A 1995 34.5 55.4 17.0 106.9 106.9 72.8 1995 10.1 47.1 36.9 24.4 1996 34.5 57.5 17.2 109.3 109.3 72.2 1996 10.1 48.8 38.7 24.8 1997 34.5 59.7 17.4 111.6 111.6 71.7 1997 10.2 50.6 40.5 25.2 ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.3 (continued) 1998 34.5 62.0 17.6 114.1 114.1 71.1 1998 10.2 52.5 42.3 25.6 1999 34.5 64.3 17.8 116.6 116.6 70.6 1999 10.2 54.4 44.2 26.0 2000 34.5 66.7 18.0 119.2 119.2 79.0 2000 10. 56. 46. 26. Wr SP 2001 34.5 69.2 18.2 121.9 121.9 69.5 2001 10.3 58.5 48.2 26.7 TOTAL 679, 937, 324. 1991. Com cc 1991.8 1492.1 TOTAL 181. 783. 602. 417. OROe 8.2.4 ii) Noise Levels: No impact. iii) Water Quality: There would be a minor impact if a major leakage occurred in the coolant system. iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: None. v) Terrestrial Impacts: Will be minimal during the installation of the distribution system and will be restricted to the village site. vi) Land use and Ownership Status: It is assumed that the village will make the necessary arrangements for the right of way requirements for the distribution system. Alternate Plan A Technical Evaluation Operation of the waste heat recovery system in Nightmute, in conjunction with the central power plant, is expected to conform to the following expectations: 1. High Reliability. The system utilizes simple, reliable components that are readily available off the shelf from a variety of sources. Safety. A well maintained system has little hazard potential associated with it. Availability. All components needed are available immediately. The system is relatively easy to implement. 9.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS NA TP LONS Table 9.1 summarizes the village plans, the associated present worth analysis, and any non-electric benefits. Table 9.1 NIGHTMUTE Energy Source Present Wort Non-Electrica Total Direct power generation costs, excluding administrative costs, are presented in Table 9.2 for each energy plan. Table 9.2 Energy Base Case Alternative A Production Plan 1 Cost Plan 2 Cost Year (kwh/yr. ) (¢/kwh ) (¢/kwh ) T982 175,200 $ckv eee 1983 178,600 43.39 . 43.39 1984 181,800 46.42 35.15 1985 185,000 46.86 34.92 1986 188,000 47.07 34.57 1987 190,900 47.35 34.36 1988 193,800 47.63 34.11 1989 196,600 47.91 33.88 1990 199,300 48.27 33.72 1991 202,000 48.61 33.51 1992 204,600 49.02 33.38 1993 207,300 49.45 33.24 1994 209,800 49.90 33.08 1995 212,400 50.33 32.96 1996 214,900 50.86 32.85 1997 217,400 51.33 32.70 1998 219,900 51.89 32.65 1999 222,400 52.43 32.55 2000 224,900 53.00 32.46 2001 227,400 53.61 32.41 _ oS ee Table 9.3 presents the plans for the village, in rank of recommended preference. The recommended action appropriate to each alternative is listed as well. Table 9.3 Energy Plan Alternative Recommended Action eee ee OE Alternative A - Waste Heat Initiate a feasibility Capture study for waste heat recovery. Estimated cost of feasibilty study $12,000 - $15,000. Base Case — Operation of Anticipated Central Power Plant Additiona ecommendations Weatherization No resource assessment or «building insulation feasibility study -building envelope indicated; immediate action infiltration required to bring Energy -improved combustion Audit and/or weatherization program to this community. Wind Power Initiate wind data acquisition program. 9..2 Reconnaissance studies are necessarily preliminary in nature, however, it is apparent that there is great potential for a waste heat capture system in Nightmute. Sale of the waste heat will realize increased revenues to the utility which will decrease the cost of production for electricity. Currently (1981-82) electricity costs about 48¢ per KWH based on a flat rate charge of $85 per month per household and $1.44 a gallon for fuel and includes distribution and overhead costs. The fuel is supplied by Chevron and barged to Nightmute from the distribution center in Bethel. The computer model used in the reconnaissance study projected that the 1982-83 cost of production for electricity will be approximately 43.26¢ per KWH assuming that a central electricity generation and distribution system is installed. The study suggested that a waste heat capture system would be installed, and become operational in 1983-84. It was assumed that the waste heat would replace fuel oil, which costs $2.16 per gallon, used for space heating. Based on this assumption, the cost of production for electricity would be reduced from 46.42¢ to 35.15¢ per KWH. Therefore it is recommended that a waste heat capture system be installed. The reconnaissance study estimates that the system has the potential to save up to 9,500 gallons of fuel oil in the first full year of operation. 9.3 APPENDIX. See Section 3.0 (Methodology) of the Main Report: RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR THE VILLAGES OF Aniak, Atka, Chefornak, Chignik Lake, Cold Bay, False Pass, Hooper Bay, Ivanof Bay, Kotlik, Lower and Upper Kalskag, Mekoryuk, Newtok, Nightmute, Nikolski, St. George, St. Marys, St. Paul, Toksook Bay, and Tununak. MEMO TO THE RECORD ALASKA | sussect ACRES' and NORTEC's ENERGY RECONS sy PKD —-—__—sopare_4/6/82 POWER OF SHEETNO.__] or_y_ AUTHORITY | PARKS, OFFICE OF HISTORY & ARCHEOLOGY prosect ENERGY RECONS Diana Rigg called with a personal communication which she will follow with a letter. Eight of our reconnaissance communities for the FY 82 studies have sites of historical i i Projects. They are: Chignik Lake | Atka Ivanof Bay +i ghtmute Stebbins Newtok — New Chenega She recommends that if feasibility studies are done for these Communities , the contractor should contact their office early in the study. Reply to Telecon with Diana Rigg, DNR, Division of Parks, Office of History and Archaeology, dated 4/6/82. Receipt of the letter is acknowledged; but no reply is necessary. MEMO RANDUM..-< State of Alaska TO: DIVISION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ERIC YOULD, Executive Director eats S-Apr il: Loy 1982 Alaska Power Authority See Q Career -REGEIWED TELEPHONE No: 9762653 FROM. REED STOOPS APR 22 1982 SUBJECT: DNR Comments: APA's Director Draft FY 82 Energy ‘ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY Reconnaissance Reports The Department of Natural Resources appreciates the opportunity to review these draft energy reconnaissance report. Ivanof Bay: There are no known cultural resources sites on the National Register of Historic Places, nor are there sites determined to be eligible for the National Register. Examination of Division of Parks records indicates there is a low potential of such sites occurring in the subject area; however, it is the responsibility of APA to verify this statement. Should cultural resources be found during the construction, we request that the project engineer halt work which may disturb such resources and contact the Division of Parks immediately. Should there be any questions, please contact Diana Rigg, Division of Parks, at 274-4676. Newtok, Nightmute, Stebbins, and New Chenega: The Division of Parks is concerned that the impact of the projects on cultural resources has not been included in the reconnaissance studies. In order for the Alaska Power Authority to meet its responsibilities per 36 CFR 800, cultural resources must be addressed under consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer. The Division of Parks therefore requests to review the feasibility reports for the proposed projects if they are initiated. Chignik Lake: The reconnaissance study suggests that hydroelectric power and a central power plant are feasible alternatives to the present power base. There are cultural resources sites listed on the AHRS in the vicinity of Chignik Lake and there is potential for other sites to be found. The Division of Parks would like the opportunity to comment and review the feasibility reports for the proposed hydroelectric power unit and for the central power plant, if they are initiated. Atka: The reconnaissance study suggests that hydroelectric power is a feasible alternative to the present power base. There are cultural resources sites listed on the AHRS that are ‘in the vicinity of the village and there is potential for other sites to be found. The Division of Parks would like the opportunity to comment and review the feasibility report for the proposed project, if it is initiated. Reed Stoops 2 April 16, 1982 Atkasook: The reconnaissance study discusses the potential use of coal from local sources as a viable and feasible project. No specific locations were identified by the report. Over 30 cultural resources sites are listed on the AHRS as being within the general vicinity of Atkasook; these sites and others may be impacted should any coal be mined in the area. The Division of Parks would like to review any future plans that involve coal mining in the vicinty, should definite plans be initiated. If you have any questions regarding these comments, please contact Diana Rigg, Division of Parks, at 274-4676. Thank you for the opportunity to comment. Reply to the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Research and Development letter dated 4/16/82. The cultural resources of the respective sites will be addressed in any feasibility studies. 3 ista Corporation 516 Denali Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501 (907) 279-5516 RECEIveD APR 1 2 1982 ALASKA ROWER AUTHORITY April 9, 1982 Eric Yould Alaska Power Authority 334 West 5th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 RE: Letter of March 8, 1982 We have reviewed the draft documents by NORTEC of the energy reconnaissance report of the Calista Region. Calista Corporation endorses the study that was done by NORTEC. Energy in the Calista Region is probably the most expensive item for the people. Oil and gas have to be transported in, therefore causing the cost of energy to skyrocket in the villages. We would very much appreciate for Alaska Power Authority go on further and make recommendations to improve the energy programs within our region. However, please coordinate with Calista Corporation and A.V.C.P. Inc. on the reconnaissance studies that will be done in the future. Any questions please do not hesitate to call on us. Sincerely, CALISTA CORPORATION lox Al ider . President AR/ms Reply to Calista Corporation letter dated 4/9/82. Receipt of the letter and the point about further future coordination with A.V.C.P. Inc. is acknowledged. PROPERTY OF: ' Alaska Power Authority i 334 W. 5th Ave, i Anchorage, Alaska 99501