HomeMy WebLinkAboutBristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy 2011-2016BRISTOL BAy
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Preface
The Bristol Bay Native Association (BBNA) has operated an Economic Development
Program since 1975. During this time the local and regional planning processes have been
enhanced and planning assistance to the communities has been improved. The Bristol Bay
Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Committee considers the comprehensive
economic development strategy planning process very beneficial to the Bristol Bay region.
Over the past year and a half, the Bristol Bay Partnership sponsored the Bristol Bay
Regional Vision Project with BBNA as the lead organization. The resulting Vision Statement
reflects the shared values, opinions, and concerns of residents that gathered in meetings
held in their community. Commissioners attended the meetings and prepared the regional
vision statement (See the full Vision Statement on page 29).
Across a far-flung, diverse region with many cultural, economic, and social
differences, people have strong agreement on their values and goals for the future. The
Vision Statement celebrates this amazing unity on these matters:
e Family, connection to the Land and Water, and Subsistence Activities are the
most treasured parts of peoples’ lives today and they expect the same to be true
25 years from now.
e Enormous support for Wellness activities to fight the issues of substance abuse
and domestic violence, abuse and neglect.
e A high priority for Quality Education to prepare youth with skills to succeed in
college or vocational schools.
e An outstanding majority prefer Sustainable Economic Development based
predominantly on Renewable Resources, and any large scale development must
not threaten our land and waters.
e People strongly believe they can live healthy and productive lives here over the
next 25 years.
This CEDS document identifies local economic priorities consistent with the values
and goals of the people that live here. The resulting implementation strategies are designed
to enhance the economy, create and retain jobs, protect the preferred lifestyle, while
guarding the environment within the context of our “Vision.”
Ralph Andersen
President and Chief Executive Officer
Bristol Bay Native Association
Funding Agency:
Acknowledgements
Planning and Project Oversight: Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development
Strategy Committee
NAME COMMUNITY | OCCUPATION SEAT
Harry Wassily Clarks Point Fisherman Seat B: Private Sector
Helen Gregorio Togiak Fisherman Seat C: Private Sector
Dennis Andrew Sr. New Stuyahok | Fisherman Seat D: Private Sector
Patrick Kosbruk Perryville
Fisherman Seat E: Private Sector
Harvey Anelon
Vacant
Vacant
lliamna Retired Seat F: Minority
Seat G: Elder
Seat H: Fish Processor
Lisa Wimmer
Vacant
Dillingham Wells Fargo Bank President Seat |: Financial Institution
Seat J: Public Figure
Carvel Zimin
Jordon Keeler
South Naknek
King Salmon
Bristol Bay Borough
Lake & Peninsula Borough
Alice Ruby
Erik O’Brien
Robin Samuelsen
Izetta Chambers
Rae Belle Whitcomb
Ted Angasan
Dillingham
Dillingham CEO Seat O: BBEDC
Seat P: Marine Advisory
Dillingham
Dillingham
South Naknek
Mayor of Dillingham
Seat K: Bristol Bay Borough
Seat L: Lake & Pen Borough
Seat M: City of Dillingham
UAF Bristol Bay Campus
BBNA Chairman
Ralph Andersen Dillingham BBNA Pres. & CEO
Seat N: SWAMC
Seat Q: Workforce Dev.
Ex Officio
Sponsor: Bristol Bay Native Association
Fred T. Angasan, Chairman of the Board
Ralph Andersen, President & Chief Executive Officer
Dee Dee Bennis, Chief Administrative Officer
Patricia Heyano, Program Development Department Director
Norman Anderson, Economic Development Program Manager
Melody Nibeck, Tribal Energy Program Manager
Thomas Woods, Media Services Specialist
Other Project Support:
Tribal Governments in Bristol Bay
Village Native Corporations in Bristol Bay
University of Alaska Fairbanks — Bristol Bay Campus
Southwest Alaska Vocational and Educational Center
Bristol Bay Economic Development Corporation
Southwest Alaska Municipal Conference
Lake and Peninsula Borough
City of Dillingham
Local business owners
Bristol Bay
Native
Association
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Cultural History
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NATURAL RESOURCES
IDENTIFYING REGIONAL PRIORITIES
Organizing & Collaborating
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REGIONAL GOALS & OBJECTIVES
IMPLEMENTATION ACTION PLAN
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADF&G
ADOT
ANC
AK
ANTHC
BBAHC
BBB
BBC
BBEDC
BBHA
BBNA
BBNA-CS
BBNA-ED
BBNA-NR
BBNA-PD
BBNA-SS
BBNA-TE
BBNA-WF
BBNA-WI
BBNC
BBP
BBs
BLM
CERCLA
DCCED
DEC
DEC/MGL
DEED
DHSS
DLG
DOT/PF
EPA
GCI
HUD
L&PB
NEA
NUSH
RAPIDS
SAVEC
School Districts
Tribes
USDA- RD
Utilities
VSW
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Alaska Department of Transportation
Anchorage
Alaska
Alaska Native Tribe Health Consortium
Bristol Bay Area Health Corporation
Bristol Bay Borough
UAF, Bristol Bay Campus
Bristol Bay Economic Development Corporation
Bristol Bay Housing Authority
Bristol Bay Native Association
BBNA Community Services Department
BBNA Economic Development Program
BBNA Natural Resources Department
BBNA Program Development Department
BBNA Social Services Department
BBNA Tribal Energy Program
BBNA Workforce Development Department
BBNA Bristol Bay Wellness Initiative
Bristol Bay Native Corporation
Bristol Bay Partnership of the 5 Tribally-directed Regional organizations
BBAHC, BBEDC, BBHA, BBNA, and BBNC
Bureau of Land Management
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liabilities Act
Department of Community, Commerce and Economic Development
Department of Environmental Conservation
Department of Environmental Conservation/ Municipal Grants and Loans
Department of Education and Early Development
Department of Health and Social Services
Dillingham
Department of Transportation & Public Facilities
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
General Communication Inc. (Telecommunication)
Housing and Urban Development
Lake and Peninsula Borough
Naknek Electric Association
Nushagak Cooperatives (Telecommunication, Electricity, Cable TV)
Community Capital Project Database
Southwest Alaska Vocational and Education Center
Bristol Bay, Dillingham, Lake & Peninsula, and Southwest Region
The 31 Tribes in the Region
United States Department of Agriculture-Rural Development
Various Electrical and Telecommunication providers in the Region
Village Safe Water Program
iii
_ BBCEDS | 2011-2016
INTRODUCTION
This Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (BBCEDS) is the
result of planning efforts by the Strategy Committee, tribally enrolled members, and
others concerned for the future of the Region.
The Region is characterized by its abundance of natural resources, geographic
isolation and pristine ecosystems, but also high unemployment, high cost of living, and
high energy costs. The soaring costs motivated participants at the 2006 Bristol Bay Action
Summit to identify the high cost of fuel as, “Public Enemy Number One.” The Region has
gotten little relief from exorbitant fuel costs since then. High fuel costs drive the costs of
all products and services up and hinder the economy, which affects the availability of jobs
and investments in the Region.
During the Bristol Bay Regional Vision Project, many people stated that a lack of
opportunities was the major economic constraint. Rather than concentrating on the high
costs, they were more concerned with stimulating the economy to be able to pay for the
things they need. Since few jobs are available, small business development is highly
regarded as an excellent source of new personal income. People acknowledged that the
main limitation of small business development is the lack of capital along with the high
cost of energy, lack of infrastructure, long distance to markets, and better connectivity.
The commercial fishing industry is a multi-million dollar industry that saw 31
million fish harvested in 2010 with an ex-vessel value of 153 million dollars. A majority of
households in the Region are involved in commercial fishing in one form or another.
Commercial fishing is the historical mainstay of the economy, but a number of factors
affect its value to the local economy, including politics, value of the US dollar against the
Japanese Yen (et.al), international finance, over capitalization, increasing debt loads,
farmed fish, high fuel costs, waning fish stocks, poor fish returns to the rivers and streams,
interception on the high seas, and changing food choices in traditionally salmon
consuming countries. These issues coupled with the restrictions in the Limited Entry
Permit system have decreased the number of locally owned permits, which increases the
number of people unable to participate and left on the fringe.
This CEDS attempts to help mitigate the effects of high fuel costs and limited entry
permit losses and enhance opportunities in small business development, including
tourism and eco-tourism.
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
BRISTOL BAY CEDS
The Bristol Bay CEDS promotes sustainable economic development within the
Bristol Bay Region in a collaborative approach to improve in the economy. The BBCEDS: 1)
Fosters a more stable and diversified economy; 2) Creates and sustains employment
opportunities and regional investments; 3) Strengthens the skills and qualifications of the
workforce; and 4) Improves the quality of life throughout the region
The Bristol Bay Region has one of the highest unemployment and poverty rates in
Alaska. Basic infrastructure development is a major need in the Region. There are
agencies that provide assistance and funding to relieve economic distress, but further
proactive planning and development is needed to become more self-sufficient and
sustainable.
Partners and Projects
The BBCEDS is guided by locally driven initiatives in partnership with the local,
state and federal government to stimulate economic development and produce healthy,
sustainable local economies. These collaborations help the Bristol Bay Region achieve its
goals and objectives.
Municipal Governments
e First and Second Class Cities provide services and programs.
e Boroughs provide services and programs.
State Government:
e Updated community profiles are provided through the State of Alaska Department
of Commerce, Community & Economic Development, Division of Community and
Regional Affairs (DCRA)
e Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) manages resources.
Federal Government:
e Economic Development Administration (EDA) provides the Planning Grant to
update and implementation the CEDS.
e Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge
manages wildlife.
Alaska Native Organizations and Tribal Governments:
The Bristol Bay Partnership is a partnership of the five Regional Organizations, four of
which are Tribally directed organizations, which work together on projects and initiatives
of mutual interest:
e Bristol Bay Native Corporation (BBNC), a major land owner and investor.
e Bristol Bay Economic Development Corporation (BBEDC), the Community
Development Quota (CDQ) holder that makes fisheries related investments in the
Region.
e Bristol Bay Housing Authority (BBHA) receives HUD and other funds to improve
housing. N
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
e Bristol Bay Area Health Corporation (BBAHC), the major healthcare provider.
e Bristol Bay Native Association is a human services organization serving Tribes and
their members.
e Tribes provide programs and services or compact with other providers to serve the
needs of their Tribal members.
What is a CEDS?
A Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) is the result of an
ongoing planning process that studies local economic conditions, identifies problems and
opportunities, sets goals and objectives, coordinates implementation activities, and
evaluates accomplishments. A CEDS identifies community needs and_ provides
development strategies that coordinate the different efforts to yield efficiencies. A CEDS
facilitates a unified effort to create jobs, raise income levels, diversify the economy, and
improve the quality of life while protecting the environment. It adopts a logical process
for long-range development while actively working on short-range problem solutions.
Development of the CEDS
Throughout the fall and winter of 2010-2011 the Bristol Bay Regional Vision
Project traveled to 27 of 31 villages and held meetings attended by nearly 1,000 residents
in the region. The pertinent results are conveyed in the BBCEDS. In addition, the
Economic Development Program Manager traveled to the villages and talked with
residents about economic development. The opportunity was used to visit with members
of the Strategy Committee. Other data was also compiled for the BBCEDS through
Strategy Committee meetings, research, and surveys. ow
|
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy _
GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
The Bristol Bay Region is located in Southwest Alaska and covers 46,573 square
miles, roughly the size of Ohio. The Regional boundaries were defined in the Alaska
Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. It is outlined by three mountain ranges with the
Kilbuck Mountains to the northwest, the Taylor Mountains to the north, and the Aleutian
Range to the east along the Alaska Peninsula. From these mountains, the Becharof Lake,
Naknek Lake, Lake Iliamna, Lake Clark and Wood Tikchik Lakes are formed and flow into
the eight major river systems: the Togiak River, Wood River, Nushagak River, Kvichak
River, Naknek River, Egegik River, Ugashik River, Meshik River, and Chignik River reaching
the sea on the Bristol Bay and Pacific coastlines. The habitat is pristine, intact and
unchanged for thousands of years offering countless breathtaking vistas. Most of lowlands
are covered with moist spongy tundra, with scattered Birch, Cottonwood, Willow and
Spruce Trees.
The topography was created by the action of two tectonic plates, where the Pacific
Plate is subducted under the North American Plate at an angle of nearly 45 degrees
forming the Aleutian Trench. The area has seismic activity and a number of active
volcanoes.
Maps
Bristol Bay
Native
Association
Service Area
‘BRISTOL
Seismicity Map
Purple Triangles: Cities
Purple Star: Capital City
Circles: Earthquakes (color represents
depth range)
Depth is in kilometers
Earthquake locations are from the USGS/
NEIC PDE catalog.
Volcanology Map
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
1990 - 2006
Seismicity of Alaska
780° Aww
-160°
USGS National Earthquake Information Center
800 -500 -300 “150 70-83 0
DEPTH
mn
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Climate
Much of life in rural Alaska is influenced by extreme weather conditions and a cold
climate. The Bristol Bay Region spans three different climatic zones: the Arctic Climate of
the interior, the Maritime Climate of the coastal areas, and a Transitional Climatic zone in
between.
Inland (Arctic) Zone, average temperatures can range from 42 to 64 degrees F in
the summer and 3 to 30 degrees F in winter. Average annual precipitation ranges from 26-
32 inches including 64-89 inches of snow.
In the Maritime Zone, average summer temperatures range from 42 to 63;
average winter temperatures range from 4 to 44, although the wind chill factors are
substantial on the coast. Average annual precipitation is 20 inches annually, including 45-
93 inches of snowfall. Weather on the Alaskan coast is generally described as cool, windy,
and wet year-round with foggy summers.
The Transitional Zone average summer temperatures range is from 30 to 66;
winter temperatures range from below zero to 30. Annual precipitation ranges from 20 to
35 inches and summers are generally foggy and cloudy.
Rivers in the Bristol Bay region are ice-free from June through mid-November
(Alaska State Division of Community and Regional Affairs (DCRA) Community Database).
Potential impacts from the future warming of the region’s climate have not been fully
analyzed. Preliminary data collected from local residents suggest that a warming climate
has already had some impact on wildlife behavior (Fall 2006).
6
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Each of the 31 villages in the Bristol Bay region has a Tribal government managed
by Tribal Councils, which is the traditional and customary form of government in Alaska.
The Federally recognized Tribes have a special political government-to-government
relationship with the United States. The U.S. meets the contractual obligations attached
through the Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian affairs and other Federal Agencies
that provide assistance to Tribes. The Tribes provide their membership infrastructure,
healthcare, social services, Tribal courts, housing, economic development, and cultural
projects. BBNA represents the Tribes collectively and regionally, and assists them on a
variety of social and economic matters.
Village Tribe
Aleknagik Aleknagik Traditional Council
Chignik Bay Chignik Bay Tribal Council
Chignik Lagoon Chignik Lagoon Village Council
Chignik Lake Chignik Lake Traditional Council
Clarks Point Clarks Point Village Council |
Dillingham Curyung Tribal Council (Dillingham)
Egegik Egegik Village Council
Ekuk Ekuk Village Council
Ekwok Ekwok Village Council |
Igiugig Igiugig Village Council
lliamna lliamna Village Council Ee
Ivanof Bay Ivanof Bay Village Council
Kanatak Kanatak Tribal Council
King Salmon King Salmon Tribal Council
Kokhanok Kokhanok Tribal Council aed
Levelock Levelock Tribal Council
[Rasta Manokotak Village Council
Naknek Naknek Tribal Council
New Koliganek New Koliganek Tribal Council
New Stuyahok New Stuyahok Tribal Council
Newhalen Newhalen Tribal Council |
Nondalton Nondalton Tribal Council
| Pedro Bay Pedro Bay Tribal Council
Perryville Native Village of Perryville (Perryville)
Pilot Point Pilot Point Tribal Council
Port Heiden Port Heiden Village Council
Portage Creek Portage Creek Village Council
South Naknek South Naknek Village Council
| Togiak Togiak Traditional Council
Twin Hills Twin Hills Village Council
Ugashik Ugashik Traditional Council ae]
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy —
The State of Alaska is a P.L. 280 state which means that there is concurrent
jurisdiction by the State and Tribes. Historically, it has been an antagonistic relationship
since they compete for the same inhabitants and resources.
The State spent many years refusing to recognize the existence of Tribes, but
Governor Tony Knowles corrected it with Administrative Order 186 on September 29,
2000 that stated Tribes Existed before the formation of the United States and the State of
Alaska. The Order recognizes the important contribution that Alaska's Tribes make; the
positive impact of Tribal funds on the State’s economy and its citizens. It acknowledged
the Tribes’ authority and responsibility to deliver social, economic, cultural, and other
programs and services. The Order’s goal was to develop a constructive and harmonious
relationship between the Tribal and State governments, which is still being perfected
within individual departments and programs.
BOROUGH/CENSUS AREA VILLAGE INCORP TYPE
Dillingham Census Area: Aleknagik 2nd Class City
(Unorganized Borough) Clark's Point 2nd Class City
[ Dillingham 1st Class City
Ekuk Unincorporated
Ekwok 2nd Class City
Koliganek Unincorporated
fs Manokotak 2nd Class City
New Stuyahok 2nd Class City
ii Portage Creek Unincorporated
Togiak 2nd Class City
Twin Hills Unincorporated
Bristol Bay Borough: King Salmon Unincorporated |
[ Naknek Unincorporated
South Naknek Unincorporated
| Lake & Peninsula Borough Chignik 2"™ Class City
Chignik Lagoon Unincorporated
| Chignik Lake Unincorporated
Egegik 2" Class City
Igiugig Unincorporated
lliamna Unincorporated a
Ivanof Bay Unincorporated
Kokhanok Unincorporated
Levelock Unincorporated
Newhalen 2nd Class City
Nondalton 2nd Class City
Pedro Bay Unincorporated
Perryville Unincorporated |
Pilot Point 2nd Class City |
Port Heiden 2nd Class City
Ugashik Unincorporated
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
The State of Alaska's Constitution, Article X, Section 2, provides that two forms of
local government, cities and organized boroughs, form the basic structure of Alaska's
Municipal Government. Both cities and boroughs are municipal corporations and political
subdivisions of the State of Alaska. (AS 29.04.010 -.020)
Thirteen (13) of the communities in the Bristol Bay Region have a State chartered
city government. The City of Dillingham is the only 1* Class City; and the others are 2"°
Class Cities. There are two Boroughs and one Unorganized Census Area in the Region: 1)
Bristol Bay Borough with three communities; 2) Lake and Peninsula Borough with
seventeen communities; and 3) Dillingham Census Area with eleven communities.
Borough Assemblies and City councils oversee municipal finances and tax collection,
public works, fire and police departments, libraries, senior services, utilities and other
services.
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
LAND OWNERSHIP
Federal Lands
The largest land owners in the Bristol Bay region are the Federal and State
governments and the Native Corporations. Most of the federal managed lands are
managed as national parks, preserves and wildlife refuges. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service manage four Wildlife refuges: Alaska Maritime, Alaska Peninsula, Aniakchak,
Becharof, and Togiak. The National Park Service manages Lake Clark National Park and
Preserve, the Katmai National Park and Preserve, and the Aniakchak National Monument
and Preserve. The Bureau of Land Management manages federal land outside of these
conservation lands.
Stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the southeast panhandle, the Alaska Maritime
National Wildlife Refuge protects breeding habitat for seabirds, marine mammals and
other wildlife on more than 2,500 islands, spires, rocks and coastal headlands. Some of
these isolated islands host unique species not found elsewhere. This Refuge may be the
frontier where the next new bird or plant will be discovered.
Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge is a land of towering mountains, active
volcanoes, broad valleys, fjords, tundra and glacially formed lakes. The Bristol Bay side of
the Refuge consists primarily of flat to rolling tundra, lakes and wetlands. From these
coastal lowlands, the land rises to steep glaciated mountains, forming the spine of the
Refuge, and then plunges to steep cliffs and sandy beaches on the Pacific side. Several of
the Refuge's volcanoes have been active in the recent past. Mt. Chiginigak last erupted in
1971 and continues to vent gases and steam. Mt. Veniaminoff, a massive strato-volcano
with a base 30 miles in diameter and a summit crater 20 miles in circumference, erupted
from 1993 to 1995. Mt. Veniaminoff has the most extensive crater glacier in the country
and is the only known glacier on the continent with an active volcanic vent in its center.
Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve is a U.S. National Monument and
Preserve, consisting of the area around the Aniakchak volcano on the Aleutian Range. The
area was proclaimed a national monument on December 1, 1978, and established as a
national monument and preserve on December 2, 1980. The national monument is
137,176 federal acres and the preserve is 465,603 acres of which 439,863 are federal. The
area is maintained by the National Park Service. With only 285 documented recreational
visits in 2004, this remote place is perhaps the least visited unit of the National Park
System. Most visitors fly into the area, but the frequent fog and other adverse weather
conditions make landing difficult.
The Aniakchak region is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, and the national monument
consists of the caldera around Mount Aniakchak, with notable examples of several
volcanic features - such as lava flows and cinder cones. Surprise Lake, located within the
caldera, is the source of the Aniakchak River, a National Wild and Scenic River. The
Aniakchak Bay Historic Landscape District surrounds the Aniakchak River from Aniakchak
Crater to Aniakchak Bay and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on
February 14, 1997.
10
__BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Becharof National Wildlife Refuge is a land of towering mountains, active
volcanoes, broad valleys, fjords, tundra and glacially formed lakes. The Bristol Bay side of
the Refuge consists primarily of flat to rolling tundra, lakes and wetlands. From these
coastal lowlands, the land rises to steep glaciated mountains, forming the spine of the
Refuge, and then plunges to steep cliffs and sandy beaches on the Pacific side. The Refuge
contains Becharof Lake, which at approximately 300,000 acres, is the largest fresh water
lake in the National Wildlife Refuge System. Mt. Peulik, a 4,800-foot volcano with lava
flows reaching Becharof Lake is a prominent landmark.
With terrain that varies from sheer mountain peaks and sea cliffs to open
stretches of tundra and wetlands, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge has many distinctive
habitats that provide homes to all sorts of wildlife. The vast 4.7 million acres of the refuge
are defined and divided by river drainages. There are 35 river systems here, the most
prominent of which are the Kanektok, Goodnews, and Togiak rivers. The rivers are the
lifeblood of the region, totaling over 1,500 miles of stream and river habitat, and serving
as transportation pathways for animals and humans.
Lake Clark National Park and Preserve is a U.S. National Park that includes many
streams and lakes vital to the Bristol Bay salmon fishery. The park allows a wide variety of
recreational activities year-round. Lake Clark is on the Alaska Peninsula, southwest of
Anchorage, and has a variety of features not found together in any of the other Alaska
Parks: the junction of three mountain ranges, (the Alaska Range from the North, the
Aleutian Range from the South, and the park's own rugged Chigmit Mountains, an area
known as Alaska's Alps.), two active volcanoes (Iliamna and Redoubt), a coastline with
rainforests on the East (similar to Southeast Alaska), a plateau with tundra on the West
(similar to Arctic Alaska), and turquoise lakes. There are no roads and it can only be
reached by small aircraft, preferably floatplane. The park is 4,480 square miles and one of
the least visited National Parks averaging just over 5,000 visitors per year.
Katmai National Park & Preserve protects the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, a
spectacular forty square mile, 100 to 700 foot deep ash flow deposited by Novarupta
Volcano in the early 1900’s. There are at least fourteen active volcanoes within the
national park; most recently Fourpeaked Volcano became active in September 2006 after
more than 10,000 years of dormancy. Katmai is still famous for volcanoes, but also for
brown bears, pristine waterways with abundant fish, remote wilderness, and a rugged
coastline. The park covers 7,383 square miles, being roughly the size of Wales. Most of
the park, 5,288 square miles, is a designated wilderness area. This park contains
numerous archaeological sites which indicate a long history of prehistoric occupations.
Activities at Katmai include hiking, backpacking, camping, backcountry skiing, fishing,
kayaking, boat tours, and interpretive programs. The vast majority of Katmai visitors visit
Brooks Camp, the only developed area of the park, and few venture further than the bear
viewing platforms.
State Lands
State Land is located in the Wood Tikchik State Park, the Nushagak and Iliamna
drainages and the Bay side of the Alaska Peninsula. All tidal and submerged lands three
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Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
miles offshore and the beds of inland navigable water bodies are owned by the State. The
State maintains two conservation units, the Walrus Game Sanctuary and the Wood Tikchik
State Park.
Wood-Tikchik State Park is located north of Dillingham. Over 1.6 million acres
(6,500 km?) in area—about the size of the state of Delaware, it is the largest state park in
Alaska and also the largest state park in the nation. It is one of only two state parks in
western Alaska, along with the 5-acre Lake Aleknagik State Recreation Site that is located
on the Aleknagik Lake south shore with road access from Dillingham.
The Walrus Game Sanctuary is seven small, isolated islands in Bristol Bay that host
the largest annual land-based walrus haul out in the Western Hemisphere. Each spring,
2,000 to 10,000 male walruses bask on the rocky beaches of Round Island for days at a
time. Steller sea lions have a rookery nearby and gray whales swim offshore along the
coast. In spring and summer, red foxes feed and play on the island slopes. Hundreds of
thousands of seabirds, including kittiwakes, murres, puffins, cormorants, parakeet auklets,
and pigeon guillemots breed along the island's shores during the summer. Viewing is by
permit only, from May 1 to August 15. Five-day permits allow camping on Round Island
and are obtained from ADF&G in Dillingham on a first-come, first-served basis. Visitors
must be self-sufficient, in good physical condition, and prepared for inclement weather.
Municipal Lands
Boundaries are established through the Local Boundary Commission. The
Commission’s role is to receive, review, and make final decisions on petitions for:
Incorporation; Reclassification; Annexation; Detachment; Dissolution; Mergers; and
Consolidation of cities, boroughs, and unified municipalities.
VLU CellyVa a INCORP TYPE LAND (sq. miles) | WATER (sq. miles)
Bristol Bay Borough Borough 504.9 382.8
| Lake & Peninsula Borough Borough 23,782 7,125
| City of Aleknagik 2nd Class City 11.6 a2
City of Chignik 2nd Class City 11.7 4.2
City of Clarks Point 2nd Class City Sal 0.9
City of Dillingham 1st Class City 33.6 2
City of Egegik 2nd Class City 32.8 101.2
City of Ekwok 2nd Class City 16.0 1.4 |
City of Manokotak 2nd Class City 36.4 0.9
City of New Stuyahok 2nd Class City 32.6 2.0
City of Newhalen 2nd Class City 6.1 213
City of Nondalton 2nd Class City 8.4 0.4
City of Pilot Point 2nd Class City 25.4 115.1
City of Port Heiden 2nd Class City 50.7 0.7
City of Togiak 2nd Class City 45.2 183.3
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Native Corporation Lands
Formed as a result of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), the Bristol
Bay Native Corporation (BBNC) owns a large amount of land in the Bristol Bay region. In
addition, each village selected lands in its vicinity and formed Village Corporations
obtaining the surface rights. BBNC owns the lands that it selected and controls the
subsurface rights of Village Corporation owned land. The vast majority of the land
remains undeveloped, with subsistence being the primary use.
Bristol Bay Region ANCSA Facts
e Total Land area within the ANCSA regional boundaries: 34 million acres
e Bristol Bay ANCSA conveyance surface and subsurface: 101,500 acres
e Total Statewide ANCSA conveyance subsurface: 2,716,000 million acres
e 5,401 Original shareholders in December 1971; today there are approximately 9,000
e 12a lands are original village land selections; 12b lands were redistributed by BBNC.
VILLAGE CORPORATION NAME PCY AUTRE Nc) NS Tee Nag 1)
12a 12b Total
Aleknagik Aleknagik Natives Limited 115,200 3,140 118,340
Chignik Far West Inc. 115,200 3,886 119,086
Chignik Lagoon Chignik Lagoon Native Corp 92,160 3,306 95,466
Chignik Lake Chignik River Limited 92,160 7,801 99,961
Clarks Point Saguyak Inc. 92,160 18,788 110,948
Dillingham Choggiung Limited 161,280 14,226 175,506
Egegik Becharof Corp 92,160 2,310 94,470
Ekuk Choggiung Limited. 69,120 7,680 76,800
Ekwok Ekwok Natives Limited 92,160 1,522 93,682
Igiugig Igiugig Native Corp 69,120 503 69,623
lliamna lliamna Native Corp 69,120 3,939 73,059
lvanof Bay Bay View Inc. 69,120 12,382 81,502
Kokhanok Kokhanok Native Corp 92,160 9,667 101,827
Koliganek Koliganek Natives Limited 92,160 3,910 96,070 |
Levelock Levelock Natives Limited 92,160 4,611 96,771
Manokotak Manokotak Natives Limited 115,200 10,420 125,620 |
Naknek Paug-Vik Inc. Limited 115,200 13,509 128,709
New Stuyahok Stuyahok Limited 115,200 3,752 118,952 |
Newhalen Newhalen Native Corp 69,120 2,406 71,526
Nondalton Kijik Corp 115,200 11,210 126,410
Pedro Bay Pedro Bay Corp 92,160 4,842 97,002
Perryville Oceanside Corp 92,160 1,766 93,926
Pilot Point Pilot Point Native Corp 92,160 6,777 98,937
Port Heiden Meshik Inc. 69,120 0 69,120 |
Portage Creek Choggiung Limited 69,120 61,553 130,673
South Naknek Qinuyang Limited 92,160 0 92,160 |
Togiak Togiak Natives Limited 138,240 18,397 156,637
Twin Hills Twin Hills Native Corp 69,160 830 69,990
Ugashik Ugashik Native Corp 69,120 1,011 70,131
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
SOCIOECONOMIC DATA
There are two types of regional economies, seasonal and year around. The two
main transportation hubs, King Salmon and Dillingham, have fairly staple year arouna
economies with commercial fishing, salmon processing, transportation, and government
jobs providing employment. For the other communities, commercial fishing and
subsistence activities are seasonal, and few other employment options exist. The salmon
season lasts three months (late May through August) and the salmon returns and prices
fluctuate seasonally, so the economic conditions of these communities vary.
Native People Living Locally | Total Population Bristol Bay Population Village
Aleknagik 185 219
Chignik Bay 55 91
| Chignik Lagoon 64 78
Chignik Lake 64 73
Clarks Point 57 62
Dillingham 1418 2329
Egegik 84 109
Ekuk 0 0
Ekwok 108 115
Igiugig 42 50
lliamna 63 109
Ivanof Bay 7 7
Kanatak 0 0
King Salmon 113 374
Kokhanok 154 170
Levelock 66 69
Manokotak 419 442
Naknek 256 544
New Koliganek 183 209
New Stuyahok 490 510
Newhalen 173 190
Nondalton 148 164
Pedro Bay 27 42
Perryville 111 113
Pilot Point 58 68
Port Heiden 80 102
Portage Creek 2 2
South Naknek 66 79
Togiak 757 817
Twin Hills 70 74
Ugashik 10 12
TOTAL 5330 7223
Alaska FY 2010 Population Determination.
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_BBCEDS | 2011-2016
The for-profit Native Village Corporations, non-profit Village Councils, and Regional
Native Organizations are somewhat new and a few of them are good economic
performers. After the 1971 Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), Native Village
Corporations were formed to invest and manage funds and land conveyances within the
region. Regional Native Nonprofit Organizations provide community, health, educational,
social, housing, land, workforce development, natural resource management, and
economic development assistance.
Cultural History
Three of Alaska’s major indigenous groups - Yupiit, Alutiiq and Athabascan have
lived in the region since time immemorial. Generally, the people inhabiting the Lake
lliamna subregion are Dena’ina Athabascan, the watershed/coastal subregions between
Togiak and the Northern Alaska Peninsula are Yupiit, and the southern Alaska Peninsula
subregion are Alutiiq.
Traditionally, these societies were nomadic and movement in and out of the
region and between communities was common. Although recorded contact with
Europeans began in 1741 in Alaska, Russians did not begin exploring the Bristol Bay
Region until 1818. The U.S. purchased the Alaska territory in 1867. American policy forced
the Alaska Natives to settle in year around communities shortly afterward.
Yup’ik Alaska Native elders have identified the following critical drivers of
socioeconomic and sociocultural change in their communities since contact with
Europeans and Americans: disease epidemics, reorganization of residential patterns and
relations between men and women, prohibition of many important sociopolitical and
religious ceremonies, management schemes imposed on natural resources, and
restrictions by missionaries and educators on the use of Alaska Native languages (Pete in
Barker 1993). The introduction of alcohol and disease decimated many rural Alaska
communities and continues to have a detrimental effect on Alaska’s rural economy and
culture.
Education
There are four school districts in the region that provide primary and secondary
education and receive supplemental funds from Federal grants and programs such as
Johnson O'Malley, Migrant Education, and Indian Education. They include: The Bristol
Bay School District, the Lake & Peninsula School District, Dillingham City School District
and the Southwest Region School District. There is a Head Start operated by BBNA that
provides early learning opportunities for young children. There is a private Seventh Day
Adventist Church School in Dillingham, and numerous online home school options. Post-
secondary education is provided by the University of Alaska Fairbanks-Bristol Bay Campus
and the Southwest Alaska Vocational Education Center.
Most communities in the Region have a primary school, and fewer communities
have a high school. Many schools in the Bristol Bay Region are small, some with 20 or
fewer students with a range of grade levels in one classroom. If school enrollment drops
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Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
below 10 students, the school is closed, and people typically move to a larger community.
School closure causes a rapid decline in the village. In communities without a high school,
students go to boarding schools or boarding homes in communities with a high school. In
most villages, schools serve as community centers for large community gatherings.
BBNA Head Start operates in the communities of Dillingham, New Stuyahok,
Manokotak and Togiak. Head Start is a federally-funded comprehensive early childhood
program for children age’s three to five and their families. It provides the children of these
communities with a quality kindergarten readiness program that provides the tools they
need for a successful school career. Cultural awareness is of upmost importance in the
Head Start classrooms, the teachers provide cultural activities based on the subsistence
calendar.
Head Start works with families on goal setting in coordination with BBAHC,
SWRSD, TANF, Manokotak Natives Limited, and other village based resources that provide
training and support to families. They encourage parents and community members to
volunteer in the local Head Start centers, which can lead to job skills and greater
understanding of the importance of participating in their child’s education.
Dillingham City School District consists of an elementary school, middle/high
school, and Maximum Achievement Program (MAP) school. The Dillingham Elementary
School has an enrollment of 237, and the Middle/High School has 275.
Bristol Bay Borough School District serves the communities of Naknek, King
Salmon, and South Naknek. Students from King Salmon are bused to Naknek and the
South Naknek children are flown across the river.
Lake and Peninsula School District (LPSD) serves the communities of Chignik Bay,
Chignik Lagoon, Chignik Lake, Pedro Bay, Egegik, Iguigig, Kokhanok, Levelock, Port Heiden,
Newhalen, Nondalton, Perryville, Pilot Point, and Port Alsworth.
Southwest Region School District (SWRSD) began operations as a State funded
Rural Educational Attendance Area (REAA) in 1976. SWRSD's Central Office is located in
Dillingham and serves nine village schools: Aleknagik, Clarks Point, Ekwok, Koliganek,
Manokotak, New Stuyahok, Portage Creek, Togiak, and Twin Hills.
Mt. Edgecumbe High School (MEHS) is a State run public boarding high school
located in Sitka, Alaska. Originally administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the school
was transferred to the State of Alaska in the 1980s. Mt. Edgecumbe expanded from 370
students to 420 students in 2004 and projects a long-term enrollment of 450. The school
typically has 140 openings every year with 300+ students applying. As of 2005, over 100
Alaskan communities are represented at MEHS including communities from Bristol Bay.
Southwest Alaska Vocational & Education Center (SAVEC) provides innovative,
customized, rapid response, high quality training and skill development. SAVEC and its
partners help businesses, regional organizations, village councils, government agencies,
and other organizations develop and deliver workforce development programs that
increase jobs in the region. It is one of the most advanced classroom technology centers
in the state utilizing Smart Board Technology, Audio Conferencing, Video Conferencing
(VTC), Distance Education, and Wireless Networking throughout its facility. SAVEC’s
outdoor laboratory makes a perfect setting for programs such as Heavy Equipment
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BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Operator Training, Construction Truck Operations (CDL) and Driver’s Education allowing
students hands-on experience.
University of Fairbanks-Bristol Bay Campus located in Dillingham provides post-
secondary opportunities with a satellite office in Naknek. They offer a broad range of
courses that are available by audio conference to 32 villages. It offers vocational/technical
and academic courses on campus. Students include those who have had no college, those
returning to college work, those holding baccalaureates but seeking refresher studies, and
those actively seeking a graduate degree. Most Bristol Bay Campus students go to school
part-time because they have jobs, children, or other community responsibilities. 43% of
the students are between the ages of 31 and 40. Alaskan Natives make up 54% of the
Campus student body with 40% of those Alaskan Native women.
Employment Data
pA Kea eras
> About 65 percent of the resident population that is 16 years old or older worked in
2009.
> Local Government was the main industry in 2009, employing 41 percent of the area's
workers.
> More workers employed as Teacher Assistants in Dillingham Census Area than other
occupation.
>» More workers employed as General Office Clerks in Bristol Bay Borough than any other
occupation.
> More workers employed as Construction Laborers in Lake & Pen Borough than any
other occupation.
Unemployment
12/2010 WP a Pla 03/2011
UI Claimants** 207 239 251 242
Unemployment Rate (Not seasonally adjusted) 11.8% 11.5% 11.3% 11.5%
UI Claimants** 43 47 46 41
Unemployment Rate(Not seasonally adjusted) 9.2% 11.0% 11.2% 10.3%
UI Claimants** 99 123 128 126
Unemployment Rate (Not seasonally adjusted) 10.8% 12.4% 12.8% 11.8%
BRISTOL BAY REGION COMPILED UNEMPLOYMENT
UI Claimants** 349 409 425 409
Unemployment Rate (Not seasonally adjusted) 10.6% 11.6% 11.77% 11.2%
**UI claimants are individuals in this area who had an active claim at any time during the month.
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Job Sources
5% ™ Government
@ Seafood Industry
35% @ Services
@ Transportation, communications, utilities
@ Retail Trade
31% @ Other
3%
9%
17%
2009 Employment Snapshot
Working Age Residents
Residents age 16+ 3,308 780 1,169 5,257
Resident Worker Characteristics
Total 2,109 507 758 3,374
Male 1,030 227 404 1,661
Female 1,079 230 354 1,663
Age 45+ 855 267 304 1,426)
Age 50+ 599 188} 199 986
Unemployment
UI Claimants 421 77 215 713
New Hires
New hires 846 200) 381 1,427
Wages
Total wages $57,355,047 |$18,865,039|$15,967,366| $92,187,452,
Resident Workers by Sector
Private 1,234 342 313 1,889
State government 110 22 8 140
Local government 765 143) 437 1,345
Quarterly Number of Resident Workers
Peak (2nd) quarter workers 1,771 455 613 2,839
Percent working all 4 quarters 61.8% 63.7% 51.6% 59.0%!
Construction Occupation Experience (05-09)
Some construction 317 86) 235) 638
At least 1 year construction 102 31) 79 212
At least 2 years construction 34 20) 19 73
Worked in an AGIA occupation 1,740 428 774 2,942
There is distinction between the local/regional employment data and the “standard” employment series. Most data reflect totals for
area residents only. Total worker counts may be lower than expected in areas with large numbers of nonresident workers. The Alaska
Permanent Fund dividend file is used to determine the worker's geographic residence. Only Alaska residents (defined by PFD
application) are included in these totals. Note that federal employees, the military, and the self-employed are not included in these data.
The number of residents age 16+ is derived from PFD applicant information. Population estimates are calculated using a model relying
on PFD information as one input, and also the relationship between the PFD applicants at the time of the US census with the census
count and other variables. For some places, the number of PFD applicants may exceed the estimated number of residents. An asterisk
(*) means data are suppressed. Numbers may not sum due to rounding. AGIA (Alaska Gasline Inducement Act) means the occupation
has been identified as a core occupation involved in the Gasline project.
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Commercial fishing and subsistence are the primary economic activities in the
Bristol Bay Region during the summer and are not often reflected in the employment
data. During the off season, unemployment levels increase due to few employment
alternatives. Commercial fishers do not pay into the unemployment system and are not
eligible for unemployment benefits. Other seasonal workers draw unemployment and
exhaust their benefits before they find other work or the new season starts again. The
semi-retired and those that have given up on looking for work do not show up in the
unemployment system. Some previous analysis figures the real off season unemployment
rate is over 30 percent.
Income and Poverty Levels
AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY — 2000 CENSUS
Dillingham Bristol Bay Lake & Pen Combined
Median Age 28.9 36 29.2 31.4
Average Family Size 3.8 33 Sa7. 3.6
Average Household Size 3:2) 2.6 3.1 3.0
Per Capita Income $16,021 $22,210 $15,361 $17,864
Median Family Income $45,391 $59,868 $42,313 $49,191
Median Household Income $43,079 $52,167 $36,442 $43,896
The ACS 2010 Census data is not available, yet.
POVER » oy Tale ETRY: e
Size of Family Unit 48 Contiguous States and D.C. Alaska
1 $10,890 $13,600
2 14,710 18,380
3 18,530 23,160
4 22,350 27,940
5 26,170 32,720
6 29,990 37,500
7 33,810 42,280
8 37,630 47,060
each additional person, add 3,820 4,780
According a report by the National Center for Children in Poverty, families typically
need an income twice the official poverty level ($55,880 for a family of four in Alaska) to
meet basic needs. The findings are due to the “high-cost of living.” The current poverty
measure was established in the 1960s and is now widely acknowledged to be flawed. It
was based on research indicating that families spent about one-third of their incomes on
food. Since then, the figures have been updated annually for inflation but otherwise
remain unchanged. The current poverty measure is flawed in three ways:
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Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
> Food now comprises only one-seventh of an average family’s expenses, while the
costs of housing, childcare, healthcare, and transportation have grown
disproportionately.
> The current poverty measure is a national standard that does not adjust for
substantial variation in cost of living from state to state and between urban and rural
areas.
When determining income, sources include earnings, interest, dividends, Social
Security, and cash assistance, which is counted before subtracting taxes, earned
Income Tax Credit, food stamps, Medicaid, housing, and childcare assistance, which
overstates income for some families, and underestimates it for others. Vv Cost of Living
The high cost of living and high energy prices are a large factor in living in rural
Alaska. The 2008 Alaska Geographic Differential Study commissioned by the Alaska
Department of Administration statically compares the cost of living in selected
communities and geographical areas (sample blocks) throughout the state with
Anchorage. The study surveyed housing, food, transportation, clothing, and medical care
expenses - to name a few - using two primary research tasks, a Household Consumption
Survey and a Retail Price Survey. The Aleutian Region was the most expensive sample
block with costs at 1.5 percent higher than Anchorage. The most expensive sample blocks
in the Bristol Bay region were the Bethel/Dillingham area with costs at 1.49 percent higher
and the Southwest Small Communities with costs at 1.44 percent higher than Anchorage.
The 2008 Alaska Geographic Differential Study clearly proves communities “off the road
system” in the state of Alaska experience the greatest cost of living relative to Anchorage
and the communities along the Railbelt region of the state.
Geographical Cost Differentials, 2008 Selected Communities
Barrow 150)
Bethel 1:53
Cordova 1.13
Dillingham 1.37
Homer 1.01
Ketchikan 1.04
Kotzebue 1.61
Nome 1.39
Petersburg 1.05
Sitka Ae
Unalaska/Dutch Harbor 1.58
Valdez 1.08
Source: Geographic Differential Survey, Prepared by McDowell Group, in association with ECO northwest, &
GMA Research Corporation, 2008
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The 2011 Current Communities Conditions: Fuel Prices across Alaska report
conducted by the State Department of Commerce, Community & Economic Development
contains data, summaries and analysis of retail heating fuel and gasoline prices from 100
communities around the state. The map below shows the communities surveyed and the
regions as defined by the department for comparative purposes in the report.
GULF COAST
Gulf of Alaska
Source: “Current Community Conditions: Fuel Prices across Alaska, June 2011 Update”; Department of
Commerce, Community & Economic Development; Division of Community & Regional Affairs, Report to the
Director.
The retail prices per gallon for heating fuel #1 vary by region around the state. The
prices ranged from a low of $3.65 (Chignik) in the Southwest region to a high of $11.26
(Saint Michael) in the Northwest region. The statewide average reported at $5.54 per
gallon. In the Bristol Bay region, seven communities were surveyed: Chignik, Dillingham,
Clark's Point, Kokhanok, New Stuyahok, Nondalton and Togiak. The retail prices per gallon
for heating fuel #1 also varied by community in the region. The prices ranged from a low
of $3.65 (Chignik) to a high of $7.86 (Kokhanok). The average for the selected
communities surveyed in the Bristol Bay region calculated at $6.00 per gallon.
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Heating Fuel #1 Prices per Gallon
Coast
$6.86 | $10.00 $2.60 $11.26 $6.06 $7.86 $7.27
$4.19 $4.00 $1.40 $3.99 $4.25 $3.65 $4.27
$5.00 $5.60 $1.74 $5.93 $4.89 $5.68 $5.75
Heating Fuel #1 Prices per Gallon —- Communities Surveyed in Bristol Bay Region
Chignik | Dillingham [eee Kokhanok New Nondalton Togiak
Point Stuyahok
$3.65 $5.73 $6.00 $7.86 $5.88 $6.88 $6.00
The retail prices per gallon for gasoline also vary by region around the state. The
prices ranged from a low of $4 (Kaktovik) in the Northern region to a high of $10 (Arctic
Village) in the Interior region. The statewide average reported at $5.75. In the Bristol Bay
region, seven communities were surveyed: Chignik, Dillingham, Clark's Point, Kokhanok,
New Stuyahok, Nondalton and Togiak. The prices ranged from a low of $3.65 (Chignik) to
a high of $7.86 (Kokhanok). The average for the selected communities surveyed in the
Bristol Bay region calculated at $6.18 per gallon.
Gasoline Prices per Gallon
(eorTs
Eiim 57.07. $10.00 $9.20 $7.73 $6.01 $8.00 $7.79
$4.22 $4.04 $4.00 $4.55 $4.13 $4.30 $5.09
$5.04 $5.89 $5.39 $5.93 $4.87 $5.90 $6.41
Gasoline Prices per Gallon — Communities Surveyed in the Bristol Bay Region
Chignik | Dillingham | Clark’s No) ir lavel.a New Nondalton aeyir 4
Point Stuyahok
Ro $4.30 $5.99 $6.00 $8.00 $6.05 $7.19 $5.78
The 2011 Current Communities Conditions: Fuel Prices across Alaska report
concluded the following:
These increased fuel and energy costs, combined with high unemployment
rates, limited local economies, and local governments struggling to provide
basic local services, continue to present rural Alaska communities and
households with challenging circumstances.
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
The Statistical Report of the Power Cost Equalization (PCE) Program for Fiscal Year
2010 reports on the cost of electricity for customers participating in the PCE program in
rural areas where costs are typically higher than the urban parts of the state. The program
allows for eligible utilities and residential customers of those utilities to receive a reduced
rate on the first 500 kWh consumed in an effort to “equalize” the cost of electricity with
other parts of the state. The report estimates about 78,431 people from 185
communities and 84 utilities around the state participated in the program in FY 2010.
In the Bristol Bay Region, 18 utilities representing 24 communities participated in
the program. Clark’s Point, Chignik Lake and Ugashik did not participate. The reported
average residential rate, PCE, and effective residential rates varied for the region.
Village Average PCE Rate Effective
Cael rem Residential Rate
Aleknagik 34.05 18.68 15.37
Chignik Bay 44.87 29.48 15.39
Chignik Lagoon 40.00 25.88 14.12
Dillingham 34.05 18.68 15.37
Egegik 62.84 24.11 38.73
Ekwok 50.00 35.88 14.12
Igiugig 80.30 48.80 31.50
lliamna 59.82 25.81 34.01
King Salmon 51.49 22.62 28.87
Kokhanok 90.00 47.44 42.56
Koliganek 50.00 35.88 14.12
Levelock 70.00 38.60 31.40
Manokotak 55.00 29.37 25.63
Naknek 51.49 22.62 28.87
New Stuyahok 63.81 41.73 22.08
| Newhalen 59.82 25.81 34.01
Nondalton 59.82 25.81 34.01
Pedro Bay 91.00 46.57 44.43
Perryville 95.00 24.41 70.59
Pilot Point 50.00 35.88 14.12
Port Heiden 75.00 29.71 45.29
South Naknek 51.49 22.62 28.87
Togiak 56.99 35.25 21.74
Twin Hills 55.00 30.10 24.90
Source: Statistical Report of the Power Cost Equalization Program, Fiscal Year 2010, July 1, 2009 — June 30, 2010,
Twenty Second Edition, March 2011, Alaska Energy Authority.
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Cash and Subsistence Economy
Rural Alaska has a mixed economy of cash and subsistence. Combining cash-
paying jobs and subsistence activities is the way most households sustain themselves.
Most importantly, subsistence activities (hunting, fishing, berry picking, preserving food
and sharing) are part of the Alaska Native culture. Both the subsistence activities
themselves and the sharing among families and friends have significant cultural, social and
economic value.
“Subsistence” is the term used to refer to the gathering of wild resources for food
and other personal necessities. Historically, all human beings survived by subsistence but
most of mankind now has replaced these activities with the division of labor,
specialization, and trade. Alaska and Federal law define subsistence as the “customary
and traditional uses” of wild resources for food, clothing, fuel, transportation,
construction, art, crafts, sharing, and customary trade. “Customary and traditional”
includes harvesting food, the collection of materials for traditional crafts, and trade.
Bristol Bay Region residents, both Native and non-Native harvest wild resources as
an important part of their livelihood and culture. These subsistence harvests of fish and
game represent a significant portion of the diet and takes priority over other uses of the
resources such as sport and commercial fishing. Subsistence hunting and fishing is a
central part of family activities, and is significant to the regional economy.
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game estimated in 2000 that among remote
rural households (including both Alaska Native and non-Native households), 60% harvest
game and 80% harvest fish and that several hundred pounds are harvested annually per
person. But the U.S. Census Bureau reported in 2000 that most households in the remote
rural region, 85% of Alaska Native, and 93% of non-Native, also had at least some cash
income from wage work; therefore, given the large subsistence harvests and the
prevalence of wage-work, remote rural households routinely combine cash and
subsistence.
There’s also an “informal” economy based on customary trade, not captured in
statistics. Families and neighbors trade services, share goods, or make cash payments not
reported to the IRS. Such activities outside the standard market economy go on
nationwide, but they are especially important the Bristol Bay Region, where both cash and
local businesses are scarce. Small remote communities can’t support most of the service
businesses found in urban areas. The informal customary trade economy increases the
economic well-being of rural households’.
\"
Alaska Native Arts and Crafts
Many local artisans continue to use arts and crafts to supplement their cash needs.
The items exhibit life and tradition in many types of media and styles. It is sold at local
stores, festivals, gatherings, and holiday art and craft bazaars. Ivory carving,
woodworking, grass basketry, skin sewing, beading, and painting are popular art forms
that can be found. The art of dogsled building is still practiced in the Region. Statewide
24
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
gatherings such as the annual Alaska Federation of Natives Convention provides an
opportunity for artists to sell elaborately decorated skin sewn parkas, mukluks, cleverly
designed ivory figurines, and ornately fashioned beaded jewelry and hangings.
Local Taxes
Municipality Property Sales 13-1 | a Corti -tam bry
Byatt) ar) ar 4 a4
Bristol Bay Borough 13.0 None 10% 4% None
Lake and Peninsula None None 6% 2% $3 person/day guide tax;
Borough (L&PB) $1 person/day lodge tax
City of Aleknagik None 5% 5% None None
City of Chignik None None 6% 2% *L&PB Taxes
City of Clarks Point None 5% None None None
City of Dillingham 13.0 6% 10% None 10% Alcohol
City of Egegik None None None 3% *L&PB Taxes
City of Ekwok None None None None None
City of Manokotak None 2% None None None
City of New Stuyahok None None None None None
City of Newhalen None 2% None None *L&PB Taxes
City of Nondalton None 3% None None *L&PB Taxes
City of Pilot Point None 3% None 3% * L&PB Taxes
City of Port Heiden None None None None *L&PB Taxes
City of Togiak None 2% None 2% None
*L&PB Taxes: 6% Bed Tax; 2% Fish Tax; $3 person/day guide tax; $1 person/day lodge tax.
nN mn
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Transportation
The region is remote with no roads, accessible by air and water only. Large state-
owned airports provide regular daily, year-around jet flights from Anchorage to the hubs
at lliamna, Dillingham and Naknek/King Salmon. A seaplane base is available 3 miles west
of Dillingham owned by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. A heliport is available at
Kanakanak Hospital. Several small airlines provide local air charter and cargo flights.
There are barge landings, and boat launch/haul-out facilities in several coastal
communities. The City of Dillingham operates a small seasonal boat harbor and all-tide
dock. Two freight barge lines make scheduled trips from Seattle and Anchorage. Some
freight is sent from Anchorage with a large percentage coming in from Seattle.
There are three short inter-community roads that connect Dillingham to Aleknagik;
Naknek to King Salmon; and Iliamna to Newhalen. Due to the lack of infrastructure, travel
between communities is usually by small plane, and seasonally by boat, four-wheeler, or
snowmobile. Individuals travel by personal vehicles, snowmobiles, ATV’s, skiffs and small
planes.
Below is a chart of Capital Projects funded in the Region from January 2008-May
2010. Some projects are funded but have not started or have been completed, but remain
on the list showing the types of projects and the award amounts.
(ory aaa Project Description es Jobs fer lete] Retained
Aleknagik 2011 Wood River Bridge DOT&PF $21,803,000
2011 Float Plane Road DOT&PF $934,000
2009 ANTHC -AMHTA Funding - Aleknagik Denali $25,000 |
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $122,950
2008 New Housing Construction HUD $600,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $110,844
Bristol Bay 2011 Port of Bristol Bay - Improvements Phase II DCRA $5,000,000 |
Borough 2011 Bear Proof Fencing for Landfill DCRA $60,000
2010 Alek/Clarks/Ekwok Schools HVAC Upgrades DEED $384,186
2009 _- Furniture/Fixtures Monsen Regional Library DCRA $6,384
2008 = Prch Land/Dvlp-Fishrman's Dck & Indstrl Pk DCRA $70,671
Chignik 2010 Airport Master Plan Wind Study DOT&PF so
2009 Indian Creek Hydro Feasibility Study AEA-AEEE $208,500 |
a 2009 Sewer Improvements - Phase IV DEC/VSW $18,750
2009 = Chignik Harbor Dredging 92 Denali $1,000,000 |
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2009 Construct Sewage Lift Station USDA/RD $477,000
2008 Subregional Clinic Denali $1,868,780
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
26
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Community Year — Project Description oT) od Agency Award
Created SET)
Chignik 2009 = Chignik Lagoon Hydroelectric Final Design AEA-AEEE $151,000
Lagoon 2009 Airport Safety Improvements DOT&PF $4,000,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
Chignik 2009 = Chignik Lake Area Wind-Hydro Final Design AEA-AEEE $375,800 |
Lake 2009 ANTHC - AMHTA Funding - Chignik Lake Denali $25,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $63,017
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $58,595
Clark's 2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $79,883
Point 2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $72,407
Dillingham 2011 Streets Recon & Rehab/Wood River Rd 9 390 DOT&PF $6,742,402
2010 Lake Elva Hydropower Construction AEA-AEEE $4,006,500
2010 Replace 5 oil tanks - Kanakanak Hosp ANTHC $41,390
2010 Water System Improvements, Phase II DEC/MGL $3,090,000
2010 Wood River Road Reconstruction 21 DOT&PF $12,956,300
2010 Airport Apron &Taxiway Resurfacing DOT&PF so
2010 _ Dillingham: Kanakanak Road Resurfacing 10 245 DOT&PF $2,050,000
2010 3 Bay Chemical Storage Building DOT&PF so
2010 City of Dillingham - Tower Road Reconstruc 3 17 Denali $925,000
2009 Power Generation Upgrade / Phase | AEA-LEG $1,000,000
2009 Remodel Kanakanak EMS area ANTHC $797,500
2009 Overhaul of medical gas system /oxygen ANTHC $636,896
2009 = Kanakanak Hospital painting and siding ANTHC $466,559
2009 _Bio-waste disposal unit at the Kanakanak ANTHC $311,212
2009 Water and sewer service to 6 homes - DLG ANTHC $300,000
2009 Upgrade clean steam generator at hosp ANTHC $154,988
2009 Construct Tower Road BIA so
2009 City shoreline Emergency Bank stabilization DCRA $1,500,000
2009 _DLG High School Fire and Safety Upgrades DCRA $200,000
2009 _ Dillingham Health Center DHSS $107,500
2009 Dillingham Boat Harbor DOT&PF $195,000
2009 Bulkhead Extension 5 585 EDA $1,000,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant - BBNC HUD $2,190,968
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant - Curyung HUD $599,993
2008 2009 health facilities master plan for hosp ANTHC $280,812
2008 Wells & septic systems for 3 homes in DLG ANTHC $214,500
2008 DLG School EmFire Alarm Sprinkler System DCRA $600,000
2008 Water System Improvements, Phase II DEC/MGL $1,589,291
2008 3 Bay Chemical Storage Building DOT&PF $11,750
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant - BBNC HUD $2,339,619
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant - Curyung HUD $540,577
Egegik 2011 Design and Control for a New Class A Well DCRA $100,000
2009 Landfill Fencing DCRA $50,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $51,537
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
O Ee Project Descriptio ob se" Age Award
Ekuk 2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 Clarks Point Road Reconnaissance Denali $50,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
Ekwok 2010 Rehabilitate lift station in Ekwok, Alaska. ANTHC $200,000
2010 Sewer System Improvements DEC/VSW $91,057 |
2010 —Ekwok Health Clinic Construction Denali $466,011
2009 Design/Construct Water & Sewer Facilities DEC/VSW $168,857
2009 Snow Removal Equipment Building DOT&PF so
2009 IRA Denali $34,759
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $120,986
2008 Water & Wastewater Infrastructure Project DEC/VSW $191,440
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $107,762
i 2008 Design and PER/ER of New Landfill USDA/RD $29,868
Igiugig 2011 Rural Power Systems Upgrade 2 DCRA $110,000
2011 ‘Fuel Delivery Truck DCRA $12,000
2010' Igiugig Rural Power System Upgrade Denali $1,350,000
2010 _ Kvichak River - Ocean & River Energy AEA-AEEE $718,175
2010 Igiugig health clinic materials PurchaseShip ANTHC $1,831,676
2010 _High Ridge Road, Phase | BIA so
2010 _Igiugig Primary Care Clinic Construction Denali $660,857
2010 _ Igiugig Health Clinic Denali $466,011
il 2010 —_Igiugig High Ridge Court Road Construction Denali $81,000
[eee 2009 Excavator DCRA $50,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 __Igiugig -Skid Steer/Forklift/ Dozer/Backhoe DCRA $50,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
2008 Design and PER/ER New Water System USDA/RD $250,570 |
| lliamna 2011 ‘Village Community Hall Renovations 4 DCRA $72,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 Community Freezer &Laundromat Facility DCRA $75,000
2008 SnwRemovalEquip/SandChem|Strge/OffBldg 2 DOT&PF $1,150,000 |
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
| ivanof Bay 2009 _ Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
Kanatak 2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715 |
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
King 2010 Apron and Taxiway Resurfacing DOT&PF so
Salmon 2010 Airport Improvements DOT&PF so
2010 School Bus Road Improve/Construction Denali $800,000 |
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
Kokhanok 2011 Multi-purpose Building Design & Feasibility DCRA $30,000
2009 Kokhanok Wind Diesel AEA-AEEE $14,063
2009 Water &sewer service lines to one home ANTHC $30,000
2009 Septic Pumper Truck DCRA $40,000
28
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
eles A Year Project Description To) Agency
elite
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $124,220
2008 Water and sewer master plan. ANTHC $100,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $115,843
Koliganek 2010' Koliganek Bulk Fuel Facility - Construction Denali $1,100,000
2009 = ANTHC - AMHTA Funding - Koliganek Denali $25,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $140,626
2008 ‘Bulk Fuel Facility 7 2 AEA-BF $100,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $125,572
Lake &Pen 2009 Area wide School Supplies & Equipment DCRA $60,000
Borough 2008 Black Lake Research and Rehabilitation Proj DCRA $76,444
2008 Area wide School Supplies and Equipment DCRA $60,000
Levelock 2011 Heavy Equipment Purchase 2 DCRA $50,000
2009 Septic Pumping Equipment DCRA $43,000
2009 _Levelock IRA Denali $38,066 |
2009 ANTHC - AMHTA Funding - Levelock Denali $25,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $84,695
2008 Rural Power System Upgrade - Final Design AEA-RPSU $60,979
2008 _Levelock Clinic Construction, ANO7-GJ6 Denali $1,413,425 |
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $78,863
Manokotak 2010 Water & Sewer Disposal /Distribution Impr DEC/VSW $215,164 |
2010 Upgrade Water & Sewer Plan & Source Stdy DEC/VSW $47,250
2009 _Design/Construct Water & Sewer Facilities DEC/VSW $384,933
2009 Update Master Plan & Explora Well Drilling DEC/VSW $47,250
2009 Manokotak Heights Road Denali $3,500,000
2009 Manokotak Teacher Housing Denali $1,489,600 2009 __ Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $240,509 |
2008 Road Construction BIA so
2008 Manokotak Solid Waste FY08 Project Denali $92,613
2008 _ Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $215,550
2008 Construct New Landfill and Close Old Site USDA/RD $1,114,000
Naknek 2011 SWAK Rgnl GeothermalEnergy Proj-Phase III DCRA $1,250,000
2010 School Bus Route Road Improve/Design Denali $150,000
2009 Water and sewer service in Naknek, Alaska. ANTHC $670,000
2009 Port of Bristol Bay Dock Expansion/Repair DCRA $1,500,000
2009 Dock Equipment 4 236 EDA $2,240,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $114,041
2008 __H Duty Dock for Fishing Industry/Freight 4 235 EDA $1,700,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $104,190
New 2010 Construction of a new family services ANTHC $4,116,135
Stuyahok 2010 Sewer service in New Stuyahok, Alaska. 9 3 ANTHC $397,040
2010 ‘Family Services Center Construction Denali $1,917,049
2010 Rural Power System Upgrade - Design Denali $75,000
2010 AMHTA Match - Behavioral Health Space Denali $50,000
2009 Completion of sewage lagoon ANTHC $336,253
2009 CommunityHealthClin&FmlyResourceCenter DCRA $850,000
29
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Community Project Description aol Jobs
lerae lero) elite)
Bulk Fuel Facility Denali $7,965,000
2009 Power Plant Pad Construction Denali $315,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $303,437
2008 Rural Teacher Housing- Phase II AHFC so
2008 Complete sewage lagoon improvements. ANTHC $529,000
2008 Rural Teacher Housing Denali $559,067
2008 ‘Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $273,149
Newhalen 2011 ‘Fire Truck Purchase DCRA $50,000
2009 Septic Pumper Truck DCRA $130,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $66,327
2008 Road Improvements DCRA $10,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $61,714
Nondalton 2009 ANTHC-AMHTA Funding - Nondalton Denali $25,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $148,614
2008 NONDALTON - Water Treatment Plant ANTHC $1,259,940
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $139,082
Pedro Bay 2011 Hydroelectric Feasibility and Planning DCRA $75,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 Old School Demolition DEED $350,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $51,926
Perryville 2010 _ Barge Landing - Design and Construction 12 Denali $1,000,000
2009 Primary Care Clinic &Multipurpose Building Denali $144,650
2009 ANTHC-AMHTA Funding - Perryville Denali $25,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $70,164 |
2008 _— Purchase of Electrical Transformers AEA-LEG $60,000
2008 Completion of master plan ANTHC $100,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $64,125
Pilot Point 2010 Water & Sewer Pipe Extension & Upgrades DEC/VSW $150,727
2009 _ Design/Construct -Water & Sewer Facilities DEC/VSW. $259,684
2009 =ANTHC-AMHTA Funding - Pilot Point Denali $25,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $56,446
2008 Clinic Construction Denali $1,683,943
2008 Dago Creek Road Realignment 293 Denali $165,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $51,926
Port 2011 Heavy Equipment Purchase DCRA $250,000
Heiden 2009 Grader & Dozer DCRA $300,000
2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715 |
2008 Port Heiden Road Project BIA So
2008 Washeteria Repair/Renovate/Construct 159 DEC/VSW $802,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
Portage 2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
Creek 2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
South 2009 Construct Diamond M Road BIA So
Naknek 2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $68,565
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $62,342
30
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Community Year Project Description To) Jobs Agency Award eg) ce) SET]
Togiak 2010 Water & sewer service lines in Togiak 8 486 ANTHC $150,000
2010 _Rrl Power Sys/Bulk Fuel ConceptDesignRprt Denali $45,000
2009 Complete Design water & sewer system Up ANTHC $500,000
2009 Youth Multi-Purpose Facility DCRA $500,000
2009 Snow Removal Equipment Building DOT&PF so
2009 _—‘ Togiak Senior Housing Project Denali $219,398
2009 _=FY2009 Elder Housing Construction Denali $628,511
2009 BBHA- Togiak Senior Housing Project Denali $146,312
| 2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $591,122
2008 _ Design of WTP renovation. ANTHC $100,000
2008 Dust and Break-Up Control DCRA $150,000
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $532,960
2008 Design Water Treatment Plant Upgrades USDA/RD $75,000
Twin Hills 2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 Bulk Fuel Facility AEA-BF so
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
Ugashik 2009 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $49,715
2008 Indian Housing Block Grant HUD $48,660
DCED RAPIDS Community Capital Project Database — downloaded May 11, 2011 with added jobs created and jobs retained.
Housing
Statewide, according to “Trends” (Aug 2010 Art.), the average single-family home
prices have been largely stable. Residential Foreclosures are on the rise but aren’t causing
an alarm. Mortgage lending
activity peaked in late 2006
and has continued to decline
since then. Much of the
recent downturn in home
sales was offset by a flurry
Average Single-Family Home Sales Price
Anchorage Municipality
Kodiak Island Borough
Juneau, City and Borough
of refinancing activity Ketchikan Gateway Borough
spurred by low _ interest Mat-Su Borough
nates. Fairbanks North Star Borough Average home sales
prices remained remarkably Konel Penineuia Borough
stable considering the Bethel Census Area
recent drop in mortgage
activity. From 2000 to 2010, Statewide
single-family home _ sales
prices grew about 5 percent
per year, and condo sales
prices grew about 8 percent
per year.
SESS ESE S
31
$327,975
$325,132
§299,083
PLETE]
$237,465
$237,454
SSIES
$218,000
SE LEESE
Selected Areas and Statewide, 3rd Quarter 2010
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
How many average wage eamers In Bristol Bay, many people
needed to buy average home? cannot afford to buy or build a home.
The Bristol Bay Housing Authority’s
(BBHA’s) mission is to eliminate
substandard housing conditions
through development of local
1.75 1.6 capacities that provide safe, decent
and affordable housing opportunities
1.26 for the Native population of Bristol Bay. Since its founding in 1974, BBHA
1 : : : ; ; ; # has built more than 500 units, single
eer FF FF KF SF FS SF family homes and apartments, with
Alaska Affordability Index, Statewide, 1st Quarter 1992 to 2nd Quarter2010 funds provided by the USS.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)-Office of Native American
Programs, the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation (AHFC), and the U.S. Department of
Agriculture Rural Development Division (USDA Rural Development).
BBHA uses force accounting and serves as General Contractor hiring local workers
to build homes and apartment buildings. A homeowner equity program offers recipients
an opportunity to build equity and greater pride in home ownership. There remain
hundreds of families on a waiting list for homes, so the job begun in 1974 is far from
complete.
In 1996, the Native American Housing Assistance and Self Determination Act
(NAHASDA) represented a fundamental change in the way Native American housing
programs are administered. Similar to the way compacting has developed between
federal agencies and Native Tribes; NAHASDA puts responsibility for program
management in the hands of the people most affected. In Alaska, NAHASDA gives local
village councils the power to decide how housing dollars will be spent in their community.
In Bristol Bay, Tribal councils are using a portion of NAHASDA dollars for weatherization,
which helps their members with fuel bills, using local hire, which helps the local economy.
Water, Sewer, and Solid Waste Disposal
In the mid 1960’s there was a lack of water and sewer systems and many residents
carried drinking water and used honey buckets. The Public Health Service responded to a
statewide increase in waterborne illnesses and deaths by launching the installation of
individual well and sewer systems. People with homemade systems often built
inadequate cesspools without proper separation from water wells. Water wells around 30
feet deep are considered surface water, as acceptable filtration does not occur. High
levels of contaminates caused disease. Much progress has been made, but water and
sewer projects are still underway in Bristol Bay.
In the past, people dumped their garbage in piles outside of their house. Landfills
are being reconstructed that contain the solid waste away from wild animals and are far
enough away from villages to prevent disease and pests. Class I-III landfills are now in
operation in most villages.
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Energy
Electricity
Electrical infrastructure in the Bristol Bay region varies by ownership. The vast
majority of the communities in the region are part of a Cooperative model where the
customers are members of the public utility. The Village Councils, Cities and Village
Corporations also own and operate the utilities in the region, and a few are privately
owned. The community of Ugashik does not have distributed electric power at the
community level.
Ownership Structure for Bristol Bay Utilities
a << = Cooperative
= City = Village Corporation
Ge, = Private = No Grid
This table shows reported kWh sold and generated by community from the
Statistical Report of the Power Cost Equalization (PCE) Program for Fiscal Year 2010.
Cee Total kWh Total KWh Total KWh
@ Village Council
Sold Generated CTT Teli -1e |
(diesel) (non-diesel)
Chignik Bay L 696,174 | 751,661 0
Chignik Lagoon 500,013 522,929 21,269
Dillingham/Aleknagik | | 17,653,542 | | 19,139,350 0|
Egegik 627,952 | 710,000 0
Ekwok | 418,320. | 0 0
Igiugig 157,952 170,081 0
lliamna/Newhalen/Nondalton | 2,387,389 353,490 2,899,517
Kokhanok 397,612 456,666 0
Koliganek 577,915 | 325,170 0
Levelock 344,564 0 0
Manokotak 1,202,490 1,371,666 0
Naknek/King Salmon/South Naknek 19,619,106 | 21,192,783 0
New Stuyahok 1,424,952 | 1,525,143 0
Pedro Bay 230,103 | | 251,209 0
Perryville 336,471 | 310,080 13,361
Pilot Point 399,618 465,104 5,690
Port Heiden 231,414 | 0 0
Togiak 2,625,184 | 2,771,826 0
Twin Hills 191,462, 241,763 0
33
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Electricity in Bristol Bay is mostly dependent on fossil fuels, but with the spike in
fuel prices in 2008, there has been a greater effort to pursue alternative electrical power
sources with many projects under development. According to the AEA, the production
capacity of electrical infrastructure in the region is 27,561 kW compared to 1,418,213 kw
for the Railbelt. The total net generation for is 45,428 MWh (45,414 MWh from oil; 3
MWH from hydro; and 11 MWh from wind) compared to 5,063,916 MWh (532,208 MWH
from oil; 3,635,555 MWh from gas; 388,421 MWh from coal; 505, 831 MWH from hydro;
and 1,901 MWh from wind) for the Railbelt. For Bristol Bay this equates to 87,683 barrels
of oil. A total of 51,868 MWh were sold in 2010 (14,923 MWh from residential customers;
25,751 MWh from commercial customers; and 11,193 MWh from others) compared to
4,786,304 MWh in the Railbelt. The total electric revenue is $22,865,000 ($6,543,000
residential customers; $11,310,000 commercial customers; and $5,011,000 others).
Diesel Efficiency
The Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) with financial support from the Denali
Commission, implements energy system upgrades for communities throughout Alaska via
the Bulk Fuel and Rural Power Systems Upgrades programs. The Bulk Fuel program
provides for repairs, retrofits and upgrades of infrastructure so communities can continue
to receive fuel. The Rural Power System Upgrade program provides for powerhouse and
electrical distribution upgrades.
(ey ia Bulk Fuel Upgrade Project Rural Power Systems Upgrade
Aleknagik Completed Completed
Chignik Bay Completed Completed
Chignik Lagoon Completed Completed
Chignik Lake Completed Completed
Clark’s Point Completed Completed
Egegik Completed Completed
Igiugig Completed Completed
Kokhanok Completed Phase 3 (Construction)
Levelock Completed Phase 3 (Construction)
Manokotak Completed Phase 1 (Conceptual Design)
Pilot Point Completed Remaining
Port Heiden Completed Remaining
Twin Hills Completed Remaining
Koliganek Phase 3 (Construction) Remaining
Perryville Phase 2 (Final Design) Remaining
Ivanof Bay Remaining Remaining
Naknek Remaining Remaining
Newhalen Remaining Remaining
Nondalton Remaining
Source: Alaska Energy Authority
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Alternative Energy
There are eight communities in the Bristol Bay region reporting diesel offset from
alternative energy infrastructure already established.
Coy a Type Details
Perryville Wind (2009) (10) 2.4 kW Skystream; 13,361 KWh Non-
Diesel 4% Offset
Pilot Point Wind (2004) (2) 10 kW Bergey; 5,690 kWh Non-Diesel;
1.4% Offset
Port Heiden Wind (2004) (1) 10 kW Bergey
Ugashik Wind/Solar (2) 2.5 kW Proven; (1) 2.2 kW Solar PV
lliamna-Newhalen- Hydro(Tazimina, 824 kW (capable of 1.4 MW); 2,899,517 kWh
Nondalton 1998) Non-Diesel; 121% Offset
The high oil prices in 2008 provided incentive for electric utilities and governments
in Bristol Bay to pursue alternative energy projects. The most robust program that
supports the development of such projects is the Alaska Renewable Energy Grand Fund, a
fund set in statute in 2008 via House Bill 152. Several applications from the Bristol Bay
region have been submitted to the AEA. The following is a list of applications and project
types that have been accepted for funding.
dee) (a Applicant ay)
Lake & Pen Borough Wind Feasibility Lake & Peninsula Borough Wind
Chignik Lake Area Wind-Hydro Final Lake & Peninsula Borough Wind
Design
Lake & Pen Wood Heating Final Design Lake & Peninsula Borough Biomass
Indian Creek Hydro Feasibility Study City of Chignik Hydro
Lake Elva Hydropower Construction | Nushagak Cooperatives Hydro |
Chignik Lagoon Hydroelectric Final Design | Chignik Lagoon Power Hydro
Utility
Kvichak River Igiugig Electric Company Ocean/River
Nushagak Area Hydropower Project Nushagak Cooperatives Hydro
New Stuyahok Wind-Feasibility Analysis Alaska Village Electric Coop. | Wind
Pilot Point Wind Power & Heat City of Pilot Point Wind
Port Heiden Wind Turbine Project Lake & Peninsula Borough Wind
Lake & Peninsula Wood Boilers Lake & Peninsula Borough Biomass
Koliganek Wind & Heat Recovery Koliganek Tribal Council | Wind
Feasibility Study
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Other alternative energy projects in the region include the Southwest Alaska
Regional Geothermal Energy Project by the Naknek Electric Association (NEA). The
association is pursuing a regional geothermal distribution project. In 2010, two 90 kw
Vestas V-17 wind turbines were installed in Kokhanok supporting a high penetration
system.
Heating
Currently, heating fuel #1 provides the majority of heating needs for the Bristol
Bay region for all sectors: residential, commercial, public and industrial. There are a
number of residential homes and commercial operators supplementing space heating
with a woody biomass. There are a number of schools utilizing “waste heat” in
conjunction with the local utility to provide some space heating. The Bristol Bay Housing
Authority (BBHA) supports the installation of wood stoves as a way to supplement or
serve as a back-up heating system in residential homes. The Lake and Peninsula Borough
is pursuing the installation of wood boilers for community facilities where the resource is
reliable.
The Cost of Living section of this document discusses the price of heating fuel #1
and gives examples from around the state and the Bristol Bay region. There is limited
information, however, regarding the actual consumption of heating fuel in the state,
including the Bristol Bay region.
36
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
COMMUNICATIONS
Telephone and Cellular Phones
Telephone communications via satellite is available to the region through four
telephone utilities: Nushagak Cooperatives, Bristol Bay Telephone Cooperative, Alaska
Communication Services, and United Utilities, a GCl owned company. Cellular phones are
largely provided by GCI, Inc. The largest community, Dillingham, received cellular service
in the fall of 2010, so it is still fairly new. There are many problems with areas with weak
service and no signal throughout the region.
Two-Way Radios
VHF and citizen band radios are still used in most communities for local
communications. A two-way radio offers the convenience of announcing public notices
and events to a wide audience in a short amount of time.
Internet
Currently, Internet is provided by the telecommunication providers through
satellite, dial-up, and WIFI connections to most of the communities in the region with year
around residents through GCI. These systems are slow and often unreliable, which
inhibits their use for commerce.
In 2010 GCI received 88 million dollars to bring broadband to rural Alaska. This
funding is a part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Acts goal of delivering high-
speed internet to the nation’s most distant communities. The project is connecting 65
communities in Southwest Alaska, an area roughly the size of the State of North Dakota,
to new or enhanced broadband service by 2012. Presently a network of towers and
connections linking villages by satellite service since no access road is available.
The new project called Terra-Southwest operated through a subsidiary company,
United Utilities Inc., intends install a fiber optic and microwave grid. The basic plan is to
follow the road system out of Anchorage south to Homer, then west across Cook Inlet to
Williams Port, then over land to Pedro Bay. The fiber will then enter Lake Iliamna and run
submerged to Igiugig alongside the Kvichak River then down to Levelock where the fiber
optic system will link into a microwave network that extends to Dillingham and then
North. This new system will create jobs and open new business opportunities for e-
commerce.
Television
All Bristol Bay communities receive Alaska Rural Communications Service (ARCS).
ARCS, a statewide network of low-powered television stations serves 235 communities
throughout rural Alaska. The network is based in Anchorage, Alaska and is operated by
37
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Alaska Public Broadcasting, a joint venture of Alaska Public Media and AlaskaOne, and is
beamed via satellite to rural transmitters owned by the State of Alaska.
Programming on ARCS is a selection from five broadcast networks (NBC, CBS, ABC,
Fox, MyNetworkTV) and syndication, via Anchorage stations; plus PBS programming from
AlaskaOne and KAKM. There is currently no CW programming available on ARCS.
Anchorage stations provide their programming to ARCS free of charge with the
condition that advertising is allowed to remain in the content. Even though much of
ARCS's programming contains commercials, the operation of ARCS is partially funded by
donations from its viewers, just like member stations of PBS.
Dillingham/Aleknagik and Naknek/King Salmon have cable television available
through a local provider.
Radio
There are two radio stations operated out of Dillingham, KDLG Public Radio on AM
and FM; and KRUP, a privately owned FM station. Bay Broadcasting operates a FM station
out of Naknek.
In 1974, the first regional AM radio station for the Bristol Bay region was built by
the Dillingham City School District under an educational grant. KDLG operating at 670 kHz
continues to provide education, entertainment, weather and important safety
information to the fishing fleet and the surrounding communities. It is part of the National
Public Radio (NPR) and Alaska Public Radio Network (APRN). They added programming at
89.9 FM within the past year. There is live streaming and other sources of information
available on their website at www.kdlg.org.
KRUP is a commercial radio station with country music and talk programming
broadcasting on 99.1 FM from Dillingham, Alaska.
KAKN is a radio station operated by Bay Broadcasting at FM 100.9 serving the
Bristol Bay area for more than 20 years. They are a ministry of the Association of Free
Lutheran Congregations (AFLC) Home Missions. They were formerly a part of the
Lutheran Mission Societies. KAKN has a website at www.kaknradio.org.
Mail Service
Mail is flown into the hub communities of Dillingham, lliamna, and King Salmon six
days a week and transferred to the outlying communities by small plane. Local air taxis
contract for the Mail service and deliver as weather permits. Some small communities are
scheduled to receive mail three times a week, but carriers do not transport the mail if the
weather is bad or they do not have enough mail to warrant a trip.
The small rural communities of Bristol Bay are not connected to the road system.
As a result, the post offices are where people receive prescriptions and food, conduct
business and banking, and connect with family and friends. The U.S Postal Service
announced in July 2011 that was studying over 3,600 offices for possible closure; with 36
of those in Alaska. Alaska’s Congressional Delegation intervened on the behalf of rural
Alaska. Senator Lisa Murkowski wrote in the Anchorage Daily News:
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BBCEDS | 2011-2016
“The Founding Fathers required Congress in the U.S. Constitution to "establish Post
Offices and post Roads" because even in the nation's infancy they realized the imperative
of the mail for our culture and economy. . . . And the concept of universal service is not a
debating point; it's federal law. Mail is "a basic and fundamental service" and Congress
requires the Postal Service to "provide prompt, reliable, and efficient services to patrons
in all areas and shall render Postal Services to all communities" and must establish rates
"on a fair and equitable basis." This means the Postal Service must provide universal
service at universal rates -- and that has been the reasoning behind the USPS funding
Alaska's bypass mail. . . . Bypass mail allows supplies ordered . . . in rural Alaska to be
shipped economically and efficiently from Anchorage and Fairbanks to [rural] communities
.... These shipments literally "bypass" the U.S. Postal Service, as the shipper sends the
order directly to the cargo air carrier, which flies it to its destination. This process saves
the Postal Service from having to pay for facilities, labor and equipment to sort these
packages and send them on their way. It's the efficient answer to Alaska's challenging mail
routes.” (“Bypass mail benefits more of Alaska than just the Bush,” ADN Points of view, by
Sen. Lisa Murkowski, Published: 9/30/2011)
In response to the special situation in rural Alaska, the Postal Service reversed its
decision to close any post offices in rural Alaska.
39
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
REGIONAL ECONOMY
Employment Rates in the Bristol Bay Region
According to the 2010 Census the Bristol Bay Borough has a total population of
682 with a total working age residents of 333. The Lake and Peninsula Borough has a total
of 1,399 with a total working age residents of 539, and the Dillingham Census Area a total
population of 4,946, with a workforce of 2,038.
The preliminary, not seasonally adjusted, unemployment rate for the Bristol Bay
Region for February 2011 was 11.77%. The comparable statewide unemployment rate
was 8.5% and the U.S. unemployment rate was 8.9% for the same time period.
Employment Opportunities and Growth Industries
The following data shows employment statistics in the top occupations by
local/non-local, by gender, and age for the three Borough/Census Areas. The Alaska
Gasline Inducement Act (AGIA) jobs are indicated as core occupations for the Alaska
Gasline, but also indicate a possible workforce for other construction projects within the
region. Top Jobs indicates occupations within the region with a high growth rate,
numerous job openings with an above average wage.
Fast Growing Industries in the Region
Fast growing industries that provide numerous jobs and will demand more
workers in the near future.
e Construction Industry jobs including laborers and carpenters are high in demand.
e Maintenance and repair services industry needs skilled workers in growing
demand.
e Heavy Equipment operators are needed for groundwork on construction projects
and for road maintenance.
e General and operational managers are needed in a variety of fields.
e Teachers at multiple levels are in steady demand.
e Commercial air taxi pilots are needed.
e Certified Aircraft mechanics are required to repair the planes.
e Entrepreneurs are in demand to invest in new small businesses.
e Tourism related small business entrepreneurship is in demand.
40
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Dillingham Census Area Top Occupations E53 (comprehensive list)
[ Those Who Live in the Mo AW LOR lt aa)
} Para Ree Ut WA 01) earn ea
Area 2008
Ninel Percent Dv % Non- % Non-
employed a a)(o3 0h Lefer) Alaska
, Residents
Teacher Assistants
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand AGIA
Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive
Cashiers
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners AGIA
Stock Clerks and Order Fillers AGIA
Construction Laborers AGIA TOP JOB
Managers, All Other AGIA
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education TOP JOB
Personal and Home Care Aides
Healthcare Support Workers, All Other
Retail Salespersons
Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other
Carpenters AGIA TOP JOB
Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other AGIA
Receptionists and Information Clerks AGIA
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners AGIA
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks AGIA
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General AGIA TOP JOB
Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers
Pee ee Re CUee meta
Those Who Live in Dillingham Census Area Those Who Work in
plelels) Pyaar Ce Uc}
pie)e):3
IT ilel-tg [igeaid Age % Non- % Non-Alaska
employed female ers local Residents
Natural Resources and Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Trade, Transportation and Utilities
Information
Financial Activities
Professional and Business Services
Educational and Health Services
Leisure and Hospitality
State Government
Local Government
Other
py tea) Census Area Top Employers (ranked by number of workers)
e Bristol Bay Area Health Corporation
Southwest Region Schools
Bristol Bay Native Association
Dillingham City School District
Bristol Bay Housing Authority
State of AK (excludes U of A)
AK Commercial Co
Omni Enterprises Inc.
Dillingham, City of
University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Bristol Bay Campus
41
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Bristol Bay Borough Top Occupations ES (comprehensive list)
Aiea Nee aR ga ee Those Who Work in
Bay Borough 2009 Leary co] MEN Atel ne) 123
Number [Zceule Age % Non- Pa ole LL
employed female 50+ local erae (ney
Office Clerks, General AGIA 22 77.3%
Retail Salespersons pal 57.1%
Production Workers, All Other 16 0.0%
Teachers and Instructors, All Other 16 56.2%
Carpenters AGIA TOP JOB 15 26.7%
Maintenance & Repair Workers, General AGIA TOP JOB 45 26.7%
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand AGIA 14 21.4%
Operating Engineers & Const Equip Operators AGIA TOP JOB at 0.0%
Construction Laborers AGIA TOP JOB 11 9.1%
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians Top Jos 10 0.0%
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks AGIA 90.0%
Reservation & Transportation Ticket Agents & Travel Clerks 100.0%
Janitors & Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping AGIA 66.7%
Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 11.1%
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners AGIA 100.0%
Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 75.0%
Teacher Assistants 100.0%
Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers Top JoB 0.0%
General and Operations Managers Top JoB 37.5%
Office & Administrative Support Workers, All Other AGIA 71.4%
Customer Service Representatives 85.7%
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Ed TOP JOB 71.4%
Bristol Bay Borough Workers by Industry
oA; A;Wwla b °
NI n|rfalala NOE Al N|N]wlaAleiN Those Who Live in the Bristol BUA aR Celt aa)
Bay Borough 2009 Bristol Bay Borough 2008
Daa slig a-ica-l) 4 Age % Non- Te EL cl
employed __ female ions local Residents
Natural Resources and Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Trade, Transportation and Utilities
Information
Financial Activities
Professional and Business Services
Educational and Health Services
Leisure and Hospitality
State Government
Local Government
Other
Bristol Bay Borough Top Employers (ranked by number of workers)
e Bristol Bay Borough
Bristol Bay Borough School
Peninsula Airways Inc.
Chugach Support Services Inc.
Naknek Electric Association Inc.
Lake and Peninsula School District
State of AK (excludes U of A)
Bristol Bay Telephone Coop Inc.
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Lake and Peninsula Borough Top Occupations £4 (comprehensive list)
: Those Who Live in the Lake & Those Who Work in Lake | Peninsula Borough (2009) ae olcel nat)
nel ag Leas vt %Non- %Non-Alaska
employed iouel erg ory enroll)
Construction Laborers AGIA ToP JOB 13.3%
Teacher Assistants 87.5%
Maintenance & Repair Workers, General AGIA TOP JOB 19.0%
Teachers and Instructors, All Other 70.3%
Office & Administrative Support Workers, Other AGIA 69.4%
Healthcare Support Workers, All Other 80.6%
Janitors &Cleaners, Except Maids & Housekeeping AGIA 45.7%
Operating Engineers & Const Equip Operators AGIA TOP JOB 10.5%
Laborers & Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand AGIA 17.6%
Office Clerks, General AGIA 93.8%
Helpers, Construction Trades, All Other AGIA 6.7%
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria AGIA 91.7%
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors 41.7%
General and Operations Managers Top JoB 72.7%
Executive Secretaries & Administrative Assist. AGIA TOP JOB 100.0%
Water & Liquid Waste Treatment Operators Top JoB 0.0%
FirstLine Supervisors/Managers/AdminSupport AGIA TOP JOB 60.0%
Envrnmntl Science & Protection Tech, Includes Health AGIA 10.0%
Carpenters AGIA TOP JOB 0.0%
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks AGIA 66.7%
Postal Service Mail Carriers 11.1% b wu b N BR B b N b N b °
8
2
2
7
3.
7
2
Z
a
4
ak
2
5
4
1
Lake and Peninsula Borough Workers by Industry
Those Who Live in the BAW LOR ole aan Le
Lake & Peninsula Borough 2009 PASSO mere lgel | gated
Tila ical a Age % Non- % Non-Alaska
employed urls ci local Sire nic}
Natural Resources and Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Trade, Transportation and Utilities
Information
Financial Activities
Professional and Business Services
Educational and Health Services
Leisure and Hospitality
State Government
Local Government
Other
Lake and Peninsula Borough Top Employers (ranked by number of workers)
Lake and Peninsula School District
Bristol Bay Area Health Corporation
ILIAMNA Development Corporation
Bristol Bay Native Association
Kokhanok Village Council
Native Council of Port Heiden
Levelock Village Council
Pedro Bay Village Council
Native Village of Perryville
Chignik Lagoon Village Council
43
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Workforce Development Services
BBNA Workforce Development (WFD) Center in partnership with the State of
Alaska Job Service provides workforce development services within the Bristol Bay region.
BBNA’s WFD Center assists individual in obtaining employment, training, higher-
education, and vocational rehabilitation while providing additional services such as
childcare to help participants retain employment. WFD programs focus on assisting
participants and their families identify and addressing individual barriers supporting
individualized employment goals. Our commitment and success is supported by
developing and maintaining positive relationships with area businesses and partnering
organizations promoting employment and training opportunities.
eye dy Lk
e Employment and Training (ET) for Adults and Youth
e Child Care Development Fund (CCDF)
Higher Education (HE)
Adult Vocation Training (AVT)
Vocational Rehabilitation (VR)
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)
Low Income Heating Assistance (LIHEAP)
General Assistance (GA)
BBNA WFD can be reached at 907-842-2262 or 1-888-285-2262 (Fax 907-842-
3498) or online at www.bbna.com. BBNA Job announcements and applications may be
found on the website. The BBNA Workforce Development Center has Job Clubs in
Dillingham, New Stuyahok, Manokotak and Togiak. Job Club offers a variety of classes
promoting self-sufficiency and employment skills including cultural activities.
Alaska Job Service Job Center has two staff members in Dillingham to help the
Bristol Bay residents find a job and promote job openings around the Bristol Bay area.
Contact: Pat or Molly at 1-800-478-5579 or 907-842-5579.
The State Workforce Investment Act (WIA) Bristol Bay agent travels to Dillingham
to assist residents with training or job relocation services. Contact: Barbara Burton at 1-
888-478-5872 or 907-334-2248.
Ad
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
NATURAL RESOURCES
Non-commercialized and subsistence resources
General Resources
Bristol Bay is one of the richest regions in the state. This was recognized long ago
when the national refuges were established as early as the late 1800s. Much of the region
is coastline, and includes tens of thousands square miles of boreal forests, swamps,
highlands, and the immense mountain barrier of the southern Alaska/Aleutian Range.
Besides the awesome beauty, the region is habitat to a wide variety of flora and fauna.
Edible Plant and Animal Life
Alaskan Native populations have hunted and fished a subsistence lifestyle in Bristol
Bay for generations. The region has many large mammals, including Caribou, Moose,
Brown and Black Bears that are important for subsistence uses. Marine mammals include
the spotted fur seal, seal lion, beluga, walrus, and grey whales. Smaller notable animals
for fur trapping are the wolves, coyotes, fox, wolverine, beaver, mink, and marten. Fish
species include salmon, halibut, lake trout, grayling, Dolly Varden, tom cod, smelt, black
fish, pike, and burbot. Other seafood includes razor clams, cockles, mussels, hair crabs,
geoducks, and snails. Common land based edible birds are ptarmigan and spruce hens.
During the summer months water fowl like ducks, geese and swans migrate to and
through the region.
Huckleberries, Blueberries, High and Low-Bush Cranberries, Currents,
Salmonberries, Strawberries, Raspberries, and Crowberries flourish all around the region.
Varieties of edible plants are utilized like the cow parsnip, arrowhead, mouse food caches,
and kelp. There are number of medicinal plants that are also utilized including the
wormwood, wooly lousewort, pineapple weed, white willow, white yarrow, cramp bark,
and wild rosehips.
Local Agriculture
There are a number of people that grow gardens in the region. Some of them
grow crops large enough to supplement their income with vegetable sales. Plants that do
well in the region include: potatoes, turnips, rutabaga, cabbage, lettuce, kale, radishes,
kohlrabi, peas, snap peas, strawberries, chives, rhubarb, and raspberries. Plants that
require a greenhouse to grow are tomatoes, carrots, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, corn, and
culinary herbs.
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Commercial and Industrial Resources
Seafood Industry
Salmon
Bristol Bay has the world’s largest sustainable commercial Sockeye salmon fishery
and is known as the Salmon Capitol of the World. All five species of salmon, Chinook,
Sockeye, Chum, Coho and Pink salmon spawn in the fresh rivers and streams. Tens of
millions of salmon return to one small area with a delicate ecosystem. It is referred to as
the final place on earth capable of sustaining such massive runs of salmon that return year
after year to spawn.
The salmon industry was operated since the first salmon canneries began in the
1800’s. In the early days, Alaska Natives were not allowed to fish commercially. Many
fishermen came from the Pacific Northwest and every corner of the globe to participate.
The commercial salmon industry has seen drastic fluctuations from boom to bust.
Today, commercial fishing is a multi-million dollar industry. The 2010 harvest of all
salmon species was 31 million fish with an ex-vessel value of 153 Million dollars. The 70
percent of households in the Region are involved in commercial fishing in one form or
another. Commercial fishing should be the mainstay of the Regional economy, but a
number of factors have caused the level of local participation to decline. Farmed fish
came on the scene in the late 1990’s cornering a large slice of the fresh salmon market.
Then when the fuel costs soared in the late 2000’s, circumstances found some local
fishermen heavily in debt. As a consequence, they were forced to sell their limited entry
fishing permits.
The Limited Entry Permit system was established by constitutional amendment in
a statewide primary election on August 22, 1972. When the Bristol Bay Limited Entry
Program began, commercial fishers applied on a point system to qualify for a permit.
Limited Entry Permits are transferable, have gained considerable market value, creating a
financial barrier to free access.
Many Bristol Bay permits are sold due to financial hardships and is leaving local
people without a source of income. A recent study shows that when one permit leaves a
community; as many as nine families are impacted, including permit holder, crewmen,
local suppliers and their families. In today’s market, a Bristol Bay Permit sells for $150,000
to $200,000. Many residents that want to commercial fish do not have adequate
collateral to obtain loans, nor do they have a means to build assets toward purchasing
one, due to the lack of local jobs.
Herring
The Togiak Herring fishery began in the 1970s when market demand increased
from Japan due to a decline of their herring stocks. Presently, herring are harvested
primarily for sac roe destined for Japanese markets. Purse seines and gillnets are the
primary gear types used to catch herring. In addition to fisheries for whole herring, a
46
_BBCEDS | 2011-2016
number of “spawn-on-kelp” fisheries harvest herring eggs after they are deposited on kelp
fronds. Spawn-on-kelp is handpicked at low tide in the intertidal zone in the Togiak
district.
Halibut
Because of Bristol Bay’s remoteness and prime location, it provides a virtual
paradise for Halibut. The deeper water offshore is a nursing ground for North Pacific
halibut and other species. The area supports large numbers and world class size halibut
with some topping the scales at over 400 pounds. A small commercial Halibut fishery and
Halibut Charter industry is available to qualified local individuals.
Bristol Bay 4E CDQ Halibut Fishery participation is limited to verified residents of
the 17 BBEDC CDQ communities. Boats that are used in the fishery must be owned by
CDQ community residents and limited to 32-feet or less in length. BBEDC-4E Halibut
Permitted Holders use skates of long line gear except in certain areas in and around
Togiak Bay north and west of Hagemeister Island. Their catch is limited to 10,000 pounds
per trip. Halibut fishers maintain a fishing activities log book and record any sub-legal
(under 32-inch) halibut that they retain for personal use. Direct Marketers who sell
halibut dockside to the public have a State of Alaska Catcher-Seller Permit (Free from
ADF&G), a federal Registered Buyer Permit (free from NOAA), and are registered with the
State of Alaska E-landings website.
Halibut Fishing by Charter in Bristol Bay provides some of the largest halibut in the
state. Popular techniques include jigging and bouncing baits off the bottom in waters of
variable depths near structure. Using bait is considered a waste of time and effort due to
the high capacity of the fishery.
Industrial Minerals
Historically, there were small gold claims in the region and one cinnabar ore mine
that produced liquid mercury. Currently, there are two large scale mines known as Pebble
and Humble being explored.
Placer Gold Mining in the Bristol Bay occurred in various areas across the region.
Placer mines were used to extract precious material from aggregate materials in a method
known as hydraulic mining or sluicing. There are numerous streams flowing into Bristol
Bay from Cape Newenham to the west to Lake Clark to the northwest. From the late
1800’s till 1912 and for a few years after World War II, some gold was recovered, but the
total amount was probably worth only a few thousand dollars. Additional random mining
and prospecting has taken place, but there has been no successful commercial mining
activity for many years.
Cinnabar Mining took place on Marsh Mountain near Aleknagik as both placer and
lode mining operations. Cinnabar was first discovered in 1941 by gold seekers. Cinnabar
was mined from 1942 to 1952 by Red Top Mercury Mines, Inc. and shipped for processing
elsewhere producing 4 flasks of mercury that was sold to the Defense Mineral Exploration
Administration (DMEA).
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Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
During 1954 Red Top Mercury Mines built and operated a small retort facility on
the east bank of the Wood River. The retort ceased operations in 1955 after producing 26
flasks of mercury. Later, it was leased and the lessor hand sorted and shipped cinnabar
ore from the site to Anchorage for processing until 1967.
In 1992 local residents with help from Greenpeace Alaska requested assistance
from the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) to clean up the retort
site. The mining claims on Marsh Mountain and the retort site on the Wood River were
declared “Abandoned and Void” by BLM in 1994. The cleanup took place in spurts,
demolishing and placing debris in totes, and stockpiling leaking drums of "Bunker C" grade
fuel oil and contaminated soil. A spring flood in 1998 prompted BLM to take emergency
action to remove the hazardous wastes by barge.
On June 27, 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) placed the Site
on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabilities Act
(CERCLA) Federal Agency Hazardous Waste Compliance Docket. EPA notified BLM on
September 10, 1999 that the Hazard Ranking System scoring was not high enough for the
Site to be listed on the National Priorities List. The Docket now reflects a No Further
Remedial Action Planned status.
BLM continued to address ADEC’s outstanding concerns about the Site, since some
residual mercury contamination remained. In 2005, ADEC gave BLM a set of six
requirements to gain Conditional Closure of the Site, and BLM has made steps towards
addressing these concerns, including removing additional mercury contaminated soil from
the site in the summer of 2011. Once Cleanup Complete status is achieved, BLM can
convey the Site without obligating the new owner with future monitoring and land use
controls.
Alaska Pebble Mine project is an extremely large and controversial copper, gold,
and molybdenum open pit mine proposed for development within two salmon habitat
watersheds. The Pebble prospect is located in an area of wet tundra surrounded by low,
rounded mountains approximately 16 miles west of the village of Nondalton. It sits on a
drainage divide between Upper Talarik Creek and the Koktuli River, which form the
headwaters of two separate rivers draining into Bristol Bay. Frying Pan Lake, located in a
proposed tailings storage area at the Pebble site, drains into the Koktuli River, which then
joins the Mulchatna and finally the Nushagak River. The Nushagak empties into Bristol Bay
near Dillingham. Upper Talarik Creek drains into Lake Iliamna, which empties into Bristol
Bay through the Kvichak River. The communities of Nondalton, New Stuyahok, Ekwok,
Dillingham, King Salmon, Levelock, Igiugig, Newhalen, Iliamna, Pedro Bay, and Kokhanok
lay in the region of the proposed mine, and many are directly downstream of the Pebble
site.
Humble Prospect (aka Kemuk Mountain prospect) is located approximately 80 km
northeast of Dillingham near Kemuk Mountain. Millrock presently holds a 100% interest in
the Humble Prospect, but entered into an Option to Joint Venture Agreement with a
subsidiary of Kinross Gold Corporation. Millrock is targeting a magmatic rock deposit
bearing geological, geochemical and geophysical similarities to those of the nearby world-
class Pebble Mine copper-gold deposit, which Millrock Vice President, Phil St. George, is
credited with discovering in 1988. Signs of a similar deposit include the presence of
48
__BBCEDS | 2011-2016
magnetite-rich pyroxenite similar in age and character to the adjacent Pebble Mine.
Separate airborne ZTEM geophysical surveys were conducted by Geotech over the
Humble Prospect, and it is comparable to Pebble Mine. Other geochemical anomalies are
also present. Regional reconnaissance conducted by Millrock and funded through a
strategic alliance with Altius Resources, Inc. ("Altius") led to acquisition of the mineral
rights in 2010. The property consists of 366 State of Alaska mining claims that cover
approximately 91.5 square miles. Millrock began exploration in the summer of 2011.
Oil and Gas Industry
In April 2010, the Obama administration released its new off-shore oil and gas
drilling plan that closed Bristol Bay, also known as the North Aleutian Basin, to any lease
sales for five years. The Alaska Marine Conservation Council, Bristol Bay Liaison, Dan
Strickland, said that protecting the area from drilling does more to help the local
economies of the region than the possibility of drilling.
The fishing industry is valued at $2.5 billion per, which out performs the $7.7
billion projected oil and gas revenue over the 25 to 40 year life span of the field. Compare
that during that same time period, the fisheries will bring in anywhere from $60 to $90
billion." These figures include Unalaska's main revenue sources, the Pollock, crab, and
ground fish fisheries.
Sixty-six (66) organizations supported the closure, including regional fishing, and
Native and Tribal organizations. The Region needs permanent protection, so it doesn't
have to revisit the mid-90s buyback commission, and fight this battle over and over again.
Protection of the natural resources is a regional priority.
Tourism
The current emphasis is on Tourism and Ecotourism. With the exception of non-
resident owned lodges, little tourism takes place and not enough has been done to
involve local participation. Current Lodge owners participate heavily in extraction of big
game, including Moose, Bear, Caribou, and fish (including many varieties of Salmon and
Trout). The region’s potential for a variety of low-impact ecotourism adventures remains
viable.
The habitat is pristine, intact and unchanged for thousands of years offering
countless breathtaking vistas. The region is bordered by three mountain ranges that feed
the many lakes that flow into eight major river systems. The mountainous terrain, low
lying tundra, freshwater drainage systems, and coastal landscape lend themselves to
activities such as extreme biking, hiking, canoeing, kayaking, bird watching, wildlife
viewing, and salmon fishery touring. Sport Fishing is an important component to Bristol
Bay; the majority of the 40 commercial lodges in Bristol Bay are owned and operated by
non-residents. As Bristol Bay supports the largest runs of wild salmon, trophy rainbow,
white fish, grayling, Dolly Varden, Arctic Char and Northern Pike, a vibrant and flourishing
sport fishing economy exists.
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Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
Statistics show an ever increasing number of requests for tourism in the Bristol Bay
region, therefore it is BBNA’s position to intercept this notion and secure appropriate
funding to allow residents to pursue adequate services for the adventuring public. The
high cost of energy prevents residents now from pursuing ventures on their own. The
need for additional sources is being investigated by the Tribes.
An excess of $90 million is generated in Bristol Bay annually in the form of
recreation and tourism, taxes and licenses. Of that $90 million, $60 million is generated
from sport fishing alone; nonresident lodge clients generate the majority of this. A very
small percentage of this is spent locally in stores, restaurants, and hotels. As clients are
escorted to smaller planes or boats and taken to the lodges.
Recently residents have orchestrated moves to qualify themselves as guides by obtaining
the appropriate licenses to operate vessels to carry clients.
Sport fishing
The watersheds that drain into Bristol Bay support a lucrative and world-famous
sport fishery for rainbow trout, and also attract a number of fishermen seeking King
Salmon. Alaskan residents hold about two-thirds of the sport fishing permits in the area,
but non-residents spend a much larger share of money on the activity. Sport fishing
brought in about $61 million in 2005 to the local economy, but a majority of that money is
earned by non-resident owned businesses and taken from the region when the season is
over.
Sportfishers are required to get a state sport fishing license and King Salmon tags
(if they will be taking King Salmon). The number of salmon sportfishers are allowed to
keep is dependent upon the escapement of salmon returning to the rivers, so that
sufficient numbers of fish are allowed to spawn to sustain the fish stocks. nm 0
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
IDENTIFYING REGIONAL PRIORITIES
Organizing & Collaborating
The Bristol Bay Partnership is a group of the five regional organizations, Bristol Bay
Native Corporation (BBNC), Bristol Bay area Health Corporation (BBAHC), Bristol Bay
Native Association (BBNA), Bristol Bay Housing Authority (BBHA) and the Bristol Bay
Economic Development Corporation (BBEDC). They entered into a Memorandum of
Understanding in 2005 to meet regularly and work together on areas of common interest.
Regional Values Used to Guide Planning
From September 2010 to May 2011, the Bristol Bay Regional Vision Project took
the people of Bristol Bay through a visioning process. The Regional Vision project
demonstrated unity in the region in regard to peoples’ high value for family, subsistence,
and land.
Bristol Bay Regional Vision Statement
The foundation of the Bristol Bay Region is committed families, connected to our
land and waters.
We believe future generations can live healthy and productive lives here. Across our
region, we share common values of community, culture, and subsistence.
We see a future of educated, creative people who are well prepared for life. This
requires:
e Excellent schools
e Safe and healthy families
e Local jobs
e Understanding our cultural values and traditions
We assert the importance of local voices in managing our natural resources to
continue our way of life.
We welcome sustainable economic development that advances the values of Bristol
Bay people. Our future includes diverse economic opportunities in businesses
and industries based largely on renewable resources. Large development based
on renewable and non-renewable resources must not threaten our land, our
waters, or our way of life.
We foster cooperation among local and regional entities to coordinate
infrastructure planning for stronger, more affordable communities.
Investments in energy, housing and transportation promote sustainable
communities and spur economic development.
We recognize the need to locate new sources of capital to implement this vision
with a goal of generating self-sustaining regional economies.
We are unified to secure a prosperous future.
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Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
The Vision Project was sponsored by the Bristol Bay Partnership. The partners
selected a consulting firm and recruited eight respected people from throughout the
region to serve as Commissioners for the project. The Commissioners traveled with staff
and consultants to 27 Bristol Bay communities over a 9 month period to discuss residents’
hopes for the future. Each community addressed the same set of questions using
electronic voting technology called Consensor™ and took part in conversations. The input
was recorded and compiled and forms the basis of the Vision.
As the voice of the people of Bristol Bay, the Vision is intended to be used as a
guide to entities, both public and private, including politicians, regulators at the local,
state and federal level; and private businesses engaged in the Bristol Bay Region.
All results and documents of the Bristol Bay Regional Vision can be viewed on the
project web site at www.bristolbayvision.org.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths and Opportunities
The natural attributes of the region are the pristine environment and natural
resources, the land and water, the plant and animal life, the abundant salmon, and its
people and cultures. Bristol Bay is home of the massive salmon runs that define the
culture and socioeconomics of the Region. Tourism potential in the Bristol Bay Region is
directly tied to the vast amount of acres and hundred miles of rivers set aside for
recreational purposes. In addition, the Region has a rich Alaskan Native cultural heritage.
Weaknesses and Threats
The Bristol Bay Region is remote and accessible from Anchorage (Alaska’s largest
city) by air and barge only. The isolated location and small population translates into a
high cost of living. Comparing travel costs, a family of four can travel from the east coast
to the west coast, for what one person can travel from Bristol Bay to Anchorage.
Residents are reliant on air freight for mail and supplies, and seafaring barges for
building materials, vehicles, construction equipment, and fuel from Seattle or Anchorage.
Small barge services to communities along the rivers and lakes have trouble getting fuel in
the fall. After the drier summers, the water is low and the barges get stuck on sandbars.
In the commercial fishing/construction off season, people’s cash flow is low; the Alaska
PFD arrives in October, after the marine barges have left Seattle and Anchorage on their
final voyages for the season, so many people cannot pre-order fuel and supplies before
the winter. There needs to be contingency plans for fuel delivery, so fuel does not have to
be air lifted to these communities.
Construction cost per square foot is often triple in Bristol Bay to the continental
U.S. or Anchorage.
Lack of infrastructure is a challenge to business development in the Bristol Bay
Region. There is a lack of a trained local workforce, marketing expertise, and capital.
Distance from major travel corridors and business hubs are also an obstacle, since the
52
_ BBCEDS | 2011-2016
additional cost and time required to travel into the region is a barrier to the typical Alaska
visitor. More regional marketing efforts are needed to promote Bristol Bay as a visitor
destination.
Commercial fishing limited entry permits are leaving the hands of local people
reducing local participation in the fisheries. More efforts to increase the quality and
marketing of seafood are needed.
The high fuel costs impede development of facilities and infrastructure. It also
threatens existing facilities that are struggling with limited operating and maintenance
funds.
The timber industry is nonexistent because of the harsh winter weather and short
growing season produces only stunted willow, birch and spruce in scattered clusters.
Regional Priorities
Eight priority projects have been identified that are critical to economic
development in the Bristol Bay Region. These projects, and others recommended
throughout this report, may require resources that the region does not currently have. For
these projects, we have suggested possible collaborations.
Other projects recommended in this report require internal investment. They call
for the entire Region to assume a role in economic development. Throughout this
strategic planning process, Bristol Bay’s leaders have proven that they are committed to
economic development. Improving the economic health of the Region requires work from
all sectors of the economy. This plan contains ideas for enhancing and creating new
initiatives with potential for transforming the region.
This strategy is a roadmap for the region to use that can lead toward a sustained,
healthy economy. However, when resources are scarce, the following prioritized project
list will assist the region in directing resources to the most critical needs and to areas that
will have the biggest impact in the region.
e Construct Lake and Peninsula Borough Wind/Hydro Intertie Project
e Construct residential single-family homes and/or apartment housing units.
e Develop a Visitor’s Council that Explores visitor marketing strategies
e Develop a locally generated Bristol Bay Region Visitors Guide
e Construct Aleknagik Wood River Bridge
e Develop multipurpose community/visitor center model plans and construction
ready design prototypes
e Construct Naknek Geothermal Project
e Complete Nushagak Cooperative Lake Elva Hydroelectric Feasibility Study (Note:
Not located in a salmon spawning stream.)
e Sustainable Fisheries Development to increase the number of local Drift Permit
holders.
e Increase value added fish processing capacity.
e Increase utilization of renewable energy sources, like wind and solar. mn ton
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
REGIONAL GOALS & OBJECTIVES
Goal: The Bristol Bay Region offers quality of life for its residents to live, play, subsist
and work, and it is appealing for young professionals and individuals returning
for employment with target industry companies.
Objective 1: Implementing Wellness programs to address substance abuse and/or
domestic violence/abuse/neglect healing individuals that move out of
dysfunction and into the workforce.
Objective 2: Updating the Bristol Bay Energy Policy & Plan and developing energy
efficiency and alternative energy projects to reduce costs and help to make
the region an affordable place to live.
Objective 3: Developing more affordable housing that meets the desires of the
residents.
Goalll: | Land and waters are protected to sustain the subsistence lifestyle.
Objective 1: Encouraging local people participate in regional land use planning.
Objective 2: Encouraging Local participation in fish and game management on advisory
councils and identifying contacts.
Objective 3: Developing and maintaining a Subsistence Facebook page.
Objective 4: Increasing the knowledge and involvement of local people in
environmental issues and processes.
Goallll; Workforce development and education programs prepare the regional
workforce for Bristol Bay’s target industries.
Objective 1: Streamlining programs and services, and leveraging funds through
partnerships that provide people with better quality service.
Objective 2: Providing training for local participation in fast growing industries.
Objective 3: Providing culture camps and culture/nature kits to increase cultural
awareness.
Objective 4: Providing childcare to assist parents that want to obtain training or
employment.
GoallV: Sustainable economic development is based largely on renewable resources
and large development based on non-renewables does not threaten land and
waters.
Objective 1: Encouraging entrepreneurship and small business ownerships to grow and
diversify the Bristol Bay economy and bring new investment and resources
into the Region.
Objective 2: Developing a Bristol Bay proactive targeted marketing campaign to
increase tourism.
Objective 3: Providing increased local access to limited entry fishing permits.
Objective 4: Providing programs that aim to enhance the quality of fish.
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
GoalV: Bristol Bay’s infrastructure meets the needs of target industries and resident
population.
Objective 1: Constructing the Aleknagik Wood River Bridge as a step in the process
toward the Alaska Long Range Southwest Alaska Transportation Plan with
access to ferries in Cook Inlet.
Objective 2: Developing construction ready design prototypes for community/cultural
centers. on wm
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
IMPLEMENTATION ACTION PLAN
Items by Category Timeline Entity
Quality of Life
Healthy Communities
Establishing a Bristol Bay Regional Elders Council. 2012-17 BBs
Implementing the Bristol Bay Wellness Initiative Strategic Plan. 2012-17 | BBNA-WI
Housing
Constructing residential single-family homes and/or apartment units, 2016 BBHA
using local and other resources that meet resident’s desires.
Energy
Updating the Bristol Bay Energy Policy & Plan and developing 2013 BBNA-TE
alternative energy projects.
ETRE MWe Lies
Subsistence
Ensuring local participation on state and federal advisory councils. 2012-17 | BBNA-NR
Maintaining participation on advisory boards and identifying contacts 2012-17 | BBNA-NR
on Advisory Boards to communicate concerns.
Requesting ADF&G hold meetings that affect Bristol Bay in-region. 2012-17 BBNA-NR
Developing and maintaining a Subsistence Facebook page 2012-17 BBNA-NR
Environmental Issues
Increasing involvement in Environmental Impact Study processes. 2012-17 BBs
Providing environmental related classes to increase understanding of 2012-17 | BBNA-NR
the NEPA processes and environmentally related classes for upcoming BBNC/BBC
development efforts hosted in various communities. BBEDC
Workforce Development and Education
Education and Training
Streamlining individualized plans to access programs & services across 2012-17 | BBNA-WF
multiple agencies improving quality of services & reducing barriers. BBC/SAVEC
Building new and creative work experience sites to enhance learning Schools
experiences. BBAHC
Leveraging funding for long term stability and growth. State
Training for Identified Fast Growing Industries (See XIII 3) Federal
Developing grant writer project with village trainees and establish a 2012-17 BBNA
Regional grant writer’s team BBC
Placing internships and apprentices in the villages 2012-17 BBNC
Maximizing local hire by following existing tools for working 2012 BBNA-WF,
collaboratively in communities (Contact L&PB) ED
Collaborating and developing a culture campus. 2012- BBNA-
2015 WF/NR
Developing and utilizing “culture/nature kits” that circulate through 2013> BBNA-
the schools, museums, libraries, etc. WF/NR
Schools
BBCEDS | 2011-2016
Providing childcare assistance to eligible parents and helping home-
based childcare providers.
2012-17
Sustainable Economic Development
BBNA-WF
icing, slush bag, fish hold modification, and refrigeration programs
Business Development
Developing a Native CDFI to provide small business and job related 2012 BBNA-ED
development services and financial products
Tourism Industry Development
Developing a locally generated Bristol Bay Region Visitors Guide 2012 BBNA-ED
Developing a Visitor’s Council that Explores additional visitor 2012 BBNA-ED
L marketing strategies
Providing Tourism Conferences with Workshops | 2013 BBNA-ED
Commercial Fishing
Increasing local access to limited entry permits by improving Loan 2012-17 BBEDC
Guarantee Program
Enhancing quality of fish so demand and price increase by improving 2012-17 BBEDC
Developing and implementing an Emergency Transfer program 2012-17 BBEDC
prototypes for multipurpose community/visitor centers Transportation
Aleknagik Wood River Bridge 2012 ADOT
Utilities
Naknek Geothermal Project 2016 NEA
Lake and Pen Borough Wind/Hydro Intertie Project 2016 L&PB
i Nushagak Cooperative Lake Elva hydroelectric Feasibility project 2015 NUSH
Communications Infrastructure
Completing GCI Terra Southwest project 2012 GCl
Community Facilities
Developing model feasibility plan and construction ready design 2014 BBNA-ED wn ~
Bristol Bay Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
WORKS CITED
The Bristol Bay Regional Vision Project www.bristolbayvision.org
Bristol Bay Economic Action Summit of 2006
UAF, Bristol Bay Campus www.uaf.edu/bbc
Northern Economics
Southwestern Alaska Municipal Conference (SWAMC) CEDS
Pebble Mine Alaska www.pebbleminealaska.com
The McDowell Group
Alaska Earthquake Information
Alaska Volcano Information
Institute of Social & Economic Research (ISER)
Socio-economic Review of Alaska’s Bristol Bay Region by Marie Lowe
Broadband for Rural Development in Southwest Alaska by Heather E. Hudson
American Community Survey
2010 U.S. Census
Alaska Economic TRENDS
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries
Native American Challenge Demonstration Project Act of 2011 www.opencongress.org
Political News http://politicalnews.me
First Nations Development Institute
EDS, Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) Guidelines
Economics of Wild Salmon Watersheds: Bristol Bay Alaska (2/07) Revised Final Report
Alaska Marine Conservation Council, Commercial Fisheries Value www.akmarine.org
Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) Renewable Energy Fund www.aidea.org/aea/
Wikipedia www.wikipedia.org
Barker, James H. (1993), Always Getting Ready — Upterrlainarluta: Yup'ik Eskimo Subsistence in
Southwest Alaska. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Bristol Baytimes
The McDowell Group
Fairbanks Daily News-Miner
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) www.blm.gov
www. mindat.org
“Bypass mail benefits more of Alaska than just the Bush,” (ADN Points of view, by Sen. Lisa
Murkowski, Published: 9/30/2011)
Millrock website: http://www.millrockresources.com/projects/humble/
“Current Community Conditions: Fuel Prices across Alaska, June 2011 Update”; Department of
Commerce, Community & Economic Development; Division of Community & Regional
Affairs, Report to the Director
Statistical Report of the Power Cost Equalization (PCE) Program for Fiscal Year 2010
www.wikipedia.org mn ae