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HomeMy WebLinkAboutKaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain, & Elim Recon Studies 6-1981VIL-H 003 RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR KALTAG ¢ SAVOONGA © WHITE MOUNTAIN e ELIM PROPERTY OF: Alaska Power Authority 334 W. 5th Ave. Anchorage, Alaska 99501 BY HOLDEN & ASSOCIATES Planning Consultants Juneau FRYER : PRESSLEY : ELLIOTT Consulting Engineers Anchorage JWA Professional Engineers Anchorage JUNE 1981 PREPARED FOR ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY 1? RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR ELIM, KALTAG, SAVOONGA AND WHITE MOUNTAIN FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Funding was made available to the Power Authority in July of 1980 to conduct reconnaissance studies of energy requirements and alternatives in 29 selected Western Alaskan villages. Holden & Associates was the engineering firm selected to conduct the reconnaissance studies for the villages of Elim, Kaltag, Savoonga, and White Mountain. STUDY DESCRIPTION: The purpose of the study was to identify and assess the present and future power needs of each community and to assess the power project alternatives available to that community. It will serve as the basis for recommending more detailed data collection activities, resource assessments or detailed feasibility studies of one or more specific power project alternatives. The study includes the following items: ee An assessment of existing demographic and economic conditions, power facilities, heating facilities, and preparation of an energy balance that characterizes total energy use in terms of energy forms entering the area, end uses and waste heat. 2. A 20 year energy requirements forecast which addresses economic activity, planned capital projects and electrical and heating end uses. The forecast includes electrical energy, heating energy and peak loads. 3. A resource and technology assessment. This includes an energy resource assessment for those resources available to each individual village, a brief description of the full range of alternative electrical energy technologies, and a determination of which technologies are available to each village. 4. Formulation of a number of energy plans for each individual village incorporating those technologies previously determined to be available to each village. The plans include a base case plan which consists of the continuation of existing practices. a. Economic, environmental and technical evaluation of each plan. 6. Recommendation of the preferred energy alternatives for each individual village and required subsequent resource assessments and feasibility studies. Page 1 FINDINGS: Elim - The existing electrical energy requirements and peak demand are approximately 249,819 kwh/yr and 82 kw respectively. These requirements are expected to increase to 654,293 kwh/yr and 213 kw by the year 2001. Existing heating energy requirements are 13,400 MBTU/yr. This requirement is expected to increase to 20,900 MBTU/yr by the year 2001. Existing power generation for the village is by one 250 kw, one 105 kw, and one 50 kw diesel generators, all owned by AVEC. The school district owns two standby diesel generators which supply power to the school during AVEC outages. Also, a single 1 kw wind generator has been installed for use by the National Guard Armory. Most residential space heating is by woodstove. The remainder of the village heating requirements is accomplished by the use of fuel oil. The lowest cost energy plan available to Elim consists of continued diesel electric generation with the implementation of an increased conversion efficiency system, waste heat recovery for the school buildings, heavy utilization of woodstoves and weatherization measures. All plan components have been proven and demonstrated in an Alaskan village environment with the exception of the increased conversion efficiency component which would require pre-packaged load sharing and sequencing systems. The second lowest cost alternative is the base case plan of continued diesel electric generation with a continuation of the existing proportion of fuel oil and wood for space heating purposes and none of the "lowest cost plan" improvements. Development of hydroelectric energy on Quiktakik Creek with supplemental diesel electric generation and maximum utilization of woodstoves and weatheri- zation measures was found to be the highest cost alternative and, therefore dropped from further consideration. The harvest and transportation of wood required for space heating could have significant environmental impacts due to access trails and clear cutting. Also, development of the hydroelectric project could have significant adverse environmental impacts. Community preferences at Elim include hydroelectric power and weatherization of older homes. Kaltag - The existing electrical energy requirements and peak demand are approximately 240,654 kwh/yr and 88 kw respectively. These requirements are expected to increase to 609,060 kwh/yr and 224 kw by the year 2001. Existing heating energy requirements are 17,100 MBTU/yr. This requirement is expected to increase to 32,000 MBTU/yr by the year 2001. Existing power generation for the village is by one 250 kw, one 105 kw and one 50 kw diesel generators, all owned by AVEC. The school district owns two standby diesel generators which supply power to the school during AVEC outages. Also, one small privately owned generator is operated in Kaltag. Most residential and a portion of the commercial and public facility space heating is by woodstove. The remainder of the village heating requirement is accomplished by the use of fuel oil. The lowest cost energy plan available to Kaltag consists of continued diesel electric generation with the implementation of an increased conversion efficiency system, waste heat recovery for the school buildings, heavy Page 2 utilization of woodstoves and weatherization measures. All plan components have been proven and demonstrated in an Alaskan village environment with the exception of the increased conversion efficiency component which would require pre-packaged load sharing and sequencing systems. The second lowest cost alternative is the base case plan of continued diesel electric generation with a continuation of the existing proportion of fuel oil and wood for space heating purposes and none of the “lowest cost plan" improvements. A plan including development of a hydroelectric project on the south tributary of the Kaltag River was considered, but found to be too expensive and dropped from further consideration. The harvest and transportation of wood required for space heating could have significant environmental impacts due to access trails and clear cutting. Also, development of the hydroelectric projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. Community preferences at Kaltag include hydroelectric power, weatherization of residential housing, energy education and wood fired electric generation if hydroelectric is not feasible. One resident suggested mechanization of wood transportation. Savoonga - The existing electrical energy requirements and peak demand are approximately 652,574 kwh/yr and 192 kw respectively. These requirements are expected to increase to 1,516,831 kwh/yr and 444 kw by the year 2001. Existing heating energy requirements are 34,100 MBTU/yr. This requirement is expected to increase to 65,300 MBTU/yr by the year 2001. Existing power generation for the village is by one 250 kw, one 300 kw and one 100 kw diesel generators, all owned by AVEC. The Bureau of Indian Affairs owns two standby diesel generators which provide power to the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Bering Strait REAA schools during AVEC outages. Nearly all village space heating is accomplished by the use of fuel oi]. A few homes are equipped with woodstoves which utilize the scarce amounts of driftwood found on St. Lawrence Island. The Lowest cost energy plan available to Savoonga consists of continued diesel electric generation with a 25% insertion of wind power, waste heat recovery for the school buildings, heavy utilization of coal for space heating and weatherization measures. All plan components have been proven and demonstrated in an Alaskan village environment with the exception of the increased conversion efficiency component and the wind energy conversion systems. The increased conversion efficiency component would require pre- packaged load sharing and sequencing systems. Wind generators show promise as a future means of offsetting a portion of the villages electrical energy requirements and may someday help to satisfy a portion of the space heating requirement through resistive heating. However, wind generation systems greater than 4 kw in size have not proven themselves as yet. Not one system of the size deemed necessary to supply an economical portion of Savoonga's overall electric energy requirements has been successfully installed in Alaska. Two occurrences of coal have been identified on St. Lawrence Island. One source is reported to be used for residential heating. No information exists on the grade or tonnage of this coal, but if of inferior quality or jnadequate supply, the possibility of barging in coal from other localities may be available. The second lowest cost plan consists of all the "lowest Page 3 cost plan" components minus the wind energy conversion system and coal space heating. The highest cost alternative is the base case plan of continued diesel electric generation with continued use of fuel oil for space heating and none of the "lowest cost plan" improvements. Environmental impacts of the plans are expected to be minimal. The ex- traction of coal could have adverse impacts on fish, wildlife and vegeta- tion. Emissions from coal heaters could be detrimental, however, due to the small size of the community and the continuous movement of air in the area impacts should be minimal. Community preferences at Savoonga include weatherization programs, wind power, energy education and development of alternative heating fuels. White Mountain - The existing electrical energy requirements and peak demand are approximately 76,000 kwh/yr and 25 kw respectively. These requirements are expected to increase to 137,790 kwh/yr and 45 kw by the year 2001. Existing heating energy requirements are 8,200 MBTU/yr. This requirement is expected to increase to 17,100 MBTU/yr by the year 2001. There are no centralized power generating facilities in White Mountain. The Bering Strait School District owns two 85 kw and one 35 kw diesel generators which supply power to the school, health clinic and store. In addition, there are six small gasoline generators which supply power to private residences and a church. White Mountain will be electrified by the Bering Strait School District power generation system this year. Most village space heating is accomplished by the use of fuel oil. Some residences are equipped with woodstoves, however. The lowest cost energy plan available to White Mountain consists of diesel electric generation with the implementation of an increased conversion efficiency system, waste heat recovery for the school buildings, heavy utilization of woodstoves and weatherization measures. This plan assumes the community will be electrified by the school district as planned. All plan-components have been proven and demonstrated in an Alaskan village environment with the exception of the increased conversion efficiency compo- nent which would require pre-packaged load sharing and sequencing systems. The second lowest cost alternative is the base case plan of continued diesel electric generation from the school district generators with a continuation of the existing proportion of fuel oi] and wood for space heating purposes and none of the "lowest cost plan" improvements. Development of a hydro- electric project on Eagle Creek with maximum utilization of woodstoves and weatherization measures was the highest cost plan and therefore dropped from further consideration. The need for a wide pad crawler tractor for the transportation of wood was also identified. The harvest and transportation of wood required for space heating could have significant environmental impacts due to access trails and clear cutting. Also, development of a hydroelectric project on Eagle Creek could have significant adverse environmental impacts. Community preferences at White Mountain included completion of the electrification project by the school district, implementation of a weatherization program, mechanization of the current wood transportation system, implementation of a grant or low cost joan program to assist in the purchase of woodstoves, and a higher degree of energy efficiency in new homes. Pade 4 RECOMMENDATIONS : It is the recommendation of the Power Authority that Elim, Kaltag and Savoonga continue to use diesel generation to satisfy their electric energy requirements and that White Mountain proceed with planned centralized diesel electrification of the community by the school district. A study should be conducted to determine the feasibility/final design of a waste heat recovery system to supply heat to the school buildings in all four villages. At White Mountain, installation of the system should coincide with the scheduled remodeling of the elementary school to reduce costs. A demonstration project to determine the feasibility of increasing con- version efficiencies of diesel electric generators utilizing load sharing and sequencing systems as mentioned earlier, and perhaps other systems suggested by different consultants, should be conducted. Such systems would require pre-packaged load sharing and sequencing systems which are commer- i cially available from United States manufacturers, but are relatively complex for village use and may have difficulties functioning in extreme temperature variations. If proved feasible, a re-assessment of the technologies appli- cation to each of the four villages should be made. If the appropriate type and size of wind generator proves itself in the Alaskan environment and becomes commercially available in the future, feasibility studies should be conducted at Savoonga to determine if such units would be a viable conservation measure to work in conjunction with the diesel generators. Wind anemometers should be installed if the wind gener- ators prove themselves feasible to further assess wind potential. Also, an assessment should be made of coal resources on St. Lawrence Island for space heating purposes and for potential coal fired binary cycle electrical power generation. The assessment should be made in conjunction with a larger regional study, if possible, and should address importation of coal in the event local sources are inadequate. A demonstration project to determine the feasibility of utilizing coal and wood fired binary cycle electrical generation facilities should be conducted at an optimal location within Alaska. The demonstration project should also address co-generation for district heating. If determined feasible in the Alaskan environment and the appropriate type and size of unit becomes com- mercially available, site specific feasibility studies of using the binary cycle systems in each of the four villages should be conducted. The Power Authority also recommends conducting energy audits of all building stock and the implementation of cost effective weatherization programs and other conservation measures. Increased use of woodstoves should be encouraged as part of this program in Elim, Kaltag and White Mountain. | The residents of White Mountain should be provided a crawler tractor to aid in the harvest of wood. The estimated costs of these various programs are summarized below: | Page 5 Waste Heat Recovery Feasibility/ _Village Name Final Design Study _ Energy Audits Elim $ 15,000 $ 14,000 Kaltag 21,000 14,000 Savoonga 21,000 33,000 White Mountain 5,000 7,500 The estimated cost of the St. Lawrence Island coal resource assessment is $100,000, the estimated cost of the crawler tractor to aid in the harvest of wood at White Mountain is $120,000, the estimated cost of the increased conversion efficiency demonstration project is $200,000, and the esti- mated cost of the wood and coal fired binary cycle demonstration project is $3,000,000. —— °. \\ LN Eric P. Yould \ Executive Director Page 6 HOLDEN & ASSOCIATES, INC. 1710 Davis Avenue @ Juneau, Alaska 99801 @ 907-586-3687 June 30, 1981 Mr. Robert A. Mohn Director of Engineering ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY 333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 31 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Reference: Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements and Alternatives for Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim Dear Mr. Mohn: Enclosed please find our reconnaissance study of energy requirements and alternatives for the communities of Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim. Our proposals for alleviating the increasing burden of high fuel costs in the — four communities are geared toward practical and achievable solutions, which are technically, economically and culturally supportable. Technology can sometimes produce answers which, while sound from an engineering sense, are socially or culturally unworkable. We have tried to either avoid such proposals, or at least provide a discount for solutions which require levels of training not locally available in the fore- seeable future or which fail to accommodate the social and cultural rhythms of the populations of the study communities. We have enjoyed working on this project and look forward to your comments. Respectfully, HOLDEN & ASSOCIATES Richard A. Holden RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR KALTAG, SAVOONGA, WHITE MOUNTAIN AND ELIM Prepared for: THE ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY 333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 31 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Prepared by: HOLDEN & ASSOCIATES Planning Consultants 1710 Davis Avenue Juneau, Alaska 99801 FRYER : PRESSLEY : ELLIOTT Consulting Engineers 1709 S. Bragaw Anchorage, Alaska 99504 JWA Professional Engineering Alaska Box 471F, SRA Anchorage, Alaska 99507 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Holden & Associates is indebted to Fryer : Pressley : Elliott (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering) and JWA (Electrical Engineering) for their technical contributions to this work. Special thanks are extended to Roy Barkwell of Fryer : Pressley : Elliott for conducting the field work portion of this study, as well as a large share of report production. Mark Fryer and Jack West also contributed substantially to report oversight and production. Ross & Moore Associates is acknowledged for production word processing and gen- eral report appearance. It should also be acknowledged that the people of the communities of Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim were extremely cooperative and added immeasurably to our understanding of local conditions. Thanks are extended to the Bering Strait and Yukon-Koyukuk School Dis- tricts and Norman and Shirlee Akeya for room and board as well as logistical support during our field visits. Thanks are also extended to Don Baxter of the Alaska Power Authority for his prompt assistance in keeping the project on course and on time. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 SUMMARY _AND RECOMMENDATIONS . ..........0.24 2 1.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS . . . . . . en 2 1.2 SUMMARY OF GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ......... #10 1.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS 12 2.0 INTRODUCTION . 2. 2... eee ee 5 3.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS . ....... ew ee. 18 3.1 DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS . ....... 2. 18 3.1-K DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (KALTAG) .... 18 3.1-S DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (SAVOONGA) so. 18 3.1-W DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (WHITE MOUNTAIN) 20 3.1-E DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CELIM) ee 20 3.2 ENERGY BALANCE ........ 0... ee ee en 22 3.2.1 Energy Consumption ............. 22 3.2.2 Petroleum Fuel Delivery .......... #31 3.2.3 Waste Heat... . . 2... 2... ew ee 82 3.3 EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES . ...... . 34 3.3-K EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES (KALTAG) .. . 34 3.3.1-K Electric Power Generation ......... 34 3.3.2-K Existing Heating Facilities ........ 35 3.3.3-K Existing Bulk Fuel Storage ......... «36 3.3-S EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES (SAVOONGA). . . 37 3.3.1-S Electric Power Generation ......... 37 3.3.2-S Existing Heating Facilities ........ 38 3.3.3-S Existing Bulk Fuel Storage ......... 39 3.3-W EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES (WHITE MOUNTAIN) . 2... 2. ee ee ee ee ee 40 3.3.1-W Electric Power Generation ......... 40 3.3.2-W Existing Heating Facilities ........ 41 3.3.3-W Existing Bulk Fuel Storage ......... 42 NW WWW WWW ww w FF FF $+ FWNH Fr OC vuuw wow OouU Uo fF FF FF FPrPrPRrR Oo = WOK metnnw m=enxw TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued ) EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES (ELIM) 3.3.1-E Electric Power Generation 3.3.2-E Existing Heating Facilities 3.3.3-E Existing Bulk Fuel Storage SUMMARY OF FACILITIES . ... SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (KALTAG) SUMMARY OF FACILITIES C(SAVOONGA) SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (WHITE MOUNTAIN) SUMMARY OF FACILITIES CELIM) SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS ; SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS (KALTAG) SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS CSAVOONGA) SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS (WHITE MOUNTAIN) SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS (ELIM) DATA SOURCE AND RELIABILITY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST POPULATION FORECAST THERMAL ENERGY FORECAST IDENTIFIABLE CAPITAL PROJECTS ELECTRIC ENERGY USE PROJECTIONS 4aLL Present Energy Use Patterns 4.4.2 Methodology for Electric Energy Use Projections soe eee 2 4.4.3 Substitutability Between Electric and Heating Energy Requirements RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (KALTAG) ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT CSAVOONGA) ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (WHITE MOUNTAIN) 61 61 64 72 75 75 76 78 93 93 93 98 104 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued ) Page 5.1-E ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT CELIM) . . . . . . ee. . 109 5.2 REGIONAL OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT .......... 115 5.3 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ............ 2... . 115 5.4 APPROPRIATE COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGIES a | 4 le | ot ie le foe! Ie) | eS 6.0 ENERGY | PUANS | [2 |) lil} e |) elle | je fell ol le | ol le] ol lel lo] ol lle | 4) 22e 6.1 COMMUNITY ENERGY PLANS ............. =. . 127 6.1-K KALTAG PLANS ........... 2.2... 2... . . 127 6.1-S SAVOONGA PLANS ............ . . 2. . 2. 4 . 130 6.1-W WHITE MOUNTAIN PLANS | fall fee Il Jol fe fee dle] fre [ost frstet we | llol fo | obs| lal | eel Sk 6.1-E ELIM PLANS ...............0.2. 2... . 132 7.0 ENERGY PLAN EVALUATION ............ . . . 134 7.1 ECONOMIC EVALUATION... ..... . 0. ee eee 184 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION wl te| jee I) feel lst fet let] | el Jbl 6 let) op oO 7.3 COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS . ...... . . 157 7.3-K ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION (KALTAG) . . ..... .. . 157 7.3-S ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION (SAVOONGA) . ....... . 161 7.3-W ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION CWHITE MOUNTAIN) . . . . . . 163 7.3-E ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION CELIM) . ....... .. =. 166 7.4 TECHNICAL EVALUATION . . . . .. ee eee eee 169 7.4-K TECHNICAL EVALUATION (KALTAG) . . ..... . . 169 7.4-S TECHNICAL EVALUATION (SAVOONGA) ......... . .. 170 7.4-W TECHNICAL EVALUATION (WHITE MOUNTAIN) . . ... .. . 172 7.4-E TECHNICAL EVALUATION CELIM) . ......... . 2. «173 8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS . ...... 2... eee ee eee 174 8.1 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ........... 2... . 174 8.1-K RECOMMENDATIONS CKALTAG) el tel flee] Mel bal fel le | Ib] fal oe | Je] fe | 7G 8.1-S RECOMMENDATIONS (CSAVOONGA) m| lel fo lls] lel Jul lol be | lel lel] s| lel lel | DS 8.1-W RECOMMENDATIONS (WHITE MOUNTAIN) L| lel Jol lel ls | ieltel | + | le] || boo 8.1-E RECOMMENDATIONS (ELIM) etl fool etl fer mt lie bal Jet |e] iol lal | ol te) |e.) bow TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued ) APPENDICES Appendix A - RESULTS OF COMMUNITY MEETINGS Appendix B - PHOTOGRAPHS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS Appendix C - POPULATION AND ENERGY FORECASTING PROCEDURES Appendix D - TECHNOLOGY PROFILES Appendix E - HYDROPOWER INFORMATION Appendix F - LETTERS OF COMMENT Appendix G - BIBLIOGRAPHY WNW NW WwW Ww ' WrHNYN ND ' mennw 4-2 4-3 4a 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 5-1-K 5-1-S 5-1-W 5-1-E 6-1 LIST OF TABLES Total Raw Energy Distribution Forecasted Energy Consumption Summary of Energy Plans Current Energy Balance (Kal tag) Current Energy Balance (Savoonga) Current Energy Balance (White Mountain) Current Energy Balance (Elim) Energy Conversion Efficiencies Unit Thermal Energy Use Forecast of Future Space Heat Requirements Electric Energy Use (kWh) By Consumer Class Growth in Residential Class Electric Energy Electric Energy Use Projections (Kaltag) Electric Energy Use Projections (Savoonga) Electric Energy Use Projections (White Mountain) Electric Energy Use Projections (Elim) Electric Energy Use Projections (Summary) Diesel Electric Conversion Efficiencies Electric Peak Demand Diesel Generator Investment Schedule Annual Diesel Fuel Costs Summary of Energy Resources (Kal tag) Summary of Energy Resources (Savoonga) Summary of Energy Resources (White Mountain) Summary of Energy Resources (Elim) Thermal Energy Unit Cost Assumptions 69 70 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 88 89 91 92 97 103 108 114 128 Table 7-2 7-3 7-3A 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12 7-13 7-14 7-15 7-16 7-17 7-18 7-19 7-20 LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Electric Plan Present Worths Thermal Plan Present Worths 53-Year Electric Plan Present Worths Plan A (Kaltag) Plan B (Kaltag) Plan A (Savoonga) Plan B (Savoonga) Plan A (White Mountain) Plan B (White Mountain) Plan A CElim) Plan B (Elim) Plan Ay (Kal tag) Plan By (Kal tag) Plan Ay (Savoonga) Plan By CSavoonga) Plan Cy (Savoonga) Plan Ay (White Mountain) Plan By (White Mountain) Plan Ay CElim) Plan By CElim) Figure Number 'o4 FPrPRP eH 1 4 NW ww mennk FFF FF fF $F ON DOW FWDY LIST OF FIGURES Vicinity Map Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain, and Elim Population Forecast Kaltag Energy Balance Savoonga Energy Balance White Mountain Energy Balance Elim Energy Balance Population Forecast (all! communities) Historical and Forecasted Population Growth Building Space Projections Residential Thermal Engergy Projections Forecasted Heating Fuel Consumption Forecasted Total Annual Elctric Energy Use Estimated Monthly Total Electric Energy Use Estimated Monthly Electric Peak Demand - vii - 24 26 28 30 62 63 68 69 71 86 87 90 & SEWARD , PENINSULA Cc? NORTON SOUND on Qi \ 1. 1. 0 1 SUMMARY _ AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The 1073 residents of Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim are entirely dependent on high cost, imported diesel fuel for the produc- tion of electric energy. The cost is stiff. Fuel oil for power gener- ation (and space heating) is about $2.00 a gallon (1981) and electric energy is generated at a cost of approximately 37¢ per kWh. In Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim, escalating oil costs have spurred a large scale return to wood for residential space heating. The con- version now underway has been spontaneous and largely unaided by outsiders. To date, the magnitude of this transition has been strik- ing. In aggregate, wood is used to heat 70 percent of all residential space in these three communities. Kaltag spearheads this effort with 90 percent residential and 35 percent commercial/municipal wood use. Current total wood use is approximately 485 cords (1980) for this community. For those with good health and the cash resources to purchase snowmachines, boats and motors, gasoline, chainsaws and wood heaters, this option is viable. For the old, disabled and finan- cially disadvantaged, the switch to this cheaper fuel source cannot be afforded (regardless of income source). Wood harvest and transport is accomplished by individuals or small groups, and these activities are tailored to other seasonal subsistence patterns such as hunting and fishing. The small amount of excess wood available in Kaltag and Elim fetches about $90.00 per cord ($5.80/10® Btu); a little more than one-third the cost of fuel oil. The residents of Savoonga, who lack an easily obtainable wood re- source, are entirely dependent on high cost, imported petroleum fuels for all space heating and electric power generation. The anxiety over an oil-dependent future for themselves and their children was ex- pressed during the reconnaissance team's visit to the community. The high cost of electricity is reflected in low consumption rates. The average household in Kaltag, Savoonga or Elim uses about 1,600 kWh per year, or about one-third of railbelt consumption; yet pays about twice the utility bill. The majority of residents in White Moun- tain (which is not yet completely electrified) rely on kerosene (at $5.00 per gallon) and white gas (at $3.50 per gallon) for light. Under such "subsistence" level consumption, it is difficult to consider significant savings through conservation, not withstanding total dis- connect. Home heating, on the other hand, does not mirror conservative elec- trical consumption. Building heat loss is more a function of the building's characteristics (e.g., size and condition) than a function of occupant habits. Although the average house in the four communities is only 550 square feet, the family occupying it must provide about 175 x 10® Btu annually for space heat (1,100 gallons of fuel oil or 10 cords of wood, equivalent). Some housing in Savoonga ranges up to 2,000 gallons per year. The extreme subarctic cold, high winds, substandard housing (built previous to 1978) aggravated by escalating fuel costs cause an ever increasing stress on household budgets. Unlike residential electric consumption, conservation of residential heating fuel has obvious merit. The commercial and public agency buildings such as schools, clinics and stores are entirely dependent on imported fuel oil for space heat (except Kaltag). Continued dependence on fuel oil for these sectors will cause an escalation in cost, or a reduction in quality, of the basic goods and services they provide. Regional transportation is by barge (in the ice-free summer months) and by air (year-round). Due to remote location and logistical diffi- culties, the cost of many goods and services consumed has a rela- tively and absolutely high transportation component. Escalating fuel costs will be compounded by escalating transportation charges. Gaso- line for local snowmachine and boat transport is about $2.50 per gallon (1980). Construction of each community's energy balance revealed that schools are the largest single consumers, as well as the largest consumer class of electric energy, with residential being the second largest consumer class. Residential is the largest consumer class of space heating fuels, while schools are the largest single consumers. Of every four million Btu's consumed today for non-transportation needs, about one million are used for electric power generation and three million are used for space heating -- an early indication of where, future emphasis may well be placed. The current aggregate of the four community raw energy consumptions are summarized in Table 1-1. As the population continues to grow, the quality of housing continues to increase and government related construction continues to expand, the demand for raw energy resources will rise significantly. Base case forecasts, performed by the reconnaissance team, indicate a 58 percent increase in per capita total electric consumption and a 32 per- cent increase in per capita total thermal energy consumption over the next 20 years. Our forecast of future energy consumption is summa- rized in Table 1-2. TABLE 1-1 TOTAL RAW ENERGY DISTRIBUTION (1979 - 1980) (All Communities) Gallons of Fuel Oil, Percent Btu x 10° Equivalent of Total Electric Generation 24 176,000 203 Space Heat & Water Utility Heat 68 491,000 583 Ground & Water Transportation _26 190,000 22% TOTAL 118 857,000 100% FORECASTED ENERGY CONSUMPTION KALTAG Electric (kWh x 1000) Peak Demand (kW) Thermal (Btu x 109) SAVOONGA Electric (kWh x 1000) Peak Demand (kW) Thermal (Btu x 10%) WHITE MOUNTAIN Electric (kWh x 1000) Peak Demand (kW) Thermal (Btu x 109%) ELIM Electric (kWh x 1000) Peak Demand (kW) Thermal (Btu x 10°) TOTALS Electric (kWh x 1000) Peak Demand (kw)! Thermal (Btu x 109) The reconnaissance TABLE 1-2 team 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 241 285 396 502 609 88 105 146 185 224 17 22 27 29 32 653 758 1,027 1,276 1,517 192 222 301 373 444 34 44 54 59 65 76 94 110 124 138 25 31 36 40 45 8 11 14 15 17 250 303 427 540 654 82 99 139 176 213 13 15 17 19 21 1,220 1,440 1,960 2,442 2,918 387 457 622 1,231 926 72 92 112 123 135 evaluated number of alternative fuel sources and energy conserving technologies within the framework of this study. Primary to evaluation procedures are the elements of cost, availability, 1 Not coincident. reliability, complexity and the desires and tradi- tions of the communities' residents. Conclusions based on our tech- nical and economic feasibility work are as follows: ° Improving diesel-electric conversion efficiency and capturing gen- erator waste heat for space heating purposes appear to be the best short-term methods of defraying the high cost of electric genera- tion in the four study communities. The prospects for hydroelectric development at Kaltag and Elim are not clear-cut at this reconnaissance level. Hydrologic investigation to confirm stream flow (and, thus, electric generation capacity) and cost assumptions are required to adequately assess this poten- tial. Power generation technologies alternative to diesel-electric and hydro do not appear to be economically or technically attractive for the small remote load centers considered herein. Wind power for Savoonga proved economically feasible, but there are doubts about the reliability of this technology. Weatherization is a low cost proven technology with obvious merit. Wood will remain an economically viable option for space heat in Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim.- If this already established pat- tern of conversion is continued to its apparent and logical conclu- sion, approximately 90 percent of all residential space and 75 per- cent of all commercially and municipally operated space in Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim will be heated with wood. Although the switch thus far has been accomplished internally, the final incre- ments of the conversion described above may require assistance in the acquisition of the tools of harvest, transport and end use. For instance, the residents of White Mountain have requested a wide-pad D-4 Cat (replacing one used in the 1940's and 1950's) for assistance in their wood harvest and transport activities. This piece of equipment would help economize the cost of bulk wood transport and blend well with the community-wide self-assistance efforts indicative of the tradition of White Mountain's residents. Although the pattern of conversion is established, long-term com- plications may arise. Wood, which is classified as a renewable re- source, regenerates slowly in the subarctic study area. Thus, select wood fuel could dwindle in the periphery of Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim. This raises the possibility that forests will be depleted faster than trees cut for fuel can be replaced. Due to the construction of modern housing, schools and utilities, these communities are now immobilized. For residents who no longer can simply pick up their belongs and leave when local resources dwindle, the potential of wood's long-term price advantage over fuel oil could eventually evaporate. The exploitation of regional coal resources for use in Savoonga was investigated due to the lack of obtainable wood resources enjoyed by Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim. This option shows economic promise for providing economically priced space heating fuel for the residential, commercial, and public agency sectors. A fine- tuning of the cost and timing assumptions made in this work will be possible at the conclusion of Dames & Moore's assessment of Northwest Alaska's coal resources. 1! ° Although wood and coal can have a major impact on reducing the study communities' dependence on imported petroleum, this devel- opment would not completely solve the communities' energy prob- lems. At least 50 percent of the energy used by these communi- ties cannot be replaced directly by wood or coal, using currently available technology. We, therefore, conclude a long-term solution to the region's energy problems appears to be development of an alternative liquid fuel, de- 1 Dames & Moore, Assessment of Coal Resources of Northwest Alaska - Phase I (Draft); being prepared for the Alaska Power Authority, December 1980. -7- rived from wood or coal or both. Technologies required to convert wood and coal into fuels for transportation, power generation and space heating are now being developed, and may be available for use, on a regional basis, in the future. Of course, the success of new and innovative technologies in rural Alaska depends on the same transportaton systems needed to distri- bute coal and wood within the region. Thus, in addition to the establishment of wood harvesting and coal extraction industries, a major component of the region's energy plan should be the develop- ment of transportation systems of sufficient scale to handle these fuels. Within the offshore areas of Norton Sound, exploration for oil and gas has taken place. If the federal government leases tracts in the sound, and if commercial quantities of oil and gas are found, a re- gional refining industry might provide the study communities with a reliable supply of fuel. But, the uncertainty of those prospects, plus the long lead time for development, precludes the authors from including them in this work. In conclusion, the alternatives evaluated herein can have a significant impact on lowering the study communities' dependence on high cost petroleum fuels. To do this the plan must tap another bountiful form of energy -- the willingness and desire of local residents to partici- pate in finding and implementing solutions to their energy problems. Thus, the ultimate solution must be consistent with emerging village lifestyles, as well as being within the financial and technical capabil- ities of local residents. TABLE 1-3 SUMMARY OF ENERGY PLANS (Base Case and Least Cost Plans) ELECTRIC THERMAL ! Total Continued Improved Waste 20-year Diesel Diesel Wind Hydro- Conser- Heat Fuel Conser- Cost § Generation Generation Power electric _vation? Recovery _Oil* Wood? Coal? vation* ($1000) KALTAG Base Case Plan x x x $ 8,858 Least Cost Plan x Note? x x x x x 6, 466 SAVOONGA Base Case Plan x x 24,921 Least Cost Plan x x x x x x x 15,058 WHITE MOUNTAIN Base Case Plan x x x 4,884 Least Cost Plan x x x x x x 2,974 ELIM Base Case Plan Xx x x 7,345 Least Cost Plan x Note? x x x x x 5,277 NOTES: 1 2 See Section 1.3 and 8.1 for hydroelectric recommendations. For schools and larger buildings. Base Case fuel oil/wood mix as currently consumed (see Section 3.2, of residential and 75% of commercial/public (except schools). Includes all sectors. Net present worth. Energy Balance). Recommended Plans assume wood use for 90% 1 1 2 SUMMARY OF GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS} ° Wood Resources The communities of Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim should be en- couraged and assisted in their current effort to exploit the wood resources in their region for space heating. Specifically, a small crawler tractor (a wide-pad D-4 Cat) should be provided for the residents of White Mountain to assist in their wood harvest program. An equitable program should be initiated for those residents re- quiring assistance in obtaining the implements of harvest, trans- port and use of wood resources. The severe Arctic climate limits tree growth. If wood use is ex- panded significantly, particularly in Elim and White Mountain, the feasibility of replanting and other forest-management techniques should be explored. Such programs would need the support and assistance of the communities. Coal Resources See Section 1.3, Requirements for Additional Investigations. Generator Waste Heat Recovery Approximately 3.7 billion recoverable Btu's (having an oil equiva- lent value of $53,500) will be wasted this year at the Savoonga power plant. Concept design and feasibility should be initiated so this heat source can be utilized for space heating by the nearby school buildings. See Section 8 for community specific recommendations, and Table 1-3 for a summary of base case and least cost plan components, and total plan costs. - 10 - Approximately 1.4 billion recoverable Btu's (having an oil equiva- lent value of $20,200) will be wasted this year at the Elim power plant. Concept design and feasibility should be initiated so this heat source can be utilized for space heating by the nearby school buildings. Approximately 1.3 billion recoverable Btu's (having an oil equiva- lent value of $18,800) will be wasted this year at the Kaltag power plant. Concept design and feasibility for relocating the generation facility to a site near the school complex for waste heat capture and utilization should be initiated. Approximately 0.4 billion recoverable Btu's (having oil equivalent value of $5,800) will be wasted this year from the School District's power plant at White Mountain. Although this is significantly less than the other communities, it will increase as the electrification of White Mountain is completed. Significant savings in the installation cost of waste heat recovery equipment can be realized if construc- tion of this system is coincident with the elementary school renova- tion scheduled to occur within the next three years. Provisions for retrofit of the school's heating system and generators should be made at that time. Hydroelectric Power See Section 1.3, Requirements for Additional Technical Investiga- tion. Diesel-Electric Power Generation A program to improve the conversion efficiency of diesel-electric generation equipment should be initiated. Such a program should include additional training of plant operators and retrofit and modification of generation facilities as outlined in the improved diesel-electric conversion technology profile (Appendix D). -1- ° Wind Power See Section 1.3, Requirements for Additional Technical Investiga- tion. Energy Conservation An energy specialist and auditor should travel to these four com- munities to assist the residents in participating in various weather- ization and conservation programs that exist under state and fed- eral law. Savoonga should be given the highest priority due to lack of local wood resources. Technical audits should be conducted for the communities! schools and appropriate retrofit programs undertaken. ° Education Educational TV geared towards weatherization, etc., should be developed for rural programming. 1.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ° Transportation A study should be conducted that would result in the clear defini- tion of transportation systems and material handling systems re- quired of larger scale coal and wood exploitation. See Section 8.0, Recommendations, for further detail. -12- ° Coal Resources The feasibility work on the extraction and use of coal resources from occurrences located in Northwest Alaska! should be contin- ued, including the potential for regional mining. St. Lawrence Island should be included in the scope of that work. Closer attention should be directed to residential and commercial/public agency coal space heating. If regional coal extraction does not prove feasible, the potential for importing coal for space heat from the west coast of the U.S., Canada or other areas of Alaska (as was done prior to the 1960's) should be investigated. See Section 8.0, Recommendations, for additional detail. ° Hydroelectric Several hydrologic and cost assumptions concerning the Kaltag and Elim hydroelectric plans, developed for the Corps of Engineers by OTT Water Engineers,? remain unconfirmed by on-site investiga- tions. Therefore, a geotechnical reconnaissance and hydrologic investigation should be performed to verify the statistically derived stream flow assumptions (both winter and summer) and refine capital cost estimates for each site. The study would provide the basis for reexamining the hydro plans using various petroleum fuel escalation rates and amortization periods. The results of this work would be the basis for a decision to proceed with a full feasibility study. (See Section 8.1 for additional detail). ° Wood Resources The extend, regrowth rate and accessibility of wood resources of the region should be examined. Of interest is the nature and 1 Dames & Moore, Assessment of Coal Resources of Northwest Alaska - Phase I (Draft); being prepared for the Alaska Power Authority; December 1980. 2 OTT Water Engineers; Northwest Alaska Small Hydropower Reconnaissance Study (Draft); being prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; 1981. - 13- quantity of wood appearing as drift in the Yukon River. From its point of origin, this wood is eventually deposited on the shores of Norton Sound and is used by many coastal communities for space heating fuel. Further, a survey should be conducted of available technology for converting wood and/or coal into liquid fuels. Also, a feasibility study of establishing wood and/or coal fuel industries on a local or regional basis should be commissioned. - 14 - 2.0 INTRODUCTION The Alaska Power Authority contracted with Holden & Associates to investigate and document existing and potential energy situations in four rural Alaska communities. This study is the product of that contract. ° Objectives The work described herein consisted of an analysis of the energy needs of three Bering Strait communities (Savoonga, White Moun- tain and Elim), and one Yukon River community (Kaltag). The objectives of this study were to examine current energy importa- tion and use patterns, forecast the future energy needs of the communities, and develop a workable plan, for the implementation of electric and thermal generation techniques, that would best meet those projected needs. ° Scope and Metholology The planning and engineering analysis presented herein included visits to the communities being evaluated to solicit local involve- ment and document the local conditions that form the energy con- suming, generation and resource environment of the communities. All available and pertinent written data was compiled and an energy balance was constructed for each of the four communities. From this compilation of published data and field observation, a forecast of future energy requirements was constructed. The array of resources and technologies that are available to serve the future energy needs of the communities was screened for appropriate technologies. Various fuels alternative to petroleum, conservation techniques and increased conversion efficiency technologies were considered. -15- Technical and economic evaluations were augmented with a high degree of consideration for the social and cultural patterns unique to rural Alaska. The technologies found to be most appropriate by the authors include: ° Hydroelectric power generation Increased diesel-electric generation efficiency ° Generator waste heat recovery ° Wood and coal for space heating Building energy conservation ° Continued use of fuel oil for electric generation and space heating Once this array of technologies and future energy requirements were overlayed, various plans for each community were drafted. An economic analysis of each plan was then performed using pres- ent worth calculations for capital amortization, maintenance and operations and fuel costs projected over a 20-year span. Thus, the total cost for each plan (including business as usual) was derived for the 20-year planning period. To aid in sensitivity analysis of various thermal energy plans, a computer model of rural village energy use was developed. The model is described in Section 4.2 of this study. The profile of future thermal energy consumption was further based on thermal energy use patterns organized on a population and square foot basis. The electric energy analysis and profiles were developed separately from the thermal energy model, although both assume the same population growth functions and changing social patterns. This separation was intention in so far as electric generation projects are traditionally funded through different agencies than thermal energy projects. The two analyses are joined, however, - 16 - 1 at the point of waste heat recovery modeling. Thus, the electric energy plan drives the thermal energy plan when waste heat is a consideration. Coal was found to be an appropriate space heating fuel for Savoonga, which does not have the timber resources currently en- joyed by Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim. Although a separate analysis of the technical and economic feasibility of coal extraction and utilization in Northwest Alaska! is currently underway, the study is not currently (at the time of this writing) to the point where firm costs and recommendations (based on field exploration work) can be established. The authors have, therefore, assumed a conservative estimate for the cost of future regionally extracted coal (for regional scale use) delivered to Savoonga. Although the authors' estimate may vary with future geologic investigation, the adopted method did allow an economic evaluation of the coal heating option within the framework of Savoonga's current and projected energy needs and use patterns. An obstacle to the use of coal in Savoonga is the lack of a docking facility required for handling the quantity of materials suggested for wide acceptance of this fuel. The plan for Savoonga does in- clude expenditures toward construction and maintenance of such a structure, however, an exhaustive analysis of a marine structure required to serve this function is beyond the scope of this study. Hydroelectric costs and potential energy data used in the analysis undertaken herein were derived from OTT Water Engineers' work for the Corps of Engineers (see Section 5.1). Dames & Moore, Assessment of Coal Resources of Northwest Alaska (Draft); being prepared for the Alaska Power Authority; 1980. -W7- 3.0 3.1 3.1-K 3.1-S 1 A EXISTING CONDITIONS DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS! DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (KALTAG) Kaltag is located on the Yukon River approximately 320 miles west of Fairbanks. The 245 residents listed in the 1980 U.S. Census are mostly Alaska Natives. Primary economic activities include subsis- tence hunting, fishing and wood gathering. Commercial fishing and trapping contribute cash to the economy. Some local employment is provided by the Yukon-Koyukuk School District, the stores, and local government. Transfer payments also contribute to the cash needs. The city is administrated by an elected mayor-council government. Kaltag is also a member of Gana'A-Yoo Corporation with three neigh- boring communities. Primary and secondary education is provided by the Yukon-Koyukuk School District. Local transportation is by snow- machine and boat and regional transportation is by barge and air. DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (SAVOONGA) Savoonga is located on St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, 164 miles west of Nome. Gambell, the only other community on the island, is 39 miles to the west. The residents of Savoonga are pre- dominately Alaska Natives, and most are bilingual. The island, rich in food resources, supported as many as 4,000 people living in 35 settlements in the 18th and 19th centuries. A tragic famine in the late 1870's and disease brought by commercial whalers catastrophically combined to reduce the entire island's population to 261 by 1903. In an effort to assist, a herd of 70 reindeer were introduced to the island in 1900. The residents of Gambell (the only remaining settle- Environmental Services Limited; Bering Strait Region Community Porfile: Background for Planning (Savoonga, White Mountain, Elim); State of Alaska, Department of Community and Regional Affairs; 1980. - 18 - ment) found it difficult to manage the herd, which migrated to the eastern end of the island. In 1916 a reindeer herding station was established near the old settlement of Kookoolik, and thus, the begin- ning of Savoonga. The population grew steadily to its current level of 491 (1980 U.S. Census count). The primary economic activity is subsistence hunting. Savoonga is known as the "Walrus Capital of the World". Residents hunt walrus and whales in the spring and fall as well as a variety of seals and other animals. An important source of cash income is derived from the sale of high quality ivory carvings. Another source of cash is from the sale of old artifacts gathered from various locations on the island. Arctic fox skins provide a secondary source of income but there is no other commercial hunting or trapping. Some local employ- ment is provided by a variety of sources such as the BIA elementary school, Bering Strait REAA high school, the clinic, stores and local government agencies. Transfer payments also contribute to the local cash flow. The reindeer herd is now a secondary income source. Savoonga was incorporated as a 2nd class city in 1969 and operates under the authority of an elected mayor and city council. Non-muni- cipal programs and services are administered by a local IRA Council. State revenue sharing and a 2% local sales tax also contribute to Savoonga's cash flow. Native residents are share holders in the Savoonga Native Corpora- tion, incorporated in accordance with the Alaska Native Claims Settle- ment Act (ANSCA). Due to reservation status (established in 1903) the residents of Savoonga and Gambell (through their respective native corporations) were allowed to receive fee simple title to St. Lawrence Island. Interim conveyance to 1,135,949 acres was made in June 1979. Primary education is provided by the BIA and secondary education is provided by the Bering Strait REAA School District. - 19 - 3.1-W DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (WHITE MOUNTAIN) 3.1-E White Mountain is located on the west bank of the Fish River about 15 miles inland from Norton Sound and about 80 miles east of Nome. There are 125 residents listed in the 1980 U.S. Census count. Pri- mary economic activities include subsistence hunting and fishing. Some commercial fishing and cannery work draws residents to the nearby community to Golovin during the summer. Many other resi- dents spend the summer at subsistence fish camps. Some local em- ployment is provided by the Bering Strait REAA School District and the community store. White Mountain was incorporated as a 2nd class city in 1969. An _ elected mayor-council government administrates municipal affairs. A 1% local sales tax has been levied. Non-munici- pal programs and services are administered by an IRA council. Transfer payments also aid local cash flow. Persuant to ANSCA, White Mountain Native Corporation is entitled to select 115,20 acres of federal land. As of August 1980, 83,850 acres have been given interim conveyance. Local transportation is by snowmachines and boats. Regional trans- portation is by barge and air. Primary and secondary education is provided by the Bering Strait REAA School District. DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (ELIM) Elim is located on the shore of Norton Sound about 96 miles east of Nome on the Seward Peninsula. The 212 residents listed in the 1980 U.S. Census count are mostly Alaska Natives. Primary economic activities include subsistence food gathering, commercial fishing and cannery work at the nearby (12 miles) Moses Point processing plant. A local saw mill has operated sporatically in support of timber needs. - 20 - Some local employment is provided by the BIA and Bering Strait REAA School District, the store, the city government etc. Elim was incorporated as a 2nd class city in 1970. An elected mayor-council form of government presides. A 2% local sales tax, state revenue sharing, and CETA funds also contribute to the cash flow of the com- munity. Non-municipal programs and = services are administered through an IRA council. Local transportation is by snowmachine and boat. Regional transportation is by barge and air. Because of Elims reservation status (established in 1911) the residents of Elim had choice under ANSCA to receive fee simple title to the 297,982 acre reservation. Patent was granted on September 14, 1979. Primary education is provided by the BIA and secondary education is provided by the Bering Strait REAA School District. - 21 - 3.2 ENERGY BALANCE 3.2.1 Energy Consumption The first step in developing these energy plans is establish- ing current energy consumption patterns and from there, forecast future energy requirements. The tables and figures which follow represent the current (1979-80) level of energy importation, distribution, and end use consumption calculated for each consumer class. Further, three major end use divisions are defined: ° Heating (fuel oil and wood) ° Electric power generation (fuel oil) ° Local transportation (gasoline) Of the non-transportation fuels, roughly 1/4 is consumed for electric power generation and 3/4 is required for space heat- ing. When the respective energy consumption values are adjusted for conversion efficiency, it is found that heat accounts for approximately 90% of the useful energy con- sumed by the community, and the other 10% is consumed as electricity. (This again excludes transportation fuels.) The major raw fuel consumer classes (excluding transporta- tion) are listed below in order of decreasing consumption: 1) Residential space heat 2) Electric power generation 3) Institutional space heat 4) Commercial and public agency space heat 5) Water and sewer utilities - 22 - - €2- TABLE 3-2-K CURRENT ENERGY BALANCE (KALTAG) (1979 - 1980) Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Wood Wood Total Waste Heat (Gallons) (BtuX10®) (Cords) (BtuX109) (BtuX109) (Btux10°) RAW FUEL CONSUMPTION ELECTRIC GENERATION 47,287 6.5 6.5 5.7 SPACE HEAT Residential 5,000 0.69 450 7.0 7.7 3.7 Institutional 45,000 6.2 6.2 2.7 Commercial and Public Agencies 6,883 0.95 35 0.54 1.5 0.53 TOTAL SPACE HEAT CONSUMPTION 56,883 7.8 485 1.5 15.4 6.9 Water and Sewer Utility Heat 6,000 0.83 0.83 0.29 TOTAL BULK RAW FUEL CONSUMPTION 110,170 15.3 485 7.5 22.7 12.9 (Without Transportation) ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION kWh BtuX109 Institutional 113,065 0.38 Residential 84,825 0.28 Commercial 13,924 0.05 Public Agencies 9,243 0.08 Water and Sewer Utility 19,597 0.07 TOTAL ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION 240,654 0.82 TRANSPORTATION Gallons. BtuxX10° Ground and Water (Regular Gas) 20,000 2.5 Air (Avgas) 6,000 0.76 MISCELLANEOUS FUELS Propane 12,100 Lbs. White Gas Unknown Kerosene Unknown Note: All values are annual. -oU- END USE CONSUMPTION BULK FUEL CONSUMPTION SIPENTIAL ELECTRIC FUEL OIL FoR 82 %o WASTE HEAT ELECRIC FROM FUEL OL GENERATION INSTITUTIONAL ELECTRIC To ELECTRIC 47,287 GAL 113,065 KH CONVERSION. 5% to? au 7 — COMMERCIAL ELECTAIC 15,924 KWH —_ PUBLIC AGENCIES ELECTRIC 9243 kK SEWER 2 WATER UTILITY ELECTAIC 19, Bre (§ ZESIDENTIAL FUEL OIL 0.G 107 6 FUEL ON. ie oe HEX COD For. RESIDENTIAL SPACE HEAT % WASTE HEAT 283 GAL pies CORDS > vA K lo? Bru ‘ i) lee dl TOTAL DENTIAL SPACE HEAT 7.7 10? ey ; TOTAL =the : : : HEAT 15.4% fo? e7U % WASTE HEAT INSTITUTIONAL SPACE HEAT 26 {COO GAL, 2% 10? BTU 4a 15 %lo? am coco Gh. oss ulo® BI INGAS GOCO | ANGAS Goco GAL. O16 (ior Bl ——s—s—=isz”T LALTAG ENERGY BALANCE (1279-1980) NOTE: ALL VALVES ARE ANNUAL. @ULK FueLS ONLY. Dacor ean cnet a COM aoa € % FP PuBLic AGENCIES occas Jo WASTE HEAT Boor GAS = GAL,, 25X10? al fra) CETROLELIM rRODUCTS. FIGURE - 3-1-K - GZ - BLE 3-2-S CURRENT ENERGY BALANCE (SAVOONGA) (1979 - 1980) TA RAW _ FUEL CONSUMPTION ELECTRIC GENERATION SPACE HEAT Residential Institutional REAA - 18,751 Gal. BIA - 31,888 Gal. Commercial and Public Agencies TOTAL SPACE HEAT CONSUMPTION Water and Sewer Utility Heat TOTAL BULK RAW FUEL CONSUMPTION (Without Transportation) ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION Institutional REAA - 189,228 kWh BIA - 126,908 kWh Residential Commercial Public Agencies Water and Sewer Utility TOTAL ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION TRANSPORTATION Ground and Water (Regular Gas) MISCELLANEOUS FUELS Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Waste Heat (Gallons) (Btu x 109) (Btu x 10%) 78 , 300 10.8 8.6 127,260 17.9 6.2 50,639 7.0 3.1 34,400 4.8 1.7 212,229 29.4 11. 12,600 1.7 0.61 303,136 43.0 20.2 kWh Btu x 109 316,136 1.1 180,224 0.62 69,926 0.24 73,224 0.25 13,065 0.05 652,574 2.22 Gallons Btu x 109 98,500 12.4 Note: All values are : annual. ds (Residential heat) Propane 23,500 Lbs. White Gas 1,925 Gal. Kerosene 1,100 Gal Driftwood 40 Cor BULK FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL OL FoR. ELEC, GENERATION 18 200 GAL, 10.6 110? BTU FUEL OIL FoR SPACE HEAT 212,299 GAL. 2A x 10> Br P2IFTWOOD 40 Codd, 0.31 10? FUEL oll FoR —e~ ae USE CONSUMIPTIOM eee ome | ELECTRIC Yo WASTE reg w eee ome | GeAT EaOM | Pustunaian BLEcT. FUEL-OL Ble 136 AH To ELEcT. Ea CONVERSION. ERCAL ELECTRIC 6%, 226 i oe ae AGENCIES ELEc, 13,274 WATe2 AND SENei2 LEC. 13,065 — RESIDENTIAL SPACE HEAT Yo WASTE HEAT 121,160 GAL, 17.9 X10? BTU PUFT Woo 40 coRDS 0.62% lo? BTU INSTITUTIONAL SPACE HEAT % WASTE HEAT 50,629 GAL 7 ° K 10? BTU eee AUD PUBLIC AGENCIES a a 4.2 % 10? BTU % WASTE HEAT WATER & SEWER UTILITY 12,GQ0GAL. 1.7Xlo? BU op WASTE HEAT REGULAZ GASOLINE 17.4410? BTU SAVOONGA ENERGY BALANCE (oP - 1980) NOTES: ALL VALVES ARE ANNUAL. BULK FUBLS ONLY. FGEURE -3-1-S -l2- TABLE 3-2-W CURRENT ENERGY BALANCE (WHITE MOUNTAIN) (1979 - 1980) RAW FUEL CONSUMPTION ELECTRIC GENERATION SPACE HEAT Residential Institutional Commercial and Public Agencies TOTAL SPACE HEAT CONSUMPTION TOTAL BULK RAW FUEL CONSUMPTION (Without Transportation) ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION Institutional Residential Commercial Public Agencies TOTAL ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION TRANSPORTATION Ground and Water (Regular Gas) MISCELLANEOUS FUELS Propane 2,300 Lbs. White Gas 1,100 Gal. Kerosene 200 Gal. Fuel Oil Fuel Oil (Gallons) (BtuX109) (Cords) (BtuX109) Wood Wood Total Waste Heat (BtuX109) (BtuxX102) 10,950 us 1.5 1.3 21,000 2.9 68 1.1 4.0 5 19,000 2.6 2.6 1.2 4,648 0.64 0.6. 0.23 44,648 6.2 68 4.1 7.3 2.9 55,598 7.6 68 1.1 8.8 4.2 kWh Btux109 64,654 0.22 2,846 0.01 5,000 0.02 3,500 0.012 76,000 0.26 Gallons. BtuX109 17,000 2.1 Note: All Values are annual. -982- END USE CONSUMPTION BULK FUEL CONSUMPTION : | ener FUEL OL Fok FUEL Olle ELEC, GENEZATIN career 40,250 GAL, CONVERSION 1-5 “lo? Bru FUEL Oil FoR FUEL OL ote RESIDENTIAL SeAcE HEAT SPACE HEAT ———* ties Sa TOTAL RESIDENTIAL SPACE HEAT 4,0 410? BTU Yo WASTE HEAT INSTITUTION SPACE HEAT ZoWASTE HEAT 2.00 K 10? COMMERC arom AND PUBLIC AGENCIES SPACE HEAT 0.64 K1O Jo WASTE HEAT LOCAL TRANSPORTATION REGULAR GASOLINE 17,200 GAL. 11,000 GAL., 2.1% 10? BTU Cl) PETROLEUM FRopUCTS [J] Woop WHITE MOUNTAIN ENERGY BALANCE (1979-1920) NOTES: ALL VALVE ARE ANNUAL. BULK FUELS ONLY. FIGURE - 2-1-ld - 62 - TABLE 3-2-E CURRENT ENERGY BALANCE (ELIM) RAW FUEL CONSUMPTION ELECTRIC GENERATION SPACE HEAT Residential Institutional REAA -_ 7,500 Gal. BIA - 13,300 Gal. Commercial and Public Agencies TOTAL SPACE HEAT CONSUMPTION Water and Sewer Utility Heat TOTAL BULK RAW FUEL CONSUMPTION (Without Transportation) ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION Institutional REAA - 44,550 kWh BIA - 55,128 kWh Residential Commercial Public Agencies Water and Sewer Utility TOTAL ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION TRANSPORTATION Ground and Water (Regular Gas) MISCELLANEOUS FUELS Propane Unknown White Gas Unknown Kerosene Unknown (1979 - 1980) Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Wood Wood Total Waste Heat (Gallons) (BtuX102) (Cords) (BtuX109) (BtuX10%) (BtuX109) 39,051 5.4 5.4 4.6 14,460 2.0 388 6.0 8.0 3.7 20,800 2.9 2.9 1.3 8,415 1.2 4 0.06 1.3 0.39 43,675 6.1 392 6.1 12.2 5.39 6,000 0.83 0.83 0.54 88,726 12.2 392 6.1 18.5 10.5 kWh Btux109 99,678 0.34 66,273 0.23 22,528 0.08 16,340 0.06 45,000 0.15 249,819 0.85 Gallons. BtuX109 54,470 6.9 Note: All values are annual. END USE CONSUMPTION | RESIDENTIAL ELECTRIC 66,273 KWH ELECTRIC 66,27 Ic % \JASTE HEAT ee ELECT2ZIC FROM FUEL OIL To ELECT2c - eee ree CONVERSION. = COMMERCIAL ELECTIC 22,52 — Ne AGENCY ELECTZIC "bo, 340 Te UTIUNY ELECTRIC 45,000 BULK FUEL CONSUMPTION FUEL OIL For. ELECTRIC GENERATION 39,051 GAL. 54X10? BTU FUEL OIL FOR SPACE HEAT 43,615 GAL ae RESPENTIA. FUEL OL 20% lo? BTU 61107? BTL cers Wecp (SBR CORDS Yo WD HEAD 6.0 X10 em Pere ere RR a ore TOT. RESIDENTIAL SPACE Hest 2.0 K10? en INSTITUTIONAL SPACE HEAT 20,800 GAL,, 2.9 10? pru - % WASTE HEAT Con PEReAL 3 5 GA A CORDS SE MIOPBM GASOLINE FoR LOCAL TRANSPORTATION % WASTE HEAT REGULAR GASOLINE B44 Gaal. 6.8 410? BTU ELIM ENERGY BALANCE (1979 - 1980) [1 FETReLeuM Peooucrs. NOTES: ALL VALVES AZE ANNUAL. BULK FUELS ONLY FIGURE - 3-1-& 3.2.2 Electric energy consumption is listed below according to con- sumer class and in order of decreasing consumption: 1) Institutional 2) Residential 3) Commercial and public agencies 4) Water and sewer utilities It is interesting to note the significant quantities of wood currently being used in Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim. Approximately 1/2 of the total heating fuel (by Btu value) currently entering Kaltag and Elim is wood. Of this 503%, approximately 95% is utilized in private homes. This depen- dence upon wood fuel is recent and, for the most part, has occurred spontaneously and unaided by outsiders. White Mountain is expected to attain approximately the same per- centage wood use in the next several years. Petroleum Fuel Delivery Petroleum fuels are delivered to the four study communities via ocean-going ship or barge (Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim) and river-going barge (Kaltag). All water trans- port is accomplished during the ice-free summer months. The cost of airborne fuel transport is exorbitant and, there- fore, only used in emergencies (e.g., winter fuel shortages). The vast majority of petroleum fuels (fuel oil, and regular gasoline) are delivered and stored in bulk quantities at each of the study communities. Minor petroleum products, such as white gas, kerosene and propane, etc., are delivered and stored in package form (55 gal. or less). (See section 3.3 for bulk fuel storage data.) -31- 3.2.3 Fuel deliveries in Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim are accomplished by the BIA, North Star II! and Arctic Lighter- age. Kaltag is supplied by Yutana Barge Lines out of Nenana. Waste Heat The primary processes which waste heat in the study com- munities are the conversion of chemical energy in fuel oil to electric energy in diesel-electric generation equipment, and the conversion of chemical energy in fuel oil and wood to thermal energy for space heating. To a lesser extent, larger buildings (primarily schools) have mechanical ventila- tion equipment which also contributes to the quantity of heat wasted in each community. Building envelope heat losses have been considered separately. Transportation inefficien- cies have not been considered in this work. The quantity and distribution of heat wasted in each commu- nity is presented in table and graphical form on the previous pages of this section. The assumptions used to estimate the quantity of wasted heat are presented in Table 3.5. For further discussion on waste heat sources and possible uses, the reader is referred to the Technology Profiles (Appendix D) and to the individual community energy re- source assessments (Section 5.1). - 32 - TABLE 3-3 ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES! Conversion Efficiency Process to Useful Energy Energy (Heat) Wasted Diesel-electric Generation 17% Avg.2 83% Avg.? Small Fuel Oil Space 65% 35% Heating Equipment Small Wood-fired Space 50% 50% Heating Equipment Larger Fuel Oil Space 80% 20% Heating Equipment (Schools) Mechanical Ventilation - 25% of (Schools) Heating Load Community Water System 80% 203 NOTES: 1 Conversion efficiencies are based on engineer's judgement and from field observations. 2 Diesel-electric conversion efficiencies are based on collected data for the four communities. 7 - 33 - 3.3 EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES 3.3-K EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES (KALTAG) 3.3.1-K Electric Power Generation (Kaltag) The central diesel-electric power generation facility in Kaltag is owned by the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative Inc. (AVEC). The facility consists of the following major components: ° 250 kW, 277/480 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. (1977) 105 kW, 277/480 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. (1972) 50 kW, 277/480 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. (1972) Associated switchgear and transformers. Community-wide distribution system housed in a wooden utilidor supported on grade. Bulk storage tanks capable of holding a full years supply of fuel oil. Modular generator building. This utility provides electric power community wide. The majority of residences, commercial and public agency build- ings, as well as the school complex purchase power from this utility.? 1 See Section 3.2, Energy Balance, for more detailed energy use information. - 34 - Power is provided 24 hours per day, year-round. The 100% back-up capability of the primary generator is augmented with the smaller 50 kW generator used during the summer months when power demand is low. Generators are manually alternated. All AVEC generators feed a common distribution system. The generation equip- ment was in good condition at the time of the site visit. For specific fuel consumption rates and conversion efficiencies see Table 4-10. One small private generator is operated in Kaltag. The Yukon-Koyukuk School District, which operates all institu- tional space in Kaltag, owns two stand-by diesel-electric generators to provide power to the school complex during AVEC outages. 3.3.2-K Existing Heating Facilities (Kaltag) All space heat generation in Kaltag is decentralized and con- sists approximately as follows:1 ° Residential - Approximately 95% of residences use wood as a primary space heating fuel. Wood heaters and stoves consist of both commercial grade residential and home-built types. - Approximately 90% of all residences use wood exclusively (many have no oil back-up). - Approximately 5% of residences use fuel-oil for space heat exclusively. seh lhelltaatdteten rotted 1 See Section 3.2, Energy Balance, for more detailed energy use information. - 35 - ° Commercial and Public Agencies Space heat for commercial and public agency buildings is provided by wood (37%) and fuel-oil (63%) (by Btu value). Wood burning equipment is comprised of both commercial grade, residential and home-built heaters. Fuel oil heaters are primarily residential pot burners. ° Institutional The elementary/secondary school complex is heated exclu- sively by fuel oil. Heat generation and distribution is by commercial forced air heating/ventilation equipment. Small buildings in the school complex are also heated by fuel oil. ° Water and Sewer Utility heat and freeze protection is provided by fuel oil utilized in commercial type boilers. 3.3.3-K Existing Bulk Fuels Storage (Kaltag) Bulk storage is available for fuel oil and regular gasoline in Kaltag. The exact storage capacity is not known but is greater than 110,000 gallons. Local residents did not re- count any problems with lack of fuel storage capacity. - 36 - 3.3-S EXISTING POWER GENERATION (SAVOONGA) 3.3.1-S Electric Power Generation (Savoonga) The central diesel-electric power generation utility in Savoonga is owned by the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative Inc. (AVEC). The facility consists of the following major components: ° 250 kW 120/208 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. (1976) ° 300 kW 120/208 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. (1978) ° 100 kW 120/208 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. Associated switchgear and transformers. Community-wide distribution system housed in an on-the- ground wooden utilidor and overhead transmission lines. Bulk storage tanks capable of holding a full years supply of fuel oil. ° Modular generator building. This utility provides electric power community wide. The majority of residences, and all commercial and public agency buildings, as well as the REAA and BIA school complex pur- chase power from this utility. Power is provided 24 hours per day, year-round. The 100% back-up capability of the primary generator is augmented by the smaller 100 kW generator used during the summer months when power demand is low. 1 See Section 3.2, Energy Balance, for more detailed energy use information. - 37 - 1 3.3.2-S Generators are manually alternated and all AVEC generators feed a common distribution system. The generation equip- ment was in good condition at the time of the site visit. For specific fuel consumption rates and conversion efficiencies see Table 4-10. No small privately operated generators were observed in Savoonga. The BIA owns two stand-by diesel-electric generators to provide power to the BIA and Bering Strait REAA school complexes during AVEC outages. Existing Heating Facilities (Savoonga) All space heat generation in Savoonga is decentralized, with the exception of institutional, and consists approximately as follows: 1? ° Residential All residences use fuel oil for space heat. Most resi- dences use residential type pot burners (some with stack robbers). The 25 units of housing built in 1979 were equipped with forced air furnaces due to closed floor plans. The 25 1979 housing units were also equipped with wood heaters to utilize the scarce amounts of drift wood on the island. See Section 3.2, Energy Balance, for more detailed energy use information. - 38 - ° Commercial and Public Agencies All space heat for commercial and public agencies is pro- vided by fuel oil utilized in pot burners and commercial furnaces. ° Institutional All space heat for the BIA and Bering Strait REAA schools is generated by two BIA owned 3,850,000 Btu/hr. boilers. Heated water/glycol is distributed to the adja- cent structures via an above ground utilidor. These boilers also provide freeze protection for the community water supply storage and the approximately 1,000 foot utilidor supplying potable water to the washeteria, clinic, and community watering points. ° Water and Sewer Utility See Institutional above. 3.3.3-S Existing Bulk Fuels Storage (Savoonga) Bulk storage for fuel oil and regular gasoline is available in Savoonga. The current storage capacity is approximately 425,000 gallons. Local residents did not recount any prob- lems with lack of storage capacity. - 39 - 3.3-W EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES (WHITE MOUNTAIN) 3.3.1-W Electric Power Generation (White Mountain) No recognized central power utility exists in White Mountain. Two sources of electric power are available as follows:! 1) The Bering Strait REAA School District operates diesel- electric generators that supplies power to the following: ° All institutional space © Clinic ° Store 2) Approximately 6 small gasoline generators for private residences and the Church are utilized in White Mountain. The Bering Strait REAA School District electric power gen- eration facility consists of the following: ° 85 kW 120/240 V.-1 phase diesel-electric generator. ° 85 kW 120/240 V.-1 phase diesel-electric generator. ° 35 kW 120/240 V.-1 phase diesel-electric generator. Associated switchgear and transformers. On-the-ground utilidor distribution system. Bulk storage tanks capable of holding a full years supply of fuel oil. Generator building. BSREAA generators are manually alternated and feed a com- mon distribution system. The generation equipment was in 1 See Section 3.2, Energy Balance, for more detailed energy use information. - 40 - good condition at the time of the site visit (age unknown). For specific fuel consumption rates and conversion efficien- cies see Table 4-10. White Mountain will be electrified by the Bering Strait REAA School District electric power gen- eration system in 1981. 3.3.2-W Existing Heating Facilities (White Mountain) All space heat generation in White Mountain is decentralized and consists approximately as follows:1 ° Residential Residential space heat is provided by a mix of fuel oil (73%) and wood (27%) by Btu value. Approximately eight residences use wood with oil back-up. Approximately four residences use wood exclusively. Wood heating equipment consists of commercial grade resi- dential heaters and stoves as well as home-built heaters. ° Commercial and Public Utilities ' _ Space heat for these facilities is currently provided by fuel oil in commercial type pot burners, etc. ° Institutional Institutional space heat is currently being provided by fuel oil utilized in commercial boilers and furnaces. 1 See Section 3.2, Energy Balance, for more detailed energy use information. - 41 - It should be noted that from conversations with local resi- dents that wood will be utilized to a far greater extent in providing space heat for residences and perhaps commercial buildings in the next several years. This has been assumed in the energy use forecasts. 3.3.3-W Existing Bulk Fuel Storage (White Mountain) Bulk storage for fuel oil and regular gasoline is available in White Mountain. The exact storage capacity is not known, but is greater than 55,000 gallons. Local residents did not recount any problems with lack of fuel storage capacity. 3.3-E EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES (ELIM) 3.3.1-E Electric Power Generation (Elim) The central diesel-electric power generation facility in Elim is owned by the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative Inc. (AVEC). The facility consists of the following major components: ° 250 kW, 277/480 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. ° 105 kW, 277/480 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. ° 50 kW, 277/480 V.-3 phase, diesel-electric generator. ° Associated switchgear and transformers. ° Community wide distribution system housed in an on-the- ground wooden utilidor. ° Bulk storage tanks capable of holding a full years supply of fuel oil. ° Modular generator building. - 42 - This utility provides electric power community wide. The majority of residences and all commercial and public agency buildings, as well as the REAA and BIA school complexes purchase power from this utility. Power is provided 24 hours per day, year-round. The 100% back-up capability of the primary generator is augmented by the smaller 50 kW generator used during the summer months when power demand is low. Generators are manually alternated and all AVEC generators feed a common distribution system. The generation equip- ment was generally in good condition at the time of the site visit. One generator was inoperable. The age of the gen- erators is unknown. For specific fuel consumption rates and conversion efficiencies see Table 4-10. A single 1 kW wind generator has been installed for use by the Natioal Guard Armory. According to local residents it does not work well and is rarely oprated. No small private generators were observed to be operating in Elim. The Bering Strait School District owns two stand-by diesel- electric generators to provide power to the school complex during AVEC outages. 3.3.2-E Existing Heating Facilities (Elim) All space heat generation in Elim is decentralized and con- sists approximately as follows:1 1 See Section 3.2, Energy Balance, for more detailed energy use information. - 43 - ° Residential - Approximately 80% of residences in Elim utilize wood as a primary fuel for space heat. Some utilize fuel oil back-up at night, etc. Most residential wood heaters are commercial quality units. Fuel oil heaters are pot burners. ° Commercial and Public Agencies Space heat for these facilities is provided primarily by fuel oil pot burners. There is public interest in convert- ing many of these facilities to wood heat. (This was assumed in the thermal fuel forecasts). ° Institutional All institutional space (BIA and REAA) in Elim is heated by fuel oil. Heat generation equipment consists of forced warm air heating/ventilating equipment and hot water baseboard. ° Water and Sewer Utility heat and freeze protection is provided by fuel oil utilized in commercial type boilers. 3.3.3-E Existing Bulk Fuel Storage (Elim) Bulk storage for fuel oil and regular gasoline is available in Elim. The current storage capacity is not known but is greater than 88,000 gallons. Local residents did not recount any problems with lack of fuel storage capacity. - 44- 3.4 SUMMARY OF FACILITIES 3.4-K SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (KALTAG) The major energy consuming physical systems in Kaltag are sum- marized as follows: 1 Facilities Residential? No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage 1969 housing 19 600 sq. ft. (avg.) 11,400 sq. ft. total Log cabins and self- 31 450 sq. ft. (avg.) built frame housing 13,950 sq. ft. tota TOTAL RESIDENTIAL 50 25,350 sq. ft. Commercial and Public Agencies Commercial No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage Store/Post Office 1 2,000 sq. ft. Store 1 800 sq. ft. Church 1 3,400 sq. ft. TOTAL COMMERCIAL 3 6,200 sq. ft. Public Agencies No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage City Office 1 600 sq. ft. Community Center 1 1,000 sq. ft. Old Community Center To be razed - Well House 1 500 sq. ft. Clinic? 2 1,000 sq. ft. Armory 1 1,500 sq. ft. TOTAL PUBLIC AGENCIES 6 4,600 sq. ft. TOTAL FOR COMMERCIAL 9 10,800 sq. ft. PUBLIC AGENCIES 1 All square footage approximations were derived from on-site estimates, aerial photos, and State of Alaska DOT/PF Condition Surveys for State owned buildings. 2 Excludes Yukon-Koyukuk School District teacher housing and older unoc- cupied housing. One clinic is abandoned. - 45 - SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (KALTAG) [Continued] Institutional Yukon-Koyukuk REAA School District Occupied educational facilities, utility, and teacher housing TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL? Miscellaneous small unoccupied or unheated structures APPROXIMATE TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE IN KALTAG Utilities Electric Utility Potable Water Sanitary Sewer Telephone Television 1 There is no BIA School in Kaltag. - 46 - Approx. Sq. Footage 22,000 sq. ft. 22,000 sq. ft. Not Estimated 58,150 sq. ft. Service Area Community Wide Community Wide Community Wide One Community Wide 3.4-S SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (SAVOONGA) The major energy consuming physical systems in Savoonga are sum- marized as follows: 1 Facilities Residential? No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage 1979 housing 25 800 sq. ft. (avg.) 20,000 sq. ft. total 1975 housing 25 600 sq. ft. (avg.) 15,000 sq. ft. total Older and self- 64 400 sq. ft. (avg.) built housing 25,600 sq. ft. total TOTAL RESIDENTIAL 114 60,600 sq. ft. Commercial and Public Agencies Commercial No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage Churches 2 3,000 sq. ft. and 800 sq. ft. Hotel (5 rooms) 1 800 sq. ft. Coffee Shops 3 550 sq. ft. (avg.) 1,650°sq. ft. total Stores 3 4,000 sq. ft. 400 sq. ft. 300 sq. ft. TOTAL COMMERCIAL 9 10,950 sq. ft. All square footage approximations were derived from on-site estimates, aerial photos, and State of Alaska DOT/PF Condition Surveys for State owned buildings. older unoccupied housing. - 47 - Excludes BIA and Bering Strait REAA School District teacher housing and SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (SAVOONGA) [Continued ] Commercial and Public Agencies (Continued) Public Agencies No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage Washeteria/City Office 1 900 sq. ft. IRA Building 1 600 sq. ft. Old Washeteria 1 500 sq. ft. Public Safety Building 1 500 sq. ft. Post Office 1 800 sq. ft. Armory 1 1,000 sq. ft. Clinic 1 1,000 sq. ft. Teen Center* 1 600 sq. ft. Head Start 1 1,000 sq. ft. Old Community Center** 1 600 sq. ft. Maintenance Shop** 1 1,200 sq. ft. TOTAL PUBLIC AGENCIES 12 8,700 sq. ft. TOTAL FOR COMMERCIAL 21 19,650 sq. ft. AND PUBLIC AGENCIES Institutional Approx. Sq. Footage Bering Strait REAA School District Occupied educational facilities, utility space and teacher housing 12,700 sq. ft. Bureau of Indian Affairs School Occupied educational facilities, utility space and teacher housing 17,500 sq. ft. TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL 30,200 sq. ft. Miscellaneous small unoccupied or unheated structures Not Estimated APPROXIMATE TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE IN 110,450 sq. ft. SAVOONGA Utilities Service Area Electric Utility Community Wide * Heat and lights only when used. ** No Heat. - 48 - SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (SAVOONGA) [Continued] Utilities Service Area Potable Water Bering Straits REAA School BIA School Clinic New Washeteria 2 Central Community Watering Points Sanitary Sewer Bering Strait REA School BIA School Clinic New Washeteria Telephone Community Wide Others Runway Lighting Community Underground Freezer (not operable) Television - 49 - 3.4-W SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (WHITE MOUNTAIN) The major energy consuming physical systems in White Mountain are summarized as follows:1 Facilities Residential No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage 1975 housing 11 675 sq. ft. (avg.) 7,425 sq. ft. total Log cabins and self- 14 400 sq. ft. (avg.) built frame housing 5,600 sq. ft. total TOTAL RESIDENTIAL 25 13,025 sq. ft. Commercial and Public Agencies No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage Church 1 700 sq. ft. Community Building 1 800 sq. ft. Store 1 1,200 sq. ft. Post Office 1 In private residence TOTAL COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC AGENCIES 4 2,700 sq. ft. Institutional Approx. Sq. Footage Bering Strait REAA School District Occupied educational facilities, utility space, and teacher housing 10,473 sq. ft. TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL? 10,473 sq. ft. Miscellaneous small unoccupied or unheated structures Not Estimated APPROXIMATE TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE IN 26,630 sq. ft. WHITE MOUNTAIN * All square footage approximations were derived from on-site estimates, aerial photos, and State of Alaska DOT/PF Condition Surveys for State owned buildings. 2 No BIA School in White Mountain. - 50 - 3.4-E SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (ELIM) The major energy consuming physical systems in Elim are summarized as follows:! Facilities Residential? No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage 1980 housing 35 _ 850 sq. ft. (avg.) 29,750 sq. ft. total 1973 housing and 16 400 sq. ft. (avg.) self-built housing 6,400 sq. ft. total TOTAL RESIDENTIAL 51 36,150 sq. ft. Commercial and Public Agencies No. of Units Approx. Sq. Footage Store 1 1,250 sq. ft. City Office 1 1,000 sq. ft. Church 1 1,000 sq. ft. Clinic 1 800 sq. ft. Pump House 1 600 sq. ft. Armory 1 1,200 sq. ft. Sewer Treatment 1 650 sq. ft. Pump House 1 1,100 sq. ft. TOTAL COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC AGENCIES 8 7,650 sq. ft. Institutional Approx. Sq. Footage Bering Strait REAA School District Occupied educational facilities, utility space and teacher housing 5,000 sq. ft. Bureau of Indian Affairs Occupied educational facilities, utility space and teacher housing 13,025 sq. ft. TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL 18,025 sq. ft. All square footage approximations were derived from on-site estimates, aerial photos, and State of Alaska DOT/PF Condition Surveys for State buildings. 2 Excludes BIA and Bering Strait REAA School District teacher housing and older unoccupied housing. -51- APPROXIMATE TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE IN ELIM SUMMARY OF FACILITIES (ELIM) [Continued ] Miscellaneous small unoccupied or unheated structures Utilities Electric Utility Potable Water Sanitary Sewer Telephone - 52 - Not Estimated 61,825 sq. ft. Service Area Community Wide Community Wide Community Wide One 3.5 SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS 3.5-K SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS (KALTAG) Kaltag is a small rural community of 245, located on Yukon River approximately 320 air miles west of Fairbanks. The vast majority of residents are Alaska Natives. Subsistence hunting and fishing are the primary economic activities. Commercial fishing and trapping provide much of the community's cash requirements. Some _ local employment as well as transfer payments also contribute to the cash economy. Major facility types are as follows (see Section 3.4): Approximate No. of Buildings Residential 50 Commercial and Public Agencies 6 Institutional (Major Buildings) Existing Utilities include (see Section 3.4): Electric Potable Water Sanitary Sewer Telephone (one) Television Primary and secondary education is provided by the Yukon-Koyukuk School District. Local transportation is by snowmachines and boats. Regional trans- portation is by air and water. The vast majority of dry goods and petroleum fuels are transported to Kaltag by barge during the ice- free summer months. - 53- 3.5°S AVEC provides electric power community-wide. Power generation is by diesel-electric equipment. Space heating needs are met by fuel oil and wood. Kaltag's current annual fuel consumption is approximately as follows (see Section 3.2, Energy Balance): ° Electric Generation - Fuel Oil 42,000 Gal. - kWh 240,000 kWh ° Space Heat - Fuel Oil 57,000 Gal. - Wood 485 Cords ° Transportation - Gasoline 20,000 Gal. Wood is harvested locally while all petroleum fuels are imported. Residential is the largest consumer class of space heating fuels, while schools are the largest single consumers of space heating fuels. Schools are both the largest consumer class and largest single con- sumers of electric energy. SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS (SAVOONGA) Savoonga is a small rural community of 491, located on St. Lawrence Island approximately 164 air miles southwest of Nome. The vast majority of residents are Alaska Natives. Subsistence hunting and fishing are the primary economic activities. Ivory carving provides much of the community's cash requirements. Some local employment as well as transfer payments also contribute to the cash economy. - 54 - Major facility types are as follows (see Section 3.4): Approximate No. of Buildings Residential 114 Commercial and Public Agencies 21 Institutional (Major Buildings) 3 Existing Utilities include (see Section 3.4): Electric Potable Water (limited) Sanitary Sewer (limited) Telephone Television Primary education is provided by the BIA and secondary education is provided by the Bering Strait REAA School District. Local transportation is by snowmachines and ATV's. Regional trans- portation is by air and sea. The vast majority of dry goods and petroleum fuels are transported to Savoonga by barge during the ice- free summer months. AVEC provides electric power community-wide. Power generation is by diesel-electric equipment. Space heating needs are met by fuel oil. Savoonga's current annual fuel consumption is approximately as follows (see Section 3.2, Energy Balance): ° Electric Generation - Fuel Oil 78,000 Gal. - kWh 650,000 kWh - 55 - ° Space Heat - Fuel Oil 212,000 Gal. - Drift Wood 40 Cords ° Transportation - Gasoline 98,000 Gal. All petroleum fuels are imported. Driftwood is collected ‘locally in limited amounts. Residential is the largest consumer class of fuel oil, while schools are the largest single consumers. Schools are both the largest consumer class and largest single consumers of electric energy. 3.5-W SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS (WHITE MOUNTAIN) White Mountain is a small rural community of 125, located inland of Norton Sound, approximately 80 air miles east of Nome. The vast majority of residents are Alaska Natives. Subsistence hunting and fishing are the primary economic activities. Some local employment, trapping and transfer payments contribute to the cash economy. Major facility types are as follows (see Section 3.4): Approximate No. of Buildings Residential 25 Commercial and Public Agencies Institutional (Major Buildings) 2 Existing Utilities include (see Section 3.4): Electric (limited) Potable Water (school only) Sanitary Sewer (school only) Telephone (one) - 56 - Primary and secondary education is provided by the Bering Strait REAA School District. Local transportation is by snowmachines and boats. Regional trans- portation is by air and water. The vast majority of dry goods and petroleum fuels are transported to White Mountain by barge during the ice-free summer months. The School District operates diesel-electric generation equipment to Provide electric power for the schools and several community build- ings. Some residents utilize small gasoline generators for residential power. Others rely on kerosene and gasoline lanterns for light. The community is scheduled to be electrified by the School District gener- ators in 1981. Space heating needs are met by fuel oil and wood. White Mountain's current annual fuel consumption is approximately .as follows (see Section 3.2, Energy Balance): ° Electric Generation - Fuel Oil 11,000 Gal. - kWh 76,000 kWh ° Space Heat - Fuel Oil 45,000 Gal. - Wood 68 Cords ° Transportation - Gasoline 17,000 Gal. Wood is harvested locally while all petroleum fuels are imported. Residential is the largest consumer class of space heating fuels, while schools are the largest single consumers of space heating fuel. Schools are both the largest consumer class and largest single con- sumers of electric energy. -57- 3.5-E SUMMARY OF EXISTING CONDITIONS (ELIM) Elim is a small rural community of 212, located on Norton Sound approximately 96 air miles east of Nome. The vast majority of resi- dents are Alaska Natives. Subsistence hunting and fishing are the primary economic activities. Commercial fishing and trapping provide much of the community's cash requirements. Transfer payments and some local employment also contribute to the cash economy. Major facility types are as follows (see Section 3.4): Approximate No. of Buildings Residential 51 Commercial and Public Agencies 8 Institutional (Major Buildings) 2 Existing Utilities include (see Section 3.4): Electric Potable Water Sanitary Sewer Telephone (one) Primary education is provided by the BIA and secondary education is provided by the Bering Strait REAA School District. Local transportation is by snowmachines and boats. Regional trans- portation is by air and water. The vast majority of dry goods and petroleum fuels are transported to Elim by barge during the ice-free summer months. AVEC provides electric power community-wide. Power generation is by diesel-electric equipment. Space heating needs are met by fuel oil and wood. - 58 - Elim's current annual fuel consumption is approximately as follows (see Section 3.2, Energy Balance): Electric Generation - Fuel Oil 40,000 Gal. - kWh 250,000 kWh ° Space Heat - Fuel Oil 44,000 Gal. - Wood 392 Cords Transportation - Gasoline 55,000 Gal. Wood is harvested locally, while petroleum fuels are imported. Residential is the largest consumer class of space heating fuels, while schools are the largest single consumers of space heating fuels. Schools are both the largest consumer class and largest single con- sumers of electric energy. 3.6 DATA SOURCE AND RELIABILITY The data on existing village conditions (except demographic) pre- sented in this section was collected almost entirely during the site investigation phase of this work. Records of applicable government agencies were also researched in an earlier phase of this work. Actual on-the-ground stays in each community allowed the authors not only to collect a comprehensive set of data, but also to gain greater insight into the inner workings, problems and desires of the commu- nities' residents. The Results of the Community Meetings (Appendix A) is also a direct product of the site visits. - 59 - Specifically, the information on existing power generation equipment and existing heating methods are directly attributable to the site investigations. The type and square footage approximations of com- munity building stock was also derived from the site visits. Field information on State-owned facilities was augmented by condition surveys prepared for State of Alaska DOT/PF.! Additional informa- tion was obtained from individual Community Profiles.? Much of the energy balance data presented in this section was col- lected from a wide variety of sources, including barge lines, BIA, local utilities, etc.,2 and from work previously accomplished by the authors.* On-the-ground data verification, by the authors (this work), of bulk fuel distribution within the communities aided in the establishment of end-use distribution. Additionally, the site visits were instrumental in quantifying the extent of wood fuel use. The reliability of the data, having been primarily derived or verified in the field, is felt to be more than adequate for the purpose of this work (reconnaissance level). Construction Systems Management; Inventory and Condition Survey of Public Facilities Bering Strait Region; 1979; prepared for State of Alaska, DOT/PF. Environmental Services Limited, Bering Strait Region Community Porfiles; 1980 (for Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim); prepared for the State of Alaska, Department of Community and Regional Affairs. See Bibliography for specific references on fuel oil delivery. Fryer : Pressley : Elliott; Bering Strait Energy Reconnaissance (Phase I), 1980; prepared for the Bering Strait REAA School District. - 60 - 4.0 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST 4.1 POPULATION FORECAST Over the past 30 years, the aggregate population increase of the four study communities has been at a rate of about 1.7% annually.? The aggregate four community population growth rate over the past 10 years averages 2.5% annually. Figure 4-1 illustrates a 2% growth curve and a second 1.7% growth curve drafted through data points for 1950 through 2001. The difference in population forecasted (at the above mentioned rates) for the four communities in the year 2001 is 97 (a 6 1/2% variation). In the absence of more authoritive information, a 2% population growth in each of the study communities is presumed for the "growth fore- cast". (See Appendix C for population forecast methodology). The 2% growth factor applied to current populations results in fore- casted populations as follows: 1980 19912001 Kaltag 245 304 371 Savoonga 491 610 744 White Mountain 125 155 189 Elim _212 _263 _321 TOTAL 1073 1332 1625 See Figure 4-2 for graphical presentation of historical and forecasted data. 1 From U.S. Census Bureau data. - 61 - {G00 1400 ao 0 p 1300 U sec0 De GROTH FUNCTION > ‘ O {leo § “0 ‘ , joao | 2% D ex yoo 1 G00 \ Four. COMMUNITY AGGRIGATE. HSBRICAL FOPULATION CRRICAL) 20: 1240 DEO 190 1970 1980 1920 2000 “TEAR, KALTAG , SAVOONGA, WHITE MOUNTAN, ELIM POPULATION FORECAST ~~ FIGURE -¢-| -SO- U7 BN SINT KIVA SNSNSD ‘ST Pose ASO TWoretasih - Slo} (WMS ONY NNLNTON SLIM! YONCOAYS ' Suny) TUMCAS NOLIN Meals CRISS 2 NIEASIH AIVLANOW SLIHT iin Sell) | Sez . e- 4.2 THERMAL ENERGY FORECASTS The primary variables which must be considered in forecasting future rural Alaska energy consumption are: Current consumption Current and projected population Existing per capita built-space saturation Condition of existing building stock Intensity of space utilization Government sponsored capital improvements Economic outlook for the community Current and projected fuel costs These factors were analyzed in the authors' thermal energy forecast methodology. The reader is referred to Section 3.2 for current con- sumption data, Section 4.1 for population data, Section 3.4 for cur- rent built space data. Since building thermal energy consumption is more a function of the buildings properties (e.g., size and condition) than the habits of the occupants, the challenge is to grasp future community built-space projections. From past experience and data collected in this, and other work, the authors have established the following assumptions for future built- space growth: ° Residential Space will increase from current levels to 180 square feet per capita by the year 1990. ° Per capita school space requirements will vary downward with in- creasing population, and per capita commercial/public agency space - 64 - will increase slightly with increasing population. Figure 4-3 illus- trates our estimations of these factors. Some new facilities will be constructed without respect to popula- tion increase. Washeterias, clinics, etc., are likely to be con- structed in most rural communities of equal or greater population than the study communities. As a general trend the authors have noticed that such facilities are usually constructed in larger com- munities first with smaller communities being endowed in subse- guent years. The authors! estimation of the magnitude of this trend is also incorporated in Figure 4-3. To forecast rural Alaska thermal energy consumption, the authors have, over time, developed a computer model of these concepts. The model is driven by the space requirements of the various communities. Using factors presented on Figure 4-3 and our assumption of 2% annual population growth (see Section 4.1), the amount of residential, commercial/public and institutional space was projected from baseline data. This model is designed so that as population of the community changes, so does the texture or design, and use of built-space. Upward adjustments over the planning period were made to compen- sate for building catagories existing at levels less than the estab- lished baseline and for capital improvements which are more time dependent than population dependent. Our field investigators have established fuel use factors for each catagory of built-space. This data is displayed in Table 4-1. The product of per capita space re- quirements, space thermal energy requirements and population equals the modeled total thermal energy requirement for a given sector of buildings. The per capita requirement for utilities energy appeared to remain fairly uniform among the study communities (except White Mountain); a value of 3.5 to 3.9 x 10® Btu/year per capita was evi- dent from the data. Thus, a fourth catagory of thermal energy re- quirements was determined through use of the model. - 65 - ° Waste Heat The computer model was equipped with a waste heat analysis fea- ture. It was assumed that the generators providing electric power to the communities would operate at about 18% efficiency and that approximately 50% of calculated available jacket water waste heat is consumed by the utilizing structure. The heat calculated on this basis is deducted from the total fuel oil heat requirement of the building being retrofit. Wood and Coal Use The program was equipped with a feature that could change the amount of wood or coal modeled into the analysis. It was assumed that some commercial/public space (but not school space), as well as residential space could be heated with coal or wood. The amount of space heated with either wood or coal is an input vari- able (see Table 7-3 for plan utilization percentages). Since St. Lawrence Island has no docking facilities, and coal use would require such a facility, the costs of a portion of a dock was added to the St. Lawrence Island model. Maintenance, Operations and Amortization of Capital Equipment Unlike the analysis of electric generation requirements, the specific change in the thermal energy analysis does not necessarily follow a ridgedly set time frame due to its decentralized nature. Further, the elements that change the thermal plan can be many and small. Therefore, the maintenance and operations, and equipment amorti- zation schedules are driven by thermal energy use rather than the Planning and construction of a specific centralized project. As more electric generation is realized, for example, more waste heat is extracted. It is presumed that some capital cost is associated with each expansion of such a system. In reality we would see a step function change as more equipment is added, however, in the - 66 - aggregate, for the purposes of this model, all of these costs were added as a function of energy use. Table 6-1 lists the amortiza- tion and maintenance and operations costs assumptions used in this analysis. ° Weatherization This model includes a weatherization function which allows the engineer to access the condition existing building stock and cur- rent square foot energy consumption (see Figure 4-1) for input modification. ° Accuracy of the Model The energy budgets calculated for the base cases with this model are displayed in Table 4-2 and Figure 4-5. These values agree well with data collected in the field. The use of constant values of unit thermal space heat requirements tends to overestimate the use of thermal energy by perhaps as much as 10% by the end of the planning period. These overestimates, however, do not change the outcome of decisions that can be based on the analysis. In order to program such variations a more complete data base is required. The authors feel that the errors in projected energy use derived from this model are well within the accuracy of any 20-year energy projection model. - 67 - -e@o- Slhlave / ses UNDER, GROWTH CONDITIONS A COMMUNITY WILL TEND To REACH THESE SPACE RELATIONSHIPS. 120 SQFT /CAPITA RESIDENTIAL SPACE WH ELIM SAVOONGA MOUNTAIN KALTAG PDPLILATION BUILDING SPACE PROJECTIONS 1DZ0 DSTA @ LESIDENTAL 0 SCHOOLS x PUBLIC /COMMERCIAL Sq) re -d-3 RESIDENTAL THERMAL ENGERT PROUECTIONS pom / Sa. FT. FEIRMEAR nd % 415 120 io 1 1 4 SQ, FT. / CAPITA RESIDENTIAL SPACE FIGURE - 4-4 TABLE UNIT THERMAL ENERGY USE 4-1 Kaltag Savoonga White Mtn. Elim Residential (Data) 304,000 296,000 307,000 222,000 School (Data) 282,000 232,000 248 ,000 161,000 Public (Data) 139,000 244,000 237,000 170,000 Utilities (Data) 3.4 x 108 3.5 x 106 3.9 x 106 (Btu/Capita) Unit thermal energy functions (1980). Values are in Btu/sq. ft.-yr. - 69 - TABLE 4-2 FORECAST OF FUTURE SPACE HEAT REQUIREMENTS 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 KALTAG 17.1 22.0 27.0 29.4 32.0 SAVOONGA 34.1 43.7 53.5 59.1 65.3 WHITE MOUNTAIN 8.2 11.2 14.3 15.6 17.1 ELIM 13.4 15.3 17.4 19.0 20.9 NOTES: 1 Values are Btu x 109. 2 Values are base case projections. - 70 - Go 55 59 5 3.0 4, 4.5 40 40 3! 35 30 3,0 2. lh Zo = o“-- _ “ 7 cS = WHITE MOUNTAIN tot 1.0 2 2 O O 1 17> 4001 § 8 VEAR. 0 FOZECASTED OTAL ANNUAL HEATING dg 88 SUEL CONSUMPTION XS (KALTAG: , SAVOONGA , WHITE MOUNTAIN & LIM ) USL BACNaLeNee NOTE: ence case eealecnn. eauze 4-5 —s— — ~- —— ad 7 4.3 1 IDENTIFIABLE CAPITAL PROJECTS Projects affecting community energy consumption which may be con- structed in the near future include the following:! Kaltag ° Renovation of pump house, 1981 (HEW) ° New well, 1981 (HEW) ° Extension of existing sewer and water system, 1981 (HEW) ° Airport lighting and accessories, 1981 (DOT/PF) New housing (local information) ° Washeteria (local information) ° Fish Processing Plant, private cooperative endeavor (local in- formation) Few of the above referenced projects will significantly impact the general economic well being of Kaltag. The new housing, washe- teria and water utility extention will provide local construction jobs for several seasons. The acquisition of the washeteria and water utility improvements should be viewed more as a convenience improvement than an economic stimulator. Long-term operations and maintenance cost may (as in many other rural Alaska commu- nities) stress local government finances. The construction of a private or local cooperative fish processing plant appears to have the greatest long-term benefit potential. Although Kaltag has a healthy local commercial fishing industry, problems exist in market- ing the local catch. Presently the catch is transported approxi- mately 80 miles up-river to the Galena area for marketing, thus losing some price advantage. Kaltag's short runway (approximately Information supplied by public agencies through the Alaska Power Authority or local citizens as indicated in parenthesis. Date of construction indi- cated where available. - 72 - 2,200 feet) prevents economical air transport of fresh fish to Unalakleet processors approximately 65 air miles overland. All of the above referenced projects (except the fish processor) have been considered in the forecast methodology for electric and ther- mal energy requirements (see Section 4.2, Thermal Energy Fore- cast). The fish Processing plant appears to be in a discussion phase within the community. The uncertainty of private financing, as well as the uncertinty of project location Preclude the assump- tion that the plant will become integrated into Kaltag's power grid or thermal energy balance. Savoonga ° Small freezer plant (self-powered) U.S. Dept. of Commerce ° Navagation aids and accessories, 1981 (DOT/PF) Wind machine for armory (local information) ° Future classroom addition to the High School (BSREAA School District) The high school classroom addition and freezer plant will act as the greatest growth stimulous of all the Proposed projects for Savoonga. Increased educational opportunity will help to decrease resident out-migration, as well as provide construction, mainten- ance and operations employment opportunities. The local freezer plant is needed to store walrus and other subsistence meats har- vested in the spring and consumed in the winter. The above referenced projects have been considered in construction of fore- cast methodology for electric and thermal energy requirements (see Section 4.2). - 73 - White Mountain ° Washeteria, 1981 (HEW) ° Airport lighting and accessories, 1981 (DOT/PF) ° New housing (local information) Watering points and water storage for new washeteria (local information ) ° Conplete renovation of the old Elementary School (BSREAA School District) Construction of new housing, washeteria, and school renovation will provide local construction employment opportunities for several seasons. The increased educational opportunities resulting from school renovation should contribute to a decrease in resident out- migration. Long-term operations and maintenance costs for the new washeteria may, however, be an economic burden on local government finances. The above referenced projects have been _considered in construction of the forecast methodology for electric and thermal energy requirements (see Section 4.2). ° Extension of existing water and sewer system, 1981 (HEW) This project is not expected to significantly impact the community infrastructure or energy use. New housing constructed in 1980 will be serviced and older, abandoned housing will have service discontinued. - 74 - 4.4 ELECTRIC ENERGY USE PROJECTIONS 4.4.1 Present Electric Energy Use Patterns The communities of this region reflect current per capita electric energy uses typical for small rural Alaska commu- nities and well below the 1980 per capita use of intermediate and large communities in the State. Variations in the com- munities physical systems are shown in Section 3.3, Existing Power and Heating Facilities. Electric consumption by con- sumer class appears in Section 3.2, Energy Balance. Energy use by consumer class (1979) is shown in Table 4-3. The communities compare reasonably well by energy use in each class except for White Mountain, which is a subsistence community without community-wide electrification. The other three communities have AVEC systems. Load Factors (L.F.) for the three AVEC served communities are derived for 1979 as: Community 1979 Energy 1979 Peak Demand L.F. Kaltag 240,654 kWh 88 kw 0.31 Savoonga 652,574 kWh 192 kW 0.39 Elim 249,819 kWh 82 kW 0.35 These low load factors reflect an energy use pattern. which is considerably less than near-road-system, south central communities. The high cost of AVEC power, small commer- cial infrastructure, and low appliance density in residences are major factors in the use patterns. For the AVEC vil- lages, the Institutional (schools) and Residential energy uses account for an average of nearly three-fourths of the total community electric use (range 67-82%). - 75 - 4.4.2 Electric appliance saturation in individual residences varied somewhat. However, the average residence in the study communities (except White Mountain) consisted approximately as follows: ° 2 to 3 incandescent light bulbs (older housing) ° 8 to 10 fluorescent bulbs (1979 and 1980 housing) ° 1 horizontal chest freezer ° 1 radio ° Forced air heating equipment (1979 and 1980 housing) ° 1 TV (Kaltag and Savoonga) Very few to none of the following were observed: ° Electric heat ° Clothes washers and dryers ° Electric ranges, ovens or fry pans ° Dishwashers ° Domestic water heaters (except Elim) ° Electric kitchen utensils ° Refrigerators (except Elim) ° Engine preheaters This very low appliance saturation is the primary factor in the low per capita residential electric consumption reflected in the energy balance. Methodology for Electric Energy Use Projections The total population (1980) of all four communities of this study is only 1,073. All of the communities are presently dependent on expensive diesel generation which is nearly prohibitive to further significant load growth. White Moun- tain is not yet electrified from a central generation plant. - 76 - Electrification by School District generators is scheduled for the summer of 1981. REA "power requirements forecasting" techniques have not been systematically used by AVEC for Kaltag, Savoonga and Elim, and would be "poor fits" to this methodology anyway, as the energy consumption and growth by consumer class would not likely follow national or Alaska REA trends. An attempt has been made in the load projection made here to reflect the change in energy use patterns over the 20- year planning period based on the following methodology. (Particular attention was made to coordinate electrical fore- casting with population and built space projection derived for thermal energy forecasting [see Section 4.2].) a) Population increases at 2%/year (see Section 4.1, Popula- tion Forecast). b) Institution (schools) energy use increases from 1980-1990 at the same rate as population growth (2%/year) then diminishes to 1.5%/year for the period 1990-2001. This reflects saturation of institutional space (sq. ft./capita) indicated in Section 4.2 and illustrated in Figure 4-3. c) Residential energy use increases on a kWh/consumer base at the rate of 5%/year from 1980-85 due to continuing lifestyle changes causing increases in appliance saturation levels and increased per capita housing space as de- scribed in Section 4.1, Thermal Energy Forecast. The kWh/consumer increases at 10%/year from 1985-1990 at which time appliance saturation and family electric bud- gets limit growth and return the trend to 5%/year and then 3%/year for the next two five-year intervals follow- ing. Summarizing: - 77- 4.4.3 d) f) Increase/kWh/ Consumer/Year Interval %/year 1980-1985 10%/year 1985-1990 5%/year 1990-1995 3%/year 1995-2001 Using this methodology, year 2001 kWh/consumer approaches year. 1980 kWh/consumer for southcentral Alaska communities. Table 4-4 displays the kWh/consumer use pattern de- scribed here. Note that White Mountain is simply treated as lagging behind the other villages by five years. Commercial energy use maintains the same percentage re- lationship to the total in future years as in the present. Public agency energy use maintains the same percentage relationship to the total in future years as in the present. Water and sewer utility use maintains the same percent- age relationship to the total in future years use as in the present. Tables 4-5, 4-6, 4-7 and 4-8 display the electric energy load projections for the four communities at five-year intervals, over the 20-year planning period. Substitutability Between Electrical and Heating Requirements None of the plans evaluated herein exhibit the potential for substitutability between electrical and heating requirements. The three hydro plans considered did not have the excess capacity to consider electric heating. - 78 - TABLE 4-3 1979 ELECTRIC ENERGY USE (kWh) BY CONSUMER CLASS Kaltag — Savoonga Elim White Mtn. Electric System AVEC AVEC AVEC None (small Residential Generators) Consumer Class Institutional 113,065 316,136 99,678 64,654 % of Total) (47) (48) (40) (85) Residential 84,825 180,224 66,273 2,846 (% of Total) (35) (28) (27) (4) Commercial 13,924 69,925 22,528 5,000 % of Total) (6) (11) (9) (6) Public Agency 9,243 73,224 16,340 3,500 % of Total) (4) (11) (6) (5) Water & Sewer Utility 19,597 13,065 45,000 = (% of Total) (8) (2) (18) (0) TOTAL 240,654 652,574 249,819 76,000 Population 245 491 212 125 kWh/Person (All Classes) 982 1,329 1,178 517 - 79 - TABLE 4-4 GROWTH IN RESIDENTIAL CLASS ELECTRIC ENERGY kWh/Year/Consumer Community 1981 1985 1990 1995 2001 Kaltag 346 442 712 909 1,054 Savoonga 367 468 754 962 1,115 *White Mountain 23 300 483 616 714 Elim 312 396 638 814 944 Rate of Increase 5%/yr 10%/yr = 5%/yr Z/yr in kWh/Consumer * White Mountain increases from subsistence level electric use in 1980 to a kWh/consumer use; essentially 5 years behind the other communities of this study. - 80 - - Lg - Population Consumer Class Institutional (% of Total) Residential (% of Total) Commercial % of Total) Public Agency % of Total) Water & Sewer Utility % of Total) TOTAL TABLE 4-5 (KALTAG) ELECTRIC ENERGY USE PROJECTIONS kWh 1981 1985 1990 1995 2001 Remarks 245 270 293 323 360 2%/year growth 113,065 114,196 116,480 118,227 120,000 1980-1990: 2.0%/year (47%) (40%) (29%) (24%) (20%) 1990-2000: 1.5%/year 84,825 119,340 208 ,616 293,607 379,440 See "Growth in Residen- (35%) (42%) (53%) (583) (62%) tial Class" 13,924 17,088 23,790 30,132 36,540 (6%) (6%) (63) (6%) (6%) % of total same as 1980 9,243 11,392 15,860 20,088 24,360 (4%) (4%) (4%) (4%) (4%) % of total same as 1980 19,597 22,784 31,720 40,176 48,720 (8%) (8%) (83) (8%) (8%) % of total same as 1980 240,654 284,800 396 , 466 502,230 609, 060 - 2 - Population Consumer Class Institutional (% of Total) Residential (% of Total) Commercial (% of Total) Public Agency (% of Total) Water & Sewer Utility (% of Total) TOTAL TABLE 4-6 (SAVOONGA) ELECTRIC ENERGY USE PROJECTIONS kWh 1981 1985 1990 1995 2001 Remarks 491 542 599 661 730 2%/year growth 316,136 322,459 328 , 908 333,842 338,849 1980-1990: 2.0%/year (48%) (433) (32%) (26%) (22%) 1990-2000: 1.5%/year 180,224 253,656 451,646 635,882 813,950 See "Growth in Residen- (28%) (33%) (443) (50%) . (54%) tial Class" 69,925 83,380 112,970 140,349 166 , 848 (11%) (11%) (11%) (11%) (11%) % of total same as 1980 73,224 83,380 112,970 140,349 166,848 (11%) (11%) (11%) (11%) (11%) % of total same as 1980 13,065 15,160 20,540 25,518 30,336 (23) (2%) (2%) (2%) (2%) % of total same as 1980 652,574 758,035 1,027,034 1,275,940 1,516,831 - €8 - Population Consumer Class Institutional (% of Total) Residential (% of Total) Commercial (% of Total) Public Agency % of Total) o Water & Sewer Utility % of Total) TOTAL TABLE 4-7 (WHITE MOUNTAIN) ELECTRIC ENERGY USE PROJECTIONS kWh 1981 1985 1990 1995 2001 Remarks 23 25 28 31 34 2%/year growth 64,654 71,383 78,813 84,904 91,466 1980-1990: 2.0%/year (85%) (76%) (72%) (693) (66%) 1990-2000: 1.5%/year 2,846 7,500 13,524 19,096 24,276 See "Growth in Residen- (4%) (83) (12%) (15%) (18%) tial Class" 5,000 5,634 6,594 7,428 8,268 (6%) (63) (6%) (6%) (6%) % of total same as 1980 3,500 4,695 5,495 6,190 6,890 (5%) (5%) (5%) (5%) (5%) % of total same as 1980 == 4,695 5,495 6,190 6,890 (0%) (5%) (53) (5%) (5%) % of total same as 1980 76,000 93,907 109,921 123,808 137,790 - 78 - Population Consumer Class Institutional (% of Total) Residential (% of Total) Commercial (% of Total) Public Agency (% of Total) Water & Sewer Utility (% of Total) TOTAL TABLE 4-8 (ELIM) ELECTRIC ENERGY USE PROJECTIONS kWh 1981 1985 1990 1995 2001 Remarks 212 235 258 284 315 2%/year growth 99,678 110,053 121,507 130,898 141,014 1980-1990: 2.0%/year (40%) (36%) (28%) (24%) (22%) 1990-2000: 1.5%/year 66,273 93,060 164,604 231,176 297,360 See "Growth in Residen- (27%) (31%) (39%) (43%) (453) tial Class" 22,528 27,288 38,430 48 ,636 58,887 (9%) (9%) (9%) (9%) (9%) % of total same as 1980 16,340 18,192 25,620 32,424 39,258 (6%) (6%) (6%) (63) (63) % of total same as 1980 45,000 54,576 76,860 97,272 117,774 (18%) (18%) (18%) (18%) (183) % of total same as 1980 249,819 303,169 427,021 540,406 654,293 TABLE 4-9 ELECTRIC ENERGY USE PROJECTIONS (SUMMARY ALL VILLAGES) 1,000's kWh (Total) Community 1981 1985 1990 1995 2001 Kaltag 241 285 396 502 609 Savoonga 653 758 1,027 1,276 1,517 | White Mountain 76 94 110 124 138 Elim 250 303 427 540 654 - 85 - MWH PER YEAR F 8 F F F 8 BB 1Deo i — =) 1 ISDS co FOCECASTED TOTAL ANNUAL ELECTRIC ENERGY LIS& (KALTAG , SAVCONGA, WHITE MOUNTAN AND ELIM ) FIGURE 4-6 -80- -Le- ‘lo SAVOONGA CIOTAL 2 G52 MWH) x4 QL LL “4 i ELM CIOTAL = 250 MIWH) << — —— 9 =— —_ ra i Zz a = acne YI CIOTAL = ZAI MH) ss “Te ve MOLINTAIN, CIOTAL = 24 MWH) to ESTIMATED MONTHLY TOTAL ELEcT2ic ENERery Use CKALTAG , SAVCONGA, WHITE MOUNTAN AND ELIM ) Nores: 1) FORECASTED 1981 CONSUMPTION, EXCEPT WHITE. MOUNTAIN IS FORECASTED 12@S CONSUMPTION. 2) (OSTRIFUTION, 1> BASED CH CURVE FIT GF 1280 AVEC DATA For SHISHMAREF. FIGUEE 4-7 TABLE 4-10 DIESEL ELECTRIC CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES kWh/Gallon 1979 Energy 1979 Fuel Use 1979 Community (kWh) (Gallons) kWh/Gallon Kaltag 240,654 47,287 5.1 Savoonga 652,574 78,300 8.3 White Mountain 76,000 10,950 6.9 Elim 249,574 39,051 6.4 Notes: (1) Maximum practical diesel-electric conversion efficiency in Alaska is established at 13-14 kWh/gallon. (2) Efficiencies derived this table used in economic comparisons of electric energy plans of this study as the size and class of diesel electric units (appropriate to the energy and demand projections) is essentially unchanged over the 20-year planning period. - 88 - TABLE 4-11 ELECTRIC PEAK DEMAND PROJECTIONS 1980 Firm Peak Demand (kW) Community Capacity! L.F.? 1981 1985 1990 1995 2001 Kaltag 200 0.31 88 105 ‘146 185 224 Savoonga 400 0.39 192 222 301 373 444 White Mountain 120 0.35 25 31 36 40 45 (Estimated) Elim 155 0.35 82 99 139 176 213 Notes: 1 Firm capacity is nameplate capacity all units less largest single unit nameplate capacity. Load factor (L.F.) based on established 1979 community load factors. With the modest load growth of this study, the relationship of peak demand to total community electric energy use was assumed as constant. AVEC records provided L.F. for Kaltag, Savoonga and Elim. The L.F. for White Mountain was estimated as similar to nearby community of Elim once White Mountain community-wide electrification is established (planned 1981-82). - 89 - s 8 &€ Ee FB 8 -OG- (Ma GNYWae! >iYSel ACHLNOK 8 Z a See eae —ee es ee ne Ome Moura JAN FEB MAR APR MAY UN JUL) COALS CTC SsévweT MOKITH ESTIMATED MONTHLY ELECTRIC PEAK DEMANID CKALTAG , SAVOONGA , WHITE MOUNTAIN, LIM) NOTES: |. FoRCASTED IoB! PEAK DEMAND EXCEPT WHITE MOUNTAIN IS FORCASTED 1985 PEAK CEMAND. 2. IASTRIBUTION |S BASED OU CURVE FIT CF 1980 AVEC Xt s KACTAG: Wn & 8 DATA Fe. SHISHMAREF, FIGURE-4-& TABLE 4-12 DIESEL GENERATOR INVESTMENT SCHEDULE TO MEET ENERGY AND DEMAND REQUIREMENTS WITHOUT ELECTRIC ENERGY ALTERNATIVES Community Kaltag (Unit Add'n) Savoonga (Unit Add'n) White Mountain (Unit Add'n) Elim (Unit Add'n) Notes: 1 Diesel electric investment based on unit life of five years and/or need to add capacity to meet projected peak demand (Table 4-11). economics units in this power range are high speed which reduces unit life. Diesel unit installed cost (base year) of $600/kW used without annual 1000's Dollars Diesel-Electric Investment } 2 (1000's _ Dollars) 1981 1985 1990 1995 2001 -- 30.0 -- 60.0 60.0 (50kW) (100kwW) = (100 kw) -- 60.0 -- 120.0 -- (100kw) (200kW) -- -- -- 30.0 -- (50kwW) -- 30.0 -- 60.0 60.0 (50kW) (100kW) = (100 kw) inflation, based on economic methodology of this study. - 91 - Optimum TABLE 4-13 ANNUAL DIESEL FUEL COSTS (Escalation @ 3.5%/Year) Year $/Gallon Base Date Cost! 1981 2.00 '82 2.07 '83 2.14 ‘84 2.22 1985 2.30 '86 2.38 '87 2.46 '88 2.54 '89 2.63 1990 2.72 ‘91 2.82 '92 2.92 '93 3.02 '94 3.13 1995 3.23 '96 3.35 ‘97 3.46 '98 3.58 '99 3.71 2000 3.84 2001 3.97 Notes: 1 Base year established at $2.00/gallon as average of late 1980 fuel costs at communities of this study. Kaltag $1.90/gal. Savoonga 1.85/gal. Elim 2.03/gal. White Mountain 2.13/gal. Average $1.98/gal. - Late 1980 Use $2.00/gal. - Jan. 1981 Base Data Cost 2 See tables in Section 7.1 for estimated bussbar cost of electricity. - 92 - 5.0 5.1 5.1-K RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (KALTAG) The following energy resources were identified as being available in or near Kaltag and are summarized with references to data source in Table 5-1-K: ° Wood Extensive wood resources exist in and around Kaltag. There are approximately 4.4 million cubic yards (1.3 million cords) of wood in the 70-mile distance between Galena and Kaltag (within 1/2 mile of the Yukon River banks). No estimate of down-river resources was located. No estimate of the sustainable yield was identified. Wood is currently used to a major extent for space heat in residential, commercial, and public agency buildings. (See Section 3.2, Energy Balance, and Section 3.3, Existing Power and Heating Facilities.) The only consumer class not currently utilizing wood for space heat is Institutional. The authors have identified no major reason for not continuing to utilize this resource for space heating purposes. Spruce is the primary species being utilized at this time. Some green birch is also used for "banking" to increase heat retention at night. Cottonwood is not used. The current cost (1980) of cord wood in Kaltag is approximately $90 per cord ($5.80 per million Btu). Wood is currently harvested by individ- uals and small groups, then rafted down the Yukon River, approx- imately 10 to 12 miles to Kaltag. Further harvest and transport occurs in late winter when temperatures increase and the snow is hard. Snowmachines are used for transport at that time. - 93 - ° Wind U.S. Weather Bureau statistics collected in Kaltag during the 1940's indicate the average velocity of surface winds to be 8.1 mph, primarily out of the north, northeast, and southwest. Local residents indicated that wind is seasonal; being sporadic in the winter, scarce in the summer, and somewhat persistant in very early spring. Residents also indicated that wind patterns vary from year to year. Coal No indication that any significant coal deposits exist closer than approximately 40 miles from Kaltag has been found. Coal was previously mined on a small scale for local use in the earlier part of the 1900's. There was a flurry of coal mining activity along the Yukon River between 1899 and 1902, coincident with a Yukon River steamer boom supporting the Klondike gold rush. Most coal ven- tures were small, underground and unprofitable. Steamer pilots preferred wood (which was cheaper) or British Columbian coal (which was higher quality at a comparable cost). Many steamers switched to oil in 1903 and river traffic declined drastically with a slow down in the interior mining industry, the opening of the Richardson Trail and the opening of the White Pass and Yukon Railroad. Thus, little record of Yukon River coal production exists past 1903. The closest identified site is the old Blatchford Mine approximately 40 miles up-river from Kaltag. Little is known about the site. It was probably a small scale underground opera- tion. No estimate of reserves was located. Hydroelectric Hydroelectric potential near Kaltag has been evaluated for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers by OTT Water Engineers on the south tributary of the Kaltag River, approximately 4 miles from - 94 - Kaltag. This site was estimated for the Corps' work to be capable of producing 262 mWh of power annually with an installed capacity of 115 kW. (See Appendix E for more detailed information on this hydro site.) The capital cost of construction has been estimated to be $4,792,200. It should be noted that the site has not been gauged and therefore, power and energy estimates are first approximations. The North Fork of the Kaltag River was also con- sidered in OTT Water Engineers! work but demonstrated a lower B/C ratio. The Corps' work is currently in (draft) reconnaissance form. Additional information may be obtained from Mr. Loran Baxter at the Alaska District Office of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waste Heat Recoverable generator jacket water waste heat from the cental AVEC diesel-electric power plant has been estimated to be on the order of 1.3 x 10% Btu/yr. (Based on calculated generator effi- ciency). The heat is contained in the glycol/water coolant at approximately 190°F. This resource has been proven feasible for use in space heating. There are however, no major buildings close to the generator facility. Sites near the generator should be reserved for any larger structures, which may be built in the future, that could adequately utilize this resource. A second alternative is to move the existing modular generation facility to a site adjacent to the school. Close proximity to generators greatly reduces the capital cost of glycol/water distribution piping. Heat wasted in the space heating process (heater efficiency losses, etc.) has been estimated to be approximately 6.9 X 109 Btu/yr. Building Envelope Heat Loss Heat loss through building envelopes (walls, ceilings, floor, win- dows, etc.) via conduction and infiltration etc. is the total space - 95 - heat fuel consumption less burner conversion (stack) losses. In Kaltag this has been estimated to be approximately 8.5 X 109 Btu/yr. Of course, it is not theoretically or Practically possible to conserve all of this heat. The engineer's judgement from past experience and the site visit is that approximately 30% of this heat could be conserved through upgrade of building envelopes via weatherstripping, added insulation, etc. The size, age, quality of construction, and condition of building stock in Kaltag varied sub- stantially as did estimates of annual fuel consumption for individual residences, relayed to the engineer by local residents. This fact make heat loss analysis difficult except on a gross Btu/sq.ft.-year basis. The literature search phase of this work and conversations with local residents during the site investigations failed to produce significant evidence to confirm the existence of the following energy resources in or near Kaltag. ° Oil ° Natural Gas ° Peat ° Geothermal - 96 - TABLE 5-1-K SUMMARY OF ENERGY RESOURCES (KALTAG) Source of Reliability Resource Quantity Quality Cost Data of Data Wood 4.4 million Adequate for $90/cord (1)(2)(4) (10) cubic yards Space Heat ($5.80/ (4) (1)(2) MMBtu)(1) Wind Varies with 8.1 mph (1) (5) (10) Season and average(5) year (1) Coal Unknown Unknown (4) (3) (1) (4) (11) (12) Nearest point (7) (8) of previous exploitation is 40 miles distant (1)(4) Hydro- 4 miles Seasonal $4,792,200 (6) (10) (12) electric distant Flow (6) Capital 262 mWh (6) potential(6) Generator 1.3x10°Btu/yr Adequate for $250,000 (2) (10) (12) Waste Heat Recoverable Space Heat (2) (2) 1980 (2) Building 8.5x10°Btu/yr Adequate for (2) (10) Envelope Recoverable space heat Heat Losses 1980 (2) (2) Source of Data: (1) Estimate by local residents. (2) Engineer's estimate. (3) Inadequate data for the purpose of estimation. (4) Wood to Gas to Power; Galliett and Marks; 1980. (5) Weather Bureau Statistics. (6) Northwest Alaska Small Hydropower Reconnaissance Study (Draft), OTT Watter Engineers, 1981. (7) The Federal Government and Alaska's coal; The Northern Engineer; Claus Naski and Don Tripplehorn; Sept. 1980. (8) Blazing Alaska's Trails; Alfred Brooks; 1958. Reliability of Data: (10) Adequate for the purpose of this work (reconnaissance level). (11) Not adequate for the purpose of this work. (12) Further data is required to verify or procede to feasibility level work. - 97 - 5.1-S ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (SAVOONGA) The following energy resources were identified as being available in or near Savoonga and are summarized with references to data source in Table 5-1-S: ° Wood There is no standing timber in or near Savoonga. Small amounts of driftwood are deposited annually on the beaches to the east of Savoonga. Local residents say the wood drifts in from Siberia, which is evident from the Russian fishing floats that also drift in with the wood. The wood is currently utilized by some residents for space heat. Some Yukon River driftwood is probably also deposited on the island. The local residents state that this re- source is quite limited (due to low annual replenishment rate) and would not support significant additional demand. This resource also has a high cost associated with harvest and transport (see Results of Community Meeting, Appendix A). No wood was avail- able for sale at the time of the site visit. ° Wind Savoonga has the strongest and most persistent winds of all the communities addressed in this work. Surface winds at Savoonga average 12 mph with winds over 16 mph, 25% of the time. There was great interest by Savoonga residents in developing this re- source (see Results of Community Meeting, Appendix A). Detailed long-term wind data is not available. ° Coal Savoonga residents reported the existence of coal in two locations on St. Lawrence Island. One occurrence is located at Niyrakpak Lagoon approximately 15 miles southeast of the community of Gam- bell, and approximately 45 miles overland from Savoonga. Some - 98 - residents of Gambell reportedly gather this coal by hand for resi- dential heating. The other reported coal occurrence is located along the Koozata River approximately 20 miles overland, to the south of Savoonga. Residents reported the Niyrakpak occurrence is approximately as follows: Occurs on flat ground Approximately 2 feet thick where exposed ° 3 to 4 feet of overburden Flat clevage Stratigraphically flat Areal extent of occurrence unknown Burns adequately for space heat Reserves are unknown Residents reported the Koozata coal occurrence to be approximately as follows: ° Occurs as float along the river banks ° The river bank is badly sloughed hiding the actual occurrence ° Thickness is unknown ° Areal extent is unknown ° Reserves are unknown Both occurrences are reported to be lignite but there is no known record of an exploration program having been undertaken to determine grade and tonnage. (personal communication with Bill Patton, 1980 USGS). Not enough is currently known to establish the economic or technical feasibility of exploiting this coal occur- rence. In the absence of wood for space heat this resource merits further exploration. Regional interest in extracting coal resources for - 99 - other Northwest Alaska communities is increasing in light of im- pending increases in the cost of petroleum fuel. It is the authors! opinion, that if proven economically and technically feasible, a regional source of coal may be exploited (for regional use) within this decade. If local St. Lawrence Island coal is not technically or economically feasible to extract it may, in the future, be imported (as it was prior to the 1950's). In order to explore this alterna- tive the authors developed the following scenario! for use in the economic analysis portion of this study:2 Assumptions: Coal will be available from a regional (mainland Northwest Alaska) source in 1986. The exploitation of coal occur- rences in the Chicago Creek area for use in Kotzebue appears to be a possibility. Excess coal will be available for regional distribution. A coal unloading facility can be constructed at Savoonga for $3,000,000. ° Coal will be available at the following costs: $ 90/ton Dockside (Northern Seward Peninsula) $ 75/ton Transportation to Savoonga $165/ton Delivered to Savoonga (7500 Btu/Ib., $11/ 10®Btu) For further information on possible Northwest Alaska coal use the reader is directed to Retherford's study entitled Assessment of Power Alterna- tives for Kotzebue, (1980), prepared for the Alaska Power Authority; and, Dames & Moore study entitled Assessment of Coal Resources of Northwest Alaska - Phase I Draft (1980), also prepared for the Alaska Power Author- ity. The Dames & Moore report is currently in Phase I (Draft) and the completion of this work will affect the assumptions made herein. See Section 2.0, Introduction and Study Methodology, and Section 4.2, Thermal Energy Forecast for further discussion of coal utilization assump- tions and analysis methodology. - 100 - ° Geothermal Residents of Savoonga reported one source of geothermal energy on St. Lawrence Island. The occurrence is located at Northeast Cape, approximately 65 miles overland to the east of Savoonga. The geothermally heated water reportedly flows to the surface at approximately 15 gpm and is "lukewarm". No other reference to this resource has been located. Waste Heat Recoverable generator jacket water waste heat from the central AVEC diesel-electric power plant has been estimated to be on the order of 3.7 X 10° Btu/yr. (Based on calculated generator effi- ciency). The heat is contained in the glycol/water coolant at approximately 190°F. This resource is felt to be suitable for use in space heating (see Waste Heat Technology Profile, Appendix A). Heat wasted in the space heating process (heater efficiency losses, etc.) has been estimated to be approximately 11.0 X 109 Btu/yr. Building Envelope Heat Loss Heat lost through building envelopes (walls, ceilings, floor, win- dows, etc.) via conduction and infiltration etc. would be the total space heat fuel consumption less burner conversion (stack) losses. In Savoonga this has been estimated to be approximately 18.4 X 10° Btu/yr. Of course it is not theoretically or practically pos- sible to conserve all of this heat. The engineer's judgement, from past experience and the site visit, is that approximately 30% of this heat could be conserved through upgrade of building enve- lopes via weatherstripping, added insulation, etc. The size age, quality of construction and condition of building stock in Savoonga varied substantially, as did estimates of annual fuel consumption for individual residences relayed to the engineer by local resi- - 101 - dences. This fact makes heat loss analysis difficult except on a gross Btu/sq.ft.-year basis. The literature search phase of this work and conversations with local residents during the site investigation failed to produce significant evidence to confirm the existence of the following energy resources in or near Savoonga: ° Oil ° Natural Gas ° Peat ° Hydroelectric See Section 5.2, Regional Oil and Gas Development, for further dis- cussion on regional oil and gas resources. - 102 - TABLE 5-1-S SUMMARY OF ENERGY RESOURCES (SAVOONGA) Source of Reliability Resource Quantity _ Quality Cost Data of Data Wood Unknown and Adequate for Not for (1) (10) very limited space heat Sale (1) 1) (1) Wind Very strong 12 mph (avg) $120,000 (1) (5) (10) (12) & persistant (5) Capital, 30 kW (2) Coal Two occur- Adequate for (3) (1) (4) (11) (12) rences identi- space heat (1) fied. Grade & tonnage unknown(1)(4) Generator 3.7xl0°Btu/yr Adequate for $250,000 (10) (12) Waste Heat (2) space heat (2) (2) Building 18.4x10°Btu/yr Adequate only (2) (10) Envelope for space heat Heat Losses Geothermal 15 gpm (1) "lukewarm'"(1) (3) (1) (10) Sources of Data: (1) Estimate by local residents. (2) Engineer's estimate. (3) Inadequate data for the purpose of estimation. (4) Personal communication with Bill Patton, USGS (December 1980). (5) U.S. Weather Bureau statistics. Reliability of Data: (10) Adequate for the purpose of this work (reconnaissance level). (11) Not adequate for the purpose of this work. (12) Further data is required to verify or proceed to feasibility work. - 103 - 5.1-W ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (WHITE MOUNTAIN) The following energy resources were identified in or near White Moun- tain and are summarized with references to data source in Table 5-1-W. ° Wood Extensive wood resources exist in and around White Mountain. Although no specific references for estimates of quantities were identified, it is believed by the White Mountain residents and the engineers that adequate quantities exist to facilitate further exploi- tation of this resource. Wood is currently used for space heat in approximately nine residences in White Mountain (See Section 3.2, Energy Balance). Spruce is the primary species utilized at this time and is collected within a 15-mile radius of the community along streams, rivers, hillsides. Currently, harvest and transport is by individuals or small groups. The major obstacle to further fuel wood exploitation, according to White Mountain residents, is the high cost and difficulty of trans- porting large volumes of cord wood from the harvest area to the village in snowmachines (see Results of Community Meetings, Appendix A). ° Wind No specific wind data was obtained for White Mountain. Local residents stated that wind was quite seasonal and not as persistant as in the coastal areas (White Mountain is approximately 25 miles inland from Norton Sound). ° Coal White Mountain residents were not aware of coal occurrences in the immediate vicinity of the community. Dames & Moore (see Table - 104 - 5-1-W) reports the nearest coal occurrence is in the McCarthy's Marsh area approximately 30 miles northeast of White Mountain. The following is a summary of known data on that occurrence ex- cerpted from the Dames & Moore report. - "Coal float, including fragments up to 24" is found in creeks draining this tertiary basin." Gravity measurements suggest a large areal extent of tertiary rocks. - Coal mining may have occured in the past. - No samples have been analyzed. - The coal is of lignite rank. - There is no estimate of indicated or inferred resources. - The potential is large. - Exploration has been recommended. It is apparent at this time that not enough is known about the occurrence to make definitive recommendations in this work other than the occurrence should be further evaluated (December 1980). Geothermal One potential source of geothermal energy was identified by local residents and also reported by Turner et.al. (see Table 5-1-W). The hot spring is located near Mt. Kachavik approximately 20 miles northeast of White Mountain. Information on the hot spring is summarized from the above referenced report as follows: - 17°C surface temperature. - 63°C to 107°C estimated reservoir temperature. - Flow rate is unknown. - Beneficial heat is unknown. - 105 - ° Hydroelectric A potential site evaluated by OTT Water Engineers for the U.S. Corps of Engineers (see Table 5-1-W) at Eagle Creek (approxi- mately 12 miles east of White Mountain) was evaluated for the pur- pose of this study. The site at Eagle Creek was analyzed to incorporate power production for both White Mountain and Golovin which is approximately 15 miles southeast of White Mountain. The site was estimated by OTT Water Engineers to be capable of pro- ducing 670 mWh annually with an installed capacity of 319 kW. The capital cost of the project was estimated to be $8,518,400. (See Appendix E for further details concerning the Kaltag hydro site.) Other hydro sites in the vicinity of White Mountain were evaluated in OTT Water Engineers' work but demonstrated lower B/C ratios. The Corps! work is currently in draft reconnaissance form. Additional information may be obtained from Mr. Loran Baxter at the Alaska District Office of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Waste Heat Recoverable generator jacket water waste heat from the central Bering Strait REAA diesel-electric power plant is on the order of 0.4 X 10° Btu/yr. (based on calculated generator efficiency). The heat is contained in the glycol/water coolant at approximately 190°F. This resource is suitable for use in space heating. The White Mountain elementary school is scheduled to be complete with- in three years. Installation of waste heat recovery equipment could be accomplished at that time in the most cost effective man- ner by incorporating it into the renovation construction documents. The amount of recoverable waste heat will have increased at that time due to electrification of the rest of White Mountain by the school district generators (see Section 4.4, Electric Energy Use Projections). - 106 - Heat wasted in the space heating process (heater efficiency losses, etc.) has been estimated to be approximately 5.4 X 109 Btu/yr. based on the efficiencies displayed in Table 3-3. Building Envelope Heat Loss Heat loss through building envelopes (walls, ceilings, floor, win- dows, etc.) via conduction and infiltration etc., is the total space heat fuel consumption less burner conversion (stack) losses. In White Mountain this would amount to approximately (4.4 xX 109 Btu/yr. Of course, it is not theoretically or pratically possible to conserve all of this heat. The engineer's judgement from past experience and the site visit would be that approximately 30% of this heat could be conserved through upgrade of building envel- opes via weatherstripping, added insulation, etc. The size, age, quality of construction and condition of building stock in White Mountain varied substantially as did estimates of annual fuel con- sumption for individual residences relayed to the engineer by local residence. The fact makes heat loss analysis difficult except on a gross Btu/sq.ft.-year basis. The literature search phase of this work and conversations with local residents during the site investigation failed to produce significant evidence to confirm the existence of the following energy resources in or near White Mountain: ° Oil ° Natural Gas © Peat Refer to Section 5.2 for further discussion on regional oil and gas development. - 107 - TABLE 5-1-W SUMMARY OF ENERGY SOURCES (WHITE MOUNTAIN) Source of Reliability Resource Quantity Quality” Cost Data of Data Wood Unknown but Adequate for Approx. (1)(2)(4) (10) believed to space heat $100/cord be adequate (1)(2) (4) for further use (1)(2) Wind Not adequate for (1) (2) (10) exploitation (1)(2) Hydro 670 mWh $8,518,400 (7) (2) (10)(12) Power 319 kW Capital (7) Cost Generator 0.4x10°Btu/yr Adequate for $50,000 (2) (10)(12) Water Waste (2) space heat (2) (2) Heat Building 3.4xl0°Btu/yr Adequate only (2) (10) Envelope (2) for space heat Heat Losses (2) Coal Approx. 30 Lignite (5) (3) (1)(5) (11)(12) miles distant. Quantity unknown (1)(5) Geothermal Unknown 63°C to 107°C (3) (1)(6) (11)(12) (1)(6) (6) Sources of Data: (1) Estimate by local residents. (2) Engineer's estimate. (3) Inadequate data for the purpose of estimation. (4) Based on current regional costs. (5) Assessment of Coal Resources of Northwest Alaska (draft) Dames & Moore, 1980. (6) Geothermal Energy Resources of Alaska, Turner et.al., 1980. (7) Northwest Alaska Small Hydro Power Reconnaissance Study (draft) OTT Water Engineers (1981). Reliability of Data: (10) Adequate for the purpose of this work (reconnaissance level). (11) Not adequate for the purpose of this work. (12) Further data required to verify or proceed with feasibility work. - 108 - 5.1-E ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (ELIM) The following energy resources were identified as being available in or near Elim and are summarized with references to data source in Table 5-1-E: ° Wood Extensive wood resources exist in and around Elim. The following is summarized from a BIA report (see Table 5-2-W). - Approximately 57% (176,400 acres) of Norton Bay Native Reserve is forested. - Of that 36,100 acres (20%) has sufficient volume of merchantable timber to support logging operations. - White and black spruce dominate. - Severe climate conditions result in slow growth. Many trees are 150 to 200 years old. - Allowable annual sustained yield is estimated to be 204,000 cubic feet per year in the Norton Bay Native Reserve. Wood is currently used (1980) extensively for residential space heat in Elim (See Section 3.2, Energy Balance). Harvest and transport is by individuals and small group effort. Primary mode of transport is by snowmachine. Spruce is the primary species utilized at this time, and is collected within a 10 mile radius of the community. Driftwood also collects along the coast of Norton Sound and is utilized primarily in the summer for space and Process heat at fish camps. Driftwood, however, is not the pre- ferred fuel due to high silt content which damages chainsaws. ° Wind Little wind data is available for Elim. A summary of 957 observa- tions collected in 1937 through 1939 was obtained from the Arctic - 109 - Environmental Information and Data Center (University of Alaska). The data is such that only a rough estimate of wind quality could be made and is as follows: - 10 miles per hour average. - Velocity greater than 16 mph, 18% of the time. - Velocity greater than 32 mph, 1% of the time. Elim residents stated that wind is quite variable as well as sea- sonal. Coal The residents of Elim were aware of coal in several locations. Coal float has been noticed near the community airfield but the quanti- ties are small and nothing further is known about the extent of the occurrence. Local residents also were aware of coal at Cape Darby approximately 30 miles southwest of Elim. The coal appar- ently occurs as float and nothing is known about the extent of the occurrence. Apart from the existence of these occurrences Dames & Moore (see Table 5-1-W) reports known coal occurrences in the Death Valley - Tubutlik River area. Information compiled for that report is summarized by us as follows: - Coal is found as scattered occurrences in small exposures on the fringes of Death Valley basin, including a 15 to 35 foot bed at Grouse Creek. Coal may underlie a large portion of the basin and may be a high grade lignite or subbituminous rank. - Coal may possibly have been mined at Death Valley. - Coal was mined previously at Tubutulik River. - No estimate of indicated or inferred resources has been made. - No exploration drilling has been undertaken. - No samples have been analyzed. - 110 - - The potential for coal occurences exists over a wide area cen- tering approximately 65 miles north of Elim. - Not enough is currently known to establish the economic or technical feasibility of exploiting this coal occurrence (December 1980). ° Hydroelectric A potential site evaluated by OTT Water Engineers (see Table 5-1-E) for the U.S. Corps of Engineers at Quiktalik Creek (approximately 1-1/2 miles west of Elim) was evaluated for the purpose of this study. This site was estimated by OTT Water Engineers to be capable of producing 347 mWh annually with an installed capacity of 131 kW. Since stream gauging has not yet been accomplished the power and energy estimates are considered first approximations. Other sites in the vicinity of Elim were evaluated in OTT Water Engineers! work but demonstrated lower B/C ratios. The capital cost of the project was estimated to be $3,324,800. (See Appendix £ for further detail on Elim hydro sites.) ° Geothermal Elim residents are aware of the existance of two hot spring loca- tions. A summary of a report by Turner et al. (see Table 5-2-3) of the characteristics of the two geothermal energy resources is as follows: Kwiniuk River Hot Springs - Nine miles northwest of Elim. - Surface temperature is estimated to be 40°C to 50°C. - Flow rate is unknown. - Estimated reservoir temperature is estimated to be 72°C to 79°C. -111- - No estimate of reservoir temperature or beneficial heat is avail- able. - There are two neighboring hot springs with distinctly sulfated water. Clear Creek Hot Springs - The hot springs are grouped in an area 15 miles north of Elim. - Surface temperature is about 67°C. - Flow rate is estimated to be 265 gpm. - The mean reservoir temperature is estimated to be 103°C +9°C. - Wellhead thermal energy is estimated to be 0.20 X 10!8 J. - Beneficial heat is estimated to be 0.047 X 1018 y. Waste Heat Recoverable generator jacket water waste heat from the central AVEC diesel-electric power plant is on the order of 1.4 X 109 Btu/yr. (Based on calculated generator efficiency). The heat is contained in the glycol/water coolant at approximately 190°F. This resource is suitable for use in space heating. Heat wasted in the space heating process (heater efficiency losses, etc.) has been estimated to be approximately 5.39 X 10% Btu/yr. based on efficiencies displayed in Table 3-3. Building Envelope Heat Loss Heat loss through building envelopes (walls, ceilings, floor, win- dows, etc.) via conduction and infiltration etc., would be the total space heat fuel consumption less burner conversion (stack) losses. In Elim this would amount to approximately 6.8 X 10% Btu/yr. Of course it is not theoretically or practically possible to conserve all of this heat. The engineers judgement from past experience and the site visit would be that approximately 20% (3.4 X 10° Btu/yr.) - 112 - (Most Elim residences are new and tight) of this heat could be con- served through upgrade of building envelopes via weatherstrip- ping, added insulation, etc. The size, age, quality of construc- tion and condition of building stock in Elim varied substantially as did estimates of annual fuel consumption for individual residences relayed to the engineer by local residents. This fact makes heat loss analysis difficult except on a gross Btu/sq.ft.-year. The literature search phase of this work and conversations with local residents during the site investigation failed to produce significant evidence to confirm the existence of the following energy resources in or near Elim: ° Oil ° Natural Gas ° Peat Refer to Section 5.2 for further discussion of regional oil and gas potential. - 113 - TABLE 5-1-E SUMMARY OF ENERGY RESOURCES (ELIM) Source of Reliability Resource Quantity Quality Cost Data of Data Wood 204,000 cu.ft. Adequate for $90/cord (1)(2) (10)(12) sustainable timber and 1980 (4)(8) (8) (1)(2) (1)(4) Wind 10 mph (avg) Greater than (9) (10)(12) 16 mph, 18% of time(9) Hydro 374 mWh $3,324,800 (7) (10)(12) 131 kW (7) Capital (7) Generator 1.4x10°Btu/yr Adequate for $175,000 (2) (10) Waste Heat space heat (2) Capital (2) Coal Unknown (5) lignite to sub- (3) (5) (11) bituminous Geothermal Unknown (6) 40°C to 79°C (3) (6) (11) (6) Building 6.8x10°Btu/yr Adequate only (2) (10) Envelope (2) for space heat Heat Loss (2) Sources of Data: (1) Estimate by local residents. (2) Engineer's estimate. (3) Inadequate data for the purpose of estimation. (4) Based on current regional costs. (5) Assessment of Local Resources of Northwest Alaska, (draft) Dames & Moore, 1980. (6) Geothermal Energy Resources of Alaska, Turner et.al., 1980. (7) Northwest Alaska Small Hydro Power Reconnaissance Study, (draft) OTT Water Engineers, 1981. (8) Elim Alaska; Its Resources and Development Potential, BIA, 1975. (9) U.S. Weather Bureau statistics. Reliability of Data: (10) Adequate for the purpose of this work (reconnaissance level). (11) Not adequate for the purpose of this work. (12) Further data required to verify or proceed with feasibility work. - 114 - 5.2 REGIONAL OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT Oil and natural gas exploration is Proceeding in the offshore areas of Norton Sound. Various offshore tracts in this area may, in the future, be leased by the federal government for further oil and gas exploration and development (Lease Sale No. 57). The existence of commercial quantities of these resources in the Norton Sound area is, and will remain, speculative until actual exploratory drilling leads to confirmation (or abandonment). Further, the long lead times for development, the uncertainty of such timing and the uncertainty of the development of regional refining capacity precludes further con- sideration of this resource in the framework of this reconnaissance study. For further information, the reader is directed to the Bering-Norton Petroleum Development Scenarios (various technical re- ports), available from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Office. For assistance contact Mrs. Connie Wassink, Public Information Officer, BLM/OCS at 620 East 10th, Anchorage, Alaska (276-2955). 5.3 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS There are an almost unlimited combination of energy resources and technologies to choose from when forming a plan to serve the future energy needs of the four study communities. The most efficient method of selecting suitable technologies and resources in to develop a rational process of elimination. Basic to such a method is the spe- cific character and setting of the technology application and/or re- source availability. These characteristics include: ° Scale ° Technical skill levels required ° Desires and traditions of the community ° Cost Availability of key equipment and parts ° Reliability of systems ° Stochastic match of load to resource or system profile Physical environment - 115 - The initial screening process involved evaluation and elimination of resources and technologies which met basis rejection criteria as out- lined below: Any technology whose use demands the continuous talents of a graduate engineer for successful application could not reasonably be expected to succeed in the study communities. Electric systems that require megawatt based loads to become fea- sible are not applicable to the communities of interest. ° Any resource which is not available to the study region in suffi- cient quantities to merit further exploration or exploitation would not be value for further consideration. ° Technologies in formulative stages (for which the successful devel- opment and time frame of such development is unknown) are con- sidered inappropriate for the purpose of this work. ° Technologies with extreme capital costs are unlikely to see imple- mentation. ° Resouce development causing appreciable environmental damage is inappropriate. The following list of technologies and energy resources were felt to be inappropriate or ineffective for utilization in the study communities during the initial screening process: ° Solid Waste Conversion Solid municipal waste (sorted and dried) can be used as combus- tion fuel in specially designed boilers for the production of steam. This steam is then used to produce electric power in steam turbine generation equipment. This technology has been successfully - 116 - implemented (on a large scale) in several European and American cities. Critique: - Due to the traditionally spartan nature of the population, ade- quate quantities of this resource are not available for feasible exploitation. - Existing technology does not lend itself to adaptation at the small scales of power use within the study communities (fluid- ized beds, etc.). - Maintenance and operations costs are prohibitive. - The complexity of this generation technology will not meet the needs of the study communities. ° Tidal Generation Electric power may be generated by tapping the potential energy difference between water at two different heights on separate sides of a natural or man-made barrier to ocean tidal movement. Power Production is by water-driven turbines as in hydroelectric genera- tion. Critique: - No potential sites have been identified. - Capital expenditures would be prohibitive for the potential benefits derived. - Sea ice presents a formidable technical barrier. ° Nuclear Power Generation Heat is liberated from the disintegration of heavy fisionable ele- ments. When fision is allowed to occur in an extremely well con- trolled environment the heat may be utilized through exchange to Produce steam to drive turbine generators. - 117 - Critique: - Costs (capital, installation, operations, and maintenance) would be intensely prohibitive for the small units required to meet the needs of the study communities. - The complexity of this technology does not meet the needs of the study communities. - The possibility of severe long term environmental damage, although not quantified in this work, exists. - The megawatt base load required for feasible implementation of this technology do not exist in the study communities. Local Oil and Gas Exploitation Living matter existing in the ocean may, over time and the right conditions, accumulate on the ocean floor in such amounts that subsequent burial and degredation may produce liquid and gaseous petroleum deposits that are large enough to be extracted commer- cially. Extracted petroleum crude is then refined into saleable dis- tillate products such as fuel oil, gasoline, white gas, etc. (See Section 5.2 for further discussion. ) Critique: - Existence of this resource must remain speculative until actual exploratory drilling leads to confirmation of the presence of this resource within the study region. - The uncertainty of the timing associated with possible explora- tion and development activities in this region complicates inclu- sion of this resource within the framework of this study. - Possible exploration and development of this resource will likely Progress independently of local and regional energy planning. - Should oil deposits be discovered, development of regional refineries to convert crude oil to marketable products for local use is not assured. - The cost of construction of natural gas pipeline transmission to serve the study communities (should this resource be found) would likely be prohibitive relative to possible derived benefits. - 118 - Geothermal Power Generation Ground water which is heated by local or regional subsurface geo- logic "hot spots" caused by magmatic intrusion, etc., may under the correct conditions of temperature and pressure be extracted and utilized as a power generation source. If the occurrence is vapor (steam) dominated, the steam may be used to produce elec- tric power through steam turbine generation. Hot water dominated systems may be used to produce electric power via organic rankine cycle turbines. Geothermally heated water may also be used for space heating by circulation through a district heating system. Critique: - Identified sites do not have the steam required to drive turbine generation equipment (water dominant occurrences only). - No sites closer than 10 miles to any of the study communities were identified. - Corrosion and mineral precipitation in major equipment, piping and downhole equipment from geothermally heated water re- quires costly periodic equipment overhaul and well maintenance. - Exploitation of this resource is not a proven feasible approach at the small scales encountered in the study communities. Geothermal District Heating (See Geothermal Power Generation, above) Critique: - Geothermally heated water (entering the required 10 mile (+) pipeline) would arrive at the point of use too cool to be useful for heating purposes. This deficiency would be especially Pronounced during the coldest winter months when demand for heat is highest. - Pumping costs would be prohibitive. - 119 - Peat Conversion Decomposed organic plant material in the form of peat may be extracted from surface occurrences, dried and used as electric generation fuel or as heating fuel. Dried and processed peat is heated in the absence of oxygen to drive off methane gases. The Produced gases from gasifier cycle are then processed and con- sumed in modified diesel-electric equipment for power generation. Critique: - Potential environmental damage of wetlands from large scale peat exploitation would, likely, not be acceptable. - Technical problems associated with exploitation of this resource include drying (especially in the Arctic) and processing. - Currently available equipment does not lend itself to adaptation at the small scale of power use within the study communities. - Maintenance and operations costs are prohibitive. - The complexity of this generation technology will not meet the needs of the study community. Heat Storage (water and chemical, etc.) The storage of heat (for future use) is desirable when the supply of heat is not coincident with demand for the heat. Storage may be facilitated by a water or liquid medium or through the use of chemicals such as eutectic salts. Critique: - Space requirements for this approach are prohibitive since the majority of facility space within the study communities is cur- rently over-utilized. - The addition of heated space to facilitate heat storage is pro- hibitive in rural communities. - Heat storage (chemical) is still in the developmental stage. - 120 - ° Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic cells provide a means to Produce electric power directly from the suns radiation. Most of the currently available material consists of silicon based wafers arranged in banks and placed for optimal sunlight capture. Critique: - The sun does not provide sufficient radiation during the period of greatest electric power demand (winter). Conversely, the majority of people in the four study communities annually migrate to fish camp during the period of greatest solar influx (summer). Active Solar Heating Radiation from the sun may be captured in arrays of solar collec- tors for use as a heat source for space heating or domestic water heating. Water is circulated through the collectors and subse- quently through the space to be heated (heat transfer medium). Critique: - Same as Photovoltaic Cells (see above). - Seasonal and daily heat storage required for utilization of this technology has not been adequately developed (see Heat Stor- age, above). ° Fuel Cells Fuel cells are galvanic energy conversion devices differing from a conventional battery in that the electrodes are catalytically active. Hydrogen fuel (from natural gas, light petroleum fractions or LPG) is the typical fuel source for power generation. - 121 - Critique: - Large space requirements for cells will result in prohibitive initial costs. - Fuel cell technology is still in developmental stage. - No commercially available units operate on regionally available fuels (wood or coal). - Fuel cells require sophisticated fuel conditioners to separate hydrogen from fuel. After the initial screening process, the following listed technologies were given a more indepth evaluation for their applicability for imple- mentation in the study communities. ° Hydroelectric power ° Wind power ° Building conservation Building envelope conservation (weatherization) ° Electric intertie ° Coal as a heating fuel ° Coal as an electric generation fuel - Steam turbine generation ° Wood as a heating fuel ° Wood as an electric generation fuel - Steam turbine generation = Wood-gas conversion ° Generator waste heat recovery ° Closed rankine cycle generation ° Continued use of diesel-electric generation ° Continued use of fuel oil heating The second screening process included review of state-of-the-art literature and technical data as well as review of specific feasibility work and current demonstration projects for each of the technologies. - 122 - This second screening resulted in a "profiling" of each technology. Each of following areas was addressed in construction of specific Technology Profiles: + Thermodynamic and engineering processes. Current and future availability. Any specific successful demonstrations of the technology both in and out of the rural Alaska environment. Energy quality, quantity and dynamics. ° Reliability Thermodynamic efficiency Costs for typical unit installed to include: - Capital cost - Operations and maintenance costs - Fuel costs Economies of scale Environmental, health, and safety aspects Research and construction of the technology profiles led to the deci- sion that several of the profiled technologies were also inappropriate for implementation in the study communities. They are: ° Coal as an electric generation fuel by: - Steam turbine generation ° Wood as an electric generation fuel by: - Steam turbine generation - Wood-gas conversion 1 The Technology Profiles, including specific as well as general definitions and discussions, developed during this phase of work are displayed in Appendix D. - 123 - 5.4 Primary in the decision to discontinue consideration of these technol- ogies was: ° The very complex nature of these technologies, and burdensome operational requirements. As previously discussed in this work, a successful rural energy plan requires the support and assistance of the communities' residents. It is unrealistic, at this time, to expect Kaltag, Savoonga, White Moun- tain or Elim to support power generation systems requiring operations and maintenance skills equivalent to that of a graduate engineer. Further, the need for "around the clock, year-round" operators (licensed boiler operators in the case of steam turbine generation) is also an unrealistic requirement to place on a rural community. These technologies are best left for consideration in the larger regional "hubs" such as Nome and Kotzebue, etc. APPROPRIATE COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGIES The remaining technologies, having survived the first two screenings, were then incorporated into various energy plans formulated for each community. Since each community varies in geographic location and resource availability, the energy plans also vary for each community. The techniques incorporated into each community specific energy plans are as in the following section: ° Kaltag - Continued use of diesel-electric generation (base case) - Increased diesel-electric generation efficiency - Generator waste heat recovery - Hydroelectric power - 124 - - Continued and expanded use of wood for space heating (base case) - Continued use of fuel oil for space heating (base case) - Building conservation - Building envelope conservation ° Savoonga - Continued use of diesel-electric generation (base case) - Increased diesel-electric generation efficiency - Wind power - Generator waste heat recovery - Continued use of fuel oil for space heating (base case) - Building conservation - Building envelope conservation - Importation of coal for space heating purposes ° White Mountain - Continued use of diesel-electric generation (base case) - Improved diesel-electric generation efficiency - Generator waste heat recovery - Continued use of fuel oil for space heat (base case) - Continued and expanded use of fuel wood for space heat (base case) - Building conservation - Building envelope conservation - Mechanization of wood harvest - 125 - ° Elim - Continued use of diesel-electric generation (base case) - Improved diesel-electric generation efficiency - Hydroelectric power - Generator waste heat recovery - Continued use of fuel oil for space heating (base case) - Continued and expanded use of fuel wood for space heating (base case) - Building conservation - Building envelope conservation - 126 - 6.0 ENERGY PLANS The technological, resources and economic screening resulted in the identification of five viable technology/resources schemes: Hydroelectric power generation. Substitution of petroleum space heating fuel with wood or coal. Capture and use of waste heat from electric generation plants. Increasing the efficiency of diesel-electric power generation sys- tems. Undertaking building energy conservation plans in public and resi- dential buildings. Utilization of wind energy at Savoonga. A present worth analysis of these schemes together with the base case "business as usual" were performed. The results of that work is presented in Section 7. Table 6-1 indicates the assumptions used in the analysis of the space heat options. The price for wood listed there translates to $90 per cord while the price of coal, delivered to Savoonga, is presumed to be $165 per ton. The following is a synopsis of the cost of the base case (business as usual) plan and least cost plans over the 20-year planning period. (Refer to the Tables 7-2 and 7-3 for a breakdown of plan components and plan costs.) 6.1 COMMUNITY ENERGY PLANS 6.1-K KALTAG PLANS ° Base Case Plan The "business as usual" plan for Kaltag (Plans A and A,) consists - 127 - TABLE 6-1 UNIT COST ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS OF PRESENT WORTH OF SPACE HEATING PLANS Fuel Maintenance and Capital Costs Operations Costs Wood Fuel for $5.80/10°Btul $2.50/10®Btu2 $0.69/10®Btu3 Space Heat Coal Fuel for $11.00/10®Btu4 $2.50/10°Btu2 $0.69/10°Btus Space Heat Fuel Oil for $14.45/10®Btu $0.50/10®Btus $0.84/10°BtuS Space Heat (1980) Capture & Use -- $6.50/10°Btu $7.10/10®Btu of Waste Heat Weatherization -- $0.06/10°Btu $0.50/10°Btus 1 Actual 1980 cost at Kaltag and Elim. 2 Residential and small commercial (includes fuel and ash handling). $8 Residential and small commercial. 4 Estimated cost delivered to Savoonga. Notes: See footnotes on electric present worth computation tables (Section 7.1) for assumptions used in electric power generation planning. See Section 5.1 for capital cost of waste heat recovery installations. See Technology Profiles for capital cost and M&O costs for typical wood/coal installations, as well as weatherization. Unit capital and M&O cost are derived from estimates in Technology Profiles (Appen- dix D). - 128 - of continued (unimproved) diesel-electric power generation, and continued use of fuel oil and wood (in proportion with current consumption [see Section 3.2, Energy Balance]) for space heating. The continuation of diesel-electric generation assumes utilization of the existing AVEC powerplant with replacement of generators at the end of their physical life and as peak demand growth requires additional generation capacity. The physical life of the generators is assumed to be seven years. Unit additions for increased energy and demand are listed in Table 4-12. Total 20-year plan cost is $8,558,000 ° Least Cost Plan The least present worth plan includes increasing diesel-electric generation efficiency, replacing fuel oil with wood for 95% of resi- dential, 75% of business and public agency space heat (excluding schools) and generator waste heat capture, and weatherization of all consumer classes (Plan C and B,). Increased diesel-electric generation efficiency assumes the parameters listed above for con- tinued (unimproved) diesel-electric generation. However, improve- ments in generation efficiency from the present 7 kWh/gallon to approximately 13 kWh/gallon are assumed. (Refer to the improved diesel-electric conversion technology profile in Appendix D for further information on this technology.) In addition, this plan includes provisions for the retrofit of the existing generator with waste heat recovery equipment to provide a source of space heat for the communty high school. Total 20-year plan cost is $6,466,000 The hydroelectric plan evaluated herein assumed development of the South Fork Kaltag River site with start-up in 1984. (See Section 5.1 and Appendix E for further hydro site details.) Due to the limited hydro potential and non-coincidence of seasonal stream flows and - 129 - energy use patterns, diesel-electric backup is required. The hydro plan assumed no seasonal storage capacity. This plan did not prove to be the least cost option. (See Table 7-2 for plan costs. ) 6.1-S SAVOONGA PLANS ° Base Case Plans The "business as usual" plan for Savoonga (Plans A and A,) con- sists of continued (unimproved) diesel-electric power generaton and continued use of fuel oil for space heating. The continuation of diesel-electric generation assumes utilization of the existing AVEC powerplant with replacement of generators at the end of their physical life and as peak demand growth requires additional generation capacity. The physical life of the generators is assumed to be seven years. Unit additions for increased energy and demand are listed in Table 4-12. Total 20-year plan cost is $24,921,000 Least Cost Plan The least present worth plan includes increased diesel-electric generation efficiency, 25% insertion of wind power, replacing fuel oil with coal for 90% of residential, 75% of public and commercial space heat, and capture of generator waste heat, and weatheriza- tion of all consumer classes (Plans B, C and C,). Increased diesel-electric generation efficiency assumes the parameters listed above for continued (unimproved) diesel-electric generation. How- ever, improvements in generation efficiency from the present 7 kWh/gallon to approximately 13 kWh/gallon are assumed. (Refer to the improved diesel-electric conversion technology profile in Appendix D for further information on this technology.) In addi- tion, this plan includes provisions for the retrofit of the existing - 130 - generator with waste heat recovery equipment to provide a source of space heat for the communty high school. This plan also in- cludes the installation of a 30 kW wind machine to achieve 25% insertion in the existing community power grid. The assumptions used for the importation and use of coal for space heat are listed in Section 5.1-S, Energy Resource Assessment. Total 20-year plan cost is $15,058,000 Least Cost Plan Without Coal Conversion or Wind This plan includes continued use of fuel oil for space heat, weath- erization of all consumer classes, waste heat recovery for schools, and improved diesel-electric generation (Plan C and B;). Total 20-year plan cost is $18,608,000 6.1-W WHITE MOUNTAIN PLANS ° Base Case Plan The "business as usual" plan for White Mountain ( Plans A and A) consists of continued (unimproved) diesel-electric power gen- eration, and continued use of fuel oil and wood (in proportion with current consumption [see Section 3.2, Energy Balance]) for space heating. The continuation of diesel-electric generation assumes utilization of the existing School District powerplant with replace- ment of generators at the end of their physical life and as peak demand growth requires additional generation capacity. The phys- ical life of the generators is assumed to be seven years. Unit additions for increased energy and demand are listed in Table 4-12. Total 20-year plan cost is $4,884,000 - 131 - ° Least Cost Plan The least present worth plan includes increased diesel-electric generation efficiency, recovery of generator waste heat for use in the elementary school and conversion from fuel oil to wood for 90% of residential and 75% of commercial and public space heat (exclud- ing schools) and weatherization of all consumer classes (Plans C and B)). Total 20-year plan cost is $2,974,000 This plan assumes that the community of White Mountain will be electrified by School District generators in 1981 (as per School District plans), thus increasing the amount of waste heat available for recovery. This plan further assumes that the White Mountain Elementary School will be completely renovated within the next three years (as per School District plans), thus greatly lowering the cost of installation by being designed and constructed in con- junction with school renovation. The hydroelectric plan evaluated herein assumed development of the Eagle Creek site with start-up in 1984. (See Section 5.1 and Appen- dix E for further hydro site details.) Due to high capital cost, limited energy use and distance from White Mountain the option did not show ecoomic merit. (See Table 7-2 for plan costs.) 6.1-E ELIM PLANS ° Base Case Plan The present worth of the "business as usual" plan for Elim (Plans A and A,) consists of continued (unimproved) diesel-electric power generation, and contiued use of fuel oil and wood (in proportion with current consumption [see Section 3.2, Energy Balance]) for - 132 - space heating. The continuation of diesel-electric generation assumes utilization of the existing AVEC powerplant with replace- ment of generators at the end of their physical life and as peak demand growth requires additional generation capacity. The phys- ical life of the generators is assumed to be seven years. Unit additions for increased energy and demand are listed in Table 4-12. Total 20-year plan cost is $7,345,000 ° Least Present Worth Plan The least present worth plan includes increasing electric generator efficiency, replacing fuel oil with wood for 90% of residential and 75% of public and commercial space heat (excluding schools) and capture of generator waste heat for use in school buildings, and weatherization of all consumer classes (Plan C and B,). Increased diesel-electric generation efficiency assumes the parameters listed above for continued (unimproved) diesel-electric generation. How- ever, improvements in generation efficiency from the present 7 kWh/gallon to approximately 9 kWh/gallon are assumed. (Refer to the improved diesel-electric conversion technology profile in Appendix D for further information on this technology.) In addi- tion, this plan includes provisions for the retrofit of the existing generator with waste heat recovery equipment to provide a source of space heat for the community high school. Total 20-year plan cost is $5,277,000 The hydroelectric plan evaluated herein assumed development of the Quiktalik Creek site with start-up in 1984. (See Section 5.1 and Appendix E for further hydro site details.) Due to limited hydro potential and non-coincidence of seasonal stream flows and energy use patterns, diesel-electric backup is required. The hydro plan assumed no seasonal storage capacity. This plan did not prove to be the least cost option. (See Table 7-2 for plan costs.) - 133 - 7.0 7.1 ENERGY PLAN EVALUATION The results of present worth analysis are presented in this chapter. The options of waste heat recovery and wood or coal conversion for space heat are obviously worth while. The analysis of hydroelectric potentials does not appear to be clear cut. While use of different economic methodology may change the hydro- electric potentials, the Alaska Power Authority established a 20-year planning period and 3.5% per year fuel escalation (above normal infla- tion) which strongly effects the selection of continued diesel-electric generation. The absence of on-the-ground verification of stream flow assumptions also affects the uncertainty. The improved diesel gener- ation conversion efficiency is of obvious merit and represents a real- istic potential below the maximum practical 13 kWh/gallon. Economic analysis of improved diesel-electric generation was performed in the same manner as other alternatives (present worth), however, plan tables have been omitted. To achieve the conversion efficiencies indicated in these plans does not require large capital investments, although considerable invest- ment would be economically justified. All of the efficiency gain is Possible through optimum operating procedures with existing plants and optimum selection of planned future generating units. ECONOMIC EVALUATION In accordance with the directions set forth by the Alaska Power Authority, the study team used the following economic analysis Parameters for evaluation of the various energy plans. ° The planning period is 20 years (1981 base year). ° Interest and amortization for all plan component capital costs is 3%. ° Amortization is over each components physical life (except hydro is amortized over 30 years). - 134 - Petroleum fuels are assumed to escalate 3.5% compounded annually (over general inflation). General inflation is assumed to be zero. Plan costs are discounted for each of the twenty years of the planning period at a rate of 3% annually. Discounted annual costs are summed to give the present worth of plan costs. The authors used the following physical life spans for the economic evaluation: ° Diesel-electric Generation 7 Years ° Hydroelectric Generation 50 Years ° Generator Waste Heat Recovery 20 Years ° Wind Generators 20 Years ° Fuel Oil Heating Systems 20 Years ° Wood Heating Systems 15 Years ° Coal Heating Systems 15 Years - 135 - TABLE 7-2 ELECTRIC PLAN PRESENT WORTHS The display tables of electric energy alternative plans (20-year costs and present worth values) for each village are presented in Tables 7-4 through 7-11 of this study. The summary of the electric energy alternatives analysis for each village is as follows: 20-Year Present Worth Community Plan Description of Alternative (1,000's Dollars) Kaltag A Continued 100% Diesel Generation 2,835 (Base Case) B Hydroelectric - Kaltag River 5,218 Cc Improved Diesel Conversion Efficiency 2,052 (7.0 kWh/Gal. to 10.0 kWh/Gal. ) Savoonga A Continued 100% Diesel Generation 7,336 (Base Case) B Wind Turbine - 25% Energy Insertion 5,573 Cc Improved Diesel Conversion Efficiency 4,221 (7.0 kWh/Gal. to 13 kWh/Gal.)? White A Continued 100% Diesel Generation 747 Mountain (Base Case) B Hydroelectric - Eagle Creek 2,813 Cc Improved Diesel Conversion Efficiency 596 (7.0 kWh/Gal. to 9.0 kWh/Gal. ) Elim A Continued 100% Diesel Generation 3,069 (Base Case) B Hydroelectric - Quiktalik Creek 4,150 Cc Improved Diesel Conversion Efficiency 2,434 (7.0 kWh/Gal. to 9.0 kWh/Gal. ) T See Improved Diesel-Electric Technology Profile for description. - 136 - TABLE 7-3 THERMAL PLAN PRESENT WORTHS The display tables of thermal energy alternative plans (20-year costs and present worth values) for each village are presented in Tables 7-12 through 7-20) of this study. The summary of the thermal energy alternatives anal- ysis for each village is as follows: 20-Year Present Worth Community Plan Description of Alternative (1,000's_ Dollars) Kaltag Ai Continued fuel oil and wood use for 5,753 heating (Base Case). Bi Increase wood use to 95% residential 4,414 and 75% commercial and public agencies (excluding schools), and waste heat recovery for the school, and weath- erize all consumer classes. Savoonga Ay Continued fuel oil use for heating 17,585 (Base Case) Bi Weatherize all consumer classes and 14,387 provide generator waste heat recov- ery for schools. Cy Replace fuel oil with imported coal 11,998 or wood for 90% of residential and 75% commercial/public (excluding schools), waste heat recovery for schools, and weatherize all consumer classes. White Ai Continued fuel oil and wood use for 4,137 Mountain heating (Base Case) B, Increase wood use to 90% residential 2,378 and 75% commercial and public agencies (excluding schools), waste heat recov- ery for the elementary school, and weatherize all consumer classes. Elim Ai Continued fuel oil and wood use for 4,276 heating (Base Case). Bi Increase wood use to 90% residential 2,843 and 75% commercial and public agencies (excluding schools), waste heat recov- ery for schools and weatherize all con- sumer classes. - 137 - TABLE 7-3A 53-YEAR ELECTRIC PLAN PRESENT WORTHS The summary of 53-year present worth plan costs performed for hydropower comparisons is as follows: 53-Year Present Worth Community Plan Description of Alternative (1,000's Dollars) Kaltag A Continued 100% Diesel-Electric 7,166 Generation (Base Case). B Hydroelectric - Kaltag River 10,121 Cc Improved Diesel-Electric Generation 5,195 (7.0 kWh/Gal. to 10.0 kWh/Gal. ) Elim A Continued 100% Diesel-Electric 7,573 Generation (Base Case). B Hydroelectric - Kaltag River 8,496 Cc Improved Diesel-Electric Generation 6,005 (7.0 kWh/Gal. to 10.0 kWh/Gal. ) - 138 - TABLE 7-4 ELECTRIC ENERGY PLANNING (KALTAG) PLAN A: CONTINUED 100% DIESEL GENERATION Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Cost Present Energy Capital O&M Fuel Cost Total ¢ Worth Year (MWH) 1 ($1,000's)2 ($1,000's)? ($1,000's)* ($1,000's) _kWh ($1,000's) 1981 241 -- 7.2 68.9 76.2 31.6 76.2 '82 252 — 7.6 74.6 82.1 32.6 79.7 '83 263 =< 7.9 80.5 88.4 33.6 83.1 '84 274 + 8.2 86.9 95.1 34.7 87.5 1985 285 2.4 8.5 93.5 104.4 36.6 92.9 '86 307 2.4 9.2 104.1 115.7 37.7 99.5 '87 329 2.4 9.9 115.5 127.7 38.8 107.3 '88 352 2.4 10.6 128.1 141.1 40.1 114.3 '89 374 2.4 11.2 140.6 154.2 41.2 121.8 1990 396 2.4 11.9 154.0 168.3 42.5 129.6 '91 417 2.4 12.5 168.0 182.9 43.9 135.4 '92 438 2.4 13.1 182.6 198.2 45.2 142.7 '93 460 2.4 13.8 198.3 214.4 46.6 138.8 '94 481 2.4 14.4 215.0 231.8 48.2 146.2 1995 502 7.2 15.1 231.9 254.2 50.6 153.1 '96 520 12 15.6 249.1 271.8 52.3 159.4 '97 538 7.2 16.1 266.3 289.6 53.8 179.6 '98 555 7.2 16.6 284.7 308.5 55.5 188.2 '99 573 7.2 17.2 304.3 328.6 57.2 193.9 2000 591 7.2 17.7 324.5 349.4 59.1 199.2 2001 609 12.0 18.3 346.5 376.7 61.9 207.2 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $2,835,600 2002-2034 12.0 18.3 346.5 376.7 4,331.1 53-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $7,166,700 Notes: 1 Energy Projection, see Table 4-9. 2 Capital Investment, see Table 4-12. 3 Annual O & M @ 3.0¢/kWh (Diesel). Annual Fuel Cost, see Table 4-13. » New equipment amortization only. - 139 - TABLE 7-5 ELECTRIC ENERGY PLANNING (KALTAG) PLAN B: HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT SOUTH TRIBUTARY KALTAG RIVER (115 kW) Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Cost Present Energy Capital O&M Fuel Cost Total ¢ Worth Year (MWH) ! ($1,000's)Z ($1,000's)? ($1,000's)# ($1,000's) _kWh ($1,000's ) 1981 241 -- 7.2 68.9 76.2 31.6 76.2 "82 252 “= 7.6 74.6 82.1 32.6 79.6 '83 263 -- 7.9 80.5 88.4 33.6 83.1 '84 274 122.5 8.2 86.9 217.6 79.4 200.2 1985 285 244.9 6.0 50.8 301.7 105.8 268.5 '86 307 244.9 6.6 60.0 311.5 101.5 267.9 '87 329 244.9 7.3 69.8 322.0 97.9 270.5 '88 352 244.9 8.0 80.8 333.7 94.8 270.3 '89 374 244.9 8.6 91.7 345.2 92.3 272.7 1990 396 244.9 9.3 103.5 357.7 90.3 275.4 '91 417 244.9 9.9 115.7 370.5 88.9 274.2 '92 438 244.9 10.5 128.4 383.8 87.6 276.3 '93 460 244.9 11.2 142.2 398.3 86.6 278.8 '94 481 244.9 11.8 154.8 411.5 85.6 279.8 1995 502 249.7 12.5 171.9 434.1 86.4 286.5 '96 520 249.7 13.0 186.8 449.5 86.4 287.7 '97 538 249.7 13.5 202.0 465.2 86.5 288.4 '98 555 249.7 14.1 218.0 481.8 86.8 293.9 '99 573 249.7 14.6 235.2 499.5 87.2 294.7 2000 591 249.7 15.1 253.1 517.9 87.6 295.2 2001 609 249.7 15.7 272.6 538.0 88.3 295.9 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $5,218,00' 2002-20157 249.7 15.7 272.6 538.0 3,364.9 2016-2035 5.0 15.7 272.6 293.3 1,537.8 53-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $10,120,700 Notes: 1 Energy Projection, see Table 4-9. 2 Capital Investment, see Table 5-1-K. 3 Annual 0 & M @ 3.0¢/kWh (Diesel) and 1.0¢/kWh (Hydro/T-line). 4 Annual Fuel Cost, see Table 4-13. 5 Only 50% (130 MWH/yr.) of Kaltag Hydro Energy Available to displace diesel energy due to mismatch of seasonal flows and energy use pattern. Hydro storage not economical. New equipment amortization only. Hydro project amortized in 30 years. Assumes hydro start-up in 1984. - 140 - TABLE 7-6 ELECTRIC ENERGY PLANNING (SAVOONGA) PLAN A: CONTINUED 100% DIESEL GENERATION Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Cost Present Energy Capital Oo&M Fuel Cost Total ¢ Worth Year (MWH) + ($1,000's)2 ($1,000's)3 ($1,000's)4 ($1,000's) kWh ($1,000's) 1981 653 == 19.6 186.8 206.4 31.6 206.4 '82 679 -- 20.4 201.0 221.4 32.6 214.7 '83 706 -- 21.2 216.0 237.4 33.6 223.2 '84 732 -- 22.0 232.0 254.0 34.7 213.4 1985 758 4.8 22.7 248.6 276.1 36.4 221.2 '86 812 4.8 24.4 275.3 304.5 37.5 261.9 '87 866 4.8 26.0 304.0 334.8 38.7 281.2 '88 919 4.8 27.6 334.5 366.9 39.9 297.2 '89 973 4.8 29.2 365.8 399.8 41.1 315.8 1990 1,027 4.8 30.8 399.5 435.1 42.4 335.0 '91 1,076 4.8 32.3 433.6 470.7 43.7 348.3 '92 1,127 4.8 33.8 470.0 508.6 45.1 366.2 '93 1,176 4.8 35.3 506.9 547.0 46.5 382.9 '94 1,226 4.8 36.8 548.0 589.6 48.1 400.9 1995 1,276 14.4 38.3 589.5 642.2 50.3 423.8 '96 1,316 14.4 39.5 630.4 684.3 52.0 437.9 '97 1,356 14.4 40.7 671.2 726.3 53.6 450.3 '98 1,397 14.4 41.9 716.7 773.0 55.3 471.5 '99 1,437 14.4 43.1 763.0 820.5 57.1 484.1 2000 1,477 14.4 44.3 810.8 869.5 58.9 495.6 2001 1,517 9.5 45.5 863.2 918.2 60.5 505.0 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $7,336,000 Notes: 1 Energy Projection, see Table 4-9. 2 Capital Investment, see Table 4-12. 3 Annual 0 & M @ 3.0¢/kWh (Diesel). 4 Annual Fuel Cost, see Table 4-13. New equipment amortization only. - 141 - TABLE 7-7 ELECTRIC ENERGY PLANNING (SAVOONGA) PLAN B: WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVING 25% ENERGY INSERTION Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Cost Present Energy Capital Oo&M Fuel Cost Total ¢ Worth Year (MWH) ! ($1,000's)?7® ($1,000's)? ($1,000's)# ($1,000's) _kWh ($1,000's) 1981 653 -- 19.6 186.8 206.4 31.6 206.4 '82 679 a 20.4 201.0 221.4 32.6 214.7 '83 706 11.1 16.8 162.2 179.0 25.4 168.3 '84 732 11.1 17.4 174.0 191.4 26.1 166.9 1985 758 15.9 18.1 186.6 204.7 27.0 182.2 '86 812 15.9 19.3 206.5 225.8 27.8 194.2 '87 866 15.9 20.6 228.2 248.8 28.7 209.0 '88 919 15.9 21.9 250.8 271.4 29.5 219.8 '89 973 15.9 23.1 274.5 297.6 30.6 235.1 1990 1,027 15.9 24.4 299.5 323.9 31.5 249.4 '91 1,076 15.9 25.5 325.2 350.7 32.6 259.5 '92 1,127 15.9 26.8 352.4 379.2 33.6 273.0 '93 1,176 15.9 28.0 380.1 408.1 34.7 285.7 '94 1,226 15.9 28.6 403.2 431.8 35.2 293.6 1995 1,276 30.3 30.3 442.1 472.4 37.0 311.8 '96 1,316 30.3 31.2 472.8 504.0 38.3 322.6 '97 1,356 30.3 32.2 503.4 535.6 39.5 332.1 '98 1,397 30.3 33.1 537.6 570.7 40.9 348.1 '99 1,437 30.3 34.2 572.9 607.1 42.2 358.2 2000 1,477 14.4 35.0 608.3 643.3 43.6 366.7 2001 1,517 9.5 36.0 647.5 683.5 45.1 375.9 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $5,573,000 Notes: 1 Energy Projection, see Table 4-9. 2 Capital Investment, see Table 4-12 (Diesel). 3 Annual O & M @ 3.0¢/kWh (Diesel) and 0.5¢/kWh (Wind Turbine). 4 Annual Fuel Cost, see Tables 4-13. Wind availability @ Savoonga 28% with 25% energy insertion maximum due to reactive current limitations (induction wind turbine) result in only (25 x 28) = 8% wind energy production/year. 6 Optimum proven technology wind units 30 - 50 kW @ 4,000/kW installed. New equipment amortization only. - 142 - TABLE 7-8 ELECTRIC ENERGY PLANNING (WHITE MOUNTAIN) PLAN A: CONTINUED 100% DIESEL GENERATION Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Cost Present Energy Capital O&M Fuel Cost Total ¢ Worth Year (MWH) ! ($1,000's)2 ($1,000's)? ($1,000's)* ($1,000's) kWh ($1,000's) 1981 76 -- 2.3 21.7 24.0 31.6 24.0 ‘92 81 -- 2.4 24.0 26.4 32.6 25.6 193 85 -- 2.6 26.0 28.6 33.6 24.4 ‘84 90 -- 2.7 28.5 31.2 34.7 26.2 1985 94 -- 2.8 30.8 33.6 34.7 27.4 '86 97 -- 2.9 32.8 35.7 36.8 28.2 '87 100 -- 3.0 32.9 35.9 35.9 30.2 188 104 -- 3.1 35.1 38.2 36.7 30.9 189 107 - 3.2 37.4 40.6 37.9 32.1 1990 110 i 3.3 42.8 46.1 41.9 35.5 ‘91 113 -- 3.4 45.5 48.9 43.2 36.2 '92 116 -- 3.5 48.4 51.9 44.7 37.4 193 118 -- 3.5 50.9 54.4 46.1 38.1 '94 121 -- 3.6 54.1 57.7 47.7 39.2 1995 124 2.4 3.7 57.3 63.4 51.1 41.8 '96 126 2.4 3.8 60.4 66.6 52.9 42.6 197 129 2.4 3.9 63.9 70.2 54.4 43.5 ‘98 131 2.4 3.9 67.2 73.5 56.1 44.8 '99 133 2.4 4.0 70.6 77.0 57.9 45.4 2000 136 2.4 4.1 74.7 81.2 59.7 46.3 2001 138 2.4 4.1 78.5 85.0 61.6 46.8 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $747,000 Notes: 1 Energy Projection, see Table 4-9. 2 Capital Investment, see Table 4-12. 3 Annual O & M @ 3.0¢/kWh (Diesel). 4 Annual Fuel Cost, see Table 4-13. New equipment amortization only. - 143 - TABLE 7-9 ELECTRIC ENERGY PLANNING (WHITE MOUNTAIN) PLAN B: HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT (WITH GOLOVIN) EAGLE CREEK (319 kw) Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Cost Present Energy Capital O&M Fuel Cost Total ¢ Worth Year (MWH) ! ($1,000's)g ($1,000's)? ($1,000's)# ($1,000's) kWh ($1,000's ) 1981 76 -- 2.3 21.7 24.0 31.6 24.0 '82 81 -- 2.4 24.0 26.4 32.6 25.6 '83 85 -- 2.6 26.0 28.6 33.6 26.9 '84 90 95.6 2.7 28.5 126.8 141.0 116.7 1985 94 191.2 0.9 15.4 207.5 221.0 184.7 '86 97 191.2 1.0 16.6 208.8 215.0 179.6 '87 100 191.2 1.0 17.6 209.8 210.0 176.2 '88 104 191.2 1.0 18.6 210.8 203.0 170.7 '89 107 191.2 1.1 20.3 212.5 199.0 167.9 1990 110 191.2 1.1 21.4 213.6 194.0 164.5 '91 113 191.2 1.1 23.0 215.2 191.0 159.2 '92 116 191.2 1.2 24.2 216.6 187.0 156.0 '93 118 191.2 1.2 25.4 217.8 185.0 152.5 '94 121 191.2 1.2 27.3 219.7 182.0 149.4 1995 124 194.6 1.2 28.6 221.0 178.0 145.9 '96 126 194.6 1.3 30.2 222.7 177.0 142.5 '97 129 194.6 1.3 32.2 224.7 174.0 139.3 '98 131 194.6 1.3 33.9 226.4 173.0 138.1 '99 133 194.6 1.3 35.6 228.1 172.0 134.6 2000 136 194.6 1.4 37.3 229.9 169.0 130.7 2001 138 194.6 1.4 39.3 231.9 168.0 127.5 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $2,813,000 Notes: 1 Energy Projection, see Table 4-9. 2 Capital Investment, see Table 5-1-W. 3 Annual 0 & M @ 3.0¢/kWh (Diesel) and 1.0¢/kWh (Hydro/T-line). 4 Annual Fuel Cost, see Table 4-13. White Mtn. shares energy and capital ammortization with Golovin @ 44% of total. Eagle Creek cost @ $8,518K total with annual energy @ 670 MWH (only 50% usable) New equipment amortization only. - 144 - TABLE 7-10 ELECTRIC ENERGY PLANNING (ELIM) PLAN A: CONTINUED 100% DIESEL GENERATION Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Cost Present Energy Capital Oo«M Fuel Cost Total ¢ Worth Year (MWH) ? ($1,000's)2 ($1,000's)? ($1,000's)* ($1,000's) kWh ($1,000's) 1981 250 7 7.5 71.5 79.0 31.6 79.0 '82 263 - 7.9 77.8 85.7 32.6 77.1 '83 276 = 8.3 84.5 92.8 33.6 87.2 '84 290 -- 8.7 91.5 100.2 34.7 92.1 1985 303 2.4 9.1 99.4 108.5 36.6 96.6 '86 328 2.4 9.8 111.2 121.0 37.7 104.1 '87 353 2.4 10.6 123.9 134.5 38.8 113.0 '88 377 2.4 11.3 137.2 148.5 40.1 120.3 '89 402 2.4 12.1 151.2 163.3 41.2 129.0 1990 427 2.4 12.8 166.1 178.9 42.5 137.8 '91 450 2.4 13.5 181.4 194.9 43.9 144.2 "92 472 2.4 14.2 196.8 211.0 45.2 151.9 '93 494 2.4 14.8 212.9 227.7 46.6 159.4 '94 517 2.4 15.5 286.5 302.0 48.2 205.4 1995 540 7:2 16.2 249.5 265.7 50.6 175.4 '96 559 7.2 16.7 267.7 284.4 52.3 182.0 '97 578 7.2 17.3 286.1 303.4 53.8 188.1 '98 597 7.2 17.9 306.3 324.2 35.5 197.8 '99 616 7.2 18.5 327.1 345.6 57.2 203.9 2000 635 7.2 19.0 348.6 367.6 59.1 209.5 2001 654 12.0 19.6 372.1 391.7 61.9 215.4 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $3,069,000 2002-2034 12.0 19.6 372.1 391.7 4,503.6 53-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $7,572,571 Notes: 1 Energy Projection, see Table 4-9. 2 Capital Investment, see Table 4-12. 3 Annual O & M @ 3.0¢/kWh (Diesel). 4 Annual Fuel Cost, see Table 4-13. New equipment amortization only. - 145 - TABLE 7-11 ELECTRIC ENERGY PLANNING (ELIM) PLAN B: HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT QUIKTALIK CREEK (131 kW) Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Cost Present Energy Capital O&M Fuel Cost Total ¢ Worth Year (MWH) ! ($1,000's)Z ($1,000's)? ($1,000's)# ($1,000's) kWh ($1,000's) 1981 250 <= 7.5 71.5 79.0 31.6 79.0 '82 263 -- 7.9 77.8 85.7 32.6 77.1 '83 276 -- 8.3 84.5 92.8 33.6 87.2 '84 290 84.2 8.7 91.5 184.4 63.6 169.6 1985 303 168.4 5.4 38.1 211.9 69.9 188.6 '86 328 168.4 6.1 47.8 222.3 67.8 191.2 '87 353 168.4 6.9 58.3 233.6 66.2 196.2 '88 377 168.4 7.8 69.2 245.4 65.1 198.8 '89 402 168.4 8.3 80.8 257.5 64.1 203.4 1990 427 168.4 9.1 93.4 270.9 63.4 208.6 '91 450 168.4 9.8 106.0 284.2 63.2 210.3 '92 472 168.4 10.4 118.8 297.6 63.1 214.3 '93 494 168.4 11.1 132.3 311.8 63.1 218.3 '94 517 168.4 11.8 147.5 327.7 63.4 222.8 1995 540 173.2 12.5 163.1 348.8 64.5 230.2 '96 559 173.2 13.0 178.2 364.4 65.2 233.2 '97 578 173.2 13.6 193.6 380.4 65.8 235.9 '98 597 173.2 14.2 210.3 397.7 66.6 242.6 '99 616 173.2 14.7 227.8 415.7 67.5 245.3 2000 635 173.2 15.3 245.9 434.4 68.5 247.6 2001 654 173.2 15.9 265.7 454.8 69.5 250.2 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 33 DISCOUNT: $4,150,000 2002-2015 173.2 15.9 265.7 454.8 2,844.5 2016-2035 4.8 15.9 265.7 286.4 1,501.6 53-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $8,496,000 Notes: T Energy Projection, see Table 4-9. Capital Investment, see Table 5-1-E. Annual O & M @ 3.0¢/kWh (Diesel) and 1.0¢/kWh (Hydro/T-line). Annual Fuel Cost, see Table 4-13. Only 50% (187 MWH/yr.) of Quiktalik Creek Hydro Energy Available to displace diesel energy due to mismatch of seasonal flows and energy use pattern. Hydro storage not economical. New equipment amortization only. Hydro project amortized in 39 years. Assumes start-up in 1984. ab &®N for] - 146 - TABLE 7-12 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (KALTAG) PLAN A, (BASE CASE) Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital O&M Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu ) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1, 000's) ($1,000's ) 1981 17.11 177.27 13.15 24.83 215.26 215.26 '82 18.03 189.05 13.82 26.73 229.61 222.93 '83 18.99 201.43 14.51 28.70 244.65 230.60 '84 19.97 214.42 15.22 30.74 260.39 238.29 1985 20.99 228.07 15.95 32.84 276.88 246.01 '86 22.04 242.41 16.71 35.02 294.16 253.74 '87 23.12 257.47 17.49 37.28 312.25 261.50 '88 24.24 273.29 18.30 39.60 331.20 269.30 '89 25.39 289.91 19.13 42.01 351.06 277.13 1990 26.58 307.37 19.99 44.50 371.86 285.00 '91 27.03 319.50 20.31 45.34 385.17 286.60 '92 27.48 332.15 20.65 46.21 399.01 288.25 '93 27.94 345.33 20.99 47.09 413.41 289.96 '94 28.41 359.07 21.33 47.98 428.39 291.71 1995 28.88 373.39 21.68 48.90 443.98 293.52 '96 29.37 388 . 32 22.03 49.83 460.19 295.38 '97 29.86 403 . 88 22.39 50.78 477.06 297.28 '98 30.36 420.10 22.76 51.74 494.61 299.24 '99 30.86 437.01 23.13 52.73 512.87 301.25 2000 31.38 454.63 23.50 53.73 531.87 303.31 2001 32.00 476.01 23.97 54.80 554.80 307.18 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $5,753,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 147 - TABLE 7-13 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (KALTAG) PLAN By Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital Oo«mM Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu ) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1, 000's) 1981 16.62 163.57 12.75 26.11 202.44 202.44 '82 17.00 149.10 21.26 35.16 205.53 199.54 '83 17.36 152.87 21.78 36.50 211.16 199.03 '84 17.68 156.38 22.27 37.78 216.44 198.07 1985 17.98 159.62 22.74 38.99 221.36 196.68 '86 18.87 167.66 24.09 41.67 233.43 201.36 '87 19.80 176.03 25.46 44.41 245.91 205.94 '88 20.75 184.73 26.85 47.22 258.81 210.43 '89 21.73 193.78 28.26 50.10 272.45 214.83 1990 22.75 203.18 29.69 53.06 285.94 219.15 '91 23.13 208.56 30.64 54.49 293.70 218.54 '92 23.52 214.09 31.60 55.93 301.64 217.91 '93 23.91 219.78 32.56 57.39 309.75 217.25 '94 24.31 225.63 33.53 58.87 318.04 216.57 1995 24.72 231.64 34.50 60.36 326.52 215.86 '96 25.13 237.80 35.48 61.88 335.17 215.13 '97 25.55 244.14 36.47 63.41 344.02 214.38 '98 25.98 250.64 37.46 64.96 353.07 213.61 '99 26.41 257.33 38.45 66.52 362.32 212.82 2000 26.86 264.21 39.45 68.10 371.77 212.01 2001 27.39 273.84 40.53 69.75 384.13 212.68 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $4,414,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 148 - TABLE 7-14 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (SAVOONGA) PLAN A, (BASE CASE) Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital Oo&xmM Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu ) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's ) 1981 34.09 494.07 28.76 17.04 539.88 539.88 '82 35.89 538.25 30.27 17.94 586.47 569.39 '83 37.74 585.82 31.83 18.87 636.53 599.99 '84 39.65 637.03 33.44 19.82 690.29 631.72 1985 41.62 692.12 35.10 20.81 748.03 664.61 '86 43.66 751.37 36.81 21.83 810.01 698.72 '87 45.76 815.07 38.58 22.88 876.53 734.08 '88 47.92 883.54 40.40 23.96 947.91 770.74 '89 50.16 957.11 42.28 25.08 1024.48 808.73 1990 52.46 1036.13 44.22 26.23 1106.59 848.11 194 53.51 1093.84 45.10 26.75 1165.71 867.40 '92 54.58 1154.77 46.00 27.29 1228.07 887.18 '93 55.67 1219.09 46.92 27.83 1293.85 907.48 '94 56.79 1286.99 47.86 28.39 1363.25 928.31 1995 57.92 1358.68 48.81 28.96 1436.46 949.67 '96 59.08 1434.36 49.78 29.54 1513.69 971.58 '97 60.26 1514.25 50.78 30.13 1595.17 994.05 '98 61.47 1598.60 51.79 30.73 1681.13 1017.11 '99 62.70 1687.64 52.82 31.35 1771.82 1040.75 2000 63.95 1781.64 53.87 31.97 1867.50 1065.01 2001 65.30 1882.87 55.01 32.65 1970.53 1091.03 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $17,585,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 149 - TABLE 7-15 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (SAVOONGA) PLAN B, Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital O&M Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu ) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) 1981 33.12 480.01 27.94 16.56 524.52 524.52 '82 33.84 454.41 46.84 38.18 539.44 523.73 '83 34.50 478.97 47.95 39.16 566.09 533.59 '84 35.11 503.79 49.02 40.11 592.92 542.61 1985 35.66 528.75 50.04 41.02 619.82 550.70 '86 37.40 572.41 52.92 43.54 668.87 576.97 '87 39.19 619.45 55.84 46.08 721.38 604.14 '88 41.03 670.13 58.81 48.65 777.60 632.26 '89 42.94 724.72 61.83 51.25 837.80 661.37 1990 44.91 783.48 64.90 53.88 902.27 691.51 '91 45.80 824.07 66.97 55.85 946.90 704.58 '92 46.72 866.92 69.05 57.83 993.81 717.95 '93 47.65 912.16 71.14 59.82 1043.14 731.63 '94 48.61 959.93 3.2 61.82 1095.02 745.65 1995 49.58 1010.38 75.38 63.83 1149.60 760.02 '96 50.57 1063.85 77.48 65.80 1207.15 774.82 ‘97 51.58 1120.32 79.60 67.78 1267.72 790.00 '98 52.62 1179.97 81.74 69.78 1331.50 805.57 '99 53.67 1242.98 83.89 71.78 1398.66 821.56 2000 54.74 1309.54 86.06 73.79 1469.40 837.98 2001 55.89 1381.55 88.30 75.84 1545.70 855.81 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $14,387,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 150 - TABLE 7-16 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (SAVOONGA) PLAN C, Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital O&M Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu ) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) 1981 33.12 480.01 27.94 16.56 524.52 524.52 '82 33.84 454.41 46.84 38.18 539.44 523.73 '83 34.50 478.97 47.95 39.16 566.09 533.59 '84 35.11 503.79 49.02 40.11 592.92 542.61 1985 35.66 528.75 50.04 41.02 619.82 550.70 '86 40.08 438.52 101.14 103.56 643.23 554.85 '87 42.03 462.49 103.97 109.26 675.72 565.91 '88 44.03 487.55 106.83 115.09 709.49 576.88 '89 46.10 513.76 109.74 121.06 744.58 587.77 1990 48.24 541.18 112.70 127.17 781.06 598.61 '91 49.20 555.78 114.72 130.51 801.02 596.04 '92 50.19 570.95 116.76 133.88 821.61 593.54 '93 51.19 586.72 118.81 137.29 842.83 591.14 '94 52.21 603.11 120.87 140.74 864.74 588.84 1995 53.26 620.17 122.95 144.23 887.36 586.65 '96 54.32 638.11 125.01 147.71 910.84 584.63 '97 55.41 656.81 127.07 151.23 935.13 582.74 '98 56.52 676.30 129.16 154.79 960.26 580.97 '99 57.65 696 .62 131.26 158.39 986.29 579.34 2000 58.80 717.83 133.38 162.03 1013.25 577.84 2001 60.05 741.66 135.56 165.75 1042.98 577.47 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $11,998,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 151 - TABLE 7-17 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (WHITE MOUNTAIN) PLAN A, (BASE CASE) Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital O&M Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu ) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's ) ($1,000's) 1981 8.22 108.59 6.83 6.56 121.99 121.99 '82 8.79 119.57 7.29 7.06 133.93 130.03 '83 9.37 131.42 7.77 7.57 146.77 138.35 '84 9.97 144.18 8.27 8.11 160.57 146.94 1985 10.59 157.94 8.77 8.66 175.38 155.82 '86 11.23 172.75 9.30 9.23 191.29 165.01 '87 11.90 188.70 9.84 9.83 208.38 174.51 '88 12.58 205.86 10.41 10.44 226.71 184.34 '89 13.29 224.32 10.99 11.07 246.39 194.50 1990 14.03 244.18 11.59 11.73 267.50 205.02 '91 14.28 256.74 11.79 11.95 280.49 208.71 '92 14.54 269.96 12.00 12.17 294.14 212.49 '93 14.80 283.88 12.21 12.40 308.50 216.37 '94 15.07 298.52 12.43 12.64 323.60 220.35 1995 15.34 313.94 12.65 12.87 339.47 224.43 "96 15.62 330.16 12.88 13.12 356.16 228.60 '97 15.90 347.24 13.10 13.36 373.71 232.88 '98 16.19 365.21 13.34 13.61 392.17 237.27 '99 16.48 384.13 13.57 13.87 411.59 241.76 2000 16.78 404.05 13.81 14.13 432.00 246.36 2001 17.11 425.96 14.09 14.42 454.47 251.63 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $4,137,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 152 - TABLE 7-18 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (WHITE MOUNTAIN) PLAN B, Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital OoO&«M Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1, 000's) ($1,000's ) 1981 7.99 77.77 6.16 12.75 96.70 96.70 "82 8.29 81.38 6.37 13.48 101.25 98.30 '83 8.57 78.07 9.34 16.83 104.26 98.27 '84 8.83 81.04 9.65 17.60 108.29 99.10 1985 9.07 83.89 9.94 18.33 112.16 99.65 '86 9.62 89.83 10.44 19.58 119.86 103.39 '87 10.19 96.08 10.95 20.87 127.92 107.13 '88 10.77 102.67 11.48 22.21 136.36 110.88 '89 11.38 109.59 12.02 23.59 145.21 114.63 1990 12.00 116.89 12.58 25.01 154.49 118.40 91 12.22 121.25 12.82 25.52 159.60 118.76 '92 12.44 125.80 13.08 26.03 164.92 119.14 '93 12.66 130.54 13.33 26.56 170.44 119.54 '94 12.89 135.50 13.59 27.09 176.18 119.97 1995 13.13 140.66 13.85 27.63 182.15 120.42 '96 13.36 146.05 14.11 28.18 188.35 120.89 '97 13.60 151.68 14.37 28.74 194.80 121.39 '98 13.85 157.56 14.64 29.31 201.52 121.92 '99 14.10 163.69 14.91 29.88 208.50 122.47 2000 14.36 170.10 © 15.19 30.47 215.77 123.05 2001 14.64 177.59 15.49 31.08 224.17 124.12 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $2,378,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 183 - TABLE 7-19 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (ELIM) PLAN A, (BASE CASE) Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital O&M Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu ) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's ) ($1,000's ) 1981 13.36 139.75 10.29 19.09 169.14 169.14 '82 13.74 147.52 10.58 19.60 177.70 172.53 '83 14.12 155.74 10.88 20.12 186.75 176.03 '84 14.51 164.45 11.19 20.65 196.30 179.65 1985 14.92 173.69 11.50 21.20 206.40 183.38 '86 15.33 183.47 11.82 21.77 217.07 187.24 '87 15.76 193.84 12.15 22.34 228.35 191.24 '88 16.19 204.84 12.49 22.93 240.27 195.36 '89 16.65 216.49 12.83 23.54 252.87 199.62 1990 17.10 228.84 13.19 24.16 266.20 204.02 '91 17.41 239.32 13.42 24.63 277.38 206.40 '92 17.72 250.31 13.67 25.10 289.09 208.85 '93 18.04 261.85 13.91 25.59 301.36 211.37 '94 18.37 273.95 14.16 26.08 314.21 213.96 1995 18.70 286.65 14.42 26.59 327.67 216.63 '96 19.04 299.98 14.68 27.10 341.77 219.37 '97 19.39 313.97 14.94 27.63 356.55 222.19 '98 19.74 328.65 15.21 28.16 372.03 225.08 '99 20.10 344.06 15.48 28.71 388.26 228.06 2000 20.46 360.23 15.76 29.26 405.26 231.11 2001 20.87 378.32 16.07 29.85 424.26 234.90 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $4,276,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 154 - TABLE 7-20 THERMAL ENERGY PLAN (ELIM) PLAN B, Annual Annual Ammortize Annual Annual Present Energy Fuel Cost Capital O&M Cost Total Worth Year (MMMBtu ) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1, 000's) 1981 12.99 117.26 9.83 22.82 149.92 149.92 '82 12.96 98.56 18.47 31.12 148.17 143.85 '83 12.93 99.00 18.78 31.42 149.21 140.65 '84 12.88 99.29 19.08 31.69 150.08 137.34 1985 12.82 99.44 19.37 31.94 150.76 133.94 '86 13.17 102.22 20.42 33.40 156.05 134.61 '87 13.53 105.10 21.48 34.87 161.47 135.23 '88 13.91 108.09 22.55 36.37 167.02 135.80 '89 14.29 111.19 23.62 37.89 172.71 136.34 1990 14.68 114.41 24.70 39.42 178.54 136.84 '91 14.95 116.80 25.61 40.63 183.05 136.21 '92 15.22 119.24 26.53 41.84 187.63 138.35 '93 15.50 121.75 27.46 43.07 192.29 134.87 '94 15.78 124.33 28.39 44.31 197.03 134.16 1995 16.07 126.97 29.32 45.55 201.85 133.44 '96 16.36 129.66 30.26 46.82 206.74 132.70 '97 16.65 132.42 31.20 48.09 211.72 131.93 '98 16.96 135.25 32.15 49.38 216.79 131.16 '99 17.26 138.17 33.10 50.67 221.95 130.37 2000 17.58 141.16 34.06 51.98 227.21 129.57 2001 17.93 145.20 35.05 53.32 233.57 129.32 20-YEAR PRESENT WORTH @ 3% DISCOUNT: $2,843,000 Notes: 1 See Table 6-1 for unit cost estimations. 2 See Section 6.1 and Table 7-3 for plan description. - 155 - Wee ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION Native Alaskan people have not historically been a threat to the envi- ronment in which they live. Being few in number and having great expanses from which to derive their daily needs, a migratory hunter- gather pattern evolved, spreading land and resource utilization over large areal extent. A number of cultural changes are underway today which may alter patterns of land and resource utilization. Of interest in this work are impacts to the physical and cultural environment which may result from implementation of the energy plans proposed herein. Before the arrival of "cheap" petroleum fuels, the people in the study region provided their own heat and light by use of locally gathered wood and animal fats. When their source of heating fuel (or food) dwindled, the people simply moved on. Today, as we leave the era of cheap petroleum fuels, it is apparent the several major changes in rural communities have taken place which will hinder efforts to return to local energy resources. They are: ° The amount of building space to be heated for a community of a given population has greatly increased. ° Electric power has been installed in the communities and is now considered essential to most rural residents. ° The great increase in building space and energy using facilities (e.g., high schools, water utilities, clinics, etc.), as well as other conveniences such as telephones and TV's, make the "pack up and move down river" option less attractive, if not a thing of the past. Thus, increased energy use and decreased mobility will combine to put added pressure on local energy resources such as standing timber and driftwood. - 156 - 7.3 COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS 7.3-K ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION (KALTAG) Impacts to the physical and cultural environment of Kaltag which may be experienced with implementation of the various energy plan compo- nents are discussed below. ° Community Preferences Based on conversations with local residents during the field work portion of this study, it is felt that the people of Kaltag were most interested in implementation of the following (see Results of Com- munity Meetings, Appendix A). - Hydroelectric power - Insulation and weatherization program for residential housing. - Educational T.V. programming geared towards rural energy problems and solutions, such as home weatherization, etc. - Wood fired electric generation, if hydroelectric is not feasible. - One resident suggested possible mechanization of wood trans- port, (i.e., yarder and barge for river transport). This would require community wide acceptance and effort for success. ° Impact _on Community Infrastructure and Employment - Development of hydroelectric power would have the greatest impact on employment. Although hydroelectric development is capital intensive, many of the skills involved would need to be imported and the duration of high employment would last only for the duration of construction (perhaps two seasons). Long - 157 - term employment of hydropower would probably involve one per- son (part time) with another person (part time) for maintenance of diesel topping equipment. Weatherization of building stock could employ approximately eight local people with skills in carpentry and labor for one season. Waste heat recovery and building conservation in school build- ings requires skills in electrical, mechanical, controls, etc. which may need to be imported. Several local residents could be employed in carpentry and labor categories during construc- tion. The impact of increased wood utilization will have the longest term impact on the community infrastructure. This fact is evi- dent today as wood is substituted for previously exported cash for petroleum heating fuels. Current harvest and transport methods blend well with subsistence life styles. Thus, chances for continued success are increased. It has, however, been recognized that increased wood fuel use and immobilization of communities may in time cause "close in' wood sources to be depleted. Having assumed that Kaltag is not likely to relocate up or down river in search of fresh resources (as would have been done before utilities, modern housing and large school buildings were constructed) it is logical to conclude that the residents will have to travel further in search of select wood fuels. Further, it is probable that at some time in the future Kaltag may decide to employ a small commercial type logging Operation to economize costs for longer transport distances. Should this occur, wood harvest and transport would (to the extent dictated by system design) shift from a completely "subsistence" activity to a higher degree of commercialization. - 158 - ° Timing in Relation to Other Planned Capital Projects Implementation of the recommended options listed in Section 8.1 does not appear to be dependent on the timing of any of the iden- tified capital projects proposed for Kaltag. The proposed new housing should be equipped with wood heaters during initial con- struction and be insulated to a level adequate for the local climate. Further investigation of hydro sites at Kaltag should include con- sideration of the proposed fish processing plant. The processing plant is, however, quite uncertain at this time (see Section 4.3). ° Air Quality Air quality is not expected to be impacted by any of the plan components except continued and expanded use of wood fuel for space heating. Wood heaters typically emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc., as well as particulate ash due to incomplete combustion. It is, however, felt that the small size of the commu- nity and the fairly continuous air movement will keep this potential Problem to a minimum. ° Water Quality The quality of the Yukon River or local streams is not expected to be significantly impacted by any of the plan components. ° Fish and Wildlife Impacts Small hydroelectric development on the Kaltag river offers potential impact to fish populations. However, anadromous fish are known to use the stream.! Increased wood harvest also may affect fish and wildlife, however, to what extent has not been determined. 1 Personal communication with Mayor Franklin Madros. - 159 - ° Land Use and Ownership Status Examination of a land ownership map in the Kaltag city office by the engineer, revealed that all of the land affected by potential hydro development or current wood utilization is owned by Gana-A'Yoo Ltd. a combined village corporation of four villages in- cluding Kaltag. Terrestrial Impacts Wood harvest and transport is the only component of the energy plans from which any significant impacts may be expected. Cur- rently, harvest and transport is somewhat sporatic but any shift towards more mechanized techniques could tend to centralize areas of utilization. Such practices as clear cutting and trail construc- tion could possibly evolve. - 160 - 7.3-S ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION (SAVOONGA) Impacts to the physical and cultural environment of Savoonga which may be experienced with implementation of the various energy plan components are discussed below: ° Community Preferences Based on conversation with local residents during the field work portion of this study, it is felt that the people of Savoonga are most interested in implementation of the following (see Results of Community Meetings, Appendix A): - Insulation and weatherization program for residential housing. - Wind Power - Educational TV programming geared towards rural energy prob- lems and solutions, such as home weatherization, etc. - Development of alternative heating fuels. Impacts on Community Infrastructure and Employment Weatherization of building stock could employ approximately eight local people with skills in carpentry and labor for one season. Waste heat recovery and conversation in school buildings requires skills in electrical, mechanical, controls, etc. which may need to be imported. Several local residents could be employed in car- pentry and labor categories during construction. No detrimental impacts to the community infrastructure as result of a shift to coal use have been identified. - 161 - Timing in Relation to Other Planned Capital Projects Implementation of the recommended alternatives listed in Section 8.1 does not appear to be dependent on the timing of any of the identified capital projects proposed for Savoonga. Air Quality Air quality is not expected to be impacted by any of the plan com- ponents except the use of coal for space heating. Coal heaters typically emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc. as well as par- ticulate ash due to incomplete combustion. It is however felt that the small size of the community and the continuous air movement will keep this potential problem to a minimum. Water Quality The quality of the Bering Sea or local streams is not expected to be significantly impacted by any of the plan components. Fish and Wildlife Impacts No significant impact from any of the plan components on fish and wildlife has been identified. Should future development of coal on St. Lawrence Island be examined, a full environmental impact analysis may be required. Terrestrial Impacts None of the plan components is expected to have significant ter- restrial impacts except possible furture coal exploitation. Again, full environmental impact analysis may be required before extrac- tion is initiated. - 162 - 7.3-W ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION (WHITE MOUNTAIN) Impacts to the physical and cultural environment of White Mountain which may be experienced with implementation of the various energy plan components are discussed below. ° Community Preferences Based on conversation with local residents during the field work portion of this study, it is felt that the people of White Mountain were most interested in inplementation of the following (see Results of Community Meeting, Appendix A): - Completion of the community electrification project currently underway by the Bering Strait REAA School District. - Insulation and weatherization program for residential housing. - The community of White Mountain was most interested in mechan- izing their wood transport system due to difficulty in transport- ing cord wood over local terrain with snowmachines. Most specifically, the residents of White Mountain would like to obtain a wide-pad D-4 caterpillar tractor, for transporting loads up to eight cords. - Implementation of a grant or low cost loan program to assist in the purchase of wood heaters and stoves. - Design of new houses of a high degree of energy efficiency. ° Impact on Community Infrastructure and Employment Waste heat recovery and building conservation in school buildings requires skills in electrical, mechanical, controls, etc. which may need to be imported. Several local residents could be employed in carpentry or labor categories. - 163 - Weatherization of building stock could employ approximately eight local people with skills in carpentry and labor for one season. The impact of increased wood utilization will have the longest term impact on the community infrastructure. This fact is evident today as wood is substituted for previously exported cash for petroleum heating fuels. Current harvest and transport methods blend well with subsistence lifestyles. Thus, chances for con- tinued success are increased. It has, however, been recognized that increased wood fuel use and immobilization of villages may in time cause "close in" wood sources to be depleted. Having assumed that White Mountain is not likely to relocated up or down river in search of fresh resources (as would have been done before utilities, modern housing and large school buildings were constructed) it is logical to conclude that the residents will have to travel further in search of select wood fuels. As stated pre- viously, White Mountain desires to employ a small commercial wood transportation system to economize costs for longer transport dis- tances. Should this occur, wood harvest and transport would (to the extent dictated by system design) shift from a completely "subsistence" activity to a higher degree of commercialization. ° Timing in Relation to Other Planned Capital Projects The only recommended alternative for White Mountain that is dependent on the timing of identified capital projects is the imple- mentation of waste heat recovery for the elementary school. Waste heat recovery retrofit is required to be in conjunction with pro- posed school renovation (see Section 8.1). Proposed new housing should be equipped with wood heaters during initial construction. ° Air Quality Air quality is not expected to be impacted by any of the plan components except continued use of wood fuel for space heating. - 164 - Wood heaters typically emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc. as well as particulate ash due to incomplete combustion. However, it is felt that the communities fairly continuous air movement will keep this potential problem to a minimum. ° Water Quality The quality of the Fish River or local streams is not expected to be significantly impacted by any of the plan components. Fish and Wildlife Impacts Increased wood harvest may affect fish and wildlife. However, to what extent has not been determined. ° Land Use and Ownership Status The exact status of local land conveyance to the White Mountain Village Corporation is not known. Terrestrial Impacts Wood harvest and transport is the only component of the energy plans from which any significant impacts may be expected. The establishment of access trails and possible clear cutting may pos- sibly be expected. ==4165 = 7.3-E ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION (ELIM) Impacts to the physical and cultural environment of Elim which may be experienced with implementation of the various energy plan compo- nents are discussed below. ° Community Preferences Based on conversations with local residents during the field work portion of this study, it is felt that the people of Elim are most interested in implementation of the following: - Hydrolectric power - Insulation and weatherization program for older homes. ° Impact on Community Infrastructure and Employment Development of hydroelectric power would have the greatest impact on environment. Although hydroelectric development is capital in- tensive, many of the skills involved may need to be imported and the duration of high employment would last only for the duration of construction (perhaps two seasons). Long term employment of a hydropower project would probably involve one person (part time) with another person (part time) for maintenance of diesel topping equipment. Weatherization of building stock could employ approximately eight local people with skills in carpentry and labor for one season. Waste heat recovery and building conservation in school buildings requires skills in electrical, mechanical, controls etc. which may need to be imported. Several local residents could be employed in carpentry and labor categories. - 166 - Increased wood utilization will have the longest term impact on the community infrastructure. This fact is evident today as wood is substituted for previously imported petroleum fuels. Current har- vest and transport methods blend well with subsistance life styles. Thus, chances for continued success are increased. It has, how- ever, been recognized that increased wood fuel use and immobiliza- tion of villages may in time cause "close in" wood sources to be depleted. Having assumed that Elim is not likely to relocate to a different area in search of fresh resources (as would have been done before utilities, modern housing and large school buildings were constructed) it is logical to conclude that the residents will have to travel further in search of select wood fuels. Further, it is possible that at some time in the future Elim may decide to employ a small commercial type logging operation to economize costs of harvest and transport. Should this occur, wood harvest and transport would (to the extent dictated by system design) shift from a completely "subsistence" activity to a higher degree of commercialization. ° Timing in Relation to Other Planned Capital Projects Implementation of the recommended alternatives (see Section 8.1) for Elim is not dependent on other proposed capital projects. ° Air Quality Air quality is not expected to be imported by any of the plan components except continued and expanded use of wood fuel for space heating. Wood heaters typically emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc. as well as particulate ash due to incomplete combustion. It is however felt that the small size of the commu- nity and the fairly continuous air movement will keep this potential problem to a minimum. - 167 - ° Water Quality The quality of Norton Sound or local streams is not expected to be significantly impacted by any of the plan components. Fish and Wildlife Impacts Small hydroelectric development at Elim offers potential impact to fish populations. However, the use of the affected streams by anadromous fish is not known. Increased wood harvest may also affect fish and wildlife, however, to what extent has not been determined. Land Use Ownership Status The community of Elim will hold title to the 176,400 acres Norton Bay Native Reserve in which Elim is located. Terrestrial Impacts Wood harvest and transport is the only component of the energy plans‘ from which any significant impacts may be expected. Cur- rently, harvest and transport is somewhat sporatic but any shift towards more mechanized techniques could tend to centralize areas of utilization. Such practices as clear cutting and trail construc- tion could possibly evolve. - 168 - 7.4 TECHNICAL EVALUATION 7.4-K TECHNICAL EVALUATION (KALTAG) ° Safety No adverse safety problems have been identified for any of the recommended alternatives for Kaltag except the continued and ex- panded use of wood. Wood use for space heating has historically been more dangerous than fuel oil. Primary problems involve improperly maintained and operated wood heating equipment caus- ing spontaneous fires. Unprotected wood heating equipment also increases the probability of accidental bodily burns. ° Reliability Alternative energy sources and technologies which are low in reli- ability were screened from further consideration in the early phases of this work (see Section 5.3, Technology Assessment). Therefore, it is felt that the recommended alternatives for Kaltag are of high enough reliability to meet the needs of the community. ° Availability Alternative energy sources and technologies which have no, or limited, availability to Kaltag were screened from further consider- ation in the early phases of this work (see Section 5.3, Technol- ogy Assessment). Therefore, it is felt that the recommended alternatives for Kaltag are available to meet the needs of the com- munity, within the planning period. The amount of hydropower potential available to Kaltag is still in question and will require on-the-ground verification (see Section 8.0). - 169 - 7.4-S TECHNICAL EVALUATION (SAVOONGA) ° Safety No adverse safety problems have been identified for any of the recommended alternatives for Savoonga except conversion to coal. Coal use for space heating has historically been more dangerous than fuel oil. Primary problems involve improperly maintained and operated coal heating equipment causing spontaneous fires. Un- protected coal heating equipment also increases the probability of accidental bodily burns. Reliability Alternative energy sources and technologies which are low in reli- ability were screened from further consideration (except wind) in the early phases of this work (see Section 5.3, Technology Assessment). Therefore, it is felt that the recommended alterna- tives for Savoonga are of high enough reliability to meet the needs of the community. Wind power has not to date been proven to be highly reliable. The wind power recommendation for Savoonga is, therefore, based on successful future (Arctic) demonstration of this alternative. Availability Alternative energy sources and technologies which have no, or limited, availability to Savoonga were screened from further con- sideration (except coal) in the early phases of this work (see Sec- tion 5.3, Technology Assessment). Therefore, it is felt that the recommended alternatives for Savoonga are available to meet the needs of the community within the planning period. The future availability of coal to Savoonga is, at this time, in question. Resolution to this question will depend on the findings - 170 - of two studies (transportation and coal resources) now being undertaken for Northwest Alaska (see Section 8.0). The authors have, however, assumed coal will be available to Savoonga within five years. The source is assumed to be the Chicago Creek area (northern Seward Peninsula) or other regional sources which may, in the future, be exploited for regional use or use by larger com- munities such as Kotzebue (see Section 5.1, Energy Resource Assessment). - 171 - 7.4-W TECHNICAL EVALUATION (WHITE MOUNTAIN) ° Safety No adverse safety problems have been identified for any of the recommended alternatives for White Mountain except the continued and expanded use of wood. Wood use for space heating has his- torically been more dangerous than fuel oil. Primary problems involve improperly maintained and operated wood heating equipment causing spontaneous fires. Unprotected wood heating equipment also increases the probability of accidental bodily burns. Reliability Alternative energy sources and technologies which are low in reli- ability were screened from further consideration in the early phases of this work (see Section 5.3, Technology Assessment). Therefore, it is felt that the recommended alternatives for White Mountain are of high enough reliability to meet the needs of the community. Availability Alternative energy sources and technologies which have no, or limited, availability to White Mountain were screened from further consideration in the early phases of this work (see Section 5.3, Technology Assessment). Therefore, it is felt that the recom- mended alternatives for White Mountain are available to meet the needs of the community within the planning period. - 172 - 7.4-E TECHNICAL EVALUATION (ELIM) ° Safety No adverse safety problems have been identified for any of the recommended alternatives for Elim except the continued and ex- panded use of wood. Wood use for space heating has historically been more dangerous than fuel oil. Primary problems involve improperly maintained and operated wood heating equipment, caus- ing spontaneous fires. Unprotected wood heating equipment also increases the probability of accidental bodily burns. ° Reliability Alternative energy sources and technologies which are low in reli- ability were screened from further consideration in the early phases of this work (see Section 5.3, Technology Assessment). Therefore, it is felt that the recommended alternatives for Elim are of high enough reliability to meet the needs of the community. ° Availability Alternative energy sources and technologies which have no, or limited, availability to Elim were screened from further consider- E ation in the early phases of this work (see Section 5.3, Technol- ogy Assessment). Therefore, it is felt that the recommended alternatives for Elim are available to meet the needs of the commu- nity within the planning period. The amount of hydropower potential to Elim is still in question and will require on-the-ground verification (see Section 8.0). - 173 - 8.0 8.1 1 RECOMMENDATIONS GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ° Wood Resources In light of the increasing demand for wood as a space heating fuel, a comprehensive wood resource analysis of the Lower Yukon and Bering Strait Region should be undertaken. This analysis should examine not only the production of various species of wood resources indigenous to the regions, it should also quantify the production of annual drift that travels through the Yukon River system and is eventually deposited on the shores of Norton Sound. Previous BIA wood resource assessments for Elim (see Bibliogra- phy, Appendix G) should be incorporated in this work. This work should also address resource management practices (reforest- ation, etc.) within the region. Further, land and resource owner- ship should also be addressed. The estimated cost of this study is $75,000. The applicability of mechanization of wood harvest and transport should be considered if the community makes such a request. (White Mountain has made this request. ) An equitable program should be initiated to assist those desiring to purchase equipment for conversion to the local wood resources for space heating. Coal Resources and Transportation The State Department of Transportation is now conducting studies of transportation in the Arctic and Western Alaska.! The require- ments of coal and/or wood transportation should be addressed Louis Berger and Associates & Phillio Engineers; Western and Arctic Alaska Transportation Study; (draft); 1979. - 174 - either as an adjunct to that study or within the confines of that work. Further, the Alaska Power Authority's work in the evalua- tion of coal resources in Northwest Alaska! contains a transporta- tion element as well as an analysis of use and extraction of coal resources. It is recommended that the thermal energy requirements of the vil- lages of Elim, White Mountain, Savoonga and Kaltag be addressed in the context of these two comprehensive works now in progress. Coal resource assessments should be prioritized on the basis of Dames & Moore's findings. Improved Diesel-Electric Efficiency Improving the efficiency of diesel-electric should be approached as a demonstration project at an optimal site in Alaska. The esti- mated cost for demonstrating this technology is $200,000. This would include feasibility, design, equipment installation and 18 months of performance monitoring. Education Educational TV geared towards energy conservation, weatheriza- tion, etc., should be developed for rural programming. 1 Dames & Moore; Assessment of Coal Resources of Northwest Alaska, Phase I, (draft); 1981. - 175 - 8.1-K RECOMMENDATIONS (KALTAG) Before any recommendation can successfully be implemented, the com- munity must be completely in favor of the undertaking. Thus, it is recommended that a second community meeting be conducted, and re- sults of this work discussed in detail. ° Electric Generation Plant The fuel efficiency of the electric generation system should be increased. This project involves the further training of operators and improved management of the plant facilities, load management, and replacement with higher efficiency units as older units reach the end of their physical life. Proceed with design and feasibility for the retrofit of existing diesel-electric generators with waste heat recovery equipment for school space heat. The electric generation plant will need to be relocated to a site adjacent to the school. Estimated cost for feasibility and design is $35,000. ° Energy Conservation in Buildings An energy specialist and auditor should be brought to Kaltag to assist the residences in participating in the various weatherization programs that exist under state and federal law. A technical audit should be conducted of the school buildings and appropriate retrofit programs undertaken. ° Hydroelectric potential Although positive economic benefit for the Kaltag hydro plan was not proven by this work, some hydrologic and cost assumptions remain unconfirmed by on-site investigation. Therefore, a recon- - 176 - naissance geotechnical and hydrologic investigation should be per- formed at the Kaltag hydro sites. This on-the-ground investiga- tion is needed primarily to verify (winter and summer) statistically derived stream flow assumptions used for the Corps of Engineers! analysis and incorporated into this study. This reconnaissance would also assist in refining capital cost estimates for each site. The economic benefits of the hydro site development could then be reexamined using various petroleum fuel escalation rates and amor- tization periods. This analysis would provide a basis for the decision to conduct a full feasibility study. The estimated cost of this investigation is $80,000. ° Wood Resource Encouragement and assistance should be given to those desiring to convert to the local wood resource for space heat (see General Recommendations, Section 8.0. ° See General Recommendations (Section 8.0). - 177 - 8.1-S RECOMMENDATIONS (SAVOONGA) Before any recommendation can successfully be implemented, the com- munity must be completely in favor of the undertaking. Thus, it is recommended that a second community meeting be conducted, and re- sults of this work discussed in detail. ° Electric Generation Plant The fuel efficiency of the electric generation system should be increased. This project involves the further training of operators, improved management of the plant facilities, load management and replacement with higher efficiency units as older units reach the end of their physical life. Proceed with design and feasibility for retrofit of existing gener- ators so waste heat may be captured and used for school space heat. The estimated cost of this work is $20,000. Investigate the implementation of a 30 kW wind turbine as the first phase of 25% insertion of wind driven electric power. While a beneficial present worth calculation for a wind turbine installation at Savoonga has been developed in this study, it should not be construed as a "next step" endorsement of a wind turbine instal- lation at this community. As described in the wind turbine tech- nology profile, the success of wind machines in Alaska over the last decade has been poor. In veiw of this, all available data on historic success or failure of Alaska wind turbine projects should be thoroughly reviewed to develop final feasibility for a project at Savoonga. With this necessary step in mind, it can be stated that the prelim- inary work of this study indicates wind turbines are worthy of further investigation, particularly where communities lack viable hydroelectric alternatives. Machines smaller than 30 kW in size are - 178 - Probably not cost effective. Further, only those machines with simplest array of components (i.e., without batteries and invert- ers), built on first class towers and foundations, will offer the potential to be life cycle cost effective. The cost of such further investigation has been estimated to be $20,000. Energy Conservation in Buildings An energy specialist and auditor should be brought to Savoonga to assist the residences in participating in the various weatherization Programs that exist under state and federal law. Savoonga should receive the highest priority of the four communities considered here. A technical audit should be conducted of school buildings and appropriate retrofit programs undertaken. ° Coal Immediate steps should be taken to investigate local exploitation or importation of coal into the Savoonga for space heat (see Section 8.0, General Recommendations). This work requires two steps: 1) Determination of logistics of coal handling and price to the Savoonga. 2) Conversion of space heating units from fuel oil to coal. ° See General Recommendations (Section 8.0). - 179 - 8.1-W RECOMMENDATIONS (WHITE MOUNTAIN) Before any recommendation can successfully be implemented, the com- munity must be completely in favor of the undertaking. Thus, it is recommended that a second community meeting be conducted, and re- sults of this work discussed in detail. ° ° 1) 2) Electric Generation Plant The fuel efficiency of the electric generation system should be increased. This project involves the further training of oper- ators, improved management of the plant facilities, load manage- ment, and replacement with higher efficiency units as older units reach the end of their physical life. Existing generators may be retrofit so that waste heat may economically be captured and used for school space heat. This should be accomplished during elementary school renovation scheduled within the next three years. (The community will have been electrified by that time, thus increasing available waste heat.) Estimated cost of feasibility and design is $25,000. Energy Conservation in Buildings 1) An energy specialist and auditor should be brought to White Mountain to assist the residences in participating in the various weatherization programs that exist under state and federal law. 2) A technical audit should be conducted of the high school build- ing and appropriate retrofit programs undertaken. Coal Resources See General Recommendations (Section 8.0). - 180 - ° Hydroelectric Potential Based on the findings of this study, further evaluation of White Mountain's hydro sites is not recommended. ° Wood Resources The community of White Mountain requested (during the public meeting held November 18, 1980, see Appendix A) access to a D-4 Caterpillar tractor (wide-pad) for use during their fire wood har- i vest and transport. This method of wood transport was used suc- cessfully by White Mountain during the 1940's and 1950's, before the arrival of petroleum fuel in this community. White Mountain residents stated it would not only help those now returning to wood heat, but would streamline the difficult task of transport to the point where older and disabled people would be provided for in the traditional Eskimo way (see Results of Community Meeting, Appendix A). Therefore, it is strongly recommended that White Mountain be provided with this piece of equipment. ° See General Recommendations (Section 8). - 181 - 8.1-E RECOMMENDATIONS (ELIM) Before any recommendation can successfully be implemented, the com- munity must be completely in favor of the undertaking. Thus, it is recommended that a second community meeting be conducted, and results of this work discussed in detail. ° Electric Generation Plant 1) The fuel efficiency of the electric generation system should be increased. This project involves the further training of opera- tors, improved management of the plant facilities, load manage- ment, and replacement with higher efficiency units as older units reach the end of their physical life. 2) Proceed with design and feasibility for retrofit of existing gen- erators so waste heat may be captured and used for school space heat. Estimated cost of feasibility and design is $30,000. ° Energy Conservation in Buildings 1) An energy specialist and auditor should be brought to Elim to assist the residences in participating in the various weatheriza- tion programs that exist under state and federal law. 2) A technical audit should be conducted of the school buildings and appropriate retrofit programs undertaken. ° Wood Resources See General Recommendations (Section 8.0). Coal Resources See General Recommendations (Section 8.0). - 182 - ° Hydroelectric Potential Although positive economic benefit for the Elim hydro plan was not Proven by this work, some hydrologic and capital cost assumptions remain unconfirmed by on-site investigation. Therefore, a recon- naissance geotechnical investigation should be performed at the Elim hydro sites. This on-the-ground investigation is needed pri- marily to verify (winter and summer) statistically derived from stream flow assumptions developed for the Corps of Engineers work, and this study. Further, it would assist in refining capital cost requirements. The economic potential of the hydro sites could then be reexamined using an array of petroleum fuel escalation rates and amortization periods as a basis for the decision of a full feasibility. The estimated cost of this investigation is $60,000. ° Wood Resources Encouragement and assistance should be given to those desiring to convert to the local wood resource for space heat (see General Recommendations, Section 8.0). ° See General Recommendations (Section 8.0). - 183 - APPENDICES APPENDIX A RESULTS OF COMMUNITY MEETINGS RESULTS OF COMMUNITY MEETING (KALTAG) A representative of the study team conducted a public meeting in Kaltag and also addressed the Mayor and City Council of Kaltag on November 13, 1980. Approximately 13 people participated. The purpose of the meetings was to discuss the objectives of this study and to document local input on current energy related difficulties and possible solutions which may be implemented now and in the future. In subsequent days, the engineer had conversations with many individuals concerning these same matters. The method of notifi- cation was radio announcement on KNOM and_ posted message at the Post Office and School. It is felt, from these meetings and conversations, that the people of Kaltag view their energy related difficulties generally as follows: The cost of electricity in Kaltag is excessive for people existing primarily on a subsistence based economy. Many houses are inadequately insulated and weatherized, resulting in high heat loss and personal discomfort. Some residents re- ported icing on floors and in corners. Wood (the predominate fuel for residential space heating) is diffi- cult to obtain by older or disabled people. ° This high cost of snowmachine and outboard motor fuel, physical depreciation of outboards, snowmachines, and chain saws as well as the difficulty of wood transport all contribute to make this alternative more costly than may be initially estimated. ° Heating domestic water from the PHS built circulating water sys- tems for showers, etc., is not possible with the manufactured and self-built wood heaters and stoves currently in use. Residents of Kaltag expressed preference for the following concepts as a means to deal with their current energy problems: ° ° Development of hydroelectric power. Implementation of a program to better insulate and weatherize existing buildings. Development of educational TV programming or literature disburse- ment to teach techniques of home weatherization, conversion of existing wood heaters to include domestic water heating, etc. Development of a program to mechanize and centralize wood har- vesting and transport in order to increase efficiency, lower costs, and provide for older and disabled persons. It should be noted that some residents were suspicious of this concept because of a recent regional CETA funded attempt harvest wood for municipal building use and for older people which apparently suffered ex- tensive cost overruns. Possible implementation of wood fired electric generation should hydroelectric power not be feasible. The residents of Kaltag were aware of several possible alternative energy sources which exist in the local area and are as follows: ° ° Wood as both standing timber and drift. As previously noted, this is the primary fuel source for residential space heating in Kaltag. Hydroelectric potential as previously noted. RESULTS OF COMMUNITY MEETING (SAVOONGA) A public meeting was held in Savoonga on November 5, 1980 with community residents and representatives of the Alaska Power Authority and this study team. Approximately 40 people attended and expressed their views on cur- rent energy related problems and possible solutions which may be imple- mented now and in the future. In subsequent days, the engineer met informally with several smaller groups and had many conversations with individual Savoonga residents concerning these same matters. The method notification was radio announcement on KNOM and posted messages. It is felt, from these meetings and conversations, that the people of Savoonga view their energy related difficulties generally as follows: The cost of fuel oil and electricity for residential housing is exces- sive for people existing primarily on a subsistence based economy. ° The current electric power generation system is unreliable. ° Some residents felt they were being overbilled for electric power consumption. ° Much of the older housing is inadequately insulated and sealed causing excessive fuel oil consumption and personal discomfort. ° Government housing constructed in 1975 (25 units) is not adequate to withstand the strong winds and extreme cold of St. Lawrence Island resulting in cold drafty housing and excessive fuel oil con- sumption. - Some residents reported discrepancies in construction practices in these houses such as installation of wet insulation and exclu- sion of floor vapor barriers causing considerable ice build up in corners, floor-wall intersections, and on floors. ° Settlement of foundations is causing structural "cracking", greatly increasing interior drafts and heat loss. Some residents reported that heat loss is such that their oil fired pot burners do not provide enough heat on cold days, causing whole families to sleep in the front room near the heater. This was of particular concern to residents with small babies. Skirting was not installed. Some residents are contemplating moving back to their old (smaller) houses to conserve fuel oil. Government housing built in 1979 (25 units) is of much higher quality (as witnessed by the engineer) than the 1975 housing. Although much better insulated and sealed than the 1979 housing, owners did express several concerns as follows: The housing has closed floor plans and long central hallways that are impractical in the Arctic because natural heat circula- tion to rear bedrooms is so small as to require forced warm air heating which is inoperable during power outages. Emergency heat via propane cooking stoves also will not circulate causing families to sleep in the front room during power outages on cold nights. Simularity of foundation types to 1975 housing may eventually lead to settlement and structural "cracking" with resultant heat loss as in the 1975 housing stock. It was reported that some 1979 houses were already experiencing structural damage includ- ing interior cracks of up to 1/2 inch. The use of driftwood heaters (installed during construction) is also inhibited by poor heat circulation due to closed floor plans. ° Driftwood (the only locally obtainable alternate fuel) is limited due to accessibility and volume of wood. This resource is currently used part time by approximately 15% of the residences but is hard to obtain due to the distance which must be traveled and season of harvest. Local residents also felt that if a greater percentage of people turned to driftwood, the accumulated resource would be quickly depleted and the small amount of seasonally deposited drift would not accommodate the increased use. Some residents reported the high cost of snow machine fuel (for the distance traveled), physical depreciation of chain saws and snow machines as well as the difficulty of harvest and value of a person's time all contribute to making this resource less than attractive for individual harvest. Scattered driftwood is currently gathered after Bering Sea freeze- up along a stretch of coast 5 to 25 miles east of Savoonga. The residents of Savoonga expressed preference for the following concepts as means to deal with their current energy related problems: ° Development of wind power for electric energy. ° Development of hydropower if available. ° Implementation of a program to better insulate and weatherize existing buildings. ° Strict attention be paid to the extremely harsh environment of St. Lawrence inland in the design and construction of any new struc- tures in Savoonga. ° Development of educational TV programming to teach techniques of home weatherization and increase general knowledge of energy technologies. Programs could be aired on the State satellite TV station and on video tape at the high school for students. ° Development of importation of lower cost fuels to displace high priced fuel oil for space heating. ° Implementation of a grant or low interest loan program for wood heaters for those who cannot afford them but wish to convert to driftwood. The residents of Savoonga were aware of several possible alternate fuel sources which exist on St. Lawrence Island and are as follows: ° Driftwood in limited supply, as previously mentioned. ° Strong and persistant winds at Savoonga. ° Coal occurrences along riverbanks to the south and southeast of Savoonga approximately 20 miles distant. ° Coal occurrences at the ground surface approximately 12 miles southeast of Gambell. It was reported that some residents of Gambell collect this coal for residential space heating (Gambell is approximately 50 land miles west of Savoonga). One resident with knowledge of the local area reported the deposit to approximately two feet thick, with approximately three to four feet of overburden and occurring in a flat area. ° A hot spring approximately 70 miles to the east of Savoonga. One resident with knowledge of the area reported the spring to be lukewarm and flowing at approximtely 15 gpm. RESULTS OF COMMUNITY MEETING (WHITE MOUNTAIN) A public meeting was held in White Mountain with community residents and representatives of the study team. Approximately 15 people attended and expressed their views on current energy related problems and possible solu- tions which may be implemented now and in the future. In subsequent days, the engineer had conversations with many White Mountain residents concerning these same matters. The method of notification was radio announcement on KNOM, previous fly-through of the community, message posting at store, and message delivery to each house by local children. It is felt, from these meetings and conversations, that the people of White Mountain view their energy related difficulties generally as follows: ° There is currently no local electric utility in White Mountain. Several families operate their own small gasoline generators. Others provide their own light by white gas and kerosene lamps. There is planning currently in progress to electrify White Mountain with existing Bering Strait REAA School District's diesel-electric generators. Construction is to begin in 1981. ° Much of the residential housing (new and old) is inadequately insulated and weatherized, resulting in excessive fuel oil consump- tion. ° Rising fuel oil costs are prompting White Mountain residents to return to wood for residential space heating. Although several problem areas do exist in this area as follows: - The difficulty of wood harvest precludes the use of this re- source by older and disabled persons. - Financially disadvantaged families which cannot afford snow- machines find wood harvest and transport difficult. - The high cost of snowmachine fuel, depreciation on chainsaws and snowmachines and the small quantities of wood transported per load as well as the value of a person's time makes wood harvest on an " individual" basis a more costly (although cheaper than fuel oil) alternative than group harvest tech- niques used in the past. (See preferrence below.) ° The initial cost of wood burning stoves and heaters is financially difficult for some families. The residents of White Mountain expressed preference for the following con- cepts as a means to deal with their energy related problems: ° Weatherize and insulate existing buildings. ° Completion of the plan to electrify White Mountain. Design new buildings (20 new government houses may be built in 1982) to be energy efficient as follows: - Insulate and seal to a level adequate for the extreme Arctic climate. - Provide wood heaters during initial construction. - Provide open floor plans to facilitate natural heat circulation from wood heaters. ° Implement a grant or low cost loan program to assist in the pur- chase of wood heaters and stoves. It was also suggested that the high school students could construct barrel type wood heaters in shop class. ° Provide an appropriation or low interest loan for the purchase of a wide pad D-4 Caterpillar tractor for general community use in group wood transport efforts. A- 8 It should be noted that this request is based on past group wood gathering techniques employed by the people of White Mountain. During the 1940's and 1950's, White Mountain owned a D-4 Cat which was shared on a community- wide basis. In early winter groups of men from several families working together would cut and stack large quantities of dry cord wood approxi- mately 5 to 15 miles from White Mountain. When sufficient quantities were stacked, the men would drive the D-4 to the site and the wood would be transported back to White Mountain by the Cat and go-devel at approximately eight chords per trip. A snowmachine will transport approximately 1/6 of a chord depending on trail conditions. In this way a basic economy of scale was achieved by this group effort in both harvest and transport. At times the people of Golovin (approximately 20 miles distant) would also cut in the same area and borrow the Cat to transport their wood, thus benefitting both communities. It was in the years following the loss of the D-4 that the community converted to fuel oil. This desire to return to the “old way" of wood gathering seemed quite pop- ular at the public meeting as well as with the engineers individual conversa- tions. By local estimates some believed 2/3 of the community residents would benefit directly in gathering residential fuel wood. There was also a belief that this concept would benefit older people in that younger family members would again gather wood for their elders. The residents did not seem adverse to a possible shared arrangement with the Divison of Aviation for runway clearing. No local occurrences of coal, peat or geothermal energy were known to exist near White Mountain. Wind was felt to be seasonal. RESULTS OF COMMUNITY MEETING (ELIM) A public meeting was held in Elim on November 18, 1980 with community residents and a representative of the study team. Approximately 23 people attended and expressed their views on current energy related problems and possible solutions which may be implemented now and in the future. In sub- sequent days, the engineer had many conversations with individual residents of Elim concerning these same matters. Method of notification was by radio announcement on KNOM, previous fly-through of community, and message delivery to each house be local children. It is felt, from the meeting and individual conversations, that the people of Elim view their energy related difficulties generally as follows: Many of the newly completed 35 units of single family government houses are experiencing structural failure after only a month of occupancy. Apart from the obvious displeasure with this situa- tions, many residents felt the damage would eventually result in cracks causing excessive drafts and heat loss. The damage was outlined as follows and witnessed by the engineer. - Separation of interior wall from ceilings of up to one inch. - Noticeable bowing of subfloors. - Cracking of walls and wall intersections. - Displacement of doors. - Skirting was not installed on many homes. - One heater stack was witnessed to have pulled apart approxi- mately one inch. The cost of electricity is excessive. A - 10 ° Much of the older housing is inadequately insulated and sealed causing excessive fuel oil consumption. Residents of Elim expressed preference for the following concepts as means to deal with their energy related problems: Implementation of a program to better insulate and weatherize older housing. Insulation in the new units is adequate as is. Development of hydroelectric power. ° All new buildings in Elim be insulated and weatherized to a level adequate for the extreme Arctic cold. The residents of Elim are aware of several possible alternative energy sources which exist in the local area as follows: ° Wood as both standing timber and drift. (Wood is currently the primary fuel source for residential space heat. ) ° Hot springs. The closest being approximately 10 miles from distant. ° Wind, although there are long periods of calm during certain seasons. Alternative fuels or technologies which were felt less feasible or less abun- dant by the people of Elim are: ° No peat occurrences were known of in the vicinity of Elim. A-11 APPENDIX B PHOTOGRAPHS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS Areal oblique of Kaltag Residential sector Local residential fuel source Kaltag wn Vv £ o = DoD °o -! 1969 housing £ Do ‘- x Sey, 6 So Lo 6 re vO on wo & o = lu Kaltag Generator building and bulk fuel storage Generator Bulk fuel storage Kaltag Areal oblique of Savoonga ? eS = 3 wa. 3 ene sy ® ~ 4 CR oP oN "7 : | { City offices and washeteria Village store ; a 1979 housing 1975 housing SE Older housing Savoonga High School BIA School Old BIA School Clinic Church Older housing AVEC generator building and bulk fuel storage AVEC Generators BIA standby generator Community Watering Point Water distribution to watering points and washeteria BIA School heating utilidor system Bulk fuel storage BIA School sewage treatment plant Inoperative passive thermal community freezer eT tl Areal oblique of White Mountain Areal oblique of White Mountain 1975 housing, older housing in foreground : , . 4 White Mountain High School Generator building on the left Elementary school at right Village store White Mountain Post Office at right Older housing stock School District generators White Mountain 1980 housing Older housing stock Village store Elim Elim High School Log homes Church Elim Generator building 1 Kw wind machine in background (not operating) Generator National Guard exercise fe Elim APPENDIX C POPULATION AND ENERGY FORECASTING PROCEDURES POPULATION FORECASTS METHODOLOGY After contacting all state, federal and university agencies that logically would maintain estimates of population change, it was determined that author- itative population growth forecasts for the communities in question (except Savoonga) do not exist. This being the case, the authors produced the required estimates. The following describes that population forecast work: The U.S. Census Bureau data was obtained for the decade counts for 1940 through 1980. The three communities of Elim, Kaltag and Savoonga have similar characteristic population growth curves. White Mountain has under- gone erratic growth because of the closing of regional school facilities in that community. Table A-1 summarizes the historic rates of population change in the four study communities. From historical census data, it appears that as the State of Alaska matures in population expansion patterns, the state-wide population may change at a rate less than 2.8% annually. The new citizens of the state are, by-in-large migrating into the State from the Lower 48. These new citizens account for population increases in urban areas and have not generally affected the growth of the smaller rural communities. TABLE A-1 TRENDS IN POPULATION CHANGE 40 Years 30 Years 20 Years 10 Years Statewide 4.36 3.85 2.89 2.83 Kaltag 1.41 2.38 1.99 1.75 Savoonga 2.18 2.29 2.39 3.04 White Mountain (1.15) (0.10) (1.07) 3.69 Elim 1.39 1.07 1.92 1.99 AVERAGE RATE 1.19 1.67 1.69 2.59 NOTE: All values expressed as percentages compounded annually. (xx.x) indicates negative growth rate. See Figure 4-1 and 4-2 (report text for growth curves). Rural Alaska population growth has historically (last 40 years) been affected by the following factors: Decreases in morbidity rate. Centralization of smaller family (clan) groups due to changing sub- sistence and transportation patterns. Incrases in the ratio of younger to older residents. Increases in commercial fishing ventures. Increases in demand and value of native arts and crafts (ie. ivory in Savoonga). Relative stabilization of economic conditions. Cash influx from the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Increased availability of local educational opportunities. Increases in transfer payments. The population increases presented in Section 4.1 presume that: 1. The number of people that wish to live the partial subsistence life of the rural areas is finite. 2. The people migrating into the state from the Lower 48 will, by-in- large shun the village life for the more familiar urban life. 3. Economic conditions in the communities will continue to benefit from native enterprise and transfer payments to the extent that cash will continue to be available to the resident. However, the cash payments (such as ANCSA payments) that, in the past, have inspired the growth of various villages will decline, possibly resulting in a decline in community growth rate through out- migration. 4. Decreases in morbidity rate, community centralization, lifestyle changes as well as increased educational opportunities will continue to support population increases, but at a lesser rate than histori- cal data indicates. Observations concerning specific communities are as follows: Savoonga Since it's inception in 1916, Savoonga has been experiencing a healthy growth rate. BIA planners indicate that population growth in the 1980's should (barring unpredictable circumstances) increase at a rate at least as great as experienced in the the 1960's.! This is attributed primarily to the high percentage of younger people in Savoonga. The BIA made no specific numerical forecasts. Kaltag This community is located in a region of abundant energy resources as well as fish and timber which can be converted to cash. In the opinions of the authors, the rate of population expansion at Kaltag should increase slightly. White Mountain This community is apparently rebounding from the impact of the regional BIA boarding school closure. Since White Mountain is in an area of forests and residential heating fuel is available, only the establishment of some cash enterprise is required to support moderate growth. Elim This community is the prototypical community for this reconnaissance study. The authors feel that Elim will continue to maintain the growth pattern established over the past 20 years. 1 BIA Planning Support Group, Savoonga: It's History, Population and Economy. Report No. 242, 1975. Conclusion The population expansion the authors predict for the twenty year planning period is 2% annual increase. Though this value may seem somewhat opti- mistic, the desire of the villagers to stay in the village if at all possible coupled with the emergence of native enterprise in the region and the natural resource wealth of the region suggest to the authors that stability in local economics, will over the planning period, be enjoyed by the citizens of the region. (See Section 4.1 for community specific historical and forecasted population growth). APPENDIX D TECHNOLOGY PROFILES (See Section 5.3 for description of technologies which have not been profiled) HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION General Description Hydroelectric power generation is the use of stored energy from the hydro- logic cycle, which is solar energy at one remove. The amount of power (capacity) available is directly related to the water volume and net effective head. The falling water directly drives turbines of various designs with conventional A.C. generators on the same axis of rotation. Projects with storage capability (reservoirs) can continue running during reduced seasonal flows at near full capacity. Run-of-river Projects without storage produce energy only to the capacity of contemporary water flows. Hydroelectric project first costs are high due to large mass civil works (dams, diversions, spillways, tunnels, penstocks) with often related transmission penalties due to project remoteness from load centers. Hydro projects typical longevity is 40-60 years and low maintenance generally tend to deliver life cycle cost merits over fueled generation alternatives. Costs for hydroelectric projects are very site specific (particularly in Alaska regions) where sparse load centers and expensive construction logistics can be major benefit/cost ratio determinants. Performance Characteristics Energy Production: Directly related to the net effective head and sea- sonal flow unless storage is feasible. Energy Quality: Conventional three-phase A.C. synchronous gener- ators are usually employed to produce high quality electric energy suitable for end-use beyond con- ventional transmission lines and substations. Energy Quantity: Very large range in scale is possible. Production is related to net effective head, seasonal flows, and energy market within reasonable transmission distances. Energy Reliability: Very high with multiple units at the powerhouse, reservoir storage, and minimal transmission line exposure. Remote or seasonal run-of-river proj- ects require alternative generation back-up for the energy users. D- 1 Thermodynamic Efficiency: Approximately 60% for projects considered herein. Economics Capital Cost: Very site specific. Viable projects in Alaska (1981) generally do not exceed $7,000/ kW. Very small, or remote, or projects with special consid- erations can exceed this figure by a factor of as much as five times. Economic Life: Generally 40-60 years. Almost never less than 30 years. Some projects may approach 80 year eco- nomic life. Operation & Very low. Most powerhouses are automated or re- Maintentance Costs: mote controlled. Semi-annual maintenance routines are the general rule. This study uses 1.0 cents/ kWh for maintenance of hydroelectric projects and associated transmission lines. Economics of Scale: Generally applicable to the technology, but site specific factors predominates. Special Considerations Hydroelectric projects have site specific siting, environmental, and_ social factors directly affecting project desirability, acceptability, and benefit/cost ratio. Generally run-of-river and high (perched lake) projects can be con- structed with minimal environmental impacts and ecosystem disturbance. Projects requiring large back-up reservoirs generally introduce effects that must be mitigated at significant cost. Critical Discussion Hydroelectric development is a proven technology of many decades demon- stration throughout the world. Most projects which have been constructed have proved to be economically beneficial over project life. Some projects have caused long term biological effects which are negative. Hydroelectric energy is a high first cost alternative producing quality, polution free elec- tric energy. It is the largest scale historic use of solar energy in only one D-2 remove by the technology of the last century to the present day. Site specific cases must be carefully analyzed for environmental acceptability and benefit/cost ratio. DIESEL-ELECTRIC GENERATION General Description This technology is the generation of conventional 3-phase A.C. electric power by the proven technology of recipocating internal combustion engines burning middle distillate diesel fuels. Long used as the primary generation mode in "bush" Alaska and communities outlying from hydroelectric sites, gas well-heads, coal mine mouths, or within feasibile transmission of alternative sources. The "Diesel Cycle" uses compression ignition internal combustion in two or four strokes per cycle in equipment ranging from 300-3600 rpm for most Alaska stationary generator installations. Generally lower speed, lower "brake-mean-effective-pressure" (BMEP) units are more fuel efficient, of longer life and greater reliability. Maximum practical fuel efficiency is about 13-14 kWh/gallon of 140,000 Btu/gallon of diesel. Generators, controls, and switchgear are sophisticated on modern equipment but Alaska plants vary from the most sophisticated to the simplest and crudest practical. Power plant units presently used in the villages of this study are higher speed, shorter life units (50-300 kW range) with modest plant auxilliaries and achieving efficiencies ranging from 5-8 kWh/gallon. Performance Characteristics Energy Production: Essentially unlimited for purposes of small Alaska villages. High energy production plants of over 20 MW with units to 7 MW size now exist in Alaska. Energy Quality: High. Conventional 3-phase A.C. power with closely controlled voltage and frequency for end use. Energy Quantity: Essentially unlimited except by fuel availability and prohibitive fuel costs. Energy Reliability: Very high in multiple unit plants with "firm" capacity (largest unit not required to meet peak). Fair to poor in smaller plants with higher speed units and without "firm" capacity reserves. Thermodynamic Efficiency: Discussed above. Economics Capital Cost: Currently ranging $400-800/kW (1980) in Alaska. Well established technology and installation methods. Economic Life: (with normal maintenance) Low Speed Units ..... . 16 years; Intermiediate Speed Units . 10 years; High Speed Units ..... 5 Years. Operations & Fuel cost is largest component of O & M costs, Maintentance Costs: often 80-90%. 1980-81 fuel costs for Alaska remote villages are averaging $2.00/gallon in bulk pur- chase (about 25.0¢/kWh for 8 kWh/ gallon). Oper- ating costs vary but for this study 3.0¢/kWh has been used for O & M above fuel cost. Economics of Scale: Some economy gain with lower first cost/kW in- stalled and gain in fuel efficiency as larger units are generally lower speed and BMEP. Special Considerations Rapidly escalating fuel costs and 13-14 kWh/gallon technology limitation results in economic pressure to seek alternatives. Waste heat recovery could enhance economics. Nominally, 68% of the diesel fuel is wasted without re- covery. This means for each one kWh produced two kWh's are being p rejected as heat to the atmosphere. (Diesel-electric conversion efficiencies in these study communities appear to be much lower.) This is particularly | undesirable in northern regions villages where space heating consumes about twice the fuel of electric generation. (See technology profile on generator waste heat recovery, this Appendix.) Power plant emissions and noise present environmental considerations. Critical Discussion Diesel-electric generation is a proven technology with a fuel penalty. Despite the economic penalty of maximum 32% fuel/electricity conversion D-5 diesel-electric will be important to villages without economically viable gener- ation alternatives for at least the next decade. Where alternatives are not available moving typical village conversion efficiencies from 5-8 kWh/gallon to at least 11-12 kWh/gallon should be a goal along with exploitation of all waste heat recovery potential. RANKINE CYCLE TURBINES General Description The Rankine Cycle Turbine is a variation of the Carnot Cycle (steam) Tur- bine which operates at lower temperatures, pressures and efficiency than steam turbines. Since the Rankine Cycle extracts only limited energy from the "heat steam" it can be used in various configurations of waste heat recovery systems. The working fluid can be tailored for a wide range of temperature differences between the vaporizer and the condenser of the Rankine Cycle Turbine. The turbine has only one moving part, operates at moderate speeds and can go-on-line rapidly if its exchangers are continu- ously supplied with heat. One major manufacturer is now producing "off- shelf" equipment for waste heat conversion in the 150-300 kW output range. This may have considerable potential for applications to remote Alaska village generation systems now using diesel engines and gas turbines and without viable alternative electric energy options. The potential for combined space heating and electric generation with Rankine Cycle equipment from high effi- ciency oil, gas and coal fired sources needs immediate analysis and demon- stration at selected sites. Performance Characteristics Energy Production: Limited only by heat source output and Rankine Cycle conversion efficiency. Source can be waste heat from diesel reciprocating engines, gas or oil fired turbines, oil-gas-coal fired space heating systems, or geothermal reservoirs. Heat source temperatures that can produce Rankine Cycle elec- tricity can range from 170° to 900° F. Energy Quality: High. Conventional 3-phase A.C. 60 cycle genera- tion. Energy Quantity: Limited only by heat source and economic value of energy. Available 150-300 kW Rankine Cycle Tur- bines can be arranged in various configurations. Energy Reliability: High and demonstrated to several thousand hours as of 1981. Thermodynamic Varies with equipment/heat source match. Approx- Efficiency: imately 5% to 10%. Economics Capital Cost: Estimated at $2,000-3,000/kW installed in remote Alaska locations (with heat exchange equipment necessary) in size ranges 150-300 kw. Economic Life: Estimated at 20-25 years. Not demonstrated as is 1981 state-of-art technology. Only one moving part and low temperatures, pressures, and turbine speeds enhance probable economic life. Operations & Low. System static except for relatively low speed Maintenance Costs: turbine (only about 24% speed of conventional gas turbine) contribute to low O & M costs. Economics of Scale: Good. Demonstration units (1983) are planned up to 5 MW by the same manufacturer. Economics of scale is expected. Special Considerations Application for waste heat recovery or space heating from alternative energy sources to oil (coal, gas, wood) may be well suited to rankine cycle electric energy production using available manufactured equipment. Virtually no incremental environmental impact occurs over planned space heat source sys- tems. For existing power plants thermal pollution is lowered and energy waste is decreased. Using an auxilliary rankine cycle turbine an engine generator electric output can be increased by about 10% while utilizing only about 5% of the heat in the exhaust steam. A conventional and readily avail- able gas-liquid heat exchanger is required between the high temperature (600°-900° F) exhaust gases and the low temperature Rankine Cycle Turbine. The engine generator exhaust gases are maintained at temperatures satisfac- tory for engine performance at original rating. Geothermal applications need particular consideration of water analysis, rein- jection energy requirements, and cost penalties for transmission lines to load centers. Critical Discussion The technology is available and demonstrated to over 15,000 unit hours. Various applications need to be technically and economically analyzed and then demonstrated in Alaska. It is difficult to criticize a technology which has the potential to convert "waste" heat to electrical energy for community use while paying-off initial capital costs in the first 5 years of projected 25 year economic system life. ELECTRIC INTERTIE BY SINGLE WIRE TRANSMISSION (SWER) General Description The Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) tranmission line concept (as applied recently in Alaska by the DEPD at Napakiak) is an experimental technology which has the potential to reduce tranmission line costs for small village intertie systems. The $80-100K/mile costs of conventional 3-wire, 69 kV-138 kV transmission lines is cost prohibitive where load centers average only a few hundred kilowatts and distances, are 10 miles or more. The SWER line may allow interties at only $40K/mile. The SWER line is presently planned with A-frame structures of wooden or aluminum poles supporting a single wire over 500-600 ft. spans and operating at 14-80 kV. The earth is used as the return conductor. The megawatt-mile limitations of the SWER line and other technical details are available in an earlier APA report of June 1980 by Robert W. Retherford Associates (RWRA) (see Bibliography). Performance Characteristics See RWRA Report to APA, June 1980 (Bibliography). Economics See RWRA Report to APA, June 1980 (Bibliography). Special Considerations Winter construction is likely required in many areas to allow materials over- land staging and prevent environmental damage. Helicopter construction may be able to reduce costs or hold them to expected $40K/mile. Adequate ground end electrodes are required for line performance. Driven rods, D - 10 existing deep wells, and thaw bulbs under and adjacent to lakes may be used. Construction techniques are critical to cost control and the Bethel- Napakiak demonstration project "lessons" should be applied to future projects. Visual impact is the primary environmental consideration. Critical Discussion Inappropriate until report and evaluation of the Bethel-Napakiak SWER line is complete by DEPD and APA. D-11 WIND TURBINE GENERATION General Description Wind turbine electric conversion is the generation of electricity from turbine blades (of vertical or horizontal axis design) which intercept areas of near surface winds driven by the earth's "solar engine". Originally a rural tech- nology using D.C. generators and battery storage it has developed to a larger scale technology in the last 40 years, with extensive development efforts by government and private industry in the last 10 years. Several Projects above 5 kW have been undertaken in Alaska in the last 8 years without notable success (demonstration over a multiple year period) to date. Generally it is still an unproven technology for long term generation eco- nomics above 30 kW. Larger scale (50 kW and up) projects require massive tower and foundation costs usually exceeding the wind turbine machine cost by large factors. Units up to the scale of 3-5 megawatts are under develop- ment and test in the U.S. today. A 20 kW demonstration wind turbine at Nelson Lagoon has (after 3 years and large expenditures) failed to demon- strate economic benefit or even long period continuous performance. Performance Characteristics Energy Production: Limited to periods of useful wind velocity within the envelope of the specific machine design and tolerance. Induction machines operating on a power grid are further limited to the percent of energy that can be inserted with acceptable reac- tive current circulation on the grid to maintain induction unit synchronization. (For this study 25% energy insertion has been used.) Energy Quality: Acceptable for end uses where induction generators are used on a distribution grid. Fair where D.C. generators and inverters are used (also costly). Poor where D.C. generators and batteries are used. End user applications are very limited with- out special apparatus and battery storage is impractical in many cases. D- 12 Energy Quantity: Dependent on availability and energy insertion limits on distribution grids. As an example suit- able wind availability at Alaska sites may be only 30% of annual hours. If induction energy insertion is limited to 25% the resulting wind turbine Produc- tion is a maximum of 30% x 25% = 8%. Energy Reliability: None. Alternative generation is required for operation large percentages of the time at the best of "wind sites". Thermodynamic Varies with wind velocity distribution and machine Efficiency: design. Usually not greater than 25-30% overall. Economics Capital Cost: Widely varying and not stabilized for installed costs. Some site specific factors. Smaller (5 kW and less) units installed for ranges of $500-2,500/ kw. Larger units have incurred costs much greater. Costs used in this study are $4,000/kW for units of nominal 30-50 kw Capacity range. Economic Life: Indeterminant. Quality of installation critical to system life. For this study 15 years has been used as economic life. Operations & Indeterminant. Simplicity of machines may reduce Maintenance Costs: maintenance for induction types. For this study costs of 0.5¢/kWh have been used for wind turbine operations and maintenance. Economics of Scale: Expected, but not Proven except for first costs for machines above 100 kW. Special Considerations Tower structures and foundation designs and construction quality are criti- cal. Provisions for withstanding storms to high (150 mph) wind velocities in Alaska are necessary. Induction generator on-off line controls must be carefully engineered and designed for simplicity and reliability in remote locations. Environmental considerations are visual impact and audible pro- peller noise. Safety consideration relate to structural failures of rotating Parts hazarding human life or property, grounding of towers with machines connected to distribution grids, and tower failures presenting hazards. Additional safety provisions for machine routine maintenance are necessary. D - 13 Essentially 3 types of wind turbine systesm are applicable for the villages considered in this study. They are: (a) Turbines with A/C induction generators operating directly into A/C power grids. (b) Turbines with D/C generators and batteries operating isolated from the A/C power grid. (c) Turbines with D/C generators, with or without batterys, and D/C-A/C inverter devices for entry into the A/C power grid. For the types of villages and the sizes (30-50 kW) of wind turbine units determined worth further investigation in this study only the induction, type (a), system is recommended. The technical and economic factors of battery and inverter systems are not cost effective. Critical Discussion Wind turbines in a community useable scale are still an unproven technology. Great expectations have not been realized to date in Alaska despite much effort in recent years. Above 50 kW the benefit/cost economics are indeter- minant because of indeterminant installed costs and economic life. Below 50 kW benefits may be possible for some communities without other alternatives to pursue. D- 14 IMPROVED DIESEL-ELECTRIC CONVERSION General Description This technology involves the application of technical and systems operating features to improve diesel-electric fuel conversion to the pratically achievable 13.9 kWh maximum. Many small village diesel-electric systems in Alaska achieve only 7-10 kWh/ gallon. The applicable technical features are improved unit optimum loading through automatic load sensing, load sharing, and unit sequencing. Change-out of unit governors and voltage regulators to modern, electronic systems may be necessary. Pre-packaged load sharing and sequencing systems are currently available from several U.S. manufacturers. Where more than two units are involved compatible governing systems should be retrofitted along with the load sharing/sequencing systems. Operating features include optimum setting of diesel injector fuel flow balance and close attention to optimum unit loading when automatic features are impractical or not economically justified with units below the 100 kW rating. Performance Characteristics Energy Production: Essentially unlimited for purposes of small Alaska villages. High energy production plants of over 20 MW with units to 7 MW size now exist in Alaska. Energy Quality: High. Conventional 3-phase A.C. power with closely controlled voltage and frequency for end use. Energy Quantity: Essentially unlimited except by fuel availability and prohibitive fuel costs. Energy Reliability: Very high in multiple unit plants with "firm" capacity (largest unit not required to meet peak). Fair to poor in smaller plants with higher speed units and without "firm" capacity reserves. D- 15 Economics Estimated costs range from $50-100,000 per diesel plant, for plants in the 100-1,000 kW capacity range. These costs can include modern solid-state minicomputer systems with capacities to provide complete plant data logging and even data and operating features outside the power plant at other village facilities. Special Considerations While the necessary logic systems to achieve maximum practical diesel-electric conversion will provide positive economic benefits alone, the opportunity is presented to better manage village loads and match them to possible waste heat recovery and utilization related to the power plant. In effect, power plant automation could include major components for the entire village energy management program, beginning with base data logging. D - 16 GENERATOR WASTE HEAT RECOVERY General Description Energy in the form of heat is rejected to the environment in the conversion of diesel fuel to electricity. Diesel-electric generatores in the range of those being operated in the study communities (35 kW - 250 kW) at maximum oper- ating efficiency, exhibit a distribtuion of energy typically as follows:} 30% Shaft horsepower (electricity) 30% Jacket cooling water (heat) 30% Stack exhaust (heat) 10% Radiation (heat) The 70% (+) energy not converted to shaft horsepower is that which is com- monly referred to as waste heat. Of that, the quantity of recoverable heat may be utilized for space heat in large buildings.2 The conveniently recov- ered heat is from the jacket cooling water normally rejected to the atmo- sphere through radiators.? Heat may be extracted from the jacket water coolant via heat exchangers and piped to adjacent structures to displace boiler water in baseboard, or in water coil heating/ventilating air handlers. Similarly, this heat may also be used for freeze protection of water utility storage and distribution. All of the study communities currently utilize central diesel-electric units which could be retrofit for utilization of this heat source. Future availabil- ity of this heat source will be dependent on continued use of diesel-electric generation. Utility supplied data indicates diesel to electricity coversion is closer to 18% resulting in proportional increase in waste heat. 2 Waste heat for residential space heating is not being considered due to the high cost distribution of piping needed to connect many detached single family units. 3 Stack exhaust heat is not being considered due to the limited quantity recoverable from this source and the high maintenance cost per recovered Btu. D- 17 Other communities in the region which utilize this technology include Teller, Unalakleet, Golovin and Brevig Mission. Performance Characteristics Energy Quality: Energy Quantity: Dynamics: Reliability: Thermodynamic Efficiency: Economics Capital Cost: Operations & Maintenance Costs: Economic Life: Economics of Scale: 160°F - 210°F at generator (water/glycol) 140°F - 190°F at point of use (water/glycol) Proportional to and limited by the electric power load. Typically, about 40% of fuel input is jacket water heat at study community generation effi- ciency. The daily and seasonal availability of this heat source is directly fixed by daily and seasonal elec- tric demand. The reliability of this heat source is limited to the reliability of the diesel-electric generator as well as being limited by it's own mechanics. 100% back-up is required, however, storage is not. Jacket water waste heat recovery systems are typi- cally 75% efficient from generator to point of use. The installed capital cost of a generator waste heat recovery system for generation systems typi- cal of the study area is approximately $190,000. Hot water transmission distance from generators to end use structure and building heating system modifications are the greatest variables. Operations and Maintenance costs are estimated to be approximately $6000/year. This assumes main- tenance is performed coincidental with generator and building maintenance by the personnel cur- rently performing those tasks. Pumping costs are also included. Equipment life is estimated to be 20 years. The remaining life of the building is a constraint on this estimate. Scale would not significantly affect costs within the range of sizes of diesel-electric generators in the study communities. The scale of electric demand does, however, affect the amount of waste heat available, thus, affecting fuel savings. D- 18 Special Requirements and Impacts Siting: Point of use is required to be in close proximity to source. Typically, less than 300 feet. Resource Needs: By-product of diesel-electric generation. Construction & Construction: Electrical Operating Employ- Pipe fitting ment by Skill: Carpentry Maintenance Same skills as generator and build- & Operations: ing 0 &M. Environmental Utility easement required from generators to point Residuals: of use; otherwise none. Health & None for building space heat. Non-toxic gylcol Safety Aspects: required for water utility use. Summary and Critical Discussion Generator waste heat recovery is a proven, reliable method of utilizing heat from a wasted heat source. This technology was previously utilized in larger load centers such as Kotzebue, Dillingham, etc., but it now being utilized in smaller communities (such as those being considered in this work) in response to rising fuel costs. The primary problem area now is reluc- tance by electric utilities to utilize this resource, and in the establishment of equitable heat sales rates. D- 19 BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION (EXCLUDING ENVELOPE) General Description The concept of building energy conservation encompasses three basic areas as follows: ° Increasing efficiency of mechanical systems ° Minimizing and/or utilizing "wasted" heat ° Minimizing the utilization of electrical and mechanical energy Systems of primary interest in this work are building electrical, and heating and ventilating systems. Of all technologies considered in this work building mechanical and electrical conservation offers the widest range of possible applications, and as such is not only difficult to quantify but would be exhaustive to consider on an individual item basis. A partial list of possible items applicable to the study communities are: ° Recovery of building ventilation waste heat ° Relamping ° Increased boiler efficiency ° Increased air/water heat distribution efficiency ° Increased control of heating/ventilating systems ° Others It should be noted that this technology's primary application within the study communities is in larger structures (primarily schools). Although this technology is extremely building specific in nature some trends have become apparent to the authors in their past experience in this field. Typically the larger structures offer more opportunities to apply this tech- nology, due to increased complexity and stricter required adherence to building and life safety codes. Age is also a factor in the number of oppor- D - 20 tunities that may be present. Buildings newer than perhaps 1965 are more likely to have mechanical forced heating/ventilating air handling systems, etc. However, buildings constructed today are much' more likely to be designed with state-of-the-art systems based on current energy costs. Suc- cessful demonstration of many of the techniques considered in this tech- nology are evident in new school facilities either recently completed or now under construction within the region. Costs associated with this technology are highly variable and system spe- cific. This is further complicated by the fact that this type of work is retrofit in nature. On the other hand, the incremental nature of this tech- nology allows one to develop a list of possible individual items which may be implemented and to judge each one on its own economic merit, thus limiting implementation to only those items deemed economic in light of current and future projected energy costs. Performance Characteristics Energy Quality: 120°F to 180°F air and water Energy Quantity: Up to perhaps 30% of electrical and heating load. Dynamics: Availability of this resource basically parallels the heating load and use patterns of the building, thus, following daily and seasonal patterns. Energy Conserved: Electricity and heating fuel. Reliablility: The need for back-up is included in the capacity of the prime moving equipment from which this technology operates. No storage is required. Thermodynamic Efficiency: Highly variable and usually not greater than 50%. Economics Capital Costs: Building and item specific. See General Descrip- tion and Summary. Economic Life: Generally 20 years or remaining life of the build- ing. Economics of Scale: Highly variable D- 21 Special Requirements and Impacts Resource Needs: Same as prime moving equipment. (electricity and heating fuel). Construction & Construction: Electrical Operating Employ- Pipe fitting ment by Skill: Sheet metal Controls Operations & Project specific. Only those items Maintenance: capable of being maintained by local people with occasional assistance from electrical/controls specialists should be considered. Environmental Residuals: None Health & None. Assumes adherence to building, fire, and Safety Aspects: life safety codes. Summary and Critical Discussion As outlined in the General Discussion the cost per million Btu and kWh for this resource is highly variable and item specific. Individual projects should be itemized, prioritized, and implemented on the basis of current and furture Projected energy costs. There is currently a great amount of activity in this field in Alaska and nation-wide. This technology's primary advantages are its relatively low capital cost, incremental nature (allowing building owners to tailor a program to their capital budgeting), and extremely low level of enviromental impact and regulatory inconvenience. The primary potential beneficiary of this technology are larger structures (schools) which are the largest consumer class of electricity and second largest consumer class of fuel oil in the study communities (see Section 3.2, Energy Balance). D - 22 ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION FROM COAL Two basic methods of converting the chemical energy in coal to electric Power have been investigated: The gasification of coal and subsequent combustion of gasses in modified diesel-electric generation equipment. The production of steam in coal fired boilers and subsequent steam turbine electric generation. The first method is described basically as follows: Dried and graded coal (suitable for gasification) is heated in the Presence of high temperature, saturated steam to drive off the desired gas (methane). The gasses are then treated to remove the impurities (CO?, Nitrogen, etc.). At that point, the producer gas may be fed into modfied diesel-electric generation equip- ment. Subsequent electric generation and distribution is as in existing diesel-electric generation. The above description is abbreviated, for it is the opinion of the authors after review of this technology that it is not appropriate for the study com- munities for the following reasons: ° Disposal of residual tars and contaminated process water in an environmentally acceptable manner would be difficult and costly. Acceptability of regional coal for gasification is unknown. Coal acceptable for gasification (primarily high volitile coal) would Probably be more difficult to obtain than "steam" coal. ° Maintenance and operations costs are quite high. ° The technology is not significantly advanced to provide the sim- plicity of operation required of small remote load centers. D - 23 For these reasons, it is felt that this technology should not be pursued at this time. As is evident with all emerging (or re-emerging) energy technol- ogies, that time will bring about advances which may make this technology feasible for future implementation. However, no estimate of that time frame has been made. D - 24 COAL FIRED STEAM TURBINE GENERATION General Description In this electric generation technology, coal is fed into a steam boiler and the produced steam is then expanded through a turbo-generator for the produc- tion of electric energy. The steam boiler would require automatic feed, combustion controls, ash removal, etc., A "low technology" assembly is envisioned for the purpose of this work (steam at approximately 200 psi and 500°F). Heat from the condensate return leg may be extracted for use as building space heat or utilized in a closed rankine cycle turbine for addi- tional electric power generation. (See Generator Waste Heat Recovery and Closed Rankine Cycle Turbine, this Appendix). No plants of the capacity envisioned in this work are known to exist in Alaska. Performance Characteristics Energy Quality: Subbituminous coal burns at approximately 1200°F. Prime moving steam is envisioned for this small scale operation to be 200 psi at 500°F. Generated electricity would be high quality conventional A.C. Energy Quantity: Locally mined or imported coal as required to pro- vide power as necessary. Dynamics: Once a year coal delivery by barge for continuous power generation. Reliability: 100% back-up is recommended. Existing diesel- electric equipment would suffice. One year coal storage capacity is required. Thermodynamic Large scale coal fired steam turbine generators Efficiency: are typically about 30% efficient. The smaller scale units envisioned here would be approximately 15% to 18% efficient. D - 25 Economics Capital Costs (250 kW: Unit): Operations & Maintenance Costs: Economic Life: Economics of Scale: Special Requirements and Siting: Construction & Operating Employ- ment by Skill: Environmental Residuals: Health & Safety Aspects: Approximately $1,400,000 installed cost in remote Arctic regions, or approximately $5,600 per in- stalled kW for the typical generation capacity con- sidered here. Approximately $243,000 per year. Approximately 30 years. Not applicable at study community scale. Commu- nity intertie may be feasible which would make larger, centrally located plants more effective on a cost per kW basis. Impacts Power plant should be located close to lighterage point but out of flood potential areas. Siting for asthetic value and noise at the discretion of local residents. Construction: Civil Electrical Pipe Fitting Equipment Operators Carpentry Operations: Licensed boiler operators Electrical The residuals of combustion (ash, clinkers, etc.) must be disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner; probably burial. Stack emissions control for coal fired generation equipment is currently a high capital cost item for the installation of new assemblies. Emission control for such small scale facilities are unclear but excessive requirements would be economically burdensome. Stack emission would not likely have excessive adverse effect on the study communities due to the limited quantities associated with small load centers and fairly continuous air movement in the region. Properly disposed by-products of combus- tion should pose no health problems. Steam boilers are however, more prone to blow-ups than are the currently used diesel-electric systems, endangering operators and any others nearby. D - 26 Summary and Critical Discussion Coal fired steam turbine generation of the capacity required of the study communities is unproven in the Arctic environment. Although component parts are largely off-the-shelf, the high cost per installed KW coupled with high maintenance and operations costs will hinder implementation of this technology. The relative complexity of this technology also makes it inap- propriate for use in the small load centers being considered. Cost per kWh would be highly variable with fuel cost and system design. D - 27 WOOD FIRED STEAM TURBINE GENERATION General Description This technology consists of firing a steam boiler with hogged or chipped wood fuel. Resultant steam is expanded through a turbo-generator for the production of electric power. The steam boiler would require automatic feed, combustion control, ash removal, etc. A "low technology" assembly is envi- sioned for the purpose of this work (steam at approximately 200 psi and 500°F). Heat from the condensate return leg may be extracted for use as building space heat or utilized in a closed rankine cycle turbine for addi- tional electric generation. (See Generator Waste Heat Recovery and Closed Rankine Cycle Turbine, this Appendix). No known plants of the capacity envisioned in this work exist in the State of Alaska. Performance Characteristics Energy Quality: White spruce with moisture content of 40% burns at approximately 1100°F. Prime moving steam is envisioned (for this small scale operation) to be approximately 200 psi at 500°F. Generated elec- tricity would be high quality, conventional, 3- phase, A.C. Energy Quantity: Locally harvested timber to be supplied as re- quired. Dynamics: Fuel wood harvest most likely to occur in summer months. Transport may vary with community (overland in winter, barging or rafting in sum- mer). Specific harvest and transport operations would vary with each community. Reliability: 100% back-up is recommended. Existing diesel- electric equipment would suffice. Thermodynamic Large scale wood fired steam turbine generators Efficiency: should compare with equivalent sized coal equip- ment (approximately 30% efficient). The smaller scale units envisioned here would be more in the range of 15% to 18% efficient. D - 28 Economics Capital Cost Approximately $1,474,000 installed cost in remote (250 kW Unit): Arctic regions, or approximately $5,900 per in- stalled kW, for the typical generation capacity con- sidered here. Operations & Maintenance Costs: Approximately $248,000 per year. Economic Life: Approximately 30 years. Economics of Scale: Not applicable at study community level. Commu- nity intertie may be feasible which would make larger, centrally located plants more effective from a cost per kW basis. Special Requirements and Impacts Siting: Power plant should be located close to lighterage points but out of flood potential areas. Siting for asthetic value and to avoidance noise at the dis- cretion of local residents. Construction & Construction: Civil Operating Employ- Electrical ment by Skill: Pipe Fitting Equipment Operators Carpentry Operations: Licensed boiler operators Electrical Environmental The residuals of combustion (ash, etc.) must be Residuals: disposed of in an environmentally acceptable man- ner; Probably burial. Stack emissions controls for wood fired generation equipment could be a burdensome capital cost if regulation was exces- sive. Health & Stack emissions are not likely to excessive adverse Safety Aspects: effect on the communities due to limited quantities and fairly continuous air movement in the region. Properly disposed by-products of combustion should pose no health problems. Steam boilers are however, more prone to blow-ups than are the currently used diesel-electric systems, endangering operators and others any nearby. D - 29 Summary and Critical Discussion Wood fired steam turbine generation of the capacity required of the study communities is unproven in the Arctic. Although some component parts are off-the-shelf, wood fired steam boilers are to a certain extent still in a "re- emergent technology" stage. The high cost per installed kW coupled with high maintenance and operations costs will hinder implementation of this technology. The relative complexity of this technology makes it inappropri- ate for use in the small load centers being considered herein. Cost per kWh would be highly variable with fuel cost and system design. The current cost of raw wood fuel in Kaltag and Elim is approximately $90.00 per cord ($5.80/MMBtu). D - 30 WOOD-GAS GENERATION General Description This technology involves gasifying locally harvested fuel wood, with pro- ducer gas subsequently untilized in modified diesel-electric equipment for power generation. Wood to gas conversion was widely used in some Euro- pean countries during World War || when petroleum fuels were drastically rationed. A substantial amount of automobiles at that time were powered by wood-gas equipment. Although this technology may be considered reemer- gent, and a broad base of previous experience and designs may be drawn from, the concept is yet to be tested in the Arctic Alaska environment. Performance Characteristics Energy Quality: Producer gas burns at approximately 2500°F. Energy Quantity: Harvested and utilized as required in Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim. Dynamics: Harvest and transport of fuel wood to be tailored to meet the needs of the community. Resultant power generation is on a year-round basis. Reliability: Reliability of this technology is unproven in Arctic climes and is considered by the authors to be somewhat low. 100% back-up is recommended. No Producer gas storage is required. Wood storage would be required in an amount necessary to meet community harvest and transport schedule. Thermodynamic Efficiency: Efficiency is approximately 21%. Economics Capital Cost Approximately $1,567,500 installed cost in remote (250 kW unit): Arctic regions, or $6,300 per installed kW for the typical generation unit considered here. Operations & Maintenance Costs: Approximately $258,000 per year. D- 31 Economic Life: 20 years. Economics of Scale: Economics of scale would not have a significant im- Pact at the level of the study communities. If community intertie is feasible, larger, centrally located power plants would benefit from economy of scale. Special Requirements and Impacts Siting: Power plants should be located close to a lighter- age point but out of flood potential areas. Siting for asthetic value and noise avoidance at the dis- cretion of local residents. Construction & Construction: Civil Operating Employ- Electrical ment by Skill: Pipe Fitting Equipment Operators Carpentry Operations: Equipment operators with skills in maintenance and operations of gas- ification and diesel-electric equip- ment. Environmental The residuals of combustion (ash, etc.) must be Residuals: disposed of in an environmentally acceptable man- ner; probably burial. By-product tars pose the most difficult problem in disposal. Gasifiers claim- ing to consume "ali" tars are available but should be thoroughly tested before installation. Health & Producer gas is toxic and would require care to Safety Aspects: Prevent contact with operators. Improperly dis- posed residual tar could affect the local drinking water supply. Summary and Critical Discussion Wood-gas electric generation of the capacity required of the study commu- nities is unproven in the Arctic. The high capital and operations costs coupled with the complexity of this technology will hinder its implementation. Technical problems which must be overcome include disposal of residual tars, and complexity of operations. The cost per kWh is highly variable with fuel cost and system design. D - 32 The current cost of raw fuel in Kaltag and Elim is approximately $90.00 per cord ($5.80/MMBtu). D - 33 BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION (ENVELOPE) General Description Conservation of energy through upgrade of building envelopes consists of the reduction of thermal energy loss from the interior of buildings to the exterior (Arctic climes) through the addition of mass to critical building envelope components. Total buiding heat loss is the sum of the following component heat losses with the first three usually being lumped under the banner "conduction". ° Conduction ° Convection ° Radiation Infiltration The primary methods for achieving heat loss reduction in existing buildings are as follows: Weather stripping and caulking to reduce infiltration/exfiltration losses. ° Addition of thermal insulation materials to ceilings, walls and floors. ° Addition of thermal pane windows ° Additions of arctic entries Addition of superior grade vapor barriers (new construction) It is apparent from the above list of possibilities, that implementation of this technology may be addressed from an incremental standpoint (as in Building mechanical and electrical conservation), allowing a building owner to tailor his capital expenditures to those items deemed economic in light of current and future projected thermal fuel costs. D - 34 The RurAL CAP weatherization Program has successfully demonstrated this technology in several communities in Northwest Alaska. Many new structure in the Region have many of the above referenced features incorporated dur- ing initial construction. Performance Characteristics ence Naracteristics Energy Quality: Less than 90°F air Energy Quantity: Typically up to 30% of heating load. Dynamics: Reflected by distribution of annual heating season and daily temperature/wind variations. Reliablility: Very high. Improper installation however, may cause envelope degradination over time. Thermodynamic Typically up to approximately 30% of heating load Efficiency: may be saved using this technology on existing building stock. Economics Capital Costs: Dependent on building size, condition and the ex- tent of weatherization. Typical costs for rural residential weatherization are as follows: Capital: $1.25/square foot Maintenance: $0.05/square foot-year Typical for 800 Square foot residence: Capital: $1,000 Maintenance: $40 per year Economic Life: 20 years or remaining life of structure. Economics of Scale: This technology is not significantly impacted by scale. Special Requirements and Impacts Construction Employment General Labor by Skill: Carpentry D - 35 Environmental Residuals: None Health & In general, there is little detremental effect in this Safety Aspects: area other than some specific materials which are less fire resistant than others. Summary and Critical Discussion Cost per million Btu is highly item and building specific. The more common method of economic evaluation is to establish the current and future fuel cost per million Btu than incrementally evaluate various possible items on a build- ing specific basis. The primary advantage of this technology is inherent in it's low captial cost requirements, and lack of complex maintenance and oper- ations procedures. Again, the decentralized and incremental aspects of this technology allow it to be implemented on an individual basis, tailored to indi- vidual captial budgeting requirements. D - 36 WOOD FOR SPACE HEAT General Description Conversion of wood to space heating energy is now experiencing revitalized interest in three of the four study communities (Kaltag, White Mountain, and Elim). Primary current interest in this technology is residential space heat (all three communities) and commercial and public agencies space heat (Kaltag). It should be noted that approximately 1/2 of all fuel consumed for space heat in Kaltag and Elim by Btu value is wood. (See Section 3.2, Energy Balance). This conversion from high cost fuel for residential use to wood was accomplished quickly and with little outside assistance for three basic reasons as follows: ° Low capital cost of conversion to wood fuel use. ° Ease of maintenance and operations. ° Relative ease of access to wood fuel supply. Primary elements of thermal wood use include the furnace or stove, and stack for residences. Larger applications such as those required for school conversion would include boilers, controls, automatic feed, and possible new utility buildings where available interior mechanical room space is limited. Performance Characteristics Energy Quality: Local White spruce with a moisture content of 20% burns at approximately 1000°F. Energy Quantity: As required in Kaltag, White Mountain, and Elim for residential and commercial structures. Dynamics: Wood fuel available as required in Kaltag, White Mountain, and Elim. Season of harvest varies with community. D - 37 Reliability: Thermodynamic Efficiency: Economics Capital Cost: Maintenance & Operations: Economic Life: Economics of Scale: Special Requirements and Siting: 1 Includes installation, utility building. No back-up is required if delivery of fuel is assured. Larger structures, such as_ schools, would probably require 100% back-up. Existing heating plants would suffice for back-up or dual fuel equipment could be utilized. Many residences in Kaltag have no back-up. No storage facilities were noted in the study communities. Small residential type wood burning equipment is approximately 40% to 60% efficient. (50% efficiency used for this work). Larger scale wood burning equipment required of institutional structures operate at approximately 65% efficiency. Residential: $ 2,000.00 Small Commercial: $ 3,500.00 Institutional: + $37,170.00 Residential: $ 300.00/year Small Commercial and Municipal: $ 600.00/year Institutional: $ 5,500.00/year 20 Years Under the assumption that a new rural high school has approximately 10 times the square footage of an average residence, scale has a negative impact on cost due to the complexity of equipment, instal- lation and controls, as well as higher wage scales and skill levels required for larger structures Impacts Wood fired space heating equipment is required to be sited in the facility utilizing the heat. Large institutional facilities being retrofitted with this equipment may likely require a small external util- ity building due to spatial constraints and safety factors. modification to existing heating system, and new D - 38 Construction & Operating Employ- by Skill: Environmental Residuals: Health & Safety Aspects: Residential and smaller commercial wood burning equipment installation requires minimal skills in carpentry and may be accomplished by individual home owners. Operations and maintenance re- quires no special skills. Wood burning furnaces and boilers required of larger institutional facilities would require skilled labor in the following areas: Carpentry Sheet Metal Pipe Fitting Equipment Operator Electrical Labor Operations and maintenance of larger equipment would be within the skill level of current institu- tional maintenance staff on a local and regional level. Wood ash disposal would be required of wood burn- equipment; probably by burial. No special re- quirements for stack emissions have been identi- fied. Current wood harvest and transport in Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim is sporatic in nature, which contributes to low aesthetic and ecosystem degradation. Increased use over time, and any implementation of commercial type harvest and transport methods would cause increased envi- ronmental effects. The use of wood fired heating equipment presents a higher risk of accidental fire than does fuel oil use, although it has not been quantified here. Stack emission from wood fired equipment would probably not have a significant affect on the com- munity due to low population density and windy climate. Wood harvest would present health and safety hazards similar to those encountered in wood har- vest operations elsewhere, and as are now encoun- tered during wood harvest in the study area, depending on the size of the operation. D - 39 Summary and Critical Discussion The cost per million Btu of raw fuel wood harvested and delivered by local residents in Kaltag and Elim is currently, approximately $90.00 per cord ($5.80/10® Btu). The authors feel, that expanded utilization of wood resources and technol- ogies will not only decrease the study communities dependence on high cost imported fuels in favor of local economic resources, but could also provide a stimulous for increased economic activity. The relative complexity falls well within the means of local residents as may be witnessed by current utiliza- tion of wood resources. As _ stated previously, low capital cost, ease of operations and maintenance, and ease of harvest and transport combine to make this alternative fuel the most widely utilized with the study region. D - 40 COAL FOR SPACE HEAT General Description The conversion of coal to space heating energy is quite similar to the con- version of liquid petroleum fuel to thermal energy. Coal is burned in boilers, furnaces, or stoves. Heat is transferred to the point of use by water or air mediums, or radiated directly to the living space as in smaller units. Coal was utilized historically in the study region before the arrival of cheaper petroleum fuels. Coal was mined locally within the region as well as having been imported. Importation of coal from the west coast of the U.S. and Canada remains an option which could be implemented on short notice although expensive (approximately $230/ton or $9.20 per million Btu)! or regional sources of coal may, in the future, be utilized. Feasibility of this option in Northwest Alaska now being addressed by Dames & Moore under contract to the Alaska Power Authority. The results of that work will have great significance on the work undertaken herein. Performance Characteristics Energy Quality: Subbituminous coal burns at approximately 1200°F. Energy Quantity: As required by importation. Availability of local sources is being determined by Dames & Moore at this time. Dynamics: Coal would be transported to the point of use on an annual basis. Reliability: No back-up is required for smaller structures, if coal delivery can be assured. Back-up is recom- mended for larger structures. Back-up may also be accomplished by installation of dual-fuel assem- blies. Storage should be available for one-year's supply of coal. 1 Bituminous coal from Utah, palletized in 100-pound sacks, includes freight from Seattle to Nome. (Personal communication with Corky Davis, Corky Davis, Ltd., Seattle coal distributor). D- 41 Thermodynamic Efficiency: Economics Capital Cost: Maintenance & Operations Costs: Economic Life: Economics of Scale: Special Requirements and Small residential type coal burning equipment is approximately 40% to 60% efficient. (50% efficiency assumed for this work). Larger scale coal burning equipment required of institutional structures operate typically at 65%. Residential: $ 2,000.00 Small Commercial and Municipal: $ 3,500.00 Institutional: $37,170.00 Residential: $ 300/year, self maintained Small Commercial and Municipal: $ 600/year Institutional: $5,500/year 20 Years Under the assumption that a new rural high school has approximately 10 times the square footage of an average residence, scale has a negative impact on the cost due to the complexity of equipment, installation and controls, as well as higher wage scales and skill levels required. Within the range of larger structures (schools), economy of scale would be evident although not pronounced. Impacts Construction & Operating Employ- ment by Skill: 1 Includes installation, utility buildings. Residential and smaller commercial coal burning equipment installation requires minimal skills in carpentry and may be accomplished by individual home owners. Operations and maintenance re- quires no special skills. modification to existing heating systems and new D - 42 Construction & Coal furnaces and boilers required of larger insti- Operating Employ- tutional facilities would require skilled labor in the ment by Skill following: [Continued]: Carpentry Sheet Metal Pipe Fitting Equipment Operator Electrical Labor Operations and maintenance of this equipment would be within the skill level of current institu- tional maintenance staff at the local and regional level. Occasional outside maintenance help would be required. Environmental Disposal of ash, clinkers, etc. would be required. Residuals: This would probably be accomplished by burial. No special scrubbing requirements for stack emis- sions for space heating equipment (as in electric power generation) have been identified. Coal ex- traction from within the region would require the opening and operation of a small strip or under- ground mine with attendent land and water distur- bance. Health & The use of coal fired heating equipment presents a Safety Aspects: higher risk of accidental fire than does fuel oil use although is has not been quantified here. Stack emission from coal fired equipment would probably not have significant effect on the commu- nity due to low population density and windy cli- mate. Coal extraction at a regional level would present health and safety hazards similar to those encoun- tered in the lower 48 mining. Safety hazards would be increased due to cold weather operations. Summary and Critical Discussion This technology is not new to the study area but rather, would be a return to a previously utilized energy source. The primary advantages of this tech- nology are relatively low capital cost of conversion (especially for small structures) and ease of operation. Should extraction of regional coal re- sources be feasible than the lowering dependence on imported petroleum fuels in favor of local resources would be augmented by increased local employment D - 43 and a more diversified economic base. The extraction and transportation of coal to the communities will remain the largest obstacle to development of this technology. D - 44 APPENDIX E HYDROPOWER INFORMATION From: NORTHWEST ALASKA SMALL HYDROPOWER RECONNAISSANCE STUDY (Draft) 1981 By: OTT WATER ENGINEERS For: U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 6.7.11.9.3 Design Information Description of Plan: Plan One - South Tributary of Kaltag River to Kaltag , Reference Figures: Diversion Design Flow (CFS): 15.9 ~ Quantity and Type of Turbines: Installed Capacity (kW): 115 Average Annual Hydroelectric Production (mWh): 262 Average Annual Plant Factor: 0.26 1990 Annual Demand (mWh): 553 Environmental Constraints: Cost: Cost Item Unit Qty Cost/Unit ($1000) 1 10'x280' diversion L.S. 1 457,200 457.2 2 Canal and Flume ft. 0 ; 0 3 Penstock ft. 6000 65 290.0 4 Turbine, Gener- ator, Valves, — Switchgear kW 115 3900 103.5 5 24'x24' Power- house ; sq.ft. 576 120 69.1 6 Transmission . Line . mi. 4.2 40,000 168 7 Winter Haul Road mi. 6.4 ~- 20,000 128 Subtotal 1315.8 8 Mobilization, Demobilization, 7 : Contractor's Profit @ 30% ; 394.7 Subtotal 1710.5 9 Geographic Index Factor, 1.06 1813.2 Total Construction Cost 3523.7 10 Contingencies @ 203% > 704.7 7 11 Planning and Engineering @ 163 563.8 TOTAL PROJECT COST 4792.2 Loe ode TaN Pra ite FIGURE: . -Kaltag Hydro S o Ye ev Vem “ e - Ne a PENSTOCK — — — — TRANSMISSION LINE see * WATERSHED BNDRY. ~—--++—-— FLUME & CANAL 6.7.11.9.1 Streamflow Information Stream: South Tributary of Kaltag River Location of Dam: Lat. Long. Elevation of Dam Above MSL: 400 ft. Net Head (ft.}): 100 ft. Drainage Area: 16.4 sq. mi. 50 Percentile 80 Percentile Month Flow (CFS) Flow (CFS) , Jan 0.4 0.8 : Feb 0.3 0.5 Mar 0.3 0.4 | Apr 0.3 0.5 | May 30 50 | Jun 25 40 Jul 15 30 | Aug 13 32 Sep 15 22 Oct : 6 3 Dec 0.6 1.3 Mean 9.0 15.9 POTENTIAL ENERGY (KILOWATTS 80 TH PERCENTILE 50 TH PERCENTILE FIGURE SOUTH TRIBUTARY TO KALTAG_ RIVER ort NEAR KALTAG or a —E - 4 Description of Plan: Plan Five - Eagle Creek to Golovin and White Mountain _ Reference Figures: Diversion Design Flow (CFS): 49.2 Quantity and Type of Turbines: Installed Capacity (kW): 319 . Average Annual Hydroelectric Production (mWh): 670 { 6.7.9.9.9 Design Information Average Annual Plant Factor: 0.24 1990 Annual Demand (mWh): 1166 Environmental Constraints: ' Cost: | Cost | Item Unit Qty Cost/Unit ($1000) | 1 10'x170' diversion L.S. 1 277,600 277.6 | 2 Canal and Flume ft. 9200 53 487.6 3 Penstock ft. 1300 106 137.8 | 4 Turbine, Gener- ator, Valves, Switchgear kw 319 900 287.1 5 30'x24' Power- ' house sq.ft. 720 120 86.4 6 Transmission : Line * mi. 29 40,000 1160 7 Winter Haul Road mi. 7 20,000 140 Subtotal 2576.5 8 Mobilization, Demobilization, Contractor's Profit @ 30% 773.0 Subtotal 3349.5 9 Geographic Index Factor, 0.87 2914.0 Total Construction Cost 6263.5 10 Contingencies @ 20% 1252.7 11 Planning and Engineering @ 16% 1002.2 TOTAL PROJECT COST 8518.4 WT ats yg . Sp ALLS "OT s Pe a a zt =} ‘ WATERSHED BNORY. DAM cee ewe C FIGURE FLUME & CANAL PENSTOCK —_— — — TRANSMISSION LIN White Mountain & Golovin Hydro Sites POWERHOUSE ACCESS ROAD " I 9) !! I 6.7.9.9.3 Streamflow Information Stream: Eagle Creek - Location of Dam: Lat. Elevation of Dam Above MSL: Net Head (ft.) Drainage Area: Month Jan Feb Mar May Jun Jul Aug ' Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean : 90 ft. 30.3 sq. mi. 50 Percentile Long. 280 ft. 80 Percentile Flow (CFS) Flow (CFS) 6 8 4 6 2 5 2 5 160 240 180 420 110 145 85 110 135 180 85 120 35 — 50 10 15 67.8 108.7 OTT FIGURE EAGLE CREEK NEAR GOLOVNIN AND WHITE MOUNTAIN tJ 9 SLLVMOMX) ADYANS WILN3LOd 6.7.7.9.5 Design Information Description of Plan: Plan Two - Quiktalik Creek to Elim Reference Figures: Diversion Design Flow (CFS): 22.7 Quantity and Type of Turbines: Installed Capacity (kW): 131 Average Annual Hydroelectric Production (mWh): 374 Average Annual Plant Factor: 0.33 1990 Annual Demand (mWh): 769 Environmental Constraints: Cost: | . Cost | Item ; Unit Qty Cost/Unit ($1000) | 1 10'x200' diversion L.S. 1 326,600 326.6 2 Canal and Flume ft. . 0 0 i 3 Penstock ft. 6000 72 432 4 Turbine, Gener- i ator, Valves, | Switchgear kW 131 900 117.9 5 24'x24' Power- house sq.ft. 576 120 69.1 6 Transmission. — \ Line’ mi. 1.5 40,000 60 7 Winter Haul Road mi. 1.1 20,000 22 Subtotal 1027.6 8 Mobilization, Demobilization, Contractor's Profit @ 30% 308.3 Subtotal 1335.9 9 Geographic Index Factor, 0.83 - 1108.8 Total Construction Cost 2444.7 10 Contingencies @ 20% : 488.9 | 11 Planning and Engineering @ 16% 391.2 | : TOTAL PROJECT COST 3324.8 | sss * * WATERSHED BNDRY. ~~ DAM = _FLUME & CANAL PENSTOCK — — — — TRANSMISSION LINE POWERHOUSE SaaS <= 2 = “* QUIKTARIK CREEK: - FIGURE Elim Hydro Sites 10 Ser ae ttm, ae eo 6.7.7.9.2 Streamflow Information Stream: Quiktalik Creek Location of Dam: Lat. Long. Elevation of Dam Above MSL: Net Head (ft.): 80 ft. Drainage Area: 6.0 sq. mi. 50 Percentile 80 Percentile Month _Flow (CFS) Flow (CFS) Jan 2.6 3.2 Feb 2.1 2.6 Mar ed 2.6 Apr 2.6 3.2 May 32 . 47 Jun 53 68 Jul 26 , 34 Aug 16 18 Sep 26 4] Oct 24 37 Nov ; 5 5.8 Dec 3.7 4.2 Mean 16.3 - 22.7 APPENDIX F LETTERS OF COMMENT Department Of Energy Alaska Power Administration P.O. Box 50 Juneau, Alaska 99802 March 16, 1981 Mr. Eric Yould, Executive Director Alaska Power Authority bea 333 W. 4th Avenue - Suite 31 a Anchorage, AK 99501 PLEA POs ad oe well Dear Mr. Yould: We have four draft reports on Alaska Power Authority studies for which you are asking comments on March 16: 1) " Reconnaissance Study of Alternatives for Akhiok, King Cove, Larsen Bay, Old Habor, Ouzinkie and Sand Point - CHM Hill 2) Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements and Alternatives ; for Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim - Holden and Associates. 3) Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements and Alternatives for Togiak, Goodnews Bay, Scammon Bay and Grayling - Northern Technical Services and VanGulik & Associates 4) Tanana Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements and Alter- natives - Marks Engineering/Brown & Root Inc. I regret that we have only been able to make brief reviews of these reports, and therefore our comments are perhaps less complete and thoughtful than we would like. The central finding is that there are very few apparent alternatives to continue use of diesel electric power systems for the villages covered, and also limited options for backing out the use of oil and oil for other energy uses in these villages. With this in mind, continual efforts towards maximizing efficiency in the diesel electric systems-- including waste heat application--as well as means to improve efficiency of energy use probably amount to the priority areas for future work. I was quite surprised that the studies made little use of previous reports/investigations/experience for remote villages. Particularly on the diesel systems, the data in the reports does not seem to recognize best current practice for remote communities in Alaska. Such things as fuel storage requirements and costs, matching size of machines to load in a manner that optimizes efficiency, and basic O&M requirements seem very weak. The CH)M Hill report does not appear to make allowance for future escalation in fuel costs, hence the comparison between oil-fuel gener- ation and the alternatives may be very misleading. Some additional staff comments on the reports are enclosed. We appreciate the opportunity to comment. Sincerely, ’ Robert J. Cross KA ‘Administrator 4 Enclosure Comments on Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements and Alternatives for Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim The study is a comprehensive presentation of energy needs in that it addresses future electric power, heating, and transportation energy. It is well organized. Projected electric power increase of 5 to 10 percent per year may be high for the entire 1981-2001 period. This is judgment based on the economies of éach of the towns being limited by local natural resources and heavily dependent on financial assistance. The recent work by Ott Water Engineers for the Corps of Engineers is referenced as the basis of hydro project information but the support data and plans are not included. There is not enough information about items such as hydrology to evaluate the hydro potentials mentioned. It would be desirable to include a description of our site evaluations in the January 1979 AVEC report as well as the extent of on-site visits and work done since then, such as stream gaging and on-site topographic and geologic evaluation. In our opinion, the hydropower costs may be overestimated, and if they are not, there is little likelihood of hydroelectric project economic feasibility. We would expect that somewhat less sophisticated and much less capital intensive projects could be developed and agree a longer repayment such as the suggested 30-year life criteria may be appropriate. A comprehensive wood resource analysis is recommended (p. 115). This has been accomplished for Elim (which may also be applicable for White Mountain) by the USDI, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Juneau Area Office, Attn: Steve Price, P.O. Box 3-8000, Juneau, AK 99802; in: Forest Resources of the Norton Bay Native Reserve, Alaska 1973, Willam J. Zufelt, and: Five Year Logging Plan and Supporting Data from the Kwinuik Native Association of Elim, Alaska 1975, Attn: Steve Price. Specific data on wood resources is available for the general area at the USFS, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Attn: Jim LaBau, Suite 106, Northern Lights Blvd., Anchorage, AK 99504. Additional forest resource data may be available from the Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage; Institute of Northern Forestry, Fairbanks; Forest Service, Anchorage and Juneau; and the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. The statement that hydroelectric projects are "labor-intensive" (p. 118) should be "capital intensive". RESPONSES TO DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REVIEW COMMENTS (March 16, 1981) Only the residential consumer class is projected to increase at 10% per year and this rate of increase is expected only in the span of time between 1985 and 1990. We feel this increase is reflected in currently changing lifestyles. For instance, as government and private housing increases a streamlining of the traditionally large family unit to a "nuclear" family unit will continue. Newer government housing also has noticeably more opportunity to consume electricity. Housing units are increasing in size with a more than propor- tional increase in electricity consuming devices, such as lights, forced air furnaces, refrigerators, etc., being installed during construction (see Sec- tion 4.4.1). We believe that the combination of increased housing space per capita due to increased housing unit size and decreased family size will have worked itself through the communities coincident with appliance saturation. Our estimate of that time is 1990. Appropriate sections of the OTT Water Engineers' report Northwest Alaska Small Hydropower Reconnaissance Study (Draft), 1981, have been added as Appendix E. It is our opinion also that not enough information about hydrology is known to accurately access the actual hydropotential. This is reflected in our recommendations. The hydropower costs used in the analysis presented herein are from OTT Water Engineers' report mentioned above. OTT Water Engineers' cost, power and energy availability data were incorporated into this analysis of multiple alternatives as per the Alaska Power Authority's instructions. Several references to wood resource information were given in Department of Energy's (DOE) letter. We would like to thank the DOE for supplying this information and also for their review of our work. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY a ALASKA DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS P.O. BOX 7002 ANCHORAGE. ALASKA 99510 REPLY TO 17MAR 1981 ATTENTION OF: NPAEN-PL-R RECEIVED Eric P. Yould, Executive Director (4a? 18 1981 Alaska Power Authority : 333 West 4th Avenue, Suite 31 PLES POWER oe ITY Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Dear Mr. Yould: Our review of the draft report entitled Reconnaissance Study of Ener Requirements and Alternatives for Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim has been completed. The Corps of Engineers currently has a contract with Ott Water Engineers, Inc. to conduct a reconnaissance study for small hydropower potential in Northwest Alaska. Kaltag, Elim and Eagle Creek, near White Mountain are among the communities evaluated in this study. The findings of the study were used to provide the following comments. a. We partially agree with your contractor's recommendation that hydroelectric potentials be reexamined, particularly the creek at Elim and Quiktalik Creek, near Elim, using varying economic constraints. However, Kaltag and Eagle Creek do not appear to have the potential needed to justify further evaluation. b. Applying 30, 40 and 50-year capital amortization periods along with various fuel cost assumptions could lift certain marginally unfeasible projects, such as Elim, to economic feasibility. c. The creek at Elim and Quiktalik Creek, have benefit-cost ratios of 0.92 and 0.76 respectively, and could become feasible with your proposed economic analyses. : d. Ott Water Engineers recommended in their reconnaissance study for Northwest Alaska that reconnaissance geotechnical investigations be performed at Elim. They felt that if diversion structure construction costs could be significantly reduced below those estimates in the study, the potential benefit-cost ratio should be reevaluated. 147 MAR 1981 NPAEN-PL-R Eric P. Yould, Executive Director e. Kaltag and Eagle Creek have benefit-cost ratios less than 0.5, making it doubtful that more liberal economic analyses would produce favorable benefit-cost ratios. Upon our receipt of Ott Water's final report, scheduled for April 1981, we will forward a copy for your information. If you have any questions regarding our comments please contact Mr. Dale Olson at 752-3461. Sincerely, Chief, Engineering Division RESPONSE TO CORPS OF ENGINEERS REVIEW COMMENTS (March 17, 1981) We have reviewed our analysis and recommendations for hydroelectric options at Kaltag, White Mountain and Elim. Subsequently, our recommendations have been altered somewhat. We agree with the Corps of Engineers' comments that Eagle Creek does not appear to have the potential needed to justify further evaluation. Our recommendations have been changed to reflect this. We also agree with the Corps of Engineers' view that the hydro potential at Elim may be feasible and we have recommended further investigation. Our primary concern at this reconnaissance level is in the lack of on-the- ground hydrologic data from which to base energy and power estimates. The difference between actual conditions and statistically derived estimates may overshadow potential differences resulting from economic analysis param- eter variation. We have, therefore, recommended reconnaissance geotechnical evaluations of the Elim and Kaltag hydro sites to fine tune hydrologic and cost data. The Corps of Engineers indicated that Kaltag would not likely benefit from reevaluation using different economic parameters. With this we agree, how- ever, for reasons stated above we feel Kaltag may benefit from a geotech- nical evaluation to verify stream flow assumptions. 701 C St. Rox 43 Anchorage, Alaska 99513 RECLIVED March 6, 1981 iJAR 190 1981 WUE POWEs ASTSORITY Mr. Eric P. Yould Alaska Power Authority 333 West 4th Avenue, Suite 31 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Dear Mr. Yould: We have reviewed the draft report for the reconnaissance study of energy requirements and alternatives for Kaltag, Savoonga, White Mountain and Elim. We have no comments to offer at this time. However, as plans for the various energy alternatives become more finalized we would like the opportunity to review them. Sincerely, » \ Uv ‘Ronald J/ Morris Supervisor, Anchorage Field Office U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrat.ur Nattonal Marine Fishertes Service 9° APPENDIX G BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Akeya, Norman; Verbal communications concerning Savoonga; November 1980. Akeya, Shirlee; Verbal communications concerning Savoonga; November 1980. Alaska, State of, Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Divi- sion of Energy and Power Development; 1979 Community Energy Survey; 1979. Alaska Center for Policy Studies; Energy Alternatives for the Railbelt; Alaska State Legislature, House Power Alternatives Study Committee; August 1980. Applied Economics Associates; State of Alaska Long Term Energy Plan (Draft); State of Alaska, Department of Commerce and Economic Devel- opment, Division of Energy and Power Development; April 1981. Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center; Weather Statistics Data, 1980. 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Young, Arthur and Company; A Discussion of Considerations Pertaining to Rural Energy Policy Options; State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Division of Energy and Power Development; April 1979. PROPERTY OF: Alaska Power Authority 834 W. 5th Ave. Anchorage, Alaska 99501