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HomeMy WebLinkAboutNewtok Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 7-1982 VIL-N BY hacks 5 a 002 ess = Newtok RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR aska Power Authority 34 W. 5th Ave. chprage, Alaska 99501 NEWTOK ANIAK ATKA MEKORYUK CHEFORNAK NEWTOK CHIGNIK LAKE NIGHTMUTE COLD BAY NIKOLSKI FALSE PASS ST. GEORGE HOOPER BAY ST. MARYS IVANOF BAY ST. PAUL KOTLIK TOKSOOK BAY LOWER AND TUNUNAK UPPER KALSKAG PREPARED BY NORTHERN TECHNICAL SERVICES & VAN GULIK AND ASSOCIATES ANCHORAGE, ALASKA ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY | NEWTOK RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES A Report by Northern Technical Services Van Gulik and Associates Anchorage, Alaska July, 1982 1.0 Summary and Recommendations 2.0 Background 3.0 Village Meeting 4.0 Existing Heating and Electrical Power Generating Facilities 4.1 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances 4.2 Electrical Generation Facilities 4.3 Fuel Oil Usage 4.4 Electrical Energy Distribution 5.0 Energy Balance 6.0 Energy Forecasts 6.1 Population Projection 6.2 Capital Projects 6.3 Thermal Energy Projection 6.4 Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection 7.0 Energy Resource Assessment 8.0 Energy Plans 8.1 Base Case 8.2 Alternate Plan A 9.0 Analysis of Alternatives ard Recommendations Appendix TABLE OF CONTENTS Review letters and replies Page 1.1 rb PLP oe 8@ ee Nee w ee uo . eee ee . -_ Nw == _. wo ooo ~ DAANAA eee a= . _ Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 5.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2 9.3 LIST OF TABLES Energy Balance for 1982 Itemized Present Worth Analysis of the Base Case Estimated Heat Recovery Costs Itemized Present Worth Analysis of Alternate Plan A Summary of the Present Worth Analysis and Any Non-electric Benefits for Each Energy Plan Direct Power Generation Costs for Each Energy Plan Preference Ranking of Village Energy Plans and Associated Recommended Actions aa 9.2 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 2.1 2.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 Fol LIST OF FIGURES Location Map Climatic Background Bulk Fuel Storage Capacities and Types of Heating Appliances Electrical Generation Facilities Fuel Oil Usage Electrical Generation Sector Energy Distribution Energy Flow Diagram Distribution of Total Useable Energy Population Projection Thermal Energy Projection Peak Demand and Electrical Energy Projection Appropriate Technology Ranking Diagram iit Page 2.2 263 4.3 4.4 4.5 6.4 7.4 1.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The production of electricity is the focus of the Energy Reconnaissance Program. This study has concentrated on seeking potential alternatives to diesel powered electrical generators. However, where there are no reliable and viable alternatives attention was focused on ways by which the costs of electricity generation could be reduced. Newtok does not have a central generation facility and to establish a basis for comparison between energy plans a central generation system was designed and used as the base case. In Newtok there are no viable alternatives to diesel generation and a waste heat capture system was investigated as a means of making use of a resource (thermal energy) which is being wasted currently. The sale of otherwise wasted heat could provide additional income to the utility and be reflected in lower costs for the generation of electricity. Also, reduction in the volumes of fuel oil required for space heating would realize further savings to the community as a whole. Summary Statements Only those technologies that could be readily assimilated into Newtok were considered. 1. Fuel oil was found to be the major source of energy used in the village of Newtok. Additional energy was supplied by gasoline. 2. Significant amounts of energy are lost in the village due to: (1) inefficient combustion; (2) poor insulation and excessive air infiltration; and (3) wasted heat from diesel electric generation. Forecasts show an increase in energy consumption in the village due to population growth. Additional construction unrelated to population size is anticipated and will impact energy consumption and demand. Energy resource baseline data is generally weak in the village. This weakens the accuracy of technological or economic predictions. However, the estimates relative to waste heat availability appear reasonably reliable. The feasibility of various technologies for electrical and thermal energy produciton was evaluated. Wind, wood, solar, geothermal, hydro, peat, and coal were considered as potential energy resources but are not viable as alternatives to fuel oil generated electricity. Waste heat recovery from the anticipated central power plant formed the basis of the alternate energy plan. The Base Case Plan was formulated based on the continued use of centrally generated electric power. A present worth analysis of each alternative plan was performed. General Recommendations 1. The supporting energy and resource data base should be strengthened. New technologies, and advances in old technologies, need demonstration projects to determine their feasibility in rural Alaska. 1.2 ae 1. Significant energy savings could be realized by a village-wide energy conservation and weatherization program. Village Specific Recommendations ee ee OE CORE TIC ee ONS The installation of the central diesel electric power station is recommended. This will provide a source of economical, reliable electric power for the village. Waste heat recovery from the anticipated central power plant, utilized for space heating in the village is economically feasible and attractive in the amount of fuel saved. The installation of the waste heat recovery system is recommended. The following steps should be taken: a. Initiate design of a central electric power plant. b. Initiate feasibility study of waste heat recovery from the anticipated central power plant. Cs Install wind monitoring equipment. i.3 2.0 BACKGROUND Newtok is a Yupik village in the Calista Region of the VYukon-Kuskokwim Delta and was founded in the late 1940's. The village profit making corporation is the Newtok Corporation. Location The village is located on the northbank of the Ninglick River and is part of the Baird Inlet. It is about 90 miles west of Bethel and on the west coast of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, (Figure 2.1). Newtok is located within the Clarence Rhode National Wildlife Area in a slight upland area surrounded by low land swamps and lakes. Climate The nearest recording meteorological stations are located at Cape Romanzof 65 miles to the north northwest, Bethel 90 miles to the southeas: and Mountain Village 80 miles to the northeast. Summary climatic data for Cape Romanzof is presentec in Fig. 2.2. Local variations in climate especial’y in relation to wind speed and direction are the result of the combined effects of Nelson Island and Baird Inlet. Such known variations require that caution be used when interpolating data from these three recording stations to specific local conditions at Newtok. The climate is somewhat maritime during the summer and continental in the winter months. This combination causes cool summers and harsh winters. a : Sh) ea || cae TT} Dee KEY ie 1 KOTLIK . : 2 SAINT MARYS : 3 KALSKAG Bay | cit \ 4 ANIAK rj E222 Saint sapys 2 : ‘ 5 LOWER KALSKAG oy Ea a A vewror 6 8 CHEFORNAK so ttwnwn— cs ! 9 MEKORYUK ToKsook BAY. a le 10 TOKSOOK BAY SMenORT URS - mipntude Te 1} TUNUNAK Crome! a ST 12 HOOPER BAY a 13. CHIGNIK LAGOON testa 14 CHIGNIK i 15 IVANOF BAY 16 FALSE PASS ' 17 COLD BAY wv 18 NIKOLSKI aI EE et 19 ATKA Ta LE eT Rie ae 20 ST. PAUL Flava : 21 ST. GEORGE Be = wale Naini gn TiVanor aay 15 j 1 17 co.o ay mR < 4 "rage Pass 16 1S Lew os —~ 180 240 300 MILES Figure 2.1 LOCATION MAP Cli;atic Background Light Conditic ns pL ae PERCENT FREQUENCY 6 ° 8 | PERCENT FREQUENCY g | 2: 8.23 8 DEGREES F vom Heating Dears: Days Tt ft T Y T ¥ T 4 8 i 1 DEGREE Days 5 ob Ls ai Growing Degree Days z Oe Ek Oars wan tel weal aon Teast oom Tan Tau! ste Tocr awl ore] Source: Department of Community and Regional Affairs, Community Profile Series. Figure 2.2 4:4 Population ensus Year 1939 1950 1960 1970 1980 | opulation — 69 129 114 125_| The population decline in the 1960's was partly the result of families moving to the newly established nearby village of Toksook Bay. Since the construction of the high school at Newtok the population has stabilized and is again showing a steady increase. Economy The principal activity in Newtok is subsistence. The cash economy of the village is limited. Furs and craft items are sold to supplement a family's income. Some of the younger people move to Bristol Bay in the summer to work in the salmon fishery. In nearly all villages in western Alaska the schools are the primary employers, and the same holds true for Newtok. The village supports a 2000 foot gravel airstrip and receives air carrier service daily from Seair or Wien. Oil, gas and other supplies are delivered yearly by the United and North Star barge systems. 2.4 3.0 VILLAGE VISIT The village of Newtok was visited on December 11-13. The village meeting was held on December 12th with the village council present. Some history pertaining to the former, and now inoperable, village owned central generating facility was obtained. A combination of a relatively lengthy distribution line and heavy loading contributed to the overloading and subsequent breakdown of the 30 KW generator. After the breakdown, parts were ordered and subsequently lost. Due to the excessive cost of generation and the fact that many people had already obtained their own portable generators by the time the parts arrived, there was little incentive to continue the repair. There have been several 12 volt wind generators operating in the village in the past, though all have been removed and are inoperable. When central generation became available these wind generators were abandoned. The residents have continued to supply their own electricty needs on an as-needed basis, during the evenings mostly, enabling them the comforts of lights and video. Most families own and operate small gas or diesel powered portable generators either as individual households or small two or three family co-ops. A small generator used for four to five hours in the evening can reportedly cost about $12.00/day. Newtok has received monies to implement the engineering-design phases of a new central generating facility. It is in the first stages of selecting an engineering firm to start the project. AVCP has targeted Newtok to receive nine new houses this summer. The preliminary surveying has been completed for the housing. United Utilities is planning expansion of the telephone services this coming summer as well. 3.1 4.0 EXISTING HEATING AND ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATING FACILITIES 4.2 4.3 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances Bulk fuel storage capacity within the village is listed, segreyated by sector, in Figure 4.1. These capacities are based on actual tank sizes and on estimates where reliable data could not be obtained. The storage capacity of domestic fuel tanks and 55 gallon drums is not included in the bulk storage capacities. , Also listed in Figure 4.1 are the types of heating and cooking appliances, segregated by sector, being used in the village. Electrical Generation Facilities The existing generating equipment installed in the village is listed in Figure 4.2. Comments on the operation of the generators are included. The anticipated generation equipment for a central power plant is also listed on Figure 4.2. Once the central power plant becomes operational the individual generators now used would be disconnected or used for back up. Fuel Oil Usage Figure 4.3 illustrates the use of fuel oil in the village. Consumption of fuel oil by sector for space heating is listed as a percentage of the total oil consumption. Similarly, the percentage of oil used for electrical power generation is shown. 4.1 4.4 The oil used for space heating is broken down to show the portion that actually heats building space, and that which is lost to waste. The electrical generation fuel oil is also separated into electrical energy and waste heat segments. Fuel oil consumption in the village was based on records, where avilable, and calculated estimates where no reliable records existed. Please refer to the main report for an explanation of the estimating process. The fuel oil consumption for electrical power generation was based on an assumed central electrical power plant, with the generating equipment listed in Figure 4.2. Electrical Energy Distribution The energy flow through the electrical generation sector is depicted graphically on Figure 4.4. The "pie-chart" represents the total energy dedicated to the generation of electrical power. Each sector in the village consumes a slice of the pie, as shown. 4.2 NEWTOK/1982 BULK FUEL STORAGE CAPACITIES AND TYPES OF HEATING APPLIANCES SECTOR ELECTRICAL SONERATION 13000 100000 Pd 32000 19000 cde aire hae a 3 is oa) ee ee LEGEND: TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS PUBLIC FUEL OIL 145000 gal (GALS) GASOLINE 19000 gal STORAGE * TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE ] OIL- FIRED FORCED AIR FURNACE OIL- FIRED BOILER WITH WATER/GLYCOL DISTRIBUTION woOOD STOVE PROPANE COOKING STOVES WASTE HEAT FROM GENERATORS oo pwn *DAY TANKS AND FUEL DRUMS ARE NOT INCLUDED. ** Anticipated central generation storage Figure 4.1 “DRIP = TYPE "Otc “STOVE /FURNACE "> 0° >>" ee ~ ee ee ee ELECTRICAL GENERATION FACIL ITIES NEWTOK hit GENERATOR NO. OF TYPE OF TYPE OF ELECTRICAL aa UNITS Baring ENGINE GENERATOR DISTRIBUTION NG Village 1 8.8 KW Lister 14.6HP Fidelity Loadsta}t 120/240V 1800 RPM F53-37-136 1 30 KW NOT OPE RAB LE High School 2 75 KW Cat 3304 KATO, 93.8 KVA 120/240V 1800 RPM 1 25 KW John Deere KATO, #25SX9E 100F01 Primary School 2 35 KW Kohler, 6189D Kohler, 35COT61 120/240V Private Individuals 8 2-12 KW ASS MRTED Proposed Central 2 75 KW 7200V Electricity Generation Facility 1 30 KW Figure 4.2 COMMENTS ON OPERATION This generator provides power to city hall and is operated only when power is needed. A single generator is operated to provide continuous power to the high school. Waste heat from the generators is used to heat the gymnasium. A single generator is operated continuously to provide power to the primary school and water plant. Generators are typically operated 3 to 5 hours per night and provide power to village residents for lights and home video. The central generation system would provide continuous power to the entire village. 100 90} 80 70 60 50 Percent 40 30 20 10} nn ESTIMATED FUEL OIL USE = 616000 GAL = 8430x10°BTU FUEL. OlL USAGE NEWTOK / 1982 SECTOR END USE Space Heat 383 Generator Waste Heat Electricity 83 Residential 20 % Commercial 3% Public 3% School 37 % Electrical Power 27% Generation Figure 4.3 4.5 ELECTRICAL GENERATION SECTOR ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NEWTOK Residential 5 % Commercial 2% Public 2% School 10 % Waste Heat 78% Generation Losses 3% TOTAL ENERGY 3100 x 10° BTU/YEAR TOTAL ELECTRIC POWER 195 MWH/YEAR Figure 4.4 4.6 5 -0 ENERGY BALANCE The estimated energy consumption in Newtok during 1982 is listed in Table 5.1. Estimates of the different types of energy consumed by the various sectors are based upon the 1980-81 fuel purchase records kept by the school, and the residents. Estimates based on the population, square footage of residences and other buildings, and calculated energy usage factors, were used where data were incomplete. The flow of energy through the village is illustrated in Figure 5.1. In 1982 it is estimated that 10,179 MMBTU of fuel will enter Newtok in the form of gasoline and fuel oil. This fuel will be distributed to the various sectors and used for transportation, cooking, heating and electricity generation. The conversion of the fuel to its end use will result in 52% or 9,496 MMBTU of energy to be lost as heat. 53% of this waste heat could be recovered using conservation and waste heat recovery practices. The actual amount of energy used by each sector is listed in the last column of the energy flow diagram. The 1982 projected distribution of useable energy, if a central generation system is installed in the village, is shown in Figure 5.2. The distribution represents the quantity of energy that will be required by each sector (excluding transportation) for electric lights and appliances, water heating, space heating and cooking, and generation station service. Percentages listed in the figure can be multiplied by the useable energy of 3873 X 10® Btus to determine the projected energy requirements for a particular end use in a given sector. These projected energy requirements do not include energy conversion losses and therefore represent the actual quantity of energy required for each end use. 5.1 cs VILLAGE: NEWTOK/1982 ENERGY BALANCE FUEL. OIL GASOLINE PROPANE TOTAL ENERGY TOTAL : ELECTRICITY Pe [ % [wm [a BTU x 10° GAL SECTOR RESIDENTIAL BTU x 10° % COMMERCIAL 199 4 PUBLIC 201 4 SCHOOLS 2200 39 GENERATION 100 | 2 ene TRANSPORTATION 1750 *station service or distribution losses Table 5.1 NEWTOK/1982 PoP: 131 HOUSEHOLDS: 33 13,100 HTG. DEGREE DAYS : a ede AMOUNT ENERGY PRODUCT ELECTRICAL ENO USE TOTAL BY SECTOR CONVERSION et WASTE HEAT ©: DISTRIBUTION | ay ‘SECTOR USABLE ENERGY = : — GASOLINE TRANSPORTATION | ~2anspoRTATION TRENSPORTATION ode k (1.750) \ - (2750) oe == PROPANE COOKING | RESIDENTIAL _ _ RESIDENTIAL wooo HEATING {1173} (1710) HEATING/ 3 COOKING BE) COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL (49) (199) HEATING (250) nn a (669) (109) < FUEL OIL POWER POWER GEN. — = GENERATION ELECTRICAL és (8429) GENERATORS ; (3100) u fara) SCHOOL(S) SCHOOL(S) HEATING/ (1890) (2200) COOKING (3150) (70) PUBLIC PUBLIC (201) HEATING L (219) TOTAL WASTE TOTAL INPUT HEAT USABLE ENERGY ENERGY (4559) (10179) RECOVERABLE WASTE HEAT (2143) 7766) WASTE HEAT NON - RECOVERABLE 2416 NOTE: : : : NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ARE 10° Btu's. WVY9VIG MOl1S ADYANS DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL USABLE ENERGY * NEWTOK WITH CENTRAL GENERATION SECTOR END USE BY SECTOR 100 90 80 xe See E (1.38) w H/C (3.98) 2 60 P (2.68) 5 atten WH (2.28) oO xc uw a 40 SCHOOLS H/C (46.5%) 30 20 10 E (1.88) o LPustic H/C (3.48) END USE SUMMARY E LIGHTS, REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS, 14.8 & VIDEO, AND OTHER ELECTRICAL USES WH WATER HEATING 5.6 H/C SPACE HEATING, COOKING AND MISC. 77.0 & P GENERATOR STATION SERVICE/ 2.6 % TRANSMISSION LOSSES TOTAL USABLE ENERGY = 3873 x 10° Btu % DOES NOT INCLUDE ENERGY USED FOR TRANSPORTATION AND RECOVERABLE WASTE HEAT lg. 2 0 en 6.0 ENERGY FORECASTS 6.1 Population Projection The population of Newtok was forecast for the twenty year planning period based upon historical population trends, expected changes resulting from planned capital projects, and the villagers' projections of the growth of their own community. Historical data from 1950 to 1980 approximates an average annual growth rate of 1%. The planned houses will be occupied by present residents and will not cause new families to move to the village. Electrification of the village may bring a small influx of new residents, but is not expected to increase the annual growth rate. Historical and projected populations are listed below. Figure 6.1 illustrates the population projection over the 20 year planning period. Historical Projected 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 69 129 114 125 138 152 168 Capital Projects Forecast Nine AVCP/HUD houses will be built during 1982 and their requirements have been included within the base case scenario for the village. Newtok has received a $190,000 grant from the State of Alaska to be used for electrification. Beyond these two major capital projects no other defined and scheduled projects are planned at this point in time. 6.3 Thermal Energy Projection Figure 6.2 presents the anticipated thermal energy consumption of Newtok during the forecast period. The thermal energy is provided by the combustion of fuel used for space heating. The projections were based on fuel use records and estimates of the heating requirements of the buildings. The nine AVCP/HUD houses were included in the projection. Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection ee SY Oe ak Vemand Frojection Figure 6.3 presents the anticipated electrical energy consumption of Newtok, by sector, during the forecast period. The projections were based on the existing electrical loads, consumption records, and estimates where accurate data were not available. Details of the estimation methods and calculations are included in the main report. The increased consumption from the new AVCP/HUD houses were included. 6.2 THERMAL ENERGY (MMBTUD POPULATION 173 158 - 14a POPULATION PROJECTION NEWTOK Ww Lv} T gy pp ps ple ip er nef gy ey ype ise@2 1984 1886 1988 1998 1992 1994 1996 1998 2¢2g YEAR Figure 6.1 THERMAL ENERGY PROJECTION NEWTOK Figure 6,2 6.3 ELECTRICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY PEAK DEMAND (KX) TOTAL (MWYH) BY SECTOR (MWH) PEAK DEMAND PROJECTION NEYTOK leg 9B 828 78 62 1882 1884 1986 1988 1g392 1932 1894 1935 1898 2f28 YEAR ELECTRICAL ENERGY PROJECTION NEWTOK 322 esa + 2ea 1s¢ 1 1 1 L 2. L 1 1 s * ! 125 -— lea Bene se? ye) = 2 os ce eee 75 Jali sists [ RN eee SBP eet | oN See seb 2 ees ine : . : — a 3 os a a 1g82 1884 «61986 1998 1892 19952 1994 les =1958 = ones YEAR G = Electrical Generation Sector C = Commercial P = Public S = Schools R = Residential Figure 6.3 6.4 ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Wind Winds in the area average 15.7 mph at a height of 10 meters. Ir a study by the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, the Newtok region was classified as having significant potential for a viable wind generation facility. However, before further plans can be developed a wind data acquisition system should be installed. Wind generation is not something new for Newtok residents. In the early 60's there were 4 wind generators operating in the village. These generators provided D.C. power to many of its residences. As diesel generated power became available these wind generators were abandoned. Many of the current residents are interested in utilizing a wind power system. The expense of wind systems (approximately $20,000/KW installed) and the technological inadequacy of currently available generators have combined to mitigate against the propossal of such a system for Newtok as part of this report. Hydro Newtok is located in an area of low relief. There is no hydroelectric potential in the region. Coal Coal is available from deposits nearby. It is used by several families for space heating. The magnitude of these coal deposits is unknown. There is no record of any commercial activity. 7.1 Wood Driftwood is gathered by village residents as fuel for space heating and steam baths. The cost of gathering sufficient quantities of driftwood for power generation would be high. Therefore, the use of driftwood in Newtok as a potential fuel resource for power generation is not viable. Solar Passive solar heat may be considered viable only as a Supplement to home heating. Geothermal Newtok has no geothermal potential. Peat The soils around Newtok are stratified silts originating from seasonal flooding of the Ninglick River. Although they contain a high percentage of organic matter, they cannot be classified as fuel grade peat. Conservation Measures Waste Heat Capture The majority of the energy in the fuel oil burned in a diesel generator is lost as waste heat through the engine cooling water, exhaust gases, and radiant heat from the engine. Much of the waste heat can be reclaimed from the engine cooling water and exhaust gas by transferring the 7.2 heat in heat exchangers to a secondary fluid, usually an antifreeze solution. This is then pumped to buildings and used in heaters for space heating. Alternate Plan A, detailed in Section 8.2 of this report, investigates the feasibility of waste heat recovery at Newtok. Weatherization Homes and buildings built in rural Alaska in the past have in general been poorly insulated and weatherized. Heat loss from such buildings is high, in the forms of heat loss directly through the walls, floor, and ceiling, and by the cold air that enters around leaky doors and windows. Insulating and weatherizing a home can often cut the heating fuel requirement in half or more, and make the building more comfortable and liveable at the same time. The materials required are inexpensive, and the skills necessary for installation low. This work is perhaps the most effective way of reducing village energy usage. Technology Ranking Figure 7.1 presents a ranking of the technologies that could be applied to the village. Each technology was examined on the basis of state-of-the-art quality of the technology, cost, reliability, resource, ‘\abor, and environmental impact. Please refer to the main report for the ranking methodology. pL Village of Newtok Technology | Relia- Environ- State-of-the-Art Cost bility Resource Labor mental Impact Tl fC Weatherization* 5 5 5 5 5 5 Diesel Power 5 4 4 4 4 4 0.87 | Waste Heat Recovery* 5 4 4 4 4 4 0.87 Hydroelectric Power N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 | Wind Energy Conversion systems 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.43 Geothermal Energy N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Steam Power from local fuel,wood,coal,ect... N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Gasification of wood,coal or peat N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Generation via synchronous Ladaehascdceacia 4 3 2 2 1 4 0.57 Electrical Load Management* * Energy Conservation Measures N/A Not Applicable Note: 0 = worst case, 5 = best case Figure 7.1 8.0 ENERGY PLAN 8.1 Base Case 8.1.1 General Description The base case plan for the village of Newtok is to install a central generation system. This centralized system would include the following components: 1. 2. Two 75 KW diesel generators that would be installed to meet the major power demands. A 30 KW diesel generator to be installed for night switching. Four 8000 gallon storage tanks to be used for storing a years supply of fuel. The replacement of the current distribution system with a centralized system operating at 7,200 volts single phase. This higher voltage would minimize distribution losses and voltage drop in the system through the use of step-up and step-down transformers. Single phase power of 120/240V would be provided to village residents. Watt meters at the service entrance of all power users in order to provide an equitable billing to all consumers. 8.1 6. A 16' x 24' building that would provide housing for generators and storage. Provision should be made for eventual development of a waste heat recovery system by locating the building in proximity to the high school and city hall. 8.1.2 Base Case Cost Analysis The installation cost of the anticipated central electric power plant was estimated to be $446,000. The cost is itemized below: Generators and Equipment 68,000 Fuel Storage 16,000 Generator Building 192,000 Labor 27,000 Shipping 25,000 Subtotal 328,000 Engineering 29,500 Project Management 14,750 Test 14,750 Contingency 59,000 Total Estimated Cost $446,000 The plant value was amortized over a 20 year period. Additional generation capacity was added, in increments of 50 kw, when the growing peak demand required it. The incremental cost of additional generation capacity was estimated to be $1650/kw. 8.2 8.1.3 The cost of fuel oil was set at $11.48/MMBTU, based on a fuel cost of $1.55/gallon. Operation and maintenance expenses were estimated at 8¢/kwh. Table 8.1 presents the itemized present value analysis of the base case for the 20 year study period. The discounted 20 year present value was $1,613,100. Social and Environmental Evaluation Base Case Plan Summary: Continuation of present diesel generation 1) Community Preference: At the time of the village visit there was no central generation system. The villagers are requesting that central generation be installed to reduce their cost of electricity and increase its availability and reliability. 2) Environmental Considerations: i) Air Quality: Exhausting combustion gases releases a small amount of pollutants to the local environment, but the impact is minimal. ii) Noise: The exhaust stacks from the generators would produce a considerable amount of noise. The installation of effective mufflers would reduce the noise level to a tolerable level. iii) Water Quality: No impact. iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: No known impacts. 0-8 DIESEL - ELECTRIC 1982 INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION 29.9 FUEL 36.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 14.5 TOTAL 80.9 TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST 80.9 DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 80.9 DIESEL - ELECTRIC 1992 INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION 35.4 FUEL 56.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 17.3 TOTAL 109.1 TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST 109.1 DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 81.1 1983 29.9 38.3 14.9 83.1 83.1 80.7 1993 35.4 58.5 17.6 111.6 111.6 80.6 NOTE: 1984 29.9 40.1 15.2 85.2 85.2 80.3 1994 35.4 60.9 17.8 114.1 114.1 80.0 NEWTOK PLAN 1 BASE CASE 1985 35.4 42.0 15.5 92.9 92.9 85.1 1995 35.4 63.3 18.0 116.7 116.7 79.5 1986 35.4 43.9 15.8 95.1 95.1 84.5 1996 35.4 65.7 18.3 119.4 119.4 78.9 1987 35.4 45.9 16.1 97.3 97.3 84.0 1997 35.4 68.3 18.5 122.2 122.2 78.4 *** ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.1 1988 35.4 47.8 16.3 99.6 99.6 83.4 1998 35.4 70.9 18.7 125.0 125.0 77.9 1989 35.4 49.9 16.6 101.9 101.9 82.9 1999 35.4 73.6 18.9 128.0 128.0 77.4 1990 35.4 51.9 16.8 104.2 104.2 82.3 2000 35.4 76.4 19.1 131.0 131.0 76.9 1991 35.4 54.1 17.1 106.6 106.6 81.7 2001 35.4 79.3 19.4 134.1 134.1 76.5 TOTAL 692. 11235 342. 2158. 2158, 1613. mw w 1 1 8.1.4 v) Terrestrial Impacts: There is no impact on vegetation or soils. vi) Land Use and Ownership Status: All leases and permits are in place. Base Case Technical Evaluation The anticipated operation of the central diesel electric power plant in Newtok is expected to have the following characteristics: 1. High Reliability. Diesel generation is a well proven well understood technology with a successful history in rural Alaska. Backup generation allows maintenance of the generators to be performed without a major interruption of electrical power. Occasional system downtime is expected for distribution system maintenance. Safety. A small risk is realized by the storage and handling of fuel oil. Normal risks associated with electrical power are also present. Availability. There are no indications that spare parts will become difficult to obtain in the future. The availability of fuel to the power plant depends on the reliability of transportation to the village. 8.5 8.2 Alternate Plan A 8.2.1 General Description The Alternate Plan A for Newtok is the installation of a waste heat recovery system installed at the anticipated central electric power plant. It consists of the following features: 1. Jacket water heat recovery equipment installed on the 75 KW generators. 2. A distribution system consisting of pump, piping and valves to deliver the ethylene glycol heat transfer fluid to the heated buildings and return it to the power plant. 3. Heating equipment installed in the high school buildings, to provide space heating. 4. A control system that automatically regulates the supply of heat to the buildings, and rejects any surplus waste heat to the engine radiators. 8.2.2 Alternate A Cost Analysis Table 8.2 presents the itemized, estimated cost to install the jacket water waste heat recovery system. The initial cost of the heat recovery system was estimated to be $70,500. The system value was amoritzed over a 10 year period. 8.6 ESTIMATED HEAT RECOVERY COSTS Project Location Generators (kw) Estimated total kwh generated Generators equipped with neat recovery equipment CALCULATED VALUES Average Generation Rate Percent of On-Line Capacity Maximum Jacket Water Heat Recovery Percent Jacket Water Heat Available Estimated Recovered Heat Available Estimated Recovered Heat Utilized MAJOR COST ITEMS 1. Main piping 75 feet x $120/ft. 2. Heat Recovery Equipment 3. Circulating Pumps 4. Heaters and Miscellaneous Hardware 5. Contingencies (30%) 6. Base Cost 7. Project Management (5%) 8. Engineering (10%) 9. ESTIMATED PROJECT COST 10. O & M COST 11. Recovery Efficiency Table 8.2 Newtok 75,75,30 195,000 kwh/yr 75,75 22 kw 308 4300 Btu/min 45% -116x10© BtuH -116X106 BtuH 9,000 22,300 7,600 8,300 14,100 | 61,300 3,100 6,100 70,500 1.48/MMBtu 5216 Btu/kwh The cost of fuel oil normally used for space heating, which was offset by the captured waste heat, was $17.26/MMBTU, based on a fuel oil cost of $2.33/gallon. Operation and maintenance costs were calculated to be $1.48/MMBTU waste heat captured. Table 8.3 presents the itemized present value analysis of the plan, for the 20 year study period. The discounted net benefit of the system was $451,500. 8.2.3 Social and Environmental Fvaluation Alternate Plan A Summary: Waste heat capture from existing generators for sale to major consumers. 1) Community Preference: The villagers of Newtok recognize that the installation of waste heat recovery would improve the efficiency of fuel use in a central power plant. The sale of waste heat will help lessen the effect of rising fuel prices on the cost of electricity. Installation of the waste heat capture system will require local expertise and should provide a number of jobs during the construction phase. The system should operate with minimal maintenance although one part time person would be required until the system has been tested and initial minor problems have been solved. “8 NEWTOK PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A DIESEL - ELECTRIC 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION 29.9 29.9 29.9 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.4 FUEL 36.5 38.3 40.1 42.0 43.9 45.9 47.8 49.9 51.9 54.1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 14.5 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 Le TOTAL: 80.9 83.1 85.2 92.9 95.1 97.3 99.6 101.9 104.2 106.6 TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST 80.9 83.1 85.2 92.9 95.1 97.3 99.6 101.9 104.2 106.6 DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 80.9 80.7 80.3 85.1 84.5 84.0 83.4 82.9 82.3 81.7 NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 EXTRA COSTS 0.0 0.0 oa) 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.9 959 BENEFITS 0.0 0.0 32.1 33.5 35.0 36.5 38.1 39.7 41.3 42.9 NET BENEFITS 0.0 0.0 22.4 23.8 25.2 26.7 28.2 29.8 31.4 33.0 DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS 0.0 0.0 20.5 20.1 21.8 22.4 23.0 23.5 24.1 24.6 NOTE: *** ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.3 ot’s DIESEL - ELECTRIC el AND AMORTIZATION OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS EXTRA COSTS BENEFITS. NET BENEFITS DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS 1992 35.4 56.3 17.3 109.1 109.1 81.1 1993 35.4 58.5 17.6 111.6 111.6 80.6 1993 10.0 46.4 36.4 25.5 NOTE: 1994 35.4 60.9 17.8 114.1 114.1 80.0 1994 10.0 48.2 38.2 26.0 KKK NEWTOK PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A 1995 35.4 63.3 18.0 116.7 116.7 79.5 1995 10.0 50.0 40.0 26.5 1996 35.4 65.7 18.3 119.4 119.4 78.9 1996 10.0 51.9 41.9 26.9 1997 35.4 68.3 18.5 122.2 122.2 78.4 1997 10.0 53.9 43.9 27.3 ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.3 (continued) 1998 35.4 70.9 18.7 125.0 125.0 77.9 1998 10.1 55.9 45.9 27.7 1999 35.4 73.6 18.9 128.0 128.0 77.4 1999 10.1 58.0 47.9 28.2 2000 35.4 76.4 19.1 131.0 131.0 76.9 2000 10.1 60.2 50.1 28.6 2001 35.4 79.3 19.4 134.1 134.1 76.5 2001 10.1 62.4 52.3 28.9 TOTAL 692.3 112358 342.3 2158.1 216831 1613.1 TOTAL 179.0 830.7 651.7 451.5 2) 8.2.4 invironmental Considerations: i) ii) iii) iv) vi) Air Quality: There will be a reduction in fuel consumption in the village resulting in reduced emissions of hydrocarbons, monoxides and nitrogen oxides. Noise Levels: No impac:. Water Quality: There would be a minor impact if a major leakage occurred in the coolant system. Fish and Wildlife Impacts: None. Terrestrial Impacts: Will be minimal during the installation of the distribution system and will be restricted to the village site. Land use and Ownership Status: It is assumed that the village will make the necessary arrangements for the right of way requirements for the distribution system. Alternate Plan A Technical Evaluation Operation of the waste heat recovery system in Newtok, in conjunction with the central power plant, is expected to conform to the following expectations: 1. High Reliability. The system utilizes simple, reliable components that are readily available off the shelf from a variety of sources. Safety. A well maintained system has little hazard potential associated with it. 3. Availability. All components needed are available immediately. The system is relatively easy to implement. 8.12 9.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS <nasens penned sooeemanateanenaianneonntpaiGeevinnanetnreddaetateteee eee, Table 9.1 summarizes the village plans, the associated present worth analysis, and any non-electric benefits. Table 9.1 AN Alternative A Diesel and Waste Heat NEWTOK Energy Source Base Case Present Wort ectrica Direct power generation costs, excluding aijiministrative costs, are presented in Table 9.2 for each energy plan. Table 9.2 Energy Base Case Alternative A Production Plan 1 Cost Plan 2 Cost Year (kwh/yr.) (¢/kwh ) (¢/kwh) ’ : ie 1983 185,800 44.73 44.73 1984 189,700 44.91 33.10 1985 193,500 48.01 35.71 1986 197,200 48.23 35.45 1987 200,600 48.50 35.19 1988 204,000 48.82 35.01 1989 207,300 49.16 34.78 1990 210,500 49.50 34.58 1991 213,600 49.91 34.46 1992 216,600 50.37 34.35 1993 219,600 50.82 34.24 1994 222,500 51.28 34.11 1995 225,400 51.277 34.03 1996 228,200 52.32 33.96 1997 231,000 52.88 33.88 1998 233,800 53.46 33.83 1999 236,600 54.10 33.85 2000 239,400 54.72 33.79 2001 242,100 55.39 33:79 _———"——_————_-—--- Table 9.3 presents the plans for the village, in rank of recommended preference. The recommended action appropriate to each alternative is listed as well. , Table 9.3 Ener Plan Alternative Recommended Action energy Saan Aiternative _______Recommended Action Alternative A - Waste Heat Initiate a feasibility Capture study for waste heat recovery. Estimated cost of feasibilty study $12,000 - $15,000. Base Case — Operation of Anticipated Central Power Plant Addit ional Recommendat ions Weatherization gg Eee Weatherization No resource assessment or -building insulation feasibility study -building envelope indicated; immediate action infiltration required to bring Energy - improved combustion Audit and/or weatherization program to this community. Wind Power Initiate win ata acquisition program. Reconnaissance studies are necessarily preliminary in nature, however, it is apparent that there is great potential for a waste heat capture system in Newtok. Sale of the waste heat will realize increased revenues to the utility which will decrease the cost of production for electricity. Currently (1981-82) electricity costs an estimated 44.52¢ per KWH based on $1.55 a gallon for fuel and assuming that a central generation and distribution system is installed. The fuel is supplied by Chevron and barged to Newtok from the distribution center in Bethel. The computer model used in the reconnaissance study projected that the 1982-83 cost of production for electricity will be approximately 44.52¢ per KWH. The study suggested that a waste heat capture system would be installed, and become operational in 1983-84. It was assumed that the waste heat would replace fuel oil, which costs $2.33 per gallon, used for space heating. Based on this assumption, the cost of production for electricity would be reduced from 44.91¢ to 33.10¢ per KWH. Therefore it is recommended that a waste heat capture system be installed. The reconnaissance study estimates that the system has the potential to save up to 9,500 gallons of fuel oil in the first full year of operation. 9.3 APPENDIX. See Section 3.0 (Methodology) of the Main Report: RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR THE VILLAGES OF Aniak, Atka, Chefornak, Chignik Lake, Cold Bay, False Pass, Hooper Bay, Ivanof Bay, Kotlik, Lower and Upper Kalskag, Mekoryuk, Newtok, Nightmute, Nikolski, St. George, St. Marys, St. Paul, Toksook Bay, and Tununak. MEMO TO THE RECORD ALASKA susyect ACRES' and NORTEC's ENERGY RECONS sy PKD spate 4/6/82 POWER OF SHEETNO.__]oF_} AUTHORITY | PARKS, OFFICE OF HISTORY & ARCHEOLOGY prosect ENERGY RECONS | Diana Rigg called with a personal communication which she will follow with a letter. Eight of our reconnaissance communities for the FY 82 studies have sites of historical y-potentia}l Projects. They are: Chignik Lake | Atka Ivanof Bay Ni ghtmute Stebbins —Newtok New Chenega She recommends that if feasibility studies are done for these communities, the contractor should contact their office early in the study. Reply to Telecon with Diana Rigg, DNR, Division of Parks, Office of History and Archaeology, dated 4/6/82. Receipt of the letter is acknowledged; but no reply is necessary. MEM QBAND UM: State of Alaska DIVISION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TO ERIC YOULD, Executive Director DATE: April 16, 1982 Alaska Power Authority FILE NO: Q ‘RECEIVED TELEPHONE NO: 976.9653 FROM: pF ED STOOPS APR 2 2 1982 SUBJECT: DNR Comments: APA's Director Draft FY 82 Energy ‘ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY Reconnaissance Reports The Department of Natural Resources appreciates the opportunity to review these draft energy reconnaissance report. Ivanof Bay: There are no known cultural resources sites on the National Register of Historic Places, nor are there sites determined to be eligible for the National Register. Examination of Division of Parks records indicates there is a low potential of such sites occurring in the subject area; however, it is the responsibility of APA to verify this statement. Should cultural resources be found during the construction, we request that the project engineer halt work which may disturb such resources and contact the Division of Parks immediately. Should there be any questions, please contact Diana Rigg, Division of Parks, at 274-4676. Newtok, Nightmute, Stebbins, and New Chenega: The Division of Parks is concerned that the impact of the projects on cultural resources has not been included in the reconnaissance studies. In order for the Alaska Power Authority to meet its responsibilities per 36 CFR 800, cultural resources must be addressed under consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer. The Division of Parks therefore requests to review the feasibility reports for the proposed projects if they are initiated. Chignik Lake: The reconnaissance study suggests that hydroelectric power and a central power plant are feasible alternatives to the present power base. There are cultural resources sites listed on the AHRS in the vicinity of Chignik Lake and there is potential for other sites to be found. The Division of Parks would like the opportunity to comment and review the feasibility reports for the proposed hydroelectric power unit and for the central power plant, if they are initiated. Atka: The reconnaissance study suggests that hydroelectric power js a feasible alternative to the present power base. There are cultural resources sites listed on the AHRS that are in the vicinity of the village and there is potential for other sites to be found. The Division of Parks would like the opportunity to comment and review the feasibility report for the proposed project, if it is initiated. Reed Stoops 2 April 16, 1982 Atkasook: The reconnaissance study discusses the potential use of coal from local sources as a viable and feasible project. No specific locations were identified by the report. Over 30 cultural resources sites are listed on the AHRS as being within the general vicinity of Atkasook; these sites and others may be impacted should any coal be mined in the area. The Division of Parks would like to review any future plans that involve coal mining in the vicinty, should definite plans be initiated. If you have any questions regarding these comments, please contact Diana Rigg, Division of Parks, at 274-4676. Thank you for the opportunity to comment. Reply to the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Research and Development letter dated 4/16/82. The cultural resources of the respective sites will be addressed in any feasibility studies. gta Corporation 516 Denali Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501 (907) 279-5516 R ECEIveD APR 1 2 1982 ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY April 9, 1982 Eric Yould ! Alaska Power Authority 334 West 5th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 RE: Letter of March 8, 1982 We have reviewed the draft documents by NORTEC of the energy reconnaissance report of the Calista Region. Calista Corporation endorses the study that was done by NORTEC. Energy in the Calista Region is probably the most expensive item for the people. Oil and gas have to be transported in, therefore causing the cost of energy to skyrocket in the villages. We would very much appreciate for Alaska Power Authority go on further and make recommendations to improve the energy programs within our region. However, please coordinate with Calista Corporation and A.V.C.P. Inc. on the reconnaissance studies that will be done in the future. Any questions please do not hesitate to call on us. Sincerely, CALISTA CORPORATION OK Al} ider . President AR/ms Reply to Calista Corporation letter dated 4/9/82. Receipt of the letter and the point about further future coordination with A.V.C.P. Inc. is acknowledged. rresy PROPERTY OF: Alaska Power Authority _ 9334 W. Sth Ave. ~2Anchorage, Alaska 99501