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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSheldon Point Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 5-1981VIL-R 004 Sheldon OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS & ALTERNATIVES FOR SHELDON POINT INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. A MORRISON-KNUDSEN COMPANY ROBERT W. RETHERFORD ASSOCIATES DIVISION SHELDON POINT SUPPLEMENT TO RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR BUCKLAND, CHUATHBALUK, CROOKED CREEK HUGHES, KOYUKUK, NIKOLAI, RED DEVIL, RUSSIAN MISSION, SHELDON POINT, SLEETMUTE, STONY RIVER, TAKOTNA AND TELIDA MAY 1981 Prepared by: Robert W. Retherford Associates Arctic: Division of International Engineering Co., Inc. Anchorage, Alaska For the State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development Division of Alaska Power Authority 333 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Under Contract No. AS44.56.010 APA 20/T1l This report was prepared by: Robert W. Retherford Associates Arctic Division of International Engineering Company R.W. Retherford, P.E. Frank J. Bettine, E.I.T. James J. Lard, E.1.T. Mark Latour, Economist Illustrations on the front cover were prepared and sketched by Kathryn L. Langman. These illustrations portray several energy resource alternatives investigated for the Thirteen Villages included in this study. APA 20/T2 Section a no fF WD HE APPENDIX A APA*32C1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary and Results Recommendations Existing Conditions and Energy Balance Energy Requirements Forecast Resource and Technology Assessment Energy Plans Description of Selected Technologies Lad 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 SECTION 1 SUMMARY AND RESULTS APA*32C2 SECTION 1 SUMMARY AND RESULTS A. SUMMARY A study was recently conducted under contract number AS44.56.010 for the State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Divi- sion of Alaska Power Authority to determine the energy alternatives for Thirteen Western Alaskan Villages. This study consists of establishing the following: Energy Balance for 1979 Existing Power and Heating Facilities - 1980 Electric Power Requirements to the year 2000 Space Heating Requirement to the year 2000 Potential Energy and Electric Power Resources Evaluation of the Electric Power Resources Recommendations for the development or future studies for the 13 Western Alaskan villages of Buckland, Hughes, Koyukuk, Telida, Nikolai, Takotna, Stony River, Sleetmute, Red Devil, Crooked Creek, Chuathbaluk, Russian Mission and Sheldon Point (See Figure 1.1). The Sheldon Point supplement represents a brief summary of the most pertinent facts and findings contained in the original report which relate to the village of Sheldon Point. Detailed data concerning the village may be obtained by referring to the original report. Diesel fuels are presently used to satisfy the major percentage of energy demands in the village. Emphasis in the study was therefore placed on possible resources and technologies that could replace or at least supple- ment the use of increasingly costly fuel oi1. The energy alternatives which were selected for detailed evaluation in the village of Sheldon Point include: ? 1) Diesel generation 2) Waste Heat Recovery 3) Binary Cycle generation using coal fuel 4) Wind generation 5) Passive solar heating 6) Energy conservation 1 See Appendix A for brief description of technologies listed. 1-1 APA*3211 BARROW OCkay Nootek River / é 1 BUCKLAND / ¥ 2 HUGHES / “ 3. KOYUKUK / wey \ 4 RUSSIAN MISSION a Severg PX on ee 5 SHELDON POINT ao Peninsity 1 River ac ole 6 CHUATHBALUK a-— oe Roy *\3 335" r fda \ 7 CROOKED CREEK vs NOME 8 NIKOLAI 3 1S Snone | 9 RED DEVIL bory é Pron _g Yuton Tanana Platcy 10 SLEETMUTE € | 11 STONY RIVER S Lote 12 TAKOTNA Alas a7 rf, Miachuming °**® Rangy \ 13, TELIDA 5 ‘ scfm 13 ; ws °8- ¢ [Sestak E600 Oisries ¢ ‘er Te Orange v ‘ . River | 73 | Pale, Mouse’, Basin ire, ‘ oF INK. 00, a KD a oS NE yg dts ome we) " BETHEL g © v ANCHORAGE \ < Tihehh yy ae 9 ce a Lotes wt gatt = & =>_ ae oy op & of YAKUTAT q : CG Y Guilt of Aloske v 2 Bristos BOY KODIAK . pACIFIC OCEAN gas ev? C8 My, 4 FIGURE 1.1 OSE S ° ALASKA MAP 13 WESTERN VILLAGES sit oO SECTION 1 SUMMARY AND RESULTS To obtain a comprehensive understanding of future energy requirements for the village, a control year - 1979 - was established from which all projections have been made. Information related to village history, population and economic conditions, plus information regarding village government, transportation, power and heating facilities, fuel require- ments, etc., was collected to provide the necessary background data to support these projections. B. EVALUATION RESULTS 1. Economics Table 1.1 is a summary of the 20-year economic evaluation performed for the combination of alternatives (i.e., energy plans) selected for detailed study for Sheldon Point. This Table lists the accumulated present worth of plan costs and the accumulated present worth of the net benefits derived from non-electrical outputs, where: . 1) Plan costs represent the cost for providing electrical generation, and 2) Net benefits represent the savings derived from waste heat capture or surplus hydroelectric energy used for electric heating. a. Twenty Year Evaluation Results Results of the 20-year economic evaluation indicate that the use of diesel with waste heat recovery to be most economical energy plan examined for Sheldon Point. The diesel generation plus binary generation with waste heat energy plan averaged approximately 5 percent greater cost than the diesel generation plus waste heat recovery plan for Sheldon Point. This small variation in cost between the two energy plans represents an insignificant difference in a reconnaissance level study, where costs cannot be precisely determined, and should not be construed to indicate a definite cost advantage of one plan over another. 1-3 APA*3213 vrl SHELDON POINT Table 1.1 Accumulated Present Worth of Plan Costs and Benefits ($1,000) Diesel Diesel & & Diesel Binary Cycle Diesel WECS PERIOD & & & | & Waste Heat Waste Heat Hydroelectric Waste Heat Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit - Cost-Benefit 20-year 2759-307.6 2892-274.0 N/A 3877-234.3 SECTION 1 SUMMARY AND RESULTS Wind generation employing individual wind generators for residential users is found to be the most expensive method of providing electrical energy for Sheldon Point. Passive solar and energy conservation have not been economically evaluated in detail and they are, therefore, not listed in Table 1.1. Numerous past studies have shown the value of conservation and passive solar heating. An approximate fifteen percent reduction in fossil fuel requirements due to the implementation of passive solar heating and energy conservation measures has been built into the village Heating Requirement Forecast Tables listed in Section 4. It is assumed that these two methods of reducing usage will be implemented in the. village. 2. Environmental and Technical Results of the environmental and technical evaluations are listed in Table 1.2. These results indicate the overall environmental and technical ranking of energy plans selected for detail study for the village of Sheldon Point, in order of preference to be: 1) diesel electric plus waste heat 2) diesel plus waste heat and supplemented with wind generation 3) ‘diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat APA*3215 9-L APA 2801 EVALUATION MATRIX Diesel + Diesel + Diesel + Waste Heat Table 1.2 Diesel Local Hydro Binary Generation Supplemental Electric w/wo Electric Coal and/or Wood Wind Factor + Waste Heat Heat With Waste Heat Generation (A) Economic (Present Worth) B - . C D (B) Environmental (1) Community Preference 9 - 4 5 (2) Infrastructure 3 7 5 6 (3) Timing 1 - 7 3 (4) Air Quality 4 - 5 3 (5) Water Quality 2 - 4 2 (6) Fish and Wildlife 2 - 4 1 (7) Land Use 2 = 4 3 (8) Terrestrial Impacts 2 ad 4 3 TOTAL 25 - 37 26 Environmental Ranking 1 - 3 2 (C) Technical (1) Safety 2 - 2 3 (2) Reliability 2 - 2 5 (3) Availability as si _8 3 TOTAL 5 7 12 11 TECHNICAL RANKING 1 7 3 2 OVERALL RANKING B-1 7 C-3 D-2 SECTION 2 RECOMMENDATIONS APA*3216 SECTION 2 RECOMMENDATIONS A. GENERAL Analysis of the 20-year economic, technical and environmental evalu- ations indicate the two most promising energy plans for the village of Sheldon Point in order of preference to be: 1) Continued use of diesel generation supplemented with waste heat recovery, 2) diesel plus binary cycle generation supplemented with waste heat recovery. B. RECOMMENDED PLAN - Diesel Generation Supplemented with Waste Heat Recovery. The 20-year economic, technical and environmental evaluation indicate that diesel generation with waste heat recovery will provide the most satisfactory method of providing electric energy for the village of Sheldon Point. It is recommended, therefore, that a study be conducted to determine the feasibility of utilizing waste heat in the village of Sheldon Point. Such a study should include a definitive review of the following items: 1) availability of waste heat 2) transportation of waste heat 3) end use of waste heat C. FIRST ALTERNATIVE PLAN - Diesel Plus Binary Cycle Generation Supple- mented With Waste Heat Recovery. The first alternative plan, as listed above, is diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat recovery. This plan averages approximately 5 Percent greater costs than the recommended plan (20-year economic evalu- ation). Because the uncertainties in the costs associated with this alternative, such as the cost of coal fuel, equipment cost, etc., which can not at present be as precisely determined as for the recommended plan, 2-1 SECTION 2 RECOMMENDATIONS it is conceivable that this alternative could be cost competitive with the alternative plan (i.e., diesel generation plus waste heat recovery). Because binary cycle generation is viewed as one of the few potentially viable energy alternatives, suitable for future use in remote Alaska villages such as Sheldon Point, it is recommended that the feasibility of binary cycle generation in Alaska be further investigated in regard to: 1) Equipment availability 2) Technical feasibility 3) Economic aspects 4) Environmental aspects 5) Constraints Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suitable for village appli- cation is, however, not expected to be available until the late 1980's. D. COSTS FOR FURTHER STUDY Approximate costs for determining of feasibility of the two most attractive energy resources for the village of Sheldon Point are: e Waste heat recovery - approximately $2500 e Binary cycle generation - approximately $2,000,000 which would include the cost of constructing and operating a demonstration plant in Alaska. E. CONSERVATION MEASURES For the village to stabilize and hopefully reduce the local cost of energy immediate short term conservation measures could provide the most rapid results. These conservation measures, which include added insulation, double glazing or solar film, arctic entrances, weather stripping, etc., can reduce current non-transportation fuel use on the order of 15 percent over the 20-year period of this study. 2-2 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE APA*3219 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE A. INTRODUCTION To establish a base and understanding of energy use in the village, an energy balance has been compiled for the year 1979. Input energy forms are diesel, wood, propane, blazo, gasoline, and aviation gasoline. Energy used in the village has been listed both by end use category (i.e., heating, transportation, and quantities used for electrical generation) and by consumer category to include residential, small commercial, public buildings, and large users (school), in the following table (Table numbered as in original report). To provide background data, information related to village history,. demographic and economic conditions plus information regarding village government, transportation, power and heating facilities is included. a. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION History: Sheldon Point is located in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta at the mouth of the Yukon River where Kwemeluk Pass runs into the Bering Sea, about 65 miles northwest of St. Mary's. This community is a relatively new Eskimo village, as no mention of this site is made prior to 1950 when the census recorded 44 inhabitants. Pursuant to the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, the village corporation is entitled to 92,160 acres. The regional Native corporation is the Calista Corporation. Population: The population has risen steadily since the original 1950 U.S. census. Census data showed 43 inhabi- tants in 1950, 110 in 1960 and 125 in 1970. The 1979 Municipal Services Revenue-Sharing Program report showed Sheldon Point's population as 147 residents. Population growth rate has averaged 4 percent since 1950. 3-1 APA*32110 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE According to the 1970 census, approximately 98 percent of the inhabitants were Natives. In 1979, the average number of members per household in the community was 4.3 persons. Government: Sheldon Point was incorporated as a second-class city in 1974. The city is governed by a mayor who is selected from the 7-member city council. For non-city programs and services, Sheldon Point's Native population is represented by a 5-member traditional council. Transportation: The location of Sheldon Point affords easy access by boat and barge during the summer months. Major barge lines deliver fuel and other bulk cargo to the city. Because there are no roads connecting Sheldon Point with other population centers, other cargo, Passengers and mail arrive by air. Snowmachines serve as the primary mode of transportation during winter Economy: Commercial fishing is the economic foundation of Sheldon Point. "Pick-up boats" from the Lower Yukon fish-buying companies come to the city to buy fish caught by the residents. Twenty-two salmon gillnet permits in Yukon District had been issued to the residents of Sheldon Point. Approximately ten year-round employment opportunities are provided from various private and public sector jobs: general store, post office, health clinic, airlines and school. APA*32111 APA*32112 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE Income from the above enterprises is supplemented by public assistance payments and by subsistence activities. Sheldon Point residents hunt beluga whale, seal, moose, waterfowl, rabbit and fish for salmon and other fish species. Additional income is obtained from trapping and the sale of pelts. ENERGY BALANCE (1979) Residential heating in Sheldon Point is accomplished with the use of both fuel oi] and driftwood. All other facil- ities use fuel of]. Heating requirements. account for 63.4 percent of the village energy usage. Transportation requires 18.1 percent and electric generation 18.5 percent of the village needs. Graph 3.5 illustrates by consumer category the types and percentages of energy forms used in the village. Table 3.5 tabularizes this data in addi- tional detail. EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES Electric Power: No centralized generation facility exists in Sheldon Point. A demonstration project to install individual wind generators at several residences is currently under way. The electrical requirement of the school and several public buildings is supplied by the school generators. No centralized generation facility is planned for the immediate future. APA*32113 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE Heating: Residential and small commercial heating are primarily with fuel oi], supplemented with driftwood. Heating of public buildings and the school is accom- plished with fuel oi]. Average consumption of fuel oil per residence is 490 gallons. Average annual consumption of wood is 4.5 cords per residence. Fuel Storage: Diesel, bulk fuel oi] storage capacity in the community (school + village) is approximately 45,000 gallons (estimated during site visit). 3-4 GRAPH 3.5 1979 ENERGY BALANCE SHELDON POINT EFFICIENCIES ASSUMED: LEGEND _ HEATING — 75% () — RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION — 25% (a) — SMALL COMMERCIAL ELECTRICAL GENERATION — 25% [277] — PUBLIC BUILDINGS (GN) — LARGE USERS (SCHOOL) (GN) — WASTE HEAT TOTAL ENERGY (100%) 1.6% HEATING (63.4%) BLAZO — 1.7% PROPANE— 1.1% WOOD — 19.8% TOTAL — 63.4% TRANSPORTATION (18.1%) a GASOLINE + AV GAS 18.1% ELECTRICAL GENERATION (18.5%) oH DIESEL 18.5% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 BTU x 108 DIESEL — 40.8% | 18,000 20,000 9-€ apa28: all ENERGY BALANCE - 1979 SHELDON POINT Table 3.5 CONSUMER ENERGY FORM CONSUMED HEATING TRANSPORTATION ELECTRICAL DIESEL wooD PROPANE BLAZO GASOLINE AV GAL DIESEL TOTAL GAL CORDS POUNDS GAL GAL GAL GAL 10° Btu TYPE NO. 10® Btu 10® Btu 10® Btu 10® Btu 10° Btu 10® Btu 10® Btu % of Total Residential 34 16,700 153 6,000 1,750 12,700 6,000 = 7,618 2,304 2,601 117 222 1,612 762 57.9 Smal] Commercial 3 1,550 : - - r - - 214 214 1.6 Public Buildings 4 2,200 - 7 - r = 4,800 967 304 663 7.4 Large User (school) 1 18,460 = 1,200 - - - 12,880 4,347 2,547 23 1,777 33.1 Total 42 38,910 153 7,200 1,750 12,700 6,000 17,680 5,369 2,601 140 222 1,612 762 2,440 13,146 % of Total Btu 40.8 19.8 1.1 1.7 12.3 5.8 18.5 100 Waste Heat 10° Btu 1,342 650 35 56 1,209 572 1,830 5,694 X of Total 10.2 4.9 0.3 0.4 9.2 4.4 13.9 43.3 Assumed Efficiency: Heating - 75% Transportation - 25% Electric Generation - 25% SECTION 4 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST APA*32115 SECTION 4 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST INTRODUCTION The following paragraphs and tables outline the planned capital projects, economic activities forecast, and energy end use forecasts for the village of Sheldon Point. 1 1 Tables numbered as in original report. 4-1 APA*32116 APA 22A:E1 SECTION 4 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST 5. Sheldon Point (a) Planned Capital Projects and Economic Activity Forecast Planned Capital Projects: Scheduled developments - AVCP housing Electrification using individual wind energy systems Airport improvements Potential developments - Reopening of Williams Coal Mine Commercial fishing Economic Activity Forecast: An anticipated increase in com- mercial fishing should provide improved economic conditions in the area while reopening of the Wiliams Coal Mine upstream on the Yukon could provide indirect improvements in the economy by lowering energy costs in the village. Rapid-economic development, however, is not expected for the area. (b) Population Forecast - Sheldon Point The population forecast is shown in the followint Table 4.5 Table 4.5 Year 1970 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000 Population 125 147 150 162 179 218 # Residences - 34 35 38 43 55 # Small commercial - 3 3 3 4 6 # Public users - 4 5 5 6 10 # Large users - 1 1 1 1 1 Population growth rate - 2% q1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) 1 As 2: (Sq apa22:all End Use Forecast The end uses of energy are shown in the following Tables 4.5a, 4.5b, SHELDON POINT ELECTRIC POWER REQUIREMENTS? and 4.5c. Table 4.5a 1979 Population 147 Number of residential consumers - Average kWh/mo/consumer - MWh/year residential consumers (2) x (1) x 12 + 1000 - Number of smal] commer- cial consumers - Average kWh/mo/consumer - MWh/year small commer- cial consumer (4) x (5) x 12 + 1000 - Number of public consumers 4 Average kWh/mo/consumer 850 MWh/year public consumer (7) x (8) x 12 + 1000 40.8 Large (LP) consumer 1 (school) Average kWh/mo/LP 9,125 consumer? MWh/year LP's (10) x (11) x 12 + 1000 109.5 System MWh/year (3)+(6)+(9)+(12) 150.3 System load factor 0.6 System demand kW (13)+8760+(14)x1000 29 sumes electrification in 1982 hool at 2% growth rate 1982 150 35 133 55.9 848 30.5 970 58.2 9,683 116.2 260.8 0.45 66 1985 162 38 160 73.0 968 34.8 1,107 66.4 10,276 123.3 297.5 0.45 75 1990 179 43 220 113.5 1,204 57.8 1,379 99.3 11,345 136.1 406.7 0.45 103 2000 218 55 415 273.9 1,872 134.8 10 2,142 257.0 13,830 166.0 831.7 0.5 190 apa22:cll Table 4.5b SHELDON POINT HEATING REQUIREMENTS? RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000 (1) Population 147 150 162 179 218 (2) Number of resi- dential users 34 35 38 43 55 (3) Diesel - Average gal/mo/residence (6)+(2)+12 41 41 41 39 35 (4) Propane - Average 1bs/mo/residence (7)+(2)+12 15 15 15 19 35 (5) Wood - Average cords/mo/residence (8)+(2)+12 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.36 0.32 (6) Diesel Gals 16,700 17,190 18,665 20,085 23,260 Btu x 10° 2,305 2,372 2,576 2,772 3,210 (7) Propane _Lbs 6,000 6,175 6.705 9,960 23,060 Btu x 10° 117 120 131 194 450 (8) Wood Cords 153 : 157 171 184 213 Btu x I0e 2,601 7,669 2,907 3,128 3,621 (9) Total Btu x 106 (6)+(7)+(8) 5,023 5,161 5,614 6,094 7,281 (10) Annual per capita consumption Btu x 106 (9)+(1) 34.2 34.4 34.7 34.0 33.4 Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements beginning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical improve- ments in both building design and heating equipment. 4-4 ql) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) SHELDON POINT HEATING REQUIREMENTS?+ OTHER CONSUMERS apa22-A: R4 Table 4.5c 1979 Small Commercial 3 user Diesel 1550 Gals/Btu x 106 214 Public Buildings user 4 Diesel Gals 2200 Btu x 10° 304 Large users (school) 1 Diesel equivalent - (diesel + wood) Gals 18,460 Btu x 10° 2,547 Propane __ lbs 1200 Btu x 106 23 Subtotal Btu x 10° (16)+(17) 2570 Total Btu x 106 (9)+(12)+(14)+(18) 8,111 1982 3 1550 214 2500 345 18,460 2,547 1200 23 2570 8,290 1985 3 1650 228 2570 8,795 1990 4 2092 288 4778 659 1141 2444 9,485 2000 2841 392 10 8201 1131 H b wo @ wo > | nN @ © @o wi | nN Oo 2213 11,017 Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements begin- ning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical improvements in both building design and heating equipment. 4-5 SECTION 5 RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT APA*32117 SECTION 5 RESOURCE AND RECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT A. ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT The energy resources which are determined to be available for the village of Sheldon Point are summarized in the following table. Information concerning approximate quantity, quality, availability, cost, source of data and important comments is included. The energy resources specifically addressed include diesel generation, wind, hydroelectric potential, waste heat utilization, and coal. While passive solar heating and energy conservation are not specifically addressed in the table, it is assumed these two energy conservation measures will be implemented in the village. Energy resources which are not available for use in Sheldon Point and are therefore not addressed include geothermal, timber, peat, solid waste, oil and gas and tidal power. 5-1 APA*32118 ens APA22-A S4 Table 5.5 ENERGY RESOURCE Diesel fuel Wood fuel Coal fuel Waste Heat! Hydroelectric potential Wind potential LOCATION Major Supplier St. Mary's ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT QUANTITY/AVAILABILITY SHELDON POINT QUALITY #2 diesel 138,000 Btu/gal Insufficient quantities available for electric generation. William's Mine Yukon River 14,000 tons minimum late 1980's 30% of fuel used for electrical generation; upon installation on school generators. N/A Upon installation ' Assumes $1.71/gal diesel fuel cost 0.45 LF * Assumes 80% utilization factor < > saving per million Btu's recovered. 11,000 Btu/Ib 22x10° Btu/ton Recoverable heat 41,400 Btu/gal diesel equivalent N/A 13mph average annual wind speed SOURCE OF COST DATA $1.71/gal $12.40/10® Btu Village Council $220-250/ton $10. 00-$11.36/10° Btu Appendix H $450/kW installed <$7.02/10° Btu> diesel fuel displaced. Appendix D N/A Reference #38 $9030/kW installed Appendix D $80. 88/10°Btu? diesel equivalent COMMENTS Delivered cost at village. Delivered cost at village. Cost assumes heat delivery within a 100 ft radius of plant. Availability varies with generator loading. Maintenance at $11/kW/yr. Assumes individual 1.5 kW WECS similar to those presently being installed. SECTION 6 ENERGY PLANS APA*32119 SECTION 6 ENERGY PLANS A. INTRODUCTION The approach to the energy plans formulated for the village of Sheldon Point is explained in this section. Each plan is formulated to meet the forecasted electrical energy requirements of the village plus addi- tional related requirements, such as space heating, where appropriate. A base case plan using diesel generation is formulated for the village. This plan is used as the "control case" to determine the advantage or disadvantage of other alternatives as compared to diesel generation. Future village diesel generation additions assume that the local school, which has sufficient installed generation capacity, will provide its own back-up capability. The school will, however, rely on the central- jzed village power plant for their primary supply of electrical power and energy. A coal-fired binary cycle generation option is presented for the village of Sheldon Point. The coal would be mined from the Williams Mine located near Koyukuk upstream on the Yukon River. Diesel fuel oil-fired binary cycle generation is also possible, but provides no significant cost or technical advantage over diesel erigine powered generation. Fuel oil-fired binary cycle generation is, therefore, not included in the formulated energy plan for the village. A waste heat capture analysis is included with all options that use fossil fuels for electrical generation (i.e., diesel generation employing engine jacket water cooling, and binary cycle generation). Wind generation employing individual wind generators for residential consumers is also investigated for the village. 6-1 APA*32120 SECTION 6 ENERGY PLANS Base Case Plan 1) Plan components - diesel and waste heat recovery 2) Timing of system additions Diesel - 1982 - 100 + 75 kW; 1989 - 100 kW Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 100 kW, 1989 - 100 kW 3) Plan description - This plan assumes the use of diesel driven generators throughout the study and the implementa- tion of waste heat recovery. Alternative Plan A 1) Plan components - diesel and binary cycle generators using coal fuel and waste heat recovery. ‘ 2) Timing of additions Diesel - 1982 - 100 + 75 kW Binary cycle - 1989 - 200 kW Waste Heat Recovery - 1983 - 100 kW, 1989 - 200 kw 3, Plan description - This plan assumes construction of coal-fired binary cycle generation facilities in the late 1980's as a replacement for diesel generation and the implementation of waste heat recovery. c. Alternative Plan B. APA*32121 1) Plan components - diesel and wind generation and waste heat recovery. SECTION 6 ENERGY PLANS 2) Timing of additions Diesel - 1982 - 100 + 75 kW; 1995 - 100 kW waste heat equipment - 1983 - 100 kW wind - 1982 - 10-1.5 kW WECS; 1983 - 10 - 1.5 kW WECS; 1985 - 18-1.5 kW WECS; 1990 - 5 - 1.5 kW WECS; 1995 - 6 - 1.5 kW WECS; 2000 - 6 - 1.5 kW WECS. 3. Plan description - This plan assumes individual 1.5 kW wind generators for residential users and the use of diesel generation with waste heat recovery to supply electrical energy to other consumer groups. APA*32122 APPENDIX A DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES APA*32123 A.1 DIESEL a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C35 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved In the diesel engine, air is compressed in a cylinder to a high pressure. Fuel oi] is injected into the compressed air, which is at a temperature above the fuel ignition point, and the fuel burns, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy by driving a piston. Pistons drive a shaft which in turn drives the generator. Current and future availability Diesel engines driving electrical generators are one of the most efficient simple cycle converters of chemical energy (fuel) to electrical energy. Although the diesel cycle in theory will burn any combustible matter, the practical fact of the matter is that these engines burn only high grade liquid petroleum or gas, except for multi-thousand horsepower engines which can burn heated residual oi]. Diesel generating units are usually built as an integral whole and mounted on skids for installation at their place of use. A-1 A.2 BINARY CYCLE FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C36 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved In the binary conversion process, a heated primary fluid of insufficient quality for direct use in electrical production Passes through a heat exchanger to transfer heat to a working fluid. The working fluid has a lower boiling point than water and is vaporized in the heat exchanger. The vaporized working fluid then expands through a turbine or cylinder piston arrange- ment is condensed, and returns to the heat exchanger. The primary fluid is returned to its heat source following heat exchange. Current and future availability Current commercial availability is restricted to unit sizes in excess of village power requirements as determined in this study. Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suit- able for village application is not expected to be available until the late 1980's. A-2 A.3 HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION a. General Description 1. APA*32C37 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved In the hydroelectric power development, flowing water is directed into a hydraulic turbine where the energy in the water is used to turn a shaft, which in turn drives a gener- ator. In their action, turbines involve a continuous trans- formation of the potential and/or kinetic energy of the water into usable mechanical energy at the shaft. Water stored at rest at an elevation above the level of the turbine (head) - possesses potential energy; when flowing, the water possesses kinetic energy as a function of its velocity. The return of the used water to the higher elevation necessary for funct- joning of the hydroelectric machinery is powered by the sun to complete the cycle - a direct, natural process using solar energy. The ability to store water at a useful elevation makes this energy supply predictable and dependable. Current and future availability Hydroelectric developments in the United States, as of January 1978, totaled 59 million kilowatts, producing an estimated average annual output of 276 billion kilowatt hours according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Hydropower provides about 10% of Alaska's electric energy needs. Developments range in size from over a million kilowatts down to just a few kilowatts of installed capacity. Hydropower is a time proven method of generation that offers unique advantages. Fuel cost, a major contributor to thermal plant operating costs, is eliminated. A.4 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS) a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C38 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved The thermodynamic process involved stems from the sun, the primary energy source which produces the wind. This wind energy cannot be stored, is intermittent, somewhat unpredict- able and thereby undependable. The process then relies on wind flow over an air foil assembly to create differential pressures along the air foil. This differential pressure results in rotation of the assembly around a fixed axis to which it is attached. Power from the wind is transmitted through the connection shaft and accompanying gear box to an electrical generator. Three types of generators are presently in use with wind energy systems. These are the DC generator, the AC induction generator and the AC synchronous generator. Of the three types, the AC induction generator is the most widely used because of its simplicity and low cost. An induction generator is not a stand- alone generator and must be connected to an external power system of relatively constant frequency and voltage to operate properly. Current and future availability Availability of the wind at useful velocities require long term records to estimate the potential energy. Lesser records provide less credible estimates. Availability of WECS machinery in small size units in the 1.5 kW to 20 kW range is good. Large units in the 100-200 kW range are currently undergoing tests in both the government and private sector and should be available in the near future. Demonstrations of multi-megawatt sizes are in process. A-4 A.5 DIESEL WASTE HEAT RECOVERY a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C39 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved The present use of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oi]1) in Alaska (as elsewhere) to produce more useful forms of energy (heat, electricity, motive power) is less than 100 percent efficient. For example, if a machine burns a certain quantity of fossil fuel and produces useful output (shaft horsepower, electrical energy, steam, useful hot water or air for space heating) equivalent to 30% of the fuel burned, the energy represented by the remaining 70% of the fuel will appear as unused or “waste” heat. Such heat most often appears as hot exhaust gas, tepid to warm water (65°F-180°F), hot air from cooling radiators, or direct radiation from the machine. Diesel waste heat can be recovered from engine cooling water and exhaust, or either source separately. The waste heat is typically transferred to a water-glycol circulating system in Alaskan applications. The heated circulating fluid can be used for space, water, or process heating where temperatures of the waste hear are suitable. Current and future availability Recovery of diesel waste heat in Alaska is growing as a result of sharp increases in diese] fuel cost. Recovery of jacket water heat only is most common in Alaska. Diesel waste heat availability is directly related to the location and operating cycles of the engine installations. A-5 A.6 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING a. General Description Passive solar heating makes use of solar energy (sunlight) through energy efficient design (i.e. south facing windows, shutters, added insulation) but without the aid of any mechanical or electrical inputs. Space heating is the most common application of passive solar heating. Because such solar heating is available only when the sun shines its availability is intermittent (day-night cycles) and variable (winter-summer-cloudy-clear). A-6 APA*32C40 A.7 CONSERVATION a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C41 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved Conservation measures considered here are mainly classified as "passive". Passive measures are intended to conserve energy with- out any further electrical, thermal, or mechanical energy input. Typical passive measures are insulation, double glazing or solar film, arctic entrances and weather stripping. Energy conservation characteristics of some passive measures degrade with time, which -must be considered in the overall evaluation of their effectiveness for an intended life cycle. Other conservation measures includes improvement in efficiency of utilization devices (such as motors) and "doing without" energy by disciplines (turning off lights, turning down thermostats). Current and future availability Materials and schemes to implement passive measures are commer- cially available and increasing in use all over the United States due to the rapidly escalating cost of energy. A-7 PROPERTY GF: Alaska Power Authority 334 W. 5th Ave. Anchorage, Alaska 99501