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HomeMy WebLinkAboutMekoryuk Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 7-1982 VIL-N Ai a eS A 002 Maid oo. Wy DY hy Mekoryuk RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES soc Case FOR PROPERTY OF: fllaska Power Authority 334 W. 5th Ave. orage, Alaska 99501 EKORYUK ANIAK ATKA MEKORYUK CHEFORNAK NEWTOK CHIGNIK LAKE NIGHTMUTE COLD BAY NIKOLSKI FALSE PASS ST. GEORGE HOOPER BAY ST. MARYS IVANOF BAY ST. PAUL KOTLIK TOKSOOK BAY LOWER AND TUNUNAK UPPER KALSKAG PREPARED BY NORTHERN TECHNICAL SERVICES & VAN GULIK AND ASSOCIATES ANCHORAGE, ALASKA ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY MEKORYUK RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES A Report by Northern Technical Services Van Gulik and Associates Anchorage, Alaska July, 1982 1.0 Summary and Recommendations 2.0 Background 3.0 Village Meeting 4.0 Existing Heating and Electrical Power Generating Facilities 4.1 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances 4.2 Electrical Generation Facilities 4.3 Fuel Oil Usage 4.4 Electrical Energy Distribution 5.0 Energy Balance 6.0 Energy Forecasts 6.1 Population Projection 6.2 Capital Projects 6.3 Thermal Energy Projection 6.4 Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection 7.0 Energy Resource Assessment 8.0 Energy Plans 8.1 Base Case 8.2 Alternate Plan A 9.0 Analysis of Alternatives and Recommendations Appendix TABLE OF CONTENTS Review letters and replies > Pb hb bP oe © wo boa oa ~ DAAAA . ee we ee _ wo © © © Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 5.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2 9.3 LIST OF TABLES Energy Balance for 1982 Itemized Present Worth Analysis of the Base Case Estimated Heat Recovery Costs Itemized Present Worth Analysis of Alternate Plan A Summary of the Present Worth Analysis and Any Non-electric Benefits for Each Energy Plan Direct Power Generation Costs for Each Energy Plan Preference Ranking of Village Energy Plans and Associated Recommended Actions ii Page 5.2 9.2 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 2.1 2.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 6.3 7.1 LIST OF FIGURES Location Map Climatic Background Bulk Fuel Storage Capacities and Types of Heating Appliances Electrical Generation Facilities Fuel Oil Usage Electrical Generation Sector Energy Distribution Energy Flow Diagram Distribution of Total Useable Energy Population Projection Thermal Energy Projection Peak Demand and Electrical Energy Projection Appropriate Technology Ranking Diagram iii Page . 2.2 2.3 6.6 7.4 1.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The production of electricity is the focus of the Energy Recon- naissance Program. This study concentrated on seeking alternatives to diesel powered electrical generators. However, where there are no reliable and viable alternatives, attention was focused on ways by which the costs of electricity generation could be reduced. In Mekoryuk there are no viable alternatives to diesel generation and a waste heat capture was investigated as a means of making use of a resource (thermal energy) which is being wasted currently. The sale of otherwise wasted heat could provide additional income to the utility and be reflected in lower costs for the generation of electricity. Also, reduction in the volumes of fuel oil required for space heating would realize further savings to the community as a whole. Summary Statements Only those technologies that could be readily assimilated into Mekroyuk were considered. 1. Fuel oil was found to be the major source of energy used in the village. Additional energy was supplied by wood and gasoline. 2. Significant amounts of energy are lost in the village due to: (1) inefficient combustion; (2) poor insulation and excessive air infiltration; and (3) wasted heat from diesel electric generation. 3. Forecasts show an inevitable increase in energy consump- tion in the village due to population growth. Addition- al construction unrelated to population size is antici- pated and will impact energy consumption and demand. rat Energy resource baseline data is generally weak in the village. This weakens the accuracy of technological or economic predictions. However, the estimates relative to waste heat availability appear reasonably reliable. The feasibility of various technologies, for electri- cal and thermal energy production, were evaluated. Wind, geothermal, solar, peat, wood, hydro and coal were examined as potential energy resources and are not viable as alternatives to fuel oil generated electricity. Waste heat recovery from the central power plant formed the basis of the alternate energy plan. The Base Case Plan was formulated based on the continued use of centrally generated electric Power. A present worth analysis of each alt2rnative plan was performed. General Recommendations 1. The supporting energy and resource data base should be strengthened. New technologies, and advances in old technologies, need demonstration projects to deterinine their feasibility in rural Alaska. Significant energy savings could be :-ealized by a village-wide energy conservation and weatherization program. 1.2 Village Specific Recommendations 1. Waste heat recovery, from the existing central power plant, utilized for space heating in the village is economically feasible and attractive in the amount of fuel oil saved. The installation of the waste heat recovery system is recommended. The following steps should be taken: a. Initiate a feasibility study of waste heat recovery from the anticipated central power plan. b. Investigate power plant operation for potential of improved diesel efficiency. 2.0 BACKGROUND Location Mekoryuk is a coastal village on the north shore of the island of Nunivak. The Etolin Strait separates Nunivak Island from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Figure 2.1). The island is in the Bering Sea approximately 25 miles from the mainland. The most pressing problem facing the city council is their limited water supply. The water provided by the city well is unpalatable. Currently, they must fetch water from upriver. In the summer rainwater satisfies their needs. Climate Climatic data for Mekoryuk has not been recorded. Cape Romanzof is the nearest weather recording station at a distance of approximately 95 miles (Figure 2.2). The large distance involved make extrapolation of weather data rather dubious. Mekoryuk is located in a maritime climatic weather regime. They receive about 75 inches of snow and 16 inches of rain annually. The residents of Mekoryuk report strong winds year round, decreasing slightly in the summer months. At Cape Romanzof the temperature ranges between minus 25°F and 79°F. Population The population of Mekoryuk fluctuates greatly as influenced mainly by the economy. Census Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 Population 156 242 249 161 Number of Houses 57 61 2.1 KEY 1 KOTLIK 2 SAINT MARYS 3. KALSKAG 4 ANIAK 5 LOWER KALSKAG 6 NEWTOK 7 NIGHTMUTE 8 CHEFORNAK 9 MEKORYUK 10 TOKSOOK BAY in| TUNUNAK 12. HOOPER BAY 13. CHIGNIK LAGOON 14. CHIGNIK 15 IVANOF BAY 16 FALSE PASS 17 COLD BAY 18 NIKOLSKI 19 ATKA 20 ST. PAUL ST. GEORGE 11 TuNuNaK ~~ 10 toxsoox say—_*. QMEKORYUK an, 3 i 3 4 aa ~ tle, I ~ CHEFORNAI F “ j } BL ae nawrion ) pe 7 P= SAINT Mapys_2 eo ‘ 23). + KALSKAG 3 -=. “Sivanor eay 15 cman A ya Figure 2.1 LOCATION MAP Climatic Background aan see |man| are iwav: sun | sur | auc! ser! ocr! nov | ofc Light Conditions HOURS ° Winds Cave Romanzof data Ween wine soee ne | NE 8 8 KNOTS 6 ° 3 PERCENT FREQUENCY s ° 8 PEACENT FREQUENCY a 8 ° Precipitation 10 Vanrum mantniy peupaton not neaoe DEGREES ec 8 & 8 B & 8 t oF & }. 2500 Heating Degree Days } — t t DEGREE DAYS Growing Degree Days T T wan ee wan! wow way! yon Taub auc! sie T oct Tow Tore son 20 DE eEE OANS Source: Department of Community and Regional Affairs, Community Profile Series. Figure 2.2 253 Economy The economy of Mekoryuk is based upon subsistence. The village manages the 4500 reindeer on the island. They harvest 2500-3000 pounds of antlers annually. When operating the plant shipped by air to Bethel. Several years ago the main processing plant burned and the village is seeking funding for a new reindeer processing plant. The plant currently employs 4 people full time and hires 25 employees in the summer. Fishing and seal hunting camps are established every year outside the village. Hunting, trapping, berry picking and making crafts are also important components of the subsistence income. Cash income is limited. Some villagers work for the State Department of Fish and Wildlife during the summer. The store managed by the village corporation employs 5 people. The city employs 6 people. A few villagers work as hunting guides. In addition to the reindeer processing plant and store, the village public buildings includes a city hall, a building for community meetings, a primary school, and a high school. Improvements the villagers would like to see include addition of a crosswind runway at the airport, road improvement, installation of an electrical generating system at the airport, and construction of a waterfront seawall. 2.4 3.0 COMMUNITY MEETING The community meeting started with the field team describing the aims and objectives of the Energy Reconnaissance Program. The video cassette titled "Power for Alaska" was shown. The discussions focused on the current most pressing problem in the village which is the water supply system. The current system is prone to freezing and is unreliable. The villagers are interested in the possibity of an above ground utilidor system. Roads in Mekoryuk are also a problem as in access to Muruvak Island via the airport. A crosswind runway has been requested and because of the frequent foggy conditions in the area navigation aids are required at the airport. Presently there is no electricity at the airport and ideas were shared on the potential of installing either a three mile transmission line or a wind-powered generator. There were considerable reservations over the reliability of a wind-powered system especially for an installation as critical as an airport. The village economy is diverse with reindeer herding, fishing and traditional crafts such as basket making and ivory carving providing an important source of additional income. The villagers were concerned over the rapidly rising costs of fuel for home heating and were most interested in state supported schemes to assist with weatherization in particular. oom The topic of wind-powered generators was discussed at length. Many villagers questioned when a reliable wind system would be available, at a reasonable cost. The recent experiences at Nelson Lagoon and the severe reservations which have been expressed by the manufacturers concerning the overspeed control systems for the Sheldon Point installations provoked further discussion over the status of wind-power technology. Reservations were expressed as to whether wind would ever be a viable source for remote communities, especially where severe austiness and icing conditions exist. 3.2 4.0 EXISTING HEATING AND ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATING FACILITIES 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances Bulk fuel storage capacity within the village is listed, segregated by sector, in Figure 4.1. These capacities are based on actual tank sizes and on estimates where reliable data could not be obtained. The storage capacity of domestic fuel tanks and 55 gallon drums is not included in the bulk storage capacities. Also listed in Figure 4.1 are the types of heating and cooking appliances, segregated by sector, being used in the village. Electrical Generation Facilities The existing generating equipment installed in the village is listed in Figure 4.2. Comments on the operation of the generators are included. Fuel Oil Usage Figure 4.3 illustrates the use of fuel oil in the village. Consumption of fuel oil by sector for space heating is listed as a percentage of the total oil consumption. Similarly, the percentage of oil used for electrical power generation is shown. 4.1 4.4 The oil used for space heating is broken down to show the portion that actually heats building space, and that which is lost to waste. The electrical generation fuel oil is also separated into electrical energy and waste heat segments. Fuel oil consumption in the village was based on records, where avilable, and calculated estimates where no reliable records existed. Please refer to the Methodology section of the main report for an explanation of the estimating process. The fuel oil consumption for electrical power generation was based on the central electrical power plant, with the generating equipment listed in Figure 4.3. Electrical Energy Distribution The energy flow through the electrical generation sector is depicted graphically on Figure 4.4. The "pie-chart" represents the total energy dedicated to the generation of electrical power. Each sector in the village consumes a slice of the pie, as shown. e°V MEKORYUK/1982 BULK FUEL STORAGE CAPACITIES AND TYPES OF HEATING APPLIANCES SECTOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION PUBLIC RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS COMMERCIAL as FUEL OIL 23 265000 gal 111000 xa re GASOLINE o 41000 gal TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE LEGEND: TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE OIL-FIRED FORCED AIR FURNACE OIL- FIRED BOILER WITH WATER/GLYCOL DISTRIBUTION ORIP-TYPE OIL STOVE/FURNACE WOOD STOVE PROPANE COOKING STOVES WASTE HEAT FROM GENERATORS oa paWDY *pay TANKS AND FUEL DRUMS ARE NOT INCLUDED. Figure 4.1 vv Alaska Village Electric Cooperative High School BIA School ELECTRICAL GENERATION GENERATOR OUTPUT RATING MEKORYUK TYPE OF ENGINE Allis-Chalmers #43961, 1800 RPM water cooled Allis-Chalmers #11000, 1800 RPM Allis-Chalmers #3500 1800 RPM Cat 3306 w/ supercharger 1800 RPM /1982 TYPE OF GENERATOR Allis-Chalmers E2031M1324 KATO, #100SX9E Allis-Chalmers E2017M1309-1 KATO, 125SX9E Waukesha #135DKSU 1200 RPM water coole@ The Inst. Lab #50034 Figure 4.2 FACILITIES ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION 120/208V 120/240V 1120/240V COMMENTS ON OPERATION A single AVEC generator provides continuous power to the entire community. Power is distributed at 208V and transformed to 120/ 240V €or the school, stores, and residences. Generator is equipped for waste heat recovery but is now only used for backup. Generator provides backup power to the BIA School. FUEL OIL USAGE MEKORYUK / 1982 SECTOR END USE Space Heat 100 90 39% 80 70 Waste Heat 26% 30 Generator Waste Heat 20 10 Electricity 83 R Residential 30 % c Commercial 3% P Public 5 % S School 27 % E Electrical Power ° Generation 35 % ESTIMATED FUEL OIL USE = 122000 GAL = 16500x10°BTu Figure 4.3 4.5 ELECTRICAL GENERATION SECTOR ENERGY DISTRIBUTION MEKORYUK Residential 4% Commercial 8% Public 2% School 7% Waste Heat 78% Generation Losses 1% TOTAL ENERGY 5780 x 10° BTU/YEAR TOTAL ELECTRIC POWER 375 MWH/YEAR Figure 4.4 4.6 5.0 ENERGY BALANCE The estimated energy consumption in Mekoryuk during 1982 is listed in Table 5.1. Estimates of the different types of energy consumed by the various sectors are based upon the 1980-81 fuel purchase records kept by the store, the school, and the local utility. Estimates based on the population, square footage of residences and other buildings, and calculated energy usage factors, were used where data were incomplete. The flow of energy through the village is illustrated in Figure 5.1. In 1982 it is estimated that 19,703 MMBTU of fuel will enter Mekoryuk in the form of gasoline, wood and fuel oil. This fuel will be distributed to the various sectors and used for transportation, cooking, heating and electricity generation. The conversion of the fuel to its end use will result in 55% or 10,881 MMBTU of energy lost as heat. 50% of this waste heat could be recovered using conservation and waste heat recovery practices. The actual amount of energy used by each sector is listed in the last column of the energy flow diagram. The 1982 projected distribution of useable energy is shown in Figure 5.2. The distribution represents the quantity of energy that will be required by each sector (excluding transportation) for electric lights and appliances, water heating, space heating and cooking, and generation station service. Percentages listed in the figure can be multiplied by the useable energy of 8825 xX 106 Btus to determine the projected energy requirements for a particular end use in a given sector. These projected energy requirements do not include energy conversion losses and therefore represent the actual quantity of energy required for each end use. 5.1 c°s VILLAGE: MEKORYUK/1982 ENERGY BALANCE GASOLINE PROPANE WASTE TOTAL GAL x 108 % MWH x08 % HEAT ENERGY TOTAL ELECTRICITY Tota | RECOV- g BTU BTU SECTOR TU BTU GAL «10° LBs. x 10° ery, ERABLE 8TuU 7 BTU x 10° % x 10& — RESIDENTIAL 36500 4940 30 66 226 18 160 3000 4070 | 2035 4296 36 COMMERCIAL | 217 108 780 7 PUBLIC 324 162 628 5 SCHOOLS 1770 177 3038 26 ELECTRICAL GENERATION 83 1 TRANSPORTATION 3040 26 122100 *station service or distribution losses Table 5,1 | aanbi4 u's ME KORY UK/198 2 POP: 176 HOUSEHOLDS: 40 13,000 HTG. DEGREE DAYS oe AMOUNT ENERGY EROCDES ELECTRICAL END USE TOTAL BY SECTOR CONVERSION vA HEA DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR USABLE ENERGY casoL ine TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION (3040) TRANSPORTATION (3040) PROPANE COOKING (200) (4296) RESIDENTIAL (1900) RESIDENTIAL wooo A (3000) Hees 2100) (8140) HEATING/ (2970) 2 COOKING wees COMMERCIAI COMMERCIAL VAL HEATING (455) (780) (542) (83) (83) FUEL OIL POWER POWER GEN. (16503) GENERATION ELECTRICAL GENERATORS (5780) 378 SCHOOL(S) SCHOOL(S) HEATING/ (2660) (3038) COOK! (4430) ae (141) PUBLIC PUBLIC re (628) ING (811) [ TOTAL TOTAL INPUT USABLE ENERGY ENERGY RECOVERABLE (19703) WASTE HEAT (17267) WASTE HEAT NON - RECOVERABLE (5479) (5402) NOTE : NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ARE 10° atu's. WVY9OVIG MOTTA ADYANS DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL USABLE ENERGY* MEKORYUK/1982 anit END USE BY SECTOR ni “Ea, 68) WH (5.23) 90 ad < 80 e H/C (40.98) e a a ~-~ 70 “ uJ w oO c <x 60 Be z w 50 H/C (3.78) Ww a P(0.9%) ri 40 WH (1.08) 30 SCHOOLS H/C (29.2%) 20 10 E(1.6$%) PUBLIC H/C (5.5%) 0 END USE SUMMARY E LIGHTS, REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS, 13.7% VIDEO, AND OTHER ELECTRICAL USES WH WATER HEATING 6.2%: H/C SPACE HEATING, COOKING AND MISC. 79.3% P GENERATOR STATION SERVICE/ 0.9% TRANSMISSION LOSSES TOTAL USABLE ENERGY = 8825 x 10° Btu % DOES NOT INCLUDE ENERGY USED FOR TRANSPORTATION AND RECOVERABLE WASTE HEAT Belt ea et 10) 6.0 ENERGY FORECASTS 6.1 6.2 Population Projection The population of Mekoryuk was forecast for the twenty year planning period based upon historical population trends, expected changes resulting from planned capital projects, and the villagers' projections of the growth of their community. Historical data show a steadily increasing population until 1970 after which population dropped sharply (see table below). Capital improvements are planned and population is expected to increase significantly as a result of project construction and operation activities. However, because construction dates for many of the projects are undecided and population has declined in the last 10 years, a growth rate of only 1% was assumed for the projection. Historical and projected populations are listed below. Figure 6.1 illustrates the population projection over the 20 year planning period. Historical | Projected 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 156 242 249 161 178 197 218 Capital Projects Forecast Spine srojeces Forecast During the community meeting and village visit many capital development plans were described to the field team. These plans are as Reindeer - Products Airport - Houses a Water = Supply Seawall - Road I Fishing - Telephones - Schools - follows: The reindeer processing industry needs $500,000 to replace the building that was destroyed in a fire several years ago. They are seeking legislative support for the project. The State is planning to install a 3 mile transmission line to the airport to provide power for runway lights. Construction supplies are presently stockpiled in the village. The State is also planning to rebuild the runway. The city has requested 20 houses from AVCP. The city would like to put the water system above ground. They consider this to be their most pressing problem. The Army Corps of Engineers is planning to build a seawall. The city has requested that the 3 mile road to the airport be improved. There is a boat being built to test halibut fishing. Telephones are to be installed in summer, 1982. The BIA School is to be turned over to the State in the near future. At that time the temporary BIA building, that was built after the old school burned, must be rebuilt. Renovation of a large quonset hut is to begin in January, 1982. Plans to proceed with the installation of runway lights are advanced. The currently available electrical generation capacity is sufficient to accommodate the requirements. Rebuilding the reindeer processing plant, construction of the new school and installing 20 AVCP/HUD houses will have a marked impact on the peak demand. Because these plans are not finalized and starting dates are not defined they have not been included in the forecasts. The computer programs developed for forecasting have the capability to include capital projects. When firm plans are established for specific developments the programs can be run to detail the effect on the peak demand, kilowatt hours generated and the effect on the thermal energy requirements of the community. Thermal Energy Projection Figure 6.2 presents the anticipated thermal energy consumption of Mekoryuk during the forecast period. The thermal energy is provided by the combustion of fuel used for space heating. The projections were based on fuel use records and estimates of the heating requirements of the buildings. 6.3 6.4 Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection Figure 6.3 presents the anticipated electrical energy consumption of Mekoryuk, by sector, during the forecast period. The projections were based on the existing electrical loads, consumption records, and estimates where accurate data were not available. Details of the estimation methods and calculations are included in the main report. THERMAL ENERGY ¢CMMBTUD POPULATION POPULATION PROJECTION MEKORYUK 258 238 218 198 172 152 ttt 1982 1984 1986 1988 1998 1gg2 1994 1996 19988 2828 YEAR Figure 6.1 THERMAL ENERGY PROJECTION MEKORYUK 9222 esez eaz2 7522 7822 Figure 6.2 ELECTRICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY PEAK DEMAND (KW) TOTAL (MWH) BY SECTOR (MWH) PEAK DEMAND PROJECTION MEKORYUK 150 148 138 128 118 128 OE ne a es Ae oe 1ss2 1984 «1886 «61988 «61998 ~«1ss2 1994 1996 1998 2228 YEAR ELECTRICAL ENERGY PROJECTION MEKORYUK c~ _ 1568 —_—_— sr" 7 —_—- —_— Se rn R ses 128 rs: Neeser pP~ 52 _ NL — , 67 ge —L 1 it 1 nent, Jt 1 pea ccemnel 1. Deel 1 1g82 1984 1886 1988 1992 1992 1894 1935 1998 2683 YEAR _ G Electrical Generation Sector C = Commercial oil P Public S = Schools R = Residential Figure 6.3 6.6 a 0 ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Wind It is difficult to fully evaluate the potential of wind as an energy resource at Mekoryuk due to the lack of recorded weather data. A wind monitoring program would be necessary before the feasibility of wind power could be judged. Wood Driftwood is used as fuel for space heat and steam baths. The cost of obtaining sufficient quantities of driftwood for power generation would be large. Therefore, the use of driftwood in Mekoryuk as a potential fuel resource for power generation is not viable. Peat The low percentage of organic matter and the high percentage of volcanic ash precludes classification of the soils as fuel grade peat. Solar Passive solar heat may be considered viable only as a supplement to home heating. However, costs of retro-fitting and short daylight hours in winter mitigate against its widespread acceptance. 7.1 Coal There are no known coal reserves on Nunivak Island. Geothermal Mekoryuk has no geothermal potential. Hydro Mekoryuk is an area of low relief. There is no hydroelectric potential. Conservation Measures Waste Heat Capture The majority of the energy in the fuel oil burned ina diesel generator is lost as waste heat through the engine cooling water, exhaust gases, and radiant heat from the engine. Much of the waste heat can be reclaimed from the engine cooling water and exhaust gas by transferring the heat in heat exchangers to a secondary fluid, usually an antifreeze solution. This is then pumped to buildings and used in heaters for space heating. Alternate Plan A, detailed in Section 8.2 of this report, investigates the feasibility of waste heat recovery at Mekoryuk. 7.2 Weatherization Homes and buildings built in Western Alaska in the past hae in general been poorly insulated and weatherized. Heat loss from such buildings is high, in the forms of heat loss directly through the walls, floor, and ceiling, and by the cold air that enters around leaky doors and windows. Insulating and weatherizing a home can often cut the heating fuel requirement in half or more, and make the building more comfortable and liveable at the same time. The materials required are inexpensive, and the skills necessary for installation low. This work is perhaps the most effective way of reducing village energy usage. Technology Ranking Figure 7.1 presents a ranking of the technologies that could be applied to the village. Each technology was examined on the basis of state-of-the-art quality of the technology, cost, reliability, resource, labor, and environmental impact. Please refer to the main report for the ranking methodology. 1,3 v°L Village of Mekoryuk Technology Relia- | Environ- Ranking State-of-the-Art Cost bility Resource Labor mental Factor Impact _— ————_—_—________| Lr Weatherization* 5 5 5 5 5 5 1.00 Diesel Power 5 4 4 4 4 4 0.87 L Waste Heat Recovery* 5 4 4 4 4 4 0.87 Hydroelectric Power N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Wind Energy Conversion Systems 2 2 2 2 2 4 0.43 Geothermal Energy N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Steam Power from local fuel,wood,coal,ect... N/A N/A N/A 9 N/A N/A 0.00 Gasification of wood,coal or peat N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Generation via synchronous Induction* Electrical Load Management* * Energy Conservation Measures Note: 0 = worst case, 5 = best case Figure 7.1 N/A Not Applicable 8.0 ENERGY PLAN 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 Base Case General Description The base case plan for Mekoryuk is to continue using the centralized diesel generating system. As the village grows additional generators are added in the plan to meet the increasing peak demand. Thermal energy usage has been projected based upon the continuation of present per capita consumption rates. Base Case Cost Analysis The capital value of the existing central electric power plant was estimated to be $149,000. The plant value was amortized over a 20 year period. Additional generation capacity was added, in increments of 50 kw, as required by the growing peak demand. The cost of additional generation capacity was estimated to be $1650/kw. The cost of fuel oil was set at $9.48/MMBTU, based on a fuel cost of $1.28/gallon. Operation and maintenance expenses were estimated at 8¢/kwh. Table 8.1 presents the itemized present value analysis of the base case for the 20 year study period. The discounted 20 year present value was $1,941,400. 8.1 z°8 DIESEL - ELECTRIC 1982 INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION 10.0 FUEL 57.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 30.6 TOTAL 98.2 TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST 98.2 DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 98.2 DIESEL - ELECTRIC 1992 INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION 10.0 FUEL 85.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 35.0 TOTAL 130.2 TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST 130.2 DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 96.9 1983 10.0 60.1 31.0 101.1 101.1 98.2 1993 10.0 88.5 35.4 133.8 133.8 96.7 NOTE: 1984 10.0 62.6 31.5 104.1 104.1 98.1 1994 10.0 91.8 35.8 137.6 137.6 96.5 aRKK MEKORYUK PLAN 1 BASE CASE 1985 10.0 65.1 32.0 107.1 107.1 98.0 1995 10.0 95.3 36.2 141.4 141.4 96.3 1986 10.0 67.7 32.4 110.2 110.2 97.9 1996 10.0 98.8 36.6 145.4 145.4 96.1 1987 10.0 70.4 32.9 113.3 113.3 97.7 1997 10.0 102.5 37.0 149.5 149.5 96.0 ALL VALUES IN $1000's ible L 1988 10.0 73.2 33.3 116.5 116.5 97.6 1998 10.0 106.4 37.4 153.7 153.7 95.8 1989 10.0 76.1 33.7 119.8 119.8 97.4 1999 10.0 110.3 37.8 158.1 158.1 95.7 1990 10.0 79.0 34.1 123.2 123.2 97.2 2000 10.0 114.4 33.2 162.6 162.6 95.5 1991 10.9 82. 34. 126. Our 126.6 97.0 2001 15.5 118.6 38.6 172.8 172.8 98.5 TOTAL 205.5 1705.9 693.9 2605.3 2605.3 1941.4 8.1.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation Base Case Plan Summary: Continuation of present diesel generation 1) 2) Community Preference: The villagers of Mekoryuk recognize that diesel generation is the only technoloaically feasible way of generating electricity today. Therefore, their interests are in seeing the most efficient use of the system. Reliability of power supply is regarded as basic to the village's needs. Environmental Considerations: i) Air Quality: Exhausting combustion gases releases a small amount of pollutants to the local environment, but the impact is minimal. ii) Noise: The exhaust stacks from the generator produce a considerable amount of noise. The installation of more effective mufflers would reduce the noise level. iii) Water Quality: No impact. iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: No known impact. v) Terrestrial Impacts: There is no impact on vegetation or soils. vi) Land Use and Ownership Status: All leases and permits are in place. 8.3 8.1.4 Base Case Technical Evaluation The continued operation of the central diesel electric power plant in Mekoryuk is expected to conform to the following: 1. High Reliability. Diesel electric generation is a well proven well understood technology with a successful history in rural Alaska. Backup generation allows maintenance of the generators to be performed without a major interruption of electrical power. Occasional system downtime is expected for distribution system maintenance. Safety. A small risk is realized by the storage and handling of fuel oil. Normal risks associated with electrical power are also present. Availability. There are no indications that spare parts will become difficult to obtain in the future. The availability of fuel to the power plant depends on the reliability of transportation to the village. 8.4 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 Alternate Plan A General Description The Alternate Plan A for Mekoryuk is the installation of a waste heat recovery system installed at the existing central electric power plant. It consists of the following features: 1. Jacket water heat recovery equipment installed on the 150 KW, 100 KW, and 75 KW generators. A distribution system consisting of pumps, piping and valves to deliver the ethylene glycol heat transfer fluid to the heated buildings and return it to the power plant. Heating equipment installed in the high school and primary school buildings, to provide space heating. A control system that automatically regulates the supply of heat to the buildings, and rejects any surplus waste heat to the engine radiators. Alternate A Cost Analysis Table 8.2 presents the itemized, estimated cost to install the jacket water waste heat recovery system. 8.5 ESTIMATED HEAT RECOVERY COSTS Project Location Generators (kw) Estimated total kwh generated Generators equipped with heat recovery equipment CALCULATED VALUES Average Generation Rate Percent of On-Line Capacity Maximum Jacket Water Heat Recovery Percent Jacket Water Heat Available Estimated Recovered Heat Available Estimated Recovered Heat Utilized MAJOR COST ITEMS 1. Main piping 150 feet x $120/ft. 2. Heat Recovery Equipment 3. Circulating Pumps 4. Heaters and Miscellaneous Hardware 5. Contingencies (30%) 6. Base Cost 7. Project Management (5%) 8. Engineering (10%) 9. ESTIMATED PROJECT COST 10. O & M COST 11. Recovery Efficiency Table 8.2 8.6 Mekoryuk 150,100,75 375,000 kwh/yr : 150,100,75 43 kw 29% 6800 Btu/min 45% - 184x106 BtuH 2184x106 Btu 18,000 35,100 17,200 24,100 28,300 122,700 .6,100 12,300 141,100 1.86/MMBtu 4287 Btu/kwh The initial capital cost of the heat recovery system was estimated to be $141,100. The system value was amortized over a 10 year period. The cost of fuel oil normally used for space heating, which was offset by the captured waste heat, was $13.85/MMBTU, based on a fuel oil cost of $1.87/gallon. Operation and maintenance costs were calculated to be $1.86/MMBTU waste heat captured. Table 8.3 presents the itemized present value analysis of the plan, for the 20 year study period. The discounted net benefit of the system was $520,300. 8.2.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation Alternate Plan A Summary: Waste heat capture from existing generators for sale to major consumers. 1) Community Preference: The villagers of Mekoryuk recognize that the installation of waste heat will improve the efficiency of fuel use in the community. The sale of waste heat will help lessen the effect of rising fuel prices on the cost of electricity. Installation of the waste heat capture system will require local expertise and should provide a number of jobs during the construction phase. The system should operate with minimal maintenance although one part time person would be required until the system has been tested and initial minor problems have been solved. 8°8 DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS EXTRA COSTS BENEFITS. , NET BENEFITS DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS 1982 10.0 57.7 30.6 98.2 98.2 98.2 ooocow oooon 1983 10.0 60.1 31.0 101.1 101.1 98.2 oooow . 8 oOOCOWw NOTE: 1984 10.0 62.6 31.5 104.1 104.1 98.1 1984 19.7 44.4 24.7 22.6 kkk Table 8.3 MEKORYUK PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A 1985 10.0 65.1 32.0 107.1 107.1 98.0 1985 19.7 46.1 26.4 23.5 1986 10.0 67.7 32.4 110.2 110.2 97.9 1986 19.8 47.9 28.2 24.3 1987 10.0 70.4 32.9 113.3 113.3 97.7 1987 19.8 49.8 30.0 25.1 ALL VALUES IN $1000's 1988 10.0 73.2 33.3 116.5 116.5 97.6 1988 19.9 51.7 31.8 25.9 1989 10.0 76.1 33.7 119.8 119.8 97.4 1989 19.9 53.6 33.7 26.6 1990 10.0 79.0 34.1 123.2 123.2 97.2 1990 19.9 55.7 35.7 27.4 25 126.6 126.6 97.0 1991 20.0 57.7 37.7 28.1 DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST NON ELECTRIC, BENEFITS EXTRA COSTS BENEFITS NET BENEFITS DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS 1992 10.0 85.2 35.0 130.2 130.2 96.9 1992 20.0 59.9 39.8 28.8 1993 10.0 88.5 35.4 133.8 133.8 96.7 NOTE: 1994 10.0 91.8 35.8 137.6 137.6 96.5 1994 20.1 64.4 44.3 30.1 MEKORYUK PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A 1995 10.0 95.3 36.2 141.4 141.4 96.3 1995 2U.1 66.7 46.6 30.8 1996 10.0 98.8 36.6 145.4 145.4 96.1 1996 20.2 69.2 49.0 31.4 1997 10.0 102.5 37.0 149.5 149.5 96.0 1997 20.2 71.7 51.4 32.1 *** ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.3 (continued) 1998 10.0 106.4 37.4 153.7 153.7 95.8 1998 20.3 74.3 54.0 32.7 1999 10.0 110.3 37.8 158.1 158.1 95.7 1999 20.3 77.0 56.6 33.3 2090 10.0 114.4 33.2 162.6 162.6 95.5 2000 20.3 79.7 59.4 33.9 2001 1855 118. 33. 172. OanD 172.8 98.5 2001 20.4 82.6 62.2 34.4 TOTAL 205. 1705. 693. 2605. Wows 2605.3 1941.4 TOTAL 360. 1114. 753. 520.3 BvwW © 2) 8.2.4 Environmental Considerations: i) ii) iii) iv) vi) Air Quality: There will be a reduction in fuel consumption resulting in a reduction of hydrocarbon, monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Noise Levels: No impact. Water Quality: There would be a minor impact if a major leakage occurred in the coolant system. Fish and Wildlife Impacts: None. Terrestrial Impacts: Will be minimal during the installation of the distribution system and will be restricted to the village site. Land use and Ownership Status: It is assumed that the village will make the necessary arrangements for the right of way requirements for the distribution system. Alternate Plan A Technical Evaluation Operation of the waste heat recovery system in Mekoryuk, in conjunction with the central power plant, is expected to conform to the following expectations: 1. High Reliability. The system utilizes simple, reliable components that are readily available off the shelf from a variety of sources. Safety. A well maintained system has a very low hazard potential. 8.10 3. Availability. All components needed are available immediately. The system is relatively easy to implement. 8.11 9.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS a a ee ee nT, Table 9.1 summarizes the village plans, the associated Present worth analysis, and any non-electric benefits. Table 9.1 D AN MEKORYUK Base Case Alternative Energy Source Diese Diesel and Waste Heat Present Wort 947,400 1941, 400 Non-Electrical Benefits Pe Lune ea 0,300 Tota 947, 400 7421, 100 Direct power generation costs, excluding administrative costs, are presented in Table 9.2 for each energy plan. Table 9.2 Energy Base Case Alternative A Production Plan 1 Cost Plan 2 Cost Year (kwh/yr. ) (¢/kwh ) (¢/kwh ) ’ . ° 1983 388,100 26.05 26.05 1984 393,900 26.43 20.18 1985 399,600 26.80 20.20 1986 405,200 27.20 20.24 1987 410,600 27.59 20.29 1988 416,000 28.00 20.36 1989 421,300 28.44 20.44 1990 426,600 28.88 20.51 1991 431,800 29.32 20.59 1992 436,900 29.80 20.69 1993 442,000 30.27 20.77 1994 447,100 30.78 20.87 1995 452,200 31.27 20.96 1996 457,300 31.80 21.08 1997 462,400 32.33 21.26 1998 467,400 32.88 21.33 1999 472,500 33.46 21.48 2000 477,600 34.04 21.61 2001 482,700 35.80 22.91 _ CC rrr Table 9.3 presents the plans for the village, in rank of recommended preference. The recommended action appropriate to each alternative is listed as well. Table 9.3 Energy Plan Alternative Recommended Action Alternative A - Waste Heat Initiate a feasibility Capture study for waste heat recovery. Estimated cost of feasibilty study $12,000 - $15,000. Base Case - Continued Investigate operation for Operation of Central potential of improved Power Plant generation efficiency. Estimate cost of study at $10,000 - $12,000 Additional Recommendations Weatherization No resource assessment or -building insulation feasibility study -building envelope indicated; immediate action infiltration required to bring Energy -improved combustion Audit and/or weatherization program to this community. Wind Power Initiate wind data acquisition program. 9.2 Reconnaissance studies are necessarily preliminary in nature, however, it is apparent that there is great potential for a waste heat capture system in Mekoryuk. Sale of the waste heat will realize increased revenues to the utility which will decrease the cost of production for electricity. Currently (1981-82) electricity costs 48.27¢ per KWH based on $1.28 a gallon for fuel and includes distribution and overhead costs. The fuel is supplied by United Barge and barged to Mekoryuk from the distribution center in Bethel. The computer model used in the reconnaissance study projected that the 1982-83 cost of production for electricity will be approximately 25.70¢ per KWH. The study suggested that a waste heat capture system would be installed, and become operational in 1983-84. It was assumed that the waste heat would replace fuel oil, which costs $1.87 per gallon, used for space heating. Based on this assumption, the cost of production for electricity would be reduced from 26.43¢ to 20.18¢ per KWH. Therefore it is recommended that a waste heat capture system be installed. The reconnaissance study estimates that the system has the potential to save up to 13,000 gallons of fuel oil in the first full year of operation. 9.3 APPENDIX. See Section 3.0 (Methodology) of the Main Report: RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR THE VILLAGES OF Aniak, Atka, Chefornak, Chignik Lake, Cold Bay, False Pass, Hooper Bay, Ivanof Bay, Kotlik, Lower and Upper Kalskag, Mekoryuk, Newtok, Nightmute, Nikolski, St. George, St. Marys, St. Paul, Toksook Bay, and Tununak. $t2 Corporation 516 Denali Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501 (907) 279-5516 RECEIlvevD APR 1 2 3982 ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY April 9, 1982 Eric Yould Alaska Power Authority 334 West 5th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 RE: Letter of March 8, 1982 We have reviewed the draft documents by NORTEC of the energy reconnaissance report of the Calista Region. Calista Corporation endorses the study that was done by NORTEC. Energy in the Calista Region is probably the most expensive item for the people. Oil and gas have to be transported in, therefore causing the cost of energy to skyrocket in the villages. We would very much appreciate for Alaska Power Authority go on further and make recommendations to improve the energy programs within our region. However, please coordinate with Calista Corporation and A.V.C.P. Inc. on the reconnaissance studies that will be done in the future. Any questions please do not hesitate to call on us. Sincerely, CALISTA CORPORATION OK Al ider President AR/ms Reply to Calista Corporation letter dated 4/9/82. Receipt of the letter and the point about further future coordination with A.V.C.P. Inc. is acknowledged.