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Alaska Native History Day by Day 2000
Alaska Native HISTORY Day by Day CIRI Copyright © CIRI 2000 9CIRI | Alaska Native History Day by Day On the following pages you will find our draft Alaska Native History Calendar. We at CIRI are developing this calendar in the hopes of fostering pride in Alaska Native past. It is a means to celebrate the past, as well as honor the many leaders who sacrificed so much for their people. We are distributing our draft to Alaska Native Regional Corporations and Villages during the Alaska Federation of Natives Convention with the hope of getting more information from as many corporations, groups and organizations as possible. The calendar includes events throughout Alaska Native history, beginning in the 1700s and running up to the present. It is hoped that a book can be printed from the calendar which could be used in a wide variety of ways, such as in schools or for media outlets. The goal for the calendar has been to find an event in Native history for every day of the year with representation from as many Native individuals and organizations as possible. Because the information is in a database, a wide variety of other products eventually could be developed, including web-based information. Although we now have at least one event for every single day of the year, there are many key events which have not yet been included, as well as birthdays of many important people. We're hoping that people will take a look at the calendar and tell us what should be added to it. We have enclosed a form that could be copied and distributed so that we could gather as much material as possible. 2525 “C” STREET, SUITE 500 - P.O. BOX 93330 » ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99509-3330 (907) 274-8638 » FAX (907) 279-8836 * Web Site: www.ciri.com Alaska Native History Day by Day Page 2 While this calendar will never be completed, we feel we’ve reached a point where we're ready to show people and ask for their input so that we can get a book printed. We understand that some of our entries should be replaced with others and that many of our entries cry out for more detail. Our vision is that each entry will be a “stand-alone” statement that will encourage readers to undertake more research on their own on any of the issues mentioned. The calendar is also meant to serve as a record, documenting such important dates as when a particular Native corporation was created or when a particular tribal entity’s bylaws were approved. We are attempting to document the source of information for each of our entries. Our final product will show more detail on our sources. Those who would like to discuss the calendar or provide suggestions for entries may contact CIRI Historian Alexandra J. McClanahan at ajmcclanahan@ciri.com, 263-5197; or Charmaine Forbes, cforbes@ciri.com. Thank you in advance for your cooperation and assistance. Sincerely, CDaparde fe Garohen Alexandra J. McClanahan CIRI Historian ‘CIRI Alaska Native History Calendar DATE (Month, Day, Year): TYPE (Please check one): Anniversary Birthday Other PERSON’S NAME: CORPORATION: VILLAGE: SOURCE OF INFORMATION: ETHNICITY: SUBMITTED BY: PHONE, FAX, EMAIL: EVENT DESCRIPTION: Please return to: A.J. McClanahan or Charmaine Forbes FAX: (907) 263-5183 CIRI, Box 93330 EMAIL: — ajmcclanahan@ciri.com Anchorage, Alaska 99509-3330 cforbes@ciri.com Events in Alaska Native History January 01,1819 A census of Alaska's population in the Russian-occupied portion of the state published in 1819 shows that the Russian colony includes 391 Russians, 244 Creoles, and 8,384 Natives. January 01,1841 —_ Hard liquor is prohibited entirely throughout the areas of Alaska administered by the Russians. The Russians had introduced both liquor and tea, the latter consumed by Eskimos of the Bering Strait Region in enormous quantities, according to Dorothy Jean Ray. The Russians were permitted only a small amount of liquor, but after January 1, 1846, hard liquor was prohibited entirely. January 01,1869 —_ The first of a series of clashes occurs between the Chilkat Indians and the U.S. Army in Alaska. Chief Cholckeka led the Chilkat Indians in the attacks. January 01,1937 =A radio program running on 170 stations from Alaska to Florida starts. Its aim is to educate the nation about Native American tribal history, culture and current affairs. John Collier, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, budgeted federal money for radio communications in remote Alaska villages and sponsored the national program. January 01,1976 Elaine Ramos from Sitka and Yakutat becomes the first woman and first Alaska Native vice president of the University of Alaska. January 01,1989 The Alaska Federation of Natives publishes "A Call to Action," a stunning report summarizing the health and social and economic data on the status of Alaska Natives. The report states: "The data indicate that, despite improvements in health, educational opportunity, standard of living and access to government services, an increasing number of Natives faces grave risks and declining economic opportunities." The report states that there is a "social, cultural and economic crisis in Native villages." AFN's report came partly in response to a Pulitzer-Prize winning series of investigative articles published by the Anchorage Daily News titled, "A People in Peril," which documented an epidemic of suicide and violent death among Alaska Natives. "A Call to Action" would lead to the creation of the Alaska Natives Commission by Congress in September 1989. January 01, 1999 Southcentral Foundation and the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, known as ANTHC, assume ownership and management of the Alaska Native Medical Center. This brings all of the Native health system that was formerly operated by the Indian Health Service under Native ownership and management. With the change, Alaska becomes the first state to have all of its health facilities for Native Americans managed by Native organizations. The consortium's board is made up of 15 representatives from Native organizations around the state. January 02,1940 —_Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Native Village of Fort Yukon. January 02,1940 —_Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Nunapitchuk. January 02,1976 President Ford signs the "Omnibus Amendments Act" into law. The Act allows for supplemental enrollment until January 2, 1977. Nearly 12,000 people signed up during that time, and of this number about 2,000 were found eligible and added to the rolls. Legislation also extends until January 2, 1977, the deadline for filing claims for benefits under ANCSA. The deadline had been March 30, 1973. The law also authorizes a complicated exchange of lands between the United States, CIRI and the State of Alaska. Because of CIRI's unique situation as a Native regional corporation based in Alaska's largest city with a majority of non-Native population and an inadequate amount of land available, Cook Inlet was granted the right to federal surplus lands elsewhere. Among other things, this act also ratifies a decision by Alaska Natives to choose an option left open by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act to create a 13th regional corporation for Alaska Natives living outside the state. January 03,1917 An Executive Order is signed creating the Norton Bay (Elim) Reserve of 316,000 acres in northwestern Alaska. January 03,1959 — Alaska is admitted into the Union by presidential proclamation. Events in Alaska Native History January 03,1972 A meeting of the Association of Village Council Presidents is held in Bethel, and Calista Corp. is organized. Five incorporators selected at this meeting include: Phillip Guy of Kwethluk, Robert Nick of Nunapitchuk, Fred Notti of Aniak, and William Tyson and Elizabeth Beans of St. Mary's. January 04,1974 — Goldbelt, Inc., becomes incorporated. The corporation is an urban, Alaska Native corporation for shareholders living in Juneau, including about 3,000 people. The corporation was founded in 1973. The four "urban" Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act included Goldbelt; Kenai Native Association, Inc., Kenai; Natives of Lodiak, Kodiak; and Shee Atika, Inc., Sitka. January 04,1979 — Eskimo leaders in Barrow blame the bowhead quota for a shortage of whale meat. Barrow Mayor Eben Hopson reports that chicken was served at holiday meals for the first time in his memory. January 05,1942 —_ Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Tanacross. January 05,1966 = Charles "Etok" Edwardsen, Guy Okakok and Samuel Simmons, all of Barrow, sign a letter to William Paul, informing him they are forming an association with the intent of securing in court their aboriginal rights and title to their land. William Paul was an early advocate for Native rights in Southeast, and Etok became aware of him when he attended school at Mt. Edgecumbe. January 06,1970 _A letter is written to the Alaska Federation of Natives from the Presbytery of the Yukon noting that the United Presbyterian Church has officially granted AFN's request for funds to be used in lobbying for the Native land claims. On this date, an emergency check of $1,000 was presented, pending final processing of the $10,000 single grant by the Board of National Missions. "We are all fully aware that this issue is controversial within and without the Church in the State of Alaska," Alexander M. Campbell wrote on behalf of the church. "The Synod has no intention of restricting the use of the grant except within the scope of our mutual understanding of the Public Awareness efforts as it relates to the Native Land Claims." January 07,1974 State Senator Willie Hensley files a charter application for the proposed United Bank of Alaska in Juneau. The application is filed with the state Department of Commerce on behalf of NANA Regional Corporation, Inc., Cook Inlet Region, Inc., Bristol Bay Native Corporation, and Doyon, Ltd. Initial capitalization for the bank, $1.5 million, comes from investment funds of the various regional and village corporations within those regions. January 07,1999 — The Federal Subsistence Board begins accepting applications for membership on 10 Federal Subsistence Regional Advisory Councils. The councils provide advice and make recommendations to the board concerning subsistence hunting, trapping and fishing issues on federal public lands. January 08,1912 The first Kake Day is observed to mark the fact that residents of this Tlingit village have adopted aspects of the white culture. Historically, the Kake tribe of the Tlingits was the most feared by white settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries. They frightened Captain Vancouver during his voyages and sometimes "terrorized" trappers, according to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development. In 1869, the Kakes killed two Sitka traders in revenge for the shooting of a Native by a Sitka sentry. This act began the so-called "Kake War." During successive reprisals by the Navy vessel U.S.S. Saginaw, three Kake villages were destroyed. The Kakes did not rebuild for many years, but finally settled around 1890 at their present site. In 1891, a government school and store were built. A Society of Friends mission also was established. A post office was established in 1904. In 1912 the first cannery was built near Kake and was purchased by the village in the late 1940s. In the late 1940s timber harvesting and processing began at a local sawmill. The world's largest totem pole was commissioned by Kake and carved by Chilkats in 1967 for Alaska's centennial. The 132- foot totem pole now stands on a bluff overlooking town. Sale of alcohol is restricted to the City- owned package store. January 08,1970 The Alaska Federation of Natives receives its certificate of incorporation. January 08,1973 Council Native Corporation, the corporation for the village of Council in the Bering Straits Region, becomes incorporated. 5 SSS -2- January 09, 1994 January 10, 1968 January 10, 1989 January 11, 1940 January 11, 1980 January 11, 1993 January 12, 1979 January 13, 1979 January 14, 1941 January 14, 1983 January 15, 1966 January 15, 1969 January 15, 1985 January 16, 1912 Events in Alaska Native History Pitka's Point Native Corporation, the village corporation for Pitka's Point in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. A meeting opens of Alaska's Task Force on Native Land Claims, including Willie Hensley (chair), Laura Bergt, Ray Christiansen, Eben Hopson, Hugh Nickolls, Flora Thiele and others. The Task Force, including mostly Alaska Natives, had been initiated by Governor Wally Hickel. Members of the legislative drafting committee were: Emil Notti, John Borbridge Jr., Alice Brown, Richard Frank, Charles Franz, Byron Mallott, Hugh Nicholls, Harvey Samuelsen and Don Wright. Legal advice was provided by Roger Conner, Clifford Groh and Barry Jackson. The task force drafted and supported Senate Bill 2690. (The meeting ran from January 10 to January 16.) Ahtna sells 5,620 acres of land to the United States Air Force for $2,470,000. This was to be used as the Over-The-Horizon Backscatter radar site. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Organized Village of Kwethluk. Cook Inlet Region, Inc., and Chugach Electric Association sign an oil and gas exploration and development agreement which was developed and negotiated over a two-and-a-half-year period. Georgianna Lincoln is sworn into office to serve as the first and only Alaska Native woman in the state's history in the Alaska State Senate. The daughter of Kathryn "Kitty" Evans Harwood and Theodore Clarence Harwood, she was born in Fairbanks on Feb. 22, 1943. She grew up in Rampart and Fairbanks and has held a number of leadership positions in the Alaska Native community, including serving on the Doyon Ltd. Board of Directors. AUS. District Judge dismisses a suit filed against the government by an Alaska Eskimo over whaling quotas. Bagpipes serenade Gov. Jay and Bella Hammond, an Alaska Native, as they enter each of three inaugural balls for a "festive starlit night of dancing in Juneau" honoring Hammond's second term. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and bylaws are ratified by the Organized Village of Saxman. The State of Alaska is granted the right to purchase the Alaska Railroad and its land pursuant to the Alaska Railroad Transfer Act of 1982. (The purchase was completed on January 5, 1985.) The first meeting of the Arctic Slope Native Association, attended by Abel Akpik, Samuel Simmons, Charles "Etok" Edwardsen, Hugh Nichols and Guy Okakok is held in Barrow. A few days earlier, on Jan. 5, Edwardsen, Okakok and Simmons signed a letter to William Paul, informing him they were forming an association with the intent of securing in court their aboriginal rights and title to their land. William Paul was an early advocate for Native rights in Southeast, and Etok became aware of him when he attended school at Mt. Edgecumbe. Confirmation hearings lasting until January 18 begin for Walter Hickel, nominated as Secretary of the Department of Interior. A key issue at the hearings was whether Hickel would continue the "land freeze" initiated in 1966 by then-Interior Secretary Stewart Udall to protect Alaska Natives from losing more land to state selections before a Native land claims bill had been passed. (The hearings ran from Jan. 15-18, 1969.) Port Graham Development Corporation, the village corporation for the Chugach Region village of Port Graham, becomes incorporated. Charlie Jim, Sr., Took, is born in Killisnoo. A Tlingit elder, he was of the Raven moiety and Deisheetaan clan, the son of Saani and Naalk. He and his wife Jenny raised 15 children. He died October 29, 1988. January 17, 1969 January 18, 1863 January 18, 1920 January 18, 1920 January 18, 1974 January 18, 1977 January 19, 1900 January 19, 1968 January 20, 1961 January 20, 1961 January 21, 1890 January 21, 1987 Events in Alaska Native History Interior Secretary Stewart Udall imposes the "super" freeze on Alaska lands. In one of his last acts in office, Udall formalizes his 1966 "land freeze" with the issuance of Public Land Order 4582 to protect Alaska Natives from losing any more land until land claims settlement legislation had been passed. Matilda ("Tillie") Kahtahah Kinnon Paul Tamaree, mother of William Paul, the first Alaska Native elected to the Territorial Legislature, is born in Victoria, B.C. Mrs. Tamaree worked for the Presbyterian Church for many years, but was paid less for her work than non-Natives performing the same service. She spoke up against such discrimination and was later elected the first woman elder in the Alaska Northwest Synod in 1931, according to Nancy J. Ricketts, writing in the book Tlingit Life Stories. She was the daughter of Kut-xoox and James Kinnon. She died in Wrangell on August 20, 1955. Bill S. Pete is born in Kenai. A CIRI elder, Pete was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. Sava Stephan, Sr., is born at Susitna Station. A CIRI elder, Stephan spent most of his life in Tyonek. He was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. Belkofski Corporation, the village corporation for the Aleut village of Belkofski, becomes officially incorporated. The Alaska Supreme Court overturns a lower court decision and rules that the Cook Inlet Land Exchange was constitutional. The Adjutant General's Office of the U.S. Army issues General Order 8. The directive creates the Department of Alaska, designating its headquarters as Fort St. Michael. Tlingit & Haida Indians are awarded $7.5 million as compensation through the U.S. Court of Claims for the taking of land for the Tongass National Forest. The Ipiutak Site National Historic Landmark in Point Hope becomes a nationally designated site. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior makes the designation as part of an effort to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 are designated National Historic Landmarks. The selection of the Ipiutak Site, occupied at 300 AD, commemorates the largest known paleo-Eskimo community covering 200 acres of tundra. It reveals a prehistoric culture which was a forerunner of later Eskimo societies. The Iyatayet Site National Historic Landmark near Shaktoolik becomes a nationally designated site. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior makes the designation as part of an effort to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 are designated National Historic Landmarks. The selection of the Iyatayet Site, occupied 6000 BC to 800 AD, commemorates the Denbigh Flint complex, the Norton Culture and the Nukleet Eskimos. The first written record of Tlingit protest against the salmon canneries is made in a letter to President Benjamin Harrison. The letter comes after Tlingits in Southeast Alaska, including Chief Shakes, held meetings in 1889 to consider the situation created by the canneries’ presence. Afterwards, they hired an attorney, Willoughby Clark, who wrote the letter to the president on their behalf. Clark's letter delineates Tlingit concerns about their rights in general, in addition to their concerns about the canneries. The president took no action. Arctic Slope Regional Corporation and Kuukpik Corp. sign an agreement in which Kuukpik gives its concurrence for ASRC to exercise its option to acquire subsurface rights to North Slope land within the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska for exploration and development. January 22, 1952 January 22, 1959 January 23, 1967 January 23, 1974 January 24, 1940 January 24, 1945 January 25, 1940 January 25, 1940 January 25, 1974 January 26, 1949 January 27, 1905 January 27, 1940 January 27, 1940 January 28, 1915 | ESSER SSS SS SS SN SSE Events in Alaska Native History The Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C., approves Articles of Association for Tonuok Indian Credit Association. The credit association is organized under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, amended on May 1, 1936, to include Alaska. By a vote of 5 to 3, the Board of Governors of the Alaska Bar Association votes to reinstate Tlingit attorney William Paul to the bar. He had been disbarred years earlier in 1937, in part because of questions over his handling of a lawsuit involving Kake fishermen. The reinstatement came after William Paul's son, Fred Paul, filed to have his father reinstated, beginning in 1955. William Paul was the first Alaska Native to be elected to the Territorial Legislature in 1924. Maniilaq Association, the nonprofit organization for the NANA region, is formed and incorporated. Interior Secretary Rogers C.B. Morton signs the primary federal right-of-way permit for construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Edward L. Patton, president of Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., Inc., welcomed the action. (Earlier, on November 16, 1973, President Richard M. Nixon signed the measure authorizing it.) James O. Segura is born in Kenai. Segura is President and Business Manager of Salamatof Native Association, Inc. William Prosser is born in Anchorage. Prosser, a long-time CIRI Board member, served as Chairman of the Board from 1998 until 2000. Prosser's mother, Sophie (Cooper) Prosser, is from Ninilchik. As he grew up, Prosser spent his summers in the village. He has held leadership positions for the Ninilchik Native Association, Inc., and continues to play an active role in the village corporation. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Venetie. The Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government receives notice of its official incorporation. Venetie Tribal Government is also associated with Arctic Village Tribal Government. Tribal land is owned and governed by the individual traditional councils, as well as Venetie Tribal Government. The Alaska State Supreme Court orders a temporary restraining order against all Native Regional Corporations to hold all funds and stock of minors who are wards of the State. Initiated by Alaska Legal Services in a class action suit, the temporary order was rendered as a protective measure for those children. Glenn G. Godfrey is born in Kodiak. Col. Godfrey, who was named director of the Division of Alaska State Troopers in January 1995, is the first Alaska Native to rise to above the rank of sergeant in the State Troopers in Alaska. Throughout his long career with the State Troopers, he has been stationed in Anchorage, Juneau, Northway and Bethel. He was instrumental in initiating and developing the Village Public Safety Officer program for law enforcement in rural Alaska. He was elected Chairman of the Board of Koniag, Inc. in December 1996. On Aug. 23, 2000, Godfrey is named Public Safety Comisssioner by Gov. Tony Knowles, the first Alaska Native to be named to the state's highest law enforcement post. A dual education school system is set up by Congress for Alaska, one part devoted to white children, the other to Natives. Legislation introduced by Senator Nelson of Minnesota, established separate Alaska Native schools. They were maintained under the Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior. The act was known as the Nelson Act. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Ketchikan Indian Corporation. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Shaktoolik. Rules and regulations are adopted by the U.S. Department of the Interior for the Annette Islands Reserve, Alaska, and for the Metlakatla Indians and other Alaskan Natives. The regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior were made under provisions of March 3, 1891, act creating the Metlakatla Reservation. Ts January 28, 1974 January 29, 1914 January 30, 1845 January 30, 1890 January 31, 1923 January 31, 1939 January 31, 1939 January 31, 1940 January 31, 1973 January 31, 1974 January 31, 1984 January 31, 1991 January 31, 2000 a ene SS SR SSS RES SE ESSERE ENE SEES Events in Alaska Native History Paimiut Corporation, the village corporation for the Calista village of Paimiut, becomes incorporated. The corporation was involuntarily dissolved. Juneau Camp #4 of the Alaska Native Brotherhood is organized. Bishop Innokenty calls for headquarters of the "Mikhailovski-Kwihpah" mission at Saint Michael to be located on the Yukon River at 62 degrees north latitude and 161 degrees west longitude (at Ikogmiut) because the river had a much larger population than Saint Michael. According to Dorothy Jean Ray, Ikogmiut was often spelled Ikogmut and was later called Russian Mission. Author and Native American historian Angie Debo, who lobbied on behalf of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1969, is born near Beattie, Kan. She is the author of the book, And Still the Waters Run, as well as the book, The Road to Disappearance: A History of the Creek Indians, and others. Debo completed her last book, Geronimo, when she was 85. She traveled to Alaska in 1970. She died Feb. 21, 1988. William D. (Bill) English is born in Wiseman. A CIRI elder, English is a well known pilot who flew for Wien Air Alaska for many years. He served as an airline executive and served on the CIRI board. He was among 23 Native elders featured in an oral history, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Kivalina. The King Island Indian Reorganization Act constitution and by-laws are ratified, as well as the corporate charter for King Island Native Community. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Diomede (Inalik). Bristol Bay Native Association, a non-profit organization, is formally incorporated in its present form. BBNA provides services to more than 4,600 Native members of the Association. Membership extends to tribal members of the 30 Bristol Bay villages and to shareholders and descendants of shareholders of the region's Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act corporations. All three of the major Alaska Native ethnic groups are represented in the region: Yup'ik Eskimo, Segcestun Aleut and Denaina Athabascan. Attorneys for Native corporations and government agencies open two days of meetings in Anchorage to discuss common problems and decide to create a new non-profit Association of ANCSA Counsel. The chairman is Barry Jackson, counsel for Bering Straits Native Corporation, and Clark Gruening, Chugach Natives Inc.'s attorney, is vice chairman. John Havelock, counsel for the Alaska Native Foundation, is named as secretary. Bay View Incorporated, the village corporation for Ivanof Bay, becomes officially incorporated. Bering Straits Native Corp. board approves a resolution to create the Bering Straits Heritage Foundation. Morris Thompson, his wife Thelma and eldest daughter, Sheryl, are killed when an Alaska Airlines jet plunges into the Pacific Ocean while attempting an emergency landing at Los Angeles. Morris was 60, Thelma was 56, and Sheryl was 33. Morris was born September 11, 1939, in Tanana. He had a long career of public service, most notably his appointment in 1971 as Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. Before that appointment, at age 34, he served as the special assistant to the secretary of the Interior in Washington. Even earlier, he was named area director of the BIA's Juneau office. At the time of his death, Morris has just retired from the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of Doyon Ltd. He began his work with Doyon when the company was experiencing tremendous financial losses. He went on to lead the company to 13 years of profitability. His family said: "He leaves behind a legacy of being a loving and caring man, always ready to lend a helping hand no matter how small the duty. He was especially proud of his Athabascan roots. He was a true statesman who treated everyone with respect and dignity." Lig February 01, 1968 February 01, 1969 February 02, 1973 February 02, 1973 February 03, 1940 February 03, 1981 February 03, 1986 February 03, 1988 February 04, 1974 February 04, 1985 February 05, 1956 February 06, 1909 Events in Alaska Native History Senator Emest Gruening introduces Senate Bill 2906, an act to settle Native land claims in Alaska. In 1967, Gruening introduced a bill drafted by Undersecretary of the Interior Charles Luce that provided up to 50,000 acres per village for a statewide total of 1.75 million acres, as well as a sum of money based on 1867 values which totaled less than $7.2 million. "Project Chariot," a plan to blast a new harbor in Alaska near Point Hope using nuclear explosives officially ends when it is determined that it would be too expensive. The proposal had been opposed by Inupiaq people and led in part to the founding of the Tundra Times by Howard Rock. Koyuk Native Coporation, the village corporation for Koyuk in the Bering Straits region, becomes incorporated. Shaktoolik Native Corporation, the village corporation for Shaktoolik, becomes incorporated. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Chenega. Ayakulik, Inc., the village corporation for the Koniag Region village of Ayakulik, becomes incorporated. Tanacross Incorporated, the village corporation for Tanacross, becomes incorporated. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Amendments of 1987 are signed by President Reagan. These amendments are known as the "1991 Amendments" because they allow for the continuation of Native ownership of Native corporations after December 18, 1991, as well as gifting of stock and issuance of stock to those born after Dec. 18, 1971. The amendments also provide automatic protections for Native land because undeveloped land owned by Native corporations cannot be taxed, taken by trespassers who otherwise might acquire rights to the land through adverse possession, taken by creditors to pay a debt owed by the corporation, lost if the corporation files bankruptcy or lost even if the corporation is involuntarily dissolved. Delegates to the 1982 Alaska Federation of Natives Convention made the "1991" issue AFN's top priority in 1982. The Alaska Federation of Natives Executive Vice President John Shively meets with an official of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to discuss AFN's position that distributions of the Alaska Native Fund money from the regional corporations to their stockholders should not be viewed as income to be counted against welfare payments. Shively meets with Regional Director Bernard Kelley, who then writes a letter to the state commissioner of Health and Social Services stating the HEW did not consider the payments as income. The Attu battlegrounds and airfields are designated as national historic landmarks. In World War II, the island was occupied by the Japanese, who landed 1,200 troops of the 301st Independent Infantry Battalion under the Major Masatoshi Hozumi. The landing took place at Holtz Bay on the northern coast of Attu. The 45 Aleuts and two non-Native teachers who lived there were taken prisoner. One of the teachers was killed within a few days and most of the Aleuts were later taken to Japan as prisoners of war. Only 24 Aleuts survived their imprisonment to return to the United States in 1945, and they were not allowed to return home but were eventually relocated on Atka. The convention of delegates of the people of Alaska agrees on the "Constitution of the State of Alaska." Voters ratified the convention in the Territorial Primary Election on April 24, 1956. Alaska Natives for years have sought to get an amendment to the Constitution that would specifically authorize a preference for subsistence fish and game taking, but so far have been unsuccessful. An Act of Congress makes it illegal to sell intoxicating liquors to Natives of Alaska. Events in Alaska Native History February 07, 1893 _A fire in the community of Metlakatla destroys 24 homes. Canadian Tsimshians who migrated from Prince Rupert, British Columbia, founded Metlakatla in 1887. They were seeking religious freedom. Their leader, a Scottish lay priest in the Anglican Church (Church of England), Reverend William Duncan, traveled to Washington, D.C., around 1886 to personally request land from President Grover Cleveland for the Tsimshians. By 1890, there were 823 residents. Congress declared Annette Island a federal Indian reservation in 1891. Residents built a church, a school, a sawmill and a cannery, and constructed homes. Duncan continued to inspire and lead his followers until his death in 1918. The Annette Island Reserve remains the only federal reservation for indigenous peoples in Alaska. Because of its reservation status, Metlakatla did not participate in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. The 86,000-acre island reservation and surrounding 3,000 feet of coastal waters are locally controlled and not subject to state jurisdiction. The community regulates commercial fishing in these waters, and also operates its own tribal court system, including a Tribal Juvenile Court and Tribal Appellate Court. February 07,1907 Oscar Craig is born in Copper Center. According to the Ahtna, Inc., 25th Anniversary publication, the foundation of Ahtna is a direct result of his vision, hopes and dreams. He was one of the most vocal leaders, who always spoke with diplomacy and compassion for the Ahtna people. He was a past Officer of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, President of Ahtna 'T'Aene Nene, as well as serving on a number of committees. He fought very hard for the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and died in 1967, four years before it passed. February 07,1983 The United Nations grants Category II Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) status to the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC), an international Inuit organization formed in 1977 with Inuit membership from Canada, Greenland and Alaska. February 08, 1887 The General Allotment Act, also known as Dawes Act, is enacted. Ostensibly aimed at encouraging individual land ownership to "civilize" Native Americans, the act was disastrous and had the effect of opening up Indian land to ownership by non-Indians. In less than 50 years, 90 million acres -- two-thirds of the Indian land base of 1887 -- was lost. February 08, 1968 The Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the U.S. Senate, headed by Senator Henry M. Jackson, R-Washington, holds hearings on Senate Bill 2906 and related Native land claims in Anchorage. (The hearings were from Feb. 8 to Feb. 10.) February 09, 1883 The Presbyterian Home for Wrangell's Indian girls run by Amanda McFarland burns to the ground. In 1884, the McFarland Home was moved to Alaska's capital in Juneau. February 09, 1973 Sitnasuak Native Corporation, the village corporation for Nome, becomes incorporated. February 10,1967 The State of Alaska files suit against Interior Secretary Stewart Udall opposing the "land freeze," which prevented the state from making selections under the Alaska Statehood Act. The land freeze had been implemented by Interior Secretary Stewart Udall in 1966. In one of his last acts in office in early 1969, Udall formalized his 1966 "land freeze" with the issuance of Public Land Order 4582 to protect Alaska Natives from losing any more land until land claims settlement legislation had been passed. February 11,1974 On behalf of the Seldovia Native Association, Fred Elvsaas, Seldovia President, files for available lands within Seldovia's township. There were about 3,000 acres of land suitable for home and recreation sites. February 12,1929 Federal law is enacted requiring that tribal funds held in trust be invested by the Secretary of the Interior, taking into consideration current market yields. The law includes funds held in trust for both tribes and individual Indians. February 12, 1987 February 13, 1938 February 13, 1942 February 13, 1973 February 13, 1973 February 13, 1973 February 13, 1973 February 13, 1973 February 14, 1969 February 14, 1973 Events in Alaska Native History The Alaska Federation of Natives Full Board meets in Juneau and focuses much of its attention on amendments to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act aimed at continuing restrictions on the sale of Native stock beyond 1991. The key action taken by the Full Board, according to AFN's April 20, 1987, newsletter, was the passage of a motion mandating that AFN and the Alaska Native Coalition attempt to include in the House version of the 1991 legislation as many of the changes in the alternate bill prepared by the Drafting Committee as could be included without slowing down the bill's progress. Minto Natives file claims for their lands in Interior Alaska. Interior Department Solicitor Nathan R. Margold issues a sweeping opinion upholding Alaska Natives' aboriginal claims to extensive areas of land and nearby fishing grounds. He bases his opinion on the U.S. Supreme court's decision of 1941 in the so-called Walapai case in which the court had recognized aboriginal possessory rights. The use of waters or submerged lands by Alaska Natives was similar to the Walapais' use of their lands for agriculture, hunting and seed-gathering, he said. According to Kenneth R. Philp, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes later used Margold's tuling to set aside four large reservations, in addition to the small one he had established in December 1941 at the Eskimo village of Unalakleet. The reservations were for Akutan; Karluk; Venetie, Arctic village and other villages north of the Yukon River in the Brooks Range; and Wales. St. Michael Native Corporation, the village corporation for St. Michael in the Bering Straits Region becomes incorporated. Wales Village Corporation, the corporation for the Bering Straits village of Wales, becomes incorporated. Stebbins Native Corporation, the village corporation for the Bering Straits village of Stebbins, becomes incorporated. Shishmaref Native Corporation, the Native corporation for the Bering Straits village of Shishmaref, becomes incorporated. Savoonga Native Corporation, representing the St. Lawrence Island village, becomes incorporated. Savoonga was one of seven villages which opted to obtain only land under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Elim, Tetlin and Klukwan each selected their own former reserves and obtained full title (both surface and subsurface estate) to their former reserve lands, giving up all other benefits under the ANCSA, including the cash benefits. Gambell and Savoonga, which share the former St. Lawrence Island Reserve, also participated in this manner, as did Arctic Village and Venetie, which share the former Venetie Reserve. Klukwan shareholders later changed their minds and opted to participate in ANCSA as a village corporation in the Sealaska Region. Village corporations received only surface estate, and the subsurface estate went to the respective regional corporations. Howard Rock publishes an editorial in the Tundra Times that centers on a letter from Eben Hopson of Barrow, who at the time was serving as Executive Director of the Arctic Slope Native Association. Rock quoted Hopson's letter, including the question: "Is there ever going to be a time when we might find a non-Native, a single non-Native, who is earnestly sympathetic to our problems and contributes to the final end of making a reasonable settlement?’ Elim Native Corporation becomes incorporated. Elim was one of seven villages which opted to obtain only land under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Elim, Tetlin and Klukwan each selected their own former reserves and obtained full title (both surface and subsurface estate) to their former reserve lands, giving up all other benefits under the ANCSA, including the cash benefits. Gambell and Savoonga, which share the former St. Lawrence Island Reserve, also participated in this manner, as did Arctic Village and Venetie, which share the former Venetie Reserve. Klukwan shareholders later changed their minds and opted to participate in ANCSA as a village corporation in the Sealaska Region. Village corporations received only surface estate, and the subsurface estate went to the respective regional corporations. (See Oct. 21, 1929, for creation of the reserve.) February 15, 1851 February 15, 1869 February 15, 1915 February 16, 1945 February 16, 1983 February 16, 1989 February 17, 1950 February 17, 1993 February 18, 1939 February 18, 1939 February 19, 1942 February 20, 1962 Events in Alaska Native History Koyukon Athabascans attack the trading post at Nulato, killing the trader Derabin as he comes outside, then Lt. John Barnard, a junior officer on Collinson's ship Enterprise. The cause of the attack remains obscure. The USS Saginaw, under Commander Richard W. Meade, U.S. Navy, shells and destroys 29 homes on Kuiu Island. Kake Indians had inhabited the homes, but they left the area before the Navy shelling. The attack takes place over two days. The cannery of the Red Salmon Company at Ugashik burns. Historically, the area was jointly occupied by both Yup'ik Eskimos and Aleuts, according to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development. This Aleut village was first recorded in 1880 as "Oogashik." In the 1890s, the Red Salmon Company developed a cannery, and Ugashik became one of the largest villages in the region. The 1919 flu epidemic decimated the population. The cannery has continued to operate under various owners. The Briggs Way Cannery opened in 1963. Today, the village has a small year-round population. Territorial Governor Ernest Gruening signs into law House Resolution 14, the first legislation in the territory to prohibit racial discrimination in public accommodations. Point Possession Inc., the corporation for a Cook Inlet village, becomes officially incorporated. The first annual Elizabeth Peratrovich Day, as established by the Legislature, is celebrated. In 1988, when the bill was passed to designate Elizabeth Peratrovich Day, Governor Steve Cowper proclaimed April 21st as the first day to honor her that year. Ouzinkie Aleuts file a petition for Spruce Island and the eastern shores of Kodiak Island from Monashim Bay to Kishuyak Bay. Mike Chernikoff, president of the Village Council for Ouzinkie, signs the petition. The petition states that the Ouzinkie Natives "never sold, ceded, relinquished or abandoned any of the lands and waters claimed." Olsonville Incorporated becomes officially incorporated. Originally not eligible to be a village corporation because there were fewer than 25 official residents, villagers refiled for recognition years later and on this date they were finally incorporated as a Village Corporation. The corporation is unable to share in the 7(i) revenues. All shareholders are considered "at large." President Franklin D. Roosevelt asks Congress to appropriate $1 million to give Eskimos and Indians of Alaska exclusive control of the reindeer industry in Alaska. The Golden Gate International Exposition opens in San Francisco and includes an exhibit featuring Indian Art in the U.S. and Alaska. Alaska Native artisans from Alaska participate. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, giving the War Department the foundation upon which the mass evacuation of Japanese Americans would be carried out. More than 100,000 internees were housed in 10 relocation camps with populations ranging from 5,000 to 16,000. The Civil Liberties Act signed into law on August 10, 1988, by President Reagan apologized for the fundamental injustice of the evacuation, relocations and internment. It also authorized restitution through payments of $20,000 each to eligible persons and established a public education program to prevent the recurrence of similar discrimination in the future. The law also made restitution to Aleuts who suffered injustices and unreasonable hardships during World War II. The Regional Solicitor of the Department of the Interior issues an opinion in which he asserts that "Indian title" is involved in a protest by the Natives of Minto, Northway, Tanacross, and Lake Alegnagik. The protest involves approximately 5,860,000 acres that conflict with 1,750,000 acres of state selections. This was in reaction to state plans to establish a recreation area near the Athabaskan village of Minto and to construct a road into the area to make it accessible to Fairbanks residents. The people of Minto eventually hired Ted Stevens to push their claims, and Stevens offered his services free. The Regional Solicitor concluded by suggesting that protests be dismissed on jurisdicational grounds. -10- February 20, 1973 February 20, 1985 February 21, 1992 February 22, 1943 February 22, 1956 February 22, 1974 February 23, 1943 February 23, 1957 February 23, 1972 February 24, 1908 February 24, 1924 February 24, 1989 February 25, 1985 Events in Alaska Native History Kawerak, Inc., becomes incorporated. Kawerak is the nonprofit organization for the Bering Straits Region. Its headquarters are in Nome. Bells Flats Natives, Inc., a Koniag Region village corporation, becomes incorporated. Verna Mason, a Haida Indian from Saxman, thanks the University of Alaska Board of Regents for allowing her daughter to graduate from the University of Alaska Anchorage wearing her traditional Native clothing. She makes her comments during a Board of Regents meeting at the Westmark Cape Fox Lodge in Ketchikan. She also thanks the board for the educational opportunities provided to her family. Later in the meeting, Regent Morris Thompson, Vice President of the Board and a well known Native leader, expresses his feelings about Ms. Mason's comment. He explains that he was concerned that a member of the community would feel the need to thank the regents for allowing a relative to graduate in traditional Native clothing. Georgianna Lincoln, daughter of Kathryn "Kitty" Evans Harwood and Theodore Clarence Harwood, is born in Fairbanks. She grew up in Rampart and Fairbanks and has held a number of leadership positions in the Alaska Native community, including serving on the Doyon Ltd. Board of Directors. In addition, on Jan. 11, 1993, she became the first and only Alaska Native woman to be sworn into office to serve in the Alaska State Senate. Rebecca Sophie Williams is born in the village of Nenana. She is an Alaska Native beadworker. In the Resolution Room of the Hotel Captain Cook, the CIRI board meeting is called to order by Chairman Adam Kroto at 6:45 p.m. The six-hour meeting included the adoption of several motions of importance to shareholders, including the first annual shareholders meeting and authority for a nominating committee. Thelma Mayo Thompson is born in Rampart, the daughter of Edward and Katherine Mayo. She lived in Rampart until her family moved to Fairbanks so that the children could attend public schools there. She graduated from Lathrop High School in 1962. She was married to Morris Thompson, a key Native leader. Thelma was killed in a plane crash January 31, 2000, when she and Morris were returning to Alaska after a vacation in Mexico. Also killed in the crash was the couple's daughter Sheryl Lynn Thompson, 33, who was vacationing with them. Sheryl was born March 4, 1966, in Fairbanks. Atlantic Richfield Company finds oil at Swanson River on the Kenai Peninsula, establishing the first truly commercial oil production. Within a decade oil will be discovered at Prudhoe Bay, which will lead to the push for the trans-Alaska Pipeline. Efforts to secure land for the pipeline will be a key factor in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. The Alaska Local Boundary Commission certifies the North Slope Borough petition, which opens the path for residents to approve its creation. Walter U'eldahwdi'aasen Charley is born at Wood Camp, Copper Center. Charley was a past Officer and Board member of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, Camp 31, Ahtna 'T'Aene Nene, Copper River Native Association and Ahtna, Inc. According to the Ahtna, Inc., 25th Anniversary publication, Charley not only shared his knowledge and skills as a leader, but also worked with the young leaders who appreciated him greatly. Carl Ben Eielson makes Alaska's first Air Mail flight. Because most areas of Alaska are inaccessible by road, air transportation will have a big impact on Alaska Natives, especially those living in isolated rural areas. Salamatof Tribal Council is incorporated. Akiachak Enterprises, Inc., owned by Akiachuk, Ltd., in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. -ll- Events in Alaska Native History February 25, 1998 The U.S. Supreme Court rules in the State of Alaska's favor that Venetie is not "Indian Country." The case was argued on Dec. 10, 1997. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals had upheld Venetie's "Indian Country" status, and the State of Alaska appealed the Ninth Circuit Court decision. February 26,1925 President Coolidge issues a proclamation to create Glacier Bay National Monument. It includes 1,820 square miles, becoming one of the largest areas in the National Park System. The action is taken without regard to the biological or legal implications of Native use of the area and is a defeat for the Natives of Hoonah, whose aboriginal territory and contemporary hunting, fishing and gathering grounds extend the full length of Glacier Bay. February 26,1948 The Alaska Native Townsite Act (May 25, 1926) is amended in order to permit the issuance of unrestricted deed to a Native who could establish his competency to manage his own affairs. February 27, 1892 Auke Tlingit Chief Kowee dies at the age of 75. He was credited with guiding Joe Juneau and Richard Harris to the original gold discovery near what is now Juneau. February 27,1915 The Tyonek Reserve (Moquawkie) of 26,918 acres is created by Executive Order for the village of Tyonek. The village eventually was awarded $12.7 million in oil lease sales. Villagers became a model for the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act when they developed a program for spending the money, including road and airstrip improvements, as well as health and welfare projects and a "family improvement plan" authorizing up to $40,000 per family. According to Fred T. Bismark, a Tyonek leader, the village played a critical role in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act by granting $150,000 to fund the Alaska Federation of Natives in the late 1960s. Later, Tyonek also loaned the new organization $100,000 to be used in the land claims fight. Bismark was featured in The CIRI Foundation publication, Our Stories, Our Lives. February 27, 1923 President Harding creates the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 by Executive Order 3797A. On April 5, 1976, the name will be changed to the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. February 28, 1969 Governor Hickel's land task force wraps up a two-day meeting in Juneau to consider a new Alaska Native land claims bill. Headed by its chairman, Joseph Fitzgerald, the Federal Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska, explained its huge report, Alaska Natives and the Land, to the task force. What came out of the meeting was a proposal by the Federal Field Committee for the land claims solution in Alaska and it came out in the form of a huge corporation that would be known as the Alaska Native Development Corporation. February 29,1940 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Point Hope. February 29, 1972 Sen. George McGovern introduces into the Congressional Record a response to the January issue of Field and Stream Magazine by the National Congress of American Indians. The magazine had printed an editorial that McGovern termed "extremely derogatory" to the Indians, Aleuts and Eskimos covered under the terms of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The NCAI response was signed by Leo Vocu and Franklin Ducheneaux, and it took the magazine to task over its discussion of ANCSA. March 01, 1844 Bishop Innokenty sends an order to Priest Gregory Golovin to finish building the chapel at Saint Michael. The building of the chapel at Saint Michael had begun in 1842, and according to Dorothy Jean Ray, Golovin traveled extensively throughout the Yukon area in 1843 and 1844, baptizing 88 men and 75 women from tribes of Norton Sound. The "Mikhailovski-Kwihpah" mission was formally dedicated on December 27, 1844. At first the plan was to make Saint Michael their headquarters with an option to move later to Ikogmiut (often spelled Ikogmut and later called Russian Mission) or elsewhere, but on January 30, 1845, Bishop Innokenty wrote that the mission headquarters were to be located on the Yukon River at 62 degrees north latitude and 161 degrees west longitude (at Ikogmiut) because the river had a much larger population than Saint Michael. March 01, 1941 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Native Village of Kanatak. March 01, 1985 Ahtna, Incorporated, purchases an office building in Anchorage. az March 01, 1999 March 02, 1927 March 02, 1973 March 02, 1978 March 03, 1869 March 03, 1871 March 03, 1873 March 03, 1891 March 03, 1901 March 03, 1942 March 03, 1961 Events in Alaska Native History An open house is held to celebrate the opening of a $2-million tribal hall in Fairbanks named after prominent elder Peter John of Minto. The 98-year-old Minto elder christened the 6,000-square-foot building during the celebration. It was developed by Doyon Properties Inc. and will be run by the Tanana Chiefs Conference. Elsie Sanders Cresswell is born in Kenai. A CIRI elder, Cresswell was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. White Mountain Native Corporation, the village corporation for White Mountain, becomes incorporated. "Kotzebue Square," a new store in Kotzebue, celebrates its grand opening. Kikiktagurk Inupiat Corp., the village corporation for Kotzebue, owns the new building that houses the store. Alaska Commercial Company operates the store under lease from KIC. On hand for the opening was then- KIC President Al Adams, who said the goal was to offer fresh, never-frozen beef and fresh produce. Congress makes the islands of Saint Paul and Saint George in the Pribilofs a special reserve for government purposes. An act of Congress puts an end to further treaties with Indian tribes. The tribes had been treated as dependent nations. Treaties made prior to the date were not invalidated or impaired, according to the act, and Congress reserved the power to create reservations. Eliminating Indian treaties required that future Indian settlements be in the form of agreements, which had to be approved by both houses of Congress. The first recognition by the United States of any governmental responsibility toward Bering Strait tribes occurs when the act passed by Congress to prohibit liquor goes into effect. After this extension of the prohibition of liquor to Alaska, the Secretary of the Interior in April appoints Frederick S. Hall as special Indian agent. According to Dorothy Jean Ray, he chose St. Michael for his headquarters and arrived in June and remained until the end of summer in 1874 when his agency was abolished. Congress sets aside the Annette Island (Metlakatla) Reserve, creating a reservation of 86,000 acres encompassing Annette Island in Southeast Alaska for about 1,000 Tsimshian Indians who had immigrated to Alaska from British Columbia four years earlier in 1887. Their leader, Rev. William Duncan, hoped to develop a model Indian community in Alaska. Helen E. Malcolm is born in Unalaska. A CIRI elder, Malcolm was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. Unalaska, home to a number of Aleuts, becomes a first-class city. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, Unalaska's population today is primarily non-Native, but historically the area was home to more than 3,000 Unangas. Known since the Russian era as "Aleuts," the Unangas lived in 24 settlements on Unalaska and Amaknak Islands in 1759. Unalaska became a Russian trading port for the fur seal industry in 1768. In 1787, many hunters and their families were enslaved and relocated by the Russian American Company to the Pribilof Islands to work in the fur seal harvest. In 1825, the Russian Orthodox Church of the Holy Ascension of Christ was constructed. The founding priest, Ivan Veniaminov, composed the first Aleut writing system with local assistance and translated scripture into Aleut. Since Aleuts were not forced to give up their language or culture by the Russian Orthodox priests, the Church remained strong in the community. By this time, however, between 1830 and 1840, only 200 to 400 Aleuts lived in Unalaska. In 1880, the Methodist Church opened a school, clinic and the Jesse Lee Home for orphans. Today, 8.4 percent of the population are Alaska Natives. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community. Subsistence activities remain important to the Aleut community. The Village Health Council of Point Hope writes to President John F. Kennedy to oppose the proposed Project Chariot nuclear blast. Members of the council objected that the blast would be "too close to our hunting and fishing areas." -13- March 04, 1889 March 04, 1927 March 04, 1977 March 05, 1983 March 06, 1968 March 06, 1998 March 07, 1972 March 07, 1996 March 08, 1982 March 08, 1991 March 09, 1969 March 09, 1971 Events in Alaska Native History President Benjamin Harrison is inaugurated as the 23rd president of the United States. In his first State of the Union message to Congress, he will specifically make reference to Alaska and federal policies affecting the aboriginal people in the territory. His statement opposes the creation of reservations, but suggests no policy in its place. "We have fortunately not extended to Alaska the mistaken policy of establishing reservations for the Indian as individuals with, I am sure, better results. But any disposition of the public lands and any regulations relating to timber and to the fisheries should have a kindly regard to their interests." Congress passes the Alaska Grazing Act. Sheldon Jackson, who hoped to make reindeer herders out of Native hunters, lobbied on behalf of the act. It gives preference to Alaska Natives. William Paul, Southeast Alaska Native attorney and the first Alaska Native elected to the Territorial Legislature in 1924, dies at the age of 91. Paul was born May 7, 1885. He was the first Alaska Native legislator, and he helped integrate the public schools of Alaska, as well as win voting rights for Natives. An Elders Conference is held in Kotzebue. President Johnson delivers a message to Congress entitled "The Forgotten American." He lists goals and programs for the American Indians. He urges prompt action on legislation to: give the Native people of Alaska title to the lands they occupy and need to sustain their villages; give them the rights to use additional land and water for hunting, trapping, and fishing to maintain their traditional way of life, if they choose; and award them with compensation commensurate with the value of any lands taken from them. Koosniic, a joint venture between The Andrews Group and Ahtna Development Corporation, obtains a large contract to provide food service and facilities maintenance for a new federal detention center in New York. The Local Boundary Commission sends formal notice to Lt. Gov. Red Boucher that the commission had accepted the petition of incorporation for the North Slope Borough. On March 20, Boucher set June 20 as the date for the first Borough election and voters in that election approved creation of the borough. Alaska's People, Inc., becomes incorporated. A member of the CIRI nonprofit family, Alaska's People was formed through the combined efforts of Peak Alaska Ventures, Inc., Peak Oilfield Service Company, Cook Inlet Tribal Council and CIRI. It was created to promote the employment and training of CIRI shareholders, Alaska Natives and their family members. In addition to job openings, Alaska's people provides current information on apprenticeship programs and training opportunities, as well as assistance with resume, cover letter and application production. Southcentral Foundation becomes incorporated. This organization is the health arm of the CIRI non- profit affiliates and provides services in optometry, dentistry and community health. Bering Straits Foundation becomes incorporated. The University of Alaska receives a $10,000 grant to collect and analyze Indian, Eskimo and Aleut languages. A resolution favoring settlement of Alaska Native land claims is passed by delegates to the National Conference on Indian Self-Determination. The resolution specifically supported the stand taken by the Alaska Federation of Natives that the settlement should include: confirmation of title to 60 million acres of land in fee simple title; $500 million and a two-percent overriding royalty of land resource revenues in perpetuity as compensation for the extinguishment of Indian title to the remaining 325 million acres of Alaska Native lands; and Congressional recognition of a regional corporate structure. -14- Events in Alaska Native History March 10, 1998 The first of two programs over two nights featuring Bering Land Bridge National Preserve in Northwest Alaska, "The Arctic World: A Rich Mosaic of Micro-Environments" and "Arctic Journey: In the Footsteps of Our Ancestors" airs on participating PBS stations and on cable systems in participating schools. Substantial funding for the programs was provided by the National Park Service and the National Park Foundation. The second program focused on the human aspects of the Arctic, from the long-ago migrations over the Bering Land Bridge into North America to modern reindeer herding and other uses of the preserve. Alaska Natives, descendants of the earliest North Americans, participated in the discussions and talked about the cultural adaptations to the landscape. March 11, 1985 The Alaska Legislature honors Annie and Charlie Joseph, Sr., with an official citation congratulating them on their 70 years of marriage -- a traditional, arranged Tlingit union. The match was arranged by the couple's parents, in accordance with Tlingit custom at the time. They did not meet until the night of their marriage. According to Nora Marks Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer, editors of Tlingit Life Stories, relatives said they were concerned years after they were married that non- Natives would consider their union a "common law marriage." A nephew researched the question and discovered a September 3, 1932, ruling by the Department of the Interior. It stated that an arranged marriage was not a common law marriage, but "possessed the legal force of a ceremonial marriage between whites." March 12, 1914 Congress approves “an Act to Authorize the President of the United States to locate, construct and operate railroads in the Territory of Alaska." It is known as the "enabling act" for the Alaska Railroad. The Alaska Railroad will greatly affect Interior Athabascan Indians, whose lives will be changed by the influx of non-Natives. March 12, 1920 Walter T. Amos is born in Mekoryuk on Nunivak Island. Amos eventually became well known for his spirit masks. For more than 60 years he carved driftwood and ivory to produce spirit masks for use in traditional ceremonies and to supplement his income by selling to collectors throughout the world. During the summer and fall of 1996, Amos participated in the Anchorage Museum of History and Art traveling exhibition of Eskimo Spirit Masks on loan from many private and museum collections in the United States. He also collaborated with the Smithsonian Museum in their display of the traveling Eskimo Spirit Masks of the Yukon Delta. Traditionally, driftwood, ivory, whale baleen and reindeer sinew were used in making masks. March 12, 1977 State legislation authorizing the Cook Inlet land exchange becomes effective. March 13, 1968 A memorial service is held to honor the Rev. Roy Ahmaogak, who died Feb. 1, 1968. After 45 years of service to the church, the Rev. Roy Ahmaogak died at Barrow February 1, 1968. A memorial service was held March 13, 1968 during Presbytery. The Olgonik (Ulgunik) Presbyterian Church at Wainwright was organized June 24, 1923, by the Rev. Henry W. Griest, MD of Barrow, with the assistance of ruling elder Roy Ahmaogak. Ahmaogak was associated with the church in one way or another from that time until his death in 1968. March 14, 1912 Judson L. Brown is born in Haines. Brown served two terms as mayor of Haines in 1932 and 1933. A Tlingit, he was the first Native elected mayor of a town with a mixed population. A career fisherman, Brown became more active in cultural affairs in Alaska, Washington and Hawaii after he retired. He served many years on the Board of Trustees of the Sealaska Heritage Foundation, as well as on the board of the Institute of Alaska Native Arts. He also was involved with the Tlingit and Haida Central Council. He died May 14,1997. March 15, 1918 Markle Ninalnaelen Ewan, Sr., is born in Wood Camp, Copper Center. Markle helped organize the first meeting of the Alaska Native Brotherhood Camp 31 in 1954 and later served as a Vice President. He also served as a Board Member and officer of Copper River Native Association and Ahtna, Inc. According to the Ahtna, Inc., 25th Anniversary publication, Ewan is among the great Ahtna leaders and the people will long remember him for his dedication to the preservation of Ahtna culture and land and his commitment to education. March 15, 1940 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Organized Village of Selawik. -15- March 15, 1972 March 16, 1931 March 17, 1944 March 17, 1999 March 18, 1999 March 19, 1916 March 19, 1955 March 20, 1940 March 20, 1972 March 20, 1972 March 20, 1975 Events in Alaska Native History Interior Secretary Rogers C.B. Morton, acting under the authority of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, withdraws some 80 million acres to be considered for inclusion in the natural conservation system and another 45 million acres for public interests lands, including many forests and mineral deposits. He also set aside an additional 44 million acres for Native selections. The Bureau of Education transfers all of its functions in Alaska, including health, to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The BIA had established an office in Juneau on July 1, 1930. The transfer authorized the BIA to spend federal money for Alaska Natives and defined them as "Indians of the United States" entitled to participate in federal Indian programs. In 1955, Congress would transfer administration of the Indian Health Service in Alaska and elsewhere from the BIA to the Public Health Service. According to Robert Fortuine, shortly after World War II, the health functions of the BIA in Alaska became known as the Alaska Native Service, or ANS. Fortuine said the name "ANS" has been associated incorrectly with the activities of the Indian Health Service. Governor Ermest Gruening writes a supportive letter to Alberta Schenck of Nome, who was fired from her job as an usher at the Dream Theater in Nome after objecting to the theater's policy of forcing Eskimos to sit on the right side of the theater or in the balcony. Schenck, whose mother was Eskimo and father was white, sent a letter she had written to Major "Muktuk" Marsten discussing her concerns about the policy to the Nome Nugget, which published it. She later was jailed overnight after refusing to sit in the "Native" section of the theater. When Marsten informed Gruening of her arrest, Gruening immediately sent a telegram to the mayor, stating his objections. In his letter to Schenck, Gruening said he was pushing for passage of an anti-discrimination bill in the legislature. "If it becomes law, you may be certain that the unpleasant experience which has been yours will not happen again to anyone in Alaska. It should never have happened in America," he said. Alaska Natives gathered at Chief Peter John Tribal Hall in Fairbanks for a Tanana Chiefs Conference meeting raise $1,545 in 15 minutes for an Alaska Federation of Natives national lobbying campaign aimed at preserving hunting and fishing rights for rural residents. Athabaskan leaders elect Fort Yukon Village Chief Steve Ginnis, a staunch advocate of tribal rights, to be the president of the Tanana Chiefs Conference. TCC is the largest Native nonprofit corporation in Alaska and had been led by president Will Mayo who served two terms. The organization has an annual budget of about $55 million and nearly 650 employees. Sadie Brower Neakok is born in Barrow, the sixth child of Asianggataq and Charles Brower. Mrs. Neakok served as a Bureau of Indian Affairs schoolteacher, a health aide, a welfare worker and finally as Barrow's magistrate for 20 years. She had 13 children of her own and also took in foster children. In May 1987, the University of Alaska honored her for her achievements with an honorary doctorate of law degree. An Act to provide for the holding of a constitutional convention to prepare a constitution for the State of Alaska to submit the constitution to the people is approved by the Territorial Legislature of Alaska. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Tetlin. The U.S. Department of Interior releases its nine-volume environmental impact statement on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Arctic Slope Native Association, the nonprofit organization for Alaska Natives in the Arctic Slope Region, becomes incorporated. Action is taken to establish the Seldovia Development Co. Inc., the development arm for the village of Seldovia in the Cook Inlet Region. SDCI handles all business ventures such as timber and seafood processing. -16- March 20, 1992 March 21, 1945 March 21, 1974 March 21, 1999 March 22, 1949 March 23, 1910 March 23, 1974 March 23, 1974 March 24, 1906 March 24, 1940 Events in Alaska Native History Doyon, Ltd., shareholders vote to enroll to Doyon children born after the original December 18, 1971, cutoff date of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. As a result of this historic action, nearly 5,000 children born between Dec. 18, 1971, and Dec. 31, 1992, are enrolled. As it was passed in 1971, ANCSA shareholders included only those Alaska Natives alive on Dec. 18, 1971. Amendments passed in 1988 authorized shareholders to vote to add children born later. The Alaska Legislature, after considerable prodding by Alaska Territorial Gov. Ernest Gruening, a physician, passes a health bill which provides for a Department of Health, a Board of Health (including the governor as one of five members), and for the first time in Alaska's history, a full-time Commissioner of Health. Gruening made improvement in the appalling health conditions in the Territory one of his top priorities. Among those urging him to focus on Alaska Native health concems was William Beltz, an Inupiaq legislator who grew up in Haycock. Mendas Cha-Ag Native Corp., the village corporation for the Doyon Region village of Healy Lake, is incorporated. CIRI celebrates the official opening and dedication of the Talkeetna Alaskan Lodge. As part of the opening of the lodge, the Alaska Climbers Hall of Fame is unveiled. Carl Marrs is born in Seldovia to Elsie and Ron Marrs. Marrs was named president of CIRI in 1995 and president and chief executive officer of CIRI in 1996. Marrs has been named often as one of the "Top 25 Most Powerful Alaskans" by the Alaska Journal of Commerce magazine. He began his career with CIRI in 1973. Since then, he has held a variety of senior-level positions. A CIRI shareholder of Aleut descent, Marrs was born and reared in Seldovia. He attended Stanford University's Graduate School of Business for Executives in 1983 and the Amos Tuck School of business for Executives at Dartmouth College in 1986. President William Howard Taft adds several tracts of land to a park originally created on June 21, 1890, by President Benjamin Harrison. He designates the area as Sitka National Monument. The park eventually will become the Sitka National Historical Park, with a mission to preserve historically and culturally significant sites and artifacts related to the 1804 Battle of Sitka between the Kiks.adi Tlingit and the Russians. Tyonek Village Corporation elects officers, including Chairman Bonnie McCord, Vice President Daniel Standifer, Recording Secretary Emil McCord and members Agnes Brown, Seraphim Stephan, Elsie Shane and Adam Kroto. Doyon, Ltd., becomes the first Native regional corporation to hold its annual shareholders' meeting. Until this date, the 12 regional corporations formed under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act have been operating on an interim basis with temporary officers and board members. Doyon becomes the first corporation to be officially established as an independent and self-supporting corporation. A fire destroys much of the business district of Wrangell. Although the population of Wrangell is largely non-Native, historically a large Stikine Indian village known as Kotzlitzna was located 13 miles south of the area where Russians first began fur trading with Tlingits in 1811. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development: The Russians built a stockade named Redoubt Saint Dionysius in 1834. The British of Hudson's Bay Company leased the fort in 1840 and named the stockade Fort Stikine. The Tlingits protested when the Hudson Bay Company began to use their trade routes, but two epidemics of smallpox in 1836 and 1840 reduced the Tlingit population by half. In 1868, a U.S. military post called Fort Wrangell was established, named for the island. Thousands of miners traveled up the Stikine River into the Cassiar District of British Columbia during 1874 and again to the Klondike in 1897. Wrangell was the home of Matilda Kahtahah Kinnon Paul, mother of William Paul, at the time of her death on August 20, 1955. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Barrow. -17- Events in Alaska Native History March 24, 1976 A lawsuit is filed by J.R. Lewis and Harold Galliett contesting the Cook Inlet Land Trade. The Alaska Superior Court ruled in favor of Lewis and Galliett, but CIRI immediately appealed the decision and took it to the Alaska Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of CIRI. March 24, 1978 Ninilchik Village Council, the council for the Russian-Aleut village of Ninilchik in the Cook Inlet Region, becomes incorporated. March 24, 1989 The Exxon-Valdez runs aground in Bligh Reef in the Valdez Narows, spilling more than 11 million gallons of crude oil in the waters of Prince William Sound, creating the largest oil spill in North America. The spill has devastating effects on subsistence resources of a number of Native villages, as well as commercial fishing. Several Native corporations, however, are instrumental in the oil spill cleanup and benefit greatly from the financial terms of the effort. March 25, 1998 The University of Alaska Fairbanks announces it has been awarded a three-year federal grant to help UAF meet its goal of increasing the number of Alaska Native educators in the state. Using a first- year $350,000 installment on the U.S. Department of Education grant, Roger A. Norris-Tull planned to oversee expansion of projects currently underway through the University of Alaska Rural Educator Preparation Partnership Program. The Rural Educator Preparation Partnership Center was established at UAF in 1996 to address the state's critical shortage of Native teachers. March 26, 1958 The "White Alice" communications system, which will become a source of training for a number of Alaska Natives including a number of key leaders, goes into operation in northern Alaska. March 27, 1941 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Chilkat Indian Village (Klukwan). March 27, 1964 At 2:36 p.m., the Great Alaskan Earthquake strikes. Known as the "Good Friday Earthquake," it registered upwards of 9.2 on the Richter scale and killed 131 people. The quake lasted approximately five minutes, and damage was estimated at more than five hundred million dollars. The tsunami that followed the quake caused great destruction in Alutiiq communities. Chenega, Kaguyak and Afognak were destroyed, and 23 people -- about a third of the population -- died in Chenega. Eleven people were killed in the Kodiak area. Both Kodiak and Ouzinkie sustained severe damage. Old Harbor had to be substantially rebuilt, while residents of Afognak were relocated to a new village, Port Lions. Kaguyak villagers were moved to the existing community of Akhiok. March 27, 1991 The Calista Elders Council is incorporated. March 27, 1996 Tigara (Tikigaq) Educational Foundation, the foundation created by the village corporation for Point Hope, becomes incorporated. March 28, 1974 The Kenai Natives Association, at approximately 3:15 p.m., receives clear title to 4,267 acres of land complete with buildings, furnishings and paved one-way streets. Kenai Natives Association President George Miller accepts the patent, which marks the first transfer of land to Natives under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. His words are: "You are now on Indian land." The land, formerly Wildwood Air Force Base, is federal surplus property. March 28, 1974 Unga Corporation, the village corporation for Unga in the Aleut Region, becomes officially incorporated. March 28, 1974 Shumagin Corporation, the village corporation for Sand Point, becomes officially incorporated. March 28, 1974 Cook Inlet Region, Inc., disburses some five million dollars to approximately six thousand shareholders. This is the first distribution made by the corporation to its shareholders and is comprised of monies received by the corporation pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 from the Alaska Native Fund. March 28, 1974 Sanak Corporation, the village corporation for Sanak in the Aleut Region, becomes officially incorporated. -18- Events in Alaska Native History March 28, 1974 Nelson Lagoon Corporation, the village corporation for the Aleut Region village of Nelson Lagoon, becomes officially incorporated. March 28, 1980 Nima Corporation, village corporation for Mekoryuk on Nunivak Island in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. March 29, 1867 William Henry Seward, Secretary of State under U.S. Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, and the Baron Edward de Stoeckl, ambassador from Russia, work all night on the wording of the treaty between the United States and Russia on the sale of Alaska to the United States. At 0400 hours in the morning of March 30, representatives of both countries sign the treaty. Under its terms, the United States purchases Alaska from Russia at a cost of $7.2 million. Alaska Natives were not consulted in the negotiations and were unaware of what had transpired. March 29, 1976 NANA shareholders approve the merger of 10 of the 11 villages in the NANA Region with NANA Regional Corporation at the annual shareholders' meeting in Kotzebue. Sixty-eight percent of the total eligible voters in the region approve the merger, and 8.3 percent vote against it. Each village merging with the region will gain an additional seat on the 13-person board, giving NANA a 23-seat board of directors. Villages involved in the merger are Selawik, Buckland, Deering, Ambler, Shungnak, Kiana, Kivalina, Kobuk, Noatak and Noorvik. The largest village, Kotzebue, voted against merging with NANA. March 30, 1867 At 4 a.m., representatives of the United States and Russia sign the Treaty of Cession. Under its terms, the United States purchases Alaska from Russia at a cost of $7.2 million. The final sentence of Article III of the treaty deals with the political status of Alaska Natives. It states: "The uncivilized tribes will be subject to such laws and regulations as the United States may, from time to time, adopt in regard to aboriginal tribes of that country." March 30, 1973 Rolls are closed for Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act enrollment. (The rolls were later re- opened January 2, 1976, to January 2, 1977.) March 31, 1978 Tyonek Native Corporation receives interim conveyance of the former Moquawkie Indian Reservation -- 26,917.56 acres. Subsurface rights are conveyed to Cook Inlet Region, Inc. The village began its land selection process in 1973. Tyonek has a total entitlement of surface estate of 115,200 acres. Agnes Brown, who was president of Tyonek Native Corporation, called the conveyance symbolic. "It once again reconciles our people with their historic land. It forges anew the original bond between us and our land which was briefly lost," she said. March 31, 1997 The military base at Adak is officially closed. First developed as a Naval Air Station during World War II, Adak played an important role during the Cold War as a submarine surveillance center. The Aleut Corp. has expressed interest in attempting to make use of the site. April 01, 1902 Waldo Bodfish Sr. is born. Bodfish, an Inupiaq elder of Wainwright, was featured in a book entitled Kusigq, a life history book published by the University of Alaska in 1991. April 01, 1970 Question 16 on the enrollment form for ANCSA: Your permanent residence as of April 1, 1970. The question is intended to indicate to which region and village Alaska Natives should enroll. People enrolling under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act are authorized to enroll where they live at the time of enrollment or where they are from, but confusion and misinformation lead to a number of people enrolling in a region and/or village they later feel is inappropriate. A federal judge in Washington, D.C., issues an order enjoining the Interior Department from lifting the land freeze on 11.8 miles of land claimed by Alaska Natives along the pipeline route. April 01, 1974 Shee Atika, Inc., the urban corporation for the Native residents of Sitka, becomes incorporated. Although Juneau and Sitka were historically Native communities, they had grown substantially by 1971 and could not longer be considered villages at the time of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. -19- Events in Alaska Native History April 02, 1973 Solomon Native Corporation, the village corporation for the Bering Straits village of Solomon, becomes incorporated. April 02, 1973 Quanirtuuq Incorporated, village corporation for Quinhagak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. April 03, 1963 After months of active exploration of Tyonek reservation lands in seismic research, the Interior Department puts the 25,000 acres of the reservation up for oil leasing in a sale scheduled to be held on April 3, 1963. The sale is the target for lawsuits filed by the Tyoneks as well as by some of the oil companies and is halted at 1:58 p.m., two minutes before the official start of 2 p.m. The Tyoneks successfully argued that they owned the oil lands and were entitled to bonus bids. April 04, 1974 The National Park Service terminates an agreement made in 1946 authorizing Native seal hunting in Glacier Bay National Park. The National Park Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs re-evaluated and renewed the agreement in 1956, 1958, 1960 and 1962, with only two modifications. April 05, 1921 Feodoria Kallander Pennington is born at Point Possession. A CIRI elder, she was featured in the oral history book published by The CIRI Foundation, Our Stories, Our Lives. April 06, 1923 Frederick T. Bismark, Sr., an Athabascan, is born in Anchorage. Bismark lived most of his life in Tyonek and was a leader in the village. A CIRI elder, Bismark was among 23 Native elders featured in the book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. April 06, 1943 Byron I. Mallott, Clan Leader of the KwaashKaKwaa Clan of the Raven People of Yakutat, is born in Yakutat. A key leader in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Mallott has held many leadership positions in banking, business, state and local government and within the Alaska Native community. He has served as Mayor of Yakutat and later the City and Borough of Juneau, and he was President of the Alaska Federation of Natives in 1977 and 1978. Beginning in 1972, he served as Director, Chairman and President & Chief Executive Officer of Sealaska Corporation until 1992 when he retired after 10 years as CEO. During his tenure, Sealaska established a Permanent Fund and an investment portfolio in excess of $100 million. He was named Executive Director of the Alaska Permanent Fund in 1995. When he left the Permanent Fund in 1999, he was named President and CEO of the Alaska Federation of Natives' First Alaskans Foundation. He was re-elected to the Sealaska board in 1999. He and his wife Toni have raised five children. April 06, 1971 Alaska Federation of Natives President Don Wright meets with President Nixon for 15 minutes to discuss Alaska Native land claims legislation. On the same day, the administration sends to Congress its bill that includes granting a total of 40 million acres to Alaska Natives. April 06, 1974 Bering Straits Native Corp. holds the First Annual Meeting of Shareholders. April 07, 1979 Pedro Bay Corporation holds its first meeting. April 08, 1969 A Port Chilkoot totem carver is contracted to turn a 150-foot spruce log into a 138-foot totem to be the largest in the world as part of the Alaska display in Japan's Expo '70. April 08, 1996 Alaska's People, Inc., opens its doors. A member of the CIRI nonprofit family, Alaska's People was formed through the combined efforts of Peak Alaska Ventures, Inc., Peak Oilfield Service Company, Cook Inlet Tribal Council and CIRI. It was created to promote the employment and training of CIRI shareholders, Alaska Natives and their family members. In addition to job openings, Alaska's people provides current information on apprenticeship programs and training opportunities, as well as assistance with resume, cover letter and application production. -20- Events in Alaska Native History April 09, 1901 The community of Nome, which today is the headquarters of the Bering Straits Native Corporation, as well as other Native entities, becomes incorporated. The population was 12,488 in 1900; 2,600 in 1910; 852 in 1920; 1,213 in 1930; 1,559 in 1939; and 1,876 in 1950. The original name of Anvil City comes from the Anvil River where the first major gold deposit was found. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development: historically, Malemiut, Kauweramiut and Unalikmiut Eskimos have occupied the Seward Peninsula with a well developed culture adapted to the environment. Since the first gold strike on tiny Anvil Creek, Nome's gold fields have yielded $136 million. A disastrous fire in 1934 destroyed most of the city. Just over half of the population are Alaska Natives. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community. Subsistence activities are prevalent in the community. Former villagers from King Island also live in Nome. Nome is the finish line for the 1,100-mile Iditarod Sled Dog Race from Anchorage, held each March. April 10, 1867 The U.S. Senate ratifies the Treaty of Cession by a vote of 37 to 2. The treaty is for the purchase of Alaska from Russia by the United States. There is little information on any discussions about Alaska Natives who would be affected, but the official historian of the treaty for the Department of State notes the following sentence included in an undated memo written by Secretary of State William Henry Seward for a Cabinet meeting prior to the Senate action: "The Indians to be on the footing of Indians domiciled in U.S." April 10, 1877 The War Department, by direction of President Hayes, issues orders for the withdrawal of all troops garrisoning posts in Alaska. The withdrawal is undertaken for economic reasons. April 10, 1907 Hillarion Larry Matfay is born in Akhiok. Matfay was featured in a book entitled Time to Dance, Life of an Alaska Native, written by Michael Rostad in 1988. April 10, 1940 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Savoonga as well as the Corporate Charter. April 10, 1974 The first Sealaska board of directors is elected. April 11, 1968 Congress enacts the Indian Civil Rights Act, which requires tribes to afford civil rights to people subject to their jurisdiction. April 12, 1895 Frank Peratrovich is born in Klawock. Peratrovich, an important Tlingit leader and a civil rights advocate, was the first Native president of the Alaska Territorial Senate. April 12, 1976 Nome edges out Bethel to win the Ninth Annual Native Youth Olympics in Anchorage. April 13, 1974 The first annual shareholders meeting for Ahtna is held. April 14, 1938 The first Alaska IRA Constitution bylaws and charter are ratified by the Hydaburg Cooperative Association. Fred Grant signs as Chairman, and Vincent Baranovich, as secretary. The action is taken under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, amended on May 1, 1936, to include Alaska. April 14, 1959 U.S. Senator E.L. (Bob) Bartlett (D-Alaska) calls for a full-scale investigation of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's plans to take over 1,600 acres of land for a nuclear experiment. April 14, 1978 Roger Lang is elected Chairman of the Board of the Alaska State Housing Authority by unanimous vote of the Board at the annual meeting in Juneau. Lang was a former president of the Alaska Federation of Natives and a Sealaska Corporation director. April 15, 1929 Albert Wilson is born in Seward. A CIRI elder, Wilson retired to live in Seldovia. He was among 23 Alaska Native elders featured in an oral history, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. April 15, 1974 Eskimos Incorporated, becomes officially incorporated. April 15, 1975 Regional stock certificates for Ahtna are issued. -21- Events in Alaska Native History April 16, 1898 Andrew Isaac is born. Isaac became Chief of the Village of Tanacross and leader of the Crow Band of Indians living in Tanacross, Tetlin, Northway, Eagle and Mentasta. April 16, 1934 Johnson-O'Malley Act is enacted by Congress. The act is aimed at meeting the educational recommendations that had been outlined in the Meriam Report of 1928. The report was the result of an investigation of the plight of American Indians by the Institute for Government Research. The wide-ranging report included recommendations on the development of an educational program on reservations. Although the report focused on reservation Indians, the Johnson-O'Malley Act has been important for Alaska Natives in Indian Education programs throughout the state. The Meriam Report also led to the Wheeler-Howard Act of June 18, 1934, that is also known as the Indian Reorganization Act. April 16, 1969 H.R. 10193 is introduced by Rep. Howard W. Pollock, Alaska. The bill was drafted by the Department of the Interior to put in to bill form the recommendations of the Federal Field Committee of Development Planning in Alaska. The committee published the landmark study Alaska Natives and the Land in 1968, and it became a key document in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. April 17, 1823 Russian and American representatives sign the Russian-American treaty, which permits the citizens of Imperial Russia and the United States to navigate and fish in the Pacific Ocean. Article IV of the treaty provides that citizens of both countries are permitted to trade with Natives. Alaska Natives, however, had no knowledge of the treaty and were not consulted. April 17, 1878 Sheldon Jackson School is founded in Sitka. The school, which eventually became Sheldon Jackson College, initially was founded as an "industrial and training" school for Tlingit boys. April 17, 1912 William E. Beltz is born in Bear Creek. He served in the Territorial and State legislatures He grew up in Haycock, a mining camp in the Bering Straits Region. In 1948, Beltz, who later lived in Nome, and Percy Ipalook of Wales were the first Inupiaq Eskimos elected to the Territorial Legislature. The first Alaska Native to serve in the Territory Legislature was Tlingit William Paul. April 18, 1939 President Roosevelt signs the proclamation that significantly increases the size of Glacier Bay National Monument by transferring more than 1,000 square miles of land from the Tongass National Forest to the monument. Originally, the monument was created February 26, 1925, by President Coolidge. At the time, it included 1,820 square miles. The primary purpose for extending the monument is to provide a sanctuary for the Alaska brown bear. The decision illustrates the conflict between the desire of the National Park Service to present tourists with an opportunity to observe bears at close range, unmolested by people, and the customary use of the same salmon streams by the Huna Tlingits, according to "A National Treasure or A Stolen Heritage: The Administrative History of Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve With a Focus on Subsistence," by Norman Staton. The actions were taken without regard to the biological or legal implications of Native use of the area and was a defeat for the Natives of Hoonah, whose aboriginal territory and contemporary hunting, fishing and gathering grounds extend the full length of Glacier Bay. April 19, 1973 Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation, the village corporation for Barrow, becomes incorporated. April 19, 1973 Kuukpik Corporation, the village corporation for Nuiqsut in the Arctic Slope Region, becomes incorporated. April 20, 1973 Leisnoi Incorporated, the Native village corporation for Koniag Natives of Woody Island, becomes officially incorporated. On Oct. 13, 1999, Judge Harvey Sweitzer ruled that Woody Island village was not eligible for benefits under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act because the village did not have 25 or more Native residents on April 1, 1970. The Bureau of Indian Affairs had ruled in 1974 that Woody Island was an eligible village entitled to ANCSA benefits. April 20, 1973 Natives of Kodiak, Inc., one of four urban corporations created by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes officially incorporated. The corporation was created for Alaska Natives of Kodiak in the Koniag Region. -22- Events in Alaska Native History April 20, 1976 Howard Rock, the founder of the Tundra Times, dies. He was born on August 10, 1911, at Point Hope. Although Howard could have made a successful career for himself as an artist, he helped found the Tundra Times in 1962, in part as an outgrowth of protests against nuclear tests proposed earlier for Cape Thompson. At a time when communications in Alaska were extremely limited, the newspaper became a unifying voice for Alaska Natives and played a key role in the development of the Alaska Federation of Natives and passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Howard also helped establish the world Eskimo Indian Olympics and the Institute of Alaska Native Art. April 21, 1913 Klukwan (Chilkat Village) is established as a reservation by Executive Order 1764. Later, the order was redefined by Executive Order 3673 (May 15, 1922) and enlarged by Public Law 85-271 (Sept. 2, 1957) (71 Stat. 596). According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, in 1880, the U.S. Navy reported the name of the village as "Chilcat of Klukquan," which is said to mean "the old town." The Chilkat controlled the trails to trade with Interior Indians. At that time, the Chilkat numbered approximately 1,000 among five area villages. In 1881, the Willard mission and school was constructed in Haines, which was 22 miles away. Four canneries were built in the area by the turn of the century. In the late 1890s, the Dalton Trail from Chilkat Inlet to Whitehorse offered an easier route for wagons and cattle to the Klondike gold fields. However, the Chilkoot Trail out of Skagway was used by most prospectors. By the early 1900s, Klukwan was the last remaining Chilkat village in the area. April 21, 1971 A petition signed by 16 of the 20 members of the Alaska State Senate and 25 of the 40 members of the Alaska State House stating that members are in support of the Alaska Federation of Natives' land claims settlement embodied in Senate Bill 835 and House Bill 7039. April 22, 1908 Arctic Explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson departs New York to begin a four-year expedition to study the Eskimo people of northern Canada and Alaska. This expedition was his second, following one in 1906-1907 in which he stayed with the MacKenzie River people and became fluent in their language as well as adopting their manner of living. He wrote that the people with whom he wintered in 1906- 1907 were "people very much like you and me, but with the social virtues developed rather more highly than they have been among our own race. Ina difficult struggle for existence under hard natural conditions they have acquired the ability to live together in peace and good will." April 22, 1926 Edward G. Pagano, an Aleut, is born in Unga. Pagano entered the Army as an enlisted man in October 1944 and served in the Pacific Theater. He was awarded the Bronze Star with V Device and the Purple Heart. He was appointed Alaska Adjutant General in 1982. April 22, 1945 Aleuts return to Unalaska after being evacuated from their village during World War II. The forced evacuation of Aleuts from the Aleutian Islands and the Pribilofs led to the deaths of many of the people, who were housed in inadequate and unsanitary conditions in former canneries in Southeast Alaska. April 22, 1946 Diomede Reservation is organized under authority of the 1936 Act extending the Indian Reorganization Act to Alaska and authorizing the Interior Secretary to designate lands as "Indian Reservations." , April 23, 1993 Robert W. Loescher of Sealaska Corporation makes a statement on H.R. 704 before the Subcommittee on Fisheries Management of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, U.S. House of Representatives urging Congress to consider Native use of the Glacier Bay resources in setting policy for the area. Loescher, whose Tlingit name is Kaa Toosh Tu, later was instrumental in the development of a position paper on Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, indicating that since 1925 when Glacier Bay was declared a National Park, the National Park Service has made every effort to rid Glacier Bay of its indigenous hunters and fishermen. "The story behind the creation of Glacier Bay National Park and the National Park Service's policy toward continued use of Glacier Bay by the Tlingit people is a story of injustice," Loescher said. April 24, 1950 Hydaburg residents vote 81-3 to organize Hydaburg Reservation. The action is taken under the auspices of the 1936 act which extended the Indian Reorganization Act to Alaska and authorized the Interior Secretary to designate lands as "Indian Reservations." SS SSS SESS SSS -23- Events in Alaska Native History April 24, 1972 Kenai Natives Association, Inc., one of four urban corporations authorized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes officially incorporated. The corporation was created to represent the Alaska Natives of Kenai. April 24, 1979 Arctic Slope Regional Corporation signs a land swap agreement in principal with the U.S. Department of the Interior and the National Park Service. The trade gives ASRC title to 73,000 acres near Anaktuvuk Pass, 19,000 acres surrounding Karupa Lake and subsurface rights to 16,000 acres surrounding Itkillik Lake. In exchange, the National Park Service is to receive 112,000 acres near Anaktuvuk Pass and 96,000 acres in the John River Valley. April 25, 1921 Arthur P. Nielsen is born in Sitka. A CIRI elder, Nielsen was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. April 25, 1953 Adelheid Herrmann is born in Levelock. Herrmann was elected to serve in the Alaska House of Representatives in 1982. A Democrat from Naknek, Herrmann's occupation was commercial fishing in Bristol Bay. She served as the Bristol Bay field representative for Alaska Student Higher Education Services of the Alaska Federation of Natives. She also was a legislative information officer in Dillingham and served on the Legislative Interim Committee on Subsistence. She also worked as a field representative for Bristol Bay for the Bering Sea Fishermen's Association and as a director of the Bristol Bay Cooperative Management Plan. April 25, 1974 The first annual shareholders meeting for Cook Inlet Region, Inc., is held. April 25, 1977 Ten ANCSA village corporations merge to form The Kuskokwim Corporation. Villages include: Lower Kalskag, Upper Kalskag, Aniak, Chuathbaluk, Napaimute, Crooked Creek, Red Devil, Georgetown, Sleetmute, and Stony River. (Alaska Native Management Report indicates April 22, 1977) April 25, 1988 Chinuruk, Incorporated, village corporation for Nightmute in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. April 25, 1991 The Calista Elders Council organizational meeting is held in Anchorage. April 26, 1994 Goldbelt, Inc., the corporation for Alaska Natives of Juneau, completes a land exchange in which the corporation acquires 2,595 acres of timberland at Hobart Bay in Southeast Alaska by relinquishing 1,166 acres near Echo Cove. Before the year ends, the corporation embarks on a new direction of aggressive participation in business activities. The direction is seen as a step toward fulfilling the mission statement: "Goldbelt is committed to making a significant and positive difference in the lives of our shareholders." April 27, 1915 Alaska Territorial Governor John Strong signs the Native citizenship bill into law. The bill provides that any member of a Native or Indian group who had reached the age of 21 could appear before the court in a judicial district and be granted citizenship. The door was open for citizenship only if Natives were willing to go through a grueling process. It included "throwing off those habits and customs of the old communal life which were hostile to American citizenship," and required Natives "to learn to read and write English and give evidence that they had adopted the principles of life." April 27, 1962 Anna Pickett Chamberland, who is Inupiaq/Athabascan, is born in Anchorage. She served as Executive Editor of the Tundra Times from 1994 to 1996, as well as Executive Editor of The Council, published by Tanana Chiefs Council. She is a shareholder of Doyon Ltd. and Bering Straits Native Corporation. April 28, 1937 An agreement is signed that leads to the unionization of the cannery industry when Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union (CWFLU) is recognized by industry management for bargaining purposes. As a direct result of the agreement, pay increased, the contract system was abolished, and living conditions improved. Cannery work remained racially stratified, however, with most Alaska Natives relegated to the lowest positions and pay. -24- Events in Alaska Native History April 29, 1978 The new $6.3 million hospital in Nome is dedicated. Norton Sound Health Corporation owns the hospital. April 29, 1994 President Clinton meets with Cherokee Chief Wilma Mankiller , Chief of the Cherokee Nation based in Oklahoma, and welcomes American Indians and Alaska Natives to the White House. In his remarks, the President stresses the importance of tribal control through self-governance contracts, as well as continued funding for the Indian Health Service. April 30, 1931 John N. Colberg is born in Seldovia. Colberg was elected to the CIRI Board of Directors in 1973 and served as Chairman of the Board from 1974 until 1994, at which time he was named Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Directors. He continues to serve as Chairman Emeritus to the present. Colberg's parents were John and Elizabeth Cleghorn Colberg. Elizabeth Colberg was from Seldovia and raised Colberg in the village. April 30, 1998 Results of a poll are released indicating that 85 percent of Alaskans surveyed say they want to vote on a constitutional amendment allowing a rural preference for subsistence hunters and fishermen. Sixty-three percent of the 513 people in the statewide Alaska poll said they would vote for the amendment. The survey had a 5-percent margin of error. According to the Anchorage Daily News, the poll was conducted by Dittman Research. Dave Dittman, head of the company, said he conducted the poll at his own expense after criticism of the question asked in a similar poll conducted for the Legislature in early April 1998. May 01, 1908 Roy Peratrovich is born in Klawock, Alaska. Peratrovich was an important Tlingit leader in the Alaska Native Brotherhood. He was married to Elizabeth Peratrovich, and together the couple fought successfully for passage of an Anti-Discrimination bill in Alaska. May 01, 1936 Congress passes an act to extend the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (June 18, 1934, 48 Stat. 984) to Alaska (49 Stat. 1250). Many Native villages throughout rural Alaska organize and adopt constitutions under the auspices of the act. Ultimately many Alaska villages organized under a common bond of residence, occupation or association. Many villages became involved in Native stores through the revolving loan provisions of the Act. Some Southeast Alaska communities acquired cannery properties, according to Andrew John Hope, Jr. Hope noted in 1977 that 71 entities in Alaska were organized under the Act, as well as one Credit Association, known as the Tonuok Indian Credit Association. May 01, 1973 Inalik Native Corporation, the village corporation for Little Diomede, becomes incorporated. May 01, 1976 Sealaska purchases Alaska Brick Company. May 01, 1976 President Roy Huhndorf announces plans for Cook Inlet Region, Inc., to build a new office building on C Street between Fireweed and Northern Lights at the region's third annual meeting in Anchorage. The building will be a multi-story structure of about 90,000 square feet. May 01, 1994 The Alaska Natives Commission issues its three-volume report on the status of Alaska Natives. The commission's work was concentrated over the course of about 18 months and included gathering data and testimony from throughout the state. The report stated that it "paints a picture of 86,000 U.S. citizens living in the richest state of the union who, despite such fortunate geographic placement, have experienced -- and are today experiencing -- economic deprivation and social impairment at sometimes incomprehensible rate." It blamed a "systematic assumption of responsibility and control by outsiders" as the "fundamental fact underlying the contemporary Native social and economic crisis." May 01, 1999 The Alaska Native Heritage Center, a world-class cultural and educational facility, opens. May 02, 1785 Shelikhov dispatches 52 Russians, 11 Fox Island Aleuts and 111 Kodiak Alutiiq people to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound to trade and take hostages. -25- Events in Alaska Native History May 02, 1927 The Alaska Legislature adopts the official flag of the Territory of Alaska, eight stars of gold on a field of blue. The design was created for a Territorial contest by 13-year-old John Bell "Benny" Benson, an Aleut from Chignik. Benson said the flag depicts the seven stars of the Big Dipper -- the constellation called "the Bear" -- to indicate strength. The eighth star is the North Star, symbolizing Alaska's geographic location as the northernmost state. The blue background is to represent the Alaska sky as well as the state flower, the Forget-Me-Not. May 02, 1977 Maserculiq Fish Processors, Inc., operated by the Calista Region Native village corporation Maserculiq, Inc., becomes officially incorporated. The corporation is the village corporation for i Marshall. May 02, 1977 The Association of Village Council Presidents, the nonprofit organization for the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. May 03, 1889 Jim McKinley, Benits'it'aesen, is born in Wood Camp, Copper Center. According to the 25th Anniversary publication of Ahtna, Inc., as Chief of the Ahtna Region and a spiritual leader, he left a legacy of hope that has been passed on. He was concerned about the future of the Ahtna people, the land and the resources. His concern was reflected in the lyrics of a song that.he composed in the Ahtna language: "After I'm gone, look to the 'elht'aeni’ (the Wrangell Mountains). After I'm gone, look to the Pipeline." May 03, 1973 Olgoonik Corporation, the Native village corporation for Wainwright, becomes incorporated. May 03, 1973 Kaktovik Inupiat Corporation, the village corporation for Kaktovik in the Arctic Slope Region, becomes incorporated. May 03, 1973 Nunamiut Corporation, the village corporation for the Arctic Slope village of Anaktuvuk Pass, becomes incorporated. May 03, 1973 Tikigaq, the Native village corporation for Point Hope, becomes incorporated. May 04, 1971 Alaska Governor William A. Egan endorses the land claims position of the Alaska Federation of Natives in hearings before the House Interior and Insular Affairs Committee. The Tundra Times reported that Egan testified the state favored a land settlement of 60 million acres, 2 per cent overriding royalty in oil and gas revenues and $500 million federal appropriation to Alaska Natives. May 04, 1978 Gana-A'Yoo, Ltd., is incorporated. The corporation includes the merged villages of Galena, Kaltag, Koyukuk and Nulato in the Doyon Region. May 05, 1940 Roy Huhndorf is born at Nulato. Huhndorf, the son of Max and Rita Huhndorf, became the third President of CIRI on May 24, 1975, and served in that capacity until 1995. Born of Yup'ik Eskimo and German parents, Huhndorf has become a prominent leader locally and statewide for his efforts to ensure that Alaska's Eskimos, Indians and Aleuts are empowered economically and socially in the quest for an improved standard of life. Huhndorf was elected to serve on the initial board of incorporators of CIRI in 1972. Under Huhndorf's leadership, CIRI began its extraordinary growth as a business corporation despite severe land entitlement obstacles to CIRI which were contained in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. As a result, CIRI has gained prominence as a successful ANCSA regional corporation with business investment in Alaska and the rest of the United States. Huhndorf has served on the boards of many foundations and public foundations, and through his vision, Koahnic Broadcast Corporation, the Alaska Native Heritage Center, the Alaska Native Justice Center, The CIRI Foundation, Cook Inlet Tribal Council, Inc., and other organizations were created and are thriving today. He has received many honors through his career, including being named the Alaska Federation of Natives Citizen of the Year in 1999, an honor he shared with Glenn Godfrey. In 1999, he also was elected co-chairman of AFN. Huhndorf and his wife Charlene have two daughters, Charlsie and Shari. -26- Events in Alaska Native History May 05, 1993 Alaska Native Justice Center is established. The ANJC aims to serve the unmet needs of the Alaska Native community in the criminal and civil justice systems. Alaska Natives comprise a disproportionate number of incarcerated Alaskans. The Justice Center works to reduce the number of incarcerated Alaska Natives through advocacy, outreach, education and innovation. The Justice Center provides direct advocacy services, technical assistance and referrals to Alaska Natives and Native Americans. Staff members also sit on various advisory boards and task forces to promote changes in legislation that adversely affect Alaska Natives. May 05, 1995 Gambell, one of two villages on St. Lawrence Island, becomes a federally recognized tribe. May 05, 1999 Alaska Natives and others march in the first "We the People March" in support of the state's indigenous peoples and to air their concerns about the subsistence issue throughout the state. Police estimate the crowd that participated in the march to be about 3,000 people. May 06, 1964 Bids are opened in the Tyonek lease sale, which is held by the Interior Department and includes the 25,000 acres of the village's reservation lands. The sale earlier had been scheduled for April 3, 1963, but was halted two minutes before the bids were to be opened after it became the target for lawsuits filed by the Tyoneks as well as some of the oil companies. The sale netted $12 million for the village, and villagers developed a 10-point program for spending the money, including road and airstrip improvements, as well as health and welfare projects and a "family improvement plan" authorizing up to $40,000 per family. A second lease sale, three years later brought in $2.7 million. May 07, 1885 William L. Paul, Southeastern Native attorney, is born at Fort Simpson, British Columbia. He died March 4, 1977. A champion of Native rights, in 1924 Paul won election to the Territorial House of Representatives. He was the first Native to win a legislative seat and the first Native attorney in the state. May 07, 1973 Alakanuk Native Corporation, the village corporation for the Calista Region village of Alakanuk, becomes officially incorporated. May 07, 1973 Tununrmiut Rinit Corporation, village corporation for Tununak in the Calista Region, becomes 4 officially incorporated. May 07, 1973 Nunakauiak Yupik Corporation, the village corporation for Toksook Bay in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. May 07, 1973 Nunapitchuk, Ltd., the village corporation for Nunapitchuk in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. May 07, 1973 Iqfijouaq Company, village corporation for Eek in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. May 07, 1973 Kuitsarak Incorporated, the village corporation for Goodnews Bay/Mumtrak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. May 07, 1973 Atmautluak, Limited, the village corporation for Atmautluak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. May 07, 1973 Kasigluk Incorporated, the village corporation for Kasigluk in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. May 08, 1974 NANA Development Corporation, the development arm of NANA Regional Corporation, becomes incorporated. May 09, 1999 The official ribbon cutting for the Alaska Native Heritage Center takes place. The $14.8-million, 26- acre cultural park features performance, exhibit and workshop areas in its main Welcome House. The center is expected to draw 130,000 visitors a year. May 10, 1960 Kenai, headquarters of the Kenaitze Indian Tribe, is incorporated as a First Class City. The largest concentrations of Kenaitze tribal members reside in Kenai. | RES RE ES -27- Events in Alaska Native History May 11, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for Noorvik Native Community. May 11, 1943 U.S. 7th Infantry Division and attachments under the command of Major General Charles H. Corlett advance upon Attu Island. After 19 days of bitter fighting, peace returns to the blood-drenched Island with the final defeat of the Japanese on Attu at the battle of Chicagof Harbor. Casualties: 432 Americans killed, 110 wounded; 1,791 Japanese killed, only 11 captured. Earlier, when the Japanese forces had occupied the island, the female teacher and the 45 Aleuts in Attu village were taken prisoner and placed in captivity on Hokkaido. They were not released until after the Japanese surrender in 1945. May 11, 1949 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are adopted for the Akiak Native Community. May 11, 1971 The Alaska State Senate passes Senate Resolution No. 12, which commends U.S. Senators Henry Jackson of Washington and Gordon Allot of Colorado for their efforts to settle Alaska Native land claims. The resolution calls for settling the claims at the "earliest possible time." May 12, 1992 Eklutna Village Tribal Council, a non-profit corporation for the village of Eklutna, becomes incorporated. May 13, 1929 Roger L. Lang is born. Lang was one of the key Native leaders involved in early implementation of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and was President of the Alaska Federation of Natives in 1974-75. He died December 30, 1987. May 13, 1995 The Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository in Kodiak opens to the public. The museum houses cultural artifacts and resources of the Alutiiq people of Kodiak Island. May 14, 1898 An Act of Congress extends the homestead laws of the United States to Alaska and provides for the reservation of suitable tracts of land along the waterfront of any stream, inlet bay or seashore for "landing places for canoes and other craft used by such natives." No provision is made, however, to protect other land holdings or water rights of Alaska Natives. May 15, 1930 Katherine W. Pederson Boling is born to Louise and George Pederson of Kenai. Her mother was full Kenaitze Indian, and her father was part Danish and part Russian. She served as President of Kenai Natives Association for several years, as well as on the Board of Directors. She died May 24, 1994. May 15, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for the Native Village of Tanana. May 15, 1972 Negotiations for the transfer to the Kenai Natives Association of Wildwood Station begin. In March 1972, the Kenai Natives Association proposed that Wildwood Station be considered as part of their Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act withdrawal. The plan for the facility, which included a Native student boarding program, was favorably received by the Air Force. May 16, 1973 Cully Corporation, the Native village corporation for the Arctic Slope community of Point Lay, becomes incorporated. May 16, 1984 Montana Creek Native Association, the corporation representing the Cook Inlet Native group in Montana Creek, becomes officially incorporated. - 28 - Events in Alaska Native History May 16, 2000 Growing Up Native in Alaska, a book featuring oral history interviews with 27 emerging Alaska Native leaders, is unveiled at a book signing ceremony at the Alaska Native Heritage Center. The book, published by The CIRI Foundation, is authored by CIRI Historian Alexandra J. McClanahan. It features a Foreword by Carl Marrs, President and CEO of CIRI. The ceremony is attended by approximately 80 people, including Governor Tony Knowles. Former CIRI President and CEO Roy Huhndorf serves as the emcee. Offering brief comments are Sophie Minich, CIRI Vice President of Administration; Lydia Hays, outgoing Executive Director of The CIRI Foundation; and A.J. McClanahan. Participants who attended included Bobbi Quintavell, Jason Metrokin, George Owletuck, Deborah Vo, James W. LaBelle Jr., Matt McDaniel, Doris Hunter-Whitley, Gloria ONeill, Dawn Dinwoodie, Carrie Irwin Brown, Sharon Anderson, Kim Eaton-Olson, Jack Zayon, Jaeleen Kookesh Araujo, Ricardo Worl and Brenda Takes Horse. Unable to attend were Paul Mayo, Sue Sherman, Jeffery Kauffman, Patience Merculief, Rex Allen Rock Sr., Austin Ahmasuk, Jaylene Z. Wheeler, Brad Angasan, Andrew Guy, Maude Blair and Butch Lincoln. May 17, 1884 President Arthur signs into law the Organic Act that creates civil government in Alaska. The act also provides $25,000 "for the education of the children of school age in the Territory of Alaska without reference to race." It contains a provision calling for the appointment of a commission to report on the conditions of Alaska Natives, with particular reference to possible land reserves for Native use and education. The commission issued its report June 30, 1885. May 17, 1906 The Native Allotment Act (34 Stat. 197) is enacted which provides that Alaska Natives may gain title to up to 160 acres of land. The act was aimed at extending the Dawes Act of February 8, 1887, to Alaska. Although the Dawes Act led to a terrible erosion of the Native American land base, the Native Allotment Act in Alaska led to Native control of land in the relatively few cases where Alaska Natives were aware they could gain title. Section 18(a) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act repealed the act. May 17, 1948 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for the Organized Village of Holikachuk. May 17, 1966 "What Rights to Land Have the Alaskan Natives?" Willie (Igagruk) Hensley, who is originally from Kotzebue, completes a paper for his Constitutional Law class at the University of Alaska taught by Jay Rabinowitz, who later became Chief Justice of the Alaska Supreme Court. The paper eventually is distributed throughout Alaska and becomes an important document in the struggle for passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. Its opening sentence is: "A controversy of immense proportions is rapidly coming to a head in Alaska." May 18, 1995 Amendments are passed to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act that authorize Cook Inlet Region, Inc., to purchase CIRI stock from shareholders and sell the stock to the regional corporation itself. The legislation requires than any plan to purchase CIRI stock must first be submitted to a vote of all CIRI shareholders and can only be implemented if the majority of shareholders vote to amend the company's articles of incorporation to allow such purchases. All shares purchased by CIRI are then put out of existence -- cancelled. May 19, 1939 The Indian Reorganization Act, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act of 1934 (June 18), is amended so that loan recipients are limited to those no less than one-quarter Indian blood. -29- May 20, 1943 May 20, 1943 May 21, 1999 May 22, 1943 Events in Alaska Native History The Venetie Reservation of 1,408,000 acres is organized under the authority of the 1936 Act extending the IRA to Alaska and authorizing the Interior Secretary to designate "Indian Reservations." According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, the village was originally known to early explorers as Old Robert's Village or Chandalar Village. The village was founded in 1895 by a man named Old Robert who chose Venetie because of its plentiful fish and game. In 1899, the U.S. Geological Survey noted about 50 Natives living on the Chandalar, some in small settlements of cabins about 7 miles above the mouth of the River, but most in the mountainous part of the country beyond the Yukon Flats. He noted that the Natives spent only the coldest winter months in cabins and the remainder of the year traveling for various food sources. In 1905, Venetie was a settlement of a half a dozen cabins and 25 or 30 residents. The gold rush to the Chandalar region in 1906-07 brought a large number of miners. A mining camp of nearly 40 cabins and attendant services was established at Caro upriver from Venetie, and another store was located near the mouth of the East Fork. By 1910, the Chandalar was largely played out and Caro almost completely abandoned. In 1943, the Venetie Indian Reservation was established, due to the combined efforts of the residents of Venetie, Arctic Village, Christian Village and Robert's Fish Camp, who worked together to protect their land for subsistence use. At about this same time, a school was established at Venetie, encouraging additional families to settle in the village. Eventually an airstrip, post office and store were built. During the 1950s and 1960s, the use of seasonal camps declined, but the advent of the snowmachine enabled Venetie residents to renew use of areas which had traditionally been occupied seasonally. When the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was passed in 1971, Venetie and Arctic Village opted for title to the 1.8 million acres of land in the former Reservation, which they own as tenants in common through the Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government. Venetie is comprised largely of descendants of the Neets'ai Gwich'in, and to a lesser extent the Gwichyaa and Dihaii Gwich'in. The village council is combined with Arctic Village. Subsistence activities are an important part of the local culture. Akutan Reservation is organized under authority of the 1936 Act extending the Indian Reorganization Act to Alaska and authorizing the Interior Secretary to designate land as "Indian Reservations." According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, Akutan began in 1878 as a fur storage and trading port for the Western Fur & Trading Company. The company's agent established a commercial cod fishing and processing business that quickly attracted nearby Aleuts to the community. A church and school were built in 1878. Pacific Whaling Company built a whale processing station across the bay from Akutan in 1912. It was the only whaling station in the Aleutians, and operated until 1939. After the Japanese attacked Unalaska in June 1942, the U.S. Government evacuated Akutan residents to the Ketchikan area. The village was re-established in 1944, although many villagers chose not to return. This exposure to the outside world brought many changes to the traditional lifestyle and attitudes of the community. CIRI celebrates the official opening and dedication of the Talkeetna Alaskan Lodge. As part of the opening of the lodge, the Alaska Climbers Hall of Fame is unveiled. The Karluk Reservation is organized under the authority of the 1936 Act extending the Indian Reorganization Act to Alaska and authorizing the Interior Secretary to designate lands as "Indian reservations." According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, the mouth of the Karluk River is thought to have been populated by Natives for more than 7,000 years. Thirty-six archaeological sites exist in the area. Russian hunters established a trading post in the area in 1786. At that time, the village was located on both sides of the Karluk River, in the area of Karluk Lagoon. Between 1790 and 1850, many tanneries, salteries and canneries were established in the area. By 1800, Karluk was known for having the largest cannery and the greatest salmon stream in the world. A post office was established in 1892. In the early 1900s, canneries were constructed by the Alaska Packers Association. Over-fishing of the area forced the canneries to close in the late 1930s. After a severe storm in January 1978, the village council decided to relocate the community to the present site, upstream on the south side of the lagoon. HUD constructed 23 houses at the new community location. The school was closed for the 1999-2000 year due to insufficient students. A few high school students attend Mount Edgecumbe in Sitka. -30- Events in Alaska Native History May 22, 1975 Stanley James McCutcheon, whose landmark victory for the Tyoneks in the early 1960s helped lead to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, dies at the age of 57. Born in Anchorage in 1917, McCutcheon served in five Territorial legislatures from 1943 to 1956. He was the author in 1955 of House Bill No. 1, which called for creation of a Constitutional Convention. While representing the Tyonek Indians, he won $12 million for them for oil and gas leases sold to Standard Oil Company of California. He became speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives at the age of 33, the youngest man to hold that position. May 23, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Atka. May 23, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Kotzebue. May 23, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws approved for the Native Village of Point Lay. May 23, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for the Native Village of Tununak. May 23, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and bylaws are approved for the Native Village of Tatitlek. May 24, 1934 Clarence Jackson, Sr., Sealaska leader, is born. May 24, 1949 Congress passes an act enlarging the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims to include any Indian claim accruing against the United States after August 13, 1946, thus reopening the door for Alaskan claims. May 24, 1975 Ata special CIRI board meeting, Roy M. Huhndorf is elected President of CIRI. Huhndorf served continuously on the region's Board of Directors for three years before being elected. He left the position of program director of the Community Health Aide Program, Alaska Area Native Health Service to accept his new position. At the time of his election, he was a past president of the Cook Inlet Native Association and a board member of the Alaska Native Foundation. May 25, 1799 Baranov, en route to establish the first post on Sitka Sound, loses 30 men in a storm at Cape Suckling and about 26 more to an attack by Tlingits. Also, having arrived at Sitka Sound, he barters for a piece of ground on which a fort is built named for the Archangel Michael. The site is now known as Old Sitka and is about six miles from the present Sitka. May 25, 1926 Congress enacts the Alaska Native Townsite Act pursuant to which Alaska Indians and Eskimos could acquire restricted deeds to lots in certain survey townsites. The act is designed to give Natives title to small acreages on which they had their homes. It includes provisions from the general townsite act of 1891, but made it possible for Natives to obtain restricted deeds to the lots they were occupying. Because the deeds are restricted, title rests with the Native, but the land cannot be sold or taxed. The intent was to create a safeguard for Natives who might not be aware of the value of their land or the laws regulating land. May 25, 1973 Uyak Natives Incorporated, in the Koniag Region, becomes officially incorporated. May 26, 1919 George Miller, Jr., is born in Kenai. He served as the first president of Cook Inlet Region, Inc., after he was elected Interim President of the corporation in 1972. In that capacity, he received the first funds distributed by the Department of the Interior under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. He resigned in 1973. He served as President of the Kenai Natives Association from 1972 to 1986. Through his persistence, the Kenaitze Indian Tribe secured its IRA status. He spent extended period of time in Washington, D.C., lobbying for Native rights. He also was instrumental in the acquisition of Wildwood Air Force Base as a result of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. As part of that settlement, KNA received title to about 23,000 acres of land, including about 4,000 at Wildwood. He died October 23, 1996. May 26, 1973 Unalakleet Native Corporation, the village corporation for the Bering Straits village of Unalakleet, becomes incorporated. May 27, 1977 A law to protect shareholders of Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act corporations against unfair and fraudulent proxy solicitations is passed by the Alaska Legislature. (Alaska Statute 45.55.139) a EE SP RE SSE TS RET SE -31- Events in Alaska Native History May 27, 1999 Yute Air, the Association of Village Council Presidents’ tribal college, the University of Alaska Anchorage and Aero Tech Flight Service Inc. begin a program that offers flight training to Alaska Natives. Yute Air owner Will Johnson proposed the idea as a solution to the pilot shortage and because he felt people raised in rural Alaska would be more familiar with its terrain and volatile weather. May 28, 1884 Father Hieromonk Nikita, assigned by the Russian Orthodox Church to Kenai, writes a report telling of an influenza epidemic which claimed the lives of nearly all the children two years old and under in Kenai, Ninilchik, Seldovia and Alexandrovsk. This occurred at the same time that Chernabura Volcano erupted across the strait from Alexandrovsk. May 29, 1867 Ina letter to General Halleck, General Ulysses S. Grant directs Halleck that the newly acquired Territory of Alaska is to be a district attached to the Department of California. In addition, the letter states that four companies will suffice as an occupation force, that a year's supply of provisions should accompany the troops and that a suitable field grade officer should be designated for the command. May 29, 1963 An act of Congress (P.L. 88-34) is passed to authorize the survey and establishment for the townsite of the Juneau Indian Village. The village, which covered 3.5 acres, was surveyed in 1963 or 1964, and deeds were awarded beginning in 1965. May 30, 1899 The Harriman Alaska Expedition leaves Seattle. Edward Henry Harriman, 1848-1909, of New York, chartered the steamer George W. Elder and invited about 30 scientific men to sail to Alaska. Many of the guests did some exploration, carried out surveys, collected specimens and took photographs. The expedition cruised 9,000 miles with about 50 stops. The results of the expedition were published in 12 volumes. Members of the expedition stole artifacts from Southeast Alaska. May 30, 1943 All organized Japanese Army resistence ends in the Aleutians. May 30, 1985 Natchigq Incorporated, a subsidiary of Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, becomes officially incorporated. May 31, 1938 Congress enacts legislation permitting the Secretary of the Department to withdraw up to 640 acres of land for Alaska Native school sites. (52 Stat. 593) June 01, 1972 Calista Region leaders decide to form Calista Corporation. June 02, 1924 All Alaska Natives automatically become citizens of the United States when the Citizenship Act of 1924 goes into effect. On April 27, 1915, Territorial Governor John Strong had signed a bill conferring voting rights on Alaska Natives had been passed by the Territorial Legislature, but it required that Natives go through a grueling process to prove that they had given up their customary and traditional habits. June 02, 1962 The Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall National Historic Landmark in Sitka becomes a nationally designated site. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior makes the designation as part of an effort to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 are designated National Historic Landmarks. The ANB Hall's selection honors both the Alaska Native Brotherhood, founded in 1912, and the Alaska Native Sisterhood, which have made important contributions to Alaska in general and the Alaska Native community. June 02, 1978 The Anangula Archeological District National Historic Landmark is designated by the Secretary of the Department of the Interior. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 nationally are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Interior Secretary designates National Historic Landmarks to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. The Anangula Archeological District near Nikolski was occupied from about 6500 to 6000 BC by Eskimo-Aleuts who migrated along the Alaska Peninsula land bridge. -32- Events in Alaska Native History June 02, 1978 The Dry Creek Archeological District National Historic Landmark is designated by the Secretary of the Department of the Interior. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 nationally are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Interior Secretary designates National Historic Landmarks to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. The Dry Creek Archeological District near Healy, occupied about 9000 BC, commemorates the oldest reliably dated location of human occupation in Alaska. June 02, 1978 The Onion Portage Archeological District National Historic Landmark near Ambler is designated by the Secretary of the Department of the Interior. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 nationally are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Interior Secretary designates National Historic Landmarks to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. The selection of the Onion Portage Archeological District near Kiana, occupied 8000 BC to 1700 AD, commemorates nine cultures, ranging from Paleo-Indians of the Akmak complex to Arctic Woodland Eskimos. June 02, 1986 The Northwest Arctic Borough is created. June 02, 1997 The new Alaska Native Medical Center opens for business. June 03, 1942 Japanese aircraft bomb the military base at Dutch Harbor. A stray bomb barely misses the Bureau of Indian Affairs hospital in nearby Unalaska and largely destroys it. Fortunately, all patients had been evacuated to shelter a short time earlier. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, almost all of the Aleuts on the island were interned to Southeast Alaska for the duration of the War. The Russian Orthodox Church was nearly destroyed by evacuating U.S. Army troops. The Church is the oldest Russian Orthodox cruciform-style church in North America, and is currently undergoing restoration. June 03, 1947 Roy Ahmaogak is ordained at Barrow as a Presbyterian minister. He served at Wainwright until he worked on the translation of the New Testament into Inupiat. June 03, 1959 U.S. Secretary of the Interior Fred Seaton gives Alaska final clearance to begin selecting large chunks of federal land as one of the benefits of statehood. The fact that the state was granted 104 million acres of land to select in the Alaska Statehood Act becomes of great concern to Alaska Natives as the state begins its selection process and identifies many areas that Alaska Natives have traditionally used or lived on. By 1966, Alaska Natives are successful in gaining the support of Interior Secretary Stewart Udall who puts a freeze on further land selections until Native claims have been dealt with. June 03, 1992 The U.S. Secretary of Commerce takes action to create "Community Development Quotas," known as CDQ's. The action comes when the Secretary approves Amendment 18 to the Bering Sea and Aleutian Island Fishery Management Plan to allocate portions of the pollock harvest between inshore and offshore processors. As part of the amendment, 7.5 percent of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Island pollock harvest is dedicated to communities along the coastline of Western Alaska, which leads to the name Community Development Quota. The percentage is later increased to 10 percent. The CDQ program is a major shift for fishery allocations in Alaska and leads to communities having an important ownership of the resource. June 04, 1820 Capt. Lt. Glieb Semenovich Shishmarev arrives at Unalaska Island while on an exploring expedition. Afterward, he cruised through the Aleutian Islands to Amchitka and other islands. He then cruised north along the coast and explored with another Russian captain the Arctic coast as far east as Icy Cape. He then returned via St. Lawrence Island and completed a survey of the shoreline. He continued on to the Pribilof Islands and explored the Bering Sea coast from Norton Sound to Cape Newenham before arriving at Unalaska on August 19, 1820. June 04, 1973 Chuloonawick Corporation, the village corporation for Chuloonawick in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated June 04, 1973 Emmonak Corporation, the village corporation for the Calista Reigon village of Emmonak, becomes officially incorporated. -33- Events in Alaska Native History June 04, 1973 Azachorok Incorporated, the village corporation for Mountain Village in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 04, 1973 Pilot Station Incorporated, the village corporation for the Calista Region village of Pilot Station, becomes officially incorporated. June 04, 1973 Napakiak Corporation, the village corporation for Napakiak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 04, 1973 Akiachuk, Ltd., the village corporation for the Calista Region village of Akiachak, becomes incorporated. June 04, 1983 CIRI's Board of Directors votes unanimously to withdraw tribal support from Cook Inlet Native Association and to create a new nonprofit organization to function under the auspices of CIRI. CIRI shareholders had passed a resolution at the CIRI annual meeting on Friday, June 3. It called for the transfer of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Educational Assistance and the Indian Health Service programs. Then-CIRI President Roy Huhndorf said CIRI shareholders were concerned that they were losing control and that CINA would not be as sensitive to those programs as it should be. The new organization eventually would become Cook Inlet Tribal Council. June 04, 1994 At their annual meeting, The Kuskokwim Corporation shareholders vote to enroll their children as shareholders of the corporation. With their vote, they amend the Articles of Incorporation to issue 100 shares of Class B life estate stock to 2,000 children born after December 18, 1971. The enrollment process began in the fall of 1994. June 05, 1958 Atomic Energy Commission Chairman Lewis Strauss requests a 1,600-square mile withdrawal of land and water from the public domain in the Cape Thompson area for the Plowshare Program to blast out an artificial harbor with nuclear weapons. The program was supposedly aimed at employing peaceful uses of atomic energy. The explosion, which would have been near Point Hope, was scheduled for 1960. The Inupiaq people of Alaska vehemently opposed the proposal. Alaska Natives eventually succeeded in halting the project. June 05, 1979 Commonwealth North, a new organization aimed at bringing together leaders of business, labor, Native corporations and both political parties, holds its inaugural meeting at the Fore Deck Room of the Hotel Captain Cook. Morris Thompson, serving as President of the Alaska Federation of Natives, is on the first Board of Directors. June 05, 2000 Doyon, Ltd., formally opens its new $10-million Fairbanks office building. As part of the ceremony to officially open the building, trees planted outside are dedicated to the memory of Morris and Thelma Thompson and their daughter Sheryl. Morris was a key Native leader known throughout Alaska. He held a number of positions, including President and CEO of Doyon. He took over leadership of Doyon in 1985 when the corporation faced serious financial difficulties, and he led the company back to financial stability and profitability. He had just retired from that position when he and his wife and daughter were killed in the crash of Alaska Airlines flight 261 on January 31, 2000. The new Doyon building is located directly across the river from where Doyon had its first offices in the early 1970s. June 06, 1900 An Act of Congress spells out laws relating to mining claims and mineral location. The act specifically provides that "the Indians or persons conducting schools or missions in the district shall not be disturbed in the possession of any lands now actually in their use or occupation. . ." June 06, 1912 Mount Novarupta erupts, and ash falls for two days in Kodiak. The Alutiiq villages of Katmai, Douglas and Savonoski on the Alaska Peninsula are destroyed. The eruption was originally thought to be the Mount Katmai volcano. It created the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. -34- Events in Alaska Native History June 06, 1924 The White Act, referred to as the "Magna Carta of Fishery Conservation," is enacted. It was the chief means whereby the federal government enforced fisheries conservation measures in Alaska. It did not preclude fish traps, and it called for escapement of at least 50 percent of the run. Management was considered cumbersome and not responsive to variations of run strength. It favored big companies' fish traps and did not allow "exclusive" fishery rights, even in traditional Native fishing grounds. June 07, 1913 Athabascan Walter Harper reaches the summit of Denali, Mt. McKinley. He is the first Alaska Native to reach the summit. He was climbing as part of the Karstens-Stuck expedition that was the first successful climb of the South peak of the mountain. Harper was the first person in the party to reach the summit. Others in the group included Harry Karstens, the Rev. Hudson Stuck and Robert Tatum. The party left Nenana by dog team on March 17. June 07, 1942 The Japanese occupy Attu, landing 1,200 troops of the 301st Independent Infantry Battalion under the Major Masatoshi Hozumi at Holtz Bay on the northern coast of Attu. The 45 Aleuts and two non- Native teachers are taken prisoner. One of the teachers was killed within a few days and most of the Aleuts were later taken to Japan as prisoners of war. Only 24 Aleuts survived their imprisonment to return to the United States in 1945. On their return, they were not allowed to return home but were eventually relocated on Atka. June 07, 1972 NANA Regional Corporation, one of the thirteen regional corporations formed under ANCSA, becomes incorporated. NANA's headquarters are in Kotzebue. June 07, 1972 Elary Gromoff, CEO of The Aleut Corporation, becomes the first Alaska Native to graduate from Westpoint. June 08, 1906 Congress enacts the Antiquities Act. The law will be used in 1978 by President Jimmy Carter to withdraw more than 100 million acres under a little used provision of the act. The action by Carter creates an impasse over Alaska lands issues, which was resolved on Dec. 2, 1980, with the enactment of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. The act, known as ANILCA, set aside approximately 90 million acres in Alaska for the various conservation system units. ANILCA addresses subsistence uses of fish and game by Alaska Natives, but only as "rural residents." It does not authorize a racial preference. June 08, 1946 The Southeast Alaska community of Hoonah is incorporated as a first class city. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, Hoonah is the principal village for the Huna, a Tlingit tribe which has occupied the Glacier Bay/Icy Strait area since prehistory. Local legend tells of an original ancestral home in Glacier Bay that was destroyed by a glacial advance. Hoonah means "village by the cliff." The Northwest Trading Co. built the first store in Hoonah in 1880. In 1881, the Presbyterian Home Mission and school was built. By 1887, 450 to 500 people were wintering in the village. A post office was established in 1901. In 1912, the Hoonah Packing Co. built a large cannery one mile north of town. The Thompson Fish Company still operates today as Hoonah Cold Storage. In 1944, a fire destroyed much of the city and many priceless Tlingit cultural objects. The federal government assisted in rebuilding the community. Sixty-seven percent of the population are Alaska Natives. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community. Hoonah is the largest Tlingit village in Alaska. Commercial fishing and logging have supported the population, and most residents maintain a subsistence lifestyle. June 08, 1972 Cook Inlet Region, Inc., one of 13 Native Regional Corporations formed under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes officially incorporated. June 09, 1958 The Bureau of Land Management receives an application from the Atomic Energy Commission to segregate lands in northwestern Alaska to "conduct extensive environmental studies." Earlier in the year, the AEC had selected a site at the mouth of Ogotoruk Creek near Cape Thompson and had begun developing plans for an experimental harbor excavation to be called "Project Chariot," which called for detonating nuclear bombs to create the harbor. The plans were finally dropped in 1962 after Alaska Natives raised serious concerns about the proposal. -35- Events in Alaska Native History June 10, 1980 In Denver, Colorado, CIRI and the Anaconda Copper Company execute an agreement for the exploration and land development of 200,000 acres of land to be selected by CIRI outside its regional boundaries. June 10, 1986 Frederick Paul, attorney for the Arctic Slope Native Association, and the son of William Paul Sr., the first Alaska Native elected to the Territorial Legislature in 1924, publishes a paper on his father's history and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The paper was part of the Alaska Historical Commission's Studies in History. It was titled: Then Fight For It! June 11, 1942 The United States, sending aircraft from Atka, bombs Japanese-held positions on Kiska. The action comes in response to the Japanese attack on Attu, the westernmost of the Aleutian Islands, in which the 45 Aleuts and two non-Native teachers were taken prisoner. One of the teachers was killed within a few days and most of the Aleuts were later taken to Japan as prisoners of war. Only 24 Aleuts survived their imprisonment to return to the United States in 1945. They were not allowed to return home, but they were eventually relocated on Atka. June 11, 1948 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for the Native Village of Kwinhagak (Quinhagak). June 11, 1948 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for Native Village of St. Michael. June 12, 1926 Secretary of the Interior Huberg Work commissions a study to review policies and practices of the Indian Office to be undertaken by the Institute of Government Research, an independent organization. The report, known as the Meriam Report, will become the basis for the Wheeler- Howard Act, which is now known as the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and is considered by many to be landmark legislation with the effect of encouraging self-determination. According to Andrew John Hope, Jr., credit for the IRA goes to John Collier, Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945. The Meriam Report confirmed much of what Collier had known but was not able to confirm or document -- that the Bureau operations had negative effects on Native Americans. June 12, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Nikolski. June 12, 1950 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Aleut Community of St. Paul Island. June 12, 1972 Calista, one of the thirteen Native regional corporations formed under ANCSA, becomes incorporated. June 12, 1973 Dot Lake Native Corporation, the village corporation for Dot Lake in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. June 13, 1972 The Bristol Bay Native Corporation, one of the thirteen Native corporations formed under ANCSA, becomes incorporated. June 13, 1977 The first Inuit Circumpolar Conference, the first ever official gathering of Inuit people from Alaska, Canada and Greenland, opens in Barrow. The conference ran through June 18. June 13, 1988 A group of 82 Alaska Native, politicians and members of the press make the 45-minute flight from Nome to Provideniya in the Russian Far East on Friendship Flight One. The flight across the Bering Strait to Siberia was to establish family ties and open up the gateway for a regular flight for tourists. One of the key advocates of the flight was Ted Mala, an Inupiaq from Kotzebue. June 14, 1877 With all the United States Military personnel in Alaska on board, a transport leaves the port of Sitka and the Army departs from the Territory. With their departure, all the control by the War Department ceased and the jurisdiction over the Territory in Alaska was transferred to the Treasury Department. June 14, 1944 Most of the village of Hoonah is destroyed by fire. The fire destroys much of the city and many priceless Tlingit cultural objects. The federal government assisted in rebuilding the community. SS SS Sn SESE SS SS 2 ERE -36- June 15, 1987 June 15, 1995 June 16, 1900 June 16, 1972 June 17, 1941 June 17, 1991 June 18, 1934 Events in Alaska Native History Winn-Dixie pays $12 million to Goldbelt, Inc., the corporation for Juneau Alaska Natives, for Net Operating Losses. Congress repealed the legislation authorizing sale of Net Operating Losses in October 1988. The Alaska Federation of Natives Board of Directors passes a resolution in favor of opening the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil exploration. Opposing the resolution were representatives of the Gwitch'in Athabascans villages of the Upper Yukon and some of their supporters, including the Tanana Chiefs Conference. The influenza epidemic that eventually will become known as the "Great Sickness" begins on St. Paul in the Pribilofs and runs to July 2. A second epidemic of measles, also part of the "Great Sickness" began on St. Paul about August 28 and ended on about September 21. On St. Lawrence Island, the measles epidemic started about June 10, while influenza appeared about June 23. The source of both diseases may have been one or more ships from Seattle and San Francisco bearing thousands of Americans to the Nome gold fields in the spring of 1900. Alternatively, the diseases may have been brought from Siberia by Eskimo traders. According to Robert J. Wolfe, Ph.D., accounts of Euro-American observers indicate that the number of Native Americans who died during the epidemic was staggering. One observer estimated that a fourth of the population of the Yukon- Kuskokwim census district died. Sheldon Jackson estimated that 40 percent died at Nulato and Koserefsky, and half the people at Indian Point, Siberia. Also, it was reported that one-fourth to one- third of the people perished at King Island, and a third of the population at Unalaska. Other places where half the people were said to have died were Akulurak, Teller, settlements near Holy Cross, Bethel and other lower Kuskokwim communities. As many as three-fourths of the people at Dog Fish Village were said to have died. The epidemic killed many Point Hope villagers. Sealaska, one of 13 Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes a corporation. William (Willie) "Iggiagruk" Hensley is born in Kotzebue, the adopted son of John "Aqpayuk" and Priscilla "Naungagiaq" Hensley. A key architect of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Hensley has held many leadership positions in the Native community throughout his long and distinguished career. He attended high school at Harrison Chilhowee Academy in Seymour, Tennessee. He studied business at the University of Alaska Fairbanks from 1960 to 1962, and from 1963-66 attended George Washington University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in political science. He was president of NANA Development Corporation from 1976 to 1986 and served also as president of the Kotzebue-based NANA Regional Corporation. He is a shareholder of NANA and Kikiktagruk Inupiat Corporations, which is the village corporation for Kotzebue. His May 17, 1966, paper "What Rights to Land Have the Alaskan Natives?" served as a rallying cry for Alaska Native land rights. He also served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1966 to 1970, and the Alaska State Senate from 1970 to 1974. In 1987, he was appointed to fill the unexpired term of retired Senator Frank Ferguson. Afterwards, he served as Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Economic Development. He left that post to accept a position with Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. Jim McKinley, Benits'it'aesen, dies. He was born in Wood Camp, Copper Center, May 3, 1889. According to the 25th Anniversary publication of Ahtna, Inc., as Chief of the Ahtna Region and a spiritual leader, he left a legacy of hope that has been passed on to the generation today. He was concerned about the future of the Ahtna people, the land and the resources. His concern was reflected in the lyrics of a song that he composed in the Ahtna language: "After I'm gone, look to the "elht'aeni" (the Wrangell Mountains). "After I'm gone, look to the Pipeline." The Indian Reorganization Act (also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act) is enacted. The act authorizes constitutions and bylaws for tribal governments, but due to an unintentional error in drafting, it was not immediately applicable in Alaska. It was amended in 1936 (May 1) to include Alaska. -37- Events in Alaska Native History June 18, 1942 Al Adams is born in Kotzebue. Adams served in the Alaska House of Representatives and was chairman of the House Finance Committee, and later served in the Alaska Senate. He served as President of Kikiktagruk Inupiat Corporation, the village corporation for Kotzebue, and also as Executive Vice President of NANA Development Corporation. June 18, 1973 Afognak Native Corporation becomes incorporated. In 1977, ANC became the corporation for both Port Lions Native Corporation and Natives of Afognak, Inc., when they merged. The shareholders were descendants of old Afognak Village on Afognak Island. Today, the corporation is involved in the development of the wealth of its lands for the benefit of its shareholders. The primary activities are logging of corporation land, providing management services to Afognak Joint Venture of which the corporation is a 45 percent owner, development of tourism-based industries and support and preservation of the Alutiiq culture of its shareholders. June 18, 1973 Shuyak Incorporated, the village corporation for Port William in the Koniag Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 19, 1935 Congress passes a special Jurisdiction Act, authorizing the Tlingit and Haida Indians to bring suit on their claims against the United States. The jurisdictional act was the first step in a long and difficult journey that led to the formation of the Tlingit and Haida Central Council and ultimately was part of the basis for the settlement of all Alaska Native claims. June 19, 1943 Wales Reservation is organized under authority of the 1936 Act extending the Indian Reorganization Act to Alaska and authorizing the Interior secretary to designate lands as "Indian Reservations." According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, a burial mound of the "Birnirk" culture (500 A.D. to 900 A.D.) was discovered near Wales and is now a national landmark. In 1827 the Russian Navy reported the Eskimo villages of "Eidamoo" near the coast and "King-a-ghe" further inland. In 1890, the American Missionary Association established a mission at the village, and in 1894 a reindeer station was organized. A post office was established in 1902. Wales became a major whaling center due to its location along migratory routes, and it was the region's largest and most prosperous village, with more than 500 residents. The influenza epidemic in 1918-19 claimed the lives of many of Wales' finest whalers. Today, nearly 90 percent of the population are Alaska Natives. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community. Wales has a strong traditional Kinugmiut Eskimo whaling culture. Ancient songs, dances, and customs are still practiced. In the summer Little Diomede residents travel between the two villages in large traditional skin boats. The sale or importation of alcohol is banned in the village. June 20, 1884 Moravian missionaries name the community of Bethel. The missionaries were establishing a mission there. June 20, 1972 North Slope residents vote in favor of creation of North Slope Borough (544 to 29). June 20, 1977 At 10:05 a.m., the first oil flows into the pipeline, nine years after the initial discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay. June 21, 1890 President Benjamin Harrison dedicates public parkland near present-day Sitka. The park, which will eventually include nearly 107 acres on the outer shore of Baranof Island in Southeast Alaska, commemorates historically and culturally significant sites and artifacts related to the 1804 Battle of Sitka between the Kiks.adi Tlingit and the Russians. The battle began in late September 1804 and led to bombardment of the Tlingits at Shee Atika by the Russians on October 1, 1804. June 21, 1926 Francis B. (Frank) Haldane is born in Metlakatla. A CIRI elder, Haldane was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. June 21, 1972 The Aleut Corporation, one of the thirteen regional corporations formed under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes incorporated. June 21, 1973 Anton Larsen Incorporated, the village corporation for Anton Larson Bay in the Koniag Region, becomes incorporated. -38- Events in Alaska Native History June 21, 1973 Chefarnrmute, Incorporated, the village corporation for Chefornak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 21, 1973 Qemirtalek Coast Corporation, village corporation for Kongiganak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 21, 1973 Oscarville Native Corporation, the village corporation for Oscarville in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 21, 1973 St. Mary's Native Corporation, the village corporation for St. Mary's in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 21, 1973 Scammon Bay Association, Inc. the village corporation for the Calista Region village of Scammon Bay, becomes incorporated. June 21, 1973 Kongnikilnomuit Yuita Corp., the village corporation for Bill Moores in the Calista Region, becomes incorporated. June 21, 1973 Arvig Incorporated, village corporation for Platinum in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 21, 1973 Kwethluk Incorporated, the village corporation for Kwethluk in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 21, 1973 Bethel Native Corporation, the village corporation for Bethel in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 22, 1896 Wilbur Itchoak is born in Barrow. As a young man, he made his way along the coast to the eastward. Over the course of a number of years, he worked his way up the Colville River where he lived with his family until he went to Fairbanks in 1943. He was a leader among the Inupiat in Fairbanks' Eskimo Village, as well as among the Inupiaq Eskimos in the Alaska Railroad freight house where most of them worked. When the first Eskimo church service was held in the Presbyterian Church in Fairbanks in February of 1944, Wilbur acted as an interpreter. He continued to do so each Sunday until he was taken ill in the summer of 1947. He was elected and ordained as a Ruling Elder of the Church on April 10, 1946, to represent the Eskimo congregation. In August of 1947, he left for the Alaska Native Service Hospital in Tanana, where he died October 6, a victim of tuberculosis. June 22, 1948 The village of Yakutat on the edge of the Gulf of Alaska is formally incorporated as a city. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, Yakutat has a diverse cultural history. The original settlers are believed to have been Eyak-speaking people from the Copper River area who were conquered by the Tlingits. Yakutat means "the place where the canoes rest." In the 18th and 19th centuries, English, French, Spanish and Russian explorers came to the region. Fur traders were attracted to the region's sea otters. The Russian-American Co. built a fort in Yakutat in 1805 to harvest sea otter pelts. Because the Russians would not allow local Tlingits access to their traditional fisheries, a Tlingit war party attacked and destroyed the post. In 1884, the Alaska Commercial Co. opened a store in Yakutat. By 1886, the black sand beaches in the area were being mined for gold. In 1889 the Swedish Free Mission Church had opened a school and sawmill in the area. A cannery, sawmill, store and railroad were constructed beginning in 1903 by the Stimson Lumber Co. Most residents moved to the current site of Yakutat to be closer to this cannery, which operated through 1970. During World War II, a large aviation garrison and paved runway were constructed. Troops were withdrawn after the war, but the runway is still in use. Today, about half the population are Alaska Natives. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community. The area maintains a traditional Tlingit culture with influences from the original Eyaks, as well as Russian, English and American traders and miners. Fishing and subsistence activities are prevalent. June 22, 1972 The Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, one of the thirteen regional corporations formed under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes incorporated. SSS a -39- Events in Alaska Native History June 23, 1972 Bering Straits Native Corporation, one of the thirteen Regional corporations formed under ANCSA, becomes incorporated. June 23, 1972 Chugach Alaska Corporation, one of the thirteen regional corporations formed under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes incorporated. June 23, 1972 Koniag, Inc., one of 13 Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes incorporated. June 23, 1972 Ahtna, Inc., one of 13 regional corporations formed under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes incorporated. Original incorporators include Lillian Boston, Hector Ewan, Norman Ewan, Roy Ewan, George Hobson and Christine Yazzie. The initial board of directors includes Elsie Agbinik, Lillian Boston, Hector Ewan, Roy Ewan, Nick Jackson, Harry Johns Sr., Robert Marshall, Dorothy Shinn, Ada Wilson and Judy Yates. June 23, 1997 The U.S. Supreme Court decides to hear the Venetie case in which the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals had upheld Venetie's "Indian Country" status. The State of Alaska appealed the Ninth Circuit Court decision, and on February 25, 1998, the Supreme Court ruled in the state's favor that Venetie is not "Indian Country." June 24, 1962 The Traditional Chiefs Congress meets in Tanana. June 24, 1974 Isanotski Corporation, the village corporation for False Pass in the Aleut Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 25, 1910 The Pickett Act authorizes the President to make land withdrawals by Executive Order without Congressional approval. It gives broad authority to the President temporarily to withdraw lands for "water-power sites, irrigation, classification of lands, or other public purposes to be specified in the orders of withdrawals..." June 25, 1973 Uganik Natives Incorporated, the village corporation for Uganik in the Koniag Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 25, 1974 The Anchorage Daily Times reports that Eskimo delegates have announced the repayment of a $150,000 investment and a gift of $95,000 to the churches’ National Self-Development Fund. The delegates made the announcement at a United Presbyterian Church General Assembly meeting in Louisville, Ky. Joe Upicksoun, president of the Arctic Slope Regional Corportion, said the gift was “to share our joy and gratitude by enabling other people to benefit from your self development fund." The United Presbyterian General Assembly Mission Council had voted a year earlier on a 15- 14 margin to purchase $150,000 of bonds "to help residents in a remote section of Alaska maintain their own government." The North Slope Borough had been established in 1972. Oil companies had fought the new borough's tax authority, and due to pending legal issues, the borough was dependent upon the sale of revenue anticipation notes for its operating expenses. June 26, 1967 One of the first proposals for Alaska Native land claims settlement, S. 2020, is introduced in the Senate and endorsed by Alaska Native organizations. June 26, 1972 Doyon, Ltd., the Native regional corporation created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, becomes incorporated. June 27, 1898 U.S. Geological Survey Geologist Josiah Edward Spurr describes in his journal the difficulties of travel in the region and of naming Happy River, 75 miles northwest of Tyonek. In the summer of 1898, Spurr made a reconnaissance of southwestern Alaska, accompanied by topographer William Schuyler Post. They began at Cook Inlet, crossed the Alaska Range, descended the Kuskokwim River and crossed from its mouth to Nushagak and then traveled across the Alaska Peninsula to Katmai. On the lower Kuskokwim, they obtained and recorded Yup'ik names from John Henry Kilbuck and Dr. Joseph Herman Romig, Moravian missionaries stationed in the area. -40- Events in Alaska Native History June 27, 1915 The hottest temperature ever recorded in Alaska is 100 degrees F in Fort Yukon. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, Fort Yukon was founded in 1847 by Alexander Murray as a Canadian outpost in Russian Territory. It became an important trade center for the Gwich'in Indians, who inhabited the vast lowlands of the Yukon Flats and River valleys. The Hudson Bay Company, a British trading company, operated at Fort Yukon from 1846 until 1869. In 1862, a mission school was established. A post office was established in 1898. The fur trade of the 1800s, the whaling boom on the Arctic coast (1889-1904), and the Klondike gold rush spurred economic activity and provided some economic opportunities for the Natives. However, major epidemics of introduced diseases struck the Fort Yukon population from the 1860s until the 1920s. In 1949, a flood damaged or destroyed many homes in Fort Yukon. During the 1950s, a White Alice radar site and an Air Force station were established. Fort Yukon incorporated as a city in 1959. June 27, 1930 Frederica De Laguna lands in Cordova to begin what would become three seasons of archeological study of Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet. From Anchorage she went up Knik Arm to Fish Creek, Knik and Eklutna. She then chartered the Dime, a 36-foot gas boat belonging to Jack Fields of Seldovia. With his help, she visited sites along the Inlet south of Fire Island, with the exception of Turnagain Arm and the Tyonek District. In the summer of 1931, she returned to conduct intensive excavations at Cottonwood Creek and Yukon Island in Kachemak Bay. The following summer, she returned to Kachemak Bay for an entire season at Yukon Island. June 28, 1980 Eben Hopson dies in Barrow, the opening day of the Second Inuit Circumpolar Conference. He was born in Barrow Nov. 7, 1922, the son of Al and Maggie Hopson. Hopson was instrumental in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, the creation of the North Slope Borough and the Inuit Circumpolar Conference. He was the first Executive Director of the Arctic Slope Native Association, which helped launch the land claims movement. June 28, 1985 Petro Star Fuel Incorporated, a subsidiary of Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, becomes officially incorporated. June 28, 1999 CIRI announces it will invest $75 million to expand its wireless communications holdings in the Lower 48. The money will be used to create a joint venture between CIRI and VoiceStream Wireless Corp. to provide wireless phone service to the Philadelphia, Detroit and Miami areas. CIRI will own 50.1 percent of the new company. June 29, 1979 Akhiok-Kaguyak Incorporated, a merger of village corporations for Akhiok and Kaguyak in the Koniag Region, becomes officially incorporated. June 29, 1982 Presidents and Chief Executive Officers of the 12 Native regional corporations within Alaska sign an agreement detailing how Section 7(i) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act will be implemented. The section calls for 70 percent of all revenues received by each regional corporation from subsurface and timber resources to be shared among the other in-state regional and village corporations. The agreement is critical to the future of the corporations and took more than ten years to develop. June 29, 1984 The draft of the ANCSA 1985 study is released by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Section 23 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act required the Secretary of the Interior to submit to Congress in 1985 a report of the status of the Natives and Native groups in Alaska and a summary of actions taken under the act together with such recommendations as appropriate. The report, which was never finalized, was considered to be equivocal and did not lead to call for major changes in the law. June 30, 1834 The Indian Trade and Nonintercourse Act is enacted. (See July 22, 1790.) The law applies principally west of the Mississippi and balances Indian protection with Indian tribal autonomy in a general way. It covers such matters as licensed Indian traders, passports for foreigners, prohibitions on land transactions with Indians, liquor restrictions and other matters. -41- Events in Alaska Native History June 30, 1885 A commission on Alaska Natives issues its report. The Commission was created by the Organic Act of May 17, 1884, and included the first Governor of the Territory of Alaska, John Kinkead, the chairman; Morrison C. Hillyer, the U.S. Marshal for Alaska; and Andrew F. Lewis, Clerk of the District Court for Alaska. The record of their proceedings consists of three handwritten pages, including a petition of a Presbyterian Council of Alaska committee that included Sheldon Jackson, S. Hall Young, E.S. Willard and J. Loomis Gould. The Presbyterian committee recommended citizenship for Alaska Natives, protection of Natives’ salmon streams and lands actually occupied by buildings or cultivation, but no Indian reservations. June 30, 1911 The earliest record of an application for an allotment in Southeast Alaska under the May 17, 1906, Native Allotment Act, is on this day. June 30, 1916 Fiocla Sacoloff Wilson is born in Kenai. A CIRI elder, Wilson was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. June 30, 1975 Sealaska Corp. reports its first profitable year. July 01, 1930 Administrative offices for the Alaska branch of the U.S. Bureau of Education are relocated from Seattle to Juneau. July 01, 1955 Health services for Alaska Natives are transferred from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the Alaska Native Health Service as an agency of the U.S. Public Health Service. After the transfer, new staff were added at Anchorage and the field hospitals. July 01, 1972 The first installment of nearly $6 million from the Alaska Native Fund is divided among the 12 in- state Native regional corporations. Each region received $500,000 (except Ahtna, which received $300,000). The checks are distributed to the regional corporations at ceremonies at the Anchorage Westward Hotel. July 01, 1980 K'oyitl'ots'ina, Ltd., is incorporated. The corporation includes the merged villages of Allakaket, Alatna, Hughes and Huslia in the Doyon Region. July 02, 1908 The Chugach and Tongass National Forests are created from what previously were the four forests by Executive Order No. 908. The creation of the forests eventually will greatly affect Alaska Native people in the regions, many of whom lose their traditional lands as a result. July 02, 1954 The Bureau of Indian Affairs approves construction of a school at the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta village of Alakanuk. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, Alakanuk is a Yup'ik word meaning "wrong way," aptly applied to a village on this maze of watercourses. G.R. Putnam of the U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey first reported the village in 1899. A Yup'ik shaman named Anguksuar and his family originally settled it. A Catholic mission school was built near the village. A post office was established in 1946. In 1948, the Catholic school was relocated to St. Mary's, and many families moved from the old school site to Alakanuk. It was incorporated as a second-class city in 1969. Nearly 96 percent of the population are Alaska Natives. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community. Alakanuk is a Yup'ik Eskimo village active in commercial fishing and subsistence. The sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village. July 02, 1972 The North Slope Borough is incorporated. July 03, 1944 John C. Sackett is born in Huslia. Sackett lobbied for the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and later served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors for Doyon, Ltd. He was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives and later served in the Alaska Senate for several terms. July 03, 1973 Aleknagik Native Limited, the village corporation for Aleknagik in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 03, 1973 Choggiung Limited, the Native village corporation for Dillingham in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. Other villages merged into the corporation include Ekuk and Portage Creek. = ia Events in Alaska Native History July 03, 1973 Manokotak Natives Limited, the village corporation for Manokotak in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 03, 1973 Twin Hills Native Corporation, the village corporation for Twin Hills in the Bristol Bay region, becomes incorporated. July 03, 1973 Ounalashka Corp., the village corporation for Unalaska in the Aleut Region, becomes incorporated. July 03, 1973 Chignik River Limited, the village corporation for the village of Chignik Lake in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 03, 1974 The U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare sends a "Program Instruction" to all the state HEW offices stating that Native claims benefits are not to be considered as income or reserves in determining eligibility for HEW benefits. July 03, 1998 Ounalashka Corp., the village corporation for Unalaska, celebrates the 25th anniversary of its incorporation. July 04, 1892 The first of many shipments of reindeer to the Bering Straits Region are landed at Port Clarence because it is the only sheltered port in western Alaska. The American flag is raised, and the Teller Reindeer Station established. Reindeer were first brought to Alaska in 1891 by missionary Sheldon Jackson and the first shipment of 16 reindeer were landed near Unalaska. In the first year of the Teller station, according to Dorothy Jean Ray, Chukchi herders were hired to teach reindeer herding to the Eskimos of the Region. They did not get along well with the Alaskans, and in the summer of 1894, the first contingence of Lapp herders was brought to Alaska. July 04, 1911 Elizabeth Wanamaker Peratrovich is born in Petersburg, Alaska. Her Tlingit name was Kaaxgal.aat. She was of the Lukaax.adi clan of the Raven moiety. As Grand Camp President of the Alaska Native Sisterhood, Elizabeth provided the crucial testimony that culminated in the Anti-Discrimination Bill of 1945. July 04, 1972 The Calista Board of Directors establishes an office in Anchorage. July 04, 1976 The Grand Opening of the Ahtna Lodge is celebrated. July 05, 1968 The Alaska State Community Action Program wins a $46,000 grant to acquire surplus military heavy equipment for use in Alaska's villages. Because there are few air fields and roads in many areas of the state, there is very little heavy equipment in rural Alaska villages at this time. The grant is particularly significant to Alaska Natives and means villages can develop local infrastructure. July 06, 1999 Bureau of Indian A ffairs officials make public a decision granting to Barrow and Chevak the unprecedented right to take over the sensitive and controversial work of protecting children from abuse and neglect. The BIA granted the tribal government in the two villages exclusive jurisdiction over Native child custody cases effective Sept. 7. Both villages had petitioned the BIA to gain control over children's matters in 1996 and 1997. Villages see the BIA decision as broad new authority provided for under the Indian Child Welfare Act of November 8, 1978. Until the decision, only Metlakatla reservation in Southeast Alaska has had jurisdiction for its own child protection cases. The rest of Alaska fell under the authority of the Alaska Division of Family and Youth Services. July 07, 1958 The Alaska Statehood Act is enacted. July 07, 1975 The State Charter is issued for United Bank Alaska, a Native bank created by Bristol Bay, Calista, CIRI, Doyon Ltd. and NANA. Gov. Jay Hammond formally presents the charter. Each of the corporations owns 20,000 shares in the holding company, Unicorp, Inc., at a price of $30 each. The first president and chief executive officer is Arnold Gietz. The bank eventually closed after Alaska's disastrous economic downturn in the mid-1980s. - 43 - Events in Alaska Native History July 07, 1998 Alyeska Pipeline Service Company announces that Willie Hensley will become Alyeska's Washington D.C. Manager of Federal Government Relations. In this role, Hensley will act as liaison between Alyeska Pipeline and the Federal Government, Congress, Executive Branch and Federal Government regulators. Hensley joined Alyeska in 1997 as the Manager of Alyeska's Section 29/Alaska Native Program. In that capacity, Hensley managed Alyeska's Alaska Native Utilization Program, and served as the liaison between Alyeska and the Alaska Native community. Prior to coming to Alyeska, Hensley served as Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development and an executive with NANA Regional Corporation. Hensley's active public service has included terms in the Alaska State House and Senate, and President of the Alaska Federation of Natives. July 08, 1837 Smallpox breaks out in Kodiak. By the time a medical team arrives in October to vaccinate the Koniag living in the villages, some 265 Koniag had already died, and despite the team's efforts, another 473 die before the epidemic burns itself out there in January 1838. The smallpox epidemic that swept through Alaska from 1835 to 1840 ran as one of the most significant events in the history of Alaska Native people. From Prince of Wales Island to Norton Sound, the disease devastated the population, leaving in its wake as many as one-third dead and many of the remainder scarred, blinded or otherwise disabled. Beyond the physical harm, however, smallpox left demoralizing losses of a different kind: the destruction of family groups, communities, religious faith and in some areas even a way of life. The epidemic first appeared in Sitka in late 1835. July 08, 1970 President Nixon firmly establishes the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act as an example of the federal government's continuing commitment to Indian "Self-Determination Without Termination" in his Special Message to Congress: "We must assure the Indian that he can assume control of his own life without being separated involuntarily from the tribal group. And we must make it clear that Indians can become independent of federal control without being cut off from the federal concern and federal support." July 08, 1980 Jacob Adams is swom in as North Slope Borough mayor after the death of Eben Hopson, who had just died in office. Adams was selected by the North Slope Borough Assembly to fill the post until the next municipal election in October. At that time, voters elected him to serve out the remaining one year of Hopson's term. Adams had been elected Mayor of the City of Barrow in 1971 and had served in that position until 1977. He also had served as president of the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission and in various capacities with the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation. July 09, 1968 President Johnson signs into law the bill to pay Tlingit and Haida Indian claims in Southeastern Alaska. July 09, 1973 Becharof Corporation, the Native village corporation for Egegik in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 09, 1973 Igiugig Native Corporation, the Native village corporation for Igiugig in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 09, 1973 Ekwok Natives Limited, the village corporation for the Bristol Bay Region village of Ekwok, becomes incorporated. July 09, 1982 The CIRI Foundation is established. The Foundation promotes self-development, economic self- sufficiency and appreciation for culture and heritage among Alaska Natives. The CIRI Foundation provides financial resources for CIRI original enrollees and their descendants who want to fulfill education goals beyond high school. Most of the Foundation?s funds are allocated to scholarships, education grants and internships. July 10, 1944 Chuck Hunt is born at a fish camp near Kotlik on the Yukon River. Hunt died May 27, 2000, at the age of 55. He was a federal Native liaison for the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, serving as a translator. Hunt promoted the concept of integrating Western science and traditional Yup'ik knowledge. In his work with young people, he stressed traditional Native values, while at the same time encouraging them to get science education. At the time of his death, he was encouraging Yup'ik hunters to convert from lead to steel shot. SSS -44- Events in Alaska Native History July 11, 1959 The U.S. Supreme Court grants a temporary injunction preventing the state from halting operation of 11 fish traps by Angoon, Kake and Metlakatla. NEEDS MORE July 12, 1973 Evansville Incorporated, the Native village corporation for Bettles Field/Evansville in the Doyon Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 12, 1973 Chalkyitsik Native Corporation, the Native village corporation for Chalkyitsik in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. July 12, 1973 Hee - Yea - Lingde Corp., the village corporation for Grayling in the Doyon Region, is incorporated. July 12, 1973 Zho-tse, Inc., the village corporation for the Doyon Region village of Shageluk, becomes incorporated. July 12, 1973 Tetlin Native Corporation becomes incorporated. Tetlin was one of seven villages which opted to obtain only land under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Elim, Tetlin and Klukwan each selected their own former reserves and obtained full title (both surface and subsurface estate) to their former reserve lands, giving up all other benefits under the ANCSA, including the cash benefits. Gambell and Savoonga, which share the former St. Lawrence Island Reserve, also participated in this manner, as did Arctic Village and Venetie, which share the former Venetie Reserve. Klukwan shareholders later changed their minds and opted to participate in ANCSA as a village corporation in the Sealaska Region. Village corporations received only surface estate, and the subsurface estate went to the respective regional corporations. July 12, 1973 Ingalik, Inc., the village corporation for the Doyon Region village of Anvik, becomes incorporated. July 12, 1973 Northway Natives, the Native village corporation for Northway in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. July 12, 1973 Kugkaktlik, Limited, village corporation for Kipnuk in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 12, 1973 Deloycheet, Inc., the village corporation for the Doyon Region village of Holy Cross, is incorporated. July 13, 1970 Distribution of funds under judgement of the Court of Claims in the case of the Tlingit and Haida Indians of Alaska. (84 Stat. 431) July 14, 1900 Shem Pete is born at Susitna Station. A CIRI elder, Pete spent most of his life in Tyonek. He was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. He also was featured in the book Shem Pete's Alaska. July 14, 1939 Frank R. Ferguson is born in Kotzebue. Ferguson served in the Alaska House of Representatives and later several terms in the Alaska Senate. He was President of the Alaska Federation of Natives, as well as chairman of the NANA Development Corporation and Vice President of NANA Regional Corporation. In addition, he was chairman of the Community Enterprise Development Corporation, which later became Alaska Village Initiatives. July 14, 1973 The United Presbyterian General Assembly Mission Council votes on a 15-14 margin to purchase $150,000 of bonds "to help residents in a remote section of Alaska maintain their own government." The North Slope Borough had been established in 1972. Oil companies had fought the new borough's tax authority, and due to pending legal issues, the borough was dependent upon the sale of revenue anticipation notes for its operating expenses. The church was repaid the following year when Joe Upicksoun, president of the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation hand delivered a check in the amount of $245,000, repaying the bonds and an earlier grant which helped fund the fight for the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. July 15, 1896 Sheldon Jackson, well known Presbyterian minister and one of the early missionaries in Alaska, visits the Golovin school for the first time since it had opened a few years previously. But, according to Dorothy Jean Ray, Jackson remained ashore only a few hours, during which time he was able to stake out eight or nine acres of ground upon which the mission buildings were erected. | et tat PS RS RS SEES es RR -45- Events in Alaska Native History July 15, 1926 John Borbridge, Jr., is born in Juneau. Borbridge became the first vice president of the Alaska Federation of Natives during its earliest lobbying efforts in the 1960s to gain passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. He was one of the primary architects of the act and also was instrumental in the early stages of its implementation. A former five-term president of the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska, he also was the first-ever president and board chair for Sealaska Corporation and served from 1972 to 1978. He is a shareholder in Gold Belt, the corporation for Alaska Natives in Juneau, and Sealaska. He is a graduate of Juneau High School and holds a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Michigan. He taught and coached sports for a total of 12 years at Juneau-Douglas High School, at Sheldon Jackson High School and at Sheldon Jackson Junior College in Sitka. July 15, 1977 The grand opening is celebrated of the Sealaska Plaza office building in Juneau. Earlier an 18-foot ceremonial Haida canoe had been placed in the building for permanent exhibit. Acquisition of the Haida canoe was a part of ongoing efforts by Sealaska to find, recover and restore priceless treasures of Southeastern Alaska's cultural heritage. July 15, 1994 The first season opens for "Dig Afognak," archaeological research in the Kodiak Archipelago in which archaeologists work side by side with the Native landowner, which promotes sensitive handling of culturally significant material. Artifacts and information recovered will be housed and curated in the Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository in Kodiak. To make the research circle complete, the corporation decided to take the step of inviting the visiting public to join in as a Dig Afognak participant. July 16, 1741 Vitus Bering, sent by Empress Anne of Russia and commanding the ship St. Peter, makes landfall on the coast near Mt. St. Elias. He sites Mt. St. Elias, which makes him the official non-Native "discoverer" of Alaska. Still, there is other evidence that another Russian party had landed on the Seward Peninsula as early as 1732. July 16, 1897 The Excelsior steams into San Francisco with about $400,000 in gold aboard. Two days later, the Portland arrives in Seattle carrying about $700,000. At once the Klondike gold rush is on. Unaware that the Klondike is in Canada, Americans clamored for information concerning Alaska and the North. The Gold Rush would eventually have a great impact on Alaska Natives, as miners rushed into the state. Generally speaking, Alaska Natives, who were not considered U.S. citizens, were not authorized to stake claims for gold. July 16, 1973 Kikiktagruk Inupiat Corporation, the village corporation for Kotzebue in the NANA Region, becomes incorporated. Kotzebue was the only village in the NANA Region that did not merge with the regional corporation. July 16, 1989 Robert Newlin, Chairman of NANA Regional Corporation, dies in Russia. At about the time of his death, several of the NANA representatives on the trip with Newlin reported that the hymn "Farther Along" came on the radio. Newlin was considered to be one of the region's greatest leaders ever. Newlin's death was unexpected. His funeral was held in Noorvik, the village where he lived. July 16, 1993 The U.S. Senate confirms the appointment by President Clinton of Ada E. Deer, Menominee, as the first woman Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs in the history of the Department of the Interior. As Assistant Secretary, Deer will confirm the listing of more than 220 Alaska Native villages as Native entities within the State of Alaska recognized and eligible to receive serves from the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. July 17, 1741 Abram Dementiev, a mate of Chirikov's vessel the St. Paul (Vitus Bering's other vessel) becomes, perhaps, the first European to set foot on the coast of Southeastern Alaska. The exact location is uncertain, but it appears to have been near Salisbury Sound, between Chicagof and Kruzof Islands. Dementiev did not return to tell the tale for his entire boat crew and another sent to fetch him disappeared without a trace. They were victims of treacherous currents, or more likely, of the local Tlingit Indians. -46- Events in Alaska Native History July 17, 1987 Canada and the United States sign an agreement for the conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd. The agreement is aimed at conserving the herd and its habitat through international cooperation and coordination, as well as ensuring opportunities for customary and traditional uses by Native people and rural residents of Alaska. July 18, 1897 Gold! Gold! A ton of Gold The world learns about Alaska when Seattle newspapers announce the discovery of gold in the Klondike. Thousands of people from all walks of life flocked to Skagway and Dyea at this time, not to remain in Alaska, but to pass through as quickly as possible toward Dawson City and the Yukon River. However, the huge temporary influx of people greatly affected Alaska and Alaska Natives. July 18, 1931 Chief Thomas dies. He was the last of the true old-time chiefs of the Nenana area. Chief Thomas was photographed in a famous photo from the early 1900s that included seven Interior Alaska chiefs. July 18, 1968 Atlantic Richfield Co. announces that it has discovered an oilfield on the North Slope of Alaska which contains at least 9.6 billion barrels of oil making it "one of the largest petroleum accumulations known to the world today." July 18, 1973 The Kuskokwim Corporation, a corporation formed when 10 Calista Region villages merged, becomes officially incorporated. The villages include Upper Kalskag, Lower Kalskag, Aniak, Chuathbaluk, Naipaimute, Crooked Creek, Red Devil, Georgetown, Sleetmute and Stony River. July 18, 1973 Nunapiglluraq Corporation, village corporation of Hamilton in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 18, 1973 Kotlik Yupik Corporation, the Native village corporation for Kotlik in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 18, 1973 Chevak Company Corporation, the Native village corporation for Chevak, becomes officially incorporated. The initial board of directors included Xavier Atcherian, David Cholok, Peter Boyscout, Joseph Chanerak and David Ulroan. July 19, 1973 Saguyak Incorporated, the village corporation for Clark's Point in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 19, 1973 Stuyahok Limited, the village corporation for New Stuyahok in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 20, 1972 King Island Village Corporation, the village corporation for King Island in the Bering Straits Region, becomes incorporated. July 20, 1973 Mary's Igloo Village Corporation, the village corporation for Mary's Igloo in the Bering Straits Region, becomes incorporated. July 21, 1890 A carpenter and several sailors from the cutter Bear go ashore to help construct a school at Point Hope. The school they built was operated for the government under contract with the Episcopal Church. The teacher was Dr. John B. Driggs, the first physician resident in northern Alaska. He remained at Point Hope for 18 years. July 21, 1989 Goldbelt, Inc., the urban corporation for Juneau Natives, buys the Willamette Block Office Building in Portland. The building is a four-story office building located in downtown Portland. July 21, 1999 NANA Regional Corp. adopts a resolution supporting a referendum on the banning of alcohol throughout the Northwest Arctic Borough. Kotzebue, the region's hub, is the only community in the borough to permit possession of alcohol. The city residents voted in 1998 against banning the possession and importation of alcohol. The boroughwide vote eventually failed. -47- Events in Alaska Native History July 22, 1790 The Trade and Intercourse Act is enacted, which requires congressional approval for the sale of any Indian lands. It provides: "No sale of lands made by any Indians, or any nation or tribe of Indians within the United States, shall be valid to any person or persons, or to any state, whether having the right of pre-emption to such lands or not, unless the same shall be made and duly executed at some public treaty, held under the authority of the United States." July 22, 1968 The village of Tyonek offers to sell electric power to the city of Kenai to help them with their electricity shortage. July 23, 1946 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for the Native Village of Koyuk. July 23, 1946 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for the Native Village of Napakiak. July 23, 1973 Gwitchyaa Zhee Corporation, the village corporation for Fort Yukon in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. July 23, 1973 Morris Thompson, in his capacity as Area Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, presents a briefing paper on the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act to the BIA in Washington, D.C. In it, Thompson states that the act represents a compromise in contemporary thought and the political process between the Native leadership, expert legal counsel at both the State and Federal level, the Congress and the President. He said the resulting legislation represents a modern and different version of the traditional Indian claims settlement with many, many ramifications not yet fully assessed. July 23, 1973 Ouzinkie Native Corporation, the village corporation for Ouzinkie on Kodiak Island, becomes incorporated. July 23, 1990 Tanalian Incorporation, the village corporation for Port Alsworth in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 24, 1741 Vitus Bering first sights the Kenai Peninsula. July 24, 1926 Alice Theresa Martin is born in Goodnews Bay. Alice and her brother John Martin lived in Holy Cross and St. Mary's Orphanage. She worked at the Alaska Native Medical Center as a nurse in the 1960s and worked at the International Airport Post Office in the early 1970s. She worked on the trans-Alaska Pipeline in Valdez as a bull cook. Her nickname is "Little Alice." July 24, 1946 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Native Village of Shungnak. July 24, 1973 Kokarmuit Corporation, the village corporation for Akiak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 24, 1973 Lime Village Company, the Native village corporation for Lime Village in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 24, 1981 Swan Lake Corporation, village corporation for Sheldon Point in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 24, 1983 On the evening preceding the opening of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference at Frobisher Bay, ICC Executive-Committee member James Stotts announces to the press that Canadian Supreme Court Justice Thomas Berger had been selected to be chairman of the Alaska Native Review Commission, according to ICC's history. The commision is the ICC's own study of the impact of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) on Alaska Inuit. On the following day, Justice Berger addressed the opening session of the General Assembly, noting the likelihood of controversy to be generated by this bold initiative. "What the ICC is establishing is a commission that would ordinarily be carried out under government auspices," he said. "This has far-reaching implications. Arctic peoples, living under three national flags, have set up their own commission to review what has happened in Alaska and to consider its significance not just for the Inuit of Alaska, but for the Inuit of the circumpolar community. It is a venture that will be watched closely." Berger's study culminated in the publication of a book, Village Journey. a - 48 - Events in Alaska Native History July 25, 1972 The Bering Straits Native Corp. Board of Directors approves corporate bylaws. July 25, 1973 The Eyak Corporation, village corporation for Eyak in the Chugach Region, becomes incorporated. July 25, 1973 The English Bay Corporation, the village corporation for the Chugach Region village Nanwalek, becomes incorporated. The village formerly was named English Bay. July 26, 1969 Walter J. Hickel, Secretary of the Interior, visits Alaska in his official capacity for the Department. While in Alaska, he states that the Native land settlement should not be more than 500 million dollars and two townships per village. July 26, 1973 Pilot Point Native Corporation, the village corporation for Pilot Point in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes officially incorporated. July 27, 1816 Lt. Otto Von Kotzebue, in command of the brig Rurik, lands on St. Lawrence Island while on an exploratory mission to America in 1816. He hopes to find a Northwest Passage. July 27, 1868 Laws of the United States regarding customs, commerce and navigation are extended over Alaska by an Act of Congress. Importation and sale of distilled liquor and importation and sale of breech- loading firearms within Alaska are prohibited. For the first 10 years of U.S. control of Alaska from 1867 to 1877 administration of the new territory was in the War Department. Land rights were unclear, and in 1872, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs asked: "What is to become of the rights of the Indians to the soil, over portions of territory which had not been covered by treatties at the time Congress put an end to the treaty system?" By 1880, there were still fewer than 300 whites, all but 30 of whom lived in Sitka. July 27, 1973 Oceanside Corporation, the village corporation for Perryville in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 27, 1973 Knikatnu Incorporated, the village corporation for Knik in the CIRI Region, becomes incorporated. July 27, 1973 Paug-Vik Incorporated, the village corporation for Naknek in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. July 27, 1973 Far West, Inc., the village corporation for the Bristol Bay village of Chignik, becomes incorporated. July 27, 1973 Caswell Native Association Incorporated, the corporation for Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act- certified group of Alaska Natives in Caswell, becomes officially incorporated. The group is in the Cook Inlet Region. July 28, 1977 First oil through the Trans-Alaska pipeline from the North Slope reaches Valdez. July 29, 1824 Father Ioann Veniaminov (later Bishop of Alaska and Kamchatka and Metropolitan Archbishop of Moscow), 1797-1879, arrives at Unalaska Island. His church sent him as a missionary. From 1824 to 1834, he lived at Unalaska, where he wrote a grammar and dictionary of the Aleut language, published in 1846. Assisting him in the Aleut language work was his collaborator Aleut leader Ivan Pan'kov. In 1834, Veniaminov was transferred to Sitka where he wrote a brief description of the Tlingit Indian language published in 1840. Mount Veniaminof on the Alaska Peninsula was named for him. July 29, 1999 Calista Corp. celebrates the grand opening of its new office building in South Anchorage. President and Chief Executive Officer Matthew Nicolai says the building is a $2.1 million investment for Calista. Russian Orthodox priest Michael Oleksa blessed the building in Yup'ik and English. The 33,000-square-foot building also is the new home for Alaska Newspapers Inc., a chain of seven newspapers serving rural Alaska. -49- Events in Alaska Native History July 29, 1999 Aleut leaders appeal to Congress for help in forcing the federal government to make good on its obligation to establish a sustainable economy after ending commercial fur sealing there in 1973. The testimony is at a hearing before the House Resources Committee's panel on fisheries and oceans. The Aleuts were moved to St. Paul and St. George two centuries ago when Russians controlled parts of Alaska. They were put to work harvesting fur seals for their skins. After Alaska was acquired from Russia in 1867, the Aleuts continued to operate a lucrative fur sealing industry for the U.S. government, earning back the state's $7.2-million-purchase price in just a couple of decades. When Congress outlawed the commercial harvest of seals, the federal government promised to establish an economy as well as clean up old federal property to make it habitable. July 30, 1965 Rural Alaska Community Action Program, known as RurALCAP, is incorporated. July 30, 1973 Seth-De-Ya-Ah Corporation, Native village corporation for Minto in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. July 30, 1973 Dineega Corporation, the village corporation for Ruby in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. July 30, 1973 Tozitna Limited, the village corporation for Tanana in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. July 31, 1827 Capt. Feodor Petrovich Lutke, in command of the corvette Seniavine, sets sail to Unalaska from Sitka. He is accompanied by Capt. M.N. Staniukovich, in command of the sloop Moller. They arrived in Unalaska on August 22 and left eight days later. From there, they cruised north and west in the Bering Sea from the Alaska Peninsula to the Pribilof Islands, St. Matthew Island and Kamchatka. They were sent by the Russian Government on an exploring expedition around the world, which lasted from 1826 to 1829. July 31, 1837 Ice halts the progress of Thomas Simpson and Peter Warren Dease, officers of the Hudson's Bay Company on an exploring expedition. The company began their expedition down the Mackenzie River June 1. When ice halted their progress, Simpson, accompanied by five of the party, proceeded on foot, by means of canvas canoe and in umiaks borrowed from the Eskimos to Point Barrow, which was reached Aug. 3. July 31, 1997 Sealaska's President and CEO Leo H. Barlow releases a study by the McDowell Group of the economic impacts on Southeast Alaska of the 13 Native corporations in the region. In a letter accompanying the study, Barlow points out that together the Native corporations generated annual revenues of nearly $500 million in 1995 and accounted for more than one out of every 10 private sector jobs in the region in 1996 for a total of nearly 2,800 year-round jobs. The study showed that assets of the corporations, excluding land and timber received through the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, totaled $712 million in 1995. Included were 10 village corporations: Cape Fox Corp. (Saxman), Haida Corp. (Hydaburg), Huna Totem Corp. (Hoonah), Kake Tribal Corp. (Kake), Kavilco, Inc. (Kasaan), Klawock Heenya Corp. (Klawock), Klukwan, Inc. (Klukwan), Kootznoowoo, Inc. (Angoon), Shaan-Seet, Inc. (Craig) and Yak-Tat Kwaan, Inc. (Yakutat); two urban corporations: Goldbelt, Inc. (Juneau) and Shee Atika, Inc. (Sitka); and the regional corporation, Sealaska Corp. August 01, 1910 Ralph Ulf Petterson is born in Kenai. A CIRI elder, Petterson was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. August 01, 1964 Fifty-seven presidents of villages from the Yukon and Kuskokwim areas vote to create the Association of Village Council Presidents. August 01, 1972 Seven oil firms with major interests on Alaska's North Slope, file appellate briefs with the Alaska Superior Court in a new move that challenges the constitutionality of the 56.5-million-acre North Slope Borough. -50- Events in Alaska Native History August 02, 1869 The strongest advocate for the purchase of Alaska, William H. Seward, arrives at Sitka for a tour of inspection. In answer to the questions by the population concerning civil government, he could only remind the Sitkans that as long as Alaska had not more than 2,000 whites and as many as 25,000 Indians, a display of military force was needed. During his tour, he visits Forts Wrangell and Tongass. He traveled to Klukwan with General Davis, and while they were there, they viewed an eclipse of the sun. August 02, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Shishmaref. August 02, 1956 The Native Allotment Act (May 17, 1906) is amended by Congress to allow people to choose land in different locations so long as the total does not exceed 160 acres. In addition, the amendments include adding Aleuts as eligible applicants and providing that allotments might be allowed in National Forest under certain conditions. August 03, 1816 Russian Lt. Otto Kotzebue, in command of the brig Rurik, enters the sound, which he names for himself. He explores and maps the areas. August 04, 1969 Hearings are held on Alaska Native land claims legislation by the Subcommittee on Indian Affairs of the Committee on Interior Affairs of the House of Representatives, 91st Congress. Proposed bills included H.R. 13142 and H.R. 10193. The hearings concluded on Aug. 6, 1969. August 05, 1894 Norweigian Lapps and Inupiaq Eskimos attend the first church service held at Teller in the Bering Straits Region. The following is an excerpt from Pastor T. L. Brevig's Journal for this day: "The first divine service was held at Teller Reindeer Station. The forenoon service was held in Norwegian with communion for the Lapps. In the afternoon more than 500 Eskimos gathered around the station. They were gathered at Port Clarence for the annual trading with the whalers and also trading amongst themselves. They had come from up and down the coast and from Siberia. With Mr. Lopp and a Native as interpreter, I told them why I had come among them. Not to trade, but to teach them to read and write and tell them about the God that created all things and how they could come to him." From the next page: "The first building was 25X60, 8 feet high, built for California and not for Alaska." The church has since been renamed, "Brevig Mission Memorial Lutheran Church." August 05, 1923 Ed Young, a Haida from Kasaan, ties up his seining boat to discharge his catch at Ketchikan. He is told by law enforcement officials that he can't sell his catch without a permit from the U.S. Marshall or the U.S. District Attorney. Young seeks the help of Tlingit attorney William Paul to file suit against the new regulations. Kasaan is located on the eastern side of Prince of Wales Island. August 05, 1943 Charles Etok Edwardsen, Jr., is born in Barrow, the first child of Charles and Mary Edwardsen. Edwardsen was an outspoken leader in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. He was featured in a 1974 book by H. G. Gallagher titled Etok, A Story of Eskimo Power. August 05, 1994 The Brevig Mission Memorial Lutheran Church holds a 100-year anniversary service. August 06, 1973 Levelock Natives Limited, the village corporation for Levelock in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. August 06, 1973 Togiak Natives Limited, the Native village corporation for Togiak in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. August 07, 1867 President Johnson notifies Brigadier General Lovell H. Rousseau of Kentucky that he has been appointed agent on behalf of the United States to receive the Territory of Alaska from the Czar of Russia. August 07, 1969 Hearings are held in Washington, D.C., by the Committee in Interior and Insular Affairs of the U.S. Senate, on Alaska Native land claims legislation, S.1830. (The hearings ended on the Aug. 8, 1969). August 07, 1980 Joint venture documents are signed by CIRI President Roy Huhndorf and Calista President Oscar Kawagley. The two Native regional corporations were gathering information to explore the possibility of investing in the bottomfishing industry in the Bering Sea. 5 SSS RSET -51- Events in Alaska Native History August 08, 1944 Cecilia Tan'gaucuagq Ulroan is born at a fish camp. She was raised in a sod house in old Chevak and later married Mike Martz. She attended school in Chevak and St. Mary's and was valedictorian of St. Mary's class of 1963. She attended the University of Alaska Fairbanks and graduated with a degree in teaching. A University of Alaska professor, in 1999, Martz began leading a class in the humanities in the Cup'ik language in Chevak, focusing on the Yup'ik culture. August 08, 1947 The Tongass Timber Sales Act is enacted to authorize the U.S. Forest Service to proceed with development, despite protests by Native groups in Southeastern Alaska. August 09, 1888 Federal regulations are adopted regulating marriage between "white men" and Indian women. The regulations state: "Be it enacted .. .That no white man, not otherwise a member of any tribe of Indians, who may hereafter marry an Indian woman, member of any Indian tribe in the United States, or any of its Territory except the five civilized tribes in the Indian Territory, shall by such marriage hereafter acquire any right to any tribal property, privilege, or interest whatever to which any member of such tribe is entitled." August 09, 1923 Victor Antone, Jr., is born in Kenai. A CIRI elder, Antone was among 23 Alaska Native elders featured in Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. August 10, 1877 Sheldon Jackson and Amanda R. McFarland arrive at Fort Wrangell where a Tsimshian Indian named Clah directs a mission and school. Assured of financial support by Jackson, Mrs. McFarland agrees to stay at Fort Wrangell to help Clah. Soon after Mrs. McFarland's arrival, Clah dies of tuberculosis. August 10, 1911 Howard Sikvoan Weyahok Rock is born near Tikigaq (Point Hope), the fifth child of Weyahok (Sam Rock) and Keshorna (Emma). Rock became an important Alaska Native leader and founded the Tundra Times in 1962. The weekly newspaper was the only statewide Native newspaper. August 10, 1967 Interior Secretary Stewart Udall sends a letter to Gov. Walter J. Hickel expressing the policy of the Department of the Interior on the "land freeze" pending the determination of Native land protests. The letter states: " In the face of the Federal guarantee that the Alaska Natives shall not be disturbed in their use and occupation of lands, I could not in good conscience allow title to pass into others' hands . . . Moreover, to permit others to acquire title to the lands the Natives are using and occupying would create an adversary against whom the Natives would not have the means of protecting themselves, or even know of their legal rights." August 10, 1972 Senate and House conferees agree on a compromise ocean mammal bill that would permit Alaska Natives to hunt all marine species, including the endangered bowhead whales, for both subsistence and commercial purposes. August 10, 1987 The Aleut Foundation becomes incorporated. August 11, 1972 A use permit is issued for the fall term for the Native Student Board School Program of the Bureau of Indian Affairs at Wildwood Station. The plan was developed by the Kenai Natives Association, which proposed that Wildwood Station be considred as part of their Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act withdrawal. August 12, 1974 Cook Inlet Region files a court action to determine the value of the shares of stock of those shareholders who died without a will prior to this date. As a result, a new law was eventually enacted and provided that if a descendant shareholder had no children, the spouse would receive all the stock and if there are children, the spouse would get half and the children would get equal shares of the remaining half. August 13, 1867 The Military Division of the Pacific makes an announcement that the territory ceded by Russia will become an official district known as the Military District of Alaska with headquarter at Sitka. August 13, 1946 The Indian Claims Commission Act is enacted. This commission was created by Congress to permit Indians to file suit against the government on certain land claims not previously allowed. The commission was authorized only to make monetary awards, not land. -52- Events in Alaska Native History August 13, 1971 The first Alaska Native woman, Betty Ivanoff Menard, summits Denali, North America's highest peak. With her on the expedition were three German, all of whom summitted on the same day. August 14, 1939 The supervisor of Native Arts and Crafts for the Office of Indian Affairs announces that $7,000 worth of mukluks and parkas are being sewn for Admiral Byrd's Antarctic expedition. August 14, 1974 A new law goes into effect that provides that if no heir exists as per Federal and State law, Native corporation stock will revert back to the Native Regional Corporation and probate is not required. August 15, 1935 Wiley Post and Will Rogers take off from Pt. Barrow. Their plane crashes within minutes and both are killed. Barrow villagers are the first on the scene. August 15, 1943 American and Canadian troops land on Kiska; no Japanese can be found. (Earlier the island had been occupied and the few American weather observers, about 11 in all, were wiped out by Japanese Naval gunfire.) August 15, 1967 The worst recorded flood on Chena and Tanana Rivers occurs. Six are killed and damages total $100 million in Fairbanks, Nenana and villages in the region. CHECK August 15, 1972 The Trans-Alaska Pipeline receives first legal green light from Federal District Court Judge George L. Hart, Jr., who lifts injunctions against the controversial 789-mile hot oil pipeline that had been pending for 28 months. August 16, 1896 George Washington Carmack, a Californian and carry-over from the Juneau discovery, and his wife Kate and two Tlingit in-laws, Skookum Jim and Tagish Charlie, find some coarse gold in the gravel of Rabbit Creek in the Klondike. Carmack later renamed it Bonanza Creek. The discovery marked the vanguard of the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897. August 16, 1973 Litnik Incorporated, the village corporation for the Koniag village of Litnik, becomes officially incorporated. August 16, 1998 The first Camp Qungaayux opens. The camp, which is to foster appreciation of Aleut culture and heritage in Aleut youth, includes only youth from Unalaska the first year, but will expand to include those from other Aleut villages. The one-week experience includes putting up fish, basketweaving, plant lore, bent-wood hatmaking, dance and storytelling by elders. As a special activity the first year, youth participate in a seal hunt and learn about butchering and skinning a seal. August 17, 1979 Sealaska receives its first Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act land from the federal government. August 18, 1784 Russian sailors observe a large Alutiiq community on a steep-sided small island off Sitkalidak Island, known today as Refuge Rock. Afterward, the Russians dropped anchor. For five days they demanded hostages from and also attempted to trade with the Alutiiq who refused to deal with them. August 18, 1926 Flore Lekanof is born at St. George, one of the Pribilof Island. Lekanof became the first President of the Alaska Federation of Natives. August 19, 1893 Harrison R. Thornton, a missionary teacher in the villageof Wales, is killed. Shortly after midnight, he heard a knock on his front door and was shot through the unopened panel by a whaling gun. Three young men, according to Dorothy Jean Ray, ran away, but two of the boys were killed by their elders on the beach. The third took to the hills, and returning much later was taken by his uncle to Thornton's grave on the mountainside and asked how he would prefer to die, strangulation, stabbing or shooting. He chose to be shot. Thornton had a premonition of death before he had ever seen an Eskimo. According to Ray, when he wrote to Sheldon Jackson on April 22, 1890, about applying for the job at Wales, he asked whether his life would be in "any imminent probably danger." He always carried a revolver around with him in Wales and treated Eskimos disrespectfully. They made him the target for annoyances. August 19, 1949 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are approved for Shageluk Native Village. -53- Events in Alaska Native History August 19, 1965 The Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indians, a nonprofit organization, is organized pursuant to an act of Congress. The act amended the Jurisdictional Act of June 19, 1935, and recognized the Central Council's role as the governing body of the Tlingit and Haida people. It limited the role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to preparing a list of all people of Tlingit and Haida blood residing in the United States and Canada. August 19, 1993 Knik Tribal Council, a non-profit corporation for the village of Knik in the Cook Inlet Region, becomes incorporated. August 20, 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt, by proclamation, creates the Alexander Archipelago Forest Reserve, which encompasses most of the larger islands of Southeastern Alaska. This reserve would later become the Tongass National Forest. Southeastern Alaska Indians were not consulted. August 20, 1923 Ada Blackjack Johnson, hired as an Eskimo seamstress for an ill-fated expedition to Wrangel Island, is rescued by the Donaldson, a ship sent from Nome. Johnson had gone to the island off the coast of Siberia with Fred Mauer, Allen Crawford, Errol Lorne Knight and Milton Galle. They were sent to the island in an effort sponsored by arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson to colonize the island and stake claims to it. Johnson was the only survivor. When Johnson was rescued, the ship discharged 12 Eskimos with sleds, skin boats and hunting gear, as well as Charles Wells, who aimed to continue efforts to colonize the island. Shortly after their arrival they were forcibly removed from the island by Russians from the vessel Red October. They were taken to Vladivostock, where Wells died. Two of the children died as the group tried to make its way back to Alaska via China, and they eventually returned to Golovin Bay in early 1925. August 20, 1955 Matilda ("Tillie") Kahtahah Kinnon Paul Tamaree, mother of William Paul, the first Alaska Native elected to the Territorial Legislature, dies in Wrangell. Mrs. Tameree worked for the Presbyterian Church for many years, but was paid less for her work than non-Natives performing the same service. She spoke up against such discrimination and was later elected the first woman elder in the Alaska Northwest Synod in 1931, according to Nancy J. Ricketts, writing in Tlingit Life Stories. She was born January 18, 1863, in Victoria, B.C., the daughter of Kut-xoox and James Kinnon. August 21, 1732 What may be the first sighting of the northern Alaskan mainland by a European occurs when Mikhail Gvozdev and Ivan Fedorov discover Alaska near the present village of Wales in their ship Gabriel. According to Dorothy Jean Ray, this event was acknowledged on a few early maps. It was relegated to obscurity by the interest attending Vitus Bering's official discovery of Alaska in 1741. August 21, 1852 Fort Selkirk is destroyed by a group of Tlingits who object to the Hudson's Bay Company trying to break the Tlingit monopoly on trade with the Interior tribes. August 22, 1967 The Director of the Bureau of Land Management issues procedures to implement the Interior Secretary's "land freeze" policy pending determination of Native land protests. August 22, 1973 Tanadgusix Corporation, the village corporation for the Pribilof Island village of St. Paul, becomes officially incorporated. August 22, 1973 St. George Tanaq Corporation, the village corporation for the Pribilof Island village of St. George, becomes incorporated. The village is in the Aleut Region. August 22, 1973 The Akutan Corporation, the village corporation for Akutan in the Aleut Region, becomes incorporated. August 22, 2000 Arctic Slope Native leader Edward Hopson Sr. dies of pneumonia at Samuel Simmonds Memorial Hospital. He was 80. Hopson was a leader in the development of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and served as the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation's first vice president from 1972 to 1977. He was president from 1977 to 1983, and he served as chairman of the board from 1983 to 1994. He served on the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, the North Slope Borough Assembly and the ASRC housing Authority Commission. In addition, he helped establish rural schools. Funeral services were held in Barrow on Aug. 25. August 23, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Karluk. -54- Events in Alaska Native History August 23, 1944 The Secretary of the Department of the Interior approves the Indian Reorganization Act constitution and bylaws for the Metlakatla Indian Community. August 23, 2000 Col. Glenn Godfrey is named Public Safety Comissioner by Gov. Tony Knowles, the first Alaska Native to be named to the state's highest law enforcement post. Godfrey, who was born in Kodiak January 26, 1949, was named director of the Division of Alaska State Troopers in January 1995. He is the first Alaska Native to rise to above the rank of sergeant in the State Troopers in Alaska. Throughout his long career with the State Troopers, he has been stationed in Anchorage, Juneau, Northway and Bethel. He was instrumental in initiating and developing the Village Public Safety Officer program for law enforcement in rural Alaska. He was elected Chairman of the Board of Koniag, Inc. in December 1996. August 24, 1784 At dawn, Shelikhov orders an assault on Refuge Rock. Seventy-one Russian sailors begin firing muskets at the community with little effect. The Russians increase their fire with cannons and storm the rock -- massacring many Alutiiq people and taking others as hostage. The event represents the loss of sovereignty for the Alutiiq people. August 24, 1905 Joseph Friday, Traditional Chief and Native leader of Chevak, is born. According to Greg Slats, Manager of Chevak Company Corporation, Joseph Friday was an important cultural leader in the community. He led people in Eskimo dancing, and he often gave talks on traditional values at community gatherings. August 24, 1912 Alaska officially becomes a territory with passage of the legislation that provided for a territorial legislature. Alaska Natives play virtually no official role in the early days of the Territory, and it will be 12 years before the first Alaska Native, William Paul, is elected to the Territorial House of Representatives. August 24, 1940 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Mekoryuk. August 24, 1983 Cook Inlet Tribal Council (CITC) is established. CITC provides social education and employment services to Alaska Natives and Native Americans living in the Cook Inlet region. CITC manages over 30 programs designed to enhance the cultural heritage and economic well-being of the Native community. Annually, the programs serve an average of 8,000 Alaska Natives and Native Americans. August 25, 1944 Anthony Vaska is born in Kalskag. Vaska served in the Alaska House of Representatives. He was the director of the Yup'ik Language Center at the Kuskokwim Community College and also served as an assistant director of Nunam Kitlutsisti. He was a member of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council Advisory Panel, as well as the Alaska Anthropological Association. August 26, 1958 A majority of voters in Alaska accept the Statehood Act of 1958. Statehood will have major impacts on Alaska Natives because the state is granted 104 million acres of land from the federal government under the Statehood Act, and the entitlement includes many areas important to Alaska Natives. August 26, 1971 The Inupiat Community of the North Slope ratifies its Constitution under the Indian Reorganization Act. The organization is based in Barrow. August 27, 1969 The world's largest authentic totem pole, a 132-foot shaft of Alaska red cedar, is dedicated at Port Chilkoot, near Haines. August 28, 1891 The cutter Bear brings the first 16 reindeer to Alaska from Siberia and releases them on Amaknak Island near Unalaska. After surviving a month on the ship, 14 reindeer made it through the first winter and two calves were born. Presbyterian missionary Sheldon Jackson encouraged the introduction of reindeer, and he eventually helped start the reindeer industry on Alaska's Seward Peninsula. August 28, 1971 The Russian Orthodox Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Kenai is dedicated as a National Historic Landmark. Holy Assumption of the Virgin Mary Russian Orthodox Church was built in 1846. -55- Events in Alaska Native History August 28, 1999 The Museum of the Aleutians opens. The museum was developed by the City of Unalaska and built on land donated by Ounalashka Corp. It is operated as a nonprofit. August 29, 1973 Chickaloon-Moose Creek Native Association Inc., the village corporation for Chickaloon in the Cook Inlet Region, becomes officially incorporated. August 30, 1973 The date of a fictional letter to Howard Rock, Tundra Times publisher, designed to interpret the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The letters from the 1974 book Letters to Howard were signed by Naugga Ciunerput (Our Destiny) and Wally Morton, two residents of "Land's End Village" in Alaska. The actual authors of the letters are Fred Bigjim and James Ito-Adler, who at the time were residents of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and students at Harvard University. As graduate students, they were both Teaching Fellows in an under-graduate course at the university, Social Sciences 152, entitled, "Native Americans in the Contemporary United States." The letter dated August 30 stated that ANCSA was "based on competition; the Native way is based on cooperation." August 30, 1999 Isanotski Corp., the village corporation for False Pass, makes an agreement with a California foundation that calls for the corporation to be paid for 13 square miles of choice migratory bird habitat that will then be donated to the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. The deal allows the San Francisco-based Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund to pay Isanotski Corp. $1,050,000 for wetlands at Morzhovoi Bay, near the far west end of the Alaska Peninsula. The land had been selected by Isanotski as part of its land entitlements under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. The corporation said it intends to use proceeds from the sale for infrastructure such as a small-boat harbor, as well as possibly for harbor services -- living quarters, a store and a laundromat. August 31, 1899 The Harriman Alaska Expedition returns to Seattle. Edward Henry Harriman, 1848-1909, of New York, chartered the steamer George W. Elder. Harriman invited about 30 scientific men to sail to Alaska. Many of the guests did some exploration, carried out surveys, collected specimens and took photographs. The expedition cruised 9,000 miles with about 50 stops. The results of the expedition were published in 12 volumes. Members of the expedition stole artifacts from Southeast Alaska. September 01, 1914 Ralph Andrew "Andy" Johnson is born at St. Michael. Johnson was instrumental in shaping CIRI into a solid business corporation and in beginning negotiations with the state and federal goverjment for CIRI land entitlements. His father was Axel Emanuel Johnson of Scandinavian descent; his mother was Catherine Komkoff of Russian Indian descent. His father worked at an army post once located in St. Michael, and the family moved to Haines in 1919, where Johnson attended school. He met his wife Marion at Auke Bay, where her family operated a roadhouse. He came to Anchorage in 1950 as a superintendent on military construction projects and went to work for Chugach Electric a short time later. In 1973, he was elected president of CIRI, a position he held until 1975. He served as president of the Salamatof Native Association and was active in promoting subsistence rights and sovereignty for Alaska Natives. He died May 3, 1992, in Seattle. September 01, 1937 The Reindeer Act is enacted. September 02, 1957 The Chilkat Indian Village reservation (Klukwan) is approved by Congressional action. The reservation is enlarged from the Executive Order that became effective April 21, 1913. September 02, 1982 Gold Creek-Susitna Native Association Incorporated in the Cook Inlet Region becomes officially incorporated. September 03, 1954 Ronald James "Buster" Manook is born in Nulato. An artist and teacher, he served on the boards of the Fairbanks Native Association, the Interior Native Educators' Association, the Institute of Alaska Native Art, the Alaska State Council on the Arts and the Fairbanks Art Association. A Koyukon Athabascan, he graduated from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1988 with a bachelor's degree in studio art with a minor in Alaska Native studies. His art was known nationally and his career was taking off when he died on April 24, 1999, in Anchorage. September 04, 1990 Scammon Bay Askinuk Association, Incorporated, in Scammon Bay in the Calista Region, becomes officiallly incorporated. - 56 - Events in Alaska Native History September 05, 1866 A huge earthquake shakes Alutiiq communities in the Kodiak Archipelago. September 06, 1867 Major General Henry Wager Halleck, Commander of the Military Division of the Pacific with jurisdiction over Alaska, writes a letter to Brevet Major General Jefferson Davis describing Halleck's Indian policy. The letter calls for vigilance in dealings with the Tlingit and Haida and carries an admonition that guns be charged with grape and canister -- ready to be fired -- always bearing on the Sitka Tlingit village. It also calls on Davis to hold the whole tribe responsible in the event of a crime by an Alaska Native against an American citizen. September 06, 1923 Happy Nicoli is born in Sunshine, a former village near Talkeetna. A CIRI elder, Nicoli was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. September 07, 1888 A treaty is signed by Charles M. Thomas, Lieutenant Commander of the U.S. Navy as representative of the United States aboard the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Steamer Patterson with the Nisgha Indians in Portland Canal. Known as the "Skookum Paper," the treaty indicated that Mountain Chief would not be disturbed in his possessions by the United States. When Mountain Chief tried to use the paper he was told on January 7,1920, by the Honorable John W. Hollowell of the Department of the Interior: "It has always been the practice in the country to give Natives the papers that they may ask for, so as to get rid of them." September 07, 1957 Congress exempts lands occupied by Indians from the tideland grants to the Territory of Alaska. September 07, 1973 Iliamna Natives Limited, the village corporation for Iliamna in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. September 08, 1921 Otto Thiele Sr. is born in Bethel. A former tugboat captain, Thiele was among 23 CIRI elders featured in Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. September 09, 1969 Hearings are held in Washington, D.C., before the Subcommittee on Indian Affairs of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the U.S. House of Representatives, 91st Congress on Alaska Native land claims legislation, H.R. 13142 and H.R. 10193. September 09, 1972 The Bureau of Indian Affairs is ordered by an Alaska Superior Court judge to send a high school teacher to Emmonak as the result of a lawsuit filed by 15 teenagers and nine parents. The suit was filed by an Alaska Legal Services attorney on behalf of Molly Hootch, a 16-year-old. September 09, 1999 The Alaska Federation of Natives, in cooperation with the National Congress of American Indians, the Native American Rights Fund, the Alaska Inter-Tribal Council, and Rural Alaska Community Action Program, sponsors a one-day Millennium Community Event entitled "National Forum on the Future of Alaska Natives" in Washington, D.C., at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. The National Forum is one of a series of Millennium Events sponsored by AFN to create community dialogues on the future of Native peoples of Alaska. "We, the Alaska Native people understand that if we are going to survive in the next century, we must share our goals and aspirations with the larger society," AFN President Julie Kitka said. The forum, which focused on subsistence rights, drew support from President Clinton. September 10, 1969 State lease sale at the Sidney Laurence Auditorium for Prudhoe Bay nets $900 million for the State of Alaska. John Borbridge Jr., first vice president of the Alaska Federation of Natives, said the sale "will clearly demonstrate that the demands of the Natives are not out of line." The lease sale raised the stakes of the Native land claims effort since the land freeze initiated by the Interior Secretary in 1966 was still in effect. Meanwhile, as the Twenty-third Alaska Oil and Gas Lease Sale began, a handful of young Natives picketed and distributed leaflets under the watchful eyes of police. Organized by Native land rights advocate Charlie Edwardsen, the young Eskimo and Indian protestors quietly proclaimed, "We are once again being cheated and robbed of our lands." September 10, 1969 Alaska Federation of Natives attorneys file in Congress a memorandum stating why Alaska Natives should be granted a 2-percent royalty interest in the proceeds from the disposition of surface and mineral resources of lands in Alaska. SSSR PPE SN SEE -57- Events in Alaska Native History September 10, 1998 Nikaitchuat Ilisagviat, an Inupiaq-language immersion school in Kotzebue, opens its doors. The school provides a full day of instruction and cultural activities in the Inupiaq language. The Kotzebue IRA, NANA Regional Corp., Maniilaq Association and Maniilaq Manpower have all contributed funds and other resources to the program. September 11, 1939 Morris Thompson, known affectionately to many people as "Big," is born in Tanana, to Alice and Warren Thompson. Thompson played key roles in the passage and implementation of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 and had a long career of public service, including his service as the commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. At the time of his death on Jan. 31, 2000, in a plane crash, Thompson had just retired as President and Chief Executive Officer of Doyon Ltd. He began his work with Doyon when the company was experiencing tremendous financial losses. He went on to lead the company to 13 years of profitability. Shortly before his untimely death, he had just accepted the position of Chairman of the Alaska Federation of Natives’ organization, First Alaskans Foundation. September 11, 1973 Pedro Bay Corporation, village corporation for Pedro Bay in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. September 11, 1973 Chitina Native Corporation, the village corporation for Chitina in the Ahtna Region, becomes incorporated. Chitina is the only village in the Ahtna Region that did not merge with the regional corporation. September 11, 1999 Angoon elder Peter Jack welcomes the return to Tlingit hands of the carved beaver that once sat on the prow of the only war canoe to survive the U.S. Navy's bombardment of Angoon on Oct. 26, 1882. The sacred artifact was returned to tribal leaders by the American Museum of Natural History in a ceremony at the Central Park museum. The museum bought the item in 1911. Harold Jacobs, then a repatriation specialist for the Tlingit-Haida Central Council, was the person who discovered it in the museum's collection early in 1999. September 12, 1900 A great storm hits Nome and destroys more than $1 million worth of property. The storm renders hundreds of the people homeless. When the storm ends, the beaches are littered with property and mining material, and all the buildings on one side of Front Street are destroyed. The mining industry and the influx of non-Natives greatly affect Alaska Natives in the region. September 12, 1999 The Lampe Crew of Kaktovik whalers catches the second -- and the largest -- whale of the season, a 42-foot whale. On September 11, Herman Aishanna's whaling crew caught the first whale, which was 25 feet, 3 inches. On September 16, Isaac Akootchook's crew caught a whale that was 27 feet, 4 inches. The city of Kaktovik is located on Barter Island, which lies off the coast of the Beaufort Sea. Kaktovik is within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in the northeast corner of Alaska. According to the Kaktovik web page, 256 people live in the village, 88 percent of whom are Inupiat Eskimo. Kaktovik is located in the North Slope Borough of Alaska, the largest county in the United States. The borough covers the northern part of Alaska and includes Anaktuvuk Pass, Kaktovik, Nuiqsut, Wainwright, Atqasuk, Point Lay, Point Hope, Barrow and Prudhoe Bay. It covers 89,000 square miles and has a population of 7,555. September 13, 1973 Old Harbor Native Corporation, village corporation for Old Harbor on Kodiak Island, becomes incorporated. September 13, 1980 Sealaska Timber Corporation makes first ocean shipment of logs. September 14, 1973 Shishmaref Native Corporation, village corporation for Shishmaref in the Bering Straits Region, becomes incorporated. September 15, 1899 Alice Larsen Nutbeem is born in Unga. A CIRI elder, Nutbeem was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. September 15, 1974 First Annual Meeting of Calista Corp. shareholders is held in Bethel. - 58 - September 16, 1921 September 17, 1934 September 18, 1962 September 19, 1763 September 19, 1899 September 19, 1973 September 19, 1991 September 20, 1913 September 21, 1887 Events in Alaska Native History Ada Blackjack Johnson, hired as an Eskimo seamstress, arrives at Wrangel Island. She had departed Nome on the Silver Wave for the island with Fred Mauer, Allen Crawford, Errol Lorne Knight and Milton Galle. They were sent to the island off the coast of Siberia in an effort sponsored by arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson to colonize the island and stake claims to it. Johnson was the only survivor of the ill-fated expedition. Ater living on the island for about a year, Mauer, Crawford and Galle disappeared when they left the island by sled for food supplies. Knight died of apparent scurvy several months after the other three men left. Fire sweeps through Nome virtually destroying the community. Author William Brandon writes a letter to President John F. Kennedy urging him to take action on Alaska Native land claims. Brandon writes: "I am the author of the text of The American Heritage Book of Indians, for which you were kind enough to furnish a foreword. I write to you now about the present emergency besetting the Native people of Alaska. The Alaska Eskimos and Indians were assured of certain ‘aboriginal rights' by Congressional Act of 1884, although these rights have never yet been defined by Congress. In common usage, such rights are assumed to be basically land rights. But -- until the matter receives Congressional definition -- how much land and where remains undetermined. . . As I understand it, the Interior Department is empowered to withdraw from the ‘public lands' in Alaska tracts of territory around all Native villages. This would afford protection to the Natives against any encroachment by the state while all parties await the eventual definition by Congress of aboriginal land and hunting rights. . . There are immediate analogies between this present situation and that confronting the administrations of Andrew Jackson in regard to the Indians of Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama. General Jackson's administration declined to provide the protection of the Executive. A strong body of opinion at the time held that this was the course of greatest national benefit. It is, I believe, apparent by now that the ultimate effect was not good for our country." Russian Stepan Glottov lands on the southern coast of Kodiak Island and observes a small Alutiiq community. He is the first European on record to visit the island. Joseph Herron, a First Lieutenant in the 8th Cavalry, U.S. Army, and eight men are rescued by Athabascan Chief Sesui and his Upper Kuskokwim people near Telida. Floundering in part because they were attempting to travel in the region via horses, the men had cached supplies and abandoned their remaining horses. Herron's destination was Rampart on the Yukon River. According to William Schneider, curator of the Oral History Collection in the Alaska and Polar Regions Department of the Elmer Rasmuson Library of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the expedition marked the end of an era of large overland military expeditions in Alaska. The Bureau of Indian Affairs publishes its final decision on the majority of the villages listed in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, ruling that 169 villages are certified as eligible for participation in the act. The BIA report in the Federal Register actually listed 170 villages, but Kongiganok appeared twice. Sealaska shareholders vote to create the Sealaska Shareholders' Permanent Fund. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, arctic explorer, departs the Karluk after it has become frozen in the ice about 175 miles east of Barrow. Among those in his hunting party are Point Hope Eskimos, Asatsiak and Pauyurak. It is the last time Stefansson will see the vessel because soon the ice will crush it. The crew and staff, including a number of Eskimos, eventually made their way to Wrangel Island, off the coast of Siberia. Among the Eskimos was Keruk, an Eskimo seamstress, who made clothing that helped keep the people alive. The crew and staff were rescued when the Karluk's captain, Bob Bartlett, made his way to Siberia and then brought a ship to rescue them. One of the chief tools in bringing the white civilization to the Indians was the English language. Indian Affairs Commissioner J.D.C. Atkins, in his Annual Report, argues on this day for the exclusive use of English at all Indian schools and reprints some of his earlier directives. -59- September 22, 1898 September 23, 1972 September 24, 1794 September 24, 1924 September 25, 1985 September 26, 1841 September 26, 1910 September 27, 1943 September 27, 1971 September 27, 1973 September 27, 1974 September 28, 1788 September 28, 1964 September 28, 1971 Events in Alaska Native History Jafet Lindenberg, Jon Bryntesen and Eric Lindbolm, known as the "three lucky Swedes," make their great gold strike at Anvil Creek. This brings the Nome mining district into existence. By October 1899, more than 3,000 prospectors were working at Nome. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, almost overnight an isolated stretch of tundra fronting the beach was transformed into a tent-and-log cabin city of 20,000 prospectors, gamblers, claim jumpers, saloon keepers, and prostitutes. The gold-bearing creeks had been almost completely staked, when some entrepreneur discovered the "golden sands of Nome." With nothing more than shovels, buckets, rockers and wheel barrows, thousands of idle miners descended upon the beaches. Two months later the golden sands had yielded one million dollars in gold (at $16 an ounce). A narrow-gauge railroad and telephone line from Nome to Anvil Creek was built in 1900. The influx of people greatly affected the Eskimo people of the area. Inupiaq leader Willie Hensley is elected to replace Don Wright as President of the Alaska Federation of Natives. Eight monks from the Russian Orthodox Church reach Kodiak, founding their faith in North America. A fire destroys a large part of the business district of Tanana. Congress passes amendments to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act that pave the way for the development of the Red Dog Mine by NANA Regional Corp. The operation is the world's largest lead-zinc mine. The amendments authorized the Cape Krusenstern Land Exchange, allowing NANA to develop a transportation system for the mine. Father Ioann Veniaminof returns to Sitka and establishes a Russian Orthodox seminary. He also superintended the translation of religious works into two Native languages known at the time as "Kolosh" and "Kadiak" languages and had them printed. Father Veniaminov lived at Unalaska from 1824 to 1834. While in Unalaska, he wrote a grammar and dictionary of the Aleut language, published in 1846. Mount Veniaminof on the Alaska Peninsula was named for him. Alexandra Kaloa is born in Kenai. A CIRI elder, Kaloa was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. Ruby Tansy John is born. She was a vocal advocate for Alaska Native land claims and testified on behalf of the people of her region at congressional hearings in Anchorage Feb. 8-10, 1968. She earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1966. While at UAF, she became involved in Alaska Native politics. She worked for the Fairbanks Native Association and later served on the board of Ahtna and as president of the Cantwell Native Council. She died Aug. 9, 1999 following a lengthy illness. Dena’ nena’ Henash (Our Land Speaks) -- The Tanana Chiefs Conference is incorporated. Koliganek Natives Limited, the village corporation for Koliganek in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. Representatives from 10 of the 12 Alaska Native Regions within Alaska meet to discuss revenue sharing. Revenue sharing is outlined in Section 7 (i) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Russian Empress Catherine II issues an Imperial ukase, which among other things revokes all former laws for the collection of tribute from the Aleuts. The William E. Beltz State Vocational School, first of its kind in Alaska, opens in Nome. Gov. Bill Egan signs a proclamation declaring Alaska Native Peoples Week from Oct. 3-9, 1971, just weeks before the Alaska Native Claims Settlement was signed on December 18, 1971. The proclamation stated: "It is the ultimate desire of this Administration to continue this cooperation and contribution of the Native people for a meaningful State Government based on self-determination for all." - 60- Events in Alaska Native History September 29, 1977 Afognak Native Corporation, the Native village corporation for Afognak, and Port Lions Native Corporation, the corporation for Port Lions merge and form Afognak Native Corporation. September 29, 1999 The Alaska State Senate fails to pass a measure aimed at allowing voters to decide whether a Constitutional Amendment should be adopted to allow a subsistence priority on federal lands in Alaska based on residency. The 12-8 vote was two votes short of what was needed for a two-thirds majority to pass the constitutional amendment. The deadline for a federal takeover of management of fisheries resources was Sept. 30, with the takeover going into effect Oct. 1, 1999. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 authorized a priority to rural subsistence users, but the Alaska Constitution doesn't allow the priority, according to a 1989 ruling of the Alaska Supreme Court. September 30, 1894 The first marriage between Eskimos of the Bering Strait Region performed by a non-Native preacher takes place at Wales. Netaxite and Kungik present two white fox skins to T.L. Brevig of Port Clarence as a fee. September 30, 1947 Based on information from Siberian Eskimos who visited St. Lawrence Island, The Anchorage Times reports that the Soviet Union was building a secret military base on the Siberian coast. September 30, 1974 New JOM regulations are adopted to correct past abuses and ambiguities and to signal some new directions in the program. According to David H. Getches, who wrote Law and Alaska Native Education, they emphasized special educational needs, parent participation and control, and accountability. The new regulations were developed in a series of meetings among Bureau of Indian Affairs officials and numerous Indian interest organizations, including Alaska Native groups. Special hearings were held soon after their adoption to ascertain the views of all interested parties, including Indians, tribes, organizations, educators, and school officials. September 30, 1978 Termination of the Indian Claims Commission. The commission was created by Congress in 1946 to permit Indians to file suit against the government on certain claims not previously allowed. The commission was authorized to award only money, not land. September 30, 1980 Ahitna, Inc., enters into a merger agreement with seven of the eight village corporations within the region, including Cantwell, Mentasta, Chistochina, Gakona, Gulkana, Tazlina and Kluti- Kaah/Copper Center. Chitina does not join in the merger. October 01,1804 = The Russian gunboat Neva and three other ships begin bombardment of the fort at the Shee Atika site where Kik.sadi Tlingits had withdrawn after tensions mounted between the Tlingits and the Russians beginning in late September. The Russians did little damage. Following the bombardment, Russians and Aleuts then stormed the fort and were repulsed in a bloody battle with the Tlingits. A six-day siege then began, and on the seventh day, the Russians found the fort abandoned. The Tlingits, out of flints and gunpowder, had silently exited by night. The Russians lost no time in building a fortified town on the very spot where Shee Atika had stood. This battle was the end of open Tlingit resistance. October 01, 1940 Emmitt Peters, an Athabascan Indian from the village of Ruby, is born. Peters won the third ever Iditarod race which started March 1, 1975. He finished the race in 14 days, 14 hours, 43 minutes, and fifteen seconds. A record that was held until 1980. He received prize money in the amount of $15,000. October 01, 1962 First issue of the Tundra Times published. October 01, 1968 The Federal Field Committee's landmark report, Alaska Natives and the Land, is published. The massive 565-page document was instrumental in garnering support for passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. -61- October 01, 1998 October 01, 1998 October 02, 1985 October 02, 1992 October 03, 1969 October 04, 1920 October 04, 1938 October 04, 1976 October 05, 1963 October 05, 1969 October 05, 1979 October 06, 1962 October 06, 1969 October 06, 1969 October 06, 1979 Events in Alaska Native History The U.S. Senate approves legislation to authorize a road through the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, intended to connect the remote Native village of King Cove with an all-weather airport in the even smaller community of Cold Bay on the Alaska Peninsula. King Cove villagers supported plans for the road as a way for residents to get to the airport for medical evacuation to Anchorage during bouts of bad weather. Roy Huhndorf is presented the William A. Egan Outstanding Alaskan Award by the Alaska State Chamber of Commerce during their annual conference in Valdez. Huhndorf is the first Alaska Native to receive the award since it was first presented in 1964. The Chugach Heritage Foundation is established for the Chugach Region. The Walakpa gas field 17 miles from Barrow is brought on line, where it is expected to supply cheap energy for another 50 years. Natural gas was discovered just south of Barrow in 1949 by the U.S. Navy, and kept buildings warm and comfortable at the Naval Arctic Research Lab, even as residents of Barrow struggled to heat their homes with driftwood and local coal. Leading a movement by Barrow people to force the government to change rules that forbade them to share Barrow gas with Barrow residents was Eben Hopson, and in 1964, the people succeeded. Without the Walakpa field, however, gas supplies were dwindling and would have been too expensive to maintain production. Over protests at home and abroad, the Atomic Energy Commission explodes a 1.2-megaton hydrogen bomb beneath Amchitka Island in the Aleutians. Two more such tests also were scheduled. Rika F. Murphy is born in Kenai. The daughter of Virginia (Mishakoff) and John (Shorty) Mann, Murphy was the first Chief of the Kenaitze Indian Tribe, the first Chief & President of Salamatof Native Association, a member of the first (interim) Board of Directors for CIRI and a founding member of the Alaska Native Health Board. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Klawock Cooperative Association. Amendments are enacted to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act permitting Klukwan to participate fully in the act. Villagers had elected to accept title to the village's former reserve and had removed themselves from further participation in the settlement but later decided they wanted full participation in ANCSA. The amendments authorized the change. Morris Thompson of Tanacross and Thelma Mayo of Rampart are married. The couple will eventually have three daughters, Sheryl Lynn, Nicole Rae and Allison Mae. Morris, Thelma and Sheryl were killed in an Alaska Airlines plane crash January 31, 2000. The Alaska Federation of Natives board adopts sweeping changes after an appeal by then AFN President Emil Notti. As a result of the changes, AFN becomes incorporated, and the new board consists of 12 members, representing the 12 major regional Native associations. Kijik Corporation, the village corporation for Nondalton in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. For the first time in Alaska history, an Athabascan Indian is ordained an Episcopalian priest. Former carpenter David Salmon, from the Black River country northeast of Fort Yukon, was accepted into the priesthood in a ceremony at the Fort Yukon Episcopal Church. Salmon was 49 at the time of his ordination and had been in charge of St. Timothy's Mission, Chalkyitsik, and the Good Shepherd Mission, Venetie. Alaska Native land claims legislation backed by the Alaska Federation of Natives, H.R. 14212, is introduced by Congressman Howard Pollock; Stevens introduces a similar bill, S. 1830. The City of Brevig Mission, municipal government of Brevig Mission, becomes incorporated. The Dena'ina people of Kenai celebrate their first potlatch in 70 years. More than 300 people attend. Potlatches had been stopped by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1907. SR SSS ESS SS PED -62- Events in Alaska Native History October 07,1959 A Court of Claims decision is issued with findings that the Tlingits and Haidas of Alaska have proven their Indian title to lands within the Tongass National Forest. October 07,1998 The U.S. Senate approves legislation authorizing a land exchange that will recapitalize Calista Corp. with $39.4 million. Under the deal, Calista will receive the money in the form of bonds or surplus federal property over eight years in exchange for title to 218,585 acres it owns inside the Yukon Delta Naitonal Wildlife Refuge. The bill earlier was approved by the House on Sept. 23. October 08,1908 — Laura Beltz Hagberg Wright is born in Candle, a mining community in Northwest Alaska. A CIRI elder, Wright was well known for the company she started in Anchorage, Laura Wright Alaskan Parkys. She was featured in an oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. October 08,1911 | George "Twok" Aden Ahgupuk is born in Shishmaref. A well-known Inupiaq artist, Ahgupuk's work was done on several types of skins he tanned himself -- caribou, moose, seal and salmon. His works are displayed throughout Alaska at the museums in Anchorage, Juneau and Fairbanks, as well as the Lower 48. Ahgupuk's career took off after Rockwell Kent "found" Ahgupuk's work while traveling in Alaska. October 08,1938 — Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Craig Community Association. October 08,1975 The Department of the Interior announces that the Thirteenth Regional Corporation will be formed. (On June 19, 1976, the first permanent board is elected in Seattle.) October 08,1983 Anna Frank becomes the first Alaska Native woman to be ordained as a priest from the Episcopal Diocese. She is Athabascan from Minto. October 09, 1944 Fred F. Zharoff is born in Kodiak. A former teacher and fisherman, Zharoff served in the Alaska House of Representatives for several terms. He also served on the boards of Koniag, Inc., and Lesnoi, Inc. October 09,1993 The Alaska Natives Commission holds a regional hearing in Kotzebue. The Alaska Natives Commission was created by Congress in 1990 at the urging of Alaska Native groups. The idea of creating a high profile, authoritative commission emerged from the Alaska Federation of Natives’ report on the status of Alaska Natives, A Call to Action, published in January 1989. The Commission was directed to conduct public hearings and to recommend specific actions to Congress and the State of Alaska that: - Help to assure that Alaska Natives have life opportunities comparable to other Americans, while respecting their unique traditions, cultures, and special status as Alaska Natives. - Address the needs of Alaska Natives for self-determination, economic self-sufficiency, improved levels of educational achievement, improved health status, and reduced incidence of social problems. October 09,1993 The Alaska Natives Commission holds a regional hearing in Copper Center. The Alaska Natives Commission was created by Congress in 1990 at the urging of Alaska Native groups. The idea of creating a high profile, authoritative commission emerged from the Alaska Federation of Natives' report on the status of Alaska Natives, A Call to Action, published in January 1989. The Commission was directed to conduct public hearings and to recommend specific actions to Congress and the State of Alaska that: - Help to assure that Alaska Natives have life opportunities comparable to other Americans, while respecting their unique traditions, cultures, and special status as Alaska Natives. - Address the needs of Alaska Natives for self-determination, economic self-sufficiency, improved levels of educational achievement, improved health status, and reduced incidence of social problems. October 10,1975 Cook Inlet Region, Inc., holds its second annual shareholder meeting at the Sydney Laurence Auditorium. October 11,1938 — Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Sitka Community Association. - 63 - October 11, 1982 October 11, 1996 October 12, 1763 October 12, 1911 October 12, 1913 October 12, 1973 October 12, 1982 October 12, 1994 October 13, 1976 October 14, 1784 October 14, 1992 Events in Alaska Native History The agreement between NANA Regional Corp. and Cominco, Ltd., to develop the Red Dog Mine in Northwestern Alaska, 90 miles north of Kotzebue becomes effective. The deposit is the largest zinc deposit in the world. NANA did not develop the Cominco property for many years until it could obtain the consent of all of the villages in the region. Koahnic Broadcast Corp. goes on the air for the first time ever at 90.3 on the FM dial. The station is the state's first and only all-Native radio station. Koahnic Broadcast Corporation's Training Center trains Alaska Native youth. A large group of Alutiiq warriors armed with bows and arrows attacks the ship of Russian Stephen Glotov. Glotov's crew fire muskets over their heads, and the Alutiiq flee. The Alutiiq made additional attempts to scare off the Glotov crew with armed attacks on October 15 and November 6. Peter Kalifornsky is born at Unhghenesditnu (farthest creek over), also known as Kalifornsky Village on the Cook Inlet bluff four miles north of the Kasilof River mouth. The village was founded by his great-great-grandfather following his return from Fort Ross in California. Peter's grandfather was among the many people who died at Kalifornsky Village as a result of influenza or related diseases. By 1929, the population became too small to sustain a village, and most of the remaining residents, including Peter and his father Nikolai, moved to Kenai. Peter wrote many of the sukdu -- traditional stories -- of the Kenai Dena'ina. He authored three books, taught Dena'ina languages classes and gave numerous presentations to school groups and community organizations about Dena'ina language and lore. Among many honors given to him over the years were CIRI Shareholder of the Year, 1990; and Alaska Federation of Natives Citizens of the Year, 1990. Benny Benson is born at Chignik. His mother was of Aleut-Russian descent and his father was a Swedish fisherman who came to Alaska in 1904. When he was four, Benny and his younger brother and sister were left motherless when Mrs. Benson died of pneumonia. Benny entered the Jesse Lee Memorial Home at Unalaska in the Aleutian Islands. Benson developed the design of the Alaska Flag -- with its "eight stars of gold on a field of blue." The flag depicts the Big Dipper and the North Star. He died July 2, 1972. Toghotthele Corporation, the village corporation for Nenana in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. The state's record for rainfall is set when 15.20 inches of rain fall in 24 hours in Angoon. The Kijik Archeological District National Historic Landmark is designated by the Secretary of the Department of the Interior. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 nationally are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Interior Secretary designates National Historic Landmarks to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. The selection of the Kijik Archeological District near Port Alsworth and abandoned in 1912, honors the Dena'ina Athabaskan people. The Alaska Supreme Court hears the appeal filed by the State of Alaska and the Cook Inlet Region regarding the validity of the Cook Inlet Land Exchange. Two Russian ships, commanded by Grigorii Shelikhov, sail into Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island. The ships carry 130 well armed men and represent the first landfall by a Western force in the Alutiiq Nation. Amendments are passed to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act that correct and clarify gifting of Native stock and issuance of stock to Natives born after Dec. 18, 1971 and authorize a new location for pending Native allotments. The amendments also make technical corrections regarding the Chugach National Forest boundary, the Point Hope townsite and create a fund for the Haida Corporation, among others. - 64 - October 14, 1999 October 15, 1914 October 15, 1923 October 15, 1938 October 15, 1973 October 16, 1972 October 17, 1969 October 17, 1972 October 18, 1867 October 18, 1966 October 18, 1969 October 19, 1966 October 20, 1971 October 21, 1929 Events in Alaska Native History Gov. Tony Knowles issues a proclamation stating that November 1999 will be "Alaska Native Heritage Month." In the proclamation, the governor points out that Alaska Natives continue to make “extraordinary contributions working with other Alaskans to further strengthen our state. From the boardroom to the whaling vessel, from elected and appointed positions throughout state and local government to tribal leadership positions, from cities to the state's smallest villages, Alaska Natives continue to make significant positive contributions to Alaska." Katherine S. Nicolie is born in Talkeetna. A CIRI elder, Nicolie was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. The first Alaska Natives to be trained as ministerial candidates in the Presbytery of the Yukon are named. They include Robert Ikkok, Andrew Akootchook, Percy Ipalook and Roy Ahmaogak. Ikkok's name was later dropped. Akootchook was ordained as an elder in July 1924 and worked at Barter Island until his death. Ipalook was appointed to the church at Wales and also served on St. Lawrence Island from 1934 to 1945. Ahmaogak was ordained at Barrow June 3, 1947, and served at Wainwright until he began his work on the translation of the New Testament into Inupiaq. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Organized Village of Kasaan. The first meeting of Shishmaref Native Corporation board is held. The longest, most intensive and most sophisticated search ever conducted in Alaska begins after the disappearance of a chartered Cessna 310, carrying Representative Nick Begich and House Majority Leader Hale Boggs. The plane was enroute from Anchorage to Juneau. Begich played a key role in the U.S. House of Representatives in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Hearings in Fairbanks before the Subcommittee on Indian Affairs of the Committee on the Interior of Insular Affairs of the U.S. House of Representatives, 91st Congress. Testimony was sought on Alaska Native land claims legislation, H.R. 13142, H.R. 10193 and H.R. 14212. Eklutna, Inc., the village corporation for the Cook Inlet Region village of Eklutna, becomes incorporated. The USS Ossipee, under command of Captain George F. Emmons, U.S. Navy, steams into Sitka harbor at 1100 hours. At 1530 hours, Capt. Pestchouroff gives the signal to lower the Russian flag. George Rousseau, 15-year-old son of General Rousseau, assisted by a midshipman, raises the Stars and Stripes to the head of the staff. According to one account, Tlingits who lived in the "Indian" part of town left in their canoes and watched the descending and ascending flags from the water. They "listened unmoved," to the cannon fire and then left quietly. First meeting to create Alaska Federation of Natives draws 300 people from around the state. The meeting is called the first Statewide Native Conference, and it is held in Anchorage through October 22. A hearing is held in Anchorage before the Subcommittee on Indian Affairs of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the House of Representatives, 91st Congress. Testimony was sought on Alaska Native land claims legislation, H.R. 13142, H.R. 10193, and H.R. 14212. Nick Gray gives his last speech before his death. The House Alaska Native land claims bill, managed by Rep. Wayne Aspinall, is adopted by a vote of 334-63. President Hoover signs an Executive Order removing 50,000 acres from the eastern edge of Elim's 316,000-acre reservation. Elim's reservation had been created by an Executive Order on Jan. 3, 1917. The Inupiaq residents of Elim claimed for many years after that the land was unfairly removed from their reservation in 1929. On Oct. 20, 1999, the U.S. House Resources Committee approved legislation to give the village the right to select 50,000 acres of new land. Although the committee's action was not the final step in the process, it was the first major breakthrough the village had seen. -65- Events in Alaska Native History October 21,1967 The constitution and bylaws are adopted for the Alaska Federation of Natives. October 22, 1889 — Unalakleet church records show that a school is begun for the first time when 20 boys and nine girls get "new names and some clean clothes and promised to wash their faces every morning," according to Dorothy Jean Ray. October 22,1930 — Executive Order 5470 establishes Nunivak Island Refuge for musk ox, birds, and fur-bearing animals. The refuge is put under the management of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Years later, during Senate hearings February 8 to 10, 1968, in Alaska, George King of Nunivak Island, offers testimony describing the difficulties created by the designation of the refuge. "It is hard for us to understand why the government reserves all of Nunivak Island for the animals and left none of it for the people. In other words, the birds, reindeer, and musk ox have preference rights. The government has said time and again that they will not disturb the Native people of Alaska in the use of their lands. In our case they have completely deprived us of all of our land. As it now stands, we cannot hunt the reindeer except by permit and we are not allowed to pick the wool of the musk ox," he said. (After King's testimony, Alaska Senator Gruening promised to immediately look into the matter of the prohibition against wool gathering upon his return to Washington.) October 22,1987 Senator Ted Stevens offers a tribute in the U.S. Senate to the Tundra Times on its 25th Anniversary. October 22,1992 Walter U'eldahwdi'aasen Charley dies. He was born at Wood Camp, Copper Center, on February 24, 1908. Charley was a past Officer and Board member of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, Camp 31, Ahtna 'T'Aene Nene, Copper River Native Association and Ahtna, Inc. According to the Ahtna, Inc., 25th Anniversary publication, Charley not only shared his knowledge and skills as a leader, but worked with the young leaders who appreciate him greatly. October 23, 1939 —_ Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Hoonah Indian Association. October 23, 1975 For the first time since the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, the Alaska Federation of Natives convention opens with participation from all 12 regions within Alaska. Arctic Slope Regional Corporation announced its decision to rejoin AFN within days of the convention. ASRC had withdrawn from AFN at the time ANCSA was passed. The Aleut Corporation also had withdrawn, and already had rejoined by the time ASRC rejoined. October 23, 1985 Hector Ewan dies. Ewan served as an Officer and Board Member of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, Camp 31, Ahtna 'T'Aene Nene, and Ahtna, Inc. He was born Dec. 23, 1932. According to the 25th anniversary publication of Ahtna, Inc., Ewan was "perhaps the strongest advocate for the Ahtna people." October 24,1977 The U.S. Supreme Court upholds a lower court's one-year ban on bowhead whale hunting by Alaska Natives. October 24,1979 — The film, "Spirit of the Wind," premiers in Fairbanks. The movie was based on the life of Alaskan dog musher George Attla, an Athabascan. Pious Savage starred in the lead role. It was produced and directed by Ralph Liddle and John Logue, both of Juneau. The film received excellent reviews at the Cannes Film Festival in France. It also was shown at the Northwest Film Festival in Seattle, where it received a five-minute standing ovation. The film was produced by Raven Pictures, a subsidiary of Doyon Ltd. October 25, 1741 Vitus Bering sights an island and names it St. Markiana (St. Makarius). The book, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, notes that some sources believe the island was Kiska Island. Others have suggested it was Amchitka Island. Kiska was a name used by the early Russians, with a possible Aleut meaning of "gut." October 25,1973 The Tatitlek Corporation, the village corporation for the Chugach Region village of Tatitlek, becomes incorporated. October 25, 1977 In the wake of the ban on bowhead whale hunting, the National Marine Fisheries Service announces that police patrols will be beefed up along Alaska's Arctic Coast. ee ee - 66- Events in Alaska Native History October 26, 1882 = The U.S. Navy shells, then burns, the village of Angoon. The incident occurred as a result of the dispute between the villagers and the Killisnoo whaling station operators over the accidental death a local shaman who was killed when a whaling gun exploded. The villagers demanded restitution in the form of Hudson Bay blankets. The whaling station operators responded by asking the Navy to suppress the "Tlingit rebellion." Six children died in the attack. The Navy burned to the ground the property not destroyed by the shelling, including food the villagers gathered and dried for the coming winter. Only five houses were left standing. (The Government settled out of court 89 years later and paid the community $90,000 dollars.) October 26, 1901 Parascovia Valun Rickteroff Roehl is born at Old Iliamna. A CIRI elder, Roehl was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. October 26,1945 —_ Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Deering. October 27,1778 | Captain James Cook leaves Unalaska to return to the Hawaiian Islands. Two years earlier, the British Admiralty instructed Cook and Captain Charles Clerke to proceed to the northwest coast of North America and from there north in an attempt to find a passage by sea from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Cook commanded the Resolution, and Clerke, the Discovery. The ships sailed from England to the Cape of Good Hope, then to New Zealand, Tahiti, the Hawaiian Islands and Nootka Sound in Vancouver Island. From March to October 1778, Cook cruised northward and westward along the North American coast to Icy Cape in the Arctic Ocean. He sketched the chief outlines of the coast, heretofore practically unknown outside of Alaska, during these voyages. He was killed on February 14, 1779, by Hawaiians. October 27,1973 Willie Hensley announces his intention to resign as president of the Alaska Federation of Natives during the AFN's board meeting. Hensley, who at the time is serving as a state senator from Kotzebue, told the board he was leaving for personal reasons. However, he said he had made a commitment to AFN to serve for one year and that he had fulfilled his pledge. Hensley became president of AFN in September 1972, replacing Don Wright of Nenana, who was president of AFN when the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act passed in 1971. October 27,1975 —_ The First International Conference of Indigenous Peoples opens in British Columbia, drawing Native people from the United States, Canada, Greenland, South America, Australia and new Zealand. The only Alaskan to attend is Inupiaq Eskimo Billy Neakok. Neakok said afterwards that Native people throughout the world share worries and concerns. He also said those attending were anxious to hear about the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. October 28, 1988 | Two stranded gray whales leave Barrow following an international rescue effort that draws worldwide attention. Barrow Inupiaq are instrumental in the effort to free the whales. October 29,1918 Juneau is quarantined to help prevent the spread of Spanish influenza. The flu spread throughout the world, killing millions. Many Alaska Natives were hit by the epidemic. October 29,1976 —_ Four villages in the Doyon Region sign a consolidation agreement to merge and become MTNT, Ltd. The villages include McGrath (Chamai, Inc.), Takotna (Gold Creek, Ltd.), Nikolai (Don Lee, Inc.), and Telida (Seseui, Inc.). October 30,1974 President Gerald Ford vetoes a bill designed to protect the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and other wildlife preserves from pipeline construction and other industrial uses. October 31,1985 | Atqasuk Corporation, the village corporation for Atqasuk in the Arctic Slope Region, becomes incorporated. November 01,1971 The Senate Alaska Native land claims bill managed by Senator Henry M. Jackson passes the Senate by a vote of 76-5. The bill will become the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, signed by President Nixon December 18, 1971. November 01, 1973 Sea Lion Corporation, the village corporation for Hooper Bay in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. a SSS SS -67- November 01, 1973 November 01, 1973 November 01, 1973 November 01, 1973 November 01, 1973 November 02, 1966 November 02, 1982 November 03, 1903 November 03, 1972 November 03, 1978 November 04, 1912 November 04, 1924 November 05, 1912 SSS SE SS SS Events in Alaska Native History Tulkisarmute Incorporated, the village corporation for Tuluksak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. Qinarmiut Corporation, the village corporation for Tuntutuliak in the Calista Region, becomes incorporated. Nerklikmute Native Corporation, the village corporation for Andreafski in the Calista Region, is incorporated. Andreafski is located within St. Mary's. Maserculiq, Inc., the village corporation for the Calista Region village of Marshall, becomes incorporated. Napaskiak Incorporated, the village corporation for Napaskiak in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. Congress enacts the Fur Seal Act of 1966 (80 Stat.1091) to prohibit the taking of fur seals and sea otters. Exceptions are authorized for Indians, Aleuts and Eskimos who live on the coasts of the North Pacific Ocean. In addition, the statute provides for the Secretary of the Interior to continue to administer the Pribilof Islands as a special reservation for the purpose of conserving, managing and protecting the North Pacific fur seal and other wildlife and to provide the Pribilof Island people with facilities, services and equipment. Bill Sheffield is elected as the State of Alaska's sixth governor. The Native vote is critical in Sheffield's victory over Tom Fink. Also on the ballot in the election was a ballot initiative aimed at repealing the subsistence preference for rural Alaskans in the taking of fish and game. The initiative was defeated 58 percent to 42 percent. Sheffield had sided with rural Alaskans in supporting a subsistence preference and opposing the initiative, while Fink had supported the anti-subsistence initiative. Nick Greenolf Elxnit is born in Kodiak. A CIRI elder, Elxnit moved to Seldovia with his family in 1913. He remained there except for a few years spent in Ninilchik. He was among 23 Native elders featured in the oral history book, Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. Seldovia Native Association, the village corporation for Seldovia in the Cook Inlet Region, becomes incorporated. Alaska Peninsula Corporation, a corporation of five merged villages in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. The villages include Kokhanok, Newhalen, Port Heiden, South Naknek and Ugashik. The Alaska Native Brotherhood is established. The men who initiated the organization met on November 4-5 in Juneau at the Native Church. On the Sth, they decided on the purpose and some of the membership requirements. Peter Simpson of Sitka was elected as President and Frank Mercer was elected Secretary. According to John Hope's history of the ANB, Ralph Young, in recounting the meeting for the Voice of the Brotherhood, credited Frank Mercer with the creation of the name, "Alaska Native Brotherhood." William Paul, Tlingit, is elected as a Republican to the Alaska Territorial House of Representatives. An attorney, Paul was the first Alaska Native elected to the Alaska Territorial Legislature. He was living in Ketchikan at the time of his election. He defeated James J. Connors, a Democrat, by 34 votes. Connors outpolled Paul in Juneau and Ketchikan, and Paul beat Connors in Sitka, Wrangell, Chilkat, Hoonah, Yakutat, Kake, Craig, Metlakatla, Klawock, Killisnoo, Angoon, Kasaan and Hydaburg. He was born May 7, 1885. The Alaska Native Brotherhood meets for the second day in its first ever meeting. Meeting in Juneau, they decided on the purpose and some of the membership requirements. Peter Simpson of Sitka was elected as President and Frank Mercer was elected Secretary. According to John Hope's history of the ANB, Ralph Young, in recounting the meeting for the Voice of the Brotherhood, credited Frank Mercer with the creation of the name, "Alaska Native Brotherhood." - 68 - November 05, 1990 November 06, 1950 November 06, 1952 November 07, 1922 November 07, 1973 November 08, 1936 November 08, 1972 November 08, 1978 November 09, 1973 November 09, 1973 November 09, 1973 November 09, 1973 November 09, 1973 Events in Alaska Native History Language is included in the appropriations act for the Department of Defense for the Fiscal Year ending Sept. 30, 1991, to further implement the Cook Inlet Region, Inc., Land Exchange of 1976 to ensure fairness in obtaining federal property. David Pall, president of the Tanacross Village Council, signs a petition to the Secretary of Indian Affairs for land claims filed for the United Crow Band. Chief Andrew Isaac of Tanacross referred to the petition in testimony to the U.S. Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affair on April 29, 1971. The United Crow Band included all Athabaskan Indians of the Watershed of the Tanana River from Big Delta up to the Canadian Border and the Watershed of the Forty-Mile River, including the villages of Healy Lake, Dot Lake, Mansfield, Tanacross, Tetlin, Northway, Eagle and Mentasta. Robert Woodhead is born in Anchorage. Woodhead was elected to the CIRI Board of Directors in 1989 and served from 1989 until 1995, then from 1996 to the present. In 2000, he was appointed as Chairman of the Board and currently serves in that capacity. Woodhead's parents were Wayne John and Ella Oskolkoff Woodhead. Woodhead's mother, Ella Woodhead, is from Ninilchik. Woodhead spent a great deal of time in the village when he was young, and he continues to have a deep-rooted commitment to the village. He has held leadership positions for the Ninilchik Native Association, Inc., and continues to play and active role in the village corporation. Eben Hopson is born in Barrow to Al and Maggie Hopson. Hopson was instrumental in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, the creation of the North Slope Borough and the Inuit Circumpolar Conference. He was the first Executive Director of the Arctic Slope Native Association, which helped launch the land claims movement. Cape Krusenstern Archeological District National Historic Landmark is designated by the Secretary of the Department of the Interior. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 nationally are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Interior Secretary designates National Historic Landmarks to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. The Cape Krusenstern Archeological District near Kotzebue commemorates the marine beach ridges associated with every major cultural period in Arctic history. The area has been occupied from 9000 BC to the present. Jerry Riley, An Athabascan Indian from Nenana, is born. Riley won the fourth ever Iditarod race which started March 6, 1976. He finished the race in 18 days, 22 hours, 58 minutes, and 17 seconds. He received prize money in the amount of $7,200. Ninilchik Natives Association, Inc., the village corporation for Ninilchik in the Cook Inlet Region, is incorporated. The Indian Child Welfare Act is enacted. The act gives Indian tribes exclusive judrisdiction over Indian child custody proceedings. In the adoptive placement of an Indian child, preference is given to a member of the child's extended family, other families of the child's tribe or other Indian families. Huna Totem Corporation, the village corporation for Hoonah in Southeast Alaska, becomes incorporated. Kake Tribal Corporation, the village corporation for Kake in Southeast Alaska, becomes incorporated. Kootznoowoo Incorporated, the village corporation for Angoon in Southeast Alaska, becomes incorporated with 629 shareholders. Initially, the corporation received about $3.3 million in funds from the federal government. It was also entitled to select 23, 040 acres of land in the Angoon area. Klawock Heenya Corporation, the village corporation for Klawock in Southeast Alaska, becomes incorporated. Chaluka Corporation, the village corporation for Nikolski in the Aleut Region, becomes officially incorporated. SS - 69 - November 09, 1973 November 09, 1973 November 10, 1939 November 10, 1973 November 10, 1998 November 11, 1952 November 12, 1912 November 12, 1974 November 12, 1980 November 13, 1973 Events in Alaska Native History Atxam Corporation, village corporation for Atka in the Aleut Region, becomes incorporated. Russian Mission Native Corporation, the village corporation for Russian Mission in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. Nelson Charles, a Native man convicted of murdering his mother-in-law while he was intoxicated, is executed by hanging in Juneau. Although it is not certain whether Charles was an Alaska Native, the Alaska Native Brotherhood filed a petition with the court on his behalf. Charles was believed to be a Native from the Puget Sound area. He was one of eight men executed in Alaska between 1900 and 1957, the year the state's death penalty was abolished. Writing in the Alaska Justice Forum in 1996, Averil Lerman, posed questions about the Charles case: Would Charles have been in a different position if the jury, the prosecutor, the defense attorney, and the judge had not all come from the white Alaska population? Lerman noted that the Alaska Native Brotherhood petition filed on behalf of Nelson Charles suggests that, in the Indian community, Charles was condemned for his crime, but was also recognized as a man who was valued and respected when he was not "poisoned by drink." Arctic Village and Venetie shareholders vote by overwhelming majorities to take title to their land on the 1.4-million-acre Chandalar revoked reserve in the Doyon Region. In Arctic Village the vote is 129 for and three against; in Venetie, the total is 127 for and six against. As a result of the voting, the villages and their shareholders will have both surface and subsurface title to the land encompassing their former reserves, but will not receive any other benefits under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. American Indian and Alaska Native military veterans are honored by the Defense Department in a ceremony in honor of Veterans Day and Native American Heritage Month. The ceremony features performances by military veterans from the Sitka Tribe of Alaska and pays special tribute to the Navajo Code Talkers, who played a key role with the Marine Corps in the Pacific Theatre of Operations during World War II. The ceremony follows the October 1, 1998, release of a new Department of Defense policy to guide interactions with the federally recognized tribes. The policy establishes a foundation for developing and strengthening relationships with tribal nations. It is designed to enhance understanding and cooperation between tribal nations and the Defense Department. Among those speaking at the ceremony are Robert "Red Hawk" Bucholz, a member of the Mdewankanton Band of the Santee Tribe of the Dakota Nation, and Lynn G. Cutler, deputy assistant to the President for Intergovernmental A ffairs. Thomas M. Stroman is born. He served intermittent terms as President of the Kenai Natives Association, Inc., from 1994 to 1997. Peter Simpson and Frank Mercer join three white teachers in a letter to the Commissioner of Education which requests citizenship for Alaska Indians, recommends compulsory education and protests the use of fish traps in Southeast Alaska. A storm destroys all of the fishing camps at Nuk near Nome and at other places along the coast in the heart of the Bering Strait region. Nuk was a sprawling aggregate of summer fishng camps where, according to Dorothy Jean Ray, "hundreds of house depressions in the earth remind one of villages long dead. Ray's notes that the gravel road that parallels the beach from Nome to Nuk cuts into the profile of Cape Nome above the old site of Ayasayuk, a once-prosperous village on the edge of a bountiful sea where Eskimos used to hunt white whales, walrus and seals. The U.S. House of Representatives adopts the Senate version of the what would become the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 on December 2. ANILCA is in effect an amendment to the Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act because Section 17(d )(2) of ANCSA had called for the Interior Secretary to withdraw up to 80 million acres of public lands in Alaska for parks, forests and refuges. Cape Fox Corporation, the village corporation for Saxman in the Sealaska region, becomes incorporated. -70- November 13, 1973 November 13, 1973 November 13, 1973 November 13, 1973 November 13, 1973 November 13, 1973 November 14, 1908 November 14, 1945 November 14, 1973 November 14, 1975 November 15, 1939 November 15, 1976 November 16, 1961 November 16, 1978 November 16, 1979 Events in Alaska Native History Kavilco Incorporated, the village corporation for Kasaan in Southeast Alaska, becomes officially incorporated. Haida Corporation, the village corporation for Hydaburg in Southeast Alaska, becomes incorporated. Elim village shareholders vote by an overwhelming majority to take title to their reserve land on the 316,000-acre revoked reserve in the Bering Straits Region. The results of the vote are 198 voting in favor and three against. As a result of the voting, the village and its shareholders will have both surface and subsurface title to the land encompassing their former reserves, but will not receive any other benefits under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Klukwan, Inc., the village corporation for Klukwan in Southeast Alaska, becomes incorporated. Shaan-Seet, Inc., the village corporation for Craig in Southeast Alaska, is incorporated. Yak-Tat Kwaan Incorporated, the village corporation for Yakutat in Southeast Alaska, becomes incorporated. Tlingit leader Walter Soboleff is born in Killisnoo, a village in Southeast Alaska. His parents are Anna Hunter Soboleff, Shaaxeidi Tlaa, a Tlingit, and Alexander (Sasha) Soboleff, who was of Russian and German ancestry. An important Tlingit leader and spokesperson, Soboleff became a minister and served for 22 years at Memorial Presbyterian Church in Juneau. He also has been active in the Alaska Native Brotherhood for many years. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after a trip to Alaska, gives a radio talk in which he invites all discharged servicemen to come to the Territory and seek their fortunes. Roosevelt disregards Alaska Natives living in the state and raises no concern about what effect people moving into the state would have on the indigenous people. Newtok Native Corporation, Incorporated, the village corporation for Newtok in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. A summary judgement is issued determining the eligibility of Salamatof and Alexander Creek as villages. U.S. District Judge Gerald Gesell issued the order after reviewing the village cases. This action reversed the 1974 decision of the Department of the Interior on both villages which had ruled them as ineligible to be villages. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Angoon Community Association. MINT Limited, the village corporation of four merged villages within the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. The villages include McGrath, Nikolai, Takotna and Telida. The first Inupiat Paitot meeting opens in Barrow. Inupiat Paitot -- The People Speak -- is held for three days to bring together for the first time in history representatives of Eskimo communities throughout Alaska. The key issue at the first meeting is the proposed Project Chariot project, which called for using a nuclear explosion to blast a new harbor at Cape Thompson near Point Hope. Guy Okakok of Barrow is elected the first president. Interior Secretary Cecil Andrus exercises authority under Section 204(e) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act to withdraw 105 million acres of federal land in Alaska for a three-year period. Alexander Creek, Incorporated, the village corporation for Alexander Creek in the Cook Inlet Region, becomes incorporated. -71- Events in Alaska Native History November 16, 1990 President Bush signs the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (P.L. 101-601). The law establishes requirements for the treatment of Native American human remains and sacred or cultural objects found on federal land. It calls for federal agencies and museums that receive federal funds to consult with Indian tribes, Alaska Native entities, and Native Hawaiian organizations regarding the proper care and disposition of Native American human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural heritage. According to the law, by November 16, 1995, Federal agencies in possession of any such remains or objects are required to issue an inventory of any human remains or funerary objects. November 17, 1896 The post office of Tyonek is established on Cook Inlet, and the village is originally named "Tyoonok." In 1905, the name would be changed to Tyonek. The Tyonek Reservation was created in 1915, and the village eventually was awarded $12.7 million in oil lease sales in the mid-1960's. Villagers became a model for the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act when they developed a program for spending the money, including road and airstrip improvements, as well as health and welfare projects and a "family improvement plan" authorizing up to $40,000 per family. In addition, Tyonek played a critical role in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. According to Fred T. Bismark, a Tyonek leader who was featured in Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation, the village granted $150,000 to the Alaska Federation of Natives in the late 1960s. The village also loaned the new organization $100,000 to be used in the land claims fight. November 17, 1961 The first Inupiat Paitot meeting opens for the second day in Barrow. Inupiat Paitot -- The People Speak -- is held for three days to bring together for the first time in history representatives of Eskimo communities throughout Alaska. The key issue at the first meeting is the proposed Project Chariot project, which called for using a nuclear explosion to blast a new harbor at Cape Thompson near Point Hope. November 18, 1923 Ted Stevens is born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Stevens was appointed to the U.S. Senate in 1968 and was elected in 1970 and then served for many years after subsequent elections. He was instrumental in the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. In addition, he has been involved in all major amendments made to the act since its passage. November 18, 1961 The first Inupiat Paitot meeting opens for the third day in Barrow. Inupiat Paitot -- The People Speak -- is held for three days to bring together for the first time in history representatives of Eskimo communities throughout Alaska. The key issue at the first meeting is the proposed Project Chariot project, which called for using a nuclear explosion to blast a new harbor at Cape Thompson near Point Hope. Guy Okakok of Barrow is elected the first president. November 18, 1974 The Chenega Corporation, the village corporation for Chenega in the Chugach Region, becomes incorporated. November 19, 1969 Bethel residents vote to close down the community's only liquor store. November 19,1975 The Bureau of Indian Affairs holds an informational meeting in Seattle to discuss the creation of The 13th Region. The BIA states that only adult Alaska Natives enrollees whose permanent residence was outside Alaska as of April 1, 1970, would have a chance to elect to enroll in the region. November 20, 1991 Bristol Bay Native Corporation Education Foundation becomes incorporated. November 20, 1997 The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service announces that congressional approval of amendments to migratory bird treaties with Canada and Mexico will provide fairness in the regulation of waterfowl harvests to Alaska's and Canada's indigenous people. The 1916 Migratory Bird Convention with Canada and a similar treaty between the United States and Mexico signed in 1936 provided protection for all species of migratory birds in North American, but they barred migratory bird hunting between March 10 and September 1. The prohibition failed to take into account traditional harvests of migratory birds by northern indigenous people. The spring and summer harvests have gone on for centuries and in many cases the birds are a vital food source. The amendments will allow the United States and Canada to recognize and cooperatively manage these subsistence hunts with Native people. es =72- Events in Alaska Native History November 21, 1914 Executive Order No. 2089 establishes the withdrawal of 144,000 acres at Noorvik on the Kobuk River for the Native people there. The action is undertaken under the 1910 authority granted to the President to make Executive Order withdrawals for "the Natives of the indigenous Alaskan race." November 21, 1977 Doyon Ltd. and Louisiana Land & Exploration Company abandon plans for a fourth exploratory well in the Kandik Basin (northeast of Fairbanks) after the first three yielded nothing. November 22,1917 The Mountain Village reserve of 1,280 acres is created by Executive Order. November 22,1972 The Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, Inc., the nonprofit organization for The Aleut Region, becomes incorporated. November 23, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Nome Eskimo Community. November 23, 1988 Congress enacts amendments to the Fur Seal Act of 1966 (Nov. 2) to authorize appropriations through Fiscal Year 1990 to fund the St. Paul Island Trust and the St. George Trust. November 24, 1929 Don Wright, third president of the Alaska Federation of Natives, is born in Nenana. Wright was president of AFN in 1971 when the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act passed, and he was an early leader in the Cook Inlet Native Association. Wright is a CIRI shareholder. November 24, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Elim. November 24, 1941 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Douglas Indian Association. November 25, 1934 Eli Katanook dies of pneumonia at the approximate age of 50. According to Nora Marks Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer, he was one of the first formally educated Tlingits. His family belonged to the Orthodox Church in Killisnoo, and when Eli was 12, he went away to the Russian school in Sitka. He was a multi-talented person and traveled widely, including a tour of the United States with the Metropolitan Opera Company. He lived in New York, and according to a nephew, he was a member of the New York Symphony Orchestra and played the violin. He also was a fisherman and was the first schoolteacher in Angoon. He served as the first mayor of Angoon and wrote a progressive set of town laws and ordinances for Angoon Indian village. When he lived in Juneau from about 1914 to 1917 he became active in the civil rights movement. He is buried in Angoon. November 26, 1900 Nick Gray, who was instrumental in the creation of the Alaska Federation of Natives, is born on the Seward Peninsula. Gray was among those who started the Cook Inlet Native Association, the Fairbanks Native Association and others. November 27, 1911 Haidas found the village of Hydaburg in Southeast Alaska. During the mid- to late 1700s, Haida Indians migrated to Prince of Wales, a predominantly Tlingit area, from Graham Island in the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, according to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development. In 1911, three Haida villages combined at the present site (Sukkwan, Howkan and Klinkwan) for their children to attend school; it was designated as the Hydaburg Indian Reservation in 1912. The new village established a trading company, store and sawmill. However, the villagers were never comfortable with the arrangement, and at their request in 1926, the land was restored to its former status as part of the Tongass National Forest. A total of 189 acres of the land were reserved for the school and townsite disposals. The first fish processing plant opened in 1927, and three other canneries operated through the 1930s. When the Indian Reorganization Act was amended in 1936 to include Alaska Natives, Hydaburg became the first village in Alaska to form an IRA Council. November 27, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Tyonek. November 27, 1972 Salamatof Native Association, Inc., the village corporation for Salamatof, becomes incorporated. SNA was later de-certified as an Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act village and then reinstated in 1975. -73- Events in Alaska Native History November 28, 1922 Stella Martin, the daughter of Charles and Annie Johnson, is born in Kake. Mrs. Martin has been an important Tlingit spokesperson and has held leadership positions in the Alaska Native Sisterhood and the Sealaska Heritage Foundation. She was a close friend of Native rights advocate Elizabeth Peratrovich. November 28, 1973 The Tundra Times reports that Don Wright, who served as the third president of the Alaska Federation of Natives, outlined a land giveaway as part of his platform in the 1974 governor's race. Wright promised every Alaska citizen 160 acres of land if he were elected governor of Alaska. Wright, who was president of AFN at the time the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was passed in 1971, had a platform that included an end to state income taxes, free college education, free hospitalization to Alaskans and an end to "exploitation of resources" by large businesses and foreign governments. November 28, 1975 Ahtna Development Corporation is formed to construct and operate Ahtna Lodge. November 29, 1953 The Anchorage Medical Center of the Alaska Native Service officially opens amid a lot of local fanfare. Both The Anchorage Daily News and the Anchorage Daily Times provided extensive coverage the previous day. November 30, 1900 Howkan Haida villagers organize the first local Native government. On this date, those attending a mass meeting at the village adopt a constitution providing for a city council, street commissioner, school board, village police and a village clerk. In 1911, three Haida villages combined at the present site of Hydaburg (Sukkwan, Howkan and Klinkwan) for their children to attend school. November 30, 1949 Interior Secretary Julius A. Krug, on his last day in office, signs the order to establish the Hydaburg Indian Reservation of 100,000 acres. In addition, he signs orders for large reservations at Barrow and Shungnak. On April 24, 1950, the Hydaburg people voted in favor of the reservation, while the Barrow and Shungnak reservations were voted down by the people. The Hydaburg reservation was invalidated in 1952. November 30, 1972 Brevig Mission Native Corporation, the village corporation for Brevig Mission, becomes incorporated. November 30, 1972 Teller Native Corporation, the Native village corporation for Teller in the Bering Straits Region, becomes incorporated. November 30, 1972 Sivuqug, Inc., the corporation for Gambell becomes incorporated. Gambell was one of seven villages which opted to obtain only land under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Elim, Tetlin and Klukwan each selected their own former reserves and obtained full title (both surface and subsurface estate) to their former reserve lands, giving up all other benefits under the ANCSA, including the cash benefits. Gambell and Savoonga, which share the former St. Lawrence island Reserve, also participated in this manner, as did Arctic Village and Venetie, which share the former Venetie Reserve. Klukwan shareholders later changed their minds and opted to participate in ANCSA as a village corporation in the Sealaska Region. Village corporations received only surface estate, and the subsurface estate went to the respective regional corporations. (See Oct. 21, 1929, for creation of the reserve.) November 30, 1973 Chignik Lagoon Native Corporation, the Native village corporation for Chignik Lagoon in the Bristol Bay Region, becomes incorporated. December 01, 1958 Death of Alaska Native rights advocate Elizabeth Wanamaker Peratrovich. She was born in Petersburg. Her Tlingit name was Kaaxgal.aat. She was of the Lukaax.adi clan of the Raven moiety. As Grand Camp President of the Alaska Native Sisterhood, Elizabeth provided the crucial testimony that culminated in the Anti-Discrimination Bill of 1945. -74- Events in Alaska Native History December 01, 1978 President Carter withdraws by proclamation (under the Antiquities Act of June 8, 1906) more than 55 million acres of Alaska land and designates it as 17 national monuments to be administered by the National Park Service, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Forest Service. The withdrawal is to implement Section 17(d)2 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. In ANCSA, Congress authorized the withdrawal of up to 80 million acres for addition to or creation as units of the National Park, Forest, Wildlife Refuge and Wild and Scenic Rivers Systems. December 02, 1980 The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act is signed into law by President Jimmy Carter. ANILCA, as it came to be known, is in effect an amendment to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act because Section 17(d)(2) of ANCSA had called for the Interior Secretary to withdraw up to 80 million acres of public lands in Alaska for parks, forests and refuges. December 02, 1998 Afognak Native Corporation receives the Outstanding Enhancement of Cultural Tourism from the Alaska Land managers Forum. The award recognized Dig Afognak, which officially opened July 15, 1994, as part of a community-wide effort to regain, restore, and carry forward the light of people's culture. Archaeological research in the Kodiak Archipelago began in earnest following the Exxon- Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound in 1989. With the cleanup of Alaskan shorelines following this disaster, many archaeological sites were being disturbed and valuable information lost. Initial excavations sponsored by university research programs discovered that here was a culture that was truly unique, and Dig Afognak was developed so that archaeologists could work side by side with the landowner and tourists were invited to assist. December 03, 1973 Morris Thompson is sworn in as Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. At the time, Thompson was 34 years old, the youngest ever BIA commissioner. December 03, 1979 Sealaska Timber Corporation is formed. December 04, 1947 Carl Huntington, an Athabascan Indian from the village of Galena, is born. Huntington won the second ever Iditarod race which started March 2, 1974. It took him 20 days, 15 hours, 1 minute, and 70 seconds. He received prize money in the amount of $12,000. December 04, 1972 Golovin Native Corporation, the Native village corporation for Golovin in the Bering Straits Region, becomes incorporated. December 05, 1927 Executive Order 4778 creates a reserve for Eklutna. Through a series of modifications over time, lands granted in the original reserve were reduced from 328,000 acres to 1,819 acres. Other executive orders included: Executive Order #6734 on June 8, 1938; a departmental order on Oct. 30, 1936; a departmental order on Dec. 18, 1942; and Public Land Order 2427 on July 5, 1961. December 05, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for Stebbins Community Association. December 05, 1941 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and bylaws are ratified for the Chilkoot Indian Association (Haines). December 06, 1960 The Arctic National Wildlife Range is created under Public Land Order 2216. The area is to be managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and encompasses 8.9 million acres of land. The order provides that the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to permit hunting and taking of game animals, birds and fish, as well as trapping of fur animals so long as the provisions of state law are observed. The name eventually will be changed to the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. December 06, 1973 Bean Ridge Corporation, the Native village corporation for Manley Hot Springs in the Doyon Region, becomes officially incorporated. December 06, 1973 Ohog Incorporated, the village corporation for Ohogamiut in the Calista region, becomes incorporated. December 06, 1973 Hungwitchin Corporation, the Native village corporation for Eagle in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. -75- Events in Alaska Native History December 07, 1941 The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, and the United States enters World War II. The date also marks the beginning of a program by the FBI to take individuals of Japanese ancestry into custody for questioning. By early 1942, Executive Order 9066 had gone into effect, and military authorities were authorized to exclude anyone from anywhere without trial or hearings. The order set the stage for the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans. Included among their numbers were Alaska Natives who had Japanese and Alaska Native parents. Also interned in camps during the war were Aleuts from Aleutian and Pribilof Island villages. December 08, 1897 Katherine Chichenoff is born. Chichenoff was the Kodiak Area Native Association spokesperson at congressional hearings in February 1968. December 09, 1973 Roger Lang is elected president of the Alaska Federation of Natives by the board of directors. Lang was serving as deputy director of the Alaska Native Foundation when he was elected to replace then- State Sen. Willie Hensley. At the time, only 10 regions were included in AFN because The Aleut Corp. and Arctic Slope Regional Corp. had withdrawn. Serving as AFN executive vice president under Hensley was John Shively, who continued under Lang. December 09, 1997 The Kake Cannery National Historic Landmark is designated by the Secretary of the Department of the Interior. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 nationally are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Interior Secretary designates National Historic Landmarks to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. The selection of the Kake Cannery honors the Alaska Native people of Southeastern Alaska, specifically the Tlingits of Kake. December 10, 1941 Unalakleet Reservation is organized under the authority of the 1936 Act extending the Indian Reorganization Act to Alaska and authorizing the Interior Secretary to designate lands as "Indian reservations." According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, archaeologists have dated house remnants along the beach ridge from 200 B.C. to 300 A.D. The name "Unalakleet" means "place where the east wind blows." Unalakleet has long been a major trade center as the terminus for the Kaltag Portage, an important winter travel route connecting to the Yukon River. Indians on the upper river were considered "professional" traders who had a monopoly on the Indian-Eskimo trade across the Kaltag Portage. The Russian-American Company built a post in the village in the 1830s. In 1898, reindeer herders from Lapland were brought to Unalakleet to establish sound herding practices. In 1901, the Army Signal Corps built over 605 miles of telegraph line from St. Michael to Unalakleet, over the Portage to Kaltag and Fort Gibbon. Unalakleet has a history of diverse cultures and trade activity. The local economy is the most active in Norton Sound, along with a traditional Unaligmiut Eskimo subsistence lifestyle. Fish, seal, caribou, moose and bear are utilized. The sale of alcohol is prohibited in the community, although importation and possession are allowed. December 10,1997 Arguments are made before the U.S. Supreme Court in the Venetie case in which the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals had upheld Venetie's "Indian Country" status. The State of Alaska appealed the Ninth Circuit Court decision, and on February 25, 1998, the Supreme Court ruled in the state's favor that Venetie is not "Indian Country." December 11, 1987 Death of well known Calista Region leader Eddie Hoffman. Yukon-Kuskokwim organizations declare this day Chiefs Day as a holiday in his remembrance. December 12, 1966 Kodiak Area Native Association, the nonprofit organization for the Koniag Region, becomes incorporated. December 12, 1968 The Bureau of Indian Affairs files an application for the withdrawal of all unreserved public lands in Alaska, pursuant to the provisions of the Pickett Act. December 12, 1972 King Cove Corporation, the village corporation for King Cove in the Aleut Region, becomes incorporated. -76 - December 13, 1971 December 14, 1898 December 14, 1971 December 14, 1973 December 15, 1931 December 16, 1981 December 17, 1973 December 17, 1974 December 18, 1971 December 18, 1972 December 18, 1972 December 18, 1997 December 19, 1944 Events in Alaska Native History AUS. Senate-House conference committee, after nine days of meetings, reports out its final bill entitled, "Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act." Only Representative John P. Saylor, R- Pennsylvania, refused to sign the conference report. The Chief of Hoonah makes a speech to the Governor of Alaska that marks the first evidence of problems between whites and Natives over the use of Glacier Bay resources. The Chief states: "We make our living by trapping and fishing and hunting, the white men take all these places away from us; they constantly interfere with us. And when we talk to those white men, they say the country does not belong to us, it belongs to Washington. We have nothing to do with that ground. All our people believe that Alaska is our country." The conference committee version of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act is adopted by the House by a vote of 307 to 60 and by the Senate by unanimous consent. On this date Senator Ted Stevens concludes his presentation before the U.S. Senate with this statement: "Mr. President, if I have any time remaining, I would like to point out that this represents the last settlement for any aboriginal group on a first-time basis. There have been treaties and there have been judicial settlements with other Indian groups, but this is the last of the great aboriginal claims that will be presented to the congress. This is a historic occasion." The Tyonek Native Corporation, the village corporation for Tyonek in the Cook Inlet Region, becomes incorporated. Elizabeth Wanamaker and Roy Peratrovich of Klawock are married in Bellingham, Washington. Both Native leaders, Elizabeth Peratrovich became well known for her outspoken advocacy of Native rights. As Grand Camp President of the Alaska Native Sisterhood, Elizabeth provided the crucial testimony that culminated in the Anti-Discrimination Bill of 1945. Roy Peratrovich served as a legislator and also a leader in the Alaska Native Brotherhood. Senator Henry M. Jackson delivers keynote address to the Alaska Federation of Natives Annual Convention, marking the 10th anniversary of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. ADD HIS QUOTE Calista Corp. stock rolls are certified by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The final roll was approved by the BIA on April 2, 1977. Cook Inlet Housing Authority (CIHA) is established. CIHA provides housing assistance to low- income Alaska Natives and Native Americans within the Cook Inlet region. CIHA also provides housing assistance, ranging from transitional housing for clients in Cook Inlet Tribal Council?s alcohol recovery program, to down payment assistance for individuals needing new homes. CIHA aims to plan and develop affordable housing programs that address the special needs of low-income families in order to provide self-sufficiency and alleviate homelessness for individuals living in the Cook Inlet region. Through its programs, CIHA provides housing assistance for elders, youth and families in crisis. The Elders Home Safety Program provides snow plowing and emergency services for elders and disabled clients. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act signed into law by President Nixon. The time period ends in which the State of Alaska has to take civil action contesting the authority of the United States to legislate on the subject matter or the legality of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. No action was taken, and the Act bars any such future complaint. Doyon, Ahtna and Cantwell shareholders meet. Doyon wanted Cantwell in their region, as did Ahtna. In the end, Ahtna prevailed. Sealaska purchases TriQuest Precision Plastics. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior approves the Corporate Charter of Metlakatla. -77- December 20, 1920 December 21, 1966 December 21, 1973 December 21, 1978 December 21, 1979 December 22, 1937 December 22, 1975 December 22, 1989 December 23, 1898 December 23, 1932 December 23, 1979 December 24, 1892 Events in Alaska Native History The famed mail steamer Dora is wrecked near Hardy Bay, Vancouver Island. Among those on board were Alice Larsen Nutbeem, who grew up at Unga in the Shumigan Islands, and her husband. They had recently been married and had moved to Seattle. They were returning to live in Alaska when the boat floundered. Mrs. Nutbeem, an Aleut who was born September 15, 1899, at Unga, is featured in Our Stories, Our Lives, published by The CIRI Foundation. The state director of the Bureau of Land Management in Alaska receives a letter from Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall explaining his "land freeze" policy in Alaska. The secretary's action to suspend land disposal in Alaska because of protests by Native groups had been taken in November. The letter to BLM stated: ". . . the Department's program continues to be to suspend only those actions and types of actions which are protested... ." Kwik, Incorporated, village corporation of Kwigillingok in the Calista Region, becomes officially incorporated. The U.S. Department of the Interior issues temporary regulations permitting subsistence hunting, fishing and trapping in 14 of the 15 national monuments created by President Jimmy Carter earlier in the month. The Alaska Supreme Court upholds the ritual potlatch when it reverses the conviction of a man who transported a moose out of season to a traditional funeral potlatch in Minto northwest of Fairbanks. U.S. Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes approves instructions developed by Indian Affairs Assistant Commissioner William Zimmerman that detail the methods of organization under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 that was amended in 1936 to include Alaska. The instructions were developed because implementing regulations were never promulgated or published for the 1936 provisions, according to Andrew John Hope, Jr. Hope noted that many communities organized under the IRA meet all standards of tribal status as far as recognition by the Secretary of the Interior. United Bank of Alaska, owned by CIRI, Bristol Bay, Calista, Doyon, Nana, and Ahtna, opens officially. In its first year of operation assets grew from $3 million to more than $30 million in 1976. The Alaska Supreme Court strikes down the state's 1986 subsistence statute as unconstitutional. The statute was aimed at a preference in the taking of fish and game to rural Alaskans in times of shortage. The ruling came in the McDowell V. State of Alaska case filed by Sam McDowell, who had been an ardent supporter of the 1982 Ballot Measure 7 to prohibit a subsistence preference in state law. Alfred Hopson is born at Point Barrow. Alfred Hopson is the father of Eben Hopson, an important Alaska Native leader. Hector Ewan is born in Copper Center. Ewan served as an Officer and Board Member of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, Camp 31, Ahtna 'T'Aene Nene, and Ahtna, Inc. He died October 23, 1985. According to the 25th anniversary publication of Ahtna, Inc., Ewan was "perhaps the strongest advocate for the Ahtna people." Markle Ninalnaelen Ewan, Sr. dies. He was born in Wood Camp, Copper Center, on March 15, 1918. He helped organize the first meeting of the Alaska Native Brotherhood Camp 31 in 1954 and later served as a Vice President. He also served as a Board Member and officer of Copper River Native Association and Ahtna, Inc. According to the Ahtna, Inc., 25th Anniversary publication, Ewan is among the great Ahtna leaders and the people will long remember him for his dedication to the preservation of Ahtna culture and land and his commitment to education. President Benjamin Harrison establishes the Afognak Forest & Fish Culture Reserve. The reserve is in effect the first national wildlife refuge, although the actual designation of such areas of federal land would not officially begin until 1903 with President Theodore Roosevelt. The creation of the Afognak Forest & Fish Culture Reserve prohibits commercial and subsistence fishing in the area. - 78 - December 24, 1916 December 24, 1917 December 24, 1982 December 25, 1905 December 26, 1923 December 26, 1973 December 26, 1973 December 26, 1973 December 26, 1973 December 26, 1973 December 27, 1844 December 27, 1906 December 27, 1977 December 27, 1979 December 28, 1939 Events in Alaska Native History Ulric Nayamin, traditional Chief and Native leader for Chevak, is born. According to Greg Slats, Manager of Chevak Company Corp., Ulric Nayamin was an important cultural leader in the community. He led people in Eskimo dancing, and often gave talks on traditional values at community gatherings. A young Inupiaq Eskimo returns to Wales after traveling to Nome. III with fever in his sled, his sled dogs brought him to the door of his home. Two days later, he died of "Spanish Influenza," an extremely virulent form of virus influenza that killed millions in other parts of the world. Within a week, 197 people from Wales had died, with many more becoming sick. Of Teller's Inupiat adult population, 199 died in the same time period. The U.S. Department of the Interior and Arctic Slope Regional Corporation sign an agreement in which the Interior Secretary "expressly determines that public lands within 75 miles of lands selected by Kuugpik (Kuukpik) have been opened for purposes of commercial development (rather than exploration) of oil or gas, and that. ..ASRC is entitled at its option to acquire by exchange the subsurface estate beneath the lands selected by Kuugpik that are within the NPR-A." Susie Barr, Kiana's last surviving resident of the abandoned Aksik settlement between Kiana and Noorvik, is born in 1905. Her recollections and those of other Kobuk River people were recorded in Inupiaq and translated for an oral history project. Emil Dolchok is born. A CIRI shareholder, Dolchok was named CIRI Shareholder of the Year in 1999 in recognition of his many efforts to foster appreciation of Athabascan cultural heritage and to pass on his cultural skills to the younger generation. He also was named Elder of the Year at the AFN Convention in 1999. Beaver Kwit'chin Corporation, the village corporation for Beaver in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. Danzhit Hanlaii Corporation, the Native village corporation for Circle in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. Dinyee Corporation, the village corporation for Stevens Village in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. Baan o Yeel Kon Corporation, the village corporation for Rampart in the Doyon Region, becomes incorporated. Tihteet' Aii, Inc., the village corporation for the Doyon Region village of Birch Creek, becomes incorporated. The "Mikhailovski-Kwihpah" mission is formally dedicated at Saint Michael. At first the plan was to make Saint Michael their headquarters with an option to move later to Ikogmiut (often spelled Ikogmut and later called Russian Mission) or elsewhere, but on January 30, 1845, Bishop Innokenty wrote that the mission headquarters were to be located on the Yukon River at 62 degrees north latitude and 161 degrees west longitude (at Ikogmiut) because the river had a much larger population than Saint Michael. Ray Wise (who later changed his last name to Mala) is born in Candle. He appeared in a number of motion pictures, including "Eskimo" and "Igloo." His mother was Eskimo, and his father was of Russian-Eskimo background. He moved to Hollywood and married Galina Bilkevich Lissevitz, and the couple had one son, Theodore (Ted) Anthony Mala. He died in 1952. Ted Mala became a doctor and an advocate for reuniting aboriginal people in Russia with Alaska Eskimos. Arctic Education Foundation is incorporated. Sealaska purchases Ocean Beauty Seafoods. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Noatak. -79- Events in Alaska Native History December 28, 1962 The Task Force on Alaska Native Affairs reports to the Secretary of the Interior. Appointed in 1962 to investigate Native affairs in Alaska, the Task Force concluded that the Native Allotment Act was needed because "Indians in Alaska are not confined to reservations. . .but they live in villages and small settlements along thee streams where they have their little homes upon land to which they have no title." In the first 54 years of the 1906 allotment act, only 80 allotments were approved. By the time Alaska Natives and the Land was published in 1968, 95 additional applications had been approved, In 1968, more than 1,000 allotments were pending. When the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 was passed, the door was closed on further allotments, although later legislation authorized Native veterans to select land after the 1971 deadline. December 28,1971 The Secretary of the Interior issues Public Land Order 5150, withdrawing and reserving certain lands in Alaska as a utility and transportation corridor within the meaning of Section 17 (c) of ANCSA. The section prevents the State, Village Corporations and Regional Corporations from selectiong lands from the area withdrawn. December 29, 1962 The Birnirk Site National Historic Landmark near Barrow becomes a nationally designated site. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior makes the designation as part of an effort to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Bimirk Site's selection commemorates the occupation of the site from 500 AD to the present and includes a series of mounds associated with the development of three distinct cultures related to the Inupiat people. December 29, 1962 The Chaluka Site National Historic Landmark near Nikolski becomes a nationally designated site. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior makes the designation as part of an effort to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Chaluka Site commemorates the occupation of a large village site from 1800 BC to the present and represents all known periods of culture in the Aleutians. December 29, 1962 The Palugvik Site National Historic Landmark near Cordova becomes a nationally designated site. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior makes the designation as part of an effort to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 are designated National Historic Landmarks. The selection of the Palugvik Site, occupied 1200 AD, commemorates the long- established Eskimo culture of the pacific bays and islands of southern Alaska. December 29, 1962 The Yukon Island Main Site National Historic Landmark becomes a nationally designated site. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior makes the designation as part of an effort to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 are designated National Historic Landmarks. The Yukon Island Main Site near Homer is the oldest and most continuously occupied site known on Cook Inlet. Its selection commemorates the Kachemak Bay culture. December 29, 1962 The Wales Site National Historic Landmark becomes a nationally designated site. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior makes the designation as part of an effort to commemorate and illustrate the history and prehistory of the United States. Of the approximately 60,000 sites on the National Register of Historic Places, only about 2,000 are designated National Historic Landmarks. The selection of the Wales Site, near Wales and occupied from 500 AD to the present, commemorates the Thule and Inupiat cultures. December 30, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Minto. December 30, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Unalakleet. December 30, 1939 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Stevens Village. December 30, 1950 Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Buckland. = SSE -80- December 30, 1985 December 30, 1987 December 31, 1939 December 31, 1962 December 31, 1983 December 31, 1990 December 31, 1998 Events in Alaska Native History Alexander Creek in the CIRI Region is certified as a Group under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Thirteen years previously, on December 21, 1971, the Bureau of Indian Affairs had determined that Alexander Creek was an eligible village under Section 11(b)(3) of ANCSA and certified that 37 Alaska Natives were properly enrolled to Alexander Creek. Within 30 days of the BIA's determination, the State of Aalska, the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the Alaska Chapter of the Sierra Club, the Alaska Wildlife Federation and Sportsmen's Council, Inc., and Phil R. Holdsworth protested the determination. The Alaska Native Claims Board ruled that only 22 Alaska Natives were properly enrolled to Alexander Creek, and this decision was adopted by the Secretary of the Department of the Interior on November 1, 1974. Alexander Creek continues to seek village status and on July 22, 1999, CIRI formally supported the efforts, and on September 13, 1999, the Alaska Federation of Natives formally supported the village. Southeast Alaska Native leader Roger Lang dies. He was born May 13, 1929. Lang, who was from Sitka, was president of the Alaska Federation of Natives from 1974-75. Indian Reorganization Act Constitution and by-laws are ratified for the Native Village of Gambell. City of Wainwright becomes incorporated. According to the Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development, in 1826, the Wainwright Lagoon was named by Capt. F.W. Beechey for his officer, Lt. John Wainwright. A map of 1853 indicates the name of the village as "Olrona." Its Inupiat name was "Olgoonik." The region around Wainwright was traditionally well populated, though the present village was not established until 1904, when the Alaska Native Service built a school and instituted medical and other services. The site was reportedly chosen by the captain of the ship delivering school construction materials, because sea-ice conditions were favorable for landing. A post office was established in 1916. Coal was mined at several nearby sites for village use, the closest about 7 miles away. About 94 percent of the population are Alaska Natives. A federally recognized tribe is located in the community. The majority of the population are Inupiat Eskimos who practice a subsistence lifestyle. Their ancestors were the Utukamiut (people of the Utukok River) and Kukmiut (people of the Kuk River). The sale or importation of alcohol is banned in the village. Goldbelt, Inc., the corporation for Natives of Juneau, reports its first profitable year. Assets of Goldbelt, Inc., the corporation for Juneau Alaska Natives, top $100 million. Suzanne Katherine Fagerstrom Wassman dies in Fairbanks. She served as a director on the Bering Straits Native Corp. board from 1977 through 1985. During several of her terms, she served as Corporate Secretary and Assistant Secretary and member of the Audit Committee. -81- Published Sources Book TITLE: Alaska Natives and American Laws PUBLISHER: University of Alaska Press CONGRESS NBR: 79-603397 AUTHOR: David S. Case PUBDATE: January 01, 1984 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-912-006-08-0 TITLE: High Alaska PUBLISHER: American Alpine Club CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Jonathan Waterman PUBDATE: January 01, 1988 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska Natives and the Land PUBLISHER: Federal Field Committee; Govt. Printing Office CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Wunnicke, Arnold, Hickok, Jones, Tussing PUBDATE: October 01, 1968 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: The Alaska Pipeline PUBLISHER: Indiana University Press Fitzhenry & Whiteside Lim CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Mary Clay Berry PUBDATE: January 01, 1975 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-253-10064-X TITLE: Alaska’s Konyag Country PUBLISHER: Pratt Publishing CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Yule Chaffin, Trisha Krieger and Michael Rostad PUBDATE: January 01, 1983 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: The Native, Rus&Amer Exper of the Kenai Area of Ak PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: May 01, 1975 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Art and Eskimo Power PUBLISHER: Epicenter Press Fairbanks, AK CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Lael Morgan PUBDATE: January 01, 1988 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-945397-03-8 (pbk.) TITLE: ANCSA Study Guide, Adult Literacy Lab PUBLISHER: University of Alaska Anchorage CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Cliff Groh PUBDATE: January 01, 1976 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska Blue Book 1983 PUBLISHER: Division of State Libraries and Museum CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Department of Education PUBDATE: January 01, 1983 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Sold American PUBLISHER: University Press of New England CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Donald Craig Mitchell PUBDATE: January 01, 1997 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-87451-800-8 TITLE: The Kenaitze People PUBLISHER: Indian Tribal Series CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Robert E. Ackerman PUBDATE: January 01, 1975 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Biographies of Alaska-Yukon Pioneers 1859-1950 PUBLISHER: Juneau CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Vol. 1 Ed Ferrell PUBDATE: January 01, 1994 INTERNATIONAL NBR: Juneau TITLE: Sadie Brower Neakok, an Inupiat Woman PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Margaret Blackman PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Then Fight For it! PUBLISHER: Alaska Historical Commission Studies in History CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Frederick Paul PUBDATE: June 10, 1986 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: 25 Years of Progress:The Economic Impact of ANCSA PUBLISHER: Sealaska Corporation CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Sealaska PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: A National Treasure or A Stolen Heritage PUBLISHER: Sealaska Corporation CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Norman Staton PUBDATE: September 10, 1999 INTERNATIONAL NBR: Page 1 of 9 Published Sources Book TITLE: My Life with the Eskimo PUBLISHER: The MacMillan Company CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Vilhjalmur Stefansson PUBDATE: January 01, 1919 _ INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Building Alaska with the US Army PUBLISHER: APO Seattle 98749 CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: HDQ US Army, Alaska/No. 360-5 PUBDATE: October 01, 1965 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: American Law of Mining, 2nd Edition PUBLISHER: Matthew Bender & Co. CONGRESS NBR: 84-073037 AUTHOR: Joseph J. Perkins, George Lyle (Chapt. 70) PUBDATE: September 01, 1996 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Taking Control, The North Slope Borough, PUBLISHER: North Slope Borough Public Information Division CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Bill Hess PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska’s Native People ( Vol. 6, No. 3) PUBLISHER: Alaska Geographic Society CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Lael Morgan (chief editor) PUBDATE: January o1, a INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-88240-104-1 TITLE: A Dena’ina Legacy K’tl'egh’l Sukdu PUBLISHER: Alaska Native Language Center, t UAF CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: James Kari, Alan Boraas PUBDATE: January 01, 1991 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 1-55500-043-6 TITLE: The Eskimos of Bering Strait, 1650-1898, '92 Ed. PUBLISHER: University of ‘Washington Press CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Dorothy Jean Ray PUBDATE: January 01, 1992 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-295-97122-3 TITLE: An Alaska Anthology, Interpreting the Past PUBLISHER: University of Washington Press CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Stephen W. Haycox, Mary Childers Mangusso, Editors PUBDATE: January 01, 1996 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-295-97495-8 TITLE: A History of Goldbelt, Incorporated PUBLISHER: Goldbelt, Inc. CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Peter Metcalfe PUBDATE: January 01, 1998 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Today in Alaskan History PUBLISHER: The Alaska Headliners CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: The Alaskan Headliners; Michael Sakarias, Jeff Bro PUBDATE: January 01, 1990 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: The Adventure of Wrangel Island PUBLISHER: The Macmillan Company CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Vilhjalmur Stefansson PUBDATE: April 01, 1925 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: The Great Father in Alaska PUBLISHER: The First Street Press, Douglas, Alaska CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Robert E. Price PUBDATE: January 01, 1990 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Tlingit Life Stories PUBLISHER: UW Press/Sealaska Heritage Foundation CONGRESS NBR: : AUTHOR: Nora Marks Dauenhauer & Richard Dauenhauer PUBDATE: January 01, 1994 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0295-97400-1 TITLE: Alaska Native Land Claims PUBLISHER: The Alaska Native Foundation CONGRESS NBR: } | AUTHOR: Robert D. Arnold PUBDATE: January 01, 1978 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Our Stories, Our Lives PUBLISHER: The CIRI Foundation CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: AJ McClanahan PUBDATE: January 01, 1986 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-938227-01-7 TITLE: Chills and Fever PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Robert Fortuine PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Page 2 of 9 Published Sources Book TITLE: Alaska: A History of the 49th State PUBLISHER: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Claus-M. Naske & Herman E. Slotnick PUBDATE: January 01, 1979 INTERNATIONAL NBR: 0-8028-7041-4 TITLE: The Friendly Arctic PUBLISHER: the MacMillan Company CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Vilhjalmur Stefansson PUBDATE: January 01, 1939 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Dictionary of Alaska Place Names PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska Native Medical Center A History 1953-1983 PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Robert Fortuine PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: ANCSA 1985 Study PUBLISHER: Department of the Interior CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: January 01, 1985 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: The Alaska Native Brotherhood History, A continuin PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: 7 AUTHOR: John Hope PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Shadow Catcher PUBLISHER: UW Libraries Digital Library Initiative CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Laurie Lawler PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Women in Alaska’s History PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Elizabeth Beckett and Sarah Teel PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: North to Alaska: An Overview of Immigrants to AK PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Frank Norris PUBDATE: June 01, 1984 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Historical Survey of Russian-American Company and PUBLISHER: Alaska Division of Public Libraries CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Petr Aleksandrovich Tiknhmenev PUBDATE: January 01, 1974 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Crude Dreams PUBLISHER: Epicenter Press CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Jack Roderick PUBDATE: August 01, 1997 Government Record SS IS TSA TEL ES TE LE TE SE RP EY RL SSS ES EE TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: Stat. 339, 48 U.S.C.A. July 7, 72 Department of the Interior Records Congressional Record Alaska Native Land Claims Hearings Committee on Int. and Insular Affairs PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: US Congress U.S. Government Printing Office February 08, 1968 CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Page 3 of 9 Published Sources Government Record TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: Internet TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: House Hearings, Aug. 2-6 ANCSA Section 16 Senate Report 92-405 Defense Department Press Release U.S. Dept. of Defense Alaska Natives Commission Final Report Mike Irwin, Executive Director Legislative Records Governor's Proclamation House Hearings UA Board of Regents Minutes S. 2906 Hearings Feb. 8-10 State Statutes Hearings before the Subcommitee on Indian Affairs Senate Hearings Presbytery of the Yukon Jessie DeVries Alaskool PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: September 09, 1969 PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: November 10, 1998 PUBLISHER: Alaska Natives Commission PUBDATE: May 01, 1994 PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: February 21, 1992 PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: January 01, 1968 PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: January 01, 1969 PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: www.yukonpresbytery.com/histories/devriesreport.ht PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Page 4 of 9 Published Sources Internet SS SSS SRS SS SS SR EP SEES TSS SST ee TITLE: The 'Big Sickness’ in Arctic Alaska PUBLISHER: borealis.lib.uconn.edu CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Arctic Circle PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: U.S. Supreme Court Collection PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/ PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska Native Knowledge Network PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: White House Press Release PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/history/presmes.html PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: www.northern.org/npra PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: www.lib.uaa.alaska.edu/archives PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Pictures of our Nobler Selves PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: www.fac.org/publicat/trahant AUTHOR: Mark N. Trahant PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Inuit Circumpolar Conference Web-Site PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska DCED PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Library of Congress Digital Library Program PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Sheldon Jackson School PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Arctic/Northern Culture; Yukon/Alaska Chronology PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: arcticculture.about.com/library/yafeatures PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Final Biography: Eben Hopson PUBLISHER: Internet CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Buchholdt PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Digest of Federal Resource laws of Interest to US PUBLISHER: www.fws.gov/laws/digest/reslaws/laws.html CONGRESS NBR: | AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: LLMC Source Book Section 10 PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Documents of the United States Indian Policy PUBLISHER: nebraskapress.unl.edu CONGRESS NBR: | AUTHOR: 2nd Edition Expanded PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Page 5 of 9 Published Sources Internet TITLE: A Brief History of Alaska Statehood 1867-1959 PUBLISHER: xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/bartlett/49state.html CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Eric Gislason PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Newspaper/Periodical TITLE: CIRI Newsletter PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: CINA Newsletter "Trailblazer" PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: AFN Subsistence Report PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: AFN PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Fairbanks Daily News-Miner PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska Native News PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: The Archaeology of Cook Inlet, Alaska PUBLISHER: University of Pennsylvania Press CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Frederica DeLaguna PUBDATE: January 01, 1934 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Bering Straits Agluktuk Newsletter PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Bering Straits Corporation PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Ahtna 25th Anninversary Publication PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Peninsula Clarion PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Our Land, Our Future: 1991 Amendments to ANCSA —- PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: _ - AUTHOR: John Creed PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Anchorage Daily News PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Tundra Times PUBLISHER: Eskimo Indian Aleut Publishing Company CONGRESS NBR: - AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Ahtna Inc. Annual Report PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: a AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: The Alaska Experience: In a Twinkling -- ANCSA & PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: David S. Case PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Page 6 of 9 Published Sources Newspaper/Periodical TITLE: The Russian Conquest of Kodiak PUBLISHER: Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska CONGRESS NBR: Alituuq Museum papers AUTHOR: Lydia T. Black PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Cominco Alaska PUBLISHER: CIM Bulletin CONGRESS NBR: Vol. 90 no. 1017 AUTHOR: David Case PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska Native Management Report PUBLISHER: Alaska Native Foundation CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: CIRI Annual Report PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: History of Events Leading to the Passage of ANCSA PUBLISHER: Tanana Chiefs Conference CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Kornelia Grabinska PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Trial and Hanging of Nelson Charles PUBLISHER: Alaska Justice Forum (UAA) CONGRESS NBR: Vol. 13 No. 1 AUTHOR: Averil Lerman PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Native Land Claims PUBLISHER: University of Alaska CONGRESS NBR: Vol. IV, No. 6 AUTHOR: Institute of Social and Economic Research PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: The Tyonek Story PUBLISHER: Alaska Construction and Oil Report CONGRESS NBR: Vol. 9, No. 7 AUTHOR: Robert G. Knox PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Hilites of Native Business PUBLISHER: Copper Spike Enterprises Anchorage, AK CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Lone Jansen PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Pamphlet SSE SSS SS RE RS Rn TITLE: Native Alaska: Deadline for Justice PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Alaska Federation of Natives PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: CIRI records PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Our Land Our Future: 1991 Amendments to ANCSA PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: ll] AUTHOR: John Creed PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alexander Creek, These Voices Should be Heard PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: |] : AUTHOR: Alexander Creek, Inc. PUBDATE: May 22, 2000 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska’s Great Sickness, 1900: Measles, Influenza PUBLISHER: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society CONGRESS NBR: 7 | AUTHOR: Robert J. Wolfe, PhD. PUBDATE: January 01, 1982 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: A Call for Action PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Alaska Federation of Natives PUBDATE: January 01, 1989 INTERNATIONAL NBR: Page 7 of 9 Published Sources Pamphlet TITLE: ANCSA History and Analysis PUBLISHER: Library of Congress CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Congressional Research Library of Congress PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: History & Development of the W. Alaska CDQ Program PUBLISHER: http:/www.cdqdb.org/misc/history.htm CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Eric Olson PUBDATE: October 07, 1999 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: BIA Pamphlet PUBLISHER: BIA CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: BIA PUBDATE: January 01, 1975 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Alaska Gardener's Almanac 16th Edition PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Tanana Chiefs Conference PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: CIRI Calendar PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Person/interview SR SSS RA SSS SS SR SS SS TITLE: ISER, A Study of Five Southeast Alaska Communities | PUBLISHER: Institute of Social and Economic Research CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Sealaska PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Ahtna, Inc., Web Page PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: http://www.ahtna-inc.com/ PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Personal record/manus TITLE: AFN Report on Alaska Native Land Claims Status PUBLISHER: Alaska Federation of Natives CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: AFN PUBDATE: January 01, 1971 INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Angie Debo Papers PUBLISHER: University of Oklahoma CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Angie Debo PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: CIRI records PUBLISHER: CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: What Rights to Land Have the Alaska Natives? PUBLISHER: Willie Hensley CONGRESS NBR: AUTHOR: Willie Hensley PUBDATE: INTERNATIONAL NBR: TITLE: Health Care and the Alaska Native PUBLISHER: Polar Notes Number XIV CONGRESS NBR: | AUTHOR: Robert Fortuine PUBDATE: January 01, 1975 INTERNATIONAL NBR: ai _ a wc ell Sanaa Press Release SSS Page 8 of 9 Published Sources Press Release TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: TITLE: AUTHOR: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Park Service Venetie Decision Native American Rights Fund University of Alaska National Forum on the Future of Alaska Natives PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: : June 23, 1997 PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: PUBLISHER: PUBDATE: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: CONGRESS NBR: INTERNATIONAL NBR: Page 9 of 9 NonPublished Sources Person/Interview NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: : P.O. Box 356 : Suite 200 800 Cordova 2525 C street P.O. Box 649 : Nenana Native Village ADDRESS1 ADDRESS2 Edna Hancock (Tribal Administrator) State indicates Dec. 6, 1973 Toghotthele Corp. ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Edna Hancock (Tribal Administrator) Bristol Bay Native Association ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Rose Fisher fax Linda Allen/ Bristol Bay Native Corporation ADDRESS1 Director of Accounting Services/Bristol Bay Region ADDRESS2: Brevig Mission; City and Corp. responses ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Warren Rock Sr. City Clerk/ Brevig Mission Native Corporation Janice Ryan Northwest Strategies ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Warren S. Rock Sr. ADDRESS1: City Clerk/City of Brevig Mission ADDRESS2: Hazel Felton ADDRESS1: CIRI ADDRESS2: Alexandra J. McClanahan ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Ahtna ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Dael Davenport, Margie Ewan CIRI ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: COMMENTS: CITY: : Nenana STATE: AK CITY: Anchorage STATE: AK CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: : Anchorage Ak CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: : Glennallen AK CITY: STATE: ZIP: PHONE : 907-832-1099 ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: 99510-0220 PHONE: 907-278-3602 ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: 99503- 907-263-5114 ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: : 99588-0649 907-822-3476 ZIP: PHONE: NonPublished Sources Person/Interview NAME : Bill Prosser TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Chevak Co. Greg Slats COMMENTS: NAME: Native Village of Kotzebue TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Lisa Jacko Pedro Bay Corp. COMMENTS: NAME: Doyon Limited TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Kenai Natives Association TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Bering Straits Native Corp. TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Vicky Lovell Chenega Corporation TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Olgoonik Corporation TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Ounalashka Corporation TITLE: COMMENTS: Michelle Barron Salamatof Native Assoc., Inc ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Page 2 of 7 CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: 907-442-4160 ZIP: PHONE: 907-850-2253 ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: NonPublished Sources Person/Interview NAME TITLE : Janie Leask : Leask Native Timeline COMMENTS: NAME: Alyeska TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Lincoln’s Senate office TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Georgianna Lincoln AK Senate Anna Pickett Chamberland AFN COMMENTS: NAME: Gary Gauthier TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Stella Martin TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Afognak Native Corporation Wanetta Ayers COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Alaska State Troopers Director's Office COMMENTS: NAME: Susan Marrs-Wells TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Sande Anderson Senior Historian National Park Service COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Donna Miller Sadie Neakok’s Daughter COMMENTS: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Sitka National Historical Park ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: see Afognak Native Corp. NSB Page 3 of 7 CITY: Anchorage : Alaska STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY. STATE: : Sitka AK CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: 907-747-6281 ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: 907-486-6014 ZIP: PHONE: 907-269-5641 ZIP: PHONE: 907-283-6283 ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: NonPublished Sources Person/Interview NAME: Cassanndra Shumate TITLE: KNBA COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Sharon Boling CIRI COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Southcentral Foundation Jonathan Ross COMMENTS: NAME: Alaska Native Heritage Center TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Sharon Lee Hunter Alice Martin's daughter COMMENTS: NAME: Williams Family TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: David P. Sweeny TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Betty Ivanoff Menard TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: NANA Regional Corporation TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: Sue Gamache Calista Corporation COMMENTS: NAME: Sealaska TITLE: COMMENTS: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: P.O. Box 72615 Page 4 of 7 CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: Fairbanks AK ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: 99707- PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: 907-797-8659 ZIP: PHONE: 907-245-7411 ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: NonPublished Sources Person/Interview NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: Alaska Permanent Fund Renae Carlile King Island Village Corporation Tlingit and Haida Central Council Michele Metz North Slope Borough info Alaska Native Medical Center Public Relations fax John Colberg Carl Marrs Shishmaref Corp. Lucy Eningowuk Reva Boolwon Venetie Tribal Govt. Alaska Railroad ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Page 5 of 7 CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: 907-649-3731 907-985-5346 NonPublished Sources Person/Interview NAME: Joanne Potts ADDRESS1: CITY: Wasilla ZIP: 99687-0800 TITLE: Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race ADDRESS2: P.O. Box 870800 STATE: AK PHONE: 907-376-5155 COMMENTS: NAME: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service ADDRESS1: CITY: Bethel ZIP: TITLE: ADDRESS2: STATE: PHONE: 907-543-3151 COMMENTS: NAME: Alissa Hermann ADDRESS1: CITY: ZIP: TITLE: AFN ADDRESS2: STATE: PHONE: COMMENTS: NAME: Robert Woodhead ADDRESS1: CITY: ZIP: TITLE: CIRI Board Chairman ADDRESS2: STATE: PHONE: COMMENTS: NAME: CIRI records ADDRESS1: CITY: ZIP: TITLE: ADDRESS2: STATE: PHONE: COMMENTS: NAME: Flore Lekanof ADDRESS1: CITY: ZIP: TITLE: ADDRESS2: STATE: PHONE: COMMENTS: NAME: Calista ADDRESS1: CITY: ZIP: TITLE: ADDRESS2: STATE: PHONE: COMMENTS: Personal record/manuscript NAME: Gary C. Stein ADDRESS1: CITY: Fairbanks ZIP: TITLE: Uprooted Native Casualties ADDRESS2: University of Alaska Fairbanks STATE: AK PHONE: COMMENTS: Unpublished Manuscript written by Dr. Gary C. Stein NAME: The Kuskokwim Corporation responses ADDRESS1: CITY: ZIP: TITLE: Maver E. Carey (chief operating officer) ADDRESS2: STATE: PHONE: COMMENTS: NAME: John Hope ADDRESS1: CITY: ZIP: TITLE: ANB History ADDRESS2: STATE: PHONE: COMMENTS: Page 6 of 7 NonPublished Sources Personal record/manuscript NAME: : Cecilia L. Woodward TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Betsy Peratrovich papers TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: AFN Minutes first meeting TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: TITLE: COMMENTS: NAME: Clifford John Groh Oil, Money, Land and Power Thesis: The passage of ANCSA, 1971 CIRI records TITLE: COMMENTS: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: ADDRESS1: ADDRESS2: Page 7 of 7 CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: CITY: STATE: ZIP: PHONE: 601-947-3840 ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: ZIP: PHONE: