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004
Red ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY LIBRARY COPY
PLEASE, DO NOT REMOVE FROM OFFICE!! RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
OF
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS & ALTERNATIVES
FOR
RED DEVIL
Pp Prt eee
INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. A MORRISON-KNUDSEN COMPANY
ROBERT W. RETHERFORD ASSOCIATES DIVISION BRIS Sic PPP PP Pr ALASKA POWER AUTHORIEY 31
RED DEVIL SUPPLEMENT
TO -
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
OF
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
FOR
BUCKLAND, CHUATHBALUK, CROOKED CREEK
HUGHES, KOYUKUK, NIKOLAI, RED DEVIL,
RUSSIAN MISSION, SHELDON POINT, SLEETMUTE,
STONY RIVER, TAKOTNA AND TELIDA
MAY 1981
Prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Co., Inc.
Anchorage, Alaska
For the
State of Alaska
Department of Commerce and Economic Development
Division of Alaska Power Authority
333 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Under Contract No. AS44.56.010
APA 20/T1
/ )
This report was prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Company
R.W. Retherford, P.E.
Frank J. Bettine, E.I1.T.
James J. Lard, E.1.T.
Mark Latour, Economist
Illustrations on the front cover were prepared and sketched by
Kathryn L. Langman. These illustrations portray several energy
resource alternatives investigated for the Thirteen Villages
included in this study.
APA 20/T2
Section aon fF WH HF APPENDIX A
APA*32C1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary and Results
Recommendations
Existing Conditions and Energy Balance
Energy Requirements Forecast
Resource and Technology Assessment
Energy Plans
Description of Selected Technologies
Page
1.1
2.1
3.1
4.1
5.1
6.1
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
APA*32C2
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
A. SUMMARY
A study was recently conducted under contract number AS44.56.010 for the
State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Divi-
sion of Alaska Power Authority to determine the energy alternatives for
Thirteen Western Alaskan Villages. This study consists of establishing
the following:
Energy Balance for 1979
Existing Power and Heating Facilities - 1980
Electric Power Requirements to the year 2000
Space Heating Requirement to the year 2000
Potential Energy and Electric Power Resources
Evaluation of the Electric Power Resources oooeoe0o08lCcOCmUCOUCUCO Recommendations for the development or future studies
for the 13 Western Alaskan villages of Buckland, Hughes, Koyukuk, Telida,
Nikolai, Takotna, Stony River, Sleetmute, Red Devil, Crooked Creek,
Chuathbaluk, Russian Mission and Sheldon Point (See Figure 1.1).
The Red Devil supplement represents a brief summary. of the most pertinent
facts and findings contained in the original report which relate to the
village of Red Devil. Detailed data concerning the village may be obtained
by referring to the original report.
Diesel fuels are presently used to satisfy the major percentage of energy
demands in the village. Emphasis in the study was therefore placed on
possible resources and technologies that could replace or at least supple-
ment the use of increasingly costly fuel oil. The energy alternatives which
were selected for detailed evaluation in the village of Red Devil include:?!
1) Diesel generation
2) Waste Heat Recovery
3) Binary Cycle generation using wood fuel
4) Passive solar heating
5) Energy conservation
1 See Appendix A for brief description of technologies listed.
1-1
APA*32M1
BARROW
OcR,,,
Nootas River 1 BUCKLAND ; 2 HUGHES
/ 3. KOYUKUK / 4 RUSSIAN MISSION
a > 5 SHELDON POINT
- vile ~ “ls 6 CHUATHBALUK
usher \ 7 CROOKED CREEK igh 8 NIKOLAI 9 RED DEVIL
Yukon - Tenana Plateau 10 SLEETMUTE BANKS 11 STONY RIVER
12 TAKOTNA
\ 13 TELIDA
‘Sus/ina RK. AoPeer Ouiet |
Ver oO
wugeine Bou, tar, Hilt \ ao “wa, | BETHEL of o < fC ANCHORAGE \
2 Tiketa a 9 C ao lotes ae cots og é Swf wT fy “1 off YAKUTAT g
. G Y UNEA\ ° Gult of Aloska ve \%,
& ONS
Bristos B9Y KODIAK pACIFIC OCEAN
Os
o> sth Co Dy, 4 FIGURE 1.1
ALASKA MAP
13 WESTERN VILLAGES
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of future energy requirements
for the village, a control year - 1979 - was established from which all
Projections have been made. Information related to village history,
population and economic conditions, plus information regarding village
government, transportation, power and heating facilities, fuel require-
ments, etc., was collected to provide the necessary background data to
support these projections.
B. EVALUATION RESULTS
1. Economics
Table 1.1 is a summary of the 20-year economic evaluation performed for
the combination of alternatives (i.e., energy plans) selected for detailed
study for Red Devil. This Table lists the accumulated present worth of
plan costs and the accumulated present worth of the net benefits derived
from non-electrical outputs, where:
1) Plan costs represent the cost for providing electrical
generation, and
2) Net benefits represent the savings derived from waste heat
capture or surplus hydroelectric energy used for electric heating.
a. Twenty Year Evaluation Results
Results of the 20-year economic evaluation indicate that the use of diesel
with waste heat recovery to be most economical energy plan examined for
Red Devil.
The diesel generation plus binary generation with waste heat energy plan
averaged approximately 35 percent greater cost than the diesel generation
plus waste heat recovery plan for Red Devil.
1-3
APA*32M3
orl RED DEVIL
Table 1.1 Accumulated Present Worth of Plan Costs and Benefits ($1,000)
Diesel Diesel
& &
Diesel Binary Cycle Diesel WECS
PERIOD & & & &
Waste Heat Waste Heat Hydroelectric ' Waste Heat
Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit
20-year 1314-108.7 1784-75.6 N/A N/A
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
Passive solar and energy conservation have not been economically evaluated
in detail and they are, therefore, not listed in Table 1.1. Numerous past
studies have shown the value of conservation and passive solar heating. An
approximate fifteen percent reduction in fossil fuel requirements due to the
implementation of passive solar heating and energy conservation measures has
been built into the village Heating Requirement Forecast Tables listed in
Section 4. It is assumed that these two methods of reducing usage will be
implemented in the village.
2. Environmental and Technical
Results of the environmental and technical evaluations are listed in Table
1.2. These results indicate the overall environmental and technical ranking
of energy plans selected for detail study for the village of Red Devil in
order of preference to be:
1) diesel electric plus waste heat
2) diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat
1-5
APA*32M5
9-L APA 28P1
EVALUATION MATRIX
Diesel + Diesel + Diesel + Waste Heat
Table 1.2 Diesel Local Hydro Binary Generation Supplemental
Electric w/wo Electric Coal and/or Wood Wind
Factor + Waste Heat Heat With Waste Heat Generation
(A) Economic (Present Worth) B - Cc -
(B) Environmental
(1) Community Preference 9 - 4 7
(2) Infrastructure 3 - 5 -
(3) Timing 1 - 7 -
(4) Air Quality 4 7 5 *
(5) Water Quality 2 - 4 7
(6) Fish and Wildlife 2 - 4 -
(7) Land Use 2 - 4 -
(8) Terrestrial Impacts 2 i 4 as
TOTAL 25 - 37 -
Environmental Ranking 1 - 4 -
(C) Technical
(1) Safety 2 7 2 -
(2) Reliability 2 7 2 7
(3) Availability 1 _ 8 _
TOTAL 5 ~ 12 -
TECHNICAL RANKING 1 - 2 7
OVERALL RANKING B-1 7 C-2 7
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
APA*32M6
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
A. GENERAL
Analysis of the 20-year economic, technical and environmental evaluations
indicate the two most promising energy plans for the village of Red Devil
in order of preference to be:
1) Continued use of diesel generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery,
2) diesel plus binary cycle generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery.
B. RECOMMENDED PLAN - Diesel Generation Supplemented with Waste Heat
Recovery.
The 20-year economic, technical and environmental evaluation indicate
that diesel generation with waste heat recovery will provide the most
satisfactory method of providing electric energy for the village of
Red Devil.
It is recommended, therefore, that a study be conducted to determine the
feasibility of utilizing waste heat in the village of Red Devil. Such a
study should include a definitive review of the following items:
1) availability of waste heat
2) transportation of waste heat
3) end use of waste heat
C. FIRST ALTERNATIVE PLAN - Diesel Plus Binary Cycle Generation Supple-
mented With Waste Heat Recovery.
The first alternative plan, as listed above, is diesel plus binary cycle
generation with waste heat recovery. This plan averages approximately 35
percent greater costs than the recommended plan (20-year economic evalu-
ation). Because the uncertainties in the costs associated with this
alternative, such as the cost of wood fuel, equipment cost, etc., which
2-1
APA*32M7
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
can not at present be as precisely determined as for the recommended plan,
it is conceivable that this alternative could be cost competitive with the
alternative plan (i.e., diesel generation plus waste heat recovery).
Because binary cycle generation is viewed as one of the few potentially
viable energy alternatives, suitable for future use in remote Alaska
villages such as Red Devil, it is recommended that the feasibility of
binary cycle generation in Alaska be further investigated in regard to:
1) Equipment availability
2) Technical feasibility
3) Economic aspects
4) Environmental aspects
5) Constraints
Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suitable for village appli-
cation is, however, not expected to be available until the late 1980's.
D. COSTS FOR FURTHER STUDY
Approximate costs for determining of feasibility of the two most attractive
energy resources for the village of Red Devil are:
° Waste heat recovery - approximately $2500
° Binary cycle generation - approximately $2,000,000 which
would include the cost of constructing and operating
a demonstration plant in Alaska.
E. CONSERVATION MEASURES
For the village to stabilize and hopefully reduce the local cost of
energy immediate short term conservation measures could provide the
most rapid results. These conservation measures, which include added
insulation, double glazing or solar film, arctic entrances, weather
stripping, etc., can reduce current non-transportation fuel use on the
order of 15 percent over the 20-year period of this study.
are
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE
APA*32M9
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
A. INTRODUCTION
To establish a base and understanding of energy use in the village, an
energy balance has been compiled for the year 1979. Input energy forms
are diesel, wood, propane, blazo, gasoline, and aviation gasoline.
Energy used in the village has been listed both by end use category
(i.e., heating, transportation, and quantities used for electrical
generation) and by consumer category to include residential, small
commercial, public buildings, and large users (school), in the following
table (Table numbered as in original report).
To provide background data, information related to village history,
demographic and economic conditions plus information regarding village
government, transportation, power and heating facilities is included.
a. | GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
History: The village of Red Devil is located on both
banks of the Kuskokwim River at the mouth of Red Devil
Creek, 73 miles east of Aniak. The village was named
after the Red Devil Mine, which was established in 1921
to mine quicksilver (mercury). The mine was last worked
in 1971 when the mercury, cinnabar and antimony reserves
were depleted. With the abandonment of the mine and
loss of the local economic base, the village has experi-
enced a decline in population.
Pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of
1971, the Red Devil Village Corporation was entitled to
select 69,120 acres of land. When the Red Devil Village
Corporation merged with 9 other Middle Kuskokwim village
3-1
APA*32M10
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALNACE
corporations, this entitlement passed to The Kuskokwim
Corporation (TKC) for consolidated ownership and management.
Calista Corporation is the regional corporation.
Population: The first population count for the village
was taken in 1960, when the federal census reported a
population of 152. Figures for 1970 recorded a 46 percent
decrease to a population of 81. Unlike other villages in
the Calista Region which are predominantly Native, Red Devil
has only a 27 percent Native population according to the
1970 census. An estimate made by the village residents
in 1979 counted 53 residents. In 1979, the average
number of members per household was 4.1 persons.
Economy: Since the closure of the mercury mine in 1971,
employment opportunities in Red Devil have been limited.
The Kuspuk School District retains two teachers, one
teacher aide and a cook. There is also one employee each
at the clinic and post office. Employees are also retained
by the roadhouse/bar/grocery/liquor store and flying service.
The BLM provides seasonal employment through its summer
fire-fighting program.
Income from these activities is supplemented by public
assistance payments and residents' subsistence activities.
Residents hunt beaver, muskrat, game birds, hare, moose,
caribou and waterfowl. Income is also obtained from
trapping. During the summer months salmon, along with
other species of fish, are caught from the Kuskokwim and
surrounding rivers and creeks. In the fall, berries are
harvested.
3-2
APA*32M11
APA*32M12
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
Government: Red Devil is not incorporated as a muni-
cipality under State law and there is no borough govern-
ment within the region. Red Devil's Native population
is represented by a 3-member traditional council.
Although not having the authority of a city or tribal
council, a 5-member village council represents residents
of Red Devil.
Transportation: Red Devil's location on the Kuskokwim
River allows the village's fuel oil and bulk supplies
to be delivered by river barge. During the summer,
the Kuskokwim River serves as the major transportation
corridor with other villages in the area. During the
winter, the frozen river serves as the major thoroughfare
for snowmachine travel. There are no roads connecting
Red Devil with other villages in the region. The
4,500 foot gravel runway at Red Devil is the longest
runway situated along the Kuskokwim River, in between.
the two communities of Aniak and McGrath. Most small
cargo items, mail and visitors arrive in Red Devil by air.
ENERGY BALANCE (1979)
The energy balance data for Red Devil show that the
majority of the energy in the village or 50.3 percent is
used for heating, 27.8 percent for transportation and
21.9% for electrical generation. Graph 3.9 illustrates
by consumer category the types and percentages of energy
forms used in the village. Table 3.9 tabulazizes this
data in additional detail.
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES
Electric Power: No centralized power facility exists in
Red Devil, and none is planned for the immediate future.
The school maintains and operates its own generation
facility. The clinic and store maintain and operate
small individual generators.
Heating: The majority of residential and small com-
mercial consumers use fuel oi] for heating purposes.
Because of the high cost of fuel oi], there is, however,
a definite trend toward supplemental heating with wood by
these two consumer classes. Public buildings and the
> school rely primarily on fuel oi] for heating require-
APA*32M13
ments.
Fuel Storage: Diesel, bulk fuel oi] storage capacity in the
community (village + school) is 20,700 gallons (reference 27).
3-4
GRAPH 3.9 1979 ENERGY BALANCE
RED DEVIL
EFFICIENCIES ASSUMED: LEGEND _
HEATING — 75% — RESIDENTIAL
TRANSPORTATION — 25% [a — SMALL COMMERCIAL
ELECTRICAL GENERATION — 25% [=] — PUBLIC BUILDINGS
[i] — LARGE USERS (SCHOOL)
GN) — ‘WASTE HEAT
TOTAL ENERGY (100%)
HEATING (50.3%)
BLAZO. — 0.4%
PROPANE— 1.4%
WOOD — 5.4%
DIESEL — 43.1%
TOTAL — 50.3%
TRANSPORTATION (27.8%)
Ht GASOLINE + AV GAS 27.8%
ELECTRICAL GENERATION (21.9%)
| | |
10,000
9-€ apa28: a2
ENERGY BALNACE - 1979
RED DEVIL
Table 3.9
CONSUMER ENERGY FORM CONSUMED
° HEATING TRANSPORTATION ELECTRICAL
DIESEL wooD PROPANE -BLAZO GASOLINE AV GAL DIESEL TOTAL
GAL CORDS POUNDS GAL GAL GAL GAL 10° Btu
TYPE NO. 10° Btu 10° Btu 10° Btu 10® Btu 10° Btu 10° Btu 10® Btu % of Tota
Residential 12 10,300 24 3,500 250 1,940 2,550 - 2,499
1,421 408 68 32 246 324 33.1
Small Commercial 1 1,100 1,000 10,9801 1,840 1,926
152 127 1,394 253 25.5
Public Buildings 2 1,100 2,400 483
152 331 6.5
Large User (school) 1 11,080 2,000 7,730 2,635
1,529 39 1,067 34.9
Total 16 (23,580) _24 5,500 250 2,940 13,530 ii,310) 7,543
3,254 408 107 32 373 1,718 ,oD1L
% of Total Btu 43.1 5.4 1.4 0.4 4.9 22.9 21.9 100
QAr
Waste Heat 10® Btu 813 102 27 8.0 280 1,289 1238 3,819
% of Total 10.6 1.3 0.3 0.1 3.7 17.1 16.4 49.5
1 Rental outlet and flying service
Assumed Efficiency: Heating - 75%
Transportation - 25%
Electric Generation - 25%
20 a? Q S
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
APA*32M15
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
FORECAST
A. INTRODUCTION
The following paragraphs and tables outline the planned capital
projects, economic activities forecast, and energy end use
forecasts for the village of Red Devil.2
1 Tables numbered as in original report.
4-1
APA*32M16
APA 22-A:I1 SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
9. Red Devil
(a)
(b)
Planned Capital Projects and Economic Activity Forecast
Planned Capital Projects:
Scheduled developments - New school
Airport improvements
Housing construction
Potential developments - Timber harvest
Mercury mine .
BLM fire-fighting station
Farewell coal field
0i1 and gas exploration
Economic Activity Forecast: Red Devil could benefit from
timber harvest, peat harvest, development of the Farewell coal
field and possible oil and gas exploration in areas along the
Kuskokwim. Major developments of these activities are not
expected, however, until the late 1980's or early 1990's. No
immediate increase in economic activity is expected, however,
in the near future.
Population Forecast - Red Devil
The population forecast is shown in the following Table 4.9
Table 4.9
Year : 1970 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
Population 81 53 54 56 59 65
# Residences - 13 14 15 15 16
# Small commercial - 1 1 1 1 2
# Public users - 2 2 2 2 3
# Large users - 1 1 I 1 1
Population growth rate - 1%
4-2
apa22: a2
C. End Use Forecast
The end uses of energy are shown in the following Tables 4.9a, 4.9b,
and 4.9c.
Table 4.9a
RED DEVIL ELECTRIC POWER REQUIREMENTS?
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
Population 53 54 56 59 65
(1) Number of residential
consumers 7 8 9 12 16
(2) Average kWh/mo/consumer - 133 160 220 415
(3) MWh/year residential
consumers
(2) x (1) x 12 + 1000 = 12.8 17.3 31.7 79.7
(4) Number of small commer-
cial consumers - 1 1 1 2
(5) Average kWh/mo/consumer = 848 968 1,205 1,872
(6) MWh/year small commer-
cial consumer
(4) x (5) x 12 + 1000 7 10.2 11.6 14.5 44.9
(7) Number of public con- *
sumers 2 2 2 2 3
(8) Average kWh/mo/consumer 850 970 1157 1,379 2,142
(9) MWh/year public consumer
(7) x (8) x 12 + 1000 20.4 23.3 27.8 33.1 77.1
(10) Large (LP) consumer 1 L 1 1 1
(School) 7
(11) Average kWh/mo/LP 5,475 9,125 3 9,401 9,881 10,915 consumer 2
(12) MWh/year LP's
(10) x (11) x 12 + 1000 65.7 109.4 112.9 118. 5 131.0
(13) System MWh/year
(3)+(6)+(9)+(12) 86.1 155.7 169.6 197.8 332.7
(14) System load factor 0.6 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.5
(15) System demand kW
(13)+8760+(14)x1000 16 40 43 50 76
1 Assume electrification 1982 2 School at 1% growth rate
3 New school
apa22:c2
Table 4.9b
RED DEVIL HEATING REQUIREMENTS?
RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(1) Population 53 54 56 59 65
(2) Number of resi-
dential users 12 14 15 15 16
(3) Diesel - Average
gal/mo/residence
(6)+(2)+12 66 66 54 40 17
(4) Propane - Average
1bs/mo/residence
(7)+(2)+12 22 22 22 27 35
(5) Wood - Average
cords/mo/residence
/ (8)+(2)+12 0.15 0.15 0.21 0.32 0.51
(6) Diesel Gals 10,300 11,090 9,780 7,212 3,200
Btu x 10° 1,421 1,530 1,350 995 442
(7) Propane Lbs 3,500 . 3,770 4,040 4,780 6,710
Btu x 106 68 74 79 93 131
(8) Wood _ Cords , 24 26 _38 _57 97
Btu x 105 408 442 646 969 1,649
(9) Total Btu x 106 (6)+(7)+(8) 1,898 2,046 2,074 2,057 2,221
(10) Annual per capita
consumption
Btu x 106
(9)+(1) 35.8 37.9 37.0 34.9 34.2
: Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements beginning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical improve- ments in both building desing and heating equipment.
apa22-A: R8
Table 4.9c
RED DEVIL HEATING REQUIREMENTS?
OTHER CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(11) Small Commercial 1 1 1 1 2
user
(12) Diesel 1100 1100 1100 1046 947
Gals/Btu x 106 152 152 152 144 131
(13) Public Buildings
user 2 2 2 2 3
(14) Diesel Gals 1100 1100 1100 1046 1420
Btu x 106 152 152 152 144 196
(15) Large users
(school) 1 1 1 1 1
(16) Diesel equivalent
(diesel + wood)
Gals 11,080 18,4672 18,467 17,562 15,900
Btu x 10° 1,529 2,548 2,548 2,424 2,194
(17) Propane __lbs 2000 1200 1200 1141 1033
Btu x 10° 39 23 23 22 0
(18) Subtotal
Btu x 10°
(16)+(17) 1568 2571 2571 2446 2214
(19) Total
Btu x 10°
(9)+(12)+(14)+(18) 3,770 4,921 4,949 4,791 4,762
1 Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements begin-
ning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical
improvements in both building design and heating equipment.
4-5
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
APA*32M17
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND
RECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
A. ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
The energy resources which are determined to be available for the
village of Red Devil are summarized in the following table. Information
concerning approximate quantity, quality, availability, cost, source of
data and important comments is included. The energy resources specif-
ically addressed include diesel generation, wind, hydroelectric potential,
waste heat utilization, timber and coal. While passive solar heating
and energy conservation are not specifically addressed in the table, it
is assumed these two energy conservation measures will be implemented in
the village. Energy resources which are not available for use in Red Devil
and are therefore not addressed include geothermal, peat, solid waste,
oi] and gas and tidal power.
APA*32M18
27g APA22-A S8
Table 5.9
ENERGY RESOURCE
Diesel fuel
Wood fuel
Coa) fuel
Waste Heat!
Recovery
Hydroelectric
potential
Wind potential
LOCATION
Major supplier
Bethel
Middle Kuskokwim
Healy, Alaska
N/A
ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
QUANTITY/AVAILABILITY
167x10® cu ft
late 1980's
Late 1980's
30% of fuel used for
electrical generation;
upon installation
school generator.
N/A
1 Assumes $1.46/gal diesel fuel cost 0.45 load factor.
< > saving per million Btu recovered.
RED DEVIL
QUALITY
#2 diesel
138,000 Btu/gal
14.6x10° Btu/cord
8500 Btu/1Ib
17x10® Btu/ton
Recoverable heat
41,400 Btu/gal
diesel equivalent
N/A
7.0 mph average
annual wind speed
SOURCE OF
COST DATA
$1.46/gal United
$10.59/10° Btu Transportation
Bethel
$92/cord Appendix G
$6.30/10® Btu
$110/ton Appendix H
$6.47/10° Btu
$450/kW installed Appendix D
<$5.21/10° Btu>
diesel fuel displaced
N/A Reference 38
- Regional
profiles
COMMENTS
Delivered cost
at village
Delivered cost
at village.
Delivered cost
at village.
Cost assume heat delivery
within 100 ft radius
of plant. Availability
varies with generator
loading. Maintenance
at $11/kW/yr.
N/A
Average annual wind
speed sufficient for
wind generation.
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
APA*32M19
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
A. INTRODUCTION
The approach to the energy plans formulated for the village of Red Devil
is explained in this section. Each plan is formulated to meet the
forecasted electrical energy requirements of the village plus addi-
tional related requirements, such as space heating, where appropriate.
A base case plan using diesel generation is formulated for the village.
This plan is used as the “control case" to determine the advantage or
disadvantage of other alternatives as compared to diesel generation.
Future village diesel generation additions assume that the local school,
which has sufficient installed generation capacity, will provide its
own back-up capability. The school will, however, rely on the central-
ized village power plant for their primary supply of electrical power
and energy.
A wood-fired binary cycle generation option is presented for the village
of Red Devil. It is assumed the wood required for fuel would be supplied
from timber harvested along the Kuskokwim River and its tributaries. Diesel
fuel oil-fired binary cycle generation is also possible, but provides no
significant cost or technical advantage over diesel engine powered generation.
Fuel oil-fired binary cycle generation is, therefore, not included in the
formulated energy plan for the village.
A waste heat capture analysis is included with all options that
use fossil fuels for electrical generation (i.e., diesel generation
employing engine jacket water cooling, and binary cycle generation).
6-1
APA*32M20
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
Base Case Plan
1)
2)
3)
Plan components - diesel and waste heat recovery
Timing of system additions -
Diesel - 1982 - 75 + 50 kW; 2000 - 75 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 75 kW
2000 - 75 kW
Plan description - This plan assumes the continued
use of diesel driven generators throughout the study
and the implementation of waste heat recovery.
Alternative Plan A
1)
7)
APA*32M21
3)
Plan components - diesel and binary cycle
generation using wood fuel and waste heat recovery.
Timing of additions -
Diesel - 1982 - 75°+ 50 kW
Binary cycle - 1989 - 100 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 75 kW, 1989 - 100 kW
Plan description - This plan assumes construction
of wood-fired binary cycle generation facilities in
the late 1980's as a replacement for diesel genera-
tion and the implementation of waste heat recovery.
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTING TECHNOLOGIES
APA*32M22
A.1 DIESEL
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C35
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the diesel engine, air is compressed in a cylinder to a
high pressure. Fuel oi] is injected into the compressed air,
which is at a temperature above the fuel ignition point, and
the fuel burns, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy
by driving a piston. Pistons drive a shaft which in turn
drives the generator.
Current and future availability
Diesel engines driving electrical generators are one of the
most efficient simple cycle converters of chemical energy
(fuel) to electrical energy. Although the diesel cycle in
theory will burn any combustible matter, the practical fact of
the matter is that these engines burn only high grade liquid
petroleum or gas, except for multi-thousand horsepower engines
which can burn heated residual oi]. Diesel generating units
are usually built as an integral whole and mounted on skids
for installation at their place of use.
A-1
A.2 BINARY CYCLE FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C36
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the binary conversion process, a heated primary fluid of
insufficient quality for direct use in electrical production
passes through a heat exchanger to transfer heat to a working
fluid. The working fluid has a lower boiling point than water
and is vaporized in the heat exchanger. The vaporized working
fluid then expands through a turbine or cylinder piston arrange-
ment is condensed, and returns to the heat exchanger. The primary
fluid is returned to its heat source following heat exchange.
Current and future availability
Current commercial availability is restricted to unit sizes
in excess of village power requirements as determined in this
study. Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suit-
able for village application is not expected to be available
until the late 1980's.
A.3 HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION
a. General Description
1.
APA*32C37
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the hydroelectric power development, flowing water is
directed into a hydraulic turbine where the energy in the
water is used to turn a shaft, which in turn drives a gener-
ator. In their action, turbines involve a continuous trans-
formation of the potential and/or kinetic energy of the water
into usable mechanical energy at the shaft. Water stored at
rest at an elevation abové the level of the turbine (head)
possesses potential energy; when flowing, the water possesses
kinetic energy as a function of its velocity. The return of
the used water to the higher elevation necessary for funct-
joning of the hydroelectric machinery is powered by the sun
to complete the cycle - a direct, natural process using solar
energy. The ability to store water at a useful elevation makes
this energy supply predictable and dependable.
Current and future availability
Hydroelectric developments in the United States, as of January
1978, totaled 59 million kilowatts, producing an estimated
average annual output of 276 billion kilowatt hours according
to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Hydropower provides
about 10% of Alaska's electric energy needs. Developments
range in size from over a million kilowatts down to just a few
kilowatts of installed capacity. Hydropower is a time proven
method of generation that offers unique advantages. Fuel
cost, a major contributor to thermal plant operating costs, is
eliminated.
A-3
A.4 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS. (WECS)
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C38
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The thermodynamic process involved stems from the sun, the
primary energy source which produces the wind. This wind
energy cannot be stored, is intermittent, somewhat unpredict-
able and thereby undependable. The process then relies
on wind flow over an air foil assembly to create differential
pressures along the air foil. This differential pressure
results in rotation of the assembly around a fixed axis to
which it is attached. Power from the wind is transmitted
through the connection shaft and accompanying gear box to an
electrical generator.
Three types of generators are presently in use with wind energy
systems. These are the DC generator, the AC induction generator
and the AC synchronous generator. Of the three types, the AC
induction generator is the most widely used because of its
simplicity and low cost. An induction generator is not a stand-
alone generator and must be connected to an external power system
of relatively constant frequency and voltage to operate properly.
Current and future availability
Availability of the wind at useful velocities require long
term records to estimate the potential energy. Lesser records
provide less credible estimates.
Availability of WECS machinery in small size units in the 1.5 kW
to 20 kW range is good. Large units in the 100-200 kW range are
currently undergoing tests in both the government and private sector
and should be available in the near future. Demonstrations of
multi-megawatt sizes are in process.
A-4
A.5 DIESEL WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C39
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The present use of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oi1) in Alaska (as
elsewhere) to produce more useful forms of energy (heat,
electricity, motive power) is less than 100 percent efficient.
For example, if a machine burns a certain quantity of fossil
fuel and produces useful output (shaft horsepower, electrical
energy, steam, useful hot water or air for space heating)
equivalent to 30% of the fuel burned, the energy represented by
the remaining 70% of the fuel will appear as unused or "waste"
heat. Such heat most often appears as hot exhaust gas, tepid
to warm water (65°F-180°F), hot air from cooling radiators, or
direct radiation from the machine.
Diesel waste heat can be recovered from engine cooling water
and exhaust, or either source separately. The waste heat is
typically transferred to a water-glycol circulating system in
Alaskan applications. The heated circulating fluid can be used
for space, water, or process heating where temperatures: of
the waste hear are suitable.
Current and future availability
Recovery of diesel waste heat in Alaska is growing as a result of
sharp increases in diesel fuel cost. Recovery of jacket water heat
only is most common in Alaska.
Diesel waste heat availability is directly related to the
location and operating cycles of the engine installations.
A-5
A.6 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
a. General Description
Passive solar heating makes use of solar energy (sunlight) through
energy efficient design (i.e. south facing windows, shutters, added
insulation) but without the aid of any mechanical or electrical
inputs. Space heating is the most common application of passive
solar heating. Because such solar heating is available only when the
sun shines its availability is intermittent (day-night cycles): and
variable (winter-summer-cloudy-clear).
APA*32C40
A.7 CONSERVATION
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C41
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
Conservation measures considered here are mainly classified as
"passive". Passive measures are intended to conserve energy with-
out any further electrical, thermal, or mechanical energy input.
Typical passive measures are insulation, double glazing or solar
film, arctic entrances and weather stripping. Energy conservation
characteristics of some passive measures degrade with time, which
must be considered in the overall evaluation of their effectiveness
for an intended life cycle. Other conservation measures includes
improvement in efficiency of utilization devices (such as motors)
and "doing without" energy by disciplines (turning off lights,
turning down thermostats).
Current and future availability
Materials and schemes to implement passive measures are commer-
cially available and increasing in use all over the United States
due to the rapidly escalating cost of energy.
PROPERTY OF:
Alaska Power Authority
334 W. 5th Ave.
Anchorage, Alaska 99501