HomeMy WebLinkAboutHughes Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 5-1981 ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
LIBRARY COPY
OF
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS & ALTERNATIVES
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PROPERTY OF:
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INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. A MORRISON-KNUDSEN COMPANY rN ROBERT W. RETHERFORD ASSOCIATES DIVISION ay
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APA32*D1
HUGHES SUPPLEMENT TO RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR BUCKLAND, CHUATHBALUK, CROOKED CREEK HUGHES, KOYUKUK, NIKOLAI, RED DEVIL, RUSSIAN MISSION, SHELDON POINT, SLEETMUTE, STONY RIVER, TAKOTNA AND TELIDA
MAY 1981
Prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Co., Inc.
Anchorage, Alaska
For the.
State of Alaska
Department of Commerce and Economic Development
Division of Alaska Power Authority
333 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Under Contract No. AS44.56.010
#17
This report was prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Company
R.W. Retherford, P.E.
Frank J. Bettine, E.1.T.
James J. Lard, E.I.T.
Mark Latour, Economist
Illustrations on the front cover were prepared and sketched by
Kathryn L. Langman. These illustrations portray several energy
resource alternatives investigated for the Thirteen Villages
included in this study.
APA 20/T2
Section aw fF WD BH APPENDIX A
APA32*D3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary and Results
Recommendations
Existing Conditions and Energy Balance
Energy Requirements Forecast
Resource and Technology Assessment
Energy Plans
Description of Selected Technologies
Page
1.1
2.1
3.1
4.1
5.1
6.1
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
APA32*D4
SECTION 1
SUMMANY AND RESULTS
A. Summary
A study was recently conducted under contract number AS44.56.010 for the
State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Divi-
sion of Alaska Power Authority to determine the energy alternatives for
Thirteen Western Alaskan Villages. This study consists of establishing
the following:
Energy Balance for 1979
Existing Power and Heating Facilities - 1980
Electric Power Requirements to the year 2000
Space Heating Requirement to the year 2000
Potential Energy and Electric Power Resources
Evaluation of the Electric Power Resources
Recommendations for the development or future studies
for the 13 Western Alaskan villages of Buckland, Hughes, Koyukuk, Telida,
Nikolai, Takotna, Stony River, Sleetmute, Red Devil, Crooked Creek,
Chuathbaluk, Russian Mission and Sheldon Point (See Figure 1.1).
The Hughes supplement represents a brief summary of the most pert-
inent facts and findings contained in the original report which relate
to the village of Hughes. Detailed data concerning the village may
be obtained by referring to the original report.
Diesel fuels are presently used to satisfy the major percentage of
energy demands in the village. Emphasis in the study was therefore
placed on possible resources and technologies that could replace or at
least supplement the use of increasingly costly fuel oi]. The energy
alternatives which were selected for detailed evaluation in the village
for Hughes include: +
1) Diesel generation
2) Waste Heat Recovery
3) Binary Cycle generation using wood fuel
4) Hydroelectric generation
5) Passive solar heating
6) Energy conservation
1 See Appendix A for brief description of technologies listed.
1-1
APA32*D5
Nooteh River
BUCKLAND
HUGHES
KOYUKUK
RUSSIAN MISSION
SHELDON POINT
CHUATHBALUK
CROOKED CREEK
NIKOLAI
RED DEVIL
SLEETMUTE
STONY RIVER
TAKOTNA
TELIDA
Rey Mountaine @enoOWhwn — Yukon - Tonane Plateau FAIRBANKS os _ ——— ~ FOUNV? of] os Bevin Oreree | I iver | 7; > Fee, Mountaine trang A oe AEN, dees in Ni) / GETHEL ?/ Ge ANCHORAGE : Tikes a , C lotes yaite iat’ : te S_ yi we sy £8 pV of vaxuTat 4 q
G a,
Gult of Aloske
g
petites BOY { KODIAK pACIFIC OCEAN
gs
4 0 : ee, FIGURE 1.1
ALASKA MAP
13 WESTERN VILLAGES
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of future energy requirements
for the village, a control year - 1979 - was established from which
all projections have been made. Information related to village
history, population and economic conditions, plus information
regarding village government, transportation, power and heating
facilities, fuel requirements, etc., was collected to provide the
necessary background data to support these projections.
B. EVALUATION RESULTS
a. Economics
Table 1.1 is a summary of the 20 and 50 year economic evaluations per-
formed for the combination of alternatives (i.e. energy plans), selected
for detailed study for Hughes. This Table lists the accumulated present
worth of plan costs and the accumulated present worth of the net benefits
derived from non-electrical outputs, where:
1) Plan costs represent the cost for providing electrical
generation, and
2) Net benefits represent the savings derived from waste
heat capture or surplus hydroelectric energy used for
electric heating.
a. Twenty-Year Evaluation Results
Results of the 20-year economic evaluation indicate that of the energy
plans studied, the diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat
recovery plan provides the most economical method of providing electrical
generation in Hughes. This plan assumes the construction of a wood-fired
binary cycle generation facility as replacement for diesel generation.
The diesel generation with waste heat energy plan averaged approximately
four percent greater cost than the diesel generation plus binary cycle
1-3
APA32*D7
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
generation and waste heat recovery plan for Hughes. This small] variation
in cost between the two energy plans represents an insignificant difference
in a reconnaissance level study, where costs cannot be precisely determined,
and should not be construed to indicate a definite cost advantage of one
plan over another.
1-4
APA32*D8
S-l HUGHES
Table 1.1 Accumulated Present Worth of Plan Costs and Benefits ($1,000)
Diesel Diesel
& &
Diesel Binary Cycle Diesel : WECS
PERIOD & & & &
Waste Heat Waste Heat Hydroelectric Waste Heat
Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit
20-year 2238-250.1 2157-220.4 4284-117.2 N/A
50-year 5849-892.7 4641-825.1 10147-506.4 N/A
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
Hydroelectric generation is found to be the most expensive method of
providing electrical energy for Hughes.
Passive solar and energy conservation have not been economically evaluated
in detail and they are, therefore, not listed in Table 1.1. Numerous
past studies have shown the value of conservation and passive solar
heating. An approximate fifteen percent reduction in fossil fuel require-
ments due to the implementation passive solar heating and energy conserva-
tion measures has been built into the village Heating Requirement Forecast
Tables listed in Section 4. It is assumed that these two methods of
reducing usage will be implemented in the village.
b. Fifty Year Evaluation Results:
The results of the 50-year economic evaluation performed for the village
of Hughes confirms hydroelectric generation as the most expensive method
of providing electrical energy. The high cost of developing the two po-
tential hydroelectric sites near Hughes makes the use of hydroelectric
generation economically unrealistic.
In addition, the results of the 50-year evaluation has reaffirmed the
slight cost advantage of diesel plus binary cycle generation and waste
heat recovery, over diesel plus waste heat for the village of Hughes.
2. Environmental and Technical
Results of the environmental and technical evaluation are listed in Table 1.2.
These results indicate the overall environmental and technical ranking of
energy plans investigated for the village of Hughes, in order of preference,
to be:
1) diesel electric plus waste heat
2) diesel plus hydroelectric generation
3) diesel plus binary cycle with waste heat
1-6
APA34*G10
ont APA cou
EVALUATION MATRIX
Diesel + Diese] + Diesel + Waste Heat
Table 1.2 Diesel Local Hydro Binary Generation Supplemental
Electric w/wo Electric Coal and/or Wood Wind
Factor + Waste Heat Heat With Waste Heat Generation
(A) Economic (Present Worth) Cc F B 7
(B) Environmental
(1) Community Preference 9 1 4 7
(2) Infrastructure 3 é 5 -
(3) Timing 1 5 7 =
(4) Air Quality 4 1 5 -
(5) Water Quality 2 1 4 =
(6) Fish and Wildlife 2 5 4 =
(7) Land Use 2 6 4 -
(8) Terrestrial Impacts 2 6 AL ==
TOTAL 25 29 37 -
Environmental Ranking 1 3 3 -
(C) Technical
(1) Safety 2 1 2 ¢
(2) Reliability 2 1 2 -
(3) Availability al 5 _8 ad
TOTAL 5 7 12 =:
TECHNICAL RANKING 1 2 4 -
OVERALL RANKING C-1 F-2 B-3 oo
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
APA32*D12
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
A. General
Analysis of both the 20-year and 50-year economic, technical and
environmental evaluations indicate the two most promising energy
plans for the village of Hughes in order of preference to be:
1) Continued use of diesel generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery,
2) diesel plus binary cycle generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery.
B. RECOMMENDED PLANS - Diesel Generation Supplemented with Waste Heat
Recovery -
The 20 and 50 year economic and technical and environmental evaluation indi-
cates that diesel generation with waste heat recovery will provide the most
satisfactory method of providing electric energy for the village of Hughes.
It is recommended, therefore, that a study be conducted to determine the
feasibility of utilizing waste heat in the village of Hughes. Such a
study should include a definitive review of the following items:
a) availability of waste heat
b) transportation of waste heat
c) end use of waste heat
C. FIRST ALTERNATIVE PLAN - Diesel Plus Binary Cycle Generation Supplemented
With Waste Heat Recovery -
The alternative plan as listed above is diesel plus binary cycle generation
with waste heat recovery. This plan averages approximately 4 percent lesser
cost than the recommended plan (20-year economic evaluation).
Because binary cycle generation is viewed as one of the few potentially
viable energy alternatives which is suitable for future application in
remote Alaska villages such as Hughes, it is recommended that the feasi-
2-1
APA34*G13
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
bility of binary cycle generation in Alaska be further investigated in
regard to:
a) Equipment availability
b) Technical feasibility
c) Economic aspects
d) Environmental aspects
e) Constraints
Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suitable for application
in the village of Hughes is, however, not expected to be available until
the late 1980's.
D. COST FOR FUTURE STUDY
Approximate costs for determining the feasibility of the two most attractive
energy resources for the village of Hughes are:
e Waste heat recovery - approximately $2500
e Binary cycle generation - approximately $2,000,000 which
would include the cost of constructing and operating
a demonstration plant in Alaska.
E. CONSERVATION MEASURES
For the village to stabilize and hopefully reduce the cost of energy
immediate short-term conservation measures could provide the most
rapid results. It cannot be overemphasized that if the villages wish
to stabilize and hopefully reduce the local cost of energy immediate short
term conservation measures must be implemented. These conservation
measures, which include added insulation, double glazing or solar film,
arctic entrances, weather stripping, etc., can reduce current non-
transportation fuel use on the order of 15 percent over the 20-year
period of this study.
APA34*G14
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE
APA32%D15
SECTION 3 :
EXISTING CONDITIONS AND
ENERGY BALANCE
A. INTRODUCTION
To establish a base and understanding of energy use in the village,
an energy balance has been compiled for the year 1979. Input energy
forms are diesel, wood, propane, blazo, gasoline, and aviation gasoline.
Energy used in the village has been listed both by end use category
(i.e., heating, transportation, and quantities used for electrical
generation) and by consumer category to include residential, smal]
commercial, public buildings, and large users (school), in the
following table (Table numbered as in original report).
To provide background data, information related to village history,
demographic and economic conditions plus information regarding
village government, transportation, power and heating facilities is
included.
Hughes
a. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
History: Hughes is located on the Koyukuk River approxi-
mately 115 miles northeast of Galena. The village was
estabilished in 1910 as a river landing "port of supply
for the Indian River gold diggings. Hughes is located
within the boundaries of the Doyon Limited Regional
Corporation.
Population:
The 1970 census showed the population of Hughes at 85
residents. The 1980 population, as estimated by members
of the village council, is 102 with 17 households. This
reflects an average annual population growth rate, over
3-1
APA32*D16
APA32*D17
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS AND
ENERGY BALANCE
the past decade, of 1.7 percent. In 1980, the average
number of memebers per household was 6.0 persons.
Economy: The village of Hughes exists on a subsistence
economy. The main food staples in the village are moose
and salmon with rabbit, ptarmigan, grouse, berries. and
waterfowl and their eggs supplementing the diet.
Permanent non-subsistence employment in the village
consists of teachers, teacher aide, school cook, and
health aide. Income from these enterprises is supple-
mented by public assistance payments and from trapping
and the sale of pelts.
Transportation: The community's location on the Koyukuk
River allows access by both air and small boat travel.
Passengers, cargo, supplies, fuel and mail arrive by air.
Snowmachines are used for winter transportation. Small
boats are the primary means of transportation in the
summer. There are no roads connecting Hughes with other
communities in the region.
ENERGY BALANCE (1979)
Residential and small commercial heating requirements in
Hughes are supplied almost entirely from wood. Diesel
fuel is used for heating public buildings and the school.
Electric power and energy is supplied to the village and
school by the school diesel-generator sets.
Heating requirements in Hughes accounts for 61.6 percent
of the village energy usage with electric generation
3-2
APA32*D18
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
accounting for 24.5 percent and transportation 13.9
percent. Graph 3.2 illustrates by consumer category, the
types and percentages of energy forms used in the village.
Table 3.2 tabularizes this data in additional detail.
EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITY
Electric Power: Electric power to the village is
supplied by the school owned and operated 50 kW and two
35 kW diesel generator sets. The village does not
possess a centralized power plant. Distribution consists
of single phase overhead triplex construction operating at
a voltage of 240/120 volts.
Heating: Residential and small commercial heating are
primarily with wood stoves with the average residence
using about nine cords of wood per year. All residences
“use propane for cooking. Heating of public buildings is
with fuel oi] in small oil-fired furnaces or stoves. The
school heating is supplied by a centralized oil-fired
furnace. Cooking at the school is accomplished with a
fuel oil-fired cook stove.
Fuel Storage: Diesel, bulk fuel oil storage capacity in the
community (village + school) is approximately 30,000 gallons
(estimated during site visit).
3-3
GRAPH 3.2 1979 ENERGY BALANCE
HUGHES
EFFICIENCIES ASSUMED: LEGEND _
HEATING — 75% ) — RESIDENTIAL
TRANSPORTATION — 25% (eae) — SMALL COMMERCIAL
ELECTRICAL GENERATION — 25% [7 — PUBLIC BUILDINGS
(Hl) — LARGE USERS (SCHOOL)
() — WASTE HEAT
TOTAL ENERGY (100%) 1.7%
HEATING (61.6%)
BLAZO — 0%
PROPANE— 1.9%
WOOD — 30.3%
DIESEL — 29.4%
TOTAL — 61.6%
TRANSPORTATION (13.9%)
GASOLINE + AV GAS 13.9%
ELECTRICAL GENERATION (24.5%)
DIESEL 24.5%
| | | | | | | | | | | 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000
S-€ apa28: a4
ENERGY BALANCE - 1979
HUGHES
Table 3.2
CONSUMER ENERGY FORM CONSUMED HEATING TRANSPORTATION ELECTRICAL
DIESEL wood PROPANE BLAZO GASOLINE AV GAL DIESEL TOTAL
GAL CORDS POUNDS GAL_- GAL GAL GAL 10° Btu
TYPE NO. T0® Btu 10® Btu 10° Btu 10° Btu 10® Btu 10® Btu 10° Btu % of Total
Residential 17 2,600 153 8,200 - 9,400 - 2,630 4,677
359 2,601 160 1,194 363 54.5
Small Commercial 1 - - - - - - 1,050 145 145 17
Public Buildings 1 1,400 - - - - - 1,200 359
193 166 4.2
Large User (school) 1 14,300 . - = - - 10,300 3,394
1973 1,421 39.6
Total 20 / 18,300 - 153 8,200 - 9,400 - 5,180 8,570
735525 2,601 160 1,194 F095 —
% of Total Btu 29.4 30.3 1.9 13.9 - 24.5 100
Waste Heat agsie
10° Btu 631 650 40 7 896 - 1,571 3,788
X of Total Btu 7.4 7.6 0.5 10.4 18.3 44.2
Assumed efficiency:
Heating 75%
Transportation 25%
Electric Generation 25%
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
APA32*D20
A. INTRODUCTION
The following paragraphs and tables outline the economic
Planned capital projects and activities forecase, and energy
and use forecasts for the village of Hughes.?
1 Tables numbered as in original report
4-1
APA32*D21
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
2. Hughes
(a) Planned Capital Projects and Economic Activity Forecast
Planned Capital Projects:
Scheduled improvements - Airport improvements
Potential developments - Timber harvest
Economic Activity Forecast: No substantial economic activity
is forecast for the Hughes area except for possibly a small-scale
timber harvesting project to supply wood fuel for possible wood-
fired electric generation in the late 1980's.
(b) Population Forecast - Hughes
The population forecast is shown in the following Table 4.2
Table 4.2
Year 1970 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
Population 85 102 105 107 113 124
# Residences 7 17 18 19 23 31
# Small commercial 7 1 2 2 3 4
# Public users 7 1 2 3
# Large users 7 1 1 1 1 1
Population growth rate - 1%
APA32*D22
apa22: a4
C. End Use Forecast
The end uses of energy are shown in the folowing Tables 4.2a, 4.2b,
HUGHES ELECTRIC POWER REQUIREMENTS
and 4.2c.
Table 4.2a
1979 1 1982
Population 102 105
(1) Number of residential
consumers 17 18
(2) Average kWh/mo/consumer 110 133
~(3) MWh/year residential
consumers
(2) x (1) x 12 + 1000 22.4 28.7
(4) Number of small commer-
cial consumers 1 2
(5) Average kWh/mo/consumer 743 848
(6) MWh/year small commer-
cial consumer
(4) x (5) x 12 + 1000 8.9 20.4
(7) Number of public consumers 1 2
(8) Average kWh/mo/consumer 850 970
/ (9) MWh/year public consumer
(7) x (8) x 12 = 1000 10.2 23.3
(10) Large (LP) consumer 1 1
(school)
(11) Average kWh/mo/LP
consumer 2 7,300 7,521
(12) MWh/year LP's
(10) x (11) x 12 + 1000 87.6 90.2
(13) System MWh/year
(3)+(6)+(9)+(12) 129.2 162.6
(14) System load factor 0.45 0.45
(15) System demand kW
(13)+8760+(14)x1000 33 41
1 Village supplied by school
2 School at 1% growth rate.
1985
107
19
160
36.5
968
23.2
1,107
39.9
7,750
93.0
192.6
0.45
49
1990
113
23
220
60.7
1,204
43.3
1,379
49.6
8,144
97.8
251.4
0.45
64
2000
124
31
415
154.4
1,872
89.9
2,142
102.7
8,997
108.0
455.0
0.50
104
apa22:c4
Table 4.2b
HUGHES HEATING REQUIREMENTS 2
RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(1) Population 102 105 107 113 124
(2) Number of resi-
dential users 17 18 : 19 23 31
(3) Diesel - Average
gal/mo/res idence
(6)+(2)+12 13 13 13 12 6
(4) Propane - Average
1bs/mo/residence ; (7)+(2)+12 40 -41 42 39 35
(5) Wood - Average
cords/mo/residence
(8)+(2)+12 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.71 0.65
(6) Diesel _ Gals , 2,600 2,750 2,900 3,345 2,290
Btu x 105 359 380 400 462 316
(7) Propane _Lbs 8,200 8,760 9,550 10,650 13,000
Btu x 10° 160 T71 186 208 254
(8) Wood _ Cords 153 162 171 197 240 Btu x 10% 2,601 2,754 2,907 3,349 F080
(9) Total
Btu x 106
(6)+(7)+(8) 3,120 3,304 3,493 4,018 4,650
(10) Annual per capita
consumption Btu x 106
(9)+(1) 30.6 31.5 32.6 35.6 37.5
Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements
beginning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and
technical improvements in both building design and heating equipment.
4-4
APA 22-A ql
Table 4.2c
HUGHES HEATING REQUIREMENTS }
OTHER CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(11) Small Commercial 1 2 2 3 4 user
(12) Diesel - - 550 1569 1894 Gals/Btu x 106 76 217 261
(13) Public Buildings 1 2 3 3 4 user
(14) Diesel Gals 1400 1950 2500 2378 2626
Btu x 10° 193 269 345 328 362
(15) Large users 1 1 1 1 1
(school)
(16) Diesel equivalent
(diesel + wood)
Gals 14,300 14,300 14,300 13,599 12,312
Btu x 10° 1,973 1,973 1,973 1,877 1,699
(17) Propane __lbs - - - - -
Btu x 10°
(18) Subtotal Btu x 106 1,973 1,973 1,973 1,877 1,699
(16)+(17)
(19) Total
Btu x 10
(9)+(12)+(14)+(18) 5,286 5,546 5,887 6,440 6,972
Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements
beginning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and
technical improvements in both building design and heating equipment.
4-5 :
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
APA32*D23
SECTION 5
RESOURVE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
A. Energy Resource Assessment
The energy resources which are determined to be available for the
village of Hughes are summarized in the following table. Inform-
ation.concerning approximate quantity, quality, availability, cost,
source of data and important comments is included. The energy
resources specifically addressed include diesel generation, wind,
hydroelectric potential, waste heat utilization, timber, and coal.
While passive solar heating and energy conservative are not speci-
fically addressed in the table, it is assumed these two energy
measures will be implemented in the village. Energy resources
which are not available for use in Hughes and are therefore not
addressed include geothermal, peat, oi] and gas and tidal power.
APA32*D24
erg APA22-A S1
RESOURCE
Diesel fuel
Table 5.2
ENERGY LOCATION
Major supplier
Nenana
Wood fuel 10-mile radius
Coal fuel N/A
Waste Heat!
Recovery -
Hydroelectric Creek northwest
Potential of Hughes
Wind Potential
< >
ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
QUANTITY/AVAILABILITY
1.4x10® cu ft
late 1980's
N/A
30% of fuel used
for electrical genera
HUGHES
QUALITY
#2 diesel
138,000 Btu/gal
14.6x10® Btu/cord
N/A
Recoverable heat
41,400 Btu/gal
ation; upon installation diesel equivalent.
on school generators.
45 kW, 85 mwh; 1986
45 kW, 100 mwh; 1988
Two creeks west of Hughes ‘
wind generation atop bluffs near village, but no wind data available.
Assume $2.31 per gallon diesel fuel costs, 0.45 load factor
Saving per million Btu's recovered.
Villagers indicated insufficient wind in village for wind power.
SOURCE OF
cost DATA
$2.31/gal Nenana Fuel
$16.75/10° Btu Dealer
$132/cord Appendix G
$9.04/10° Btu
N/A -
$450/kW installed Appendix D
<$11.36/10® Btu> diesel
fuel displaced.
$75 ,600/kW Reference #37
installed
$76,100/kW installed
Possibility of
COMMENTS
Delivered cost
at village.
Delivered cost
at village.
Cost assumed heat delivery
within 100 ft radius of
Availability
varies w/generator loading.
Maintenance at $11/kW/yr.
plant.
Section 6
Energy Plans
APA32*D25
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
A. INTRODUCTION
The approach to the energy plans formulated for the village of Hughes
is explained in this section. Each plan is formulated to meet the
forecasted electrical energy requirements of the village plus addi-
tional related requirements, such as space heating, where appropriate.
A base case plan using diesel generation is formulated for the village.
This plan is used as the "control case" to determine the advantage or
disadvantage of other alternatives as compared to diesel generation.
Future village diesel generation additions assume that local school,
which has sufficient installed generation capacity, will provide its
own back-up capability. The school will, however, rely on the central-
ized village power plant for their primary supply of electrical power
and energy.
A wood-fired binary cycle generation option is presented for the village
of Hughes. This option assumes the wood fuel would be harvested within a
ten-mile radius of Hughes. Diesel fuel oil-fired binary cycle generation
- is also possible, but provides no significant cost or technical advantage
over diesel engine powered generation. Fuel oil-fired binary cycle gener-
ation is, therefore, not included in the formulated energy plan for the
village.
A waste heat capture analysis is included with all options that
use fossil fuels for electrical generation (i.e., diesel generation
employing engine jacket water cooling and binary cycle generation).
Hydroelectric generation is also investigated for the village. Any addi-
tional benefits from this technology, such as the use of excess hydroelectric
energy to provide inexpensive electric space heat is also included.
APA34*G26
APA 22-A/T SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
B. Energy Plan Description
a) Base Case Plan
1) Plan components - diesel and waste heat recovery
2) Timing of system additions -
Diesel - 1982 - 75 + 50 kW; 1991 - 75 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 75 kW; 1991 - 75 kW
3) Plan description - This plan assumes the continued
use of diesel driven generators throughout the study
and the implementation of waste heat recovery.
b. Alternative Plan A
1) -Plan components - Diesel and Binary cycle generation
‘using wood fuel and waste heat recovery.
2) Timing of additions -
Diesel - 1982 - 75 + 50 kW
Binary cycle - 1989 - 150 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 75 kW; 1989 - 150 kW
3) Plan description - This plan assumes construction
of wood-fired binary cycle generation facilities
in the late 1980's as a replacement for diesel
generation and the implementation of waste heat
recovery.
c. Alternative Plan B
1) Plan components diesel and waste heat and hydro-
electric
APA 22-A/T
2)
3)
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
Timing of additions
Diesel - 1982 - 75 + 50 kW
Waste heat - 1983 - 75 kW
Hydroelectric - 1986 - 45 kW, 85 mwh; 1988 - 45 kw,
100 mWh
Plan description - This plan assumes construction
of two possible hydroelectric sites located west and
northwest of Hughes (See reference 37) as partial
replacement for diesel generation. Estimated 1980
construction cost of two hydroelectric projects
plus transmission line are as follows (ref. 37).
1. Site west of Hughes - $3,402,800
2. Site northwest of Hughes - $3,426,400
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES
APA*32C34
A.1 DIESEL
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C35
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the diesel engine, air is compressed in a cylinder to a
high pressure. Fuel oi] is injected into the compressed air,
which is at a temperature above the fuel ignition point, and
the fuel burns, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy
by driving a piston. Pistons drive a shaft which in turn
drives the generator.
Current and future availability
Diesel engines driving electrical generators are one of the
most efficient simple cycle converters of chemical energy
(fuel) to electrical energy. Although the diesel cycle in
theory will burn any combustible matter, the practical fact of
the matter is that these engines burn only high grade liquid
petroleum or gas, except for multi-thousand horsepower engines
which can burn heated residual oi]. Diesel generating units
are usually built as an integral whole and mounted on skids
for installation at their place of use.
A-1
A.2 BINARY CYCLE FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C36
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the binary conversion process, a heated primary fluid of
insufficient quality for direct use in electrical production
passes through a heat exchanger to transfer heat to a working
fluid. The working fluid has a lower boiling point than water
and is vaporized in the heat exchanger. The vaporized working
fluid then expands through a turbine or cylinder piston arrange-
ment is condensed, and returns to the-heat exchanger. The primary
fluid is returned to its heat source following heat exchange.
Current and future availability
Current commercial availability is restricted to unit sizes
in excess of village power requirements as determined in this
study. Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suit-
able for village application is not expected to be available
until the late 1980's.
A-2
A.3 HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION
a. General Description
1. Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the hydroelectric power development, flowing water is
directed into a hydraulic turbine where the energy in the
water is used to turn a shaft, which in turn drives a gener-
ator. In their action, turbines involve a continuous trans-
formation of the potential and/or kinetic energy of the water
into usable mechanical energy at the shaft. Water stored at
rest at an elevation above the level of the turbine (head)
possesses potential energy; when flowing, the water possesses
kinetic energy as a function of its velocity. The return of
the used water to the higher elevation necessary for funct-
ioning of the hydroelectric machinery is powered by the sun
to complete the cycle - a direct, natural process using solar
energy. The ability to store water at a useful elevation makes
this energy supply predictable and dependable.
2. Current and future availability
Hydroelectric developments in the United States, as of January
1978, totaled 59 million kilowatts, producing an estimated
average annual output of 276 billion kilowatt hours according
to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Hydropower provides
about 10% of Alaska's electric energy needs. Developments
range in size from over a million kilowatts down to just a few
kilowatts of installed capacity. Hydropower is a time proven
method of generation that offers unique advantages. Fuel
cost, a major contributor to thermal plant operating costs, is
eliminated.
A-3
APA*32C37
A.4 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS)
a. General Description
1) Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The thermodynamic process involved stems from the sun, the
primary energy source which produces the wind. This wind
energy cannot be stored, is intermittent, somewhat unpredict-
able and thereby undependable. The process then relies
on wind flow over an air foil assembly to create differential
pressures along the air foil. This differential pressure
results in rotation of the assembly around a fixed axis to
which it is attached. Power from the wind is transmitted
through the connection shaft and accompanying gear box to an
electrical generator.
Three types of generators are presently in use with wind energy
systems. These are the DC generator, the AC induction generator
and the AC synchronous generator. Of the three types, the AC
_ induction generator is the most widely used because of its
2)
APA*32C38
simplicity and low cost. An induction generator is not a stand-
alone generator and must be connected to an external power system
of relatively constant frequency and voltage to operate properly.
Current and future availability
Availability of the wind at useful velocities require long
term records to estimate the potential energy. Lesser records
provide less credible estimates.
Availability of WECS machinery in small size units in the 1.5 kW
to 20 kW range is good. Large units in the 100-200 kW range are
currently undergoing tests in both the government and private sector
and should be available in the near future. Demonstrations of
multi-megawatt sizes are in process.
A-4
A.5 DIESEL WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C39
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The present use of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oi1) in Alaska (as
elsewhere) to produce more useful forms of energy (heat,
electricity, motive power) is less than 100 percent efficient.
For example, if a machine burns a certain quantity of fossil
fuel and produces useful output (shaft horsepower, electrical
energy, steam, useful hot water or air for space heating)
equivalent to 30% of the fuel burned, the energy represented by
the remaining 70% of the fuel will appear as unused or “waste”
heat. Such heat most often appears as hot exhaust gas, tepid
to warm water (65°F-180°F), hot air from cooling radiators, or
direct radiation from the machine.
Diesel waste heat can be recovered from engine cooling water
and exhaust, or either source separately. The waste heat is
typically transferred to a water-glycol circulating system in
Alaskan applications. The heated circulating fluid can be used
for space, water, or process heating where temperatures of
the waste hear are suitable.
Current and future availability
Recovery of diesel waste heat in Alaska is growing as a result of
sharp increases in diesel fuel cost. Recovery of jacket water heat
only is most common in Alaska.
Diesel waste heat availability is directly related to the
location and operating cycles of the engine installations.
A.6 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
a. General Description
Passive solar heating makes use of solar energy (sunlight) through
energy efficient design (i.e. south facing windows, shutters, added
insulation) but without the aid of any mechanical or electrical
inputs. Space heating is the most common application of passive
solar heating. Because such solar heating is available only when the
sun shines its availability is intermittent (day-night cycles) and
variable (winter-summer-cloudy-clear).
A-6
APA*32C40
A.7 CONSERVATION
a. General Description
1)
2)
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
Conservation measures considered here are mainly classified as
“passive. Passive measures are intended to conserve energy with-
out any further electrical, thermal, or mechanical energy input.
Typical passive measures are insulation, double glazing or solar
film, arctic entrances and weather stripping. Energy conservation
characteristics of some passive measures degrade with time, which
must be considered in the overall evaluation of their effectiveness
for an intended life cycle. Other conservation measures includes
improvement in efficiency of utilization devices (such as motors)
and "doing without" energy by disciplines (turning off lights, ,
turning down thermostats).
Current and future availability .
Materials and schemes to implement passive measures are commer-
_ cially available and increasing in use all over the United States
APA*32C41
due to the rapidly escalating cost of energy.
A-7
PROPERTY OF:
Alaska Power Authority
334 W. 5th Ave. Anchorage, Alaska 99501