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HomeMy WebLinkAboutLower & Upper Kalskag Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 7-1982 RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ND ALTERNATIVES ROPERTY OF: a Power Authority 34 W. 5th Ave. rage, Alaska 99501 FOR LOWER & UPPER KALSKAG ANIAK ATKA MEKORYUK CHEFORNAK NEWTOK CHIGNIK LAKE NIGHTMUTE FALSE PASS Si GEORGE HOOPER BAY ST. MARYS IVANOF BAY ST. PAUL KOTLIK TOKSOOK BAY LOWER AND TUNUNAK UPPER KALSKAG PREPARED BY NORTHERN TECHNICAL SERVICES & VAN GULIK AND ASSOCIATES ANCHORAGE, ALASKA ' ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES A Report by Northern Technical Services Van Gulik and Associates Anchorage, Alaska July, 1982 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Summary and Recommendations 2.0 Background 3.0 Village Meeting 4.0 Existing Heating and Electrical Power Generating Facilities 4.1 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances 4.2 Electrical Generation Facilities 4.3 Fuel Oil Usage 4.4 Electrical Energy Distribution 5.0 Energy Balance 6.0 Energy Forecasts 6.1 Population Projection 6.2 Capital Projects 6.3 Thermal Energy Projection 6.4 Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection 7.0 Energy Resource Assessment 8.0 Energy Plans 8.1 Base Case 8.2 Alternate Plan A 9.0 Analysis of Alternatives and Recommendations Appendix Review letters and replies Page LIST OF TABLES Page Table 5.1 Energy Balance for 1982 5.2 Table 8.1 Itemized Present Worth Analysis of the Base Case 8.2 Table 8.2 Estimated Heat Recovery Costs 8.6 Table 8.3 Itemized Present Worth Analysis of Alternate Plan A 8.8 Table 9.1 Summary of the Present Worth Analysis and Any Non-electric Benefits for Each Energy Plan 9.1 Table 9.2 Direct Power Generation Costs for Each Energy Plan 9.1 Table 9.3 Preference Ranking of Village Energy Plans and Associated Recommended Actions 9.2 di Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 2.1 2.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 LIST OF FIGURES Location Map Climatic Background Bulk Fuel Storage Capacities and Types of Heating Appliances Electrical Generation Facilities Fuel Oil Usage Electrical Generation Sector Energy Distribution Energy Flow Diagram Distribution of Total Useable Energy Population Projection Thermal Energy Projection Peak Demand and Electrical Energy Projection Appropriate Technology Ranking Diagram tii. Page 2.2 2.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 6.5 7.4 1.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS —_——$———$_ eA PLONS The production of electricity is the focus of the Energy Reconnaissance Program. This study has concentrated on seeking potential alternatives to diesel powered electrical generators. However, where there are no reliable and viable alternatives attention was focused on ways by which the costs of electricity generation could be reduced. In the Kalskags there are no viable alternatives to diesel generation and a waste heat system was investigated as a means of making use of a resource (thermal energy) which is being wasted currently. The sale of otherwise wasted heat could provide additional income to the utility and be reflected in lower costs for the generation of electricity. Also, reduction in the volumes of fuel oil required for space heating would realize further savings to the community as a whole. Summary Statements ereeernneelnmnn eee eS Only those technologies that could be readily assimilated into the village were considered. 1. Fuel oil was found to be the major source of energy used in the villages of Upper and Lower Kalskag. Additional energy was supplied by wood and gasoline. 2. Significant amounts of energy are lost in the village due to: (1) inefficient combustion; (2) poor insulation and excessive air infiltration; and (3) wasted heat from diesel electric generation. 3. Forecasts show an increase in energy consumption in the village due to population growth. Additional construction unrelated to population size is de. dL. anticipated and will impact energy consumption and demand. —~ Energy resource baseline data is generally weak in the village. This weakens the accuracy of technological Or economic predictions. However, the estimates (fA relative to waste heat availability appear reasonably reliable. The feasibility of various technologies for electrical and thermal energy production was evaluated. Wind, geothermal, solar, wood, coal, hydro and peat were considered as potential energy resources but are not viable alternatives to fuel oil generated electricity. Waste heat recovery from the central power plant formed the basis of the alternative energy plan. \ The Base Case Plan was formulated based or. the continued use of centrally generated electric power. \ A present worth analysis of each alternative plan was performed. General Recommendations — a en@ations 1. The supporting energy and resource data bese should be strengthened. New technologies, and advances in ola teck nologies, need demonstration projects to determine their feasibility in rural Alaska. Significant energy savings could be realized by a village-wide energy conservation and weatrerization program. 1. Village Specific Recommendations EE mmendations Waste heat recovery, from the Lower Kalskag central power plant, utilized for space heating in the village is economically feasible and attractive in the amount of fuel oil saved. The installation of the waste heat recovery system is recommended. The following steps should be taken: a. Initiate a feasibility study of waste heat recovery. b. Investigate power plant operation for potential of improved diesel efficiency. a\3 —_— 2.0 BACKGROUND Introduction Upper Kalskag was founded in 1931 with the establishment of a post office and school. Lower Kalskag was originally used as a fish camp for families from Upper Kalskag. Villagers began living in Lower Kalskag year round about 1930 and attracted many more residents from Upper Kalskag when a Russian Orthodox Chapel was built in 1940. Location The villages of Upper and Lower Kalskag are located on the north bank of the Kuskokwim River, approximately 25 miles west of Aniak, on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Figure 2.1). Topography There is very little topographic relief in either village. Lower Kalskag is located on a river floodplain and has some low spots which retain water. Upper Kalskag, situated on a natural levee, has a slight slope to a low area Surrounding the city. Population The population of both Lower Kalskag and Upper Kalskag have shown steady growth. —-_-__—_—_—_— eeeeeeeseseeSFSFSsSSSSsesh Census Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 — Population 88 122 183 245 NS Number of Houses 45 59 Sa 2-1 KEY KOTLIK SAINT MARYS ANIAK : = (EERE Sane wlgns Be : . ; LOWER _ KALSKAG eo > 7 NEWTOK } aod NIGHTMUTE ! CHEFORNAK MEKORYUK 10 toxsoox eay—_ Sy > TOKSOOK BAY 1 MERORYUK es ee Seo TUNUNAK tell, 7 a 4 = Lo watsKas 3° -> _ pS tower Cae Ni 4 KALSKAG “7 . CoA ee ewok 6 aad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 HOOPER BAY = CHIGNIK LAGOON CHIGNIK IVANOF BAY FALSE PASS : COLD BAY i NIKOLSKI y ATKA ST. PAUL ST. GEORGE (4 us cnicnik 14 Soivanor eay 15, ; 17 coro ae j » range pass 16 “IS Lt w os Figure 2.1 LOCATION MAP Upper Kalskag oo Census Year 1939 1950 1960 1970 1980 Population 76 139 147 122 129 Number of Houses 38 51 in 1982 64 in 1983 Recently young people have been staying in the villages because of the developing local economy. Population will increase as access is improved, especially if a proposed road linking the Kuskokwim and the Yukon Rivers is constructed. Climate The sub-arctic climatic regime of Upper and Lower Kalskag is modified by the incursion of maritime climatic conditions from the Bering Sea. These effects combine to produce cool summers and harsh winters. Temperatures range between 87°F and -55°F. Winds are usually light. The Kalskags receive an average of 60 inches of snow and 19 inches of precipitation annually. The closest official weather station is located in Aniak. Climatic background conditions for Aniak, which are representative of the Kalskags, are presented in Figure 2.2 Economy The economy of Upper and Lower Kalskag is based mainly on subsistence, although commercial activity and public services are increasing. A major source of income is from the fishing industry, which supports commercial fisheries in Upper Kalskag and Lower Kalskag. Subsistence activities include hunting, trapping, and berry picking. In Upper Kalskag, 10 people are employed by the school, 1 by the Climatic Background me ae rot ' san | res |mar | ape | may! aun | sue! auc! see] oct! wov| vee 4 Light Conditions z | neluder ial PERCENT PERCENT FREQUENCY = FREQUENCY 8 3 8 co & 8B Occurrence st calm} o io Precipitation © Mitan montn's oreciptanion 50: 40: 20 Mantras mnie mote z x y 220. Mean montniy snowtait DEGREES F Degree Days Heatin 2.500 4, 2.000 +_— S 91,500 |} 1,000 DEGREE 500 ° Growing Degree Days JAN | FEB MAR APR MAY. JUN | JUL. AUG. SEP OCT NOV. DEC Liat nial moon Source: Department of Community and Regional Affairs, Community Profile Series. DEGREE DAYS Figure 2.2 post office and 4 people are employed by the city. Construction of a road from Kalskag to the Yukon River would improve the economy in both villages. 2.5 3.0 VILLAGE VISIT Upper Kalskag and Lower Kalskag were visited simultaneously by project personnel. Despite notification by letter, telephone and over the CB radios, the public meeting was attended by only one family. Therefore, the field team spent an extra day in the village talking to many individuals. Many of the council members were on hunting expeditions and were away from the villages during the field team's visits. Electricity generation is supplied to both villages by an AVEC installation located in Lower Kalskag. The two villages are joined by a 3 mile gravel road and above ground utilidor. Each village has an elementary school with a shared high school located approximately halfway between. A privately owned 2 KW wind generator was installed near the airport. Many residents expressed interest in wind power for electrical generation. Winds in the villages tend to be light but many people said that the winds were more consistent and stronger on top of a nearby hill. A telephone satellite relay station is installed on the hilltop. Despite the interest in wind the villagers were most concerned about the reliability of the service and were also well aware of the potential problems associated with the gustiness of the wind and icing problems. The experiences of the villagers in Nelson Lagoon were of concern to many residents and they had heard that the Sheldon Point installations were suffering from design problems with the governors on the small 2 KW units. 3.1 Many of the houses in Lower Kalskag were built out of logs by BIA. Generally, the houses were poorly insulated although some had ceiling insulation installed by RuralCAP personnel. The villagers were very interested in waste heat capture systems, especially since there is no other economically and/or technologically viable alternatives to diesel generation available at present. 3.2 4.0 EXISTING HEATING AND ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATING FACILITIES 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances Bulk fuel storage capacity within the villages is listed, by sector, in Figure 4.1. These capacities are based on actual tank sizes and on estimates where reliable data could not be obtained. The storage capacity of domestic fuel tanks and 55 gallon drums is not included in the bulk storage capacities. Also listed in Figure 4.1 are the types of heating and cooking appliances, segregated by sector, being used in the village. Electrical Generation Facilities The existing generating equipment installed in the village is listed in Figure 4.2. Comments on the Operation of the generators are included. Fuel Oil Usage Figure 4.3 illustrates the use of fuel oil in the village. Consumption of fuel oil by sector for space heating is listed as a percentage of the total oil consumption. Similarly, the percentage of oil used for electrical power generation is shown. The oil used for space heating is broken down to show the portion that actually heats building space, and that which is lost to waste. The electrical generation fuel oil is also separated into electrical energy and waste heat segments. 4.1 4.4 Fuel oil consumption in the village was based on records, where avilable, and calculated estimates where no reliable records existed. Please refer to the main report for an explanation of the estimating process. Electrical Energy Distribution The energy flow through the electrical generation sector is depicted graphically on Figure 4.4. The "pie-chart" represents the total energy dedicated to the generation of electrical power. Each sector in the village consumes a slice of the pie, as shown. 4.2 £°v LOWER KALSKAG/1982 BULK FUEL STORAGE CAPACITIES AND TYPES OF HEATING APPLIANCES ELECTRICAL GENERATION RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS ns FUEL OIL <% (119000 gal) os GASOLINE st ( 25000 gal) TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE LEGEND: (TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE 1 OIL-FIRED FORCED AIR FURNACE OIL-FIRED BOILER WITH WATER/GLYCOL DISTRIBUTION ORIP-TYPE OIL STOVE/FURNACE WOOD STOVE PROPANE COOKING STOVES WASTE HEAT FROM GENERATORS oo pW Pp * pay TANKS AND FUEL DRUMS ARE NOT INCLUDED. Figure 4,1 0°? STORAGE * (GALS) BULK FUEL FUEL OIL (45000 gal) STORAGE CAPACITIES AND TYPES RESIDENTIAL UPPER KALSKAG/1982 COMMERCIAL OF HEATING SECTOR SCHOOLS APPLIANCES PUBLIC ELECTRICAL GENERATION i— GASOLINE (20000 gal) TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE LEGEND: TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE 1 nono fh Wp OIL-FIRED FORCED AIR FURNACE OIL-FIRED BOILER WITH WATER/GLYCOL ORIP-TYPE WOOD STOVE OIL STOVE/FURNACE PROPANE COOKING STOVES WASTE HEAT FROM GENERATORS *DAY TANKS AND FUEL ORUMS ARE NOT INCLUDED. Figure 4.1 DISTRIBUTION ELECTRICAL GENERATION’ FACILITIES LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG/1982 GENERATOR NO. OF TYPE OF TYPE OF ELECTRICAL T OPERATION ownee UNITS OU TEU) ENGINE GENERATOR DISTRIBUTION coun n> on RATING Alaska Village 1 250 KW Cat D342 KATO, 1200 RPM 120/240V A single AVEC generator provides Electric Cooperative w/ turbochargar continuous power to the entire communities of Lower md Upper Kalskag. 1 100 KW Allis-Chalmers Allis-Chalmers w/ turbocharger | 1800 RPM Model 1/000 Primary School 1 50 KW Cat D8800 KATO 120/240V Generator is used for backup only. (Lower Kalskag) High School 1 50 KW 120/240V Generator is used for backup only. 1 30 KW Primary School 1 20 KW 120/240V Generator is used for backup only. (Upper Kalskag) Figure 4.2 FUEL OIL USAGE LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG / 1982 SECTOR END USE Space Heat Waste Heat 21% Percent Generator Waste Heat 373% Electricity 103 R Residential 18 % Cc Commercial 2% P Public 6 % S School 27 % E Electrical Power ° Generation 47 % ESTIMATED FUEL OIL USE = 105000 GAL = 14100x10°s tu Figure 4.3 4.6 ELECTRICAL GENERATION SECTOR ENERGY DISTRIBUTION LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG C Pp Residential 7% Commercial 1% Public 2% School 9% Waste Heat T7 % Generation Losses 4% TOTAL. ENERGY 6640 x 10° BTU/YEAR TOTAL ELECTRIC POWER 433 MWH/YEAR Figure 4.4 4.7 5.0 ENERGY BALANCE The estimated energy consumption in Lower and Upper Kalskag during 1982 is listed in Table 5.1. Estimates of the different types of energy consumed by the various sectors are based upon the 1980-81 fuel purchase records kept by the store, the school, and the power plant. Estimates based on the population, Square footage of residences and other buildings, and calculated energy usage factors, were used where data were incomplete. Wood use was estimated using the observations and discussions with wood users that occurred during the village visit. The flow of energy through the village is illustrated in Figure 5.1. In 1982 it is estimated that 18,018 MMBTU of fuel will enter Upper and Lower Kalskag in the form of gasoline, wood and fuel oil. This fuel will be distributed to the various sectors and used for transportation, cooking, heating and electricity generation. The conversion of the fuel to its end use will result in 53% or 9,486 MMBTU of energy to be lost as heat. 52% of this waste heat could be recovered using conservation and waste heat recovery practices. The actual amount of energy used by each sector is listed in the last column of the energy flow diagram. The 1982 projected distribution of useable energy is shown in Figure 5.2. The distribution represents the quantity of energy that will be required by each sector (excluding transportation) for electric lights and appliances, water heating, space heating and cooking, and generation station service. Percentages listed in the figure can be multiplied by the useable energy of 6531 X 10© Btus to determine the projected energy requirements for a particular end use in a given sector. These projected energy requirements do not include energy conversion losses and therefore represent the actual quantity of energy required for each end use. 5.1 VILLAGE: LOWER & UPPER KALSKAG/1982ENERGY BALANCE TA FUEL O1L GASOLINE | PROPANE wooo eRe eurnay TOTAL ELECTRICITY Tora. | RECOV- SECTOR aT atu GAL BTU | uss. eye | coros | Bike atu | EAABLE | ory % GAL ys % MWH 6 % x10 x10 s xios | Pi x10 x10 | 10 RESIDENTIAL 19000 | 2560 | 18 132 449 30 100 }1900 |2355 |1iso |2554 | 30 COMMERCIAL 2000 269 2 14 48 3 107 54 | 210 2 PUBLIC 6000 809 6 42 145 10 324 | 162 | 630 7 SCHOOLS 29000 | 3840 | 27 175 597 40 1540 | 154 |2897 | 34 ¥ E CTRICAL GENERATION 49000 | 6640 | 47 70 240* | 16 5160 |3360 | 240 3 TRANSPORTATION 16000 | 2000 2000 | 23 | 4 TOTAL 105000 | 14118 433 1479 16000 | 2000 100 |1900 [9486 |4910 | e532 *station service or distribution losses Table 5.1 aunbi4 L's LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG/1982 Pop: 440 HOUSEHOLDS: 80 13,100 TG. DEGREE DAYS FUEL AMOUNT ENERGY ERODUEL ELECTRICAL END USE TOTAL ¥ BY SECTOR CONVERSION : DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR USABLE ENERGY TRANSPORTATION RANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION (2000 GASQL INE TRANSPO o (2000) . ) PROPANE COOKING | RESIDENTIAL (570) RESIDENTIAL (2554) waon HEATING (2900) (1330) (4460) HEATING / (3436) (449) COOKING a COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL a (269) HEATIN FUEL OIL POWER POWER GEN. GENERATION ELECTRICAL (14118) maT GENERATORS SCHOOL(S) 2897 SCHOOL(S) HEATING/ (3840) COOKING PUBLIC PUBLIC (630) HEATING (809) ae TOTAL iaeGe USABLE ENERGY ENERGY RECOVERABLE WASTE HEAT (13441) (18018) (4910) WASTE HEAT —— _ NON - RECOVERABLE nice {are NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ARE 10® BTu'S. WVYOVIG MO1S AXY3IN] DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL USABLE ENERGY* LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG/1982 END USE SECTOR 100 90 80 H/C (26.5%) RESIDENTIAL 70 60 come FP - >>> ==3 J PWR GEN | PG.78) _—t E(0.7%) H/C (2.5%) 50 ee ee WH (2.4%) OEE eee PERCENTAGE (%) SCHOOLS 30 H/C (32.8%) 20 10 E(2.2%) H/C (7.4%) PUBLIC oO END USE SUMMARY a E LIGHTS, REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS, 18.9 % VIDEO, AND OTHER ELECTRICAL USES WH WATER HEATING 8.1 %- H/C SPACE HEATING, COOKING AND MISC. 69.2 % P GENERATOR STATION SERVICE/ 3.7% TRANSMISSION LOSSES TOTAL USABLE ENERGY = 6531 x 10° Btu % DOES NOT INCLUDE ENERGY USED FOR TRANSPORTATION AND RECOVERABLE WASTE HEAT Fina & 9 6.0 ENERGY FORECASTS 6.1 Upper Kalskag Lower Kalskag Population Projection The population of Upper and Lower Kalskag was forecast for the twenty year planning period based upon historical population trends, expected changes resulting from planned capital projects, and the villagers' projections of the growth of their own community. Historical population data show a slow population increase in Upper Kalskag and an increase approaching 2% annually in Lower Kalskag. New housing is scheduled for both villages, however, twice the number of new homes built in Upper Kalskag will be built in Lower Kalskag. Although relatively rapid growth is expected to continue in Lower Kalskag, in order to accomodate the slightly slower growth of Upper Kalskag, a 1.5% growth rate was used for projection of the combined village population. This growth rate was applied to the combined 1981 population of 440. Historical and projected populations are listed below. Figure 6.1 illustrates the population projection over the 20 year planning period. Historical Projected 1939 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 76 139 147 #122 = «129 503 583 786 Combined 88 122 183 245 Gor 6.2 Capital Projects Forecast Lower and Upper Kalskag are connected with a cable intertie. Those projects that will affect the electrical requirements in the village are listed below. Capital and development projects mentioned to the field team are as follows: Lower Kalskag Houses - 26 AVCP/HUD houses are planned for ER, construction in 1983 near an adjacent lake. Road - A state road 33 miles long is being considered from the Kuskokwim River at Lower Kalskag to transfer freight from deep draft barges on the Kuskokwim to the Yukon River. Waste Heat - The waste heat from the AVEC diesel generator plant is desired for heating a nearby community hall. Water & - New piping is planned for the AVCP/HUD Sewer houses and 20 existing homes in the village. Upper Kalskag Houses - 13 AVCP/HUD are planned for construction in 1983. 6.3 6.4 All 39 new HUD housing units to be built in 1983 have been included in the forecasts and account for the steep rises in the thermal and electrical requirement curves in Figures 6.2 and 6.3. Thermal Energy Projection Figure 6.2 presents the anticipated thermal energy consumption of Upper and Lower Kalskag during the forecast period. The thermal energy is provided by the combustion of fuel used for space heating. The projections were based on fuel use records and estimates of the heating requirements for the buildings in Lower and Upper Kalskag. The increase due to the new AVCP/HUD houses in both villages was included. Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection Figure 6.3 presents the anticipated combined electrical energy consumption of Upper and Lower Kalskag, by sector, during the forecast period. The projections were based on the existing electrical loads, consumption records, and estimates where accurate data were not available. Details of the estimation methods and calculations are included in the main report. POPULATION THERMAL ENERGY ¢MMBTUD POPULATION PROJECTION LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG 658 628 55a S22 458 422 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 ol 4 4 1 L 1 1 af. 1 1 viiilialias 1982 1984 1986 1988 19928 1992 1994 1996 1998 2828 YEAR Figure 6.1 THERMAL ENERGY PROJECTION LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG agen + if 7222 + 6222 + see2 [ 4222 ott i : yo ts Po 1 | iss2 1984 1586 1988 199% 1992 1994 1§95 1998 2920 YEAR Figure 6.2 6.4 FLFECTRICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY PEAK DEMAND (KW) TOTAL (MEH) BY SECTOR (MWH) PEAK DEMAND PROJECTION LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG 158 125 122 75 Sg ail 4 4 4 1 eee Aenea nennrnpeleetencianareenel om} dee 1982 1984 1886 1988 1998 1gg2 1984 1836 1898 2228 YEAR ELECTRICAL ENERGY PROJECTION LOWER AND UPPER KALSKAG 758 702 652 622 55¢ 522 45¢ 422 328 R—-. a 252 a ST 228 Seiler tT 152 128 6S Pp 52 — ‘ oN el 1 1 L az. 1 L 1 1 L Scrip brsinneee Sia Daehn i982 1984 19868 1988 1993 1992 1994 1996 1998 2gG2 _ YEAR G = Electrical Generation Sector C = Commercial P = Public S = Schools R = Residential Figure 6.3 655 7.0 ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Wind The nearest recording station of climatic data is Aniak. There is a considerable differences in the weather of the two locations. The winds in both Upper and Lower Kalskag are usually light. Stronger winds exist on the hills overlooking the cities, however, without detailed climatic data it is difficult to assess the potential of this resource. Wood The area surrounding Kalskag is forested and provides an important resource to the residents. Presently one half of the homes use wood to supplement fuel oil for residential Space heating. Wood is not being utilized to its fullest capacity. The proposed road from Kalskag to the Yukon River would increase access to presently unused wood reserves. Coal Low grade deposits of coal have been reported to exist 50-60 miles up the Kuskokwim River in the Crooked Creek area. If the road linking the Yukon-Kuskokwim Rivers is completed coal from Grayling and Healy could be brought by barge and road to the village. 7.1 Peat The active drainage system of the Kuskokwim River combined with the unfavorable surface geology of levee and floodplain preclude the occurrence of any fuel grade peat. Solar Passive solar heat may be considered viable only as a supplement to home heating, however, costs of retro-fittig and short daylight hours in winter mitigate against its widespread acceptance. Geothermal Neither Lower nor Upper Kalskag have any geothermal potential. Hydro Kalskag is in an area of low relief. There is no hydroelectric potential. Conservation Measures conennadinmnaeer nee, Waste Heat Capture The majority of the energy in the fuel oil burned in a diesel generator is lost as waste heat through the engine cooling water, exhaust gases, and radiant heat from the engine. Much of the waste heat can be reclaimed from the engine cooling water and exhaust gas by transferring the heat in heat exchangers to a secondary fluid, usually an antifreeze solution. This is then pumped to buildings and used in heaters for space heating. Alternate Plan A, detailed in Section 8.2 of this report, investigates the feasibility of waste heat recovery in Lower Kalskag. Weatherization Homes and buildings built in Western Alaska in the Past hae in general been poorly insulated and weatherized. Heat loss from such buildings is high, in the forms of heat loss directly through the walls, floor, and ceiling, and by the cold air that enters around leaky doors and windows. Insulating and weatherizing a home can often cut the heating fuel requirement in half or more, and make the building more comfortable and liveable at the same time. The materials required are inexpensive, and the skills necessary for installation low. This work is Perhaps the most effective way of reducing village energy usage. Technology Ranking ening Figure 7.1 presents a ranking of the technologies that could be applied to the village. Each technology was examined on the basis of State-of-the-art quality of the technology, cost, reliability, resource, labor, and environmental impact. Please refer to the main report for the ranking methodology. vel Village of Upper and Lower Kalskag T i T T ; iat Technology Relia- | Environ- Ranking State-of-the-Art Cost bility Resource | Labor | mental Factor | Impact Weatherization* 5 5 5 5 5 | 5 1.00 Tt Diesel Power | 5 4 4 4 4 4 | 0.87 | Waste Heat Recovery* 5 4 4 4 4 | 4 0.87 Hydroelectric Power | N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 Wind Energy Conversion Systems 2 2 3 1 1 | 4 | 0.37 | f Geothermal Energy N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0.00 f- aa Steam Power from local fuel,wood,coal,ect... 3 1 1 1 1 3 0.37 Gasification of wood,coal or peat 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.40 Generation via synchronous 4 3 2 2 2 4 0.58 Induction* { Electrical Load Management* 5 2 3 2 1 4 0.63 1 —__| _t —J * Energy Conservation Measures Note: 0 = worst case, best case Figure 7.1 N/A Not Applicable 8.0 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 ENERGY PLAN Base Case General Description The base case plan for Lower and Upper Kalskag is to continue using the centralized diesel generating system. As the village grows additional generators are added in the plan to meet larger peak demands. The thermal energy usage has been projected based upon continued use at present rates. Base Case Cost Analysis The estimated capital value of the existing central electric power plant was estimated to be $278,000. The plant value was amortized over a 20 year period. Additional generation capacity was added, in increments of 100 kw, as required by growing peak demand. The incremental cost of additional generation capacity was estimated to be $1070/kw. The cost of fuel oil was set at $10.81/MMBTU, based on a fuel cost of $1.46/gallon. Operation and maintenance expenses were estimated at 8¢/kwh. Table 8.1 presents the itemized present value analysis of the base case for the 20 year study period. The discounted 20 year present value was $2,881,600. 8.1 z°8 KALSKAGS PLAN 1 BASE CASE DIESEL - ELECTRIC 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 FUEL 77.4 82.1 87.0 91.9 97.0 102.1 107.4 112.9 118.5: 124.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 36.0 37.2 38.4 39.6 40.7 41.8 42.8 43.9 44.9 45.8 TOTAL 131.9 137.9 144.0 150.1 156.2 162.5 168.9 175.3 181.9 188.7 TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST 131.9 137.9 144.0 150.1 156.2 162.5 168.9 175.3 181.9 188.7 DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 131.9 - 133.9 135.7 137.3 138.8 140.2 141.4 142.6 143.6 144.6 DIESEL - ELECTRIC 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 TOTAL INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 372.0 FUEL 130.2 136.3 142.6 149.2 155.9 162.9 170.2 177.7 185.5 193.6 2604.6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 46.8 47.8 48.7 49.7 50.6 51.5 52.5 53.4 54.3 55.3 921.7 TOTAL ' 195.6 202.7 210.0 217.4 225.1 233.1 241.3 249.7 258.4 267.5 3898.3 TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST 195.6 202.7 210.0 217.4 225.1 233.1 241.3. 249.7 258.4 267.5 3898.3 DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 145.5 146.4 147.3 148.1 148.9 149.6 150.4 151.1 151.8 152.5 2881.6 NOTE: *** ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.1 8.1.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation Base Case Plan Summary: Continuation of present diesel generation 1) 2) Community Preference: The villagers of Lower and Upper Kalskag recognize that diesel generation is the only technologically feasible way of generating electricity today. Therefore, their interests are in seeing the most efficient use of the system. Reliability of power supply is regarded as basic to the village's needs. Environmental Considerations: i) Air Quality: Exhausting combustion gases releases a small amount of pollutants to the local environment, but the impact is minimal. ii) Noise: The exhaust stacks from the generator Produce a considerable amount of noise. The installation of more effective mufflers would reduce the noise level. iii) Water Quality: No impact. iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: No known impact. v) Terrestrial Impacts: There is no impact on vegetation or soils. vi) Land Use and Ownership Status: All leases and permits are in place. 8.1.4 Base Case Technical Evaluation The continued operation of the central diesel electric power plant in Lower Kalskag is expected to conform to the following: 1. High Reliability. Diesel electric is a well proven well understood technology with much success in rural Alaska. Backup generation allows maintenance operations on the generators without major power interruption. Occasional system downtown is expected for distribution system maintenance. Safety. A small risk is realized by the storage and handling of fuel oil. Normal risks associated with electrical power are also present. Availability. There are no indications that spare parts will become difficult to obtain in the future. The availability of fuel to the power plant depends on the reliability of transportation to the village. 8.4 8.2 Alternate Plan A 8.2.1 General Description The Alternate Plan A for Lower Kalskag is the installation of a waste heat recovery system installed at the existing central electric power plant consisting of the following features: 1. Jacket water heat recovery equipment installed on the 250 KW and 100 KW generators. 2. A distribution system consisting of pump, piping and valves to deliver the ethylene glycol heat transfer fluid to the heated buildings and return it to the power plant. 3. Heating equipment installed in the high school complex buildings, to provide space heating. 4. A control system that automatically regulates the supply of heat to the buildings, and rejects any surplus waste heat to the engine radiators. 8.2.2 Alternate A Cost Analysis Table 8.2 presents the itemized, estimated cost to install the jacket water heat recovery system. The capital cost of the heat recovery system was estimated to be $285,100. The system value was amortized over a 10 year period. eS ESTIMATED HEAT RECOVERY COSTS Project Location Generators (kw) Estimated total kwh generated Generators equipped with heat recovery equipment CALCULATED VALUES Average Generation Rate Percent of On-Line Capacity Maximum Jacket Water Heat Recovery Percent Jacket Water Heat Available Estimated Recovered Heat Available Estimated Recovered Heat Utilized MAJOR COST ITEMS 1. Main piping 700 feet x $120/ft. 2. Heat Recovery Equipment 3. Circulating Pumps 4. Heaters and Miscellaneous Hardware 5. Contingencies (30%) 6. Base Cost 7. Project Management (5%) 8. Engineering (10%) 9. ESTIMATED PROJECT Cost 10. O & M COST 11. Recovery Efficiency Table 8.2 8.4 Lower Kalskag 250,250,100 433,000 kwh/yr 250,250,100 49 kw 20% 12550 Btu/min 41% -309X106 BtuH - 236X106 BtuH 84,000 42,700 17,200 46,800 57,200 247,900 12,400 24,800 =—_ 285,100 _1.85/MMBtu 4774 Btu/kwh The cost of fuel oil normally used for space heating, which was offset by the captured waste heat, was $12.37/MMBTU, based on a fuel oil cost of $1.67/gallon. Operation and maintenance costs were calculated to be $1.85/MMBTU waste heat captured. Table 8.3 presents the itemized present value analysis of the plan, for the 20 year study period. The discounted net benefit of the system was $545,000. 8.2.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation Alternate Plan A Summary: Waste heat capture from existing generators for sale to major consumers. 1) Community Preference: The villagers of Upper and Lower Kalskag recognize that the installation of waste heat will improve the efficiency of fuel use in the community. The sale of waste heat will help lessen the effect of rising fuel prices on the cost of electricity. Installation of the waste heat capture system will require local expertise and should provide a number of jobs during the construction phase. The system should operate with minimal maintenance although one part time person would be required until the system has been tested and initial minor problems have been solved. 8.7 DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS EXTRA COSTS BENEFITS NET BENEFITS DISCOUNTED ‘NET BENEFITS 1982 18.6 77.4 36.0 131.9 131.9 131.9 OoOCOW oooorn 1983 18.6 82.1 37.2 137.9 137.9 133.9 COCOW)w COCOwW NOTE: 1984 18.6 87.0 38.4 144.0 144.0 135.7 1984 37.7 54.1 16.5 15.1 KKK KALSKAGS PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A 1985 18.6 91.9 39.6 150.1 150.1 137.3 1985 37.8 97.1 19.3 17.2 1986 18.6 97.0 40.7 156.2 156.2 138.8 1986 37.9 60.2 22.3 19.2 1987 18.6 102.1 41.8 162.5 162.5 140.2 1987 38.0 63.3 25.3 ele ALL VALUES IN $1000's Table 8.3 1988 18.6 107.4 42.8 168.9 168.9 141.4 1988 38.1 66.5 28.4 23.1 1989 18.6 112.9 43.9 175.3 175.3 142.6 1989 38.3 69.8 31.5 24.9 1990 18.6 118.5 44.9 181.9 181.9 143.6 1990 38.4 73.1 34.8 26.6 1991 18.6 124.2 45.8 188.7 188.7 144.6 1991 38.5 76.6 38.1 28.4 6°8 DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST DISCOUNTED PLAN COST NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS EXTRA COSTS BENEFITS NET BENEFITS DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS 1992 18.6 130.2 46.8 195.6 195.6 145.5 1992 38.6 80.2 41.6 30.0 KALSKAGS 1993 1994 18.6 18.6 136.3 142.6 47.8 48.7 202.7 210.0 202.7 210.0 146.4 = 147.3 1993 1994 38.7 38.8 83.8 87.6 45.1 48.8 31 7 33.3 NOTE: PLAN 2 ALTERNATE A 1995 18.6 149.2 49.7 217.4 217.4 148.1 1995 38.9 91.5 52.6 34.8 1996 18.6 155.9 50.6 225.1 225.1 148.9 1996 39.0 95.6 56.6 36.3 Table 8.3 (continued) 1997 18.6 162.9 51.5 233.1 233.1 149.6 1997 39.1 99.8 60.7 37.8 *** ALL VALUES IN $1000's 1998 18.6 170.2 52.5 241.3 241.3 150.4 1998 39.2 104.1 64.9 39.3 1999 18.6 177.7 53.4 249.7 249.7 151.1 1999 39.53 108.6 69.3 40.7 2000 18.6 185.5 54.3 258.4 258.4 151.8 2000 39.4 T1352 73.8 42.1 2001 18.6 193.6 D525 267.5 152.5 2001 39.5 118.1 78.5 43.5 TOTAL 372.0 2604.6 0 921 27 3898.3 3898.3 2881.6 TOTAL 695.3 1503.4 808.1 545.0 2) Environmental Considerations: i) Air Quality: There will be a reduction in the thermal pollution from the radiators. ii) Noise Levels: No impact. iii) Water Quality: There would be a minor impact if a major leakage occurred in the coolant system. iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: None. v) Terrestrial Impacts: Will be minimal during the installation of the distribution system and will be restricted to the village site. vi) Land use and Ownership Status: It is assumed that the village will make the necessary arrangements for the right of way requirements for the distribution system. 8.2.4 Alternate Plan A Technical Evaluation Operation of the waste heat recovery system in Lower Kalskag, in conjunction with the central power plant, is expected to conform to the following expectations: 1. High Reliability. The system utilizes simple, reliable components that are readily available off the shelf from a variety of sources. 8.10 Safety. A well maintained system has a very low hazard potential. Availability. immediately. implement. All components needed are available The system is relatively easy to 8.11 9.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS Table 9.1 summarizes the village plans, the associated present worth analysis, and any non-electric benefits. Table 9.1 PLAN UPPER AND LOWER KALSKAG Alternative A Energy Source Diese Diesel and Present Wort 881,600 7881,600 Non-Electrical Benefits eee 45,000 Tota 8871, 600 7 330,000 Direct power generation costs, excluding administrative costs, are presented in Table 9.2 for each energy plan. Table 9.2 Energy Base Case Alternative A Production Plan 1 Cost Plan 2 Cost Year (kwh/yr. ) cor (¢/kwh ) 7982 449,600 c : 1983 465,200 29.64 29.64 1984 480,200 29.99 26.55 1985 494,600 30.35 26.45 1986 508,500 30572 26.33 1987 522,100 31.12 26.28 1988 535,300 31.55 26.25 1989 548,100 31.98 26.24 1990 560,700 32.44 26.24 1991 573,100 32.93 26.28 1992 585,300 33.42 26.31 1993 597,300 33.94 26.39 1994 609,200 34.47 26.46 © 1995 621,000 35.01 26.54 1996 632,700 35.58 26.63 1997 644,400 36.17 26.75 1998 656,000 36.78 26.89 1999 667,600 37.40 27.02 2000 679,200 38.04 27.18 2001 690,900 38.72 27.36 Dee Table 9.3 presents the plans for the village, in rank of recommended preference. The recommended action appropriate to each alternative is listed as well. Table 9.3 Energy Plan Alternative Recommended Action Alternative A - Waste Heat Initiate a feasibility Capture study for waste heat recovery. Estimated cost of feasibilty study $12,000 - $15,000. Base Case - Continued Investigate operation for Operation of Central potential of improved Power Plant generation efficiency. Estimate cost of study at $10,000 - $12,000 Additional Recommendations Weatherization No resource assessment or -building insulation feasibility study -building envelope indicated; immediate action infiltration required to bring Energy -improved combustion Audit and/or weatherization program to this community. Wind Power Initiate wind data Tet acquisition program. 9.2 Reconnaissance studies are necessarily preliminary in nature, however, it is apparent that there is great potential for a waste heat capture system in Lower Kalskag. Sale of the waste heat will realize increased revenues to the utility which will decrease the cost of production for electricity. Currently (1981-82) electricity costs 48.27¢ per KWH based on $1.46 a gallon for fuel and includes distribution and overhead costs. The fuel is supplied by Chevron and barged to Lower Kalskag from the distribution center in Bethel. The computer model used in the reconnaissance study projected that the 1982-83 cost of production for electricity will be approximately 29.34 per KWH. The study suggested that a waste heat capture system would be installed, and become operational in 1983-84. It was assumed that the waste heat would replace fuel oil, which costs $1.67 per gallon, used for space heating. Based on this assumption, the cost of production for electricity would be reduced from 29.99¢ to 26.55¢ per KWH. Therefore it is recommended that a waste heat capture system be installed. The reconnaissance study estimates that the system has the potential to save up to 9,000 gallons of fuel oil in the first full year of operation. APPENDIX. See Section 3.0 (Methodology) of the Main Report: RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR THE VILLAGES OF Aniak, Atka, Chefornak, Chignik Lake, Cold Bay, False Pass, Hooper Bay, Ivanof Bay, Kotlik, Lower and Upper Kalskag, Mekoryuk, Newtok, Nightmute, Nikolski, St. George, St. Marys, St. Paul, Toksook Bay, and Tununak. ista Corporation 516 Denali Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501 (907) 279-5516 REGCEivevp APR 1 2 1982 ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY April 9, 1982 Eric Yould Alaska Power Authority 334 West 5th Avenue Anchorage, Alaska 99501 RE: Letter of March 8, 1982 We have reviewed the draft documents by NORTEC of the energy reconnaissance report of the Calista Region. Calista Corporation endorses the study that was done by NORTEC. Energy in the Calista Region is probably the most expensive item for the people. Oil and gas have to be transported in, therefore causing the cost of energy to skyrocket in the villages. We would very much appreciate for Alaska Power Authority go on further and make recommendations to improve the energy programs within our region. However, please coordinate with Calista Corporation and A.V.C.P. Inc. on the reconnaissance studies that will be done in the future. Any questions please do not hesitate to call on us. Sincerely, CALISTA CORPORATION OX Al ider | President AR/ms Reply to Calista Corporation letter dated 4/9/82. Receipt of the letter and the point about further future coordination with A.v.C.P. Inc. is acknowledged,