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HomeMy WebLinkAboutManagement of Transmission Line Rights-of-Way Vol III for Fish and Wildlife 1978Biological Services Program MANAGEMENT OF TRANSMISSION LINE RIGHTS-OF-WAY FOR AND Tee eS ie f ES Ase 2 cE gs 8 meee —- = Yt Ae ¥ % : wee: - oh “i Mea =< PROPERTY OF: Alaska Power Authority 334 W. 5th Ave. Anchorage, Alaska 99501 WESTERN UNITED STATES Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior (ms LIBRARY mS COLUMBIA ENV 004 DATE ISSUED TO HIGHSMITH = 42-225 PRINTED INUSA. | Ker \4 x oe os : as ee Biological Services Program FWS/OBS-79/22 MANAGEMENT OF TRANSMISSION LINE RIGHTS-OF-WAY FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE VOLUME WESTERN UNITED STATES Michael Galvin, Project Manager Asplundh Environmental Services Blair Mill Road Willow Grove, PA 19090 Kenneth D. Hoover and Michael L. Avery, Project Officers National Power Plant Team 2929 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Performed for: Power Plant Project Energy Research and Development Administration, Office of Biological Services Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of the U.S. Department of the Interior Department of Energy Fish and Wildlife Service EE eS TE TT TTP TEE SD PSSA U.S. Department of the Interior DISCLAIMER The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommenda- tions expressed in this manual are those of Asplundh Environmental Services and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal government. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under con- tract no. 14-16-0008-2150 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Management of transmission line rights-of-way for fish and wildlife. Performed for Power Plant Project, Office of Bio- logical Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior, et al. “Biological Services Program FWS/OBS-79/22.” Includes bibliographies and indexes. Supt. of Docs. no.: 1 49.2:T68/2/v.1. CONTENTS: v. |. Background information.—v. 2. Eastern United States.—v. 3. Western United States. 1. Electric lines—Overhead—Right of way— Environmental aspects—United States. 2. Clearing of land—Environmental aspects— United States. 3. Wild- life management— United States. 4. Nature conserva- tion—United States. 5. Ecology—United States. I. Galvin, Michael T. II. Hoover, Kenneth D., 1943- III. Avery, Michael L. IV. Asplundh Environmental Ser- vices. V. National Power Plant Team. VI. United States. Fish and Wildlife Service. Power Plant Project. QH104.M36 333.954 79-607044 Foreword The amount of land used for electric power generation and transmission in the United States is expected to increase substantially in the near future. Presently, over 300,000 miles of overhead transmission lines carry electric power for our homes, factories, and offices. The lands beneath those transmission lines, called rights-of-way (ROWs), can provide valuable habitat for fish and wildlife, if managed with that purpose in mind. This manual is the result of a cooperative effort between Federal agencies and regional and local utilities to document the wildlife management and vegetation mainte- nance currently in use and to develop a step-by-step approach to ROW management that results in management strategies that not only enhance fish and wildlife habitat, but are cost-effective and also assure electric transmission reliability. Management of Transmission Line Rights-of-Way for Fish and Wildlife is a three- volume reference manual that provides general background information on wildlife man- agement and vegetation maintenance techniques and specific information on selected plants and wildlife species of the Eastern and Western United States. A step-by-step approach to ROW management planning identifies areas suitable for specific wildlife management planning and assures that all available habitat is evaluated and best utilized to benefit fish and wildlife. With this kind of information and approach, biologists and ROW managers will be able to assess the management implications of transmission line ROW siting and other habitat modifications on fish and wildlife and provide information to decisionmakers. We believe this manual is a major step in providing the type of information necessary to incorporate environmental considerations into resource development decisions. SJ hymnal Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service The Biological Services Program was established within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to supply scientific information and methodologies on key environmental issues which impact fish and wildlife resources and their supporting ecosystems. The mission of the Program is as follows: To strengthen the Fish and Wildlife Service in its role as a primary source of information on national fish and wildlife resources, particularly in respect to envi- ronmental impact assessment. To gather, analyze, and present information that will aid decisionmakers in the identification and resolution of problems associated with major land and water use changes. To provide better ecological information and evalua- tion for Department of the Interior development programs, such as those relating to energy development. Information developed by the Biological Services Program is intended for use in the planning and decision- making process to prevent or minimize the impact of development on fish and wildlife. Biological Services research activities and technical assistance services are based on an analysis of the issues, the decisionmakers involved and their information needs, and an evaluation of the state-of-the-art to identify information gaps and determine priorities. This is a strategy to assure that the products produced and disseminated will be timely and useful. Biological Services projects have been initiated in the following areas: © Coal extraction and conversion © Power plants © Geothermal, mineral, and oil shale development © Water resource analysis, including stream alterations and western water allocation © Coastal ecosystems and Outer Continental Shelf development © Systems and inventory, including National Wetlands Inventory, habitat classification and analysis, and infor- mation transfer. The Program consists of the Office of Biological Services in Washington, D.C., which is responsible for overall plan- ning and management; National Teams which provide the Program’s central scientific and technical expertise and who arrange for contracting Biological Services studies with States, universities, consulting firms, and others; Regional staff who provide a link to problems at the operating level; and staff at certain Fish and Wildlife Service research facili- ties who conduct in-house research studies. Electric transmission rights-of-ways (ROWs) occupy approximately five million acres of land throughout the United States (Asplundh Environmental Services 1978).! With few exceptions, however, utility companies have regarded wildlife habitat management as coincidental to their ROW maintenance procedures. This is because utilities, although strictly regulated by the State public service commissions, are licensed only to provide electricity at the most economical rate to customers. In recent years, wildlife habitat has been decreasing rapidly due to developmental projects and very efficient agricultural methods. Transmission line ROWs, however, constitute one land use development which holds great potential for benefiting wildlife. By incor- porating basic wildlife management strategies into existing clearing and maintenance practices, cost- effective programs may be developed that enhance wildlife habitat and continue to meet electric trans- mission reliability requirements. SCOPE AND PURPOSES This manual brings together for the first time ecological information on selected plants and wildlife on a nation- wide basis and demonstrates how this information may be incorporated into ROW wildlife management plans based on existing techniques. The manual does not attempt to evaluate the various potential land use alternatives associated with ROWs. Wildlife manage- ment is the only option considered here. The manage- ment practices presented are offered as suggestions only and are not meant as rules or regulations that must be followed. The objectives of this manual are: 1 to provide U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) biologists and utility ROW managers with a refer- ence source to aid them in developing and imple- menting fish and wildlife management plans on overhead electric transmission line ROWs and, 'Asplundh Environmental Services. 1978, Benefit analysis—use of 2,4,5-T for vegeta tion management on rights-of-way. Asplundh Environmental Services, Willow Grove, PA. 44 pp. Preface 2 to encourage more cooperation between groups in developing and implementing these management plans. Suggested wildlife management strategies and guidelines for vegetation maintenance are presented for all biological ecoregions in the United States in the introduction (see “Identifying Biological Ecoregions”) with considerations for cost-effectiveness and electric transmission reliability. Although the manual focuses on electric transmission line ROWs, it may be of help to anyone involved with land, vegetation, or wildlife management in unique areas. Such areas as pipeline ROWs, railroad ROWs, roadway ROWs, logging areas, or “leftover” bits of agricultural lands—such as gullies, odd corners, or fence rows—are all places where some of the information in this manual may be used to improve wildlife habitat. The manual may also prove useful during the process of transmission corridor selection by providing information on management potential for wild- life in different vegetation communities. It is fully recognized that this publication does not repre- sent the final word on wildlife management on ROWs. Future work in this field will no doubt result in innovations not contained in this manual. Novel approaches may be needed in the areas of setting management objectives and incorporating them into wildlife management plans, inven- torying resources in special linear habitats such as ROWs, relating the effects of ROW habitat management to wildlife populations in adjacent habitats, and determining the value of ROW habitat to various wildlife species. These are among the topics that must receive more attention in the future. The National Power Plant Team solicits all com- ments and suggestions on these and other related subjects. Any suggestions or questions regarding this manual should be directed to: Information Transfer Specialist National Power Plant Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2929 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 (313) 668-2365 Acknowledgments Asplundh Environmental Services (AES) was responsible for conducting this project and preparing the initial drafts of the manuscript. AES staff members Paul A. Johnston, plant ecologist, and Phil Simpson, wildlife biologist, coordinated the many parts of this extremely complex project. The following individuals are gratefully acknowledged for their contributions to the development and organization of the information contained in this publication. David M. Armstrong, University of Colorado—eco- logical information on selected wildlife species of the Rocky Mountain States; organization and develop- ment of selected wildlife species list. Richard R. Braham, North Carolina State University— ecological characteristics and plant species lists for dominants and common associates for the Outer Coastal Plain Forest and the Southeastern Mixed Forest provinces. William C. Bramble, professor emeritus, Purdue Uni- versity—organization, style, and format of the manual; plant species lists and corresponding ecological characteristics for the Laurentian Mixed Forest, the Eastern Deciduous Forest, and the Prairie Parkland provinces. William R. Byrnes, Purdue University—administrative and organizational help in finalizing the format and style of the manual. Kenneth L. Carvell, West Virginia University—project format and style; technical assistance in many chapters. Leslie W. Gysel, Michigan State University—technical editor for the ROW resource assessment and review of wildlife habitat management techniques chapters; project organization. Joan Hett, University of Washington—plant listings, ecological characteristics, and wildlife information for the Columbia Forest, the Willamette—Puget Forest, and the Palouse Grassland provinces, and the Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest, the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest, the Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest, the Sagebrush—Wheat- grass, and the Ponderosa Shrub Forest sections. Robert Hobdy, State Division of Forestry (Hawaii)— listing and description of the selected plant species for the Hawaiian Islands. John L. Launchbaugh, Kansas State University—plant species listings and ecological characteristics for the Prairie Parkland, the Prairie Brushland, the Tall- grass Prairie, the Great Plains Short-grass Prairie, and the California Grassland provinces. John W. Marr, University of Colorado—development of the plant ecological characteristics tables; dominant plant and common associate species for the Douglas-fir Forest and the Ponderosa Pine— Douglas-fir Forest sections, the Wyoming Basin Province, and all of Alaska. Sidney T. McDaniels, Mississippi State University — plant species lists and ecological characteristics for the Everglades. Robert E. McWhorter, Natural Resource Consultants (with Kansas Fish and Game Department at time of the study)—wildlife information for all prairie provinces. William J. Neidig, vice president, Asplundh Tree Expert Company—cost data on ROW construction and maintenance methods. Harold H. Prince, Michigan State University—format and organization of plant species tables. Patrick J. Rusz, Grand Valley State College—chapters on ROW assessment guidelines and the literature review of the wildlife habitat management tech- niques applicable to ROWs; ecological characteris- tics of bird species. Richard L. Stephenson, Ecological Consulting Ser- vices—selected plant species and ecological char- acteristics for the Lahontan Saltbush—Greasewood, the Great Basin Sagebrush, and the Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood sections, and the Upper Gila Mountains Forest, the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe, the Chihuahuan Desert, the Ameri- can Desert, and the Colorado Plateau provinces. Richard D. Taber, University of Washington—plant listings, ecological characteristics, and wildlife information for the Columbia Forest, the Willam- ette—Puget Forest, and the Palouse Grassland provinces, and the Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest, the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest, the Silver fir—Douglas-fir Forest, the Sagebrush— Wheatgrass, and the Ponderosa Shrub Forest sections. Charles F. Yocom, Humboldt State University—tech- nical review and organization of selected plant and wildlife tables; plant and wildlife species ecological characteristics for the Redwood Forest and the California Mixed Evergreen Forest sections. Paul J. Zinke, University of California—plant species and ecological characteristics for the Sierran Forest and the California Chaparral provinces. Additional thanks go to State game agencies for pro- viding technical assistance, materials, and data through- Acknowledgments out the study. Assistance was also provided by several U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services Offices and by many conservation and wildlife organiza- tions in all 50 states. Also helpful in this study were the ROW department heads and personnel of 75 utilities selected to represent all geographic areas of the United States. The cooperation of the Edison Electric Institute is gratefully acknowl- edged. The literature search was facilitated by a coopera- tive agreement between the Electric Power Research Institute and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Numerous utility companies and Federal, State, and private agencies participated in the review process of various drafts of this manual and their willing coopera- tion was sincerely appreciated. Special thanks are ex- tended to Dean Miller, Public Service Company of Colorado, for coordinating the review by the utility industry. The final organization, editing, rewriting, proofread- ing, and production of this publication was the responsi- bility of Francine H. Scherger and Midwest Public Inter- est Communications, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Judy Stopke, The Art Dept., Ann Arbor, Michigan, designed the publication. The success of this project is due, in large part, to their efforts. Contents INTRODUCTION 20... 6c ccc ee eee eee e nee ene enn ennee Xxiii PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS .............. 1 41 Province 2410, Willamette—Puget Forest; Province M2410, Pacific Forest ...... 0... cc cece cece cence eee eee eee nee 2 Willamette—Puget Forest and Pacific Forest Types ............ eee eee eeeee 2 Bigleaf Maple ........ 0.0 c cece c cece eee e nee eee e nee n ee en eens 2 Black Cottonwood 2 California-laurel oo... 0... ccc c eee eee eee eee eee eee 2 42 43 44 Douglas-fir 26... 6 eee een eees 2 Grand Fir .............04. 2 Lodgepole Pine ........... 3 Noble Fir 3 Red Alder 3 Redwood 3 Pacific Silver Fir 4 Sitka Spruce oo... cece cece cece eee e eee eee e eee ee eeenee 4 Subalpine Fir oo... ccc cece cece cece eee eee nee e nee ee eenee 4 Tanbark-0ak 1.6... ccc cece cece eee e cece e ene ene e ene enna eees 4 Vine Maple 20... .. ccc cece een cence nee eee e nee ee eenee 4 Western Hemlock ....... 0.0 e cece cece eee e eee eee ene eee e scene eenee 4 Western Larch 2.0... 0. cece cece cece e nee ete nee e nee e ee enee 4 Province 2610, California Grassland; Province M2610, Sierran Forest; and Province M2620, California Chaparral .......... 0.0 cece e eee eee e ee eee 5 THROES oo cee wc cee sec ce ees cesses staasinnessssssseeeieenscess 5 California-laurel 5 Ponderosa Pine 5 Shasta Red Fir 5 Sugar Pine ...... 5 Tankbark-oak 5 Rocky Mountain White Pine ........ 0... ccc cece cece cette eee eeeeeeee 5 White Fir... . 6c cece cence eee eee e eee ene e eee enes 5 Shrubs... cece eeee nen nee n tenet eee teen enn e eens 5 Shrub Live Oak 5 GraSSES 6. ok cece eee een e nee e nee e deen tenn ee eens 5 Perennial Grasses 5 Province 3120, Palouse Grassland; Province 3130, Intermountain Sagebrush ......... 00. c cee cece eee e eee eee 5 Mixed Conifers and Aspen Forest Communities ............0.00ee cess ees 6 FS 0 | 6 Ponderosa Pine ......... 0c ccc cece cece cence eee ence eee eeeeeenes 6 Pinyon—Juniper Woodlands ........... cece cece e cece cece eee eee ee eees 6 Rocky Mountain Juniper ....... 00. c cece e cece cece cece eee e eee eenee 8 Pinyon Pine ........ cc cece cece eee cece eee e eee e eee e eee e eee eeeeenaes 8 Province 3210, Chihuahuan Desert; Province 3220, American Desert; and Province 3140, Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe ...... 0... c cece cece cece eee ence eee eee eet eeeeeeeee 8 Pinyon—Juniper Woodlands ........ eee e eee cere eee e eee e teen e eens 8 Trees and Shrubs ...... cece cece ee eee eee ee eee e eee t eee e eens 8 Big Sagebrush ....... ccc cece cece eee eee eee ene eee e ee eee eens 8 Greasewo0d 1... .. cece eee cece ee eee e eee e eee e ete e reece ene 8 10 C0) 8 Winter-fat ... ccc ccc ccc ccc cc cette eee eee e eee e eee e ee eeeeee 8 GTASSES 0... cece cee cere eee nce tere cee ecc cesses eeeee eee ereerereees 8 Riparian Vegetation 0.0... 0... cece cece eee eee tee e eens 8 45 Province M2110, Columbia Forest; Province M3110, Rocky Mountain Forest; Province M3120, Upper Gila Mountains Forest; and Province P3130, Colorado Plateau 9 Spruce—Fir Types 2... . ccc cece cece cece eee eee eee eee teen ee eeeee 9 Engelmann Spruce .......... cece eee cee ee eee e eee eee e nett eee eee 9 Mixed Conifers and Aspen Forest Communities .........-. esses eee eeeaee 9 Other Conifers 2.0... cece ccc eee eee cette eet tee t teenies 9 Douglas-fir 2.0... cece cece eee eee eee e eee e eee e ee eeeees 9 Grand Fir ..... cc cece cece cece cece cere e cece escer esses seeeeseereee 9 Lodgepole Pine 1.0... ccc cee cece cece eee nee nen eee e enn n eens 9 Ponderosa Pine ....... cece cece eect teen eee eee eeenes 9 Western Larch ...... cece cece cc eee eee eee eee eee eee e eee ee eenees 10 SHrubs occ cece eee eee eee eee teen eee teen en eee 10 Blueberries and Huckleberries 1.1.0.0... cece cece eee eee eee e eens 10 GYASSES 00. cc eee e cece c cece tenner eens ence esse eee scene eeatennee 10 46 Province 3110, Great Plains Short-grass Prairie; Province A3140, Wyoming Basin Pines ......... 20 eee cere ee eee e eee eee 10 Lodgepole Pine 1... ... cece cece cece cece eee e een e eet eee 10 Ponderosa Pine 1.1... . 0. cee cece eee teen eee e tenet tee eee 10 Spruce—Fir Types ..... ccc eee e eee cece eee een e eee teen eee e eee eee 10 References ........ ccc cece ee eee ee ee eee e eee e eee eee tees een e eens 1 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 2... . cece cece eect eee teen ent eens 13 47 Province 2410, Willamette—Puget Forest .......... cece cece eee eeeeeee 16 48 Province 2610, California Grassland ........ 000s eee cece eee e eee e eee 33 49 Province 3110, Great Plains Short-grass Prairie ........... eee eee eee eee 35 SECHONS cil coc dt le ec wttlele seas elec e se slsew ec esitloo ee suet wees cise ees 35 Section 3111, Grama—Needlegrass— Wheatgrass .........eeeeeeeeeeaee 35 Section 3112, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass Section 3113, Grama—Buffalo Grass ...... Subsections 0... ccc cece ccc eee eee eee e ene eennee Subsection |, Subalpine—Lodgepole— Douglas-fir Forest . Subsection 2, Foothill Grassland ......... 0. cece cece eee eee eee eees Subsection 3, Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine ...........e eee cece e ee eee ee Subsection 4, Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest ...........+- Subsection 5, Grama—Needlegrass— Wheatgrass Subsection 6, Badlands ...... 0. cece cece e eee eee eee teen eens Subsection 7, Sagebrush—Saltbush ........ 0.0.0 cece cece ee eee eee eee Subsection 8, Montana Sandy Land ....... Subsection 9, Sagebrush— Wheatgrass ..... Subsection 10, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass ... Subsection 20, High Plains Short-grass ..........--.00000s Subsection 21, Northeastern Colorado Sandhills Subsection 22, Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes ... Subsection 23, Pinyon Pine—Juniper Subsection 24, Shinnery Oak 1.0... 2.0... cece eee eee ee eee Subsection 25, Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem ......... Subsection 28, Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem............... Subsection 30, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass) ...... 0... ee eee 50 Province 3120, Palouse Grassland... 6... see eee e eee 51 52 53 54 55 Province 3130, Intermountain Sagebrush ......... 00: ee eee eee ee eee eee 64 Section 3131, Sagebrush— Wheatgrass; Section 3132, Lahontan Saltbush—Greasewood; Section 3133, Great Basin Sagebrush; Section 3134, Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood; Section 3135, Ponderosa Shrub Forest ........ 0. esse esse eee e eee e eens 64 Great Basin Saltwater Marshland ........ 00. c cece cece ee eee eee eens 64 Great Basin Desertscrub ......... cece eee eee eee eee eee ee ene 64 Rocky Mountain and Great Basin Conifer Woodland .........++--000+ 66 Montane, Chaparrall|| joie ie io. oat te aisles eel ele sje lelate! alm lel aie a/sle!ale elec cols elalela's 66 Rocky Mountain Subalpine Conifer Forest— Great Basin) Fasciation ee ee ee eee lel 2] bla lel bl eal ate! lo [al ola el ole 66 Province 3140, Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe ......... esse eee eens 104 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Semidesert Grassland ............... Chihuahuan Desertscrub ............ Sonoran Desertscrub ............... Madrean Evergreen Woodlands ole Southern Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest .. 106 Interior Chaparral 2.2.2.0. 2. c ccc cette eet cent ene n esse eeccce -. 106 PIGINS Grassland ee ee ere salela le lal ehacele ol sta. wlale blade) stevelela elas one alae. als 107 Riparian Deciduous Forest and Woodland ............+.eee eee ee eens 107 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe (Riparian Communities) ..........-+-- 107 Temperate Riparian oo)... oe oe ee ce eee ee ee no 107 Subtropical Riparian | tee eel eclle cele ee wc 107 Province 3210, Chihuahuan Desert ......... 0.0 e cece cece cee ee eee enee 131 Section 3211, Grama—Tobosa: Section 3212, Tarbush—Creosote Bush Chihuahuan Desertscrub Community Semidesert| Grassland) |i jefe slat le last cte mr tietets ofa tel els el elesleleta slatel ele: ole lela)» Tamaulipan Thornscrub ....... cece eect eee eee e eee eee ennee Interior Chaparral .......... cc cece cece cece cece ence eee eeeeeeneees Madrean Evergreen Woodland .......... cece eee e eee e tener e eee eeee Rocky Mountain Conifer Woodland Southern Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest .........-+++++005 133 Section 3211, Grama—Tobosa; Section 3212, Tarbush—Creosote Bush (Riparian Communities) ........-- 133 Cottonwood— Willow Forests and Woodlands .............0eeee eee 134 Mesquite—Saltcedar Scrublands ........ ee cece eee secre eee eee e ee eees 134 Marshiands |i eer ties las ol ol thecal atatel atalole lott|e fa} ol ace] aters|s 4, sletlo| lee] e olla te Iota 134 Province 3220, American Desert (Mojave—Colorado—Sonoran) ....... eee cece cece nett ene eee eeeee 157 Section 3221, Creosote Bush ........ ccc cece ccc cece cece eens 157 Mojave Desertscrub Interior Chaparral Great Basin and Rocky Mountain Conifer Woodland .............+5+- 157 Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest ............ cece eee eee e eee 157 Section 3222, Creosote Bush—Bur Sage .......... ee sees ee eee eee eee eee 159 Sonoran! Desertscrub) |ojscii le cield selec islets siecsiacfolaeleiesie siele wielels|e gle lel etote ol ae 159 TNC TOT nape ee ieee celta! ele lera'letntelley lecela-tl ple oie lol bla ile aie eae al 159 Semidesert Grassland ........... ccc cccccceesncctcnceecccee cesses 159 Madrean Evergreen Woodland ........... ccc ee eee cece nett ee eeeee 159 Section 3221, Creosote Bush (Riparian Communities) ............00e eee 160 Temperate Riparian ........... esc e cece cece cece tee eeeeeeeeneees 160 Section 3222, Creosote Bush—Bur Sage (Riparian Communities) 0.2.6... 0c cece eee eee e eee eens 160 Cottonwood— Willow Riparian Forests and Woodlands ........ccsscescccccccccsccccceeerressceesccoesees 160 Mesquite—Saltcedar Woodlands .........0e eee ee eee e eee e eee eens 160 Marshlands .......ssscceccsccseeccccr cress tees seen tense nen eeese 160 Province M2110, Columbia Forest (Dry Summer) ......-..0+-+ +e seer eee 187 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Section M2111, Douglas-fir Forest ......... 0. ccc cece cee ceceeceeeeeeues 187 Section M2112, Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest .............0.005 187 Province M2410, Pacific Forest |/./)o0s 0 sited val clele dee blac slate ll 210 Section M2411, Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest ............0.00. 210 Section M2412, Redwood Forest .......... 0. ceccecececeeseucececcnecs 210 Section M2413, Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest ..............000- 210 Section M2414, California Mixed Evergreen Forest ............0.00.00.- 212 Section M2415, Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest ..........0.00cceeeeeeeee 212 Province M2610, Sierran Forest |)... 265 Province M2620, California Chaparral ............0.0ccceceeeceeeeeece 271 Province M3110, Rocky Mountain Forest ...........0.esecceeeeeeeeeee 278 Section M3111, Grand Fir—Douglas-fir Forest .............ccccceeeeuce 278 Section M3112, Douglas-fir Forest ........ 0. cece ceececneeeecececeeees 278 Section M3113, Ponderosa Pine—Douglas-fir Forest ...........0.00.0004 278 Province M3120, Upper Gila Mountains Forest ............0.0.0eeeeeee 291 Upper Gila Mountains Forest ........... 0. cece cece ce eeeecececnceens 291 Arizona Upland Sonoran Desertscrub ............00cecceeeeeeeaeeees 291 Interior Chaparral | ce cael vata cei ut clei eid ele Usa ti Cn 291 Great Basin and Rocky Mountain Conifer Woodland ................. 291 Madrean Evergreen Woodland .............0ceceeecececcuceuceceucs 291 Riparian Deciduous Forest and Woodland ............00.eceeececuees 291 Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest ...........0.0cceceeeeceeee 293 Subaipme Comifer Forest 2 fase fesse ve eee cele elosle ed leo slelecoly will, 293 Subalpine and Montane Grasslands ............ccceceeeececuceeeeees 293 Upper Gila Mountains Forest (Riparian Communities) ................., 293 Marshlamdss (ies i eleitste se be dealt late Me cil et oe eee Cr 293 Mesquite—Saltcedar Woodlands ..............ccccccccecccccccccece 293 Province P3130, Colorado Plateau 2.1... .. cece cece eee e cece cee eeceees 319 Section P3131, Juniper—Pinyon Woodland and Sagebrush—Saltbush Mosaic; Section P3132, Grama—Galleta Steppe and Juniper—Pinyon W adhsaia cmt thar se ae aeEaTNR MEPIS ARNE URSA AP aR ADNTINAE aI UN COURS AGRI ARADUN Great Basin Desertscrub Plains Grassland and Great Basin Grassland ............... Great Basin or Rocky Mountain Conifer Woodland ......... Re eT UI MILAN L RIL ali Gt WL Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest Subalpine Conifer Forest—Rocky Mountain Fasciation Subalpine and Montane Grassland Province A3140, Wyoming Basin ..............cccceceeeeeceecececuees Section A3141, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass—Sagebrush; Section A3142, Sagebrush—Wheatgrass ........0.0.ecececececeecececuce 345 Provinces 1210, Arctic Tundra; 1220, Bering Tundra; 1310, Yukon Parkland; 1320, Yukon Forest; M1210, Brooks Range; M1310, Alaska Range: 0d 0024010, Pace pore ee ee ee CU 349 Provincey1210! Arctic Tundra ee eT TUITE 349 Province 1220) Bering) 700g a ee eS TAL) 349 Provinces 1310 and 1320, Yukon Parkland and Yukon Forest (The Interior Forest) ...........cccccccccccccccccecccene 349 Province M1210, Brooks Range Province M1310, Alaska Range Province M2410, Pacific Forest Province 4210, Hawaiian Islands ROMERO ESE | le lado al dla slat eee ole bee lk il Corll eal AIC tba Od tl AL A LL ee ee a et LL Melee eee ol bla el etal eld at bIe le blal ata ll Bete thle EU Oy ROSE eee eel alate bte Mole bletaltle elf ele lehete Gt alata lAl dal eet May Al Bee UAT IAM Rd ble olde bd AMIR GM COLES eI GIL GIGI SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES ........... 0.0 0c eee eee es 379 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 2.2.00... 0c c cece cece eee e ene eee 380 Listing of Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles .............-. 380 Province-by-Province Descriptions of Fauna ............ese cess cence 385 Ecological Characteristics Tables Bird Nesting Habitat Table ..... 0... cece cece cece e nee anes U.S. Endangered/ Threatened Fish State Endangered/ Threatened Fish and Wildlife ..............ce eee eee 496 References 20... 6. cc cece cence ene nee e ene e nen e enn eee enone 505 DNDEX oes ee noes ba 05 oon ee ot nin oss ons cespeisesacstorscssonises S17 Plate 3 Figure 47.1 Figure 48.1 Figure 49.1 Figure 50.1 Figure 51.1 Figure 52.1 Figure 53.1 Figure 54.1 Figure 55.1 Figure 56.1 Figure 57.1 Figure 58.1 Figure 59.1 Figure 60.1 Figure 61.1 Figure 62.1 Illustrations Ecoregions of the Western United States ............... 15 Province 2410, Willamette—Puget Forest .............. 17 Province 2610, California Grassland .............-+-00- 32 Province 3110, Great Plains Short-grass Prairie; Sections 3111, Grama—Needlegrass— Wheatgrass; 3112, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass; and 3113, Grama—Buffalo Grass... .. ee. cece eee eee eee 36 Province 3120, Palouse Grassland .... Province 3130, Intermountain Sagebrush; Sections 3131, Sagebrush— Wheatgrass; 3132, Lahontan Saltbush—Greasewood; 3133, Great Basin Sagebrush; 3134, Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood; 3135, Ponderosa Shrub Forest ............ 00 cece cece 65 Province 3140, Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe ||) ee fee cee eel cn a ale aes ole 105 Province 3210, Chihuahuan Desert; Sections 3211, Grama—Tobosa, and 3212, Tarbush—Creosote Bush ..........00 cece eee eens 132 Province 3220, American Desert (Mojave—Colorado—Sonoran); Sections 3221, Creosote Bush, and 3222, Creosote Bush—Bur Sage .......... ccc eee e eee 158 Province M2110, Columbia Forest (Dry Summer); Sections M2111, Douglas-fir Forest, and M2112, Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest .........+ 186 Province M2410, Pacific Forest; Sections M2411, Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest; M2412, Redwood Forest; M2413, Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest; M2414, California Mixed Evergreen Forest; and M2415, Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest Province M2610, Sierran Forest ........ Province M2620, California Chaparral Province M3110, Rocky Mountain Forest; Sections M3111, Grand Fir—Douglas-fir Forest; M3112, Douglas-fir Forest; and M3113, Ponderosa Pine—Douglas-fir Forest ............ 279 Province M3120, Upper Gila Mountains Forest ......... 292 Province P3130, Colorado Plateau; Sections P3131, Juniper—Pinyon Woodland + Sagebrush—Saltbush Mosaic, and P3132, Grama—Galleta Steppe + Juniper—Pinyon Woodland Mosaic ...........+.0045 320 Province A3140, Wyoming Basin; Sections A3141, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass—Sagebrush; and A3142, Sagebrush— Wheatgrass ........---.--++00 344 Figure 63.1 Figure 64.la Figure 64.1b Provinces 1210, Arctic Tundra; 1220, Bering Tundra; 1310, Yukon Parkland; 1320, Yukon Forest; M1210, Brooks Range; M1310, Alaska Range; and M2410! |Pacitic) Forest |e ilu elmo Aa GLUE LHe Province M4210, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and Kahoolawe) ................ Province M4210, Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Rtg ad Nn Tea Tables | SE STE SESS GREE ESS SS ea al eR RS ARATE Table 41.1 Table 43.1 Table 2410-47.1 [N] Table 2410-47.1 [S] Table 2410-47.2 Table 2610-48. 1 Table 2610-48.2 Table 3110-49.1 Table 3110-49.1 Table 3110-49.1 Table 3110-49.1 Table 3110-49. 1 Table 3110-49. 1 Table 3110-49. 1 Table 3110-49. 1 Table 3110-49. 1 Table 3110-49.1 Table 3110-49.1 Table 3110-49.1 Table 3110-49.1 Table 3110-49.2 Table 3120-50. 1 10] 20] 21] 22] 23] 24] 25] 28] Percent Survival of Lodgepole Pine Seedlings 3 Methods of Pinyon—Juniper Control ............ 6. eee e ee 7 Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest (Northern Region: Puget Sound) ....... 2. cece cece cece eects 18 Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest (Southern Region: Willamette Valley) 2.0.0... ccc cece eee cece etter eens 19 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest ........ 21 Selected Plant Species Common to the California Grassland ...........000 00 cece eee eee eee 33 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the California Grassland ............ 33 Selected Plant Species Common to the Foothill Grassland Subsection ...... 2... c cece e cece eee e eee eens 38 Selected Plant Species Common to the Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine Subsection ............e0000 39 Selected Plant Species Common to the Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest Subsection ...........0 ee eeeeeeee 39 Selected Plant Species Common to the Grama— Needlegrass— Wheatgrass Subsection ..........-++++e00 40 Selected Plant Species Common to the Badlands Subsection ......... cee cece eee eee teen eens 41 Selected Plant Species Common to the Wheatgrass—Needlegrass Subsection ..........0-0++00005 42 Selected Plant Species Common to the High Plains Short-grass Subsection ...... 0.00. cece eee eens 43 Selected Plant Species Common to the North- eastern Colorado Sandhills Subsection .............00005 44 Selected Plant Species Common to the South- eastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes Subsection .......... 45 Selected Plant Species Common to the Pinyon Pine—Juniper Subsection .......... 00 eee eee eee eens 46 Selected Plant Species Common to the Shinnery Oak Subsection 0... ... 0.6 c ccc cece eee eee eee 47 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem Subsection ............000005 48 Selected Plant Species Common to the Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem Subsection .............00 eee eee 49 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 2... eee ee eens 50 Selected Plant Spe Common to the Palouse Grassland 6.0... cece cee eee eee eee eee eee e eee eeee 58 Table 3120-50.2 Table 3130-51.1 [3131CB] Table 3130-51.1 [3131SI] Table 3130-51.1 [3131SO] Table 3130-51.1 [3132, 3133, 3134] Table 3130-51.1 [3135ECM] Table 3130-51.1 [31350PS] Table 3130-51.2 Table 3140-52. 1 Table 3140-52.1 [R] Table 3140-52.2 Table 3140-52.2 [R] Table 3210-53.1 [3211, 3212] Table 3210-53.1 [3211, 3212 R] Table 3210-53.2 Table 3210-53.2 [R] Table 3220-54.1 [3221] Table 3220-54.1 [3222] Table 3220-54.1 [3221R] Table 3220-54.1 [3222R] Table 3220-54.2 Table 3220-54.2 [R] Table M2110-55.1 [M2111] Table M2110-55.1 [M2112EL] Table M2110-55.1 [M2112EH] Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WL] Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Palouse Grassland ............. Selected Plant Species Common to the Sagebrush —Wheatgrass Section (Columbia Basin Region) ......... Selected Plant Species Common to the Sagebrush —Wheatgrass Section (Southern Idaho Region) ......... Selected Plant Species Common to the Sage- brush— Wheatgrass Section (Southeastern Oregon REQiON) Loc. cece cece cee eee cette eee eee e eee eee Selected Plant Species Common to the Lahontan Saltbush—Greasewood, Great Basin Sagebrush, and Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood Sections ......... Selected Plant Species Common to the Ponderosa Shrub Forest (Eastern Cascade Mountains Region) ...... Selected Plant Species Common to the Ponderosa Shrub Forest (Oregon Pumice Soils Region) ............ Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Intermountain Sagebrush ......... Selected Plant Species Common to the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe .........:- cece cece ence eens Selected Plant Species Common to the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe in Riparian Habitats .......... Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Mexican Highlands Shrub IS) (0) 5 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe in Riparian Habitats ........... eee eee e eens Selected Plant Species Common to the Grama— Tobosa, Tarbush—Creosote Bush Sections ............. Selected Plant Species Common to the Grama— Tobosa, Tarbush—Creosote Bush Sections in Riparian Habitats 2.0.2... eee e cece eee eee eee eee ees Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Chihuahuan Desert ............ Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Chihuahuan Desert in Riparian Habitats 2.0... cece eee e eee eee eee e eee Selected Plant Species Common to the Creosote Bush Section 1.0... . cece eee cece eee eee eee eens Selected Plant Species Common to the Creosote Bush—Bur Sage Section 1.0.2.2... cece cette ee eee eee Selected Plant Species Common to the Creosote Bush Section in Riparian Habitats ............ee.ee00e Selected Plant Species Common to the Creosote Bush—Bur Sage Section in Riparian Habitats .......... Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the American Desert (Mojave—Colorado—Sonoran) ..........e eee e eee eeeee Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the American Desert (Mojave—Colorado—Sonoran) in Riparian Habitats ...... Selected Plant Species Common to the Douglas- fir Forest 2... cece cece e tee eee Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar— Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Eastside Lower Elevation) ...... cc ccc cece eee ee eee eee e eens Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar— Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Eastside Higher Elevation .. 0... cece cece cece nett e teen eeeene Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar— Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WH] Table M2110-55.1 [M2112TH] Table M2110-55.1 [M2112TL] Table M2110-55.2 Table M2410-56.1 [M2411] Table M2410-56.1 [M2412] Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] Table M2410-56.1 [M2414] Table M2410-56.1 [M24ISNCM] Table M2410-56.1 [M241SWCM] Table M2410-56.1 [M2415ECM] Table M2410-56.2 Table M2610-57.1 Table M2610-57.2 Table M2620-58.1 Table M2620-58.2 Table M3110-59.1 [M3111] Table M3110-59.1 [M3112] Table M3110-59.1 [M3113] Table M3110-59.2 Table M3120-60.1 Table M3120-60.1 [R] Table M3120-60.2 Table M3120-60.2 [R] Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Westside Lower Ee eee ee ee nS IMIML IAM Naa Ly Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar— Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Westside Higher BLCVANON) eee clalaelal ae ateteelalt ts a ul Mal erelalesgl de lel ae a ML Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar— Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Throughout the Province Higher Elevation Region) ................000% Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar— Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Throughout the Province Lower Elevation Region) ....... elelalslehatataiacaHatel Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Columbia Forest (Dry AOTC eA aie MM Neal GL IMT Selected Plant Species Common to the Sitka Spruce Cedar—Hemlock Forest ...........00cceeeeeee Selected Plant Species Common to the Redwood FO ee ee a ee ee ee NA IM St Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar— Hemlock— Douglas-fir Forest (Siskiyou Mountain ee ee eee ee eH eM EAM OMe WI Selected Plant Species Common to the California Mixed Evergreen Forest .............0.00005 Selected Plant Species Common to the Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest (Northern Cascade Mountain: Region) jee emisrersraslstetslaiare stele isla esliy slave ls Selected Plant Species Common to the Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest (Westside Cascade MOUNTAIN Regio UO AIL Selected Plant Species Common to the Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest (Eastside Cascade Fe eee eT Te UMM Hel WLAN AME MM RH Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Pacific Forest ...............45 Selected Plant Species Common to the Sierran OE eB EM Enel UM IIa ee Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Sierran Forest ...............0. Selected Plant Species Common to the California Chapa eee OI UIE MI Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the California Chaparral ........... Selected Plant Species Common to the Grand Fi omen oness MIU U UO IU MIM UL Selected Plant Species Common to the Douglas- SP Ores MLE LS OG Selected Plant Species Common to the Ponderosa Pine—Douglas-fir Forest ..............0.0005 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Rocky Mountain Forest ............... Selected Plant Species Common to the Upper Gila Mountains Forest .............00.e0cceeee Selected Plant Species Common to the Upper Gila Mountains Forest (Riparian Communities) ......... Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Upper Gila Mountains Forest ...............0c0eeeeee Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Upper Gila Mountains Forest (Riparian Communities) .............. Table P3130-61.1 [P3131, P3132] Table 3130-61.2 Table A3140-62.1 [A3141, A3142] Table A3140-62.2 Table 1210-63.1 Table 1220-63.1 Table 1310, 1320-63.1 Table M1210-63.1 Table M1310-63.1 Table 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320 M1210, M1310, M2410-63.2 Table M4210-64.1 Table M4210-64.2 Table 65.1 Table 65.2 Table 65.3 Table 65.4 Table 65.5 Table 65.6 Table 65.7 Table 65.8 Table 65.9 Table 65.10 Selected Plant Species Common to the Juniper—Pinyon Woodland + Sagebrush—Saltbush Mosaic, and Grama—Galleta Steppe + Juniper—Pinyon Woodland Mosaic ................... 322 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Colorado Plateau .............. 326 Selected Plant Species Common to the Wheatgrass—Needlegrass—Sagebrush and Sagebrush— Wheatgrass Sections .................00.. Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Wyoming Basin ............... Selected Plant Species Common tothe Arctic Tundra... eee cece ee cece cece eee eee Selected Plant Species Common to the Bering Tundra ....... 6. eee eee eee eee cece eee Selected Plant Species Common to the Yukon Parkland and Yukon Forest .................... Selected Plant Species Common to the Brooks Range ...... cece cece eee e ee ee eee e eee e eee eee Selected Plant Species Common to the Alaska Range ....... ccc e eee e cece eee cece eee e ees Ecological Characteristics of Selected Species Common to Alaska ......... cece cece eee e eee e eens Selected Plant Species Common to the Hawaiian Islands ........ 0... s cece eee eee eens Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plants Common to the Hawaiian Islands ..................... Matrix of Selected Mammals of the Western United States by Province ................0.00. Matrix of Additional Select Mammals of the Western United States by Province (Probably not Comparable with ROWs) ............... Matrix of Selected Birds of the Western United States by Province ................000. Matrix of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States by Province .............. Ecological Characteristics of Selected Mammals of the Western United States ................ cece eee Ecological Characteristics of Selected Birds of the Western United States ..............0.0.0.0 000. Ecological Characteristics of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Nesting Habitats and Ranges of Selected Bird Species 0.0... cece cc cece cece cece e ee eeeeaes U.S. Endangered/ Threatened Fish .................... State Endangered/ Threatened Fish and Wildlife (Western United States) ........... 0... eee e eee ee cece This manual was designed to allow the user maximum flexibility. The suggested management strategies may be used on a wide variety of sites. Because the knowledge and judgement of the individual biologist or ROW manager is essential to implement these strategies, this manual has attempted to bridge the gap between the expertise of these two professional groups. The manual cannot make ROW experts out of biologists, or vice versa, but essential information is presented to help practitioners of one discipline better understand the goals of the other. ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL The manual is divided into three volumes — a general volume providing background information on wildlife management and vegetation maintenance on ROWs, and two volumes containing ecological information on selected plant and wildlife species and responses of various plant species to vegetation maintenance practices. For your convenience, this information has been synthesized into parallel volumes — volume 2 contains information on plants and wildlife of the Eastern United States; volume 3 discusses plants and wildlife of the Western United States. Identifying Biological Ecoregions Robert G. Bailey’s 1976 map, “Ecoregions of the United States,” was used by the authors to identify biologically similar areas within the United States. Bailey divides the United States into 31 biological provinces; he further subdivides these provinces into 61 biological sections (see plate 1). For our purposes, a province is defined as “a broad vegetation region having a uniform regional climate and the same type or types of zonal soils.” A section is defined as “a subdivision of a province based on local climatic variation.” The existence of two domains, or “subcontinental areas of related climates,” are reflected in the organization of this manual. For convenience, the flora and fauna of the Eastern and Western United States are treated separately, disregard- ing Bailey’s domain classifications. Alaska and Hawaii are considered with the Western provinces. Generalizing Life History/Habitat Requirement Information Life history/habitat requirement information con- tained in this manual of necessity has been generalized. Emphasis is on those factors that will benefit ROW xxiii Introduction managers. Due to the magnitude of a study of this type, all plant and animal species cannot be recognized. Species lists should not be interpreted as being the ideal species composition for any one site within a section; plants, local disturbances, climatic and edaphic factors, etc., will influence species composition of different sites. These variations, in turn, may affect local wildlife com- munity composition. Chapter Content Volume I, “General Background,” contains information applicable to both volumes 2 and 3. Chapter I, “Using this Manual,” contains a step-by- step discussion of the proposed use of this manual for: investigating the wildlife management potential on a right-of-way, assessing the resources on the right-of-way, identifying wildlife management priorities and objectives, and formulating and implementing the wildlife management plan. A discussion of four general vegetation management strategies—herbaceous, stable shrub, mixed woody, and passive—as well as a key to aid in the selection of the appropriate management strategy for a particular ROW, is followed by a detailed example that illustrates the step-by-step management technique. Chapter 2, “Engineering Constraints in ROW Management,” provides a basic review of the ROW siting and construction process. The basic parameters within which a transmission line must be designed and constructed are outlined. Chapter 3, “Land Use Rights,” discusses the various practices used to acquire a ROW and the feasibility and practicality of implementing wildlife management strategies under various landownership situations. “ROW Maintenance Methods and Costs” are the subject of chapter 4. Selective and nonselective vegetation maintenance methods, methods for slash disposal and restoration, and techniques that alter other environmental components are discussed along with their current cost and extent of use. Relative costs are compared by technique and use in different areas of the United States. Chapter 5, “Right-of-Way Resource Assessment,” Suggests guidelines that may aid the user in identifying and quantifying habitat factors that must be considered during the development of a specific management plan. Chapter 6, ‘Wildlife Habitat Management Techniques,” contains a thorough literature review of Introduction presently used management techniques applicable to ROWs in the United States. Methods of mechanical manipulation, brush piling, herbicide application, planting and seeding, streambank management, and prescribed burning are discussed. An extensive bibliography is provided in the references section of the chapter. Three general appendixes are located at the end of volume | and contain information pertinent to all three volumes: General appendix A lists plants of the Eastern and Western United States and Alaska and Hawaii, alphabetically by common name. General appendix B contains an alphabetical listing by common name of wildlife—mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, and fish. Both appendixes list the scientific names used within the text; occasionally, a common name appears more than once, usually with a different scientific name, indicating the regional variation incommon name usage. Following the scientific names in general appendix A isa list of the provinces in chapter 2 of volumes 2 and 3 in whose descriptions they are included. Parentheses indi- cate that in those provinces the species is found but under a different common name. Following the scientific names in general appendix B is a key that associates the species with a table or tables in chapter 3 of volumes 2 and 3. General appendix C provides approximate equivalents of decimals to fractions and English to metric measurements. A glossary operationally defines the terms in the text and offers supplemental definitions to scientific or biological terms. An index to plant communities, selected wildlife species, and biomes is included. The numbers following each entry are the unique chapter section numbers that indicate the place within the manual where the subject is discussed. Volumes 2 and 3 contain specific material relating to the Eastern and Western United States, respectively. Each volume contains three chapters: Chapter 1, “Plant Responses to ROW Maintenance Methods,” provides information on sprouting, reaction to competition, and other factors that determine plant responses to disturbances. The techniques for vegetation manipulation presented in this chapter emphasize the maintenance of electric reliability while enhancing vegetation for wildlife habitat. Provinces are discussed individually or in groups of biologically similar areas. Chapter 2, “Selected Plant Species,” presents for each province and, when appropriate, for each section or subsection, plant species associated with general plant communities, differentiated by moisture conditions, successional trends, and height stratifications. Descriptive ecological characteristics, such as habitat, growth form, fruit, and general wildlife use are also given for each plant. Chapter 3, “Selected Fish and Wildlife Species,” discusses the characteristics of certain mammal, bird, and amphibian and reptile species that should be given special consideration in ROW management planning. A brief province-by-province description of the fauna present is followed by a lengthy table that details the ecological characteristics of the selected species and several additional tables that provide information on bird nesting habitat and list U.S. endangered/threatened fish and State endangered/threatened fish and wildlife. A list of references cited is provided for each chapter within all three volumes and follows the chapter text. EDITORIAL CONVENTIONS Cross-referencing between the three volumes has been accomplished by assigning each section within a chapter a unique section number. The section numbers run consecutively across all three volumes beginning with chapter | of volume 1. These chapter section numbers are not to be confused with the section numbers referenced within provinces. Those section numbers are four digit numbers that relate directly to Bailey's map (plate 1). To further differentiate between chapter sections and province sections, chapter sections are always referred to with the generic “section.” as in section 38. Province sections are referred to as proper nouns, as in Section 2212. Figure and table numbers have been keyed to the chapter section (or, in some cases, the province, section, or subsection) to which they relate. For example, there are three sections in chapter 4—4, 5, and 6. Figures are found only in sections 4 and 6. The figure numbers are: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3. The first number indicates the unique chapter section in which the figure is found. The second number indicates which figure is being referenced. Within chapter sections, figures are numbered sequentially; the numbering begins anew with each section. Note that in the example above, there are no figures in section 5. Tables, in the forms of charts and graphs, found within the text are numbered in the same manneras figures; that is, sequentially within each chapter section. In volumes 2 and 3, however, an additional numbering scheme has been devised to facilitate the use of the detailed information on selected plant and wildlife species found exclusively in the tabular material. In chapters 2 and 3 of these volumes, province descriptions are followed by the two sets of tables: Selected Plant Species tables and Ecological Characteristics tables. Each table carries an identification label that specifies: 1 Section number Province _ chapter section or or caption Ss r number number "2 ubsection number where: Province number relates directly to Bailey’s map (plate 1), chapter section number is the unique number assigned to each section within a chapter. The numbers run sequentially across all three vol- umes of the manual beginning with chapter | of volume |../ indicates that this is a Selected Plant xxiv Introduction or Wildlife Species table; .2 identifies an Ecologi- specifies that this is the Selected Plant Species Table for cal Characteristics table. Province 2210, Section 2215, and that the province is Section number also directly relates to Bailey’s discussed in chapter section 33. map (plate 1). Whenever possible, individual Running heads are included to further facilitate descriptions of specific sections and subsections manual use. The running heads indicate the unique are presented. In these cases, the number en- section number and the content of the section (an abbre- closed in brackets will indicate which section or viated version of the title). Running feet indicate page subsection is being considered. number and chapter number and title. caption is a narrative description of the table contents. For example, REFERENCE CITED Table 2210-33.1 [2215] Selected Plant Species Common Bailey, R.G. 1976. Ecoregions of the United States. U.S. For. to the Oak—Hickory Forest Serv., Ogden, Utah. map. \ XXV Plant Responses to ROW Maintenance Methods The purpose of this chapter is to present information that will help the user predict how an individual plant species will react to an alteration of its environment. Environ- mental alterations may be caused by any type of broadcast or selective vegetation maintenance method and will affect the plant community as a whole as well as the individual species found within it. Fully recognized in this discussion is the concept that plants ina community have some influence upon one another and that they have something in common with their environment (Mueller- Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). Dominant or important plant species have been selected and are discussed for each province. The species selected include tall-growing trees that might interfere with conductors and shrubs that stabilize soil or form dense clumps. No attempt has been made to include all species; emphasis has been placed on those species that are most frequently the target of ROW maintenance operations. The term tolerance is used frequently throughout this chapter. Tolerance is generally defined as the ability ofan organism or biological process to subsist under a given set of environmental conditions (Society of American Foresters 1971; Schwarz et al. 1976). This definition recognizes that, in plant communities, competition occurs for light and growing space above the forest floor as well as for growing space, moisture, and soil nutrients in the root zone. A tree that can survive and prosper under a canopy is generally classified as tolerant; one that 41 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest, PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest can thrive only in the open is classified intolerant (Spurr and Barnes 1973). Using the term tolerance to refer to the relative capacity of a forest plant to survive and thrive in the understory is a restricted application of its meaning and tends to emphasize the influence of light. While a knowledge of shade tolerance is of great practical value when dealing with trees, the interrelationships of this factor with others should be clearly understood. Plants growing in conditions on either extreme of their tolerance range may be weak, short, deformed, or sterile (Billings 1968). Site classifications “good,” “average,” or “poor” are also frequently used. A brief description of a good site for each species can be found in chapter 2 listed under the heading “Habitat” in the Selected Plant tables for each province. Average and poor sites are those appreciably different from the conditions described as a good site. In the discussion of a species, the phrase “and its associates” is used occasionally. The list of specific associates, however, is not found at that place in the manual. Associated species for each province can be found in the Selected Plant tables in chapter 2 of this volume. . 41 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Provinces 2410 and M2410 are combined to illustrate the similarities between vegetation in the two areas. Province 2410, the Willamette—Puget Forest is located in a depression between the Coastal and Cascade ranges. It is the driest and warmest area west of the Cascade Mountain Range. It is surrounded on three sides by Province M2410, the Pacific Forest. The Pacific Forest occupies the uplands and mountains of the Coastal and Cascade ranges and extends along the moist coastal mountains south to central California. Species association and plant communities vary greatly with changes in microclimate, forming a very complex mosaic of aggregates. WILLAMETTE—PUGET FOREST AND PACIFIC FOREST TYPES Bigleaf Maple Bigleaf maple is rated tolerant to competition, but not as tolerant as vine maple (Baker 1949). The species sprouts vigorously from stumps after cutting or injury (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965; Harlow and Harrar 1968). In some areas, particularly parts of southwestern Oregon, bigleaf maple invades disturbed sites after logging and burning (Harlow and Harrar 1968). Black Cottonwood Black cottonwood is intolerant of shade and remains on a site only as long as it retains a dominant crown position (Baker 1949). It sprouts readily from stumps and roots after cutting or disturbance (Barrett 1962). The species does not reproduce well on cutover land unless special measures are taken to provide bare, moist, mineral soil, which is required for initial establishment (Harris and Farr 1974). Juvenile growth is very rapid on good, moist sites (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). In one study (Smith 1957) a 7 year old tree was 45 feet tall, but for average trees, typical growth may be I5 feet during the same period. Black cottonwood is susceptible to a variety of injuries, and even light fire can do considerable damage to trees of all ages. The wood is brittle; young and fast-growing trees may frequently have their tops broken by high winds. Heavy snow or sleet storms may cause considerable bending and breakage to saplings. Late frosts frequently kill or injure many trees (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). California-laurel California-laurel sprouts prolifically from the root collar, stump, and trunk. Sprouts and root suckers develop whenever light is admitted from the side or overhead. At maturity it may be either a shrub or tall forest tree. Multiple stems are characteristic of both open-grown and forest-grown trees. Clumps of open-grown sprouts form a characteristic, very dense, and rounded shape. The species is easily top-killed by fire but sprouts quickly. Wind and snow may also injure trees, and blowdowns are common (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Douglas-fir Douglas-fir, when ranked with its common associates, is rated very intolerant of shade (Baker 1949). Seedbed requirements are variable, but moisture and temperature are crucial factors. Seedlings usually require some shade for establishment, but then need full sunlight for best growth (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). They are very susceptible to light damage when suddenly exposed (Jones 1974). Seedling survival may also be linked to shrub competition, habitat type, and the amount of disturbance (Kittams and Ryker 1975). In areas where Douglas-fir and red alder grow together, site quality may influence the composition of the future stand. On good sites, red alder initially outgrows Douglas-fir and may form a dense enough canopy to exclude Douglas-fir for many years. Medium sites give red alder less height advantage over Douglas- fir; stands will contain nearly equal portions of each species. On poor sites, alder is generally present as a shrub and competition with Douglas-fir occurs only among seedlings (Barrett 1962). Douglas-fir is rated intermediate to resistant to 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, but susceptible to cacodylic acid and Dicamba (Bovey 1977). Grand Fir Grand fir is rated as tolerant of shade in all associations in which it occurs. In full sunlight, grand fir usually is subordinate to faster growing, intolerant associates. While under partial shade it is aggressive enough to form a considerable part of the vegetation. Grand fir is not an abundant seed producer and does not reproduce CHAPTER 1 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest, PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 41 vegetatively. Early growth is determined more by the amount of competition than by site quality. The fire resistance of this species is influenced by habitat. In moist creek bottoms it succumbs rapidly to ground fires, but on clay hillsides it survives better because of its deeper root system, thicker bark, and more open stand conditions (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Lodgepole Pine Lodgepole pine is represented by two varieties: a coastal form growing from sea level to 2000 feet elevation (often called shore pine), and an inland form growing from 1500 to 11,500 feet elevation. Both varieties are intolerant, especially when very young, and they do not produce sprouts (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Seed production may begin by age 5; large quantities of seed are produced at | and 3 year intervals. Some of the seed is commonly held in serotinous cones that require high temperatures (45° C) to open for seed dispersal (Pfister and Daubenmire 1973). Lotan and Perry (1977) studied the effects of various site preparation treatments on lodgepole pine seedlings. Table 41.1 presents a summary of one portion of their study. The study represents general responses of lodgepole pine. The results may vary in actual field situations, depending on local variations in the natural environment. Table 41.1 Percent Survival of Lodgepole Pine Seedlings Habitat type” Site preparation Lodgepole pine/ — Subalpine fir/ Douglas-fir/ bitterbrush grouseberry pinegrass Check 0 143 2 Burned 20 8 6 Disked 0 60 3 Scalped 20 95 4B Trenched 6 45 5 Brushblade 7 52 35 Sprayed 25 67 60 Furrowed 8 61 18 Cultivated a 64 54 Habitat types from Pfister et al. 1977. (Adapted from Lotan and Perry 1977.) As shown in table 41.1, lodgepole pine seedling establishment is low the first few years after disturbance; peaks about the sixth year; and then declines rapidly. This pattern may be due to other vegetation gradually reoccupying the site, providing increasing cover up toa point after which competition becomes a dominant effect. Slash disposal methods may be used to influence the amount and location of seedlings. Piling and burning slash may create temperatures high enough to destroy seed stored in serotinous cones (LeBarron 1952). If slash is not burned, seedlings may not come up through it, allowing the fire hazard to exist for many years. Noble Fir Noble fir is rated intolerant of shade and needs about the same amount of light as Douglas-fir (Baker 1949). Good seedcrops occur infrequently, but some seed is produced each year. Seedling growth is slow, requiring 3 to 4 years to reach 1 foot in height. Competing vegetation may limit noble fir from developing on some sites. Dense growth of sedge, whortleberry, and bear grass may also reduce noble fir regeneration. It is resistant to damage from snow, ice, or cold and is more resistant to frost than grand or silver fir (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Red Alder Red alder is rated shade-intolerant, but is considered to be more tolerant than black cottonwood, trembling aspen, and river birch. Sudden exposure to light causes many epicormic branches to form from dominant buds along the stem (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Red alder is a vigorous and persistent sprouter when young. Sprouting varies with season of cutting; older trees may not sprout at all (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Red alder regeneration is related to the extent of scarification and the duration of summer drought. Dense stands develop on old logging roads, landings, and other areas where deep scarification has occurred (Trappe et al. 1968). McVean (1956) indicates that drought conditions develop in surface litter and reduce alder survival. On wet sites where summer drought is not a limiting factor, alder will develop on unscarified soils, excluding most tall- growing conifers. Red alder improves soils both physically and chemically. Soil structure is improved by formation of a mull humus layer from rapidly decomposing litter. Soil fertility is improved by the fixation of nitrogen by bacteria contained in root nodules (Trappe et al. 1968). Redwood Redwood is classified tolerant or very tolerant of competition (Baker 1949). Exposed mineral soil provides the best seedbed conditions for redwood, but germination will also occur in duff, on logs, in debris, or under other vegetation in either sun or shade if soil moisture and temperature are adequate (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). The best seedling growth occurs in full sunlight, but it is usually slower than sprout growth. Sprouts develop from the root crown of redwood within 2 or 3 weeks of cutting. In one study (Frity 1945), an average of 72 sprouts grew very fast, commonly reaching 6 feet in height the first year. Also, sprouts will quickly develop their own root system (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Large trees are generally windfirm, while smaller trees may be subject to windthrow after partial cutting or exposure on the edge of openings (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Fire is very destructive to young redwood. Light ground fires may destroy all trees under 20 years of age in a stand. In old growth stands, fires may only reduce the thickness of the bark. PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 3 41 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest, PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Pacific Silver Fir Pacific silver fir is a shade-tolerant species (Baker 1949). Reproduction is entirely by seed. Moist duff, moss- covered humus, and mineral soil are equally favorable seedbeds. Seedlings may become established under dense canopies, but growth is slow. The silver fir’s shallow root system and thin bark provide little protection from fire or windthrow (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Sitka Spruce Sitka spruce is rated very shade-tolerant (Baker 1949), but is usually considered slightly less tolerant than its common associate, western hemlock. It does not sprout from roots or stumps. Some seed is usually produced every year; good seed crops occur every third or fourth year (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Seedlings become established best on mineral soil, but also on organic matter and under light shade on moss and rotten wood. Open soils containing large amounts of organic matter may dry out rapidly and destroy seedlings (Harris and Farr 1974). Competition from salmonberry, thimbleberry, and red alder reduces seedling growth (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Sitka spruce seldom survives in the understory of western hemlock, but hemlock does well under spruce (Taylor 1929). Spruce is shallow rooted and blowdowns are common; however, it is more windfirm than western hemlock. Sitka spruce is more resistant to herbicides and more commonly used to control alder and other species of brush than either Douglas-fir or western hemlock (Krygier and Roth 1961). Subalpine Fir Subalpine fir is rated very shade-tolerant throughout its life (Baker 1949) and is a good seed producer. Shade favors establishment and early survival of seedlings, although early growth is slow. The crowns of both old and young stands reach to the ground, making the species very susceptible to both ground and crown fires (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Tanbark-oak Tanbark-oak is rated shade-tolerant (Baker 1949); vigorous and prolific sprouts may be produced at any time under a wide variety of conditions, including after minor injuries or fire. Fairly extensive pure stands may develop (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965; Harlow and Harrar 1968). Sprouts grow rapidly and may reach over 5 feet in height the first year. Under certain conditions, especially at higher elevations, tanbark-oak may have a shrubby habit rarely reaching 10 feet in height (Dayton 1931; Harlow and Harrar 1968). Both ground and crown fires may kill individual tanbark-oak trees (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Vine Maple Vine maple is one of the most tolerant plants in the West (Baker 1949). When growing in openings, it develops into an erect, compact, symmetrical shrub, while plants growing in shade are vinelike and frequently prostrate (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1937). Vine maple produces vigorous sprouts and suckers even after repeated cutting or heavy browsing (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1937). Individual stems frequently take root when they touch the ground. Western Hemlock Western hemlock is rated very shade-tolerant (Baker 1949) and is usually considered more tolerant than all of its associates, including Sitka spruce. In shade, height growth is very slow (Barrett 1962). Although it is a slower growing tree than most of its associates (Douglas-fir, red alder, and Sitka spruce), the tree is a very prolific seeder. Exposed trees may produce cones over the entire area of the crown. When adequate moisture is present, germination may occur on moss, humus, decaying litter, and mineral soil. Western hemlock usually does not invade recently exposed areas or soils low or lacking in organic matter (Harris and Farr 1974). One study found planted hemlock survived and competed well with heavy fern and brush (Worthington 1955). Shallow root systems and thin bark make this species susceptible to fire damage and windthrow(U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Western Larch Western larch is very intolerant and cannot live long in the shade of its associates (Baker 1949; Shearer 1971). Larch bears cones throughout its crown, and seed production is proportional to the size of the crown. Seeds germinate on a variety of seedbeds, but survival depends on temperature and moisture (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965; Schmidt et al. 1976). Seedlings are adaptable to disturbed conditions, including bare mineral soils and those following severe burns. Poorer survival occurs on undisturbed litter, humus, or sod. Favorable seedbeds may become overstocked with seedlings following repeated good seed years (Schmidt et al. 1976). Boyd and Deitschman (1969) found that prescribed burning: 1) reduced the number of seedlings but still allowed adequate regeneration, 2) eliminated unwanted vegetation, and 3) was usually less costly than other methods. Mechanical scarification: 1) exposed mineral soil for seedbeds while allowing desirable vegetation to be preserved and 2) decreased damage to adjacent trees. On mineral soil where competing vegetation has been destroyed, larch grows twice as fast as it does ona heavily vegetated forest floor for at least the first I5 years (Schmidt et al. 1976). Mature larch are very fire-resistant because of their thick bark; however, fire readily kills seedlings, saplings, and pole-sized trees (Schmidt et al. 1976). The species is not generally susceptible to damage from snow and ice, but occasionally wet snow may bend trees over, especially in a young stand. CHAPTER 1 PROVINCE 2610 California Grassland, PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest, PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral 42 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland, PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 43 42 PROVINCE 2610 California Grassland PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral Due to their close geographic association and their inclusion within the State of California, Provinces 2610, M2610. and M2620 will be discussed together. Generally, coniferous associations are concentrated at middle to higher elevations in the Sierra Nevadas. Mixed hardwood and softwood associations occur in an elevational band below the conifers and above the grasslands of the valley floor. Hardwoods become more frequent at lower elevations until they form open park- like stands interspersed with grass near the valley floor. Grasslands dominate the floor of California's large Central Valley. They extend north and east into the drier conifer sites, and south and west where they mix with chaparral types. Shrub associations occur throughout the area, but are most common in the southern and southwestern sections of the region (Kuchler 1975). TREES California-laurel See section 41. Ponderosa Pine Ponderosa pine is rated intolerant of competition (Baker 1949) and, as with most other pines, it does not reproduce vegetatively. In Montana, it is a poor seeder west of anda fair seeder east of the Continental Divide. Ponderosa pine reproduction occurs infrequently and apparently requires the combination of a good seed year and above- average rainfall. Studies indicate that soil moisture is the critical factor for survival. Thus, survival of young seedlings may be influenced by soil texture, competing vegetation, and seedbed conditions (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). The best seedbed is loose enough to cover the seed with a light layer of mineral soil and contains enough dead needle litter to prevent excessive drying (Alexander 1974). Wind is the primary cause of damage to mature and overmature ponderosa pine, especially when high winds occur during or after heavy rains. Fire mainly damages young trees, but crown fires will kill all trees (Alexander 1974). Shasta Red Fir Shasta red fir is rated intermediate in tolerance when compared with other associates (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). It does not produce sprouts or root suckers. Seedling and sapling growth is slow and may average less than | inch per year. Growth is slowed still further by partial shade. Snow and windthrow may severely damage young trees along openings. Sugar Pine Sugar pine is shade-intolerant (Baker 1949) and responds PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS with increased growth when competition is removed. Seedling development is rapid, but height growth is relatively slow the first 5 years (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Brush significantly reduces establishment and survival. In one study, only 18 percent of the seedlings survived the first year under brush (Dunning and Schubert 1951), Saplings and pole-sized Stands are easily killed by fire, but larger trees are somewhat resistant. Tanbark-oak See section 41. Rocky Mountain White Pine Rocky Mountain white pine is rated intermediate in tolerance of shade (Baker 1949) and fire (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Not a sprout producer, white pine grows best in full sunlight, but early shoot growth is relatively slow, requiring 8 to 10 years to reach 5 feet in height. White Fir White fir is a strong competitor in most stands (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). It does not sprout and attains its best and fastest growth in the Sierra Nevadas. Conditions favoring its establishment include small Openings, heavy litter, brush, and ground cover. SHRUBS Shrub Live Oak Shrub live oak usually attains a height of 3 to 8 feet, and forms large clumps composed of thousands of individual stems in a single root crown. The plant is very drought- resistant and root crowns sprout prolifically after fire, while chemical or mechanical treatments destroy the aboveground parts of the plant. At least 50 shrub species have been associated with the chaparral type, although fewer than 15 make up the majority of the vegetation (Cable 1975). Shrub live oak is the most abundant species in the chaparral type, but differences in soil, slope, elevation, exposure and precipitation create a wide diversity in stand com- Position. GRASSES Perennial Grasses Perennial grasses quickly invade areas where mesquite has been controlled in response to the additional moisture available (Cable 1975). 43 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Provinces 3120 and 3130 are collectively called the steppe and shrub steppe by Franklin and Dyrness (1973) and comprise a region of steppe and shrub steppe vegetation in central and southeastern Washington and nn 43 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland, PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Oregon, northeastern California, most of Nevada, western Utah, and southwestern Idaho. Sagebrush and bunchgrass communities dominate most of the region; forests are generally restricted to mountain slopes and higher elevations (Kiichler 1975). MIXED CONIFERS AND ASPEN FOREST COMMUNITIES Common species in the overstory of mixed conifer stands include Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, white fir, Engelmann spruce, aspen, Rocky Mountain white pine, blue spruce, and corkbark fir, often in that order of relative abundance (Jones 1974). Aspen communities tend to be replaced by mixed conifer or spruce—fir communities, and these species are often present in the understory of aspen. Early growth of trees in the mixed coniferous forest is closely related to available light. Five year old Engelmann spruce and corkbark fir growing in a small forest opening averaged only 3 inches tall. Seedlings surviving direct sunlight for 2 or 3 years usually grow much faster than those growing in moist but shady conditions (Jones 1974). Competition for moisture may delay the regeneration of mixed conifer openings. Arizona fescue, a bunchgrass, may not appear to occupy the site completely because its aboveground parts form clumps surrounded by open ground. However, its roots usually fully occupy the surrounding soil. Trees and shrubs also deplete soil moisture, but not as severely as grasses. Seedlings may be killed by matting down or burial from herbaceous material or aspen leaves (Jones 1974). Aspen In the Rocky Mountains, aspen belongs to a single variable species, trembling aspen. It occurs as scattered individuals or in small stands throughout the area (U.S. Forest Service 1973). Aspen is intolerant of shade (Baker 1949) and is generally considered a pioneer species on disturbed sites. However, under some conditions it is considered to be a climax cover (U.S. Forest Service 1973). Although a consistent and heavy seed producer, aspen seldom reproduces from seed. In stands of mature conifers and aspen, cutting will stimulate sprout and sucker production and usually cause aspen to increase its presence. Aspen stands with coniferous understories may react in different ways depending on site quality. On sites where conifers can outgrow the aspen, cutting the aspen overstory may release the young vigorous conifers and reduce the presence of aspen. But, generally, if the overstory is cut and brush cleared, aspen sprouts will develop quickly enough to remain dominant. Aspen stands without a coniferous understory may grow on marginal or on poor quality sites. Cutting or disturbing such sites will only stimulate denser stand suckers (Patton and Jones 1977). High soil temperatures on exposed grassy areas next to aspen stands may be responsible for aspen suckers invading the grass community (Barley and Wroe 1974). Jones (1974) indicates that unless site preparation methods are used to create proper seedbeds for trees, disturbed areas may revegetate with grasses and shrubs that are resistant to invasion by trees for many years. Jones also indicates that scalping with mattocks to prepare small areas for tree seeds or seedlings may not produce satisfactory results unless scalps are made large enough, all root crowns are removed, and open areas occupied by the roots of adjacent grass clumps are avoided. Fire is recognized as a useful tool in managing aspen stands in the East (U.S. Forest Service 1972; Brinkman and Roe 1975; Perala 1977). Fire may also be used in the West to manage aspen stands, but proper burning conditions are too infrequent in many areas for burning to be considered as a reliable management tool (DeByle 1976). Soil type should be considered before fire is used, because some soils in the Rocky Mountains, especially the southwest portion of the area, may develop a thin water-repellent layer on the soil surface after a burn. Such a layer may also form just under undisturbed forest litter. Although the formation of such layers is not clearly understood, they can reduce seedling establishment and delay revegetation unless broken up (DeBano and Rice 1973). The use of herbicides is one alternative where conditions are unfavorable to burning. Aspen is susceptible to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, AMS, Bromacil, Dicamba and other herbicides when applied as basal sprays, foliage sprays, or to cut surfaces (Bovey 1977). Ponderosa Pine See section 42. PINYON—JUNIPER WOODLANDS Pinyon—juniper woodlands occur in the foothills, above desert or grassland vegetation but below the ponderosa pine forests, at elevations from about 5000 feet to over 7500 feet. Major woody trees include Utah juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper, one-seeded juniper, alligator juniper, pinyon pine, and singleleaf pinyon. Mexican pinyon may also be an associate in the southern portion of the area (Aldon and Loving 1977). Short and McCulloch (1977) suggest that trees in the pinyon—juniper woodland should be removed by methods that will not deplete shrubs; therefore, bulldozing is recommended over cabling in such areas. In light to medium-dense stands, bulldozing allows a certain degree of selectivity, leaving some individuals or small groups and uprooting others, while still controlling trees under 10 feet in height. Chaining and cabling are not usually effective on trees less than 10 feet tall. Hand chopping, sawing, or grubbing are practical for scattered trees on small areas, but are very expensive. Burning can provide effective control, but does not allow a high degree of selectivity. Four types of burning may be useful in pinyon—juniper: broadcast burning, burning individual trees, burning grassland areas, and burning slash (Arnold et al. 1964). Broadcast burning of a mature pinyon—juniper stand requires special conditions. Stands must be dense and burning must be done during hot, dry, windy weather. It is a hazardous operation with a high risk of fire escaping. Burning CHAPTER 1 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland, PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 43 individual trees is suitable for open stands of small trees (Jameson 1966). However, this method is not appropriate for trees over 10 feet tall or for sprouting species. Burning of grassland communities has been tried on a limited scale, but provided erratic control on trees over 5 feet tall. Herbicides may also be used to control pinyon— juniper. According to Johnsen (1967), more is known about herbicide control of juniper than pinyon. Effective herbicides that can be applied to the foliage and stems of juniper include: arsenite, amonium sulfamate, esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, and PBA (polychlorobenzoic acid). The response of understory vegetation after trees have been removed varies according to soil and climatic characteristics, species composition, and density of the understory. Arnold et al. (1964) found that snakeweed increased steadily for two or three growing seasons then abruptly declined. Three-awn and side-oats grama grass increased each season after treatment, while western wheatgrass responded best on heavy soil. Annuals increased the first two growing seasons, but by the fifth season they had largely been replaced by perennials. Table 43.1 provides a summary of maintenance methods useful in pinyon—juniper control. ERR aa 1 aS Table 43.1 Methods of Pinyon—Juniper Control Method and type of equipment BURNING Propane torches; fire control equipment. CHOPPING Brush chopper. ROTOCUTTER Highway-type mower. Heavy duty rotary mower. PUSHING (DOZING) Wheel or track- type tractor with blade or "stinger." HAND GRUBBING Grubbing hoe. HAND CUTTING Ax or saw. CHEMICAL STUMP TREATMENT Time Spring or summer. When seeding is needed, coincide with seeding time. Treat when least damaging to associ- ated species. All year. Do not push alligator juniper when ground is frozen. All year except when frozen. All year. At time of cutting. Ammate crystals; or 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T with diesel; or Benzae 94. Limited to Remarks Light infestations of small trees for indi- vidual tree burning. Optimum benefit-cost ratio with light stands. Little trees in small, odd-shaped areas. Areas with small trees and no stones. Light and medium stands. Light and medium infestations of small trees. Light infestations. Light stands only. Gives good results, and warrants wider use. May be used following chaining. Limited application; gives fair results. Poor results on alligator juniper. Gives good results. Will not kill alliga- tor juniper. Desir- able treatment for new invasion. Burning, windrowing, or stacking debris where necessary should be a planned part of the treatment. Gives good results. Use as followup treat- ment or on new in- vasion. Gives good resluts except on alligator juniper, where it is ineffective. Wood Products may return part of cost. Alligator juniper only. | PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 44 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert, PROVINCE 3220 American Desert, PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Rocky Mountain Juniper Rocky Mountain juniper on cool moist sites can endure rather dense shade, but overall is rated intolerant (Baker 1949; U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Seedlings are common in the moist soil of rocky crevices and near a perennial water supply. Early growth is slow, with 8 year old seedlings reaching only | foot in height (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Junipers are generally more drought-resistant and frost-tolerant than pinyons. Pinyon Pine Pinyon pine is shade-intolerant after the seedling stage (Baker 1949). Shade and moisture are essential to seedling survival (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Seedlings usually develop in the shade of low shrubs, such as rabbit brush and sagebrush, or in the litter at the edge of the parent’s crown (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965; Aldon and Loving 1977). Because of its need for shade in early development, pinyon pine may slowly invade low shrub communities. It does not germinate in open grassland and will not invade grassland areas as juniper does (Aldon and Loving 1977). 44 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert PROVINCE 3220 American Desert PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe For this discussion, Provinces 3210, 3220, and 3140 are collectively called the Lower Basin Range. Forested areas are limited, narrow elevational bands where moisture is adequate to maintain forest growth. Pinyon—juniper woodlands occur below the forested areas and gradually turn to shrub and grassland with decreasing moisture (Kuchler 1975). PINYON—JUNIPER WOODLANDS Rocky Mountain juniper and pinyon pine are the predominant pinyon—juniper woodlands species found in the Lower Basin Range. They are described in section 43. TREES AND SHRUBS Big Sagebrush Big sagebrush does not readily form root sprouts (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1937). Chaining may be used to control this species; however, not all of the sagebrush is destroyed by this operation, and desirable understory species are released. Disks and harrows may be used in the same way, but more of the site is disturbed. Scalping is effective on sandy or loose soils, but is limited to level areas or slopes of less than 10 percent. Seeding should follow scalping operations. Controlled burning is effective and inexpensive, but can only be used in areas where brush densities are high enough to carry the fire. Burning is especially effective in areas where brushy understories can aid in getting a clear burn. Herbicides, such as ester formulations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, may also reduce big sagebrush, but mechanical methods are preferred because they reduce competition while preserving forbs already present (Plummer 1968). Big sagebrush is easily killed by flooding (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1937). Greasewood Greasewood is not highly competitive and may be controlled by disking, brushland plows, or similar heavy equipment. Willows Most willow species are intolerant of shade and occur only in full sunlight. Willows attain their best development on moist or moderately moist sites along mountain streams, meadows, and north and west slopes. However, some willows have a broad tolerance of moisture and soil conditions and may be found on coarse, dry, southerly slopes. On areas denuded by fire, dense thickets of sprouts and seedlings may form (Dayton 1931). Because of their ability to grow along gullies and streams, many species are used for erosion control and soil stabilization programs (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1937). Winter-fat On disturbed areas, winter-fat quickly becomes established and stabilizes soil. It responds well to cultivation and produces abundant seed. The species does not grow on acid soil, but is found in alkaline to near-neutral calcareous soils that range from clays to sandy and rocky loams and rocky outcrops (Stevens et al. 1977). Winter-fat is extremely drought-resistant. It has an extensive fibrous root system as well as a deeply penetrating taproot. During prolonged droughts, growth is negligible, but the woody crown survives. GRASSES Competitive grasses can be established on favorable sites in such mountain brush types as Gambel oak, bigtooth maple, and western choke-cherry. Heavy disks and brushland plows can be used to break down heavy brush growth. This treatment prepares a good seedbed, but is only suitable for level areas or moderate slopes. In areas where brush density is high enough to carry a fire, burning may be feasible. Mechanical treatments or burning break down or reduce brush concentration and allow grasses and forbs to spread and dominate the site (Plummer 1968). RIPARIAN VEGETATION Riparian habitats are important to wildlife in all areas of the country. In mainly treeless areas, such as plains and deserts, however, the value of riparian habitats is CHAPTER 1 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest, PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest, PROVINCE M3120 45 Upper Gila Mountains Forest, PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau especially great. Carothers et al. (1974) were possibly the first researchers to provide evidence supporting the two following hypotheses: 1) that vegetation manipulation in native riparian habitats was extremely detrimental to breeding birds, and 2) that riparian habitats support higher breeding-bird densities than any other forest type for a given area. Johnson et al. (1977) reported that riparian habitats are considered the most reproductive and sensitive habitats in North America and should be managed accordingly. Conflicts with remaining riparian habitats include development, grazing, and water uses. Fencing is the only effective way to protect these habitats from grazing (Ames 1977). Davis (1977) mentions that complete exclusion of livestock from riparian areas would be the best management for wildlife with one possible exception. He theorizes that grazing would be beneficial in marsh areas for nesting waterfowl. Most utilities have fairly stringent policies regarding crossings of streams and other wet areas; “minimum disturbance” policy is usually followed. Riparian habitats should be included under the same policy. For further information, see the streambank and wetlands management discussions in sections 24 and 26. 45 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau For this discussion, Provinces M2110, M3110, M3120, and P3130 are collectively called the Rocky Mountains. Species composition and plant communities vary with aspect and changes in elevation. SPRUCE—FIR TYPES The spruce—fir type is composed primarily of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. Windthrow is a common problem on the edges of new openings in spruce—fir stands, and susceptibility to it generally increases with elevation and exposure, orientation into the prevailing wind, and poor drainage. Engelmann Spruce Engelmann spruce is shade-tolerant, but throughout most of its range it is less tolerant than subalpine fir (Baker 1949). It reproduces entirely from seed. Light is essential to seedling survival, but few seedlings become established in openings at high elevations. Spruce seedlings: will become established on duff, litter, humus, decaying and moss-covered wood, and mineral soil (Oosting and Reed 1952; LeBarron and Jemison 1953). They become established more readily on sites protected by understories of willows, shrubby cinquefoil, fireweed, and whortleberry. These species shade seedlings without depleting moisture. Seedlings do not survive well near grasses or herbaceous plants, such as bluebells. These plants compete with seedlings for moisture and may smother seedlings under vegetation matted down by dense snow (Alexander 1974). MIXED CONIFERS AND ASPEN FOREST COMMUNITIES Aspen is the predominant species in the Rocky Mountains provinces (see section 43). OTHER CONIFERS Douglas-fir In the northern part of the Rocky Mountains, Douglas- fir is frequently found associated with ponderosa pine, western larch, grand fir, and lodgepole pine. Larch and lodgepole pine are the most light-demanding species in this association, followed by ponderosa pine, with Douglas-fir and grand fir being able to withstand considerable shade (U.S. Forest Service 1973). For further information, see section 42. Grand Fir See section 42. Lodgepole Pine See section 42. Ponderosa Pine Ponderosa pine is rated shade-intolerant (Baker 1949). Seedlings are most intolerant when young trees can be completely overtopped by older trees, shrubs, or grasses. Conversely, shade may be beneficial during early establishment because of the improved moisture conditions (Schubert 1974). Under field conditions, however, factors other than light may prevent their establishment and growth. The presence of other plants in the ponderosa pine community may be beneficial sometimes and detrimental at other times, depending on the development of the stand. Competition for moisture is more severe between some species than others (Larson and Schubert 1969). Arizona fescue and black dropseed grow during critical periods of spring drought, while mountain muhly, blue grama, and most weeds do not begin rapid growth until moisture becomes more abundant during the summer rains. Ponderosa pine seedlings in denuded areas grow better than seedlings growing in competition with Arizona fescue and mountain muhly. Arizona fescue and mountain muhly are more drought-tolerant than are pine seedlings, and grass roots reduce soil moisture to lower levels than do pine roots. Only established pines are able to tolerate moisture competition from grasses (Larson and Schubert 1969). Ponderosa pine is vulnerable to damage from several natural agents. Windthrow is common in areas with shallow soils, when openings are cut into dense stands and strong winds come from the opposite direction of the prevailing winds. Fire may be very damaging; young, dense stands especially may develop crown fires. Fuel breaks 120 to 180 feet wide are suggested (Schubert 1974). PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 9 46 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie, PROVINCE A3140 Wyoming Basin Western Larch See section 41. SHRUBS Blueberries and Huckleberries Huckleberries, unless specified otherwise, refers to any of 12 species of Vaccinium growing in the province. Huckleberries frequently grow on sites too poor for trees to develop properly. But, without fire or other disturbance, invading trees and brush gradually crowd out the huckleberries. Competition is most intense when lodgepole pine, sitka mountain-ash, or bear grass invade disturbed areas. Huckleberry bushes often produce large vigorous plants when growing in partial shade, but these bushes seldom produce fruit (Minore 1972). Several western shrubs, including blue huckleberry (Vaccinium deliciosum), snowberry, and meadowsweet sprout after fire from dormant buds on the rhizomes. The amount of resprouting after fires varies with location, season, and within the area of a single burn. The specific conditions needed to achieve maximum or minimum sprouting are not known (Miller 1977). Miller (1977) studied the effect of burning on resprouting of blue huckleberries. The foilage of blue huckleberry is not flammable; plants are consumed only as adequate fuel is available to dry and preheat the plants. In Maine and Eastern Canada, straw is often used to carry the fire when burning blueberries (Minore 1972). Miller (1977) found fire treatments across an area were never uniform because of the discontinuity of fuels. As some areas burn more intensely than others, fire creates a mosaic pattern, greatly increasing the variability across the area. Most resprouting occurred in the first and second years after treatment. Spring burning consistently increased the total number of plants (Miller 1977). Fall burning produced variable results; 6 of I areas studied had fewer plants after the burn than before. Differences in fuel loading and distribution, duff and soil moisture conditions, and burning conditions in the fall caused the variation. GRASSES Most grasslands are composed of numerous kinds of perennial grasses and forbs. Annual plants are only abundant on recently disturbed areas. Turner and Paulsen (1976) indicate that mechanical methods can be used to control most species, but mechanical control of larkspur and big sagebrush has been generally ineffective or uneconomical. Chemical methods can also be used to control plant community composition in grasslands. Frequently, herbicides are used to control or remove woody shrubs and maintain the grass. Two common grassland species, Parry rabbit brush and cranesbill, are resistant to many herbicides, but can usually be controlled with Tordon (Paulsen and Miller 1968). Fire may be used to control sagebrush and other plants that form overstories and compete with grass. However, controlling some woody species may allow fire-resistant species to spread and become more abundant (Turner 10 and Paulsen 1976). The complete role of fire in controlling species composition is not known and requires more study. 46 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie PROVINCE A3140 Wyoming Basin Provinces 3110 and A3140 are combined here due to their similarities. Much of the area is dominated by grassland with occasional shrubs. Tree growth is limited to narrow bands along watercourses and to higher elevations, predominately the Black Hills and portions of the Wyoming Basin. The area is characterized by periodic droughts. Plant associations and communities vary with available moisture, elevation, and length of growing season. Large areas of the most productive sites have been converted to cropland; the remainder is heavily used rangeland. This discussion will deal with forested areas and species that must be managed in ROW situations. PINES Lodgepole Pine The lodgepole pine type grows in areas that are warmer and drier than the spruce—fir type. Lodgepole pine is an aggressive pioneer after fires and is intolerant of shade (Baker 1949). Throughout much of the area lodgepole pine produces serotinous cones, but in some locations nonserotinous cones are produced. In stands producing largely serotinous cones, slash disposal has a major influence on the location of new reproduction. In stands producing nonserotinous cones, reproduction is affected by distance to the seed source, since slash contains few unopened cones (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965: Alexander 1974). Although lodgepole pine is noted for its ability to become established after severe burns, germination and early survival are best on exposed mineral soils. Established understory vegetation greatly reduces seedling survival through intense competition for moisture. Lodgepole pine has a shallow root system, which makes it susceptible to windthrow, especially after cutting, but the severity of this type of damage is influenced by topography, soil type, drainage, and other factors (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Ponderosa Pine Ponderosa pine is rated intolerant of competition (Baker 1949). Damage from various agents to ponderosa pine depends somewhat on the density of the stand. Fires occurring in dense stands are more likely to “crown” than ground fires occurring in widely spaced stands. Trees growing in dense stands tend to develop slender stems, poorly developed root systems, and asymmetrical crowns. Trees remaining on the edge of openings cut through such dense stands frequently are uprooted, broken, or bent. CHAPTER 1 When areas occupied by ponderosa pine and a moderate to large component of hardwoods are disturbed, the hardwood component may be stimulated to the point of greatly reducing pine reestablishment. In areas where brush is well-established, bulldozing or plowing may not provide adequate control, and herbicides may be needed. Bulldozing and plowing may remove the entire “A” soil horizon, which may cause excessive moisture loss especially on shallow soils (Boldt and VanDeusen 1974). Windthrow occurs mainly in large pole- and small saw timber-sized trees (Boldt and VanDeusen 1974), while snowbend and breakage are more common in saplings and small pole-sized trees. SPRUCE—FIR TYPES Engelmann spruce is the dominant spruce—fir type (see section 45). ) REFERENCES Aldon, E.F., and T.J. Loving, tech. coords. 1977. Ecology, uses and management of pinyon—juniper woodlands: proceedings of the workshop. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-39. 49 pp. Alexander, R.R. 1974. Silviculture of subalpine forests in the central and southern Rocky Mountains: the status of our knowledge. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-121. 8 pp. Ames, C.R. 1977. Wildlife conflicts in riparian management: grazing. Pages 49-51 in R.R. Johnson and D.A. Jones, tech. coords. Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. 217 pp. Arnold J.F., D.A. Jameson, and E.H. Reid. 1964. The pinyon—juniper type of Arizona: effects of grazing. fire, and tree control. U.S. Dep. Agric. Prod. Res. Rep. 84. 28 pp. Baker, F.S. 1949. A revised tolerance table. J. For. 47:175-181. Barley, A.W., and R.A. Wroe. 1974. Aspen invasion in a portion of the Alberta parklands. J. Range Manage. 27:263-266. Barrett, J.W., ed. 1962. Regional silviculture of the United States. Ronald Press Co., New York, N.Y. 610 pp. Billings, D.W. 1968. Plants and the ecosystem. Wadsworth Publ. Co., Inc. Belmont, Calif. 154 pp. Boldt, C.E.. and J.L. VanDeusen. 1974. Silviculture of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills: the status of our know- ledge. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-124.45 pp. Bovey, R.W. 1977. Response of selected woody plants of the United States to herbicides. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 101 pp. Boyd, R.J.. and G.H. Deitschman. 1969. Site preparation aids natural regeneration in western larch—Engelmann spruce strip clearcutting. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-64. 10 pp. References Brinkman, K.A., and E. Roe. 1975. Quaking aspen: silvics and management in the Lake States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 486. 52 pp. Cable, D.R. 1975. Range management in the chaparral type and its ecological basis: the status of our knowledge. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-155. 30 pp. Carothers, E.W., R.R. Johnson, and S.W. Aitchison. 1974. Population structure and social organization of southwest- ern riparian birds. Am. Zool. 14:97-108. Critchfield, W.B. 1971. Profiles of California vegetation. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. PSW-76. 54 pp. Davis, G.A. 1977. Management alternatives for the riparian habitat in the Southwest. Pages 59-67 in R.R. Johnson and D.A. Jones tech. coords. Importance, preservation, and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. Dayton, W.A. 1931. Important western browse plants. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 101. 214 pp. DeBano, L.F., and R.M. Rice. 1973. Water repellant soils: their implications in forestry. J. For. 71:220-223. DeByle, N.V. 1976. The aspen forest after harvest. Pages 35-40 in Utilization and marketing as tools for aspen management in the Rocky Mountains. proceedings of the symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen Tech. Rep. RM-29. Dunning, D., and G.H. Shubert. 1951. Natural reproduction in certain cutover pine—fir stands of California. J. For. 49:192-196. Franklin, J.F.. and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. 417 pp. Frity, E. 1945. Twenty years’ growth on a redwood sample plot. J. For. 43:30-36. Harlow, W.M., and E.S. Harrar. 1968. Textbook of den- drology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y. 512 pp. Harris, A.S.. and W.A. Farr. 1974. The forest ecosystem of southwest Alaska. No. 7, forest ecology and timber management. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-25. 109 pp. Johnsen, T.N., Jr. 1967. Herbicidal control of non-commer- cial conifers on rangeland. Pages 220-226 in Symposium proceedings: herbicides and vegetation management in forests, ranges, and noncropland. Oreg. State Univ. School For., Corvallis, Oreg. Johnson, R.R., L.T. Haight, and J.M. Simpson. 1977. Endangered species vs.d endangered habitats: a concept. Pages 68-79 in R.R. Johnson and D.A. Jones, tech coords. Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. Jones, J.R. 1974. Silviculture of southwestern mixed conifers and aspen: the status of out knowledge. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-122. 44 pp. PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 11 References Kittams, J.A., and R.A. Ryker. 1975. Habitat type and site preparation affect survival of planted Douglas-fir in central Idaho brushfields. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note INT-198. 6 pp. Krygier, J.T., and R.H. Roth. 1961. Effect of herbicides on salmonberry and on sitka spruce and western hemlock seedlings. Weeds 9(3):416-422. Kuchler, A.W. 1975. Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States, 2nd ed. Am. Geog. Soc. Spec. Publ. 36. Larson, M.M., and G.H. Schubert. 1969. Root competition between ponderosa pine seedlings and grass. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-54. 12 pp. LeBarron, R.K. 1952. Silvicultural practices for lodgepole pine in Montana. U.S. For. Serv., North Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp. Stn., Pap. 33. 10 pp. . and G.M. Jemison. 1953. Ecology and _silvi- culture of the Englemann spruce—subalpine fir type. J. For. 51:349-355. Lotan, J.E., and D.A. Perry. 1977. Fifth-year seed: seedling ratios of lodgepole pine by habitat type and seedbed preparation technique. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note INT-239. 6 pp. McVean, D.N. 1956. Ecology of Pinus glutienosa; Ill, seeding establishment. J. Ecol. 44:195-196. Mueller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. 547 pp. Oosting, H.J., and J.F. Reed. 1952. Virgin spruce—fir of the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. Ecol. Monogr. 22:69-90. Patton, D.R., and J.R. Jones. 1977. Managing aspen for wildlife in the Southwest. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-37. 7 pp. Paulsen, H.A., Jr., and J.C. Miller. 1968. Control of Parry rabbit brush on mountain grasslands of western Colorado. J. Range Manage. 21:175-177. Perala, D.A. 1977. Manager’s handbook for aspen in the northcentral States. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-36. 30 pp. Schubert, G.H. 1974. Silviculture of southwestern ponderosa pine: the status of our knowledge. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-123. 71 pp. Schwartz, C.F., E.C. Thor, and G.H. Elsner. 1976. Wildland 12 planning glossary. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-13. 252 pp. Shearer, R.C. 1971. Silvicultural systems in western larch forests. J.For. 69(10):732-735. Short, H.L., and C.Y. McCulloch. 1977. Management of pinyon—juniper ranges for wildlife. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-47. 10 pp. Smith, J.H.G. 1957. Some factors indicative of site quality for black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). J. For. 55:578-580. Society of American Foresters. 1954. Forest cover types of North America. Washington, D.C. 67 pp. Springfield, H.W. 1976. Characteristics and management of southwestern pinyon—juniper ranges: the status of our knowledge. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-160. 32 pp. Spurr, S.H., and B.V. Barnes. 1973. Forest ecology, 2nd ed. Ronald Press Co., New York, N.Y. 571 pp. Stevens, R., B.C. Giunta, K.R. Jorgensen, and A.P. Plummer. 1977. Winter-fat. Utah Div. Wildl. Resour. Publ. 77-2. Taylor, R.F. 1929. The role of sitka spruce in the development of second-growth in southeastern Alaska. J. For. 27:532-534. Thilenius, J.F. 1968. The Quercus garryana forest of the Wilamette Valley, Oregon. Ecology 49(6):1124-1133. 1975. Alpine range management in Western United States—principles, practices, problems: the status of our knowledge. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-157. 32 pp. Trappe, J.M., J.F. Franklin, R.F. Tarrant, and G.M. Hansen. 1968. Biology of alder. U.S. For. Serv. Pacific Northwest For. Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon. 292 pp. Turner, G.T., and H.A. Paulsen, Jr. 1976. Management of mountain grasslands in the central Rockies: the status of our knowledge. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-161. 24 pp. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1937. Range plant handbook. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. . 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric. Agric. Handb. 271. 762 pp. . 1973. Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 445. 114 pp. Worthington, N.P. 1955. A comparison of conifers planted on the hemlock experimental forest. U.S. For. Serv. Pac. Northwest For. Range Exp. Stn. Res. Note I11. 5 pp. Selected Plant Species In this chapter, plant species determined to be useful for specific ROW needs (i.e., site stability or erosion control) and/or of importance to specific wildlife species are identified for each western province. PROVINCE MAPS AND DESCRIPTIONS Each of the 24 provinces is introduced via a map indicating state boundaries, individual sections within the province, and its relationship to other provinces. A smaller reference map in the lower left-hand corner of the illustration locates the province within the United States. In some instances, province sections have been further divided into subsections. These subsections are also identified on the maps. A brief description of each province, containing information about physiography, climate, soil, and land use, is provided. Plant communities or associations common in the area are identified and described. Whenever possible, descriptions of specific sections and major subsections are presented. TABLES Province descriptions are followed by two sets of tables: Selected Plant Species tables and Ecological Characteristics tables. Any time the province description is broken down into sections or subsections, multiple Plant Species tables are presented, one for each section or subsection, unless otherwise noted. The Ecological Characteristics tables are provided for the province as a whole, except when several provinces are considered together or a riparian habitat is present within the province. In the former case, one table covers all of the provinces; in the latter, a separate table is provided for the riparian habitat. In prairie areas, all of the species 13 Introduction included in the Selected Plant Species tables are not presented in the Ecological Characteristics Table. Rather, indicator species only are included. Selection of woody and herbaceous plant species was based on information obtained from a nationwide team of ecologists. Each ecologist compiled plant lists for sections and provinces identified on the map “Ecoregions of the United States” (Bailey 1976), the western half of which is shown in plate 3. General criteria used to estab- lish characteristic and common plant species followed Oosting’s (1957) fidelity ratings, 3 through 5: Fidelity 3—Preferants, present in several communi- ties, but predominant in one of them. Fidelity 4—Selective, found especially in one com- munity, but occasionally in others. Fidelity 5—Exclusive, found completely or almost completely in only one community. Selected Plant Species Tables Each table carries an identification label that specifies: Province Chapter section Section number or number ” reference number ‘* |Subsection number For example: Table 2210-33.1 [2215] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory Forest specifies that this is the Selected Plant Species Table for Province 2210, Section 2215, and that the province is discussed in section 33. The identification label: Table 2510-36.1 [1b] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory (Southern) Subsection specifies that this is the Selected Plant Species Table for Subsection 1b of Province 2510, and that the province is discussed in section 36. Province names and numbers and section names and numbers are taken directly from Bailey’s (1976) map. Subsections within sections are clearly named and may be located by referring to the map included with each province description. Habitat and moisture conditions — The Selected Plant Species Table is broken down by either habitat association (e.g., semidesert grassland) or habitat moisture condition. The following relative moisture/ drainage classification scheme is used within each biological section: “dry to moist/excessive to well- drained” and “moist to wet/well-drained to impeded.” Application of these designations depends to some extent on the experience of the reader and the province which is being considered. For example, dry soil in the Great Plains or the American Desert is much drier than dry soil in New England or the Pacific Northwest. For this reason, only general designations are used. In some cases, coastal, coastal marshes, or riparian designations are 14 added to this system to identify specific associations unique to particular areas. Growth form — Within a plant community, vegetation normally occurs in layers or strata. Individual entries within the tables are according to the four stratification categories (height growth forms) most frequently found and of benefit to ROW management: Tall-growing trees—over 40 feet tall; must be controlled on ROW. Low-growing trees and tall shrubs—20 to 40 feet tall; control only when necessary; may be acceptable at ROW edge. Low to medium shrubs—2 to 30 feet tall; normally not controlled. Lesser vegetation—grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses— should not be disturbed. A single species may sometimes be found in several stratification categories within a single section. For example, some woody plants grow to tree height on moist sites, but consistently grow only to shrub height on dry sites. These species may appear on the Selected Plant Species Table twice. One biological community, the Great Plains area of the United States, is unique in its extensive domination by grasses and forbs. In this instance, further modification to the stratification system is used to define more clearly the vegetation in this area. Some species included in the Selected Plant Species tables are following by an identification code, a symbol, *, +, #, @, designating them as indicator species for wildlife habitats. An explanation of the identification codes is presented at the end of each table containing such species. In these instances, the Ecological Characteristics Table contains only those species identified by a code. Secondary successional pattern — Each plant species is categorized as either early or late successional in the Selected Plant Species tables. Utility ROW maintenance procedures consist largely of controlling tall-growing plants and maintaining or arresting stages of plant succession (generally short-growing plants) to enhance transmission reliability. Species for some biological communities are listed only as early successional or late successional or carry no indication of successional status (e.g., desert or dry mountain areas). In these instances, for reason of local climate or other factors, succession as normally defined does not occur. When no successional pattern is present, the table is labeled “Plant Associations.” Plant names — The scientific names for the plant species included in the Selected Plant Species tables have been selected from standard regional and local floras listed in the references at the end of this chapter. Since plant taxonomists do not always agree on the correct technical name, and an accepted nationwide checklist of plant names is not available, a decision had to be made regarding which name to use. In the western provinces, names were taken from J//lustrated Flora of the Pacific States (Abrams 1944, 1951, 1960), Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Hitchcock et. al., 1955, 1959, 1964, CHAPTER 2 Introduction EXPLANATION OF LINE SYMBOLS United States (from Bailey 1976) 15 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Introduction 1969) and other sources. Scientific names selected were used consistently throughout the manual. Choosing common names for plant species is also difficult. The consistent use of acommon name across the literature to refer to a single species of plant is rare. Common names change with region; a widely used name in one area may not be used at all ina nearby area, or may be applied to a totally different plant or group of plants. In addition, many plants do not have distinctive common names. The common names included are those that are widely accepted, based on the literature, and are used consistently throughout the text of the manual. The scientific names of the plant species and the common names associated with them are listed in general appendix A. In some instances, more than one common name is listed. If plants are listed in another province with a different common name, that province number is enclosed in parentheses. Ecological Characteristics Tables As described earlier, an Ecological Characteristics Table is included for each province. When a riparian community is present within a province, a separate table is provided. In some instances, such as with the Great Plains, only indicator species (marked by an identification code on the Selected Plant Species tables) are included. The Ecological Characteristics tables carry an identification label such as: Table 2410-48.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest This label indicates that this is the Ecological Characteristics Table for Province 2410 and that Province 2410 is described in chapter section 48. The .2, following the chapter section number, designates this as an Ecological Characteristics Table. Tables for riparian communities are designated by an “R” enclosed in brackets: Table 2410-48.2 [R] Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest (Riparian Communities) Species — Within the Ecological Characteristics Table, each species is listed in alphabetical order according to its scientific name. Common names, and in some instances, section numbers for each province, are included. Habitat — The habitat preferences for each species, including moisture, shade tolerance, and special growth requirements, are listed. Descriptions of many of the woody plants include designations such as “moist, sun,” “dry, well-drained, sun,” or “well-drained, moist, sun and shade.” Such descriptions indicate relative soil moisture and exposure preferences of a plant within the province. “Sun and shade” indicates that a plant does well and fruits in the open, in the shade, or both. When combined with a working knowledge of specific area conditions, this information may be valuable to the ROW specialist. Form — The information on form was taken from 16 published manuals for each region. Maximum height, average height, and spatial, aggressive, and release characteristics are included. In addition, growth habits, such as “much-branched and spreading,” “low-spreading mat,” or “forming dense clumps,” may be included. Fruit — Fruits are described as pome, drupe, berry, achene, capsule, legume, nut, etc. These terms are defined in the glossary. Following the fruit type is the time of availability, usually expressed by a two-month specification, for example, “Sept.-Oct.” The first month indicates the time of ripening; the second indicates the persistence of the fruit on the plant. General Wildlife Use — This column lists very general types of wildlife utilization—primarily food and cover. The presence of an entry indicates that the plant comprises some portion of the overall food or cover requirement of the animal species listed. This information was compiled from standard texts listed in the references for this chapter and from direct observations made by consultants. The term “birds” in this column indicates songbirds found in that province. Individual species were listed only in instances the authors considered significant. The terms “bobwhite” and “quail,” and “cottontail” and “rabbit,” were used interchangeably unless otherwise noted. Notes — Important characteristics not appropriate for inclusion in the other table categories are listed as notes. Factors, such as “thicket-forming” or “mat-forming,” which will benefit wildlife in ways not easily documented, are included. Other factors, such as sprouting or reproduction characteristics, age to maturity or decline, erosion control, and nuisance characteristics, are noted. 47 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest The Willamette—Puget Forest is the driest and warmest area west of the Cascade Mountain Range. It occupies a north-south depression between the Coast Range and the Cascade Mountains. Elevations within the province range from sea level to 1500 feet. The province separates into a northern (Puget Sound) and a southern (Willamette Valley) region, characterized by different soil types. Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols are the principal soil orders; Inceptisols dominate in the Puget Sound Valley. The Puget Sound Valley is a moderately dissected tableland covered by glacial till, glacial outwash, and lacustrine deposits. The Willamette Valley has nearly level to gently sloping floodplains bordered by dissected high terraces and hills. The province also includes isolated hills and low mountains (Bailey 1978). Because the province is close to the Pacific Ocean, its climate is mild throughout the year. Annual temperatures average 48° to 55° F. The moderate rainfall reaches its maximum in winter; summer is characterized by a slight moisture deficit. Fog partially compensates for the summer drought. Average annual rainfall ranges from 15 to 60 inches; but in much of the area, the range is CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest 47 Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary SN) ; W Location of province State boundary NS within the United States Figure 47.1 Province 2410, Willamette—Puget Forest SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 17 47 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest from 30 to 45 inches. Coastal mountains are responsible for the drier and less muted climate (Bailey 1978). The successional sequence is similar in both regions: grassland to oak woodlands to conifer forest. In the north, however, fire is probably the major force in maintaining grasslands and oak woodlands. Before cultivation, dense coniferous forest dominated the vegetation. The principal trees are western redcedar, western hemlock, and Douglas-fir. In interior valleys, the coniferous forest is less dense than along the coast and often contains deciduous trees including bigleaf maple, Oregon ash, and black cottonwood. Some prairies support open stands of oaks or are broken by groves of Douglas-fir and other trees. Poorly drained sites with swamp or bog communities are abundant (Bailey 1978). Table 2410-47.1 [N] Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest (Northern Region: Puget Sound) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: (Grasslands) Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Oregon white oak communities) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tsuga heterophylla Armeria mariti Balsamorhiza delt Camassia Carex pens, Dodecatheon hendersonii Festuca idahoensis Saxifraga integri Western hemlock Thrift Deltoid balsamroot Common camas Long-stoloned sedge Broad-leaved shooting star Idaho fescue Northwestern saxifraga Sisyrinchium angustifolium Idaho blue-eyed grass v Western long-spurred violet a adunca a nuttallii Tigadenus venenosus Habitat conditions: Gaultheria shallon Kal. polifolia Ledum groenlandicum Menziesia ferruginea Spiraea douglasii Vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium parvifolium Carex spp. Cornus canadensi Lysichitum ame Pteridium aquilinum Rhynchospora albus Vaccinium oxycoccos Upland yellow violet Meadow deathcamas (Bog) Salal Pale laurel Bog Labrador-tea Rusty leaf Douglas spiraea Big huckleberry Red huckleberry Sedge Bunchberry dogwood Skunk cabbage Bracken fern Beakrush Wild cranberry Quercus garryana Cystisus scoparius Symphoricarpos albus Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Carex pensyl Festuca idahi Fragaria vesca vanica sis Oregon white oak Scotch broom Common snowberry Kinnikkinnik Long-stoloned sedge Idaho fescue Strawberry (Douglas-fir conmunities) Pseudotsuga menziesii Osmaronia cerasiformis Symphoricarpos albus Corallorhiza maculata Goodyera oblongifolia Sanicula crassicaulis Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Douglas-fir Oso berry Common snowberry Spotted coralroot Rattlesnake plantain Western snakeroot (Surrounding conifer forest) Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Acer circinatum Rhamnus purshiana Salix spp. Gaultheria shallon um membranaceum um ovalifolium Athyrium filix-femina Blechnum spicant Cornus canadensis Galium aparine Lycopodium annotinum Polystichum muni tum Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Vine maple Cascara Willow Salal Big huckleberry Ovalleaf huckleberry Lady-fern Deer fern Bunchberry dogwood Cleaver's bedstraw Stiff club-moss Sword fern 18 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest 47 Table 2410-47.1 [S] Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest (Southern Region: Willamette Valley) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional planis Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Mesic grasslands) (Ory grasslands) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, Fraxinus latifolia Crataegus douglasii Rhamnus purshiana Rhus diversiloba SymphoricarPos albus Alopecurus geniculatus Aster chilensis Oregon ash Douglas hawthorn Cascara Poison oak Common snowberry Marsh foxtail Chilian aster Achillea millefolium Agropyron caninum Western yarrow Bearded wheatgrass mosses Beckmannia syzigachne Slough grass Agrostis hallii Hall's bentgrass Bromus japonicus Japanese brome Agrostis idahoensis Idaho bentgrass Camassia quamash Common camas Bromus vulgaris Columbia brome Carex spp. Sedge Carex spp. Sedge Danthonia californica California danthonia Dactylis glomerata Orchardgrass Tall-growing trees, Deschamy caespitosa Eleocharis acicularis Festuca pratensis Festuca rubra Geranium dissectum Holcus lanatus Hordeum brachyantherium Juncus spp. Montia linearis Poa pratensis Rosa eglanteria Sidalcea campestris Tufted hairgrass Needle spikerush Meadow fescue Red fescue Cut-leaved geranium Velvet grass Meadow barley Rush Narrow-leaved montia Kentucky bluegrass Sweetbriar rose Meadow checkermallow (Oak woodlands) Acer macrophy!1um Bigleaf maple Danthonia californica Danthonia intermedia Elymus glaucus Eriophylium Tanatum Festuca californica Festuca occidentalis Festuca octoflora Festuca rubra Fragaria chiloensis Helica subu ata Poa scabrella_ Ranunculus occidentalis Sanicula bipinnatifida n hystrix inion jubatum Stipa Temmonii California danthonia Timber danthonia Blue wild rye Common woolly sunflower California fescue Western fescue Eight-flowered fescue Red fescue Sand strawberry Alaska oniongrass Pine bluegrass Western buttercup Purple sanicle Bottlebrush squirrel tail Big squirreltail Lemmon needlegrass Stipa occidentalis Western needlegrass eregrina Purslane speedwell americana American vetch (Douglas-fir communities) Abies grandis Grand fir over 40 ft Arbutus menziesii Madrone Acer macrophy]1um Bigleaf maple Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood Quercus garryana Oregon white oak bocedrus decurrens Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus garryana Incense-cedar Douglas-fir Oregon white oak Low-growing trees and Amelanchier alnifolia Serviceberry Acer circinatum Vine maple tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Osmaronia Gerasiormis Oso berry Taxus brevifolia Western yew Prunus avium Mazzard cherry Rhamnus sourshiana Cascara Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Corylus cornuta Oryopteris arguta California hazelnut Coastal shield-fern Berberis nervosa nt us cornuta Oregon-grape California hazelnut Holodiscus discolor Ocean spray Gaultheria shallon Salal Polystichum munitum Sword fern Holodiscus discolor Ocean spray Pteridium aquilinum Rosa eglanteria Rosa gymnocarpa Rosa nutkana Bracken fern Sweetbriar rose Baldhip rose Nootka rose Rhus diversiloba Poison oak Rubus . parviflorus Thimbleberry Rubus ursinus ‘Symphioricarpos albus Agrostis spp. Bromus vulgaris Circaea alpina Cynosurus echinatus Dactylis glomerata Danthonia scarifornica Elymus glaucus Trailing blackberry Common snowberry Bentgrass Columbia brome Alpine circaea Hedgehog dogtail Orchardgrass California danthonia Blue wild rye continued Philadelphus Tewisii. Rhus Rhus diversiloba Rosa_gymnocarpa Symphoricarpos albus Adenocaulon bicolor Anemone del toidea Aster radulinus Bromus vulgaris alypso bulbosa Cartanine puteherrina Festuca occidentalis Lewis mock orange Poison oak Baldhip rose Common snowberry Trail plant Threeleaf anemone Roughleaf aster Columbia brome Calypso Slender toothwort Western fescue SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 19 47 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest Table 2410-47.1 [S] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued - (Oak woodlands) (Continued) (Douglas-fir communities) (Continued) Lesser vegetation - Festuca californica California fescue Fragaria vesca Strawberry (Continued) Festuca rubra Red fescue Ga ton triflorum Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium spp. Bedstraw Hieracium albiflorum White hawkweed Holcus lanatus Velvet grass Madia madioides Woodland tarweed Hypericum perforatum Common St. John's-wort Osmorhiza chilensis Mountain sweetroot Ligusticum apiifolium Parsleyleaf licoriceroot Polystichum munitum Sword fern smorhiza chilensis Mountain sweetroot Satureja douglasii Yerba buena Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Synthyris reniformis Snowqueen Satureja douglasii Yerba buena Vicia americana American vetch Tellima grandiflora Alaska fringecup Torilis arvensis Field hedge-parsley Vicia americana American vetch Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (Riparian) Tall-growing trees, Acer macrophy]1um Bigleaf maple over 40 ft Alnus rubra Red alder Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash Populus trichocarpa Black cottonwood Quercus garryanna Oregon white oak Low-growing trees and Salix fluviatilis Columbia river willow tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Salix Tasiandra Pacific willow Salix rigide da Rigid willow Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow Salix sessilifolia Soft-leaved willow Lesser vegetation - Carex spp. Sedge grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses 20 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest 47 Table 2410-47.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Grand fir Stream bottoms, Evergreen tree, up Cone, 40-190 Seeds eaten by squir- Fairly shade toler- Abies grandis valleys, moun- to 300 ft high seeds per cone, rels, chipmunks, sev- ant but young trees Lind]. tain slopes, seed produc- eral birds; browsers easily killed or best on deep, tion poor-fair resort to foliage in injured by fire; rich alluvial each year, seeds winter and grouse use older trees with soils dispersed Sept.- foliage year round thicker bark are Oct. more fire resistant; provide nesting and roosting cover for birds Vine maple Widespread, Deciduous shrub to Double samara Seeds eaten by mice; Favored ornamental Acer circinatum particularly small tree, up to seeds, buds, flowers Pursh on drier slopes 30 ft tall eaten by songbirds; Bigleaf maple Acer macrophy11um Pursh Western yarrow Achillea millefolium T. Trail plant Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Bearded wheatgrass Agropyron caninum L.) Beauv. Bentgrass Agrostis spp. Le Hall's bentgrass Agrostis hallii Vasey Idaho bentgrass Agrostis idahoensis Nas! Red alder Alnus rubra Bong. Marsh foxtail Alopecurus geniculatus L. Generally on moist fertile soils mostly west of Cascade Mts. Common, variable, not fully under- stood Moist, shady woods, generally distributed Common from low- lands to high mountains, dry sites Dry woods to meadowlands , damp to swampy areas, mostly at medium ele- vations in mountains Dry woods to meadowlands, west of Cascade Mts. Damp to swampy areas, mostly at medium ele- vations in the mountains Moist, lowlands, streambanks, west of Cascade Mts. Wet places, often standing in water SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Deciduous tree, up to 90 ft high with diameters to 6.5 ft Aromatic perennial herb, 1-3 ft high, leaves slender Perennial herb, fibrous-rooted, slender, to 3 ft high, leaves mostly near the base Perennial grass, culms slender, tufted without rootstocks, 1- 3.5 ft high Perennial grass, 4-40 in high, rhizomatous , tufted Perennial grass, rhizomatous, 16- 40 in high Perennial grass, slender, tufted, 4-12 in high Deciduous tree, up to 80 ft high, diameters of 3.5 ft Perennial grass, 1-1.5 ft high, culms weak, de- cumbent, often creeping deer and elk browse foliage and twigs Double samara, wings 1.5-2 in long, Aug.-Sept. Same as A. circinatum Achenes without Sage-scented leaves pappus eaten by a few spe- cies Achene, about .25 in long, dark brown or black Caryopsis, lemmas Forage glabrous to soft, hairy, awnless or with straight awn, up to 1 in long Caryopsis, lemma awnless Caryopsis, lemma acute, awnless Caryopsis, lemma about .05 in long, awnless Catkin, .75-1 in Seeds important to long, contains 50- songbirds; foliage 100 smal] seeds, and buds eaten by seed a winged nut- gamebirds and let, good seed browsers; value low crop every 4 yrs, in proportion to Sept. through abundance winter Caryopsis, bent, colored awn twice the length of the glumes continued Important range grass; forage value good-very good Same as Agrostis spp. Same as Agrostis spp. 21 47 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest Table 2410-47.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Spreading to erect shrub or small tree, 1.5-35 ft high, up to 6 in diameter, Berrylike pome, June-July Juicy, sweet fruit eaten by songbirds, squir- rels, chipmunks, bears; browsers feed on foliage Western serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Widespread in open woods Threeleaf anemone Anemone deltoidea Hook. Madrone Arbutus menziesii Pursh Kinnikkinnik Woods, often with shrubs, dry to moist areas west of Cascade Mts. Dry open woods west of Cascade Mts. Widespread, es- deciduous Perennial herb, stems from a long slender rootstock, 3-6 in high Evergreen tree, 20- 100 ft high, leaves thick, 3-6 in long Evergreen shrub, Achenes, about .2 in long Berry, rough surface about -17 in thick, orange-red, Sept., persist- ent through winter Berrylike, bright and twigs Berries are an import- ant food of several songbirds Fruit eaten by bears Fire damage common; burned trees re- generate from root sprouts Excellent ground Arctostaphylos pecially in the stems long and red, smooth, and gamebirds; leath- cover, especially uva-ursi mountains, gen- creeping, smal] about .38 in in ery foliage is browsed for dry banks L.) Spr ng. erally on sandy ascending branch, diameter extensively by deer or gravelly 4-16 in high sites Thrift Beaches and Perennial herb, Achene-like Armeria maritima coastal bluffs scapose with per- MITT.) Willd. usually but sistent basal occasionally leaves, 4-20 in inland on high prairies Chilian aster Widespread, Perennial herb, Achenes Same as A. chilensis Aster chilensis meadows stems clustered, Nees erect, 8-32 in high Roughleaf aster Woodlands, dry Perennial herb, ‘Achene Important summer for- Aster radulinus open areas, stems from elong- age for ungulates Gray mostly west of ated rootstock, Cascade Mts. 8-24 in high Lady-fern Moist woods, Fern, up to 5 ft Sori Browsed by ungulates meadows and swamps, common, lowland to mon- tane high usually in the winter Athyrium filix-femina L.) Roth Deltoid balsamroot Balsamorhiza Dry, open ground Disk achenes mainly west of Herbaceous per- ennial, leaves Blue grouse eat leaves; deer eat plants during deltoidea Cascade Mts. and scapous fall, winter, spring Nutt. stems from a stout woody base, 4-10 in high Slough grass Beckmannia syzigachne teud.) Fern. Marshes, wet meadows, ponds, ditches, from lowlands to mid- montane Annual grass, coarse, stout, 2- 4 ft high Caryopsis, lemmas as long as glumes Plants eaten by hoofed browsers; fleshy fruits Oregon-grape Berberis nervosa Generally in light woods, Evergreen sub- shrub, stems 1-2 Berry, deep blue, broadly ellipti- Pursh mainly west of ft high, from cal, about .33- eaten by birds only to Cascade Mts. long rootstocks .38 in long a limited degree Deer fern Moist to wet Fern, up to 3 ft Sori Blechnum spicant places, gener- high (L.) With. ally in heavy shade, from sea level to mid-montane continued 22 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest 47 Table 2410-47.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Japanese brome Bromus japonicus Thunb. Columbia brome Bromus vulgaris (Hook. ) Shear Calypso ures bulbosa L.) Oakes Common camas Camassia quamash ursh) Greene Slender toothwort Cardamine pulcherrima Robins.) Greene Sedge Carex spp. Long-stoloned sedge Carex pensylvanica Cam. Alpine circaea Circaea alpina L. Spotted coralroot Corallorhiza maculata Raf. Bunchberry dogwood Cornus canadensis L. Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttalli Rud. ex T. & G. California hazelnut Corylus cornuta Marsh. Douglas hawthorn Crataegus douglasii Lind). Roadside or wasteland gen- erally east of the Cascade Mts. Shaded or open woods, moist or dry banks from sea level to dry rocky slopes, up to 6,000 ft Deep shade of cool, moist for- est, sea level to mid-mountain Moist areas, often where dry by late spring, prairies and grassy clearings Generally west of Cascade Mts. Moist soil along streams, shady canyons, 5,000- 11,500 ft, sun and shade Open, rather dry woods and prai- ries, common in and west of Cascade Mts. Cool, damp woods at higher ele- vations Moist to fairly dry woods through- out province Moist woods, moun- tains at mid- elevations Open to rather Dense forest, especially along streams, at mod- erate elevations Widespread at low elevations on well-drained soils Woods and thickets Annual grass, intro- duced, culms slender, 1.5-2.5 ft high Perennial grass, culm 2.5-4 ft high Perennial herb with subglobose corm, 1 green leaf, short scape, 2-8 in high Perennial herb, scapose stem, 6-14 in high, narrow linear leaves from coated bulb Perennial herb, rhizomes short and tuberlike Perennial grasslike erect herb, 2-4 ft Perennial sedge, tufted with creep- ing rhizome, 8-20 in high Perennial herb, slender stems arising from tuberous rhizomes 4-20 in high Perennial herb with- out chlorophyll, stem 8-20 in high Low trailing sub- shrub, 2-8 in high Deciduous tree, 10- 50 ft high Tall clustered, deciduous shrub up to 16 ft high Small tree up to 25 ft high, stout spines .33-.8 in long Caryopsis, lem- mas broad, awns spreading Caryopsis Capsule Capsule, about .62-.67 in long, chambers 4-6 seeded Silique, 1-1.5 in long Achenes, in spikes Achene, perigynia with prominant beak, about .05 in long Pear shaped cap- sule, about .09 in long, covered with short, hooked hairs Ory capsule Berrylike drupe, coral red, .25- .3 in, 2-seeded pit Drupe, oval, scar- let, about .38 in, 2-seeded, late summer but may persist on some plants into winter Nut, 1-seeded Smal] pome with l-seeded nutlet, about .25-.38 in long, nearly black continued Good-sized seeds eaten by a number of birds and rodents, leaves eaten by ungulates Young plants eaten by Canada goose; plants eaten by gray par- tridge, ring-necked Pheasant, quail, chip- munks, pocket gophers Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, squirrel, fox; plant eaten by rabbit, deer, elk Seeds eaten by ducks; seeds and plants are eaten by pika and northwest chipmunk; browsed by deer Fruit and buds eaten by gamebirds; fruit eaten by songbirds Fleshy fruit very valuable to several species of birds Nuts eaten by squir- rels, chipmunks, other rodents; foli- age, bark, twigs browsed by rabbits and deer; catkins eaten by grouse Small, applelike fruits not used by wildlife nearly so great as might be anticipated; fruit eaten by few species of songbirds Bulb used by Indians May be useful ground cover in moist, cool areas Attractive ornament- al which attracts birds Useful cover and nesting sites Favorite nesting site for many birds SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 47 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest Table 2410-47.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Hedgehog dogtail Cynosurus echinatus L. Scotch broom Cystisus scoparius L.) Link Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata L. California danthonia Danthonia californica Boland. Timber danthonia Danthonia intermedia Vasey Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia caespitosa L.) Beauv. Broad-leaved shooting star Dodecatheon hendersonii Gray Coastal shield-fern Oryopteris arguta Kaulf.) Watt Needle spikerush Eleocharis acicularis L.) R. & S. Blue wild rye Elymus glaucus Buck. Common woolly sunflower Eriophyllum lanatum Pursh) Forbes California fescue Festuca californica Vasey Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis Elmer’ 24 Introduced and well established west of Cascade Mts. Common escape west of Cascade Mts., in open areas Waste places, roadsides, mead- ows, introduced, common at lower elevations Open grassy mead- ows to rocky ridges, moist sites Prairies and grasslands to timbered areas, mountain mead- ows, Marshes, prairies from low to al- pine elevations, also on talus slopes Prairies and open slopes at lower elevations on west side of Cascade Mts. Wooded places often in drier and more open sites Marshes and other wet places, low- land to rather high montane, muddy ground, widespread Prairies, open woods, dry to moist hillsides, lowlands to mid- mountain Dry, open places, lowlands to mid- elevations, widely distributed Dry, open slopes to moist stream- banks, open woods Grassland and sagebrush deserts to dry and rocky mountain slopes and meadows up to 12,000 ft Annual grass, 8-20 in high Deciduous shrub, up to 10 ft high Perennial grass, densely tufted, coards, 2-4 ft high Perennial grass, tufted, 2-3 ft high, erect or ascending Perennial grass, densely tufted, 6-12 in high Perennial grass, densely tufted, forming large tussocks, 1.5-4 ft high Scapose, peren- nial herb, less than one foot tall Fern short, hori- zontal to erect rhizome, leaves clustered at end of rhizome leaves evergreen Perennial sedge, densely tufted, rhizomatous, up to 6 in high, capped by a single compact spike Perennial grass, culms 2-5 ft high Perennial herb, loosely clustered from slender root- stock, erect or decumbent 8-40 in high Perennial grass, densely tufted, 3-4.5 ft high Perennial grass, truly caespitose, non-rhizomatous , basal leaves -5-3.5 ft high Caryopsis, awn -13-.42 in Pod, several- seeded Caryopsis, glumes 17.25 in, lemmas 22-.3 in, awn tip about .05 in Caryopsis Caryopsis, awns flat and twisted Caryopsis, awned from about mid- length or below, awns twisted to bent Capsule, 1-celled Sori Achene, sharply 3-angled, chest- nut. Caryopsis Achenes, slender, 4-angled, pappus of nerveless chaffy scales Caryopsis, lemmas narrow, about -3-.42 in long Caryopsis, awns «1-.2 in, lemmas strongly inroll- ed and rigid continued Young growth browsed by ungulates Seeds eaten sparingly by birds Preferred forage for ungulates Important forage for ungulates Minor browse for un- gulates Leaves may be eaten by some gamebirds Seeds, culms, tubers eaten by ducks May be used as winter forage Leaves and flowers eaten by grouse Seeds eaten by small rodents and song- birds; plant eaten by mule deer Same as F. californica Forms plush-like mats along water margins May be good sand stabilizer CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest 47 Table 2410-47.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western fescue Festuca occidentalis Hook. Eight-flowered fescue Festuca octoflora Walt. Meadow fescue Festuca pratensis Huds. Red fescue Festuca rubra U. Sand strawberry Fragaria chiloensis L.) Duchesne Strawberry Fragaria vesca L. Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia Benth. — Bedstraw Galium spp. L Cleaver's bedstraw Galium aparine L. Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium triflorum Wich: Salal Gaultheria shallon ursh Cut-leaved geranium Geranium dissectum TE Rattlesnake plantain Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. White hawkweed Hieracium albiflorum Hook. Velvet grass Holcus lanatus L. Streambanks, lake Dry, open ground Widely distributed, introduced, abund- ant in moist areas and along roads Marshes and sand dunes to mountain forest and mead- ow, generally distributed Mostly on old dunes along coast, rare in- Tand Meadows and stream banks to light woods, mostly in and east of Cas- cade Mts. Deep fertile, generally moist soil, west of Cascade Mts. Woods and thickets Common, rather weedy species, thickets and open woods Common, wide- spread, woods Moist to dry woods, lowlands to lower moun- tains Scattered, intro- duced weed, com- mon in fields and waste ground Ory to moist woods or forest throughout province Moist to dry open slopes and woods Introduced weed, common west of Cascade Mts., roadsides, rail- road embankments, waste ground Perennial grass, closely tufted, slender, 16-32 in high Annual grass, somewhat tufted, slender, 6-12 in high Perennial grass, culms tufted, 2-8 ft high Perennial grass, more or less clustered, culms somewhat decumb- ent at base, 1.5- 8 ft high, short rhizomatous Perennial, stol- oniferous herb with trifoliate leaves Low, perennial herb Deciduous tree, 30-60 ft high, 20-32 in in diameter Slender low herbs Herbaceous an- nual, stem weak, ascending, 1-5 ft long Perennial herb, stem slender and jax, 16-40 in long Evergreen shrub, up to 8 ft high, sometimes forming impenetrable thickets Annual herb, stem 10-20 in high, often branched above Perennial herb, leaves all basal, scapes 4-12 in Caryopsis, lemmas Caryopsis Caryopsis, glumes .13-.17 in, lemmas 12-.28 in Caryopsis Achenes, borne on enlarged, fleshy and juicy receptacle Sma11_achenes borne on enlarg- ed fleshy and juicy receptacle Samara, 1-seeded, elongated, 1.25- 1.75 in long Dry or fleshy, twin, separating into 2 carpels, May-Sept. Dry capsule, clothed with hooked bristles Ory capsule, bristles about +05 in Berrylike drupe, nearly black, -28-.42 in in diameter Capsule, hairy without, seeds finely reticu- late Dry capsule high Perennial herb, Achene stem 1.5-4 ft high Perennial grass, Caryopsis tufted, 1-2 ft tall continued Seeds eaten by small rodents and songbirds; plant eaten by mule deer Same as F. occidentalis Same as F. occidentalis Same as F. occidentalis Tender leaves and fruit eaten by upland gamebirds; berries eaten by songbirds Same as F. chiloensis Samaras eaten by a number of birds and mammals Seeds eaten by birds and rodents Slight spring use by ungulates More common east of Cascade Mts. Valuable forage grass Excellent ground cover where exces- sive trampling occurs Excellent ground cover; foliage sold by florists Now a bad lawn weed; not particularly palatable SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 25 47 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest Table 2410-47.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Ocean spray Moist woods to dry Deciduous shrub, Follicles, 5 Browsed by ungulates Holodiscus discolor open areas erect, 1.5-10 ft carpels, densely with heavy use on (Pursh) Maxim. high hairy, 1-seeded winter range Meadow barley Open ground, gen- Perennial grass, Caryopsis, awn Seeds, and to some ex- Of some importance Hordeum erally where clustered, mostly equaling or sur- tent leaves, eaten by as a range forage brachyantherium moist 2-28 in high passing the waterfowl and rodents grass Nevski glumes. Common St. John's-wort Hypericum perforatum L. Rush Juncus spp. L. Pale laurel Kalmia polifolia Wang. Bog Labrador-tea Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Incense-cedar Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Parsleyleaf licoriceroot Ligusticum apiifolium lutt.) Gray Stiff club-moss Lycopodium annotinum L. Skunk cabbage Lysichitum americanum Hult. t. John Woodland tarweed Madia madioides Nutt.) Greene Alaska oniongrass Melica subulata Griseb.) Scribn. Rusty leaf Menziesia ferruginea ‘Sm. Narrow-leaved montia Montia linearis (Doug?.) Greene 26 Introduced, waste- land and drier areas, common Moist soil along streams, ponds, Jakes, 2,000- 11,500 ft Generally in sphagnum bogs at lower eleva- tions Mostly in swamps and bogs Low elevations in Cascade Mts. and westward, mixed conifer forest Fence rows and sparsely wooded slopes and prai- ries in the low- lands west of Cascade Mts. Generally in moist conifer forests but occasionally on more open, rocky slopes be- low timber line Swampy areas, bogs Dry open woods Open slopes to thick, dry or moist woods at moderate eleva- tions Moist woods and streambanks throughout the province Lowlands to foot- hills where dry or moist Perennial herb, stems erect, stout 1.5-8 ft high Perennial grasslike herb, 2-4 ft Low evergreen shrub, ascending or erect, 9-24 in high Evergreen shrub with leathery leaves, 2-4 ft high Evergreen tree, 150 ft high, trunk up to 8 ft in diameter, leaves scale-like Perennial herb, with large aromat- ic roots, stems 1.5-4 ft high Evergreen, trail- ing herb Large leaved per- ennial herb, up to 2 ft high, thick rootstock Perennial herb, stems single or clustered, from short rootstocks, 1-2.5 ft high Perennial grass, culms strongly bulbous at base, solitary or few, 2-4 ft high, rhizomatous Deciduous shrub, erect, 3-6 ft high Annual herb, 2-8 in high, stems erect or decum- bent Many seeded cap- sule, ovate, -24-.32 in long Capsule, spring Capsule, 5- chambered Capsule, split- ting by 5 valves Cone, about | in long, seeds about +32 in, late sum- mer and fall, medium to heavy crops 3-6 yrs Dry shizocarp Spore Berrylike, green Achenes, chaffy pappus, July Caryopsis, lemmas -32-.48 in long Capsule, fleshy, oblong, .24-.28 in long Capsule, with 1-3 black and shining seeds, -06-.08 in continued Serious pest Forage Seeds eaten by rodents during years of poor seed crops of other associates species; browsed by deer Good deer and elk browse Often the foliage pushes through the snow in the early spring Eaten in early spring by ungulates Have sticky, pun- gent leaves and stems Dark seeds eaten by many birds and rodents Seeds eaten by song- birds; deer and elk may use as browse May provide food for grouse Little wildlife value CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest 47 Table 2410-47.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Oso berry Streambanks and Shrub to small tree, Drupe, .32-.4 in Fruits bluish-black Osmaronia moist to rather 5-10 ft high and bitter cerasiformis dry woods - &G.) Greene Mountain sweetroot Common in wood~ Caulescent, thick- Fruit attenuate Osmorhiza chilensis lands from near rooted perennial at base into H. & A. sea level to mid- with petiolate bristly append- mountain, wide- leaves ages, terminal- spread beaklike apex Lewis mock orange Along watercourses Erect to spreading Capsule, woody Forage eaten by un- Philadelphus lewisii and cliffs, talus shrub, 4-10 ft gulates Pursh slopes and rocky high hillsides, Douglas-fir for- ests Kentucky bluegrass Roadsides and Perennial rhizo- Indehiscent seeds Seeds eaten by sev- Great value as range Poa pratensis waste areas to matous grass, culms in panicles eral kinds of song- forage L. dry or moist terete, 8-18 in birds and rodents, prairies and high leaves grazed by wood]ands rabbits and big game Pine bluegrass Sagebrush desert Caespitose, per- Caryopsis, seeds Same as P. pratensis Poa scabrella to montane for- ennial grass, over in panicles (Thurb.) Vasey ests and ridges 1.5 ft high, non- rhizomatous, basal leaf blades over 2x.5 in Sword fern Generally in co- Evergreen fern, Sori Little food value; Polystichum muni tum niferous forests fronds tufted on some browse by un- Kaulf.) Pres from near sea short, stout, gulates during winter level to mid- erect to creeping montane rhizome, 8 in to 5 ft high Black cottonwood Along streambanks Deciduous tree to 2-carpellate Buds and catkins are Populus trichocarpa and lake shores, 60 ft high capsule, May- valuable winter- T. & G. or in moist June spring foods for vari- regions, occasion- ous kinds of grouse; ally in better bark, twigs, foliage drained soils eaten freely by rab- away from water bits and ungulates; wood or bark relished by beavers and porcu- pines Mazzard cherry Cultivated, oc- Deciduous tree Drupe, 1-seeded Fruit and buds eaten Prunus avium casionally by upland gamebirds; L. escaped or per- fruit eaten extensive- sistent ly by songbirds Douglas-fir Moist to dry Evergreen tree, up Cones, with Seeds eaten by western Major commercial Pseudotsuga menziesii areas, sea level to 280 ft high winged seeds, squirrels and other tree and early tree Mirb.) Franco to near timber- heavy crop at rodents; foliage and invader in dis- line 5-7 yr inter- twigs important to turbed areas vals, Sept. several kinds of browsers; needles and cones are a major winter food of blue grouse Bracken fern ) Moist to dry woods Fern with deep- Sori Pteridium aquilinum or open slopes seated branching L.) Kuhn rhizome, leaves deciduous, 2-5 ft high Oregon white oak Prairies and foot- Deciduous tree, Nuts (acorns), Major importance to Quercus garryana hills, drier sites 11-22 ft high periodicty of wildlife; acorns eaten Doug!. seed crops not by songbirds, ducks, known shorebirds, upland gamebirds; acorns, bark wood eaten by fur and game animals; twigs and foliage browsed by deer and elk continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 27 47 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest Table 2410-47.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western buttercup Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. Cascara Rhamnus purshiana oc. Poison oak Rhus diversiloba T. &G. Beakrush Rhynchospora albus (.) Vah Sweetbriar rose Rosa eglanteria t. Baldhip rose Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Nootka rose Rosa nutkana Pres] Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Trailing blackberry Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. Willow Salix spp. L. Columbia River willow Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Pacific willow Salix lasiandra Benth. Mostly coastal Widely in west Cascade Mts. Mainly west of Cascade Mts., dry sites generally Sphagnum bogs and other wet places, lowland to mid-montane European species naturalized along roadsides and in pastures Moist to dry woods, from near sea level to mid- montane Wooded or moist areas, often montane Moist to dry, wooded to open areas from near sea level to subalpine Abundant on prairies, burns, clearings but also in open to rather dense woodlands from near coast to mid-montane Moist soil along streams, 3,500- 9,500 ft, sun Banks of Columbia River Near sea level to mid-mountain Perennial herb, with Achene, .1-.14 erect stems Decidubus shrub or small tree, up to 32 ft high Shrub, 3-7 ft high, sometimes vining and up to 50 ft Annual or peren- nial grasslike herb with narrow leaves, culms densely tufted, -5-1.5 ft high Prickly shrub, prickles general- ly stout and strongly curved Prickly (bristly) to nearly unarmed shrub, 1-4 ft high, prickles slender Woody vine Plants unarmed, stems erect, woody, rarely less than 1.5 ft tall Deciduous peren- nial vine, stems slender, trail- ing, armed with prickles Tree, 15-50 ft in with .04-.08 in beak Berry] ike Drupe, .2 in Bicarpellate achene Stony achenes enclosed in red, fleshy hypathium, -04-.06 Stony achenes, 12 or fewer, en- closed in fleshy glabrous, bright red hypanthium Berrylike, achenes enclosed in fleshy hypanthium An aggregation of weakly coherent drupelets An aggregation of weakly coherent drupelets, black Seed capsules in catkins, Mar. Deciduous tree, Capsules 7-26 ft high Arborescent shrub, Capsule, .12-.2 or small tree, in 7-40 ft high continued Seeds eaten by birds and rodents; plants browsed by deer Berries eaten by song- birds; fruits, stems, foliage eaten by small mammals and ungulates Considerable wildlife value; fruits eaten by many kinds of birds, primarily in winter when other foods are scarce Plant eaten to limited extent by waterfowl Achenes and hips eaten by upland gamebirds in winter; fruits, twigs, foliage eaten by mammals and espe- cially by hoofed browsers Same as R. eglanteria Same as R. eglanteria Very important summer food; fruit eaten by grouse, ring-necked pheasant, quail, rac- coons, chipmunks, squirrels; leaves and stems eaten extensive- ly by deer and rabbits Same as R. parviflorus Browsed by beaver; seeds eaten by squir- rel Buds and twigs eaten by several species of grouse; twigs, foliage, bark eaten by rabbits, hoofed browsers, others Same as S. fluviatilis Causes serious skin irritations in humans Thickets excellent nesting and pro- tective covering for gamebirds and songbirds Widespread cordil- leran species Valued as effective cover Valued as effective cover Prevents erosion and invades burned forest areas Often colonial by running roots Widespread 28 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest 47 Table 2410-47.2 (Continued) Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Species Habitat Rigid willow Foothills and low- Salix rigida lands to mid- MuhT montane Scouler's willow Throughout east Salix scouleriana and west Cascade Barr. Mts. Soft-leaved willow Streambanks in Salix sessilifolia west Cascade Mts. Nutt. Purple sanicle Open slopes and Sanicula bipinnatifida drier meadows Dougl. ex Hook. Western snakeroot Woods of western Sanicula crassicaulis Cascade Mts Poepp. Yerba buena Coniferous woods Satureja douglasii Benth.) Briq. Northwestern saxifraga Prairies and wet Saxifraga integrifolia banks to sub- Hook. alpine meadows Meadow checkermal low Dry fields Sidalcea campestris Greene Idaho blue-eyed grass Marshes and Sisyrinchium ditches, always angustifolium where moist in iit. spring, low elevations to montane Bottlebrush squirreltail Along coast and Sitanion hystrix inland, espe- Tutt.) J. G. Smith cially on prai- ries Big squirreltail Dry prairies to Sitanion jubatum rocky hillsides J. G. Smith and open woods, often where soil is disturb- ed Douglas spiraea Swamps and damp Spiraea douglasii meadows from Hook. sea level to subalpine Lemmon needlegrass Foothills into Stipa lemmonii mountains (Vasey) Scribn. Deciduous shrub, over 4 ft high, without running roots Robust, deciduous shrub or small tree, 6-40 ft high Shrubs or small trees, 6-25 ft high, often clon- al with running roots Erect, glabrous biennial herb, taprooted Perennial herb with taproot Perennial herb from a woody rhi- zome, stems prostrate and often rooting, to 3.5 ft high Perennial herb, stems 4-12 in high, scapose Perennial herb with woody roots, short rhizomatous plant 4.5-7 ft high Perennial herb, leaf blades flat- tened and grass- like Caespitose peren- nial grass Perennial grass Deciduous shrub Capsule, .12-.2 in Capsule, .12-.2 in Capsule, .12-.2 in long Carpopore with uncinate prickles Subterete carpo- phore with un- cinate prickles Hard nutlets Capsule Capsule, 1-seeded Capsule, with several sub- globose seeds per cell Caryopsis Caryopsis Leathery foll- icle, 2-several seeded Caespitose peren- Caryopsis nial grass, glumes less than .6 in, awn rarely greater than .24 in continued Same as S. lasiandra_ Same as S. lasiandra Same as S. lasiandra Eaten by pocket go- pher Often cultivated and occasionally es- caped Flowers eaten by moun- tain quail Seldom abundant; fairly palatable early in the season, but long spikelets are a nuisance to humans and a minor hazard to grazing animals Same as S. hystrix Possibly browsed by large mammals Important food for Injurious to live- songbirds and rodents; stock eaten by hoofed browsers SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 29 47 PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest Table 2410-47.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western needlegrass Widespread from Caespitose, peren- Caryopsis Important food for Fairly abundant; Stipa occidentalis grassland to nial grass songbirds and rodents; palatable much of Thurb. ex Wats. subalpine forest eaten by hoofed the year; readily and ridges browsers grazed; sharp cal- Jus sometimes in- jurious to livestock Common snowberry Widespread species Erect, deciduous Nutlets, .16-.2 Important wildlife Useful as nesting Symphoricarpos albus L.) Blake Snowqueen Synthyris reniformis (Dougl.) Benth. Western yew Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Alaska fringecup Tellima grandiflora Pursh) Doug!. Western redcedar of thickets, woods, open slopes, from lowland to mid- elevation in mountains Generally at low elevations in coniferous woods Moist forest, especially along streams Moist woods, streambanks and lower mountain slopes Mainly where shrub, 3-6.5 ft high Fibrous-rooted, perennial herb, basal leaves and weak peduncles Tree, 15-35 ft high, erect and straight to com- monly contorted trunk, evergreen Perennial herb, up to 2.5 ft high, rhizomatous, basal leaves 1-4 in long Evergreen trees, up in Compressed cap- sule, twice as wide as high, 2-many seeds per locule Hardened seed surrounded by fleshy reddish aril, .2-.24 in Beaklike capsule Cones, .32-.48 in, food; fruit eaten by grouse and songbirds; foliage and twigs eaten extensively by deer Highly preferred un- gulate forage Seeds eaten extensive- and protective cover for gamebirds, rabbits and other animals Hard, durable at- tractive woods; Indians used wood for their bows Dead spike tops may Thuja plicata moist or swampy to 225 ft, scale- seeds with narrow ly by pine siskin; provide important Donn like leaves Jateral wings .24- foliage and twigs perching sites and Field hedge-parsley Torilis arvensis Huds.) Link Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla Tat) arg. Big huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Hook. Moist places Moist to well- drained sites, sea level to 5,000 ft ele- vation Montane slopes Slender, annual herb, 4 in-1.5 ft high Tree, to 150 ft tall, narrow crown Deciduous shrub, 1-5 ft high +28 in, Aug.-Sept. good crops every 4 yrs Dry schizocarp, oblong with un- cinate prickles Cone, seeds shed Sept.-Oct. Berry, reddish purple, .28-.36 in browsed by ungulates Eaten by blue grouse, white and black- tailed deer; survival food for Olympic wapiti Berries eaten by grouse, songbirds, black bear, chipmunks, deer, rabbits nesting sites Easily injured Ovalleaf huckleberry Woods and open Deciduous shrub, Berry, dark blue Same as V. membranaceum Vaccinium ovalifolium slopes 1-1.5 ft high to blackish, .24- + 4 in Wild cranberry Sphagnum bogs Evergreen, creep- Berry, red, .2- Same as V. membranaceum Vaccinium oxycoccos ing shrub, stems .4 in long a L. slender and pros- trate Red huckleberry Dry to moist Deciduous, erect Berry, bright Same as V. membranaceum Vaccinium parvifolium woods, especial- shrub, 3-13 ft red, .24-.36 in Sm. ly on logs and high stumps where bird planted, lowlands and lower moun- tains Purslane speedwel1 Plants of moist Fibrous-rooted Capsule Veronica peregrina or wet places, annual herb, lL. widespread linear continued 30 CHAPTER 2 Table 2410-47.2_ (Concluded) PROVINCE 2410 Willamette—Puget Forest 47 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes American vetch Native, wide- Perennial herb, Flat pods, 2- Seeds and foliage eaten Vicia americana spread mostly less than several seeded to limited extent by MuhT. ex Willd. 3 ft tall with birds and rodents trailing to climb- ‘ing stems Western long-spurred Ory to moist Perennial herb Capsule, 3-valved, Seeds eaten by several Ornamental violet meadows, woods, explosively de- upland gamebirds Viola adunca open ground hiscent im. Upland yellow violet Dry sites Perennial herb Capsule, 3-valved, Same as V. adunca Viola nuttallii explosively de- ~ Pursh hiscent Meadow deathcamas Coastal prairies Perennial herb with Membranous to One of the most vir- Zigadenus venenosus and rocky bluffs tunicated bulbs leathery capsule ulent stock-poison- Wats. to grassy hill- ing plants sides, sagebrush slopes, montane forests in ex- posed places SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 31 48 PROVINCE 2610 California Grassland Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary N Location of province State boundary SS within the United States Figure 48.1 Province 2610, California Grassland 32 CHAPTER 2 48 PROVINCE 2610 California Grassland The California Grassland Province extends through the Central Valley of California. On the north and east at higher elevations it merges into the Sierran Forest (Province M2610); on the south and west it merges into the California Chaparral (Province M2620). It forms a flat alluvial plain between the Sierra Nevadas and the Coast Range. Elevations range from sea level to 500 feet (Bailey 1978). Except near the coast, summers are hot and winters are mild—often foggy with little or no snow. Annual rainfall ranges from 6 inches in the upper San Joaquin Valley to nearly 30 inches along the coast. Maximum rainfall is in the winter months—December, January, and February. Potential evaporation during the warmest months is often much greater than the precipitation. Low rainfall and small streamflow result in water scarcity in many parts of the area (Bailey 1978). The soils are mostly Entisols and Alfisols. The Entisols are usually at the lower elevations; the Alfisols are at slightly higher elevations, away from the valley floor. A small area of Aridisols occurs in the more arid southern portion of the San Joaquin Valley. Evidence indicates that the Central Valley of California was once dominated by natural grasses; plowing, fires, and grazing have eliminated these grasses except as relief stands. These stands suggest that the dominants were bunchgrasses, which produced grasslands similar in appearance to mixed prairie (Bailey 1978). The rivers in the province flow through alkaline flats where greasewood, picklewood, saltgrass, and shadscale are the chief cover. Tule marshes border the lower reaches of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. Dominant plants in the area are wild oats, several PROVINCE 2610 California Grassland 48 species of brome, wild barley, and fescue. Perennial bunchgrasses include needlegrass, creeping wild rye, and pine bluegrass. Perennials increase with increasing elevation. Forbs are numerous but of secondary importance. Table 2610-48.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the California Grassland Growth form Plant associations Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Tall trees, over 40 ft Quercus douglasii Blue oak Medium trees, Aesculus californica 20-40 ft Horse chestnut Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft lodinebush Coastal sage Chaparral broom consan Eriodictyon californicum Yerba santa Lesser Eremocarpus setigerus Turkey mullein vegetation Hollisteria Tanata Hollisteria Uoeflingia squarrosa Pterostegia drymaroides California loeflingia Pterostegia Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Tall trees, Populus fremontii Fremont cottonwood over 40 ft juercus lobata Valley oak Lesser Achyrachaena mollis Blow-wives vegetation Anemopsis californica Yerba mansa Anthochloa colusana Blennosperma nanum Legenere limosa Machaerocarpus californicus Stylomecon heterophylla Colusa grass Common blennosperma Legenere Fringed water-plantain Wind poppy Table 2610-48.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the California Grassland Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Blow-wives Moist, grassy Stem, 4-16 in tall Achene, Apr.-May Achyrachaena mollis fields with Schauer heavy soils Horse chestnut Dry fills, Small tree, to 39 Large capsule Fair-poor browse; seeds Sprouts after fire; Aesculus californica alluvium ft eaten by squirrels and poisonous to live- (Spach) Nutt. 7 chipmunks stock Todinebush Alkaline soils Erect shrub, 1.6- Seeds minute Allenrolfea 6.6 ft tall occidentalis Wats.) Ktze. Yerba mansa Low, usually Stem, 6-20 in long Capsule, Mar.- Anemopsis californica alkaline ground Aug. Hook. Colusa grass Bordering rain- Annual, culms to Caryopsis Anthochloa colusana pools on alkali 12 in tall avy) Scribn. Tands continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 33 48 PROVINCE 2610 California Grassland Table 2610-48.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Coastal sage Hills Artemisia californica Les Chaparral broom Baccharis consanguinea oc. Heavy soils, dry hills Common blennosperma Blennosperma nanum Ok. ake Wet places on hill slopes and cultivated fields and ver- nal pools Turkey mullein Eremocarpus setigerus (Hook. J Benth. Dry hills and plains, often in cultivated areas Yerba santa Ory, stony soils Eriodictyon californicum H. & A.) Greene Hollisteria Open hills and Hollisteria lanata plains Wats. Legenere Low, moist or Legenere limosa wet ground, Greene) McVaugh especially ver- nal pools California loeflingia Loeflingia squarrosa Nutt. Dry soils and sandy plains Fringed water-plantain Small water or Machaerocarpus in mud cali fornicus Torr.) Small Fremont cottonwood Riparian Populus fremontii Wats. Pterostegia Open or shaded Pterostegia slopes arynaroides Fisch. & Mey. Blue oak Dry hills uercus douglasii He . Valley oak Valley bottom, Quercus lobata alluvial soils Nee Wind poppy Shaded slopes Stylomecon jeterophylla enth. . Taylor Form Soft shrub, 5 ft Shrub, 13 ft Herb, 3-8 in tall Annual, stems 2-8 in tall Shrub, to 6.5 ft Prostrate annual, branches 2-8 in long Stems weakly erect or somewhat de- cumbent Low annual, stems 2-4 in long Stems erect to 1.3 ft tall Tree, to 165 ft Decumbent or pros- trate stems, 4-20 in tall Tree, 65 ft Tall, wide-spreading tree, 114 ft Annual, stems 1-5 in tall Fruit Small achene Winged achenes Achene, Feb.- Apr. Capsule, June- Sept. Smal] black seeds Achenes, Apr.- June Capsule, May Capsule, Apr.- May Achenes, .2 in long Plumed achene Minute, Mar.~ July Acorn Acorn Capsule, Apr.- May General wildlife use Notes Negligible browse Non-sprouting Fair-poor browse for mule deer; seeds eaten by quail Sprouts after fire or clearing Seeds highly preferred by mourning dove, various species of quail, several song- birds, smal] mammals Fair-poor browse for mule deer Sprouts after fire Good-fair browse for mule deer Sprouts Major mast producer; browsed by mule deer Sprouts from stump Acorns eaten by birds and mammals; fair-poor browse for mule deer Largest California oak; individual trees CHAPTER 2 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie SECTIONS Section 3111 Grama—Needlegrass—Wheatgrass This section has been divided into the following subsections: 1, Subalpine—Lodgepole—Douglas-fir Forest; 2, Foothill Grassland; 3, Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine; 4, Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest; 5, Grama—Needlegrass—Wheatgrass; 6, Badlands; 7, Sagebrush—Saltbush; 8, Montana Sandy Land; and 9, Sagebrush— Wheatgrass. Section 3112, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass This section has been divided into the following subsections: 4, Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest; 6, Badlands; 9, Sagebrush—Wheatgrass; and 10, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass. Section 3113, Grama—Buffalo Grass This section has been divided into the following subsections: 4, Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest; 10, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass; 20, High Plains Short-grass; 21, Northeastern Colorado Sandhills; 22, Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes; 23, Pinyon Pine—Juniper; 24, Shinnery Oak; 25, Mixed Prairie, Grama—Bluestem; 28, Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem; and 30, Mesquite— Buffalo Grass. SUBSECTIONS Plant information for the following subsections is included in this province description and elsewhere as indicated. Subsection 1 Subalpine—Lodgepole—Douglas-fir Forest Information concerning plants found in the Subalpine— Lodgepole—Douglas-fir Forest Subsection can be derived from nearby sections and provinces. Plants were not identified here due to the relatively small size of the subsection in this province. Subsection 2, Foothill Grassland Largely rolling to steep mid- and short-grass prairie with wide valleys and benches from edges of mountain timber to plains characterize the Foothill Grassland. Shrubs and trees descend into ravines, canyons, and valleys. About 20 percent is owned by the Federal Government; the remainder is in farms and ranches. One-half or more is in native range; about 20 percent (along northeastern side) is dry-farmed to wheat. One to 2 percent of total area (concentrated in valleys) is irrigated. Grain and forage for livestock are the main crops, along with potatoes, sugar beets, peas, and other crops. Some of the highest hills are in ponderosa pine forest. Subsection 3, Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine The Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine Subsection consists of wild, rugged topography on the Missouri River with medium-tall grasses and a mixture of shrubs and SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 evergreen trees. Cliffs, deep-cut canyons, and large rock outcrops are common. Usually very lightly grazed, much of the choice bottomland once used for native hay is under the highwater line of the Fort Peck Reservoir in Montana; livestock operations had to be abandoned in that zone. The subsection has some additional potentialities as a game range. The area already supports a deer and antelope population as well as predators. Since much of the subsection falls within the boundary of the Fort Peck Game Range in Montana, the Federal Government is taking appropriate steps to develop the area to its full capacity for wildlife. Subsection 4, Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest The Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest contains dense to open to scattered stands of pine and extensive “patches” of grass on rolling to rough broken hills rising from the plains. Slopes of the dissected hills are mostly hilly and steep, but are gentle on the narrow ridgetops and in the narrow valleys. Elevations vary from 2700 to over 7000 feet (in the Black Hills). Only 5 to 10 percent of the lower elevations are dry-farmed; 66 percent or more is privately owned. Subsection 5, Grama—Needlegrass—Wheatgrass The Grama—Needlegrass—Wheatgrass Subsection is open to medium-dense rolling and hummocked short- and mid-grass grassland. Sagebrush is found in the central grasslands of Montana. Elevation ranges from 2000 to 4000 feet in Montana, north of the Missouri River, and increases from east to west and with distance from the Missouri River. A glaciated plain is nearly level to gently rolling, but belts of steep slopes border some of the larger rivers. Extensive floodplains border the Missouri River, but are narrow and discontinuous along other streams. Elevation is 3000 to 6000 feet south of the Missouri River, rising gradually from east to west and from north to south. Ona dissected plain, these slopes are mostly rolling to steep; wide belts of steeply sloping badlands border a few of the larger river valleys. Local relief is mainly in several to a few hundred feet. In some places, flat-topped, steep-sided buttes rise sharply above the general level of the plain. About 17 percent is owned by the Federal Government; the remainder is in farms and ranches. From 50 to 75 percent is in native grasses and shrubs grazed by cattle and sheep. North of the Missouri River, most of the western half is dryland farmed to spring wheat; less than 10 percent of the rougher part south of the river is farmed. Subsection 6, Badlands The Badlands are short to medium-tall open grassland with sparse overstory of shrubs and trees. Highly variable relief, ranging from sharply dissected shale plain and undulating to gently rolling narrow divides to steep valley wells, characterizes this subsection. Herbaceous vegetation is concentrated on most stable sites; slopes are maintained bare and sparsely vegetated by natural erosion. Most of the area is in native vegetation; about 20 percent is Federally owned. 35 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie SUBSECTION KEY Subalpine—Lodgepole— Douglas-fir Forest Foothill Grassland Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest Grama—Needlegrass— Wheatgrass Badlands Sagebrush—Saltbush Montana Sandy Land Sagebrush— Wheatgrass Wheatgrass—Needlegrass High Plains Short-grass Northeastern Colorado Sandhills Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes 3 Pinyon Pine—Juniper Shinnery Oak Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem Mesquite— Buffalo Grass Swecwmrirawnawn- Province boundary Section boundary Location of province State boundary within the United States Figure 49.1 Province 3110, Great Plains Short-grass Prairie; Sections 3111, Grama—Needlegrass—Wheatgrass; 3112, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass; and 3113, Grama—Buffalo Grass 36 CHAPTER 2 Subsection 7, Sagebrush—Saltbush Information concerning plants found in the Sage- brush—Saltbush Subsection may be derived from nearby sections and provinces. Plant communities are not identified here due to the relatively small size of the subsection. Subsection 8, Montana Sandy Land Information concerning plants found in the Montana Sandy Land Subsection may be derived from nearby sections and provinces. Plants are not identified here due to the relatively small size of the subsection. Subsection 9, Sagebrush—Wheatgrass Information concerning plants found in the Sagebrush— Wheatgrass Subsection may be derived from nearby sections and provinces. Plants are not identified here due to the relatively small size of the subsection. Subsection 10, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass The Wheatgrass—Needlegrass Subsection consists of a moderately dense to medium-tall grassland on rolling to rough topography. Elevation is 1500 to 3500 feet (up to 5000 feet near the Black Hills). Gently rolling plain north to strongly dissected areas of sharp local relief, steep slopes, or badland topography bordering major stream valleys in some places characterize the area. Maximum local relief seldom exceeds 300 feet. From | to 3 percent of the area is owned by the Federal Government. The rest is privately owned. From 33 percent to 50 percent is dryland farmed to wheat; 50 to 75 percent is in native range grazed by cattle and sheep. Throughout the extent of the mixed-grass type are various woody vegetation types. Shrubs and _ trees commonly occur on steep slopes, in ravines and valleys, in folds in the upland prairie, and on floodplains along streams and rivers. The complex of trees and shrubs associated with upland drainageways is so characteristic and so common that it has come to be referred to as the “hardwood draw ecosystem” (Crowston et al. 1974). Woodlands in North Dakota are considered to occupy less than a total of 507,000 acres with much of this area concentrated along streams and on some of the higher eminences (Warner and Chase 1956). No accurate estimate is available for the combined extent of natural woodlands and shrubby vegetation types in the mixed- grass prairie region; the total area probably does not exceed 710,000 acres. This woody vegetation is important, however, far beyond its actual extent because it provides travel routes, cover, and winter food for much of the big game population of the prairie region. Without this woody vegetation so widely interspersed through the grassland, the area could not support any sizeable big game population. Subsection 20, High Plains Short-grass The High Plains Short-grass Subsection is level to rolling short-grass prairie varying from pure grass sod in northern sections to grass sod with forbs and an overstory of prickly pear and yucca centrally, yucca and mesquite in the southern parts, and pinyon pine—juniper SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 centrally and in the west. Nearly all is privately owned and in farms and large ranches. From 33 to 75 percent is still in native range; 33 to 60 percent is dryland farmed; 7 to 20 percent is irrigated. Subsection 21, Northeastern Colorado Sandhills The Northeastern Colorado Sandhills contain medium- tall, open to medium-dense grassland with a variable overstory of dwarf shrubs. The topography of these hills ranges from level to sinks; to unstable hills of loose sands; to blowouts; and to stabilized hills. Some depressions contain willows and cottonwoods. Most of the land is in farms and ranches. Until the recent popularity of pivot-type overhead sprinkler irrigation systems, most of the subsection was in native vegetation and grazed by livestock. The trend now is toward irrigation farming on a large scale. Subsection 22 Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes The Southeastern Colorado Sand Dunes are enormous, rising more than 700 feet; higher parts are almost totally devoid of vegetation. Grasses and forbs grow in protected depressions; the lower parts of the dune area tend to have shrubby vegetation. Subsection 23, Pinyon Pine—Juniper The Pinyon Pine—Juniper Subsection consists of a distinctive aspect of pinyon pine and juniper trees with a grass understory mostly in the eastern Rocky Mountain foothills of New Mexico. It also occurs along the Canadian River system of northeastern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, and the western tip of the Oklahoma Panhandle and is mostly in native range. Subsection 24, Shinnery Oak The Shinnery Oak Subsection is a mid-grass prairie with open to dense broadleaf deciduous shrubs and occasional needleleaf evergreen low trees or shrubs. Topography is rolling to steeply sloping breaks along the major rivers. Nearly all of the subsection is in native vegetation. Subsection 25, Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem Ina Mixed Prairie, dense communities of short, medium, and tall grasses and forbs, generally in two distinct layers, and shorter grasses are overtopped by open stands of taller grasses and forbs. Elevation within the subsection ranges between 1500 to 3000 feet and increases from east to west. Landscape takes form as dissected plains with broad undulating ridgetops and hilly to steeply sloping valleys. Short grasses generally occur on the drier hilltops and heavier soils of lower slopes, while mid- and tall- grasses occupy the calcareous outcropping and limy uplands. The greatest variety of forbs is associated with the shallow-soiled limy uplands. Nearly all of the land is privately owned; 33 percent or more is still in native range. Winter wheat and grain sorghum are the most common crops in cultivated areas. Subsection 28, Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem The Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem Subsection consists of 37 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie medium-dense stands of mid- and tall- grasses with an overstory of forbs, and open to dense shrub stands, especially sand sagebrush. Approximately 2000 feet elevation, topography is gently rolling to undulating. Most of this subsection lies parallel to rivers and their tributaries. Most of the land is privately owned and was largely uncultivated until the advent of center-pivot-type sprinkler irrigation systems. Subsection 30, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass The Mesquite—Buffalo Grass Subsection contains short grasses with scattered low broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs and low needlebay evergreen shrubs. Elevation within the subsection ranges from 2000 to 5000 feet, rising from east to west. General relief is rough to broken, with steeply sloping breaks along the river. For plant information see section 37. Table 3110-49.1 [2] Selected Plant Species Common to the Foothill Grassland Subsection Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and shrubs, under 20 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Forbs, under 6 ft Early successional plants® Late successional plants* Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Artemisia frigida Rosa spp. Agropyron smithii Calamovilfa longifolia Muhlenbergia cuspidata Grindelia squarrosa Gutierrezia sarothrae *Pasture sage Wild rose Western wheatgrass Prairie sandreed Plains muhly Curlycup gumweed Broom snakeweed Pinus ponderosa Populus tremuloides Amelanchier alnifolia \rtemisia frigida Crataegus douglasii Prunus Virgintans Rosa spp. #Ponderosa pine #Quaking aspen #Serviceberry +Pasture sage #Douglas hawthorn #Western choke-cherry #Wild rose Buffaloberry Shepherdia canadensis ymphoricarpos occidentalis Western snowberry faropyron spicatum uteloua gracilis Festuca idahoensis Festuca scrabrella Koeleria cristata ‘Stipa comata Achillea millefolium Carex eleocharis +Bluebunch wheatgrass Blue grama +Idaho fescue Rough fescue +Prairie junegrass Needle-and-thread Western yarrow Needleleaf sedge Helianthus spp. *Sunflower Carex rolia Threadleaf sedge iatris spp. Gay-feather Eriogonum umbellatum +Sulfur buckwheat lesmia juncea Rush skeletonplant Lupinus spp. Lupine otentilla spp. Cinquefoil fenstemon spp. Penstemon Russian thistle Phiox hoodii Hood's phlox Tumb]emustard Club-moss Salsola iberica Steymbr fun altiss imum phaeralcea coccinea Scarlet globe mallow SeTaginella spp. phaeralcea coccinea +Scarlet globe mallow @piants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. pees RE Ra 38 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 LALO GEE AECL IEE EEE NEES RAE ILO ILLS PEI So on agmagama Table 3110-49.1 [3] Selected Plant Species Common to the Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, over 20 ft Shrubs, under 6 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Forbs, under 3 ft Habitat condition: Dry to moist uplands d_lowlands Bouteloua gracilis Gutierrezia sarothrae Blue grama *Broom snakeweed Pinus ponderosa Juniperus spp. Artemisia spp. Chrysothamnus ‘spp. Qountia polycantha ucca spp. ropyron smithii i ropyron spicatum Knaropoas scope us ro} jo! iteToua Ss MuhTenber: ff ‘cuspidata_ 0a secun Er jogonum spp. Gutierrezia sarothrae Ox Spp. Ponderosa pine +Juniper Sagebrush Rabbit brush Plains prickly pear +Yucca Western wheatgrass Bluebunch wheatgrass +Little bluestem +Blue grama Plains muhly Sandberg bluegrass Threadleaf sedge +Wild buckwheat. Broom snakeweed Phlox piants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110- 46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable ear] sites and other sites where the native ve +Collectively, indicators of desirable late #Collectively, indicators of desirable lat ly successional plant species ci getation has been destroyed. @ successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. @ successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. ‘omposition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated ‘RISA AS a ta i erage ii a Table 3110-49.1 [4] Selected Plant Species Common to the Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest Subsection Growth form Early successional plants* Late successional plants? Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, under 40 ft Shrubs, under 6 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Habitat conditions: Artemisia frigida Opuntia poTycantha Rhus aromatica Sumphor icarpos occidentalis Agropyron smithii jouteloua curtipendula BouteToua gracilis romus tectorum BuchToe dactyloides Muhlenbergia cuspidata Setaria viridis Pasture sage Plains prickly pear Fragrant sumac *Western snowberry Western wheatgrass *Side-oats grama Blue grama Downy brome Buffalo grass Plains muhly *Green bristlegrass continued Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Pinus ponderosa Acer negundo Celtis occidentalis Juniperus communis Ostrya virginiana Quercus macrocarpa Ulmus americana Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Chrysothamnus graveolens Opuntia polycantha Prunus virginiana Rhus aromatica Symphoricarpos albus oyun ica fos occidentalis Agropyron smithii ropyron spicatum Andropogon scoparius Bouteloua curtipendula BouteToua gracilis Bromus tectorum Buchloe dactyloides Festuca idahoensis Koeleria secunda MuhTenbergia spicata Oryzopsis hymenoides Poa spp. Setaria viridis Stipa comata Ponderosa pine Box-elder *Common hackberry Common juniper American hop-hornbeam #Bur oak American elm Bearberry Rabbit brush Plains prickly pear +Western choke-cherry +Fragrant sumac +Common snowberry +Western snowberry Western wheatgrass Bluebunch wheatgrass +Little bluestem +Side-oats grama +Blue grama Downy brome Buffalo grass Idaho fescue Prairie junegrass Plains muhly Indian rice-grass Bluegrass Green bristlegrass Needle-and-thread 9h A EP SSR Bh i a magma SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 39 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Table 3110-49.1 [4] (Concluded) Growth form Late successional plants* Early successional plants? Forbs, under 6 ft Eriogonum spp. Grindelia squarrosa Gutierrezia sarothrae Helianthus spp. Lupinus spp. Potentilla spp. Salsola iberica Sisymbrium altissimum *Wild buckwheat Curlycup gumweed Broom snakeweed *Sunflower Lupine Cinquefoil Russian thistle Tumblemustard Carex eleocharis Carex filifolia Eriogonum spp. Grindelia squarrosa Gutierrezia sarothrae Helianthus spp. Cap ps ‘Spp. Phlox spp. Potentilla spp. Salsola iberica Sisymbrium altissimum Needleleaf sedge Threadleaf sedge +Wild buckwheat Curlycup gumweed Broom snakeweed Sunflower Lupine Phlox Cinquefoil Russian thistle Tumblemustard plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition fow wildlife on moist lowlands. Table 3110-49.1 [5] Selected Plant Species Common to the Grama—Needlegrass—Wheatgrass Subsection Growth form Shrubs, under 6 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Forbs, under 6 ft Early successional plants® Habitat conditions: Artemisia frigida Rosa spp. Agropyron smithii MuhTenbergia cuspidata Setaria viridis Grindelia squarrosa Gutierrezia sarothrae Helianthus spp. Liatris spp. Potentilla spp. Salsola iberica Sisymbrium altissimum Sphaeralcea coccinea Pasture sage *Wild rose Western wheatgrass Plains muhly *Green bristlegrass Curlycup gumweed Broom snakeweed *Sunflower *Gay-feather Cinquefoil Russian thistle Tumb] emustard Scarlet globe mallow Late successional pl ants® Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Artemisia cana Artemisia tridentata Rosa fendleri Symphoricarpos occidentalis Agropyron smithii iar spicatum Bouteloua gracilis Stipa comata Achillea millefolium Agoseris spj Altium textiie inemone patens Artemisia frigida Artemisia ludoviciana Aster ericoides Carex filifolia Chrysopsis villosa Gutierrezia sarothrae Helianthus petiolaris Liatris punctata Opuntia polycantha PhTox hoodit Potentilla spp. re Pp. Psoralea argophylla Psoralea tenuiflora SeTaginella densa Solidago dumetorum Solidago missouriensis Sphaeralcea coccinea Silver sagebrush Big sagebrush Fendler rose +Western snowberry Western wheatgrass Bluebunch wheatgrass +Blue grama +Needle-and-thread Western yarrow Mountain dandelion Textile onion Wind flower Pasture sage Sagewort Heath aster Threadleaf sedge Hairy goldaster Broom snakeweed +Prairie sunflower +Dotted gay-feather Plains prickly pear Hood's phlox Cinquefoil Lanceleaf scurf pea +Silverleaf scurf pea +Slimflower scurf pea Club-moss Goldenrod Missouri goldenrod Scarlet globe mallow Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 Table 3110-49.1 [6] Selected Plant Species Common to the Badlands Subsection Growth form Early successional plants@ Late successional plants? Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Shrubs, under 3 ft Grasses, under 2 ft Forbs, under 3 ft Habitat conditions: Aristida longiseta Bromus japonicus Festuca octoflora Koeleria cristata Muhlenbergia cuspidata Sitanion hystrix Sporobolus cryptandrus Convolvulus arvensis Helianthus spp. Salsola iberica Red three-awn *Japanese brome Six-weeks fescue Prairie junegrass Plains muhly *Bottlebrush squirreltail *Sand dropseed Field bindweed *Sunf lower *Russian thistle Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Juniperus scopulorum Juniperus virginiana Pinus ponderosa Artemisia frigida Atrip ex spp. Agropyron smithii Andropogon scoparius ristida Tongiseta BouteToua curtipendula Bouteloua gracilis Buchloe dactyloides Calamovilfa gigantea Carex spp. Carex eleocharis Carex filifolia Stipa comata Stipa v lula Artemisia dracunculus Artemisia Tudoviciana Aster ericoides Western juniper Redcedar #Ponderosa pine +Pasture sage Saltbush +Western wheatgrass #Little bluestem +Red three-awn #Side-oats grama +Blue grama Buffalo grass #Pig sandreed Sedge +Needleleaf sedge Threadleaf sedge +Needle-and-thread Green needlegrass Falsetarragan Louisiana sagewort t+Heath aster Chrysanthemum Teucanthemum Ox-eye daisy Echinacea angustifolia Gutierrezia sarothrae Haplopappus spinulosus Helianthus rigidus Liatris punctata Linaria canadensis Opuntia polycantha Penstemon grandiflorus Petalostemum purpureum Solidago spp. Sphaeralcea coccinea Tragopogon Black Samson Broom snakeweed Ironplant Stiff sunflower +Dotted gay-feather Oldfield toadflax Plains prickly pear Shell-leaf penstemon +Purple prairie clover Goldenrod Scarlet globe mallow Yellow salsify Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable earl sites and other sites where the native ve +Collectively, indicators of desirable lat #Collectively, indicators of desirable lati ly successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned culitvated getation has been destroyed. @ successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. @ successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. a ee SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 41 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie SG ek aa EM kD RB ERS ES, Table 3110-49.1 [10] Selected Plant Species Common to the Wheatgrass—Needlegrass Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Shrubs, under 6 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Forbs, under 3 ft Artemisia spp. Chrysothamnus nauseosus Gutierrezia sarothrae Bromus tectorum Festuca octoflora Achillea millefolium Amaranthus blitoides Conyza canadensis Helianthus spp. Cappula spp. Lupinus spp. Plantago purshii Polygonum aviculare Salsola iberica Sisymbrium a mum Verbena bracteata Sagebrush *Rabbit brush *Broom snakeweed *Downy brome *Six-weeks fescue Yarrow Prostrate pigweed Horseweed *Sunflower Flatspine stickweed Lupine Prairie plantain *Knotweed Russian thistle Tumblemustard *Large-bracted verbena frigida rrezia sarothrae qumpeees rizontalis jpuntia po ycantha Rhus aromatica Rosa spp. Agropyron smithii Sgropyron Erachycaulun BouteToua gracilis Bromus tectorum Koeleria cristata Oryzopsis hymenoides Poa pratensis Poa secunda Stipa comata Stipa viridula Artemisia dracunculoides Artemisia gnaphaloides Aster ericoides Carex Fliers Carex heliophila Chrysopsis. viTlo: villosa Echinacea angustifolia Uiatris punctata Penstemon spp. Polygala alba Psoralea argophylla Ratibida columnifera SoTidago spp. Pasture sage +Broom snakeweed Creeping juniper +Plains prickly pear +Fragrant sumac Wild rose +Western wheatgrass Slender wheatgrass Blue grama +Downy brome Prairie junegrass Indian rice-grass Kentucky bluegrass Sandburg bluegrass +Need]e-and-thread +Green needlegrass Falsetarragan +Prairie sage Heath aster +Threadleaf sedge +Upland sedge Hairy goldaster +Black Samson +Dotted gay-feather +Penstemon Milkwort Silverleaf scurf pea +Prairie coneflower Goldenrod @piants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3 *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional p sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. 110-46.2: lant species composition for wildlife on abandoned culitvated +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successiona 1 plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. Pr er ee ai ea 42 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 Table 3110-49.1 [20] Selected Plant Species Common to the High Plains Short-grass Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants? Habitat conditions: Dry uplands Amaranthus retroflexus Agropyron smithii Herbaceous forbs and Rough pigweed +Western wheatgrass grasses, under 3 ft Aristida Tongiseta Red three-awn Ambrosia psilostachya +Ragweed Aristida purpurea Purple three-awn Artemisia dracunculoides Falsetarragan Aristida longiseta Red three-awn Aristida purpurea Purple three-awn Aster ericoides Heath aster Japanese brome Lamb's-quarters Wind-mill grass Bromus japonicus Chenopodium album Chioris verticillata Conyza canadensis Horseweed Barnyard grass Curlycup gumweed Echinochloa crusgalli Grindelia squarrosa Helianthus annuus Sunflower Kochia scoparia *Kochia Panicum capillare Common witchgrass Satsola collina Setaria Tutescens Sporobolus cryptandrus *Collin's thistle Schedonnardus paniculatus Tumblegrass Yellow bristlegrass Sand dropseed Bouteloua gracilis Bromus japonicus Buchloe dacty Oides Cirsium undulatum a sarothrae junctata Opuntia humifusa Opuntia polycantha Psoralea tenuiflora Rati columnifera. Sphaeralcea coccinea +Blue grama +Japanese brome Buffalo grass Wavyleaf thistle Broom snakeweed Dotted gay-feather Common prickly pear Plains prickly pear Slimflower scurf pea Prairie coneflower Scarlet globe mallow Habitat conditions: Moist uplands and lowlands Amaranthus retroflexus Rough pigweed Agropyron smithii #Western wheatgrass Aristida longiseta Red trhee-awn Ambrosia psilostachya @Ragweed Aristida purpurea Purple three-awn Amorpha canescens Leadplant Bromus japonicus Japanese brome Andropogon gerardi Big bluestem Chenopodium album Lamb's-quarters indropogon scoparius #Little bluestem Chloris verticillata Wind-mill grass Aster ericoides Heath aster Herbaceous forbs and grasses, under 4 ft Conyza canadensis Horseweed Bouteloua curtipendula #Side-oats grama Echinoch oa crusgalli Barnyard grass Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama Grindelia squarrosa Curlycup gumweed Bouteloua hirsuta Hairy grama Helianthus annuus Sunflower Bromus japonicus Japanese brome Kochia scoparia *Kochia Buchloe dactyloides Buffalo grass Panicum capiTlare Common witchgrass Echinacea angustifolia Black Samson SaTsola collina *Collin's thistle Gutierrezia sarothrae Broom snakeweed Schedonnardus paniculatus Tumblegrass Oenothera serrulata Serrateleaf evening- Setaria lutescens Yellow bristlegrass primrose Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Psoralea tenuiflora Slimflower scurf pea Verbena str Woolly verbena plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. @Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on side hill sites. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 43 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Table 3110-49.1 [21] Selected Plant Species Common to the Northeastern Colorado Sandhills Subsection Late successional plants® Growth form Early successional plants® Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Shrubs, under 4 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Muhlenbergia pungens prazops (6 hypeno ides Redfieldia flexuosa Grasslike plants, under 2 ft Forbs, under 4 ft Anogra cinerea Cristatella jamesii Euphorbia missurica Euphorbia plattense *Sandhill muhly *Indian rice-grass Blowout-grass Anogra Cristatella Missouri spurge Spurge Heliotropium convolvulaceum Bindweed heliotrope Phaca longifolia Polanisia trachysperma Phaca Roughseed clamnyweed Yucca glauca Agropyron dasystachyum Agropyron repens gropyron smithii Agrostis alba Agrostis hyemalis Andropogon hallii eT, scoparius, ristida longiseta Bouteloua gracilis. Calamovilfa longifolia Elymus anadensis Koeleria cristata Panicum scribnerianum Small soapweed Thickspike wheatgrass Quackgrass Western wheatgrass Redtop Winter bentgrass #Sand bluestem +Little bluestem Red three-awn Blue grama #Prairie sandreed +Canada wild rye Prairie junegrass Scribner's panicum Panicum virgatum +~—»« +, #Switchgrass Poa interior Bluegrass Poa pratensis Sporobolus cryptandrus Carex eleocharis Carex heliophila Cyperus schweinitzii Argemone intermedia Aster fluviatilis Aster multiflorus Aster ramosa Chenopodium oblongi folium Cirsium plattense Cleone serrulata Cryptantha jamesii Delphinium virescens Glycyrrhiza lepidota Helianthus petiolaris NentzeTia nuda Petalostemum villosum Solidago canadensis Tradescantia occidentalis Kentucky bluegrass Sand dropseed Needleleaf sedge Upland sedge Schweinitz flatsedge Prickle poppy Many-flowered aster Many-flowered aster Aster Goosefoot Thistle Rocky Mountain beeplant James cryptantha #Plains larkspur American licorice +Prairie sunflower Bractless mentzelia +Silky prairie clover Canada goldenrod Prairie spiderwort Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 Table 3110-49.1 [22] Selected Plant Species Common to the Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes Subsection Growth form Shrubs, under 4 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Grasslike plants, under 2 ft Forbs, under 4 ft Early successional plants* Habitat conditions: Euphorbia spp. Oryzopsis hymenoides Phaca longifolia ea i 1 Psoral dfieldia flexuosa Re anceolata *Spurge *Indian rice-grass Phaca *Lemon scurf pea Blowout-grass Late successional plants® Ory to moist uplands and lowlands Chrysothamnus filifolius Rhus trilobata Ribes inebrians Yucca glauca Agropyron smithii Hilaria jamesii Koeleria cristata Muhlenbergia pungens Oryzopsis hymenoides Panicum virgatum Redfieldia flexuosa Sitanion hystrix Sporobolus cryptandrus Stipa comata Carex eleocharis Juncus ater Abronia micrantha Allionia linearis Aster tanacetifolius Cleome serrulata Cryptantha janes! James ii Cycloloma atriplici folium Euphorbia spp. Franseria acanthicarpa Gilia Tongiflora HeTtanthus petiol petiolaris Lepidium alyssoides LesquerelTa SPP. Lygodesmia spp. pester spp. Phaca Tongifolia Psoralea TanceoTata Senecio spartfodes Rabbit brush +Squawbush +Gooseberry Small soapweed Western wheatgrass Galleta hilaria +Prairie junegrass Sandhil1 muhly +Indian rice-grass +Switchgrass Blowout-grass Bottlebrush squirrel tail Sand dropseed Needle-and-thread Needleleaf sedge Rush Abronia Narrowleaf four-o'clock Tansyleaf aster Rocky Mountain beeplant James cryptantha Tumble ringwing Spurge Variable bur sage Longflower gilia +Prairie sunflower Pepperweed +Bladderpod Skeletonplant +Penstemon Phaca +Lemon scurf pea Groundsel Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110- 46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 45 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Table 3110-49.1 [23] Selected Plant Species Common to the Pinyon Pine—Juniper Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Forbs, under 3 ft Habitat conditions: Buchloe dactyloides Sitanion hystrix Sporobolus cryptandrus Chenopodium album Grindelia squarrosa Helianthus petiolaris Salsola iberica Sphaeralcea coccinea *Buffalo grass *Bottlebrush squirreltail Sand dropseed Lamb' s-quarters Curlycup gumweed *Prairie sunflower Russian thistle *Scarlet globe mallow Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Juniperus monosperma Juniperus utahensis Pinus cémbroides Quercus gambelii Amelanchier alnifolia Artemisia frigida Artemisia nova Artemisia tridentata Atriplex canescens Cercocarpus Tedifolius Cercocarpus montanus chegsothannus SPP. urotia lanata Holodiscus dumosus Prunus virginiana Purshia tridentata Rhus trilobata Ribes inebrians Symphoricarpos oreophilus Yucca glauca Agropyron smithii Aristida fendleriana Aristida longiseta BouteToua curtipendula Bouteloua gracilis Buchloe dactyloides Festuca arizonica Hilaria jamesii Koeleria cristata Oryzopsis hymenoides Sitanion hystrix Sporobolus cryptandrus tipa ettermani Stipa robusta Astragalus spp. Carex filifolia Chrysopsis villosa Erfogonum spp. Gutierrezia sarothrae Haplopappus spinulosus Hetienthus petiolaris Hymenoxys richardsoni Qountia SPP. enstemon spp. Salsola iberica Sphaeralcea coccinea Sphacraleea dissects Viguiera multiflora One-seeded juniper Utah juniper Pinyon pine #Gambel oak +Serviceberry Pasture sage Black sagebrush Big sagebrush Wingscale Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Mountain-mahogany Rabbit brush Winter-fat Ocean spray +Western choke-cherry Bitterbrush Squawbush +Gooseberry Snowberry Small soapweed Western wheatgrass Fendler three-awn Red three-awn +Side-oats grama +Blue grama Buffalo grass Arizona fescue Galleta hilaria +Prairie junegrass Indian rice-grass Bottlebrush squirreltail Sand dropseed Letterman needlegrass Needlegrass +Milk-vetch Threadleaf sedge Rabbit brush Wild buckwheat +Broom snakeweed Ironplant Prairie sunflower Pinque hymenoxys Prickly pear +Penstemon Russian thistle Scarlet globe mallow Globe mallow Showy goldeneye piants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 Table 3110-49.1 [24] Selected Plant Species Common to the Shinnery Oak Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Medium trees, under 30 ft Low-growing trees and shrubs, under 15 ft Grasses, under 4 ft Cenchrus pauciflorus *Sandbur Schedonnardus paniculatus Tumblegrass Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed Forbs, under 6 ft Amaranthus retroflexus Ambrosia psilostachya Croton glandulosa Croton texensis Eriogonum annuum Euphorbia marginata Gutierrezia sarothrae Helianthus annuus Mentzelia stricta Strophostyles pauci florus Rough pigweed *Ragweed Tropic croton Texas croton *Annual eriogonum Snow-on-the-mountain Broom snakeweed Sunflower Stevens sandlily Smal] wild bean Celtis reticulata Quercus stellata var. palmeri Quercus stellata var. rufescens Quercus vaseyana. Artemisia filifolia Prunus angustifolia Quercus havardii luercus mohriana Rhus aromatica Yucca glauca Andropogon hallii Andropogon SS Bouteloua gracilis Cenchrus spp. Erfogonum annuum Sorghastrum nutans Sporobolus cryptandrus Ambrosia psilostachya Commelina erecta Gutierrezia sarothrae #Netleaf hackberry Palmer post oak Post oak variety Vasey oak Sand sagebrush +Chickasaw plum Havard oak Shinnery oak +Fragrant sumac Small soapweed +Sand bluestem +Little bluestem Blue grama Sandbur Annual eriogonum #Indian-grass Sand dropseed +Ragweed +Erect dayflower +Broom snakeweed prants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 47 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Table 3110-49.1 [25] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants® Grasses, under 3 ft Forbs, under 4 ft Grasses, under 4 ft Forbs, under 6 ft Habitat conditions: Dry uplands Aristida longiseta Aristida purpurea Bromus japonicus jJata Chior: Echinochloa crusgalli ‘um capillare Schedonnardus paniculatus Setaria Jutescens Sporobolus cryptandrus Amaranthus retroflexus Chenopodium album Conyza canadensis Grindelia squarrosa Helianthus annuus Kochia scoparia SaTsola collina Red three-awn Purple three-awn Japanese brome Wind-mill grass *Barnyard grass Common witchgrass Tumblegrass *Yellow bristlegrass Sand dropseed Rough pigweed Lamb's-quarters *Horseweed Curlycup gumweed *Sunflower *Kochia Collin's thistle Agropyron smithii Andropogon gerardi Aristida Tongiseta Aristida purpurea Bouteloua gracilis Bromus japonicus Buchloe dactyloides Ambrosia psilostachya Aster ericoides jerrezia sarothrae Liatris punctata Psoralea tenuiflora Sphaeralcea coccinea Habitat condition: Moist uplands and lowlands Aristida longiseta Aristida purpurea Bromus japonicus Chloris verticillata nochloa crusgalli cum capillare Schedonnardus paniculatus Setaria Jutescens Amaranthus retroflexus Chenopodium album Conyza canadensis Grindelia squarrosa Helianthus annuus Kochia scoparia Salsola collina Red three-awn Purple three-awn Japanese brome Wind-mill grass Barnyard grass Common witchgrass Tumblegrass Yellow bristlegrass Rough pigweed Lamb's-quarters *Horseweed Curlycup gumweed *Sunflower *Kochia Collin's thistle Agropyron smith Andropogon gerardi Andropogon scoparius Bouteloua curtipendula Bouteloua gracilis Bouteloua hirsuta Bromus japonicus Buchloe dactyloides Panicum virgatum Ambrosia psilostachya Amorpha canescens Aster ericoides Echinacea angustifolia Gutierrezia sarothrae Oenothera serrulata — Psoralea tenuiflora Solidago missouriensis Solidago mollis Solidago rigida Sphaeralcea coccinea Verbena stricta Vernonia baldwini interior +Western wheatgrass Big bluestem Red three-awn Purple three-awn +Blue grama +Japanese brome Buffalo grass +Ragweed Heath aster Wavyleaf thistle Broom snakeweed Dotted gay-feather Slimflower scurf pea Scarlet globe mallow #Western wheatgrass #Big bluestem #Little bluestem #Side-oats grama Blue grama Hairy grama #Japanese brome Buffalo grass Switchgrass #Ragweed Leadplant Heath aster Black Samson Broom snakeweed Serrateleaf evening- primrose Slimflower scurf pea Missouri goldenrod Ashy goldenrod Stiff goldenrod Scarlet globe mallow Woolly verbena Inland ironweed ‘plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110- 46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. 48 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 Table 3110-49.1 [28] Selected Plant Species Common to the Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants* Habitat conditions: Dry uplands Shrubs, under 5 ft Artemisia caudata Sagebrush Artemisia filifolia +Sand sagebrush Prunus angustifolia Chickasaw plum Rhus trilobata Fragrant sumac Yucca glauca Small soapweed Grasses, under 5 ft Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama Andropogon gerardi Big bluestem Cenchrus pauciflorus *Sandbur Andropogon hallii Sand bluestem Digitaria filiformis Slender fingergrass Andropogon scoparius +Little bluestem Digitaris sanguinalis *Crabgrass Bouteloua curtipendula +Side-oats grama Echinochloa crusgalli Barnyard grass BouteToua gracilis +Blue grama Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass Buchloe dactyloides Buffalo grass Eragrostis Calamovilfa gnavtolia Prairie sandreed curtipedicellata *Gummy lovegrass Eragrostis trichodes Sand lovegrass Eragrostis hirsuta Lovegrass Leptoloma cognatum Fall witchgrass Eragrostis oxylepis Red lovegrass Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Eragrostis secundiflora Lovegrass Paspalum stramineum Sand paspalum Eragrostis sessilispica Tumble lovegrass Poa arachnifera Texas bluegrass paspa um ciliatifolium Fringeleaf paspalum Sorghastrum nutans Indian-grass aspalum stramineum *Sand paspalum Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed Forbs, under 3 ft Artemisia filifolia Sand sagebrush Allium canadense Wild onion Croton glandulosa Tropic croton Baptisia australis Wild indigo Croton texensis Texas croton Baptisia Teucantha Atlantic wild indigo Eriogonum annuum Annual eriogonum Chrysopsis stenophylla Goldaster Helianthus petiolaris Plains sunflower arex helioy a Sedge Prunus angustifolia Chickasaw plum Echinacea paradoxa Pale echinacea Erigeron bellidiastrum Western fleabane Gilia Tongif ora Whiteflower gilia Gutierrezia sarothrae Broom snakeweed Liatris punctata Dotted gay-feather Oenothera Tinifolia Narrowleaf evening- primrose Oenothera missouriensis Evening-primrose Opuntia polycantha Plains prickly pear etalostemum vil losum Silky prairie clover Psoralea tenuiflora Slimflower scurf pea Sisyrinchium albidus White blue-eyed grass Habitat conditions: Moist to wet lowlands Shrubs, under 4 ft Artemi ifolia Sand sagebrush Artemisia filifolia @Sand sagebrush Grasses, under 8 ft Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama Panicum virgatum #Switchgrass Cenchrus pauciflorus *Sandbur Spartina michauxiana Michaux cordgrass Digitaria filiformis Slender fingergrass Tripsacum dactyloides #Eastern grama grass Digitaria sanguinalis *Crabgrass Echinochloa ceusgal crusgalli Barnyard grass Eragrostis cilianensis Stinkgrass Eragrostis curtipedicellata Gummy lovegrass Eragrostis hirsuta Lovegrass Eragrostis oxylepis Red lovegrass Tagrostis secundiflora Lovegrass Eragrostis sessilispica Tumble lovegrass Helianthus petiolaris Plains sunflower Paspalum ciliatifolium Fringeleaf paspalum aspalum stramineum *Sand paspalum Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed Forbs, under 5 ft Croton glandulosus Tropic croton Cicuta maculata Water-hemlock Croton texensis *Texas croton Coreopsis anceolata #Narrowleaf coreopsis Eriogonum annuum Annual eriogonum lenothera biennis Common evening-primrose Petalostemum multiflorum Round-headed prairie clover aes canadensis Canada cinquefoil olidago rigida Stiff goldenrod Vernonia orinita Bur ironweed plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 3110-46.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. @Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on side hill sites. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 49 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Table 3110-49.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western wheatgrass Heavy soils, Perennial, erect Caryopsis, May- Used as forage by many High value for live- Agropyron smithii alkali-tolerant sod-forming with Aug. manmals, seeds eaten stock Rydb. wide range of long slender by some birds 3111, 3112, 3112 moisture condition rhizomes Bluebunch wheatgrass Dry soils Tufted to 3 ft tall Caryopsis, June- Agropyron spicatum duly ursh) Seribn. & Smith 31 Ragweed Dry rocky prairies, To 3 ft tall, erect Flowers, Aug.-Oct., Seeds eaten by turkey Causes hayfever Ambrosia psilostachya hills, pastures, round ellipitcal OC. disturbed soil 3113 Serviceberry Thickets, borders Stoloniferous and Pome, available | Fruit eaten by grouse; Deep spreading root Amelanchier alnifolia of woods and banks colonial shrub, July-Sept. browsed by white-tailed system Nutt. of streams to 20 ft tall deer 3111, 3113 Big bluestem Dry soils and open Erect perennial, to Caryopsis, abun- Seeds, leaves and Andropogon gerardii woods, in valleys, 6 ft tall, often dant crop of seed plants consumed by Vitm. ravines, slopes forms large tufts, produced annually songbirds, hoofed brow- 3113 and lower hill- with short, thick, sers, upland gamebirds sides scaly rhizomes Sand bluestem Sandhills and sandy Erect perennial, to Caryopsis, awn of Seeds eaten by song- Andropogon hallii soil 6 ft tall, with sessile spikelet, birds and upland game- Hack. creeping rhizomes rarely .2 in long birds; leaves and 3113 plants eaten by hoofed browsers Little bluestem Prairies, glades, Erect perennial, to Caryopsis, Sept.- Same as A. hallii Andropogon scoparius rocky open woods, 3 ft tall, free Oct. i Michx. sandy open ground, branching with short, 3111, 3112, 3113 waste places scaly rhizomes Red Three-awn Dry plains and Tufted perennial, Caryopsis, June- Seeds eaten by small Aristida longiseta foothills culms, to 1 ft July rodents Steud. tall 3111, 3112 Sand sagebrush + Sandy soils, Low shrub, to 3 Fruits, July-Oct. Foliage, flowers, May flavor milk of Artemisia filifolia waste places ft tall, branches twigs and seeds eaten grazing cattle disturbed soil erect, flower heads by Sage grouse, ante- silvery lope, mule deer Pasture sage Ory prainies, Woody base forking Available July- Plant eaten by sage a frigida plain§ and rocks into many crowns, Sept. grouse, antelope, mule flowering stems deer, white-tailed deer 31, 3112 slender, to 1.5 ft tall, heads nodding Prairie sage Prairies and Perennial, stem to Same as A. frigida Artemisia gnaphaloides river banks 2 ft tall i Nutt. 3112 Heath aster Open sites and Rhizomatous much Minute Relatively little value Aster ericoides plains branched, to 1.5 ft to wildlife U. Jong 3101, 3112 Milk-vetch Hillsides, open Mostly low herba- Pods, dehiscent Seeds eaten by game- — Possibly poisonous Astragalus spp. woods, arid slopes, ceous perennials, or indehiscent birds to limited to livestock U. 2,000-10,000 ft to 6 in extent 3113 Side-oats grama Limestone glades Perennial, in clumps, Caryopsis, July- Important food for Nutritious for live- Bouteloua curtipendula and rocky open- to 1.5 ft tall Sept. American bison stock Wichx.) Torr. ings in woodlands 3111, 3112, 3113 continued 50 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 Table 3110-49.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Blue grama Bouteloua gracilis (HBK.) Lag. ex Steud. 3111, 3112, 3113 Japanese brome Bromus japonicus Thunb. 3111, 3172, 3113 Downy brome Bromus tectorum U. 3112 Buffalo grass Buch loe dactyloides ‘(iutt.) Engelm. 3113 Big sandreed Calamovilfa gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr. 3111, 3112 Prairie sandreed Calamovilfa longifolia Hook. 3113 Needleleaf sedge Carex eleocharis Batley 3nnl, 3112 Threadleaf sedge Carex filifolia Nutt. 3112, 3113 Upland sedge Carex heliophila Mack. 3112, 3112 Common hackberry Celtis occidentalis L. 3111, 3112, 3113 Netleaf hackberry Celtis reticulata Sandbur Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth 3113 Rabbit brush Chrysothamnus nauseosus Prush) Britt. 3112, 3112 Erect dayf lower Commelina erecta ty. 3113 Horseweed Conyza ca Tey tro 3113 On hills and dis- turbed soil Fields, waste ground along dis- turbed soil, in- troduced Waste places and sandy soil In prairies and along roadsides on black calcar- eous clay loam Loose sand hills and active dunes Sandy soil Moist soils of marshes, meadows along shores, at all elevations Plains and ridges Upland prairies and plains Low woods and upland slopes, rocky barrens, sandy soil Low woods and up- land slopes, rocky barrens, sandy soil Sandy banks and waste places Hillsides and open areas Rocky open glades, waste places, dis- turbed soil SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Perennial, densely tufted, erect, 1.5 ft tall Erect, to 2 ft tall, broadly pyramidal, lower branches some- what drooping, winter annual Erect or spreading slender to 2 ft tall, tufted annual Stoloniferous peren- nial, blades to 4 in long, tufted Rhizomatous per- ennial, aerial culms erect to 7 ft tall Culms to 4.5 ft tall, stout Perennial herbs, sol- itary or clumped, stems triangular to round and hollow Culms, to 1 ft tall Culms, to 10 in high Tree or coarse shrub, to +90 ft tall Tree or coarse shrub, to 50 ft tall Erect or decumbent annual stem branch- ing to 3 ft long Shrub, to 3 ft high Caryopsis, July- Sept. Caryopsis, May- July Caryopsis Caryopsis Caryopsis, avail- able July-Sept. Achene, June-Aug. Minute Nutlet, June- Sept. Orupe, purple blackstone .25 in long Drupe, purple- black Caryopsis, May- Oct. Achene, June-Aug. Annual, to 6 ft 06 in long tall, with bristly hairs continued Important food for American bison Seeds eaten by song- birds and rodents Seeds eaten by kanga- roo rat, large number of birds, smal] mammals Plants eaten by hoofed browsers; seeds eaten by a few songbirds Seeds eaten by water- fowl, marshbirds, song- birds; nesting cover for waterfowl Seeds eaten by water- fowl, upland gamebirds, songbirds, chipmunk ; browsed by white-tailed deer ‘ Fruit eaten by several species of songbirds; twigs used by deer Same as C. occidentalis Seeds eaten by few species of songbirds Plant eaten by white- tailed jackrabbit and antelope Withstands extreme drought; is plat- able and nutritious for livestock Valuable forage Soil builder in bogs and bays; aids in aging process of Jakes Large or small tree or low shrub vary- ing in respect to habitat May puncture the skin of grazing animals and decrease the value of sheeps wool 51 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Table 3110-49.2_ (Continued) Species Narrowleaf coreopsis Coreopsis lanceolata U. 33 Douglas hawthorn Crataegus douglasii UindT. 311 Texas croton Croton texensis [kTotzsch) 0. F. Muell. 3113 Plains larkspar Delphinium vir Nutt. 3113 Crabgrass Digitaria sanguinalis (L-Y Scop. 3113 Black Samson Echinacea angustifolia oc. 3112, 3113 Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli L.) Beauv. 3113 Canada wild rye Elymus canadensi 3113 Gummy lovegrass Eragrostis curtipedicellata juckT. 3113 Wild buckwheat Eriogonum spp. Michx. 311 Annual eriogonum Eriogonum annuum Nutt. 3113 Sulfur buckwheat Eriogonum umbellatum orr. 311 Spurge Euphorbia spp. L 313 Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis Elmer 311 Six-weeks fescue Festuca octoflora Walt 3112, 3113 Habitat Dry, sandy, gravelly or rocky soils Dry-moist, open areas of open woods Dry soils of prairies and plains Prairies, barrens and dry open woods Rocky open soil, waste and culti- vated ground intro- duced Prairies Cultivated areas, waste ground, ditches Rocky open woods, alluvial soils Plains, open woods and dry slopes \ Varied habitats Sandy soil Varies habitats, from sagebrush desert to alpine ridges Many different species occupying different sites Grassland and sage- brush desert to dry and rocky moun- tain slopes and meadows, up to 12,000 ft Ory sandy soil Form Fruit Perennial, stems, to 2.6 ft tall Achene, minute Shrub to small tree, thorns present, large Pome, Aug.-Sept., red, .5 in long Annual, to 2 ft tall, fork ing Capsule, .33 in in diameter Stem simple, erect, to 3 ft tall Seeds wingless Stout, annual, to 3 ft long, when prostrate rooting at joints Caryops is, Aug.- Sept., .09 in long Perennial, with taproot, stem, erect, to 2 ft tall Annual, culms stout, erect to decumbent, to 3 ft tall Caryopsis, avail- able, June-Oct. Erect, perennial with short rhizomes Caryopsis Perennial, tufted erect, to 3 ft tall Caryopsis, July- Oct., .03 in long Perennials 1-2 ft tall Available usually July-Oct. Annual, to 3 ft high, irregularly branching Perennial, from taproot, to 1 ft tall, freely branch- ing crown, prostrate Mostly herbs less than 4 ft tall Perennial grass, Caryopsis, awns truly casespitose, 2-5 mm non-rhizomatous , basal leaves, .5-3.5 Ft high Usually tufted, Caryopsis stems to 1.3 ft tall continued General wildlife use Fruit eaten by upland gamebirds, songbirds, raccoon Seeds eaten by several species of songbirds, quail, dove, small mammals Seeds occasionally eaten by songbirds Seeds eaten by water- fowl Seeds eaten by song- birds and some smal} mamma 1s Seeds eaten by song- birds Plant of moderate food value to wildlife Seeds eaten by song- birds Seeds eaten by few species of birds Seeds and foliage eaten by several species of wildlife Plant eaten by mountain sheep Notes Possibly the most problematic genus in North America; from 100-1,500 named species Poisonious to cattle Forms mats up to 2 ft broad 52 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Broom snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby 3111, 3112, 3113 Sunf lower Helianthus spp. T. 3111, 3112, 3113 Sunf lower Helianthus annuus L. 3113 Prairie sunflower Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. 3111, 3113 Juniper Juniperus spp. L 3n2 Kochia Kochia scoparia L.) Schrad. 3113 Prairie junegrass Koeleria cr L.) Pers. 3111, 3113 Bladderpod Lesquerella spp. Wats. 3113 Gay-feather Liatris spp. Dotted gay-feather Liatris punctata Hook. 31, 3112 Sandhi11 muhly Muhlenbergia pungens hurb. 3113 Plains prickly pear Opuntia polycantha Haw 3112, 3113 Indian rice-grass Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & ShuTt Ricker 3113 Usually on calcar- eous soils Different species occupying a wide variety of sites Low meadows, cul- tivated ground waste places Sandy soil Open woods to dry hills, mountain valleys, to open rocky slopes, sea level to alpine areas Dry pastures and rangeland Sagebrush desert, prairies and open forest to subal- pine ridges; mostly on sandy to rocky soil Different species require a variety of site conditions Calcareous uplands Sandhills and badlands Plains and prairies Deserts and plains, medium altitudes SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Shrublet, to 3 ft tall, much branched Coarse, stout herbs, to 14 or more ft tall Stem coarse, to 15 ft tall, branched or unbranched Stem to 10 ft tall Prostrate and trail- ing-branched, shrub to small tree, to 20 ft tall Annual, much branched to 6 ft tall, growing from a taproot Perennial grass, usually tufted, -5-2.5 ft high Annual or tufted perennial herbs, mostly less than 1 ft tall Perennial herbs from underground corms Stems numerous, to 2.5 ft tall Perennial, with creeping root- stock, stems to 1.3 ft tall Stem prostrate Culms densely tufted, to 2 ft tall Achene, small Achene, available toward autumn Flattened oval seed usually striped light and dark gray, avail- able July-Nov. Achene, June-Oct. Berry, available Sept., persistant all year Seed .06 in long oval, flattened Caryops is Pods Achene Achene, small Caryopsis, July- Aug. Oval, dry, spin- ulose, tol in Tong Caryopsis continued Seeds eaten by a few species of birds; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by dove, quail, many species of songbirds, squirrel Outstanding wildlife value in prairies; seeds eaten by many species of gamebirds, songbirds, smal] mam- mals; plant eaten by deer Same as H. annuus Fruit eaten by several species of birds, in- cluding grouse, quail, pheasant; browsed by white-tailed deer Forage for mule deer Plant eaten slightly by pronghorn antelope Same as Liatris spp. Plant eaten by big game Fruit eaten by small rodents Intolerent of shade Drought resistant, serious weed in agriculture 49 Table 3110-49.2 (Continued) 53 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Table 3110-49.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Switchgrass Moist or dry prair- Erect, perennial with Caryopsis, July- Seeds eaten by a large Panicum virgatum je, usually sunny, large scaly rhizomes Sept. variety of birds and L open wet or dry mammals 3113 Sand paspalum Faspal um stramineum Nas! 3113 Penstemon Penstemon spp. Mitch. 3112, 3113 Purple prairie clover Petalostemum purpureum Vent.) Rydb. 3111, 3112 Silky prairie clover Petalostemum villosum jutt. 3113 Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Doug?. ex Loud. 3111, 3112 Knotweed Polygonum aviculare U 3112, 3113 Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides chx.. 31 Chickasaw plum Prunus angustifolia Marsh. 3113 Western choke-cherry Prunus virginiana U 3ili, 3112, 3113 Silverleaf scurf pea Psoralea argophylla ursh 31 Lemon scurf pea Psoralea lanceolata urs! 3113 Slimf lower scurf pea Psoralea tenuiflora ursh 3111 Gambel oak Quercus gambelii Nutt. 3113 woods moist seepage, gravel bars, etc. Ory, sand slopes, open woods, along springs Dry moist, open areas, roadsides Perennial, branched at woody base, stems to 3 ft tall Sandy hills and prairies Lower levels gener- ally, mostly where rather dry, often in open, pure stands Disturbed soil, gardens, and wet areas Widely distributed in coniferous for- est above 6,500 ft Thickets, fields, disturbed soil and prairie streams Rich often north facing slopes, fence rows, road- sides Ory prairies Sandy plains A variety of site conditions through- out the range Ory, well-drained, sun, hillsides and tablelands Erect, to 3 ft tall, yellowish-green Caryopsis, June- Oct. Herbaceous perennial, often in small clumps flowers tube-like Capsule, July- Aug. Legume, June-July Stem.to 2 ft tall, soft-downy a1] over Short pods, July- Sept. Cones 3-5.5 in long, Aug.-Spet. Evergreen tree, up to 220 ft high, bark thick and plate-like in mature trees Prostrate to upright, annual Achene, 0.1 in long Tree, slender crown, 20-80 ft Cottony cap- sules, early spring Shrub, to 12 ft tall .75 in diameter, June-July, stone plump Shrub to small tree, to 30 ft tall Purplish, cherry, July-Oct. Stem, to 2 ft tall, silvery silky white throughout Legume, available June-Aug. Stem, to 1.5 ft tall Pod, May-Aug. Perennial with long rootstock, stem, to 2 ft tall Smal} legume Shrub, to 10 ft tall Acorn, annual continued Seeds eaten by a vari- ety of birds; browsed by some mammals Seeds eaten by ground squirrels Seeds eaten by many species of birds; browsed by white-tailed and mule deer Seeds eaten by many upland game and song- birds Great aesthetic value in fall, sprouts from cut roots Seeds eaten by game- birds and songbirds; browsed by rabbit, squirrel, deer Fruit eaten by fox; forms thickets useful for shelter and pro- tection Fruit eaten by upland gamebirds and song- birds Seeds eaten by several species of birds and ground squirrels CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie 49 Table 3110-49.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bur oak Ory upland soils, Tree, to 80 ft tall, Acorn, to 1.5 in Same as Q. gambelii Drought resistant Quercus macrocarpa or low woods on broad crown long Michx. acid soils 3111, 3112, 3113 Prairie conef lower Open, usually cal- Erect, branching, Ratibida columnifera careous soils to 3.5 ft tall (Sims) 0. Don 3112, 3113 Fragrant sumac Ory, well-drained Rambling shrub, to Fruits small red Fruit eaten by many Thicket forming Rhus aromatica sites in sun or 10 ft tall hairy drupe, species of birds shrub Ait. shade available July- 3111, 3112, 3113 Aug. Squawbush Along streams, in Aromatic decid- Berrylike, Mar.- Browsed by deer Rhus trilobata canyons, on slopes uous shrub, 2-7 ft June Nutt. in chaparral, 3113 2,502-7,500 ft, sun Gooseberry Dry hills Low scraggling shrub, Fruit to 0.3 in Ribes i to 3 ft tall diameter, May-July Lind] 3113 Wild rose Various, dry, Shrubs to 8 ft, Achene, July-Nov. Fruit eaten by upland Fruits available in Rosa spp. wet open fields leaves stipulate, enclosed in an gamebirds; browsed by winter; the "hip" 7 or deep woods stems mostly with hypanthium ("hip") white-tailed deer is high in vitamin 3111 prickers c Collins thistle Waste places, Annual, to 3 ft tall, Coiled, scattered Seeds eaten by birds; Salsola collina cropland, dis- reproducing by seed, by wind, moderate plant eaten by prairie t. turbed soil profusely branched, size dogs and occasionally 3111, 3112 mature leaves form- by hoofed browser ing short pricles at tip Russian thistle Disturbed areas, | Annual herb, repro- Seed winged, Plant eaten by white- Salsola iberica roadsides, ditch- ducing by seed, available Aug.- tailed prairie dogs hs banks, etc. bushy stems, to winter 3111, 3112 4.5 ft tall Yellow bristlegrass Weedy and waste Annual, tufted, Caryopsis Seeds eaten by many Setaria lutescens places culms erect, to species of songbirds ~ T. Hubb. 4 ft tall 3113 Green bristlegrass Disturbed soil Tufted annual, culms Caryopsis Same as S. lutescens. Setaria viridis to 12 ft tall L.) Beauv. 3111, 3112, 3113 Squirreltail (bottle- Desert slopes to Tufted, erect per- Stiffly awned A preferred forage brush squirreltai1) subalpine meadows ennial grass, 6-28 | grain, year round Sitanion hystrix in depending on hab- Nutt. itat 3111, 3112, 3113 Indian-grass Open places Perennial, to 8 ft Planted for forage Sorghastrum nutans tall, from scaly L-) Nash rhizomes 3113 Scarlet globe mallow Caliche outcrops Taprooted perennial, Plant eaten by white- Sphaeralcea coccinea and gypsum on stems, to 1.5 ft tailed prairie dogs, Turshy Rydb. breaks, plains Jong antelope, bighorn 3111, 3113 and hills sheep Sand dropseed Sandy soils, less Tufted perennial, Caryopsis Plant eaten by American Sporobolus cryptandrus frequent on finer, culms, to 3 ft long bison; seeds eaten by ‘orr.) Gray disturbed soil several species of song- 311, 3112 birds Needle-and-thread Prairies and Tufted perennial, Caryopsis, May- Stipa comata grassy dry slopes culms erect, to July rin, & Rupr. 3.5 ft tall 3111, 3112, 3113 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 55 49 PROVINCE 3110 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie Table 3110-49.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Green needlegrass Dry to moist, deep Erect, tufted Caryopsis Stipa viridula fertile soil perennial rin. 3112, 3113 Common snowberry Ory, well-drained, Erect, branching Berry, available Fruit eaten by several Forms thickets Symphoricarpos albus moist, sun and shrub, to 6 ft year round species of gamebirds on Blake shade, thickets, tall, leaves ellip- and songbirds; browsed 3111, 3112, 3113 woodlands and open tic with irregular by white-tailed and slopes, lowlands teeth mule deer to moderate ele- vations Western snowberry Ory, well-drained, Stoloniferous shrub, Symphoricarpos sun to 3 ft tall occidentalis ool 3111, 3112, 3113 Eastern grama grass Swales, moist Erect, to over 8 ft Caryopsis, June- Tripsacum dactyloides fields, borders of tall Sept. Ll. woods, and shores 3113 Large-bracted verbena Waste places, Annual or perennial, Nutlet Verbena bracteata prairies and stem, to 1.5 ft tall Michx. plains 3112, 3113 Yucca Dry sandy sites Stems, woody, to Seeds small Yucca spp. 10 ft tall Ll. 3111 56 CHAPTER 2 50 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland The Palouse Grassland Province extends in a semicircle from central Washington east and south to western Idaho, and south and west to north central Oregon. It is mostly untimbered grassland frequently surrounded by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or lodgepole pine. The Palouse Grassland Province borders on the Pacific Forest (Province M2410) in the northwest; on the N N Location of province S within the United States Figure 50.1 Province 3120, Palouse Grassland SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland 50 Columbia Forest (Province M2110) in the northeast; on the Rocky Mountain Forest (Province M3110) in the southwest; and on the Intermountain Sagebrush (Province 3130) in the west. Species listed for the Palouse Grassland reflect the strong influences of surrounding provinces. Characteristic species of the Palouse Grassland include bunchgrasses of the fescue and wheatgrass groups and an abundance of forbs and herbs. Trees include ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or lodgepole pine at moderate elevations; and alpine fir or whitebark pine at higher elevations. Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary State boundary 57 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland Table 3120-50.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Palouse Grassland Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Festuca Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Wheatgrass--fescue communities) Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis Phlox longifolia Achillea millefolium Agropvron spicatum — Astragalus spaldingii romus tectorum Draba verna Epilobium paniculatum estuca idahoensis Festuca microstachys Holosteum umbeT Tatum Lactuca serriola Lithophragma bulbifera Lomatium triternatum Microseris troximoides PTantago patagonica Poa sandbergii Tragopogon ob: us (Sagebrush--fescue communities) Bromus tectorum Cheat Festuca microstachys Artemisia tripartita Plantago patagonica Nuttall's fescue Three-tip sagebrush Indian wheat Achillea millefolium Agropyron spicatum rodiaea douglasii Bromus tectorum CaTochortus macrocarpus Carex filifolia ColVinsia parviflora Draba verna i Epilobium paniculatum Festuca idahoensis Festuca microstachys Koeleria cristata Tactuca serriola Lithophragma bulbifera a Tuderale omatium triternatum Lupinus sericeus Microseris troximoides Microsteris gracilis Montia linearis Plantago patagonica ‘oa sandbergii Stipa occidentalis Tragopogon dubius gadenus venenosus (Wheatgrass--bluegrass community) Bromus tectorum Cheat microstachys Festuca octofTora continued Nuttall's fescue Ejight-flowered fescue Chrysothamnus nauseosus “yar, albieaults Phlox longifolia Achillea millefolium od Spicatum alsamorhiza careyana Bromus tectorum Draba verna Erigeron pumilus Whitestem gray rabbit brush Longleaf phlox Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Spalding's milk-vetch Cheat Vernal draba Autumn willowweed Idaho fescue Nuttall's fescue Jagged chickweed Prickly lettuce Slender fringecup Nineleaf lomatium False agoseris Indian wheat Sandberg bluegrass Yellow salsify Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Douglas' brodiaea Cheat Green-banded mariposa lily Threadleaf sedge Littleflower collinsia Vernal draba Autumn willowweed Longleaf fleabane Idaho fescue Nuttall's fescue Prairie junegrass Prickly lettuce Slender fringecup Western gromwell Nineleaf lomatium Silky lupine False agoseris Pink microsteris Narrow-leaved montia Indian wheat Sandberg bluegrass Western needlegrass Yellow salsify Meadow deathcamas Whitestem gray rabbit brush Longleaf phlox Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Carey's balsamroot Cheat Vernal draba Shaggy daisy 58 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland 50 Table 3120-50.1 (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Wheatgrass--bluegrass commu: Continued Lesser vegetation -- Festuca microstachys Festuca octoflora Nuttall's fescue (Continued) Eight-flowered fescue Holosteum umbeTlatum Jagged chickweed Lactuca serriola jola Prickly lettuce Lomatium macrocarpum Bigseed lomatium Plantago patagonica Indian wheat Poa sandheray) Sandberg bluegrass Tragopogon dubius Yellow salsify (Fescus--snowberry community) Low shrubs Rosa nutkana Nootka rose Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Rosa woods ti Symphoricarpos albus Achillea millefolium Agropyron spicatum alsamorhiza sagittata Besseya rubra Brodiaea douglasii Bromus japonicus — Castilleja Tutescens Collinsia parviflora Draba verna Epilobium paniculatum Festuca idahoensis Geranium viscosiss imum Geum triflorum Hap Babee jatriformis HeTianthella uniflora Hieracium albertinum Iris missouriensis Koeleria cristata Lactuca serriola Lithophragma bulbifera Lithophragma parviflora Lithospermum ruderale Lomatium dissectum m triternatum Lupinus sericeus Microsteris gracilis Montia Tinearis Poa a Potentilla gracilis Senecio integerrimus Stellaria nitens Tigadenus venenosus Woods' rose Common snowberry Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Arrowleaf balsamroot Red besseya Douglas’ brodiaea Japanese brome Yellow paintbrush Littleflower collinsia Vernal draba Autumn willowweed Idaho fescue Sticky geranium Three-f lowered avens Palouse haplopappus False sunflower Western hawkweed Western iris Prairie junegrass Prickly lettuce Slender fringecup Smal1-f lowered fringecup Western gromwell Lace-leaved lomatium Nineleaf lomatium Silky lupine Pink microsteris Narrow-leaved montia Merrill's bluegrass Beauty cinquefoil Western groundsel Shining chickweed Meadow deathcamas 59 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland Table 3120-50.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Palouse Grassland Species Western yarrow Achillea millefolium L Bluebunch wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum Burch Scribn. & Smith Three-tip sagebrush Artemisia tripartita Rydb Spalding's milk-vetch Astragalus spaldingii Gray Carey's balsamroot Balsamorhiza careyana ray Arrowleaf balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata Pursh.) Nutt. Red besseya Besseya rubra jougl.) Rydb. Douglas’ brodiaea Brodiaea douglasii Wats. Japanese brome Bromus japonicus hunb . Cheat Bromus tectorum L. Green-banded mariposa lily Calochortus macrocarpus Doug Threadleaf sedge Carex filifoli Nutt. 60 Habitat Circumpolar, com- mon, variable and not fully under- stood Widespread Dry plains and hills but usually on moister sites than big sagebrush Grassland and sage- brush desert, xerophytic areas Dry plains east of Cascade Mountains Widespread in low- land to mid-eleva- tion in mountains Open slopes and dry meadows in foothills and low- lands on the east slopes of Cascade Mountains Grassland and sage- brush desert to Ponderosa pine woodlands Weed of roadside or wasteland, gen- erally east of Cascade Mountains Common in waste or disturbed (es- pecially overgrazed) areas throughout the Province Arid regions east of Cascade Moun- tains Ory site species, often with sage- brush, plains to lower valleys, only occasionally in high mountains Form Aromatic perennial herb, stems 1-3 ft, leaves slender Perennial grass, rhizomatous, spikes loose, stems 1.5-3.5 ft Aromatic shrub, .5-2 ft, leaves deeply cleft and persistent Perennial herb; -5-1.5 ft, stems slender from a freely branched woody base, plant densely villous- tomentose Herbaceous peren- nial Perennial herb, dense and softly hairy, leaves large Fibrous rooted, perennial herb, 1-1.5 ft, erect leafy stems Perennial scabrous herbs with deep- seated corms, leaves 1-5, linear, greatly elongated Introduced annual grass, culms slen- der, 1.5-2.5 ft Annual grass, culms -5-3.5 ft Perennial herb, 1-2.5 ft Densely tufted, stiffly erect, sedge, 3-12 in, leaf blades very narrow Fruit Achenes Caryopsis, awn- less to strongly and divergent ly awned, lemmas glabrous or pub- erulent Glabrous achene Pod, short, dense white-woolly, us- ually 1-seeded Achene, 4-angled without a pappus Achenes without Pappus Capsule with many seeds Capsule Caryopsis, lemmas broad, awns spreading Caryopsis, lemmas narrow, awns rough Capsule, elongated, 3-angled, about 2 in long Achene, perigynia about 3 mm long, abruptly tapering to a very short beak continued General wildlife use Sage-scented leaves are eaten by a few wildlife species Forage for wildlife Foliage and flower clusters constitute most of the diet of the sage grouse; a primary food source for mule deer, furn- ishes cover for smaller desert ani- mals Seeds eaten by game- birds and rodents; big game forage to a limited extent Plants eaten by deer Plants eaten by deer Seeds eaten by a num- ber of songbirds, gamebirds, rodents; leaves are consumed by ungulates Same as B. japonicus Quail eat seeds Achenes eaten by many kinds of birds and rodents; provides cover for many wild- life species; also provides nesting cov- er for some birds Notes Considered one of the most valuable native range grasses Sprouts freely after fire; tolerates alkaline soils Many milk-vetch species are poison- ous to livestock Easily cultivated; bulb used as food by gophers and birds in other areas Perhaps the most common of all grasses in the area CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland 50 Table 3120-50.2 (Continued) Species Yellow paintbrush Castilleja lutescens (Greenm.) Rydb. Mhitestem gray rabbit brush Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis (Nutt.) Rydb. Littleflower collinsie Collinsia parviflora UindT. Vernal draba Oraba verna Ct. Autumn wil lowweed Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. ex T. & G. Longleaf fleabane Erigeron corymbosus Nutt. Shaggy daisy Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Desert buckwheat Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt. Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis Elmer’ Nutall's fescue Festuca microstachys Nutt. Eight-flowered fescue Festuca octof lora Walt. Sticky geranium Geranium viscosissimum FL aM. Three-f lowered avens Geum triflorum Pursh. Habitat Low, dry grass- lands and wood- lands, 1,000- 5,500 ft elevation Common and wide- spread in arid regions Widespread in areas that are moist in the spring Open grassy plains to sagebrush des- ert and lower mountains; common Mostly on dry soil in open to wooded areas; often in Ponderosa pine woodlands; common Open, dry places, often with sage- brush Widespread east of Cascade Moun- tains Loamy to rocky places from sage- brush desert to Ponderosa pine forest and moun- tain ridges, up to 6,000 ft Grassland and sagebrush desert to dry and rocky mountain slopes and meadows, up to 12,000 ft Desert and wood- land or foothill forests, often weedy Dry, open ground, mainly east of Cascade Mountains Meadows east of Cascade Moun- tains Moister spots from sagebrush plains and desert foot- hills to subalpine ridges Form Perennial herb, few to several stems clustered on a stout woody caudex, 1-2.5 ft Branched shrub, 1.5- 6.5 ft, alternate, sessile leaves Slender annual, often decumbent or reclining, 4-16 in high Annual herb, leaves al] in a basal rosette, scape 2-6 in high Tall, annual herb, 1-8 ft, usually copiously branched, leaves linear Perennial herb, .5-1.5 ft high, stems slender, mostly erect Perennial herb with stems clustered on a woody base; 4-12 in high, 1-many heads Perennial herb, stem shrubby, loosely branched, prostrate or decum- bent, 4-20 in long Perennial grass, truly caespitose, non-rhizomatose, basal leaves .5- 3.5 ft high Annual grass; culms slender, erect, 4-16 in high Annual grass, some- what tufted, slen- der, 6-12 in high Perennial herb, usually closely clustered, 12-20 in high Perennial herb, 2-30 in high Fruit Capsule, narrow with many seeds Achene, summer- fall, pappus of many capillary bristles Capsule with many seeds Silique long and narrow Capsule, seeds at least 1 mm Achene with pappus bristles Achene with scant whitish pappus Achene Caryopsis, awns 5 mm, lemmas strongly inroled and rigid Caryopsis, awn usually longer than the body, lemmas appressed pubescent 10-12 mm long Caryopsis, lemmas glabrous to scab- rous Capsule, several to many seeded Achenes in a prom- inant receptacle continued General wildlife use Slight ungulate forage Seed heads and foliage are consumed by wild- life, especially rab- bits and ungulates Valuable browse for ungulates; seeds eaten by some smal] mammals Highly preferred sum- mer forage for ungu- lates Same as E. corymbosus Seeds and other parts are moderately impor- tant to birds; grazing value slight Seeds and foliage are considered valuable to wildlife, particularly deer and gopher Same as F. idahoensis Seeds and foliage are considered valuable to wildlife, including mule deer; seeds are commonly eaten by birds Seeds eaten by birds and rodents Seeds may be eaten by some gamebirds Notes Provides useful cov- er in otherwise open areas Introduced Potentially bad weeds, valuable honey plants for bee keepers SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 50 Table 3120-50.2 (Continued) PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Palouse haplopappus Hap lopappus liatriformis Greene) St. John False sunflower Helianthella uniflora Nutt.) T. & G. Western hawkweed ieracium alber: Farr num Jagged chickweed Holosteum umbel1atum T. Western iris Iris missouriensis Nutt. Prairie junegrass Koeleria cristata ers Prickly lettuce Lactuca serriola v. Slender fringecup Lithophragma bulbifera Rydb. Smal1-f lowered fringecup Lithophragma parviflora Hook. J Nutt. ex T.& 6G. Western gromwell Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm. Lace-leaved lomatium Lomatium dissectum Nutt.) Math. & Const. Bigseed lomatium Lomatium magrocarpum Nutt.) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf lomatium Lomatium triternatum Pursh.) Coult. & Rose Silky lupine Lupinus sericeus Pursh. CHAPTER 2 Grassy hillsides and prairies of Palouse region Hillsides and open woods, east of Cascade Moun- tains Widespread, wood Common weed, intro- duced Common, especially in sagebrush des- ert to Ponderosa pine forests, in wet meadows and streambanks Sagebrush desert, prairies, and open forest to subalpine ridges, mostly on sandy to rocky soils European weed of fields and waste places Grassy hillsides and sagebrush desert to Ponder- osa pine and Doug- las-fir forests Sagebrush desert and grasslands to lower montane for- est, in hoist places Fairly dry places up to mid-elevation in mountains Open, often rocky slopes and dry meadows, lowland to midmountain Open, rocky hills and plains, scarce- ly montane Open slopes and meadows, dry to fairly moist soil, lowland to mid-montane Sagebrush desert to lower montane forest Tall, perennial herb Leafy-stemmed per- ennial herb with a few or solitary, rather large heads, taprooted, 1.5-3 ft Large perennial herb, stems mostly solitary, stout and 1-2 ft high Erect annual herb, branched at base, 4-10 in high Perennial herb with linear, chiefly basal leaves, stout stems, 1-2 ft Perennial grass, usually tufted, -5-2.5 ft Leafy stemmed herb, 1-5 ft Perennial herb, 5-15 ft Perennial herb, slender, .5-1.5 ft Perennial herb, tap- rooted, stems clus- tered .5-2 ft, stout Perennial herb, robust, 1.5-10 ft Perennial herb, .5-1.5 ft, large, fleshy taproot Perennial herb, 1-2.5 ft, fleshy taproot Perennial herb, stem erect, stout freely branching, 1-2.5 ft Achenes, pappus of many bristles, Aug. -Sept. Achenes, flat, 2-awned Achenes strongly ribbed, pappus bristles fine Many seeded cap- sule, 5-7 mm Capsule Caryopsis, glumes and lemmas about equal Achene with a fil- iform beak, pappus white Capsule 3-peaked, seeds about .5 mm Capsule 3-peaked, seeds about .5 mm 4 nutlets, smooth, 5-6 mm Dry schizocarp, 8-18 mm long Dry schizocarp, 10-20 mm Dry schizocarp, glabrous, 9-13 mm long Pod, flattened, 1-1.5 in long, hairy, seeds 4+ continued Leaves may be eaten by some gamebirds Large, nutritious seeds eaten by gamebirds, songbirds, rodents Hairy basal leaves eaten by several wild- life species May provide nectar for hummingbirds Forage for elk and mule deer Seeds are occasionally eaten by wildlife; flowers eaten by game- birds Gamebirds may eat seeds Seeds eaten by some gamebirds Seeds eaten by some gameb irds Same as L. dissectum Seeds are valuable to several upland game- birds Some species are poisonous to live- stock PROVINCE 3120 Palouse Grassland 50 Table 3120-50.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes False agoseris Dry, open places Perennial herb, Achene, 7-8 mm Flowers eaten by blue Microseris troximoides in foothills and basal leaves long, pappus of — grouse Gray lowlands 10-30 very slender scales, early summer Pink microsteris Moist places, Annual herb, to Capsule, globose, Microsteris gracilis generally in foot- 1 ft high, stem 3-seeded look.) Greene hills and lowlands usually erect Narrow-leaved montia Lowlands to foot- Annual herb, 2-8 Capsule with 1-3 Montia linearis hills where dry in, stems erect black and shining Dougl.) Greene or moist or decumbent seeds, 1.5-2 mm Longleaf phlox Ory, often rocky Perennial herb, Capsule Nectar used by humming- Phlox longifolia places from low- 2-16 in, hairy birds; browsed by mule Nutt. land to mid or deer but of little value occasionally high elevation in mountains Indian wheat Common east of Annual herb, Capsule, top Seeds eaten by many Plantago patagonica Cascade Mountains woolly, inflor- deciduous, 2- birds; leaves are a Jacq. escence a spike seeded favorite food of rab- bit; rodents eat the seeds freely Merrill's bluegrass Sagebrush areas, Perennial grass, Caryops is Seeds eaten by several Great value as Poa ampla often where basal leaves .5- kinds of songbirds and range forage Tt. alkaline 1mm wide, upper rodents; leaves grazed leaves 1-2.5 mm by rabbit and big game Sandberg bluegrass Desert or dry Perennial grass, Caryopsis, seeds Same as P. ampla Poa sandbergii exposed areas in 2.5-3 ft in panicle Great value as Vasey lower mountains range forage Beauty cinquefoil Grassland and Perennial herb, Achene Eaten by upland game- Potentilla gracilis moist areas in Jess than 15 in birds, songbirds and lougT. ex Hook. deserts to sub- smal] mammals to some alpine meadows extent Nootka rose Wooded or moist Woody vine Berry-like, Achenes and hips impor- Rosa nutkana areas, often mon- achenes enclosed tant to upland game- Pres 1 tane within fleshy birds in winter, fruits, hypanthium twigs and foliage eaten by mammals and especial- ly by hoofed browsers; thickets excellent nest ing and protective cov- er for gamebirds and songbirds Woods' rose Mostly of low- Woody vine, 3 Berry-like, Same as R. nutkana Rosa woodsii lands and hills ft long achenes enclosed CindT. within fleshy hypanthium Western groundsel Widespread in Perennial herb Achenes, Sept. Senecio integerrimus open places with short-lived Nutt. crown Shining chickweed Gravelly, meadows Annual herb Many seeded Common Stellaria nitens to grassy hill- capsule jutt. sides, often where moist Western needlegrass Grassland and Caespitose, peren- Caryopsis Seeds important for Injurious to live- Stipa occidentalis sagebrush desert nial grass songbirds and rodents; stock hurb. ex Wats. to subalpine for- foliage consumed by ests and ridges hoofed browsers Common snowberry Widespread species Erect shrub, 3-6.5 Nutlets, 4-5 mm Seeds important food, ogee albus of thickets, woods ft especially for sharp- . ake and open slopes, tailed and spruce from lowland to grouse; foliage and mid-elevations twigs eaten extensive- ly by deer; nesting cover for gamebirds, rabbit, other animals continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 63 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3120-50.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat From Yellow salsify Tragopogon dubius also on relatively herb Scop. little-disturbed sites Meadow deathcamas Sagebrush slopes Zigadenus venenosus and montane for- Wats. ests in exposed places tunicated bulbs Widespread, often Taprooted, biennial Perennial herb with Fruit General wildlife use Notes Achene Introduced weed One of the most vir- ulent_stock-poison- ing plants Membranous to leathery capsule 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush SECTION 3131 SAGEBRUSH—WHEATGRASS SECTION 3132 LAHONTAN SALTBUSH—GREASEWOOD SECTION 3133 GREAT BASIN SAGEBRUSH SECTION 3134 BONNEVILLE SALTBUSH—GREASEWOOD SECTION 3135 PONDEROSA SHRUB FOREST The sections listed above contain essentially the same major biotic communities and are treated here as a single unit in an effort to reduce unnecessary repetition. These sections, which include much of Nevada and western Utah, are characterized by narrow to quite broad valleys and basins of Great Basin desertscrub at elevations of 3500 to 6000 feet. These broad expanses of high desert are broken by numerous mountain ranges commonly 10,000 feet, but often greater than 12,000 feet in elevation. The gradient in annual precipitation ranges from as little as 4 inches in the lower valleys to 30 inches on the tops of mountains only a few miles away. This precipitation gradient, coupled with temperature and edaphic and topographic features, is reflected in the density, growth form, and species composition of the vegetation. Many highly saline playas in the lower basins are completely devoid of vegetation except along their perimeters. Although the biotic communities of this region vary slightly latitudinally, they progress altitudinally from Great Basin saltwater marshland at the lower limits up through Great Basin desertscrub to conifer woodland and montane chaparral to subalpine conifer forest. The current understanding of succession in many southwestern plant communities is based largely on studies of fire and habitat manipulation by the U.S. Forest Service. In most of these communities the species revegetating an area after fire, clearing, or other disturbance are usually the same species present in the climax community. Early and late successional species 64 are therefore not generally differentiated within these communities. Succession rarely occurs in desert communities (Shreve 1925; Lowe 1959). In chaparral communities, the dominant shrub species demonstrate strong crown sprouting characteristics which generally make them resistant to fire and other disturbance (Pond 1971; Pase and Lindenmuth 1971). The result is a gradual ascendance of pre-fire (predisturbance) species rather than a series of vegetational replacements (Hanes 1970). Removal of overstory species in woodland communities (junipers, oaks, and pinyon pines) generally results in an increase in the abundance of herbaceous and shrub species associated with the climax community (Cary 1971; Cary et al. 1974). Removal of tree overstory species in montane conifer forest also results in an increase in native herbaceous and shrub species with junipers occasionally revegetating the drier, warmer sites. Ponderosa pine is sometimes an early colonizer on wetter, cooler sites. Many mixed conifer associations seem to have been initiated, in part, by wildfires (Jones 1973). Following fire, the first stages of revegetation commonly include forbs, trembling aspen, or Gambel oak. Fire and other clearing often stimulates the sprouting of trembling aspen (Patton and Avant 1970). Ponderosa pine occasionally revegetates burned areas. The communities described are generally represented as either climatic or edaphic climax associations. Major differences in soil moisture normally do not occur, and when present usually result in different biotic communities. Species occurring on wet or dry soils have therefore not been differentiated. Great Basin Saltwater Marshland Such marshlands occur commonly in highly saline basins which receive enough water to maintain an aquatic condition and prevent conversion to a dry playa. This community is most common and best represented in the Bonneville Basin of Section 3134 (e.g., Great Salt Lake and its Bear River marshes). Great Basin Desertscrub This desertscrub community is typically dominated by low growing shrubs. Cronquist et al. (1972) divide it into a shadscale subdivision and a sagebrush subdivision. These two associations are discussed separately because CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary N) WV Location of province State boundary within the United States Figure 51.1 Province 3130, Intermountain Sagebrush; Sections 3131, Sagebrush—Wheatgrass; 3132, Lahontan Saltbush— Greasewood; 3133, Great Basin Sagebrush; 3134, Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood; 3135, Ponderosa Shrub Forest SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 65 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush of their vegetative differences, and the large geographic areas they occupy. Shadscale subdivision — This subdivision is dominated by low, widely spaced, small-leaved shadscale shrubs which cover only about 10 percent of the ground area. Annual precipitation is generally from 3.5 to 7 inches. Within this area are several distinct plant communities, each controlled by differences in tolerance to soil salinity. For example, a shadscale—galleta grass association grows on relatively nonalkaline soils, whereas a greasewood association is an edaphically controlled halophytic one. As such, greasewood associations occur in the bottom of valléys in saline soils and around the margins of playas. Sagebrush subdivision — This subdivision occurs in an elevated region from about 5000 to almost 10,000 feet in some areas. The annual precipitation averages about 7 to 16 inches. Occupying a narrow to wide altitudinal belt on the rocky sides of mountains, this climatic climax often exclusively dominates broad valleys and lower foothills in the northern areas, being best developed on well-drained soils. It is composed of relatively large (2 to 6 feet high) shrubs covering 15 to 40 percent of the ground; big sagebrush is the common dominant species. Bunchgrasses are generally abundant, and it is believed that sagebrush has encroached on previous bunchgrass areas (particularly in Utah) following severe overgrazing (Christenson and Johnson 1964). Thickspike wheatgrass and Sandberg bluegrass are often the most common of these grasses and frequently codominate with sagebrush. Rocky Mountain and Great Basin Conifer Woodland This woodland consists of low evergreen trees which rarely exceed 30 feet in height (usually less than 20 feet), with an understory of varying admixtures of shrubs and 66 herbaceous plants. The elevational range of this community varies, but it is usually found between 5000 and 8000 feet where annual precipitation exceeds 12 inches (generally 12 to 20 inches). Dominant species include Utah juniper, singleleaf pinyon, Colorado pinyon, and mountain-mahogany. Montane Chaparral Montane chaparral generally occurs above the conifer woodland, usually above 7500 feet, but occasionally as low as 5500 feet. It is dominated by facultative brush forms of Gambel oak, western choke-cherry, mountain- mahogany, snowberry, or serviceberry, or mixtures of these. Montane chaparral tends to mix with conifer woodland and largely replaces it in some northern areas. An average annual precipitation of from 15 to 25 inches may be expected. Browse plants and grasses are scattered throughout or absent depending on range condition and density of the brush. Sagebrush is prevalent throughout. Rocky Mountain Subalpine Conifer Forest— Great Basin Fasciation This community is usually best developed between about 9500 feet elevation and timberline, about 10,500 feet. It is an open forest (woodland) with trees generally averaging 30 to 40 feet in height at the lower limits and forming a zone of stunted, shrublike growth at timberline. Within these three sections (3132, 3133, 3134), bristle-cone pine is usually the dominant species in the southern areas and limber pine in the northern areas. Annual precipitation generally averages greater than 16 inches. No treatment is given for the Great Basin alpine tundra since it only occurs on and near the peaks of a few of the highest mountains (greater than 11,000 feet) and it is unlikely that it would be included in any transmission line ROW. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.1 [3131CB] Selected Plant Species Common to the Sagebrush— Wheatgrass Section (Columbia Basin Region) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Big sagebrush--grassland communities) Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Artemisia tridentata Artemista tripartita Atriplex spinosa Chrysothannus viscidiflorus Tetradymia canescens Arenaria congesta hrysothamnus nauseosus ver. albtcaulis Erigeron filifolius rigeron linearis riogonum heracleoides rTogonum niveum riogonum strictum ox longifolia Achillea millefolium Agropyron spicatum intennarta Tinarpha Astragalus spaldingii BaTsamorhiza careyana Brodiaea douglastt Bromus tectorum TaTochortus macrocarpus Descurainia pinnata Draba verna EptTobtum paniculatum Er¥geron pumtTus Festuca ‘iSanoeneis Festuca microstachys Festuca octofTora Gitta minutiflora Tactuca serrtola Tapputa redowsktTi Linanthus pharnaceoides Tthophragma bulbifera Lithospermum ruderale TomatTum macrocarpum Lomatium triternatum Microseris troximotdes Microsteris gracilis Tyosurus aristatus antago patagonica oa castckTt Poa ‘sandbergii Sepa comata tipa thurberiana (Wheatgrass--bluegrass conmunities) Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis Phlox longifolia Achillea millefolium Agropyron spicatum alsamorhiza careyana Bromus tectorum Draba verna Erigeron ‘pumilus estuca microstachys Festuca octoflora HoTosteum umbel1atum Tactuca serrfola TomatTum macrocarpum Racrocarpum PTantago patagonica Poa ‘sandberatt Big sagebrush Three-tip sagebrush Spiny hop-sage Rabbit brush Gray horsebrush Dense-f lowered sandwort Whitestem gray rabbit brush Threadleaf fleabane Lineleaf fleabane Desert buckwheat Snowy eriogonum Desert buckwheat Long leaf phlox Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Low pussy's-toes Spalding's milk-vetch Carey's balsamroot Douglas’ brodiaea Cheat Green-banded mariposa lily Pinnate tansy mustard Vernal draba Autumn willowweed Shaggy daisy Idaho fescue Nuttall's fescue Eight-flowered fescue Small-flowered gilia Prickly lettuce Western stickseed Thread-stemmed linanthus Slender fringecup Western gromwell Bigseed lomatium Nineleaf lomatium False agoseris Pink microsteris Bristly mousetail Indian wheat Cusick bluegrass Sandberg bluegrass Needle-and-thread Thurber needlegrass Whitestem gray rabbit brush Longleaf phlox Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Carey's balsamroot Cheat Vernal draba Shaggy daisy Eight-flowered fescue Nuttall's fescue Jagged chickweed Prickly lettuce Bigseed lomat ium Indian wheat Sandberg bluegrass continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 67 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.1 [3131CB] (Continued) Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued (Bitterbrush--fescue communities) Growth form 68 Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis Eriogonum heracleoides Bromus tectorum Poa sandbergit Sitanion hystrix Stipa occidentatis Whitestem gray rabbit brush Desert buckwheat Cheat Sandberg bluegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Western needlegrass Purshia tridentata Eriogonum heracleoi Achillea millefolium Agropyron spicatum Antennaria rosea Balsamorhiza sagittata Brodtaea douglasii Bromus tectorum TolTinsia Tinearis ToTTinsta parviflora Crepts atrtbarba Bik ob: jobium paniculatum Ergeron corymbosus estuca idahoensis Hieracium cynogTossoides Koelerta cristata Uithophragma bulbifera icrosteris gracilis Poa anpla— Poa sandbergii (Specialized associations on lithosolic sites) Artemisia ridida Eriogonum compos itum Erfogonum douglastt riogonum microthecum Erfogonum niveum ogonum sphaerocephalue riogonum thymoides Allium acuminatum HapTopappus stenophy11us Tomatium dissectum entzeTia Taevicaulis. PhTox hoodii Physarta oregana Poa sandbergi¥ (Specialized associations on saline-alkali soils) Bassia hyssopifolia Five-hook bassia Sarcobatus vermiculatus Distichlis stricta Bitterbrush Desert buckwheat Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Rosy pussy's-toes Arrowleaf balsamroot Douglas’ brodiaea Cheat Narrow-leaved collinsia Littleflower collinsia Slender hawksbeard Autumn wil lowweed Longleaf fleabane Idaho fescue Houndstongue hawkweed Prairie junegrass Slender fringecup Pink microsteris Merrill's bluegrass Sandberg bluegrass Stiff sagebrush Northern buckwheat Douglas buckwheat Slenderbush eriogonum Snowy eriogonum Rock buckwheat Thyme buckwheat Onion Narrow-leaved haplopappus Lace-leaved lomatium Blazing-star Hood's phlox Oregon double bladderpod Sandberg bluegrass Greasewood Desert saltgrass grasses, forbs, mosses Bromus tectorum Cheat ymus cinereus Wild rye Lepidium perfoTiatum Yellow-f lowered —— peppergrass Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses (Specialized associations on grasslands) Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis Aristida longiseta Fou sandbergit SporoboTus cryptandrus (Speicalized associations on talus slopes) continued Amelanchier alnifolia Grayta spinosa Pritadeiphus lewisti Primus virgintana— Rosa spp- Bromus tectorum Whitestem gray rabbit brush Red three-awn Sandberg bluegrass Sand dropseed Serviceberry Spiny hop-sage Lewis mock orange Western choke-cherry Wild rose Cheat CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 SEARS RSS GON SITE LOAN SME Ma ee NEN ea le roo Table 3130-51.1 [3131CB] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued (Specialized associations on collovium and alluvium soils in canyons) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Celtis reticulata Rhus glabra Agropyron spicatum ristida longiseta Bromus tectorum Erodium circutar ium Sporobolus cryptandrus (Specialized associations on sand dunes) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses (Riparian) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Medium shrubs Common thistle Common tease1 Canada bluegrass Kentucky bluegrass Dandelion Lesser vegetation - Cirsium vulgare grasses, forbs, mosses Dipsacus sylvestris ‘oa compressa Poa pratensis araxacum officinale Juniperus scopulorum Artemisia tridentata Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis Achillea millefolium Agropyron sptcatum Descurainia pinnata E yous Flavescens fosteum umbeTlatum KoeTeria cristata Fees racilis OryzopsTs hymenotdes Poa sandbergit Psoralea lanceolata umex venosus Alnus rhombifolia AmeTanal pecTanchier alnifolia Crataegus coTumbiana rataegus douglastt PopuTus tremitoider Populus trichocarpa manus virgintaee Spiraea betulifolia jor icarpos albus ere al alpina lus aucus sata gies Geranium visco: viscosiss imum HeracTeum anatum HydrophyTTum Fendleri itis aissourfensis Potentilla gracili Urtica dioica Netleaf hackberry Smooth sumac Bluebunch wheatgrass Red three-awn Cheat Filaree Sand dropseed Rocky Mountain juniper Big sagebrush Rabbit brush Whitestem gray rabbit brush Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Pinnate tansy mustard Yellow wild rye Jagged chickweed Prairie junegrass Pink microsteris Indian rice-grass Sandberg bluegrass Lemon scurf pea Veiny dock White alder Serviceberry Columbia hawthorn Douglas hawthorn Quaking aspen Black cottonwood Western choke-cherry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Alpine circaea Blue wild rye Northern bedstraw Sticky geranium Cow parsnip Fendler waterleaf Western iris Beauty cinquefoil Bigsting nettle EEL GALE AES LLNLOR IE IRL RED IEE LEIS ERNST aU a SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 69 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.1 [3131SI] Selected Plant Species Common to the Sagebrush— Wheatgrass Section (Southern Idaho Region) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Medium shrubs Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Sagebrush shrub steppe communities) Artemisia tridentata Artemtsta tripartita Purshta tridentata Tetradymia canescens Atriplex nuttallii GutTerrezta sarothrae Sarcobatus vermiculatus Achillea millefolium ‘Tgropyron dasystachyum Agropyron sptcatum intennar 1a ie ii re ja Antennarta parvifotia Kenica fulgens AstragaTus convallarius Astragalus stenophyTlus falsamorhiza sagittata Ta amagrostis montanensis omandra umbelTata Trepis acuminata Er ogeron corymbosus Eriogonum caespitosum Eriogonum heracleoides Eriogonum ovalifolium Festuca idahoensis Koeleria cristata Lomatium macdougal ii Lomatium macrocarpum nus caudatus i Tupinis Teucophylius ryeeps's ymenoides fenstemon deustus Penstemon rad |COSUS: Pp ox hoodii Phlox Tongifolia Fou nevadensis oa sandbergit Senecto integerrimus Stipa co amb an stirs ‘comata WroTa beckwithii, (Oak--mountain-mahogany communities) Amelanchier utahensis Tercocarpus Tedifolius Purshia tridentata Symphoricarpos spp. (Juniper--Pinyon communities) Juniperus osteosperma Juniperus scopuTorum nus flexi % Pinus monophytla Big sagebrush Three-tip sagebrush Bitterbrush Gray horsebrush Gardner saltbush Snakeweed Black greasewood Western yarrow Thickspike wheatgrass Bluebunch wheatgrass Low pussy's-toes Littleleaf pussy's-t Orange arnica Timber poison vetch Narrowleaf milk-vetch Arrowleaf balsamroot Plains reedgrass Common comandra Hawksbeard Longleaf fleabane Mat buckwheat Desert buckwheat Cushion buckwheat Idaho fescue Prairie junegrass MacDougal lomatium Bigseed lomatium Tailcup lupine Velvet lupine Indian rice-grass Scabland penstemon Matroot penstemon Hood's phlox Longleaf phlox Nevada bluegrass Sandberg bluegrass Western groundsel Columbian needlegrass Need le-and-thread Beckwith's violet Utah serviceberry Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Bitterbrush Snowberry Utah juniper Rocky Mountain juniper Limber pine Singleleaf pinyon 70 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 | Table 3130-51.1 [3131SO] Selected Plant Species Common to the Sagebrush—Wheatgrass Section (Southeastern Oregon Region) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Medium shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses (Sagebrush--wheatgrass communities) (Low sagebrush communities) continued Juniperus occidentalis Artemisia tridentata Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Purshia tridentata Ribes cereum Symphor Tearpos rotundifoTius Agropyron spicatum Antennaria corymbosa Aster scopulorum Astragatus es istragatus Tentiginosus BaTsamorhiza sagittata Bromus tectorum alochortus nitidus Tarex rossti Thaenactis douglasii Coltinsta parvif Tora ryptantha ambigua Elpaus cinereus EpvTobian minutun Eriogonum umbellatum Festuca tdahoensis Gayop ytum ramosissimum Koelerta cristata LomatTum macrocarpum Conatiun trtternatum Luptnus sertceus Machaeranthera canescens roseris troxi des rosteris gracilis Penstemon cusickii Phlox diffusa Poa sandbergii Sitanion tystris Stipa occidentalis Trlaset arvense ‘igadenus paniculatus Juniperus occidentalis Artemisia rigida PurshTa Eridentata Artemisia arbuscula Erfogonum sphaerocephalum Achillea millefolium Agoserts heterophylla Agropyron spicata intennarta dimo: rpha Krabis holboel1i1 Astragatus miser stragalus stenophy us ‘alsamorhiza hookeri BaTsamorhiza serrata Bromus tectorum Cotlinsta paryTelore Erfgeron linearis Festuca idahoensis HapTopappus stenophy1lus Lupinus saxosus ficroseris troximoides Penstemon artdus Phlox diffusa Western juniper Big sagebrush Rabbit brush Bitterbrush Wax currant Round-leaved snowberry Bluebunch wheatgrass Flattop pussy's-toes Crag aster Threadstalk milk-vetch Specklepod loco Arrowleaf balsamroot Cheat Big-pod mariposa lily Ross sedge False yarrow Littleflower collinsia Obscure cryptantha Wild rye Smal1-f lowered willowweed Sulfur buckwheat Idaho fescue Hairstem groundsmoke Prairie junegrass Bigseed lomatium Nineleaf lomatium Silky lupine Hoary aster False agoseris Pink microsteris Cusick's penstemon Spreading phlox Sandberg bluegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Western needlegrass Pennycress Foothills deathcamas Western juniper Stiff sagebrush Bitterbrush Low sagebrush Rock buckwheat Western yarrow Annual agoseris Bluebunch wheatgrass Low pussy's-toes Holboell rockcress Starved milk-vetch Narrowleaf milk-vetch Hooker balsamroot Serrated balsamroot Cheat Littleflower collinsia Lineleaf fleabane Idaho fescue Narrow-leaved haplopappus Rock lupine False agoseris Stiffleaf penstemon Spreading phlox (aE ORE MR meer ca PRN a am ame SELECTED PLANT SPECIES whl 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush ATP OIL NEN, Table 3130-51.1 [3131SO] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued (Low sagebrush communities) (Continued) Lesser vegetation - (Cont inued) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Low-growing trees and tall shrubs Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Phlox hoodii PhTox Tongifolia Poa sandbergi) Sitanion hystrix Trifolium gymnocarpon Trifolium macrocephaTum (Bitterbrush--mountain-mahogany communities) Cercocarpus ledifolius Juniperus occidentalis Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Purshia tridentata Artemisia arbuscula Achillea millefolium Agropyron spicatum Antennarta spp. Astragatus purshii Balsamorhiza sagittata Bromus tectorum Festuca idahoensis Hieracium cynog ossoides KoeTeria cristata Microsteris gracilis Poa sandbergii Sitanion Retr ystrix (Desert or salt desert shrub communities) Artemisia tridentata AtripTex nuttallii triplex spinosa Furotta lanata Sarcobatus vermiculatus Artemisia spinescens Rtriptex confertifolia Distichlis stricta ETymus cinereus Elymus triticoides Oryzopsis hymenoides Poa sandbergit Sitanton hystrix (Riparian and populus communities) Populus tremuloides alix spp. Crataegus spp. Prunus virginiana Symphor icarpos rotundifoTius Bromus carinatus arex Spy Scirpus validus Hood's phlox Long leaf phlox Sandberg bluegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Clover Big-headed clover Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Western juniper Rabbit brush Bitterbrush Low sagebrush Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Pussy's-toes Pursh's milk-vetch Arrowleaf balsamroot Cheat Idaho fescue Houndstongue hawkweed Prairie junegrass Pink microsteris Sandberg bluegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Big sagebrush Sagebrush Shadscale Gardner saltbush Spiny hop-sage Winter-fat Greasewood Desert saltgrass Wild rye Creeping wild rye Indian rice-grass Sandberg bluegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Quaking aspen Willow Hawthorn Western choke-cherry Round-leaved snowberry California brome Sedge American great bulrush BT 72 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 REET AION SPELL TINE TS REEF SE ON peuranectee cena Table 3130-51.1 (3132, 3133, 3134] Selected Plant Species Common to the Lahontan Saltbush—Greasewood, Great Basin Sagebrush, and Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood Sections Growth form (Great Basin Saltwater Marshland) Low to medium plants Phragmites communis ‘Scirpus olneyi Scirpus pa ctosus ja angustifolia yeha latifolia Lesser vegetation Berula erecta TaTamagrostis canadensis Tarex spp. Ceratophyllun demersum istichlis stricta ETeocharts rosteTlata Juncus spp. Wajas marina jalaris arundinacea Fotamogeton. SDP. Ruppia maritima Salfcornta rubra Salicornia utahensis SporoboTus atroides Suaeda spp. riglochin spp. Usrtcutarta vulgaris (Great Basin Desertscrub--Shadscale Association) Artemisia spinescens AtripTex canescens tr riplex confertifolia triplex Tentiformis triptex nuttallii Tardarta draba Thrysothamnus ~WiscldifTorus CoToegyne ramosissima phedra viridis Eemogonun ovalifoTiun FoTiun ‘urotta ‘anata GrayTa spinosa Gatlerresta sarothrae Hap’ jopappus lanceolatus ochia americana TycTum cooper? junta spp. Psorothamnus polydenius Low to medium shrubs SaTsoTa kal? Sarcobatus vermicularis Sphaeratcea ambigua phaeralcea grossalarirefolia Tetradymia comosa etra ~ a glabrata elypodium sagittatum Bassia hyssopifolia Distichtis stricta HaTogeton gTomeratus Hermidium aTipes iTarva shes TT Hutchinsia procunbens Tva axillaris Oryzopsts hymenoides Sitanten hystrix jorobolus airoides uaeda nigra (Great Basin Desertscrub--Sagebrush Association) Grasses and forbs Low to medium shrubs Artemisia spp. Artemtsta tridentata Thrysothannus nauseosus continued Allenrolfea occidentalis Plant associations Pickleweed Reed Alkali bulrush Salt-marsh bulrush Narrow-leaved cat-tail Common cat-tail Water-parsnip Bluejoint reedgrass Sedge Common hornwort. Desert saltgrass Spikerush Rush Holly-leaved water nymph Reed canary-grass Pondweed Widgeon-grass Samphire Utah samphire Alkalai sacaton Seepweed Arrowgrass Common bladderpod Sagebrush Four-wing saltbush Shadscale Big saltbush Gardner saltbush Hoary cress Rabbit brush Blackbrush Mormon tea Cushion buckwheat Winter-fat Spiny hop-sage Broom snakeweed Goldenweed Summer cypress Box thorn Prickly pear Indi gobush Russian thistle Greasewood Globe mallow Globe mallow White felt-thorn Bald-leaved felt-thorn The lepody Five-hook bassia Desert saltgrass Halogeton Hermidium Galleta grass Hutchinsia Poverty weed Indian rice-grass Bottlebrush squirreltail Alkalai sacaton Sea blite Sagebrush Big sagebrush Rabbit brush “OL ARS Silt ps Coe pat Rai tc eae ta a meneame SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 73 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.1 [3132, 3133, 3134] (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Low to medium shrubs (Continued) Grasses and forbs Tall trees Medium trees Low trees and tall shrubs Low to medium shrubs continued (Great Basin Desertscrub--Sagebrush Association) (Continued) Chrysothamnus Viscidi florus CoTeogyne ramosissima Ephedra torreyana Ephedra viridis Grayia spinosa eptodactylon pungens Purshia tridentata Ribes velutinum Symphoricarpos spp. etradymia glabrata Agoseris spp. Agropyron dasystachyum Agropyron smithii et Spicatum jum acuminatum Aristida Tongiseta Astragalus spp. alsamorhiza sagittata Talochortus nuttallit Tastitleja chromosa Chrysopete vittosa repis acuminata jeIphinium andersoni E Lyn lus cinereus Eriogonum spp. estuca idahoensis Hymenoxys richardsonii Peelerte cristata Tomatiim Spo. Tuptnus spp. Tupinus caudatus Gryzopsis hymenoides fox hoodii Phiox Tongifolia Poa fendTeriana Poa nevadensis Foo sandberatt Ttanton hystrix Sporobo us airoides tipa comata Tota beckwithii Wyethia ampTexicaulis Zigadenus pantcuTatus (Conifer Woodland--Great Basin Fasciation) Quercus ganbelii Acer glabrum Juniperus osteosperma jluniperus scopuTorum Pinus monophy Ta Cercocarpus ledifolius Amelanchier alnifolia Artemtsta arbuscula Teanothus velutinus Thrysothamnus nauseosus irysothamnus viscidif lorus Cowanta mexicana Ephedra viridis utierrizia sarothrae HoTodTscus dumosus Purshia tridentata Ribes cereum Ribes vetutinum Sambucus racemosa Rabbit brush Blackbrush Joint-fir Mormon tea Spiny hop-sage Shrubby phlox Bitterbrush Gooseberry Snowberry Bald-leaved felt-thorn Mountain dandelion Thickspike wheatgrass Western wheatgrass Bluebunch wheatgrass Onion Red three-awn Milk-vetch Arrowleaf balsamroot Mariposa lily Paintbrush Hairy goldaster Hawksbeard Larkspur Wild rye Wild buckwheat Idaho fescue P ingwing Prairie junegrass Biscuit root Lupine Tailcup lupine Indian rice-grass Hood's phlox Longleaf phlox Fendler bluegrass Nevada bluegrass Sandberg bluegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Alkali sacaton Needle-and-thread Beckwith's violet Mulesears wyethia Foothill deathcames Gambe] oak Rocky Mountain maple Utah juniper Rocky Mountain juniper Singleleaf pinyon Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Serviceberry Low sagebrush Tobacco brush Rabbit brush Rabbit brush Cliffrose Mormon tea Broom snakeweed Ocean spray Bitterbrush Wax currant Gooseberry Red elderberry Symphoricarpos oreophilus Snowberry 74 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.1 [3132, 3133, 3134] (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Grasses and forbs Tall trees Medium trees Low trees and tall shrubs Low to medium shrubs Grasses and forbs Tall trees Medium trees Low trees and tall shrubs (Conifer Woodland--Great Basin Fasciation) (Continued) (Subalpine Conifer Forest--Great Basin (Montane Chaparral) continued Agropyron smithii Agropyron B Sitanfon hystrix Sporobolus cryptandrus Stipa columbtana a thurberiana dymta canescens Fasciation) Abies concolor Abies Tastocarpa icea engeTmannti nus flexilis Populus ‘emuloides Pseudotsuga menziesii Acer glabrum Juniperus occidentalis Pinus albicaulis : Pinus aristata Salix spp. Prunus virginiana Sambucus cerulea Amelanchier alnifolia Arctostaphylos patula Berberfs repens Juniperus communis Penstemon spp. thes cereun Ribes montigenum Sambucus racemosa Agropyron spicatum Antennaria spp. Bromus marginatus CastiTleja miniata Delphintum occidentale Etynus spp Erigeron spp Packy stima myrsinites Poa pratensis Potentilla spp Silene douglasii Stipa columbiana tipa Tettermant Thatictrin Fender Spp. V Pinus ponderosa Juniperus spp. Pinus edulis Acer grandidentatum Teltis reticulata Tercocarpus Tedifolius Prunus virginiana PteTea trifoltata Quercus gambeTit Robinta neorexicana uC IT) ‘SPP. Western wheatgrass Bluebunch wheatgrass Blue grama Idaho fescue Spike fescue Prairie junegrass Indian rice-grass Fendler bluegrass Sandberg bluegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Sand dropseed Columbian needlegrass Needle-and-thread Thurber needlegrass Gray horsebrush White fir Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce Limber pine Quak ing aspen Douglas-fir Rocky Mountain maple Western juniper Whitebark pine Bristle-cone pine Willow Western choke-cherry Canadian elder Serviceberry Greenleaf manzanita Oregon-gr ape Owarf juniper Penstemon Wax currant Alpine prickly currant Red elderberry Bluebunch wheatgrass Pussy's-toes Mountain brome Scarlet paintbrush Larkspur Wild rye Fleabane Myrtle boxleaf Kentucky bluegrass Cinquefoil Douglas silene Columbian needlegrass Letterman needlegrass Meadow-rue Violet Ponderosa pine Juniper Colorado pinyon Bigtooth maple Netleaf hackberry Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Western choke-cherry Hop- tree Gambe! oak New Mexican locust Elderberry SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 15 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.1 (3132, 3133, 3134] (Concluded) Growth forn Plant associations (Montane Chaparral) (Cont inued) Low to medium shrubs Amelanchier alnifolia Serviceberry Artemisia spp- Sagebrush Berberis repens Oregon-grape Ceanothus fendleri Buckbrush Ceanothus veTutinus Tobacco brush Cercocarpus montanus Mounta in-mahogany Cowanta mexicana Cliffrose Penstemon spp. Penstemon Purshia tridentata Bitterbrush Rhus trilobata Squawbush Ribes spp- Gooseberry Rosa spp. Wild rose Symphoricarpos spp. Snowberry Grasses and forbs Achillea spp. Yarrow Agropyron spicatum Bluebunch wheatgrass CampanuTa Potundifolia Bluebell Geranium spp- Geranium Koleria cristata Prairie junegrass Poa sp Bluegrass Senecio serra Groundsel halictrum fendleri Meadow-rue Table 3130-51.1 [3135ECM] Selected Plant Species Common to the Ponderosa Shrub Forest (Eastern Cascade Mountains Region) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Ponderosa pine--pinegrass--elk sedge community) Tall-growing trees Tall shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Tall-growing trees continued Pinus ponderosa Salix spp. Arctostaphylos nevadensis Artemisia rigida Purshia tridentata penile millefolium Agropyron spicatum — magnets alis margareacea Antennaria uzuloides Arnica cordifolia Astragalus spp. Balsamorhiza sagittata Bromus carinatus alamagrostis rubescens arex geyeri Danthonia intermedia Festuca ‘idahoensts Frasera asera ‘speciosa Foa nervosa oa sandbergii Sedum stenopetalum Sitanion hystrix Stipa occidentalis (Ponderosa pine--Douglas-fir/pinegrass-- elk sedge) Abies grandis Uarix occidentalis nus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Ponderosa pine Willow Pine-mat manzanita Stiff sagebrush Bitterbrush Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Pear ly everlasting Woodrush everlasting Heartleaf arnica Milk-vetch Arrowleaf balsamroot California brome Pinegrass Elk sedge Timber danthonia Idaho fescue Monument plant Western gromwel] Lupine Wheeler bluegrass Sandberg bluegrass Wormleaf stonecrop Bottlebrush squirreltail Western needlegrass Grand fir Western Larch Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir 16 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.1 [3135ECM] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued (Ponderosa pine--Douglas-fir/pinegrass--elk sedge) (Continued) Tall shrubs Medium shrubs Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses (Grasslands) Amelanchier alnifolia Salix spp. Holodiscus discolor Arctostaphylos nevadensis achistima myrsinites Purshta tridentata Spiraea betulifolia Achillea millefolium Antennaria Tuzulotdes Antennaria rosea Arnica cordifolia Aster spp. Balsamorhiza sagittata Bromus carinatus Talamagrostis rubescens Calochortus macrocarpus Carex geyeri Tarex rossti Danthonia intermedia Festuca occtdentalis Frasera spectosa Geum macrophyl lum thospermum ruderale Lupinus spp. Wadia glomerata Penstemon spp. Poa nervosa Potentila gracilis Arctostaphylos nevadensis rtemisia rigida Achillea millefolium Balsamorhiza sagittata Bromus carinatus alar rostis rubescens tarer sever? geyert Carex rossTi anthonia unispicata Eriophyllum lanatum estuca idahoensis Gayoohiytun nuttalTii Madia glomerata PhTox spp. Poa nervosa Poa sandbergii Sedum stenopetalum Sitanion hystrix ‘Stipa sect enta is Serviceberry Willow Ocean spray Pine-mat manzanita Myrtle boxleaf Bitterbrush Shiny leaf spiraea Western yarrow Woodrush everlasting Rosy pussy's-toes Heartleaf arnica Aster Arrowleaf balsamroot California brome Pinegrass Green-banded mariposa lily Elk sedge Ross sedge Timber danthonia Western fescue Monument plant Largeleaf avens Western gromwel1 Lupine Stinking tarweed Penstemon Wheeler bluegrass Beauty cinquefoil Pine-mat manzanita Stiff sagebrush Western yarrow Arrowleaf balsamroot California brome Pinegrass Elk sedge Ross sedge Few-f lowered wild oatgrass Common woolly sunf lower Idaho fescue Nuttall's gayophytum Stinking tarweed Phlox Wheeler bluegrass Sandberg bluegrass Wormleaf stonecrop Bottlebrush squirreltail Western needlegrass SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 77 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.1 [31350PS] Selected Plant Species Common to the Ponderosa Shrub Forest (Oregon Pumice Soils Region) Growth form Late successional plants Early successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Ponderosa pine--ceanothus communities) (Ponderosa pine--bitterbrush communities) i i i i le pine Tall-growing trees Abies concolor White fir Pinus contorta Lodgepo i Pinus contorta Lodgepole pine Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Tall-growing trees Low shrubs atula Arctostaphylos p eanothus velutinus Purshia tridentata Antennaria corymbosa Antennaria qe Apocynum androsaemifolium rabis rectissima Tarex rossii himaphila umbellata ToTlinsta parviflora ints Tryptantha Ei pitobium angustifo] ium ‘ragaria chiloensis Gayophytum nuttallii omatium triternatum upinus caudatus Procell jacelia heterophylla Pyro a picta Ttanfon yer Stipa occidentalis jo Greenleaf manzanita Tobacco brush Bitterbrush Flattop pussy's-toes Pinewoods everlasting Spreading dogbane Bristly-leaved rockcress Ross sedge Western prince's-pine Littleflower collinsia Slender cryptantha Fireweed Sand strawberry Nuttall's gayophytum Nine-leaf lomatium Tailcup lupine Varileaf phacelia Whitevein pyrola Bottlebrush squirreltail Western needlegrass Arctostaphylos patula eanothus velutinus Purshta tridentata Achillea millefolium Rntennaria corymbosa Antennaria geyert indrosaemi sa : Fpocynim a ifoliun pie rectissing Tarex rossii Chimaphila umbellata Toltinsta parviflera Cryptantha affinis tpttoptun sngust fol sum ary um Tanatum Festuca 1dahoensis Fragerta cl oensis Gayophytun hytum nuttallti Teractum cynoglossoides Tomattum triternatum Tuptnus caudatus Fa Greenleaf manzanita Tobacco brush Bitterbrush Western yarrow Flattop pussy's-toes Pinewoods everlasting Spreading dogbane Bristly-leaved rockcress Ross sedge Western prince's-pine Littleflower collinsia Slender cryptantha Fireweed Common woolly sunflower Idaho fescue Sand strawberry Nuttall's gayophytum Houndstongue hawkweed Nine-leaf lomatium Tailcup lupine a purpurea Purple-tinged violet Ta minima Least tarweed Wicrosteris gracilis Pink microsteris Paeonia browni Western peony Phacelia heterophylla Varileaf phacelia (Lodgepole pine) Pyrola picta enicio integer imus Sitanton hystrix Stipa oc pa sacl lentalis ToTa purpurea Pinus contorta Purshia tridentata Whitevein pyrola Western groundsel Bottlebrush squirreltail Western needlegrass Purple-tinged violet Lodgepole pine Bitterbrush Ribes cereum Wax currant Lesser vegetation - Carex rossii Ross sedge grasses, forbs, mosses Fragarta chiloensis Sand strawberry Tall-growing trees Low shrubs Lesser vegetation - grasses, forbs, mosses Habitat conditions: (Lodgepole pine) Ttanton strix tipa thurberTana Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Pinus contorta Arctostaphylos uva-ursi lurshia tridentata Ribes viscosTssimum Vaccintum uTigtnosum Achillea millefolium Antennaria corymbosa Tarex rossii Danthonta californica Deschampsia elongata Festuca Tdanoensts Fragaria chiloensis ragarta virginiana luncus spp. ‘oeleria crist, MuhTenbergia i Penstemun spp. Ttanton joe. Stipa thurbertana rifolium longipes Bottlebrush squirreltail Thurber needlegrass Lodgepole pine Kinnikkinnik Bitterbrush Sticky currant Big huckleberry Western yarrow Flattop pussy's-toes Aster Ross sedge California danthonia Slender hairgrass Idaho fescue Sand strawberry Virginia strawberry Rushes Prairie junegrass Pullup muhly Penstemon Bottlebrush squirreltail Thurber needlegrass Long-stalked clover 78 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Intermountain Sagebrush Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White fir Common in conifer Large evergreen Cone, 3-5 in, Seeds eaten by song- Young trees are Abies concolor forest, 5,500- tree, about 40 ft, pollinates in birds; browsed by easily killed by Gord. & Glend.) Lind]. 10,000 ft conical crown spring deer; nesting and fire; older trees 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 roosting cover for with thicker bark birds are more fire- resistant Grand fir Stream bottoms, Evergreen tree, Cone, 40-190 Same as A. concolor Lowland trees less Abies grandis valleys, moun- up to 300 ft seeds per cone, resistant to fire Lind]. tain slopes, high seed crops than upland trees; 3135 best on deep, poor-fair each provide nesting and rich, alluvial year, Sept.-Oct. roosting cover for soils birds Subalpine fir Common tree of Medium to large Dark purple cone, Seeds eaten by song- Abies lasiocarpa spruce--fir tree, to about 3-4 in, polli- birds, beaver, squir- Hook.) Nutt. forest, 8,000- 40 ft, narrow nates in spring rel; browsed by deer 3132, 3133, 3134 12,000 ft, sun crown shrub- and bighorn sheep; like at timber- nesting cover for line songbirds Rocky Mountain maple Moist soils along Shrub or small Samara, May-June Seeds eaten by quail, Acer glabrum streams, 7,000- tree, deciduous turkey, bear, beaver, Torr. 9,000 ft, sun to 33 ft rabbit, squirrel, 3131, 3133, 3134 and shade fox, deer Bigtooth maple Moist soil along Deciduous tree, Samara, Apr. Same as A. glabrum Acer grandidentatum streams and can- up to 50 ft, Nutt. yons, 4,700- with spreading 3132, 3133, 3134 7,000 ft, sun crown or shade Yarrow Conifer forest, Perennial forb, Flattened achene, Plant eaten by rab- Achillea spp. 5,500-11,500 ft to 1.5 ft June-Sept. bit and bighorn sheep t. 3132, 3133, 3134 Western yarrow Common, variable, Perennial herb, Achenes, without Sage-scented leaves Achillea millefolium not fully under- aromatic, stems pappus are eaten by a few L. stood 1-3 ft high, wildlife species 3131, 3135 leaves slender Mountain dandelion Meadows, open Perennial herb, Achenes, summer- Seeds eaten by sage Agoseris spp. coniferous for- 8-24 in fall grouse Raf. est, 6,500- 3132, 3133, 3134 10,000 ft, sun Annual agoseris Ory, open places Annual herb, Achenes, .08-,17 Sage grouse eat leaves Agoseris heterophylla in foothills and scapous with in long with and flower clusters eps. lowlands, widely scapes slender, beak about 2.5 3131 distributed 3-8 in high times as long as body Thickspike wheatgrass Dry plains and Grass, perennial, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by rab- Widespread; soil Agropyron dasystachyum hillsides rhizomatous fall bit, antelope, deer binder Hook.) Scribn. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Western wheatgrass Dry hills, sandy Perennial grass, Achene, May-Oct. Plant eaten by rab- Valuable range Agropyron smithii bottomlands, for- 12-24 in bit, antelope, deer, grass; good soil Rydb. est openings bighorn sheep binder 3132, 3133, 3134 Bluebunch wheatgrass Dry rocky slopes, Perennial grass, Grain, July-Sept. Plant eaten by rab- Considered one of Agropyron spicatum open woodland, 15-40 in, rhizo- bit, deer, antelope the most valuable ursh) Scribn. & Smith canyons, sun matous native range spe- 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, cies 3135 Pickleweed Highly alkaline Shrub, 1-5 ft Berrylike, May- Allenrol fea flats and sinks, Nov. occidentalis salt marshes, Wats.) Ktze. floodplains 3132, 3133, 3134 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 719 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Onion Dry plains, hills, Erect herb, to Capsule, also Allium acuminatum 2,000-7,000 ft VWoin underground Hook. bulb 3132, 3133, 3134 White alder Streambanks Deciduous tree, Mature female Value low in propor- Dense thickets can Alnus rhombifolia up to 80 ft, catkins oblong, tion to abundance; provide effective diameters up to about 1 in long, seeds eaten by a few cover 3 ft summer, nutlets songbirds small, flatish, winged Serviceberry Banks, slopes, Shrub or small Pome, summer- Fruit eaten by song- Amelanchier alnifolia mountains, 5,000- tree, 3-12 ft early fall birds and bears; Nutt. 10,000 ft, sun browsed by deer 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Utah serviceberry Valleys and hill- Shrub or small Berrylike pome, Juicy, sweet fruit Amelanchier utahensis sides, sagebrush tree, up to 16 -25-.33 in diam- important to song- Koehne desert to mon- ft high, decidu- eter, dullish birds, squirrels, 3131 tane open forest, ous red, orange or chipmunks, bears; dry rocky slopes yellow deer feed on foli- age and twigs Pearly everlasting Widespread, vari- Perennial herb, Achene Anaphalis margaritacea able, woods stem simple, U.) B. & H. 8-32 in high, 3135 rhizomatous Pussy's-toes Rocky or gravelly Perennial forb, to Achene, summer- Plant eaten by grouse, Antennaria spp. soil, moist to 18 in fall rabbit, deer Gaertn. dry, up to 12,500 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 ft Flattop pussy's-toes Meadows and moist Mat-forming per- Achenes Tender rosettes of Antennaria corymbosa open woods ennial herb, leaves eaten by sev- E. Nels. loosely caespitose, eral birds and mam- 3131, 3135 from woody root- mals stocks, stems 4-9 in high Low pus$y's-toes Open, arid areas Low perennial Achenes, late Same as A. corymbosa Antennaria dimorpha in foothills and herb, seldom 9 in spring &. corymbosa Nutt.) T. &G. Jowlands high, matted 3131 Pinewoods everlasting Open ponderosa Perennial herb, Achenes, some- Same as A. corymbosa Antennaria geyeri pine woods stems tufted from what woolly, Gray a woody base, pubescent with 3135 3-8 in high a broad callus Woodrush everlasting Open, not too dry Perennial herb, Achene Same as A. corymbosa Antennaria luzuloides places from foot- stems tufted, from T. &G. hills to mid- a short woody root- 3135 elevations in stock, erect or a mountains little decumbent, 8-32 in high Littleleaf pussy's-toes Lowlands to moun- Mat-forming peren- — Achenes Same as A. corymbosa Antennaria parvifolia tains nial herb - Nutt. 3131 Rosy pussy's-toes Dry mountain Stems and short Achene, late Same as A. corymbosa Antennaria rosea slopes at low leafy shoots from spring Greene elevations matted woody root- 3131, 3135 stocks, slender, 6-7.5 in high Spreading dogbane Generally on Perennial herb, Pair of narrow Quail may eat seeds Apocynum rather dry soils, stems 8-20 in many-seeded fol- androsaemifolium in foothills and high, freely licles, seeds t. valleys branched with a long 3135 coma continued 80 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Holboell rockcress Arabis holboellii Horrem. 3131 Bristly-leaved rockcress Arabis rectissima Greene 3135 Pine-mat manzanita Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray 3135 Greenleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos patula Greene 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Kinnikkinnik Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.) Spreng. 3135 Dense- flowered sandwort Arenaria congesta Nutt. 3131 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia Hook. 3135 Orange arnica Arnica fulgens Pursh 3131 Red three-awn Aristida longiseta Steud. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Sagebrush Artemisia spp. L. 3132, 3133, 3134 Low sagebrush Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Stiff sagebrush Artemisia rigida (Gray) Nutt. 3131, 3135 Ory ground, sage- brush plains and Ponderosa pine forest Base of mountains Wooded hills, mid to high eleva- tions Coniferous forest, 7,000-8,500 ft, sun Widespread, gen- erally in sandy or gravelly sites Sagebrush desert Widespread, com- mon in woods, from foothills to higher ele- vations Open places from foothills to moderate eleva- tions, moist slopes and mead- ows Arid sandy and rocky hills and plateaus, forest openings, 5,000-_ 8,500 ft, sun” Throughout the sagebrush desert, 2,500-10,000 ft Dry slopes and ridges, 4,000- 9,500 ft, sun Dry, rocky places in plains and foothills Biennial of often perennial herb with a woody base, stems 5-2 ft high Biennial herb, stems simple or branched from base, erect, 2-16 in high Evergreen shrub, branching from base, often creep- ing and rooting, 20-43 in long, smaller stems ascending, stiff, 4-12 in high Low shrub, 3 ft Evergreen shrub, stems long and creeping, small ascending branches, 4-16 in high Perennial herb, stems loosely branched and woody, green leaves cluster- ed at tips of old persistent branches, flower- ing stem, erect 4-12 in high Perennial herb, stems from elong- ated rootstocks, slender, 1-2 ft high Perennial herb, stems from short rootstocks, 8-14 in high Perennial bunch- grass, 4-14 in Herb or shrub, 12- 40 in Low shrub, 4-18 in Silique, 1-3 in Jong Silique, 2-3 in long Berrylike nutlet, stony, light red, -2-,33 in diam- eter Several-seeded, round fruit, May-June Berrylike, bright red, smooth, .28- -38 in diameter Capsule, seeds plump, .02-.06 in Achenes, sparsely and minutely glandular- puberulent, pap- pus white Achene, generally densely short- haired Long-awned grain, May-Nov. Achene Achene, summer- fall Abundantly branch- — Achenes ed shrub, 8-16 in high, aromatic continued Some foliage eaten by big game manmals Same as A. holboellii Small fruits relished by gamebirds, song- birds, small mammals; plants browsed by deer Fruit eaten by song- birds and gamebirds; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by bear and gamebirds; leathery foliage is browsed extensively by deer Good elk forage dur- ing summer but sparse- ly distributed, also eaten by pika and ground squirrels Same as A. cordifolia Fruit eaten by rabbits and deer Browsed by grouse, rabbits, deer Browsed by rabbits, grouse, antelope, deer Browsed by rabbits, deer, grouse Excellent ground cover; provides cover for wildlife Very fire-resistant; forms thickets Excellent ground cover, especially for dry banks Absent in Nevada Furnishes essential cover for many small animals SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 81 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sagebrush Semi-alkaline Small shrub, 4-16 Achene Browsed by grouse, rab- Artemisia spinescens basins and val- in bits, antelope, deer Oc. leys, 2,000- 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 6,000 ft Big sagebrush Plains, mesas, Shrub, 1-7 ft Achene, July-Oct. Browsed by rabbits, Good growth indi- Artemisia tridentata rocky slopes, in deer, grouse cates deep, fertile Nutt. pinyon pine, nonsaline soil 3132, 3133, 3134 5,000-8,000 ft Three-tip sagebrush Dry plains and Aromatic shrub, Achene Same as A. tridentata Same sa A. Artemisia tripartita hills but usually .5-2 ft high, tridentata Rydg. on moister sites leaves persistent 3131 than big sage- brush Aster Different species Perennial herbs, Achene Relatively little im- Aster spp. growing on a usually with a portance to wildlife . variety of site rootstock, leaves 3135 conditions, to alternate alpine regions Crag aster Dry, open places Perennial herb, Achenes Important summer for- Aster scopulorum often with sage- stems from a stout age for ungulates Gray brush branching woody 3131 base, 3-5 in high Milk-vetch Hillsides, open Mostly low herba- Pods, dehiscent Seeds eaten by quail; Astragalus spp. woods, arid slopes, ceous perennials to or indehiscent plant eaten by ante- be 2,000-10,000 ft 6 in lope 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Timber poison vetch Dry soil, grass- Herb dying back to Pods, 1-celled Seeds eaten by game- May be poisonous to Astragalus land to sagebrush rootcrown each birds and rodents; livestock; not known convallarius desert year, stems taller big game forage to a if poisonous to Greene than 8 in, rush- limited extent wildlife 3131 like erect to ascending Threadstalk milk-vetch Sagebrush plains Perennial herb, Pods, .5-1 in Same as A. convallarius Many Astragalus Astragalus filipes and foothills, stems clustered, Tong spp. are poisonous Torr. ex Gray dry regions erect, 1-2 ft to livestock 3131 high Specklepod loco Desert flats to Perennial herb, Pods, .5-1 in Same as A. filipes Same as A. filipes Astragalus lentiginosus subalpine slopes stems clustered, long, leathery Dougl. ex Hook. erect to decum- or thinly 3131 bent 4-12 in fleshy high Starved milk-vetch Grassland, foot- Perennial herb, Pods, .4-.8 in Same as A. filipes Same as A. filipes Astragalus miser hills to alpine stems slender, wiry, long Doug]. ex Hook. meadows and dry somewhat spreading, 3131 ridges 2-8 in high Pursh's milk-vetch Prairies and sage- Perennial herb, Pods, 1 in long Same as A. filipes Same as A. filipes Astragalus purshii brush desert, stems clustered, Doug]. ex Hook. lower mountains 2-4 in high, 3131 prostrate Spalding's milk-vetch Grassland and Perennial herb, Pods, short Same as A. filipes Same as A. filipes Astragalus spaldingii sagebrush desert, .5-1.5 ft high, Gray xerophytic areas stems slender 3131 from a freely branched woody base Narrowleaf milk-vetch Prairies, open Perennial, with Pod Same as A. filipes Same as A. filipes Astragalus stoney soil, woody caudex, stenophyllus mountain crests decumbent stems T. & G. 3131 Four-wing saltbush Moderately alka- Shrub, 3-6 ft Small winged Seeds eaten by quail Atriplex canescens line slopes to fruit and rabbits; plant Pursh 7,000 ft eaten by deer and 3132, 3133, 3134 bighorn sheep continued 82 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Shadscale Alkaline mesas Shrub, 1-3 ft Flat winged Seeds eaten by quail Atriplex and plains in fruit and songbirds; plant confertifolia sagebrush and eaten by rabbit and Torr. & Frem. creosote desert bighorn sheep 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 2,500-6,000 ft Big saltbush Alkaline soils Erect shrub, 3-9 Ovate flattened Fruit eaten by water- Halophyte occurring Atriplex lentiformis below 7,000 ft ft fruit fowl and quail; brows- with Sarcabatus (Torr.) Wats. ed by rabbit, deer, spp. aa 3132, 3133, 3134 antelope Gardner saltbush Alkaline soils, Low shrub, 8-20 Lanceolate fruit Same as A. lentiformes Atriplex nuttallii 4,000-5,000 ft in, freely branch- Wats. ed, erect or 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 ascending Spiny hop-sage Sagebrush des- Shrubs up to 5 ft Utricle, com- Seeds eaten by several Atriplex spinosa erts, often in high, spiny pressed and wing- kinds of birds and (Hook.) Moq. alkaline soils ed laterally small mammals; twigs 3131 and foliage eaten by browsers Carey's balsamroot Dry plains east Perennial herb, Achene Seeds eaten by grouse; Bal hiza of Cascade Mts. large leaves, deer eat plant during careyana .5-1 ft high fall, winter, spring Gray 331 Hooker balsamroot Irregularly dis- Perennial herb, Disk achene Same as B. careyana Balsamor! tributed east of carrotlike, tap- Cascade Mts. root, reduced cauline leaves Arrowleaf balsamroot Widespread in Perennial herb, Achene Same as B. careyana Balsamorhiza lowlands to mid- to 1.5 ft, leaves sagittata elevation in large Pursh) Nutt. mountains, open 3131, 3132, 3133, hillsides and 3134, 3135 basins Serrated balsamroot Dry, rocky knolls Perennial herb, Achene, 4-angled Same as B. careyana ’ Balsamorhiza serrata and outcrops leaves variable Nels. & Macbr. on same plant 3131 Five-hook bassia Alkaline soils Prostrate Seed free from Seeds eaten by quail Introduced Bassia hyssopifolia branching an- pericarp Pall.) Ktze. nual 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Oregon-grape Coniferous forest, Spreading, low Round black Browsed by rabbits Forms excellent Berberis repens 5,000-8,500 ft shrub, 1 ft berry, Apr.- and deer ground cover to Lind]. June check erosion 3132, 3133, 3134 Water-parsnip Marshes, streams, Erect perennial Caryopsis, Berula erecta seeping banks, forb, 8-28 in summer-fa11 (Huds.) Cov. edges of ponds, 3132, 3133, 3134 lakes, 3,500- 9,000 ft Blue grama Open rocky Tufted perennial Grain, July- Plant eaten by tur- Excellent range Bouteloua gracilis slopes, plains, grass, 10-30 in Nov. key, rabbits, deer grass; adapted to (HBK.) Steud. forest openings, drought and heavy 3132, 3133, 3134 meadows, 4,000- grazing 8,000 ft Douglas' brodiaea Grassland and Perennial, scab- Capsule Easily cultivated; Brodiaea douglasii sagebrush desert rous herb with bulb used as food Wats. to ponderosa pine deep-seated corm, by gophers, game- 3131 woodlands leaves 1-5, birds in other areas linear continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 83 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Se aL a Table 3130-51.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes California brome Dry open ground Annual or short- Caryopsis, awns Good-sized seeds are Bromus carinatus lived perennial .28-.4 in long eaten by a number of H. & A. grass, 2-3.5 ft birds and rodents; 3131, 3135 high leaves eaten by ungul- ates Mountain brome Woodlands and Perennial grass, Grain, Aug.-Nov. Plant eaten by deer Good forage grass Bromus marginatus forest openings, 16-40 in and antelope Nees above 5,500 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Cheat Common in waste Annual grass, Caryopsis, lem- Same as B. carinatus Perhaps the most Bromus tectorum or disturbed culms .5-3.5 ft mas narrow, common of all Le areas, especially high awns rough grasses in this 3131 overgrazed areas area throughout the province Bluejoint reedgrass Marshes, wet Erect perennial Grain, summer- Calamagrostis soil, open for- grass, 20-45 in fall canadensis ests, 5,000- Michx.) Beauv. 11,000 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Plains reedgrass Grassland, sage- Perennial grass, Caryopsis, awn Calamagrostis brush bench- culms 6-14 in sharply bent montanensis lands into lower — high Schribn. mountains, heavy 3131 soils Pinegrass Mostly in open Perennial grass, Caryopsis, lem- Browsed by deer Plants are mostly Calamagrostis conifer woods culms from hori- mas shorter than palatable and nu- rubescens zontal rootstocks, glumes tritious but seldom Buckl. slender, 2-3.5 abundant 3135 ft high Green-banded mariposa Arid regions Perennial herb, Capsule, 3- Quail eat some seeds lily 1-2.5 ft tall angled Calochortus marcrocarpus Doug! .. 3131, 3135 ¥ Big-pod mariposa lily Dried swales and Perennial herb, Capsule, winged | Same as C. marcrocarpus Calochortus nitidus prairies, open 1-2 ft high Dougl. a slopes at mid- 3131 elevations Mariposa lily Dry soil, 5,000- Erect perennial Flat seeds, with Calochortus nuttallii 9,000 ft herb, to 16 in reticulate coats T. & G. 3132, 3133, 3134 Bluebell Hills, valleys, Perennial forb, Trilocular cap- Campanula rotundifolia slopes, 5,000- to 3 ft sule L. 13,000 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Hoary cress Fields, road- Small perennial Ovoid smooth Considered a weed Cardaria draba sides, disturbed shrub, 2-16 in, seed L.) Desv. areas, 3,500- spreading from 3132, 3133, 3134 8,500 ft roots Sedge Moist soil along Perennial grass- Achenes, in Plant eaten by game- Carex spp. streams, shady like erect herb, spikes, spring birds, bear, rabbits, L. canyons, 5,000- 2-4 ft squirrel, fox, deer 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 11,500 ft, sun and shade Elk sedge Woodland, open Perennial sedge, Achene, Seeds eaten by many Provides cover for Carex geyeri slopes, dry clustered, erect, perigynium, kinds of birds most species Boott meadows, foot- from tough, woody 2-keeled, .2-.24 3135 hills to mid- rootstocks, 4-18 in long, beakless mountain in high continued 84 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Ross sedge Widespread, mead- Sedge, more or less Achene, peri- Same as C. geyeri Provides cover for Carex rossii ows and prairies densely caespitose gynium, ascending, most species Boott from low eleva- from long rootstocks, -13-.17 in long 3131, 3135 tion to near erect or spread- timberline, dry ing, 4-12 in high to fairly moist sites Paintbrush Dry plains, mesas, Herbaceous peren- Ovoid seeds Seeds eaten by song- Castilleja chromosa brushy slopes, nial, to 16 in birds; plant eaten A. Nels. 3,000-9,000 ft by deer 3132, 3133, 3134 Scarlet paintbrush Moist soils along Perennial forb, Capsule, summer- Plant eaten by deer Castilleja miniata streams below 16-32 in fall Hook. 11,000 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Buckbrush Foothills, moun- Shrub, to 3 ft, Capsule, 3-celled, Browsed by deer Ceanothus fendleri tains, common in forming low thick- — Apr.-Oct. Gray pine forests, ets 3132, 3133, 3134 5,000-10,000 ft, sun and shade Tobacco brush Open wooded slopes, Shrub, 3-6 ft Capsule, summer- Same as C. fendleri Provides cover; Ceanothus velutinus 3,500-10,000 ft fall TI plentiful in burned Dougl. ex Hook. or cleared areas 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Netleaf hackberry Streams, canyons, Deciduous large Drupe, 1-seeded Fruit eaten by game- Celtis reticulata washes, moist. shrub to small birds and fox; Torr. soil, 2,500- tree, to 30 ft, browsed by deer 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 6,000 ft spreading crown Common hornwort Ponds, lakes, Subsurface pond Achene, summer- Seeds eaten by water- Aggressive competi- Ceratophy11um slow streams, weed fall fowl tor; does not need demersum 3,000-7,500 ft roots to survive t. 3132, 3133, 3134 Curlleaf mountain- Generally in pine Evergreen tree or Hairy achene, Browsed by deer mahogany woods, 5,000- shrub, to 20 ft spring-summer Cercocarpus ledifolius 9,000 ft, dry Nutt. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Mountain-mahogany Drier slopes, Shrub, to 9 ft Achene Browsed by antelope Cercocarpus montanus _ rocky hillsides, and deer Raf. 3,000-8,000 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 False yarrow Widespread and Biennial or some- Achenes, .28-.38 Seeds eaten by some Chaenactis douglasii variable, arid times perennial in long, densely gamebirds Hook.) H. & A. regions herb, rather pubescent 3131 stout, branched from base, 8-24 in high Western prince's-pine Woods, mostly Evergreen herb, Capsule, erect, Browsed occasionally Chimaphila umbellata under conifers, perennial, stems 5-celled by ungulates .) Bart. moderate eleva- from shallow root- 3135 tions stocks, erect or decumbent, 8-12 in high Hairy goldaster Dry soils, 4,000- Perennial forb, to Achene Chrysopsis villosa 10,000 ft 20 in Pursh) Nutt. ex DC. 3132, 3133, 3134 Rabbit brush Dry plains and Shrub, 1.5-6.5 ft Achene, summer- Browsed by rabbits, Provides useful Chrysothamnus hills, 5,000- fall deer, antelope cover in otherwise nauseosus 9,000 ft open areas (Pal.) Britt. 3132, 3133, 3134 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 85 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Whitestem gray rabbit Common and wide- Branched shrub, Achene, summer- Seed heads and foliage Provides useful brush spread in arid 1.5-6.5 ft, alter- fall, pappus of are eaten by wildlife, cover in otherwise Chrysothamnus nauseosus regions nate, sessile many capillary especially rabbits and open areas var. albicaulis leaves bristles ungulates (Nutt.) Rydb. 3131 Rabbit brush Dry mesas and Smal] shrub, to Achene, pappus Browsed by rabbits and Provides valuable Chrysothamnus slopes, 5,000- 20 in light brown, fall deer cover in open areas viscidiflorus 9,000 ft Hook.) Nutt. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Alpine circaea Cool, damp woods at Perennial herb, slen- Pear-shaped cap- Circaea alpina higher elevations der stems arising sule, .08 in, U from tuberous rhizome, covered with short 3131 4-20 in high, juicy hooked hairs Common thistle Widespread Biennial herb, stem Achenes Seeds eaten by some Introduced weed; Cirsium vulgare robust, 3-5 ft high, gamebirds; deer browse early invader of Savi) Airy-Shaw leaves with numerous on plants during disturbed sites 3131 stout prickles winter Blackbrush Dry slopes and Shrub, 1.5-4.5 ft Achene, 1-seeded Coleogyne ramosissima mesas in creosote Torr. and sagebrush 3132, 3133, 3134 deserts, 3,000- 5,000 ft Narrow-leaved collinsia Dry open ground Annual herb, slender Capsule Collinsia linearis stems, 4-20 ft high Gray 3131 Littleflower collinsia | Widespread in areas Slender annual, often Capsule with many Collinsia parviflora that are moist in decumbent or reclin- seeds Lindt. the spring ing, 4-16 in high 3131, 3135 Common comandra Dry to moist, well- Parasitic perennial Drupelike, .25- Parasitic on many Comandra umbellata drained soils, low- herb, leaves thick, -33 in Tong conifers and angio- (L.) Nutt. land to subalpine, stems simple or sperms 3131 especially common branched, 4-12 in in sagebrush high Cliffrose Rocky hills and Evergreen shrub, Hairy achene, late Browsed by deer Cowania mexicana plateaus on lime- 3-6 ft spring-fall Don stone formations, 3132, 3133, 3134 3,500-8,000 ft Hawthorn Open hillsides, Shrub or smal] Smal] pome with Small apple-like fruits Favorite nesting Crataegus spp. woods and thickets, tree, spines l-seeded nutlets are not used as much _— site for many birds L. often in disturbed as might be expected; 3131 areas eaten by few species of songbirds Columbia hawthorn Often in disturbed Shrub or small tree, Small pome with Same as Crataegus spp. Same as Crataegus Crataegus columbiana areas, open hill- up to 15 ft, spines. 1-seeded nutlets, spp. Sarg. sides 1-2.5 in long dark red, ovoid, 3131 .33-.5 in Tong Douglas hawthorn Woods and thickets Small tree, up to Smal] pome with Same as Crataegus spp. Same as Crataegus Crataegus douglasii 25 ft high, stout J-seeded nutlets, spp. Lind1. spines, .33-.8 in -25-.37 in long, 3131 Jong nearly black Hawksbeard Dry soils to Perennial herb, to Achene Crepis acuminata 10,500 ft 28 in Nutt. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 continued 86 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Slender hawksbeard Ponderosa pine Perennial herb, Achene, greenish, Crepis atribarba and grassland stems 1-several, deeply grooved Helter areas at mid- 6-14 in high 3131 elevations Slender cryptantha Foothills to Annual herb, Nutlet, .06-.1 in Seeds maybe eaten by Cryptantha affinis mid-elevations stems erect, long, dark brown some songbirds and Gray) Greene in mountains, slender, 4-14 and mottled, gamebirds 3135 dry woods, in high smooth and shiny plains Obscure cryptantha Dry, open places Annual herb, Nutlet, 4, ovate, Same as C. affinis Cryptantha ambigua from lowlands to stem freely -06-.08 in long Gray) Greene mid-elevations branched from 3131 in mountains base, 4-12 in high California danthonia Open, grassy Perennial grass, Caryopsis Preferred forage for Danthonia californica meadows to rocky tufted 2-3 ft ungulates Boland. ridges, moist high, erect or 3135 sites ascending Timber danthonia Prairies or Perennial grass, Caryopsis, awns Same as D. californica Danthonia intermedia grassland to densely tufted, flat and twisted Vasey timbered areas, 6-12 in high 3135 mountain mead- ows Few-flowered wild Dry to occasion- Perennial grass, Caryopsis Same as D. californica Of fair palatability oatgrass ally moist prai- 4-12 in high but of secondary im- Danthonia unispicata ries, foothills, portance as a range Thurb.) Munro ex open parks, ridges grass as it is sel- Maccun in montane for- dom abundant 3135 ests Larkspur Sandy, volcanic Erect branching Black-winged Delphinium andersoni soil, 5,000- herb, to 24 in seeds, follicle Gray 7,500 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Larkspur Meadows, thickets Perennial forb, Follicle, summer- Delphinium occidentale and open woods, 2-6 ft fall Wats. 6,000-10,000 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Slender hairgrass Generally moist Perennial grass, Caryopsis, awns Minor browse for un- Deschampsia elongata banks and slopes slender, tufted, straight, twice gulates Hook.) Munro ex or borders of 8-32 in high as long as glume Benth. streams or lakes, 3135 sometimes in woods Pinnate tansy mustard Dry ground, weedy, Annual herb, stems Siliques, .25- Small seeds eaten, Descurainia pinnata often near ditches commonly branched, -4 in long, less sometimes pod and Walt.) Britt. 8-24 in high than 20 seeds all, by quail; plants 3131 eaten by other wild- life Common tease] Frequently in Large, stout, bi- Achene Introduced weed Dipsacus sylvestris waste ground in ennial with prick- Huds. cultivated ly stem, 3-6 ft 3131 regions, moist, high, taproot low places Desert saltgrass Moist, alkaline Perennial grass, Grain, May-Oct. Seeds eaten by water- Creeping rootstocks Distichlis stricta soils, to 6,000 4-16 in fowl; cover for water- produce dense sods Rybd ft fowl and dense marsh 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 growth Vernal draba Open grassy Herbaceous annual, Silique, long Introduced Draba verna plains to sage- leaves all ina and narrow L. brush desert basal rosette, 3131 and lower moun- scape 2-6 in high tains, common / continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 87 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Spikerush Eleocharis rostellata orr. 3132, 3133, 3134 Wild rye Elymus spp. L 3132, 3133, 3134 Wild rye Elymus cinereus cribn. & Merr. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Yellow wild rye Elymus flavescens cribn. & Smith 3131 Blue wild rye Elymus glaucus juckT. 3131 Creeping wild rye Elymus triticoides Buck?. 3131 Joint-fir Ephedra torreyana lats. 3132, 3133, 3134 Mormon tea s Ephedra v Cov. 3132, 3133, 3134 Fireweed Epilobium angusti fol ium Ll. 3135 Smal 1-flowered willowweed Epilobiun minutum Lind]. 3131 Autumn willowweed Epilobium paniculatum utt. 3131 Fleabane Erigeron spp. U 3132, 3133, 3134 Habitat Alkaline soils of marshes and seeps Dry, open slopes and plains Ory plains, slopes, hills, ravines, valleys, riverbanks, 4,500-10,000 ft Dunes and sandy slopes along rivers, open flats, ditches, roadbanks Prairies, open woods, dry to moist hillsides, lowlands to mid- mountain Dry to moist, often saline meadows, river flats, sand dunes, sagebrush desert to lower mountains, es- pecially alka- line soils Ory desert areas, 4,000-7,000 ft Arid slopes, mesas, 3,500- 9,000 ft Lowlands to high mountains, old burns, clear cuts, open woods Widespread, low- land to montane, mostly on gravel- ly, dry soil Mostly on dry soil in open to wooded areas, often in ponder- osa pine wood- lands, common Forest edge, open ground, mountain mead- ows, above 3,000 ft Form Tufted perennial rush, 3-6 in Perennial grass, 3-12 in Tufted perennial grass, 2-6 ft Perennial grass, culms from long rootstocks, 1.5- 3 ft high Perennial grass, culms 2-5 ft high Perennial grass, culms from long rootstocks, 2-4 ft high Dieocious shrubs, to 4 ft Erect shrub, 1-3 ft Perennial herb, stems 3-10 ft high Annual herb, stems 4-16 in high Annual herb, tall, 1-8 ft high, usual- ly copiously branched Perennial herb, 1-3 ft Fruit Achene, summer- fall Grain Grain, June-Oct. Caryopsis Caryopsis Caryopsis Seeds in bracts Naked seed, sum- mer Capsule, 4- valved, 2-3 in long, seeds with long coma Capsule, 1-1.5 in long, seeds smooth Capsule, seeds at least .04 in Achene, summer- fall continued General wildlife use Seeds eaten by water- fowl; plant eaten by rabbit and muskrat May provide winter forage Same as E. Same as E. Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Same as E. torreyana Valuable browse for ungulates; seeds eaten by smal] mam- mals Same as E. angust+ folium Same as E. angusti- folium flavescens flavescens Notes Good soil binder; will stabilize shifting sand Maybe good sand binder Potentially bad weeds; valuable honey plants for beekeepers Potentially bad weeds; valuable honey plants for beekeepers CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Longleaf fleabane Open, dry places, Perennial herb, Achene Seeds eaten by grouse Erigeron corymbosus often with sage- .5-1.5 ft high, and songbirds Nutt. brush, wide- stems slender, 3131 spread mostly erect Threadleaf fleabane Dry places in Perennial herb, Achene Same as E. corybosus Erigeron filifolius plains and foot- stems clustered SLE fa (Hook.) Nutt. hills, often on a woody 3131 with sagebrush branching base, 6-20 in high Lineleaf fleabane Ory, often rocky Perennial herb, Achene Same as E. corybosus Erigeron linearis plains and foot- usually under (Hook.) Piper hills to moderate 10 in high, 3131 elevations in stems stout mountains Shaggy daisy Widespread east Perennial herb, Achene, with Highly preferred sum- Erigeron pumilus of Cascade Mts. stems clustered scant whitish mer forage for ungu- Nutt. on a woody base, pappus lates 3131 4-12 in high, I-many heads Wild buckwheat Dry soils, 2,000- Annual or peren- Achene Seeds eaten by quail, Eriogonum spp. 10,000 ft nial herb or grouse, turkey; Michx. shrub, to 40 in plant eaten by rabbit 3132, 3133, 3134 and deer Mat buckwheat Sagebrush flats Low, depressed, Achene Seeds and other parts Old leaves long per Eriogonum caespitosum to open, rocky matted shrub, are moderately im- sistent; grazing Nutt. mountain ridges, spreading branch- portant; seeds eaten value slight 3131 high dry slopes es, 2-8 in long by blue grouse Northern buckwheat Ory slopes of Perennial herb, Achene Same as E. caespitosum Grazing value Eriogonum compositum Columbia River stems woody, I slight Doug! . gorge through loosely branched, 3131 eastern Washing- prostrate or de- ton and Oregon, cumbent, 3-12 in foothills into long mountains Douglas buckwheat Sagebrush desert Shrub, stems Achene Same as E. caespitosum Same as E. caespi- Eriogonum douglasii and hills to stout, densely iT tosum Benth. juniper and branched, Ti 3131 ponderosa pine branches de- forests, dry pressed and mat- areas ted, rarely over 4 in high Desert buckwheat Loamy to rocky Perennial herb, Achene Same as E. caespitosum Same as E. caespi- Eriogonum heracleoides soils from sage- stem shrubby, tosum Nutt. brush desert to loosely branch- 3131 ponderosa pine ed, prostrate forest and mon- or decumbent, tane ridges up 4-20 in long to 6,000 ft Slenderbush eriogonum Arid regions Erect or decum- Achene Same as E. caespitosum Same as £. caespi- Eriogonum microthecum throughout bent bushy shrub, tosum Nutt. province branched, 8-24 in 3131 high Snowy eri gonum Dry hill, sage- Shrub, woody Achene Seeds eaten by blue Same as E. caespi- Eriogonum niveum brush desert to stem, loosely grouse tosum doug ponderosa pine branched, erect 3131 forest or spreading, 4-8 in high Cushion buckwheat Dry soils, val- Erect shrub, per- Achene Seeds eaten by grouse, Eriogonum ovalifolium leys, slopes, ennial, to 1.5 quail, turkey; browsed Nutt. hills, 4,500- ft by rabbit, deer, big- 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 8,500 ft horn sheep Rock buckwheat. Sagebrush desert. Shrub, stems Achene Same as E. caespi um Same as E. caespi- Eriogonum or juniper flats stout, copiously tosum sphaerocephalum and scablands to branched, erect DougT. ponderosa pine or decumbent, 2- 3131 forest 10 in high continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 89 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Desert buckwheat Sagebrush desert Shrub, 1-2 ft high, Achene Same as E. caespitosum Same as E. caespi- Eriogonum strictum to ponderosa pine stem erect or de- Sere ee tea Benth. forest, arid cumbent, often 3131 regions freely branched Thyme buckwheat Sagebrush flats Shrub, profusely Achene Same as E. caespitosum Same as E. caespi- Eriogonum thymoides to low mountain branched, spread- tosum Benth. ridges, arid ing or decumbent 3131 regions or nearly erect, 3-18 in high Sulfur buckwheat Sagebrush desert Shrub, spreading Achene Same as E. caespitosum Same as E. caespi- Eriogonum umbellatum to alpine rocky or depressed 2-5 tosum Torr. ridges, dry ft high 3131 sites Common woolly sunflower Dry, open places, Perennial herb, Achene, 4-angled, Leaves and flowers Eriophyllum lanatum lowlands to mid- ‘loosely clustered pappus of nerve-. eaten by grouse Pursh) Forbes elevations, wide- from slender root- less chaffy 3135 spread stock, erect or scales decumbent, 8-40 in high Filaree Valleys and foot- Annual herb, Capsule, awn- Seeds eaten by many Introduced and wide- Erodium circutarium hills, dry open small, erect, shaped seeds kinds of birds; ly established; val- (.) Uher. ground branched at base, foliage relished by uable range plant 3131 2-20 in long, various browsers early leaves in basal rosette Winter-fat Slopes, plains Shrubs, 8-32 in Bracts, villous Valuable forage Eurotia lanata in sagebrush and (Pursh) Moq. creosote deserts, 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 2,500-7,000 ft Idaho fescue Open woods, rocky Perennial bunch- Grain, July-Sept. Seeds eaten by tur- Festuca idahoensis slopes, 5,000- grass, 12-40 in key and songbirds; Elmer 11,000 ft plant eaten by mule 3131, 3132, 3133, deer 3134, 3135 Nuttall's fescue Desert and wood- Annual grass, Caryopsis, awn Seeds eaten by birds Festuca microstachys land or foothill culms slender, usually longer and rodents; plant Nutt. forests, often erect 4-16 in than body, lemmas eaten by mule deer 3131 weedy high oppressed- pubescent .4-.5 in long Western fescue Streambanks, lake Perennial grass, Caryopsis, lemmas Same as F. microstachys Festuca occidentalis margins, moist closely tufted, slightly scabrous in Walt. woods to ponder- slender, 16-32 3135 osa pine and mon- in high tane forests Eight-flowered fescue Dry, open ground Annual grass, Caryopsis, gla- Same as F. microstachys Festuca octoflora mainly east of somewhat tufted, brous to scabrous qe Le Et Hook. Cascade Mts. slender, 6-12 in 3131 high Sand strawberry Mostly on old Perennial, stol- Achenes borne on Upland gamebirds feed Fragaria chiloensis dunes along oniferous herb enlarged, fleshy, on tender leaves as L.) Duchesne coast, rarely juicy receptacle well as fruit; berries 3135 found inland eaten by birds and other wildlife Virginia strawberry Open woods and Perennial herb, Achenes borne on Same as F. chiloensis Fragaria virginiana meadows to stoloniferous enlarged, fleshy, 7 Ti Duchesne streambanks, juicy receptacle 3135 plains, lower mountains Monument plant Open or wooded Perennial herb, Capsule, .75-1 Frasera speciosa foothills and stem stout, 1.5- in long, flat- Doug]. ex Griseb. valleys to sub- 6.5 ft high tened 3135 alpine slopes continued 90 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2__(Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Northern beds traw Galium boreale Li 3131 Nuttall's gayophytum Gayophytum nuttallii T. 8G. Common and wide- spread, moist thickets and open woods Foothills to mid- elevations in mountains, arid Perennial herb, stems prostrate or ascending 10- 24 in high Annual herb, stems usually stoutish at base, freely Dry capsule, short, hairy Capsule, 4- valved, seeds glabrous, about 3135 sites branched .2 in Hairstem groundsmoke Ory foothills and Annual herb, stem Capsule, .08- Gayophytum valleys to lower 8-20 in high, .2 in long, ramo mountains, sandy diffusely branched seeds .2 in Nutt. ex areas 3131 Geranium Rich soils, 3,000- Annual or peren- Capsule, 5-lobed, Seeds eaten by dove Geranium spp. 11,000 ft nial forb, 12-30 Apr.-Oct. and quail; plant eaten c in by deer 3132, 3133, 3134 Sticky geranium Geranium viscosissimum F&M. 3131 Largeleaf avens Geum macrophy]1um Willd. 3131 Small-flowered gilia Gilia minutiflora Benth. 3131 Spiny hop-sage Grayia spinosa Hook. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Broom snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Meadows east of Cascade Mts. Meadows, moist woods, stream- banks, from sea level to sub- alpine Dry, sandy plains at low elevations, often with sage- brush Alkaline plains, slopes in creo- sote and sage- brush deserts, 2,500-7,000 ft Plains, slopes, in upper desert grasslands, oak woodlands, 3,000- 7,000 ft Perennial herb, usually closely clustered, 12-20 in high Perennial herb, stems 1.5-3.5 ft high, basal leaves and petioles 5-10 in long Herb, leaves well- distributed along stem, 8-20 in high Shrub, 1-3 ft Shrub, 15-1 ft Capsule, several- many seeded Achenes in a prominent receptacle Capsule, .17 in long, 3-seeded Fruits in flat- tened bracts Small achene, July-Nov. Seeds eaten by birds and rodents Seeds maybe eaten by gamebirds Seeds eaten by a few species of upland gamebirds and rodents Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbits, antelope, deer Invader of over- grazed ranges; poisonous in vary- ing degrees to browsing and graz- ing animals Halogeton Widespread on Annual herb, 4- Berrylike with Introduced; highly Halogeton glomeratus alkaline, dry 20 in bracts, summer poisonous oxalic Bieb. disturbed soils acid content 3132, 3133, 3134 Goldenweed Meadows, alkaline Shrub, .5-1.5 ft Achene Halophyte occurring Hap lopappus soils, 4,000- with Sarcobatus spp. anceolatus 6,000 ft Hook. 3132, 3133, 3134 Narrow-leaved haplopappus Haplopappus stenophyl lus Gray 3131 Cow parsnip Heracleum lanatum Dry, rocky soils often with sage- brush, plains and foothills Streambanks or moist ground, Perennial herb, leafy branches from a loose mat Perennial herb, single stemmed, Achenes, Aug.- Sept. Dry schizocarp, short oil-tubes, Leaves may be eaten by gamebirds Preferred ungulate browse; bears also Michx. lowland to mid- 3-10 ft high conspicuous forage on leaves 3131 mountain, wide- spread Hermidium Dry slopes and Erect herb, 9- Anthocarp Hermidium alipes flats, 4,000- 20 in Wats. 6,500 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 91 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Spike fescue Ory mountains, Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Hesperochloa kingii hills, 4,500- 2-3 ft fall Wats.) Rybd. 10,500 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Houndstongue hawkweed Ory woods Perennial herb ‘Achene Basal leaves eaten by Hieracium with many basal several wildlife spe- cynoglossoides leaves, stems cies rv. - Touv. from a horizontal 3131, 3135 rootstalk, slend- er, 10-28 in high Galleta grass Dry sandy pla- Perennial grass, Grain, May-Nov. Hilaria jamesii teaus, open 25-50 in Torr. valleys, 3,000- 3132, 3133, 3134 8,000 ft Ocean spray Moist woods to Deciduous shrub, Follicles, 5 Browsed by ungulates Holodiscus discolor dry open areas erect, 1.5-10 ft carples, I- with heavy use on win- (Pursh) Maxim. high seeded ter range 3135 Ocean spray Pine or spruce Aromatic decidu- 1-seeded foll- Holodiscus dumosus forest, often ous shrub, 3 ft icle, June-Sept. (utt.) Heller on cliffs, 3132, 3133, 3134 5,500-10,000 ft, sun Jagged chickweed Common weed Annual herb, erect, Many-seeded cap- Holosteum umbellatum branched at base, sule, .2-.28 in ee 4-10 in high 3131 Hutchinsia Moist alkaline Erect annual, 4-8 Wingless seed Halophyte occuring Hutchinsia procumbens soil, to 8,600 in with Sarcobatus spp. R. Br. ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Fendler waterleaf Thickets and Perennial herb, Capsule, 2- Hydrophyllum fendleri moist open erect or spreading valved, 1-4 tray) Heller places, low- stem, 1-2.5 ft seeded 3131 lands to mid- high, leaves up elevations to 12 in long Pingwing Dry soils, Annual or peren- Solitary fruit- Hymenoxys richardsonii 5,000-9,000 ft nial herb, to 16 ing head Hook. in 3132, 3133, 3134 Western iris Common, sage- Perennial herb, Capsule May provide nectar Iri issouriensis brush desert linear, basal for hummingbirds to ponderosa leaves, stout pine forest in stems, 1-2 ft wet meadows and high streambanks, often where it becomes dry in mid-summer Poverty weed Alkaline plains, Herb to low Achene Halophyte occuring Iva axillaris or saline marsh shrub, 2-12 in with Sarcobatus spp. Pursh borders, 3,000- 3132, 3133, 3134 7,500 ft Rush Salt marshes, Tufted perennial Capsule, summer- Juncus spp. moist soil rushes, to 3 ft fall Le 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Dwarf juniper Dry rocky or Dense aromatic ever- Small round Fruit eaten by song- Juniperus communis sandy slopes green, usually berrylike cone, birds, quail, turkey, L. of mountains prostrate shrub, spring bear, deer, fox 3132, 3133, 3134 and forests, 1-3 ft above 5,000 ft continued 92 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western juniper Dry foothills, Large shrub to Berry, blackish, Berries eaten by birds Young trees easily Juniperus occidentalis mountainsides, medium tree, 12- -25-.33 in long, and smal] mammals; killed by ground Hook . 6 ,000-10,500 30 ft, rarely 60 2-5 seeded, good mule deer feed on foli- fires while older 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 ft ft with massive crops nearly age of selected trees trees are moder- erect trunk every year, Sept ately resistant due to thicker bark and higher crowns Utah juniper Dry plains, Smal] evergreen Berrylike brown — Important food and Juniperus osteosperma hills, plateaus, tree, broad round cone, spring cover for numerous Corr.) Little often in pure crown, 15-40 ft species 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 stands or with pinyon, 3,000- 7,500 ft, sun Rocky Mountain juniper Inland valleys Evergreen tree, Berry, 1-5 seeded, Berries eaten by birds Wood durable, used Juniperus scopulorum and lower moun- narrow pointed seeds 1-2 angled, and small mammals; chiefly for fence Sarg. tains, exposed open crown, 30-50 heavy crops at important food and posts; fastest 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 dry areas, ft 2-5 yr intervals, cover for numerous growing juniper calcareous or Nov.-Dec. species somewhat alka- line soils Summer cypress Dry open plains Shrub, 4-16 in Achene, summer- often on saline fall soil, 5,000- 3132, 3133, 3134 6,000 ft Prairie junegrass Sagebrush des- Tufted or bunched Caryosis, glumes Forage for mule deer Good native forage; Koeleria cristata ert. prairies, perennial grass, and lemmas about rarely locally Pers. open forest to 4-28 in equal, May-Oct. abundant 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, subalpine ridges, 3135 mostly on sandy to rocky soils Prickly lettuce Fields and waste Leafy stemmed herb, Achene Seeds are occasionally lactuca serriola places 1-5 ft high eaten; flowers eaten L. by some gamebirds 3131 Western stickseed Dry plains, Annual herb, stem 4 nutlets with Lappula redowskii weedy 8-16 in high, marginal prickles (Hornem.) Greene branched from base, 331 taproot Western larch Foothills to Deciduous, conifer Cones, about 1 in Grouse consume needles Larix occidentalis mid-mountain, tree, up to 250 ft long, seeds .2-.5 and buds; some birds Nutt. often where high in Tong eat seeds but use is 3135 swampy not substantial Yellow- flowered Abundant on dry, Annual herb, freely Silicle, seeds Wildlife use slight; peppergrass waste or over- branched, 4-16 in dark brown, 2 per seeds eaten by birds Lepidium perfoliatum grazed land high pod and rodents Ly 3131 Shrubby phlox Dry, sandy, rocky Low shrub to 16 in — Many-seeded Leptodactylon pungens soil, 4,000-12,000 locules Torr. ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Thread-stemmed linanthus Generally in dry Annual herb, slender Capsule, seeds Seeds eaten by game- Linanthus lowlands, occasion- stem, usually decum- 2-8 per locule birds Pharnaceo{ des al bent, 1-8 in high Benth.) Greene 3131 Slender fringecup Grassy hillsides Perennial herb, Capsule, 3-peaked, Gamebirds may eat bulbs Lithophragma and sagebrush -5-1.5 ft high seeds about .02 in bulbifera desert to pond- Rydb. erosa pine and 3131 Douglas-fir forests continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 93 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western gromwel] Fairly dry places Perennial herb, 4 nutlets, Seeds eaten by some ithospermum ruderale up to mid-eleva- taprooted, stems smooth, .2-.25 gamebirds Doug]. ex Lehm. tions clustered, .5-2 in 3131, 3135 ft high, stout Biscuit root Dry rocky areas, Coulescent peren- Seed flattened Lomatium spp. 4,000-10,000 nial, to 24 in dorsally Raf. ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Lace-leaved lomatium Open, often Perennial herb, Dry schizocarp, Same as L. ruderale Lomatium dissectum rocky slopes, robust, 1.5-10 .33-.75 in Nutt.) Math. & Const. dry meadows, ft high 3131 lowland to mid- mountain MacDougal lomatium Dry, open slopes, Perennial herb, Dry schizocarp, Same as L. ruderale Loma tium valleys, plains large fleshy tap- .2-.4 in, wings macdougalii to mid-mountain root, 4-14 in half as broad Nutt.) Coult. & Rose or higher high as body 3131 Bigseed lomatium Open, rocky Perennial herb, Dry schizocarp, Same as L. ruderale Lomatium macrocarpum hills and plains -5-1.5 ft high, -4-.8 in (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose large, fleshy 3131 taproot Nineleaf lomatium Open slopes, Perennial herb, Dry schizocarp, Same as L. ruderale Lomatium triternatum meadows, dry 1-2.5 ft high, -38-.5 in long (Pursh) Coult. & Rose to fairly moist fleshy taproot 3131, 3135 soils, lowland to mid-montane Lupine Dry slopes, mesas Annual or peren- Flat pod, con- Seeds eaten by quail, Some species poison Lupinus spp. open forest, 100- nial forb with stricted between turkey, deer ous to livestock T. 10,000 ft, sun terminal clusters seeds, spring- 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 of flowers, 6-24 fall in Tailcup lupine Sagebrush des- Low perennial Pod, silky, I- Same as Lupinus spp. Poisonous in vary- eens caudatus ert to ponderosa herb, stems tufted 1.5 in long ing degrees to Kellogg pine forest, dry on a somewhat woody livestock and other 3131, 3132, 3133, sites, 4,000- base browsing and graz- 3134, 3135 9,600 ft ing animals Velvet lupine Foothills, dry Perennial herb, Pod, 1-1.5 in Seeds valuable to Lupinus leucophy]l lus slopes stems erect, long several upland game- Dougl. ex Lind]. stout, often birds 3131 branched, 1-2.5 ft high Rock lupine Mostly on basaltic Perennial herb, Pod Same as L. leucophyllus This lupine is Lupinus saxosus rimrock in sage- stems 4-12 in high, poisonous in vary- HowelT brush desert or erect or spreading ing degrees to 3131 light pine wood- livestock and other lands, dry stony browsing and grazing soils animals Silky lupine Sagebrush desert Perennial herb, Pod, flattened, Same as L. leucophyllus Lupinus sericeus to lower montane stem erect, stout 1-1.5 in long ursh forest freely branching, 3131 1-2.5 ft high Box thorn Dry mesas, slopes Thorny shrub, 3-6 Ovoid, dry, Seeds eaten by dove Lycium cooperi below 5,000 ft ft many-seeded and quail Gray 3132, 3133, 3134 Hoary aster Dry, open places Biennial or short- Achenes Machaeranthera generally in lived perennial, canescens plains and foot- stem erect, 1-3 Pursh) Gray hills ft high 3131 continued 7 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Stinking tarweed Widespread, dry Annual herb, very Achenes Dark seeds are eaten Madia glomerata open places glandular and by many birds and Hook. from foothills ill-scented, 1-2 rodents 3135 and valleys to ft high mid-elevations Least tarweed Ory, open ond- Herb Achenes, com- Same as M. glomerata Have sticky, pun- Madia minima erosa pine woods pressed, May- gent leaves and Mol. i and in prairies July stems 3135 Blazing-star Desert valleys Perennial herb, Capsule, seeds Mentzelia laevicaulis and lower moun- stout stem, 1.5- distinctly wing- uat.) T. &G. tains, dry, open 3.5 ft high margined 331 areas False agoseris Ory, open places Perennial herbs, Achene, .28-.33 Flowers eaten by blue Microseris troximoides in foothills and basal leaves in, pappus of grouse Gray lowlands 10-30 very 3131 slender scales, early summer Pink microsteris Moist places in Annual herb to 1 ft Capsule Microsteris gracilis. foothills and high, stems usually Hook.) Greene lowlands erect 3131, 3135 Pullup muhly Generally near Annual herb, Caryopsis, lemma, Not specifically Muhlenbergia springs or seep- slender, clusterd .08 in long known in this province iliformis age, sometimes erect or decum- but browsed by ungu- Thurb.) Rydb. in fairly hot bent, 3-14 in lates and gamebirds 3135 water, moist high in other regions meadows Bristly mousetail Wet places in Annual herb, low, Achene Myosurus aristatus sagebrush and 1-2 in high Benth. ex Hook. grassland 3131 areas, vernal pools Holly-leaved water nymph Ponds, lakes, Subsurface pond Sheathed nutlet, Seeds eaten by water- Najas marina marshes weed summer- fall fowl Le 3132, 3133, 3134 Prickly pear Variable from dry Generally low-grow- Juicy obovoid Fruit eaten by dove, Opuntia spp. slopes to mesas, ing to 6 ft with fruit quail, coyote, fox, Mill. canyons flattened or cylin- rabbit, antelope 3132, 3133, 3134 drical joints Indian rice-grass Grassland and Caespitose, peren- Caryopsis Seeds eaten by upland Palatable and nu- Oryzopsis penenoides desert plains nial grass, hollow gamebirds, songbirds, tritious Ra S. cker and foothills, culms, 1-2 ft high small mammals; browsed 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 rocky or sandy by mule deer soils Myrtle boxleaf Coniferous for- Low inconspicuous Capsule, 2- Plant relished by deer Pachystima myrsinites est, 6,000- ground cover celled, May ursh) Raf. 9,000 ft 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Western peony Sagebrush des- Perennial herb, Leathery, many- Paeonia brownii ert to ponderosa 8-20 in high, seeded follicle Dougl. ex Hook. pine forest leaves large 3135 and fleshy Penstemon Rocky canyons, Perennial forb to Capsule with Seeds eaten by song- Penstemon spp. sandy washes, erect shrub to numerous seeds birds; plant eaten by Mitch. 2,500-9,000 ft 3 ft antelope 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Stiffleaf penstemon Common in moun- Perennial herb, Capsule, seeds Small irregular seeds Penstemon aridus tains stems arising not winged are eaten primarily Rydb. from woody caudex by western rodents 3131 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 95 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Cusick's penstemon Penstemon cusickii Gray 3131 Scabland penstemon Penstemon deustus Dougl. ex Lindl. 3131 Matroot penstemon Penstemon radicosus A. Nels. 3131 Varileaf phacelia Phacelia heterophylla Pursh 3135 Reed canary-grass Phalaris aruni nacea L. 3132, 3133, 3134 Lewis mock orange Philadel phus lewisii Pursh 3131 Spreading phlox Phlox diffusa Benth. 3131 Hood's phlox Phlox hoodii Rich. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Longleaf phlox Phlox longifolia Nut 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Reed Phragmites communis Trin. 3132, 3133, 3134 Oregon double bladderpod Physaria oregana Wats. 3131 Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii Parry ex EngeTm. 3132, 3133, 3134 Whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis Engelm. 3132, 3133, 3134 Habitat Sagebrush slopes and plains, es- pecially on basalt Widespread in dry places Dry sites Widespread Washes, wet meadows, river- banks, 4,000- 9,000 ft Along water- courses and on cliffs, talus slopes and rocky hillsides of sagebrush or Douglas-fir forest Mid to high elevations Dry rocky hills, valleys, plains, foothills Dry, often rocky places from low to mid-elevations, 4,000-9,000 ft Wet places and alkaline sinks, below 5,000 ft Dry places Conifer forest, 8,000-12,000 ft, sun Subalpine to alpine, dry rocky soils near timber- line, 8,000- 10,000 ft Form Perennial herb Perennial herb, distinctly shrubby at base Perennial shrub, stems arising from woody caudex Biennial or short- lived perennial herb, taproot, stem single, over 1.75 ft high Erect perennial grass, 24-60 in Erect to spreading deciduous shrub, 4-10 ft high Perennial herb, compact, tending to form mats Perennial herb, forming dense cushions Perennial herb Tall perennial reed, to 12 ft Perennial herb, several-stemmed, simple, rosulate basal leaves Evergreen tree with conical crown, drooping branches, 40- 50 ft Crooked, con- torted tree, 15-45 ft Fruit Capsule Capsule, seeds not winged Capsule, seeds not winged Capsule Grain, summer- fall Woody capsule Capsule, 1-seed per locule Capsule, July Capsule, 1-2- seeded, ovoid Grain, July- Dec. Silique Round cone, spring Cone, spring continued General wildlife use Same as P. ari Same as P. aridus I~ Same as P. aridus Seeds eaten by game- birds Forage for ungulates Nectar used by hum- mingbirds; browsed by mule deer Plant eaten by deer and antelope; nectar used by hummingbirds Nectar used by humming- birds; browsed by mule deer Seeds eaten by game- birds, songbirds, rabbit, squirrel; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by game- birds and squirrel; browsed by deer Notes Low in attractive- ness to wildlife Same as P. aridus Same as P. aridus CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes 8ristle-cone pine Exposed ridges Gnarled bushy tree, Cone, spring Seeds eaten by game- Pinus ari mostly on limestone to 45 ft, but birds and squirrel; Fnatem. in spruce--fir for- stunted and shrubby browsed by deer 3132, 3133, 3134 est to timberline, at timberline 9,500-12,000 ft Lodaepole pine Ory, mountain Evergreen tree, 30- Cone, 1.5-2.5 in Very important; seeds Valuable cover for Pinus contorta slopes, often in 110 ft high Tong, good crops used by many birds and gamebirds, fur Doual. “ex Loud. Pure stands in 1-3 year inter- mammals; needles eaten bearers, browsers 3135 areas burned vals, Aug.-Sept. by grouse and hoofed browsers; bark and wood eaten by porcupines and small rodents Colorado pinyon Pinyon-- juniper Small evergreen Egg-shaped cone, Seeds eaten by pinyon Pinus edulis woodland, 4,000- bushy tree, compact pollinates in jay, songbirds, fox, Engelm. 7,000 ft spreading crown, spring squirrel, gamebirds, 3132, 3133, 3134 15-35 ft deer, bear Limber pine Near timberline or Evergreen tree, Cone, seeds al- Same as P. contorta Same as P. contorta Pinus flexilis mostly semi-arid widely branched, most wingless James ranges drooping crown, 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 40-50 ft Singleleaf pinyon Drier slopes, Evergreen tree, Cone, fall Seeds eaten by song- Seeds gathered ex- Pinus monophylla 4,000-8,000 ft 15-30 ft birds, gamebirds, fox, tensively by humans Torr. & Frem. squirred, deer, bear for food 3131, 3132, 3132, 3134 Ponderosa pine Chiefly upland Large, evergreen Cones, 3-5.5 in Same as P. contorta Same as P. contorta; Pinus ponderosa where dry, often tree, up to 220 long, Aug.-Sept. mature trees very DougT. ex Loud. in open, pure ft fire-resistant 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 stands Indian wheat Common Annual herb, woolly Capsule, top Seeds eaten to a Plantago patagonica deciduous, slight extent by Jacq. 2-seeded many birds; leaves 3131 favored by rabbits; rodents eat seeds freely Bluegrass Open dry hills Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by rab- Poa spp. and mesas 10-40 in fall bit, deer, antelope 3132, 3133, 3134 Merrill's bluegrass Sagebrush areas, Perennial grass, Caryopsis Seeds are eaten by Widely used as a Poa ampla often where alka- basal leaves several kinds of constituent of Merr. line about .04 in songbirds and ro- Pastures and as 3131 wide, upper dents; leaves grazed substitute for leaves .04-.1 in by rabbit and big game Kentucky bluegrass in lawns Canada bluegrass Waste ground, Perennial grass, Caryopsis Same as P. ampla Same as P. ampla Poa compressa roadsides and rhizomatous, flat- L. gardens to open tened culms, 8-18 3131 woods and mead- in ows, mostly where fairly moist Cusick bluegrass Sagebrush plains Perennial grass, Caryopsis Same as P. ampla Great value as range Poa cusickii to alpine meadows 4-24 in high forage Vasey and ridges 3131 Fendler bluegrass Mesas, rocky Perennial grass, Grain, May-Sept. Plant eaten by rabbit Important range Poa fendleriana hills, open dry 12-30 in and deer grass Vasey woodlands below 3132, 3133, 3134 11,500 ft, sun Wheeler bluegrass Exposed ridges Perennial arass, Caryopsis Same as P. ampla Poa nervosa and talus slopes lower blades lax (Hook.) Vasey to open woods 3135 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 97 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) 98 Species Nevada bluegrass Poa nevadensis Vasey ex Si bn. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis * 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Sandberg bluegrass Poa sandbergii Vasey 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Sandberg bluegrass Poa secunda Presl. 3132, 3133, 3134 Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Michx. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa T. & G. ex Hook. 3131 Pondweed Potamogeton spp. U 3132, 3133, 3134 Cinquefoil Potentilla spp. 3132, 3133, 3134 Beauty cinquefoil Potentilla gracilis Hook. 3131, 3135 Western choke-cherry Prunus virginiana L. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Habitat Low meadows, hill- sides, dry or wet soil, moister areas of sagebrush valleys to ponder- osa pine or lower montane forest east of Cascade Mts., 5,000-9,000 ft Open woods, mead- ows, disturbed soil, roadsides and waste areas to dry or moist prairies and woodlands, medi- um to high eleva- tion Desert or dry exposed areas in lower mountains Plains, dry woods, rocky slopes, moderate eleva- tions Not confined to streambanks and lake shores, widely distrib- uted in conifer- ous forest above 5,000 ft Along stream- banks and lake- shores or moist regions, occa- sionally on better drained soils away from water Shallow ponds, lakes, streams Open coniferous forest, mountain meadows above 6,000 ft Grassland and moist areas in deserts to sub- alpine meadows Widespread, moist soils along streams, on hill- sides, 4,500- 8,500 ft Form Perennial grass, non-rhizomatous , 20-40 in Perennial grass, rhizomatous, culms terete Perennial grass, 2.5-3 ft nigh Perennial bunchgrass, to 12 in Deciduous tree, up to 100 ft high Deciduous tree, up to 60 ft high Subsurface pond weed Perennial herb or shrub, 6-30 in Perennial herb, Jess than 15 in high Shrub or small tree, seldom over 15 ft Fruit Grain, summer- fall Caryopsis Caryopsis Grain, May-July Capsule, 2-car- pellate, good seed years every 4-5 years, June Capsule, 2-car- pellate, May- June Orupelets, achene, summer- fall Achene, summer- fall Achene Cluster of drupes, Apr.-June continued General wildlife use Same as P. ampla Same as P. ampla Same as P. ampla Seeds eaten by game- birds and songbirds; plant eaten by rabbit and deer Buds and catkins are valuable in winter and spring for vari- ous kinds of grouse; bark, twigs, foliage eaten by rabbits and hoofed browsers; wood or bark relished by beaver and porcu- pines Same as P. tremuloides Seeds eaten by water- fowl, shore birds, muskrat Seeds eaten by song- birds; plant eaten by rabbit, deer, bighorn sheep Little value; seeds eaten by upland game- birds, songbirds, smal] mammals One of the most im- portant foods; fruit eaten by birds, fur and game mammals, small mammals; hoofed browsers and rabbits feed extensively on twigs, foliage, bark of trees Notes Widespread 3 duced; one o best lawn ar: Great value range forage Dominant gra intro- f our ‘asses as ss on abused sagebrush grassland Great aesthetic value in fal 13 sprouts from cut roots Fruit sweet astringent but CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 | (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Douglas-fir Mixed coniferous Large evergreen Cone, broadly Seeds eaten by squir- Pseudotsuga menziesii forest, cold tree, with open winged seeds, rels and other rodents; (Mirb.) Franco canyons, moist to broadly conical heavy crops 5-7 foliage and twigs are 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 dry places, sea crown year intervals, important to several level to near Sept. kinds of browsers; timberline, needles and cones are 5,000-11,000 ft, top-ranked winter food sun of blue grouse Lemon scurf pea Sandy soil, often Perennial herb Pod, 1-seeded Psoralea lanceolata with sagebrush ursh 3131 Indigobush Ory slopes, mesas, Small shrub, .5- Ovoid pod Psorothamnus 2,500-6,000 ft 6 ft polydenius Torr. 3132, 3133, 3134 Hop-tree Woods, slopes, Shrub to smal] Samara, indehis- Ptelea trifoliata canyons, 5,000- tree, to 18 ft cent Ll. 9,000 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Bitterbrush Sagebrush desert Shrub, to 9 ft, Achene, 1-seeded, Important to wildlife; Grazed by domestic Purshia tridentata to ponderosa rigidly brushy, -25-.33 in long, seeds eaten by western stock; fair orna- Pursh) DC. pine forests, with deciduous Aug. chipmunk, pocket mice, mental shrub; pre- 3131, 3132, 3133, open slopes, leaves mantled ground squir- vents soil erosion 3134, 3135 mesas, 4,000- rel; plant eaten by 9,000 ft mule deer Whitevein pyrola Coniferous for- Perennial herb, Dry capsule Hard to grow Pyrola picta est slender rhizome, Sm. rosette of deep 3135 green leaves, 3-10 in high Gambel oak Widespread in Shrub to tree, with Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- Quercus gambelii mountains, pla- rounded crown, 6- spring birds, gamebirds, Nutt. teaus, pine 40 ft squirrel, rabbit, deer, 3132, 3133, 3134 forests, 5,000- bear 8,000 ft, sun and shade Smooth sumac Widespread Rhizomatous and Reddish drupe Not preferred food but Valued ornamental; Rhus glabra often weedy shrub, important winter sus- acid or milky juice Lt. 3-10 ft high tenance for upland 3131 gamebirds and deer Squawbush Along streams, Aromatic deciduous Berrylike, Mar.- Browsed by deer Rhus trilobata canyons, slopes shrub, 2-7 ft June Nutt. in chaparral, 3132, 3133, 3134 2,500-7,500 ft, sun Gooseberry Moist woodland Shrub, 3-6 ft Berry, summer Fruit eaten by grouse, Ribes spp. and forest, along fox, coyote; browsed tL. streams, 4,000- by deer 3132, 3133, 3134 11,500 ft Wax currant Grassland, sage- Deciduous shrub, Berry, juicy, Fruit eaten by game- Ribes cereum brush desert, straggly, 3-6 ft several-seeded, birds and squirrel; DougT. pine forests, dull to bright browsed by deer 3131, 3132, 3133, sometimes on red, May-July 3134, 3135 cliffs, 5,500- 11,000 ft, sun Alpine prickly currant Cont ferous forest, Straggly shrub, Berry, June-Aug. Fruit eaten by fox and ibes montigenum 6,500-11,500 ft 1-3 ft squirrel; browsed by McClathie deer i 3132, 3133, 3134 Gooseberry Dry slopes, Shrub, 2-10 ft Berry, summer Fruit eaten by quail Ribes velutinum 2,500-8,500 ft and squirrel; browsed Greene Tl by deer 3132, 3133, 3134 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 99 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sticky currant Ribes viscosissimum Pursh ~ 3135 New Mexican locust Robinia neomexicana Gray 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Wild rose Rosa spp. t. 3132, 3133, 3134 Veiny dock Rumex venosus Pursh 3131 Widgeon-grass Ruppia maritima U 3132, 3133, 3134 Samphire Salicornia rubra R. Nets. 3132, 3133, 3134 Utah samphire Sal Tidest 3132, 3133, 3134 utahensis Willow Salix spp. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Russian thistle Salsola kali L. 3132, 3133, 3134 Elderberry Sambucus spp. L. 3132, 3133, 3134- Canadian elder Sambucus cerulea Raf. 3132, 3133, 3134 Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa L. 3132, 3133, 3134 Greasewood Sarcobatus vermiculatus Hook.) Torr. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Creek banks to moist or dry, open to heavily timbered slopes up to timber- line Canyons, moun- tains, forming almost pure thickets on north facing slopes, 4,000- 8,500 ft, sun Moist soils to dry slopes, 2,000-9,000 ft Mainly on sand dunes or river- banks, grassland, sagebrush des- ert to lower montane valleys Saline pools, marshes Along shores of alkaline lakes, ponds, marshes Edges of alka- line lakes, ponds, marshes, on islands Moist soil along streams, 3,500- 9,500 ft, sun Mostly on dis- turbed and denuded soils Moist soil along streams, canyons, in coniferous forests, 1,000- 10,000 ft, shade Moist soils in coniferous for- est, 5,000-9,000 ft Moist soils in coniferous for- est, 6,000- 10,000 ft Flat areas, saline soil, below 6,500 ft Unarmed deciduous shrub Spiny shrub or Berry, several- seeded, deep bluish-black Pod, May-Aug. small tree, to 25 ft Erect, sprawling, or climbing shrub, to 12 ft Perennial herb, 6-25 in high, strongly rhizo- matous Subsurface pond weed Perennial or an- nual herb, 4-8 in Perennial herb, 6-12 in Tree, 15-50 ft Annual herb, shrub- like, to 4 ft Large shrub to small tree, 8- 33 ft Many-s tenmed shrub, to 20 ft Shrub, 2-12 ft Deciduous shrub, up to 9 ft high, spiny and freely branched Fleshy hip, achene Achene, 3-angled, brownish-nearly black Long nutlets, summer- a1 Achene, Sept.- Nov. Achene Seed capsules, in catkins, Mar. Achene Berry, June- Sept. Globose berry, June-Sept. Berry, Aug.-Oct. Perianth becomes enlarged, winged achene, summer- fall continued Fruit eaten by song- birds, chipmunks, squirrels Seeds eaten by quail, squirrel, deer Fruit eaten by grouse, bear, rabbit, deer Seeds eaten by song- birds and upland gamebirds; browsed occasionally by mule deer Seeds eaten by water- fowl and shore birds Seeds eaten by water- fowl Same as S. rubra Seeds eaten by squir- rel; browsed by beaver Seeds eaten by quail; plant eaten by ante- lope and deer Fruit eaten by squir- rel and fox Fruit eaten by grouse and deer Same as S. cerulea Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit and antelope Berry unpalatable Effective in reduc- ing erosion Of slight grazing value Prevents erosion and invades burned forest areas Introduced Common dominant on saline soil 100 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Alkalai bulrush Wet alkaline and Rush, 1.5-6 ft Spike of achenes, Seeds eaten by water- Scirpus olneyi marshy soils summer-fa11 fowl, shore birds, Gray quail; plant eaten by 3132, 3133, 3134 muskrat Salt-marsh bulrush Marshes, salt Erect rush, 1-3.5 Spike of achenes, Seeds eaten by water- Scirpus paludosus flats, immediate- ft year round fowl, shore birds, i. ly around lakes quail, songbirds; 3132, 3133, 3134 and along streams plant eaten by muskrat American great bulrush Marshes and muddy Perennial herb, Achenes One of the more im- Furnish important Scirpus validus s-ores at lower culms 3-10 ft portant and most com- cover, both nest- Vaht elevations, tol- high monly used foods of ing and protective, 3131 erant of alkali ducks and certain for waterfowl, shore birds; stems muskrats, otters, and underground parts raccoon, other eaten by muskrat and animals geese Wormleaf stonecrop Sagebrush desert Perennial herb, Follicle Small use by pika Sedum stenopetalum to ponderosa leaves often per- Pursh pine forest or sistent on old 3135 subalpine ridges stems, .6-.9 in or rock slides wide Western groundsel Open places from Perennial herb, Achene, 5-10- Senecio integerrimus valleys to near fibrous roots, nerved, Aug.- Nutt. timberline very short, erect Sept. 3131, 3135 short-lived crown Groundsel Meadows, moist Perennial herb, Achene, summer- Senecio serra soils along 2-4 ft fall Hook. streams, 8,500- 3132, 3133, 3134 10,500 ft Douglas silene Ory flats or Perennial forb, Capsule, summer- Silene douglasii slopes, 5,000- 4-16 in fall Hoo! 9,500 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Bottlebrush squirreltail Desert plains Perennial grass, Stiffly awned Seldom abundant; Sitanion hystrix and prairies, tufted, erect, grain, year- fair palatability Nutt.) J. G. Smith subalpine mead- 6-28 in round, depending early in season but 3131, 3132, 3133, ows on habitat long spikes nuisance 3134, 3135 to humans and a minor hazard to grazing animals Globe mallow Ory rocky slopes, Perennial forb Pubescent seeds Sphaeralcea ambigua canyons, below or erect shrub, Gray 4,000 ft 1.5-3 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Globe mallow Dry plateaus in Perennial forb or Indehiscent, Sphaeralcea volcanic soils shrub, 2-3 ft 1-seeded rossalarirefolia H. & A.) Rydb. 3132, 3133, 3134 Shinyleaf spiraea Wet places to Deciduous shrub Follicle, 2-sever- Little value but Spiraea betu i open hillsides al seeded browsed by white- Pall. from sea level tailed deer 3131, 3135 to 10,000 ft Alkalai sacaton Sandy plateaus Tightly tufted Grain, June-Nov. Good range grass Sporobolus airoides and washes, heavy- perennial grass, on alkaline soil | soiled. bottom- 25-50 in 3132, 3133, 3134 lands, often alkaline to 6,500 ft Sand dropseed Exposed sites on Perennial grass, Grain, July-Nov. Seeds eaten by ground Sporobolus cryptandrus sandy soil, sage- generally caespi- feeding birds, includ- {Torr.) Gray brush desert, tose, rhizomatous, ing turkey,and deer 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 grassland into with solid culms, foothills 15-50 in continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 101 51 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Columbian needlegrass Grassland, sage- Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by deer Fairly abundant, Stipa columbiana brush desert to caespitose, 12- fall and bighorn sheep palatable much of Macoun subalpine forest 30 in the year; sharp 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 and ridges, callus sometimes 5,000-8,000 ft injurious to live- stock Needle-and-thread Sandy soils of Tufted perennial Long awned grain, Important food for Injurious to live- Stipa comata dry hills, open grass, 14-30 in, May-Aug. songbirds and rodents; stock Trin. & Rupr. woodlands, mesas, caespitose plant eaten by deer 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 3,500-8,500 ft Letterman needlegrass Open woodlands, Tufted perennial Grain, Aug.-Nov. Plant eaten by deer Stipa lettermani forests above grass, 12-24 in Vasey 5,500 ft 3132, 3133, 3134 Western needlegrass Grassland and Caespitose, per- Caryopsis Seeds eaten by song- Same as S. Stipa occidentalis sagebrush desert ennial grass birds and rodents; columbiana Thurb. ex Wats. to subalpine plant eaten by deer min 3131, 3135 forests and ridges Thurber needlegrass Dry open wood- Grass, 6-20 in Achene, June- Same as S. columbiana Same as S. Stipa thurberiana lands, 5,000- July 2 coli tane Piper 8,000 ft, sun aniinainee 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134, 3135 Seepweed Alkaline or saline Annual or perennial Achene, summer- Seeds eaten by water- Suaeda spp. soils, 4,000- forb or halfshrub, fall fowl Forsk. 9,000 ft 8-20 in 3132, 3133, 3134 Sea blite Saline soil Erect perennial, Black seeds Halophyte occurring Suaeda nigra 8-30 in with Sarcobatus spp. Raf.) Macbr. 3132, 3133, 3134 Snowberry Damp places to Low shrub, to 9 ft Nutlets Seeds eaten by grouse, Symphoricarpos spp. dry, stony slopes, songbirds, bear; Duham. 3,200-10,500 ft browsed by deer 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Common snowberry Widespread spe- Erect shrub, 3-6.5 Nutlets, .17- Fruit eaten by game- Useful as nesting Symphoricarpos albus cies of thickets, ft high -2 in birds and songbirds; cover and protective L.) Blake woods, open foliage and twigs shelter 3131 slopes, from low- eaten extensively by land to mid-ele- deer vations Snowberry Slopes and along _ Erect or trailing Berry, Apr.-Aug. Browsed by deer Symphoricarpos streams in moun- shrub, 1-6 ft oreo; us tains, coniferous Gray forests, 5,500- 3132, 3133, 3134 9,000 ft Round-leaved snowberry Dry, open woods Deciduous shrub, Berrylike nutlets Same as S. albus Same as S. albus Symphoricarpos erect, bushy, 2-4 obtuse at both rotundi folius ft high ends, .28-.38 in, Gray fall 3131 Dandelion Widespread Taprooted, per- Achene Seeds eaten by song- Introduced weedy Taraxacum officinale ennial herb, erect, birds and rodents species Weber solitary head and 3131 rosulate leaves Gray horsebrush Dry open ground Shrub, 4-36 in, Achene, summer Widespread Tetradymia canescens in rocky, sandy bushy oc. sometimes saline 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 soil, 6,000-7,000 ft continued 102 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 51 Table 3130-51.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White felt-thorn Ory soils below Shrub, 2-4 ft Achene, summer- Tetradymia comosa 5,000 ft fall Gray 3132, 3133, 3134 Bald-leaved felt-thorn Dry open areas, Shrub, 1-3 ft Achene, summer Tetradymia glabrata 2,000-7,000 ft Gray 3132, 3133, 3134 Meadow-rue Pine forests, Perennial herb, Achene, spring- Thalictrum fendleri mountain mead- 1-2 ft fall Engelm. SS ows, 5,000- 3132, 3133, 3134 9,500 ft Thelypody Meadows, plains Small shrub, 12- Long pod Halophyte occurring Thel dium sagittatum 32 in with Sarcobatus spp. Nutt.) Endl. SS 3132, 3133, 3134 Pennycress Common, lower Annual herb, Siliques Seeds eaten by grouse Introduced weed Thlaspi arvense mountains 4-16 in high L. 3131 Clover Mostly dry soil Perennial herb, Globose to elong- Seeds eaten by game- Trifolium gymnocarpon of sagebrush seldom over 6 in ated pod, 1- to birds slightly Nut desert to ponder- high several-seeded 3131 osa pine forests Lower montane Perennial herb, Pod globose to Seeds eaten slightly valleys and pubescent, less elongate, 1- by gamebirds; deer meadows to sub- than 20 in high several seeded forage value good alpine slopes Big-headed clover Rocky places in Perennial herb Globose to Seeds eaten by game- Trifolium macrocephalum sagebrush desert elongated pod, birds slightly Pursh) Foiret to ponderosa pine l-several seeded 3131 woodlands Arrowgrass Salt marshes, Grasslike peren- Capsule, summer- Seeds eaten by water- Triglochin spp. alkaline marshes nial, to 3 ft fall fowl L. 3132, 3133, 3134 Narrow-leaved cat-tail Marshes, shallow Slender-leaved, Tight terminal Seeds eaten by water- Typha angustifolia water, along erect, to 5 ft spike, summer- fowl and shore birds; L. streams fall cover for waterfowl 3132, 3133, 3134 and shore birds Common cat-tail Marshes, shallow Tall perennial Tight terminal Same as T. angustifolia Provides cover for Typha latifolia water, along herb with extensive spike, dry seed, waterfowl; plants be streams rhizomes, erect, eventually de- tend to form ex- 3132, 3133, 3134 simple, cylindric, hiscent, bouyant tensive, almost pithy stems, leaves by elongate pure stands in sheathing, rather slender hairs, marshy areas; is an spongy, 3-10 ft summer- fal] important refuge high for many animals Bigsting nettle Moist areas from Rhizomatous, per- Achene Young plants browsed Stinging hairs; Urtica dioica sagebrush desert ennial herb, 3-10 by ungulates juice watery L. to deep woods ft high 3131 Common bladderpod Deep or shallow Non-emergent pond Capsule, summer- Utricularia vulgaris quiet water weed fall L. 3132, 3133, 3134 Big huckleberry Bogs and swampy Deciduous shrub, Berry mostly Important; berries Nice ornamental Vaccinium uliginosum areas over 1.5 ft high dark blue- eaten by grouse, song- L. blackish, .25- birds, black bear, . 3135 -33 in chipmunks, deer, rab- bits continued 7 = es SIRES RS AG AE RS Rg SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 103 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe A a Table 3130-51.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Violet Open conifer for- Perennial herb, Capsule, spring- Seeds eaten by quail; Some species intro- Viola spp. est, mountain 3-8 in summer plant eaten by rabbit duced L. meadows, above 3132, 3133, 3134 7,000 ft Beckwith's violet Dry gravelly Low forb, to 3 in, Ovoid with shiny Seeds eaten by dove Ornamental Viola beckwithii T. & G. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 soil, sagebrush hills, ponderosa pine woodlands perennial Purple-tinged violet Perennial herb Viola purpurea Kellogg 3135 Lowland, dry areas to high montane, especially on open ridges or slopes Perennial forb, to 2 ft Mulesears wyethia Wyethia amplexicaulis Nutt. 3132, 3133, 3134 Open foothills at moderate eleva- tions Foothill deathcamas Perennial herb with Zigadenus paniculatus Nutt.) Wats. 3131, 3132, 3133, 3134 Sagebrush desert to ponderosa pine tunicated bulbs, or lodgepole pine stems simple, leafy forests, dry areas, at base, to 24 in 4,000-6,000 ft seed capsule, 3- valved, explo- sively dehiscent and grouse; tuberous roots relished by some gamebirds Capsule, 3-valved Choice ornamental explosively de- hiscent Same as V. beckwithii Achene Seeds eaten by grouse One of the most virulent stock- poisoning plants Capsule, 3-celled with many seeds Browsed by deer 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe MEXICAN HIGHLANDS SHRUB STEPPE The Mexican Highland Shrub Steppe Province, as delineated by Bailey (1976), is confined to southeast Arizona and extreme southwest New Mexico. Here, gravel plains, mesas, bajadas, and mountains separated by high, broad, alluvial-filled valleys are characteristic terrain features. Some of these intermountain valleys, such as the Animas, Playas, and Sulphur Spring valleys, are enclosed basins. Other areas are drained by the now deeply-incised Gila, San Pedro, Yaqui, and Santa Cruz rivers and their tributaries. Almost all of the province is above 3500 feet elevation; most is above 4000 feet. Annual precipitation ranges from about 8 inches in some of the lower valley locations to over 30 inches on some of the higher mountain summits. Over 50 percent of this rainfall occurs from late July through early September; rainfall during the months of December through March is of secondary importance. Freezing temperatures, while usually of short duration, are frequent and occur every year. Frosts above 5500 feet may be severe. For general information on succession and climax communities, refer to section 51. Several biotic communities are contained within this area, which corresponds roughly to the Apachian Biotic Province of Dice (1943). The semidesert grassland of Chihuahuan origin is the most extensive of these communities, followed in order of extent by Chihuahuan desertscrub, Sonoran desertscrub, Madrean evergreen woodland, montane conifer forest, riparian deciduous forest, plains grassland, and interior chaparral. 104 Semidesert Grassland The semidesert grassland consists of a diverse grass— shrub association where grasses are comingled with various more or less woody shrubs including a number of uniquely semidesert, dry-tropic species such as soaptree yucca, bear grass, mesquite, and grassland species of cholla and other cacti. It is a peculiarly southwestern grassland that adjoins and largely surrounds the Chihuahuan Desert, being positioned elevationally between the lower desert and the evergreen woodland, chaparral, or plains grassland above. The semidesert grassland is transitional in the sense of being positioned geographically between plains grassland and Chihuahuan desertscrub and shares many of the floral and faunal components of both; it is nonetheless a distinct and separate biotic community. Geographically and evolutionarily centered for a distinct and diverse flora and fauna, the grassland is, at least potentially, a perennial grass—scrub dominated community with tobosa-grass and black grama being the most diagnostic grass dominants. Black grama is generally found on upland sites, whereas tobosa-grass is most frequent in swales and bottomlands on heavy soils. Reproduction of many of the grasses of this community is principally from rootstock rather than seed. Two shrubs, burroweed and snakeweed, have replaced the grasses over large areas following severe overgrazing. The original lower elevational range of semidesert grassland in the southwest was probably around 3500 feet, but because of grazing and suppression of fire, large areas up to 4600 feet are mostly desertscrub today. The upper elevational limits of semidesert grassland are CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary Location of province State boundary within the United States Figure 52.1 Province 3140, Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 105 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe usually between 5100 and 5500 feet (occasionally to 6200 feet). Within the Chihuahuan Desert, the grassland occupies the numerous “bolsons” (enclosed drainages) as “mogotes” of tobosa-grass. Annual precipitation averages 9 to 17 inches with over 50 percent of this occurring during April to September; perennial grass production is dependent upon moisture received during this period (Cable and Martin 1975). Chihuahuan Desertscrub The Chihuahuan desertscrub occurs frequently as a uniform and monotonous stand of creosote bush, or as a mixture of creosote bush, tarbush, and white-thorn, with broad, low, buried trees (shrubs) of mesquite (Shreve 1942 a,b,c). Other important shrubs are ocotillo, mariola, allthorn, and little coldenia. Stem and leaf succulents (e.g., Opuntia, Yucca, Agave) are common, and cacti, while frequent, are not conspicuous. The short trees, so characteristic of the Sonoran Desert, are essentially lacking. Columnar cacti are absent. The desertscrub occupies extensive areas below 4600 feet elevation and reaches its peak development in bajadas, gravelly plains, and on low hills. Limestone, a common substrate within the Chihuahuan Desert, is commonly vegetated with sandpaper bush. The contact with semidesert grassland is complex with many reversions, and is frequently dependent on edaphic conditions and/or grazing history. Average annual precipitation is 8 to 12 inches with 60 percent or more of the total falling during June through September. Some of the remaining precipitation falls as snow, and freezing temperatures are common during win- ter months. Sonoran Desertscrub The Sonoran desertscrub covers extensive areas below 3500 feet elevation in and adjacent to the valleys of the Gila and San Pedro rivers in the northwest portions of this province. These lower elevations are subject neither to the frequency nor to the severity of freezes found elsewhere in the province. Also, the precipitation pattern is more biseasonal and October through March rainfall can be expected to provide 50 percent or more of the mean annual total of 10 to 12 inches. At the lowest elevations, creosote bush often occurs in pure stands. At the higher elevations and throughout most of the Sonoran desertscrub in this province, creosote bush is found in association with blue and foothill paloverde, coffeeberry and saguaros, which occur as dominants. Crucifixion thorn, or canotia, is an important plant in these parts of the Sonoran Desert where it replaces paloverde in the foothills and similar habitats. Saltbushes associated with mesquite and the now prevalent, introduced, saltcedar, occupy flood- plains of the two major rivers where these lands are not under cultivation. Madrean Evergreen Woodlands The Madrean evergreen woodlands are oak-dominated. The best examples developed in this province are found on the foothills and lower slopes of the larger mountains 106 such as the Chiricahua, Huachuca, Patagonia, Pajarito, Santa Rita, Bavoquivaris, Animas, Santa Catalina, Galiuro, Pinaleno, Peloncillo, and Burro mountains. The elevational range of woodlands in these areas is generally between 4200 and 7200 feet (lower along drainageways). This community may be composed wholly of evergreen oaks, or may be a varied mixture of oaks, junipers (alligator and one-seeded) and Mexican pinyon. Arizona cypress is a tall tree isolated in relict stands within canyons. Much of the oak woodland of southeastern Arizona and adjacent New Mexico is an oak-dominated community of one or more of four species: Emory oak, Arizona white oak, gray oak, and Mexican blue oak. The higher elevations of this community may be characterized by several oaks in various associations with Chihuahua pine, Apache pine, Mexican pinyon pine, and ponderosa pine. In addition to the oaks mentioned above, silverleaf oak and netleaf oak are characteristic dominants at higher elevations and the Arizona madrone may be scattered throughout drainages. Precipitation is in the biseasonal pattern; the annual total is ordinarily between 12 and 24 inches. Southern Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest The southern Rocky Mountain montane conifer forest, in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, caps the larger mountains above 7200 feet, extending downward in canyons and drainages. These mountains include the Chiricahua, Huachuca, Santa Rita, Rincon, Santa Catalina, Galiuro, Pinaleno, Animas, and Burro mountains. Annual precipitation averages 25 to 30 inches, rarely lower than 18 inches or higher than 33 inches. These are some of the driest forests in North America. In contrast to the widely developed communities on flat and rolling plateaus and mesas farther north, montane forest communities in this area are characterized by steep gradients. The lower part of the forest, below about 8500 feet, consists primarily of ponderosa pine. At midforest elevations, Douglas-fir, white fir, and ponderosa pine variously intermingle on all but north-facing slopes. Firs are dominant on north- facing slopes above 7500 feet, and above 8500 feet they become increasingly prevalent on all slope exposures. White pine frequently occupies high southern exposures and ridges. The principal trees, in addition to ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, white fir, and Mexican white pine (Pinus strobiformis), are Gambel oak, silverleaf oak, Arizona madrone, New Mexican locust, bigtooth maple, and trembling aspen. Principal grasses are mountain muhly, pine dropseed, Arizona fescue, blue grama, and deergrass. Shrubs are numerous and important and include buckbrush, Arizona rose, ocean spray, and snowberry; bracken fern is an abundant understory forest species. Interior Chaparral The interior chaparral of dense, low, evergreen sclerophyll shrubs (chaparral), although not extensive, is present at mid-elevations in the Catalina, Galiuro, CHAPTER 2 Pinaleno, Swisshelm, Peloncillo, Burro, Mule, Big Hatchet, Florida, and other mountains, usually between 4500 and 6500 feet (occasionally higher). These disjunctive communities are usually on limestone or granitic substrates and are dominated by shrub live oak, mountain-mahogany, manzanitas, sumacs, and buckthorns. Plains Grassland The plains grassland occurs as wide expanses of short- grass plains above 5100 feet in the Animas, San Rafael, and Sonoita-Elgin valleys. A southwestward extension of the Great Plains, the plains grassland in this province was, and in part remains, a shortgrass plains dominated by blue, hairy, side-oats, and other grama_ species between 5000 and 7000 feet elevations. These communities are maintained under I1 to 18 inches of annual precipitation. Shrubs are not prevalent or codominant, being usually absent or nearly so, thus distinguishing this community from semidesert grassland. Riparian Deciduous Forest and Woodland The riparian decidous forest and woodland principally occurs in canyons and drainageways of the larger mountains, and along river bottoms where perennial or nearly perennial streamflows still remain. Their distinctive life-forms and their riparian habitat distinguish these communities from the evergreen woodlands and the montane forests from which they course, fingerlike, through woodland and chaparral to the grasslands or deserts below. Often the canopy is widely open, as in a woodland aspect, but occasionally the taller species (sometimes reaching heights of 50 to 100 feet) form a high-canopied gallery forest with an almost closed cover. The composition and form of the riparian forest changes with elevation. Above 3500 feet in high semidesert grassland, evergreen woodland, and the coniferous forest, a mixed broadleaf community is usually present and may contain riparian trees such as Arizona alder, cottonwood, cherries, maples, Arizona sycamore, Arizona walnut, and velvet ash. Lower, on finer clay and sand substrates, cottonwoods and willows almost exclusively dominate these forest habitats. MEXICAN HIGHLANDS SHRUB STEPPE (RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES) The various riparian communities in Province 3140 may be represented as formations of forest, woodland, scrubland, or marshland. They occur in, or adjacent to, drainageways and/or floodplains or other hydric Situations (i.e., springs, etc.), often resulting as finger- like ribbons of riparian communities passing through other, distinctly terrestrial, communities (Lowe 1964). The importance of these riparian communities to wildlife and outdoor recreation is greatly disproportionate to the limited acreages occupied. In Province 3140, riparian communities above 3500 feet are temperate and contain mixed broadleaf and cottonwood—willow forest and woodland communities. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Below this elevation, subtropical scrublands of saltcedar and/or seepwillow and mesquite bosques may also be found. A few marshlands occur throughout. Although these communities are often distinct, they are also often highly integrated or occur as intermittent stands within another community. Further, many associate plant species are common to more than one community. Riparian species lists have therefore been compiled at the climatic levels of division; i.e., temperate and subtropic. Species common to both climatic levels are presented in both lists. Descriptions and distinctions of the major formation-classes are presented in the following discussion. Temperate Riparian Mixed broadleaf riparian forest — The mixed broadleaf riparian forest is comprised of tall (50 to 100 feet) winter-deciduous broadleaf trees and is principally restricted to streamways and drainageways above 3500 feet elevation (Brown and Lowe 1974; Brown and Hausler 1977), such as in Arivaipa Canyon, Ash Creek, Eagle Creek, etc. Where streamflows are seasonally intermittent, these forests are present only where surface runoff occurs, from November through March (Zimmerman 1969; Hibbert et al. 1974) and in warm-temperate climates where the advent of the spring growing season can be expected prior to April 15 (Brown and Hausler 1977). Arboreal plant species include Arizona sycamore, velvet ash, box-elder, bigtooth maple, Arizona walnut, mulberry, Arizona cypress, cottonwood, and several willows. Characteristic understory species include bracken fern, scarlet sumac, poison ivy, and canyon grape. Cottonwood—willow forests and woodlands — The cottonwood—willow forests and woodlands are generally confined to riparian environments below 4000 feet elevation on clay or other fine soils and rock deposits where streamflows are perennial or nearly so (Brownand Lowe 1974). The understory of these communities may be either open and parklike or a tangle of riparian trees and shrubs. These once extensive forests have been greatly diminished over the past 100 years due to diversion, interruption, and elimination of streamflow (Davis 1973). Interrupted cottonwood—willow woodlands and some forests are still present in Province 3140 along the San Carlos, San Pedro, and Gila rivers, and adjacent to springs. These communities are largely maintained through periodic winter-spring flooding. Stabilized water flows result in decadent stands in which the dominant species are lacking in reproduction. Cottonwood regenerates principally from seed, unlike sycamore and other broadleaf riparian species that reproduce by sprouting and clones (Horton et al. 1960). Subtropical Riparian Mesquite—saltcedar woodlands and scrublands — The mesquite—saltcedar woodlands and scrublands are largely restricted to below 4000 feet elevation. 107 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe These winter-deciduous communities attain maximum development on the alluvium of old dissected flood- plains laid down between the intersection of major watercourses and their large tributaries (Brown and Hausler 1977). Woodlands of mesquite once covered vast areas of such floodplains along the Gila and San Pedro rivers and some excellent examples are still to be found there. As with cottonwood—willow, these woodlands have suffered greatly from a variety of man-related causes including water diversion, flood control, agricultural clearing programs, and most importantly, dropping water tables. In the past, these communities were almost completely dominated by velvet mesquite with individuals commonly attaining great size (Brandt 1951). Today the deciduous saltcedar may now share or dominate local situations (Bowser 1957; Robinson 1965; Turner 1974). Historically, the understory in mature mesquite bosques was relatively open with annual and perennial grasses and forbs forming the ground cover. Today, introduced annual forbs such as filaree, mustards, and grasses are frequently encountered as understory species. Vines such as canyon grape and others are often still common in some areas. Individual cottonwoods, velvet ash, and Gooding willow may be interspersed in more mesic sites within the bosque (Brown and Hausler 1977). Where intermittent flooding and/or slowly receding summer surface flow occurs, the introduced saltcedar tends to replace mesquite and other native riparian species. This is particularly true after clearing or burning and when ground water is close to the surface and water storage facilities and agricultural tracts are present upstream. The aggressive ability of saltcedar to outcompete native riparian species after summer flooding has been well-demonstrated by Turner (1974) and Warren and Turner (1975). As in areas of former cottonwood—willow and marshland, this adventive now often exclusively constitutes a disclimax community at the expense of native plant and animal diversity (Phillips et al. 1964; Ohmart 1973). Marshlands — The marshlands are principally composed of emergents which normally have their basal portions annually, periodically, or continually submerged. Not normally included as marshland constituents are trees, woody shrubs, or nonhalophytic grasses. Both fresh and brackish water environments are included in this wetland formation. Communities range from the more xeric and alkali communities of saltgrass and alkali bulrush to the hydric freshwater communities of rushes, sedges, bulrushes, and cat-tail. Marshland communities, however, are generally not well-represented within Province 3140. These communities, occurring beside streams that periodically overflow their banks, have disappeared in many areas as a result of water diversions and ground water pumping. Many of these remaining marshland communities depend on stored and/or recycled agricultural and waste waters. Examples are San Simon Cienega, the Arizona Game and Fish Department’s waterfowl management area near Wilcox Playa, and 108 small areas on, or adjacent to, the San Pedro and Gila rivers. Table 3140-52.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Growth form Plant associations Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses and forbs Habitat: Semidesert Grass land Acacia greggii Agave deserti Celtis pees ria splendens Fouguieria fund Jumpers snoperns Fosop Prosopis jul? Tora apindus drummondi ucca baccata ucca elata Acacia sonstricta Raave palwer{ Agave parry! Agave s ottii Betenista FiTifolia Calliandra eriophylla tinatts etcoes Condalia lycioides Tondalia spathulata Ephedra antisyphilitica edra trifurca erocactus wislizenii Gossypium thurberi Gutierrezia lucida Gutierrezia sarothrae Haplopappus tenuisectus Hor fnance ia spp. Tycfum ‘spp. ‘imosa biuncifera Nolina texana untia parma) untia imbricata Opuntia leptocaulis Opuntia phaeacantha untia Dinestor— inosior Rhus chor fophyTTa Sphaeralcea spp. ucca torreyi Andropogon barbinodis Aristida spp. BouteToua chondrosioides BouteToua curtipendula Doutelous ertopoda BouteTous FiTiformis BouteToua gracilis BouteToua hirsuta Bouteloua rothrockii Croton spp. Troton texensis Eragrostis ‘intermedia ragrostis ehmanniana iter et contortus iTaria belanger Hilaria Hitaria mutica Tycurus veurus phTeoides nl erate spp Ta spp. er ”—9 ah en or ‘a porteri anicum obtusum Sitanfon hystrix SoTanum elaeagifolium Sporobolus spp. orobolus wrightii richachne californica Tridens pucheTlus Zinnia grandiflora pumila ie aE i a continued Cat-claw Desert agave Netleaf hackberry Ocotillo One-seeded juniper Mesquite Western soapberry Spanish dagger Soaptree yucca White-thorn Palmer agave Parry agave Shott agave Sand sagebrush False mesquite Javelina bush White crucillo Mexican crucillo Joint-fir Mormon tea Barrel cactus Desert cotton Yellow-green matchweed Snakeweed Burroweed Rat potato Wolfberry Wait-a-minute bush Bear grass Pancake pear cactus Tree cholla Desert Christmas cactus Prickly pear Cane cholla Mearns sumac Globe mallow Spanish bayonet Cane beardgrass Three-awn Sprucetop grama Side-oats grama Black grama Slender grama Blue grama Hairy grama Rothrock grama Dove weed Dove weed Plains lovegrass Lehmann lovegrass Tanglehead Curly mesquite Tobosa-grass Wolftail Muhly Bush muhly Vine mesquite Squirreltail Nightshade Oropseed Sacaton California cottontop Fluffgrass Desert zinnia Desert zinnia CHAPTER 2 Table 3140-52.1 (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Habitat: Prosopis juliflora Fouquieria splendens Yucca baccata Acacia constricta Acacia vernicosa Agave palmeri assia wislizeni Condalia ja spathulata Cor: Coryphantha vivipara Ferocactus wislizenii. Flourensia cernua Koeberlinia spinosa farrea Sivaricata Lippia wefghtt wright) Narn’ Vata Spr SPP. Nortonta scabrella Opuntia Jeptocaulis Opuntia phaeacantha Opuntia Sinastor jee Sat Opuntia Horace acea ‘arthenium incanum Chihuahuan Desertscrub Mesquite Ocotillo Spanish dagger White-thorn White-thorn Palmer agave Shrubby senna Squawbush Pincushion cactus Barrel cactus Tarbush Crucifixion thorn Creosote bush Wright lippia Fish-hook cactus Scurfy mortonia Desert Christmas cactus Prickly pear Cane cholla Devil cholla Purple prickly pear Mariola Yucca spp. Yucca Grasses and Aristida purpurea Purple three-awn forbs BouteToua eriopoda Black grama Coldenia canescens Little coldenia MuhTenbergia porteri Bush muhly Tridens uchel Tus Fluffgrass Zinnia | pumila Desert zinnia Habitat: Sonoran Desertscrub--Arizona Upland Association Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses Celtis reticulata Cercidium floridum Cereus giganteus Thilopsis Tinearis neya tesota rosopis juliflora Acacia arega Canotia holacantha Tercidium microphy11um Cereus thurbert Fouquieria splendens Acacia constricta Ambrosia deTto Celtis pallida Dodonaea viscosa Echinocereus spp. fnceTia Ja farinosa Erfogonum im wrightii erocactus wislizenii izenii HoTacantha emoryi Kramerfa gray? Kramerta parvifolia Larrea divaricata Tycium spp. lammiTiaria microcarpa Opuntia fu gida puntia Teptocaulis Oy Opuntia phaeacantha Opuntia untia spinosior Simmondsia chinensis Bouteloua rothrockii MuhTenbergia pee ridens puchellus continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Netleaf hackberry Blue paloverde Saguaro Desert-willow Tronwood Mesquite Cat-claw Crucifixion thorn Yellow paloverde Organpipe cactus Ocotillo White-thorn Triangle bur sage Spiny hackberry Hopbush Hedgehog cactus Brittle bush Deer buckwheat Barrel cactus Crucifixion thorn White ratany Ratany Creosote bush Wolfberry Fish-hook cactus Jumping cholla Desert Christmas cactus Prickly pear Cane cholla Jojoba Rothrock grama Bush muhly Fluffgrass PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.1 (Continued) Growth form Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 Ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs and cacti, under 6 ft Grasses and forbs Habitat: Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses and forbs Plant associations Juniperus deppeana nus latifolia Pinus TetophyTla Pinus ponderosa uercus arizonica Quercus emoryi Quercus grisea arbutus Cupressus Pinus’ cer jes sary uercus hypoTleucoides uercus oblongifolia Quercus reticulata Eysenhardtia polystachya Juniperus monosperma faave palmeri Agave parry Arctostaphylos pungens Echinoceress pi Fentinatas Erythrina flabelliformis MammiTTaria ‘gummifera Mimosa biuncifera Andropogon barb inodis Bouteloua curtipendula BouteToua Soutelous grace ETyonurus Garp iculinus Lycurus ihTeoides phieoides lighenbergis ener ‘ia emersleyi Oxalis spp. Habita Madrean Evergreen Woodland Alligator juniper Apache pine Chihuahua pine Ponderosa pine Arizona white oak Emory oak Gray oak Arizona madrone Arizona cypress Mexican pinyon Emory oak Silverleaf oak Mexican blue oak Netleaf oak K idneywood One-seeded juniper Palmer agave Parry agave Pointleaf manzanita Rainbow cactus Coral bean Cream cactus Wait-a-minute bush Cane bluestem Side-oats grama Blue grama Woolspike balsamscale Wolftail Bullgrass Wood-sorrel Montane Conifer Forest--Southern rocky Mountain Fasciation Abies concolor Acer Acer grandidentatun us oblongifolia Fras Brena Pinus ponderssa~ Pinus reflece Populus tremuloides seudotsuga menziesii Quercus gambeTii Arbutus arizonica Quercus fh hypoTeucoides Quercus reticulata ata Rhamnus californica Robinia neomexicana Arctostaphylos pringlei Ceanothus fendlert Ceanothus integerrimus Holodiscus dumosus Rhus glabra Ribe: Ribes Binetorum Rosa arizonica Senecio spp. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Achillea lanulosa Astragalus humistratus epharoneuron BouteTous grac Castilleja spp. Erigeron divergens Festuca arizonica continued White fir Bigtooth maple Arizona alder Chihuahua pine Ponderosa pine White pine Trembling aspen Douglas-fir Gambel oak Arizona madrone Silverleaf oak Netleaf oak Coffeeberry New Mexican locust Manzanita Buckbrush Deer brush Ocean spray Scarlet sumac Orange gooseberry Arizona rose Groundse! Snowberry Yarrow Milk-vetch Pine dropseed Blue grama Indian paintbrush Fleabane Arizona fescue 109 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.1_ (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Table 3140-52.1 (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Grasses and forbs (Continued) Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses and forbs Montane Conifer Forest (Continued) Hymenoxys quinquesquemata P ingwing Lathyrus graminifolius Peavine (otuy orobotdes Deer vetch Lupinus spp Lupine WuhTenbergia montana Mountain muhly MuhTenbergia rigens Deergrass luhTenbergia virescens achystima myrsinites Pteridtum aquilinum Viola canadensis Screwleaf muhly Myrtle boxleaf Bracken fern Canada violet Habitat: Interior Chaparral Cercocarpus betuloides Cercocarpus breviflorus Juniperus monosperma Quercus emoryi Rhus ovata Amorpha californica Arctostaphylos pringlei Arctostaphylos pungens Berberts aemotocarpa Brickellia californica Ceanothus greqgii Teanothus integerrimus Cowan a mexicana Eriodictyon angustifolium Fattugis pa ugia a loxa remontia californica avescens arrya Garrya wright — HapTapappus Taricifolius fimosa biuncifera Quercus turbine jnetla Rhamnus californica Rhamnus crocea Rhus trilobata Sophora spp. Andropogon barbinodis Aristida Tongtseta BouteToua curtipendula BouteToua erjfopoda BouteToua gracttis Eragrostis intermedia ycurus phleoides MuhTenbergia porteri Habitat: Rhus lanceolata Artemisia filifolia Atriplex canescens chinocereus spp. Eurotia Tanata Opuntia fragt is jpuntia polycantha Quercus Faaeait Yucca glauca Agropyron smithii indropogon gerardii Andropogon scoparius Argemone intermedia ister spp. Astragalus bisulcatus Astragalus pectinatus continued Birchleaf mountain- mahogany Hairy mountain- mahogany One-seeded juniper Emory oak Sugar sumac Mock locust Manzanita Pointleaf manzanita Barberry California brickellia California lilac Deer brush Cliffrose Yerba santa Apache plume Flannel bush Silk-tassel Silk-tassel Turpentine-brush Wait-a-minute bush Shrub live oak California buckthorn Hollyleaf buckthorn Squawbush Sophora Cane beardgrass Red three-awn Side-oats grama Black grama Blue grama Plains lovegrass Wolftail Bush muhly Plains Grassland Prairie sumac Sand sagebrush Four-wing saltbush Hedgehog cactus Winter fat Little prickly pear Plains prickly pear Havard oak Small soapweed Western wheatgrass Big bluestem Little bluestem Prickle poppy Aster White locoweed Narrowleaf poison vetch Plains bahia 110 Grasses and forbs (Cont inued) Habitat Plains Grassland (Continued Bouteloua curtipendula BouteToua gracilis BouteToua hirsuta BuchToe dactyloides Chenopodium album enopodium eptophy Lun hrysopsis villosa Tleome serrulata Cryptantha spp. ragrostis intermedia Eriogonum microthecum ranseria discolor GrindeT¥a squarrosa Gutierrezia spp. HeTianthus petiolaris Hilarta janet Koeleria cristata Tepidtum denet¥Torum jatris punctata Lycurcus phleoides Lygodesmia juncea lentzelia spp. MuhTenbergia spp. Oenothera pallida Sryzopsis zopsis hymenoides xytropis spp. Pantcum virgatum Petalostemum spp. oa arida Polygala spp. PsoraTea ten: Satsola spp Senecio spp. Sorghastrum nutans p! aeralcea spp. porobolus airiodes iflora Side-oats grama Blue grama Hairy grama Buffalo grass Lamb 's-quarters Slimleaf goosefoot Hairy goldaster Rocky Mountain beeplant Hidden flower Plains lovegrass Slenderbush eriogonum Skeletonleaf bur sage Curlycup gumweed Snakeweed Prairie sunflower Galleta grass Mountain junegrass Prairie pepperweed Blazing-star Wolftail Rush skeltonplant Stickleaf Muhly Pale evening-primrose Indian rice-grass Crazyweed Switchgrass Prairie clover Plains bluegrass Milkwort Slender scurf pea Russian thistle Groundsel Indian-grass Globe mallow Alkalai sacaton iparian Deciduous Forest and Woodland Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Alnus oblongifolia Juniperus deppeana atanus wrightii PopuTus angustifolia fopulus fremontii luercus arizonica uercus gambelii Acer glabrun Keer grandidentatum Acer negundo Fraxinus vetutina JugTans major rosopis juliflora runus spp. juercus emoryi alix spp. Sambucus spp. Morus microphylla Quercus almeri ‘Grummondi ap indus ‘amarix pentandra Baccharis glutinosa Jamesia americana Rhus glabra Rubus spp. Carex spp. Eleocharis spp. luncus spp. Parthenocissus inserta Pteridium ‘aquilinum continued Arizona alder Alligator juniper Arizona sycamore Narrowleaf cottonwood Fremont cottonwood Arizona white oak Gambe1 oak Rocky Mountain maple Bigtooth maple Box-elder Velvet ash Arizona walnut Mesquite Wild cherry Emory oak Willow Elderberry Texas mulberry Palmer oak Western soapberry Tamar isk Seepwillow Cliffbush Scarlet sumac Raspberry Sedge Spikerush Rush Virginia creeper Bracken fern CHAPTER 2 Table 3140-52.1 (Concluded) Growth form Plant associations PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.1 [R] (Concluded) Plant associations Growth form Riparian Deciduous Forest and Woodland (Continued Lesser vegeta- tion (Continued) Rorippa spp. ‘Typha ‘spp. Vitis arizonica Watercress Cat-tail Canyon grape Table 3140-52.1 [R] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe in Riparian Habitats Growth form Plant associations Temperate Riparian Tall trees, Juniperus deppeana Alligator juniper over 40 ft atanus virgen Arizona sycamore Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Populus fremontii Quercus arizonica Quercus gambelii Acer grandidentatum Fraxinus velutina JugTans major rosopis juliflora Prunus spp. juercus emoryi alix spp. Sambucus spp. Morus microphylla Quercus jalmert ‘ap indus }rummond ii ‘amar ix pentandra Baccharis glutinosa abra us Rubus spp. Carex spp. Eleocharis spp. Juncus spp. Pteridium aquilinum Rhus radicans Rorippa spp. Typha spp. Vitis arizonica Subtropical Riparian Populus fremontii Salix gooddingit Chilopsis linearis Fraxinus velutina Prosopis {liflora Salix taxifoTia Acacia oe Celtis reticulata ‘amarix pentandra Allenrolfea occidentalis Baccharis spp. Baccharis glutinosa Condatia lycioides Juncus spp. cirpus spp. Scirpus paludosus Typha ja SPP. continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Fremont cottonwood Arizona white oak Gambel oak Bigtooth maple Velvet ash Arizona walnut Mesquite Wild cherry Emory oak Willow Elderberry Texas mulberry Palmer oak Western soapberry Tamarisk Seepwillow Scarlet sumac Raspberry Sedge Spikerush Rush Bracken fern Poison ivy Watercress Cat-tail Canyon grape Fremont cottonwood Goodding willow Desert-willow Velvet ash Mesquite Yellow willow Cat-claw Netleaf hackberry Saltcedar Todinebush Baccharis Seepwillow Gray-thorn Rush Bulrush Salt-marsh bulrush Cat-tail Subtropical Riparian (Continued Sedge Mustard Coyote-melon Lesser vegeta- tion Carex spp. ruciferae spp. Cucurbita palmata Tynodon dactyTon modon Bermuda grass eich is spicata Saltgrass Eredtun cicetartun Filaree Totus rigidus Deer vetch Rorippa SPP. Watercress arcostemma spp. Climbing milkweed Inkweed Suaeda torreyana Vitis artzonica Canyon grape 111 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White fir (balsam fir) Common in conifer Large evergreen Cone, 3-5 in, Seeds eaten by song- Abies concolor forests, 5,500- tree, 80-150 ft, pollinates in birds; browsed by Hoopes 10,000 ft conical spring deer Wh ite-thorn Washes, slopes, Spreading shrub, Glabrous pods Seeds eaten by dove, Common along washes; (mescat acacia) mesas, 2,000-5,000 2-10 ft splitting when quail, rabbit a weed on rangelands Acacia constricta ft, sun ripe, spring Benth. Cat-claw (devil's claw, Washes, mesas, to Large shrub to Pod, 2.5-5 in Seeds eaten by dove Of ten abundant una degato) * 5,000 ft small tree, to and quail; roosting Acacia greqgii 25 ft tree for quail Gray White-thorn (acacia) Rocky hills, mesas Shrub with spread- Hard pod, Apr.- Similar to Acacia vernicosa on limestone soils, ing branches, 2-6 Nov. A. constricta Stand. 3,500-5,000 ft ft Rocky mountain maple Moist soils along Shrub or small Samara, May-June Seeds eaten by quail, Acer glabrum streams, 7,000- tree, deciduous, turkey, bear, beaver, Torr. 9,000 ft, sun and to 33 ft rabbit, squirrel, fox; shade browsed by deer Bigtooth maple Moist soil along Deciduous tree, up Samara, Apr. Same as A. glabrum Acer grandidentatum streams and can- _to 50 ft, with Nutt. yons, 4,700-7,000 spreading crown ft, sun and shade Box-elder Moist soil along Deciduous tree, up Paired samara, Same as A. glabrum Acer negundo streams, 4,000- to 50 ft, broad Apr. Ea 8,000 ft, sun and rounded crown shade Yarrow Common in pine Perennial herb 1-seeded June- Plant eaten by rabbits Achillea lanulosa forest, 5,500- with creeping Sept. and sheep Nutt. 11,500 ft, sun rootstocks 10-20 in Desert agave Rocky gravelly Succulent shrub Brown, cylin- Dried stems used as Agave deserti slopes in desert 6-27 in diameter droidal 1.5-2 in nesting sites for Engel im. mountains, 500- leaves spiny mar- dune woodpeckers 3,500 ft gined, flower stalks 6.5-18 ft Palmer agave (mescal Locally common in Leaf cluster Capsule, many century plant) rocky foothills 1.5-2 in seeded, June- Agave palmeri and mountains July Engelm. grasslands, 3,500-6,500 ft, sun Parry agave (mescal) Common in mount- Numerous crowded Capsule May spread by under- Agave parryi ains 4,500-8,000 leaves forming a ground sprouts EngeTm. ft, sun rounded cluster 2-3 ft diameter Shott agave (amole) Abundant on dry Succulent shrub Capsule Forming mats spread- Agave shottii rocky mountain 12-16 in diameter ing vegetatively, EngeTm. slopes, desert valuable in erosion grasslands, lower control oak woodlands, 3,300-6,500 ft Western wheatgrass Dry hills, sandy Perennial grass Achene, May-Oct. Plant eaten by rabbits, Valuable range Agropyron smithii bottomlands, for- 12-24 in antelope, deer, bighorn grass; good soil Ra est openings sheep binder Arizona alder Moist soil along Tree up to 60 ft, Cone with nut- Seeds eaten by song- Checks erosion Alnus ob longif streams, canyons, round open crown lets, Mar. birds; browsed by Torr. 5,000-7,000 ft, deer and rabbits sun Triangle bur sage Alluvial plains, Shrub, .5-2.5 ft Flattened, spiny (Bur sage) rocky slopes, ba- fruiting heads Ambros ltoidea jadas, sun Cav. continued 112 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mock locust (stinking willow) Amorpha californica Nutt. Cane beardgrass, cane bluestem Andropogon barbinodis Tag. Big bluestem (bluejoint turkeyfoot) Andropogon gerardii Vitm, Little bluestem Andropogon scoparius Tchx. Arizona madrone (madrono) Arbutus arizonica Buckl. Manzanita Arctostaphylos pringlei Parry Pointleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos pungens HBK. Prickle poppy (chicalote) Argemone intermedia Sweet Three- awn Aristida spp. Le Red three-awn (three-awn) Aristida longiseta teud. Purple three-awn Aristida purpurea Nutt. Sand sagebrush Artemisia filifolia orr. Aster Aster spp. U White locoweed (milk-vetch) Astragalus bisulcatus THook.) Gray Milk-vetch Astragalus humistratus ray Along streams, 5,000-6,500 ft Dry rocky or sandy slopes, plains and road- sides, below 6,000 ft, sun Ory prairies, canyon bottoms, bluffs, rocky slopes, pine for- est, below 7,500 ft Prairies, open woods, dry hills, fields, mountain meadows, pine forests Mountains in oak woodland, 4,000- 8,000 ft, sun Dry slopes, often with cypress, 4,000-6,500 ft, sun Dry slopes, 3,500- 8,000 ft, sun Ory soils in fields and roadsides, 1,500-5,000 ft Dry open slopes, woodlands Arid, sandy and rocky hills, plateaus, forest openings, 5,000- 8,500 ft, sun Dry, rocky or sandy hills and plains, roadsides up to 5,000 ft, occasionally 7,000 ft Loose sandy soil 4,000-6,000 ft Dry to wet allu- vial soils and roadsides, 100- 8,000 ft Dry alkaline meadows and hills, 3,000-8,000 ft Pinyon forest, pine woods, 5,000- 9,000 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Shrub, 4-10 ft Tufted perennial grass, 30-70 in Erect perennial grass, 3-6 ft Densely tufted erect perennial grass, 20-60 in Evergreen tree, 20-50 ft, compact crown Shrub, 6 ft Shrub, 3-5 ft Erect annual to 3 ft Tufted perennial grass Perennial bunch- grass, 4-14 in Erect perennial grass 1-2 ft Undershrub, 12-40 in Perennial herb to biennial shrub, to 3 ft Small forb, to 3 ft Forb, 1-2 ft pros- trate stem hugging ground Pod, summer Grain, June-Nov. Grain, July-Oct. Long-awned grain, July-Oct. Berrylike, fleshy drupe, Apr.-Sept. Several seeded berry, Apr.-June Several seeded berry, Feb.-May Dehiscent cap- sule Grain, July-Nov. Long-awned grains, May Grain, Mar.-Sept. Achene Hairy or glabrous achene Pod Leathery dehis- cent or indehis- cent pod, May- Sept. continued Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by ante- lope and deer Same as A. barbinodis Same as A. barbinodis Good range plant; drought-res istant Good forage species; widespread Fruit eaten by songbirds and gamebirds; browsed by deer Same as A. arizonica Same as A. arizonica Seeds eaten by dove and songbirds Plant eaten by jack- rabbits Plant eaten by rabbit and deer Same as A. longiseta Browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Plant eaten by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by quail, turkey; plant eaten by antelope Same as A. bisulctus Common plant of open chaparral; forms thickets Mature seeds may be injurious to livestock Valuable browse plant in winter and early spring 113 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Narrowleaf poison vetch Dry plains and foot- Erect forb, to 20 in Oblong pod Seeds eaten by quail Astragalus pectinatus hills, 3,000-6,500 and turkey; plant eaten D. Don i ft by antelope Four-wing saltbush Moderately alkaline Shrub, 3-6 ft Smal] winged Seeds eaten by quail; (wingscale, chamiso) slopes, to 7,000 ft fruit browsed by rabbit, Atriplex canescens deer, sheep Pursh Seepwillow Moist soil along Willow-like decid- — Achene, Mar.- Often forming Baccharis glutinosa streams, to 5,500 uous shrub, to Dec. thickets Pers. ft, sun 7 ft Plains bahia Alkaline soils, Low perennial Glandular Bahia oppositifolia dry plains, forb, to 8 in achene Nutt.) OC. 3,000-7,500 ft Barberry (red mahonia) Dry rocky soils, | Shrub, to 6 ft Berry, summer Browsed by rabbits Berberis haematocarpa 4,500-5,000 ft, and deer Woot. sun Pine dropseed (hairy Rocky slopes, dry Erect, densely Grain, July-Nov. Plant eaten by deer Good forage species dropseed) open forest, tufted perennial Blepharoneuron 4,500-9,500 ft, grass, 8-24 in trichoTepis sun Torr.) Nash Sprucetop grama Ory rocky slopes, Tufted erect Grain, Aug.-Nov. Seeds eaten by turkey; Highly favored Bouteloua rolling desert perennial grass, plant eaten by rabbit, range species Chondrosioides grasslands, 12-24 in deer, bighorn sheep, HBK.. 2,500-6,000 ft antelope Side-oats grama Rocky slopes, Erect, tufted Grain, May-Nov. Seeds eaten by turkey; Good range grass; Boutelous curtipendula woodlands, forest perennial grass, plant eaten by rabbits, fast-growing, highly Michx. openings, plains, 14-40 in elk, deer, antelope palatable to 7,000 ft, sun Black grama Dry, sandy pla- Low, tufted per- Long-awned grain, Seeds eaten by turkey; Drought-adapted Bouteloua eriopoda teaus, rocky ennial grass, July-Nov. plant eaten by rabbits, climax species; Torr. slopes, 3,500- 8-35 in deer, antelope easily over grazed 6,000 ft, sun Slender grama Dry rocky slopes Slender erect Grain, July-Nov. Same as B. chrondro- Able to persist on Bouteloua filiformis below 5,000 ft perennial grass, sioides badly abused ranges Fourn.) Griffiths 12-18 in Blue grama Open rocky slopes, Tufted perennial Grain, July-Nov. Seeds eaten by turkey; Excellent range Bouteloua gracilis plains, forest grass, 10-30 in plant eaten by rabbits grass; adapted to HBK. openings, meadows, and deer drougnt and heavy 4,000-8,000 ft grazing Hairy grama Rocky slopes, dry Erect perennial Hairy grain, Same as B. gracilis Bouteloua hirsuta sandy mesas, plains grass, 10-30 in July-Nov. Lag. and rocky hills, 1,000-6,000 ft Rothrock grama Ory sandy soils, Erect perennial Grain, Aug.-Nov. Same as B. eriopoda Important range Bouteloua rothrockii mesas, canyons, grass, 10-24 in grass; moderate Vasey slopes, below palatability 6,000 ft California brickellia Washes, dry rocky Shrub, 1.5-3 ft Achene, fall Seeds eaten by game- Brickellia californica slopes, below birds Gray ~~~ ‘8,000 ft, sun Buffalo grass Dry plains Low spreading Grain Seeds eaten by snow Rare in Arizona, Buchloe dactyloides perennial grass, goose; plant eaten by otherwise east of Nutt. 2-5 in deer and antelope Rockies False mesquite (fairy Desert slopes, Low rounded bushy Hairy pods, Seeds eaten by dove; Valuable browse duster, huajillo, hairy- mesas, 2,000- shrub, 1-3 ft spring plant eaten by deer and erosion control leaved calliandra) 5,000 ft Calliandra eriophylla Benth continued 114 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Crucifixion thorn Ory slopes and Large shrub or small Woody capsule Canotia holacantha mesas, 2,000- tree with dense May-Aug. Torr. 5,000 ft spine-tipped branches, 10-15 ft Sedge Moist soil along Perennial grasslike Achenes in spikes, Seeds eaten by game- Carex spp. streams, shady erect herb, 2-4 ft spring birds, bear, rabbits, t. canyons, 5,000- squirrel, fox, deer 11,500 ft, sun and shade Shrubby senna Rocky hills, Shrub, 3-9 ft Linear pod Cassia wislizeni 4,000-5,000 ft Wa tS Indian paintbrush Arid slopes to Annual, perennial Many-seeded cap- Seeds eaten by song- Castilleja spp. moist coniferous forb, 6-20 in sule, Mar.-Nov. birds; plant eaten by Mutis ex L. f. forest, 2,000- deer 10,000 ft Buckbrush (deer-brier) Foothills, moun- Shrub to 3 ft 3-celled capsule, Browsed by deer Ceanothus fendleri tains, common in forming low thickets Apr.-Oct. Gray pine forests, 5,000-10,000 ft, sun and shade California lilac (desert Ory slopes, 3,500- Shrub 3-6 ft Capsule, summer Same as C. fendleri ceanothus) 7,500 ft Ceanothus greggii ray Deer brush Chaparral and open Loosely branched Round 3-celled Same as C. fendleri Ceanothus integerrimus coniferous forest, deciduous shrub, capsule, May-Oct. Hook.) Arn. 3,500-7,000 ft, sun 3-8 ft and shade Spiny hackberry (desert Foothills and Spiny, densly Oval one-seeded Fruit eaten by dove, Often forms hackberry) mesas, 1,500- branched deciduous drupe, spring quail, deer thickets; ornamental Celtis pallida 3,500 ft shrub, 3-10 ft plant Torr. Netleaf hackberry (cumero,Streams, canyons, Deciduous large One-seeded drupe Fruit eaten by game- paloblanco, western hack- washes, moist soil, shrub to small birds, fox, deer berry) 2,500-6,000 ft tree, to 30 ft, Celtis reticulata spreading crown or Blue paloverde (border Desert washes and Small tree to Flattened pods, © Seeds eaten by birds, paloverde) valley, to 4,000 30 ft Mar .-May mamma 1s Cercidium floridum ft, sun Benth. Yellow paloverde, Foothills, desert Small tree to 25 Cylindric pod, Seeds eaten by many (littleleaf paloverde, slopes, 500-4,000 ft, spreading Mar .-May mammals and birds littleleaf horse bean, ft crown foothill paloverde) Cercidium er orr.) Rose & Johnst. Birchleaf mountain- Mountains, 3,000- Shrub to small Hairy achene, Browsed by deer and Absent _in New Mexico mahogany 8,000 ft tree, to 20 ft summer-fa11 ante lope Cercocarpus betuliodes Nutt. Hairy mountain-mahogany Dry slopes, moun- Evergreen shrub or Hairy achene, Same as C. betuliodes Absent west of (Wright mountain-mahogany) tainsides, 5,000- tree, to 15 ft or — summer-fal1 Arizona Cercocarpus breviflorus 8,000 ft more Gray Saguaro (giant cactus) Rocky or gravelly Columnar tree Ovoid to ellip- Fruit eaten by many — Absent in New Mexico Cereus giganteus soils of foothills, 9-50 ft soid juicy fruits, birds and mammals, Enge Im. canyons, bajadas, many small seeds | Nesting sites-many washes, 690-3,600 birds ft continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 115 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe RE Esa rT Table 3140-52.2| (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Organpipe cactus Rocky or sandy Large cactus, colum- Fleshy, many Only in Arizona (pitahaya) hills, mesas, val- nar branches, 9-20 small seeds Cereus thurberi leys,'1,000-3,500 ft Enge lm. ft Lamb's-quarters Fields, wastelands, Erect forb to 10 ft Black seeds achene Seeds eaten by dove, Introduced; wide- (goosefoot) disturbed soils or utricle quail and songbirds spread Chenopodium album = Slimleaf goosefoot Sandy or rocky Erect forb to 20 in Shiny seeds Seeds eaten by dove, Chenopodium soil, 5,000-7,000 achene or quail. songbirds TeptophyTlum ft utricle, Aug.- Tog) wats, Sept. Desert-willow (desert Mostly along Large shrub to Long narrow pod Good soil binder catalpa) washes, in foot- small tree, to hills and deserts 30 ft Chilopsis linear Tay nears Hairy goldaster Ory soils, 4,000- Perennial forb, to Achene Chrysopsis vi 10,000 ft 20 in Pursh.) O¢ Rocky Mountain beeplant Sandy soil of Erect forb to 3 ft — Achene Seeds eaten by dove Cleome serrulata plains, draws, and smal] mammals Pursh,. roadsides, waste areas, 3,500- 8,500 ft Little coldenia Dry, sunny mesas Low spreading forb Depressed glo- slopes, on rocky less than 2 in bose nutlet Coldenia canescens ¥ en calcareous soil, below 3,500 ft Javelina bush Dry plains, mesas Shrub to 5 ft 1-seeded Fruit eaten by dove, i at lower eleva- drupe, summer pigeons, fox tions White crucillo (grayleaf Mesas, slopes, in Straggly shrub, Thin skin 1- Fruit eaten by Gambel's Common; often forms abrojo, lotebush, gray- desert and desert 3-9 ft seeded drupe quail, pigeon, dove, _ thickets thorn) grassland, 1,500- fox Condalia lycioides 4,500 ft Gray Mexican crucillo, squaw- Sandy, gravelly, Compactly and Black or purpl- Fruit eaten by dove bush, (spiny abrojo) well-drained soil densely branched ish drupe, bitter and fox Condalia spathulata mesas, and slopes shrub, 3-5 ft Gray of deserts and desert grasslands, 2,500-4,500 ft Pincushion cactus Plains, hills, Depressed-globose Green, ellipsoid, Coryphantha vivipara 1,000-5,400 ft to ovoid or cylin- fleshy Nutt.) Britt. & Rose droid cactus, to 1 ft, usually formed in clumps Cliffrose Rocky hills and Evergreen shrub, Hairy achene, Browsed by deer Cowania mexicana Plateaus on lime- 3-6 ft late spring-fall D. Don stone formations, 3,500-8,000 ft Dove weed Canyon bottoms, Herbs or shrubs One 3-seeded cap- Seeds eaten by quail Croton spp. dry stream beds, sule and turkey; plant L. 20-7,000 ft eaten by deer Dove weed (Texas croton) Roadsides, fields, Annual shrub, to 1-3 seeded cap- Same as Croton spp. Croton texensis dry stream beds 12 in sule, with large KTotzsch oily seeds Hidden flower Dry plains and Annual or perennial Nut let Seeds eaten by song- (cryptantha) soils, 2,500- forb, to 20 in birds 9,000 Ft continued EAT ENTER RR a 116 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.2 (Continued) Species Arizona cypress (rough-bark Arizona cypress, smooth cypress, smooth Arizona cypress) Cupressus arizonica Greene Hopbush Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Hedgehog cactus Echinocereus spp. nge Im. Rainbow cactus Habitat Form Canyons, mountains, Medium-sized trees, oak woodlands Ory, rocky, slopes and canyons, often on limestone, 2,000- 5,000 ft Rocky hillsides to sandy plains, 2,500-8,000 ft Limestone hills, Echinocereus pectinatus 3,500-5,200 ft cheid, Spikerush Eleocharis spp. R. Br. Woolspike balsamscale Elyonurus barbiculmus Hack. Brittle bush (incienso) Encelia farinosa Gray Joint-fir (clapweed, popote, vine ephedra) Ephedra antisyphilitica C vey. Mormon tea (Mexican tea, long leaf joint-fir, popotilla, teposote, canatilla) Ephedra trifurca orr. Plains lovegrass Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc. Lehmann lovegrass Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees. Fleabane (wild daisy) Erigeron divergens orr.) Gray Yerba santa Eriodictyon angustifoTium Nutt. Slenderbush eriogonum Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. Deer buckwheat Eriogonum wrightii orr. Moist soil along streams or in forests, 150- 3,000 ft Ory, rocky slopes and plains; des- ert grasslands, juniper-oak wood- Tands Ory rocky slopes and mesas, to 3,000 ft Gravelly, rocky soil on plains, hills, arroyos, ravines, canyons Mesas, plains and sandy hills of deserts and desert grasslands, to 5,000 ft Sandy or rocky slopes and plains, 3,500-6,000 ft Semi-arid ranges, open prairies and slopes Dry slopes, mesas, to open pine woods Ory slopes, 2,000- 7,000 ft Dry plains, slopes, 4,500-8,000 ft Arid lands, 3,000- 7,000 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 30 ft Shrub to 12 ft Stems solitary or clumped, 2 ft Columnar, 4-6 in Upright herb, leaf- less, 1-3 ft Perennial grass, 16-32 in Low branching shrub, 1.5-3 ft Erect or spread- ing shrub, to 3 ft Smal} shrubby bush, to 2 ft Tufted erect perennial grass, 22-35 in Tufted perennial grass, 20-28 in Forb, 6-30 in Shrub, to 6.5 ft Perennial forb, to 2 ft Herb or shrub, to 2.5 ft Fruit Short-stalked round cone Ory fruit with broad wings, Feb.-Oct. Globular or ellipsoid Spiny, green fleshy Achenes in spike- lets, spring Grain, July- Nov. Achene, Nov.-May Cones Cones Grain, July-Nov. Grain, July-Nov. Achene, Feb.-Oct. Capsule, summer- fall Achene Achene, June- Oct. continued General wildlife use Seeds eaten by game- birds; plants eaten by rabbit and muskrat Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, deer, sheep Browsed by deer Seeds eaten by birds and songbirds; plant eaten by rabbit and deer Same as E. microthecum Notes Very scattered and localized, probably relic Increases on over- grazed ranges; un- palatable to live- stock Good forage grass Common to locally abundant. Used to reseed rangeland; good soil binder Introduced , well~ established Common throughout desert 17 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe CER CAR RRR RIC OTEN TAI 6 Table 3140-52.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Coral bean (southwestern Warm, dry, rocky Shrub or small tree, Several-seeded pod coral bean, western coral slopes, canyons and to 15 ft bean, chilicote, Indian foothills, 3,000- bean) 5,500 ft Erythrina flabelliformis Kearn, Winter-fat Slopes, plains in Shrubs, 8-32 in Bracts, villous Valuable forage Eurotia lanata sagebrush and creo- Pursh. sote deserts, 2,500-7,000 ft Kidneywood (varadulce) Bushy areas with Shrub 6-10 ft Legume, summer- Eysenhardtia highly calcareous fall stachya soil Ortega Apache plume Dry rocky slopes, Shrub, 1-5 ft Achene, summer Fallugia paradoxa 4,000-5,500 ft EndT Barrel cactus Rocky, gravelly Barrel to columnar, Fleshy, many- Fruit important to Ferocactus wislizenii or sandy soils of 2-10 ft seeded, yellow, many mammals TEnge™m.) Britt. & Rose hills, canyons, July-Sept. washes, alluvial fans, 1,000-5,600 ft Arizona fescue Forest, mountain Densely tufted Grain, June- Seeds eaten by turkey Festuca arizonica meadows, 6,000- perennial grass, Sept. and songbirds; plant Vasey 10,000 ft 18-36 in eaten by deer Tarbush (blackbrush, Mesas, slopes on Low shrub, to Achene hojase) limestone soils, 3 ft Flourensia cernua 3,500-5,000 ft OC. Ocotillo (coachwhip, Ory slopes, mesas, Thorny, deciduous 3-celled capsule, Browsed by bighorn cande Iwood) to 5,000 ft shrub with tall, splitting when sheep Fouquieria splendens unbranched whip- ripe, April-June Enge Tm. like stems, 6-27 ft Skeletonleaf bur sage Ory plains, hills, Perennial forb, Burr-like achene, Franseria discolor fields, wastelands, to 16 in Apr.-Oct. Nutt. 5,000-8,000 ft Velvet ash Moist soils of Small to medium Long-winged Seeds eaten by game- Fraxinus velutina stream banks, tree, round crown, samara, Mar.-May birds, songbirds, Orr. washes, canyons, to 40 ft squirrel; browsed by 2,500-7,000 ft, deer and nest-squirrel sun Flannel bush (California Dry north facing Shrub, 4-12 ft Capsule, summer fremont) slopes, canyons, Fremontia californica 3,500-6,000 ft orr. Silk-tassel Dry slopes, Evergreen shrub, Berry-like, spring Fruit eaten by turkey Garrya flavescens 3,000-8,000 ft to 6 ft and deer Wats. Silk-tassel Ory slopes, Large evergreen Berry, Mar.-Aug. Same as G. flavescens Garrya wrightii 3,000-8,000 ft, shrub, 6-10 ft Torr. sun Desert cotton (thurberia Rocky, gravelly Shrub, 3-6 ft Capsule with algodoncillo) mountain slopes woolly seeds Gossypium thurberi and canyons, in ‘od. desert and desert grasslands, 2,500-4,500 ft Curlycup gumweed Prairies, plains, Perennial forb, to Achene Grindelia squarrosa roadsides, fields, 3 ft - Pursh.) Duna 4,500-5,000 ft continued 118 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Snakeweed Dry soils, 3,000- Herbaceous perennial, Achene Seeds eaten by quail; Gutierrezia spp. 10,000 ft to 28 in plant eaten by rabbit, Lag. antelope, deer Yellow-green matchweed (snakeweed) Gutierrezia lucida Greene Snakeweed (broom snakeweed) Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh.) Britt. & Rusby Turpent ine-brush Hap lopappus aricttoTius Gray Burroweed Haplopappus tenuisectus Greene Prairie sunflower Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Tanglehead Heteropogon contortus lL. Curly mesquite Hilaria belangeri Steud. Galleta grass Hilaria jamesii orr. Tobosa-grass Hilaria mutica BuckT. Rat potato (hog potato, camote-de-raton) Hof fmanseggia spp. Cav. Crucifixion thorn (holocantha, corona de cristo) Holacantha emoryi ray Ocean sprav (foam bush, mountain spray, cream- bush) Holodiscus dumosus Nutt.) Helter Pingwing (pinque) Hymenoxys ipaesuenate Rydb. Alluvial plains, slopes, hill- sides, of desert grassland, oak woodland and pinyon- juniper, 1,000-7,000 ft Plains, slopes in upper desert, desert grasslands, oak woodlands, 3,000-7,000 ft Mesas, slopes, canyons, 3,000- 6,000 ft Alluvial plains, slopes in desert and desert grass- lands, 2,000- 5,500 ft Plains, hills, roadsides, 3,500- 8,000 ft Open dry rocky or sandy plains and slopes, below 5,000 ft Dry sandy plains, hillsides and rocky slopes, 1,500-6,000 ft Dry sandy plat- eaus, open val- leys, 3,000- 8,000 ft Dry exposed sandy or rocky slopes and plains, 2,000- 6,000 ft Gravelly washes, canyons to cultiva- ted fields, 500-5,000 ft Desert valleys on clay soil, sand dunes, 500-2,000 ft Pine or spruce forests, often on cliffs, 5,500- 10,000 ft, sun Lower woodlands, rocky open area, 5,000-7,000 ft Halfshrub with woody stem, 1-3 ft Shrub, .5-1 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Round shrub 1-2 ft Erect forb to 3 ft Tufted erect peren- nial grass, 8-35 in Tufted perennial grass, 10-15 in Perennial grass, 25-50 in Perennial grass, 12-30 in Perennial herb or shrub with wand- like branches, 2-3 ft Spiny shrub to small tree, to 12 ft Aromatic, deciduous shrub, 3 ft Forb, 10-25 in Achene, June-Oct. Smal] achene, July-Nov. Cylindric achene, Aug.-Nov. Cylindric achene Achene Long-awned grain, Mar .-June Grain, Apr.-Nov. Grain, May-Nov. Grain, June-Nov. Pods Drupelike carpels, June-July l-seeded follicle, dune-Sept. Achene, Apr.-Sept. continued Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Seeds eaten by dove and quail; plant eaten by deer Invader of over- grazed ranges Invader of depleted ranges; poisonous to livestock when consumed in large quantities Important range grass Can form large col- ony via stolons; holds under heavy grazing Tubers are edible, hog feed. good soil binder Absent in New Mexico Only in south- eastern Arizona SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 119 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Cliffbush Moist canyons, Deciduous shrub Ory beaked cap- Jamesia americana along streams in 1-6 ft sule, June-July orr.) Gray coniferous for- ests, 7,500-9,500 ft, sun and shade Arizona walnut Moist soil along Tree, 50 ft, Round nut with Seeds eaten by songbirds, Juglans major streams, canyons round crown hairy husk, spring squirrel, fox Tarr} Helier 3,500-7,000 ft, sun Rush Moist soil along Perennial grass- Capsule, Forage Juncus spp. streams, ponds, like herbs, 2-4 spring t. lakes, 2,000- ft 11,500 ft Alligator juniper Moist soil along Tree 20-65 ft, Berrylike fleshy Fruit eaten by deer, Juniperus deppeana streams or scat- round crown cone, pollinates quail, turkey, bear, Stew tered on hillside in spring fox in oak woodland or ponderosa pine forest, 4,500- 8,000 ft, sun One-seeded juniper Ory hills, mesas, Shrub to small l-seeded berry- | Important food and Most common juniper Juniperus monosperma — 3,000-7,000 ft, evergreen tree, like cone, matures’ cover for numerous in New Mexico (Engetm.) Sarg. foothills, pinyon conical crown, in 1 year species juniper woodland 10-25 ft Crucifixion thorn Sandy or gravelly Rounded shrub, Black berry, Browsed by rabbit Koeberlinia spinosa mesas, 2,400- 3-4.5 ft late summer Zucc. 5,000 ft Mountain junegrass Prairie, open Tufted or bunched Grain, May-Oct. Plant eaten by deer Good forage; rarely (prairie junegrass) woods, sandy soils, perennial grass, locally abundant Koeleria cristata rocky Slopes, 14-28 in TL.) Pers. below 9,000 ft White ratany Dry plains, mesas, Low branched shrub, Round, thick- Absent in New Mex- Krameria grayi 500-5,000 ft 1-2 ft walled, spiny, ico; relished by Rose & Painter one-seeded, livestock Apr.-Sept. Ratany Ory rocky slopes, Shrub, 1-1.5 ft Smal] burr with Relished by live- Krameria parvifolia gravelly plains, several spines, stock Benth. 500-5,000 ft Apr.-Oct. Creosote bush (grease- Alluvial plains, Shrub usually 5-celled capsule, Browsed by rabbit Most common and wood) foothills, slopes, 3-6 ft spiny, spring and smal] mammals widely distributed Larrea divaricata to 4,000 ft shrub in desert Tav. Peavine Dry open woods Perennial forb 2-valved pod Seeds eaten by turkey Lathyrus graminifolius to pine forests, with erect or fats.) White 4,000-11,000 ft, climbing stem, sun 8-24 in Prairie pepperweed Plains, fields, Annual forb, to Flattened silique Seeds eaten by song- Lepidium densiflorum roadsides, 3,500- 1.5 ft birds; plant eaten Schrad. 9,500 ft by deer Blazing-star (dotted Dry plains, hills, Perennial forb to Achene gay-feather) 3,500-8,000 ft 2.5 ft Liatris punctata Hook. Wright lippia (white Rocky or gravelly Shrub, 3-4.5 ft Nutlet brush) soils, 2,000- Lippia wrighti 6,000 ft Gray Deer vetch Pine woods, some- Forb, 5-30 in, Narrow, several- Plant eaten by deer; Lotus oroboides times dry mesas, leafy stem seeded pod, seeds eaten by quail, (HBK.) Ottley 5,000-8,000 ft, Apr.-Sept. dove, rabbit sun continued 120 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Lupine Lupinus spp. Wolfberry Lycium spp. t Wolftail (Texas-timothy) Lycurus phleoides HBK. Rush skeletonplant Lygodesmia juncea ursh) D. Don Fish-hook cactus (mammi1- laria, pincushion cactus) Mammillaria spp. Haw. Cream cactus Mammillaria gummifera ngelm. Fish-hook cactus Mammillaria microcarpa nge tm. Stickleaf (blazing-star) Mentzelia spp. L. Wait-a-minute bush (cat-claw, wait-a-bit) Mimosa biuncifera Benth. Scurfy mortonia (sand- paper bush) Mortonia scabrella ray Texas mulberry Morus microphylla BuckT. Muhly Muhlenbergia spp. Schreb. Bullgrass Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey Mountain muhly Muhlenbergia montana Hitchc. Bush muhly Muh lenbergia porteri cribn. Dry slopes, mesas, open forest, 100- 10,000 ft, sun Plains, slopes, 1,000-7,000 ft Open rocky slopes, plains, below 8,000 ft Ory soils, 4,000- 7,500 ft Sandy, gravelly, dry soils, on hillsides and in valleys, 500- 8,000 ft Rocky or gravelly limestone soils, 4,000-4,500 ft Sandy gravel of canyons, washes, alluvial fans and plains, 1,000- 5,000 ft Dry sandy slopes and mesas, 1,000- 8,500 ft Dry soil on mesas, rocky slopes, 3,000-6,000 ft Rocky or gravelly slopes and mesas, 3,000-5,000 ft Moist soil along streams, washes, canyons, rocky slopes below cliffs, 2,000- 6,000 ft, sun or shade Ory, rocky slopes, ledges, forest openings Rocky slopes, ledges, forest openings, drier soils below 6,500 ft Rocky slopes, ledges, woodlands, forest openings, 4,500-9,500 ft Ory mesas, rocky slopes, canyons, 2,000-6,000 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Annual or perennial forb with terminal clusters of flowers, 6-24 in Spreading to erect, spiny shrub, 3-9 ft Tufted, erect peren- nial, 8-25 in Perennial forb, to 16 in Single or clumped cylindroid cacti, to 1 ft Flobose to 4 in Cylindroid cactus, 3-6 in Low shrub to 3 ft Spiny deciduous shrub, 2-6 ft shrub, 1.5-3 ft shrub or tree, in clumps, 20 ft Large smal] dense up to Perennial grass, up to 40 in Erect perennial grass, 20-40 in Tufted perennial grass, 6-26 in Erect perennial grass, 12-40 in Flat pod, con- stricted between seeds, spring- fall Many-seeded berries Awned grain, July-Nov. Achene Many-seeded, fleshy Smooth berry, summer Smooth berry with small seeds, sum- mer Oblong to linear capsule Many seeded le- gume, May-Aug. Short, cylin- droidal capsule Oblong cluster of berries, Apr. Grain Grain, June- Nov. Grain, Aug.-Oct. Grain, Aug.-Nov. continued Seeds eaten by quail and turkey; plant eaten by deer Fruit eaten by dove and quail Seeds eaten by quail Browsed by deer; cover for deer and rabbit Fruit eaten by song- birds, fox, squirrels Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by deer Same as Muhlenbergia spp. Some species poi- sonous to livestock Valuable range grass Only in Arizona Often forms large, dense thickets; good soil binder Good soil binder on steep slopes Highly palatable; largely grazed out 121 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2. (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Deergrass Muhlenbergia rigens Benth. Htche: Screwleaf muhly Muhlenbergia virescens unt Bear grass (sacahuista, sacahuiste) Nolina texana Wats. Pale evening-primrose Oenothera pallida LindT. Tronwood (tesota palo fierro, palo-de-hierro) Olneya tesota Gray Pancake pear cactus (Santa Rita prickly pear, dollarjoint prickly pear} Opuntia chlorotica TEngeT im.) Bigel Little prickly pear Opuntia fragilis utt. Jumping cholla Opuntia fulgida inge tm. Tree cholla (cane cholla) Opuntia imbricata Haw. Desert Christmas cactus (tesajo, cholla) Opuntia leptocaulis oc. Prickly pear Opuntia phaeacantha nge tm, Plains prickly pear Opuntia polycantha jaw. Cane cholla Opuntia spinosior Eage Im.) Toumey Devil cholla (Stanly cholla) Opuntia stanlyi EngeTm. 122 Gravelly or sandy canyon bottoms, washes, in moist soil, occasionally dry plateaus or meadows, 3,000- 7,000 ft Rocky slopes, ridges, pine forests, 5,000- 9,500 ft, shade Rolling rangelands and foothills Valleys, mesas, 1,000-7,500 ft Sandy washes, foothills, to 2,500 ft Sandy or rocky soil, slopes, canyons, 2,000- 5,000 ft. Sandy to gravelly soils, 4,500- 8,000 ft Sandy soil of plains, mesas washes, hills Gravelly or sandy soils of hills, plains, and grass- lands, 4,000- 6,000 ft Mesas, flats valleys, plains, washes in deserts Sandy soils of plains, washes, hills, deserts, grasslands, 1,500- 7,000 ft Sandy soils of plains, flats, washes and canyon sides, 4,000-6,000 ft Deep soils of val- leys, plains, hill- sides, grasslands, chaparrals, wood- lands, 2,000-6,500 ft Fine soils of val- leys, 1,000-2,000 ft Perennial grass, 2-5 ft Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 6-24 ‘in Woody stem leaves 5 ft long, peren- nial shrub Perennial forb, to 20 in Spiny evergreen tree, to 30 ft Arborescent shrub, 2-6 ft Mat-forming plant, 2-4 in Small cactus tree, 3-15 ft Small tree or thicket forming shrub, 3-10 ft Bush or erect small shrub, 1-15 ft Variable clumps 2-20 ft diameter, 1-3 ft high Clump- forming cactus, 3-6 in high Smal] shrub or cactus trees, 3-8 ft Mat-forming cactus, to 1 ft high Grain, June-Oct. Grain, May-July Three-lobed cap- sule Membranous cap- sule, May-Sept. Pod, May-June Ellipsoid, fleshy fruit, spring Obovoid, dry fruit Fleshy, in chains, June-Aug. Obovoid, fleshy, all winter Persistent obovoid, fleshy fruit, May- June Obovoid, many seeded, Apr.-June Dry, obovoid, spring Persistent, fleshy, many- seeded, May-June Fleshy continued Same as Muhlenbergia spp. Same as Muhlenbergia spp. Food and cover for numerous small species Fruit eaten by dove, quail, coyote, fox, peccary Fruit eaten by numer- ous gamebirds and mammals, especially peccary Principal nesting site for cactus wren Fruit eaten by game- birds, numerous mam- mals, including pec- cary and coyotes Fruit eaten by dove, quail, coyote, peccary, deer In Arizona and New Mexico only Causes hepatogenic photosensitization in livestock Extremely hard, brittle and heavy wood Only in Arizona Usually growing within another May be invader in overgrazed areas Characteristic of’ desert grassland CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Purple prickly pear Opuntia violacea Engetm. Indian rice-grass Oryzopsis hymenoides Tee} Ricker Wood-sorrel Oxalis spp. L. Crazyweed (white loco) Oxytropis spp. oC. Sandy-gravelly soils of plains, hills, washes, 3,500-5,500 ft Open sandy plains, hills, woodlands at medium eleva- tions Moist soils, 2,500-9,000 ft Drier soils, 5,000- 10,000 ft Sprawling shrub, 2-7 ft Densely tufted perennial grass, 12-24 in Herbaceous, peren- nial forb with creeping root- stocks, to 1 ft Perennial forb, 6-20 in Fleshy Grain, May-Nov. Dehiscent 5-celled capsule, spring- fall Membranous pods with reniform seeds, summer Fruit eaten by dove, quail, coyote, fox, deer, peccary Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer Excellent range grass in semi-arid areas Occasionally grown as an ornamental May be poisonous Myrtle boxleaf (Oregon Coniferous forest, Low inconspicuous 2-celled capsule, Plant relished by boxwood, mountain-lover) 6,000-9,000 ft ground cover May deer Pachystima myrsinites TPorth-) Rah Vine mesquite Mudflats, heavy Wiry, erect peren- Grain, June-Oct. Plant eaten by rabbit, Good range plant Panicum obtusum soiled lowlands, nial grass 8-35 in deer, antelope and soil binder river banks, ar- royos along ditches Switchgrass Sandy or rocky Perennial grass, Grain, June-Oct. Plant. eaten by rabbit, Panicum virgatum soils along moist 14-40 in deer, antelope T. canyons, water- courses, open woods, prairies, below 7,000 ft Mariola Caliche soils, Low shrub, 1-1.5 ft Achene, June-Oct. Parthenium incanum HBK. Virginia creeper Parthenocissus inserta Kern. Prairie clover Petalostemum spp. Michx. Mexican ninyon Pinus cembroides Zucc. plains, slopes, 2,500-5,000 ft On trees, growing in moist soil along streams, 3,000- 7,000 ft, shade Mesas and openings in pine forest, 3,000-7,000 ft Pinyon- juniper woodland, 5,000- 7,500 ft Creeping vine Forb to 1.5 ft Smal} evergreen tree, 15-50 ft 1-4 seeded ber- ries, spring Smal] pod with 1-2 seeds Cones with oily nuts Fruit eaten by rabbit, fox Seeds eaten by band- tailed pigeons, song- birds, bear, rabbit, deer songbirds, Apache pine Mountains along Evergreen tree, Prickly scaled Same as P. cembroides Scattered in dis- Pinus latifolia Mexican border, 50-70 ft cone ~~ tribution Sarg. 5,000-8,500 ft, sun Chihuahua pine Mountains, 5,000- Tree 30-80 ft Stalked, spread- same as P. cembroides Pinus leiophylla 7,800 ft ‘ing cone 7 47 Schiede & Deppe Ponderosa pine Plateaus, mountain Large evergreen Cone Food and nesting sites Most common forest Pinus ponderosa slopes in pure or tree, 80-125 ft, for tassel-eared tree in southwest Laws. mixed stands, straight trunk with squirrels 5,500-8,500 ft, narrow open sun White pine Coniferous forest Large tree, 60-100 Cone Seeds eaten by game- Pinus ref lexa of mountains, ft birds, bear, browsed Enge Tm. 6,500-10,000 ft by deer and squirrel Arizona sycamore Platanus wrightii Wats. Moist soil along streams, canyons, Tree, 40-80 ft, spreading open Achene, Apr.-May Seeds eaten by song- birds and squirrels; 2,000-6,000 ft, crown nesting site for sun songbirds and squir- rels continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 123 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2 Species (Continued) Plains bluegrass Poa arida Vasey Milkwort Polygala spp. Rg, te Narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia James. . Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii Wats. Trembling aspen (quaking aspen, golden aspen, trembling poplar) Populus tremuloides Michx. Mesquite (velvet mesquite, honey mesquite) Prosopis juliflora Wild cherry Prunus spp. tl. Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Slender scurf pea (slimflower scurf pea) Psoralea tenuiflora ‘ursh. Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum +) Kuhn Arizona white oak uercus arizonica arg. Emory oak luercus emoryi orr. Gambel oak luercus gambelii lutt. Gray oak luercus grisea Liebm. Habitat Prairies, plains, alkaline meadows, to 10,000 ft Dry rocky soils, 1,500-7,500 ft Moist soils along streams, 5,000-7,000 ft, sun Moist soils along streams, 150-5,000 ft, sun Widely distributed in coniferous for- est above 6,500 ft Sandy alluvial soils, washes, to 5,500 Ft Moist soil along streams, pine for- ests, 4,500-9,000 ft Mixed coniferous forests, cold can- yons, 5,200-10,000 ft, sun Plains, hills, 4,000-7,000 ft Moist soil, along streams, pine woods, aspen groves, 5,000-8,000 ft, shade Moist soil along streams, canyons, oak woodland foot- hills, mountains, 5,000-7,600 ft, sun Moist soil along streams, canyon, oak woodland foot- hills, mountains, 4,000-7,000 ft, sun Widespread in mountains, plat- Form Fruit Tufted perennial grass, 10-25 in Grain, July-Nov. 2-celled thin, flat capsule Low shrub, to 3 ft Tree to 50 ft, narrow crown Seed capsule, spring Seed capsule, in catkins Large tree, 50-100 ft, with broad, flat open crown Tree, slender crown, 20-80 ft Cottony cap- sules, early spring Spiny spreading shrub, to three 20-50 ft Pod, Sept.-Oct. Shrub to small tree, 10-40 ft l-seeded drupe, Mar.-May Large tree, 100- Cones 190 ft, with open broadly conical crown Erect perennial forb, to 24 in Ovoid, 1-seeded pod, May-Sept. Smal] ground cover fern, 1-3 ft Nut (Acorn), spring Tree with irregular spreading crown, 30-60 ft Nut (acorn), spring Tree, with spread- ing crown, 20-50 ft Shrub to tree, with rounded crown, 6-70 Nut (acorn), spring eaus, pine forests, ft 5,000-8,000 ft, sun and shade Dry rocky hill- side, 4,500- 8,000 ft Nut (acorn), spring Shrub to tree, 65 ft, evergreen continued General wildlife use Browsed by deer Seeds eaten by game- birds; browsed by rabbit, squirrel; nesting site for squirrel and song- birds Seeds eaten by game- birds; browsed by rabbit; nesting site for songbirds and raptors Seeds eaten by game- birds and songbirds; browsed by rabbit, squirrel, deer Important for food and cover for num- erous species Fruit eaten by num- erous birds and animals Browsed by rabbit; seeds eaten by deer and squirrel Plant eaten by por- cupine Food and cover for many birds and mammals Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, fox; browsed by squirrel, rabbit, deer; nest cover: songbirds and squirrel Seeds eaten by song- birds, gamebirds, squir- rel, bear; browsed by rabbit and deer Same as Q. gambelit Notes Suitable for ero- sion control Great aesthetic value in fall; sprouts from cut roots Resptrouts from cut stumps Poisonous when eat- en in large quant- ities 124 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Table 3140-52.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Havard oak (shinnery oak) uercus havardii ayabe D. Silverleaf oak (white- leaf oak) Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus Mexican blue oak Quercus oblongifolia Torr. Palmer oak uercus palmeri Engelm. Netleaf oak Quercus r Humb. & ulata inp). Shrub live oak (scrub oak, California scrub oak, turbinella oak) ee turbinella reene Coffeeberry (California buckthorn) Rhamnus californica Esch. Hollyleaf buckthorn (buckthorn, red berry buckthorn) Rhamnus crocea Nutt. Mearns sumac Rhus choriophylla (Woot) Stand?. Scarlet sumac (smooth sumac) Rhus glabra L. Prairie sumac Rhus lanceolata Gray) Britt. Sugar sumac (sugar bush, mount ain- laure!) Rhus ovata Wats. Squawbush Rhus trilobata Nutt Orange gooseberry Ribes pinetorum Greene Deep sand, south- west great plains, northeastern Ari- zona and south- eastern Utah Mountain slopes, canyons of oak woodlands, 5,000- 7,000 ft, sun Foothills, moun- tains, canyons, 4,500-6,000 ft Moist soil along streams of canyons and mountains ides, 3,500-7,000 ft, sun and’ shade Uncommon in moun- tains, canyons, and oak woodlands, 4,000-8,000 ft, sun Dry slopes, hill- sides, canyons, 3,000-8,000 ft Common in canyons, along streams, chaparral, open coniferous forest, 3,500-7,000 ft, sun and shade Mountains, chapar- ral, lower pine forests, dry washes, canyons, 3,000-7,000 ft, sun and shade Rocky slopes, 4,000-6,000 ft Rich moist soil, along streams, canyons, ravines, 5,000-7,000 ft, sun and shade On limestone and in calcareous soils Mountain slopes, canyons, in moist soils, 3,000-5,000 ft Along streams, in canyons, on slopes in chaparral, 2,500-7,500 ft, sun Rocky slopes, along streams, 7,000-10,000 ft, ‘in coniferous forests, sun and shade SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Spreading shrub to smal] tree, to 15 ft, usually much less Smal] evergreen tree with round spreading crown, 15-30 ft, sometimes clumping shrub, 6 ft Small evergreen tree, to 25 ft Shrub to small tree, 6-25 ft Evergreen shrub to tree with rounded crown, 6-40 ft Evergreen shrub to 7 ft Evergreen shrub to small tree, 6-20 ft Spreading evergreen shrub to small tree, 3-15 ft Shrub to 7 ft Tall shrub to small tree, to 8 ft, usual- ly forming thickets Shrub or small tree, to 30 ft Evergreen tree or shrub, to 15 ft Aromatic decid- uous shrub, 2-7 ft Spiny, sometimes trailing decidu- ous shrub, 1-3 ft Nut (acorn), summer-f al Seeds eaten by game- birds, songbirds, squirrel; browsed by rabbit and deer Nut (acorn), spring Seeds eaten by song- birds, gamebirds, bear, squirrel; browsed by deer Nut (acorn), spring Nut (acorn), spring Seeds eaten by game- birds, songdirds, squirrel; browsed by deer; nesting site for squirrel Nut (acorn), in clusters, spring Nut (acorn), late summer to fall species for food and cover Berrylike fruit, May-July Fruit eaten by game- birds; browsed by deer, squirrel, bear Berrylike pome, Mar.-May Fruit eaten by game- by deer Small 1-seeded drupe, July-Sept. by deer and rabbit One-seeded drupe, June-Aug. Fruit eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit and deer In red terminal Clusters, Aug.- Oct. Cluster of ber- ries, late spring Berrylike, Mar.- June’ Browsed by deer Several-seeded Fruit eaten by game- round berry, Apr.- birds and squirrel; Sept. browsed by deer continued Important for numerous birds and bear; browsed Fruit eaten by pigeons, quail, turkey; browsed Only young foliage may be browsed, tannin levels toxic in older leaves Same as Q. hypoleucoides Same as Q. hypoteucoides Often abundant Alternate host for white pine blister rust 125 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes New Mexican locust Canyons, mountains, Spiny shrub or small Pod, May-Aug. Seeds eaten by quail Effective in re- Robinia neomexicana forming almost pure tree, to 25 ft and squirrel; browsed ducing erosion Gray thickets on north by deer facing slopes, 4,000-8,500 ft, sun Watercress Moist soil along Small prostrate forb, Globose capsule, Rorippa, spp. streams or in 6-18 in spring Scop. streams, 1,500- 9,500 ft, shade Arizona rose Along streams in Deciduous shrub, Berrylike pome, Fruit eaten by game- Most abundant and Rosa arizonica pine forests, par- 1-3 ft May-July birds and mammals widespread rose in Rydb. tial shade, 4,000- Arizona 9,000 ft Raspberry Rich moist soils Trailing shrub to Fleshy fruit of Fruit eaten by quail, Rubus spp. along streams in 5 ft, forming 1-seeded drupe- turkey, bear, squirrel Ly coniferous for- thickets lets, May-Sept. ests, 5,000- 11,000 ft Willow Moist soil along Tree 15-50 ft Seed capsules in Browsed by beaver; Prevents erosion Salix spp. streams, 3,500- catkins, March seeds eaten by squirrel and invades burned cE 9,500 ft, sun forest areas Russian thistle Ory plains, along Annual forb to 3 ft Achene, black Seeds eaten by quail Salsola spp. roads and on over- shiny seed, early and songbirds; plant . grazed ranges spring eaten by antelope and below 5,000 ft deer Elderberry Moist soil along Large shrub, small Berry, June-Aug. Fruit eaten by squirrel Sambucus spp. streams, canyons, tree, 8-33 ft and fox; plant eaten by lL. in coniferous for- deer ests, 1,000-10,000 ft, shade Western soapberry Stream banks, can- Large spreading I-seeded berry- Fruit and foliage (wild china-tree, cher- yon sides in upper shrub to smal] tree, like, remaining poisonous to wild- joni, jaboncillo) desert, desert to 25 ft until spring life Sapindus drummondi grassland, oak H&A. woodland, 2,500- 6,000 ft Groundsel Openings in pine Forb or shrub, 1-3 Achene, July-Oct. Senecio spp. woods, 1,000- ft t. 10,500 ft, sun Jojoba (goatnut) Rocky or gravelly Shrubs, 3-6 ft Oily nut Browsed by deer Nuts commercially Simmondsia chinensis well drained harvested for oil; Tink slopes, 1,500- absent in New 5,000 ft Mexico Squirreltail (bottle- Desert slopes to Tufted, erect per- Stiffly awned A preferred forage brush squirreltail) subalpine meadows ennial grass, 6-28 grain, year round Sitanion hystrix in depending on hab- Nutt. itat Nightshade (white horse- Fields and road- Herbaceous or slight- Small berry, May- Fruit eaten by dove, nettle, silver horsenet- sides, 1,000- ly woody shrub, 1-3 Oct. quail, raccoon, skunk tle, bullnettle, trom- 5,500 ft ft pillo) Solanum elaeagifolium Cav. Sophora (silky sophora, Ory soils, hill- Shrub, to 11 ft Flat pod, Apr.- Ornamental; good mescal bean, fringeleaf sides, 3,500- June soil binder; poi- sophora) 7,000 ft sonous to live- Sophora spp. stock Indian-grass Prairies, open Perennial grass, Grain, July-Nov. porghas trum nutans woods, dry canyon 2-6 ft Nasl bottoms and pine forest in arid continued 126 CHAPTER 2 Table 3140-52.2 (Concluded) PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe 52 Species Dropseed Sporobolus spp. R. Br. Sacaton Sporobolus wrightii Scribn. Snowberry ray Tamar isk Tamarix pentandra Pa Arizona cottontop (California cottontop) Trichachne californica Benth. Fluffgrass Tridens puchellus Hitche. Cat-tail Typha spp. L. Canada violet Viola canadensis L. Canyon grape Vitis arizonica EngeTm. Yucca Yucca spp. Spanish dagger (datil, fleshy-fruited yucca, yucca Yucca baccata orr. Soaptree yucca (palmilla) Yucca elata EngeTm. Small soapweed Yucca glauca Nutt. Spanish bayonet (palma, spanish dagger) Yucca torreyi Shafer Desert zinnia Zinnia grandiflora lutt. Desert zinnia Zinnia pumila ray Symphoricarpos oreophilus Habitat Open slopes, hills, mesas, 5,000-7,000 ft River banks, sandy washes, plains and valley flats, 2,000-5,500 ft Slopes and along streams in moun- tains, coniferous forests, 5,500- 9,000 ft Moist soil along streams, up to 5,000 ft Open, well drained soil, often on steep rocky slopes, below 6,000 ft Dry rocky slopes, plains, below 6,000 ft Moist soil along streams, ditches, Jakes, ponds, to 7,000 ft, sun and shade Rich moist soils in coniferous for- ests, 6,000-11,500 ft Moist soil along streams, canyons, often climbing on trees, 2,000- 7,000 ft, shade Ory, rocky slopes, hills and plains, 1,500-6,000 ft Ory, rocky slopes of desert grass- lands and conifer woodland, 3,000- 8,000 ft Grassland and desert, 1,500-6,000 ft Ory plains, slopes, 4,000-8,500 ft Scattered on mesas, foothills and plains, 3,500- 5,000 ft Dry slopes and mesas, 4,000- 6,500 ft Alluvial plains and slopes, 2,000- 5,000 ft Form Tufted perennial grass, to 6 ft Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 3-6 ft Erect or trailing shrub, 1-6 ft Large shrub, small tree, usually form- ing dense thickets, 10-25 ft Erect perennial grass, 14-35 in Low tufted peren- nial or annual grass, 6 in Tall perennial herd with round stem, 3-8.5 ft For 8-16 in Climbing or trail- ing woody vine Shrub, 3-6 ft, rarely small tree, to 30 ft Shrub to small tree, 1-20 ft Shrub to small tree, to 30 ft Shrubby plant, to 6 ft Shrub or smal] tree, 3-16 ft Perennial, branched from base, 8 in or less Low shrub with woody stem, 8-11 in Fruit Grain, spring- fall Grain, July-Oct. Berries, Apr.-Aug. Capsules in spikes, Mar.-Aug. Grain, Aug.-Nov. Grain, Apr.-Nov. Fruit and flowers in long, terminal spikes, June-July Capsule, Apr.- Sept. l-seeded berry, Apr.-July Cylindrical 3- celled capsule Large fruit, 6 ‘in long Fleshy or dry capsule, May- duly 3-celled dry capsule 3-celled capsule Achene, May-Oct. Achene, Apr.-Oct. General wildlife use Plant eaten by deer Browsed by deer Seeds eaten by dove; nesting cover for dove Plant eaten by rabbit, and bighorn sheep Fruit eaten by ducks and geese Seeds eaten by dove, quail, turkey; plant eaten by rabbit Fruit eaten by num- erous gamebirds and mammals Nectar for humming- birds; seeds eaten by smal] mammals Nectar for humming- birds; nest cover for woodpeckers Fruit eaten by song- birds and smal] mam- mals Seeds eaten by smal] mammals; nest cover for songbirds Seeds eaten by song- birds and small mammals Notes Often grows in saline soil, usual- ly considered un- desirable except for erosion control Responds rapidly to precipitation; good forage Often abundant on overgrazed land Vines aid in pre- venting erosion along streams Only in New Mexico and Texas SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 127 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2 [R] Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe in Riparian Habitats Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Cat-claw (devil's claw, una de gato) Acacia greggii Gray Bigtooth maple Acer grandidentatum Nutt. Iodinebush (pick leweed) Allenrolfea occidentalis Wats.) Ktze. Baccharis Baccharis spp. L. Seepwillow Baccharis glutinosa ers. Sedge Carex spp. Netleaf hackberry (cumero, paloblanco western hackberry) Celtis reticulata Torr. Desert-willow (desert catalpa) Chilopsis linearis. av. Gray-thorn (white crucillo, grayleaf abrojo, lotebush) Condalia lycioides ray Mustard Cruciferae spp. Juss. Coyote-melon Cucurbita palmata Wats. Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon L.) Pers. Saltgrass Distichlis spicata U.) Greene Spikerush Eleocharis spp. . Br. Filaree (heron-bill) Erodium cicutarium T. Velvet ash Fraxinus velutina orr. Washes, mesas to 5,000 ft Moist soil along streams and canyons, 4,700-7,000 ft, sun or shade Highly alkaline flats and sinks, salt marshes, floodplains Along water courses, 500-8,000 ft Moist soil along streams, to 5,500 ft, sun Moist soil along streams, shady can- yons, 5,000- 11,500 ft, sun Streams, canyons, washes, moist soil, 3,500-6,000 ft Mostly along washes, in foothills and deserts Mesas, slopes, in desert and desert grassland, 1,500- 4,500 ft Ubiquitous Sandy plains to rocky slopes, to 3,000 ft Moist waste areas, low altitudes Saline or alkaline marshes, lakes Moist soil along streams or in for- ests, 150-3,000 ft Rocky or sandy soils, ubiquitous Moist soils of stream banks, washes, tree, round crown, canyons, 2,500- 7,000 ft, sun Large shrub to small Pod 2.5-5 in tree Deciduous tree up to 50 ft, with spreading crown Samara, Apr. Shrub, 1-5 ft Berry-like, May-Nov. Deciduous shrubs, to 7 ft Achene, Apr.-Feb. Willow-like decid- uous shrub to 7 ft Achene, Mar.-Dec. Perennial grass- like erect herb, 2-4 ft Achenes in spikes, spring Deciduous, large |-seeded drupe shrub to smal] tree, to 30 ft Large shrub to small tree, to 30 ft Long, narrow pod Thin skin, one- Straggly shrub 3-9 ft seeded drupe Herbaceous or suf- frutescent, annual or perennial Capsule Perennial herb, trailing stems Gourd-like, Apr.- Sept. Stoloniferous per- ennial grass Grain Perennial grass to lft Grain, summer- fall Upright herb, leaf- less, 1-3 ft Achenes in spike- lets, spring Prostrate annual Ellipsoid seeds, Feb.-June Small to medium Long-winged samara, Mar.-May to 40 ft continued Seeds eaten by dove Of ten abundant. and quail, roosting tree for quail Seeds eaten by quail, bear, squirrel, fox; browsed by beaver, rabbit, deer Often forming thickets Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, fox, squirrel; browsed by rabbit and deer Fruit eaten by game- birds Good soil binder Fruit eaten by Gambel's Common, often forms quail, pigeon, dove, thickets fox Seeds eaten by numer- ous species Seeds eaten by water- Introduced fowl] and mammals Seeds eaten by water- fowl and marsh birds Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by rabbit and muskrat Seeds eaten by numer- ous species Excellent spring forage Seeds eaten by game- birds, songbirds, squirrel; browsed by deer; nest covering for squirrel and songbirds CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2 [R] (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Arizona walnut Juglans major orr.) HelTer Rush Juncus spp. L. Alligator juniper Quniperus deppeana teud. Deer vetch Lotus rigidus Benth. Texas mulberry Morus microphylla uckT. Arizona sycamore Platanus wrightii Wats. Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii ats. Mesquite (velvet mes- quite, honey mesquite) Prosopis juliflora Sw.) DC. Wild Cherry Prunus Spp. Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum U.) Kuhn Arizona white oak aes arizonica arg. Moist soil along streams, canyons, 3,500-7,000 ft, sun Moist soil along streams, ponds, lakes, 2,000- 11,500 ft Moist soil along streams or scat- tered on hillside in oak woodland or ponderosa pine forest, 4,500-8,000 ft, sun Rocky slopes to 5,500 ft Moist soil along streams, washes, canyons, rocky slopes below cliffs, 2,000- 6,000 ft, sun or shade Moist soil along streams, canyons, 2,000-6,000 ft, sun Moist soils along streams, 150- 5,000 ft, sun Sandy alluvial soils, washes, to 5,500 ft Moist soil along streams, pine forests, 4,500- 9,000 ft Moist soil, along streams, pine woods, aspen groves, 5,000- 8,000 ft, shade Moist soil along streams, canyons, oak woodland foot- hills, mountains, 5,000-7,600 ft Tree, 50 ft, round crown Perennial grass- like herbs, 2-4 ft Tree 20-65 ft, round crown Perennial or annual to 1 ft Large shrub or small tree, in dense clumps, up to 20 ft Tree, 40-80 ft, spreading open crown Large tree, 50- 100 ft, with broad, flat open crown Spiny spreading shrub, to tree, 20-50 ft Shrub to small tree, 10-40 ft Small ground cover fern, 1-3 ft Tree with irregular spreading crown, 30-60 ft Round nut with hairy husk, spring Capsule, spring Berry-like fleshy cone, pollinates in spring Pod, Feb.-May Oblong cluster of berries, Apr. Achene, Apr.-May Seed capsule in catkins Pod, Sept.-Oct. 1-seeded drupe, Mar .-May Nut (acorn), spring Seeds eaten by song- birds, squirrel, fox Forage Fruit eaten by quail, bear, fox Seeds eaten by game- birds and browsers Fruit eaten by song- birds, fox, squirrels Prevents excessive erosion Seeds eaten by song- birds and squirrels; nesting cover for songbirds and squirrels Seeds eaten by game- birds; browsed by rab- bit; nesting cover for songbirds and raptors Resprouts from cut stumps Important for food and cover for numerous species Fruit eaten by numer- ous birds and animals Poisonous when eaten in large quan- ities Plant eaten by porcu- pine Food and cover for many birds and mammals Emory oak Moist soil along Tree, with spread- Nut (acorn), spring Seeds eaten by game- luercus emoryi streams, canyons, ing crown, 20-50 ft birds, bear, fox, orr. oak woodland foot- squirrel; nest covering hills, mountains, for songbirds and squir- 4,000-7,000 ft, rel; browsed by rabbit sun and deer Gambel oak Widespread in Shrub to tree, with Nut (acorn), spring Seeds eaten by song- uercus gambelii mountains, plat- rounded crown, 6-70 birds, gamebirds, deer, Nutt. eaus, pine forests, ft squirrel, rabbit, bear 5,000-8,000 ft, sun and shade continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 129 52 PROVINCE 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe Table 3140-52.2 [R] (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Palmer oak Moist soil along Shrub to small tree, Nut (acorn), spring Seeds eaten by game- Quercus palmeri streams of canyons 6-25 ft birds, songbirds, Engelm. and mountainsides, deer, squirrel; nest 3,500-7,000 ft, covering for songbirds sun and shade and squirrel Scarlet sumac (smooth Rich moist soil, Tall shrub to small 1-seeded drupe, Fruit eaten by quail; sumac) along streams, tree, to 8 ft, June-Aug. browsed by rabbit and Rhus glabra canyons, ravines, usually forming deer t. 5,000-7,000 ft, thickets sun and shade Poison ivy Rich soils along smal] upright shrub 1-seeded drupe, Fruit eaten by quail; Poisonous sap causes Rhus radicans streams, ravines 2-3 ft, may be Apr.-Sept. browsed by rabbit and skin irritation Le and canyons, climbing vine deer 3,000-8,000 ft, shade Watercress Moist soil along Small prostrate Globose capsule, Rorippa, spp. streams or in forb, 6-18 in spring ‘Scop. streams, 1,500- 9,500 ft, shade Blackberry Widespread, but Arching or trailing Aggregate of Food and nesting cover Forms dense patches; Rubus spp. developing fully shrubs, to 5 ft, drupes, June- for many birds; ber- berry often lasts T. only in open leaves mostly com- Aug., red or ries eaten by many into winter areas pound, stems with black, .25 in other animals; browsed prickers long by deer and rabbit Willow Moist soil along Tree, 15-50 ft Seed capsules in Browsed by beaver; Prevents erosion Salix spp. streams, 3,500- catkins, Mar. seeds eaten by squir- and invades burned L. 9,500 ft, sun rel forest areas Goodding willow Along streams Tree, 20-50 ft Capsule, spring Seeds eaten by numer- Important for Salix gooddingii and rivers, 150- ous species birds; stream bank protec- a 5,000 ft browsed by small tion mammals Yellow willow (yew Along streams and Large shrub or Capsule, spring Same as S. gooddingii Good soil binder willow) washes, 3,500- tree, to 20-40 ft and browse Salix taxifolia 6,000 ft HBK. Elderberry Moist soil along Large shrub, small Berry, June-Aug. Fruit eaten by fox Sambucus spp. streams, canyons, tree, 8-33 ft and squirrel; browsed L. in coniferous for- by deer ests, 1,000- 10,000 ft, shade Western soapberry (wild Stream banks, can- Large spreading l-seeded berry- Fruit and foliage china-tree, cherioni, yon sides in upper shrub to small like remaining poisonous to wild- jaboncillo) desert, desert tree, to 25 ft life Sapindus drummondii grassland, oak H&A, woodland, 2,500- 6,000 ft Climbing milkweed Streams, washes, Stems twining Follicle, Mar.-Oct. Sarcostemma spp. moist places, to along ground or orr. 6,000 ft over bushes Bulrush Marshes, ponds, Perennial, to Achene, spring-fall Seeds eaten by water- Scirpus spp. streams, rivers, 6 ft fowl and marsh birds; pees to 9,000 ft plant eaten by musk- rats Salt-marsh bulrush Marshes, saltflats, Erect rush, Spiked achenes, Seeds eaten by water- Subspecies of $. Scirpus paludosus in mud around lakes 1-3.5 ft year-round fowl, shorebirds, maritimus T. and along streams quail, songbirds; plant eaten by musk- rat Inkweed (Torrey sea- Saline flats with Shrub 2-3 ft Utricle enclosed blite, iodine weed) subsurface soil by fleshy perianth Suaeda torreyana moisture below Wats. 5.000 ft continued 130 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3140-52.2 [R] (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Tamarisk (saltcedar) Tamarix pentandra Pall. ft Moist soil along Large shrub, small ing dense thickets Cat-tail Moist soil along Tall perennial Typha spp. streams, ditches, herb with round T lakes, ponds, to stem, 3-8.5 ft 7,000 ft, sun and shade Canyon grape Vitis arizonica EngeTm. Moist soil along streams, canyons, often climbing on trees, 2,000- 7,000 ft, shade Climbing or trail- ing woody vine streams, up to 5,000 tree, usually form- Capsules in spikes, Nest covering for Mar .-Aug. dove Often grows in sal- ine soils usually considered undesir- able except for erosion control Fruit and flowers in long, terminal spikes, June-July Seeds eaten by ducks, geese, muskrat Fruit eaten by numer- ous gamebirds and mammals Vines aid in pre- venting erosion along streams 1-seeded berry, Apr.-July 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert SECTION 3211 GRAMA—TOBOSA SECTION 3212 TARBUSH—CREOSOTE BUSH The Chihuahuan Desert Province encompasses all or part of the Chihuahuan biotic community of Blair (1940), Dice (1943), and Buechner (1950). Included also in Bailey’s delineation is a subtropical area of Tamaulipan thornscrub (Clover 1937; Dice 1943; Muller 1947; and Blair 1952). Important areas of Chihuahuan affinity in southeastern Arizona are not included. Much of the vegetative cover is, or was, grassland, so the application of Chihuahuan Desert to this entire province is not appropriate. Furthermore, the division of this province into a Grama—Tobosa Section (3211) and a Tarbush— Creosote Bush Section (3212) along the boundaries shown is incorrect in that these two major plant communities occur in similar habitats throughout both sections. For these reasons, these two sections are treated as a single unit to avoid unnecessary repetition. The area delineated by Bailey (1976) as Chihuahuan Desert takes in all of Trans-Pecos Texas, most of the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and New Mexico, and all the lower Pecos Valley in New Mexico in Texas. Most of this province is characterized by basin and range topography except in the northeast where it merges with the Great Plains along the Llano Estacado, and along the lower Rio Grande River below its confluence with the Devil’s River, which is thornscrub. While most of the area is above 3500 feet, elevations range from less than 1000 feet along the lower Rio Grande to over 8500 feet in the Guadalupe Mountains on the New Mexico-Texas boundary. Annual precipitation varies from an average of less than 8 inches in Chihuahuan desertscrub along the Rio Grande River to over 25 inches in the mountains. Most of this precipitation (over 65 percent) falls between June SELECTED PLANT SPECIES and September. Except for areas in the subtropical Tamaulipan thornscrub, freezing temperatures can be expected to occur between 50 and 150 nights a year. For general information on succession and climax communities, see section 51. The vegetation in this large geographic area is very diverse. The major upland biotic communities, in addition to Chihuahuan desertscrub, include semidesert grassland, Tamaulipan thornscrub, interior chaparral, Madrean evergreen woodland, Great Basin conifer woodland, and montane conifer forest. Chihuahuan Desertscrub Community See section 52 for a description of this community. Semidesert Grassland See section 52 for a description of this community. Tamaulipan Thornscrub The Tamaulipan thornscrub occurs in southern portions of the province, along the Rio Grande River from its confluence with the Devil’s River to the Bordas Scarp. This semi-arid community, locally called brushland or “chaparral,” occupies areas of plains and low hills similar in many respects to the topography of the Chihuahuan Desert (Muller 1947). Unlike the Chihuahuan Desert in its greater rainfall, lower elevation, and exposure to winds from the Gulf of Mexico, the thornscrub community’s habitat differences are correlated with the development of a vegetation characterized by a higher preponderance of thorny species, a greater abundance of grasses, and a more luxuriant and denser growth of shrubs. Characteristic species are much more numerous than in the desert, the flora is much richer in total species, and the number of associations correspondingly higher. Dominant species include several acacias, Texas ranger or cenizio, honey mesquite, coyotilla, and several others depending on local situations. Some important associated plants include lotebush, white brush, crooked bush, paloverde, kidneywood, chittanwood, and javelina bush. As in the case of the semidesert grassland, several 131 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert \\ Location of province within the United States !ocation of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary State boundary Figure 53.1 Province 3210, Chihuahuan Desert; Sections 3211, Grama—Tobosa, and 3212, Tarbush—Creosote Bush 132 CHAPTER 2 characteristic species of cacti, stem succulents, and leaf succulents may be locally abundant. Grasses may be more or less common to abundant throughout, depending on substrate and grazing history. Interior Chaparral The interior chaparral communities of dense, low evergreen sclerophyll shrubs are restricted to particular locales in the Organ, Glass, Chisos, and Guadalupe mountains (Wauer 1973). When present, these communities usually occur at elevations between 4500 and 6500 feet and occasionally higher. Shrub live oak, mountain-mahogany, manzanita, sumacs, buckthorns, and silk-tassels are characteristic species. Grasses are uncommon. Madrean Evergreen Woodland Madrean evergreen woodland, dominated by evergreen white oaks, junipers, and Mexican pinyon, reach their greatest development in the Sierra Madre Occidental or northwestern Mexico, and reach their northeastward terminus in Trans-Pecos Texas. Here they are found in the foothills and on the slopes of the Chisos, Chinati, Cathedral, Del Norte, and Davis mountains at elevations between 4500 and 7600 feet, occasionally higher on south-facing slopes. This community may be composed wholly of evergreen oaks, or may be a varied admixture of oaks, junipers (alligator and one-seeded), and Mexican pinyon. Arizona cypress is a tall tree isolated in relict stands within canyons. Much of the woodland of Trans-Pecos Texas is an oak—juniper—pinyon community usually characterized by two or more of five species: gray and Emory oak, alligator and one-seeded juniper, and Mexican pinyon. Understories are open with grasses prevalent and shrubs scattered or absent. Unlike the winter cold-adapted juniper—pinyon conifer woodlands farther north, these warm woodlands experience relatively mild winters. Their characteristics are largely determined by the moderate winter temperatures and the summer monsoon, with its principal rainfall during the warm July through September period. Precipitation is in the biseasonal pattern with the annual total usually between 12 and 24 inches. Rocky Mountain Conifer Woodland This structurally simple woodland predominantly occurs in the San Andreas, Guadalupe, Delaware, Baylor, and Sierra Diablo mountains of this province where it reaches its greatest development at elevations between 5500 and 7500 feet. In this area, juniper is more prevalent than pinyon; hence a vegetational description of juniper— pinyon is more appropriate than the more common pinyon—juniper. Below 6000 feet the woodland is usually characterized by one-seeded junipers in pure stands, or with scattered Rocky Mountain junipers without Colorado pinyons. Annual precipitation is 12 to 21 inches, and in winter is predominately in the form of snow. Juniper—pinyon woodland occurs on highly varied SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 soils, from rocky and shallow to deep. Although alligator juniper and Mexican pinyon may occasionally be present, they are not juniper—pinyon woodland species, but species of Madrean oak woodland. One-seeded juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper, and Colorado pinyon are the principal dominant trees on the conifer woodland. According to general location, grasses may be more or less abundant throughout. Today many weedy and shrubby plants have replaced grasses in the understory where overgrazing has been severe. It is well-established that these cold-adapted woodlands have extended their range to former grasslands during the last 100 years. Southern Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest The Southern Rocky Mountain montane conifer forest occurs only on the higher peaks above 7500 feet, in cool canyons and highland depressions, and on the upper north-facing slopes. In Province 3210, therefore, montane conifer forest is restricted to the Davis and Guadalupe mountains with minor elements present in the San Andreas and Chisos mountains. Average annual precipitation is from 18 to 30 inches. This forest type is characterized by steep gradients, the dominance of ponderosa pine, and the intrusion of plant species characteristic of communities downslope. Principal trees in addition to ponderosa pine are Douglas-fir, Gambel oak, New Mexican locust, bigtooth maple, and white pine. SECTION 3211 GRAMA—TOBOSA SECTION 3212 TARBUSH—CREOSOTE BUSH (RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES) The various riparian communities in the Chihuahuan Desert Province may be represented as formations of forest, woodland, scrubland, or marshland. Occurring in or adjacent to drainageways and/or floodplains or other hydric situations (i.e., springs, etc.), the communities often result as narrow ribbons of riparian communities coursing through other, distinctly terrestrial, communities (Lowe 1964). The importance of these riparian communities to wildlife and outdoor recreation is greatly disproportionate to the limited acreages occupied. Riparian communities in this province are largely warm to temperate and are recognized primarily by their dominant plant constituents. Within this broad division are several major formation-classes including broadleaf deciduous forest and woodland (cottonwood—willow communities), riparian scrublands, and marshland formations. Riparian disclimax associations dominated by the introduced saltcedar are now prevalent. Although these communities are often distinct, they may be highly integrated or occur as intermittent stands within other communities. Further, many associate plant species are common to more than one community. One riparian species list has therefore been compiled to include all 133 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert riparian formation-classes within this temperate biogeographic province. Descriptions and distinctions of the major formation-classes are presented in the following discussion. Cottonwood—Willow Forests and Woodlands See Section 52 for a description of this plant community. Mesquite—Saltcedar Scrublands Mesquite—saltcedar scrublands are common below 5000 feet elevation along the Rio Grande and Pecos rivers. These winter-deciduous “thickets” attain maximum development on the alluvium of floodplains of major watercourses and their tributaries (Brown and Hausler 1977). Relatively small mesquite areas occur today along these systems, as well as other, more minor, drainages. Increasingly, the deciduous saltcedar attains or shares dominance in many areas. Additional information about this plant community may be found in section 52. Marshlands Marshlands are dominated by emergents that normally have their basal portions annually, periodically, or continually submerged. Usually not included as marshland constituents are trees, woody shrubs, or nonhalophytic grasses. Both fresh and brackish water environments are included in this wetland formation; the various communities range from the more xeric and alkali communities of saltgrass and alkali bulrush to hydric freshwater communities of rushes, sedges, bulrushes, and cat-tail. Marshlands occur where streams periodically overflow their banks; they have disappeared in many areas as a result of water diversions and water “management” projects (Ohmart 1974). Many of these communities are now dependent upon stored and/or recycled agricultural and waste waters. Marshlands in Province 3210 occur principally on, or adjacent to, the Rio Grande and Pecos rivers. Examples include areas on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, Lake McMillan, portions of Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge, and many important smaller areas (e.g., near La Jolla). 134 Table 3210-53.1 [3211,3212] Selected Plant Species Common to the Grama—Tobosa, Tarbush—Creosote Bush Sections Growth form Plant associations Habitat: Montane Conifer Forest-- Southern Rocky Mountain Fasctation White fir Bigtooth maple Tall trees, Abies concolor over 40 ft Keer grandidentatum Alnus oblongifolia - Arizona alder Pinus Teto a Chihuahua pine Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Pinus reflexa White pine PopuTus tremuloides Trembling aspen Pseud Douglas-fir 'seudotsuga menziesii Quercus game? Ganbel oak Arbutus arizonica uercus. AupoTeuco ides. uercus reticulata Rhamnus californica jobinta neomexicana Arizona madrone Silverleaf oak Netleaf oak Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, Coffeeberry New Mexican locust 10-20 ft Low to medium Arctostaphylos pringlei Manzanita shrubs, under Ceanothus tend eri Buckbrush 10 ft Teanothus integerrimus Deer brush HoTodTscus’ dumosus Ocean spray abra Scarlet sumac Ribes pinetorum Rosa artzonica Arizona rose Senecio spp. Groundsel Symphoricarpos oreophilus Snowberry Orange gooseberry Grasses and Achillea lanulosa Yarrow forbs Astragalus humistratus Milk-vetch BTepharone: jaroneuron tricholepis Pine dropseed jouteloua gracilis Blue grama astitleja spp. Indian paintbrush rigeron divergens Fleabane estuca arizonica Arizona fescue aes ae Pingwing athyrus A nifolius Peavine otus oroboides Deer vetch Lupine Ty ‘inus spp. RuhTenBergia montana Mountain muhly MuhTenbergia virescens Screwleaf muhly acl ro ma myrstnites Myrtle boxleaf teridium aquilinum Bracken fern VioTa canadensis Canada violet Habitat: Conifer Woodland--Rocky Mountain Fasciation Quercus gambelii Gambel oak Juniperus osteosperma Juniperus scopuTorum Pinus edulis Juniperus monosperma Yucca Baccata Amelanchier alnifolia Artemista nova Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Utah juniper Rocky Mountain juniper Pinyon pine Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft One-seeded juniper Spanish dagger Low to medium shrubs, under Serviceberry Black sagebrush 10 ft Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush Berberts fremon Barberry Teanothus fendlert Buckbrush Thamaebatiarfa miTlefolium Fernbush Thrysothamnus depressus Rabbit brush pebsthamus. auseosus Rabbit brush ‘owanta mexTcana Cliffrose Ephedra viridis Mormon tea allugia paradoxa Apache plume continued CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.1 [3211, 3212] (Continued) Growth form Low to medium shrubs -- (Continued) Grasses Plant associations Table 3210-53.1 [3211, 3212] (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Conifer Woodland (Continued, Opuntia basilaris Dpuntts fragilis Opuntia poTycantha Parshts tridentata Quercus turbineTTa Bouteloua curtipendula BouteToua er a ja BouteToua as Ss Festuca arizonica KoeTerta cristata MuhTenbergia torreyi Oryzopsts hymienotdes ptochaetium riatum tanion hystrix Sporobolus cryptandrus pa spp. Beavertail Little prickly pear Plains prickly pear Whipple cholla Antelope brush Shrub live oak Side-oats grama Black grama Blue grama Arizona fescue Mountain junegrass Ring muhly Indian ricé-grass Pinyon rice-grass Squirreltail Sand dropseed Needlegrass Habitat: Madrean Evergreen Woodland Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs and cacti, under 10 ft Grasses and forbs Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Juniperus ae inus Tatifotia Pinus TefophyTla Pinus ponderosa uercus arizonica juercus emor, juercus grisea Arbutus arizonica Cupressus artzonica Thus ci roides enor yt uercus 0 Teucoides ob ongifoTia uercus reticulata Eysenhardtia polystachya luniperus monosperma Agave palmeri gave parry ee ee chinocereus pectinatus Erythrina f be Tiformis famniTTaria gummifera uncifera Hate barbinodis joutefoua curtipendula BouteToua recite ETyonurus barbTcuTmus mosa Lycurus phleoides MuhTenbergta emersleyi xalis spp. Alligator juniper Apache pine Chihuahua pine Ponderosa pine Arizona white oak Emory oak Gray oak Arizona madrone Arizona cypress Mexican pinyon Emory oak Silverleaf oak Mexican blue oak Netleaf oak Kidneywood One-seeded juniper Palmer agave Parry agave Pointleaf manzanita Rainbow cactus Coral bean Cream cactus Wait-a-minute bush Cane bluestem Side-oats grama Blue grama Woolspike balsam- scale Wolftail Bullgrass Wood-sorrel Habitat: Interior Chaparral Cercocarpus betuloides Cercocarpus brevif lorus Juniperus monosperma luercus emory’ ius ovata Amorpha californica rctostaphytos pringlei rctostaphytos pungens jerberts senotocarpa rickeTlia californica feanothus gr Teanothus dnteserrimus continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Birchleaf mountain- mahogany Hairy mountain- mahogany One-seeded juniper Emory oak Sugar sumac Mock locust Manzanita Pointleaf manzanita Barberry California brickellia California lilac Deer brush Low to medium shrubs -- (Continued) Grasses Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses and forbs Interior Chaparral Cowania mexicana Erfodictyon angustifolium Fattugta paradoxa remontia californica Garrya flavescens Garrya wrightti applopappus Taricifolius uncifera uercus mela amnus betulaefolia Rhamnus californica Rhamnus ‘crocea Rhus tritobata Sophora spp. Andropogon barbinodis istida Tongiseta BouteToua curtipendula BouteToua erfopoda BouteToua gracilis Eragrost ts rostis. intermedia ycurus phleotdes luhTenbergia porteri fimosa Continued Cliffrose Yerba santa Apache plume Flannel bush Silk-tassel Silk-tassel Turpentine-brush Wait-a-minute bush Shrub live oak Birchleaf buckthorn California buckthorn Hollyleaf buckthorn Squawbush Sophora Cane beardgrass Red three-awn Side-oats grama Black grama Blue grama Plains lovegrass Wolftail Bush muhly Habita’ Tamaulipan Thornscrub Bumelia lycoides Terctdium FTortdum ercidium texanum ‘ondalta spp. a boisieria r Parkinsonia aculeata PorTierta angustifolia Prosopsts u ora izyphus obtustfoTia Acacia berlandieri cacta rigidula Faave as err ima oysia gratissima Taste ‘a texana Celtis da a Tereus pentagonus ToTumbr'tna texensis Tondatfa ertcotdes Ephedra antisyphilitica Eysenhardtia texana orestiera angustifolia HeTfotropium confertifolium Karwinskta humboldtiana Kramerta parvifo Ta Teucophy!Tum frutescens TeucophyTTum minus TycTum bar andier? TycTum paTTidum fimosa Spp> Opuntia Jeptocaulis Opuntia lindheimeri andia rhagocarpa Verbena Spp. Yucca ‘spp. Andropogon saccharoides wae pe Scopar ius, ristida purpurea BouteTous barbats BouteToua breviseta BouteToua trifida BuchToe dactyTotdes ToTdenta canescens roton Spp. TaTea nana Echinocereus enneacanthus continued Chittanwood Blue paloverde Paloverde Lotebush Anacahuite Retama Soapbush Mesquite Crooked bush Guajillo Blackbrush Rough agave White brush Allthorn Spiny hackberry Barbed-wire cactus Texas columbrina Javelina bush Joint-fir Kidneywood Desert olive Turnsole heliotrope Coyotilla Ratany Camino Big bend silver-leaf Wolfberry Pale lycium Mimosa Desert Christmas cactus Texas prickly pear Crucillo Vervain Yucca Silver bluestem Little bluestem Purple three-awn Six-weeks grama Chino grama Red grama Buffalo grass Little coldenia Dove weed Owarf dalea Hedgehog cactus 135 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.1 [3211, 3212] (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Table 3210-53.1 [3211,3212] (Concluded) Growth form Plant associations Grasses and forbs (Cont inued) Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses and forbs Tamaulipan Thornscrub (Continued Hilaria belangeri fatropha cathartica richachne californica Habitat: Acacia greggii Agave deserti Celtis reticulata Fouquieria sptendens fun) Juniperus monosperma rosopis ju jaiflors ora Say Prowepis jutro frummondi Yui Yucca baccata Yucca eTata Acacia constricta Agave palmeri Agave parryi Agave shottii Betemists Filifolia TalTiandra puasaes Ja Condalia ericoides TondaTta Tycioides Tondatia spathuTata Ephedra trifurca erocactus wisTizenii Gossypium ‘thurbert utterrezia lucida Gutierrezia sarothrae Hap Opappus tenuisectus loffmanseggia spp. ycium spp. Mimosa biuncifera Wimosa dysocarpa NoTina mfcrocarpa NoTina woe Opuntt a aan y chlorotica ee ricata pul OpuntTa TeptocauTis Opuntia phaeacantha puntia spinostor hus chor io) Sphaeralcea spp. Yucca torreyi Andropogon barbinodis Aristida spp. BouteToua chondrosioides BouteToua curtipendula Boute oua cae a BouteToua filiformis BouteToua aS is BouteToua hirsuta BouteToua rothrockii Troton spp. Troton texensis Eragrostis intermedia ragrostis Tehmanniana Heteropogon contortus Hilarta be anger? Hitarta mutica Tycurus phTeotdes MuhTenbergia spp. uh Ten! oa Porteri anicum obtusum itanion hystrix SoTanum elaeagifolium Sporobolus spp. Sporobolus wright ii ‘richachne californica Tridens pucheTlus continued Grasses and forhs (Continued) Curly mesquite Jacami la California cottontop Semidesert Grassland Medium trees, an-4n ft Cat-claw Desert agave Netleaf hackberry Ocotillo Low trees and One-seeded juniper tall shrubs, Mesquite 10-20 ft Western soapberry Spanish dagger Soaptree yucca Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft White-thorn Palmer agave Parry agave Shott agave Sand sagebrush False mesquite Javelina bush White crucillo Mexican crucillo Mormon tea Barrel cactus Desert cotton Yellow-green matchweed Snakeweed Burroweed Rat potato Wolfberry Wait-a-minute bush Velvet pod mimosa Bear grass Bear grass Pancake pear cactus Tree cholla Desert Christmas cactus Prickly pear Cane cholla Mearns sumac Globe mallow Spanish bayonet Grasses and forbs Cane beardgrass Three-awn Sprucetop grama Side-oats grama Black grama Slender grama Blue grama Hairy grama Rothrock grama Dove weed Dove weed Plains lovegrass Lehmann lovegrass Tanglehead Curly mesquite Tobosa-grass Wolftail Muhly Bush muhly Vine mesquite Squirreltail Nightshade Dropseed Sacaton California cottontop Fluffgrass 136 Semidesert Grassland (Continued Zinnia grandiflora Zinnia pumila Hat Prosopis juliflora Fouquieria splendens ucca baccata Acacia constricta Keacia vernicosa Agave palmer? assia wisTizeni Condalia spathulata Toryphant ee vivipar vivipara wo wislizenii izenii Flourensia cernua Koeberlinia spinosa arrea divaricata Tippia wrighti Mammalarta spp. Mortonia scabrella Opuntia Jeptocaulis Opuntia phaeacantha jpuntia spinosior Gpuntia stan iyi spinesier puntia violacea Fotace acea pent jenium wun Tncanun Rhus microphylla Yucca spp. Aristida purpurea BovteTous erfapata Parciry lenia canescens MuhTenbergia afa-portert ridens puchellus Zinnia f Tinnta punts Desert zinnia Desert zinnia at: Chihuahuan Desertscrub Mesquite Ocotillo Spanish dagger White-thorn White-thorn Palmer agave Shrubby senna Squawbush Pincushion cactus Barrel cactus Tarbush Crucifixion thorn Creosote bush Wright lippia Fish-hook cacuts Scurfy mortonia Desert Christmas cactus Prickly pear Cane cholla Devil cholla Purple prickly pear Mariola Desert sumac Yucca Purple three-awn Black grama Little coldenia Bush muhly Fluffgrass Desert zinnia CHAPTER 2 Table 3210-53.1 [3211, 3212R] Selected Plant Species Com- mon to the Grama—Tobosa, Tarbush—Creosote Bush Sections in Riparian Habitats Growth form Plant associations Tall trees, over 49 ft Medium trees, 2-40 Ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 1N-An ft Low to medium shurbs, under lo ft Lesser vegeta- tion Populus acuminata opulus angustifolia Populus arizonica Quercus arizonica Acer negundo thi opsis linearis Fraxinus velutina Prosopts pubescens luercus emoryt alix spp. Salix gooddingii Sambucus mexicana Celtis reticulata Morus microphyTla Sapindus drummondi Tamartx pentandra Acacia spp. AlTenrolfea occidentalis Rrundo donax Baccl aris spp. Baccharis glutinosa Celtis pattids Tondatia spp. Juncus spp. Phragmites communis Pluchea camphorata Prosopis glandulosa Rhus spp. Scirpus spp. Scirpus pallidus essaria sericea ypha spp. Carex spp. Cruciferae spp. Cucurbita foetidissima Cynodon dactyTon Distichlis spicata Eleocharis spp. Erodium cicutarium Hibiscus spp. Janusia gracilis Rorippa spp. arcostemma spp. Suaeda torreyana Vitis artvontes Lanceleaf cottonwood Narrowleaf cottonwood Arizona cottonwood Arizona white oak Box-elder Desert-willow Velvet ash Screwbean mesquite Emory oak Willow Goodding willow Mexican elder Netleaf hackberry Texas mulberry Western soapberry Saltcedar Acacia Iodinebush Carrizo Baccharis Seepwillow Desert hackberry Lotebush Rush Reed Camphor-weed Honey mesquite Sumac Bulrush Bulrush Arrow-weed Cat-tail Sedges Mustard Buf falo-gourd Bermuda grass Saltgrass Spikerush Fillaree Rose mallow Janusia Watercress Climbing milkweed Inkweed Canyon grape SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 137 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Chihuahuan Desert CHAPTER 2 138 Species Habitat Form Fruit. General wildlife use Notes White fir Common in conifer Large evergreen Cone 3-5 in, Seeds eaten by song- Abies concolor forest, 5,500- tree, 80-150 ft, pollinates in birds; browsed by Hoopes 10,000 ft conical crown spring deer and elk 3211, 3212 Guajillo Rio Grande plains Shrub, 3-15 ft Legume, summer Acacia berlandieri Benth. 3212 White-thorn (mescat Washes, slopes, Spreading shrub Glabrous pod Seeds eaten by dove, Common along washes, acacia) mesas, 2,000- 2-10 ft splitting when quail, rabbit a weed on rangelands Acacia constricta 5,000 ft, sun ripe, spring Benth. 3211, 3212 Cat-claw (devil's claw, una degato) Acacia greggii Gray 3211, 3212 Blackbrush (chapparo prieto) Acacia rigidula Benth. 3212 White-thorn (acacia) Acacia vernicosa Stand1. 3211, 3212 Bigtooth maple Acer grandidentatum Nutt. 3211, 3212 Yarrow Achillea lanulosa Nutt. 3211, 3212 Rough agave (maguey cenizo) Agave asperrima Jacobi 3212 Desert agave Agave deserti Engelm. 3211, 3212 Palmer agave (mescal century plant) Agave palmeri nge tm. 3211, 3212 Parry agave (mescal) Agave parryi ngeTm. 3211, 3212 Shott agave (amole) Agave shottii nge lm. 3211, 3212 Arizona alder Alnus oblongifolia Torr. 212 3211, Washes, mesas, to 5,000 ft Rio Grande plains Rocky hills, mesas on limestone soils, 3,500-5,000 ft Moist soil along streams and canyons, 4,700-7,000 ft, sun or shade Common in pine forest, 5,500- 11,500 ft, sun Sandy calcareous soils in S. Texas and No. Mexico Rocky gravelly slopes in desert mountains, 500- 3,500 ft Locally common in rocky foothills and mountains grasslands, 3,500- 6,500 ft, sun Common in mountains, 4,500-8,000 ft, sun Abundant on dry rocky mountain slopes, desert grasslands, lower oak woodlands, 3,300-6,500 ft Moist soil along streams, canyons, 5,000-7,000 ft, sun Large shrub to small tree, to 25 ft Shrub, 3-10 ft Shrub with spread- ing branches, 2-6 ft Deciduous tree up to 50 ft, with spreading crown Perennial herb with creeping rootstocks, 10- 20 in Succulent shrub, 2.5-20 ft Succulent shrub 6-27 in diameter, leaves spiny margined, flower stalks 6.5-18 ft Leaf cluster 1.5- 4.5 ft Numerous crowded leaves forming a rounded cluster 2-3 ft diameter Succulent shrub, 12-16 in diameter Tree up to 60 ft, round open crown Pod 2,.5-5 in Legume, summer Hard pod, Apr.- Nov. Samara, Apr. One-seeded, June-Sept. Capsule, summer Brown, cylindrical 1.5-2 in, June Capsule, many seeded, June- July Capsule Capsule Cone with nutlets continued Seeds eaten by dove and quail; roosting tree for quail Seeds eaten by quail, turkey, bear, beaver, rabbit, squirrel, fox, deer Plant eaten by rabbit and bighorn sheep Seeds eaten by dove Dried stems used as nesting sites for woodpeckers Seeds eaten by song- birds; browsed by deer and rabbit Often abundant Similar to A. con- stricta May spread by under- ground sprouts Forming mats spread- ing vegetatively, valuable in erosion cohtro] Checks erosion PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White brush (common bee- Sandy soil, gravelly Shrub to 10 ft Schizocarp, spring- brush, white bush, palo hillsides, chapar- fall, winter amarillo) ral thickets, arro- Aloysia gratissima yos, limestone Gi Hool bluffs 3212 Serviceberry Banks, slopes, Shrub or small Pome, summer-early Fruit eaten by song- Amelanchier alnifolia mountains, 5,000- tree, 3-12 ft fall birds and bear; Nutt. 10,000 ft, sun browsed by deer 3211, 3212 Mock locust (stinking Along streams, Shrub, 4-10 ft Pod, summer willow) 5,000-6,500 ft Amorpha californica Nutt. 3211, 3212 Cane beardgrass (cane Dry rocky or Tufted perennial Grain, June-Nov. Seeds eaten by turkey; Good range plant, bluestem) sandy slopes, grass, 30-70 in plant eaten by deer drought resistant Andropogon barbinodis plains and road- and antelope Lag. sides, below 3211, 3212 6,000 ft, sun Silver bluestem Rocky slopes, Tall tufted erect — Long-awned grain, Andropogon sandy plains, perennial grass, July-Nov. saccharoides prefers calcar- 20-40 in Lag. eous soils 3211, 3212 Little bluestem Prairies, open Densely tufted Long-awned grain, Same as A. barbinodis Andropogon scoparius woods, dry hills, erect perennial July-Oct. iChx. fields, mountain grass, 20-60 in 3212 meadows, pine forests Arizona madrone Mountains in oak Evergreen tree, Berrylike, fleshy Fruit eaten by song- (madrono) woodland, 4,000- 20-50 ft, compact drupe, Apr.-Sept. birds and gamebirds; Arbutus arizonica 8,000 ft crown browsed by deer Buckl. 3211, 3212 Manzanita Dry slopes, often Shrub, 6 ft Several seeded Fruit eaten by song- Arctostaphylos with cypress, berry, Apr.-June birds and gamebirds; aringlet fet _— 4,000-6,500 ft, browsed by deer Parry sun 3211, 3212 Pointleaf manzanita Ory slopes, 3,500- Shrub, 3-5 ft Several seeded Fruit eaten by song- Common plant of Arctostaphylos pungens 8,000 ft, sun berry, Feb.-May birds; browsed by open chaparral, HBK. deer forms thickets 3211, 3212 Three-awn Dry open slopes, Tufted perennial Grain, July-Nov. Plant eaten by jack- Mature seeds may be Aristada spp. wood]ands grass rabbit injurious to live- L. stock 3211, 3212 Red three-awn (three Arid, sandy and Perennial bunch- Long-awned grain, Plant eaten by rabbit awn) rocky hills, pla- grass, 4-14 in May-Nov . and deer Aristida longiseta teaus, forest openings, 5,000- 8,500 ft, sun Dry, rocky or Erect perennial Grain, Mar.-Sept. Same as A. longiseta sandy hills and grass, 1-2 ft plains, roadsides up to 5,000 ft, occasionally 7,000 ft Sand sagebrush Loose sandy soil, Undershrub, 12-40 Achene Plant eaten by deer, Valuable browse Artemisia filifolia 4,000-6,000 ft in rabbit, antelope plant in winter, and orr. early spring 3211, 3212 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 139 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.2_ (Continued) 140 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Black sagebrush Artemisia nova KY NeTs. 3211, 3212 Big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Nutt. 3211, 3212 Milk-vetch Astragalus humistratus Gray 3211, 3212 Barberry (hollygrape) Berberis fremontii Torr. 3211, 3212 Barberry (red mahonia) Berberis haematocarpa Woot 3211, 3212 Pine dropseed (hairy dropseed) Blepharoneuron tricholepis corr.) Nash 3211, 3212 Six-weeks grama Bouteloua barbata Tag. 3212 Chino grama (gyp grama) Bouteloua breviseta Vasey 3212 Sprucetop grama Bouteloua chondrosioides HBK. 3211, 3212 Side-oats grama Bouteloua curtipendula Michx. 3211, 3212 Black grama Bouteloua eriopoda orr. 3211, 3212 Slender grama Bouteloua filiformis Fourn.) Griffiths 3211, 3212 Blue grama Bouteloua gracilis HBK. 3211, 3212 Hairy grama Bouteloua hirsuta lag 3211, 3212 Rothrock grama Bouteloua rothrockii Vasey 3211, 3212 Dry slopes, mesas, shallow stony soil, 6,000-8,000 ft, sun Plains, mesas, rocky slopes, in pinyon pine, 5,000- 8,000 ft, sun Pinyon forest, pine woods, 5,000-9,000 ft In conifer wood- land, 4,000-7,000 ft Dry rocky soils, 4,500-5,000 ft, sun Rocky slopes, dry open forest, 4,500- 9,500 ft, sun Open rocky, sandy slopes and washes, disturbed soil, to 6,000 ft Gypsum sands, cal- careous rock Dry rocky slopes, rolling desert grasslands, 2,500- 6,000 ft Rocky slopes, wood- lands, forest open- ings, plains, to 7,000 ft, sun Dry, sandy plateaus, rocky slopes, 3,500- 6,000 ft, sun Ory rocky slopes below 5,000 ft Open rocky slopes, plains, forest openings, meadows, 4,000-8,000 ft Rocky slopes, dry sandy mesas, plains and rocky hills, 1,000-6,000 ft Ory sandy soils, mesas, canyons, slopes, below 6,000 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Shrub, 1-7 ft Forb, 1-2 ft, pros- trate stem hugging ground Shrub, 3-9 ft Shrub to 6 ft Erect, densely tufted perennial grass, 8-24 in Loosely tufted annual grass, 10 in or less, occa- sionally much taller Loosely tufted wiry perennial grass, 10-18 in Tufted erect per- ennial grass, 12-24 in Erect, tufted per- ennial grass, 14-40 in Low, tufted per- ennial grass, 8-35 in Slender erect per- ennial grass, 12- 18 in Tufted perennial grass, 10-30 in Erect perennial grass, 10-30 in Erect perennial grass, 10-24 in Achene, Aug.-Sept. Achene, July-Oct. Leathery dehiscent or indehiscent pod, May-Sept. Berry, late spring- summer Berry, summer Grain, July-Nov. Long-awned grain, July-Nov. Grain, summer-fall Grain, Aug.-Nov. Grain, May-Nov. Long-awned grain, July-Nov. Grain, July-Nov. Grain, July-Nov. Hairy grain, dJuly-Nov. Grain, Aug.-Nov. continued Browsed by rabbit and deer Same as A. nova Seeds eaten by quail and turkey; plant eaten by antelope Browsed by rabbit and deer Same as B. fremont Browsed by deer Good growth i deep, fertile saline soil Good forage s ndicates non- pecies Plant eaten by turkey, Grows well in dis- rabbit, deer, bighorn turbed soils sheep Plant eaten by turkey, Highly favored rabbit, deer, bighorn sheep, antelope range species Plant eaten by turkey, Good range grass rabbit, deer, antelope fast growing, highly Same as B. curtipen- dula Same as B. chrondro- sioides palatable Drought adapt: max species, overgrazed Able to persi badly abused ed cli- easily st on ranges Plant eaten by turkey, Excellent range rabbit, deer Same Same dula as as . gracilis . Curtipen- grass, adapted to drought and heavy grazing Important range grass, moderate pal- atability CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Red grama Bouteloua trifida Thurb. 3212 California brickellia Brickellia californica Gray 3211, 3212 Buffalo grass Buchloe dactyloides Nutt. 3212 Chittanwood Bumelia lyciodes L 3212 False mesquite (fairy duster, huajillo, hairy- leafed ’calliandra) Calliandra eriophylla Benth. 3211, 3212 Shrubby senna Cassia wislizeni Gray 3211, 3212 Allthorn (bisbirinda, chapparro amargoso) Castela texana T&G. 3212 Indian paintbrush Castilleja spp. co 321i, 3212 Buckbrush (deer-brier) Ceanothus fendleri Gray 3211, 3212 California lilac (desert ceanothus ) Ceanothus greggii Gray 3211, 3212 Deer brush Ceanothus integerrimus Hook) Arn. 3211, 3212 Spiny hackberry (desert hackberry) Celtis pallida orr. 3212 Netleaf hackberry (cumero, paloblanco, western hackberry) Celtis reticulata orr. 3211, 321? Blue paloverde (border paloverde) Cercidium floridum Benth. 3212 Dry sandy, rocky soil and plains, to 4,000 ft Washes, dry rocky slopes, below 8,000 ft, sun Ory plains Low woods, savan- nas Desert slopes. mesas, 2,000-5,000 ft Rocky hills, 4,000-5,000' Ft Gravelly hills, bluffs, thickets, in mesquite prairies Arid slopes to moist coniferous forest, 2,000- 10,000 ft Foothills, mount- ains, common in pine forests, 5,000-10,000 ft, sun and shade Ory slopes, 3,500-7,500 ft Chaparral and open coniferous forest, 3,500-7,000 ft, sun and shade Foothills, mesas, 1,500-3,500 ft Streams, canyons, washes, moist soil, 3,500-6,000 ft Desert washes and valleys, to 4,000 ft, sun SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 10-18 in Shrub, 1.5-3 ft Low spreading per- ennial grass, 2-5 in Shrub or small tree, to 30 ft Low rounded bushy shrub, 1-3 ft Shrub, 3-9 ft ‘ Shrub, to 6 ft Annual, perennial forb, 6-20 in Shrub to 3 ft, forming low thickets Shrub 3-6 ft Loosely branched deciduous shrub, 3-8 ft Spiny, densely branched deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft Deciduous large shrub to small tree, to 30 ft, spreading crown Smal] tree, to 30 ft Long-awned grain, Apr.-July Achene, fall Grain Drupe-like, summe Hairy pod, spring Hairy pod, spring Drupe- like, summer Many-seeded cap- sule, Mar.-Nov. 3-celled capsule, Apr.-Oct. Capsule, summer Round 3-celled capsule, May-Oct. Oval, one-seeded drupe, spring One-seeded drupe Flattened pod, Mar.-May continued Plant eaten by turkey, rabbit, bighorn sheep, deer Seeds eaten by game- birds Seeds eaten by snow goose, deer, antelope r Seeds eaten by dove and deer Linear pod Seeds eaten by song- birds; plant eaten by deer Browsed by deer Same as C. fendleri Same as C. fendleri Fruit eaten by dove, quail, deer, numerous small species Fruit eaten by game- birds Seeds eaten by birds and mammals Good graze when available Valuable browse and erosion control Often forms thickets, ornamental 141 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) 142 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Paloverde Desert, arid Large shrub to smal] Legume, suimmer Cover for many species Cercidium texanum plains tree, to 15 ft Gray 3212 Birchleaf mountain- mahogany Cercocarpus betuliodes Nutt. 3211, 3212 Hairy mountain-mahogany Cercocarpus breviflorus Gray So 3211, 3212 Barbed-wire cactus Cereus pentagonus Hi jaw. 3212 Fernbush (tansybush) Chamaebatiaria millefolium ‘orr.) Maxim 3211, 3212 Rabbit brush Chrysothamnus depressus Nutt. 3211, 3212 Rabbit brush Chrysothamnus nauseosus ritt. 3211, 3212 Little coldenia Coldenia canescens a 32ll, 3212 Texas columbrina (snakewood) Columbrina texensis ray 3212 Lotebush Condalia spp. av. 3211, 3212 Javelina bush Condalia ericoides M.C. Johnst. 3211, 3212 White crucillo (gray- leaf abrojo, lotebush, gray-thorn) Condalia lycioides Gray 3211, 3212 Mexican crucillo, squaw- bush (spiny abrojo) Condalia spathulata eoggatia spathulata 3211, 3212 Anacahuite Cordia boisieria oc. 3212 Mountains, 3,000- 8,000 ft Ory slopes, mountainsides Thickets Ory rocky slopes, 4,500-8,000 ft, sun Dry rocky slopes, plains, 5,000- 7,000 ft Ory plains and hills, 5,000- 9,000 Ft Ory, sunny mesas, slopes, on rocky calcareous soil, below 3,500 ft Rio Grande plains Rio Grande plains Ory plains, mesas, at lower elevations Mesas, slopes, in desert and desert grassland, 1,500- 4,500 ft Sandy, gravelly, well-drained soil, mesas and slopes of deserts and desert grasslands, 2,500-4,500 ft Rio Grande plains and brushlands Shrub to small tree, up to 20 ft Evergreen shrub or tree, to 15 ft Sprawling succu- lent shrub, 10 ft or taller Aromatic leafy shrub, 2-6 ft Small shrub, 4-8 in Shrub, .5-6 ft Low spreading forb, less than 2 in Shrub 3-6 ft Shrub to small tree, 3-15 ft Shrub to 5 ft Straggly shrub, 3-9 ft Compactly and densely branched shrub, 3-5 ft Shrub to small tree, to 25 ft Hairy achene, sum- mer-fall Hairy achene, summer-fa11 Modified berry, summer leathery, few- seeded capsule, July-Nov. Achene, summer- fall Achene, summer- fall Depressed globose nutlet Capsule, year round Drupe, summer- fall One-seeded drupe, summer Thin skin one- seeded drupe Black or purplish drupe, bitter Orupe, year round continued Browsed by deer and “antelope Same as C. betuliodes Fruit eaten by song- birds, quail, dove; browsed by rabbit Browsed by sheep and deer Browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Same as C. depressus Fruit eaten by dove, fox, ringtail Fruit eaten by dove, pigeons, fox Absent in New Mex- ‘ico Often occurring with juniper and pinyon Fruit eaten by Gambel's Common, often forms quail, pigeon, dove, fox Fruit eaten by dove and fox thickets CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Pincushion cactus Coryphantha vivipara Nutt.) Britt. & Rose 3211, 3212 Cliffrose Cowania mexicana D. Don 3211, 3212 Dove weed Croton spp. L 32li, 3212 Dove weed (texas croton) Croton texensis KTotzsch 3211, 3212 Arizona cypress (rough- bark arizona cypress, smooth cypress, smooth arizona cypress) Cupressus arizonica Greene 3211, 3212 Dwarf dalea Dalea nana Torr. 3212 Hedgehog cactus Echinocereus enneacanthus nge Tm. 3212 Rainbow cactus Echinocereus pectinatus chet dw. 3211, 3212 Woolspike balsamscale Elyonurus barbiculmus jac 3211, 3212 dJoint-fir (clapweed, popote, vine ephedra) Ephedra antisyphilitica C.A. Mey. 3212 Mormon tea (mexican tea, longleaf joint-fir, popotilla, teposote, canatilla) Ephedra trifurca orr. 3211, 3212 Mormon tea Ephedra viridis Coville 3211, 3212 Plains lovegrass Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc. 3211, 3212 Plains, hills, 1,000-5,400 ft Depressed-globose to ovoid or cylindroid cactus, to 1 ft, usually formed in clumps Rocky hills and plateaus on lime- stone formations 3,500-8,000 ft Evergreen shrub, 3-6 ft Canyon bottoms, dry stream beds, 200-7,000 ft Herb or shrub Roadsides, fields, dry stream beds Annual shrub, to 12 in Canyons, mountains, Medium sized trees, oak woodlands 30 ft Rio Grande plains Perennial herb, 4-12 in So. Texas, in drier soils Sma11 succulent shrub, to 18 in Limestone hills, Columnar, 4-6 in 3,500-5,200 ft Ory, rocky slopes and plains, desert grasslands, juniper- oak woodlands Perennial grass, 16-32 in Gravelly, rocky soil on plains, hills, arroyos, ravines, canyons Erect or spread- ing shrub, to 3 ft Mesas, plains and sandy hills of deserts and desert grasslands, to 5,000 ft Smal] shrubby bush, to 2 ft Arid slopes, mesas, Erect shrub, 1-3 ft 3,000-7,000 ft Sandy or rocky Tufted erect peren- slopes and plains, nial grass, 22-35 3,500-6,000 ft in Green, ellipsoid, fleshy Hairy achene, late Browsed by deer spring-fall One-3 seeded capsule Seeds eaten by dove, quail, turkey; browsed by deer 1-3 seeded cap- sule, with large oily seeds Same as Croton spp. Short stalked round cone Legume, year round Berry, summer Fruit eaten by dove, quail, peccary, coyote Spiny, green, fleshy Grain, July-Nov. Cone Seeds eaten by quail and rabbit; browsed by deer Cone Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, deer, sheep Naked seed, summer Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by antelope, deer, rabbit Grain, July-Nov. continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Very scattered and localized, probably relic population Good forage grass Only in semi-arid grasslands of Texas Used to reseed rangeland, good soil binder 143 53 _ PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) 144 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Lehmann lovegrass Semi-arid ranges, Tufted perennial Grain, July-Nov. Introduced, wel] open prairies and grass, 20-28 in established Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees 3211, 3212 Fleabane (wild daisy) Erigeron divergens orr.) Gray 3211, 3212 Yerba santa Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. 3211, 3212 Coral bean (Southwestern coral bean, western coral bean, chilicote, Indian bean) Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney 32ll, 3212 Kidneywood (varadulce) Eysenhardtia olystachya brttea 3211, 3212 Kidneywood (varadulce) Eysenhardtia texana Scheele 3212 Apache plume Fallugia paradoxa End 3211, 3212 Barrel cactus Ferocactus wislizenii ngelm.) Britt. & Rose 3211, 3212 Arizona fescue Festuca arizonica Vasey 3211, 3212 Tarbush (blackbrush, hojase) Flourensia cernua oC. 3211, 3212 Desert olive (panalero) slopes Dry slopes, mesas to open pine woods Dry slopes, 2,000- 7,000 ft Dry rocky slopes, washes, Canyons of foothills and moun- tains, 3,000-6,500 ft Bushy areas with highly calcareous soil Brush vegetation on highly calcar- eous soils Ory rocky slopes, 4,000-5,500 ft Rocky, gravelly or sandy soils of hills, canyons, washes, alluvial fans, 1,000-5,600 ft Forest, mountain meadows, 6,000- 10,000 ft Mesas, slopes on limestone soils, 3,500-5,000 ft Brushlands of Rio Forestiera angustifolia Grande plains orr. 3212 Ocotillo (coachwhip, candlewood) Fouquieria splendens Engelm, 3211, 3212 Flannel bush (California fremont) Fremontia californica orr. 3211, 3212 Dry slopes, mesas, to 5,000 ft Dry north facing slopes, canyons, 3,500-6,000 ft Forb, 6-30 in Shrub, to 6.5 ft Shrub to small tree, to 15 ft Shrub, 6-10 ft Shrub, usually 4-6 ft Shrub, 1-5 ft Barrel to columnar, 2-10 ft Densely tufted perennial grass, 18-36 in Low shrub, to 3 ft Shrub to 10 ft Thorny, deciduous shrub with tall, unbranched whiplike stems, 6-27 ft Shrub, 4-12 ft Achene, Feb.-Oct. Capsule, summer- Browsed by deer fall Several-seeded pod Legume, summer- fall Flat, indehiscent pod, Apr.-Sept. Achene, summer Fleshy, many Fruit important to seeded yellow, many mammals July-Sept. Grain, June-Sept. Seeds eaten by turkey and songbirds; browsed by deer Achene Orupe, summer Fruit eaten by quail; browsed by deer 3-celled capsule, Browsed by bighorn splitting when "sheep ripe, Apr.-June Capsule, summer continued CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Silk-tassel Garrya flavescens Wats. 3211, 3212 Silk-tassel Garrya wrightii ‘orr.. 3211, 3212 Desert cotton (thurberia, algodoncillo) Gossypium thurberi Tod 3211, 3212 Yellow-green matchweed (snakeweed) Gutierrezia lucida Greene 3211, 3212 Snakeweed (broom snake- weed) Gutierrezia sarothrae Pursh.) Britt. & Rusby 3211, 3212 Turpentine-brush Hap lopappus Tarteifettas Gray 3211, 3212 Burroweed Haplopappus tenuisectus reene 3211, 3212 Turnsole heliotrope Heliotropium confertifolium ‘orr. 3212 Tanglehead Heteropogon contortus T sali, 3212 Curly mesquite Hilaria belangeri Streud. 3211, 3212 Tobosa-grass Hilaria mutica BuckT, 3211, 3212 Rat potato (hog potato, camote-de-raton) Hoffmanseggia spp. Cav. 3211, 3212 Ocean spray (foam bush, Dry slopes, 3,000- 8,000 ft Dry slopes, 3,000- 8,000 ft, sun Rocky, gravelly mountain slopes and canyons, in desert and desert grasslands, 2,500-4,500 ft Alluvial plains, slopes, hillsides of desert grass- land, oak woodland and pinyon-juniper, 1,000-7,000 ft Plains, slopes in upper desert, desert grasslands, oak woodlands, 3,000-7,000 ft Mesas, slopes, canyons, 3,000- 6,000 ft Alluvial plains, slopes in desert and desert grass- lands, 2,000- 5,500 ft Gypsum soils, South Texas Open dry rocky or sandy plains and slopes, below 5,000 ft Rocky slopes, dry hillsides, sandy plains, 1,500- 6,000 ft Dry exposed sandy or rocky slopes and plains, 2,000- 6,000 ft Gravelly washes, canyons to culti- vated fields, 500-5,000 ft Pine or spruce Evergreen shrub, to 6 ft Large evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft Shrub, 3-6 ft Halfshrub with woody stem, 1-3 ft Shrub, .5-1 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Round shrub, 1-2 ft Tiny shrub, 4 in or less Tufted erec nial grass, eren- -35 in Tufted perennial grass, 10-15 in Perennial grass, 12-30 in Perennial herb or shrub with wand- like branches, 2-3 ft Aromatic, deciduous Berry-like, spring browsed by deer Berry, Mar.-Aug. Capsule with wooly seeds Achene, June-Oct. Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit Smal achene, July-Nov. Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Cylindric achene, Aug.-Nov. Cylindric achene Schizocarp, summer-f all Long-awned grain, Mar.-June Grain, Apr.-Nov. Grain, June-Nov. Pod One-seeded follicle, Fruit eaten by turkey; Same as G. flavescens Invader of over- grazed ranges Invader of depleted ranges, poisonous to livestock when consumed in large quantities Important range grass Can form large col- ony via stolons, holds up under heavy grazing Tubers are edible, hog feed, good soil binder mountain spray, cream- forests, often shrub, 3 ft June-Sept. bush) on cliffs, 5,500- Holodiscus dumosus 10,000 ft, sun (Nutt.) Heller 32ll, 3212 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 145 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert RES SERBIAN Se REE a mae Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Pingwing (pinque) Hymenoxys quinquesquemata Ry 3211, 3212 Jacami la Jatropha cathartica (Terun.) BerT. 3212 Alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana Steud. 3211, 3212 One-seeded juniper Juniperus monosperma Engelm.) Sarg. 3211, 3212 Utah juniper (western juniper) Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little 3211, 3212 Rocky Mountain juniper (western juniper) Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. 3211, 3212 Coyotilla Karwinskia humboldtiana R&S. 3212 Crucifixion thorn Koeberlinia spinosa Zucc. 3211, 3212 Mountain junegrass (prairie junegrass) Koeleria cristata U.) Pers. 3211, 3212 Ratany Krameria parvifolia Benth. 3212 Creosote bush (grease- wood) Larrea divaricata Cav. 3211, 3212 Peavine Lathyrus graminifolius (Wats.) White 321, 3212 Camino (cenizo, Texas ranger, purple sage) Leucophyllum frutescens erT. 3212 Big bend silver-leaf Leucophyllum minus Gray — 3212 146 Lower woodlands , rocky open area, 5,000-7,000 ft In brush on clay soil Moist soil along streams or scat- tered on hillside in oak woodland or ponderosa pine forest, 4,500- 8,000 ft, sun Ory hills, mesas, 3,000-7,000 ft, foothills, pinyon juniper woodland Dry plains, plat- eaus, hills, often in pure stands or with pinyon, 3,000-7,500'Ft, sun Scattered in moun- tains and canyons of pinyon-juniper woodland and lower ponderosa pine, 5,000-9,000 ft, sun Rio Grande plains Sandy or gravelly mesas, 2,400-5,000 ft Prairie, open woods, sandy soils, rocky slopes, below 9,000 ft Dry rocky slopes, gravelly plains, 500-5,000 ft Alluvial plains, foothills, slopes, to 4,000 ft Dry open woods to pine forests, 4,000-11,000 ft, sun Limestone hills, bluffs, ravines, arroyos, brush- lands Rocky or gravelly hills, flats, or brushlands Forb, 10-25 in Perennial herb, 4-12 in Tree 20-65 ft, round crown Shrub to small evergreen tree, conical crown, 10-25 ft Small evergreen tree, broad, round crown, 15-40 ft Smal] to medium evergreen tree, narrow, pointed open crown, 20- 60 ft Shrub, 3-6 ft Rounded shrub, 3-4.5 ft Tufted or bunched perennial grass, 14-28 in Shrub, 1-1.5 ft Shrub usually 3-6 ft Perennial forb with erect or climbing stem, 8-24 in Shrub, to 8 ft Shrub, to 3 ft Achene, Apr.-Sept. Capsule, spring- winter Berrylike fleshy cone, pollinates in spring Fruit eaten by deer, quail, turkey, bear, fox One-seeded berry- Important food and like cone, matures cover for numerous in 1 year species Berrylike brown Same as J. monosperma cone, pollinates _ in spring Berrylike cone, Same as J. monosperma pollinates in spring Orupe, summer- fall Black berry, Browsed by rabbit late summer Grain, May-Oct. Plant eaten by deer Small burr with several spines, Apr.-Oct. Seeds eaten by rabbit and rodent Five-celled cap- sule, spiny, spring Two-valved pod Seeds eaten by turkey Capsule, all year Capsule, summer- winter continued Most common juniper in New Mexico Fastest growing juniper Good forage, rarely locally abundant Relished by live- stock Mostly common and widely distributed shrub in desert CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Wright lippia (white Rocky or gravelly Shrub, 3-4.5 ft Nutlet brush) hills, flats, or Lippia wrighti brush lands ray 3211, 3212 Deer vetch Pine woods, some- Forb, 5-30 in, Narrow, several- Plant eaten by deer; Lotus oroboides “times dry mesas, leafy stem seeded pod, Apr.- seeds eaten by quail, HBK.) Ottley 5,000-8,000 ft, Sept. dove, rabbit 3211, 3212 sun Lupine Dry slopes, mesas, Annual or peren- Flat pod, con- Seeds eaten by quail Some species poi- Lupinus spp. open forest, 100- nial forb with stricted between and turkey; plant sonous to livestock U. 10,000 ft, sun terminal clusters of seeds, spring- eaten by deer 3211, 3212 flowers, 6-24 in fall Wolfberry Plains, slopes, Spreading to erect Many-seeded Fruit eaten by dove Lycium spp. 1,000-7,000 ft spiny shrub, 3-9 berry and quail L. ft 3211, 3212 Wolfberry Low mountains, Shrub, to 8 ft Berry Same as Lycium spp. Lycium berlandieri plains and dry Gray) Terrac. valleys, to 3211, 3212 3,000 ft Pale lycium Desert plains and Shrub, 3-6 in Many-seeded juicy Same as Lycium spp. Lycium pallidum slopes, 3,000- berry Miers. 7,000 ft 3211, 3212 Wolftail (Texas-timothy) Open rocky slopes, Tufted erect per- Awned grain, July- Valuable range Lycurus phleoides plains, below ennial, 8-25 in Nov. grass HBK 8,000 ft 3211, 3212 Fish-hook cactus (mammil- Sandy, gravelly, Single or clumped Many-seeded, laria, pincushion cactus) dry soils, on cylindroid cacti, fleshy Mammillaria spp. hillsides and in tol ft Faw. valleys, 500- 3211, 3212 8,000 ft Cream cactus Rocky or gravelly Globose to 4 in Smooth berry, Mammillaria gummifera limestone soils, summer EngeTm. 4,000-4,500 ft 3211, 3212 Mimosa (cat-claw) Rio Grande plains Shrub or liana, Legume, summer Seeds eaten by dove Mimosa spp. to 15 ft and quail L. 3212 Wait-a-minute bush Dry soil on mesas, Spiny deciduous Many-seeded Seeds eaten by deer; Of ten forms large, (cat-claw, wait-a-bit) | rocky slopes, shrub, 2-6 ft legume, May-Aug. cover for deer and dense thickets; Mimosa biuncifera 3,000-6,000 ft rabbit good soil binder Bent! 3211, 3212 Velvet pod mimosa Hillside, slopes, Spiny deciduous Long prickly pod Palatable to live- Mimosa dysocarpa in desert grass- shrub, 3-6 ft stock Benth. lands and oak 3211, 3212 woodlands, 4,000- 6,000 ft Scurfy mortonia (sand- Rocky or gravelly Smal] shrub, Short, cylindroi- paper bush) slopes and mesas, 1.5-3 ft dal capsule Mortonia scabrella 3,000-5,000 ft Gray 3211, 3212 Muhly Dry, open slopes Perennial grass, Grain, spring- Seeds eaten by turkey; Muhlenbergia spp. and mesas 5-35 in fall plant eaten by deer chreb. 3211, 3212 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 147 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert , Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) E Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bullgrass Rocky slopes, Erect perennial Grain, June-Nov. Good soil binder Muhlenbergia emersleyi ledges, woodlands, grass, 20-40 in on steep slopes ‘ase! openings, drier 3211, 3212 soils, below 6,500 ft Mountain muhly Rocky slopes, Tufted perennial Grain, Aug.-Oct. Plant eaten by turkey Muhlenbergia montana ledges, woodlands, grass, 6-26 in and deer tche. forest openings, 3211, 3212 4,500-9,500 ft Bush muhly Dry mesas, rocky Erect perennial Grain, Aug.-Nov. Highly palatable, Muhlenbergia porteri slopes, canyons, grass, 12-40 in largely grazed out Schribn. 2,000-6,000 ft 3211, 3212 Ring muhly (ring grass) Dry ridges, sandy Perennial grass, Grain, Aug.-Nov. Poor range grass; Muhlenbergia torreyi plateaus, rocky 6-12 in good soil binder itche. slopes, below 3211, 3212 6,500 ft Screwleaf muhly Rocky slopes, Densely tufted Grain, May-July Seeds eaten by turkey; In Arizona and New Muhlenbergia virescens ridges, pine for- perennial grass, plant eaten by deer Mexico only Kunth ests, 5,000-9,500 16-24 in 3211, 3212 ft, shade Bear grass (sacahuista, Gravelly or sandy Grasslike shrubs Three-lobed cap- May be poisonous to sacahuiste) well drained soil, with subterranean sule, May-June livestock Nolina microcarpa slopes and mesas, stems, 3-6 ft Wats. deserts, grass- 3211, 3212 lands and woodlands, 3,000-6,000 ft Bear grass (sacahuista, Rolling rangelands Woody stem leaves Three-lobed cap- Causes hepatogenic sacahuiste) and foothills 5 ft long, peren- sule Photosensitization Nolina texana nial shrub in livestock Wats. 3211, 3212 Beavertail Sandy flat dunes, Clumps, 6-12 in Dry, not spiny Opuntia basilaris valleys in wood- high Page Im.) Bigelow lands, 4,000-7,000 3211, 3212 ft Pancake pear cactus Sandy or rocky Arborescent shrub, Ellipsoid, fleshy Fruit eaten by dove, (Santa Rita prickly pear, soil, slopes, can- 2-6 ft fruit, spring quail, coyote, fox, dollarjoint prickly pear) yons, 2,000-5,000 peccary Opuntia chlorotica ft Cenge im.) Bigelow 3211, 3212 Little prickly pear Sandy to gravelly Mat forming plant, Obovoid dry fruit Plant eaten by numerous (brittle prickly pear) soils, 4,500- 2-4 in birds and mammals, es- Opuntia fragilis 8,000 ft pecially peccary Nutt. 3211, 3212 Tree cholla (cane cholla) Gravelly or sandy Small tree or thicket Obovoid, fleshy, Opuntia imbricata soils of hills, forming shrub, 3-10 all winter Haw. plains and grass- ft 3211, 3212 lands, 4,000- 6,000 ft Desert Christmas cactus Mesas, flats, Bush or erect small Persistent obo- Usually growing (tesajo, cholla) valleys, plains, shrub, 1-15 ft void, fleshy within another Opuntia leptocaulis washes in deserts fruit, May-June shrub 3211, 3212 Texas prickly pear Drier soils of Succulent shrub, Modified berry, Fruit and plant eaten (nopal prickly pear, southern Texas 2-10 ft late summer by deer, coyote, dove, cacanapo) quail, peccary Opuntia lindheimeri Engelm. 3212 continued 148 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Prickly pear Opuntia phaeacantha nge lm. 3211, 3212 Plains prickly pear Opuntia polycantha Haw. 3211, 3212 Cane cholla Opuntia spinosior Tengetm.} Touney 3211, 3212 Devil cholla (Stanly cholla) Opuntia stanlyi nge lm. 3211, 3212 Purple prickly pear Opuntia violacea Engelm. 3211, 3212 Whipple cholla Opuntia whipplei Engela. TgeTow 3211, 3212 Indian rice-grass Oryzopsis weet R. & 5.) Ricker 3211, 3212 Wood-sorrel Oxalis spp. 3211, 3212 Myrtle boxleaf (Oregon boxwood, mountain- lover) Pachystima myrsinites Pursh.) Raf. 3211, 3212 Vine mesquite Panicum obtusum 3211, 3212 Retama (Jerusalem-thorn) Parkinsonia aculeata Mariola Parthenium HBK. 3211, 3212 canum Mexican pinyon Pinus cembroides Zucc. 3211, 3212 Pinyon pine (Colorado pinyon, Rocky Mountain pinyon) Pinus edulis Engel. 3211, 3212 Sandy soils of plains, washes, hills, deserts, grasslands, 1,500- 7,000 ft Sandy soils of plains, flats, washes and canyon sides, 4,000-6,000 ft Deep soils of valleys, plains, hillsides, grass- lands, chaparrals, woodlands, 2,000- 6,500 ft Fine soils of valleys, 1,000- 2,000 ft Sandy, gravelly soils of plains, hills, washes, 3,500-5,500 ft Deep soils of valleys, plains, slopes, 4,500- 7,000 ft Open sandy plains, hills, woodlands, at medium eleva- tions Moist soils, 2,500-9,000 Ft Coniferous forests, 6,000-9,000 ft Mudflats, heavy soiled lowlands, river banks, arroyos, along ditches Low, poorly drained soil of foothills, 2,000-4,000 ft Caliche soils, plains, slopes, 2,500-5,000 ft Pinyon- juniper woodland, 5,000- 7,500 ft Pinyon- juniper woodland, 4,000- 7,500 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Variable clumps, 2-20 ft diameter, 1-3 ft high Clump forming cactus, 3-6 in high Small shrub or cac- tus trees, 3-8 ft Mat forming cactus, to 1 ft high Sprawling shrub, 2-7 Ft Generally low mat forming cactus, occasionally reach- ing 6 ft Densely tufted perennial grass, 12-24 in Herbaceous, peren- nial forb with creeping rootstocks, to 1 ft Low inconspicuous ground cover Wiry, erect peren- nial grass, 8-35 in Tree to 35 ft Low shrub, 1-2.5 ft Smal] evergreen tree, 15-50 ft Smal] evergreen bushy tree, compact spreading crown, 15- 35 ft Obovoid, many seeded, Apr.-June Dry, obovoid, spring Persistent, fleshy, many- seeded, May-June Fleshy Fleshy Obovoid, fleshy, yellow, spine- less, June-July Grain, May-Nov. Dehiscent 5-celled capsule, spring- fall Two-celled cap- sule, May Grain, June-Oct. Legume, summer Achene, June-Oct. Cone with oily nuts Egg-shaped cone, pollinates in spring continued Fruit and plant eaten by numerous mammals, including peccary and coyotes Fruit and plant eaten by dove, quail, coyote, peccary, deer Fruit and plant eaten by dove, quail, coyote, fox, deer, peccary Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer Plant relished by deer Plant eaten by rabbit, antelope, deer Seeds eaten by small mammals Seeds eaten by band- tailed pigeons, song- birds, bear, rabbit, deer Seeds eaten by pinyon jay, songbirds, fox, squirrel, gamebirds, deer, bear May be invader in overgrazed areas Characteristic of desert grassland Excellent range grass in semi-arid areas Occasionally grown as ornamentals Good range plant and soil binder Ornamental; fast- growing 149 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.2 | (Continued) Species Apache pine (Arizona pine, Arizona longleaf pine) Pinus latifolia ar 3211, 3212 Chihuahua pine Pinus leiophylla Schiede Beppe 3211, 3212 Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Laws. 3211, 3212 White pine Pinus reflexa EngeIm. 3211, 3212 Pinyon rice-grass Piptochaetium fimbriatum Hitchc. 3211, 3212 Trembling aspen (golden aspen, trembling poplar) Populus tremuloides Michx. 3211, 3212 Soapbush (lignum vitae, guazacan) Porlieria angustifolia ngeTm. 3212 Mesquite (velvet mesquite, honey mesquite) Prosopis juliflora We . 3211, 3212 Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco 3211, 3212 Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum ) Kuhn 3211, 3212 Antelope brush (bitter- brush) Purshia tridentata ursh, 3211, 3212 Arizona white oak tee arizonica arg. 3211, 3212 Emory oak Quercus emoryi Torr. 3211, 3212 Habitat Mountains along Mexican border, 5,000-8,500 ft, sun Mountains, 5,000- 7,800 ft Plateaus, mountain slopes, in pure or mixed stands, 5,500-8,500 ft, sun Coniferous forest of mountains, 6,500-10,000 ft Open, rocky, wood- lands, pine forest, 5,000-7,000 ft Widely distributed in coniferous for- est avove 6,500 ft Rio Grande plains Sandy alluvial soils, washes, to 5,500 ft Mixed coniferous forest, cold can- yons, 5,200- 10,000 ft, sun Moist soil, along streams, pine woods, aspen groves, 5,000- 8,000 ft, shade Open slopes, mesas, coniferous forests, 4,000-9,000 ft Moist soil along streams, canyons, oak woodland foot- hills, mountains, 5,000-7,600 ft Moist soil along streams, canyons, oak woodland foot- hills, mountains, 4,000-7,000 ft, sun Form Evergreen tree, 50-70 ft Tree 30-80 ft Large evergreen tree, 80-125 ft, straight trunk with narrow open crown Large tree, 60-100 ft Perennial bunch grass, 16-30 in Tree, slender crown, 20-80 ft Shrub to small tree, to 25 ft Spiny spreading shrub, to tree, 20-50’ Ft Large tree, 100- 190 ft, with open broadly conical crown Smal] ground cover fern, 1-3 ft Shrub, to 5 ft Fruit Prickly scaled cone Stalked, spread- ing cone Cone Cone Awned grain, summer-f al] Cottony capsule, early spring Capsule, spring- fall Pod, Sept.-Oct. Cone Hairy achene, summer Tree with irregular Nut (acorn), spreading crown, spring 30-60 ft Tree, with spread- Nut (acorn), ing crown, 20-50 ft spring continued General wildlife use Seeds eaten by band- tailed pigeons, song- birds, bear, rabbit, deer Same as P. latifolia Food and nesting sites for tassel-eared squirrel Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, deer, squirrel Plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by game- birds, songbirds, squirrel; browsed by rabbit and deer Important for food and cover for numerous species Seeds eaten by squir- rel; browsed by deer and rabbit Plant eaten by porcu- pine Browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Food and cover for many birds and mammals Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, fox, rabbit, squirrel, deer; nest for songbirds and squirrel Notes Scattered in dis- tribution Most common forest tree in southwest Good range grass Great aesthetic value in fall, sprouts from cut roots Resprouts from cut stumps Poisonous when eaten in large quantities Prevents soil ero- sion 150 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2_ (Continued) | Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Gambel oak Widespread in Shrub to tree with Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- Quercus gambelii mountains, plat- rounded crown, spring birds, gamebirds, Nutt. eaus, pine forests, 6-70 ft squirrel, rabbit, deer, 3211, 3212 5,000-8,000 ft, bear sun and shade Gray oak Dry rocky hill- Shrub to tree, 65 Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- luercus grisea side, 4,500-8,000 ft, evergreen spring birds, bear, deer, Liebm. ft rabbit, squirrel 3211, 3212 Silverleaf oak Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus 3211, 3212 Mexican blue oak luercus oblongifolia orr. 3211, 3212 Netleaf oak uercus reticulata tan} Bonpt. 3211, 3212 Shrub live oak (scrub oak, California scrub oak, turbinella-oak) eee turbinella reene 3211, 3212 Crucillo Randia rhagocarpa StandT. 3212 Birchleaf buckthorn Rhamnus betulaefolia Greene 3211, 3212 California buckthorn (cof feeberry) Rhamnus californica sch. 3211, 3212 Hollyleaf buckthorn (buckthorn, red berry buckthorn) Rhamnus crocea Nu't 3211, 3212 Mearns sumac Rhus choriophylla Woot.) StandT. 3211, 3212 Scarlet sumac (smooth sumac) Rhus glabra 311, 3212 Desert sumac Rhus microphylla Engelm. 3211, 3212 Mountain slopes, canyons of oak woodlands, 5,000- 7,000 ft, sun Foothills, moun- tains, canyons, 4,500-6,000 ft Uncommon in moun- tains, canyons, and oak woodlands, 4,000-8,000 ft, sun Dry slopes, hill- sides, canyons, 3,000-8,000 ft Open brushlands and thickets Canyons, along streams, in moun- tains, oak wood- land and pine forest, 5,500- 7,500 ft Common in canyons, along streams, chaparral, open 3,500-7,000 ft, sun and shade Mountains, chapar- ral, lower pine forests, dry washes, canyons, 3,000-7,000 ft, sun and shade Rocky slopes, 4,000-6,000 ft Rich moist soil, along streams, canyons, ravines, 5,000-7,000 ft, sun and shade Gravelly or sandy mesas, 4,000- 6,000 ft Smal] evergreen tree with round spreading crown, 15-30 ft, sometimes clumping shrub, 6 ft Nut (acorn), spring Nut (acorn), spring Smal1 evergreen tree, to 25 ft Evergreen shrub to tree with rounded crown, 6-40 ft Nut (acorn), in clusters, spring Evergreen shrub, to 7 ft Nut (acorn), late summer-fal] Shrub, 6 ft Berrylike, spring-sutmer Rounded shrub, 8 ft or less rarely, small tree, to 18 ft 3-seeded, berry- like, May-June Evergreen shrub to small tree, 6-20 ft Berrylike fruit, May-July Spreading evergreen Berrylike pome, shrub in small tree, Mar.-May 3-15 ft Shrub to 7 ft Smal] one-seeded drupe, July-Sept. Tall shrub to small tree, to 8 ft, usually forming thickets One-seeded drupe, dJune-Aug. Shrub, 3-6 ft One-seeded drupe, Mar.-May continued Seeds eaten by song- birds, gamebirds, bear, squirrel, deer Same as Q. hypoleucoides Seeds eaten by game- birds, songbirds, bear, squirrel, deer Same as Q. reticulata Often abundant Fruit eaten by game- birds, bear, squirrel; browsed by deer Same as R. betulaefolia Fruit eaten by game- birds and bear; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by pigeons, turkey, quail; browsed by deer and rabbit Fruit eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit and deer Fruit eaten by quail, songbirds, smal] mam- mals SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 151 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.2 (Continued) 152 Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sugar sumac (sugar bush, mountain- laurel Rhus ovata Wats. 3211, 3212 Squawbush Rhus trilobata Nutt. 3211, 3212 Orange gooseberry Ribes pinetorum Greene 3211, 3212 New Mexican locust Robinia neomexicana ray 3211, 3212 Arizona rose Rosa arizonica Rydb 3211, 3212 Western soapberry (wild china-tree, cherioni, jaboncillo) Sapindus drummondi Hook) Arn. 3211, 3212 Groundsel Senecio spp. Ll. 3211, 3212 Squirreltail Sitanion hystrix Nut 3211, 3212 Nightshade (white horse- nettle, silver horse- nettle, bullnettle, trompillo) Solanum elaeagifolium Cav. 3211, 3212 Sophora (silky sophora, mescal bean, fringeleaf sophora) Sophora spp. 32li, 3212 Globe mallow Sphaeralcea spp. St. HiT. 3211, 3212 Oropseeds Sporobolus spp. R. Br. 3211, 3212 Sand dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus orr. 3211, 3212 Mountain slopes, canyons, in moist soils, 3,000- 5,000 ft Along streams, in canyons, on slopes in chaparral, 2,500-7,500 ft, sun Rocky slopes, along streams, 7,000-10,000 ft, in coniferous forests, sun and shade Canyons, mountains, forming almost pure thickets on north facing slopes, 4,000-8,500 ft, sun Along streams in pine forests, par- tial shade, 4,000- 9,000 ft Stream banks, can- yon sides in upper desert, desert grassland, oak woodland, 2,500- 6,000 ft Openings in pine woods, 1,000- 10,500 ft, sun Desert slopes to subalpine meadows Fields and road- sides, 1,000- 5,500 ft Dry soils, hill- sides, 3,500- 7,000’ Ft Ory mesas to pine forests, 1,000- 8,000 ft Open slopes, hills, mesas, 5,000-7,000 ft Exposec sites on sandy soil, below 7,000 ft Evergreen tree or shrub, to 15 ft Aromatic deciduous shrub, 2-7 ft Spiny, sometimes trailing deciduous shrub, 1-3 ft Spiny shrub or small tree, to 25 ft Deciduous shrub, 1-3 ft Large spread- ing shrub to small tree, to 25 ft Forb or shrub, 1-3 ft Tufted, erect perennial grass, 6-28 in Herbaceous or slightly woody shrub, 1-3 ft Shrub, to 11 ft Erect perennial, 5-50 in Tufted perennial grass, to 6 ft Perennial grass, 15-50 in Cluster of berries, late spring Berrylike, Mar.- June Several-seeded round berry, Apr .-Sept. Pod, May-Aug. Berrylike pome, May-July One-seeded berry- like, remaining until spring Achene, July-Oct. Stiffly awned grain, year round depending on hab- itat smal] berry, May- Oct. Flat pod, Apr.- June Capsule, fall Grain, spring- fall Grain, July-Nov. continued Browsed by deer Fruit eaten by game- birds and squirrel; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by quail and squirrel; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by many gamebirds and mammals Fruit eaten by dove, quail, raccoon, skunk Plant eaten by deer Plant eaten by deer; seeds eaten by turkey Alternate host for white pine blister rust Effective in reduc- ing erosion Fruit and foliage poisonous to wild- life A preferred forage Ornamental, good soil binder; poison- ous to livestock CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sacaton River banks, sandy Densely tufted peren- Grain, July-Oct. Sporobolus wrightii washes, plains and nial grass, to 6 ft cribn. valley flats, 3211, 3212 2,000-5,500 ft Needlegrass Mountain meadows, Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by deer Stipa spp. woodland openings, 10-30 in fall t. above 5,000 ft 3211, 3212 Snowberry Slopes and along Erect or trailing Berry, Apr.- Browsed by deer Symphoricarpos streams in moun- shrub, 1-6 ft Aug. oreophilus tains, coniferous ray forests, 5,500- 3211, 3212 9,000 ft California cottontop Open, well-drained Erect perennial Grain, Aug.-Nov. Plant eaten by rabbit Responds rapidly to (Arizona cottontop) soil, often on grass, 14-35 in and bighorn sheep precipitation; good Trichachne californica steep rocky slopes, forage Benth. below 6,000 ft 3212 Fluffgrass Ory rocky slopes, Low tufted peren- Grain, Apr.-Nov. Often abundant on Tridens puchellus plains, below nial or annual overgrazed land Hitchc. 6,000 ft grass, 6 in 3211, 3212 Vervain Rio Grande plains, Shrub, to 9 ft Nutlet, summer- Browsed by rabbit Verbena spp. 3,000-7,000 ft fall Te 3212 Canada violet Rich moist soils Forb 8-16 in Capsule, Apr.- Seeds eaten by dove, Viola canadensis in coniferous Sept. quail, turkey; plant T. forests, 6,000- eaten by rabbit 3211, 3212 11,500 ft Yucca (soaptree yucca, Ory rocky slopes, Shrub, 3-6 ft, Cylindrical Nectar for humming- palmilla) hills and plains, rarely small 3-celled capsule birds; seeds eaten Yucca spp. 1,500-6,000 ft tree, to 30 ft by small mammals t. 3211, 3212 Spanish dagger (datil, Dry rocky slopes Shrub to small Large fruit, Nectar for humming- fleshy-fruited yucca, of desert grass- tree, 1-20 ft 6 in long birds yucca) lands and con- Yucca baccata ifer woodland, Torr. 3,000-8,000 ft 3211, 3212 Soaptree yucca (palmilla) Grassland and Shrub to small Fleshy or dry Fruit eaten by song- Yucca elata desert, 1,500- tree, to 30 ft capsule, May-July birds, smal] mammals EngeTm. 6,000 ft 3211, 3212 Spanish bayonet (palma, Scattered on Shrub or smal] 3-celled capsule Seeds eaten by song- Only in New Mexico spanish dagger) mesas, foothills tree, 3-16 ft birds and small and Texas Yucca torreyi and plains, mamma 1s Shafer 3,500-5,000 ft 3211, 3212 Desert zinnia Dry slopes and Perennial branched Achene, May-Oct. Zinnia grandiflora mesas, 4,000- from base, 8 in or Nutt. 6,500 ft less 3211, 3212 Desert zinnia Alluvial plains Low shrub with Achene, Apr.-Oct. Zinnia pumila and slopes, woody stem, 8-11] Gray 2,000-5,000 ft in 3211, 3212 Crooked bush (lotebush, Lower plains of Shrub to small Drupe, summer- Fruit eaten by dove gumdrop tree) Texas tree, to 15 ft fall 2 obtusifolia 3212 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 153 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.2 [R] Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Chihuahuan Desert in Riparian Habitats Species Acacia Acacia spp. aTT. 3210 Box-elder Acer negundo L 3210 Iodinebush (pickleweed) Allenrolfea occidentalis Wats.) Ktze. 3210 Carrizo (giant reed, Georgia cane) Arundo donax Ll. 3210 Baccharis Baccharis spp. 3210 Seepwillow Baccharis glutinosa ers. 3210 Sedge Carex spp. U 3210 Desert hackberry Celtis pallida Netleaf hackberry (cumero, paloblanco, western hackberry) Celtis reticulata Desert-willow (desert catalpa) Chilopsis linearis Tav. 3210 Lotebush Condalia spp. av. 3210 Mustard Cruciferae spp. juss. 3210 Buf falo-gourd Cucurbita foe’ HBK. 3210 Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon L.y Pers. 3210 154 Habitat Deserts and grass- lands to 5,000 ft Moist soil along streams, 4,000- 8,000 ft, sun and shade Highly alkaline flats and sinks, salt marshes, floodplains Sand bars and levees, near rivers and lakes Along water courses, 500- 8,000 ft Moist soil along streams, to 5,500 ft, sun Moist soil along streams, shady canyons, 5,000- 11,500 ft, sun Foothills, mesas, 1,500-3,500 ft Streams, canyons, washes, moist soil, 3,500- 6,000 ft Mostly along washes, in foot- hills and deserts Rio Grande plains Ubiquitous Alluvial soil, 1,000-7,000 ft Moist waste areas, low altitudes Form Shrubs or trees, to 12 ft Deciduous tree up to 50 ft, broad rounded crown Shrub, 1-5 ft Cane-like grass forming clumps, culms to 15 ft Deciduous shrub, to 7 ft Willow-like decid- uous shrub, to 7 ft Perennial grass-like erect herb, 2-4 ft Spiny, densely branched deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft Deciduous, large shrub to small tree, to 30 ft Large shrub to smal] tree, to 30 ft Shrub to small tree, 3-15 ft Herbaceous or suffrutescent, annual or peren- nial Perennial trailing herb, to 20 ft Tong Stoloniferous per- ennial grass Fruit Pod, spring- summer Paired samara, Apr. Berry-like, May-Nov. Plume-like panicle, summer- fall Achene, Apr.-Feb. Achene, Mar.-Dec. Achene in spikes, spring Oval, one-seeded drupe, spring One-seeded drupe Long, narrow pod Orupe, summer- fall Capsule Gourd-like, May- Aug. Grain continued General wildlife use Seeds eaten by dove and quail; browsed by deer and rabbit Seeds eaten by quail, bear, beaver, rabbit, squirrel, fox; browsed by deer Provides cover Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, rabbit, squirrel, fox; plant eaten by deer Fruit eaten by dove, quail, numerous small species; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by game- birds Fruit eaten by dove, fox, ringtail cat Seeds eaten by numerous species Seeds eaten by water- fowl, mammals Notes Native to Old World Often forming thickets Often forming thickets, ornamental Good soil binder Introduced CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert 53 Table 3210-53.2 [R] (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Saltgrass Saline or alkaline Perennial grass, to Grain, summer- Seeds eaten by water- Distichlis spicata marshes, lakes 1 ft fall fowl and marsh birds LU.) Greene 3210 Spikerush Moist soil along Upright herb, leaf- Achene in spike- Seeds eaten by game- Eleocharis spp. streams or in less, 1-3 ft lets, spring birds; plant eaten by . Br. forests, 150-3,000 rabbit and muskrat 3210 ft Filaree (heron-bil1) Erodium cicutarium Rocky or sandy soils, ubiquitous tl. 3210 Velvet ash Moist soils of Fraxinus velutina stream banks, orr. washes, canyons, 3210 2,500-7,000 ft, sun Rose mallow Marshes, lakes, Hibiscus spp. ponds, streams, L. wet soils 3210 Janusia Moist to dry, Janusia gracilis rocky, 1,000- ray 5,000 ft 3210 Rush Moist soil along streams, ponds, Jakes, 2,000- 11,500 ft Juncus spp. L 3210 Texas mulberry Morus microphylla Moist soil along streams, washes, BuckT. canyons, rocky 3210 slopes, below cliffs, 2,000- 6,000 ft, sun or shade Reed Wet places and Phragmites communis alkalai sinks, rin. below 5,000 ft 3210 Camphor-weed (salt-marsh Alluvial and saline fleabane) soils along Pluchea camphorata streams, rivers, . DC. marshes 3210 Lanceleaf cottonwood populus acuminata y' 3210 Canyons and valleys around springs, streams, and water tanks Narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia james 3210 Moist soils, along streams, 5,000- 7,000 ft, sun Arizona cottonwood Banks and sand- (chopo) gravel bars of Populus arizonica rivers and streams, Sarg. springs and tanks 3210 Honey mesquite (honey- locust, algaroba) Desert areas, sandy to silty Prosopis glandulosa soils orr. 3210 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Prostrate, annual Smal] to medium tree, round crown, to 40 ft Perennial, to 6 ft Twining, tangled, slender stems Perennial grass- like herb, 2-4 ft Large shrub or small tree, in dense clumps, up to 20 ft Tall perennial reed, up to 12 ft Perennial herb to 5 ft Tree to 55 ft, with compact domelike crown Tree to 50 ft, narrow crown Tree to 80 ft, with broad spread- ‘ing crown Shrub or tree, to 10 ft Ellipsoid seed, Feb .-June Long winged samara, Mar.-May Capsule, May-Oct. Seeds eaten by numerous Excellent spring species forage Seeds eaten by game- birds, songbirds, squirrel; browsed by deer; nest cover for squirrel and song- birds Samaras, Apr.-Oct. Capsule, spring Oblong cluster of berries, Apr. Grain, July-Dec. Achene, Sept.- Oct. Ovoid-ellipsoid, 1 om. long, Apr.- June Seed capsule, spring Deeply pitted globose fruits, Feb.-Apr. Pod, Apr.-Aug. continued Forage Fruit eaten by song- birds, fox, squirrel Cover Seeds eaten by game- birds and songbirds; nest cover for song- birds and raptors Suitable for ero- sion control Seeds eaten by game- birds and squirrel; browsed by rabbit; nest cover for song- birds and squirrel Same as P. acuminata Becomes abundant on disturbed grasslands Important food and cover for numerous specics 155 53 PROVINCE 3210 Chihuahuan Desert Table 3210-53.2 [R] (Continued) 156 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Note: S Screwbean mesquite (tornillo) Prosopis pubescens Benth. 3210 Arizona white oak aes arizonica arg. 3210 Emory oak uercus emoryi orr. 3210 Sumac Rhus spp. ps 3210 Watercress Rorippa spp. Scop. 3210 Willow Salix spp. L. 3210 Goodding willow Salix gooddingii Ball 3210 Mexican elder (Arizona elder, tapiro) Sambucus mexicana res. 3210 Western soapberry (wild china-tree, cherioni, jaboncillo) Sapindus drummondii 3210 Climbing milkweed Sarcostemma spp. R. Br. 3210 Bulrush Scirpus spp. L 3210 Bulrush Scirpus pallidus ritt. 3210 Inkweed (Torrey sea- blight, iodine weed) Suaeda torreyana Wats. 3210 Saltcedar (tamarisk) Tamarix pentandra Pall. 3210 Bottomlands along desert streams and water holes, up to 4,000 ft Moist soil along streams, canyons, oak woodland foot- hills, mountains, 5,000-7,600 ft Moist soil along streams, canyons, oak woodland foot- hills, mountains, 4,000-7,000 ft, sun Streams to rocky slopes, to 7,500 ft Moist soil along streams or in streams, 1,500- 9,500 ft, shade Moist soil along streams, 3,500- 9,500 ft, sun Along streams and rivers, 150-5,000 ft Along streams and river banks, 1,200- 5,000 ft elevation Stream banks, can- yon sides in upper desert, desert grassland, oak woodland, 2,500- 6,000 ft Streams, washes, moist places, to 6,000 ft Marshes, ponds, streams, rivers, to 9,000 ft Along streams and wet meadows, lakes, sloughs Saline flats with subsurface soil moisture below 5,000 ft Moist soil along streams, up to 5,000 ft Large shrub or smal] tree, 6-30 ft Tree with irregular spreading crown, 30-60 ft Tree, with spread- ing crown, 20-50 ft Shrub or occasion- ally a tree, to 15 ft Smal] prostrate forb, 6-18 in Tree, 15-50 ft Tree, 20-50 ft Shrub or tree, to 30 ft Large spreading shrub to smal] tree, to 25 ft Stems twining along ground or over bushes Perennial, to 6 ft Rhizomatous per- ennial, culms to 5 ft Shrub, 2-3 ft Large shrub, small tree, usually forming dense thickets, 10-25 ft Pod, May Nut (acorn), spring Nut (acorn), spring Drupe, spring- fall Globose capsule, spring Seed capsule in catkins, Mar. Capsule, spring Dark-blue fruits, 6 mm. diameter One-seeded berry- like, remaining throughout winter Follicle, Mar.-Oct. Achene, spring- fall Achene, summer Utricle enclosed by fleshy peri- anth Capsule in spikes, Mar.-Aug. continued Seeds eaten by dove, quail, numerous other species Food and cover for many birds and mammals Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, fox, rabbit, squirrel, deer; nest for song- birds and squirrel Fruit eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit and deer Browsed by beaver; seeds eaten by squirrel Seeds eaten by numerous species, birds, small mammals, browsers Fruit eaten by game- birds, songbirds, mammals Seeds eaten by water- fowl, marshbirds, muskrats Same as Scirpus spp. Prevents er and invades forest area: Important fi stream-bank tion Often culti ornamentals Fruit and fi poisonous t life Often grows saline soil ‘osion burned s or protec- vated as oliage 0 wild- in » usual- ly considered un- desirable except for erosion control CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3210-53.2 [R] (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Arrow-weed Along streams, Shrub to 3 ft or Achene, summer Cover Tessaria sericea rivers, marshes more, willow-like Nutt. 3210 Cat-tails Moist soil along Tall perennial herb Fruit and flowers Seeds eaten by ducks Typha spp. streams, ditches, with round stem, 3- in long, terminal and geese tT. lakes, ponds, to’ 8.5 ft spikes, June-July 3210 7,000 ft, sun and shade Canyon grape Moist soil along Vitis arizonica streams, canyons, woody vine Eng!. often climbing on 3210 trees, 2,000- 7,000 ft, shade Climbing or trailing One-seeded berry, Fruit eaten by numerous Apr.-July gamebirds and manmals 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert (Mojave—Colorado—Sonoran) SECTION 3221, CREOSOTE BUSH The Creosote Bush Section includes most of the Mojave Desert. The Mojave Desert lies between the colder Great Basin Desert, merging with it to the north, and the warmer, subtropical Sonoran Desert, with which it merges to the south. Both Great Basin and Sonoran Desert species are represented as well as a number of endemics. The Mojave Desert is an upland desert with elevations between 2000 and 5000 feet. Death Valley, however, which is located within the province, is 280 feet below sea level. Lying within the rainshadow of the southern Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi, San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and Little San Bernardino mountains, much of the Mojave Desert receives less than 4 or 5 inches of precipitation annually. Most of this precipitation occurs during the winter and spring; winter precipitation occasionally occurs as snow but rapidly melts. The localized summer rains are of great intensity and erosional power, often washing out roads and trails and altering the surface of the land in a matter of hours. Several of the numerous mountain ranges within this section, such as the Spring, Clark, and Sheep mountains, exceed 11,000 feet elevation. Total annual precipitation on these mountain gradients increases at a rate of approximately 5 inches per 1000 feet increase in elevation (Shreve 1915; Lull and Ellison 1950). The climatic and topographic features of these mountains support several major biotic communities other than desertscrub. For more information on succession and climax communities see section 52. Mojave Desertscrub The Mojave desertscrub occurs below 4500 to 5200 feet elevation, mostly between 1000 and 4000 feet, in large, undrained, nearly level basins separated by mountain SELECTED PLANT SPECIES ranges with gently sloping bajadas. Annual precipitation in this shrub-dominated community averages 5 to 11 inches but is generally much less than 10 inches. Annual flowering plants may be abundant during winter and spring rainy seasons. A few species of cacti are present. Creosote bush and/or white bur sage predominate. Mesquites and cat-claw are common along the dry washes. Interior Chaparral Interior chaparral is characteristically composed of tough-leaved evergreen shrubs, generally between 3 and 6 feet in height. Occurring in favored locales between 4500 and 6000 feet elevation, this community is an intermediate between desertscrub and conifer woodland. Scrub live oak and manzanita are common dominants in portions of the New York, Spring, and other mountains. Great Basin and Rocky Mountain Conifer Woodland The Great Basin and Rocky Mountain conifer woodland occurs between 5500 and 7500 feet (and higher) where annual precipitation is generally between 12 and 21 inches. The woodland is dominated by evergreen junipers and pinyon pine with an understory of grassland, chaparral, or desertscrub. Dominant overstory species are generally less than 20 feet in height and include Utah juniper, California juniper, and singleleaf pinyon. Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest The Rocky Mountain montane conifer forest is often dominated by nearly pure stands of ponderosa pine or white fir with Douglas-fir occasionally dominating canyons and north- and east-facing slopes. This community, restricted to the Spring, Clark, and Charleston mountains, is generally found between 6000 and 9500 feet but may extend down to about 5500 feet in north-facing slopes and up to about 10,000 feet on south- facing slopes. Annual precipitation usually averages 20 to 30 inches. 157 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary Location of province State boundary within the United States Figure 54.1 Province 3220, American Desert (Mojave—Colorado—Sonoran); Sections 3221, Creosote Bush, and 3222, Creosote Bush—Bur Sage 158 CHAPTER 2 SECTION 3222, CREOSOTE BUSH—BUR SAGE The Creosote Bush—Bur Sage Section engages much of the Sonoran Desert and is therefore principally Sonoran desertscrub vegetation. Much of the western portion of this section lies at or near sea level; this desert is the hottest of the North American deserts. The Salton Sink of southern California, in which the Salton Sea lies, is an enclosed basin 273 feet below sea level at its lowest point. Places along the Colorado River, which traverses the section, are at or near 100 feet elevation. Numerous small granitic hills and volcanic mountains of about 4000 feet elevation (e.g., Sierra Estrella, Castle Dome, Gila, Mohawk, and the Cabeza Prieta Mountains) are scattered throughout the area, becoming increasingly abundant eastward. Several mountain ranges (e.g., the Sierrita and Baboquivari mountains) in the southeastern portion of this section rise to over 7000 feet. The eastern boundary, as delineated by Bailey (1976), is near the peaks of the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina mountains, rising to over 9000 feet. The eroded materials carried down from the hills and mountains, form broad, outwash detrital fans or bajadas which generally slope down to the centers of wide valleys. The Algodones Dunes of southeastern California are the largest in the Sonoran Desert, with their 5 mile width and 50 mile southerly extension into northern Baja California, Mexico. Most of this section has a southwestern climatic pattern (Kincer 1922) characterized by a biseasonal regime of periods of rain separated by periods of drought. Precipitation normally occurs in the summer months of July through September and in the winter months of December through February or March. The spring drought is usually the most severe: May and June are often totally rain-free. Winter rains are usually gentle and may last for several days. In contrast, summer rains are typically conventional in nature—intense and very local (Lowe 1964). Annual precipitation in the lower western desert areas, which receive mostly winter rain, ranges from less than 4 inches to 13 inches in the eastern parts where both winter and summer precipitation occurs. Total precipitation increases on mountain gradients ata rate of approximately 5 inches per 1000 feet increase in elevation (Shreve 1915; Lull and Ellison 1950); the peaks of the higher mountains in the southeastern areas average greater than 20 inches annually. Sonoran Desertscrub The Sonoran desertscrub occupies most of the geographical area of Section 3222. This _ biotic community is divided into two major vegetative subdivisions: Arizona Upland and Lower Colorado River (Shreve 1915). Basically, the northeastern half of the section is Arizona Upland; the southeastern half is Lower Colorado River. Due to the vegetational differences of these two major divisions and the large geographical area that each occupies, they are discussed individually. Arizona Upland associations — Arizona upland associa- tions are frequently comprised of small-leaved desert SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 trees, shrubs, and numerous cacti. This community is best developed on rocky hills, bajadas, and other coarse- soiled slopes from about 2500 to 4000 feet elevation. The principal desert trees, generally under 30 feet in height, include yellow paloverde, saguaro, and ironwood. The associated shrubs are much more varied than the trees; as many as 15 or more shrub species are present at some locales. Prominent shrubs often include triangle bur sage and brittle bush. For the purposes of this report, the desert “riparian” association occurring along dry arroyos and washes is considered as part of the Arizona Upland association. Dominant species along these dry washes include blue paloverde, mesquite, cat-claw, western hackberry, and desert-willow. Lower Colorado River associations — The Lower Colorado River associations are composed mainly of shrubs and dwarf shrubs, usually without trees except for those occurring along dry washes. This community ranges from sea level and below up to about 2500 or 3000 feet elevation. Annual precipitation generally averages 4 to 7 inches. The principal dominant species are creosote bush and white bur sage. For purposes of this manual, the Algodones Dunes and other sand areas in the western part of Section 3222 and their respective vegetation are treated as part of the Lower Colorado Desert association. The most conspicuous plants of the dunes include big galleta and wild buckwheat. Interior Chaparral The interior chaparral is characteristically dominated by tough-leaved evergreen shrubs between 3 and 6 feet in height with an occasional taller shrub or short tree that is usually an oak or juniper. Chaparral occurs at 4000 to 6000 feet in the Harquahala, Harquavar, and Poachie mountains with desertscrub below. Annual precipitation usually averages 13 to 23 inches. At some sites, tall stands of birchleaf mountain-mahogany may reach over 10 feet in height. Scrub live oak is the most common dominant and in some areas may comprise 90 percent of the stand. Semidesert Grassland Semidesert grassland is a highly diverse admixture of grasses and various weedy shrubs occurring in the eastern portions of this section above the desertscrub and below chaparral or Madrean evergreen woodland, generally between 3500 and 5000 feet elevation. Annual precipitation usually averages 10 to 15 inches. Common grasses include gramas, three-awn, cane, beardgrass, tobosa, and bush muhly, while common associated shrubs include bear grass, acacias, mimosas, mesquite, burroweed, and snakeweeds. Shrubs are proportionately more common in the lower elevational areas, particularly where overgrazing has reduced the density of perennial grasses. Burroweed and snakeweed are commonly very abundant dominants in highly overgrazed or disturbed areas. Madrean Evergreen Woodland The Madrean evergreen woodland is best developed on the foothills and lower slopes of the larger mountains, at elevations between 4000 and 7000 feet and an annual 159 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert precipitation of about 12 to 23 inches. This community is dominated by evergreen oaks, junipers, and pinyons; the oaks generally are most abundant. Arizona cypress, a tall tree, occurs in isolated relict stands within canyons. SECTION 3221, CREOSOTE BUSH (RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES) Temperate Riparian Cottonwood—willow forests and woodlands — Cottonwood—willow forests and woodlands occur in Section 3221, principally along the Mojave and Colorado rivers and tributaries of the Colorado River, and along the Moapa (Muddy) and Virgin rivers, and the perennial-flowing section of Meadow Valley Wash (Bradley and Deacon 1965). Forests and woodlands are generally confined to riparian environments on clay or other fine soils and rock deposits where streamflows are either perennial or nearly so. The understory of these communities may be open and parklike, or may be a tangle of riparian trees and shrubs. Indications are that these communities are maintained through periodic winter-spring flooding. Stabilized water flows results in decadent stands in which the dominant species are lacking in repro- duction. Cottonwood regenerates itself principally from seed, unlike other broadleaf riparian species that reproduce by sprouting, forming clones (Horton et al. 1960). Riparian scrublands — Riparian scrublands are extensive in Section 3221. Winter-deciduous mesquite scrublands occur principally along the Colorado, Moapa (Muddy), and Virgin rivers as well as along the perimeters of desert springs such as those at Ash Meadows, Railroad, White River, Pahranagat, and Moapa valleys. Mesquite grows with arrow-weed, several saltbushes, and, not uncommonly, cottonwood. Water diversion, flood control, agricultural clearing programs, and, principally, dropping water tables have reduced these communities in many areas (Bradley and Deacon 1965). Increasingly, the deciduous saltcedar may now share or dominate local riparian situations (Bradley and Deacon 1965). The understory, if present, is often composed of iodinebush, saltgrass, saltbush, and inkweed. Where intermittent flooding and/or slowly receding summer surface flow occurs, adventive understory tends to replace mesquite, especially in areas that have been cleared or burned and where ground water is close to the surface and water-storage facilities and agricultural tracts are present upstream. The aggressive ability of saltcedar to out-compete native riparian species after summer flooding has been well-documented by Turner (1974) and Warren and Turner (1975). Marshlands — Marshlands are rare in Section 3221; limited to the Colorado, Virgin, and Moapa rivers and Meadow Valley Wash and to desert springs such as those at Ash Meadows, Railroad, White River, Pahranagat, and Moapa valleys (Bradley and Deacon 1965). The principal plant constituents of these aquatic 160 communities are emergents that normally have their basal portions annually, periodically, or continually submerged. Not included as principal constituents are trees, woody shrubs, or nonhalophytic grasses. Both fresh and brackish water environments are included in these wetland formations. Dominants range from the more xeric and alkali communities of saltgrass and alkali bulrush through the carrizo, or reed, communities to the more mesic freshwater communities of rushes, sedges, bulrushes, and cat-tail. SECTION 3222 CREOSOTE BUSH—BUR SAGE (RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES) Cottonwood—Willow Riparian Forests and Woodlands Interrupted cottonwood—willow riparian forests and woodlands are still present along the Verde, Hassayampa, Bill Williams, Colorado rivers and other major streamways, although most of the once extensive forests have been greatly diminished over the last 100 years due to diversion, interruption, and elimination of streamflow (Davis 1973). Generally confined to riparian environments below 3500 feet elevation on clay or other fine soils and rock deposits where streamflows are either perennial or nearly so (Brown and Lowe 1973), indications are that these communities are maintained through periodic winter-spring flooding. Stabilized water flows result in decadent stands in which the dominant species are lacking in reproduction. Cottonwood regenerates itself principally from seed, unlike sycamore and other broadleaf riparian species that reproduce by sprouting, forming clones (Horton et al. 1960). The understory of these communities may be open and parklike or a tangle of riparian trees and shrubs. Mesquite—Saltcedar Woodlands While many of the famous bosques, such as the ones at San Xavier, Komatke (New York Thicket), and Texas Hill, are today mostly of historical interest, some excellent remnants remain along the Santa Maria and Verde rivers, on the Robbins Butte Wildlife Area adjacent to the Gila River, along the upper middle Gila, and in scattered patches along other Lower Sonoran watercourses. Several thousand acres of Federal land along the Gila River, much of which is saltcedar and mesquite, have been withdrawn under Public Law 1015 as the “Fred Weiler Greenbelt.” Other areas receiving some degree of protection include the mesquite bosques on the Tonto National Forest lands along the Verde River and on the Black Butte Wildlife Management Area maintained by the Arizona Game and Fish Department. For a general discussion of this community, see section 53. Marshlands Marshlands, found principally on the Colorado, Lower Gila, Salt, and Verde rivers, occur only where the shallow streams experience periodic flooding. Marshlands have disappeared in many areas as a result of CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 water diversions and water “management” projects (Ohmart 1974). Other examples of marshlands in this section include Picacho Lake, Quigley Pond, and elsewhere, as local conditions permit. Many of these marshland communities are now dependent upon stored Table 3220-54.1 [3221] (Continued) Growth form Plant associations and/or recycled agricultural and waste waters. Lesser vegeta- Interior Chaparral Andropogon barbinodis Continued Cane beardgrass tion Aristida longiseta Red three-awn a a eee Toutelous curtipendula Side-oats grama Bouteloua eriopoda Black grama Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama Table 3220-54.1 [3221] Selected Plant Species Common to sages is Eragrostis intermedia Wines . ycurus phleoide: lo ai the Creosote Bush Section MuhTenbergia porteri Bush muhly Growth form Plant associations Habitat: Conifer Woodland--Rocky Mountain Fasciation Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Habitat: Mojave Desertscrub Prosopis juliflora Yucca brevifolia Acacia greggii Chilopsis linearis Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus Ambrosia dumosa Mesquite Joshua tree Cat-claw Desert-willow Goldenhead White bur sage Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Quercus gambelii Juniperus osteosperma Juniperus scopulorum Pinus edulis Pinus monophylla Juniperus monosperma Yucca baccata Gambel oak Utah juniper Rocky Mountain juniper Colorado pinyon Singleleaf pinyon One-seeded juniper Spanish dagger Ambrosia eriocentra Wooly bur sage Atriplex confertifolia Shadscale Low to medium Amelanchier utahensis Utah serviceberry sima Blackbrush shrubs, under Black sagebrush Coleogyne ramos Dalea fremontii Fremont dalea 10 ft Big sagebrush Encelia farinosa Brittle bush Berberis fremontii Barberry Eurotia Tanata Winter-fat Ceanothus fendleri Buckbrush Ferocactus wislizenii Barrel cactus Chamaebatiaria millefolium Fernbush Grayia spinosa Krameria parvifolia Spiny hop-sage Ratany Chrysothamnus depressus Chrysothamnus nauseosus Rabbit brush Rabbit brush Larrea divaricata — Creosote bush Cowania mexicana Cliffrose Cyctum ‘cium andersonit Anderson thornbush Ephedra viridis Mormon tea Cyelun pallidum — i di leno Nenodora spines Spinescens Mentzelia nitens Opuntia spp. Opuntia basilaris Penstemon microph: microphy1lus Salazaria mexicana alvia mohavensis Pale lycium Spiny menodora Blazing-star Prickly pear Beavertail Bush penstemon Bladder sage Mojave sage Fallugia paradoxa Opuntia basilaris Opuntia fragilis puntia polycantha Purshia tridentata Quercus turbinella Apache plume Beavertail Little prickly pear Plains prickly pear Whipple cholla Antelope brush Shrub live oak Yucca baccata Spanish dagger Lesser vegeta- Bouteloua curtipendula Side-oats grama Yucca schidigera Mojave yucca tion Bouteloua eriopoda Black grama Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama Lesser vegeta~ Abronia villosa Hairy sand verbena Festuca arizonica Arizona fescue tion Aster abatus Mojave aster Koeleria cristata Mountain junegrass Oenothera brevipes Yellow cups MuhTenbergia torreyi Ring muhly Stanleya pinnatifida Prince's plume Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian rice-grass Piptochaetium fimbriatum Pinyon rice-grass Habitat: Interior Chaparral Sitanion hystrix Squirreltail Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed Low trees and Cercocarpus betuloides Birchleaf mountain- Stipa spp. Needlegrass tall shrubs, = mahogany 10-20 ft Cercocarpus breviflorus Hairy mountain- Habitat: Montane Conifer Forest--Rocky Mountain Fasciation mahogany Juniperus monosperma One-seeded juniper Tall trees, Abies concolor White fir Quercus emoryi Emory oak vee over 40 ft nus flexilis Limber pine hus ovata Sugar sumac nus ponderosa Ponderosa pine fopulus trenuloides Quaking aspen Low to medium Amorpha californica Mock locust Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir shrubs, under Arctostaphylos pringlei Manzanita Quercus arizonica Arizona white oak lo ft Arctostaphylos pungens Pointleaf manzanita Quercus gambeTii Gambe1 oak erberis haematocarpa Barberry Brickellia californica California brickellia Medium trees, Juniperus osteosperna Utah juniper Ceanothus greggii California lilac 20-40 ft Juniperus scopulorum Rocky Mountain Ceanothus integerrimus Deer brush juniper Cowania mexicana Cliffrose Pinus edulis Colorado Pinyon Eriodictyon angustifolium Yerba santa ugia paradoxa Apache plume Low trees and Cercocarpus breviflorus Hairy mountain- Fremeti eat ie nica Flannel bush tall shrubs, mahogany Garrya flavescens Silk-tassel 10-20 Ft Cercocarpus ledifolius Cur leaf mountain- Garrya wrightii Silk-tassel mahogany Happtopa us Taricifolius Turpentine-bush Robinia neomexicana New Mexican locust Winose biuneifera~Walteasninate bush Sambucus ceruTea’ Canadian elder Quercus turbinella Shrub live oak Rhamnus betulaefolia Birchleaf buckthorn Rhamnus californica California buckthorn Rhamnus crocea Hollyleaf buckthorn Rhus trifobata Squawbush Sophora spp. Sophora continued continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 161 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.1 [3221] (Concluded) Growth form Plant associations Montane Conifer Forest--Rocky Mountain Fasciation (Continued Low to medium shrubs, under 6 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Arctostaphylos patula Artemisia nova Artemisia tridentata Berberis repens Ceanothus fendleri Chamaebatiaria mi millefolium hrysot! hamnus parry? Covanie mexicana Fallugia paradoxa Fendlerella utahensis Gutierrezia sarothrae Holodiscus dumosus Jamesia americana Phi lade Iphus microphyllus hysocarpus monogynus Ribes cereum Rubus strigosa Symphoricarpos oreophilus Ambrosia psilostachya Artemisia spp. Artemisia ludoviciana Blepharoneuron tricholepis Bouteloua gracilis Bromus marginatus Erigeron divergens ae Flagellar is Festuca arizonica Koeleria cristata Muh lenbergia montana MuhTenbergia rigens MuhTenbergia wrightii ‘achystima myrsinites Poa fendleriana Stanton tanion hystri: hystrix Sporobotus is erruptus Thalictrum fendleri Vicia americana Greenleaf manzanita Black sagebrush Big sagebrush Oregon-gr ape Buckbrush Fernbush Parry rabbit brush Cliffrose Apache plume Fendlerella Snakeweed Ocean spray Clif fbush Mock orange Ninebark Wax currant Raspberry Snowberry Ragweed Sagebrush Sagebrush Pine dropseed Blue grama Mountain brome Fleabane Wild daisy Arizona fescue Mountain junegrass Mountain muhly Deergrass Spike muhly Myrtle box leaf Muttongrass Squirreltail Black dropseed Meadow-rue American vetch Table 3220-54.1 [3222] Selected Plant Species Common to the Creosote Bush—Bur Sage Section Habitat: Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft 162 Celtis reticulata Cercidium Floridun Cereus qiganteus Thilopsis Vinearis neya tesota Prosopis juliflora Acacia sregghs Canotia holacantha Cercidium microphy11um Cereus thurberi Fouquieria splendens Acacia constricta Ambrosia ambrosioides Ambrosia deltoidea Celtis pallida Dodonaea viscosa Echinocereus spp. a Farinosa Eriogonum wright ii Ferocactus wislizenii continued Sonoran Desertscrub--Arizona Upland Association Netleaf hackberry Blue paloverde Saquaro Desert-willow Tronwood Mesquite Cat-claw Crucifixion thorn Yellow paloverde Organpipe cactus Ocotillo White-thorn Canyon ragweed Triangle bur sage Spiny hackberry Hopbush Hedgehog cactus Brittle bush Deer buckwheat Barrel cactus Table 3220-54.1 [3222] (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Sonoran Desertscrub--Arizona Upland Association (Continued Low to medium shrubs -- (Cont inued) Holacantha emoryi Krameria grayi Krameria parvifolia Larrea divaricata Lycium spp Mammiliaria microcarpa ae Opuntia fulgida Opuntia leptocaulis Opuntia phaeacantha Opuntia spinosior Crucifixion thorn White ratany Ratany Creosote bush Wolfberry Fish-hook cactus Jumping cholla Desert Christmas cactus Prickly pear Cane cholla Simmondsia chinensi Jojoba Lesser vegeta- Bouteloua rothrockii Rothrock grama i THsene packets = Flut¥grase Habitat: Sonoran Desertscrub--Lower Colorado Association Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Washingtonia filifera Acacia greggii Bursera microphylla Dalea spinosa Prosopis pubescens Tamarix pentandra Acacia constricta ANenrol fea ‘occidentalis Ambrosia dumosa Atriplex canescens Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex polycarpa Eriogonum deserticola Hyptis emoryi Larrea divaricata Lycium spp. Lycium andersonii Nolina bigelovii Suaeda torreyana Hilaria rigida Oryzopsis hymenoides Mesquite California fan palm Cat-claw Elephant-tree Smoke tree Screwbean mesquite Tamar isk White-thorn Pickleweed White bur sage Four-wing saltbush Quailbrush Desert saltbush Wild buckwheat Desert lavender Creosote bush Wolfberry Anderson thornbush Tree nolina Inkweed Big galleta Indian rice-grass Habita Interior Chaparral Cercocarpus betuloides Cercocarpus breviflorus Juniperus monosperma Quercus emoryi Rhus ovata Amorpha californica Arctostaphylos pringlei A epoctepnates ‘pungens is haemotocarpa a californica Ceanothus greagi Cean jus integerrimus Cowania mexicana Exiodictyon yon angustifolium Fallugia paradoxa remontia californica Garrya flavescens Garrya oe wees Igricifolius Guercus turbinella Rhamnus betulaefolia Rhamnus californica Rhamnus crocea continued Birchleaf mountain- mahogany Hairy mountain- mahogany One-seeded juniper Emory oak Sugar sumac Mock locust Manzanita Pointleaf manzanita Barberry California brickellia California lilac Deer brush Cliffrose Yerba santa Apache Plume Flannel bush Silk-tassel Silk-tassel Turpentine-brush Wait-a-minute bush Shrud live oak Birchleaf buckthorn California buckthorn Hollyleaf buckthorn CHAPTER 2 Table 3220-54.1 [3222] (Continued) PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.1 [3222] (Concluded) Growth form Plant associations Growth form Plant associations Low to medium shrubs -- (Cont inued) Lesser vegeta- tion Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Interior Chaparral (Continued Rhus trilobata ‘Sophora spp. Andropogon barbinodis Aristida longiseta Bouteloua curtipendula Squawbush Sophora Cane beardgrass Red three-awn Side-oats grama Bouteloua eriopoda Black grama Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama Eragrostis Planis lovegrass Lycurus phleoides Wolftail Muhlenbergia porter i Bush muhly Habitat: Semidesert Grassland Acacia greggii Cat-claw Agave deserti Desert agave Celtis reticulata Netleaf hackberry splendens juniperus monosperma Prosopis juliflora Sapindus drummondt Yucca baccata Yucca elata Acacia constricta Agave palmeri Agave parryi Agave shottii Artemisia filifolia Calliandra eriophylla Condalia ericoides Condalia Tycioides Condalia spathulata Ephedra antisyphilitica phedra trifurca Ferocactus wislizenii Gossypium thurberi Gutierrezia Tucida Gutierrezia sarothrae Hap Opappus tenuisectus Hoffmanseggia spp. Lycium spp. Mimosa biuncifera Mimosa dysocarpa Nolina microcarpa Nolina texana Opuntia chlorotica Opuntia imbricata jpuntia leptocaulis Opuntia phaeacantha Opuntia spinosior Rhus choriophylla Sphaeralcea spp. Yucca torreyi Andropogon barbinodis Aristida spp. Boute joua chondrosioides Bouteloua curtipendula BouteToua griopoda Bouteloua filiformis BouteToua gracilis BouteToua hirsuta BouteToua rothrockii Croton spp. Croton texensis Eragrostis intermedia ragrostis lehmanniana eet contortus iTaria belangeri aria mutica Lycurus phleoides continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Ocotillo One-seeded juniper Mesquite Western soapberry Spanish dagger Soaptree yucca White-thorn Palmer agave Parry agave Shott agave Sand sagebrush False mesquite Javelina bush White crucillo Mexican crucillo Joint-fir Mormon tea Barrel cactus Desert cotton Yellow-green matchweed Snakeweed Burroweed Rat potato Wolfberry Wait-a-minute bush Velvet pod mimosa Bear grass Bear grass Pancake pear cactus Tree cholla Desert Christmas cactus Prickly pear Cane cholla Mearns sumac Globe mallow Spanish bayonet Cane beardgrass Three-awn Sprucetop grama Side-oats grama Black grama Slender grama Blue grama Hairy grama Rothrock grama Dove weed Dove weed Plains lovegrass Lehmann lovegrass Tanglehead Curly mesquite Tobosa-grass Wolftail Lesser vegeta- tion (Continued) Interior Chaparral (Continued Muhlenbergia spp. Muh lenberaia porter Panicum obtusum Sitanion hystrix SoYanum elaeagifolium Sporobolus spp. po Sporobolus wrightii richachne californica Tridens puchellus nnia grandiflora Zinnia pumila Muhly Bush muhly Vine mesquite Squirreltail Nightshade Dropseed Sacaton California cottontop Fluffgrass Desert zinnia Desert zinnia Habita Madrean Evergreen Woodland Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs and cacti, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Juniperus deppeana inus latifol nus phyla ie Pinus ponderosa Quercus arizonica luercus emoryt Quercus grisea Arbutus arizonic Cupressus arizon Pinus cembroides Quercus emoryi Quercus hypo Teucoides Quercus oblongifolia Quercus reticulata Eysenhardtia polystachya Juniperus monosperma Agave Agave parryi Arctostaphylos pungens Echinocereus pectinatus Erythrina flabelliformis Mammillaria gummifera Mimosa biuncifera palmeri Andropogon barbinodis Bouteloua curtipendula Bouteloua gracilis Elyonurus barbiculmus Lycurus phleoides Muhlenbergia emers leyi xalis spp. Alligator juniper Apache pine Chihuahua pine Ponderosa pine Arizona white pine Emory oak Gray oak Arizona madrone Arizona cypress Mexican pinyon Emory oak Silverleaf oak Mexican blue oak Netleaf oak Kidneywood One-seeded juniper Palmer agave Parry agave Pointleaf manzanita Rainbow cactus Coral bean Cream cactus Wait-a-minute bush Cane bluestem Side-oats grama Blue grama Woolspike balsam- scale Wolftail Bullgrass Wood-sorrel 54 163 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.1 [3221R] Selected Plant Species Common to the Creosote Bush Section in Riparian Habitats Growth form Plant associations 164 Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Populus fremontii Chilopsis linearis Fraxinus spp. Prosopis juliflora Prosopis pubescens alix gooddingii Salix lasiolepis Acacia greggii Tamai pentandra Allenrolfea occidentalis Atriplex confertifolia — Reriptex lentiformts Baccharis spp. Baccharis glutinosa Juncus spp. Juncus torreyi Mentzelia spp. Phragmites communis Scirpus spp. Scirpus paludosus essaria sericea ypha angustifolia Carex spp. Cucurbita palmata Dalea mollis Distichlis spicata Eleocharis spp. Helianthus annuus Hibiscus spp. Uotus rigidus Nemacladus glanduliferus Uenothera multijuga Potamogeton spp. Rorippa spp. arcostemma spp. Suaeda septs Vitis arizonica Fremont cottonwood Desert-willow Ash Mesquite Screwbean mesquite Goodding willow Arroyo willow Cat-claw Saltcedar Iodinebush Shadscale Big saltbush Baccharis Seepwi low Rush Rush Blazing-star Reed Bulrush Salt-marsh bulrush Arrow-weed Narrow-leaved cat-tail Sedge Coyote-melon Indigobush Saltgrass Spikerush Sunf lower Rose mallow Deer vetch Nemacladus Evening-primrose Pondweed Watercress Climbing milkweed Inkweed Canyon grape Table 3220-54.1 [3222R] Selected Plant Species Common to the Creosote Bush—Bur Sage Section in Riparian Habitats Growth form Plant association Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Populus fremontii Chilopsis linearis Prosopis juliflora Prosopis pubescens Salix bonplandiana Acacia gregqgii Celtis reticulata Tamarix pentandra Allenrolfea occidentalis Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex polycarpa Baccharis spp. Baccharis glutinosa Celtis pa peitids = Tondalia Tycioides ‘Juncus spp. Phragmi tes communis Pluchea camphorata Scirpus spp. Scirpus paludosus Tessaria sericea ypha spp. Bromus rubens SPP. ae spp. a palmata Cynodon dactylon Distichlis spicata Erodium cicutarium Janusia gracilis NemacTadus glanduliferus Suaeda torreyana Vitis arizonica Fremont cottonwood Goodding willow Desert-willow Mesquite Screwbean mesquite Bonplad willow Cat-claw Netleaf hackberry Saltcedar Todinebush Shadscale Desert saltbush Baccharis Seepwillow Desert hackberry Gray-thorn Rush Reed Camphor-weed Bulrush Salt-marsh bulrush Arrow-weed Cat-tail Red brome Sedge Mustard Coyote-melon Bermuda grass Saltgrass Filaree Janusia Nemacladus Inkweed Canyon grape CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the American Desert (Mohave—Colorado— Sonoran) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White fir (balsam fir) Common in conifer Large evergreen Cone 3-5 in, Seeds eaten by song- Abies concolor forest, 5,500- tree, 80-150 ft, pollinates in birds; browsed by Hoopes 10,000 ft conical crown spring deer 3221 Hairy sand verbena Open sandy areas Annual, 5-12 in Narrow, oblong Abronia villosa at base of sand Wats. dunes, below 3221 3,000 ft White-thorn (mescat Washes, slopes, Spreading shrub, Glabrous pod Seeds eaten by dove Common along washes; acacia) mesas, 2,000- 2-10 ft splitting when and quail; browsed by a weed on range- Acacia constricta 5,000 ft, sun ripe, spring rabbit Tands Benth. 3222 Cat-claw (devil's claw, Washes, mesas, Large shrub to Pod 2.5-5 in Seeds eaten by dove, Often abundant una degato) to 5,000 ft small tree, to and quail; roosting Acacia greggii 25 ft tree for quail Gray 3221, 3222 Goldenhead Gravelly or sandy Shrub, 1-1.5 ft Achene Acamptopappus slopes and mesas, sphaerocephalus at 1,500-4,000 ft Harv. & Gray 3221 Desert agave Rocky gravelly Succulent shrub Brown, cylindro- Dried stems used as Agave deserti slopes in desert 6-27 in. diameter, idal 1.5-2 in, nesting sites for ngelm. mountains, 500- leaves spiny mar- June woodpeckers 3222 3,500 ft gined, flower stalks 6.5-18 in Palmer agave (mescal Locally common in Leaf cluster 1.5- Capsule, many century plant) rocky foothills 4.5 ft seeded, June-July Agave palmeri and mountains Engelm. grasslands, 3222 3,500-6,500 ft, sun Parry agave (mescal) Common in mountains Numerous crowded Capsule, many May spread by Agave parryi 4,500-8,000 ft, leaves forming a underground sprouts ngelm. sun rounded cluster 3222 2-3 ft diameter Shott agave (amole) Abundant on dry Succulent shrub Capsule Forming mats Agave shottii rocky mountain 12-16 in diameter spreading vegeta- rager im. slopes, desert tively, valuable 3222 grasslands, lower in erosion control oak woodlands, 3, 300-6 ,500 ft Pickleweed (iodinebush) Highly alkaline Shrub, 1-5 ft Berrylike, May-Nov. Allenrolfea flats and sinks, occidentalis salt marshes, Wats.) Ktze. floodplains 3222 Canyon ragweed Sandy washes, Shrub, to 3 ft Fruit heads with Ambrosia ambrosioides canyon bottoms, lateral spikes Cai sun 3222 Triangle bur sage Alluvial plains, Shrub, .5-2.5 ft Flattened, spiny (bur sage) rocky slopes, fruiting heads Ambrosia deltoidea bajadas, sun Cav. 3222 White bur sage Mesas, alluvial Low busy shrub, Small fruiting Fruit eaten by small Ambrosia dumosa slopes and plains, .5-1 ft heads with broad mammals Gray 500-2,500 ft spine 3221, 3222 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 165 54 Table 3220-54.2_ (Continued) CHAPTER 2 166 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Woolly bur sage ia eriocentra Ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya 0c 3221" Utah serviceberry Amelanchier utahensis Koehne™ 3221 Mock locust (stinking willow) Amorpha californica Nutt. 3221, 3222 Cane beardgrass (cane bluestem) Andropogon barbinodis Lag. 3221, 3222 Arizona madrone (madrono) Arbutus arizonica BuckT. 3222 Greenleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos patula Greene 3221 Manzanita Arctostaphylos ringlei Barry 3221, 3222 Pointleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos pungens HBK. 3221, 3222 Three-awn Aristada spp. L. 3222 Red three-awn awn) Aristida longiseta Steud. 3221, 3222 (three- Sagebrush (wormwood) Artemisia spp. L. 3221 Sand sagebrush Artemisia filifolia Tome Sagebrush Artem Nutt. 3221 Black sagebrush Artemisia nova A. Nels. 3221 Sandy soil often in washes, 1,500- 5,000 ft Along streams and roadsides, 2,500- 7,000 ft, sun Dry rocky slopes, 2,000-7,000 ft Along streams, 5,000-6,500 ft Ory rocky or sandy slopes, plains and road- sides, below 6,000 ft, sun Mountains in oak woodland, 4,000- 8,000 ft, sun Coniferous for- est, 7,000-8,500 ft, sun Ory slopes, often with cypress, 4,000-6,500 ft, sun Ory slopes, 3,500- 8,000 ft, sun Dry open slopes, woodlands Arid, snady and rocky hills, plateaus, forest openings, 5,000- 8,500 ft Throughout the sagebrush desert, 2,500-10,000 ft Loose sandy soil, 4,000-6,000 ft Dry slope, canyons, open forest, 2,500- 8,000 ft, sun Ory slopes, mesas, shallow stony soil, 6,000-8,000 ft, sun Smal] shrub, to 3 ft Weedy forb, 1-3 ft Shrub to small tree, 3-18 ft Shrub, 4-10 ft Tufted perennial grass, 30-70 in Evergreen tree, 20-50 ft, compact crown Low shrub, 3 ft Shrub, 6 ft Shrub, 3-5 ft Tufted perennial grass Perennial bunch- grass, 4-14 in Herb or shrub, 12-40 in Undershrub, 12-40 in Forb, 1-2.5 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Fusiform Achene, July- Oct. Berry, summer Pod, summer Grain, June-Nov. Berrylike, fleshy drupe, Apr.-Sept. Several seeded round fruit, May- June Several seeded berry, Apr.-June Several seeded berry, Feb.-May Grain, July-Nov. Long-awned grain, May-Nov. Achene Achene Achene, Aug.-Nov. Achene, Aug.-Sept. continued Same as A. dumosa Plant eaten by deer, rabbit, pronghorn; seeds eaten by quail Browsed by deer Plant eaten by antelope Fruit eaten by song- birds and gamebirds; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by song- birds; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by song- birds and gamebirds; browsed by deer Same as A. pringlei Plant eaten by jack- rabbit Plant eaten by rabbit and deer Plant eaten by rabbit and deer Browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Plant eaten by rabbit, deer, sheep Plant eaten by rabbit and deer Good range plant; drought resistant Very fire resist- ant, forms thickets Common plant of open chaparral, forms thickets Mature seeds may be injurious to live- stock Absent in Nevada Valuable browse plant in winter and early spring Often on limestone PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 NEE SSR RN AO OR NC pi re ane Rae Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Nutt. 3221 Plains, mesas, rocky Slopes, in pinyon pine, 5,000-8,000 Ft Mojave aster (desert Ory rocky hills aster) and slopes, below Aster abatus 6,000 ft Blake 3221 Four-wing saltbush (wingscale, chamiso) Atriplex canescens Parsh- 3222 Moderately alka- line slopes, to 7,000 ft Alkaline mesas and plains in sagebrush and creosote desert, 2,500-6,000 ft Shadscale (spiny salt- bush) Atriplex confertifolia orr. & Frem. 3221 Quailbrush (shadscale, big saltbush, lenscale) Atriplex lentiformis Torr.) Wats. Alkaline soils, below 7,000 ft 3222 Desert saltbush (cattle Alkaline plains, spinach) 400-3,000 ft Atriplex polycarpa orr. 3222 In conifer wood- land, 4,000- 7,000 ft Barberry (hollygrape) Berberis fremontii Orr 3221 Barberry (red mahonia) Berberis haematocarpa Woot 3221, 3222 Dry rocky soils, 4,500-5,000 ft, sun Oregon-grape Berberis repens TindT. 3221 Coniferous forest, 5,000-8,500 ft Pine dropseed (hairy dropseed) Blepharoneuron tricholepis orr. flash 3221 Rocky slopes, dry open forest, 4,500-9,500 ft, sun Sprucetop grama Bouteloua chondrostoides HBK. 3222 Dry rocky slopes, rolling desert grasslands, 2,500- 6,000 ft Side-oats grama Bouteloua curtipendula Michx. 3221, 3222 Rocky slopes, wood- lands, forest open- ings, plains, to 7,000 ft, sun Black grama Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. 3221, 3222 Ory, sandy pla- teaus, rocky slopes, 3,500-6,000 ft, sun Slender grama Bouteloua filiformis ourn.) Gr ths 3222 Ory rocky slopes, below 5,000 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Shrub, 1-7 ft Perennial herb 4 in or less Shrub, 3-6 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Erect shrub, 3-9 ft Round shrubs, 3 ft Shrub, 3-9 ft Shrub, to 6 ft Spreading, low shrub, 1 ft Erect, densely tufted perennial grass, 8-24 in Tufted erect per- ennial grass, 12-24 in Erect, tufted per- ennial grass, 14-40 in Low, tufted peren- nial grass, 8-35 in Slender erect per- ennial grass, 12-18 in Achene, July-Oct. Hairy achene Smal} winged fruit Flat winged fruit Ovate flattened fruit Flat and disc like Berry, late spr'ing-summer Berry, summer Round, black berries, Apr.-June Grain, July-Nov. Grain, Aug.-Nov. Grain, May-Nov. Long-awned grain, July-Nov. Grain, July-Nov. continued RRR SCS tN 0 eR PE a meena Browsed by rabbit and deer Good growth indi- cates deep, fer- tile non-saline soil Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, deer, sheep Seeds eaten by quail and songbirds; browsed by rabbit and sheep Fruit eaten by water- Halophyte occurring fowl and quail; browsed with Sarcobatus by rabbit, deer, ante- lope Fruit eaten by quail, and songbirds; browsed by rabbit and deer Browsed deer by rabbit and Same as B. fremontii Forms excellent ground cover to check erosion Same as B. fremontii Plant eaten by deer Good forage species Highly favored range species Plant eaten by rabbit, deer, bighorn sheep, antelope Plant eaten by rabbit, deer, antelope Good range grass; fast growing; highly palatable Same as B. curtipendula Drought adapted climax species; easily overgrazed Able to persist on badly abused ranges Plant eaten by rabbit, deer, antelope, big- horn sheep 167 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2_ (Continued) 168 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes : Blue grama Open rocky slopes, Tufted perennial Grain, July-Nov. Plant eaten by rabbit Excellent range Bouteloua gracilis plains, forest grass, 10-30 in and deer grass, adapted to HK. openings, meadows, drought and heavy 3221, 3222 4,000-8,000 ft grazing Hairy grama Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. 3222 Rothrock grama Bouteloua -rothrockii Vasey 3222 California brickellia Brickellia californica Gray 3221, 3222 Mountain brome Bromus marginatus Nees 3221 Elephant-tree (torote, copal, elephant bursera) Bursera microphylla ray 3222 False mesquite (fairy duster, huajillo, hairy- leaved calliandra) Calliandra eriophylla Benth. 3222 Crucifixion thorn Canotia holacantha Torr. 3222 Buckbrush (deer-brier) Ceanothus fendleri ray 3221 California lilac (desert ceanothus) Ceanothus greggii Gray 3221, 3222 Deer brush Ceanothus integerrimus Hook) Arn, 3221, 3222 Spiny hackberry (desert hackberry) Celtis pallida Torr. 3222 Netleaf hackberry (cumero, paloblanco, western hackberry) Celtis reticulata orr. 3222 Blue paloverde (border paloverde) Cercidium floridum Benth. 3222 Rocky slopes, dry sandy mesas, plains and rocky hills, 1,000-6,000 ft Dry sandy soils, mesas, Canyons, slopes, below 6,000 ft Washes, dry rocky slopes, below 8,000 ft, sun Woodlands and forest openings, above 5,500 ft Dry desert slopes, 1,000-2,500 ft Desert slopes, mesas, 2,000- 5,000 ft Dry slopes and mesas, 2,000- 5,000 ft Foothills, moun- tains, common in pine forests, 5,000-10,000 ft, sun and shade Dry slopes, 3,500-7,500 ft Chaparral and open coniferous forest, 3,500-7,000 ft, sun and shade Foothills, mesas, 1,500-3,500 ft Streams, canyons, washes, moist soil, 3,500-6,000 ft Desert washes and valleys, to 4,000 ft, sun Erect perennial grass, 10-30 in Erect perennial grass, 10-24 in Shrub, 1.5-3 ft Perennial grass, 16-40 in Deciduous shrub to small tree, to 20 ft Low rounded bushy shrub, 1-3 ft Large shrub or smal] tree with dense spine-t ipped branches 10-15 ft Shrub to 3 ft, form ing low thickets Shrub, 3-6 ft Loosely branched deciduous shrub, 3-8 ft Spiny, densely branched deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft Deciduous large shrub to small tree, to 30 ft, spreading crown Small tree, to 30 ft Hairy grain, July-Nov. Grain, Aug.-Nov. Achene, fall Grain, Aug.-Nov. Drupelike, one- seeded Hairy pod, spring Woody capsule, May-Aug. 3-celled capsule, Apr.-Oct. Capsule, summer Round 3-celled capsule, May-Oct. Oval, one-seeded drupe, spring One-seeded drupe Flattened pod, Mar .-May continued Same as B. gracilis Plant eaten by rabbit, deer, antelope Seeds eaten by game- birds Plant eaten by deer and antelope Seeds eaten by dove; browsed by deer Browsed by deer Same as C. fendleri Same as C. fendleri Fruit eaten by dove, quail, numerous smal1 species, browsed by deer Fruit eaten by game- birds Seeds eaten by mammals and birds Important range grass, moderate palatability Good forage grass Locally common, rare north of Southern Arizona Valuable browse and erosion control Often forms thick- ets, ornamental CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Yellow paloverde (little- Foothills, desert Small tree to 25 ft, Cylindric pod, Same as C. floridum leaf paloverde, little- slopes, 500-4,000 spreading crown Mar..-May leaf horse bean, foothill ft paloverde) Cercidium microphy11um (Crorr.) Rose © dobnst 3222 Birchleaf mountain- Mountains, 3,000- Shrub to small Hairy achene, Browsed by deer and mahogany 8,000 ft tree, to 20 ft summer-f al] antelope Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. Titi] 3221, 3222 Hairy mountain-mahogany Dry slopes, moun- Evergreen shrub or — Hairy achene, Same as C. betuliodes Absent west of (Wright mountain-mahog- tainsides, 5,000- tree, to 15 ft or summer-f all li) Arizona any) 8,000 ft more Cercocarpus breviflorus Gray 3221, 3222 Curlleaf mountain- Generally in pine Evergreen tree or Hairy achene, Browsed by deer mahogany woods, 5,000- shrub, to 20 ft spring-summer Cercocarpus ledifolius 9,000 ft Nutt. 3221 Saguaro (giant cactus) Rocky or gravelly Columnar tree, Ovoid to ellip- Fruit eaten by many — Absent _in New Mex- Cereus giganteus soils of foothills, 9-50 ft soid juicy fruits, birds and mammals; ico EngeTm. canyons, bajadas, many small seeds — nesting sites for 3222 washes, 600-3,600 many birds ft Organpipe cactus Rocky or sandy Large cactus, Fleshy, many Only in Arizona (pitahaya) hills, mesas, columnar branches, small seeds Cereus thurberi valleys, 1,000- 9-20 ft Engelm. 3,500 ft 3222 Fernbush Dry rocky slopes, Aromatic leafy Leathery, few- Browsed by sheep and Of ten occurring Chamaebatiaria 4,500-8,000 ft, shrub, 2-6 ft seeded capsule, deer with juniper and millefolium sun July-Nov. pinyon orr.) Maxim 3221 Desert-willow (desert Mostly along Large shrub to small Long, narrow pod Good soil binder catalpa) washes, in foot- tree, to 30 ft Chilopsis linearis hills and deserts av. 3221, 3222 Rabbit brush Dry rocky slopes, Small shrub, 4-5 in Achene, summer- Browsed by rabbit, Chrysothamnus depressus plains, 5,000-7,000 fall antelope, deer Nutt. ft 3221 Rabbit brush Dry plains and Shrub, .5-6 ft Achene, summer- Same as C. depressus Chrysothamnus nauseosus hills, 5,000- fall Britt, 9,000 ft 3221, 3222 Parry rabbit brush Open pine forests, Shrub, 1-3 ft Achene, Aug.-Sept. Seeds eaten by song- Chrysothamnus parryi 5,500-9,000 ft, sun birds; browsed by Greene rabbit, deer, ante- 3221 lope Blackbrush Dry slopes and Shrub, 1.5-4.5 ft One-seeded achene Coleogyne ramosissima mesas in creosote Torr. and sagebrush 3221 deserts, 3,000- 5,000 ft Javelina bush Ory plains, mesas, Shrub to 5 ft One-seeded drupe, Fruit eaten by dove, Condalia ericoides at lower elevations summer pigeons, fox M.C. Johnst. 3222 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 169 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) Species White crucillo (grayleaf abrojo, lotebush, gray- thorn) Condalia lycioides Gray 3222 Mexican crucillo (spiny abrojo) Condalia spathulata Gray 3222 Cliffrose Cowania mexicana D. Don 3221, 3222 Dove weed Croton spp. t 3222 Dove weed (Texas croton) Croton texensis Klotzsch 3222 Arizona cypress (rough- bark Arizona cypress, smooth cypfess, smooth Arizona cypress) Cupressus arizonica Greene 3222 Fremont dalea Dalea fremontii Smoke tree (smokethorn, indigobush, smokethorn dalea) Dalea spinosa Gray 3222 Hopbush Dondonaea viscosa jacq. 3222 Hedgehog cactus Echinocereus spp. nge tm. 3222 Rainbow cactus Echinocereus pectinatus Scheidw. 3222 Woolspike balsamscale Elyonurus barbiculmus jack 3222 Brittle bush (incienso) Encelia farinosa Gray 3221, 3222 Joint-fir (clapweed, popote, vine ephedra) Ephedra antisyphilitica oR Mey. 3222 Habitat Mesas, slopes, in desert and desert grassland, 1,500- 4,500 ft Sandy, gravelly, well-drained soil, mesas and slopes of deserts and desert grasslands, 2,500-4,500 Rocky hills and plateaus on lime- stone formations, 3,500-8,000 ft Canyon bottoms, dry stream beds, 200-7,000 ft Roadsides, fields, dry stream beds Canyons, mountains, oak woodlands, 3,500-7,200 ft Plains and slopes of creosote and sagebrush deserts, 2,000-3,000 ft Washes in frost- free locations, to 1,500 ft Ory, rocky, slopes and canyons, often on limestone, 2,000- 5,000 ft Rocky hillsides, to sandy plains, 2,000-5,000 ft Limestone hills, 3,500-5,200 ft Dry, rocky slopes and plains, desert grasslands, juni- per-oak woodlands Ory rocky slopes and mesas, to 3,000 ft Gravelly, rocky soil on plains, hills, arroyos, ravines, canyons Form Straggly shrub, 3-9 ft Compact ly and densely branched shrub, 3-5 ft Evergreen shrub, 3-6 Ft Herbs or shrubs Annual shrub, to 12 in Medium sized tree, 30 ft Shrub, 1-6 ft Small spiny tree to large shrub, to 20 ft Shrub to 12 ft Cylindrical fleshy stems, to 2 ft, solitary awn clumps Columnar, 4-6 in Perennial grass, 16-32 in Low branch ing shrub, 1.5-3 ft Fruit Thin skin one- seeded drupe Black or purplish drupe, bitter Hairy achene, late spring-fall One-3 seeded cap- sule 1-3 seeded cap- sule, with large oily seeds Short stalked round cone 2-seeded pod Eggshaped pod Ory fruit with broad wings, Feb.- Oct. Globular or ellip- soid, fleshy Spiny, green fleshy Grain, July-Nov Achene, Nov.-May Erect or spreading Cone shrub, to 3 ft continued General wildlife use Notes Fruit eaten by Gambel's Common, often forms quail, pigeon, dove, fox Fruit eaten by dove and fox Browsed by deer Seeds eaten by dove and quail; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by dove and quail; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit and deer thickets Very scattered and localized, proba- bly relic popula- tions Increases on over- grazed ranges, un- palatable to live- stock Good forage grass Common to locally abundant 170 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mormon tea (Mexican tea, longleaf joint- fir, popotilla, tepo- sote, canatilia) Ephedra trifurca Torr. 3222 Mormon tea Ephedra viridis Coville 3221 Plains lovegrass Eragrostis intermedia Hitche. 3221, 3222 Lehmann lovegrass Eragrostis lehmanniana lees 3222 Fleabane (wild daisy) Erigeron divergens orr.) Gray 3221 Wild daisy (fleabane) Erigeron flagelaris Gray 3221 Yerba santa Eriodictyon angustifolium utt. 3221, 3222 Wild buckwheat (desert buckwheat) Eriogonum deserticola Wats. 3222 Deer buckwheat Eriogonum wrightii orr.. 3222 Coral bean (southwestern coral bean, western coral bean, chilicote, Indian bean) Erythrina fTabeTliformis Winter-fat Eurotia lanata Pursh. 3221 Kidneywood (varadulce) Eysenhardtia polystachya Ortega 3222 Apache plume Fallugia paradoxa ndl. 3221, 3222 Mesas, plains and sandy hills of deserts and desert grasslands, to 5,000 ft Arid slopes, mesas, 3,000-7,000 ft Sandy or rocky slopes and plains, 3,500-6,000 ft Semi-arid ranges, open prairies and slopes Ory slopes, mesas, to open pine woods, 1,000-9,000 ft, sun Open coniferous forest, mountain meadows, 3,000- 9,500 ft Dry slopes, 2,000- 7,000 ft Desert flats and sand dunes Arid lands, 3,000-7,000 ft Ory rocky slopes, washes, Canyons of foothills and mountains, 3,000- 6,500 ft Slopes, plains in sagebrush and creosote deserts, 2,500-7,000 ft Bushy areas with highly calcareous soil Dry rocky slopes, 4,000-5,500 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Smal] shrubby bush, to 2 ft Erect shrub, 1-3 ft Tufted erect per- ennial grass, 22- 35 in Tufted perennial grass, 20-28 in Forb, 6-30 in Forb, 6-30 in Shrub, up to 6.5 ft Erect shrub, to 5 ft Herb or shrub, to 2.5 ft Shrub to smal} tree, to 15 ft Shrub, 8-32 in Shrub, 6-10 ft Shrub, 1-5 ft Cone Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, deer, sheep Naked seed, summer Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by antelope, deer, rabbit Grain, July-Nov. Grain, July-Nov. Achene, Feb.-Oct. Achene, Apr.-Sept. Capsule, summer- fall Browsed by deer Achene Seeds eaten by quail and songbird; browsed by deer and songbird Achene, June-Oct. Seeds eaten by game- birds and songbirds; browsed by rabbit and deer Several-seeded pod Bract, villous Legume, summer- fall Achene, summer continued Used to reseed rangeland; good soil binder Introduced, wel] established Common throughout desert Valuable forage 171 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) 172 Species Fendlerella Fendlerella utahensis Wats.) Heller 3221 Barrel cactus Ferocactus wislizenii (Engetm.) Britt. & Rose 3221, 3222 Arizona fescue Festuca arizonica Vasey 3221 Ocotillo (coachwhip, candlewood) Fouquieria splendens Engelm. 3222 Flannel bush (California fremont) Fremontia californica orr. 3221, 3222 Silk-tassel Garrya flavescens Wats. 3221, 3222 Silk-tassel Garrya wrightii Torr. 3221, 3222 Desert cotton (thurberia, algodoncillo) Gossypium thurberi ‘od. 3222 Spiny hop-sage Grayia spinosa 00} 3221 Yellow-green matchweed (snakeweed) Gutierrezia lucida reene 3222 Snakeweed (broom snake- weed) Gutierrezia sarothrae Pursh.) Britt. & Rusby 3221, 3222 Turpentine-brush Hap lopappus aricifolius Gray 3221, 3222 Burroweed Haplopappus tenuisectus Gray 3221, 3222 Habitat Dry open pine woods, 5,000- 8,000’ Ft, sun Rocky, gravelly or sandy soils of hills, canyons, washes, alluvial fans, 1,000- 5,600 ft Forest, mountain meadows, 6,000- 10,000 ft Dry slopes, mesas, to 5,000 ft Dry north facing slopes, canyons, 3,500-6,00 ft Dry slopes, 3,000-8,000 ft Ory slopes, 3,000-8,000 ft, sun Rocky, gravelly mountain slopes and canyons, in desert and desert grasslands, 2,500-4,500 ft Alkaline plains, slopes in creo- sote and sage- brush deserts, 2,500-7,000 ft Alluvial plains, slopes, hillsides of desert grass- land, oak wood- land and pinyon- juniper, 1,000- 7,000 ft Plains, slopes, in upper desert, desert grass- Jands, 3,000- 7,000 ft Mesas, slopes, canyons, 3,000- 6,000 ft Alluvial plains, slopes in desert and desert grass- lands, 2,000- 5,500 Ft Form Small, much branched shrub, 1-3 ft Barrel to columnar, 2-10 ft Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 18- 36 in Thorny, deciduous shrub with tall, unbranched whip- like stems, 6-27 ft Shrub, 4-12 ft Evergreen shrub, to 6 ft Large evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft Shrub, 3-6 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Halfshrub with woody stem, 1-3 ft Shrub, .5-1 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Round shrub, 1-2 ft Fruit Capsule, June- Sept. Fleshy, many seeded yellow, July-Sept. Grain, June-Sept. 3-celled capsule, splitting when ripe, Apr.-June Capsule, summer Berry-like, spring Berry, Mar.-Aug. Capsule with wooly seeds Fruit in flattened bracts Achene, June-Oct. Smal achene, July-Nov. Cylindric achene, Aug.-Nov. Cylindric achene continued General wildlife use Fruit eaten by many mammals Seeds eaten by song- birds; plant eaten by deer Browsed by bighorn sheep Browsed by deer Same as G. flavescens Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Notes Invader of deplet- ed ranges; poison- ous to livestock when consumed in large quantities CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Tanglehead Open dry rocky or Tufted erect peren- Long-awned grain, Important range Heteropogon contortus sandy plains and nial grass, 8-35 in Mar.-June grass t slopes, below 3222 Curly mesquite Hilaria belangeri Streud. 3222 Tobosa-grass Hilari i Buck’ 3222 Big galleta Hilaria rigida Benth. 3222 Rat potato (hog potato, camote-de-raton) Hof fmanseggia spp. Tav. 3222 Crucifixion thorn (holacantha, corona de cristo) Holacantha emoryi Gray 3222 Ocean spray (foam bush, mountain spray, cream- bush) Holodiscus dumosus Gray —Sstst=CS 3222 Desert lavender Hyptis emoryi Torr. 3222 Cliffbush Jamesia americana orr. & Gray 3221 Alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana Steud. 3222 One-seeded juniper Juniperus monosperma Engelm.) Sarg. 3221, 3222 Utah juniper (western juniper) Juniperus osteosperma Torr.) Little 3221 Rocky Mountain juniper (western juniper) Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. 3221 5,000 ft Rocky slopes, dry hillsides, sandy plains, 1,500- 6,000 ft Dry exposed sandy or rocky slopes and plains, 2,000-6,000 ft Rocky or sandy plains and foot hills, below 4,000’ Ft Gravelly washes, canyons to culti- vated fields, 500- 5,000 ft Desert valleys on clay soil, sand dunes, 500-2,000 ft Pine or spruce forests, often on cliffs, 5,500- 10,000’ Ft, sun Washes and foot- hills slopes, sea level to 4,000 ft Moist canyons, along streams in coniferous for- ests, 7,500-9,500 ft, sun Moist soil along streams or scat- tered on hillside in oak woodland or ponderosa pine forest, 4,500- 8,000 ft, sun Ory hills, mesas, 3,000-7,000 ft, foothills, pinyon- juniper woodland Dry plains, pla- teaus, hills, often’ in pure stands or with pinyon, 3,000- 7,500 ft, sun Scattered in moun- tains and canyons of pinyon-juniper woodland and lower ponderosa pine, 5,000-9,000 ft, sun SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Tufted perennial grass, 10-15 in Perennial grass, 12-30 in Coarse perennial grass, 14-40 in Perennial herb or shrub with wand- like branches, 2-3 ft Spiny shrub to small tree, to 12 ft Aromatic, deciduous shrub, 3 ft Shrub, to 9 ft Deciduous shrub, 1-6 ft Tree, 20-65 ft, round crown Shrub to small ever- green tree, conical crown, 10-25 ft Small] evergreen tree, broad, round crown, 15-40 ft Smal] to medium ever- green tree, narrow, pointed open crown, 20-50 ft Grain, Apr.-Nov. Grain, June-Nov. Grain, Mar.-Nov. Pod Drupelike carpel June-July One-seeded folli- cle, June-Sept. Long smooth nutlet Dry beaked cap- sule, June-July Berrylike fleshy cone, pollinates in spring One-seeded berry- like cone, matures in 1 yr Berrylike brown cone, pollinates in spring Berrylike cone, pollinates in spring continued Plant eaten by deer and bighorn sheep Verdin and black- tailed gnatcatcher nest in this plant Fruit eaten by deer, quail, bear, fox Important food and cover for numerous species Same as J. monosperma Same as J. monosperma Can form large colony via stolons, holds under heavy grazing Often in shifting sands Tubers are edible; hog feed; good soil binder Most common juni- per in Arizona Fastest growing juniper 173 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) Species Mountain junegrass (prairie junegrass) Koeleria cristata Fens. 7] Ff 3221 White ratany Krameria grayi Rose & Painter 3222 Ratany Krameria parvifolia Benth. 3221, 3222 Creosote bush (grease- wood) Larrea divaricata Cav. 3221, 3222 Wolfberry Lycium spp. U 3222 Anderson thornbush (Anderson lycium) Lycium andersonii Gray 3221, 3222 Pale lycium Lycium pallidum Miers. 3221 Wolftail (Texas-timothy) Lycurus phleoides He 3221, 3222 Cream cactus Mammi aria gummifera Enge lm, 3222 Fish-hook cactus Mami aria microcarpa Engelm. 3222 Spiny menodora Menodora spinescens Gray 3221 Blazing-star (Venus blazing-star) Mentzelia nitens Green 3221 Wait-a-minute bush (cat-claw, wait-a-bit) Mimosa biuncifera Benth. 3221, 3222 Velvet pod mimosa Mimosa dysocarpa Benth. 3222 174 Habitat Prairie, open woods, sandy soils, rocky slopes, below 9,000 ft Dry plains, mesas, 509-5,000 Ft Dry rocky slopes, gravelly plains, 500-5,000 ft Alluvial plains, foothills, slopes, to 4,000 ft Plains, slopes, 1,000-7,000 ft Washes, mesas and foothills of creosote and sagebrush deserts, up to 5,500 ft Desert plains and slopes, 3,000- 7,000 ft Open rocky slopes, plains, below 8,000 ft Rocky or gravelly limestone soils, 4,000-4,500 ft Sandy gravel of canyons, washes, alluvial fans and plains, 1,000- 5,000 ft Dry flats and rocky slopes, to 2,500 ft Sandy areas at 3,000 ft or lower, on lower parts of sand dunes Dry soil on mesas, rocky slopes, 3,000-6,000 ft Hillside, slopes, in desert grass- lands and oak woodlands, 4,000- 6,000 Ft Form Tufted or bunched perennial grass, 14-28 in Low branched shrub, 1-? ft. Shrub, 1-1.5 ft Shrub, usually 3-6 ft Spreading to erect spiny shrub, 3-9 ft Round shrub, 3-9 ft Shrub, 3-6 in Tufted erect per- ennial, 8-25 in Globose, to 4 in Cylindroid cactus, 3-6 in Small shrub Smal} shrub with white stem Spiny deciduous shrub, 2-6 ft Spiny deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft Fruit General wildlife use Grain, May-Oct. Plant eaten by deer Round, thick walled spiny one- seeded, Apr.-Sept. Smal] burr with several spines, Apr.-Oct. Five-celled cap- sule, spiny, spring Browsed by rabbit and smal] mammals Fruit eaten by dove and quail Many-seeded berry Red, juicy, many-seeded, Feb.- Apr. Same as Lyci un SPP. Many-seeded juicy Same as Lycium spp. berry, Apr.-June Awned grain, July- Nov. Smooth berry, summer Smooth berry with small seeds, summer ?-seeded capsule Sharply angled Seeds eaten by quail tuberculate seeds Browsed by deer; cover for deer and rabbit Many seeded leguine, May-Aug. ‘ Long prickly pod continued Notes Good forage, rarely locally abundant Relished by live- stock Relished by live- stock Most common and widely distribu- ted shrub in desert Valuable range grass Only in Arizona Often forms large, dense thickets; good soil binder Palatable to live- stock CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Muhly Dry open slopes Perennial grass, Grain, spring- Plant eaten by deer Muh lenbergia spp. and mesas 5-35 in fall Vasey 3222 Bullgrass Rocky slopes, Erect perennial Grain, June-Nov. Good soil binder Muhlenbergia emersleyi ledges, woodlands, grass, 20-40 in on steep slopes Vasey openings, drier 3222 soils, below 6,500 ft Mountain muhly Rocky slopes, Tufted perennial Grain, Aug.-Oct. Same as Muhlenbergia Muhlenbergia montana ledges, woodlands, grass, 6-26 in spp. Hitchc. forest openings, 3221 4,500-9,500 ft Bush muhly Dry mesas, rocky Erect perennial Grain, Aug.-Nov. Highly palatable, Muh lenbergia porteri slopes, canyons, grass, 12-40 in largely grazed Scribn. 2,000-6,000 ft out 3221, 3222 Deergrass Gravelly or sandy Perennial grass, Grain, June-Oct. Same as Muhlenbergia Muh lenbergia rigens canyon bottoms, 2-5 ft spp. jenth.) Hitchc. washes, in moist 3221 soil, occasionally dry plateaus or meadows, 3,000- 7,000 ft Ring muhly (ring grass) Dry ridges, sandy Perennial grass, Grain, Aug.-Nov. Poor range grass; Muhlenbergia torreyi plateaus, rocky 6-12 in good soil binder Hitche. slopes, below 3221 6,500 ft Spike muhly Woodland, forest Perennial grass, Grain, July-Nov. Plant eaten by deer Muhlenbergia wrightii openings, dry 1-2 ft and bighorn sheep Vasey meadows, 5,500- 3221 9,000 ft Tree nolina (Bigelow Rocky or gravelly Tree, to 4 ft 3-lobed capsule nolina) hillsides or can- Nolina bigelovii yon walls, at Wats. 500-3,500 ft 3222 Bear grass (sacahuista, Gravelly or sandy Grasslike shrubs Three-lobed cap- May be poisonous sacahuiste) well drained soil, with subterranean sule, May-June to livestock Nolina microcarpa slopes and mesas, stems, 3-6 ft Wats. deserts grasslands 3222 and woodlands, 3,000-6,000 ft Bear grass (sacahuista, Rolling rangelands Woody stem leaves Three-lobed cap- Causes hepatogenic sacahuiste) and foothills 5 ft long, peren- sule photosens it ization Nolina texana nial shrub in livestock Wats. 3222 Yellow cups Ory washes and Annual, up to 15 in 4-celled capsule, Oenothera brevipes desert plains, Feb. -May Gray below 4,500 ft 3221 Ironwood (tesota palo Sandy washes, Spiny evergreen Pod, May-June Food and cover for Extremely hard, fierro, palo-de-hierro) foothills, to tree, to 30 ft numerous small species brittle and heavy Olneya tesota 2,500 ft wood Gray 3222 Prickly pear (chol1a) Variable from dry Generally low growing Juicy obovoid Fruit eaten by dove, Opuntia spp. slopes to mesas, to 6 ft with flat- fruit quail, coyote, fox, mT canyons tened or cylindrical rabbit, antelope 3221 joints Beavertail Sandy flat dunes, Clumps, 6-12 in high Dry, not spiny Opuntia basilaris valleys in wood- Engelm. & BigeT. lands, 4,000- 3221 7,000 ft continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 175 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) 176 Species Pancake pear cactus (Santa Rita prickly pear, dollarjoint prickly pear) Opuntia chlorotica Engelm. & BigeT. 3222 Little prickly pear Opuntia fragilis Nutt. 3221 Jumping cholla Opuntia fuldida ngelm. 3222 Tree cholla (cane cholla) Opuntia imbricata Haw. 3222 Desert Christmas cactus (tesajo, cholla) Opuntia leptocaulis oc. 3222 Prickly pear Opuntia phaeacantha ngelm. 3222 Plains prickly pear Opuntia polycantha Haw. 3221 Cane cholla Opuntia spinosior Enge im.) Toumey 3222 Whipple cholla Opuntia whipplei Engels & Bagel. 3221 Indian rice-grass Oryzopsis hymenoides Ricker 3221, 3222 Wood-sorrel Oxalis spp. 3222 Myrtle boxleaf (Oregon boxwood, mountain lover) Pachystima myrsinites Pursh.) Raf. 3221 Vine mesquite Panicum obtusum HBK. 3222 Bush penstemon Penstemon microphyllus Gray 3221 Habitat Sandy or rocky soil, slopes, can- yons, 2,000-5,000 ft Sandy to gravelly soils, 4,500-8,000 ft Sandy soil of plains, mesas, washes, hills Gravelly or sandy soils of hills, plains and grass- lands, 4,000- 6,000 ft Mesas, flats, valleys, plains, washes in deserts Sandy soils of plains, washes, hills, deserts, grasslands, 1,500- 7,000 ft Sandy soils of plains, flats, washes and canyon sides, 4,000- 6,000 ft Deep soils of val- leys, plains, hill- sides, grasslands, chaparrals, wood- lands, 2,000-6,500 ft Deep soils of val- leys, plains, slopes, 4,500- 7,000 ft Open sandy plains, hills, woodlands at medium eleva- tions Moist soils, 2,500- 9,000 ft Coniferous for- ests, 6,000-9,000 ft Mudflats, heavy soiled lowlands, river banks, arro- yos, along ditches Rocky soils of hills and mour- tains, 1,500-5,000 ft Form Arborescent shrub, 2-6 ft Mat forming plant, 2-4 in Small cactus tree, 3-15 ft Small tree or thicket forming shrub, 3-10 ft Bush or erect smal] shrub, 1-15 ft Variable clumps, 2-20 ft diameter, 1-3 ft high Clump forming cactus, 3-6 in high Small shrub to cac- tus trees, 3-8 ft Generally low mat forming cactus, occasionally reach- ing 6 ft Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 12-24 in Herbaceous, per- ennial forb with creeping root- stocks, to 1 ft Low inconspicuous ground cover Wiry, erect peren- nial grass, 8-35 in Smal] shrub, 3-6 ft Fruit Ellipsoid, fleshy fruit spring Obovoid dry fruit Fleshy, in chains, June-Aug. Obovoid, fleshy, al] winter Persistent obo- void, fleshy fruit, May-June Obovoid, many- seeded, Apr.-June Ory, obovoid, spring Persistent, fleshy, many- seeded, May-June Obovoid, fleshy yellow, spineless, June-July Grain, May-Nov. Dehiscent 5-celled capsule, spring- fall Two-celled cap- sule, May Grain, June-Oct. 2-celled capsule continued General wildlife use Fruit eaten by dove, quail, coyote, fox, peccary Fruit eaten by numer- ous gamebirds and mammals, especially peccary Principal nesting site for cactus wren Fruit eaten by game- birds, numerous mam- mals, including pec- cary and coyotes Fruit eaten by dove, quail, coyote, pec- cary, deer Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer Plant relished by deér Plant eaten by rabbit, antelope, deer Notes Only in Arizona Usually growing within another shrub May be invader in overgrazed areas Characteristic of desert grassland Excellent range- grass in semi- arid areas Occasionally grown as ornamen- tals Good range plant and soil binder CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2 (Continued) Species Habitat From Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mock orange Rocky slopes, Much branched decid- Many-seeded cap- Phi lade Iphus canyons, chaparral, uous shrub, 3-6 ft | sule, June-July microphy!lus coniferous forest, Gray 5,000-9,000 ft, 3221 sun Ninebark Pine and spruce Small shrub, 1-3 ft Few-seeded dehi- Physocarpus monogynus forests, 8,00- scent capsule, Ther} ton oult. 9,500 ft, sun June-July 3221 and shade Mexican pinyon Pinyon- juniper Smal] evergreen Cone with oily Seeds eaten by band- Pinus cembroides woodland, 5,000- — tree, 15-50 ft nuts tailed pigeons, song- Zucc. 7-500 ft birds, rabbit, deer 3222 Colorado pinyon (Rocky — Pinyon-juniper Small evergreen Egg-shaped cone, Seeds eaten by pinyon Mountain pinyon) woodland, 4,900- bushy tree, compact pollinates in jay, songbirds, fox, Pinus edulis 7,500 ft spreading crown, spring squirrel, gamebirds, Engetm. 15-35 ft deer 3221 Limber pine (Rocky Widely distributed Large evergreen Cone, 4-8 in Seeds eaten by song- Mountain white pine) in coniferous for- tree, widely birds and squirrel; Pinus flexilis est above 7,009 ft, branched, drooping browsed by deer and James sun crown, 50-80 ft rabbit 3221 Apache pine (Arizona Mountains along Evergreen tree, Prickly scaled Same as P. flexilis Scattered in dis- longleaf pine) Mexican border, 50-70 ft cone tribution Pinus latifolia 5,000-8,500 ft, Sarg. sun 3222 Chihuahua pine Mountains, 5,000- Tree, 30-80 ft Stalked, spread- Same as P. flexilis Pinus leiophylla 7,800 ft ‘ing cone Schiede & beppe 3222 Singleleaf pinyon Drier slopes, Evergreen tree, Cone, fall Seeds eaten by song- Pinus monophylla 4,000-6,500 ft 15-30 ft birds, gamebirds, fox, Torr. tren squirrel; browsed by 3221 deer Ponderosa pine Plateaus, moun- Large evergreen Cone Food and nesting sites Most common for- Pinus ponderosa tain slopes, in tree, 80-125 ft, for tassel-eared squir- est tree in south- Laws pure or mixed straight trunk rels west 3221, 3222 stands, 5,500- with narrow, open 8,500 ft, sun crown Pinyon rice-grass Open, rocky, Perennial bunch Awned grain, Plant eaten by deer Good range grass Piptochaetium woodlands, pine grass, 16-30 in summer-f a1 fimbriatum forest, 5,000- Hitche. 7,000 ft 3221 Muttongrass (Fendler Mesas, rocky hills, Perennial grass, Grain, May-Sept. Plant eaten by deer Important range bluegrass) open dry woodlands, 12-20 in and rabbit grass Poa fendleriana below 11,500 ft, Vasey sun 3221 Quaking aspen (golden Widely distributed Tree, slender Cottony capsule, Seeds eaten by game- Great aesthetic aspen, trembling poplar) in coniferous for- crown, 20-80 ft early spring birds, songbirds, value in fall, Populus tremuloides est, above 6,500 squirrel; browsed by sprouts from cut fichx. ft deer roots 3221 Mesquite (velvet mes- Sandy alluvial Spiny spreading Pod, Sept.-Oct. | Important for food Resprouts from quite, honey mesquite) soils, washes, to shrub to tree, and cover for numer- cut stumps Prosopis juliflora 5,500 ft 20-50 ft ous species Sw.) DC. 3221, 3222 Screwbean mesquite Bottomlands along Large shrub or Pod, May Seeds eaten by dove, (tornillo) desert streams small tree, 6-30 ft quail, numerous other Prosopis pubescens and water holes, species enth. up to 4,000 ft 3221, 3222 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 177 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Douglas-fir Mixed coniferous Large tree, 100-190 Cone Seeds eaten by squirrel; Pseudotsuga menziesii forest, cold can- ft, open, broadly browsed by rabbit and Mirb.) Franco yons, 5,200-10,000 conical crown deer 3221 ft, sun Antelope brush (bitter- Open slopes, mesas, Shrubs, to 9 ft Hairy achene, Browsed by rabbit, deer, Prevents soil ero- brush) coniferous forests, summer antelope sion Purshia tridentata 4,000-9,000 ft Pursh. 3221 Arizona white oak Moist soil along Tree with irregular Nut (acorn), Locaieaaoeeantel) many Quercus arizonica streams, canyons, spreading crown, spring 7 arg. oak woodland foot- 30-60 ft 3221, 3222 hills, mountains, 5,000-7,600 ft, sun Emory oak Moist soil along Tree with spread- Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by gamebirds, uercus emoryi streams, Canyons, ing crown, 20-50 ft spring fox, squirrel; browsed orr. oak woodland foot- by rabbit and deer; 3221, 3222 hills, mountains, nesting cover for song- 4,000-7,000 ft, birds and squirrel sun Gambel oak Widespread in Shrub to tree, Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- Quercus gambelii mountains, pla- with rounded crown, spring birds and squirrel; Nutt. teaus, pine for- 6-70 ft browsed by rabbit and 3221 ests, 5,000-8,000 deer ft, sun and shade Gray oak Ory rocky hill- Shrub to tree, Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- Quercus grisea side, 4,500-8,000 65 ft, evergreen spring birds, gamebirds, Liebm. ef squirrel; browsed by 3222 rabbit and deer Silverleaf oak (white- Mountain slopes, Small evergreen Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- leaf oak) canyons of oak tree with round spring birds, gamebirds, Quercus hypoleucoides woodlands, 5,000- spreading crown squirrel; browsed by A. Camus 7,000 ft, sun 15-30 ft, sometimes deer 3222 clumping shrub, 6 ft Mexican blue oak Foothills, moun- Small evergreen Nut (acorn), Same as Q. hypo- uercus oblongifolia tains, canyons, tree, to 25 ft spring leucoides orr. 4,500-6,000 ft 3222 Netleaf oak \ Uncommon in moun- Evergreen shrub Nut (acorn), Same as Q. hypo~ bees reticulata tains, canyons, to tree with spring leucoides jum. & BonpT. and oak woodlands, rounded crown, 3220 4,000-8,000 ft, 6-40 ft sun Shrub live oak (scrub Dry slopes, hill- Evergreen shrub, Nut (acorn), Acorns important for Often abundant oak, California scrub sides, canyons, to 7 ft late summer-fall numerous species oak, turbinella oak) 3,000-8,000 ft Quercus turbinella Greene 3221, 3222 Birchleaf buckthorn Canyons, along Rounded shrub 8 3-seeded, berry- Fruit eaten by game- Rhamnus betulaefolia streams in moun- ft or less, rarely like, May-June birds and squirrel; Greene tains, oak wood- smal] tree, to browsed by deer 3221, 3222 land and pine 18 ft forest, 5,500- 7,500 ft California buckthorn Common in canyons, Evergreen shrub Berrylike fruit, Same as R. betulaefolia (cof feeberry) along streams, to small tree, May-July THAT Rhamnus californica chaparral, open 6-20 ft Esch. coniferous forest, 3221, 3222 3,500-7,000 ft, sun and shade continued 178 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Hollyleaf buckthorn (buckthorn, red berry buckthorn) Rhamnus crocea Nutt. 3221, 3222 Mearns sumac Rhus choriophy lia Woot tand?. 3222 Sugar sumac (sugar bush, mountain- laurel) Rhus ovata Wats. 3221, 3222 Squawbush Rhus trilobata Nutt. 3221, 3222 Wax currant Ribes cereum Doug!. 3221 New Mexican locust Robinia neomexicana Gray 3221 Raspberry Rubus strigosa Michx. 3221 Bladder sage (paper-bag bush) Salazaria mexicana Torr. 3221 Mojave sage Salvia mohavensis Green 3221 Canadian elder Sambucus cerulea af. 3221 Western soapberry (wild china-tree, cherioni, jaboncillo) Sapindus drummondi Hook & Arn. 3222 Jojoba (goatnut) Simmondsia chinensis Lin 3222 Squirreltail (bottle- brush squirreltail) Sitanion hystrix Nutt. 3221, 3222 Mountains, chapar- rals, lower pine forests, dry washes, canyons, 3,000-7,000 ft, sun and shade Rocky slopes, 4,000-6,000 ft Mountain slopes, canyons, in moist soils, 3,000- 5,000 ft Along streams, in canyons, on slopes in chapar- ral, 2,500-7,500 ft, sun Pine forests, sometimes on cliffs, 5,500- 9,000 ft, sun Canyons, moun- tains, forming almost pure thick- ets on north facing slopes, 4,000-8,500 ft, sun Rich soil in coni- ferous forest, 7,000-11,500 ft, sun and shade Foothills and washes in creo- sote associations, below 3,000 ft Ory, rocky slopes, 1,000-4,000 ft Moist soils in coniferous forest, 5,000-9,000 ft Stream banks, can- yon sides in upper desert, desert grassland, oak woodland, 2,500- 6,000 ft Rocky or gravelly well drained slopes, 1,500- 5,000 ft Desert slopes to subalpine meadows SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Spreading evergreen shrub to small tree, 3-15 ft Shrub, to 7 ft Evergreen tree or shrub, to 15 ft Aromatic deciduous shrub, 2-7 ft Straggly deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft Spiny shrub or small tree, to 25 ft Upright deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft A low subspinose shrub Low rounded shrub, 1-3 ft Many-stemmed shrub, to 20 ft Large spreading shrub to small tree, to 25 ft Shrub, 3-6 ft Tufted, erect per- ennial grass, 6-28 in Fruit eaten by game- birds; browsed by deer Berrylike pome, Mar.-May Small one-seeded drupe, July-Sept. Fruit eaten by pigeons and quail; browsed by deer and rabbit Cluster of berries, late spring Berrylike, Mar.- June’ Browse by deer Several-seeded juicy berry, May- July Fruit eaten by game- birds and squirrel; browsed by deer Pod, May-Aug. Fruit eaten by quail and squirrel; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by quail, fox, squirrel; browsed by rabbit Fleshy aggregate fruit of drupe- lets, June-July Bladder-like fruit with rough- ened nutlet, Mar.-Oct. Smooth nutlet, spring Globose berry, June-Sept. Browsed by deer One-seeded berry- like, remaining until spring Oily nut Browsed by deer Stiffly awned grain, year round depending on hab- itat continued Effective in re- ducing erosion Fruit and foliage poisonous to wild- life Nuts commercially harvested for oil; absent in New Mexico A preferred for- age 179 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2_ (Continued) 180 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Nightshade (white horse- Fields and road- Herbaceous or Small berry, Fruit eaten by dove, nettle, silver horse- sides, 1,000- slightly woody May-Oct. quail, raccoon, skunk nettle, bullnettle, trom- 5,500 ft shrub, 1-3 ft pillo) Solanum elaeagifolium Cav. 3222 Sophora (silky sophora, Dry soils, hill- Shrub, to 11 ft Flat pod, Apr.- Ornamental, good mescal bean, fringeleaf sides, 3,500- June soil binder; poi- sophora) 7,000 ft sonous to e- stock Sophora spp. L. 3221, 3222 Globe mallow Sphaeralcea spp. St. Hi 3222 Dropseed Sporobolus spp. R. Br. 3222 Sand dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus orr. 3221 Black dropseed Sporobolus interruptus corr. 3221 Sacaton Sporobolus wrightii cribn. 3222 Prince's plume (desert plume) Stanleya pinnatifida 32 Needlegrass Stipa spp. L 3221 Inkweed (Torrey sea- blite, iodine weed) Suaeda torreyana Wats. 3222 Snowberry Symphoricarpos oreophilus ray 3221 Tamar isk Tamarix pentandra Pall. a 3222 Meadow-rue Thalictrum fendleri nge Tm. 3221 California cottontop (Arizona cottontop) Trichachne californica enth. 3222 Dry mesas to pine forests, 1,000- 8,000 ft Open slopes, hills, mesas, 5,000-7,000 ft Exposed sites on sandy soil, below 7,000 ft Dry soils in for- ests openings, meadows, oak wood- land, pine for- ests, 5,000-7,000 River banks, sandy washes, plains and valley flats, 2,000-5,500 ft Ory plains and mesas, 2,500- 6,000 ft Mountain meadows, woodland openings, above 5,000 ft Saline flats with subsurface soil moisture, below 5,000 ft Slopes and along streams in moun- tains, coniferous forests, 5,500- 9,000 ft Moist soil along streams, up to 5,000 ft Pine forests, mountain meadows, 5,000-9,500 ft Open, well drained soil, often on steep rocky slopes, below 6,000 ft Erect perennial, 5-50 in Tufted perennial grass, to 6 ft Perennial grass, 15-50 in Perennial grass, 16-48 in Densely tufted perennial grass, 3-6 ft Low suffrutescent plant Perennial grass, 10-30 in Shrub, 2-3 ft Erect or trailing shrub, 1-6 ft Large shrub, small] tree, usually form- ing dense thickets 10-25 ft Perennial herb, 1-2 ft Erect perennial grass, 14-35 in Capsule, fall Grain, spring- Plant eaten by deer fall Grain, July-Nov. Same as Sporobolus spp. Grain, July-Oct. Same as Sporobolus spp. Grain, July-Oct Long capsule, May-Sept. Grain, summer- Plant eaten by deer fall Utricle enclosed by fleshy perianth Berry, Apr.-Aug. Browsed by deer Capsule in spikes, Seeds eaten by dove; Mar.-Aug. nesting cover for dove Achene, spring- fall Grain, Aug.-Nov. Plant eaten by rabbit and bighorn sheep continued Only in Ar ‘izona Often grows in saline soi ually cons undersirab cept for er contro] Respone to pre good 1, us- ‘idere le e ros* CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Fluffgrass Tridens puchellus Hitchc. 3222 American vetch Dry rocky slopes, plains, below 6,000 ft Conifer woodlands, Low tufted peren- nial or annual grass, 6 in Perennial forb, Grain, Apr.-Nov. Legume, summer- Seeds eaten by dove Vicia americana meadows, to 4-18 in fall and quail Muh. 10,500 ft 3221 California fan palm Washingtonia filifera Linden 3222 Spanish dagger (datil, fleshy-fruited yucca, Moist soil along alkaline streams of desert moun- tains, 500-3,000 ft Dry, rocky slopes of desert grass- Tall palm tree, 20-50 Ft Shrub to small tree, 1-20 ft Drupe with thin dry flesh Large fruit, 6 in long Nectar for hummingbirds; nest covering for wood- yucca lands and conifer peckers Yucca baccata woodland, 3,000- Torr. 8,000 ft 3221, 3222 Joshua tree (tree yucca) Yucca brevifolia Engel. 3221, 3222 Soaptree yucca (palmilla) Yucca elata Engelm. 3222 Mojave yucca (Spanish dagger) Yucca schidigera Roezl. 3221 Spanish bayonet (palma, Spanish dagger) Yucca torreyi Shafer 3222 Desert zinnia Zinnia gradiflora Nutt. 3222 Desert zinnia Zinnia pumila ray 3222 The bases of high desert mountains, to 3,500 ft Grassland and desert, 1,500- 6,000 ft Broad gravelly benches and deserts, to 3,500 ft Scattered on mesas, foothills and plains, 3,500- 5,000 ft Dry slopes and mesas, 4,000- 6,500 ft Alluvial plains and slopes, 2,000-5,000 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Branching treelike, 20-30 ft Shrub to smal] tree, to 30 ft Large erect plants, to 10 ft Shrub or smal] tree, 3-16 ft Perennial branched from base, 8 in or less Low shrub with woody stem, 8-11 in 3-celled capsule, Mar.-May Fleshy or dry capsule, May-July 3-celled capsule 3-celled capsule Achene, May-Oct. Achene, Apr.-Oct. Nest site for various song irds Fruit eaten by songbirds, and smal] mammals Food and nesting sites for numerous smal] species Seeds eaten by song- birds and smal] mammals Often abundant on overgrazed land 181 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2 [R] Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the American Desert (Mohave—Colorado— Sonoran) in Riparian Habitats 182 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Cat-claw (devil's claw, una de gato) Acacia greggii Gray 3221, 3222 Iodinebush (pick leweed) Allenrolfea occidentalis Wats. tze. 3221, 3222 Shadscale (spiny salt- bush) Atriplex confertifolia orr. & Frem. 3221 Shadscale big saltbush (lenscale, quailbrush) Atriplex lentiformis orr.) Wats. 3221, 3222 Desert saltbush (cattle spinach) Atriplex polycarpa Torr. 3222 Baccharis Baccharis spp. U 3221, 3222 Seepwillow Baccharis glutinosa pas Glutinosa ers. 3221, 3222 Red brome Bromus rubens L 3222 Sedge Carex spp. U 3221, 3222 Desert hackberry Celtis pallida ‘orr. 3222 Netleaf hackberry (cumero, paloblanco, western hackberry) Celtis reticulata orr. 3222 Desert-willow (desert catalpa) Chilopsis linearis Cav.) Sweet 3221, 3222 Gray-thorn (white crucillo, grayleaf abrojo, lotebush) Condalia lycioides (Gray) Weberb. 3222 Washes, mesas, to 5,000 ft Highly alkaline flats and sinks, salt marshes, floodplains Alkaline mesas and plains in sagebrush and creosote desert, 2,500-6,000 ft Alkaline soils below 7,000 ft Alkaline plains, 400-3,000 Ft Along water courses, 500- 8,000 ft Moist soil along streams, to 5,500 ft, sun Road sides, waste places Moist soil along streams, shady canyons, 5,000- 11,500 ft, sun and shade Foothills, mesas, 1,500-3,500 ft Streams, canyons, washes, moist soil, 3,500- 6,000 ft Mostly along washes, in foot- hills and deserts Mesas, slopes, in desert and desert grassland, 1,500- 4,500 ft Large shrub to small tree Shrub, 1-5 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Erect shrub, 3-9 ft Round shrub, 3 ft Deciduous shrub, to 7 ft Willow-like decid- uous shrub, to 7 ft Small grass Perennial grass- like erect herb, 2-4 ft Spiny, densely branched deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft Deciduous, large shrub to small tree, to 30 ft, spreading crown Large shrub to small tree, to 30 ft Straggly shrub, 3-9 ft Pod, 2.5-5 in Berrylike, May- Nov. Flat winged fruit Ovate flattened fruit Flat and disc- like Achene, Apr.-Feb. Achene, Mar.-Dec. Grain Achene in spikes, spring Oval, one-seeded drupe, spring One-seeded drupe Long, narrow pod Thin skin one- seeded drupe continued Seeds eaten by dove and quail; roosting tree for quail Seeds eaten by quail and songbirds; browsed by rabbit and sheep Seeds eaten by water- fowl and quail; browsed by rabbit, deer, ante- Tope Seeds eaten by quail and songbirds; browsed by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by numer- ous birds and mammals Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, rabbit, squirrel, fox; plant eaten by deer Fruit eaten by dove, quail, numerous small species; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by game- birds Fruit eaten by Gambel's quail, pigeon, dove, fox Often abundant Halophyte occur- ring with Sarco- batus spp. Often forming thickets Introduced from Europe Often forms thickets; ornamen- tal Good soil binder Common, often forms thickets CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2 [R] (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mustard Ubiquitous Herbaceous or suf- Capsule Seeds eaten by numerous Cruciferae spp. frutescent, annual species Ll. or perennial 3222 Coyote-melon Sandy plains to Perennial herb, Gourd- like, Cucurbita palmata rocky slopes, trailing stems Apr .-Sept. Wats. to 3,000 ft 3221, 3222 Bermuda grass Moist waste areas, Stoloniferous per- Grain Seeds eaten by water- Introduced Cynodon dactylon low altitudes ennial grass fowl] and mammals L.) Pers. 3222 Indigobush (pea-bush) Sandy or rocky Low shrub Pod, Jan.-Apr. Dalea mollis soil, to 3,000 ft Benth. 3221 Saltgrass Saline or alkaline Perennial grass, to Grain, summer- Seeds eaten by water- Distichlis spicata marshes, lakes 1 ft fall fowl and marshbirds L.) Greene 3221, 3222 Spikerush Moist soil along Upright herb, Achene in spike- Seeds eaten by game- Eleocharis spp. streams or in leafless, 1-3 ft lets, spring birds; plant eaten by R. Br. forests, 150- rabbit and muskrat 3221 3,000 ft Filaree (heron-bill) Rocky or sandy Prostrate, annual Ellipsoid seed, Seeds eaten by numerous Excellent spring Erodium cicutarium soils, ubiquitous Feb.-June species forage t. 3222 Ash Along streams or Shrub or tree, to Ory with large Seeds eaten by game- Fraxinus spp. rivers, canyons, 20 or 40 ft terminal wing, birds, songbirds, L. desert, and oak Mar .-June squirrel; nest cover- 3221 woodlands ing for songbirds and squirrel Sunf lower Ubiquitous, 100- Annual or perennial Seeds mature in Seeds eaten by numerous Cultivated for Helianthus annuus 7,000 ft herb summer-f all species seed oil Ll. 3221 Rose mallow Marshes, lakes, Perennial, to 6 ft Capsule, May-Oct. Hibiscus spp. ponds, streams, Ll. wet soils 3221 Janusia Moist to dry, Twining, tangled, Samara, Apr.-Oct. danusia gracilis rocky, 1,000- slender stem Gray 5,000 ft 3222 Rush Moist soil along Perennial grass- Capsule, spring Forage Juncus spp. streams, ponds, like herb, 2-4 ft L. lakes, 2,000- 3221, 3222 11,500 ft Rush Marshy margins of Perennial, culms, 3-celled capsule, Seeds eaten by rabbit Juncus torreyi lakes, ponds, to 3 ft July-Aug. and browsers Cav. streams, wet mea- 3221 dows, to 5,500 ft Deer vetch Rocky slopes, to Perennial or annual, Pod, Feb.-May Seeds eaten by game- Lotus rigidus 5,500 ft to 1 ft birds and browsers Benth. 3221 Blazing-star (stickleaf) Dry, sandy, slopes Low shrub, to 3 ft Oblong to linear Seeds eaten by quail Mentzelia spp. and mesas, 1,000- capsule t. 8,500 ft 3221 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 183 54 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert Table 3220-54.2 [R] (Continued) 184 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Nemacladus Ubiquitous, to Perennial or annual, Capsule, Mar.-May Ne ladus 5,000 ft to 1 ft glanduliferus eps. 3221, 3222 Evening-primrose (sun-drops) Yenotnera multijuga Wats. 3221 Reed Phragmites communis rin. 3221, 3222 Camphor-weed (salt-marsh fleabane) Pluchea camphorata L.) OC. 3222 Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii ats. 3221, 3222 Pondweed Potamogeton spp. L 3221 Mesquite (velvet mesquite, honey mesquite) Prosopis juliflora Sw.) DC. 3221, 3222 Screwbean mesquite (tornillo) Prosopis pubescens enth. 3221, 3222 Watercress Rorippa spp. Scop. 3221 Bonpland willow Salix bonplandiana eK. 3222 Goodding willow Salix gooddingii BalT_ 3221, 3222 Arroyo willow Salix lasiolepis Benth. 3221 Climbing milkweed Sarcostenma spp. Re ere 11) . Br. 3221 Salt marsh bulrush Scirpus paludosus U 3221, 3222 Washes and canyons, Herbs, to 1.5 ft to 5,500 ft Wet places and alkalai sinks, below 5,000 ft Tall perennial reed, up to 12 ft Alluvial and saline soils along streams, rivers, marshes Perennial herb, to 5 ft Large tree, 50-100 ft with broad, flat open crown Moist soils along streams, 150-5,000 ft, sun Shallow ponds, lakes, streams Subsurface pondweed Sandy alluvial soils, washes, to 5,500 ft Spiny spreading shrub to tree, 20-50 ft Bottomlands along Large shrub or desert streams small tree, 6-30 and water holes, ft up to 4,000 ft Moist soil along streams or in streams, 1,500- 9,500 ft, shade Smal} prostrate forb, 6-18 in Tree to 25 ft, rarely 50 ft Along streams, 2,500-5,000 ft Along streams, rivers, 150- 5,000 ft Tree, 20-50 ft Along streams, swamps, 4,000- 7,500 ft Usually shrub but sometimes treelike, to 30 ft Streams, washes, moist places, to 6,000 ft Stems twining along ground or over bushes Marshes, saltflats, Erect rush, 1-3.5 in mud around lakes ft and along streams Capsule, Apr.-June Seeds eaten by browsers Grain, July-Dec. Achene, Sept.-Oct. Seed capsule, in catkins Druplet or achene, summer fall Pod, Sept.-Oct. Pod, May Globose capsule, spring Capsule Capsule, spring Capsule in catkins Follicle, Mar.- Oct. Spiked achene, year-round continued Cover Seeds eaten by game- birds; browsed by rabbit; nest covering for songbirds and raptors Plant eaten by water- fowl, muskrat, shore- birds Important for food and cover for numerous species Seeds eaten by dove, quail, numerous other species Seeds eaten by numerous species of birds, smal] mammals, browsers Numerous species of birds, small mammals, browsers Same as S. bonplandiana Plant eaten by water- fowl, shorebirds, quail, songbirds, muskrat Resprouts from cut stumps Important for stream-bank pro- tection Check soil Subspecies maritimus erosion of S. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 3220 American Desert 54 Table 3220-54.2 [R] (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bulrush Marshes, ponds, Perennial, to 6 ft Achene, spring- Plant eaten by water- Scirpus spp. streams, rivers, fall fowl, marshbirds, ty to 9,000 ft muskrats 3221, 3222 Inkweed (Torrey sea- Saline flats with Shrub, 2-3 ft Utricle enclosed blite, iodine weed) subsurface soil by fleshy perianth Suaeda torreyana moisture below Wats. 5,000 ft 3221, 3222 Saltcedar (tamarisk) Moist soil along Large shrub, small Capsule in spikes Nesting cover for doves Often grows in Tamarix pentandra streams, up to tree, usually form- spikes, Mar.-Aug. saline soil, usual- Pall. 5,000 ft ing dense thickets, ly considered un- 3221, 3222 10-25 ft desirable except for erosion con- trol Arrow-weed Along streams, Shrub to 3 ft or Achene, summer Cover Tessaria sericea rivers, marshes more, willow-like Nutt. 3221, 3222 Narrow-leaved cat-tail Marshes, in shal- Slender leaved and Tight terminal Seeds eaten by water- Typha angustifolia low water and along erect, up to 5 ft spike, late fowl and shorebirds; . streams summer-f a1 Nest covering for 3221, 3222 waterfowl and shore- birds Cat-tail Moist soil along Tall perennial herb Fruit and flowers Seeds eaten by ducks Typha spp. streams, ditches, with round stem, in long, terminal and geese t lakes, ponds, to. 3-8.5 ft spikes, June-July 3222 7,000 ft, sun and shade Canyon grape Moist soil along Climbing or trailing One-seeded berry, Fruit eaten by numer- Vines aid in pre- Vitis arizonica streams, canyons, woody vine Apr..-July ous gamebirds and venting erosion Engelm. often climbing mamma 1s along streams 3221, 3222 on trees, 2,000- 7,000 ft, shade SELECTED PLANT SPECIES a 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Location of province within the United States Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary State boundary Figure 55.1 Province M2110, Columbia Forest (Dry Summer); Sections M2111, Douglas-fir Forest, and M2112, Cedar— Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest 186 CHAPTER 2 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest (Dry Summer) SECTION M2111, DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST The Douglas-fir Forest lies primarily in northeastern Washington with a narrow strip in northwestern Idaho. The four main vegetation zones found in this section are determined by elevation; cedar—hemlock and spruce— fir communities are found in Washington; Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine communities are found in eastern Idaho and Montana. The lower elevation ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests are included in this section; the higher elevation cedar—hemlock and spruce—fir communities are described in section 56. The ponderosa pine zone occurs in the driest, low elevation areas in this section; its distribution is closely correlated with available soil moisture. Fire plays a role in maintaining this forest type and has been recommended as a forestry tool to reduce seedling density and retain the more mesic species, Douglas-fir and true firs, where they are capable of invading. The Douglas-fir zone begins above the ponderosa pine zone, at approximately 4500 feet. This zone is cooler with a higher annual precipitation and more favorable soil moisture conditions. SECTION M2112 CEDAR—HEMLOCK—DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST The Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest includes most of northern Idaho and western Montana. The Continental Divide separates the section into eastside and westside community types. Many plant associations are found only on the west or on the east side of the Divide while others are found throughout the entire area. There are four vegetation zones within this section, based on elevation (Daubenmire 1952; Pfister et al. 1974). Only the cedar—hemlock zone and the subalpine fir zone, which are found at higher elevations throughout eastern Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana, are included here. The cedar—hemlock zone occurs in what appears to be the most equitable climatic region of all—the interior forest zones. It is above the Douglas-fir zone and in Montana includes grand fir, western redcedar, western hemlock, and spruce communities. Above this zone, the subalpine fir gains dominance, and Douglas-fir, western larch, and white pine reach their altitudinal limits. The subalpine fir zone has its lower elevation boundary at approximately 3000 to 5200 feet. The coolest and moistest of the forested zones with cool summers, cold winters, and deep winter snowpacks, it is the highest continuous forested zone. At higher elevations, the mosaic of forest and meadows occurs. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.1 [M2111] Selected Plant Species Common to the Douglas-fir Forest Growth form Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Ponderosa pine--grass communities) Tall trees, over 40 ft Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Low trees and Prunus virginiana tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Western choke-cherry Mallow ninebark Nootka rose ia Shinyleaf spiraea bus Common snowberry Low to medium Physocarpus malvaceus shrubs, under Rosa nutkana 10 ft Spiraea betu Symphor icarpos Lesser vegeta- Achillea m lefo Western yarrow tion Agropyron spicatum Bluebunch wheatgrass Balsamorhiza sagittata Arrowleaf balsamroot Bromus tectorum Cheat Carex geyeri Elk sedge Collinsia parviflora Littlef lower eat collinsia Epilobium paniculatum Autumn wil lowweed Erythronium grandiflorum Lamb's-tongue fawn lily Festuca idahoensis Idaho fescue Fragaria chiloensis Sand strawberry Cleaver's bedstraw Gairdner yampah Shining chickweed Galium aparine Perideridia gairdneri SteTlaria nitens (Ponderosa pine--shrub communities) Tall trees, over 40 ft Ponderosa pine Quaking aspen Pinus ponderosa Populus tremuloides Low trees and Amelanchier al tall shrubs, 10-20 ft ifolia Serviceberry Prunus virginiana Western choke-cherry Low to medium Berberis repens Oregon-grape shrubs, under Physocarpus malvaceus Mallow ninebark lo ft Purshia tr Bitterbrush Rosa Nootka rose Spirae folia Shinyleaf spiraea Symphoricarpos albus Common snowberry Lesser vegeta- Achillea millefolium tion Agropyron spicatum Arenaria macrophylla Arnica cordifolia Heartleaf arnica Balsamorhiza sagittata Arrowleaf balsamroot Bromus tectorum Cheat Bromus vulgaris Columbia brome Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Bigleaf sandwort Carex geyeri Elk sedge Collinsia parviflora Littlef lower collinsia Epilobium paniculatum Autumn wil lowweed Efythrontun grandiF 10 grandiflorum Lamb's tongue fawn lily Festuca idahoensis Fragaria chiloensis Galium aparine Galium boreale Galium triflorum Idaho fescue Sand strawberry Cleaver's bedstraw Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Hydrophyllum capitatum Baldhead water leaf Osmorhiza spp. Sweetroot Gairdner yampah Shining chickweed Western meadow-rue Purple trillium Wood violet Perideridia gairdneri Viola glabella continued 187 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.1 [M2111] (Continued) Growth form Late successi onal plants Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Ory/excessive (Con ued (Douglas-f ir--ninebark communities) Pinus contorta Pinus ponderosa Populus tremuToides Pseudotsuga menziesii Amelanchier alnifolia Prunus virginiana Berd: repens Physocarpus malvaceus Rosa jocarpa Rosa nutkana Spiraea betulifolia ymphoricarpus albus Achillea millefolium Agropyron spicatum Arenaria nacropny ls Arnica cordifolia Bromus tectorum Bromus vulgaris Carex geyeri ColTinsia parviflora Erythronium grandiflorum Fragaria chiloensis Galium aparine Galium boreaTe Mitella stauropetala Osmorhiza spp. Smilacina stellata Stelaria nitens Thalictrum occidentale Trillium petiolatur Viola glabella Lodgepole pine Ponderosa pine Quaking aspen Douglas-fir Serviceberry Western choke-cherry Oregon-gr ape Mallow ninebark Baldhip rose Nootka rose Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Bigleaf sandwort Heartleaf arnica Cheat Columbia brome Elk sedge Littlef lower collinsia Lamb's-tongue fawn lily Sand strawberry Cleaver's bedstraw Northern bedstraw Cross-shaped miterwort Sweetroot Starry Solomon plume Shining chickweed Western meadow-rue Purple trillium Wood violet Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (Rocky Mountain maple communities) Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Abies grandis huja plicata Acer glabrum jluniperus scopulorum Salix fluviatilis Clematis columbiana Corylus cornuta rataegus columbiana Crataegus douglasii hiladelphus Tewisti PI peocar pus malvaceus Ribes cereum Ribes Tacustre Rubus idaeus Rubus Teucodermis Rubus parviflorus Salix bebbiana Salix Tasiandra Symphoricarpos albus Symphoricarpos occidentalis Achillea millefolium Agropyron spicatum Antennaria anaphaloides Antennaria dimorpha antennarta Antennaria rosea continued Grand fir Western redcedar Rocky Mountain maple Rocky Mountain juniper Columbia River willow Columbia clematis California hazelnut Columbia hawthorn Douglas hawthorn Lewis mock orange Mallow ninebark Wax currant Swamp gooseberry Red raspberry Black raspberry Thimbleberry Bebb willow Pacific willow Common snowberry Western snowberry Western yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Tall pussy's-toes Low ‘pussy's-toes Rosy pussy's-toes Table M2110-55.1 [M2111] (Concluded) Growth form Lesser vegeta- tion (Continued) Late successional plants Moist/well-drained (Continued: (Douglas maple communities) (Continued) Aquilegia formosa Arabis glabra Arabis puberula Arceuthobium americanum Arceuthobium douglasii Arenaria macrophylla Arnica cordifolia Artemisia campestris Artemisia frigida Aster foliaceus Balsamorhiza sagittata romus carinatus Calypso bulbosa Carex hoodit Cerastium arvense Chimaphita umbeTlata Corallorhiza maculata Cypripedium calceolus ~ ypripedium montanum Cystopteris fragilis Deschampsia elongata Elymus ‘glaucus uisetum arvense Fauisetun isetum hyemate rigeron compositus Erigeron speciosus GaTium boreaTe Goodyera oblongifolia Lathyrus nevadensis Lithophragma parviflora Lomatium dissectum Lomatium macrocarpum fupinus inus sericeus Nuphar polysepatt pel smorhiza chilensis Poa ampTa Poa scabrella Potentilla aacilis ‘otentilla norvegica rola picta anicula graveotens SeTaginella wallacei enecio integerrimus Smilacina racemosa Solidago canadensis tellaria calycantha SteTTaria nitens Stipa comata ctrum occidentale Vicia americana VioTa adunca Viola canadensi Viota nuttall Viola palustris Red columbine Tower mustard Hoary rockcress American dwarf mistletoe Douglas dwarf nistletoe Bigleaf sandwort Heartleaf arnica Pacific sagebrush Pasture sage Leafy aster Arrowleaf balsamroot Califronia brome Calypso Hood sedge Field chickweed Western prince's- pine Spotted coralroot Yellow lady's-slipper Mountain lady's- slipper Brittle fern Slender hairgrass Blue wild rye Common horsetail Scouring-rush Owarf mountain fleabane Showy fleabane Northern bedstraw Rattlesnake plantain Nevada peavine Small-f lowered fringecup Lace-leaved lomatium Bigseed lomatium Silky lupine Indian pond lily Mountain sweetroot Merrill's bluegrass Pine bluegrass Beauty cinquefoil Norwegian cinquefoil Whitevein pyrola Sierra snakeroot Wallace's selaginella Western groundsel False Solomon's-seal Canada goldenrod Northern starwort Shining chickweed Needle-and- thread Western meadow-rue American vetch Western long-spurred violet Canada violet Upland yellow violet Marsh violet CHAPTER 2 Table M2110-55.1 [M2112EL] Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Eastside Lower Elevation) Growth form Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft (Scree) Abies lasiocarpa Picea engelmannii Picea glauca Pinus albicaulis Pinus contorta Pinus flexilis Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communi Prunus virg na Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Berberis repens Juniperus horizontalis Physocarpus malvaceus Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betulifolia horicarpos albus Vaccinium globulare Agropyron spicatum Arnica cordifolia Balsamorhiza sagittata Calamagrostis rubescens geyer) Carex geyeri Clematis pseudoalpina Festuca idahoensis Festuca scabre GaTium boreale Hesperochloa kingii Osmorhiza chilensis Smilacina racemosa Smilacina stellata halictrum occidentale Xerophyllum tenax Ory to moist/excessive to well-drained Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce White spruce Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Limber pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Serviceberry Common juniper Western choke-cherry Kinnikk innik Oregon-grape Creeping juniper Mallow ninebark Buf faloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Globe huckleberry Bluebunch wheatgrass Heartleaf arnica Arrowleaf balsamroot Pinegrass Elk sedge Climbing purple virgin's-bower Idaho fescue Rough fescue Northern bedstraw Spike fescue Mountain sweetroot False Solomon's- seal Starry Solomon plume Western meadow-rue Bear grass (Limber pine communities) Abies lasiocarpa Picea engelmannii Picea glauca us albicaulis Pinus contorta Pinus Flexitis Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis Prunus virginiana Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Artemisia tridentata Berberis repens Juniperus horizontalis Physocarpus malvaceus urshia tridentata Ribes lacustre Ribes montigenum Shepherdia canadensis piraea betulifolia ymphoricarpos albus continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce White spruce Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Limber pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Serviceberry Common juniper Western choke-cherry Kinnikkinnik Big sagebrush Oregon-grape Creeping juniper Mallow ninebark Bitterbrush Swamp gooseberry Alpine prickly currant Buf faloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.1 [M2112EL] (Continued) Growth form Late successional plants Dry/excessive Continued (Limber pine communities) (Continued) Lesser vegeta- tion Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Habitat conditions: Tall trees, over 40 ft Agropyron spicatum Arnica cordifolia Balsamorhiza sagittata Clematis pseudoalpina Clematis tenuiloba Coptis occidentalis Festuca idahoensis Festuca scabrella scree Galium bore Hesperoch] ingii Pyrola secunda Senecio streptanthifolius Smitacina stellata Thalictrum occidentale Bluebunch wheatgrass Heartleaf arnica Arrowleaf balsamroot Climbing purple virgin's-bower Matted purple virgin's-bower Western goldthread Idaho fescue Rough fescue Northern bedstraw Spike fescue One-sided winter- green Cleftleaf_groundsel Starry Solomon plume Western meadow-rue (Spruce/twinf lower communities) Abies lasiocarpa cea engelmannii glauca Pinus albicaulis Pinus contorta Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii a x a o 2 Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Berberis repens Linnaea borealis Menziesia ferruginea Ribes acustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betulifolia ymphoricarpos albus Vaccinium globulare Vaccinium scoparium Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Clematis pseudoalpina Disporum trachycarpum luisetum arvense Galium boreale Galium triflorum Gerai Oryzopsis asperifolia Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola secunda ‘sitacing ‘racemosa Smilacina stellata Thalictrum occidentale Viola canadensis (Spruce communities) Abies lasiocarpa Picea engeImannii glauca albicauli continued Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce White spruce Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Serviceberry Common juniper Kinnikkinnik Oregon-grape Twinf lower Rusty leaf Swamp gooseberry Thimb leberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf snowberry Common Globe huckleberry Grouseberry Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Pinegrass Elk sedge Climbing purple virgin's-bower Wartberry fairybells Common horsetail Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Cranesbill geranium Roughleaf rice-grass Mountain sweetroot One-sided wintergreen False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Western meadow-rue Canada violet Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded subalpine fir Engelmann spruce White spruce Whitebark pine 189 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.1 [M2112EL] (Concluded) Growth form Late successional plants Moist/well-drained (Continued (Spruce communities) (Continued) Tall trees -- Pinus contorta Lodgepole pine (Continued) Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 Ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion 190 Pseudotsuga menziesii Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis Prunus virginiana Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Berveris repens Ledum groentandi cum Linnaea borealis Menziesia ferruginea Pachystima myrsinites Physocarpus malvaceus Ribes lacustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis piraea betulifolia horicarpos albus Weetntun gtobutare Vaccinium scoparium Actaea rubra Agropyron ea Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Athyrium filix-femina Balsamorhiza sagittata Caltamagrostis canadensis alamagrostis rubescens Carex geyert Clematis pseudoalpina Disporum trachycarpum Equisetun arvense Festuca idahoensis Festuca scabre a Galium boreale Galium trifTorum Geranium richardsonii Seyzops is asperifolia Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrova asarifolia Eyrota ola Secunda Pyrola uniflora chizachne purpurascens Senecio streptanthifolius Senecio triangularis Smitacina racemosa Smilacina stellata Streptopus ‘amp Texifolius Thalictrum occidentale Viola canadensis VioTa orbiculata Douglas-fir Serviceberry Common juniper Western choke-cherry Kinnikkinnik Oregon-gr ape Bog Labrador-tea Twinf lower Rusty leaf Oregon boxwood Mallow ninebark Swamp gooseberry Thimbleberry Buf faloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Globe huckleberry Grouseberry Baneberry Bluebunch wheatgrass Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Lady-fern Arrowleaf balsamroot Bluejoint reedgrass Pinegrass Elk sedge Climbing purple virgin's-bower Wartberry fairybells Common horsetail Idaho fescue Rough fescue Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Cranesbill geranium Roughleaf rice-grass Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided winter- green Woodnymph False melic Cleftleaf groundsel Arrowleaf groundsel False Solomon's- seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping- leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Canada violet Round-leaved violet Table M2110-55.1_ [M2112EH] Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Eastside Higher Elevation) Growth form Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Ory to moist/excessive to well-drained (Alpine fir communities) Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Habitat conditions: Tall trees, over 40 ft Abies lasiocarpa Picea engelmannii Pinus sietcaulis Pinus contorta Pinus flexilis Pseudotsuga menziesii Amelanchier alnifoli Juniperus commun Arctostaphylos uva-ursi erberis repens Ledum Atendulosan Linnaea borealis Pachystima myrsinites Phyllodoce empetriformis Ribes lacustre Ribes mont igenum Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betuliforis horicarpos albus Vaccinium fobulare Vaccinium ayrtiTus Vaccinium scoparium Actaea rubra Agropyron spicatum Agrostis scabra nica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Balsamorhiza sagittata CaTamagrostis Canadensis. alamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Clematis pseudoalpina Disporum trachycarpum quisetum arvense Festuca idahoensis GaTium boreate Galium trifTorum Geranium richardsonii Hieracium gracile Luzula hitchcockti Osmorhiza chiTensis yrola secunda enecio streptanthifolius Senecio trfanguTaris ‘SmiTacina racemosa Smilacina stellata Thalictrum occidentale Valeriana sitchensis Veratrum viride Viola canadensis Viola orbicutata Xerophyllum tenax (Alpine fir communities) Abies lasiocarpa Picea engelmannti a glauca continued Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Limber pine Douglas-fir Serviceberry Common juniper Kinnikkinnik Oregon-grape Labrador-tea Twinf lower Oregon boxwood Red mountain heather Swamp gooseberry Alpine prickly currant Thimbleberry Buf faloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Globe huckleberry Owarf bilberry Grouseberry Baneberry Bluebunch wheatgrass Winter bentgrass Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Arrowleaf balsamroot. Bluejoint reedgrass Pinegrass Elk sedge Climbing purple virgin's-bower Wartberry fairybells Common horsetail Idaho fescue Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Cranesbill geranium Slender hawkweed Woodrush Mountain sweetroot One-sided wintergreen Cleftleaf groundsel Arrowleaf groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Western meadow-rue Sitka valerian American false hellebore Canada violet Round-leaved violet Bear grass Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce White spruce CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.1 [M2112EH] (Concluded) Growth form Late successional plants Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WL] (Continued) Growth form Late successional plants Tall trees -- (Cont inued) Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Table M2110-55.1_ [M2112WL] Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest Moist/well-drained (Continued (Alpine fir communities) (Continued) Pinus albicaulis Pinus contorta Pinus flexilis Pseudotsuga menziesii Amelanchier alnifo Juniperus commun Arctostaphylos uva-ursi erberis repens Linnaea borealis Pachystima myrsinites pifeccarpus malvaceus ibes lacustre Ribes mont igenum Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia Canadensis piraea betulifolia re albus Vaccinium globulare 7 myrtillus m SCoparium Actaea rubra Agropyron spicatum Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Calamagrostis canadensis Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Disporum trachycarpum estuca idahoensis Galium boreale Galium trifTorum Geranium richardsonii Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola asarifolia Pyrola uniflora enecio streptanthifolius acina racemosa Smilacina stellata Streptopus ampTexifolius Thalictrum occidentale rollius Taxus Valeriana sitchensis Veratrum viride Viola orbiculata Xerophyllum tenax (Westside Lower Elevation) Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Limber pine Douglas-fir Serviceberry Common juniper Kinnikkinnik Oregon-grape Twinf lower Oregon boxwood Mallow ninebark Swamp gooseberry Alpine prickly currant Thimbleberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Globe huckleberry Dwarf bilberry Grouseberry Baneberry Bluebunch wheatgrass Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Bluejoint reedgrass Pinegrass Elk sedge Wartberry fairybells Idaho fescue Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Cranesbill geranium Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola Woodnymph Cleftleaf groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue American globef lower Sitka valerian American false hellebore Round-leaved violet Bear grass Growth form Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Tall trees, over 40 ft Ory to_moist/excessive to well-drained (Grand fir communities) Abies grandis Abies lasiocarpa continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Grand fir Subalpine fir Tall trees -- (Continued) Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Tall trees, over 40 ft Ory/excessive (Continued (Grand fir communities) (Continued) Betula papyrifera Larix occidentalis Picea enge mannii Picea glauca Pinus contorta Pinus monticola Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii huja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis Taxis brevifolia Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Berberis repens Holodiscus discolor Linnaea boreal Menziesia ferruginea OpTopanax horridum achystima myrsinites Physocarpus malvaceus bes lacustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis Spiracs betuliforis— olia ‘Symphoricarpos albus Vaccinium caespitosum Vaccinium gTobutare Vaccinium scoparium Adenocaulon bicolor Rratia nudicau s Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia | Athyrium filix-femina Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Clintonia uniflora foots occidentalis ‘ornus canadensis Disporum trachycarpum uisetum arvense Galium boreate Gatium triftorum Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrova asarifolia Pyrola Secunda milacina racemosa ‘Smilacina stellata halictrum occidentale jarella trifoliata Viola canadensis Viola orbiculata Xerophyllum tenax Paper birch Western larch Engelmann spruce White spruce Lodgepole pine White pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Serviceberry Common juniper Western yew Kinnikk innik Oregon-grape Ocean spray Twinf lower Rusty leaf Devil's club Oregon boxwood Mallow ninebark Swamp gooseberry Thimbleberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Owarf huckleberry Globe huck leberry Grouseberry Trail plant Wild sarsaparilla Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Lady-fern Pinegrass Elk sedge Beadlily Western goldthread Bunchberry dogwood Wartberry fairybells Common horsetail Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Roughleaf rice-grass Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided wintergreen False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Western meadow-rue Three-leaved coolwort Canada violet Round-leaved violet Bear grass (Western redcedar communities) Abies grandis Abies lasiocarpa Betula papyrifera Larix occidentalis Picea engelmannii Picea glauca Pinus contorta Pinus monticola Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii uja plicata Tsuda Reterophy11a continued Grand fir Subalpine fir Paper birch Western larch Engelmann spruce White spruce Lodgepole pine White pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock 191 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WL] (Continued) Growth form Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Late successional plants Growth form Dry/excessive (Continued (Western redcedar communities) (Continued) Amelanchier alnifolia ‘axus brevifolia Berberis repens Holodiscus discolor Linnaea borealis Qplopanax horridum Pachystima myrsinites Physocarpus malvaceus Ribes lacustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis piraea betulifolia Symp! cok y albus Vaccinium globulare Vaccinium scoparium Actaea rubra Adenocaulon bicolor Rralia nudicaulis Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Athyrium filix-femina Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Clintonia uniflora Coptis occidentalis Cornus canadensis Disporum trachycarpum Equisetum arvense Galium tr Jorum Gymnocarpium dryopteris Oryzopsis asperifolia Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola asarifolia Pyrola secunda Pyrola uniflora Senecio triangularis Smilacina racemosa ‘Smitacina stellata Streptopus amp lexifolius Thalictrum occidentale jarella trifoliata Veratrum viride Viola orbiculata Xerophyllum tenax Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Serviceberry Western yew Oregon-grape Ocean spray Twinf lower Devil's club Oregon boxwood Mallow ninebark Swamp gooseberry Thimb leberry Buf faloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Globe huckleberry Grouseberry Lesser vegeta- tion Baneberry Trail plant Wild sarsaparilla Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Lady-fern Pinegrass Elk sedge Beadlily Western goldthread Bunchberry dogwood Wartberry fairybells Common horsetail Sweet-scented bedstraw Oak-fern Roughleaf rice-grass Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided winter- green Woodnymph Arrowleaf groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping- leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Three-leaved cool- wort American false hellebore Round-leaved violet Bear grass Tall trees, over 40 ft Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft (Spruce communities) Abies lasiocarpa ula papyrifera ea engelmannii ea glauca Larix occidentalis Pinus contorta Pinus monticola Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja plicata Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis Prunus virginiana Taxus brevifolia continued Subalpine fir Paper birch Engelmann spruce White spruce Western larch Lodgepole pine White pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Western redcedar Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Serviceberry Common juniper Western choke-cherry Western yew Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WL] (Continued) Late successional plants t/wel rained (Continued (Spruce conmunities) (Continued) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Berberis repens Linnaea borealis Menziesia ferruginea Pachystima myrsinites Physocarpus malvaceus Ribes Tacustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betuliforta — ymphoricarpos albus Vaccinium caespitosum Vaccinium globulare Vaccinium myret Tus Vaccinium scoparium Actaea rubra Adenocaulon bicolor Aralia nudicaulis Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Athyrium filix-femina Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Clintonia uniflora Cornus canadensis Disporum trachycarpum Equisetum arvense Galium boreale Galium triflorum Gymnocarpium dryopteris smorhiza chilensis Pyrola asarifolia Pyrola secunda milacina racemosa mitacina stellata ‘Streptopus ampTexifolius Thalictrum occidentale jarella trifoliata ola canadensis Viola orbiculata Xerophyllum tenax (Western hemlock forest) Abies grandis Abies lasiocarpa papyrifera occidentalis Picea engeImannit Picea glauca Pinus contorta Pinus glauca lotsuga menziesii huja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis axus brevifolia Arctostaphylos uva-ursi erberis we HoTodiscus discolor Linnaea borealis Menziesia ferruginea Oplopanax horridum Pachistima myrsinites Ribes Tacustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betulifolia continued Kinnikk innik Oregon-grape Twinf lower Rusty leaf Oregon boxwood Mallow ninebark Swamp gooseberry Thimb leberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Conmon snowberry Dwarf huckleberry Globe huckleberry Dwarf bilberry Grouseberry Baneberry Trail plant Wild sarsaparilla Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Lady-fern Pinegrass Elk sedge Beadlily Bunchberry dogwood Wartberry fairybells Common horsetail Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Oak-fern Roughleaf rice-grass Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided wintergreen False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Three-leaved coolwort , Canada violet Round- leaved violet Bear grass Grand fir Alpine fir Paper birch Western larch Engelmann spruce White spruce Lodgepole pine White pine Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Serviceberry Common juniper Western yew Kinnikk innik Oregon-grape Ocean spray Twinf lower Rusty leaf Devil's club Oregon boxwood Swamp gooseberry Thimbleberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea 192 CHAPTER 2 Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WL] (Continued) PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WL] (Concluded) Growth form Late successional plants Low to medium shrubs -- (Continued) Lesser vegeta- tion Moist/well-drained (Continued Symphoricarpos albus Vaccinium globulare Vacc im myrtilius Vaccinium scoparium Actaea rubra Adenocaulon bicolor Aralia nudiculis Athyrium filix-femina Calamagrostis rubescens Clintonia uniflora Coptis occidentalis Cornus canadensis Equisetum arvense GaTium triflorum Gymnocarpium dryopteris ryzopsis asperifolia Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola asarifolia yrola secunda Pyrola uniflora SmiTacina racemosa Smilacina stellata Streptopus amp lTexifolius Thalictrum occidentale Tiarella trifoliata Viola orbiculata Xerophyllum tenax (Western hemlock forest) (Continued) Common strawberry Globe huckleberry Owarf bilberry Grouseberry Baneberry Trail plant Wild sarsaparilla Lady-fern Pinegrass Beadlily Western goldthread Bunchberry dogwood Common horsetail Sweet-scented bedstraw Oak-fern Roughleaf rice-grass Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided wintergreen Woodnymph False Solomon's- seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Three- leaved coolwort Round-leaved violet Bear grass (Western redcedar--devil's club communities) Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Abies grandis s lasiocarpa Betula rifera Larix occidentalis epee engelrenn Picea glauca Pinus monticola Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Amelanchier alnifolia Taxus brevifo Linnaea borealis Menziesia ferruginea Oplopanax horridum ‘achystima myrsinites ‘ibes Tacustre Rubus parviflorus Spiraea betulifolia ‘Symphor icarpos albus ‘accinium globulare Vaccinium scopartum Actaea rubra Adenocaulon bicolor Aralia nudicaulis aoe atifolia Clintonia uniftora flora Coptis occidentalis Cornus canadensis Disporum trachycarpum Galium triflorum Osmorhiza chilensis ol Pyrola asa yrola secunda continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Grand fir Subalpine fir Paper birch Western larch Engelmann spruce White spruce White pine Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Serviceberry Western yew Twinf lower Rusty leaf Devil's club Oregon boxwood Swamp gooseberry Thimbleberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Globe huckleberry Grouseberry Baneberry Trail plant Wild sarsaparilla Broadleaf arnica Beadlily Western goldthread Bunchberry dogwood Wartberry fairybells Sweet-scented bedstraw Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided winter- green Growth form Late successional plants Moist/well-drained (Continued (Western redcedar--devil's club communities) (Continued) Lesser vegeta- tion (Continued) Pyrola uniflora Senecio triangularis SmiTacina racemosa Streptopus amplexifolius Thalictrum occidentale Tiarella trifoliata Veratrum v. de Viola orbiculata Woodnymph Arrowleaf groundsel False Solomon's-seal Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Three-leaved coolwort American false hellebore Round-leaved violet Table M2110-55.1_ [M2112WH] Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Westside Higher Elevation) Growth form Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Alpine fir communities) Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Abies grandis Abies lasiocarpa Larix 7 aii Larix occidentalis Picea engeTmanniy Pinus albicaulis Pinus ‘contorta nus monticola Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii ‘suga mertensiana Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Berberis repens Ledum glandulosum Linnaea borealis Menzies ta ferru ferruginea Pachysting myrstalte myrsinites odoce empetriformis Pibes acustre Rubus eyes FTorus Shepherdia canadensis piraea betulifolia Vaccinium globulare Vaccinium myrtilus Vaccinium scoparium Arnica cordifolia Arnica Tatifolia CaTamagrostis canadensis Calamagrostis rubescens Cares geyeri Coptis eccteene Ne Hieracium gracile grac CuzuTa hit Teeheockt i Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola asarifolia Pyrova Secunda Senecio triangularis continued Grand fir Subalpine fir Subalpine larch Western larch Engelmann spruce Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine White pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Mountain hemlock Serviceberry Common juniper Kinnikkinnik Oregon-grape Labrador-tea Twinf lower Rusty leaf Oregon boxwood Red mountain heather Swamp gooseberry Thimbleberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Globe huckleberry Dwarf bilberry Grouseberry Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Bluejoint reedgrass Pinegrass Elk sedge Western goldthread Slender hawkweed Woodrush Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided wintergreen Arrowleaf groundsel 193 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WH] (Continued) Table M2110-55.1 [M2112WH] (Concluded) Growth from Late successional plants Growth form Late successional plants Lesser vegeta- tion (Cont inued) Habitat conditions: Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion 194 Ory/excessive (Continued (Alpine fir communities) (Continued) Smita Thalictrum occidentale Tiarella trifoliata Trollius laxus Valeriana sitchensis Veratrum viride Viola orbiculata Xerophyllum tenax (Alpine fir communities) Abies a Abies Vasiocarpa Betula papyrifera ix occidental ea engelmannii ea glauca jnus albicaulis Pinus contorta jus monticola jus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Tsuga mertensiana Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis Taxus brevifolia Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Berberis repens Holodiscus discolor Linnaea borealis Menziesia ferruginea Pachystima myrsinites hysocarpus malvaceus Ribes lacustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis piraea betulifolia ymphoricarpos a bus Vaccinium caespitosum Vaccinium globulare Vaccinium myrtilus Vac mm Scoparium Actaea rubra Adenocaulon bicolor Aralia nudicaulis Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Clematis tenuiloba Clintonia uniflora Coptis occidentalis Cornus canadensis Di ‘sporum trachycarpum Galium boreale Galium triflorum Geranium richardsonii Hieracium gracile Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola asarifolia PyroTa secunda continued False Solomon's- seal Western meadow-rue Three-leaved cool- wort American globef lower Sitka valerian American false hellebore Round-leaved violet Bear grass Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Grand fir Subalpine fir Paper birch Western larch Engelmann spruce White spruce Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine White pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Mountain hemlock Serviceberry Common juniper Western yew Kinnikk innik Oregon-grape Ocean spray Twinf lower Rusty leaf Oregon boxwood Mallow ninebark Swamp gooseberry Thimbleberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Owarf huckleberry Globe huckleberry Owarf bilberry Grouseberry Baneberry Trail plant Wild sarsaparilla Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Matted purple virgin's-bower Beadlily Western goldthread Bunchberry dogwood Wartberry fairybells Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Cranesbill geranium Slender hawkweed Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided winter- green Lesser vegeta- tion (Continued) (Alpine fir--devil's Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Moist/well-drained (Continued (Alpine fir communities) (Continued) Pyrola uniflora enecio triangularis Smitacina racemosa Smilacina stellata Streptopus amplexifolius Thalictrum occidentale Tiarella trifoliata Valerian: Veratrum itchensis de Viola canadensis Viola orbiculata Xerophyllum tenax Abies lasiocarpa Picea engelmannii Picea glauca Uartx occidentalis Pinus monticola Pseudotsuga menziesii ‘suga heterophylla Taxus brevifolia Linnaea borealis Menziesia ferruginea OpTopanax horridum Pachystima myrsinites Ribes lacustre Rubus parviflorus Spiraea betulifolia bh Tere albus Vaccinium globulare Vacc im scoparium Actaea rubra Adenocauton bicolor Bralia nudicaulis Arnica latifolia Clintonia uniflora Cornus canadensis Galium triflorum Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola secunda milacina racemosa Smitacina stellata Streptopus ampTexifolius Thalictrum occidentale Tiarella trifoliata Veratrum viride Viola canadensis Viola orbicutata Xerophyllum tenax Woodnymph Arrowleaf groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Three-leaved cool- wort Sitka valerian American false hellebore Canada violet Round-leaved violet Bear grass club communities) Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce White spruce Western larch White pine Douglas-fir Western hemlock Western yew Twinf lower Rusty leaf Devil's club Oregon boxwood Swamp gooseberry Thimbleberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Globe huckleberry Grouseberry Baneberry Trail plant Wild sarsaparilla Broadleaf arnica Beadlily Bunchberry dogwood Sweet-scented bed- straw Mountain sweetroot One-sided wintergreen False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Three-leaved coolwort American false hellebore Canada violet Round-leaved violet Bear grass CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.1 [M2112TH] (Concluded) Table M2110-55.1_ [M2112TH] Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Throughout the Province Higher Elevation Region) Growth form Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Growth form Late successional plants (Alpine fir communities) Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion (Alpine fir communities) Abies grandis Abies lasiocarpa Larix occidentalis ea engelmannii ea glauca us albicaulis nus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Tsuga heterophylla Amelanchier alnifolia ‘Juniperus communis Taxus brevifolia Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Berberis repens Ledum glanduTosum Linnaea borealis Menziesia ferruginea Pachystima myrsinites Phyllodoce empetriformis Physocarpus malvaceus Ribes lacustre Rubus parvifTorus Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betulifolia Symphoricarpos albus Vaccinium caespitosum Vaccinium globulare Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium scoparium Agrostis scabra Arnica cordifolia Tatifolia ros’ Canadensis Lalamagrostis Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Clintonia uniflora Cornus canadensis Disporum trachycarpum quisetum arvense Festuca idahoensis Galium boreaTe triflorum ium richardsonii um gracile za chilensis asarifolia Pyrola secunda milacina racemosa mitlacina stellata Streptopus ampTexifolius Thalictrum occidentale Valeriana sitchensis Veratrum viride Viola orbiculata Xerophylium tenax continued Grand fir Subalpine fir Western larch Engelmann spruce White spruce Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Limber pine White pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Western hemlock Serviceberry Common juniper Western yew Kinnikk innik Oregon-grape Labrador- tea Twinf lower Rusty leaf Oregon boxwood Red mountain heather Mallow ninebark Swamp gooseberry Thimb leberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Owarf huckleberry Globe huck leberry Owarf bilberry Grouseberry Winter bentgrass Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Bluejoint reedgrass Pinegrass Elk sedge Beadlily Bunchberry dogwood Wartberry fairybells Common horsetail Idaho fescue Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bedstraw Cranesbil] geranium Slender hawkweed Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided wintergreen False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Sitka valerian American false hellebore Round-leaved violet Bear grass SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Abies lasiocarpa Picea engelmannii ea glauca jus albicaulis Pinus contorta Pseudotsuga menziesii. Juniperus communis Menziesia ferruginea Phy odoce empetriformis Ribes Tacustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betulifolia Vaccinium globulare Vaccinium myrtillus Vaccinium scoparium Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Calamagrostis canadensis Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Cornus canadensis Equisetum arvense GaTium boreale Geranium richardsonii Hieracium gracile Luzu ‘itchcock Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola asarifolia yrola secunda Berberis repens Tedum glanduTosum Senecio triangularis Streptopus amplexifolius Thalictrum occidentale Jarella trifoliata Trollius Jaxus Valeriana sitchensis Veratrum viride Viola canadensis Viola orbiculata XerophyTlum tenax Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce White spruce Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Douglas-fir Common juniper Oregon-grape Labrador-tea Rusty leaf Red mountain heather Swamp gooseberry Thimb leberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Globe huckleberry Dwarf bilberry Grouseberry Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Bluejoint reedgrass Pinegrass Elk sedge Bunchberry dogwood Common horsetail Northern bedstraw Cranesbill geranium Slender hawkweed Woodrush Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided winter- green Arrowleaf groundsel Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Three-leaved cool- wort American globef lower Sitka valerian American false hellebore Canada violet Roundleaf violet Bear grass 195 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.1 [M2112TL] Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Throughout the Province Lower Elevation Region) Growth form Late successional plants Habitat_conditions: Tall trees, over 40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion (Spruce forest) Abies grandis Abies lasiocarpa Betula papyrifera Picea engelmannii Picea glauca Pinus contorta Pseudotsuga menziesii Amelanchier alnifolia Juniperus communis Berberis repens Linnaea borealis Ribes lacustre Rubus parviflorus Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea betulifolia Symphor icarpos albus Vaccinium glo! julare Vaccinium scoparium Actaea rubra Ara nudicaulis Arnica cordifolia Arnica latifolia Athyrium filix-femina Calamagrostis canadensis Calamagrostis rubescens Cornus canadensis Equisetum arvense alium boreale Galium triflorum Geranium richardsonii Osmorhiza chilensis Pyrola asarifolia Pyrola secunda Pyrola uniflora Senecio triangularis Smilacina racemosa Smilacina stellata Streptopus amp Texifolius Thalictrum occidentale Valeriana sitchensis Viola canadensis Viola orbiculata Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Grand fir Subalpine fir Paper birch Engelmann spruce White spruce Lodgepole pine Douglas-fir Serviceberry Common juniper Oregon-grape Twinf lower Swamp gooseberry Thimbleberry Buffaloberry Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Globe huckleberry Grouseberry Baneberry Wild sarsaparilla Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Lady-fern Bluejoint reedgrass Pinegrass Bunchberry dogwood Common horsetail Northern bedstraw Sweet-scented bed- straw Cranesbil] geranium Mountain sweetroot Large pyrola One-sided winter- green Woodnymph Arrowleaf groundsel False Solomon's- seal Starry Solomon plume Clasping- leaved twisted-stalk Western meadow-rue Sitka valerian Canada violet Round-leaved violet 196 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Columbia Forest (Dry Summer) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Grand fir Stream bottoms, Evergreen tree, up Cone, 40-190 Seeds eaten by squir- Lowland trees less Abies grandis valleys, mountain to 300 ft high seeds per cone, rels, chipmunks, sev- resistant to fire LindT. slopes, best on production poor eral birds; browsers than upland trees; M2111, M2112 deep, rich alluv- to fair each resort to foliage as provides nesting Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa Hook.) Nutt. M2112 Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum Torr. w2i11 Western yarrow Achillea millefolium L. M2111 Baneberry Actaea rubra L. M2112 Trail plant Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. M2112 Bluebunch wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum ursh) Scribn. & Smith M2vi1, M2112 Winter bentgrass Agrostis scabra wiltd. M2112 Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. M2111, M2112 Tall pussy's-toes Antennaria Low pussy's-toes Antennaria dimorpha Nutt.) T. & G. M2111 Rosy pussy's-toes Antennaria rosea Greene M2111 jal soils Subalpine and al- pine slopes from 2,500 ft upwards Moist slopes Common, variable, not fully under- stood Moist woods, widespread Moist, shady woods Widespread Moist to dry areas from low elevations to montane or sub- alpine Widespread, in open woods Open places at mid elevations, high grass re- gion Open, arid areas in foothills and lowlands, wide- spread Dry mountain slopes at low elevations Evergreen tree, up to 95 ft but often dwarfed and shrub- like, narrow con- ical crown and dense rigid foli- age Deciduous shrub or smal] tree, diam- eters rarely reach- ing 12 in, 3-35 ft high Aromatic perennial herb, stems 1-3 ft high Perennial herb, stem from a stout rootstock, 16-32 in high, leaves all cauline Perennial herb, fibrous-rooted, slender, to 3 ft high, leaves mostly near the base Perennial grass, rhizomatous, stems 1.5-3.5 ft high Perennial grass; tufted, 8-20 in high, very occa- sionally with short rhizomes Spreading to erect, large shrub or small tree, 1.5- 33 ft high, up to 6 in diameter, deciduous Perennial herb, stems from narrow woody rootstock, slender, solitary or loosely tufted, 4-6 in high Perennial herb, low, seldom over 9 in high, mat- ted Stems and short year, Sept.-Oct. Cone, 2.5-4 in long, good crops about every 3 years, Sept.-Oct. Double samara Achene, without pappus Elliptical berry, bright red or white, shinning Achene, dark brown or black Caryopsis, awn- less Caryopsis Berrylike pome, June-July Achene Achene, late spring Achene, late sterile leafy spring shoots from mat- ted woody root- stock, slender, 6-7.5 in high continued part of their winter diet Same as A. grandis Seeds, buds, flowers eaten by songbirds, particularly evening grosbeak; seeds eaten by mice; foliage and twigs eaten by elk Sage-scented leaves eaten by a few wild- life species Berry may be eaten by some gamebirds and smal] mammals Good forage value for wildlife Juicy, sweet fruit important to song- birds, squirrels, chipmunks, bears; browsers feed on foliage and twigs Several birds and mammals eat tender rosettes of leaves Same as A. anapha- A. anapha- and roosting cover for birds Berries somewhat poisonous to man Considered one of the most valuable native grass spe- cies Important range grass SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 197 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.2_ (Continued) 198 Species . Red columbine Aquilegia formosa Fisch. M2111 Tower mustard Arabis glabra L.) Bernh. M2111 Hoary rockcress Arabis puberula Nutt. 2111 Wild sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis L. M2112 American dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm. M2111 Douglas dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium douglasii ngelm. m2iii Kinnikkinnik Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprang. M2112 Bigleaf sandwort Arenaria macrophylla Hook. M2111 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia Hook M2111, M2112 Broadleaf arnica Arnica latifolia Bong. M2112 Pacific sagebrush Artemisia campestris L. M2111 Pasture sage Artemisia frigida Big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Nutt. M2111, M2112 Habitat Woods and moist meadows to mid montane Creek banks to light woods, mostly in weedy clearings, low mountain areas Foothills to mid mountain, dry plains Moist shade, woods Parasitic on conifers, chief- ly lodgepole pine, reported on whitebark pine Parasitic on con- ifers, chiefly on Douglas-fir Widespread, es- pecially in moun- tains, generally in sandy or gravelly sites Moist to dry, shaded to open places, meadows to montane slopes, common Woodlands, foot- hills to high elevations in the mountains Common, variable, high elevations Open places, often in sandy soil, sandy riverbanks Dry, open plains and foothills Dry plains and hills, to timber- line in moun- tains Form Perennial herb, 1.5-4 ft high Biennial herb, stems solitary or few from base, 1.5-4 ft high Perennial herb, slightly woody at base, stems slender, erect, often branched, 4-12 in high Perennial herb, stems up to 10 ft high from fleshy root Clustered, frag- ile yellowish stems and leaves, stems slender, 1-2 in long, leaves scale- like Very dwarf, .2-1 in high, sparingly branched Evergreen shrub, stems long and creeping, small ascending branches, 4-16 in long Perennial herb, stems from slender rootstocks, 2.5- 6.5 ft high Perennial, to 2 ft tall, from long, naked rhizomes Perennial herb, stems from short matted rootstocks, 1-2 ft high Perennial herb, stems several on mature plants, erect or ascend- ing, 4-20 in high, herbaceous on a stout, woody base Subshrub, mat- forming, 4-16 in high Erect or ascend- ing shrub, 1.5- 16.5 ft high, often arborescent but abundantly branched Fruit Follicle, erect to spreading, many seeded Silique, 1-4 in Jong Silique, 1-2 in Tong Berry, small, 5-seeded, purplish black, about .2 in Berry, ovoid, greenish to bluish, sticky, late fall- winter Berry, ovoid, purplish, .1-.2 in long, sticky, late fall-winter Berrylike, bright red, smooth, about .33 in diameter Capsule, 1-celled Achene, hairy and glandular, pappus whitish Achene Achene Achene Achene continued General wildlife use Slight value because of sparse distribution but preferred by large mamma s Some foliage eaten by big game mammals Same as A. glabra Fruit eaten by thrushes, other birds as well as a few mammals Berries relished by songbirds Same as A. americanum Fruit eaten by bear and gamebirds; leathery leaves browsed by deer Good elk forage during summer but sparsely distributed; also eaten by pika and ground squirrels Foliage and flower clusters constitute most of the diet of the sage grouse; twigs are primary food for mule deer; seeds eaten by smal] mammals Same as A. campestus Same as A. campestus Notes Aggregate value of this plant is low Birds play import- ant role in seed dispersal Birds play import- ant role in seed dispersal Excellent ground cover, especially for dry banks Furnishes essential cover for many smal] animals Same as tus Same as tus A A. campes- campes- CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Leafy aster Widespread in Perennial herb, Achene, 4-angled, Plants eaten by deer Aster foliaceus lowland to mid- densely and soft- without pappus during fall, winter, Lind?. elevations ly hairy, leaves spring M2111 large Lady-fern Moist woods, mead- Fern, up to 5 ft Sori Browsed by ungulates in Athyrium filix-femina Ows, swamps, very high winter L.) Roth common, lowlands M2112 to montane Arrowleaf balsamroot Widespread in Perennial herb, Achenes, without Plant eaten by deer Balsamorhiza lowland to mid- dense and softly pappus sagittata elevation in hairy, leaves (Pursh) Nutt. mountains large M2111, M2112 } Oregon-grape Foothills to Subshrub, ever- Berry, globose to Plant freely eaten by Berberis repens lower montane green, stems very oblong, blue hoofed browsers; LindT. forests, dry short, from long fleshy fruit eaten by M2111, M2112 woods and can- branching root- birds to only a limit- yons stock ed extent Paper birch Moist, open to Deciduous tree, Catkin with a Catkins, buds, seeds Betula papyrifera dense woods of up to 60 ft high winged nutlet, eaten by grouse; Marsh. lowland or low and 20 in diameter good seed bears seeds eaten by song- M2112 mountains every year, seeds birds; twigs and light, Aug.-Sept. foliage browsed by mam- mals California brome Dry, open ground Annual or short- Caryopsis, awns Good-sized seeds eaten Bromus carinatus lived perennial about .33 in by a number of birds H. &A. grass, 2-3.5 ft long and rodents; leaves m2iii high consumed by ungulates Cheat Common in waste Annual grass, culms Caryopsis, lemmas Same as 8. carinatus Perhaps the most Bromus tectorum or disturbed -5-3.5 ft high narrow, awns common of all the t (especially over- rough grasses in the M2111 grazed) areas region throughout province Columbia brome Shaded or open Perennial grass, Caryopsis Plant eaten by gray Bromus vulgaris woods, moist or culms 2.5-4 ft partridge, ring-necked Hook.) Shear dry banks from high pheasant, chipmunks, M2111 lowlands to dry small rodents; young rocky slopes, plant eaten by Canada up to 6,000 ft goose Bluejoint reedgrass Wet places and Perennial grass, Caryopsis, awned Good forage for deer Plants are most Calamagrostis woods from low culms from hori- from below middle and elk palatable and nu- canadensis to fairly high zontal rootstocks, tritious but seldom Michx.) Beauv. elevations 2-4 ft high particularly abund- M2112 ant Pinegrass Mostly in open Perennial grass, Caryopsis Eaten by deer and elk Calamagrostis conifer woods culms from hori- rubescens zontal rootstocks, BuckT. slender, 2-3.5 ft M2112 high Calypso Deep shade of Low perennial herb, Capsule Calypso bulbosa cool, moist subglobose corm, ty oakes forest, low to 1 green leaf and m2ii1 mid-mounta in short scape, 2-8 in high Elk sedge Woodland, open Perennial sedge, Achene, perigynia Seeds eaten by many Provides cover for Carex geyeri slopes and dry clustered, erect, obovoid, 2-keeled, kinds of wildlife many species Boott meadows, foot- from tough, woody about .2 in long, M2111, M2112 hills to mid- rootstocks, 4-18 beakless montane in high Hood sedge Open or thinly Perennial sedge, Achene, perigynia Same as C. geyeri Carex hoodii. wooded slopes, tufted from about .13 in long Boott dry to moderate- slender root- M2111 ly moist mead- stock, erect, ows, forest 1-2 ft high openings continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 199 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Field chickweed Cliffs and slopes, Perennial herb, Capsule, I-celled Cerastium arvense rocky areas, low stem slender and L. to subalpine Jax, 10-20 in m2] Tong Western prince's-pine Woods, mostly Evergreen, peren- Capsule Browsed occasionally Chimaphila umbellata under conifers, nial herbs, stems by ungulates (L.) Bart. moderate eleva- from shallow root- m2 tions stocks, erect or decumbent, 8-12 in high Columbia clematis Foothills to Perennial herb, Follicle, 1-5 Seeds probably eaten Nesting cover for Clematis columbiana lower mountains, creeping to seeded by birds birds Nutt.) T. &G. open woods climbing, 3-13 mei ft Tong Climbing purple virgin's- Montane Perennial vine Follicle, 1-5 Same as C. columbiana Same as C. colum- bower seeded biana Clematis pseudoalpina (ktze.) A. Nels. M2112 Matted purple virgin's- Calcareous ridges Perennial herb, Follicle, 1-5 Same as C. bower and slopes in smal] mats seeded Clematis tenuiloba foothills and lower mountains M2112 Beadlily Conifer forest, Perennial herb, Berry, blue, Clintonia uniflora often where widely rhizoma- globose or pear- (Schult.) Kunth rather moist, tous, leafy at shaped, about m2ii2 foothills to or near base .5 in long mid mountain Littleflower collinsia | Widespread in Slender annual, Capsule, with Collinsia parviflora areas that are often decumbent, many seeds Lind? moist in the bent or reclin- M2111 spring ing, 4-16 in high Western goldthread Moist woods Perennial herb, Follicle, sev- Coptis occidentalis evergreen, naked eral seeded That) T. &G. scape, 4-8 in M2112 high Spotted coralroot Moist to fairly Perennial herb, Capsule, dry lorhiza dry woods without chloro- ata phyl1, stem 8-20 in high Bunchberry dogwood Moist woods, moun- Low trailing shrub, Berrylike drupe, Fruit eaten by song- May be useful Cornus canadensis tains at mid ele- 2-8 in high coral red, about birds and gamebirds; ground cover in t. vations .25 in, 2-seeded buds eaten by game- moist, cool areas M2112 pit birds California hazelnut Widespread, lower Tall, usually Nut, 1-seeded Nuts eaten by squir- Useful nesting and Corylus cornuta elevations, on clustered shrub, rels, chipmunks and cover sites Marsh. well-drained up to 16 ft high other rodents; bark, M2111 soils foliage, twigs browsed by rabbits and deer; catkins eaten by grouse Columbia hawthorn Often in disturbed Shrub or small Pome, small, with Fruit eaten by a few Favorate nesting Crataegus columbiana areas tree, up to 15 ft l-seeded nutlet, species of songbirds sites for many Sarg. high, spines 1- dark red, ovoid, birds M2111 2.5 in long about .5 in long Douglas hawthorn Woods and thick- Small tree, up to Pome, small, with Small, applelike fruit Favorite nesting Crataegus douglasii ets 20 ft high, stout l-seeded nutlet, eaten by a few species sites for many Lind? spines, .25-.5 in .25-.33 in long, of songbirds birds mei long nearly black continued 200 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Yellow lady's-slipper Cypripedium calceolus Salisb.) Fern. M2111 Mountain lady's-slipper Cypripedium montanum Dougl. ex Lindl. M2111 Brittle fern Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. M2111 Slender hairgrass Deschampsia elongata Hook.) Munro ex Benth. M2111 Wartberry fairybells Disporum trachycarpum (Wats.) Benth. & Hook. m2ii2 Blue wild rye Elymus glaucus BuckT. M2111 Autumn willowweed Epilobium paniculatum Nutt. ex T. & G. m2111 Common horsetail Equisetum arvense U w2ii1, 2112 Scouring-rush Equisetum hyemale Le M2111 Dwarf mountain fleabane Erigeron compositus Pursh M2111 Showy fleabane Erigeron speciosus (LinaT.) 0c. Lamb's-tongue fawn lily Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh M2111 Moist woods and bogs Dry to moist, shrub or forest covered valleys and mountain sides Moist to moder- ately dry, often rocky places, lowland to above timberline Generally moist banks and slopes or borders of streams or lakes, sometimes in woods Wooded slopes, often near streams Prairies, open woods, dry to moist hillsides, lowland to mid- mountain Mostly on dry soil, in open to wooded areas, often in Ponderosa pine woodlands Moist to moderate- ly dry places, often weedy, com- mon Streambanks and other moist or wet places, low- lands to mid- mountain Widespread, dry mountain slopes Widespread, open woods and clear- ings in foothills and mid-eleva- tions Sagebrush slopes to montane forest, sometimes upward to timberline SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Perennial herb, stems from short rootstocks, 1-2 ft high, large leaves Perennial herb, stems from a branching root- stock, stout, 12-20 in high, leaves large Fern, fronds, 4- 10 in high Perennial grass, slender, tufted, 8-32 in high Perennial herb, rhizomatous, stem 1-2 ft high, leafy stems Perennial grass, culms 2-5 ft high Tall, annual herb, 1-8 ft high, us- ually copiously branched, leaves linear Aerial stems annual, fertile and sterile stems unalike, sterile green, fertile whitish or brownish Aerial stems per- ennial, evergreen, simple, 1.5-6.5 ft high Perennial herb, caudex stout, surmounting a taproot, woody freely branched, up to 3 in long, cushion-like Perennial herb, stems erect, simple, mostly clustered from short, stout rootstock, 1-8 ft high Perennial herb, deep-seated, elongated corm, basal pair of leaves, stem 3-14 in high Capsule, 1- chambered, with innumerable minute seeds Capsule, 1- chambered, with innumerable minute seeds Sori Caryopsis, awns straight, twice as long as the glume Ovoid berry, 6-15 seeded, .3-.4 in broad Caryopsis Capsule, seeds at least .05 in Sporangia Sporangia Achene Achene Capsule continued Minor browse species for ungulates May be used as winter forage Valuable browse for ungulates, seeds eaten by some small mammals Rootstocks and stems eaten by waterfowl Same as E. arvense Highly preferred sum- mer forage for un- gulates Same as E. compositus May be a good sand stabilizer Potentially bad weed; valuable honey plant for bee keepers 201 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.2. (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Idaho fescue Festuca idaho: Elmer M2111, M2112 Rough fescue Festuca scabrella Torr. M2112 Sand strawberry Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne M21 Cleaver's bedstraw Galium aparine L W211 Northern bedstraw Galium boreale Le M2111, M2112 Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. M2111, M2112 Cranesbill geranium Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. m21i2 Rattlesnake plantain Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. M2111 Oak-fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris L.) Newm. M2112 Spike fescue Hesperochloa kingii (uats.) Ryab. M2112 Slender hawkweed Hieracium gracile Hook. M2112 Ocean spray Holodiscus discolor Pursh) Maxim. M2112 Baldhead waterleaf Hydrophyllum capitatum Dougl ex Benth, M2111 Grassland and sagebrush desert to dry and rocky mountain slopes and meadows up to 12,000 ft Dry areas, woods and low mountain slopes Mostly on sand dunes, rare in- Jand Common, weedy species, thick- ets and open woods Common and wide- spread, moist thickets and open woods Common, wide- spread, woods Widespread, from foothills into mountains, moist places Dry to moist woods or forest Moist woods, streambanks, wet cliffs, low to moderate eleva- tions Moist to generally dry grassland or rolling hills and open ridges or talus slopes up to 11,000 ft Moist places in mountains Moist woods to dry, open areas Widespread, rocky banks and gravelly slopes at moder- ate to high eleva- tions Perennial grass, truly cespitose, non-rhizomatous , basas leaves, .5-3.5 ft high Perennial grass, densely tufted, 1-3 ft high, thick mats of persistent sheaths and culm bases Perennial herb, stoloniferous Herbaceous annual, stem weak, ascend- ing, 1-5 ft high Perennial herb, stems prostrate or ascending, 10-24 in high Perennial herb, stem slender and lax, 16-40 in long Perennial herb, stems in small clusters, 1.5- 2.5 ft high Perennial herb, leaves all basal, scapes 4-12 in high Delicate fern, slender rhizomes, fronds, 1-2 ft Tong Perennial grass, strongly caespi- tose, 1-2 ft high, large dense clumps of persistent old stems and sheaths Perennial herb, stems slender, clustered, sca- pose, 4-12 in high, leaves in a nearly basal cluster Shrub, erect, 1.5- 10 ft high, de- ciduous Perennial herb, Caryopsis, awns .1-.2 in, lemmas strongly inrolled and rigid Caryopsis, lem- mas about .33 in, acute only rarely awn tipped Achene, borne on enlarged, fleshy juicy receptacle Dry capsule, clothed with hooked bristles Ory capsule, short, hairy Dry capsule, bristles about 05 in Capsule, several to many seeded Dry capsule Sori Caryopsis Achene Follicle, 5 carpels, 1- seeded Capsule, 1-4 branching from seeded base, 2-10 in high continued Seeds and foliage con- sidered valuable food for gophers and mule deer Same as F. idahoensis Tender leaves and ber- ries eaten by upland gamebirds; berries eaten by songbirds Seeds eaten by birds and rodents Eaten slightly in spring by ungulates Eaten in winter by ungulates Not specifically known but may be similar to Festuca spp. Basal leaves eaten by several wildlife spe- cies Browsed by ungulates with heavy use on winter range Deer and elk may eat plants during spring 202 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Fores! Table M2110-55.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Common juniper Lowland woods to Evergreen shrub, Cone, berrylike, Berries eaten by birds Juniperus communis mountain valleys, mostly decumbent, seeds wingless U. open rocky alpine seldom higher M2112 slopes than 6 ft Creeping juniper Foothills to dry Evergreen shrub, Cone, berrylike, Same as J. communis Juniperus horizontalis montane ridges stems decumbent, seed wingless Moench plants nearly or M2112 quite prostrate, rarely as high as 12 in Rocky Mountain juniper — Inland valleys small tree, ever- Cone, berrylike, Same as J. communis Wood durable and Juniperus scopulorum and lower moun- green, stems erect, 1-several seeded, used chiefly for Sarg. tains, exposed up to 35 ft high seeds angled, fence posts M2111 dry areas, cal- some seed every careous or some- year with heavy what alkaline crops at 2-5 year soils favored intervals, Nov.- Dec. Subalpine larch Generally near Deciduous needle- Cone, 1.5-2 in Leaves and buds eaten Larix lyallii timberline, leaf tree, 30-45 long, seeds with by gamebirds; seeds Parl. often on north ft high thin wings eaten by songbirds M2112 facing slopes Western larch Foothills to mid- Deciduous conifer Cones, about 1 in Needles and buds eaten Larix occidentalis mountain, often tree, up to 250 ft long, seeds about by grouse; seeds eaten Nutt. where swampy high 2 in long by some birds but use M2112 is not impressive Nevada peavine Mostly in woods Perennial herb, Pod, 1-celled Lathyrus nevadensis rhizomatous, Wats. tendril-bearing M2111 Labrador-tea High elevations Evergreen shrub, Capsule Ledum glandulosum clustered, erect Nutt. or ascending, M2112 1-2 ft high Bog Labrador-tea Mostly in swamps Evergreen shrub, Capsule, splitting Ledum groenlandicum and bogs leathery leaves, by 5 valves Oeder 2-4 ft high M2112 Twinflower Woods Creeping evergreen, Dry capsule Linnaea borealis herblike shrub, tl leafy stems general- M2112 ly less than 4 in Small-flowered fringecup Sagebrush desert Perennial herb, Capsule, 3-peaked, Lithophragma and grassland to slender, .5-1.5 ft seed about .2 in arviflors ~ lower montane high Hook.) Nutt. ex forest in moist T. &G. places M2111 Lace-leaved lomatium Open, often rocky Perennial herb, Dry schizocarp, | Seeds eaten by some Lomatium dissectum slopes and dry robust, 1.5-10 ft 3-.7 in gamebirds Nutt.) Math.& Const. meadows, lowland high M2111 to mid-mountain Bigseed lomatium Open, rocky hills Perennial herb, Dry schizocarp, | Same as L. dissectum Lomatium macrocarpum and plains, .5-1.5 ft high, about .4-.8 in Nutt.) Coult. & Rose scarcely montane large, fleshy M2111 taproot Silky lupine Sagebrush desert Perennial herb, Pod, flattened, Seeds are valuable to Some lupines are Lupinus sericeus to lower montane stem erect, stout, 1-1.5 in long, several upland game- poisonous to live- Pursh forest freely branching hairy, seeds 4+ — birds stock M2111 1-2.5 ft high per pod Woodrush Montane forests Perennial herb, Capsule, 3-seeded Browsed lightly by Luzula hitchcockii to subalpine or grasslike, leaves ungulates alpine meadows with closed, M2112 and slopes sheathing base continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 203 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rusty leaf Moist woods and Deciduous shrub, Capsule, fleshy, May provide browse for Menziesia ferruginea streambanks erect, 3-6 ft about .25 in grouse Smith high long M2112 Cross-shaped miterwort Open to dense, Perennial herb, Capsule, 1-cham- Mitella stauropetala moist woods rhizomatous, bered, seeds Piper leafless flower blackish and m2111 stem, 10-20 in shining high Indian pond lily Aquatic, common Perennial herb, Leathery capsule, Seeds eaten by ducks Nuphar polysepalum lowland into fleshy rhizome, 2-4 in long, to a limited extent ngelm. mountains, in long petioled seeds about .13 M2111 ponds and shal- floating leaves in Tow lakes Devil's club Moist woods, Thick-stemmed, Berry, bright red, Highly preferred un- Interesting and Oplopanax horridum especially near deciduous shrub, 2-3 seeded, gulate forage attractive plant J. E. Sm.) Mig. streams fiercely armed, about .25 in for bog garden M2112 -2-.7 in spines, large palmately lobed leaves Roughleaf rice-grass Mostly in open Perennial grass, Caryopsis Seeds eaten by upland Palatable and nutri- Oryzopsis asperifolia coniferous woods caespitose gamebirds, songbirds, tious but seldom Michx. smal] mammals; browsed abundant M2112 by deer Sweetroot Common in wood- Caulescent, Ory schizocarp Osmorhiza spp. lands, lowlands thick-rooted Raf. to mid-montane perennial herb M2111 Mountain sweetroot Common in wood- Caulescent, Dry schizocarp Osmorhiza chilensis lands, lowlands thick-rooted . . to mid-montane perennial herb M2111, M2112 Oregon boxwood Mostly mid- Evergreen shrub, Capsule, 1-2 Browsed by ungulates One of the nicest Pachystima myrsinites montane glossy, leathery seeded, about ornamental shrubs Pursh) Raf. leaves, .5-2 ft .17 in long, of the Northwest; M2112 high seeds dark easily grown brown Gairdner Yampah Woodland and dry Perennial herb, Ory schizocarp Perideridia gairdneri to wet meadows, thickened edible, H. & A.) Math. lowland to mid- fasicled roots M2111 montane Lewis mock orange Along water- Erect to spread- Woody capsule Forage of ungulates Philadelphus lewisii courses and on ing deciduous Pursh cliffs, talus shrub, 4-10 ft M2111 slopes and rocky high hillsides of sagebrush desert to Ponderosa pine or Douglas- fir forests Red mountain heather Montane to alpine Dwarf, evergreen Capsule Minor ungulate use; Attractive orna- Phyllodoce meadows and shrub, with linear winter forage for mental shrub but empetriformis slopes leaves rodents nearly impossible (Sw.) D. Don to grow and get to M2112 flower Mallow ninebark Canyons and hill- Deciduous shrub, Several seeded Browsed by mountain Physocarpus malvaceus sides, grassland 1.5-7 ft high follicle _ goat Greene) Ktze. to Ponderosa pine M2111, M2112 and Douglas-fir forest Engelmann spruce Montane, generally Spirelike conifer Cone, 1.5-2.5 in Grouse obtain much of Provides excellent Picea engelmannii in swampy areas, tree, up to 160 ft long, seeds 2 per their food from spruce cover in winters Parry ex Engelm. mostly above 3,000 high but trunk scale, heavy crop needles; foliage and nesting and roost- M2112 ft rarely over 3.5 every 4 years, twigs browsed extens- ing cover for birds ft in diameter, winter ively by rabbits and thin bark, short, deer in winter; small rigid needles seeds eaten by birds, squirrels, chipmunks continued ER ee Re he 204 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White spruce Picea glauca Moench w2112 Whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis Engelm. M2112 Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Doug. M2111, M2112 Limber pine Pinus flexilis James M2112 White pine Pinus monticola Doug? . maiz Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Laws. M2111, M2112 Merrill's bluegrass Poa ampla Merr. M2111 Pine bluegrass Poa scabrella Thurb. 211 Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Michx. mei Beauty cinquefoil Potentilla gracilis Hook. M2111 Norwegian cinquefoil Potentilla norvegica c mati Lowland swamps to montane slopes At or near timber- line Dry mountain slopes, occasion- ally to timber- line, often in pure stands in burned areas At or near timber- line in mostly semi-arid ranges Moist valleys to somewhat dry slopes Lower levels, mostly where rather dry, often in open pure stands Sagebrush areas, often where alkaline Sagebrush desert to montane for- ests and ridges Not confined to streambanks and lake shores Grassland and moist areas in deserts to sub- alpine meadows Mostly in moist waste areas Evergreen tree, stunted to deform- ed to erect, up to 80 ft Aug.~Sept. Cone, 2-3 in Evergreen tree, thin bark ly Evergreen tree, 30-110 ft high Aug.-Sept. Evergreen tree, leaves needle- like seeds almost wingless Evergreen tree, up to 250 ft high, leaves needle- acute, good like crops every 3-4 years, Aug.-Sept. Evergreen tree, up to 220 ft, bark becoming thick with age, leaves Sept. needlelike and persistent Perennial grass Caryopsis Perennial grass, Caryopsis caespitose, over 1.5 ft high, non- rhizomatous Deciduous tree, up 2-carpellate to 100 ft high years, June Perennial herb, Achene less than 15 in Annual or bien- Achene nial herb, stems stiffly hirsute continued Cone, 1-1.5 in, seeds 2 per scale, strongly winged, good seed year every 2-6 years, long, tend to stay closed and shed seeds slow- Cone, 1.5-2.5 in long, long per- sistent on tree, good crops 1-3 year intervals, Deciduous cone, 3-10 in long, Cone, 6-10 in long, seed wings Cone, 3-5.5 in long, deciduous when mature, Aug.- capsule, good crops every 4-5 Same as P. engelmannii Very important; seeds eaten by many birds and mammals; needles eaten by grouse and hoofed browsers; bark and wood eaten by porcupines and rodents Same as P. albicaulis Same as P. albicau i le Same as P. albicaulis Same as I> Seeds eaten by sev- eral kinds of song- birds and rodents; leaves grazed by rab- bits and big game Same as P. ampla Buds and catkins valu- able winter and spring food for various grouse; bark, twigs, foliage eaten by rabbits and hoofed browsers; wood and bark relished by beavers and porcupines Little food value; eaten by upland game- birds, songbirds, smal] mammals to a small extent Same as P. gracilis Provides excellent cover in winter; nesting and roost- ing cover for birds Valuable cover for gamebirds, fur bearers, hoofed browsers and other ground animals Same as P. albi- caulis Same as P. caulis Same as caulis Ip Same as caulis albi- Great value as range forage Weedy SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 205 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest RMT ARLEN IAS Meet CIR eS Table M2110-55.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western choke-cherry Prunus virginiana L. Maiti, M2112 Douglas-fir M2111, M2112 Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata Pursh) DC. M2111, M2112 Large pyrola Pyrola asarifolia Michx. M2112 Whitevein pyrola Pyrola picta Sm. M2111 One-sided wintergreen Pyrola secunda C w2ti2 Woodnymph Pyrola uniflora Le M2112 Wax currant Ribes cereum LindT. M2111 Swamp gooseberry Ribes lacustre Pers.) Poir. M2111, M2112 Alpine prickly currant Ribes montigenum McClat. m2ii2 Baldhip rose Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. M2111 Nootka rose Rosa nutkana Pres! M2111 Widespread Moist to dry areas, low ele- vations to near timber] ine Sagebrush desert to Ponderosa pine forests Moist ground in woodlands to forest Coniferous forest Mostly in conif- erous woods Light to deep woods, especially where moist or on rotting wood, lowlands to mon- tane Grassland, sage- brush desert Moist woods and streambanks to forest slopes and subalpine ridges Subalpine to al- pine slopes and rocky bluffs Moist to dry woods, lowlands to mid-montane Wooded or moist areas, often montane Tree or shrub, with firm,but not leath- ery, deciduous leaves Evergreen tree, up to 280 ft Rigidly brushy shrub with decidu- ous leaves, 3-6 ft high Perennial herb, slender rhizome and rosette of green leaves, 6-16 in high Perennial herb, slender rhizome and rosette of deep green leaves mottled on upper surface, flower stem 3-10 in high Perennial herb, slender rhizomes, 2-6 in high Perennial herb, slender rhizome, rosette of green leaves, 1-6 in long Deciduous shrub Deciduous shrub, 3.5-5 ft high Deciduous shrub, strongly glabrous and glandular, 8-20 in high Prickly, to nearly unarmed shrub, 1-4 ft high Woody vine Orupe, 1-seeded, red to black Cone, with broadly winged seeds, heavy seed crops at 5-7 year inter- vals (Sept.) Achene, 1-seeded, about .25 in long, Aug. Ory capsule Ory capsule Ory capsule Ory capsule Berry, dull to bright red, several -seeded Berry, dark purple, not prickly Berry, reddish, not prickly Achene, 12 or fewer bony, en- closed in fleshy, glabous, bright red hypanthium Achene, berry- like, enclosed within fleshy hypanthium continued One of the most impor- tant wildlife foods; fruit eaten by birds, fur and game mammals, smal] mammals; twigs, foliage, bark eaten by hoofed browsers and rabbits Seeds eaten by western squirrels and other rodents; foliage and twigs eaten by sev- eral kinds of browsers; needles and cones winter food of blue grouse Important to wildlife; seeds eaten by small rodents; good browse plant, particularly by mule deer Little value though browsed by ruffed grouse Same as asarifolia Same as P. asarifolia Same as I~ asarifolia Fruit eaten by song- birds, chipmunks, squirrels Same as cereum Same as \~ . cereum Achenes and hips im- portant to upland gamebirds in winter; fruits, twigs, foliage eaten by mammals and hoofed browsers Same as R. gymnocarpa Fruit sweet but astringent Important commercial tree Grazed by livestock; fair ornamental Berry unpalatable Thickets make excel- lent nesting sites and protective cover for gamebirds and songbirds Widespread cordil- leran species EEE ERE IESE LATO IIE IEP TITS AIRE IES gee: oeamnagee 206 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Red raspberry Rubus idaeus L. M2111 Black raspberry Rubus leucodermis T. 8G. M2111 Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus Wet or dry woods, to open and rocky mountain slopes Fields, canyons, lower mountains Moist to dry wooded to open Perennial shrub, deciduous, main prickles not hooked or flat Perennial shrub or vine, stems often trailing or arch- ing, prickles flat and often hooked, leaves deciduous and prickly be- neath Unarmed erect shrub, 1.5 ft high Drupelet, yellow- ish or red Succulent, fine- ly tomentose, drupelet, often black Aggregation of weakly coherent Important summer food; fruit eaten by grouse, ring-necked pheasant, quail, raccoons, chip- munks, squirrels; stems and leaves eaten by deer and rabbits Same as R. idaeus Same as R. idaeus Valuable cover Valuable cover Effective cover Nutt. places from low- drupelets M2111, M2112 lands to sub- alpine Bebb willow Lowlands to mid- Deciduous tree Capsule Buds and twigs eaten No running roots Salix bebbiana mountain by several species of Sarg. grouse; twigs, foliage, M2111 bark eaten by rabbits and hoofed browsers Columbia River willow Banks of Columbia Deciduous tree, Capsule Same as S. bebbiana Often colonial by Salix fluviatilis River 7-26 ft high running roots Nutt. M2111 Pacific willow Lowlands to mid- Arborescent shrub Capsule Same as S. bebbiana Widespread Salix lasiandra montane or small tree, Benth. 7-38 ft high M2111 Sierra snakeroot Widespread, open Biennial herb, Carpophore Sanicula graveolens slopes and flats, erect, taprooted Poepp. ex DC. lowland to mid- M2111 montane False melic Open grassy or Perennial grass, Caryopsis Schizachne wooded, moist tufted, culms jurpurascens to dry and rocky hollow, 2-3.5 ft rope) Swall. areas high M2112 Wallace's selaginella Moist locations Low creeping herb, Spore Frequently grows on Selaginella wallacei Hieron. M2111 Western groundsel Senecio integerrimus Nutt. M2111 Cleftleaf groundsel Senecio streptanthi folius Greene M2112 Arrowleaf groundsel Senecio triangularis Hook. M2112 Canada buffaloberry Open places from valleys to near timber] ine Woods and moist to moderately dry open places at mid to high ele- vations Widespread, stream banks and other moist places, up- per and mid eleva- tions Open to wooded less than 1 in tall Perennial herb, fibrous roots from a very short, erect, short- lived crown Perennial herb, evident, long- lived, woody, ascending rhi- zome Perennial herb, fibrous rooted, 1-5 ft high Deciduous shrub, Achene, Aug.- Sept. Achene, Sept. Achene, Sept. Berry, fleshy, tree bark Fruit bitter; of a canadensis areas branches unarmed, not greatly little horticultur- Tt) : 3-13 ft high hardened, al importance yellow-red continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 207 55 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest Table M2110-55.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes False Solomon's-seal Moist woods and Perennial herb, Berry, few seed- Fruit eaten by few spe- Smilacina racemosa streambanks to widely rhizomatous ed, greenish to cies of birds and open forests, erect, leafy red rodents Towlands to mid flower stems elevations Starry Solomon plume Moist woods and Perennial herb, Berry, few seed- Same as S. racemosa Smilacina stellata streambanks to widely rhizomatous, ed, greenish to l. rocky, well- erect, leafy, red M2111, M2112 drained, often flower stems . fully exposed sidehills Canada goldenrod Generally on Fibrous-rooted, Achene Transcontinental Solidago canadensis moist soils perennial herb, L. rhizomatous, M2111 1.5-3 ft high Shinyleaf spiraea Wet places to Deciduous shrub Follicle Spiraea betulifolia open hillsides, Pall. lowlands to M2111, M2112 10,000 ft Northern starwort Widespread Perennial herb, Many seeded, Stellaria calycantha rhizomatous capsule (Ledeb.) Bong. M2111 Shining chickweed Gravelly meadows Annual herb Many seeded Common Stellaria nitens to grassy hill- capsule Nutt. sides often M2111 where moist Needle-and- thread Plains and prai- Caespitose peren- Caryopsis Important food for Injurious to live- Stipa comata ries to montane nial grass songbirds and ro- stock Trin. & Rupr. forests, gen- dents; also eaten M2111 erally on rocky by hoofed browsers soil Clasping-leaved twisted- Moist forests, Perennial herb, Berry, greenish- stalk streambanks and widely rhizomatous, red Streptopus mountain thick- 1.5-4 ft high amplexifolius ets L.) OC. M2112 Common snowberry Widespread, Erect shrub, 3-6.5 Nutlet, about. Fruit eaten by grouse Useful as nesting Symphoricarpos albus thickets, woods, ft high -2 in and songbirds; foliage and protective cover .) Blake open slopes, and twigs eaten by for gamebirds, rab- M2111, M2112 lowlands to deer bits and other mid elevations animals Western snowberry Open prairies, Erect shrub, 1-3.5 White, berrylike Same as S. albus Symphor icarpos moist low ft high occidentalis ground Hook. M2111 Western yew Moist forest, Evergreen tree, Hardened seed Highly preferred Hard, durable, at- Taxus brevifolia especially along ‘13-35 ft high, surrounded by browse by ungulates tractive wood Nutt. streams erect and fleshy, reddish M2112 straight to aril, .2-.25 in contorted trunk, bark thin Western meadow-rue Common Rhizomatous peren- — Achene Slightly browsed by Thalictrum occidentale nial herb deer and elk Gray M2111, M2112 Western redcedar Mainly where Evergreen tree, up Cone, about .5 Seeds eaten by pine Dead spike tops pro- Thuja plicata moist or swampy to 225 ft, scale- in, seeds with siskin; foliage and vide useful perching Donn like leaves, bark narrow lateral twigs useful to and nesting sites M2111, M2112 thin wings, good white-tailed deer; crops every 4 slight value to other years, Aug.-Sept. species continued SE OLR NL LEI BIBI IN 62 ERIN PEED INN TE eR ES 208 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2110 Columbia Forest 55 Table M2110-55.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Three-leaved coolwort Damp woods Perennial herb, Capsules, few- Tiarella trifoliata rhizomatous, .5-1.5 seeded t ft high M2112 Purple trillium Trillium petiolatum Pursh M2111 American globeflower Trollius laxus Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla Streambanks and moist thickets or meadows Swamps to alpine meadows Moist to well- drained sites, Perennial herb, short, thick rhi- zome Perennial herb, 4-12 in high Tree, to 150 ft tall, narrow A many seeded berrylike capsule Follicle, about -38 in, several seeded Cone, seeds shed Sept.-Oct. Eaten by blue grouse, white- and black- Raf.) Sarg. sea level to crown tailed deer; survival M2112 5,000 ft ele- food for Olympic vation wapiti Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana (ong.) Carrs m2ii2 Dwarf huckleberry Vaccinium caespitosum Globe huckleberry Vaccinium globulare Subalpine to alpine, 4,000- 7,000 ft, often to timberline Montane meadows and slopes to above timber] ine Lower and mid elevations Evergreen tree, graceful, short needles, up to 225 ft high and 4 ft diameters, but often dwarfed at high elevations Deciduous shrub, 8-12 in high Deciduous shrub, 1.5-6.5 ft high Pendent cone, seeds small with large, broadly oblong wing, seed crops every 3-4 years, Sept.- Oct. Berry, mostly dark blue to blackish Berry, .25-.38 in thick, bluish Seeds eaten by variety of songbirds and ro- dents; bark and wood eaten by porcupines Berries eaten by grouse, songbirds, black bear, chipmunks; browsed by deer and rabbits Same as V. caespitosum Rather easily grown from seed Generally blossom- ing near snow Easily injured Dense low foliage makes excellent winter cover for grouse, deer and other wildlife spe- cies Nice ornamental Nice ornamental Rydb. purple M2112 Dwarf bilberry Montane to sub- Deciduous shrub, Berry, dark red Same as V. caespitosum Vaccinium myrtillus alpine 4-12 in high to bluish L. M2112 Grouseberry Subalpine to Deciduous shrub, Berry, many- Important to wildlife; Nice ornamental inium scoparium alpine woods to low and matted, seeded, bright berries eaten by open slopes 3-12 in high, red, .13-.2 in grouse, songbirds, copiously branch- thick black bear, chipmunks; ed browsed by deer and rabbits Sitka valerian Moist places at Robust perennial Achene Highly preferred Has a characteristic Valeriana sitchensis Bong. M2112 American false hellebore Veratrum swamps, lowlands from thick rhizomes, seeded elk Ai to montane mead- stem simple M2112 ows American vetch Widespread Perennial herb, Flat pod, 2- Seeds and foliage eaten Vicia americana MuhT. ex Willd. M2111 Western long-spurred violet Viola adunca Sm. main mid and upper elevations Wet thickets, Ory to moist meadows , woods, open ground SELECTED PLANT SPECIES herb, 1-4 ft high, fibrous, rhizome roots Tall perennial herb, mostly less than 3 ft high with trailing to climb- ing stems Perennial herb Capsule, many several seeded Capsule, 3-valved, explosively de- hiscent continued browse by all mam- mals Browsed by deer and to a limited extent by birds and rodents Seeds eaten by several upland gamebirds ; tuberous roots relish- ed by some gamebirds odor Ornamental 209 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2110-55.2_ (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Canada violet Moist woodlands, Perennial herb, Viola canadensis generally on stems 4-16 in t. loamy soils high M2111, M2112 Wood violet Moist woods or Perennial herb, Viola glabella stream edges naked, aerial Nutt. stems and large, M2111 thin leaves upland yellow violet Viola nuttallii Pursh M2111 Ory sites Perennial herb Marsh violet Viola palustris L w2tit Moist meadows and Perennial herb streambanks Round-leaved violet Montane to al- Perennial herb, Viola orbiculata pine leaves withering Gey. ex Hook. during winter M2112 Bear grass Open woods and Perennial herb, Xerophyl lum tenax clearings short thick rhi- (Pursh} Nutt. zome, basal leaves M2112 in large clumps, -5-2 ft high Capsule, 3-valved Seeds eaten by several Ornamental upland gamebirds ; tuberous roots relish- ed by some gamebirds Capsule, 3-valved, Same as V. canadensis Ornamental explosively de- hiscent Capsule, 3-valved, Same as V. canadensis exploding de- hiscent Capsule, 3-valved, Same as V. canadensis exploding de- hiscent Capsule, 3-valved, Same as V. canadensis Choice ornamental exploding de- hiscent Capsule, .2-.3 in Browsed by deer and elk 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest SECTION M2411 SITKA SPRUCE—CEDAR—HEMLOCK FOREST The Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest adjoins the Pacific Ocean along the whole length of Washington and Oregon. This forest occupies only a narrow coastal strip, a few miles wide, except where it extends along river valleys or where there is a coastal plain, as on the Olympic Peninsula. It has probably the mildest climate of any vegetation zone in the Pacific Northwest. Temperatures are mediated by the ocean and the average annual precipitation of 118 inches is added to by frequent fog and fog drip. This vegetation zone has excellent soils, deep and finely textured, high in organic matter and total nitrogen. Special types in the forest zones are the Olympic Rainforest and the Redwood Forest of Oregon, as well as forested swamps and prairies. Abundant cryptogams, especially epiphytic ones, characterize the moister areas of this zone. SECTION M2412, REDWOOD FOREST The Redwood Forest Section includes coastal strand, coastal marshes, coastal brushfields, coastal hardwood forests, woodland-prairies, and coniferous forest (Yocum and Dasmann 1969) that extend from sea level to over 2000 feet elevation. Rainfall averages from 15 inches in the southern part to over 100 inches in the northern coastal mountains near Oregon. Much dense dripping fog occurs in the normally rainless summer months. 210 Growing seasons range from 6 to 12 months with 200 to 365 frost-free days. Temperatures are mild and change little diurnally or seasonally. Soil types are many and scattered because of the exposures caused by mountain drainage systems. SECTION M2413 CEDAR—HEMLOCK—DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST The major portion of the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest is in western Washington and Oregon, along the lower slopes on the east side of the Coast Range and the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains. The elevational range varies from sea level to 3000 feet in the Cascades of central Oregon and from sea level to 3500 feet on the eastern slopes of the Olympic Mountains. This area has a wet, mild, maritime climate, and although the soils are derived from a wide variety of parent materials, they tend to have common general features. In southwestern Oregon and northern California, the Klamath Mountains form a complex of ranges. This area of rugged, deeply dissected terrain of pre-Tertiary rocks is set apart from the other mountain ranges in Oregon. The most northerly portion of this range in Oregon is the Siskiyou Mountain Range. The vegetation in the Siskiyou Mountains reflects the complex soil-climate relationships. Extremely dry oak woodlands are found in some valley systems; the very dry Jeffrey pine communities on serpentine soils. At the other end of the moisture spectrum are the Port-Orford cedar communities found in the cool, mesic narrow valley systems. This climate, soil, and vegetation sets the Siskiyou Mountains apart from the other mountain ranges in this section. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary \ State boundary WNW Location of province S within the United States Figure 56.1 Province M2410, Pacific Forest; Sections M2411, Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest; M2412, Redwood Forest; M2413, Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest; M2414, California Mixed Evergreen Forest; and M2415, Silver Fir-Douglas-fir Forest. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 211 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest SECTION M2414 CALIFORNIA MIXED EVERGREEN FOREST The California Mixed Evergreen Forest Section extends along the east edge of the California Redwood Section from southern Humboldt County, California to the Pacific coast north of San Francisco Bay near Bodega Head and south along the west side of San Francisco Bay to San Jose, California. Elevations range from near sea level to about 4000 feet inland. Temperatures are much the same as those for the Redwood Forest but may fluctuate more at the higher elevations. Growing seasons are from 6 to 12 months; rainfall varies from 15 to over 100 inches annually. Snow occurs at the higher elevations; fog is common at the lower elevations. Plant communities found in this section, according to Munz and Keck (1970), are the southern part of the Douglas-fir Forest, Northern Oak Woodland, North Coast Coniferous Forest and Mixed Evergreen Forest. SECTION M2415 SILVER FIR—DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST The Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest Section stretches the length of the Cascade Mountains from the Canadian border to southern Oregon. It encompasses both eastside and westside communities and like most mountain ranges has an elevational zonation. In the northern portions, on the west side, the lower elevations are similar to Section M2413. The dominant species are western hemlock and Douglas-fir. At higher elevations (over 3000 feet), Pacific silver fir becomes the dominant species. In Oregon, the Pacific silver fir zones occur on the west slopes of the Cascades above the Cedar—Hemlock and Douglas-fir forests. Areas in Washington and Oregon where Pacific silver fir communities are found usually have a short, cool growing season with a significant snowpack. This section is cooler and wetter than the lower elevation Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Section. Communities on the east side of the Cascade Mountains are much drier. Grand fir communities form the most extensive mid-slope forest zone in the Oregon and southern Washington Cascades, generally occurring at 3700 to 4500 feet. The next lower vegetation zone is the Douglas-fir Forest which is drier and warmer than the area of grand fir. A ER er TS Asta rt aaa ameter amentetle Table M2410-56.1 [M2411] Selected Plant Species Common to the Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Sitka spruce forest communities) Tall-arowing trees, Alnus rubra Red alder over 40 ft Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja p icata Tsuga heterophylla Low-growing trees and Acer circinatum Vine maple tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Alnus rubra Red alder Sambucus racemosa Low to medium shrubs, Gaul theria shallon Salal 2-20 ft Western redcedar Western hemlock Red elderberry Abies amabilis ies grandis Picea sitchensis Pinus contorta Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Acer circinatum Oplopanax horridum Rhododendron macrophyl1um Sambucus racemosa Vaccinium ovatum Vaccinium parvifol ium Gaultheria shallon Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Blechnum spicant Digitalis purpurea Holcus Tanatus Montia sibirica OxaTis oregana Polystichum muni tum teridium aquilinum S mexicana Stellaria media Deer fern Foxglove Velvet grass Indian lettuce Oregon oxalis Sword fern Bracken fern Great hedge-nettle Common chickweed (Redwood forest/southwestern Oregon continued Disporum smithii Tanthemum dilatatum Montia sibirica OxaTTs oregana Polystichum munitum jarella trifoliata VioTa gla a Viola sempervirens communities) Acer macrophy11um Lithocarpus densiflora Picea Stichensts Pseudotsuga menziesii Sequoia sempervirens Tsuga heterophylla UmbeTlularia californica Acer circinatum Rhododendron macrophyl]um Vaccinium ovatum Pacific silver fir Grand fir Sitka spruce Lodgepole pine Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Vine maple Devil's club Pacific rhododendron Red elderberry Evergreen blueberry Red huckleberry Salal Smith's fairybells False lily-of-the-valley Indian lettuce Oregon oxalis Sword fern Three-leaved coolwort Wood violet Evergreen violet Bigleaf maple Tanbark-oak Sitka spruce Douglas-fir Redwood Western hemlock California-laurel Vine maple Pacific rhododendron Evergreen blueberry | 212 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.1 [M2411] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Low to medium shrubs, Rubus ursinus Trailing blackberry Gaultheria shalion Salal 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - Blechnum spicant Deer fern Athyrium filix-femina Lady-fern grasses, herbs, ferns, Oxalis oregana Oregon oxalis pisporun smithii Smith's fairybells mosses Polystichum muni tum Sword fern Janthemum dilatatum False lily-of-the-valley teridium aquilinum Bracken fern Wontia sibirica Indian lettuce Oxalis oregana Oregon oxalis PoTystichum muni tum Sword fern TraretTs trifoliata Three-leaved coolwort VioTa sempervirens: Evergreen violet Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (Olympic rainforest communities) Tall-growing trees, Acer macrophy1]um Bigleaf maple Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce over 40 ft Alnus rubra Red alder Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir 4 Populus trichocarpa Black cottonwood Thuja p icata Western redcedar Tsuga heterophylla Western hemlock Low-growing trees and Acer circinatum Vine maple tall shrubs, 20-40 ft OpTopanax horridun Devise Vaccinium parvi folium hed huckleberry Low to medium shrubs, Rubus pedatus Strawberry-leaf 2-20 ft blackberry Rubus ursinus Trailing blackberry Vaccinium ovalifolium Ovalleaf huckleberry Lesser vegetation - Athyrium felix-femina Lady-fern Athyrium felix-femina Lady-fern grasses, herbs, ferns, Carex deweyana Dewey sedge Carex deweyana Dewey sedge mosses Dryopteris austriaca Mountain wood fern Oryopteris austriaca Mountain wood fern ymnocarpium dryopteris Oak-fern Gymnocarp ium dryopteris Oak-fern Maianthemum dilatatum False lily-of-the-valley Maianthemum dilatatum False lily-of-the-valley Montia sibirica Indian lettuce Wontia sibirica Indian lettuce Oxalts oregana Oregon oxalis Oxalis oregana Oregon oxalis Potystichum muni tum Sword fern Polystichum munitum Sword fern Tiarella unifoliata Coolwort foamflower Jarella unifoliata Coolwort foamflower Trisetum cernuum Nodding trisetum risetum cernuum Nodding trisetum (Forested swamps communities) Tall-growing trees, Alnus rubra Red alder Alnus rubra Red alder over 40 ft Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce Pinus monticola White pine huja plicata Western redcedar Tsuga heterophylla Western hemlock Low-growing trees and Vaccinium alaskaense Alaska blueberry tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Vaccinium ovatum Evergreen blueberry Low to medium shrubs, Cornus canadensis Bunchberry dogwood 2-20 ft GauTtheria shallon Salal Salix hookerjana Coast willow Spiraea douglasii Douglas spiraea Lesser vegetation - Athyrium felix-femina Lady-fern grasses, herbs, ferns, Blechnum spicant Deer fern mosses Carex obnupta Slough sedge Lysichitum americanum Skunk cabbage amen cen : Maianthemum dilatatum False lily-of-the-valley Mitella spp. Miterwort Oenanthe sarmentosa Water parsley Stachys mexicana Great hedge-nettle (Prairie communities) Low to medium shrubs, impeteun sear ye Crowberry 2-20 ft Kalmia polifolia Pale laurel Ledum groentandicum Bog Labrador-tea Vaccinium oxycoccos Wild cranberry Lesser vegetation - Achillea millefolium Western yarrow grasses, herbs, ferns, Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal grass mosses Fragaria vesca Strawberry Holcus lanatus Velvet grass Hypericum perforatum Common St. John's-wort Prunella vulgaris Common sel fheal AES AR ER SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 213 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2412] Selected Plant Species Common to the Redwood Forest Growth form Habitat conditions: Acer macrophyl1um Arbutus menziesii Populus trichocarpa Salix spp. UmbeTlularia californica Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Arbutus menziesii Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Garrya elliptica Myrica ca TForntca r Rhamnus purshiana Arctostaphylos columbiana Baccharis pilularis Ceanothus veTutinus Heteromeles arbutifolia Holodiscus discoTor Lonfcera involucrata NyrFea californica — Rhus diversTloba Ribes menzfesii Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Abronia latifolia Achillea milTefolium Brodiaea Tda-Mata Bromus vulgaris Ca magne nutkaensis Castilleja latifolia Danthonia californica EpTlobium angusti fol ium Festuca occidentalis Fragaria chiloensis HeracTeum lanatuin Holcus lanatus Pteridium aquilinum Solidago spathulata Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Habitat conditions: Tall-growing trees, Acer macrophy11um over 40 ft Alnus rubra Arbutus menziesii Poputus trichocarpa Salix spp. Salix lasiandra UmbeTlularia californica Acer circinatum Arbutus menziesii Cory’ us cornuta ‘ica californica r Sambucus racemosa Lonicera involucrata Mimulus aurantiacus Myrica californica Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Carex spp. Glyceria spp. ysichitum americanum imulus guttatus Nuphar poTysepalum Pot yeonum ‘spp. Sagittaria spp. Scirpus spp. Spergen un spp. a ochin maritimus ypha latifolia = Early successional plants Dry to _moist/excessive to well-drained Bigleaf maple Castanopsis chrysophylla CUBPeESHS macrOoaroa Madrone Black cottonwood Pinus radiata Willow Pseudotsuga menziesii Cali fornia-laurel Quercus or solepis Ae ee uja plicata Tsuga heterophylla Madrone Blue-blossom ceanothus Silk-tassel Cupressus pygmaea ‘inus contorta Pinus muricata Wax-myrtle Rhododendron macrophy11um Cascara Sambucus racemosa Gaultheria shallon HoTodiscus discolor Ribes menziesii Rubus parviflorus. Vaccinium ovatum Hairy manzanita Coyote bush Tobacco brush Christmas berry Ocean spray Black-fruited honeysuckle Wax-myrtle Poison oak Canyon gooseberry Asarum caudatum Aster chilensis CTintonia andrewsiana Dicentra formosa Equisetum spp. Hierochloe occ Oxalis oregana SmiTacena racemosa Vancouveria hexandra Sand verbena Western yarrow Fire-cracker flower Columbia brome Pacific reedgrass Seaside painted-cup California danthonia Fireweed Western fescue Sand strawberry Cow parsnip Velvet grass Bracken fern Coastal goldenrod jlentalis Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Bigleaf maple Abies grandis Red alder Chamaecyparis Jawsoniana Madrone Picea sitchensis Black cottonwood Pseudotsuga menziesii Willow Pacific willow California-laurel Vine maple Pinus contorta Madrone Sambucus racemosa California hazelnut Wax-myrtle Red elderberry Black-fruited honeysuckle Bush monkey-flower Wax-myrtle Lupinus arboreus Rhododendron occidentale Ribes sanguineum Rubus parviflorus Sambucus racemosa Vaccinium ovatum Vaccintum parvifolium Adiantum pedatum Blechnum spicant Disporum smithii istichlis spicata anum ium coTu Sedge Manna grass Skunk cabbage Yellow monkey-flower Indian pond lily Smartweed Wontia sibirica Arrowhead PoTystichum muni tum Bulrush Salicornia spp. Bur-reed TriTtium ovatum Shore podgrass — Common cat-tail Late successional plants Giant chinquapin Monterey cypress Monterey pine Douglas-fir Canyon live oak Redwood Western redcedar Western hemlock Mendocino cypress Lodgepole pine Bishop pine Pacific rhododendron Red elderberry salal Ocean spray Canyon gooseberry Thimbleberry Evergreen blueberry Wild ginger Chilian aster Red beadlily Bleeding-heart Horsetail Vanilla grass Oregon oxalis False Solomon's-seal White inside-out flower Grand fir Port-Orford cedar Sitka spruce Douglas-fir Lodgepole pine Red elderberry Tree lupine Western azalea Red flowering currant Thimbleberry Red elderberry Evergreen blueberry Red huckleberry Maidenhair fern Deer fern Smith's fairybells Saltgrass Columbia lily Indian lettuce Sword fern Pickleweed White trillium NO REE PRT A os a RE 214 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 SAGARA IE RES LOO NOS EE IL Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] Selected Plant Species Common to the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest (Siskiyou Mountain Region) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (low elevation diortia soils) (Port-Orford cedar--Douglas-fir communities) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Abies concolor Acer macrophy un Alnus rhombifoTia Alnus rubra Arbutus menziesii Castanopsts chrysophylla Chamaecyparis Tawsoniana Lithocarpus densiflorus ‘inus lambertiana Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus cl ryso epis Quercus kelTogg11 Cornus nuttallii Taxus brevifolia Acer circinatum Corylus cornuta Holodiscus discolor Philadelphus Tewisti Rhododendron macrophyl1um Rubus ursinus Salix Spp. Vaccinium parvifolium Berberis nervosa Gaultheria shallon Rhus giversiToba Rosa inocarpa Rubus parviflorus Adenocaulon bicolor Adiantum pedatum Anemone deTtoidea. Apocynum pumi Tum Asarum caudatum Campanula scouleri Chimaphila menziesii Chimaphila umbeTlata CTintonia uniflora Coptis Taciniata Disporum hookert Equisetum hy eotian trifterun Heuchera micrantha Hieracium albiflorum Tris chrysophyTla Lathyrus pauciflorus Linnaea borealis Lonicera hispidula Montia spathulata Phlox adsurgens Pteridium aquTlinum Pyrola picta Senecio boTanderi Smilactna racemosa ‘Smitactna stellata Tiarella untfoliata Trientalis Tatifolia Trillium ovatum Vancouveria hexandra Viola sempervirens Whipplea modesta White fir Bigleaf maple White alder Red alder Madrone Giant chinquapin Port-Orford cedar Tanbark-oak Sugar pine Douglas-fir Canyon live oak California black oak Pacific dogwood Western yew Vine maple California hazelnut Ocean spray Lewis mock orange Pacific rhododendron Trailing blackberry Willow Red huckleberry Oregon-grape Salal Poison oak Baldhip rose Thimbleberry Trail plant Maidenhair fern Threeleaf anemone Low dogbane Wild ginger Scouler bell flower Little prince's-pine Western prince's-pine Beadlily Cutleaf goldthread Hooker's fairybells Scouring-rush Sweet-scented bedstraw Small-leaf alumroot White hawkweed Slender-tubed iris Few-flowered peavine Twinflower Honeysuckle Miner's lettuce Periwinkle phlox Bracken fern Whitevein pyrola Bolander's groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Coolwort foamflower Star-flower White trillium White inside-out flower Evergreen violet Yerba De Selva Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (low elevation diorita soils) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft continued (Douglas-fir--schlerophy11 forest) Abies concolor Acer macrophy11um Arbutus menziesii White fir Bigleaf maple Madrone Go A OE SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 215 I | PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Tall-growing trees (Continued) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Ory/Excessive (low elevation di ta_so s) (Continued (Douglas-fir--Schlerophy11 Communities) Castanopsis chrysophylla Cornus nuttalltt Libocedrus decurrens Litl earls densiflora Pinus Tambertiana Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus c rys0 epis Quercus keTloggi7 Amelanchier alnifolia Taxus brevifolia Giant chinquapin Pacific dogwood Incense-cedar Tanbark-oak Sugar pine Douglas-fir Canyon live oak California black oak Serviceberry Western yew Medium shrubs, 6-20 Acer circinatum Vine maple ft Corylus cornuta California hazelnut Holodiscus discolor Ocean spray Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Phitadelphus Tewisti Rubus ursinus SaTix spp. Vaccinium parvifolium Berberis nervosa Lewis mock orange Trailing blackberry Willow Red huckleberry Oregon-grape Gaultheria shatlon Salal Pachystima myrsinites Oregon boxwood Rhus civersitoba ~~ ——otson ost Rosa gymnocarpa Baldhip rose Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry Adenocaulon bicolor BR otropa virgata nemone deltoidea Foocynun pumiTum renaria macrophylla Boschniakia hooker? Campanula prenanthoides Campanula scouler Chimaphila menziesii Chimaphila umbeTlata Collomia terophy a CoralTorhiza maculata cyneg ossum grande Cypripedium fasciculatum pisporum jokeri EpiTol P um minutum ragaria vesca Gatium triflorum Goodyera oblongifolia enaria unalascensis Hieracium albiflorum Iris chryso) a Lathyrus pauciflorus Linnaea boresTis Lonicera hispidula Hontia perfottata Osmorhiza chilensis Phlox adsurgens Polystichum muni tum Psoralea physodes Pteridium aquilinum Pyro a picta Pyrola secunda Senecio bolanderi SmiTactna racemosa SmiTacina stellata Trientalis latifolia TrilTium ovatum Vancouveria hexandra Viola sempervirens (Schlerophy]1--Douglas-fir communities) Arbutus menziesii Castanopsts chrysophylla Uibocedras decurrens- Trail plant Sugarstick Threeleaf anemone Low dogbane Bigleaf sandwort Ground-cone California harebell Scouler bell flower Little prince's-pine Western prince's-pine Varied-leaved collomia Spotted coralroot Great houndstongue Lady's-slipper Hooker's fairybells Smal1-flowered willowweed Strawberry Sweet-scented bedstraw Rattlesnake plantain Alaska rein orchid White hawkweed Slender-tubed iris Few- flowered peavine Twinflower Honeysuckle Miner's lettuce Mountain sweetroot Periwinkle phlox Sword fern California tea Bracken fern Whitevein pyrola One-sided wintergreen Bolander's groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Star-flower White trillium White inside-out flower Evergreen violet Madrone Giant chinquapin Incense-cedar continued OED LLL LE LEE LE LES ETE EERSTE IE ARS 216 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Dry/exces: Tall-growing trees (Continued) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Habitat conditions: Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses ve (low elevation diorita soils (Schlerophy11--Douglas-fir Communi Continued ties) Lithocarpus densiflora nus lambertiana Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus chrysoTepts Amelanchier alnifolia Cornus nuttallii Corylus cornuta Rubus urstnus Rhus diversiloba Rosa gymnocarpa Apocynum pumilum Soschnvakla hookert Campanula prenanthoides Colonia heterophytia phyla Disporum hookert Goodyera oblongifolia Hieracium albiflorum Lathyrus pauciflorus Lonicera hispidula Psoralea physodes Pteridium aquilinum ‘oggit fauschia ke. 99 Trientalis latifolia Tanbark-oak Sugar pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Canyon live oak Serviceberry Pacific dogwood California hazelnut Trailing blackberry Poison oak Baldhip rose Low dogbane Ground-cone California harebell Varied-leaved collomia Hooker's fairybells Rattlesnake plantain White hawkweed Few-flowered peavine Honeysuckle California tea Bracken fern Kellogg's tauschia Star-flower Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (low elevations on gabbro) (Port-Orford cedar--Douglas-fir coi continued mmuni ties) Acer macrophy1]um Alnus rhom onbifolta Alnus rubra Arbutus menziesii Chamaecyparis Tawsoniana Libocedrus decurrens Lithocarpus pus. densiflora Thus Tambertiana Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii jercus chrysolepis ellaria californica Amelanchier alnifolia Arctostaphylos cinerea Cornus nuttalli7 Salix spp. Holodiscus discolor Rubus ursinus ane fremontii ultherta shallon Rhamnus californica Rhododendron occidentale Rhus diversi loba Rubus parviflorus Vaccinium ovatum Adiantum pedatum Boykin kinia elata Boykinia major Dar’ ngion' californica ipactis gigantea aian aparine Goodyera oblongifolia Habenaria sparsiflora ris chrysophylla Uonicera hispidula Bigleaf maple White alder Red alder Madrone Port-Orford cedar Incense-cedar Tanbark-oak Sugar pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Canyon live oak California-laurel Serviceberry Gray manzanita Pacific dogwood Willow Ocean spray Trailing blackberry Freemont silk-tassel Salal Coffeeberry Western azalea Poison oak Thimbleberry Evergreen blueberry Maidenhair fern Slender boykinia Large-flowered boykinia California pitcher-plant Giant helleborine Cleaver's bedstraw Rattlesnake plantain Canyon bog orchid Slender-tubed iris Honeysuckle eR OL LIL ALR SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 217 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest RARE SRO ee Le COR RR Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Moist/well-drained (low elevations on gabbro) (Continued) (Port-Orford cedar--Douglas-fir communities( (Continued) Lesser vegetation - (Continued) Habitat conditions: Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Lotus oblongifolius Luina hypoTeuca Polygala californica ‘olystichum munitum Pyrola dentata Rudbeckia californica Smilacina racemosa Tofieldia glutinosa Trientalis latifolia Woodwardia fimbriata Torrey's lotus Silverback luina California milkwort. Sword fern Toothed pyrola California coneflower False Solomon's-seal Tofieldia Star-flower Chain fern Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (low elevations on gabbro) (Douglas-fir--sugar pine communities) (Pine woodlands) continued Acer macrophy11um Arbutus menziesii Uibocedrus decurrens Lithocarpus densiflorus Pinus attenuata Pinus Tambertiana Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus che solepis Quercus kelloggii Unl ularia californica Amelanchier alnifolia Arctostaphylos cinerea Cornus nuttallit Ceanothus integerrimus Holodiscus discolor Berberis nervosa arrya fremontiy aultheria shallon HoTodiscus dumosus Rhamnus californica Rhododendron occidentale oba Rhus diversiloba Rosa gymnocarpa Rubus parviflorus Vaccinium ovatum Arenaria macrophylla Boschniakia hookerti Campanula prenanthoides ris chrysophylla ionicera hispyduta Polygala californica Sedum oregonense SmiTacina racemosa Trientalis latifolia Whipplea modesta Libocedrus decurrens Lithocarpus densiflorus Pinus lambertiana Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus chr solepis Quercus keTToggii UmbelTularia californica Arctostaphylos cinerea fornus nuttallii Ceanothus integerrimus Bigleaf maple Madrone Incense-cedar Tanbark-oak Knobcone pine Sugar pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Canyon live oak California black oak Cali fornia-laurel Serviceberry Gray manzanita Pacific dogwood Deer brush Ocean spray Oregon-grape Freemont silk-tassel Salal Ocean spray Coffeeberry Western azalea Poison oak Baldhip rose Thimbleberry Evergreen blueberry Bigleaf sandwort Ground-cone California harebell Slender-tubed iris Honeysuckle California milkwort Creamy stonewort False Solomon's-seal Star-flower Yerba De Selva Incense-cedar Tanbark-oak Sugar pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Canyon live oak California black oak Cali fornia-laurel Gray manzanita Pacific dogwood Deer brush PRE ESS RN EON ah Gs aR EER Ge 218 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Habitat conditions: Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses low elevations on gabbro continued Continued. (Pine woodlands) (Continued) Garrya fremontii Rhamnus’ californica Rhus diversiloba Rosa jocarpa Vaccinium ovatum Campanula prenanthoides Galium ambi guum Iris chrysophyTla Lonicera hispidula Monardella odoratissima olygala californica Pteridium aquilinum Sidalcea virgata Whipplea modesta (Port-Orford cedar--pine communities) Arbutus menziesii Chamaecyparis Tawsoniana Libocedrus decurrens Pinus attenuata Pinus jeffreyi Pinus lambertiana Pinus monticova Pseudotsuga menziesii UmbeTlaria californica Arctostaphylos viscida Physocarpus capitatus Salix spp. Vaccinium parvifolium Rhamnus californica Rhododendron occidentale Rosa gymnocarpa Angelica arguta Castil s)a miniata miniata Chimaphila umbellata Dar ingtonia cali californica Disporum hookeri Fritillaria atropurpurea GaTium ambi guum Galium multiflorum Habenar ia ia sparsiflora Habenaria ana Tascensts ascensis Helenium bigelovii Hieracium cynoglossoides Uigusticum apy rroliun V7 g Tum Loma tium owe? Comatium triternat eriternatun Lonicera hispidu' a Lotus oblongifolius Ox speciosa Po ree a californica Pryola dentata Rudbeckia californica Schoenolirion album ‘SmiTacina racemosa fofieldia glutinosa Trientalis latifolia Whipplea modesta Freemont silk-tassel Coffeeberry Poison oak Baldhip rose Evergreen blueberry California harebell Obscure bedstraw Slender-tubed iris Honeysuckle Monardella California milkwort Bracken fern Rose checkermallow Yerba De Selva Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (low elevation on serpentine) Madrone Port-Orford cedar Incense-cedar Knobcone pine Jeffrey pine Sugar pine White pine Douglas-fir California-laurel White-leaved manzanita Ninebark Willow Red huckleberry Coffeeberry Western azalea Baldhip rose Shining angelica Scarlet paintbrush Western prince's-pine California pitcher-plant Hooker's fairybells Chocolate lily Obscure bedstraw Shrubby bedstraw Canyon bog orchid Alaska rein orchid Bigelow's sneezeweed Houndstongue hawkweed Parsleyleaf licoriceroot Howell's desert parsley Nineleaf lomatium Honeysuckle Torrey's lotus Showy phlox California milkwort Toothed pyrola California coneflower White-flowered rush lily False Solomon's-seal Tofieldia Star-flower Yerba De Selva SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 219 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (low elevation on serpentine) Tall-arowing trees, over 40 ft Low-arowing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growina trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft (Mixed Conifer forest) (Jeffrey pine community) continued Arbutus menziesii Castanopsis chrysophy1 1a Chamaecyparis Tawsoniana Libocedrus decurrens Pinus attenuata Pinus contorta Pinus jeffreyi Pinus monticola Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus garryana Un ularia californica Arctostaphylos viscida Ceanothus cuneatus Holodiscus discolor Rhododendron macrophy11um Rubus ursinus Vaceintum Parvi fol ium Gaultheria shallon Juniper communis Rhamnus californica Rhododendron occidentale us diversiloba Rosa gymnocarpa aagelica arguta Balsamorhiza deltoidea Campanula prenanthoides Chimapht ‘a umbeTlata Co rdylanthus viscidus Disporum hookert Erigeron foliosus Erio um Tanatum GaTium ambi guum HapTopappus racemosa Hieracium cynoalossoides Iris bracteata LigustTcum aptifolium Cinnaea boresTts- Lomatium howellti LomatTum triternatum Penstemon Taetus Phlox speciosa Polygala californica Polystichum munttum yrola dentata Sanicula peckiana Schoenolirfon album iTacina racemosa Tauschia glauca rientalis latifolia Viola Tobata Whipplea modesta XerophyTium tenax igadenus micranthus Arbutus menziesii Libocedrus decurrens Pinus jeffrey) Quercus ¢ rysolepis ularia califor Arctostaphylos viscida Rhamnus californica Madrone Giant chinquapin Port-Orford cedar Incense-cedar Knobcone pine Lodgepole pine Jeffrey pine White pine Douglas-fir Oregon white oak Cali fornia-laurel White-leaved manzanita Common buckbrush Ocean spray Pacific rhododendron Trailing blackberry Red huckTeberry Salal Common juniper Coffeeberry Western azalea Poison oak Baldhip rose Sivining angelica Deltoid balsamroot California harebell Western prince's-pine Slender bird's-beak Hooker's fairybells Threadleaf fleabane Common woolly sunflower Obscure bedstraw Goldenweed Houndstongue hawkweed Siskiyou iris Parsleyleaf licoriceroot Twinflower Howell's desert parsley Nineleaf lomatium Gay penstemon Showy phlox California milkwort Sword fern Toothed pyrola Peck's snakeroot White-flowered rush lily False Solomon's-seal Glaucous tauschia Star-flower Pine violet Yerba De Selva Bear grass Small-flowered deathcamas Madrone Incense-cedar Jeffrey pine Canyon live oak California-laurel jivite-leaved manzanita Coffeeberry 220 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excess Jow elevation on serpentine) (Continued (Jeffrey pine community) (Continued) Lesser vegetation - Balsamorhiza deltoidea Deltoid balsamroot grasses, herbs, ferns, Blepharipappus Scaber Blepharipappus mosses Calochortus tolmiei Tolmie's mariposa lily Erigeron bloomert Bloomer fleabane Erfogonum nudum Barestem buckwheat riophylTum Tanatum Common woolly sunflower Hieracium cynoglossoides Houndstongue hawkweed Lomatium macrocarpum Bigseed lomatium ComatTum triternatum Nineleaf lomatium Phlox speciosa Showy phlox Schoenoltrion album White-flowered rush lily Viola lobata Pine violet (Meadow communities) Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Arctostaphylos nevadensis Pine-mat manzanita Ceanothus prostratus Owarf ceanothus Lesser vegetation - Collinsia parviflora Littleflower collinsia grasses, herbs, ferns, Cryptogramma densa Oregon cliff-brake mosses Gilia capitala Globe gilia Lomatium nudicaule Barestem lomatium Navarretia divaricata Short-stemmed navarretia Ferideridta a boTandert andert Mountain false-caraway PoTygonum ma, jus Wing knotweed Sanicula gravee ens Sierra snakeroot sttsnion ystrix Bottlebrush squirreltail Stipa Temmoni Lemmon needlegrass sebe a occidentalis Western needlegrass Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (high elevation diorite soils) (Port-Orford cedar--Douglas-fir community) Tall-growing trees, Abies concolor White fir over 40 ft Acer macrophyT] um Bigleaf maple Ainusrhonbitola white alder Alnus rubra Red alder Arbutus menziesii Madrone Castanopsis chrysophylla Giant chinquapin Chamaecyparis Jaesoniang Port-Orford cedar Lithocarpus densiflora Tanbark-oak Pinus Tanber ertiana + Sugar pine Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Quercus’ chrysolepts Canyon live oak pyeelers eis Quercus kel To. California black oak Low-growing trees and Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Taxus brevifolta Western yew Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Acer circinatum Vine maple Corylus cornuta California hazelnut Holodtscus odiscus ascolor Ocean spray PivadeTphus, Tewist ewisti Lewis mock orange jododendron macrophyllum Pacific rhododendron Rubus urstnus Trailing blackberry Salix spp- Willow VaceTnium parvi fol ium Red huckleberry Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Berberis nervosa Oregon-grape Gaultheria shallon Salal Rhus diversiloba Poison oak Rosa gymnocarpa Baldhip rose Rubus’ parviflorus. Thimbleberry Lesser vegetation - Adenocaulon bicolor Trail plant grasses, herbs, ferns, Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair fern mosses Anomone deltoidea Threeleaf anomone ocynum pumilum Low dogbane poenun pari Tae caudatum Wild ginger Campanula. scoulert scouleri Scouler bell flower Chimaphila menziesii Little prince's-pine Chimaphita umbellata Western prince's-pine continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 221 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation - (Continued) Habitat conditions: Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Ory to_moist/excessive to well-drained (high elevations diroite (Montane forests) (Montane meadows ) continued Moist/well-drained (high elevation diorite soils) (Continued) (Port-Orford cedar--Douglas-fir community) (Continued) Clintonia uniflora Coptis laciniata Disporum hookert Equisetum hyena e atium triflorum Goodyera oblongifolia Heuchera micrantha Hieracium albiflorum Iris chrysophy, a Lathyrus pauciflorus Linnaea borealis Lonicera hispidula Montia Spathulata Phlox adsurgens Polystichum muni tum teridium aquilinum PyroTa picta Senecio anderi SmiTacina racemosa Smilacina stellata TiarelTa untfoliata Trientalis latifolia rillium ovatum Vancouverta hexandra Viola sempervirens Whipplea modesta Abies concolor Chamaecypar?s lawsoniana Libocedrus decurrens Pseudotsuga menziesii Acer glabrum var. douglasii Corylus cornuta Holodiscus discolor Rubus ursinus Adenocaulon bicolor Anemone deltotdea Arenarfa macrophylla Campanula scouleri intonia uniflora Fragarfa vesca Galium trifTorum Hieracium albiflorum Phacelia heverophy! a rientalis Tatifolia rillium ovatum Vancouveria hexandra Agastache urticifolia Bromus. vulgaris aucus E wmus Hackelia Jessicae Ligusticum aptifolium Ligusticum grayi Lupinus spp. ca spectabilis Wertensia ciliata Grthocarpus Tmbricatus Ftteum alpinum Beadlily Cutleaf goldthread Hooker's fairybells Scouring-rush Sweet-scented bedstraw Rattlesnake plantain Small-leaf alumroot White hawkweed Slender-tubed iris Few-flowered peavine Twinflower Honeysuckle Miner's lettuce Periwinkle phlox Sword fern Bracken fern Whitevein pyrola Bolander's groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Coolwort foamflower Star-flower White trillium White inside-out flower Evergreen violet Yerba De Selva soils) White fir Port-Orford cedar Incense-cedar Douglas-fir Douglas maple California hazelnut Ocean spray Trailing blackberry Oregon-grape Baldhip rose Trail plant Threeleaf anomone Bigleaf sandwort Scouler bellflower Bead] ily Strawberry Sweet-scented bedstraw White hawkweed Varileaf phacelia Star-flower White trillium White inside-out flower Nettleleaf giant hyssop Columbia brome Blue wild rye Jessica stickseed Parsleyleaf licoriceroot Gray's lovage Lupine Showy oniongrass Broad-leaved lungwort. Mountain owlclover Alpine timothy 222 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (high elevations diorite soils) (Continued) (Montane meadows) (Continued) Lesser vegetation - (Continued) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Subalpine forests) Polygonum bistortoides udbeckia occidentalis Veratrum californicum Abies amabilis Abies concoTor Abies procera Libocedrus decurrens Picea engelmannty Pinus contorta American bistort Western coneflower California false hellebore Pacific silver fir White fir Noble fir Incense-cedar Englemann spruce Lodgepole pine Pinus monticola White pine Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Tsuga mertensiana Castanopsis evar ona Ja daccntur nium ovalifolium Vaccinium nium scoparium — Arctostaphylos nevadensis irctostaphyTos patula Berberis nervosa Ribes binominatum Ribes lobbit Ribes marshallii Ribes viscostssimum Rubus parviflorus Rubus urstnus ‘Symphoricarpos albus faccinium membranaceum Anemone deltoidea emone oregana Rrenaria macrophylla Arnica cordifolia Arnica Yatifolia Campanula scouleri ma, ‘a menziesii Corallorhiza maculata GaTium triflorum Hieracium albiflorum Montia spathulata Osmorhiza chiTensis PhTox adsurgens PoTemonium pulcherrimum Mountain hemlock Giant chinquapin Ovalleaf huckleberry Grouseberry Pine-mat manzanita Greenleaf manzanita Oregon-grape Siskiyou gooseberry Pioneer gooseberry Hupa gooseberry Sticky currant Thimbleberry Trailing blackberry Common snowberry Big huckleberry Threeleaf anemone Oregon anemone Bigleaf sandwort Heartleaf arnica Broadleaf arnica Scouler bell flower Little prince's-pine Spotted coralroot Sweet-scented bedstraw White hawkweed Miner's lettuce Mountain sweetroot Periwinkle phlox Skunkleaf polemonium Pyrola picta Whitevein pyrola rola secunda One-sided wintergreen ste aria crispa Crisped starwort ium ovatum . Valertana sitchensis (Subalpine brushfields and meadows) Cercocarpus ledifolius Arctostaphylos patula Ceanothus velutinus Vaccinium membranaceum Bromus carinatus Carex ensyTvanica Haplopappus bloomeri Tupinus Fas fortus Sitanfon hystrix. strix Stipa occ occidentalis White trillium Sitka valerian Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Greenleaf manzanita Tobacco brush Big huckleberry California brome Long-stoloned sedge Bloomer's haplopappus Broadleaf lupine Bottlebrush squirreltail Western needlegrass continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 223 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (high elevation serpentine soils) (Port-Orford cedar--pine communities) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Habitat conditions: Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Medium shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses continued Arbutus menziesii Chamaecyparis Tawsoniana cedrus decurrens Pinus attenuta Pinus jeffrey? Pinus Tanberttana Pinus monticoTa Psuedotsuga menziesii UmbeTTaria californica Arctostaphylos viscida “hgecarns capitatus 1x spp. Vaccinium parvifolium Rhamnus californica Rhododendron occidentale Rosa gymnocarpa Angelica arguta Cast ea miniata maphila umbeTlata Darlingtonia californica Disporum hooker? Fritillaria atropurpurea Galium ambi guum Gatium mut tt florum Habenaria sparsiflora Habenaria unalascensis HeTentum bigelovii Hieracium cynoglossoides Ligusticum apiifolium Lomatium howell ii Lomatium triternatum Lonicera hispidula PhTox speciosa Polygala californica Pyrola dentata udbeckia californica Schoenolirion album Smilacina racemosa fofieldia glutinosa Trientalis TatTfolia Whipplea modesta (White fir--Douglas-fir communities) Abies concolor Abies procera Libocedrus decurrens Pinus jeffreyi Pseudotsuga menziesii Ceanothus cuneatus Quercus chrysolepis Arctostaphylos nevadensis rysot! lamnus nauseosus HoTodtscus dumosus Achillea millefol ium Rrenaria macrophylla istragalus whitneyt Bromus carinatus Calochortus elegans Castilleja miniata Erigeron aliceae Eriogonum nudum Madrone Port-Orford cedar Incense-cedar Knobcone pine Jeffrey pine Sugar pine White pine Douglas-fir Cali fornia-laurel White-leaved manzanita Ninebark Willow Red huckleberry Coffeeberry Western azalea Baldhip rose Shining angelica Scarlet paintbrush Western prince's-pine California pitcher-plant Hooker's fairybells Chocolate lily Obscure bedstraw Shrubby bedstraw Canyon bog orchid Alaska rein orchid Bigelow's sneezeweed Houndstongue hawkweed Parsleyleaf licoriceroot Howell's desert parsley Nineleaf lomatium Honeysuckle Showy phlox California milkwort Toothed pyrola California coneflower White-flowered rush lily False Solomon's-seal Tolfieldia Star-flower Yerba De Selva Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (high elevation serpentine soils) White fir Noble fir Incense-cedar Jeffrey pine Douglas-fir Common buckbrush Canyon live oak Pine-mat manzanita Rabbit brush Ocean spray Western yarrow Bigleaf sandwort Balloon milk-vetch California brome Elegant mariposa lily Scarlet paintbrush Alice fleabane Barestem buckwheat 224 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.1 [M2413] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation - (Continued) Ory/excessive (high elevation serpentine soils) (Continued) (White fir--Douglas-fir communities) (Continued) Eriogonum umbel]atum Erio um Tanatum Eryeinem a3 ysimum asperum estuca ovina Tris chrysophyla num perenne fuera inus Teucophyllus lachaeranthera shastensis Pedicularis racemosa ox diffusa Polystichum scopulinum Senecio integerrimus Sitanion hystrix ‘Trisetum canescens Vicia americana Xerophyllum tenax Sulfur buckwheat Common woolly sunflower Rough wallflower Sheep fescue Slender-tubed iris Wild blue flax Velvet lupine Shasta aster Leafy lousewort Spreading phlox Rock sword fern Western groundsel Bottlebrush squirreltail Tall trisetum American vetch Bear grass Table M2410-56.1 [M2414] Selected Plant Species Common to the California Mixed Evergreen Forest Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Habitat conditions: Acer macrophyl1um Arbutus menziesii Popu us trichocarpa alix spp. UmbeTlularia californica Arbutus menziesii Garrya fremontit Salix spp. Sambucus cerulea Baccharis pilularis Ceanothus iehergenr mus Ceanothus velutinus Garrya fremontit Heteromeles arbutifolia Achillea millefolium Bigleaf maple Madrone Black cottonwood Willow California-laurel Madrone Fremont silk-tassel Willow Blue elderberry Coyote bush Deer brush Tobacco brush Fremont silk-tassel Christmas berry Western yarrow Anaphalis margaritaceae Pearly everlasting Chrysanthemum Teucanthemum Ox-eye-daisy Danthonia californica EpiTobium angust fol jum estuca idahoensis Holcus lanatus Lupinus formosus teridium aquilinum Sanicula arctopoides Whipplea modesta California danthonia Fireweed Idaho fescue Velvet grass Lupine Bracken fern Yellow mats Yerba De Selva continued Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Castanopsis chrysophylla ui cedrus decurrens Pithocarpus densiflora nus sabiniana Pseudotsuga menziesii uercus agrifo ja wercus chrysolepis uercus garryana kelloggti Aesculus californica Cornus nutta CoryTus cornuta Arctostaphylos columbiana eanothus velutinus Gaultheria shallon Holodiscus discolor Lonicera hispidula Prunus emarginata Prunus virginiana Rhamnus californica Rhamnus crocea Rhododendron macrophyl1um Rhododendron occTdentale us trilobata Rosa gymnocarpa Symphoricarpos spp. Brodiaea Ida-Maia Brodiaea pulchella Calochortus Tuteus Chrysopsis villosa var. bolandert Equisetum spp. rindelia hirsutula pisyeinchiun bellum Smilacina racemosa Tellima grandiflora Vancouveria hexandra Giant chinquapin Incense-cedar Tanbark-oak Digger pine Douglas-fir Coastal live oak Canyon live oak Oregon white oak California black oak Horse chestnut Pacific dogwood California hazelnut Hairy manzanita Tobacco brush Salal Ocean spray Honeysuckle Bitter cherry Western choke-cherry Coffeeberry Hollyleaf buckthorn Pacific rhododendron Western azalea Squawbush Baldhip rose Snowberry Fire-cracker flower Purplehead brodiaea Mariposa lily Goldaster Horsetail Gumweed Blue-eyed grass False Solomon's-seal Alaska fringe-cup White inside-out flower SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 225 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2414] Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Concluded) Early successional plants Habitat conditions: Acer macrophyl un Populus trichocarpa alix spp. UmbeTlularia californica Rhamnus purshiana Salix spp. Sambucus racemosa Ribes californicum Ribes menziesii Rubus leucodermis Rubus procerus Sambucus racemosa Nuphar polycepe an ‘anunculus californicus Typha latifolia Bigleaf maple Black cottonwood Willow California-laurel Cascara Willow Red elderberry Gooseberry Canyon gooseberry Western raspberry Himalaya-berry Red elderberry Indian pond lily California buttercup Cat-tail Late successional plants Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Pseudotsuga menziesii Acer circinatum Physocarpus capitatus runus virginiana Rhodadendron occidentale ubus parviflorus Symphortcarpos mollis Vaccinium parvi fol ium Dentaria californica Dicentra formosa Iris douglasiana Montia sibirica Polystichum munitum 7 hr Sisyrinc ium californicum Tritium ovatum Douglas-fir Vine maple Ninebark Western choke-cherry Western azalea Thimbleberry Snowberry Red huckleberry Toothwort Bleeding-heart Wild iris Indian lettuce Sword fern Golden blue-eyed grass White trillium Table M2410-56.1 [M2415NCM] Selected Plant Species Common to the Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest (Northern Cascade Mountain Region) Growth form Tall-qrowing trees, over 40 ft Low-arowina trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Early successional plants Habitat conditions: Acer macrophyl1um Alnus rubra Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja p icata Tsuga heterophylla Acer circinatum Cornus nuttallii Prunus emarg nata Rhamnus purshiana Salix spp. Sambucus racemosa ‘axus brevifolia Gaultheria shallon Rubus Teucodermis Rubus parviflorus Rubus pedatus Rubus ursinus Spiraea douglasii Vaccinium parvifolium Anaphalis margaritacea runcus sylvester Athyrium filix-femina Blechnum spicant Carex spp. Cerastium vulgatum Cirsium arvense Deschampsia elongata Epilobium angusti fol ium Erigero' in annuus alium triflorum HoTcus Tanatus (Nonforested) Bigleaf maple Red alder Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Vine maple Pacific dogwood Bitter cherry Cascara Willow Red elderberry Western yew Salal Western raspberry Thimbleberry Strawberry-leaf blackberry Trailing blackberry Douglas spiraea Red huckleberry Pearly everlasting Goat's-beard Lady-fern Deer fern Sedge Common chickweed Common thistle Slender hairgrass Fireweed Annual fleabane Sweet-scented bedstraw Velvet grass continued Late successional plants Dry to_moist/excessive to well-drained (lower elevations) 226 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 | Table M2410-56.1 [M2415NCM] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Dry/excessive (lower elevations) (Continued Late successional plants Lesser vegetation - (Continued) Tall-growing tr-es, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing ttees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Hypochaeris radicata Juncus effusus Lactuca muralis Linnaea borealis Luzula divaricata Poa palustris Polystichum muni tum Pteridium aquilinum Senecio vulgaris Streptopus ampTexifolius Tiarella trifoliata TriTTTum ovatum Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja plicata suga heterophylla Acer circinatum Corylus cornuta aultheria shallon Holodiscus discolor Rosa gymnocarpa Rubus urstnus Vaccinium parvifolium Chimaphila menziesii jodyera oblongifolia Cinnaea borea A Polystichum muni tum Pteridium aquilinum Trientalis latifolia Tum ovatum F Viola sempervirens Habitat conditions: (Douglas-fir--sword fern communities) Acer macrophyllum Alnus rubra Pseudo’ ga menziesii Thuja plicata Tsug: 2 heterophyl1a Acer circinatum Cornus nuttallii Prunus emarginata Berberis nervosa CoryTus cornuta Geuttheria shallon HoTodiscus discolor OpTopanax horridum ambucus racemosa Vaccinium parvifolium Actaea rubra Asarum caudatum Athyrium filix-femina Blechnum spicant Circaea alpina Corallorhiza maculata Dryopteris austriaca (Nonforested) (Continued) Spotted catsear Common rush Wall lettuce Twinflower Spreading woodrush Fowl bluegrass Sword fern Bracken fern Common groundsel Clasping-leaved twisted-stalk Three-leaved coolwort. White trillium (Douglas-fir--salal communities) Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Vine maple California hazelnut Salal Ocean spray Baldhip rose Trailing blackberry Red huckleberry Little prince's-pine Rattlesnake plantain Twinflower Sword fern Bracken fern Star-flower White trillium Evergreen violet Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (lower elevations) Bigleaf maple Abies amabilis Red alder Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Thuja Tcata Western redcedar Feterophylia Western hemlock Vine maple Acer circinatum Pacific dogwood Taxus brevifolia Bitter cherry Berberis nervosa Gaultheria shaTlon Oregon-grape California hazelnut Salal ubus Tasiococcus Ocean spray Rubus pedatus Devil's club Red elderberry Rubus ursinus Red huckleberry Sambucus racemosa faccinium alaskaense Vaccinium membranaceum accinium ovalifol tum Vaccinium parvifoltum Baneberry Athyrium filix-femina Wild ginger Thimaphila menziesii Lady-fern Clintonta uniflora Deer fern Coraltorhiza maculata Cornus canadensis Gaultherfa ovatifolia Goodyera oblongifolia Alpine circaea Spotted coralroot Mountain wood fern (Western hemlock community types) Pacific silver fir Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Vine maple Western yew Oregon-grape Salal Owarf bramle Strawberry-leaf blackberry Trailing blackberry Red elderberry Alaska blueberry Big huckleberry Ovalleaf huckleberry Red huckleberry Lady-fern Little prince's-pine Beadlily Spotted coralroot Bunchberry dogwood Wintergreen Rattlesnake plantain continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 227 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest eel Table M2410-56.1 [M2415NCM] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation - (Continued) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Moist/wel lower elevations (Douglas-fir--sword fern communities) (Continued) Galium triflorum Hieracium albiflorum Linnaea borea is Rajanthemun dilatatum Vontia sibis 8 sibirica PoTystichum un tum Preridlun aquilinum ‘SmiTacina ae ata Tare a unifoliata um ovatum Vio a sempervirens Acer macrophy11um Alnus rubra Pseudotsuga menziesii huja plica Acer circinatum Cornus nuttallii Prunus emarginata Berberis nervosa Gaultheria shallon Oplopanax horridum bus ursinus Sambucus racemosa Asarum caudatum Athyrium filix-femina Blechnum a spicant Circaea alpina Dicentra formosa um triflorum Majanthemum dilatatum Montia sibirica Polystichum munitum Pteridium aquilinum Smilacina stellata Tiarella unifoliata Trillium ovatum Sweet-scented bedstraw Rattlesnake plantain White hawkweed Twinflower False lily-of-the-valley Indian lettuce Sword fern 7 Bracken fern Starry Solomon plume Coolwort foamflower White trillium Evergreen violet Continued (Western hemlock community types) (Continued) itys monotropa macs Forests Tistera borealis Uistera cordata Maianthemum dilatatum rientalis latifolia XerophyTium tenax (Alder--sword fern communities) Bigleaf maple Red alder Douglas-fir Western redcedar Vine maple Pacific dogwood Bitter cherry Oregon-grape Salal Devil's club Trailing blackberry Red elderberry Wild ginger Lady-fern Deer fern Alpine circaea Bleeding-heart Sweet-scented bedstraw False lily-of-the-valley Indian lettuce Sword fern Bracken fern Starry Solomon plume Coolwort foamflower White trillium Pinesap Twinflower Northern twayblade Northwest listera False lily-of-the-valley Star-flower Bear grass Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (higher elevations) (Western hemlock--Pacific silver fir communities ) Abies amabilis. Abies procera Peeudotsuga menzi ss) i Tsuga heterophylla Acer circinatum Sorbus sitchensis Berberis nervosa Gaultheria shallon Pachystima myrsinites Rhododendron albiflorum ubus TasTococcus Rubus pedatus Sambucus racemosa Vaccinium alaskaense Vaccinium delicfosum Vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium parvifolium Chimphila menziesii CTintonta uniflora Corallorhiza maculata Pacific silver fir Noble fir Douglas-fir Western hemlock Vine maple Sitka mountain-ash Oregon-grape Salal Oregon boxwood White rhododendron Dwarf bramble Strawberry-leaf blackberry Red elderberry Alaska blueberry Delicious blueberry Big huckleberry Red huckleberry Little prince's-pine Beadlily Spotted coralroot continued Rubus lasiococcus Rubus pedatus Vaccinium alaskaense Vacctntum membranaceum Vaccinium ovalifolium Vaccinium scoparium Athyrium filix-femina Chimaphe 1a menziesii intonia uni ora (Pacific silver fir--western hemlock communities) Pacific silver fir Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Owarf bramble Strawberry-leaf blackberry Alaska blueberry Big huckleberry Ovalleaf huckleberry Grouseberry Lady-fern Little prince's-pine Beadlily SMO 228 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 SELL LLL LE LAT ENE TT ARIE RI BI OEE Table M2410-56.1 [M2415NCM] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (higher elevations) (Continued (Western hemlock--Pacific silver fir communities) (Pacific silver fir--western hemlock communities) (Cont'd) Lesser vegetation - (Continued) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses LE EN LEO LE TEN TL IE ERAN I SARE ema en ee SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Cornus canadensis Gaultheria ovatifolia Goodyera ob’ ongifolia Linnaea borealis Pteridium gqutTinum Veratrum cali fornicum XerophyTlum tenax Bunchberry dogwood Wintergreen Rattlesnake plantain Twinflower Bracken fern California false hellebore Bear grass (Noble fir--Pacific silver fir communities) Abies amabilis Abjes procera Acer circinatum Sambucus racemosa Vaccintum membranaceum Athyrium filix-femina intonia uniflora Veratrum californicum Xerophyllum tenax Habitat conditions: i i imp igi ns Pacific silver fir Noble fir Vine maple Red elderberry Big huckleberry Lady-fern Beadlily California false hellebore Bear grass Cornus canadensis GauTtheria ovatifolia Uistera cordata. Matanthemum dilatatum XerophyTium tenax Bunchberry dogwood Wintergreen Northwest listera False lily-of-the-valley Bear grass (Pacific silver fir communities) Abies amabilis Suga mertensiana Pachystima myrsinites Rhododendron albiflorum tubus Tastococcus Rubus pedatus Sambucus racemosa Vaccinium alaskaense faccinium membranaceum Vaccinium ovalifo oval i folium Vaccinium scoparium — Clintonia uniflora aultheria ovatifolia HypopTtys monotropa Veratrum cali fornicum Viola senbervirens XerophyTlum tenax Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (higher elevat Pacific silver fir Mountain hemlock Oregon boxwood White rhododendron Owarf bramble Strawberry-leaf blackberry Red elderberry Alaska blueberry Big huckleberry Ovalleaf huckleberry Grouseberry Beadlily Wintergreen Pinesap California false hellebore Evergreen violet Bear grass (Pacific silver fir--mountain hemlock communities) Abies amabilis. Abies procera Pseudotsuga menziesii ja piicata Suga heterophylla Suga asrtoneiama Sorbus sitchensis Gaultheria shallon 9p ‘opanax horridum dodendron albiflorum ubus TasTococcus Rubus pedatus Sambucus racemosa Vaccinium alaskaense Vaccinium deliciosum Vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium ovalifolium Vaccinium parvifolium Vaccinium scoparium Athyrium filix-femina ChimaphTla menziesti intonia uniflora Cornus canadensis Gaultherta ovatifolia Hypopitys monotropa laianthemum diTatatum Jarella trifoliata Veratrum californicum Xerophyllum tenax Pacific silver fir Noble fir Douglas-fir Western redcedar Western hemlock Mountain hemlock Sitka mountain-ash Salal Devil's club White rhododendron Owarf bramble Strawberry-leaf blackberry Red elderberry Alaska blueberry Delicious blueberry Big huckleberry Ovalleaf huckleberry Red huckleberry Grouseberry Lady-fern Little prince's-pine Beadlily Bunchberry dogwood Wintergreen Pinesap False lily-of-the-valley Three-leaved coolwort California false hel lebore Bear grass 229 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest LOL SRE IS Table M2410-56.1 [M2415WCM] Selected Plant Species Common to the Silver Fi Mountain Region) r—Douglas-fir Forest (Westside Cascade Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Early successional plants continued Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Pacific silver fir--mountain hemlock communities) Abies amabilis Abies procera Pinus contorta Pinus monticola seudotsuga menziesii Suga mertensiana Acer circinatum TmeTanchier alnifolia Rhododendron macrophy!1um Sorbus sttchensts Vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium scoparium Anemone deltoidea Anemone oregana Bromus spp. Campanula scouleri Carex spp. Chimaphila menziesii Chimaphila umbellata Clintonta uniflora Fragaria vesca odyera ob ongi Folia Hieracium a ‘orum Hy itys monotropa Ligusticum gray Listera caurina penteataris edicularis racemosa Polystichun Tchum muni tum rola secunda milacina stellata Trillium ovatum Viola Senpervirens XerophyT Tum tenax Pacific silver fir Noble fir Lodgepole pine White pine Douglas-fir Mountain hemlock Vine maple Serviceberry Pacific rhododendron Sitka mountain-ash Big huckleberry Grouseberry Threeleaf anemone Oregon anemone Brome Scouler bell flower Sedge Little prince's-pine Western prince's-pine Bead] ily Strawberry Rattlesnake plantain White hawkweed Pinesap Gray's lovage Western twayblade Lupine Leafy lousewort Sword fern One-sided wintergreen Starry Solomon plume White trillium Evergreen violet Bear grass (Pacific silver fir communities) Abies amabilis Abies procera Pacific silver fir Noble fir Chamaecyparts nootkatensis Alaska cedar Pinus monticola White pine Pseudotsuga menziesii Tsuga eterophylla Tsuga mertensiana Acer circinatum Acer glabrum var. douglasii Castanopsts chrysophylla ornus nuttalli faxus brevifolia forges. cornuta fodendron macrophy! lum Rubus parviflorus Vacc nium membranaceum Vacc nium parv olium Berberis nervosa Holodiscus discolor Pachystima myrsinites Osa symnocarea. Rubus Tasfococcus Rubus ursinus SymphorTcarpos pos mollis faccinium alaskaense Douglas-fir Western hemlock Mountain hemlock Vine maple Douglas maple Giant chinquapin Pacific dogwood Western yew California hazelnut Pacific rhododendron Thimbleberry Big huckleberry Red huckleberry Oregon-grape Ocean spray Oregon boxwood Baldhip rose Dwarf bramble Trailing blackberry Snowberry Alaska blueberry ANNEAL LT IATL PATTIE ISTE 230 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.1 [M2415WCM] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued) (Pacific Silver fir communities) (Continued) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, Adenocaulon bicolor Anemone deltoidea Trail plant Threeleaf anemone mosses Anemone TyalTii Lyall anemone Anemone oregana Oregon anemone Rrenaria macrophylla Arnica latifolia Asarum caudatum Campanula scouleri arex Spp. Chimaphila menziesii Chimaphila umbellata Clintonia uniflora ptis Taciniata ‘oralforhiza mertensiana Cornus canadensis Disporum hookert ragaria vesca GaTium trifTorum Goodyera oblongifolia Hieracium albiflorum Lathyrus nevadensis Listera caurtna Pedicularis racemosa Polystichum muni tum Pteridium aquitinum Pyrola asarifolia yrola picta a secunda necto bolanderi Smilacina racemosa Smilacina stellata Streptopus roseus jarella unifoltata Trillium ovatum Trisetum cernuum Valeriana sitchensis Vancouveria hexandra Veratrum viride Viola glabeTTa Viola Sempervirens Whipplea modesta Xerophyllum tenax Bigleaf sandwort Broadleaf arnica Wild ginger Scouler bellflower Sedge Little prince's-pine Western prince's-pine Beadlily Cutleaf goldthread Merten's coralroot Bunchberry dogwood Hooker's fairybells Strawberry Sweet-scented bedstraw Rattlesnake plantain White hawkweed Nevada peavine Western twayblade Leafy lousewort Sword fern Bracken fern Large pyrola Whitevein pyrola One-sided wintergreen Bolander's groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Purple twisted-stalk Coolwort foamflower White trillium Nodding trisetum Sitka valerian White inside-out flower American false hellebore Wood violet Evergreen violet Yerba De Selva Bear grass Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (Pacific silver fir communities) Tall growing trees, e ies amabilis Pacific silver fir over 40 ft Abies grandis Grand fir Abies procera Noble fir Picea engelmannii Engelmann spruce Pinus moneicoa— ln’te’ pine Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir uja p iata Western redcedar suga heterophylla Western hemlock Low-growing trees and Acer circinatum Vine maple tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Taxus brevifolia Western yew Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Oplopanax horridum Devil'S club Pachystima myrsinites Oregon boxwood Rhododendron macrophyllum Pacific rhododendron es Tacustre Swamp gooseberry Vaccintum alaskaense Alaska blueberry Vaccinium membranaceum Big huckleberry Vaccinium parvifol tum Red huckleberry Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Berberis nervosa Oregon-grape Gaultheria ovatifolia Wintergreen Linnaea borealis Twinflower Rosa gymnocarpa Baldhip rose continued ELON SL LE LILO LO LEI IT SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 231 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2415WCM] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Moist/well-drained (Continued (Pacific silver fir communities) Low shrubs - (Continued) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Medium shrubs, 6-20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft continued (Continued) Rubus lasiococcus Rubus nivalis Rubus ursinus Symphoricarpos mollis Actaea ‘rubra AdenocauTon bicolor Anemone del toidea Anemone Tyallit Anemone oregana Asarum caudatum Athyrium filix-femina Campanula scoulery Chimaphila menziesii Chimaphila umbeTTata Clintonia uniflora Coptis Taciniata — Corallorhiza mertensiana Cornus canadensis Disporum hookert ragaria vesca jum triflorum Goodyera oblongifolia Hieracium albiflorum Lathyrus nevadensis Listera caurina See aris racemosa Polystichum munitum Prertatun aquilinum pyrola 3 Pyrola asartfolia Pyrola ptcta Pyrola a secunda Strecio boTanderi Smilacina racemosa SmiTacina stellata Streptopus roseus Tiarella unifoliata Trillium ovatun risetum cernuum Valeriana sitchensis Vancouveria hexandra Veratrum viride VioTa glabeTTa Viola sempervirens Whipplea modesta Xerophyllum tenax Owarf bramble Snow dewberry Trailing blackberry Snowberry Baneberry Trail plant Threeleaf anemone Lyall anemone Oregon anemone Wild ginger Lady-fern Scouler bell flower Little prince's-pine Western prince's-pine Beadlily Cutleaf goldthread Merten's coralroot Bunchberry dogwood Hooker's fairybells Strawberry Sweet-scented bedstraw Rattlesnake plantain White hawkweed Nevada peavine Western twayblade Leafy lousewort Sword fern Bracken fern Large pyrola Whitevein pyrola One-sided wintergreen Bolander's groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Purple twisted-stalk Coolwort foamflower White trillium Nodding trisetum Sitka valerian White inside-out flower American false hellebore Wood violet Evergreen violet Yerba De Selva Bear grass (Alaska cedar communities) Abies amabilis. Abies procera Pacific silver fir Noble fir Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Alaska cedar seudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Thuja p icata suga heterophylla Acer circinatum “lars douglas'i Taxus brevifolia egpanax horridum lodendron macrophy11um Ribes lacustre Vaccinium alaskaense faccinium membranaceum Berberis nervosa Linnaea borealis Rosa Inocarpa ubus TasTococcus Rubus ursinus Western redcedar Western hemlock Vine maple Douglas maple Western yew Devil's club Pacific rhododendron Swamp gooseberry Alaska blueberry 7 Big huckleberry Oregon-grape Twinflower Baldhip rose Dwarf bramble Trailing blackberry 232 CHAPTER 2 Table M2410-56.1 [M2415WCM] (Concluded) PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Moist/well-drained (Continued (Alaska cedar communities) (Continued) Actaea rubra AdenocauTon bicolor Anemone deTtoidea Asarum caudatum Athyrium fiTix-femina Bromus spp. aes menziesii ircaea alpina Clintonia uniflora Corallorhiza mertensiana Cornus canadensts Dicentra formosa Disporum hooker? ryopteris austriaca ium trifforum Goodyera oblongifolia ntia sibirica PoTystichum munitum Pyrola picta yrola secunda Senecio bolanderi SmiTacina racemosa Smilacina stellata Streptopus roseus Tiarella unifoliata Trillium ovatum Vancouveria hexandra Viola glabella VioTa sempervirens XerophyTlum tenax Baneberry Trail plant Threeleaf anemone Wild ginger Lady-fern Brome Scouler bellflower Little prince's-pine Alpine circaea Beadlily Merten's coralroot Bunchberry dogwood Bleading-heart Hooker's fairybells Mountain wood fern Sweet-scented bedstraw Rattlesnake plantain Indian lettuce Sword fern Whitevein pyrola One-sided wintergreen Bolander's groundsel False Solomon's-seal Starry Solomon plume Purple twisted-stalk Coolwort foamflower White trillium White inside-out flower Wood violet Evergreen violet Bear grass Table M2410-56.1 [M2415ECM] Selected Plant Species Common to the Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest (Eastside Cascade Mountain Region) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Douglas-fir communities) Tall-growing trees, Larix occidentalis Western larch over 40 ft Libocedrus decurrens Incense-cedar luercus garryana Oregon white oak ‘inus contorta Lodgepole pine Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Low-growing trees and Amelanchier alnifolia Serviceberry tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft continued Agropyron $picatum Arnica Tatifolia CaTamagrostis rubescens Carex concinnoides Carex seyert Festuca idahoensis Poa sandber: Stipa occidentalis Bluebunch wheatgrass Broadleaf arnica Pinegrass Northwestern sedge Elk sedge Idaho fescue Sandberg bluegrass Western needlegrass (Grand fir communities) Abies grandis Bbies fastocarpa Abies magnifica Larix occidentalis Libocedrus decurrens Grand fir Subalpine fir Shasta red fir Western larch Incense-cedar SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 233 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.1 [M2415ECM] (Concluded) Growth form Tall-growing trees (continued) Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses Early successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued Late successional plants (Grand fir communities) (continued) Picea gnaelnannit Pinus Tambertiana Pinus monticola — Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Tsuga mertensiana Linneae borealis Pachystima myrsinites Ribes lacustre Rosa symnocarpa Rubus lasiococcus Spiraea betulifolia Symphoricarpos albus re Adenocaulon bicolor Anemone Tyallit Anemone pipert Arenaria macrophylla Arnica cordifolia Asarum caudatum Bromus vulgaris Calamagrostis rubescens rex concinnoides Carex geyert Chinaphite menziesii Chimpahita umbeTlata Clintonta uniflora Corallorhiza maculata Galium triflorum Hieracium albiflorum Hypopitys monotropa upinus Tatifolius Mitella sereiels a Pyrola asarifolia yrola picta Pyrola secunda Smilacina stellata Thalictrum occidentale riltium ovatum Viola glabella Engelmann spruce Sugar pine White pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Mountain hemlock Twinflower Oregon boxwood Swamp gooseberry Baldhip rose Owarf bramble Shinyleaf spiraea Common snowberry Big huckleberry Trail plant Lyall anemone Piper anemone Bigleaf sandwort Heartleaf arnica Wild ginger Columbia brome Pinegrass Northwestern sedge Elk sedge Little prince 's-pine Western prince's-pine Beadl ily Spotted coralroot Sweet-scented bedstraw White hawkweed Pinesap Broadleaf lupine Cross-shaped miterwort Large pyrola Whitevein pyrola One-sided wintergreen Starry Solomon plume Western meadow-rue White trillium Wood violet 234 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Pacific Forest 56 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis (Wougt.) Forbes 2411, M2413, M2415, White fir Abies concolor Gord. & GTend. ) Lindl. M2413 Grand fir Abies grandis Lindl. M2411, M2412, M2415 Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa Hook.) Nutt. M2415 Shasta red fir Abies magnifica Murr. M2415 Noble fir Abies procera Rehder M2413, M2415 Sand verbena Abronia latifolia Hook. M2412 Vine maple Acer circinatum Pursh M2411, M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 Douglas maple Acer glabrum var. douglasii Hook.) Dipp. M2413, M2415 Bigleaf maple Acer macrophy11um Pursh M2411, M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 Western yarrow Achillea millefolium T Ean M2aqi, M2412, M2413, 241g Baneberry Actaea rubra TAIt.) WiTTd. 2415 Montane forests, 1,000-4,000 ft elevation, intol- erant of shade Well-drained, sunny or shade, 2,000-5,000 ft elevation Low hills, valleys, and moist sites near the coast Subalpine to al- pine slopes, down to 2,500 ft but usually above 4,000 ft eleva- tion to timber- line Well-drained, sunny sites Deep forests of the cascades, 2,000-5,000 ft elevation, in- tolerant of shade Coatal streams, sandy, seaside dune soils Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Along shores, tidal meadows, or bogs Common along stream sides and shaded canyons, below 500 ft Meadows and open hillsides Moist woods, streambanks SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Tree, to 200 ft tall, needles lustrous green Tree, to over 240 ft tall, needles pale bluish-green 125-150 ft high tree, 2-4 ft thick, bark Cone, ripe in Sept. Cone, matures in Sept., soon breaks up Seeds, .25 in long and brown; green gray to reddish brown, cylindrical cone post fire non-sprou- ter Small tree, to 60 ft, narrow crown, short stiff branches Tree, to 200 ft tall, short branches Tall, symmetrical tree, to 120 ft tall, branches short stiff 2-4 in long, stand upright on branches Cone, matures in Sept. matures in breaks up in Cone, Aug. , Sept. Seeds about .2 in Jong Perennial herb; stout,Seed, May-Oct., fleshy glandular, creeping prostrate stems, 1-2 ft long Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft tall, propa- gates vegetatively as well as with seed Small deciduous tree, 20-30 ft, leaves paired, ovate, 3-lobed Deciduous tree, 30- 100 ft high, broad- crowned with large 5-lobed leaves 4-10 ‘in broad Perennial aromatic herb, 4-40 in high, leaves divided into many fine segments One to several stems, to 3 ft tall dry, .25 in long, born at ends of stalks in many- flowered head Samara, available Sept. Samaras, paired, winged, 1-seeded, .75-1 in long, July-Aug. Samara, Aug.-Oct., body of samara short-bristle- hairy, wings 1.5- 2 in long, diver- ging at an acute angle Achene, June-Aug., born in terminal flower heads Berry, white or red, to .38 in Tong continued Seeds eaten by porcupine, squirrels, rodents Outstanding browse for mule deer and grouse Seeds eaten by song- birds, chickarees, other rodents; browsed by deer and elk; need- Tes eaten by blue grouse in winter Seeds eaten by blue grouse, squirrels; browsed by mule deer Seeds eaten by grouse and songbirds; browsed by mule deer Seeds eaten by blue grouse and Douglas chickaree; browsed by white-tailed deer Seeds eaten by song- birds Browsed by elk and beaver Seeds eaten by tree squirrel and some songbirds; due to growing habits, fair to poor browse for deer when and where foliage is available The sage-scented leaves are eaten to a small extent by a few wildlife species Attractive ever- green tree; cover for songbirds Intolerant of shade Good sand stabili- zer with its long roots Post fire sprouter attractive fall coloring tree, with leaves turn- ing yellow brown Leaves steeped in hot water were long considered useful for stop- ping bleeding in cuts and wounds 235 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Trail plant Moist, shady woods, Perennial, to 3 ft Achene Adenocaulon bicolor moderate to low tall, leaves mostly Hook. elevations basal M2413, M2415 Maindenhair fern Damp, moist can- 8 in to 3 ft, Spore An attractive fern Adiantum pedatum yons, woods, and rhizomes short, sought after by - swampy shaded thick, creeping people M2412, M2413, M2414 areas, from sea level to 10,000 ft Horse chestnut Dry canyon slopes Deciduous tree, Capsule, Aug.-Oct.,Newly fallen and early Fruits and leafage Aesculus californica and low hills, 15-40 ft tall with pearshaped, 1.5-2 growing green leaves are said to be Spach) Nutt. below 4,000 ft broad open crown, in long, 3-valved are excellent to good poisonous to live- M2414 post-fire sprouter, with one or two browse for deer stock, honeybees, 5-7 leaflets large shiny, brown and humans; candle- seeds stick-like white flower panicles Nettleleaf giant hyssop Open slopes and Fibrous rooted per- Agastache urticifolia draws, foothills to ennial, stem num- Ktze. high elevations in erous, to 5 ft M2413 the mountains tall, simple or often branched Bluebunch wheatgrass Middle elevations Perennial, non- Available June- Seeds eaten by a wide Agropyron spicatum in drier mountains rhizomatous, form- Aug. variety of birds and Bark Scribn. & onto the plains ing clumps to 6 in, mamma 1s. Smith broad culms erect, M2415, to 3 ft tall Sugarstick Lower elevations of Plant to 1.5 ft Allotropa virgata coniferous forest, tall, stems white . & G. ex Gray ‘in deep humus and pink striped M2413 White alder Along streams, Deciduous tree, to Cone, to 1 in Slight use as browse Thicket forming Alnus rhombifolia shade 60 ft tall, old long, nutlet Nutt. bark light in color small, flat, M2413 without a wing Red alder Streambanks and Deciduous tree,to Cone, to 1 in Seeds eaten by song- Quickly invades Alnus rubra moist woods, 75 ft tall, trunk long, nutlet birds and smal] mam- burned over, Bong. below 1,000 ft to 2 ft, bark thin, small, flattish, mals, of secondary logged, or other M2411, M2412, M2413, gray, smooth margined with importance as browse disturbed areas M2415 papery wings Serviceberry Dry, well-drained, Spreading to erect Pome, available Fruit eaten by a wide Amelanchier alnifolia moist, in sun shrub, usually to July-Aug. variety of birds and Nutt. about 10 ft tall, mammals M2413, M2415 leaves oval Pearly everlasting Openings in woods, Perennial herb, Achene, Aug.-Oct., Seeds and foliage eaten Blooms are often Anaphalis margaritacea meadows and talus simple erect 1-3 in covered with small to limited extent by used for winter (L.) B. &H. slopes, below high stems are papillae wildlife bouquets M2414, M2415 8,500 ft white-woolly and equably leafy Threeleaf anemone Sparse to deep Perennial, with Achene, turgid, Anemone deltoidea woods, often grow- slender, widespread, oval, available Hook ing with shrubs in horizontal rhizomes, Apr.-May M2413, M2415 dry to moist areas flowering stems, to 1 ft tall Lyall anemone Open prairies to Perennial, slender, Achene, to .2 in Anemone lyallii deep woods or sub- erect, from horizon- long, available Britt. alpine ridges tal rhizomes Mar.-July M2415, Oregon anemone Moist woods to Perennial, from Achene, narrowly Anemone oregana bushy or open scaly, horizontal oblong, available Gray hillsides rhizomes, flowering Mar.-June M2413, M2415 stem, single, to 1 ft tall continued 236 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2. (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Piper anemone Anemone piperi Britt. M2415 Shining angelica Angelica arguta Nutt. M2413 Sweet vernal grass Anthoxanthum odoratum Ll. M2411 Low dogbane Apocynum pumilum Greene 2413 Madrone Arbutus menziesii Pursh M2412, M2413, M2414 Gray manzanita Arctostaphylos cinerea Howe 2413 Hairy manzanita Arctostaphylos columbiana per M2412, M2414 Pine-mat manzanita Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray M2413 Green manzanita Arctostaphylos patula Greene M2413 Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (U.) Spreng. M2412 White-leaved manzanita Arctostaphylos viscida Parry M2413 Bigleaf sandwort Arenaria macrophylla Hook . M2413, M2415 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia Hook. M2413, M2415 Smal1-f lowered arnica Arnica discoidea Benth. M2413 Moist woods, shady Stream banks, wet meadows, marshes, and bottomlands, foothills to mod- erate elevations Moist sites, in woods or native meadows Ory soils of val- leys and foothills, to medium eleva- tions in the moun- tains Ory to moist, in sun Dry hillsides and mountain slopes, sun Well-drained sites, in sun Ory, well-drained, sun Ory, well-drained, in sun Dry hillsides, usually in gravelly or stony soil Moist to dry, shaded to open woods Woodlands, foot- hills to high elevations in the mountains Open woods SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Perennial, with deep Achene, ellipitical roots arising from an erect or ascending, rhizome, flowering stems single, to over 1 ft tall Robust plant, to 6 ft tall Fruit broadly ellip- tical, to 1.5 in long and .2 in wide, available June-Aug. Tufted perrennial, to 2 ft tall Plant freely branch- ing, to 1.5 ft tall Shrub, to 6 ft high, young leaves white hairy ever- green Erect or spreading shrub, to 12 ft tall, old branches with purplish-red bark Prostrate shrub with trailing rooting stems, to 6 ft tall Spreading shrub, to 6 ft tall, old bark reddish-brown, leaves yellow green, evergreen Prostrate shrub, trailing rooting stems, to 3 in tall Spreading shrub, to 9 ft tall, smooth dark red- brown bark Perennial, forming loosely matted patches, stems round to 4-angled, erect, to 6 in tall Perennial, to 2 ft tall, from long, naked rhizomes Perennial, to over 2 ft tall, from long, naked rhizomes, stems solitary Seed hairy white Berry, available July-Dec. Berry Berry Berry, available July-Sept. Berry, available May-Sept. Red berry, to .2 in long, available Aug. -Mar. Berry, available year round Capsule Achene, hairy and glandular pappus whitish Fruit .5 in long continued Fruit eaten by a few species of birds in- cluding doves, deer, pigeons Fruit eaten by a few species of bird in- cluding grouse; browsed by mule deer Very important browse for mule deer Fruit eaten by many species of birds, including ruffed and dusky grouse; plant eaten by grouse and black-tailed deer Sprouts after injury Does not crown sprout after fires Roots where branches touch ground, mat-form- ‘ing Sprouts after fire Forms large mats; used ornamentally Does not crown sprout after fires 237 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2. (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Broadleaf arnica Arnica latifolia Bong. M2413, M2415 Goats-beard Aruncus sylvester KosteT. M2415, Wild ginger Asarum caudatum Lind). M2412, M2413 Moist woods, meadows, and moist open places in the mountains, seldom at high elevations Moist woods, along streams Moist and deep shaded woods below 5,000 ft Perennial, to 2 ft tall, broad basal leaves Achene, glabrous, pappus white Seeds about .05 in long Stem, several, to 7 ft tall, leaves numerous Perennial, aromatic Capsule, June-Aug., herb, with basal round and fleshy, heart-shape leaves seeds .13 in long and slender root- Seeds eaten by some species of songbirds stocks Chilian aster Wide variety of Perennial, to 3 ft Achene Occasionally eaten by habitats and ele- tall, fiberous roots a number of wildlife vations, but from a rhizome species mostly dry, open places in the valleys and plains Balloon milk-vetch Open stoney soil Perennial, with Pod Astragalus whitneyi and mountain crests woody caudex, decum- aay bent stems 1 ft long M2413 Lady fern Moist woods, mea- Leaves to 6 ft or Spores Athyrium filix-femina L.) Roth M2411, M2415 Coyote bush Baccharis pilularis oc. M2412, M2414 Deltoid balsamroot Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. M2413 Oregon-grape Berberis nervosa ursh M2413, M2415 dows, streambanks, lowlands to well up in mountains Low, open hills and mountain slopes, below 2,000 ft Open places usually avoiding thinner soils Ory, well-drained slopes, in sun or shade more tall, clustered erect vase-like tuft, from short rhizome Evergreen shrub, Achene, Aug.-Nov., erect 2-10 ft high, white 7 feathery 2-10 ft wide, leaves born from smal] +25-1 in long, dark yellowish-white green and leathery flower heads Perennial, with deep, woody, tap- root, to 3 ft tall Achene, available Mar.-July Shrub, ascending to Berry available erect, to 2 ft long, July-Aug. leaves tufted Seeds eaten by rabbit, and small rodents; poor to useless browse value to deer and elk Fruit eaten by black- tailed deer Conspicuous, soli- tary, large, brown- ish flower; born from lower axil Post-fire sprouter, often encroaches on pastureland; easily controlled by hormone sprays Spreads by creep- ing rootstocks to form thickets Deer fern Wet, sheltered Evergreen fern, Spore-bearing Only foraged when Short, woody creep- Blechnum spicant places many erect fronds, plant other green plants ing rhizomes L.) With. 8 in to 3.5 ft tall are scarce M2411, M2412, M2414, M2415, Blepharipappus scaber Hook M2413 Ground-cone Boschniakia hookeri Walpers M2413 Slender boykinia wate elata lutt.) Greene M2413 Large-flowered boykinia Boykinia major Gray M2413 Bunchgrass prairies and grassy foothills Moist areas Moist woods, along streams, lower slopes Meadows, along streams Slender annual, to 1 ft tall Available Apr.- June Plants yellow to dark red or purple, to over 1 ft tall stem solitary Seeds black, .02 in long, available June-Aug. Stems slender, to 4 ft tall Seeds black, about +04 in long, avail- able June-Sept. Stems stout, to 3 ft tall continued Parasitic on salal 238 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Fire-cracker flower Brodiaea Ida-Maia jut’ M2412, M2414 Purplehead brodiaea Brodiaea pulchella Salisb.) Greene M2414 Brome Bromus spp. L. M2415 California brome Bromus carinatus H. & AL M2415 Columbia brome Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear m24i2, M2413, M2415 Pacific reedgrass Calamagrostis nutkaensis res feud. M2412, M2414 Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens Buck1. M2415 Elegant mariposa lily Calochortus elegans urs! M2413 Mariposa lily Calochortus Juteus Nutt. M2414 Tolmie's mariposa lily Calochortus tolmiei Woe Ae w2aia California harebell Campanula prenanthoides Dur. M2413, Scouler bellf lower Campanula scouleri Fok, M2413, M2415 Sedge Carex spp. ee M2412, M2415 Grassy slopes and hillsides in open places, 1,000- 4,000 ft Meadows, plains, and hillsides, below 6,000 ft Forest edges, mountain meadows, above 7,000 ft Various habitats, moist woods to dry open meadows, dis- turbed soil, to timberline Shaded to open woods, rocky ravines, moist to dry banks, mon- tane meadows, under 6,000 ft Moist places and swamps up to 5,700 ft Sagebush flats to timbered slopes, both dry and moist montane forest Grassy hillsides and open coniferous woods Usually in heavy soils in open places below 2,000 ft Ory, rocky slopes Open woods Open or dense woods, less often rock out- crops, elevations up to 4,000 ft Moist soils of marshes, meadows along shores, at all elevations SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Perennial herb, leaves 1-2 ft long, flower stalk 1-3 ft high Perennial herb, +5-2 ft high, with usually two long, narrow, parallel- veined basal leaves Perennial grass, 16-35 in Perennial, to 4 ft tall Perennial grass, to 4 ft tall, with- out rhizomes but rooting at nodes, stems Perennial grass, stems 2.5-5 ft high with long, stiff leaves Perennial, culms to 2.5 ft tall, smooth Stem to 6 in tall, slender, basal leaf flat Perennial herb, erect, slender stem 5-2 ft high Stem simple or branched to 1 ft tall, basal leaf flat Perennial, from tap- root, erect stems to less than 3 ft tall Perennial, from branching rhizomes, to more than 2 ft tall Perennial herb, solitary or clumped, stems triangular to round and hollow Capsule, June-Aug. born from red flowers tipped with yellow, in clusters Capsule, May-July, oval, .25 in long, born in clusters of 2-20 lavender flowers Grain, summer- fall Available May- Aug. Caryopsis, May- Aug., long awn rising from bifid apex of lemma Caryopsis, May- Aug., .25 in stout awn arises from base of mid- vein on lemma Available July- Sept. Seeds straw- colored Capsule, May-Aug., 1-3 in from yellow flowers with brown markings Not specifically known, bulbs possibly eaten by some animals Bulbs eaten by some species of birds and smal] mammals Plant eaten by deer and elk Plant eaten by kangaroo rat and pocket gopher, as well as many other birds and mammals Seeds eaten by numerous birds and rodents; fol- iage is foraged by deer; plant eaten by kangaroo rat and pocket gopher, as well as many other birds and mammals Seeds and foliage are eaten to some extent by birds and foraging species of wildlife Seeds purple, avail- able May-June Achene, June-Aug., lens-shaped to triangular, en- closed in envel- ope called peri- gynium continued Seeds sparsely used by waterfowl, marsh birds, songbirds; nesting cover for waterfowl This attractive plant is found more inland than along the coast Attractive wild- flower; Indians consumed very edible, meaty bulbs Valuable grass; important particu- larly to wildlife as a forage species Flowers are pale- green or purplish on narrow, rather loose panicle Plants have under- ground bulbs and long linear leaves Important builder of soil in bogs and bays; impor- tant in the aging process of lakes 239 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2 (Continued) Species Northwestern sedge Carex concinnoides Mack. M2415 Dewey sedge Carex deweyana Schw. M2411 Elk sedge Carex geyeri Boott M2415 Slough sedge Carex obnupta UH. BatTey w2ai Long-stoloned sedge Carex pensylvanica Lam. M2413 Giant chinquapin Castanopsis chrysophyla Pougl.) DC. M2412, M2413, M2414 Seaside painted-cup Castilleja latifolia Torr. M2412 Scarlet paintbrush Castilleja miniata Hook. M2413 Common buckbrush Ceanothus cuneatus look. M2413 Deer brush Ceanothus integerrimus H. & AL M2413, M2414 Dwarf ceanothus Ceanothus prostratus Benth. M2413 Blue-blossum ceanothus Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch. M2412, M2414 Tobacco brush Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. M2412, M2413, M2414 jutt. ex T. &G. Habitat Dry to moist soil in and around con- iferous forests Streambanks, moist woods and forest openings sea level to timberline Woodlands, open slopes, dry meadows, foothills and mod- erate elevations Open water or very wet ground Open woods and prairies Dry, well-drained sites, in sun, sea level to 5,500 ft elevation Sandy soil and sea cliffs in coastal strans, also in closed cone forest Meadows and slopes, at medium and lower elevations Dry, open flats and lower foothills, intolerant of shade, below 3,500 ft ele- vation Mountain slopes, ridges and flats, 1,000-7,000 ft elevation Dry, well-drained, in sun Generally scattered stands on wooded slopes and canyons, below 2,000 ft Dry, open wooded slopes and ridges, below 3,000 ft, full sun Form Fruit Stems single, 14 in Achene tall, leaves firm Stems to 3 ft tall, loose to dense clumps, leaves on Tower part of stem Achene Stems clustered, to 1.5 ft tall Densely tufted, Achene stems coarse to 5 ft tall Stems 1.5 ft tall, tufted in small to large clumps, leaves flat Shrub to small tree, to 90 ft tall, ever- green Nut, available Sept., fruits sparingly Perennial herb, .5-1.5 ft high, sticky, hairy, us- ually 3-lobed leaves Capsule, Apr.- Oct., .5 in long, small dry seeds Perennial, stems few, erect or ascend- ing from a woody base, to 2.5 ft tall Capsule, available Apr..-July Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft tall, freely branched, rigid, re- generates from ex- posed roots Deciduous shrub, 3-12 ft tall, widely branched with green drooping branches Capsule, July- Sept., round or triangular, .25- +5 in wide Prostrate, evergreen shrub, to 2 in tall, roots where stems touch ground Capsule Capsule, July- Sept., round, .17 in wide, smooth, black Evergreen shrub, to 20 ft tall Capsule, July- Sept., round or triangular, .13- -06 in wide, 3- lobed at top Spreading heavy- scented evergreen shrub, to 20 ft tall continued General wildlife use Seeds eaten by a large number of birds and mammals Browsed by mule deer Some seeds eaten by birds and rodents Plant eaten by mule deer; hummingbirds get nectar from it Browsed by mule deer; seeds eaten by moun- tain and valley quail Browsed by deer and elk, especially young sprouts Browsed by mule deer Seeds eaten by quail and small mammals; good to fair browse for elk and deer Seeds eaten by quail and rodents; fair browse value to deer and elk Notes Forms thickets Flowers are green- ish-yellow sur- rounded by yellow bracts Forms dense thick- ets Post-fire sprouter; provides good es- cape cover for birds; valuable shrub, allow on ROW edge Forms mat-like ground cover to 10 ft broad Escape cover for birds, seed] ings invade cut-over and burned areas Post-fire sprouter; also provides val- uable escape and nesting cover to songbirds; forms thickets on dis- turbed areas 240 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2. (Continued) Species Common chickweed Cerastium vulgatum U m2ais, Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. M2413 Port-Orford cedar Chamaecyparis Jawsoniana Murr.) Parl. M2412, M2413, M2414 Alaska cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis D. DON) Spach M2415 Little prince's-pine Chimaphila menziesii R. Br.) Spreng. M2413, M2415 Western prince’ s-pine Chimaphila umbellata Ta) bart. M2413, M2415 Ox-eye-daisy Chrysanthemum Jeucanthemum (ecaninenn w2ai4 Goldaster Chrysopsis villosa var. bolanderi (Gray) Gray ex Jeps. M2414 Rabbit brush Cnrysothamnus nauseosus Pall.) Britt. M2413, Alpine circaea Circaea alpina | m2ais Common thistle Cirsium arvense L. M2415, Red beadlily Clintonia andrewsiana orr. M2412 Beadlily Clintonia uniflora Schult.) Kunth M2413, M2415 Habitat Form Pastures Biennial, tufted stems ascending, to 1.5 ft long Dry sunny areas Evergreen, shrub to 20 ft tall, leaf margin revolute Moist slopes and canyons, below 4,800 ft, often on serpentine soils Evergreen tree, 140-180 ft tall, 4-6 ft thick, crown dense, with short, pendant branches Along coast, sea level to timber- line, best at 500-1,200 ft Medium-sized ever- green tree, 40-80 ft, occasionally to 100 ft, scale- like leaves Coniferous woods Plant 6 in tall, leaves serrate to entire Woods, especially under conifers Stem 1 ft tall, leaves oblanceolate with acute base Naturalized in waste places, fields, etc. Perennial herb, stems 8-32 in high, from small slender rhizome Grassy slopes, mostly Perennial herb, overlooking the erect, several- coast, below 1,500 stemmed, gray- ft green, 4-12 in high Plains and moun- tains, dry open places Shrub, to 10 ft tall, several main stems, ill-smelling, erect Perennial, from slender rootstocks, to 1.5 ft tall Cool, damp woods Perennial, from creeping roots, to 60 in tall, leaves white hairy below Fields and waste places Common in redwood forest and shaded damp woods Perennial herb, erect 15-20 in, large, ellipitcal leaves, 7-13 in Coniferous forests, rather moist, from foothills up to 5,000 ft elevation Plant widely rhizo- matous, 2-3 leaves, to 1 in wide Fruit General wildlife use Achene, available Browsed by mule deer Aug.-Sept. Notes Seeds .13 in long, Seeds eaten by songbirds Important timber cone round, .33 in and tree squirrels thick Cone, less than .5 in, maturing in 2 yrs Capsule Capsule Achene, July- Sept., round and more or less flat- tened Seeds and foliage of limited food importance to wildlife Achene, June-Nov., brownish, more or less flattened, born on large, yellow heads Seeds and foliage eaten by some birds and smal] mammals Dull white Browsed by white-tailed deer; seeds eaten by a few wongbirds and some mammals. Achene Seeds eaten by few songbirds Fruit and foliage pos- sibly eaten by some birds, rabbits, rodents Berry, May-July, dark blue oval, «5 in thick, few- seeded Lustrous, blue berry, more than .25 in long continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES tree; wood used for interior fin- ish, ship building, matches, etc. Durable aromatic wood; valuable to man An attractive com- posite which is native of the Old World The several stems branch from a woody root crown Considered to be one of the worst weeds among native plants Noxious weed Red, lily-like flowers are born at top of long, bare stem Widely used in wild gardens 241 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2 (Continued) 242 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Littleflower collinsia Collinsia parvilflora Lind). M2413 Varied-leaved collomia Collomia heterophylla Hook. M2413 Cutleaf goldthread Coptis laciniata Gray M2413, M2415 Spotted coralroot Corallorhiza maculata at. M2413, M2415 Merten's coralroot Corallorhiza mertensiana ong. M2415 Slender bird's-beak Cordylanthus viscidus (Howe Pennell M2413 Bunchberry dogwood Cornus canadensis Ll. M2411, M2415 Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii Aud. ex T. & G. M2413, M2414, M2415 California hazelnut Corylus cornuta Marsh. M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 Oregon cliff-brake Cryptogramma densa Brack.) Diels M2413 Monterey cypress Cupressus macrocarpa rd. M2412 Mendocino cypress Cupressus pygmaea Sarg. M2412 Great houndstongue Cynoglossum grande Dougl. ex Lehm. M2413 Lady's-slipper Cypripedium fasciculatum KeTTog ex Wats. M2413 A variety of mesic habitats, valleys to high elevations in mountains Woods, forest openings, and loose streambanks, at lower elevations Moist woods in the coastal mountains Moist to fairly dry woods Gravelly soils Moist woods Along streams, in open to fairly dense woods Variable site pre- ference, usually dry, well-drained in sun Cliff crevices and moist, rocky places, foothills to near timber] ine Exposed headlands and dry places along the sea coast Flats and slopes on dry soils below 1,500 ft Woods at lower elevations Moist to rather dry and rocky open con- iferous forests Plants to 1.5 ft tall, simple or branched Annual, to 1 ft Low herbaceous plants Plant purplish to reddish-brown, to 2 ft tall, erect Plant reddish, to 1.5 ft tall, erect to spreading Plants, to over 2 ft tall, with ascend ing-spreading branches Subshrub, to 6 in tall, erect, largely herbaceous Large shrub, to 60 ft tall, showy flowers Shrub, to 10 ft tall, twigs hairy Rhizome short, much branched, leaves numerous, to 1 ft tall Evergreen tree, 60-80 ft tall, young trees with center leader, old trees flat topped Evergreen tree, dwarfed on poor soils, 3 ft, 30-100 ft in better soils Perennial, to 2.5 ft tall, leaves confined to lower third of stem Stem to 10 in tall, leaves paired near ground About .04 in Tong Minute Capsule, to 1 in long Capsule Capsule, over .2 in long Drupe, available June-Aug. Drupe, available Oct.-Nov. Hard-shelled nut, to .75 in long Spores Seeds brown, .25 in long, cone closed 1.5 in long, opened with fire Seeds black, .13 in long, cone .6 in long, closed, open with fire Nutlet, with prickels continued Seeds eaten by mountain quail and mantled ground squirrel Fruit and buds eaten by several species of grouse and songbirds Fruit eaten by few species of birds and chipmunks; browsed by mule deer Nuts eaten by grouse, quail, blue jay, chip- munks, squirrels Nesting cover for some species and songbirds Nesting cover for some songbirds Plant may die if exposed to full sunlight after growing in shade Thicket forming; often on acid soils Found originally in Monterey Pen- insula, widely transplanted along coast; leave them at ROW edge Has a small dis- tribution, thus allow on ROW edge CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes California danthonia Frequently on dry Perennial grass, Caryopsis, May- Seeds and foliage nutri- Large, purplish Danthonia californica hills and meadows, stems 1-3 ft high, July, .75-.5 in tious and palatable to glumes usually Boland. below 5,000 ft tufted with spread- awn arises from numerous species of surround the M2412, M2414 ing branches bifid apex on wildlife flowers Jemma California pitcher-plant Bogs along the Greenish-yellow Seeds, .04 in Insect-eating Darlingtonia coast and inland, leaves to 1.5 ft Tong plant californica along trickling tall, with purplish orr. streams hood, flower stalk M2413 to 3 ft tall Toothwort Shady banks and Perennial herb, sol- Silique, Mar.- Seeds eaten by birds Stems from fleshy Dentaria californica wet slopes,mostly itary stems,6-21 in July, 1-2 in long, and small rodents horizontal rhizome Raf. below 2,500 ft high, three-foliate .05 in broad M2414 leaves from base Slender hairgrass Sandy or gravelly Perennial, with Available June- Deschampsia elongata banks and slopes tufted basal leaves, July Hook.) Munro ex Benth. near water, sea culms to 3 ft tall M2415 level to alpine drainages Bleeding-heart Damp shaded woods Perennial herb, Capsule, Mar.- Seeds eaten by some Attractive, sev- Dicentra formosa or canyons below scapose, fleshy July, .5-.75 in songbirds and rodents eral nodding pink Andr.) Walp. 7,000 ft roots, and slender long seeds, flowers protected M2412, M2414, M2415 stems 8-18 in shiny black in moist shaded rock crevices Foxglove Roadsides and dis- Robust biennial, Seeds minute Digitalis purpurea turbed soils to 6 ft tall, t. leaves, basal M2411 Hooker's fairybells Wooded areas, Stem sparingly Red berry, avail- Fruit generally not Disporum hookeri moist, often in branched, leaves able May-Aug. edible; of little orr. deep shade ovate forage value to wildlife M2413, M2415 Smith's fairybells Moist, shaded Perennial herb,to Berry, May-July, | Same as D. hookeri_ Flowers are Disporum smithii woods or along 3 ft high, leaves obovoid, orange- creamy-white or Hook.) Piper streambanks near sessile and heart- red, to .75 in green, under M2411, M2412 coast shaped thick leaves, in bell- shaped clusters Saltgrass Higher parts of Perennial grass; Caryopsis, Apr.- Little value for Creeping rootstocks Distichlis spicata Coastal Salt Marsh rigid, erect stems July, brown and forage; nesting cover produce dense sods (L.) Greene 4-12 in high, from .25 in long for waterfowl and dense marsh M2412 strong creeping growths of this rhizomes plant Mountain wood fern Moist or wet woods Leaves clustered on Spores Oryopteris austriaca and streambanks short rhizome, to Jacq.) Woynar ex 1.5 ft tall, decid- Schinz & Thell. uous M2411, M2415 Blue wild rye Prairies, open Clump forming per- Available, June- Elymus glaucus woods and dry to ennial, culms to Aug. Buck1. moist hillsides, 3 ft tall M2413 lowlands to mid- montane Crowberry Exposed rocky Low spreading Purplish or black, Major user spruce Empetrum nigrum bluffs, also heatherlike shrub, berrylike globe, grouse, also used by l. peat bogs to more than 6 in to .07 in long other birds and mam- M2411 tall mals continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 243 56 Table M2410-56.2 (Continued) PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Species Habitat From Fruit General wildlife use Notes Fireweed In disturbed areas Perennial herb, 2-6 Capsule, July- Probably foraged to Flowers are lilac- Epilobium angustifolium such as burns, ft high, rhizomes, Sept., .25 in some extent by rabbits purple, often L. M2412, M2414, M2415 Smal1-f lowered wil lowweed Epilobium minutum LindT. M2413 Giant helleborine Epipactis gigantea lougT. M2413 Horsetail Equisetum spp. U w24ai2, M2414 Scouring-rush Equisetum hyemale C M2413 Alice fleabane Erigeron aliceae Howe’ M2413 Annual fleabane Erigeron annuus Td Pers. M2415 Bloomer fleabane Erigeron bloomeri Gray M2413 Threadleaf fleabane Erigeron foliosus Nutt. M2413 Barestem buckwheat Eriogonum nudum Tous ex Benth. M2413 Sulfur buckwheat Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. M2413 Common woolly sunflower Eriophyllum lanatum Pursh) Forbes M2413 Rough wallflower Erys imum asperum Chute.) oC. M2413 Idaho fescue Festuca idahoen: Elmer M2414, M2415 clearings, etc., and in fairly moist areas under 9,000 ft Sea level to well up in mountains Streambanks, lake margins, around springs and seepage areas Moist places, below 6,500 ft Streambanks and other moist or wet Places, lowlands to moderate elevations Moist or fairly dry soil in sandy or open places in the mountains Moist ground and waste places Ory, rocky places in the mountains and foothills Ory, rocky places Sandy or gravelly soil, open to mod- erate shade, sea- level to subalpine Varied habitats, from sagebrush desert to alpine ridges Ory open places, lowlands to moderate elevations Dry openings in woods and on rocky slopes, below 5,000 ft leaves entire and narrow, 4-6 in long grayish-white hairs Freely branched annual, to 1.5 ft tall, leaves oppo- site Capsule Stems tc 3 ft tall, leaves numerous Rushlike, 1-3 ft high stems from branching rhizomes Reproduction by spores; strobili or cone terminal Evergreen, un- branched, to 5 ft tall Spores Perennial, to 2.5 ft tall, from a woody rhizome Annual, to more than 5 ft tall, stem, long spreading hairy Perennial, with taproot, to 6 in tall Perennial, with stout taproot, to 2 ft tall, leaves numerous Perennial, simple to freely branched crown Perennial, from taproot, to 1 ft tall, freely branch- ing crown, prostrate Woolly haired peren- nial, to 2 ft tall, several-stemmed from base, leaves vari- able Biennial, stems to 3 ft tall, basal leaves numerous form- ing a rosette Seeds wingless Perennial grass, Caryopsis, May- stems densely tufted July, awn .25 in into large bunches, long arises from 1-3 ft tall taper of lemma apex continued long, covered with and rodents Plant eaten by small mammals and hoofed browsers slightly Vegetative parts eaten by muskrats; some birds use upper stems for grit Plant eaten by water- fowl Seeds eaten by many birds and mammals Same as E. nudum Seeds eaten by blue grouse Seeds eaten by many songbirds and rodents; important forage grass for deer and other mammals appearing flame- like among the greenery Stems high in sili- con; Indians used this plant for scouring rushes Forms mats up to 2 ft broad This species is characterized by having very black, fibrous roots CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wilclife use Notes Western fescue Festuca occidentalis Hook. M2412, M2414 Sheep fescue Festuca ovina t. M2413 Sand strawberry Fragaria chiloensis L.) Duchesne M2412 Strawberry Fragaria vesca M24i1, M2413, 2415 Chocolate lily Fritillaria atropurpurea [i M2413 Obscure bedstraw Galium ambiguum Wight M2413 Cleaver's bedstraw Galium aparine L. M2413 Shrubby bedstraw Galium multiflorum Ke ogg M2413 Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. M2413, M2415 Silk-tassel Garrya elliptica Doug! . M2412, M2414 Fremont silk-tassel Garrya fremontii Torr. M2413, M2414 Salal Gaultheria shallon Purs M2411, M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 Wintergreen Gautheria ovatifolia Gray 2415 Ory, rocky, wooded banks and slopes, below 6,500 ft Gravelly prairies to alpine slopes Mainly coastal Moist woods, stream- banks, sandy meadows Grassy slopes to coniferous forest or rocky montane ridges, up to 8,000 ft elevation Dry open forests or rocky places Common, weedy species, occurring on a variety of habitats Ory, open, often rocky slopes Moist woods near sea level to mod- erate elevations Dry slopes and ridges, below 2,000 ft Dry, brushy slopes, mostly between 2,500-7,000 ft Dry to moist woods and brush, below 2,500 ft Dry, yellow pine forests to sub- alpine bogs SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Perennial grass, erect, slender stems 1-3 ft high, leaves mostly basal Perennial, with dense basal tufts, to 1.5 ft tall Basal leaves num- erous, spreading 4-8 inches Plant with trailing stems, leaflets us- ually 5 Stems, to 2 ft tall, slender, leaves nar- row scattered along stem Low tufted, per- ennial, froma branched woody root, stems tc 3 in long, ascending Annual, to 3 ft tall, stems weak Perennial, to over 1 ft tall, spread- ing freely from creeping, often woody rhizomes Perennial from creeping rhizomes, stems to over 2 ft long Evergreen shrub, erect 5-9 ft, rarely 20 ft, leaves have definite undul- ating margins, rough bark Evergreen shrub, erect 5-10 ft, often with yellow- green cast, leaves oblong .75-2.5 in long, smooth bark Evergreen, low growing shrub, 1-6 ft high, with long shallow roots, post- fire sprouter Low, spreading shrublet, to 1 in tall, branches to 5 in’ long Caryopsis, May- Aug., awn .25 in long, arises from taper of lemma apex Seed, available May-Aug. Fruit .75 in broad, seed long Succulent, up to «2 in broad Capsule Fruit fleshy Fruit .1-.2 in long, available Apr.-June Fruit covered with whitish bristles Fruit .04 in long, covered with hooked bristles Berry, Mar.-June, round .5 in wide, covered with white soft woolly hairs Berry, Mar.-June, smooth, .25 in wide, purple to black, born in clusters from pen- dulous catkin tas- sels, 1-2 in Capsule, June- Sept., fleshy base looks like dark berry, many seeds Berry, bright red continued Seeds eaten by many kinds of birds and rodents; important forage grass for deer and rabbit Seeds eaten by song- birds Fruits and leaves eaten by a wide variety of birds and some mammals Fruit eaten by many birds and mammals Plant eaten by mantled ground squirrels Same as G. ambi guum Same as G. ambiguum Same as G. ambi guum Fruit eaten by robins and other songbirds; fair to poor browse for deer Fruit eaten by robins and other songbirds; good to fair browse for deer, especially of sprouts after burning Fruit eaten by song- birds, deer, black bear, raccons; nesting cover for birds and mammals This grass is very important as a forage species in relation to its abundance Not as aggressive as some Post-fire sprouter, often called quin- ine bush; bark, leaves, and fruits contain alkaloid garryine, which is used as a tonic Vigorous post-fire sprouter; invades cut-over and burned areas White-pinkish flowers are urn- shaped; berries make fine jam and are eaten by Indians 245 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2 (Continued) 246 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Globe gilia Gilia capitala ims M2413, M2415 Manna grass Glyceria spp. R. Br. M2412 Rattlesnake plantain _ Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. M2413, M2415, Gumweed Grindelia hirsutula Willd. M2414 Oak- fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris t Newm. M2411 Canyon bog orchid Habenaria sparsiflora Wats. 2413 Alaska rein orchid Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng. ) Wats. M2413 Jessica stickseed Hackelia jessicae (McGregor) Brand M2413 Bloomer's haplopappus Haplopappus bloomer i Gray ~ M2413 Goldenweed Haplopappus racemosa lutt.) Torr. M2413 Bigelow's sneezeweed Helenium bigelovii Gray M2413 Cow parsnip Heracleum lanatum Michx. M2412 Christmas berry Heteromeles arbutifolia oer. mann 2ai2, M2414 Ory slopes and open places at lower elevations Wet and swampy meadows and shallow water Dry to mossy or damp, open to dense forest Dry to arid slopes and canyons, below 5,000 ft Moist woods, stream- banks, wet cliffs, at moderate alti- tudes Wet, boggy areas Ory woods, to gravelly stream- banks and open mountainsides Moist banks or slopes Ory, rocky slopes, and open woods, foothills to mod- erate elevations Meadows, open places, in alkaline soil Marshy meadows foot- hills and lower slopes Moist hillsides and more or less shaded areas Semi-dry, brushy slopes and canyons, below 4,000 ft Erect annual, to 3 ft tall, stem slender, leaves basal Perennial grass; erect stems, 1-4 ft high, growing from strong rhizomes Plant to .5 ft tall, leaves in basal rosette Perennial herb, erect slender stems, 1-3 ft high Leaves scattered to 7 in Tong Plants to over 2 ft tall, stems leafy at base Plant 2 ft tall, from tubers, leaves on lower third of stem Stem erect, basal leaves 6 in long Branching shrub, to 2 ft tall, twigs brittle Perennial, from tap- root, to 3 ft tall, tufted basal leaves Perennial, to 3 ft tall, from stout, erect, woody caudex Perennial herb, erect, 4-6 ft large, 3-6 in wide leaflets Evergreen shrub, to 30 ft tall, 1.5 ft Seeds to .1 in Tong Caryopsis, June- Seeds and foliage very Sept., 5-7 nerves palatable to wildlife; on lemma which are nesting cover and good parallel escape for birds and waterfowl] Capsule Achene, June-Aug., Seeds possibly eaten born from head of by some birds and smal] yellow flowers 1-2 rodents in across Spores May-Aug. Capsule, small, erect Nutlet with mar- ginal prickels Achene Schizocarp, May- Aug., .25-.5 in long, with large round, flat seeds Seeds eaten by some species of songbirds and small rodents Fruit eaten to some extent by songbirds, Pome, Oct.-Dec., pear-shaped, scar- thick, leaves are let, .25 in long rodents, band-tailed green, stiff and pigeons sharply toothed continued Glyceria spp. are istinct in having a closed sheath at the base of the leaf blade Very resinous and sticky plant; of little forage value Indians ate the stems; flowers are white in large, double umbels Invades cut-over areas CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2 (Continued) species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Small-leaf alumroot Heuchera micrantha Dougl. ex Lindl. M2413 White hawkweed Hieracium albiflorum Hook. M2413, M2415 Hounds tongue hawkweed Arv M2413 Vanilla grass Hierochloe occidentalis Buckl. M2412 Velvet grass Holcus lanatus U M2411, M2412, M2414,M2415 Ocean spray Holodiscus 4 (Pursh) Ma M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 olor Ocean spray Holodiscus dumosus Nutt.) Heller M2413 Common St. John's-wort Hypericum perforatum L. 241 Spotted catsear Hypochaeris radicata U w2ai5 Pinesap Hypopitys monotropa Crantz M2415 Siskiyou iris Iris bracteata Slender-tubed iris Iris chrysophylla Howe 11 M2413 Wild iris Iris douglasiana Herb. m2ai4 Common rush Juncus effusus Ce M2412, M2415 Gravelly streambanks Erect, to 2 ft tall, Available June- and rock crevices, near seal level to subalpine, often on talus slopes Open woods and moist or rather dry hillsides, moderate elevations Ory, open places, foothills to mod- erate elevations Dry to moist sites in redwood forests, below 2,900 ft Waste places and disturbed soil, lower mountains Rocky outcrops and woods below 4,500 ft Dry, rocky valleys and hillsides to well up in the moun- tains Wasteland and pastures Weed in lawns, pastures, disturbed soil In humus of Thiefly coniferous forests Open coniferous forest Open woods, mostly of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir Grassy slopes and open places on moist to wet sites Moist places, coast- al tide-flats to montane meadows SELECTED PLANT SPECIES from basal leaves Plants to over 3 ft tall, stem hairy at the base, leaves basal often tufted Plants to 3 ft tall, leaves mostly basal Perennial grass, erect stems 2-3 ft tall, with long leaves and creeping rhizomes Perennial, with soft, grayish hairs, culms to 3 ft tall Shrub, 4-18 ft, spreading, with doub1le- toothed leaves Low, spreading shrub, to 40 ft tall, reddish twigs ridged, leaves in fascicles of 6 or 7 on spur branches Perennial, erect stems 1-several, 2.5 ft tall Perennial, to 2 ft tall, fibrous roots Plant to 10 in tall, pinkish to straw- colored, leaves entire Tuft-forming, stem slender simple, to 1 ft high Clump-forming, flow- ering stems, to 1 ft tall,flowers off- white to blue Perennial herb, erect, leaves to 3 ft tall, 1-2.5 ft flower stalk Aug., seeds deep brownish-purple, oblong Caryopsis, Mar.- Aug., awnless, Seeds and foliage eaten to a limited extent by Jemma, hairy along birds and small mammals the margins Available June- Sept. Achene, June- Sept., straight upper and convex lower edges Achene Capsule, seeds brown Capsule Capsule Capsule Capsule, May-Aug., 1-2 in long, sharp triangular in cross section Tufted perennial, | Minute stems round, to 3 or 4 ft tall continued Seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds Browsed by deer Nectar for hummingbirds; plant eaten by mountain beaver Same as I. bracteata Sweet-sme11ing grass with small panicles of broad bronze-colored spikelets Considered a weed ‘in most places Not an invader shrub; small white flowers bend down in 4-8 in long panicles Forms large clumps Serious weed throughout range Foliage eaten to limited Attractive wild extent by mountain flower with thick beaver and other rodents rhizomes Plant eaten by rabbits in California iia a ra 5 ac a ee 247 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Common juniper Open woods to dry Prostrate and trail- Berry, available Fruit eaten by few Intolerent of shade Juniperus communis hills, mountain ing-branched, shrub Sept., persistent species of birds in- tc valleys to open to small tree, to all year cluding grouse, quail, M2413 rocky slopes, sea 20 ft tall pheasant; browsed by level to alpine white-tailed deer areas Pale laurel Lowland bogs to Shrub, to 25 ft Smal] capsule, Poisonous to live- Kalmia polifolia mountain meadows, tall, much-branched seeds minute stock Wang- sun or shade often matted, M2411 spreads by layering and rhizomes Wall lettuce Moist, disturbed Biennial, to 3 ft Achene Lactuca muralis soil tall L.) Fresen. M2415, Western larch Mountain valleys Large tree, to over Cone, 1 in long Seeds eaten by spruce Larix occidentalis and lower slopes, 225 ft tall, well grouse as well as a Nutt. somewhat swampy pruned few other birds and M2415, areas, usually mammals in mixed stands Nevada peavine -Usually in wood- Perennial, hairy to Pod Lathyrus nevadensis lands, on a variety 2.5 ft tall, angled Wats. of sites but not winged M2415 Few-f lowered peavine Grassland or sage- Perennial, with tap- Pod Lathyrus pauciflorus brush slopes to root and rootstock, Fern. montane forests stems erect to 2 ft M2413 tall Bog Labrador-tea Swamps and bogs Shrub, to 6 ft tall, Capsule Browsed by white-tailed Ledum groenlandicum along the coast, leaves linear-ellip- deer Jeder sun or shade tic leathery, deep M241) green Incense-cedar Mountain slopes Evergreen tree, 75- Seeds .5 in long, Seeds eaten by some Wood used for shin- Libocedrus decurrens and canyons, 125 ft tall, 3-4 ft cone, oblong, species of songbirds gles, post, lead Torr. 2,400-8,200 ft thick, aromatic tree 1-1.5 in long and rodents pencils, railroad M2413, M2414, M2415 ties Parsleyleaf Thickets, fence Plants to 5 ft tall, licoriceroot rows, open or generally branched Ligusticum apiifolium sparsely wooded when well developed Nutt.) Gray slopes, at low M2413 elevations Gray's lovage Moist to dry, open Plant, to 2 ft tall, Small,elliptical Ligusticum grayi or wooded slopes, basal leaves well- . Coult. & Rose drier meadows in deve loped M2413, M2415 the mountains Columbia lily Among ferns and Perennial herb, Capsule, July- Attractive, coast Lilium columbianum brush in cut-over stems 2-4 ft tall Sept., oblong .25 wild flower; red- Hanson SS or virgin forests with leaves in in orange with many M2412 at low elevations whorls of three dark purple spots at the nodes Twinf lower Open or dense Stem slender but Plant eaten by white- Linnaea borealis woods, at various woody, trailing or tailed and mule deer U elevations creeping, leafy M2413, M2415 stems over 4 in long Wild blue flax Ory, well-drained Woody-crowned per- Capsule, May-July Seeds eaten by rodents Linum perenne soil, to alpine ennial, to 2 ft vt ridges tall M2413 continued 248 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2. (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Northern twayb lade Listera borealis forong il M2415 Western twayblade Listera caurina Piper M2415 Northwest listera Listera cordata L.) R. Br. M2415 Tanbark-oak Lithocarpus dens if lorus H. & A.) Rehd. M2411, M2413, M2414 Howell's desert parsley Loma (Wat: M2413 Jeps. Bigseed lomatium Lomatium macrocarpum Nutt.) Coult. & Rose M2413 Barestem lomatium Lomatium nudicaule Pursh) Coult. M2413 Nineleaf lomatium Lomatium triternatum Pursh) Coult. & Rose Honeysuckle Lonicera hispidula UindT. indT. M2413, M2414 Black-fruited honeysuckle Lonicera involuncrata Richard) Banks ex Spreng. M2412 Torrey's lotus Lotus oblongifolius Greene M2413 Silverback luina Luina hypoleuca Benth. M2413 Lupine Lupinus spp. L w2ai3, M2415 Tree lupine Lupinus arboreus Tims M2412, M2414 Light to deep moist woods, often in moss along streams, in moun- tains Moist forest and mossy streambanks to subalpine slopes Damp, mossy places, along streams or in bogs, occasionally on dry forest floor or open slopes Dry, well-drained, moist sun or shade Shaded rocky slopes Open, rocky hills and plains Dry, open or sparsly wooded slopes, low- land to moderate elevations Open slopes and meadows, dry to moist soil, low- lands to moderate elevations Woods and thickets Moist canyon flats and shady mountain streams near coast Wet areas Cliff crevices, talus slopes, rocky places Dry slopes, mesas open forest, 100- 10,000 ft, sun Coastal strand sandy places, below 100 ft area Plant 10 in tall, leaves above mid- length of stem Plant to 15 in tall, leaves subopposite, well above mid-length of stem Plants to 1 ft tall, slender, leaves mid- height on stem Tree, to 110 ft tall, narrow conical crown, bark fis- sured,evergreen Plants to 1.5 ft tall, from slender branching taproot Distinct taproot, branched near base Stems solitary to several branched crown of a stout taproot, to 3 ft tall Taprooted, stems solitary or few, more or less erect, to 2.5 ft tall Vine, with hollow twigs Deciduous shrub, erect, 2-10 ft high, much branched, sim- ple leaves occur in pairs Perennial, erect or ascending, to 1.5 ft tall, flowers yellow Perennial, with stout caudex, stenis several to many, to 1.5 ft tall Annual or peren- nial forb with terminal clusters of flowers, 6-24 in Shrub, 3-6 ft tall, Nut, matures at the end of the second season Red berry, .2 in thick, available July-Feb. Berry, July-Oct., round or oval, black, .33 in thick, occurs in pairs from paired yellow flowers Pod, 1-2 in long Achene Flat pod, con- stricted between seeds, spring- fall Legume, May-Aug.. busty and spread out brown, 1.5-3 in over several square long, pod with ft 8-12 seeds continued Seeds eaten by the redwood chipmunk ; slight use as browse for mule deer Nesting cover for birds and smal] mammals Fruit eaten by song- birds and smal] mam- mals; good to fair browse value for deer and elk Seeds eaten by several species of quail, poc- ket mouse, mule deer Seeds eaten by quail, turkey, deer Seeds eaten by quail, other birds, mammals; fair browse value to deer and brush rabbits Sprouts abundantly after injury Post-fire non- sprouter large con- spicuous bracts below flowers be- come reddish as fruit ripens Some species poison- ous to livestock Attractive, late spring blooming shrub that should be allowed in ROW EERE he SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 249 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2 | (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Lupine Lupinus formosus M2414, M2415 Broadleaf lupine Lupinus latifolius Agardh M2413, M2415 Velvet lupine - Lupinus leucophyllus Doug]. ex LindT. M2413 Spreading woodrush Luzula divaricata Wats. M2415 Skunk cabbage Lysichitum americanum Hult. & St. John m24i1, M2412 Shasta aster Machaeranthera shastensis Gray M2413 False lily-of-the-valley Maianthemum dilatatum lood) Nels. & Macbr. M2411, M2415 Showy oniongrass Melica spectabilis Scribn. M2413 Broad-leaved lungwort Mertensia ciliata orr.) G. Don M2413 Bush monkey-f lower Mimulus aurantiacus Curt. M2412, M2414 Yellow monkey-f lower Mimulus guttatus oc. M2412, M2414 Miterwort Mitella spp. U meat Cross-shaped miterwort Mitella stauropetala Piper M2415 Monardella Monardella odoratissima Benth. M2413 250 Dry, open fields and sandy places, below 2,500 ft Open subalpine ridges to wooded slopes, occasionally on Icwlands Woods to open mon- tane or subalpine slopes, dry to moist areas Swamp, wet soils Ory, open places, especially in the mountains Shaded or moist streambanks, open to dense moist woods, sea level to 3,500 ft eleva- tion Wet to rather dry meadowland, usually in moist loamy mea- dows or open parks in montane forests Streambanks, wet meadows, damp thickets, wet cliffs, foothills to high elevations Grows on rocky out- crops along streams and woods, below 2,000 ft Abundant in moist to wet shaded or open areas, below 10,000 ft Moist damp woods Open to dense woods, more or less moist Open, wet or dry, often rocky places, to moderate eleva- tions Perennial herb, several stems, 1-3 ft, lying down or ascending Stems up to 3 ft tall, mostly 6-8 leaves Perennial, with branched crown and several stems, to 2.5 ft tall Matted perennial, 1.5 ft tall, erect Perennial, to 3 ft tall Biennial, to 2 ft tall, taprooted Stems to 1.5 ft tall, erect, flow- ering stems with 2 leaves Rhizomatous peren- nial, culms to 3 ft tall Stems numerous, to 6 ft tall, leaf blade oval Erect, branched shrub, 3-5 ft tall, dark green and sticky foliage Perennial herb, 1-3 ft high, stem often rooting at nodes of creeping rootstocks Perennials, with rhizomes, leaves basal Stem to 1.5 ft tall, leaves 5-7 lobed Stems numerous to 1.5 ft tall, loosely ascending or erect, slender Legume, May-Oct., silky-hairy, 1-1.5 in Tong with 5-7 seeds Seeds eaten by quail and some rodents Pod, to 1 in long Seeds eaten by quail and some mammals Pod Same as L. latifo Capsule Achene Red berry Available late May-July Seeds eaten by song- birds; plant eaten by elk Capsule, May-Aug., .75-1 in long, seeds fusiform, about .05 in long Capsule, Apr.- Aug., many smal] brown seeds Plant eaten by ruffed grouse Plant eaten by grouse continued Attractive violet- lilac or white flowers are on 4-10 in terminal racemes Flowers are brown- ish-yellow, funnel- shaped, and narrow- throated Flowers yellow with brown to purple dots in the flower throat, born in terminal racemes CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Miner's lettuce Sandy, open to shady Taprooted annual, Seeds eaten by a vari- Montia perfoliata woods of valleys and ascending to erect ety of songbirds and (Donn) Howel? lower mountains, mammals 2413 usually moist sites Indian lettuce Moist, usually Taprooted annual Seeds eaten by a vari- Montia sibirica shaded places, low- stems usually ety of songbirds (.Y Howell lands to middle several to 2 in m2g11, M2a12, M2414, elevations tall M2a15 Miner's lettuce Dry to moist soil Erect annual, Capsule Same as M. sibirica Montia spathulata (Doug?.) HoweTT with slender tap- root, stems to 3 2413 in Tong Wax-myrtle Canyons and moist Evergreen shrub, Nutlet, May- Fruit at certain times Post-fire sprouter; Myrica californica slopes, below 500 6-12 ft tall or July, dark purple of year are major food attractive shrub Cham. ft even a small tree .25 in thick, for band-tailed pigeon m2ai2 20-30 ft, leaves thinly covered and many songbirds; Short-stemmed navarretia Navarretia divaricata Torr. reene M2413 Indian pond lily Nuphar polysepalum Engelm. M2412, M2414 Water parsley Oenanthe sarmentosa Ory, open slopes, foothills to mod- erate elevations Freshwater ponds and lakes, slow moving water, below 7,500 ft Low wet places, in thickets and along leathery and aro- matic with granular gray wax Low, slender annual, Capsule flower head rarely 2 in above ground Nutlike, Apr.- Sept., hard, 1-1.5 in thick Perennial aquatic herb, large stout rootstock, large floating or erect leaves, flowers yellow Soft, weak, fibrous, Small .04 in long rooted, to 3 ft tall, browse value low for deer and elk Seeds eaten by water- fowl to a limited extent; rhizomes eaten by muskrats; nesting cover for waterfow! broods PresT streams and in leaves 2 or 3 pin- M2417 marshes or around nate sloughs Devil's club Moist woods, near Deciduous shrub, Drupe, available Preferred food of elk Oplopanax horridum streams, in shade to 9 ft tall, July-Oct. Sm.) Mig. well-armed M2411, M2415 Mountain owlclover Orthocarpus imbricatus orr. M2413 Mountain sweetroot Oregon oxalis Oxalis oregana Nutt M2411, M2412, M2415 Oregon boxwood Pachystima myrsinites Pursh) Raf. Meadows and open slopes in the moun- tains Woodlands, sea level to moderate eleva- tions Moist woods Well-drained, shady or open sites Plants over 1 ft tall, leaves 1.5 in long, linear, entire Perennial, stems sol- itary or in 2 or 3, slender, to 3 ft tall, leaflets thin Perennial, with rhi- Capsule zome, low plant, to 3 in tall Shrub, to 20 ft tall, leaves ever- Seed dark brown, available July- Foliage eaten by Richardson's grouse, green, leathery Sept. black-tailed deer, M2413, M2415 white-tailed deer Leafy lousewort Coniferous woods in Perennial, from Pedicularis racemosa mountains woody stalk, to Dougl. ex Hook. 1.5 ft tall, stems M2413, M2415 clustered continued Indians used this plant for food; floating leaves are large and heart- shaped 6-12 in broad and 6-14 in Jong SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 251 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Gay penstemon Penstemon laetus ray M2413 Mountain false-caraway Perideridia bolanderi Ory, open, often rocky or gravelly slopes Ory, open, often rocky hillsides, Capsule, ripe June-July Perennial, to 1.5 ft tall, flowering stems several to many Plants to 2 ft tall, slim soli- Oblong, to .2 in Tong (Gray) Nels. & Macbr. ridges and dry tary stem 2413 washes, foothills Varileaf phacelia and high plains Dry, open places Biennial, with Phacelia heterophylla at lower eleva- single erect, Pursh tions stout stem, to M2413 Lewis mock orange Philadelphus lew Pursh M2413 Alpine timothy Phleum alpinum L m24i3 Periwinkle phlox Phlox adsurgens Gullies, water- coarses, rocky cliffs, talus slopes, sea level to 7,000 ft, in sun Streambanks, mea- dows, montane to subalpine Wooded slopes, at moderate elevations 4 ft tall, leaves veined Rounded erect shrub, Capsule to 12 ft tall, leaf oval with coarse teeth Strongly tufted perennial to 1.5 ft tall, blades flat Perennial, stems loosely curved, Browsed by deer; seeds eaten by squirrels and quail Seeds eaten by a few songbirds Nectar for hummingbirds; plant eaten by mule Torr. in the mountains ascending, up to deer M2413 1 ft tall Spreading phlox Phlox diffusa Forests and open rocky slopes at Perennial, mat- forming, up to Same as P. adsurgens Benth. moderate to high 3 in tall M2413 elevations Showy phlox Sagebrush and pon- Perennial, to 1.5 Same as P. adsurgens Phlox speciosa derosa pine areas ft tall, shrubby 7 7 Pursh toward base M2413 Ninebark Streambanks, swamps, Spreading to erect follicle Plant eaten by mountain Physocarpus capitatus and lake margins to shrub, to 15 ft goat ursh) Ktze. moist woods in lower tall, branches M2413, M2414 mountains, sun or angled shade Mallow ninebark Canyon bottoms and Spreading to erect Follicle Occasionally browsed Physocarpus malvaceus Greene) Ktze. M2415, Weeping spruce Picea breweriana Wats. M2414 Englemann spruce Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. 2413, M2415 Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. M2411, M2412 rocky hillsides to ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests Cold, shaded areas in hollows and north slopes, 4,600-7,500 ft Montane, around swamps, above 3,000 ft elevation, sun or shade Moist to swampy places, shaded areas below 1,200 ft shrub, to 6 ft tall Seeds dark brown, +13 in long, cone oblong, 2-5 in Evergreen tree, 80- 100 ft high, 2-3 ft thick Straight tree, to Cone, seeds shed 150 ft tall, needles by Oct. to 1 in long, sharp but not stiff Evergreen tree, 150- Seeds red-brown, 200 ft tall, 3-6 ft .13 in long, cone thick, wide spread- 2-4 in long ing branches and drooping branchlets, post-fire non- sprouter continued Seeds eaten by song- birds and rodents; nesting cover for songbirds Seeds eaten by birds including dusky grouse; browsed by black-tailed and white-tailed deer, squirrel, porcupine Seeds eaten by song- birds, rodents, wood- peckers; poor browse for elk and deer; needles eaten by blue grouse in winter Attractive, useful tree, allow on ROW edge Valuable lumber tree; provides im- portant nesting, roosting and winter cover for birds; allow on ROW edge 252 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Species Knobcone pine Lemmon M2413 Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Dougl. meal, M2412, M2413 M2415, Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Grev, & Balf. M2413 Sugar pine Pinus lambertiana Dougt. 7 M2413, M2415 White pine Pinus monticola Doug?. M2411, M2413, M2415 Bishop pine Pinus muricata D. Don M2412 Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Laws. M2413, M2415 Monterey pine Pinus radiata D. Don m2aie Digger pine Pinus sal DougT. M2414 Fowl] bluegrass Poa palustris t m2ais Sandberg bluegrass Poa sandbergii Vasey m2a1s Skunkleaf polemonium Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. M2413 Table M2410-56.2. (Continued) Habitat Dry, gravelly moun- tain slopes at low elevations Dry mountain slopes, occasion- ally to timber- line, often in pure stands in burned areas Well-drained sunny sites, seed- ling tolerant of shade, mature tree intolerant Cool, fairly moist, in mixed coniferous forest Moist valleys to fairly open and dry slopes, sea level to 6,000 ft elevation Low hills and flats near the coast, found in either dry or swampy soils in pure stands Lower levels, mostly where rather dry, often in open Pure stands Found in scattered colonies on dry bluffs and slopes, below 1,000 ft Ory slopes and ridges, below 4,500 ft Moist areas, often at the edge of water, sea level to open meadows or forested areas in mountains Poor soils, dry areas Moist or shaded Places, moderate to high elevations SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Form Small tree, to 45 ft tall, forming straggling crowns with sparse foliage Evergreen tree, 30-110 ft high Tree,to 90 ft tall, needles in 3's Large treesup to 250 ft tall, needles in 5's deep bluish-green, to 4 in long Tree, to 90 ft tall, bark thin, needles in 5's, light blu- ish-green, to 4 in Jong Evergreen tree, 40- 50 ft tall, 2-3 ft thick, pyramidal to flat- topped crown, post-fire nonsprouter Evergreen tree, up to 220 ft, bark becoming thick with age, leaves needlelike and persistent Evergreen tree, 40-100 ft tall, 1-3 ft thick, sym metrical or flat- topped with age, post fire non- sprouter Evergreen tree, 30-60 ft tall, 1-2 ft thick, trunk often divided Tufted perennial, to 4 ft tall Strongly tufted perennial, over 2 ft_tall, usually purplish all over Perennial, to 1.5 ft tall, loosely erect, basal leaves well-developed Fruit Cone, matures Sept. of second season, persis- tent Cone, 1.5-2.5 in long, long per- sistent on tree, good crops 1-3 year intervals, Aug.-Sept. Cone Large cone, to 18 in long, seeds brown, .2 in long Cone, 10 in long, seeds available Sept. Seeds, .25 in long nearly triangular, 2-4 in cone in clusters, 3-5 Cone, 3-5.5 in long, deciduous when mature, Aug.- Sept. Seeds, dark, .25 in long, reddish brown, oval cone, 2-5 in long Seeds black-brown, to 1 in long, large oval cone, 5-8 in long Available May-Aug. Available Apr.- June continued General wildlife use Seeds eaten by song- birds and many other animals Very important; seeds eaten by many birds and mammals; needles eaten by grouse and, hoofed browsers; bark and wood eaten by porcupines and rodents Seeds eaten by birds including grouse and quail; slightly browsed Seeds eaten by porcu- pine, gray fox, chick- aree, chipmunks, squir- rels; slightly browsed by mule deer Seeds eaten by chipmunk and porcupine; slightly browsed by mule deer Seeds eaten by song- birds and rodents; poor browse value for deer; nesting cover for songbirds Same as P. contorta Seeds eaten by some species of mammals and songbirds; poor browse value to deer Seeds eaten by jays, woodpeckers, small rodents; wood gnawed by porcupines; poor browse value for deer Plant eaten by coot, other birds, mammals Same as P. palustris Notes Very resistant to drought Valuable cover for gamebirds, fur bearers, hoofed browsers and other ground animals Wood occasionally used for lumber; allow on ROW edge Same as P. contorta Tree has no commer- cial value in native range; used for reforestation and as timber tree in New Zealand, Aus- tralia and South Africa Indians ate and stored seeds; wood of little use 253 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes California milkwort Wooded areas Stems numerous, — Capsule Polygala californica erect or spreading, Nutt. to 1 ft tall, leaves M2413 oval to ellyptical Smartweed Several species Annual or perennial Achene, May-Sept., Seeds eaten by water- Also called knot- Polygonum spp. in moist to marshy herbs; aquatic, mar- trigonous to fowl, upland gamebirds, weed because of the L. areas in open ginal or amphibious Jenticular in muskrats thickened joints in M2412, M2414 country shape, .13 in the stems long Wing knotweed Ory, semibarren, Erect, annual, sim- Achene, black and Seeds eaten by many Polygonum majus gravelly to heavy ple to freely shining birds and mammals isn.) Piper soil branched, to 1.5 ft M2413 tall, leaves numer- ous American bistort Streambanks, Perennial from a Achene, yellow, Seeds eaten by upland Polyonum bistortoides moist or swampy thick, erect or -1 in Jong gamebirds, songbirds, ursh meadows to alpine ascending rhizome, small mammals M2413 slopes flowering stems to over 2 ft tall, leaves basal Sword fern Damp, shaded woods, Coarse, evergreen Spore-bearing Escape cover for some Attractive fern; Polystichum muni tum usually under 2,500 fern, forming clumps plant species should be encouraged Kaul.) Pres ft of fronds, 2-5 ft in shaded edges of M2411, M2412, M2413, high ROW M2414, M2415 Rock sword fern Cliff crevices and Leaves, to 1.5 ft Spores Polystichum scopulinum open rocky slopes tall, closely (0. C.Eat.) Maxon (on a variety of crowded M2413 conditions, ranging from acid to ultra- basic) Black cottonwood Along streams and Deciduous tree, Capsule, June- Buds and catkins eaten Post-fire sprouter; Populus trichocarpa rich bottomlands 50-125 ft tall, Aug., 3-valved, by blue and ruffed invades cut-over : ~ ex Hook. in canyons and val- 2-4 ft diameter, -25 in thick and grouse; fair forage and burned areas; M2411, M2412, M2414 leys between 5,000- broad crown of finely hairy value for rabbits and wood used for paper 9,000 ft upright branches deer pulp and veneer Common sel fheal Moist places, sea Perennial, erect Seeds eaten by a few Prunella vulgaris level to moderate to prostrate stems, songbirds t. elevations 1.5 in-2 ft long M2411 Bitter cherry Moist woods, along Straggley shrubs, —Drupe, available Very important browse Forming dense Prunus emarginata watercourses, grass- to 40 ft tall, May-Sept. for mule deer; fruit thickets Dougl.) Wa p- land into mountains, erect eaten by chipmunks M2414, M2415 medium elevations, and birds including in sun grouse Western choke-cherry Dampish places in Erect,deciduous Drupe, June-Aug., Fruit eaten by song- Fruit i11-smelling Prunus virginiana woods and on brushy shrub, 3-25 ft dark red, round, * birds, small mammals, but edible by man slopes and flats, tall, 8 in diameter, .25 in thick raccoons; good browse late in season; M2414 below 8,200 ft post-fire sprouter value for deer and very poisonous at rabbits certain growth stages to sheep Douglas-fir Moist slopes below Evergreen tree, 100- Seeds winged, .25 Seeds eaten by song- Probably most im- Pseudotsuga menziesii 5,000 ft 130 ft tall, up to in long, cone birds, tree squirrels, portant lumber tree ‘Mirb.) Franco 230 ft, up to 8 ft 3-4 in long with other rodents; fair in N. America; M2411, M2412, M2413, thick, post-fire 3-pointed bracts browse value to deer used as ornamental M2414, M2415 nonsprouter beyond ends of and elk; needles eaten and for reforesta- scales by blue grouse in tion winter California tea Common on logged Perennial, spar- Pod Psoralea physodes off land ingly branched, to Dougl. 2.25 ft tall, M2413 leaflets, 3 to 2 in long continued 254 CHAPTER 2 ‘PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2. (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn M2471, M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 Large pyrola Pyrola asarifolia Micl M2415 Toothed pyrola Pyrola dentata mith, J. G. M2413 Whitevein pyrola Pyrola picta mith, J. G. M2413, M2415 One-sided wintergreen Pyrola secunda U M2413, M2415 Coastal live oak uercus agrifolia lee M2414 Canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis M2412, M2413, M2414 Oregon white oak uercus garryana Doug! . 2413, M2414, M2415 California black oak Quercus kelloggii Newb. M2413, M2414 California buttercup Ranunculus californicus Benth. Widespread, in open and wooded moist areas from the coast inland Moist ground Coniferous forests, especially yellow pine Coniferous forests Usually under conifers Common in valleys and not-so-dry slopes, below 3,000 ft Canyons and moist slopes below 6,500 ft, typical of rocky, canyon sites Dry prairies, foot- hills to rocky bluffs Drier soils on mountain slopes and gravelly valleys, between 1,500-6,500 ft, at times to 200 or up to 8,000 ft Moist hillsides and meadows, below 3,000 ft 1-5 ft tall, fronds erect, blades 3 times pinnate Flowering stems, to 1.5 ft tall, numerous basal leaves Conspicuous rosettes of leaves, flowering stems, 1-several, to 10 in tall Flowering stems, single, often leaf- less, 10 in tall Plant widespreading by rhizomes, flower- ing stems, single, to 6 in tall Evergreen tree, 60- 90 ft tall, 2-3 ft thick, short trunk and large branches, form a broad, rounded, wide- spreading crown Evergreen, round spreading tree, 60-80 ft tall, 1-5 ft thick, smooth, white bark Deciduous tree, to 60 ft tall, with thick- furrowed and scaly bark Deciduous tree, 50- 100 ft high, 1-3 ft thick, leaves 3- lobed on each side with 1-3 bristly- tipped teeth Perennial herb, with many erect stems, 9-20 in high, and Spore-bear ing plant Acorn, chestnut brown, conical, to 1.5 in long, cup covers only base of acorn, matures the first fall Acorn, ovate, 1-1.25 in long, fuzzy, golden hairs cover scaley cup Acorn, produced annually Acorn, oblong, 1- 1.25 in long, deeply set in the cup, maturing the second year Achene, Apr.- duly, smal}, 30- 35 in a rounded Vegetative parts browsed by deer and elk Plant eaten by ruffed grouse Plant eaten by ruffed grouse Same as P. dentata Same as P. dentata Acorns provide food for deer, tree squirrels, other birds, mammals; fair browse value for deer Acorns are eaten by numerous species of birds and smal] mam- mals; poor browse value for deer Acorns eaten by pig- eons, woodpeckers, Pheasants, bear Seeds eaten by band- tailed pigeons, western gray squirrel, wood- peckers, deer; excel- lent browse value for deer Seeds eaten by song- birds, waterfowl,Cali- fornia quail; foraged Spreads by under- ground rhizomes Post-fire sprouter; Indians ground the acorns into meal, then water leached them of tannins and cooked it as mush or bread Post-fire sprouter; has a tough, fine quality wood, be- coming of increas- ing importance; allow on ROW edge Post-fire sprouter; once a major staple food of California Indians; valuable tree, should be allowed on ROW edge Many stout and fibrous roots 24g solitary yellow head by deer and rodents flowers Coffeeberry Ory flats, moist Evergreen shrub, Berry, Aug.-Oct., Fruit eaten by small Attempt to grow Rhamnus californica Esch M2413, M2414 Hollyleaf buckthorn Rhamnus crocea jutt. hillsides and ravines, rocky ridges, below 3,500 ft Dry washes and canyons, below 3,000 ft 4-6 ft high with 1-3 in long leaves, post-fire sprouter Evergreen shrub, 5-3 ft high with rigid, spine-like oval, black when ripe, .25 in long, 2-seeded Berry, Aug.-Oct., red, oval, .25 in long, 2-seeded mammals and songbirds; browsed by deer, espe- ciglly young sprouts Fruit eaten by song- birds and rodents; excellent browse for commercially to make coffee from berries was a fail- ure Post fire-sprouter; Indians ate berries; allow on ROW edge M2414 branches. deer Cascara Dry, well-drained Deciduous shrub, Berry, July-Sept., Fruit eaten by small Bark possesses cath- Rhamnus purshiana or moist sites, in 6-30 ft high with round, black, .25- mammals, songbirds, artic properties and oC. sun or shade, can- thin leaves 3-8 in .5 in diameter, 3- grouse, black bear, is collected for the M2412, M2414, M2415 yons and lower mountain slopes, below 5,000 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES long, smooth, dark gray bark seeded continued raccoon; fair to poor browse value for deer; nesting cover for song- birds drug cascara sagrada, which is used in laxatives 255 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) 256 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White rhododendron Rhododendron albiflorum Hook. M2415 Pacific rhododendron Rhododendron G. Don M2411, M2412 M2413, M2414, M2415 Western azalea Rhododendron occidentale M2412, M2413, M2414 Poison oak Rhus diversiloba T. &G. M2412, M2413, M2414 Squawbush Rhus trilobata Nutt M2414 Siskiyou gooseberry Ribes binominatum Heller M2413 Gooseberry Ribes californicum Hook. & Arm M2414 Swamp gooseberry Ribes lacustre Pers.) Poir. M2415, Pioneer gooseberry Ribes lobbii Gray 2413 Hupa gooseberry Ribes marshallii Gray 2413 Canyon gooseberry Ribes menziesii Pursh M2412, M2414 Red flowering currant Ribes sanguineum Pursh M2412, M2414 Sticky currant Ribes viscosiss imum Pursh M2413 Wet places, along streams, usually montane, shade Moist, well-drained, in sun Well-drained moist, shade or occas ion- ally full sun Low places, thickets and grassy slopes, below 5,000 ft Ory slopes, thickets, and canyon bottoms, below 5,000 ft Well-drained sites, in sun Open slopes and rocky canyons, below 2,500 ft Moist woods and streambanks to drier forest slopes or subalpine ridges Creekbanks and low- land valleys to open or forested montane slopes Well-drained, in sun Moist to dry soils in canyons and flats, under 1,000 ft Moist to dry soils in shaded areas or cut-over woods Along creeks and on open to heavily timbered, moist to rather dry slopes, to timber- line Shrub, to 6 ft tall, deciduous Evergreen shrub, 15 ft tall, leaves leathery, to 8 in long Spreading shrub, to 15 ft tall Deciduous shrub, erect or spreading, 1-6 ft high, leaves trifoliate, post- fire sprouter Deciduous shrub, 2-3.5 ft tall, up to 8 ft across, leaves trifoliate, leaflets 3-lobed Shrub with trailing branches 3 ft long, nodal spines, under .2 in long Shrub, 2-6 ft high, Capsule, heavy walled Woody capsule Capsule Drupe, June-Aug., dry, berrylike waxy-white, .25 in thick Orupe, June-Aug., fleshy, berry- like, .25 in across, red, sticky to touch Berry, covered with spines Berry, July-Sept., intricately branched, round, reddish, post-fire sprouters Erect to spreading -5 in thick, bristly Berry, available shrub, to 6 ft tall, in Aug. a few nodal spines, leaves cordate Freely branched, spreading Low, spreading shrub, nodal spines Shrub, 4-8 ft high, well armed with thorns, loosely branched, leaves .5-1 in long, 3-5 lobed Shrub, 3-10 ft Berry Berry Berry, July-Sept., round, dark pur- ple, .25 in thick, covered with stiff spine-like bristles Berry, June-Aug., high, stems slender, bluish-black, erect or spreading, leaves 5-lobed and round Erect to spreading, unarmed shrub, to 6 ft tall round-ob long Berry, ovoid, to .2 in long, bluish-black continued Foliage eaten by moun- tain beaver Fruit eaten by flick- ers, sapsuckers, other songbirds; good browse for deer, especially young sprouts after burning Fruit eaten by jays, woodpecker, smal] mam- mals; fair to poor browse value to deer Fruit eaten by birds and mammals; good to fair browse value for deer Fruit eaten by Lewis woodpecker Fruit eaten by song- birds and mammals; fair to good browse value for deer Fruit eaten by song- birds, raccoons, rodents; good to fair browse value for deer Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, Richardson's grouse; browsed by mule deer and beaver Poisonous if grazed in large quantities Much cultivated Important livestock poisoning plant Fruit falls soon after maturity; pro- lific sprouter; oi] in leaves irritates human skin Vigorous sprouter; leaves do not cause dermatitis to human skin; stems used in baskets Early successional species, invades cut-over areas Mat forming shrub Invades cut-over areas; white petals with red sepals; berries mixed into other foods by Indians for flavor- ing This species has many different varieties; blood- red to pinkish flowers Deep root system CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Baldhip rose Shaded woods and Erect shrub, 2-5 Fleshy hip, June- Hips and vegetative Rose hips remain on Rosa gymnocarpa slopes, under ft high, slender- Aug., rounded, parts of plant eaten the shrubs thru the Nutt. 6,500 ft stemmed, armed with reddish, .25-.5 by birds, smal] mam- winter and into next M2413, M2414, M2415 slender straight in, thick, con- mals, deer, black year providing prickles, 5-7 oval taining many bear; nesting and available food to leaflets hairy achenes protective cover for animals if needed songbirds Woods' rose Moist places in Strongly armed to Hip, slender Fruit eaten by several Rosa woodsii foothills and low- unarmed shrub, 5-9 birds and mammals Lind1. lands leaflets, stems to M2413 over 6 ft tall Dwarf bramble Moist to dry soil, Unarmed, trailing Juicy, cluster of Fruit eaten by several Rubus lasiococcus sparse to dense perennial with drupelets, red, species of birds and Gray woods, from 1,500- stolons, rooting available June- mammals; very valuable M2415, 5,500 ft elevation freely Aug. food source Western raspberry Slopes and canyons Stems arched and Aggregate of Fruit eaten by numerous Invader, post-fire Rubus leucodermis below 7,000 ft branched, about drupelets, July- birds and mammals; fair sprouter; this and T&G. 6 ft long with Sept., purple to browse value for deer other Rubus spp. M2414, M2415 straight prickles yellowish-red, fruits used exten- .5 in diameter sively by Indians Snow dewberry Open to deeply Trailing perennial Cluster of drupe- Fruit eaten by several Rubus nivalis shaded, usually rooting freely, lets species of birds and Doug. moist areas up to prickly stems, mammals M2415 5,000 ft elevation up to 6 ft long Thimb leberry Dry to moist soils Deciduous shrub, Aggregate of Fruit eaten by song- _ Post-fire sprouter; Rubus parviflorus in open woods and 3-6 ft high, bark drupelets, June- birds, band-tailed useful shrub for Nutt. canyons under shreddy, simple Aug., scarlet, pigeons, rodents; fair cover in ROW M2412, M2413, M2414, 8,000 ft leaves, 3-7 in 4-7 white flowers to poor browse value M2415 wide in corymbs Strawberry -leaf Mossy banks, open Perennial, with Cluster of drupe- Fruit eaten by many — Mat-forming, used blackberry or dense, usually herbaceous stems lets, red, juicy, birds and smal] mam- as ground cover in Rubus pedatus moist woods, sea over 1 in long, available May- mals gardens ‘Sm. level to near unarmed duly M2411, M2415 timber line Himalaya berry Dry to moist road- Robust, evergreen Aggregate of Berrylike fruit eaten Invader, post-fire Rubus procerus sides, old fields, vine with recurved drupelets which by many birds and mam- sprouter; useful Muell. etc., escaped thorns, forms are large, shiny mals, especially bear; plant on ROW in M2412, M2414 plant becoming thickets, 5 leaflets black, round, fair browse value to some places; good widely naturalized June-Sept., white deer and elk escape and nesting flowers cover for animals Trailing blackberry Prairies, clearings, Perennial, to 18 ft Blackberry, to 1 Very valuable for food Rubus ursinus and open to fairly long, stems rooting in, available as well as cover and Tham. & Schlecht. dense woods, espe- at tips, armed Apr.-Aug. nesting sites for small M2411, M2413, M2415 cially logged or birds burned areas, middle elevations California coneflower Moist places Stout perennial, Achene Rudbeckia californica to 3 ft tall, stem A. Gray unbranched M2413 Western coneflower Streambanks and Perennial, to 6 ft Achene Rudbeckia occidentalis moist woods tall, coarse Nutt. M2413 Arrowhead Ditches, ponds, Perennial herbs, Achene, flattened Seeds and tubers eaten Sagittaria spp. swampy areas usually rhizomatous and usually winged by ducks, swans, wet- tl. and often tuber jand birds, muskrat, m2ai2 producing porcupine Pick leweed Coastal salt marsh, Low, very juicy- Utricle oblong, Seeds provide minor Also called salt- Salicornia spp. more on higher parts stemmed herb, with the one seed is feed for waterfowl! worts because of L. of salt marsh jointed stems and vertical salty environment M2412 scale leaves and taste continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 257 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Willow In general, along Most are deciduous Capsule, July- Winter buds eaten by All but a few are Salix spp. streams, bottom- shrubs, 4-12 ft Sept., small, 2- some birds, smal] post-fire sprouters; tl. lands, or similar tall, some are valved, containing mammals, deer; leaf- invades cut-over and M2412, M2413, M2414 places where soil trees up to 50 ft, many minute seeds less twigs and sprouts burned areas form- M2415 is moist winter buds are having tufts of fair browse value for ing dense thickets; covered by 1 scale white silky hairs deer, elk, rabbits often used to stab- ilize streambank erosion Coast willow Seldom more than Stout, branching Nut let Seeds and buds eaten by Salix hookeriana 5 miles from salt shrub, to 20 ft a variety of birds and Barr. water tall, leaves browsers M2411 elliptical to 4 in long Pacific willow Streambanks, below Deciduous tree, Capsule, July- Fair browse value from Post-fire sprouter; Salix lasiandra 8,000 ft 15-50 ft high, Sept., .25 in leafless twigs in win- invades cut-over Benth. 12-14 in thick, Jong, brown to ter for deer, elk, and burned areas M2412, M2414 red-brown bark straw colored rabbits Blue elderberry Moist places in Deciduous shrub, Orupe, Aug.-Oct., Fruit eaten by numerous Post-fire sprouter; Sambucus cerulea open woody canyons many-stemmed, berry-like, blue species songbirds, berries can be Raf. or flats up to 4-10, up to 30 ft to black, .25 in small mammals, band- crushed into juice; M2414 5,500 ft high, 5-7 leaflets, wide, covered with tailed pigeons; fair Indians used ber- 1-3 in long, lined whitish bloom browse for deer in ries for flavoring with tiny teeth spring in meal Red elderberry Damp woods, moist Deciduous woody Drupe, July-Oct., Berries relished by Post-fire non- Sambucus racemosa canyons and flats shrub, 6-20 ft high, round, berrylike birds, small mammals, sprouter; white te at lower elevations leaves hairy beneath bright scarlet deer, livestock; fair flowers are in M2411, M2412, M2414, and often above and .25 in thick browse value for deer clusters 2.5 in M2415, and elk broad Yellow mats Sandy flats and Perennial herb, Schizocarp, May- Seeds eaten by birds Flowers are green- Sanicula arctopoides open hillsides, prostrate stems, July, .13-.25 in and small mammals; ish-yellow or pur H. & AL under 1,000 ft 3-6 ft long, foli- long, bristly foliage eaten by rab- ple; born from M2411, M2414 age greenish yel- above and naked bits and rodents terminal umbels low at anthesis below Sierra snakeroot Open coniferous Stems erect, to Fruit, .2 in Sanicula graveolens forests 1.5 ft tall long, bristly Poepp. ex DC. M2413 Peck's snakeroot Open woods Slender, solitary Sanicula peckiana stems, to 1.25 ft Macbr. tall, basal leaves, M2413 4 in long White-flowered rush lily Streambanks and Stem branches erect, Seed oblong Schoenolirion album mountain meadows stout, to 3 ft tall, Durand leaves several M2413 Bulrush Freshwater lakes, Perennial herb, Achene, June-Aug., Seeds eaten by water- Indians ate roots Scirpus spp. marshes, etc., to erect stems, to 15 lens-shaped or fowl, marsh and shore and used stems for t. depth of 9 ft, ft high, round to triangular birds; stems and roots baskets, boats, M2412, M2414 also shore forms triangular used by geese; excel- etc.; important as lent nesting and escape soil binders and in cover for waterfowl and the aging of lakes mamma}s Creamy stonewort Rock crevices, Perennial, 9 in Follicle Sedum oregonense lava flows, rocky tall, leaves oppo- Wats.) Peck slopes, medium site M2413 elevations Bolander's groundsel Bluffs, woodlands, Perennial from Senecio bolanderi beaches and estuary branching rhizome, Gray areas to 2 ft tall M2413, M2415 Western groundsel Ory to moist open Stout, fiberous Senecio integerrimus places, open woods rooted perennial, Nutt. stems solitary, M2413 to 2 ft tall continued 258 CHAPTER 2 Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Common groundsel Senecio vulgaris penecto 2415 Redwood Sequoia sempervirens ~ Don) EndT. meal, M2412 Rose checkermallow Sidalcea virgata Howe M2413 Blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium bellum ats. M2414 Golden blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium californicum Ker.) Dryand. M2414 Bottlebrush squirrel tail Sitanion hystrix Nutt.) J.G. Smith M2413 False Solomon's-seal Smilacina racemosa L.) Desf. M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 Starry Solomon plume Smilacina stellata (L.) DesF. M2413, M2415 Coastal goldenrod Solidago spathulata meate Sitka mountain-ash Sorbus sitchensis Roem. M2415 Bur-reed Sparganium spp. m2ai2 Shinyleaf spiraea Spiraea betulifolia Pal M2415 | Douglas spiraea Spiraea douglasii Hook . M2411, M2415 Weed in disturbed soils and waste Places Flats and slopes mostly below 2,000 ft, in coastal fog belt Moist meadows, fields, roadsides and lower mountains Open grassy areas on dry to moist sites below 3,000 ft Moist to wet areas at low elevations, near freshwater marsh Dry hills, plains, open woods and rocky slopes, to alpine elevations Moist woods, stream- banks to open for- ests, sea level to medium elevations Moist woods and streambanks to rocky, well-drained, fully exposed side- hills Sandy coastal hills and dunes up to 600 ft Montane areas, 2,000-10,000 ft elevation Slow-moving and quiet water, ponds, marshes, lake mar- gins, sloughs, etc. Streambanks, lake margins, open to wooded valleys, hillsides, and rock slides, sea level, to 11,000 ft Streambanks, swamps, bogs, lake margins, sea level to sub- alpine Simple or strongly branched annual, with taproot stem, over 1 ft tall, leafy throughout Evergreen tree, 200- 275 ft tall, up to 350 ft, 8-10 ft thick, narrow, con- ical crown, post- fire sprouter Perennial, stems to 3 ft tall, from strong taproot Perennial herb, .25-2 ft high, leaves mostly basal and stout Perennial herb, .5- 1.5 ft tall, grass- like leaves arranged ‘in 2 rows Tufted,erect, to 1.5 ft tall Flowering stems, to 4 ft tall, leaves sessile, with clasp- ing base Flowering stems, to 2 ft tall, erect, leaves sessile Perennial herb, several stems, 15-18 in high, rise from a creep- ing rhizome Erect, several- stemmed shrub, to 12 ft tall, bark reddish-purple Perennial herb, leaves clustered, mostly basal and triangular, from creeping rhizomes Shrub, to 20 ft tall, leaves ovate or obovate, to 3.5 in long Erect, freely branched shrub, to 6 ft tall Seeds brown, ob- long, cone small, Seeds probably of little use to wildlife; elk and deer browse on about 1 in Tong young seed] ings Capsule, Apr.- July, round and brown, .13-.25 in thick Capsule, Apr.-July, round, .25-.5 in thick, seeds are black Available July-Aug. Berry, May-July, round and red- mottled, .25 in thick Seeds eaten by few songbirds and small mammals Seeds eaten by few birds and smal] mam- mals Berry, greenish- yellow Achene, July-Nov., Seeds and foliage densely hairy, born from yellow flowers ina spike-like panicle Pome, available Aug.-Nov. Fruit eaten by few birds Achene, June- Sept., born in burlike heads up to 2 in thick Seeds eaten by water- fowl; entire plant consumed by muskrats Follicle Follicle, available Sept.-Oct. continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES probably eaten by some birds and smal] mammals Valuable lumber tree; vigorous stump sprouter, un- common in conifers Attractive herb with blue flowers sub- tended by two spathe-like bracts Attractive plant with yellow flowers enclosed by two spathe-like bracts This herb has thick, creeping underground rootstocks Attractive coast wildflower; Indians ate leaves in salads Thicket-forming Tends to produce local colonies near water margin, and not extensive beds Thicket-forming by means of suckers 259 56 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Great hedge-nettle Swamps and moist Perennial, to 2.5 Stachys mexicana woods near the ft tall, flower Benth. coast pink or pink-purple M2411 Crisped starwort Moist areas, low- Low, spreading Capsule Stellaria crispe Cham. & SchTecht. M2413 Common chickweed Stellaria media (L.) Cyrilt. M2411 Lemmon needlegrass Stipa lemmonii Vasey) Scribn. 2413 Western needlegrass Stipa occidentalis Thurb ex Wats. M2413, M2415 Ciasping-leaved twisted- stalk Streptopus amplexi folius wy te 0c. m2ai5 Purple twisted-stalk Streptopus roseus Michx. M2415 Snowberry Symphor icarpos spp. S. albus S. mollis M2413, M2414, M2415 Glaucous tauschia Tauschia glauca Coult. & Rose} Math. & Const. M2413 Kellogg's tauschia Tauschia kelloggii Gray) Macbr. M2413 Western yew Taxus brevifolia Nutt M2413, M2415 Alaska fringecup Tellima grandiflora (Pursh.) Dougl. m24ai2, M2414 Western meadow-rue Thalictrum occidentale Gray M2415 lands to lower montane woods Disturbed soil Valleys to medium elevations, pon- derosa pine forest Grasslands to pon- derosa pine forest and subalpine for- est ridges Moist forest, streambanks and mountain thickets Streambanks, damp montane woods, 3,000-6,000 ft elevations Dry to moist fairly deep soils on slopes both in full sun and shade, below 4,000 ft Wooded slopes Wooded slopes Light moist often to deep, forests, along streams Rocky moist 5,000 outcrops and soils, below ft Moist to well- drained sites, sun matted perennial, stems prostrate to ascending, to 18 in tall Annual, low and spreading, up to 1.5 ft Perennial, to 3 ft tall, panicle erect Strongly tufted perennial, to 5 ft tall Stems, to 3 ft tall, freely branched, leaves ovate to .75 in Tong Stems simple to branched, to 1 ft tall, leaves to 4 in long, flowers white or greenish- yellow, rose tips Deciduous shrub, Jow-trailing or erect, widely branched, 2-6 ft high, pink to white flowers born in terminal clusters Slender, to 16 in tall, basal leaves disected, often 3- lobed Slender, to 28 in tall, leaflets oblong to ovate, to 1.25 in long Shrublike tree, to 30 ft tall, erect to contorted stem Perennial herbs, 1-3 ft high, basal To .02 in long Available May- June Seeds and plant eaten by several species of birds and mammals Available May- Aug. Berry, yellow to red, many-seeded Red berry Drupe, July-Oct., round, berry-like white, .25 in wide, contains 2 nutlets Fruit eaten by song- birds and rodents; fair browse to deer; nesting and escape cover for quail, rabbits, other animals Fruit .04 in long Fruit .1 in long Drupe-like, available Sept.- Oct. Fruit eaten by birds Capsule, May-Aug. , seeds are oblong leaves rounded, with bumps horizontal root- stocks Perennial, stems Achene 3 ft tall, leaves mostly cauline continued Very troublesome weed west of the Cascade Mts. Post- fire sprouter; the tasteless fruits are persistent 6 months or more; some forms valued as ornamentals be- cause of large, waxy, snowwhite berries Poisonous to cattle Flowering stems are simple, with a term- inal, many-f lowered raceme 260 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest 56 Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western redcedar Moist and shaded Evergreen tree, 150- Seeds brown, .25 Seeds of slight value Attractive, valuable Thuja plicata sites, below 200 ft, 3-8 ft in long, cone to birds and mammals; timber tree; should Donn 2,000 ft thick, aromatic, small, about .5 poor browse value to be allowed on ROW M2411, 2412, M2415 post-fire nonsprou- in long deer and elk edge ter Three-leaved coolwort Moist woods and Horizontal to ascend- Tiarella trifoliata streambanks, up ing, flowering stem C to 3,500 ft to 1 ft tall M2411, M2415 elevations Coolwort foamflower Moist woods and Flowering stems, Occasionally eaten by Tiarella unifoliata streambanks, up to 2 ft tall, basal ruffed grouse Hook. to 3,500 ft ele- leaf cluster M2411, M2413, M2415 vation Tofieldia Meadows, bogs, Stems, 2.5 ft tall, Capsule Tofieldia glutinosa streambanks, and leaves mainly in ‘(Michx.) Pers. alpine ridges basal tufts M2413 Star- flower Woods and prairies Stems, to 10 in Trientalis latifolia tall, leaves 4-8 Hook. in, terminal whorl M2413, M2415 Shore podgrass Coastal salt marsh, Perennial herb, to Capsule, July- Seeds and foliage eaten This species occurs Triglochin maritimus boggy places and 3 ft tall, from Sept., from long to a very limited ex- as a clump of long, alkaline flats short thick root- slender spike with tent by some waterfowl slender, round, M2412 stocks numerous smal] species basal leaves with flowers a solitary spike White trillium Streambanks to open Perennial herb, Berry, Apr.-July, Flowers are white Trillium ovatum or thick woods, of- erect, unbranched «5-.75 in long to pinkish rose Pursh ten where boggy in 6-10 in high, 3 and somewhat color arising from M2412, M2413, M2414 spring, lowlands to green leaves in a winged center of the three M2415 mountains whorl at summit of leaves the sea Tall trisetum Streambanks, moist Perennial, to 3 ft Trisetum canescens to dry areas, sea tall, tuft- or mat- BuckT, level to lower forming M2413 levels of the moun- tains Nodding trisetum Moist woods, lakes Tufted perennial, Trisetum cernuum and streambanks to 3.5 ft tall, rin. blades, flat, to M2411, M2415 «5 in wide Western hemlock Moist to well- Tree, to 150 ft Cone, seeds shed Seeds eaten by song- Early injured Tsuga heterophylla drained sites, sea tall, narrow crown Sept.-Oct. birds; browsed by Raf.) Sarg. level to 5,000 ft white-tailed deer M2411, M2412, M2414, elevation and black-tailed M2415 deer; survival food for elk Mountain hemlock Subalpine to timber- Alpine tree, often Cone, deep purple, Seeds eaten by crow Tusuga mertensiana line tree, 4,000- stunted, a few to to 2 in long, and grouse; also Bong.) Carr. 7,000 ft elevation, 120 ft tall, crown seeds to .1 in browsed M2413, M2415 sun narrow long Common cat-tail Freshwater marshes, Perennial herb, Many hairy, dry, Sometimes browsed by Indians consumed Typha latifolia emergent in shallow stalks 3-7 ft high, dehiscent seeds land mammals; rhizomes young sprouts and Ct water and along from creeping rhi- froma terminal eaten by beavers; ‘inner parts of the M2412, M2414 shores zomes, relatively cylinder head excellent nesting and shoots long and wide escape cover leaves Califormia-laurel Alluvial flood Dense-crowned tree, Drupe, late spring Fruit eaten by Steller Attractive ever- Umbellularia Plains, shady hill- 20-60 ft high, to early summer, jay, squirrel, deer green tree; wood is californica sides and canyons, ercet shrub in 1 in long, green- hard and strong; H. & A.) Nutt. below 5,000 ft, drier places, post- ish, oblong and used for various oaia M2412, M2413, sun or shade fire sprouter solitary Purposes 4 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 261 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2_ (Continued) 262 Species Alaska blueberry Vaccinium alaskaense Howell M2411, M2415 Delicious blueberry Vaccinium deliciosum Aen TTT m2ais Big huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Hook. M2413, M2415 Ovalleaf huckleberry ifolium M2411, M2413, M2415 Evergreen blueberry Vaccinium ovatum Pursh M2411, M2412, M2413, M2414 Wild cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos L, 2411 Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. M2411, M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 Grouseberry Vaccinium scoparium Leib M2413, M2415 Sitka valerian Valeriana sitchensis Bong. M2413, M2415 White inside-out flower Vancouveria hexandra look.) Morr. & Dec. M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415, California false hellebore Veratrum californicum juran M2413, M2415 American false hellebore Veratrum viride Ait. M2415 American vetch Vicia americana MuhT. ‘ex M2413 Habitat Near the coast, dry, well-drained, sun or shade Montane, sun Mountain slopes, sun or shade Dry, well-drained, sun or shade Well-drained, moist, sun or shade Usually in sphagnum bogs Shade of deep woods and moist soils, usually below 5,000 ft Dry, well-drained to moist sites, shade Moist, open or wooded places, mid- dle or upper eleva- tions Moist, shady woods Swamps, creek bot- toms, meadows and moist woodlands, lowlands to sub- alpine Wet thickets, swamps, lowland to montane meadows Form Deciduous shrub, to 4 ft tall Low, often matted, to 2 ft tall Spreading shrub, to 6 ft tall Spreading deciduous shrub, to 3 ft tall Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft tall Creeping shrub, with slender stems, leaves persistent Deciduous shrub, 3-20 ft tall, thin, oval leaves, green and angled, branched and branchlets, unshapely Plants to 1 ft tall, many branches, slender brocm] ike Perennial, from stout rhizome, to 3.5 ft tall, leaves mostly cauline, 2-5 pairs Herbaceous peren- nial, to 1 ft long, from a rhizome Stems, to 6 ft tall, Teaves numerous, oval Stems to 6 ft tall, leaves elliptical Hairy perennial, stems 32 in tall, with tendrils, leaflets 8-12 Fruit Berry, bluish- black, available May-Aug. Berry, blue, very palatable, avail- able May-June Berry, available July-Sept. Berry, available July-Aug. Berry, available July-Sept. Berry, deep red, to .5 in broad Berry, July-Oct., red, .25-.5 in diameter, green- ish to pinkish globular flowers Berry, red, avail- able July-Sept. Fruit rounded Seed, winged Capsule, 1 in long Pod,to 1 in long continued General wildlite use Used as browse infre- quently; berrier eat- en by spruce grouse and other birds Fruit eaten by spruce grouse Browsed by ruffed grouse, mule deer, Roosevelt elk Fruit eaten by many birds and mammals in the fall; fair browse value to deer; escape cover for birds and mammals Fruit important food for a variety of wildlife, including grouse Limited food use by upland gamebirds and smal] mammals Notes Forms dense cover when growing close together Valuable shrub to protect and even transplant in suit- able shaded areas of ROW; post fire sprouter Mat-forming CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest Table M2410-56.2_ (Concluded) 56 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Wood violet Moist woods or Perennial, fleshy Capsule Seeds eaten by upland Viola glabella along streams rootstock, flowering gamebirds and some Nut stems, to 1 ft tall mamma 1s M2413, M2415 Pine violet Open coniferous Plants rising from Capsule Same as V. glabella Viol Benth M2413 Jobata Evergreen violet Viola sempervirens Greene M2411, M2413, M2414, M2415 Whipple vine Whipplea modesta orr. M2413, M2414, M2415 Yerba De Selva Whipplea modesta Torr. 2412, M2413, M2414, M2415 Chain fern Woodwardia fimbriata Sm. in Rees. M2413 Beargrass Xerophyllum tenax Pursh) Nutt. M2413, M2415 forests Moist woods Ory, rocky, open to lightly forested areas Dry to moist, rocky, open to lightly for- ested areas Streambanks, moist or wet places, some- times maritime hab- itats, lowlands to moderate elevations Openwoods and clearings, sea level to over 7,000 ft ‘Small-flowered deathcamas Wooded dry slopes Zigadenus micranthus Eastw. M2413 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES simple rootstocks, to 8 in tall, basal leaves, ovate Perennial with rhi- zomes, leaf blades cordate, thick leathery Main stems slender, trailing and freely rooting, to 3 ft, erect flower shoots deciduous Main stems slender, trailing and freely rooting, to 3 ft, erect flower shoots, deciduous Large, firm, erect, to 4 ft long Flower stalk to 5 ft tall, basal leaves in large clump, from a thick rhizome Plants slender, to 1.5 ft tall, basal leaves .67 as long as stem Capsule, seeds brown, Leathery capsule Leathery capsule, May-Aug., round, 1 in thick Spores Capsule, to .2 in long Same as V. glabella Provides fair browse value for deer Flowers are small and white in term- inal clusters; encourage this spe- cies on ROW Choice large fern SS SATO ERGs ane aR os Rae Ral an lima 263 57 PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary SS i i Location of province State boundar. WN ii within the United States Figure 57.1 Province M2610, Sierran Forest 264 CHAPTER 2 57 PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest The Sierran Forest Province is bounded on the west by the lowland California Grassland (Province 2610), in the Central Valley and on the east by the Intermountain Sagebrush and American Desert prov- inces (3130 and 3220). Rising into the Sierra Nevadas, forest composition gradually changes from evergreen hardwoods, chiefly scrub oaks, to mixed coniferous stands of pine and fir. The terrain is mountainous with broad ridges between which lie deep canyons. Shallow soils are high in magnesium but low in both potassium and calcium. Water holding capacity of different soils varies greatly, with poorer soils holding less than 12 percent of the moisture held by the best soils. The climate is marked by a long, dry summer period with low relative humidities. Major precipitation falls as winter rain or snow at higher elevations. Vegetational patterns tend to follow precipitation and moisture holding capacity of the soil. Low dry areas are covered by open stands of evergreen scrub oaks and digger pines with dense understories of manzanita and ceanothus. As elevation and moisture increase, sugar, ponderosa, and western white pine increase gradually giving way to Douglas-fir, western juniper, and finally white and red fir at higher elevations. Table M2610-57.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Sierran Forest Growth form Plant associations Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Tall trees, Abies concolor White fir over 40 ft Abies magnifica Shasta red fir Arbutus menziesii Madrone Libocedrus decurrens Tithocarpus densiflorus nus coulteri Incense-cedar Tanbark-oak Coulter pine Pinus jeffrey Jeffrey pine Pinus ertiana Sugar pine Pinus monticola White pine Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Pinus sabiniana Digger pine Big cone Douglas-fir California black oak Interior live oak Giant sequoia Pseudotsuga macrocarpa uercus kel los luercus wislizenti equoia gigantea California fremont Western juniper Bitter cherry Fremontia californica Juniperus occidentalis runus emarginata Adenostoma fasciculatum ArctostaphyTos mariposa rctostaphylos nevadensis ‘arpenteria californica astanopsis sempervirens eanothus cordulatus Teanothus integerrimus Cercis occidentalis Western redbud Thamaebatia foliolosa Mountain misery Chamaebatiaria millefolium Fernbush Medium trees, 20-40 ft Common chamise Mariposa manzanita Pine-mat manzanita Carpenteria Sierra chinquapin Mountain white-thorn Deer brush Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Dendromecon rigida Tree poppy Jamesia americana Cliffbush Oregon boxwood Stingaree-bush Antelope brush Pachystima myrsinites Pickering? gia montana urshia tridentata Staphylea botanderi Bolander's bladder-nut continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest 57 Table M2610-57.1_ (Concluded) Growth form Plant associations Lesser patastcun angustifolium Wild celery vegetation jus scaber Blepharipappus Tall trees, over 40 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegetation Lesser vegeta- tion (Continued) ephar ipapp rocidium multicaule Emmenanthe pends iflora HoTozonia f es, KeTloggia galltoides lontostomum hartwegi Pleuricospora fimbriolata Righepapeus leptocTadus— Habitat conditions: Cornus nuttallii Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus ch solepis ‘axus revitetiee = Torreya californica eTTularia californica Aristolochia californica Calycanthus occidentalis Leucothoe davisiae Osmaronia cerasiformis Bolandra californica Darlingtonia californica Hesperocnide tenella we ectinata crocala quadrangularis Pe’ tiphy um peltatum Porterella carnosula Spring gold Whispering bells Holozonia Kelloggia Hartweg's odonto- stomum Fringed pinesap Rigiopappus Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Pacific dogwood Douglas-fir Canyon live oak Western yew California nutmeg California-laural California pipe-vine Western sweet-scented shrub Western leucothoe Oso berry Sierra bolandra California pitcher- plant Western nettle Luetkea American microcala Umbrella plant Porterella Moist/well-drained (Continued Schoenolirion album Smilax californica White-f lowered rush lily California green- brier Trautvetteria carolinensis False bugbane loodwardia riata Chain fern 265 57 PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest Table M2610-57.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Sierran Forest Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White fir Well-drained, Tree, to over 240 Cone, matures in Outstanding browse for Abies concolor sun or shade, ft tall, needles Sept., soon mule deer; seeds eaten Gord. & Glend.) 2,000-5,000 ft pale bluish-green breaks up by squirrels, grouse, Lind]. elevations smal] rodents Shasta red fir Well-drained Tree, to 200 ft Cone, matures Occasionally browsed Abies magnifica sunny sites tall, short in Aug., breaks by mule deer and blue Murr. branches up in Sept. grouse Common chamise Ory, sun, chap- Shrub, 3-14 ft tall Achene Browsed by mule deer Forms dense colonies Adenostoma arral fasciculatum H. & AL Wild celery Sandy soils in Slender plants, Apiastrum the foothills 2-20 in tall angustifolium Nutt. Madrone Dry, well- Tree, 3-130 ft tall Berry, July-Jan. Fruit eaten by dove, Arbutus menziesii drained, moist, band-tailed pigeons, Pursh sun, on wooded turkey, mule deer, slopes raccoon Mariposa.manzanita Dry, well- Erect arborescent Berry, Aug.-Sept. Fruit eaten by moun- Arctostaphylos drained, sun shrub, 6-10 ft tall tain quail, mule deer, mariposa coyote, gray fox Pine-mat manzanita Ory, well- Prostrate shrub Berry, July-Sept. Fruit eaten by few Roots where branches Arctostaphylos drained, sun with trailing root- species of birds, in- touch ground, mat- nevadensis ing stems, to 6 in cluding grouse; forming Gray tall browsed by mule deer California pipe-vine Streambanks and Stems woody, climb- Capsule Aristolochia borders of ing to a height ornica lakes of 10-13 ft tall orr. Blepharipappus Arid plains and Stems erect, 4-12 ‘Achenes Blepharipappus scaber slopes in tall Hosk Sierra bolandra In moist places Stems, 4-12 in tall Bolandra californica or on wet rocks ray Western sweet-scented Well-drained, Erect branching Capsule Browsed by mule deer shrub sun, moist shrub, 3-10 ft Calycanthus places, along tall occidentalis streams and H&A, borders of lakes and ponds Carpenteria Well-drained, Shrub, 3-6 ft tall Capsule Commonly cultivated carpenter 2 sun, canyons californica and foothills orr. Sierra chinquapin Dry, well- Low spreading Nut, available Browsed by bighorn Castanopsis drained, sun, shrub, 3-8 ft tall Sept.-Oct. of sheep sempervirens in open conif- second season te 09g) Dudley erous forest Mountain white-thorn Dry, well- Low spreading Capsule, Aug.- Seeds eaten by moun- Thicket- forming Ceanothus cordulatus drained, sun, shrub, 3-6 ft tall Sept. tain quail; browsed KeTTogg shade, mountain by mule deer and slopes and open beaver pine forests Deer brush Ory, well- Deciduous shrub, Capsule, round Excellent summer Post-fire sprouter; Ceanothus drained, sun, 3-12 ft tall, or triangular, range browse for deer provides good ‘integerrimus mountain slopes, widely branched .25 in wide, and elk, especially escape cover for H&A, ridges and flats with green droop- July-Sept. young sprouts birds; valuable between 1,000- ing branches shrub, allow on ROW 7,000 ft edge continued 266 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest 57 Table M2610-57.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western redbud Ory, well- Shrub, 8-16 ft tall Legume, July-Aug. Browsed by mule deer Cercis occidentalis drained, moist, orr. sun, foothill slopes Mountain misery Well-drained, Erect evergreen Achene Browsed by mule deer Forms mats by means Chamaebatia foliolosa sun, shade, shrub, 1-3 ft tall of rootstocks Benth. open pine for- ests, 2,000- 7,000 ft eleva- tion Fernbush Dry, well- Shrub, 3-6 ft tall Pod Chamaebatiaria drained, sun, milTefolium rocky ridges Torr.) Maxim. Pacific dogwood Well-drained, Large shrub to tree, Drupe, Oct.-Nov. Fruit eaten by few Plant may die if Cornus nuttalli sun, shade, to 60 ft tall, showy species of birds and exposed to full sun- Aud. along streams, flowers chipmunks; occasion- light after growing below 6,000 ft ally browsed by mule in shade elevation deer Spring gold Sand plains, Achenes Crocidium multicaule cliff ledges, Hook. other dry open places at low elevations California pitcher-plant Mountain swamps Stems, 12-20 in tall Capsule, Apr.- Insectivorous Darlingtonia and bogs duly plants californica orr. Tree poppy Ory, sun, chap- Erect shrub, 3-10 Capsule Browsed by mule deer Dendromecon rigida arral ridges ft tall jenth. Whispering bells Rocky soil, Plants erect, 6-20 Capsule Emmenanthe particularly in tall pendu iflora common on enth. burns California fremont Dry, sun, hill- Arborescent shrub, Capsule Browsed by mule deer Fremontia californica sides and moun- 10-28 ft tall orr. tain slopes Western nettle On shaded can- Stems slender, 10- Achene, Mar.-July Hesperocnide tenella yon slopes and 20 in tall orr. hillsides Holozonia Dry alkaline or Stems, 1-3 ft tall Achene Holozonia filipes rocky gulches H. & A.) Greene or beds of inter- mittent streams Cliffbush Ory, well- Erect shrub, Capsule Jame: drained, moist, branching, 8-40 T. 8G. sun, rock in tall ledges Western juniper Desert foothills, Evergreen tree, to Berry, available Fruit eaten by song- duaiperus to lower moun- 30 ft tall, leaves Sept. of second birds; browsed slight- occidentalis tains, dry, well- scale-like, pale season ly by mule deer Hook. drained sites in green sun Kelloggia Dry ridges Plants with woody Small and dry Kelloggia gallioides rootstocks, stems orr. 4-10 in tall Western leucothoe Moist, sun, Erect shrub, 2-5 Capsule Occurs on acid Leucothe davisiae shade, in bogs ft tall slopes Torr. and edges of pools continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 267 57 PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest Table M2610-57.2. (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Ory, well- drained, sun, shade, mountain slopes and can- yons, 2,400- 8,200 ft Incense-cedar Libocedrus decurrens orr. Tanbark-oak Ory, well- Lithocarpus densiflorus drained, moist, Hk i Rehd. sun and shade Luetkea On moist rocky Luetkea pectinata or sandy slopes Pursh) Ktze. American microcala Grassy fields Microcala uadrangularis Lam.) Griseb. Hartweg's odontostomum Odontostomum hartwegi Dry, usually above hillsides orr. Oso berry Well-drained, Osmaronia cerasiformis shade, canyons G.) Greene and shaded slopes Oregon boxwood Ory, well- drained, moist, sun, shade, coniferous for- ests Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Umbrella plant Peltiphyllum peltatum ‘orr.) Engler In streams and along stream- banks Stingaree-bush Pickeringia montana Nutt. Dry, sun, chap- arral ridges Coulter pine Pinus coulteri . mn Dry, well- drained, sun Well-drained sunny sites, seedling tol- erant of shade, Jeffrey pine Pinus ee Grev. alt. mature tree intolerant Sugar pine Well-drained, Pinus lambertiana sun, cool, Dougl. fairly moist, in mixed conif- erous forest White pine Ory, well- Pinus monticola drained, moist, DougT. sun, sea level to 6,000 ft elevation Ponderosa pine Dry, well- Pinus ponderosa drained, in sun Laws. Digger pine Pinus sabiniana Doug! Dry slopes and ridges, below 4,500 ft, dry, well-drained, moist, sun 268 Evergreen tree, 75- 125 ft tall, 3-4 ft thick, aromatic tree Tree, 80-115 ft tall Flowering stems, 2-6 in tall Erect annual stems, 1-4 in tall Stem, 8-18 in tall Shrub, 3-16 ft tall Much branched shrub, 1-3 ft tall Tufted plant, 1-3 ft tall Spreading shrub, 3-10 ft tall Tree, 50-80 ft tall Tree, to 90 ft tall, needles in 3's Large tree up to 250 ft tall, needles in 5's deep, bluish- green, to 4 in Jong Tree, to 90 ft tall, bark thin, needles in 5's, light bluish-green, to 4 in long Tree, to 180 ft tall, needles in fascicles of 3, 4-11 in long Evergreen tree, 30- 60 ft tall, J-2 ft thick, trunk often divided Seeds .5 in long, cones oblong, 1-1.5 in long Nut, matures end of second season Follicule, July- Sept. Capsule Capsule Drupe, July-Aug. Capsule, July- Sept. Legume Cone, matures Aug. of second year Cone Large cone, to 18 in long, seeds brown, .2 in long Cone, 10 in long, seeds available in Sept. Cone, ripe Aug.- Sept. of second season Seeds, black- brown, to 1 in long, large oval cone, 5-8 in long continued Wood used for shin- gles, posts, lead pencils, railroad ties Seeds probably eaten by some species of songbirds and rodents Seeds eaten by chip- munks and mule deer Often mat-forming Fruit eaten by many birds and mammals Browsed by grouse, mountain sheep, black and white-tailed deer Browsed by mule deer Browsed by mule deer Seeds eaten by few species of birds, in- cluding grouse and quail; slightly browsed by deer Seeds eaten by gray fox, chickaree, chip- munks, squirrels; slightly browsed by mule deer and porcupine Seeds eaten by chip- munk and procupine; slightly browsed by mule deer Major browse for mule Very drought resist- deer and porcupine; ant seeds eaten by grouse, squirrels, quail Indians ate and stored seeds; wood of little use Seeds eaten by jays, woodpeckers, small rodents; wood eaten by porcupines; poor browse value for deer CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest 57 Table M2610-57.2 (Continued) Species Fringed pine-sap Pleuricospora fimbriolata Gray Porterella Porterella carnosula : -) Torr. Bitter cherry Prunus emarginata (Doug? . ) aD Big cone Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayr. Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menzies irb.) Franco Antelope brush Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Canyon live oak uercus chrysolepis Liebm. California black oak luercus kelloggii Newb. Interior live oak Ao wislizenii Rigiopappus ess eptocladus Gray White-flowered rush lily Schoenolirion album juran Giant sequoia Sequoia gigantea LindT.) Decn. California greenbrier Smilax californica 0C.) Gray Bolander's bladder-nut Staphylea bolanderi Gray Habitat Coniferous for- est Muddy edges of ponds and pools Ory, well- drained, moist, sun, moist woods, along water- courses, grass- land into moun- tains, medium elevations, in sun Dry, well-drained, sun, in mountains, 3,000-6,000 ft elevation Moist slopes, below 5,000 ft Dry, well-drained, sun, dry arid slopes Canyons and moist slopes below 6,500 ft, typical of rocky canyon sites, dry, well- drained, sun Drier soils on mountain slopes and gravelly valleys between 1,500-6,500 ft Dry, well-drained, sun, mountain slopes, foothills, valleys In grasslands or with sagebrush Streambanks and mountain meadows Dry, well-drained, sun, 4,500-8,700 ft elevation Streambanks Dry, well-drained, sun, in foothills and canyons SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Form Saprophytic herb, stems 4-10 in tall Erect annual, stems 4-12 in tall Straggley shrubs, to 40 ft tall, erect Tree, 50-80 ft tall Evergreen tree, 100-130 ft tall, up to 230 ft, up to 8 ft thick, post- fire non-sprouter Shrub, 3-10 ft tall Evergreen tree, round-spreading, 60-80 ft tall, 1-5 ft thick, smooth, white bark Deciduous tree, 50- 100 ft high, 1-3 ft thick, leaves 3-lobed on each side with 1-3 bristly-tipped teeth Tree, 50-80 ft tall Erect, annual, gray- green, stems 4-12 in tall Stems erect, 15-36 in tall Massive trees, to 320 ft tall Stem, woody, to several ft long Tall shrub, 6-20 ft tall Fruit Berry, June-Aug. Capsule Drupe, May-Sept. Cone, seeds shed Aug.-Sept. Seeds, winged, .25 in long with 3-pointed bracts beyond ends of scales Achene, Aug. Acorn, ovate, 1-1.25 in long, fuzzy golden hairs cover scaley cup Acorn, oblong, 1-1.25 in long, Deeply set in cup, maturing second year Acorn, biennial Achenes Capsule Cone, matures end of second summer Berry Capsule, Aug.- Sept. continued General wildlife use Very important browse for mule deer; fruit eaten by chipmunks and birds, including grouse Seeds eaten by song- birds, tree squirrels and other rodents; fair browse value to deer and elk; needles eaten by blue grouse in winter Seeds eaten by chip- munks; browsed by black-tailed deer Acorns eaten by numer- ous species of birds and smal] mammals; poor browse value for deer Acorns eaten by band- tailed pigeons, western gray squir- rel, woodpeckers, deer; excellent browse value for deer Browsed by mule deer Seeds eaten by Cali- fornia pine squirrel Notes Forming dense thick- ets Probably most im- portant lumber tree ‘in North America; used for ornamental and for reforesta- tion Post-fire sprouter; has a tough, fine quality wood, be- coming of increas- ing importance; allow on ROW edge Post-fire sprouter; once a major staple food of California Indians; valuable tree, should be allowed on ROW edge 269 57 PROVINCE M2610 Sierran Forest Table M2610-57.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Western yew Well-drained, Tree, 30-80 ft tall Drupelike, Aug.- Fruit eaten by birds Poisonous to cattle Taxus brevifolia moist, sun, shade, Sept. of second and ring-tailed cat Nutt. coniferous woods year California nutmeg Well-drained, Tree 50-115 ft tall Drupelike, Aug.- Torreya californica moist, sun, shade, Oct. ‘orr. often along water courses False bugbane Mountain streams Stems, stout, 1.5-3 Achenes, June- Trautvetteria ft tall Aug. carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. California-laurel Well-drained, Tree, 65-100 ft tall Drupe, Oct. Fruit eaten by song- Umbellularia moist, sun, shade, birds and gray squir- californica canyon slopes and rel; browsed by mule H. & A.) Nutt. alluvial valleys deer Chain fern Springy and boggy Leaves, erect, 3-6 Spores Woodwardia fimbriata places in canyons ft tall ‘Sm. ex Rees. below 5,000 ft elevation 270 CHAPTER 2 58 PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral The California Chaparral forms a band north and south through the State. In the north, chaparral vegetation lies in a narrow strip in the rainshadow of the lush coastal mountains of the Pacific Forest (Province M2410). Gradually widening as it moves south, it touches the coast near Monterey; from this point south, chaparral types cover essentially the entire Coastal Range. On the east, the province is bordered in the north and central areas by the California Grassland (Province 2610) and in the south by the American Desert (Province 3220). The terrain of the province consists of low to moderate mountains interspersed with an occasional broad valley. Soils are frequently shallow, gravelly, or sandy, with low water holding capacity. A Mediterranean climate prevails throughout the chaparral area with wet, mild winters and dry, hot summers. Annual rainfall averages 15 to 25 inches, with most precipitation occurring in winter. Chaparral areas are frequently burned and much of the region is held in subclimax plant communities due to periodic fires. Relatively dry evergreen leaves on dense shrubs growing close together provide ideal conditions for intense fires to develop. Table M2620-58.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the California Chaparral Growth form Plant associations Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Tall trees, over 40 ft Aesculus californica Arbutus menziesii Castanops is chrysophylla Libocedrus decurrens Lithocarpus densif torus inus attenuata Pinus Sabiniana uercus chrysolepis uercus douglasii uercus wislizenii Adenostoma fasciculatum Arctostaphylos glanduTosa Arctostophylos glauca Arctostaphylos manzanita Arctostaphylos patula ctostaphylos viscida Horse chestnut Madrone Giant chinquapin Incense-cedar Tanbark-oak Knobcone pine Digger pine Canyon live oak Blue oak Evergreen white oak Interior live oak Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Common chamise Eastwood manzanita Big-berry manzanita Common manzanita Greenleaf manzanita White-leaved manzanita Cercocarpus betuloides Birchleaf mountain- mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Desert-willow Catalina crossosoma California fremont Christmas berry Tree tobacco Coffeeberry Blue elderberry Chilopsis linearis rossosoma californicum Fremontia californica Heteromeles arbutifolia Nicotiana grauce Rhamnus californica Sambucus cerulea Low to medium Castanopsis sempervirens Sierra chinquapin shrubs, under eanothus spp. Ceanothus 10 ft Tercis occidentalis Western redbud Dirca occidentalis Fastuoodia elegans a elegans Eriodictyon fon californicum continued Western leatherwood Eastwoodia Yerba santa SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral 58 Table M2620-58.1 (Concluded) Growth form Plant associations Habitat conditions: Lesser vegeta- tion Tall trees, over 40 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Eriogonum fasciculatum Galrezia speciosa Garrya garry ettiptice tica fremont th Garrya Somers arborea arborea Lotus scoparius— MimuTus aurantiacus Purshia tridentata Quercus dumosa Rhus diversiloba Rhus integrifolia Rhus Jaurina Rhus ovata Salvia apiana Salvia mellifera Simmondsia chinensis Bloomeria crocea ornica Dithyrea ca Emmenanthe penduliflora lemitomes congestum Hollisteria Janata “elozen's jozonia fiTipes eS a. epsonta | arryt 1 Ke KetTogaia’ gal Tioides Loe’ toefTeata Si aT Lyrocarpa coulteri Microcala quadrangularis Paeonia brownti Romneya coulteri Xerophy]lum tenax Acer macrophyllum Rinus rhonb ioTtt Platanus racemo: Populus fremont Quercus lagrifolia Forgya a californica TnbeTtataria Jularia californica Anemopsis californica axus brevifolia Whipplea modesta Bele californica te spicant Tomerata alomerata a cerasiformis Cena Pleuricospora fimbriolata Woodwardia fimbriata Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Wild buckwheat Showy galrezia Silk-tassel Fremont silk-tassel Baldderpod Common deerweed Bush monkey-f lower Antelope brush California scrub oak Poison oak Mahogany sumac Laure] sumac Sugar bush White sage Black sage Jojoba Common golden stars California shield-pod Whispering bells Hemi tomes Hollisteria Holozonia Coast jepsonia Kelloggia Califronia loeflingia Coulter's lyre-pod American microcala Western peony Matilija poppy Bear grass Bigleaf maple White alder California sycamore Fremont cottonwood Coastal live oak California nutmeg California- laure! Yerba mansa Western yew Yerba De Selva California pipe-vine Deer fern Durango root Oso berry Fringed pinesap Chain fern 271 58 PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary WGN Location of province State boundary within the United States Figure 58.1 Province M2620, California Chaparral 272 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral Table M2620-58.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the California Chaparral Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bigleaf maple Acer macrophy!lum Pursh Common chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum HL Deanna Horse chestnut Aesculus californica Spach) Nutt. White alder Alnus rhombi folia Nutt. Yerba mansa Anemopsis californica Hook. Madrone Arbutus menziesii Pursh Eastwood manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Big-berry manzanita Arctostaphylos glauca LindT. Common manzanita Arctostaphylos manzanita arry Greenleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos patula Greene White-leaved manzanita Arctostaphylos viscida Parry California pipe-vine Aristolochia californica Torr. Deer fern Blechnum spicant U.) Roth Common golden stars Bloomeria crocea Torr.) Cov. Common along streamsides and shaded canyons below 5,000 ft Ory, sun, on shallow soils Dry canyons, slopes, low hills below 4,000 ft Along streams, shade Low, alkaline ground Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, on wooded slopes Ory, well-drained, sun, shallow soils Dry, well-drained, sun, shallow soils Dry, well-drained, sun, shallow to medium soils Dry, well-drained, in sun Dry hillsides usually in gravelly or stony soid Streambanks and borders of lakes Wet, sheltered places Coast ranges SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Deciduous tree, 30- 100 ft high, broad crowned with large 5-lobed leaves 4-10 in broad Shrub, 4-10 ft tall Deciduous tree, 15-40 ft tall with broad open crown, post fire sprouter, 5-7 leaflets Deciduous tree, to 60 ft tall, old bark light in color Stem, 6-20 in tall Tree, 3-130 ft tall Shrub, to 7 ft tall, evergreen Shrub, to 7 ft tall, evergreen Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft tall Spreading shrub to 6 ft tall, old bark reddish-brown, leaves yellow green, evergreen Spreading shrub to Samara, body of samara short- bristle-hairy, wings 1.5-2 in long, diverging at an acute angle, Aug.-Oct. Achene Capsule, pear- shaped, 1.5-2 in long, 3-valved with 1 or 2 large shiny brown seeds, ‘Aug.-Oct. Cone, to] in long, nutlets small, flat, without a wing Capsule, Mar.- Aug. Berry, July-Jan. Berry, Feb.-Nov. Berry Berry, available all year Berry, May-Sept. Berry, available 9 ft tall, smooth year round dark red-brown bark Stems woody, climb- Capsule ing to a height of 10-13 ft tall \ Evergreen fern, Spore-bearing many erect fronds, plant 8 in to 3.5 ft tall Stems, 8-20 in tall Capsule continued Seeds eaten by tree squirrels and some songbirds; due to grow- ing habits, fair-poor browse to deer when and where foliage is available Browsed by mule deer Newly fallen and early growing green leaves are excellent-good browse for deer Slight use as browse Fruit eaten by dove, band-tailed pigeons, turkey, raccoon; browsed by mule deer Browsed by mule deer Same as A. glandulosa Fruit eaten by few species of birds Very important browse for mule deer Forage when other green plants are scarce Post-fire sprouter; attractive fall coloring tree, with leaves turning yellow brown Useful for erosion control when planted in full sunlight strong root system and drought resist- ant Fruits and leafage are said to be poison to livestock, honeybees, and humans; candlestick- like white flower panicles Thicket-forming Colony-forming Killed by fire, does not sprout Sprouts after fires Does not crown sprout after fires Short, woody creep- ‘ing rhizomes 273 58 PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral Table M2620-58.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Giant chinquapin Ory, well-drained, Tree, 50-150 ft tall Nut, available Browsed by mule deer Thicket- forming Castanopsis sun, wooded slopes in Sept. of chryso, fi a second year (Dougl.) DC. Sierra chinquapin Dry, well-drained, Low spreading Shrub, Nut, Sept.-Oct. Browsed by bighorn Castanopsis sun, in open co- 3-8 ft tall of second season sheep sempervirens niferous forest Kellogg) Dudley Ceanothus Most species dry, Shrubs to 15 ft tall Capsule Seeds eaten by quail, Ceanothus spp. well-drained, mourning dove, moun- t. sun, usually on tain sheep, chipmunks; shallow soils browsed by jackrabbit and black-tailed deer Western redbud Dry, well-drained, Shrub, 8-16 ft tall Legume, July-Aug. Browsed by mule deer Cercis occidentalis moist, sun, foot- Torr. hill slopes Birchleaf mountain- Ory, sun, shallow Shrub, 6-23 ft tall, Achene, July-Sept. Brownsed by mule deer mahogany soils and rock evergreen Cercocarpus betuloides outcrops Nutt. Curlleaf mountain- Dry sunny areas Evergreen, shrub Achene, Aug.-Sept. Important browse for mahogany to 20 ft tall, mule deer Cercocarpus ledifolius leaf margin Nutt. revolute Desert-willow Ory, well-drained, Willow-like shrub, Capsule, persist- Seeds eaten by Gambel ees linearis moist, sun, along 6-20 ft tall ent, Sept.-Oct. quail Cav.) Sweet desert water- courses Catalina crossosoma Dry, sun, hill- Shrub, 3-50 ft tall Follicle Crossosoma sides and canyons californicum Nutt. Durango root Streambanks Perennial herb, Capsule, May- Datisca glomerata 3-6 ft tall Aug. Pres.) Baill. Western leatherwood Ory, well-drained, Erect shrub, 3-6 ft Drupe, June Colony- forming Dirca occidentalis sun, wooded hill- tall Gray sides California shield-pod Sandy soils in Annual, stems 3-12 Pod Dithyrea californica the deserts in long Harv. Eastwoodia Hot dry hillsides, Rounded desert Achenes, Apr.- Eastwoodia elegans up to 2,500 ft shrub, 1-3 ft tall July Brandeg. elevation Whispering bells Rocky soil, par- Plants erect, 6-20 Capsule Enmenanthe ticularly common in tall enduliflora on burns Benth. Yerba santa Ory, well-drained, Evergreen shrub, Capsule Browsed by mule deer Forms colonies Eriodictyon sun, stony soil 2-8 ft tall cali fornicum H. & A.) Greene Wild buckwheat Ory, sun, shallow Shrub, to 7 ft tall Achene Browsed by deer Eriogonum fasciculatum soils Benth. California fremont Ory, sun, hill- Arborescent shrub, Capsule Browsed by mule deer Fremontia californica sides and moun- 10-28 ft tall Torr. tain slopes Showy galrezia Rocky canyons Stems, to 3 ft tall Capsule Forms wide clumps Galrezia speciosa (Nutt.) Gray continued 274 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral 58 Table M2620-58.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Silk-tassel pane elliptica Doug!. Fremont silk-tassel Garrya fremontii Torr. Hemi tomes Hemitomes congestum Gray Christmas berry Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem. Hollisteria Hollisteria lanata Wats. Holozonia Holozonia filipes H. & A.) Greene Bladderpod Isomeris arborea Nutt. Coast jepsonia Jepsonia parryi orr.) SmalT Kelloggia Kello. orr. jia gallioides Incense-cedar Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Tanbark-oak Lithocarpus densiflorus H. & A.) Rehd. California loeflingia Loeflingia squarrosa Nutt. Common deerweed Lotus scoparius Nutt. ex T. &G.) Ottley Coulter's lyre-pod Lyrocarpa coulteri Hook. & Harv. Dry slopes and ridges below 2,000 ft Dry, brushy slopes, mostly between 2,500- 7,000 ft Coniferous woods Semi-dry, brushy slopes and can- yons below 4,000 ft Open hills and plains In dry alkaline or rocky gulches or beds of in- termittent streams Ory, sun Dry slopes Ory ridges Dry, well-drained, sun, shade, moun- tain slopes and canyons, 2,400- 2,800 ft Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry soils, sandy plains Dry, well-drained, sun, shallow soils Ory, rocky areas SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Evergreen shrub, erect, 5-9 ft, rarely 20 ft, leaves have dev- inite undulating margins, rough bark Evergreen shrub, erect, 5-10 ft, often with yellow green cast, leaves oblong, .75-2.5 in long, smooth bark Stems, 2-6 in tall Evergreen shrub, to 30 ft tall, 1.5 ft thick, leaves are green, stiff and sharply toothed Prostrate annual, branches 2-8 in long Stems, 1-3 ft tall Shrub, 3-10 ft tall Stems, 4-12 in tall Plants with woody rootstocks, stems 4-10 in tall Evergreen tree, 75- 125 ft tall, 3-4 ft thick, aromatic tree Tree, 80-115 ft tall Low annual, 2-6 in Tong Shrub, to 5 ft tall Perennial, stems 8-20 in tall Berry, round, .5 in wide, covered with white, soft woolly hairs, Mar .-June Berry, smooth, .25 in wide, purple-black, born in clusters from pendulous catkin tassels, 1-2 in, Mar.- June Berry, May-July Pome, pearshaped, scarlet, .25 in long, Oct.-Dec. Achene, Apr.- June Achene Capsule Smal] and dry Seeds, .5 in Jong, cones ob- long, 1-1.5 in long Nut, matures at end of second season Capsule, many seeds Legume Pod, Jan.-Apr. continued Fruit eaten by song- birds; fair-poor browse for deer Fruit eaten by song- birds; good-fair browse for deer, especially of sprouts after burning Fruit eaten to some extent by songbirds, rodents, band-tailed pigeons Seeds probably eaten by some species of songbirds and rodents Seeds eaten by Red- wood chipmunk and mule deer Browsed by deer Post-fire sprouter; often called quinine bush; bark, leaves, fruits contain al- kaloid garryine, which is used as a tonic Vigorous post-fire sprouter; invades cutover and burned areas Invades cutover areas Wood used for shingles, posts, lead pencils, rail- road ties 275 58 Table M2620-58.2_ (Continued) PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral Species American microcala Microcala juadrangularis Lam.) Griseb. Bush monkey- flower Mimulus aurantiacus Curt. Tree tobacco Nicotiana glauca Graham Oso berry Osmaronia cerasiformis T. & G.) Greene Western peony Paeonia brownii Doug]. Knobcone pine Pinus attenuata Ler Digger pine Pinus sabiniana Doug!. California sycamore Platanus racemosa Nutt. Fringed pinesap Pleuricospora imbriolata Gray Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii ats. Antelope brush Purshia tridentata Pursh) OC. Coastal live oak Quercus agrifolia Nee Canyon live oak luercus chrysolepis Liebm. Blue oak Quercus douglasii H. A. Habitat Grassy fields Grows on rocky outcrops along streams and woods below 2,000 ft Ory, well- drained, moist, sun, shade, disturbed soils Well-drained, shade, canyons and shaded slopes Rocky ridges Dry, gravelly mountain slopes at low eleva- tions Dry, well- drained, moist, sun, 500-4 ,000 ft elevation Well-drained, moist, sun, riparian Coniferous for- est Riparian Ory, well- drained, sun, dry arid slopes Common in val- leys and not- so-dry slopes below 3,000 ft Ory, well- drained, sun, steep canyons and stony soils Dry, well- drained, sun, dry hills Form Erect annual, stems 1-4 in tall Erect, branched shrub, 3-5 ft tall, dark green, sticky foliage Evergreen shrub, 7- 26 ft tall Shrub, 3-16 ft tall Perennial herb, stems 8-16 in tall Small tree, to 45 ft tall, forming straggling crowns with sparse foli- age Tree, to 98 ft tall Tree, to 80 ft tall Saprophytic herb, stems 4-10 in tall Tree, to 165 ft Shrub, 3-10 ft tall Evergreen tree, 60- 90 ft tall, 2-3 ft thick, short trunk and large branches form a broad, rounded, wide- spreading crown Tree, evergreen, to 65 ft tall Tree, to 65 ft tall Fruit Capsule Capsule, .75-1 in long, seeds fusiform, about .05 in long, May-Aug. Capsule, small woody seeds Orupe, July-Aug. Leathery foll- icles, June- July Cone, matures Sept. of second season, persist- ent Cone, matures Sept. of second year, seeds shed during several years, cones persistent Head of achenes, available in Oct., persistent. through winter Berry, June-Aug. Plumed achene Achene, Aug. Acorn, chestnut- brown, conical, .13-1.5 in long, cup covers only base of acorn, matures first fall Acorn, biennial Acorn, annual continued General wildlife use Used by hummingbirds for nectar Fruit eaten by many birds and mammals Seeds eaten by birds and smal] mammals Seeds eaten by west- ern gray squirrel and mule deer Seeds eaten by song- birds; browsed by mule deer Good-fair browse for mule deer Seeds eaten by chip- munks; browsed by mule deer Acorns eaten by deer, turkeys, tree squir- rels, birds, mammals; fair browse value for deer Seeds eaten by wood- peckers and mule deer Seeds eaten by mule deer Notes Flowers are brown- ish yellow, funnel- shaped, narrow- throated Sprouts Very resistant to drought Sprouts Post-fire sprouter; Indians ground acorns into meal, the water leached them of tannins, and cooked it as mush or bread Sprouts from stumps; slow growing CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M2620 California Chaparral 58 Table M2620-58.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes California scrub oak Quercus dumosa Nutt. Evergreen white oak Quercus engelmannii Greene Interior live oak wercus wislizenii oc. Cof feeberry Rhamnus californica Esch. Poison oak Rhus diversiloba T. & G. Mahogany sumac Rhus integrifolia Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. Laurel sumac Rhus laurina Nutt. Sugar bush Rhus ovata Wats Matilija poppy Romneya coulteri Harv. White sage Salvia apiana Jeps. Black sage Salvia mellifera Greene Blue elderberry Sambucus cerulea Raf. Jojoba Simmondsia chinensis Link) Schneid. Western yew Taxus brevifolia Nutt. California nutmeg Torreya californica Torr. Dry, well-drained, sun, shallow, stony soils Dry, well-drained, sun, shallow soils Ory, well-drained, sun, mountain slopes, foothills, valleys Ory flats, moist hillsides and ravines, rocky ridges below 3,500 ft Dry, well-drained, sun, shade, on a wide variety of sites Ory, well-drained, sun, shallow soil Ory, well-drained, sun, shallow soils Dry, well-drained, sun, shallow soil Arroyos and can- yon floors Ory, sun, shallow, stony soil Ory, sun, shallow soil Moist places in open woody can- yons or flats up to 5,500 ft Ory, sun, bushy hills and mesas Well-drained, moist, sun, shade, conif- erous woods Well-drained, moist, sun, shade, often along water Shrub, to 15 ft, evergreen Evergreen tree, 50-60 ft tall Tree, 50-80 ft tall Evergreen shrub, 4-6 ft high with 1-3 in long leaves, post fire sprouter Shrub and vine, to 10 ft Shrub, to 10 ft tall Shrub, 7-16 ft tall, evergreen Shrub, evergreen, to 10 ft tall Herbaceous stems, 3-8 ft tall Shrub, to 7 ft tall Shrub, less than 3 ft tall Deciduous shrub, many-stemmed, 4-10 up to 30 ft high, leaves 5-7 leaf- lets, 1-3 in long, lined with tiny teeth Shrub, 3-9 ft tall Tree, 30-80 ft tall Tree, 50-115 ft tall Acorn, annual Acorn, annual Acorn biennial Berry, oval, black when ripe, -25 in long, 2- seeded, Aug.- Oct. Drupe, Sept.-Oct. Drupe, Aug. -Sept. Orupe, persistent, Sept. Drupe, persistent, Aug. -Sept. Nutlet. Nutlets Drupe, berrylike, blue-black, .25 ‘in wide, covered with whitish bloom, Aug.-Oct. Capsule, Aug.- Sept. Drupelike, Aug.- Sept. of second year Drupelike, Aug. - Oct. Seeds eaten by mule deer Same as Q. engelmannii Same as Q. engelmannii Berries eaten by small manmals and songbirds; good browse for deer, especially young sprouts Fruit eaten by Cali- fornia quail; browsed by mule deer Browsed by mule deer Same as R. integrifolia Attempt to grow com- mercially to make coffee from berries was a failure May form extensive thickets Very drought resist- ant Same as R. integrifolia Thicket-forming Browsed by deer Same as S. apiana Fruit eaten by numer- ous species of song- birds, smal] mammals, band-tailed pigeons; fair browse for deer in spring Seeds eaten by squir- rels and doves; browsed by mule deer Fruit eaten by birds and ring-tailed cat Valuable bee plant Post-fire sprouter; berries can be crushed into juice; Indians used ber- ries for flavoring ‘in meal Poisonous to cattle courses California-laurel Well-drained, Tree, 65-100 ft tall Drupe, Oct. Fruit eaten by son Umbellularia moist, sun, birds and squirrels; californica shade, canyon browsed by mule deer (H. & A.) Nutt. slopes and alluvial val- Teys continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 277 59 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest Table M2620-58.2_ (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Moist shaded areas below Yerba De Selva Trailing, partly Whipplea modesta Torr. 4,500 ft slender branches, leaves deciduous, opposite, ovate, toothed Chain fern Springy and Leaves erect, 3-6 Woodwardia fimbriata boggy places ft tall Sm. ex Rees. in canyons be- low 5,000 ft elevation Bear grass Open woods Flower stalk to 5 ft tall, basal leaves in large clump, from a thick rhizome and clearings, sea level to + 7,000 ft cee Jum tenax ursh) Nutt. woody herb with weak, Fruit General wildlife use Notes Capsule, round, Provides fair deer Flowers are small 1 in thick, May- browse value and white in ter- Aug. minal clusters; encourage this spe- cies on ROW Spores Capsule, to .2 in Tong 59 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest SECTION M3111 GRAND FIR—DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST Only the forested communities in this Grand Fir— Douglas-fir Section are described because the nonforested communities are very similar to those described in sections 50 and 51. The boundary between forest and semi-arid vegetation is often sharp due to abrupt changes in soil. Most of this section is found in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington. Soils of the area can be grouped into two main units: 1) moderate to high elevation soils formed under forest vegetation, and 2) soils at lower elevations formed under grassland or shrub—grassland vegetation. Most of the forest soils are formed in volcanic ash while soils of the forest— grassland transition at moderate to high elevations are usually formed in loess and basic igneous rock materials. SECTION M3112, DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST Bailey’s (1976) Douglas-fir Forest Section appears to be equivalent to the Upper Montane Forest of Daubenmire (1968) and extends from central Colorado to central Montana. It is made up largely of country which drains into the Great Basin and into the Columbia Plateau. In the northeast, this forest adjoins the grassland because the Lower Montane of more southerly areas is lacking (see regional ecology discussion under Section M3113). This Douglas-fir Forest extends up the lower slopes of the mountains until it reaches the subalpine forest region, the actual altitude of the contact changing from approximately 4000 feet in the north to approximately 10,000 feet in the south. Physiographically, this section is comprised of many relatively small, isolated mountain ranges on which the Douglas-fir Forest occupies the lower to intermediate elevations. 278 White fir and blue spruce in the south, and grand fir and white spruce in the north are associated with the Douglas-fir in more moist sites. Lodgepole pine, aspen, and subalpine larch are pioneers following disturbances. Over large expanses, aspen may be the only tree and many of the stands it dominates may be climax units. In the north, whitebark pine and limber pine occur on rocky ridges and lower mountain slopes. SECTION M3113 PONDEROSA PINE—DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST This mountainous section is comprised of a series of ecosystem belts forming an altitudinal series tipped at a gentle angle from south to north due to the organisms that are adapted to a pattern of climatic units with that sloping form. Grassland in the east and semidesert shrublands in the west occupy the lower elevations. Several different mountain ranges rise up from these lowlands and penetrate progressively wetter and cooler climates. Because each species of plants has a capacity for growth in only part of the section’s environmental gradient, there is a tendency for similar species to associate, resulting ina series of belt-shaped subdivisions of the section. Each belt is identified by a single real or potential climatic climax ecosystem and a series of other ecosystems which are either successional following disturbance or occur on sites in which extremes of topography or soil prevent the development of the climatic climax unit (i.e., the climatic climax is the most moderate ecosystem in each altitudinal belt). “Late successional” is assumed to imply forest stands. Some ecosystems in this section are unlikely to succeed to forest because the soil is deep and well-drained. The resulting meadows have species not listed under the “late successional” category in the tables that follow this discussion. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest 59 Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary ; . State boundary Location of province S within the United States Figure 59.1 Province M3110, Rocky Mountain Forest; Sections M3111, Grand Fir—Douglas-fir Forest; M3112, Douglas-fir Forest; and M3113, Ponderosa Pine—Douglas-fir Forest SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 279 59 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest Table M3110-59.1 [M3111] Selected Plant Species Common to the Grand Fir—Douglas-fir Forest Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat Conditions: Dry to Moist Sites/Excessive to Well-Drained (Ponderosa pine communities) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) (Grand fir communities) Juniperus occidentalis Pi Tus ponderosa Pseudotsuga menziesii Artemisia tridentata Berberis repens Cercocarpus ledifolius Purshia tridentata ‘Symphoricarpos albus Achillea millefolium Agroseris glauca Agropyron spicatum Antennaria rosea Antennaria stenophylla Arnica cordifolia Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Carex rossii Erigeron eatonii Festuca idahoensis Festuca occidentalis Fragaria vesca Hieracium albertinum Koeleria cristata he caudatus Phlox douglas ii Poa nervosa Sitanion hystrix Stipa occidentalis Abies grandis Juniperus occidentalis Larix occidentalis Picea engeImannit Pinus contorta Pinus ponderos a Pseudotsuga menziesii Berberis repens Cercocarpus lTedifolius Symphoricarpos albus Vaccinium scoparium Achillea millefolium Antennaria rosea Antennaria stenophylla Aquilegia formosa Arnica cordifolfa Bromus vulgaris Calamagrostis rubescens Carex geyeri Erigeron eatonii Festuca occidentalis Fragaria vesca Fragaria virginiana Hieracium albertinum Hieracium albiflorum Lupinus caudatus Lupinus latifolius Osmorhiza purpurea Poa nervosa Pyrola secunda itanion hystrix Smilacina stellata FIRS aaridantalic Western juniper Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Big sagebrush Oregon-grape Curl leaf mountain- mahogany Bitterbrush Common snowberry Western yarrow Pale agroseris Bluebunch wheatgrass Rosy pussy's-toes Narrowleaf pussy's toes Heartleaf arnica Pinegrass Elk sedge Ross sedge Eaton's daisy Idaho fescue Western fescue Strawberry Western hawkweed Prairie junegrass Tailcup lupine Tufted phlox Wheeler bluegrass Bottlebrush squirreltail Western needlegrass Grand fir Western juniper Western larch Englemann spruce Lodgepole pine Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Oregon-grape Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Common snowberry Grouseberry Western yarrow Rosy pussy's-toes Narrowleaf pussy's-toes Red columbine Heartleaf arnica Columbia brome Pinegrass Elk sedge Eaton's daisy Western fescue Strawberry Virginia strawberry Western hawkweed White hawkweed Tailcup lupine Broadleaf lupine Purple sweetroot Wheeler bluegrass One-sided wintergreen Bottlebrush squirreltail Starry Solomon plume Western needlearass 280 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest 59 Table M3110-59.1 [M3112] Selected Plant Species Common to the Douglas-fir Forest Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over #0 Ft (Must be controlled) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Larix lyallii Larix occidentalis Pinus albicaulis Pinus contorta Pinus flexilis Pinus ponderosa Populus trichocarpa Limber pine Alnus rubra Red alder Amelanchier spp. Serviceberry Quercus gambellii Gambel oak Salix spp. Willow Artemisia tridentata Berberis nervosa Subalpine larch Western larch Whitebark pine Lodgepole pine Ponderosa pine Black cottonwood Big sagebrush Oregon-gr ape Abies concolor Picea pungens Pinus contorta Populus trichocarpa seudotsuga menziesii Berberis nervosa Ceanothus spp. Cornus nuttallii HoTodiscus dumosa Juniperus communis pees Capitatus runus emarginata Rosa spp. Spiraea douglasii ymphoricarpos albus Arnica cordifolia Cornus. ‘amomum Diodia teres Festuca spp. Galium spp. Smilacina racemosa Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Picea pungens Blue spruce Populus deltoides Cottonwood fopulus tremuloides Quaking aspen Alnus rubra Red alder ‘Rmelanchier spp. Serviceberry Betula occidentalis River birch uercus gambellii Gambel oak alix spp. Willow Abies concolor Picea pungens Pseudotsuga menziesii Alnus rubra Salix spp. Galium spp. Poa pratensis Smilacina racemosa White fir Blue spruce Lodgepole pine Black cottonwood Douglas-fir Oregon-grape Ceanothus Pacific dogwood Ocean spray Owarf juniper Ninebark Bitter cherry Wild rose Douglas spiraea Common snowberry Heartleaf arnica Silky dogwood Rough buttonweed Fescue Bedstraw False Solomon's-seal White fir Blue spruce Douglas-fir Red Alder Willow Bedstraw Kentucky bluegrass False Solomon's-seal SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 281 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest Selected Plant Species Common to the Ponderosa Pine—Douglas-fir Forest Table M3110-59.1 [M3113] Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Early successional plants Habitat conditions: Pinus contorta nus flexilis Pinus ponderosa Populus tremuloides Pseudotsuga menziesii Amelanchier spp. Quercus gambellii Salix amygdaToides Berberis cegens Holodiscus dumosa amesia americana ‘Juniperus communis Physocarpus capitatus Ribes cereum Rosa spp. Rubus deliciousus Sambucus racemosa Shepherdia canadensis Achillea spp. Agropyron spp. Aletes acaulis Antennaria spp. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Artemisia dracunculus Artemisia frigida Aster spp. Astragalus spp. romus spp. Campanula rotundifolia arex spp. Cystopteris os riogonum umbeTlatum Fragaria ovalis Frasera speciosa Harbounia trachypleura Lithospermum “mute Forum Lupinus argenteus enstemon spp. hacelia spp. Potentilla spp. Pulsatilla patens edum Tanceolatum oTidago spp. hermopsis divaricarpa Habitat conditions: Picea pungens Pinus ponderosa Populus trichocarpa Populus tremuloides ‘seudotsuga manziesii Amelanchier spp. Betula glandulosa Betula occidentalis Cornus stolonifera Lonicera spp. Potentilla spp. Quercus gambelii Geranium spp. Habenaria spp. luncus spp. Mertensia spp. Oenothera spp. Spiranthes spp. Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Pinus flexilis Pinus ponderosa Populus tremuToides ‘seudotsuga menzeisii Lodgepole pine Limber pine Ponderosa pine Quaking aspen Douglas-fir Serviceberry guniperus scopulorum Gambe1 oak Salix amygdaloides Willow Oregon-grape Berberis repens Ocean sprav Ceanothus velut inus Cliffbush Holodiscus dumosa Dwarf juniper Juniperus communis Ninebark Rosa spp. Wax current Shepherdia canadensis Wild rose Boulder raspberry Red elderberry Buffaloberry Milfoil Achillea spp. Wheatgrass Aster spp. Mountain caraway Astragalus spp. Pussy's-toes Poa spp. Kinnikk innik Linearleaf wormwood Pasture sage Aster Milk-vetch Brome Harebell Sedge Brittle fern Sulfur buckwheat Strawberry Monument plant Wiskbroom parsley Puccoon Lupine Beard tongue Purple fringe Cinquefoil Wind flower Stonecrop Goldenrod Golden banner Moist to wet/well drained to impeded Blue spruce Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine Black cottonwood Quaking aspen Douglas-fir Serviceberry Lonicera spp. Bog birch Potentilla spp. River birch Red-osier dogwood Honeysuckle Cinquefoil Gambe1 oak Geranium Geranium spp. Bog orchid Mertensia spp. Rush Spiranthes spp. Bluebells Evening-primrose Ladies'-tresses Pseudotsuga menziesii Late successional plants Limber pine Ponderosa pine Quaking aspen Douglas-fir Rocky Mountain juniper Willow Oregon-grape Tobacco brush Ocean spray Dwarf juniper Wild rose Buff aloberry Milfoil Aster Milk-vetch Bluegrass Ponderosa pine Douglas-fir Honeysuckle Cinquefoil Geranium Bluebells Ladies'-tresses 282 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest 59 Table M3110-59.2_ Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Rocky Mountain Forest Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White fir Abies concolor Gord. & Glend.) Lind]. ex Hildebr. M3112 Grand fir Abies grandis LindT. M3111 Milfoil Achillea spp. t. M3113 Western yarrow Achillea millefolium L. M3113 Pale agoseris Agoseris glauca Pursh) Raf. M3111 Wheatgrass Agropyron spp. Gaertn. M3113 Bluebunch wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum Pursh M3111 Mountain caraway Aletes acaulis Torr.) Coult. & Rose M3113 Red alder Alnus rubra Bong. M3112 Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. M3112, M3113 Pussy's-toes Antennaria spp. Gaertn. M3113 Rosy pussy's-toes Antennaria rosea Greene M3111 Narrowleaf pussy's-toes Antennaria stenophylla Gray M3111 Red columbine Aquilegia formosa Fisch. M3111 Well-drained, sunny or shade, 2,000-5,000 ft elevations Low hills, val- leys, moist sites near the coast Conifer forest, 5,500-11,500 ft Circumpolar, com- mon, variable and not fully under- stood Meadows and open places at all elevations Forest edges, mountain meadows, above 7,000 ft, sun Dry rocky slopes, open woodland High mountains Streambanks and moist woods, be- low 1,000 ft Dry, well-drained, moist, in sun Well-drained soil in woods and dry open areas Dry, open places, meadows, plains to moderate or high elevations Dry, open places, meadows, open woods Widely distribut- ed along the coast and coastal mountains SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Tree, to over 240 ft tall, needles pale bluish-green Tree, 125-150 ft high, 2-4 ft thick, bark gray to reddish brown, post-fire non- sprouter Perennial forb, to 1.5 ft Aromatic perennial herb, stems 1-3 ft, leaves slender Perennial, to 2.25 ft tall, leaves linear to broad to 14 in Tong Perennial grass, up to 4 ft Bunchgrass, 15-40 in Short, to 1.5 in tall, leaflets rhoml ic Deciduous tree, to 75 ft tall, trunk to 2 ft, bark thin, gray, smooth Spreading to erect shrub, usually to about 20 ft tall, leaves oval Low, perennial woody herbs Mat-forming, stoloni ferous perennial to 16 in tall, basal leaves spatulate Stems, clustered, to 6 in tall, leaves linear Cone, matures in Sept. soon breaks up Seeds, .25 in long, brown, green cylindrical cones 2-4 in long, stand up- right on branches Flattened achene, June-Sept. Achene Achene Achene, summer- fall Grain, July-Sept. :2 in long Cones, to 1 in long, nutlets small, flattish, margined with papery wings Pome, July-Aug. Achene, Apr.-July Seeds, minute Seeds, minute Leaves mainly basal, Follicles stems 2.5 ft tall, flowers nodding continued Outstanding browse for mule deer; seeds eaten by grouse and rodents Seeds eaten by song- birds, chickarees, other rodents; fair browse value for deer and elk; needles eaten by blue grouse in winter Plant eaten by rabbit and sheep Sage-scented leaves are eaten by a few wildlife species Seeds eaten by sage grouse Plant eaten by deer and elk Plant eaten by rabbit, elk, deer, antelope Seeds eaten by song- birds and smal] mam- mals; of secondary importance as browse Fruit eaten by many songbirds and black bear; browsed by mule deer Seed heads eaten by blue grouse, plus a few songbirds Same as Antennaria spp. Same as Antennaria spp. Attractive ever- green tree, pro- vides good nesting cover for song- birds Quickly invades burned over, logged or other disturbed areas Invades old fields 283 59 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest Table M3110-59.2 (Continued) Species Kinnikkinnik Habitat Dry, well-drained, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in sun or shade L.) Spreng. M3113 Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia Hook. M3111, M3112 Linearleaf wormwood Artemisia dracunculus L. M3113 Pasture sage Artemisia frigida Willd. M3113 Big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Nutt. M3111, M3112 Aster Aster spp. L M3113 Milk-vetch Astragalus spp. L M3113 M3111, M3113 Log birch Betula glandulosa Michx. M3113 River birch Betula occidentalis Hook. M3112, M3113 Brome Bromus spp. L m3ii3 Columbia brome Bromus vulgaris Hook.) Shear M3111 Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens Buckle M3111 284 Woodlands, foot- hills to high elevations in the mountains Disturbed soil and waste places, usually dry Ory prairies, plains and rocks Dry plains and hills, in sun Different species growing on a variety of site conditions, to alpine regions Hillsides, open woods, arid slopes, 2,000-10,000 ft Dry, well-drained slopes, in sun or shade Moist, well- drained sites, lower foothills and forested slopes Moist to wet areas, in sun Banks of streams and lakes Forest edges, moun- tain meadows, above 7,000 ft Shaded to open woods, moist to dry banks, montane meadows, sea level to 6,000 ft elevation Sagebrush flats to timbered slopes, both dry and moist montane forest Form Prostrate shrub, trailing rooting stems, to 3 in tall Perennial, to 2 ft tall, from long, naked rhizomes Rank herb, to 3 ft tall Woody base forking into many crowns, flowering stems, slender, to 1.5 ft tall, heads nodding Shrub, to 12 ft tall, much branched, branches erect, leaves 3-toothed Perennial herbs, usually with a rootstock, leaves alternate Mostly low herba- ceous perennials, to 6 in Shrub, ascending to erect, to 2 ft long, leaves tufted Erect, stiff- branched woody shrub, to 6 ft tall, mostly de- ciduous Shrub, to 6 ft tall, leaf blades 1 in long Tree, to 130 ft tall, twigs brown, leaves ovate Perennial grass, 16-35 in Perennial, to 3 ft tall, without rhizomes but root- ing at nodes Perennial, culms to 2.5 ft tall, smooth Fruit Red berry, to .2 in long, Aug.-Mar.. Achene, hairy and glandular, pappus whitish Minute July-Sept. Achene, Oct. Achene Pods, dehiscent or indehiscent Berry, July-Aug. Berry, deep-blue, to .5 in long Smal] winged nut- let Small winged nut- let Grain, summer- fall June-Aug. July-Sept. continued General wildlife use Fruit eaten by several species of birds, in- cluding grouse; browsed by deer Plant eaten by grouse, antelope, mule deer, elk, bighorn sheep Same as A. frigida Relatively little im- portance to wildlife Seeds eaten by quail; plant eaten by ante- lope Browsed freely by white-tailed and mule deer; fruit eaten by a few species of birds and mammals Same as B. nervosa Seeds eaten by white- tailed ptarmigan and sharp-tailed grouse Plant eaten by deer and elk Seeds eaten by few species of songbirds and small rodents; plant eaten by elk and mule deer Notes Forms large mats; used ornamentally Invades grazing land Spreads by creeping rootstocks to form thickets Clump-forming CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest 59 Table M3110-59.2| (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Harebell Open or rocky Slender perennial, Capsule Campanula rotundifolia banks, meadows to 1.5 ft tall, L. and shores basal leaves M3113 round withering Sedge Moist soil along Perennial grasslike Achenes, in Seeds eaten by game- Carex spp. streams, shady erect herb, 2-4 ft spikes birds, bear, squirrel, t. canyons, 5,000- fox; plant eaten by M3113 11,500 ft, sun rabbit, deer, elk and shade Elk sedge Woodlands, open Stems, clustered, Carex geyeri slopes, dry to 1.5 ft tall Boott meadows, foot- M3111 hills and mod- erate elevations Ross sedge Dry to moderately Stems, slender to Achene Seeds eaten by wetland Carex rossii moist sites in over 1 ft tall, birds Boott coniferous for- densely clustered M3111 est, sea level to near timber- line Ceanothus Dry, open flats Low spreading shrub, Capsule, Apr.- Browsed by mule deer Forms dense thick- Ceanothus spp. and lower foot- occasionally to 10 Sept. ets L. hills, intoler- ft tall, freely M3112 and of shade branched, rigid, Tobacco brush Ceanothus velutinus DougT. M3113 Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. M3111 Silky dogwood Cornus amomum MilT. M3112 Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii Aud. M3112 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera Michx. M3113, Brittle fern Cystopteris fragilis L.) Bernh. M3113 Rough buttonweed Diodia teres Walt. M3112 Eaton's daisy Erigeron eatonii ray M3111 Open wooded slope, 3,500-10,000 ft Dry, sunny areas Swamps and damp thickets Along streams in open to fairly dense woods Well-drained, moist sites in sun or shade Dry rocky places Dry, rocky, sterile soils, alluvial flats, gravel and sandy washes along streams Open places in mountains and foothills SELECTED PLANT SPECIES regenerates from exposed roots Shrub, 3-6 ft Evergreen, shrub to 20 ft tall, leaf margin revolute Shrub, to 10 ft tall Large shrub to tree, to 60 ft tall, showy flowers Spreading or ascending stolon- iferous shrub, branches deep red Rhizome, creeping, fronds clustered Annual, moderately erect, roots shal- low, stems branch- ing Taprooted peren- nial, to 1 ft tall, basal leaves tufted Capsule, summer- fall Achene, Aug.- Sept. Blue berry, Aug.- Oct. Drupe, Oct.-Nov. Drupe, July-Sept. Spores Seeds hairy, oval, light brown continued Browsed by deer Browsed by mule deer, pronghorn and bighorn sheep Fruit eatten by few species of birds; occasionally browsed by mule deer Fruit eaten by sev- eral species of birds; browsed by white- tailed and mule deer, elk, moose, rabbit Minor food value to gamebirds Same as Ceanothus spp. Plant may die if exposed to full sunlight after growing in shade Forms thickets by spreading root- stocks 285 59 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest Table M3110-59.2 (Continued) Species Sulfur buckwheat Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. M3113 Fescue Festuca spp. Elmer’ M3112 Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis Elmer M3117 Western fescue Festuca occidentalis Hook. M3111 Strawberry Fragaria ovalis (etn) Rydb. M3113 Strawberry Fragaria vesca L Mavi Virginia strawberry Fragaria virginiana Duchesne M3111 Monument plant Frasera speciosa DougT. jug]. M3113 Bedstraw Galium spp. U maiz Geranium Geranium spp. m3li3 Bog orchid Habenaria spp. Spreng.) Wats. M3113 Wiskbroom parsley Harbounia trachypleura Gray) Coult. & Rose M3113 Western hawkweed Hieracium albertinum Farr. M3111 White hawkweed jeracium albiflorum Ocean spray Holodiscus dumosa {Nutt.) Rydb. M3112, M3113 Habitat. Mountains and dry slopes Dry and rocky montane slopes and meadows, to 12,000 ft eleva- tion Dry and rocky montane slopes and meadows, to 12,000 ft eleva- tion Streambanks, lake margins, moist woods to montane forest Moist meadows, coniferous forest, 7,000-11,000 ft, sun or shade Moist woods, streambanks, sandy meadows Open woods, sandy or gravvely mead- ows and stream- banks, plains and lower mountains Hills and canyons, 7,000-10,000 ft elevation Woods and thickets Rich soils, 3,000- 11,000 ft Ory woods to moist gravelly stream- banks and open mountain sides Mountains Dry open places, foothills to moderate eleva- tions Open woods and moist or rather dry hillsides, moderate eleva- tions Ory, well-drained, sunny in mountains Form Flowering stems to 1 ft tall, leaves 2.5 in long, blades thick Tufted perennial, to 3 ft tall, leaves mostly basal Tufted perennial, to 3 ft tall, leaves mostly basal Tufted perennial, basal leaves, tuft- ed to 3.5 ft tall Perennial shrub with connecting runners, 4-6 in Plant with trail- ing stems, leaf- lets, usually 5 Freely stolon- iferous, leaflets in 5's to 1.5 in Jong Upright herb, to 2 ft tall Slender low herbs Annual or perennial forb, 12-30 in Plant 2 ft tall, from tubers, leaves on lower third of stem Stem to 2 ft tall, flowers yellow Plants to 4.25 ft tall Plants to over 3 ft tall, stem hairy at the base, leaves basal, often tufted Fruit May-July May-July May-July Achenes, embedded in fleshy aggre- gate fruit, May- Oct. Succulent, up to -2 in broad About .2 in broad, May-Aug. Dry or fleshy, twin, separating into 2 carpels, May-Sept. Capsule, 5-lobed, Apr.-Oct. Capsule, small erect Smal] achene Shrub to 3 ft tall, Follicle leaf-blades ovate, to 1 in long continued General wildlife use Plant eaten by mountain sheep as well as many other birds and mammals Same as Festuca spp. Same as Festuca spp. Fruit eaten by game- birds, songbirds, rab- bit, squirrel, deer Fruit eaten by many songbirds and small mammals Light food use by many birds and smal] mam- mals Seeds eaten by dove and quail; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by few species of songbirds and smal] mammals Same as H. albertinum Notes 286 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest 59 Table M3110-59.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Cliffbush Jamesia americana T. & G. M3113 Rush Juncus spp. L M3113 Owarf juniper Juniperus communis L M3112, M3113 Western juniper Juniperus occidentalis Hook. M3111 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum arg. M3113 Prairie junegrass Koeleria cristata L.) Pers. M3111 Subalpine larch Larix lyallii Parl. M3112 Western larch Larix occidentalis Nutt. M3111, M3112 Puccoon a mul tiflorum Torr. M3113 Honeysuckle Lonicera spp. ci M3113 Lupine Lupinus argenteus urs| M3113 Tailcup lupine epee caudatus KelTogg M3111 Broadleaf lupine Lupinus latifolius Agardh. M3111 Bluebells Mertensia spp. Torr.) G. Don M3113 Dry, well-drained to moist sites, in sun Moist soil along streams, ponds, lakes, 2,000- 11,500 ft Open woods to dry hills, mountain valleys to open rocky slopes, sea level to alpine areas Desert foothills to lower mountain dry, well-drained sites, in sun Ory, well-drained, in sun, 5,000- 9,500 ft Sandy to rocky soil, sagebrush desert to sub- alpine ridges Subalpine to alpine, often on north-facing slopes Mountain valleys and lower slopes, somewhat swampy areas, usually in mixed stands Hills, mountain sides, canyons Hillsides and valleys, moist to dry places Plains and hills Sagebrush and ponderosa pine forest Open subalpine ridges to wooded slopes, occasion- ally on lowlands Streambanks, wet meadows, damp thickets, wet cliffs, foothills to high elevations Shrub, to 6 ft tall, young twigs, brown, leaf-blades oval, serrate Perennial grasslike herb, 2-4 ft Prostrate and trail- ing, branched, shrub to small tree, to 20 ft tall Evergreen tree, to 30 ft tall, leaves scale-like, pale green Bushy shrub occasion- ally to 40 ft tall, leaves scale-like, .13 in Tong Strongly tufted perennial, to 2 ft tall, leaves mostly basal tufted Small, dwarfed or misshapen tree, to 45 ft tall, leaves rigid, light bluish-green, about 1 in long Large tree, to over 225 ft tall, well pruned Stems, to 2 ft tall, branched above, leaves linear Mostly climbing shrubs, opposite leaves Stems, diffusely branched, to 3 ft tall, leaflets 7-8, to 2 in long Perennial, several- or much-branched, to 14 in tall, leaves mostly cauline Stems, up to 3 ft tall, mostly 6-8 leaves Stems numerous, to 6 ft tall, leaf blade oval Capsule Capsule, spring Berry, available Sept., persistant all year Berry, Sept. of second season Berry, year round May-July Cone, ripens in Aug. of first season Cones, 1 in long Nutlets, .1 in Tong Fleshy berry, with few seeds Pod, about 1 in long, 5-6 seeded Pod, 1.25 in long Pods, to 1 in long continued Forage Fruit eaten by birds, including grouse; browsed by white- tailed deer Fruit eaten by several species of songbirds; browsed slightly by mule deer Browsed by bighorn sheep Plant eaten by white- tailed deer Browsed by white- tailed deer Seeds eaten by grouse as well as a few song- birds Fruit eaten by quail, grouse, chipmunks, other birds and mam- mals Seeds eaten by upland gamebirds and smal] mammals Same as L. argenteus Same as L. argenteus Intolerant of shade Very drought- resistant SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 287 59 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest Table M3110-59.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Evening-primrose Roadsides, marshes, Herbs, to 1.5 ft Capsule, Mar.- Plant eaten by browsers Qenothera spp. canyons, to 6,000 Oct. L. ft M31113 Purple sweetroot Meadows stream- Perennial, stems Osmorhiza purpurea banks, moist or solitary, some- Coult. & Rose) Sksd. wet slopes times 2 or 3's, M3111 to 3 ft tall Beard tongue Different species Perennial, leaves Capsule, 2-valved Little use to wildlife, Penstemon spp. found on a variety opposite, entire slightly used by ro- Mitch. 7 of site conditions or toothed, dents M3113 flowers irregular Purple fringe Dry, open places Biennial, with Phacelia spp. single, erect Juss. stout stem, to M3113 4 ft tall, leaves veined Tufted phlox Dry slopes and Loosely tufted, to Capsule Phlox douglasii ridges 8 in tall, leaves Hook. -2 in long, with M3111 prominent midrib Ninebark | Streambanks, Spreading to erect Follicle _Physocarpus capitatus swamps and lake shrub, to 15 ft Pursh) Ktze. margins, to tall, branches M3112, M3113 moist woods in angled lower mountains, sun or shade Englemann spruce Montane, around Straight tree, to Cone, seeds shed Needles eaten by Picea engelmannii swamps, above 150 ft tall, by Oct. grouse; seeds eaten Parry ex Engeln, 3,000 ft eleva- needles to ] in by red squirrel M3111 tion, sun or long, sharp but shade not stiff Blue spruce Mountains along Tree, to 90 ft Cone, Aug. Same as P. engelmannii High ornamental Picea pungens streams, in sun tall, needles 1 in seeds shed in value Engelm. long, tree usually Sept. M3112, M3113 dull bluish-green with a silvery bloom Whitebark pine Ory, well-drained Tree, to 40 ft Cone, matures Western pines are im- More tolerant of Pinus albicaulis site, in sun tall, crown ir- Aug.-Sept. of portant food source shade in moist Engelm. regular, leaves second year, for wildlife; seeds areas M3112 in fascicles of seeds only re- eaten by grouse, many 5, to 2.5 in long leased with songbirds, bears, rotting of cone squirrels, chipmunks; browsed by mule deer, elk, porcupine Lodgepole pine Moist, well- Tree, to 80 ft tall, Cone, matures Same as P. albicaulis Pinus contorta drained sites, short, narrow Aug.-Sept. of Doug!. in sun, 6,000- crown, needles in second season M3111, M3112, M3113 11,000 ft fascicles of 2-3 in elevation long Limber pine Summits, ridges, Tree, to 50 ft tall, Cone, maturing Same as P. albicaulis Very intolerant of Pinus flexilis rocky foothills, crown broad, open ‘in Sept. shade James 4,000-10,000 ft with plume-like M3112, M3113 elevation branches, needles in fascicles of 5, to 3 in long Ponderosa pine Dry, well-drained, Tree, to 180 ft Cone, ripe Aug.- Same as P. albicaulis Very drought- Pinus ponderosa in sun tall, needles in Sept. of second resistant Laws. fascicles of 3, season M3111, M3112, M3113 4-11 in long Wheeler bluegrass Exposed ridges Perennial, ascend- Apr.-Aug. Seeds eaten by coot; Poa nervosa and talus slopes ing or erect, occasional use by Hook.) Vasey to open woods, closely tufted, to many other birds and M3111 montane to alpine, 2.5 ft tall mammals to 10,000 ft ele- vation continued 288 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest 59 Table M3110-59.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis U Matiz Cottonwood Populus deltoides Marsh. M3112 Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Michx. M3112, M3113 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa T. & G. ex. Hook. M3112, M3113 Chinquefoil Potentilla spp. L. M3113 Bitter cherry Prunus emarginata Doug!.) Walp. M3112 Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Wirb.) Franco M3111, M3112, M3113 Wind flower Pulsatilla patens L. M3113 Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata Pursh M3117 One-sided wintergreen Pyrola secunda L M3113 Gambel oak Quercus gambellii Nutt. M3112, M3113 Wax currant Ribes cereum Lindl. M3113 Wild rose Rosa spp. pee 3112, 3113 Open woods, mead- ows, disturbed soil, medium to high elevation Alluvial soils and low wet ground Dry, cool, well- drained sites, in full sunlight Along streams and rich bottomlands, in canyons and valleys, between 5,000-9,000 ft Moist to dry rocky sites depending on species Moist woods along watercourse grass- land into moun- tains, medium elevations, in sun Moist slopes, be- low 5,000 ft Exposed sunny slopes and light shade Ory, well-drained, ‘in sun Mostly in conif- erous woods Widespread in mountains, pla- teaus, pine forests, 5,000- 8,000 ft, sun and shade Dry hills Usually moist, well-drained open sites Perennial grass, 10-40 in Tree, to 80 ft tall, buds are gumny Slender tree, with light green on whitish bark, to 90 ft tall Deciduous tree, 50-125 ft tall, 2-4 ft diameter, broad crown of upright branches Herbs rarely shrubs, with compound leaf parts usually in 5's Straggly shrubs, to 40 ft tall, erect Evergreen tree, 100-130 ft tall, up to 230 ft, up to 8 ft thick, post-fire non- sprouter Low herb, to 1.5 ft tall Shrub, to 10 ft tall, leaves 3- lobed at apex, bark chestnut- brown Perennial herb, slender rhizomes, 2-6 in high Shrub to tree, with rounded crown, 6- 70 ft Much branched shrub, over 3 ft tall, leaf blades round-reniform, 1.5 in wide Shrubs or vines, usually prickly leaves alternate, pinnate and ser- rate Grain, summer- fall Capsule, May-June Capsule, 3-valved, «25 in thick, finely hairy, June-Aug. Achenes Drupe, May-Sept. Seeds winged, -25 in long, cones 3-4 in long with 3 pointed bracts beyond ends of scales Achene, mid- summer Achene, Aug. Ory capsule Nut (acorn), spring Red berry, June- Aug. Hips continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Plant eaten by rabbit and deer Minor wildlife use Buds, catkins, bark, twigs, wood, foliage all eaten by wild- life; major users are beaver, varying hare, grouse Buds and catkins eaten by blue and ruffed grouse; fair forage value for rabbit and deer Relatively low wild- life value; used mainly in the west as food for few birds and mammals Very important browse for mule deer; fruit eaten by chipmunks and birds, including grouse Seeds eaten by song- birds, tree squirrels and other rodents; fair browse value to deer and elk; needles eaten by blue grouse in winter Valuable browse for mule deer, as well as pica, chipmunk, ante- lope Little food value but occasionally grazed by ruffed grouse Seeds eaten by song- birds, gamebirds, squirrel, bear; browsed by rabbit and deer Fruit eaten by grouse, few songbirds, chip- munk Fruit eaten by many species of songbirds, gamebirds, smal] mam- mals; covering for birds Widespread, prob- ably introduced Good for shelter- belts, erosion control Invasion species on open sites Post fire sprouter; invades cutover and burned areas; wood used for paper pulp and veneer Forming dense thick- ets Probably most im- portant lumber tree in North America, used as ornamental and for reforesta- tion Poisonous to live- stock 289 59 PROVINCE M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest Table M3110-59.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Boulder raspberry Slopes and can- Stems arched and Aggregate of Fruit eaten by numer- Invader; post-fire Rubus deliciousus yons branched, about 6 drupelets, purple ous birds and mammals; sprouter ' Torr. ft long with to yellowish-red, fair browse value for M3113 prickles .5 in diameter, deer July-Sept. Willow Moist soil along Tree, 15-50 ft Seed capsules in Browsed by beaver; Prevents erosion Salix spp. streams, 3,500- catkins, Mar. seeds eaten by squir- and invades burned L. 9,500 ft, sun rel forest areas M3112 Willow Moist sites along Tree, to 70 ft tall, Capsules Intolerant of shade Salix amygdaloides banks of streams leaves lanceolate, Anderss. to 5 in long, fine- M3113 ly serrate Red elderberry Damp woods, moist Deciduous woody Drupe, round Berries relished by Post-fire non- Sambucus racemosa canyons and flats shrub, 6-20 ft berrylike, birds, small mammals, sprouter; white tL. ~ at lower eleva- high, leaves hairy bright scarlet, deer, livestock; flowers are in M3113 tions beneath and often «5 in thick, fair browse value clusters 2.5 in above dJuly-Oct. for deer and elk broad Stonecrop Damp rocks and Fleshy-leaved, low Follicle Sedum lanceolatum mossy banks perennial Torr. M3113 Buf faloberry Dry, well-drained, Thornless shrub, to Berry, July-Sept. Fruit eaten by sev- Shepherdia canadensis moist sites, in 10 ft tall, leaves eral species of birds .) Nutt. sun or shade oval, silvery hairy and chipmunks; occa- M3113 beneath sionally browsed by white-tailed deer Bottlebrush squirreltaii Dry hills, plains, Tufted, erect, to Available July- Sitanion hystr open woods, rocky 1.5 ft tall Aug Nutt.) J Smith slopes, to alpine M3117 elevations False Solcmon's-seal Moist woods and Perennial herb, Berry, few seed- Fruit eaten by few Smilacina racemosa streambanks to widely rhizoma- ed, greenish to species of songbirds L.) Desf. open forests, tous, erect, red and rodents M3112 lowlands to mid leafy flower elevaticns stems Starry Solomon plume Moist woods and Flowering stems, Berry, greenish Fruit eaten by a few acina stellata streambanks to to 2 ft tall, yellow birds and smal] mam- rocky, well- erect, leaves mals M3111 drained, fully sessile exposed side- hills Goldenrod Moist to dry Perennial herbs, Achenes, many Wildlife value low Usually considered Solidago spp. sites, to alpine to 6 ft tall in produced annual- in comparison to undesirable weeds t. elevations some species, ly abundance M3113 often with basal clusters of leaves Douglas spiraea Streambanks, Erect, freely Follicule, Sept.- Thicket-forming by Spiraea douglasii swamps, bogs, branched shrub, Oct. means of suckers Hook. lake margins, to 6 ft tall M3112 sea level to subalpine Ladies'-tresses Ory to moist, Herb, to 3 ft tall Minute Spiranthes spp. swamps, bogs, L. C. Rich open areas M3113 Western needlegrass Grasslands to Strongly tufted Available May-Aug. Seeds eaten by few Stipa occidentalis ponderosa pine perennial, to 5 songbirds; plant Thurb. forest and sub- ft tall eaten by mule deer 3111 alpine forest and bighorn sheep ridges continued 290 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3110-59.2_ (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Conmon snowberry Symphoricarpos albus L.) Blake M3111, M3112 Thickets, wood- Erect, branching Berry, available Fruit eaten by many lands, open slopes, shrub, to 6 ft tall, year round birds; browsed by lowlands to moder- leaves elliptic white-tailed and mule ate elevations with irregular deer teeth Forms thickets Golden banner Creek banks and Stem erect, to 2.5 Pod Thermopsis divaricarpa open slopes ft tall, leaves to A. Nels. 4 in long M3113 Grouseberry Dry, well-drained Plants, to over Berry, red, July- Fruit eaten by grouse Mat-forming Vaccinium scoparium to moist sites, 1 ft tall, many Sept. and songbirds Leib. shade branches, slender, M3111 broom] ike 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest UPPER GILA MOUNTAINS FOREST The distribution of vegetation and, hence, the occurrence of biotic communities in this province, is dependent upon the evolutionary interactions of climatic, topographic, and edaphic features as well as recent factors such as fire suppression and disturbance by man. Within broad climatic zones, such as those delineated by Bailey (1976), topography is quite important. A difference in elevation of 6000 feet affects climate and distribution of plants and animals in about the same way as a latitudinal distance north or south of 300 miles at sea level. The total precipitation, for example, increases on mountain gradients at a rate of approximately 5 inches per 1000 feet increase in elevation (Shreve 1915; Lull and Ellison 1950). Within the Upper Gila Mountains Forest Province, variations in topography and climate are extreme. Roosevelt Lake and vicinity, in the south central portion of this province, is the lowest elevational area, at about 2200 feet. Elevations generally increase northward toward the base of the Mogollon Rim. For example, the San Francisco Mountains reach 12,000 feet elevation. Much of the northern portions of this province are broad plateaus of about 4500 to 5500 feet elevation or higher. These varied topographic and associated climatic features naturally support a number of major biotic communities, such as Arizona upland Sonoran desertscrub, interior chaparral, riparian deciduous forest and woodland, Madrean evergreen woodland, conifer woodland, montane conifer forest, subalpine and montane grasslands, and subalpine conifer forest. Forest and woodland species generally extend downward along narrow canyons and north-sloping valleys, whereas species of lower zones extend upward within wide valleys and on ridges. (See section 52 for a general discussion of succession and climax communities.) Arizona Upland Sonoran Desertscrub In Province M3120, this community occurs chiefly in the SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Roosevelt Lake region, on the southwestern edge of the province. A general discussion of this community is found in section 55. Interior Chaparral See section 55 for a general discussion of this community type. Great Basin and Rocky Mountain Conifer Woodland The Great Basin and Rocky Mountain conifer woodland is best developed on plateaus and mesas at elevations between 5500 and 7500 feet with an annual precipitation of about 12 to 21 inches. It is a structurally simple woodland of low (usually less than 20 feet) evergreen trees and shrubs. Utah juniper, one-seeded juniper, pinyon pine, singleleaf pinyon, and Mexican pinyon are usually the dominant overstory species; the junipers often occur in pure stands without pinyons. The understory may be either grassland, chaparral, or desertscrub, depending upon specific location. Madrean Evergreen Woodland The Madrean evergreen woodland is intermittently present along the southern base of the Mogollon Rim in Province M3120, which is the northern limit of this principally Mexican community. These woodlands occur between 4000 and 7000 feet where there is about 12 to 24 inches annual precipitation. Common dominant species are evergreen oaks, junipers, and pines. Freezing temperatures are of short duration and the growing season is generally longer than in conifer woodland. Riparian Deciduous Forest and Woodland The riparian deciduous forest and woodland is frequently of considerable importance in ROW management decisions due to its scarcity, its recreational value, and its immense biological interest. This community is comprised of tall (50 to 100 feet) winter-deciduous broadleaf trees and is principally restricted to streamways and drainageways fingering down through other communities. The species composition and growth form of the riparian deciduous forest changes 291 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary Q WW Location of province State boundary S within the United States Figure 60.1 Province M3120, Upper Gila Mountains Forest 292 CHAPTER 2 elevationally from the high coniferous forest where dominant riparian tree species include box-elder, maple, and mountain willows, down through the lower woodlands and chaparral where riparian dominants are cottonwood, willow, sycamore, walnut, and ash. Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest The Rocky Mountain montane conifer forest is populated by nearly pure stands of ponderosa pine with Douglas-fir dominating canyons and north- and east- facing slopes. This community is generally found between 6000 and 9500 feet but extends down to about 5500 feet on north-facing slopes and up to about 10,000 feet on south-facing slopes. Annual precipitation averages 20 to 30 inches. Other principal trees include white fir, limber pine, Gambel oak, locust, and trembling aspen. Subalpine Conifer Forest The subalpine conifer forest occurs on and around the summits of higher ranges, from about 8500 or 9000 feet to about 11,500 feet, with an average annual precipitation of about 30 to 40 inches. This precipitation is mostly in the form of snow. The principal conifer species include Engelmann spruce, blue spruce, alpine fir, and white fir. Broadleaf deciduous trees, when present, include Rocky Mountain maple, wild cherry, mountain alder, and trembling aspen. Subalpine and Montane Grasslands The subalpine and montane grasslands occur in the upper montane conifer forest and throughout the subalpine conifer forest in areas that are relatively small to quite extensive (e.g., the White Mountain “prairies” and “Cienegas”). The grasslands are mostly found at elevations of 7500 to 11,000 feet where the annual average precipitation is from 20 to 35 inches. Prominent grass species include fescues, pine dropseed, mountain timothy, tufted hairgrass, and bluegrasses. The lower and wetter parts of these meadows are usually dominated by mountain clover, vetch, groundsel, sedges, rushes, and other forbs. Since the alpine tundra only occurs on and near the peaks of a few high mountains above 11,500 feet and is unlikely to be included in any transmission line ROW, it is not included in this discussion. UPPER GILA MOUNTAINS FOREST (RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES) Within Province M3120, riparian communities are largely temperate and subtropical, and are recognized primarily by their dominant plant constituents (Brown and Lowe 1974). These two broad divisions are principally represented by the following major formation-classes: riparian deciduous forest, including mixed broadleaf and cottonwood—willow communities (refer to section 53 for descriptions of these communities); mesquite woodland; and marshland formations. Riparian scrublands of the introduced SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 saltcedar (and other species) also occur in both temperate and subtropical climatic zones (Brown and Hausler 1977). Willow often dominates riparian scrublands in the limited boreal zone. Marshlands Marshlands are wetlands composed of emergent plants which have their basal portions periodically submerged. They are found in the “prairies” of the White Mountains, on Anderson Mesa, and elsewhere in Province M3120. These communities may be dominated by sedges, rushes, cat-tail, great American and three-square bulrush, and other aquatics. Subtropical marshlands are not extensive within Province M3120, as these communities occur mainly at lower elevations where the shallow streams periodically overflow their bank. Many of these marshland communities are now dependent upon stored and/or recycled agricultural and waste waters. In Province M3120, marshlands are principally confined to the Lower Salt and Verde rivers (e.g., Tavesci Marsh). Other examples may occur elsewhere as local conditions permit. Mesquite—Saltcedar Woodlands Mesquite—saltcedar woodlands are largely restricted to below 3500 feet elevation. These winter-deciduous woodlands (bosques) attain maximum development on the alluvium of old dissected floodplains laid down between the intersection of major watercourses and their large tributaries (Brown and Havsler 1977). Woodlands of mesquite once covered vast areas of floodplains in the Southwest. This community, as with the cottonwood— willow, has suffered greatly froma variety of man-related activities including water diversion, flood control, agricultural clearing programs, and most importantly, lowering water tables. While many of the famous bosques are mostly of historical interrest today, important remnants still occur in Province M3120 along the Big Sandy and Verde rivers, Tonto Creek, and in scattered patches along other Lower Sonoran watercourses. In the past, these subtropical communities were almost completely dominated by velvet mesquite with individuals commonly attaining great size (Brandt 1951). Cottonwood, desert hackberry, and increasingly, the introduced tamarix or saltcedar may now share dominance in local situations (Bowser 1957; Robinson 1965; Turner 1974). Historically, the understory in mature mesquite bosques was relatively open with saltbushes or annual and perennial grasses and forbs forming the ground cover. Today, introduced annual forbs such as filaree, mustards, and annual grasses are most frequently encountered as understory species. Vines such as janusia, canyon grape, and others are often still common in some areas. Individual cottonwoods, velvet ash, and Gooding willow may be interspersed in more mesic sites within the bosque (Brown and Hausler 1977). 293 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Upper Gila Mountains Forest 294 Growth form Habitat: Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses Plant associations Celtis reticulata Cercidium floridum Cereus giganteus Chilopsis linearis Oineya tesota Prosopis juliflora Acacia greggii idium microphy|lum “thurt eri ‘Splendens ‘Ambrosia ambrosioides deltoidea pal ida Dodonaea viscosa Echinocereus spp. cue Ya farino: Erfogonum wrightii Ferocactus wisliz tent) HoTacantha emory' Kramerfa gray? ramer- rar lia Larrea divaricata Cycium spp. Manmillaria microcarpa Opuntia fulgida Opuntia Teptocaulis Opuntia phaeacantha Opuntia spinostor ‘immonds i neni Bouteloua rothrockii MuhTenbergia porteri Tridens ‘puche us Sonoran Desertscrub--Arizona Upland Association Netleaf hackberry Blue paloverde Saguaro Desert-willow Ironwood Mesquite Cat-claw Yellow paloverde Organpipe cactus Ocotillo White-thorn Canyon ragweed Triangle bur sage Spiny hackberry Hopbush Hedgehog cactus Brittle bush Deer buckwheat Barrel cactus Crucifixion thorn White ratany Ratany Creosote bush Wolfberry Fish-hook cactus Jumping cholla Desert Christmas cactus Prickly pear Cane cholla Jojoba Rothrock grama Bush muhly Fluffgrass Habita: Interior Chaparral Cercocarpus betuloides Cercocarpus brevif lorus Juniperus monosperma jluercus emoryi Rhus ovata Amorpha californica Arctostaphylos pringlei Arctostaphylos pungens Berberis haemotocarpa Brickellia californica Ceanothus greqgit Ceanothus eS ious Cowania mexicana Eriodictyon angustifolium Fallugia paradoxa remontia californica Garrya flavescens Boe wrightii HapTopappus Taricifolius Mimosa Piunci fare ifera Grercus turbineTla Rhamnus betu aefolia ja Rhamnus californica Rhamnus crocea Rhus trilobata Andropogon barbinodis Aristida longiseta Bouteloua curtipendula continued Birchleaf mountain- mahogany Hairy mountain- mahogany One-seeded juniper Emory oak Sugar sumac Mock locust Manzanita Pointleaf manzanita Barberry California brickellia California lilac Deer brush Cliffrose Yerba santa Apache plume Flannel bush Silk-tassel Silk-tassel Turpent ine-brush Wait-a-minute bush Shrub live oak Birchleaf buckthorn California buckthorn Hollyleaf buckthron Squawbush Cane beardgrass Red three-awn Side-oats grama Table M3120-60.1 (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Grasses (Continued) Habitat: Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses Interior Chaparral Route Tous eriopoda BouteToua gracilis Eragrostis rostis intermedia Lycurus Tycurus phleoides Muh fidnTenbergia port porteri Continued Black grama Blue grama Plains lovegrass Wolftail Bush muhly Conifer Woodland--Rocky Mountain Fasciation Quercus ganbelii Juniperus osteosperma ‘Juniperus Seopulerim woes edulis Pi nus monoph, yila Juniperus monosperma Yucca baccata Amelanchier alnifolia Artemisia nova Artemisia tridentata Berberis fremontii eanothus fendleri Chamaebatiaria millefolium Chrysothamnus depressus Thrysothamnus nauseosus Cowanta mexicana Ephedra viridis Fallugia paradoxa Opuntia basilaris puntia Fra iis Purshia tridentata Quercus trubineTla Bouteloua curtipendula BouteToua eriopoda Bouteloua gracilis Festuca arizonica Koelerta wee MuhTenbergia torreyi Oryzopsis ymenat les {tanion hystrix Sporobolus cryptandrus Stipa spp. Gambel oak Utah juniper Rocky Mountain juniper Pinyon pine Singleleaf pinyon One-seeded juniper Spanish dagger Serviceberry Black sagebrush Big sagebrush Barberry Buckbrush Fernbush Rabbit brush Rabbit brush Cliffrose Mormon tea Apache plume Beavertail Little prickly pear Antelope brush Shrub live oak Side-oats grama Black grama Blue grama Arizona fescue Mountain junegrass Ring muhly Indian rice-grass Squirreltail Sand dropseed Needlegrass Habitat: Madrean Evergreen Woodland Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs and cacti, under 6 ft Juniperus papers inus Tatifolia Pinus Teiophylla Pinus ponderosa Quercus arizonica Quercus emoryT Quercus grisea Arbutus arizonica Cupressus arizonica Pinus cembroides quercus enoryi juercus hypoleucoides ene we ob Tongifolia Quercus reticutata Juniperus monosperma Agave palmeri Agave parryi Arctostaphylos pungens Echinocereus pectinatus Epytirins PlabelTio iformis continued Alligator juniper Apache pine Chihuahua pine Ponderosa pine Arizona white oak Emory oak Gray oak Arizona madrone Arizona cypress Mexican pinyon Emory oak Silverleaf oak Mexican blue oak Netleaf oak One-seeded juniper Palmer agave Panry agave Pointleaf manzanita Rainbow cactus Coral bean CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3120-60.1 (Continued) Table M3120-60.1 (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Growth form Plant associations Madrean Evergreen Woodland (Continued Shrubs and cacti -- (Continued) Grasses and forbs Mammilaria gummifera mosa biuncifer: Andropogon barbinodis Bouteloua curtipendy a BouteToua gracilis Elyonurus barbiculmus Lycurus phTeoides MuhTenbergia emersleyi OxaTis spp. Cream cactus Wait-a-minute bush Cane bluestem Side-oats grama Blue grama Woolspike balsamscale Wolftail Bullgrass Wood-sorre] Habita Riparian Deciduous Forest and Woodland Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 19-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Habitat: Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Alnus oblongifolia Juniperus deppeana PYatanus wrightii Populus angustifolia Populus frenentit Quercus arizonica Quercus gambelii Acer glabrum Acer grandidentatum Acer negundo Fraxinus velutina Jugtans major Prosopis juliflora Prunus spp. luercus emoryi ‘alix spp. Sambucus spp. Morus microphylla uercus palmeri apindus drummondi amarix pentandra Baccharis glutinosa JamesTa americana Rhus glabra Rubus spp. Carex spp. ETeocharis spp. juncus spp. Parthenocissus inserta Pteridium aquilinum Rorippa spp. ha spp. itis arizonica Abies concolor Juniperus deppeana Pinus Flettie Pinus ponderosa Populus tremu Pseudotsuga menziesii luercus arizonica luercus gambelit Juniperus osteosperma luniperus scopulorum Pinus edulis Cercocarpus breviflorus Cercocarpus ledifol Robinia neomexicana Sambucus cerulea continued Arizona alder Alligator juniper Arizona sycamore Narrowleaf cottonwood Fremont cottonwood Arizona white oak Gambel oak Rocky Mountain maple Bigtooth maple Box-elder Velvet ash Arizona walnut Mesquite Wild cherry Emory oak Willow Elderberry Texas mulberry Palmer oak Western soapberry Tamarisk Seepwi low Cliffbush Scarlet sumac Raspberry Sedge Spikerush Rush Virginia creeper Bracken fern Watercress Cat-tail Canyon grape Montane Conifer Forest--Rocky Mountain Fasciation White fir Alligator juniper Limber pine Ponderosa pine Trembling aspen Douglas-fir Arizona white oak Gambel oak Utah juniper Rocky Mountain juniper Pinyon pine Hairy mountain- mahogany Cur leaf mountain- mahogany New Mexican locust Canadian elder Montane Conifer Forest (Continued Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion - grasses and forbs Arctostaphylos patula Artemisia nova Artemisia tridentata Berberis repens Ceanothus fendTeri Thamaebatiar. Nefolium Thrysothamnus parryi Cowania mexicana Fallugia paradoxa Fendlere 1a utahensis Gutierrezia sarothrae HoTodiscus dumosus Jamesia americana PhiladeIphus Crophy 1 lus Physocarpus monogynus Ribes cereum Rubus strigosa Symphortcarpos oreophilus Ambrosia psilostachya Artemisia Tudoviciana BTepharoneuron tricholepis Bouteloua gracilis Bromus mar, inatus Erigeron divergens rigeron agellaris Festuca arizonica KoeTeria cristata HukTenbergia montana luhTenbergia rigens xytropis Tambert? Pachystima myrsinites Fos endleriana itanion hystrix jalictrum fendTer? Victa americana Greenleaf manzanita Black sagebrush Big sagebrush Oregon-grape Buckbrush Fernbush Parry rabbit brush Cliffrose Apache plume Fendlerella Snakeweed Ocean spray Cliffbush Mock orange Ninebark Wax currant Raspberry Snowberry Ragweed Sagebrush Pine dropseed Blue grama Mountain brome Fleabane Wild daisy Arizona fescue Mountain junegrass Mountain muhly Deergrass Spike muhly Locoweed Myrtle boxleaf Muttongrass Squirreltail Black dropseed Meadow-rue American vetch Habitat: Subalpine Conifer Forest. Rocky Mountain Fasciation Tall trees, potentially over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Grasses and forbs Abies concolor Abies Tastocarpa Picea engeTmanni Picea pungens PopuTus tremuloides seudotsuga menziesii Acer glabrum Alnus tenuifolia Pinus aristata nus fTexilis Prunus emarginata Salix scouleriana Berberis repens Fragaria ovalis Tun tperas “communis Tonicera involucrata Potentilla fruticosa Ribes spp. Ribes cereum Sambucus racemosa Symphoricarpos oreophilus Theetntun- ore — Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Blepharoneuron tricholepis romus spp. Festuca arizonica Festuca rubra Geranium richardsonii continued White fir Alpine fir Engelmann spruce Blue spruce Trembling aspen Douglas-fir Rocky Mountain maple Mountain alder Bristle-cone pine Limber pine Wild cherry Mountain willow Oregon-grape Strawberry Owarf juniper Black-fruited honeysuckle Bush cinquefoil Gooseberry Wax currant Red elderberry Snowberry Whort leberry Bearberry Pine dropseed Brome Arizona fescue Red fescue Cranesbill geranium SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 295 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.1 (Concluded) Growth form Plant associations Subalpine Conifer Forest (Continued Table M3120-60.1 [R] (Concluded) Growth form Plant associations rae : ase Populus fremontii Narrowleaf cottonwood Fremont cottonwood Ari nite oak Grasses and Muhlenbergia montana Mountain muhly quercue ere Genel oak forbs Pachystima myrsinites Myrtle boxleaf Quercus gambett ; y: e lyrtle boxlea’ ; (Continued) hleum alpinum Mountain timothy Medium trees, Acer alabrun Rocky Mountain maple Primula spp. Primrose 20-40 ft Acer grandidentatum Bigtooth maple setum spicatum Spike trisetum Acer negundo Box-elder Vicia americana American vetch Cupressus arizonica Arizona cypress Fraxinus velutina — Velvet ash Habitat: Subalpine and Montane Grassland JugTans major Arizona walnut Prosopis juliflora Mesquite Low to medium Sambucus racemosa Red elderberry Prunus spp. Wild cherry shrubs, under me luercus emoryi Emory oak 10 ft Site Willow ‘Sambucus spp. Elderberry Lesser vegeta- Achillea lanulosa Yarrow : Low trees and Morus microphylla Texas mulberry tion Agoseris spp. Mountain dandelion tall shrubs, uercus palmeri Palmer oak Agropyron spp. Wheatgrass 10-20 ft were Western soapberry Agropyron trachycaulum Agrostis spp. Blepharoneuron romus spp. Slender wheatgrass Ticklegrass epis Pine dropseed Low to medium indus drummondi Tamarie pentandra pentandra Baccharis emoryi accharis glutinosa Tamarisk Emory baccharis Brome shrubs, under Seepwi low Bromus carinatus poumtain brome 10 ft Jamesia americana CVF fbush Carex spp edge Rhus glabra Scarlet sumac Castiiela spp. Indtan paintbrush Rhus fadteans Poison ivy : jat_ grass Rubus spp- aspberry Delphinium spp. Larkspur Rubus ‘SPP. Deschampsia caespitosa ‘Tufted hairgrass Lesser vegeta- Carex spp. Sedge eee SPP. peeeuane tion Eleocharis spp. Spikerush uca spp. - escue Juncus spp. us| Festuca thruberi Thurber fescue Parthenocissus inserta Virginia creeper Sneezeweed Pteridium aquilinum Bracken fern HeTenium hoopesti HeTianthel¥a quinquener vis False sunflower . Rorippa spp. Watercress Hordeum jubatum Foxtail barley Scirpus americanus Three-square bulrush Tris missouriensis Blue flag toe Cat-tail Juncus spp. Rush Vitis arizonica Canyon grape Koeleria cristata Mountain junegrass ene ges nina Lathyrus Teucanthus Aspen peavine Subtropical Riparian Uotus spp. Deer vetch a Tou eer vet Tall trees, Populus fremontii Fremont cottonwood upinus spp. Lupine eS aa Good! in Hetica t Tica bulbosa Oniongrass over 40 ft Salix gooddingii joodding willow Monarda spp. Horsemint Medium trees, Chilopsis linearis Desert-willow MuhTenbergia montana Mountain muhly 20-40 ft Prosopis juliflora Mesquite luhtenbergia virescens Screwleaf muhly rosopis pubescens Screwbean mesquite Oxytropis Tami Salix bonplandiana rty Locoweed Bonpland willow Prteum alpinum Mountain timothy ilashingtonta Filifera California fan palm Phlox caespitosa Phlox - os Poa spp. Bluegrass Low trees and Acacia greggii Cat-claw Fos f endleriana Muttongrass tall shrubs, Celtis aiticalata Net leaf hackberry oa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass 10-20 ft ‘amar ix ‘pentandra Saltcedar Potentilla spp. Cinquefoil 2 ° — = Pteridium aquilinum Bracken fern Low to medium Allenrolfea occidentalis lodinebush Fenuneuly us Spp. Buttercup shrubs, under AtripTex lentiformis Shadscale enecio serra Groundsel 10 ft Atriplex polycarpa Desert saltbush SoTidago spp. Goldenrod Baccharis ie Baccharis Sphaeralcea fendleri Globe mallow Baccharts emoryi Emory baccharis tips columbiana Subalpine needlegrass Baccharis glutinosa Seepwillow Stipa Tettermani Letterman needlegrass tattle paltida Desert hackberry Tarseacan officinale Dandelion Condatis Tycto yeioides Gray-thorn Thalictrum fendleri— Meadow-rue Juncus spp. Rush Trifolium fendleri Mountain clover Hentzelia spp. Blazing-star Trisetum spicatum Spike trisetum Phragmites conmunis Reed Verbascum ‘thapsus Great mullein Scirpus spp. - Bulrush Vicia americana American vetch Sets paludosus Salt-marsh bulrush Viota spp. Violet Tessaria “sericea Arrow-weed Typha spp. Cat-tail Lesser vegeta- Bromus rubens Red brome tion Carex spp. Sedge Cruciferae spp. Mustard Cucurbita palmata Cynodon dactyTon Coyote-me1 lon Bermuda grass Dalea mollis Indigobush Distichlis spicata Saltgrass Table M3120-60.1 [R] Selected Plant Species Common to the Erodium cicutarium Fillaree * . + . oe Garea canescens Desert-sunf lower Upper Gila Mountains Forest (Riparian Communities) Helianthus annuus Sunf lower Hibiscus spp. Rose mallow Growth form Plant associations Janusia gracilis Janusia Totus rigidos — Deer vetch Temperate Riparian Nemacladus glanduliferus Nemacladus Oenothera spp. Evening-pr imrose Tall trees, Alnus oblongifolia Arizona alder Genothera mul ti juga Oe ee ened over ao fe eras Seema freee Sree cts Schismus grass Platanus wrightii Arizona sycamore as ban ait ea 9 continued arizonica Canyon grape 296 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Upper Gila Mountains Forest Species _ Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White fir (balsam fir) Common in conifer Abies concolor forest, 5,000- Hoopes 10,000 ft M3120 Alpine fir (white balsam, Common tree of white fir, corkbark fir) spruce--fir forest, Abies lasiocarpa 8,000-12,000 ft, Hook.) Nutt. sun M3120 White-thorn (mescat Washes, slopes, acacia) mesas, 2,000- Acacia constricta 5,000 ft, sun Benth M3120 Cat-claw (devil's claw, Washes, mesas, una degato) to 5,000 ft Acacia greggii Gray M3120 Rocky Mountain maple Moist soils along Acer glabrum streams, 7,000- orr. 9,000 ft, sun and M3120 shade Bigtooth maple Moist soil along Acer grandidentatum streams and can- Nutt. yons, 4,700-7,000 M3120 ft, sun or shade Box-elder Moist soil along Acer negundo streams, 4,000- L. 8,000 ft, sun 3120 and shade Yarrow Common in pine Achillea lanulosa forest, 5,500- Nutt. 11,500 ft, sun M3120 Palmer agave (mescal Locally common in century plant) rocky foothills Agave palmeri and mountains, ingelm. grasslands, 3,500- 3120 6,500 ft, sun Parry agave (mescal) Common in moun- Agave parryi tains, 4,500- ngelm. 8,000 ft, sun 3120 Mountain dandelion Meadows, open Agoseris spp. coniferous for- Raf. est, 6,500- 3120 10,000 ft, sun Wheatgrass Forest edges, Agropyron spp. mountain meadows, Gaertn. above 7,000 ft, M3120 sun Slender wheatgrass Canyons, forest Agropyron trachycaulum slopes, meadows, chwein. below 9,000 ft M3120 Ticklegrass (spike Forest edges and redtop) meadows, above Agrostis spp. 7,000 ft, sun Ll. M3120 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Large evergreen tree, 80-150 ft, conical crown Medium to large tree, 50-90 ft, narrow crown, shrublike at tim- berline Spreading shrub, 2-10 ft Large shrub to small tree, to 25 ft Shrub or small tree, deciduous, to 33 ft Deciduous tree, up to 50 ft, with spreading crown Deciduous tree, up to 50 ft, broad rounded crown Perennial herb, with creeping rootstocks, 10- 20 in Leaf cluster, 1.5-4.5 ft Numerous crowded leaves, forming a rounded cluster, 2-3 ft diameter Perennial herb, 8-24 in Perennial grass, up to 4 ft Tufted perennial grass, 15-40 in Tufted perennial grass, up to 3 ft Cone, 3-5 in, pollinates in spring Cones, dark- purple, 3-4 in, pollinates in spring Glabrous pods, splitting when ripe, spring Pod, 2.5-5 in Samara, May-June Samara, Apr. Paired samara, Apr. 1-seeded, June- Sept. Capsule, many seeded, June- duly Capsule Achene, summer- fall Achene, summer- fall Grain, June-Nov. Grain, summer- fall continued Seeds eaten by song- birds; browsed by deer and elk Seeds eaten by song- birds and squirrel; browsed by beaver, elk, deer, sheep; nesting cover for songbirds Seeds eaten by dove and quail; browsed by rabbit Seeds eaten by dove and quail; roosting tree for quail Seeds eaten by quail, turkey, bear, squir- rel, fox; browsed by deer, rabbit, beaver Same as A. glabrum Same as A. glabrum Plant eaten by rab- bits and sheep Seeds eaten by sage grouse Plant eaten by deer and elk Plant eaten by rab- bits, antelope, elk, deer Plant eaten by elk and deer Common along washes, a weed on range- lands Often abundant May spread by un- derground sprouts Excellent forage grass 297 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Arizona alder Alnus oblongifolia Torr. M3120 Mountain alder (thinleaf alder) Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. M3120 Canyon ragweed Habitat Moist soil along streams, canyons, 5,000-7,000 ft, sun Along streams and canyons, 7,000- 9,000 ft, sun and shade Sandy washes, can- Form Tree, up to 60 ft, round, open crown Large shrub to small tree, to 30 ft Shrub, to 3 ft Fruit Cone, with nut- lets, Mar. Cone, with small nutlets, Apr.- May Fruiting heads General wildlife use Seeds eaten by song- birds; browsed by deer, elk, rabbits Seeds eaten by song- birds and gamebirds; browsed by deer and rabbits Notes Checks erosion Forms thickets a- long streams Absent in New Mexi- Ambrosia ambrosioides yon bottoms, sun with lateral co Cav. spikes M3120 Triangle bur sage Alluvial plains, Shrub, .5-2.5 ft Flattened, spiny (bur sage) rocky slopes, fruiting heads Ambrosia deltoidea bajadas, sun Cav. M3120 Serviceberry Banks, slopes, Shrub or small tree, Pome, summer- Fruit eaten by song- Amelanchier alnifolia mountains, 5,000- 3-12 ft early fall birds and bears; Nutt. 10,000 ft, sun browsed by deer and M3120 elk Mock locust (stinking Along streams, Shrub, 4-10 ft Pod, summer willow) Amorpha californica Nutt. M3120 Cane beardgrass, Cane bluestem Andropogon barbinodis Lag. M3120 Arizona madrone 5,000-6,500 ft Dry rocky or sandy slopes, plains and road- sides, below 6,000 ft, sun Mountains in oak Tufted perennial grass, 30-70 in Evergreen tree, Grain, June-Nov. Berrylike, fleshy Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by ante- lope and deer Fruit eaten by song- Good range plant; drought-resistant (madrono) woodland, 4,000- 20-50 ft, compact drupe, Apr.-Sept. birds and gamebirds; Arbutus arizonica 8,000 ft, sun crown browsed by deer Buck1. M3120 Greenleaf manzanita Coniferous forest, Low shrub, 3 ft Several seeded Same as A. arizonica Very fire-resist- Arctostaphylos patula 7,000-8,500 ft, round fruit, ant; forms thickets Greene sun May-June M3120 Manzanita Ory slopes, often Shrub, 6 ft Several seeded Same as A. arizonica Arctostaphylos pringlei with cypress, berry, Apr.-June Parry 4,000-6,500 ft, M3120 sun Pointleaf manzanita Dry slopes, Shrub, 3-5 ft Several seeded Same as A. arizonica Common plant of Arctostaphylos pungens HBK. M3120 Bearberry (sandberry, manzanita, kinnik- 3,500-8,000 ft, sun Poor soils, open coniferous forest, Creeping shrub, 5-8 in, forming berry, Feb.-May Many seeded, berrylike, Feb.- Fruit eaten by game- birds; browsed by kinnik) aspen groves mats June deer Arctostaphylos uva-ursi above 7,000 ft L.) Spreng. M3120 Red three-awn (three awn) Aristida longiseta Steud. Arid, sandy and rocky hills, plateaus, forest openings, 5,000- Perennial bunch- grass, 4-14 in Long-awned grains, May-Nov. Plant eaten by rab- bit and deer open chaparral; forms thickets Widely distributed Absent in Nevada M3120 8,500 ft Sagebrush Dry slopes, can- Forb, 1-2.5 ft Achene, Aug.-Nov. Plant eaten by rab- Often on limestone Artemisia ludoviciana yons, open forest, bits, deer, elk, Nutt. 2,500-8,000 ft sheep M3120 sun continued 298 CHAPTER 2 Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Black sagebrush Dry slopes, mesas, Shrub, 1-3 ft Achene, Aug.- Browsed by rabbits, Artemisia nova shallow stony soil, Sept. deer, elk Nels. 6,000-8,000 ft, M3120 sun Big sagebrush Plains, mesas, Shrub, 1-7 ft Achene, July-Oct. Same as A. nova Good growth indi- Artemisia tridentata rocky slopes, in cates deep, fertile Nutt. pinyon pine, nonsaline soil M3120 5,000-8,000 ft, sun Seepwillow Moist soil along Willow-like decidu- Achene, Mar.-Dec. Often forming thick- Baccharis glutinosa streams, to 5,500 ous shrub, to 7 ft ets Pers. ft, sun M3120 Barberry (hollygrape) In conifer wood- Shrub, 3-9 ft Berry, late Same as A. nova Berberis fremontii land, 4,000- spring-summer Torr. 7,000 ft M3120 Barberry (red mahonia) Dry rocky soils, Shrub, to 6 ft Berry, summer Same as A. nova Berberis haematocarpa 4,500-5,000 ft, — Woot. sun M3120 Oregon-grape Coniferous forest, Spreading, low Berries, round, Same as A. nova Forms excellent Berberis repens 5,000-8,500 ft shrub, 1 ft black, Apr.-June ground cover to Lind. check erosion M3120 Pine dropseed (hairy Rocky slopes, dry Erect, densely Grain, July-Nov. Plant eaten by deer Good forage spe- dropseed) open forest, tufted perennial and elk cies Blepharoneuron 4,500-9,500 ft, grass, 8-24 in tricholepis sun Torr.) Nash M3120 Side-oats grama Rocky slopes, wood- Erect, tufted per- Grain, May-Nov. Seeds eaten by tur- Good range grass, Bouteloua curtipendula lands, forest open- ennial grass, key; plant eaten by fast-growing, Michx. ings, plains, to 14-40 in rabbits, elk, deer, highly palatable M3120 7,000 ft, sun antelope Black grama Dry, sandy pla- Low, tufted per- Long awned grain, Same as B. curtipendula Drought-adapted Bouteloua eriopoda teaus, rocky slopes, ennial grass, 8-35 July-Nov. climax species, Torr. 3,500-6,000 ft, in easily overgrazed M3120 sun Blue grama Open, rocky slopes, Tufted perennial Grain, July-Nov. Seeds eaten by tur- Excellent range Bouteloua gracilis plains, forest grass, 10-30 in key; plant eaten by grass; adapted to HBK. openings, meadows, rabbits, elk, deer drought and heavy M3120 4,000-8,000 ft grazing Rothrock grama Dry sandy soils, Erect perennial Grain, Aug.-Nov. Same as B. curtipendula Important range Bouteloua rothrockii mesas, Canyons, grass, 10-24 in grass; moderate Vasey slopes, below palatability M3120 6,000 ft California brickellia Washes, dry rocky Shrub, 1.5-3 ft Achene, fall Seeds eaten by game- Brickellia californica slopes, below birds Gray 8,000 ft, sun M3120 Brome Forest edges, Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by deer Bromus spp. mountain meadows, 16-35 in fall and elk Le above 7,000 ft 3120 Mountain brome (Cali- Open woods, waste- Tufted perennial Grain, Aug.-Oct. Seeds eaten by game- Weedy species fornia brome, rescue lands, middle and grass, 16-30 in birds; plant eaten by brome) lower elevations rabbits, deer, elk Bromus carinatus Vah’ M3120 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES continued 299 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mountain brome Woodlands and Perennial grass, Grain, Aug.-Nov. Plant eaten by deer, Good forage grass Bromus marginatus forest openings, 16-40 in elk, antelope Nees above 5,500 ft M3120 Sedge Moist soil along Perennial grasslike, Achenes in spikes, Seeds eaten by game- Carex spp. streams, shady erect herb, 2-4 ft spring birds, bear, rabbits, L. canyons, 5,000- squirrel, fox; plant M3120 11,500 ft, sun eaten by deer and elk and shade Indian paintbrush Arid slopes to Annual, perennial Many-seeded cap- Seeds eaten by song- Castilleja spp. moist coniferous forb, 6-20 in sule, Mar.-Nov. birds; plant eaten by Mutis forest, 2,000- deer M3120 10,000 ft Buckbrush (deer-brier) Foothills, moun- Shrub, to 3 ft, Capsule, 3-celled, Browsed by deer Ceanothus fendleri tains, common in forming low thick- Apr.-Oct. Gray pine forests, ets M3120 5,000-10,000 ft, sun and shade California lilac (desert Dry slopes, 3,500- Shrub, 3-6 ft Capsule, summer Same as C. fendleri ceanothus) 7,500 ft Ceanothus greggii Gray 3120 Deer brush Chaparral and open Deciduous shrub, Capsule, round, Same as C. fendleri Ceanothus integerrimus coniferous forest, loosely branched, 3-celled, May- Hook. & Arn. 3,500-7,000 ft, 3-8 ft Oct. M3120 sun and shade Spiny hackberry (desert Foothills and me- Spiny, densely Oval drupe, one- Fruit eaten by dove Often forms thick- hackberry) sas, 1,500-3,500 branched decidu- seeded, spring and quail; browsed ets; ornamental Celtis pallida ft ous shrub, 3-10 by deer or ft M3120 Netleaf hackberry Streams, canyons, Deciduous large Drupe, one-seeded Fruit eaten by game- (cumero, paloblanco, washes, moist shrub to small birds and fox; western hackberry) soil, 2,500- tree, to 30 ft, browsed by deer Celtis reticulata 6,000 ft spreading crown Torr. M3120 Blue paloverde (border Desert washes and Small tree, to 30 Flattened pods, Seeds eaten by mam- paloverde) valleys, to 4,000 ft Mar.-May mals and songbirds Cercidium floridum ft, sun nth. M3120 Yellow paloverde (little- Foothills, desert Small tree, to 25 Cylindric pod, Seeds eaten by many leaf paloverde, little- slopes, 500-4,000 ft, spreading Mar.-May mammals and birds leaf horse bean, foot- ft crown hill paloverde) Cercidium microphy) lum (Torr.) Rose & Johnst. M3120 Birchleaf mountain- Mountains, 3,000- Shrub to small Hairy achene, Browsed by elk, deer Absent in New Mexi- mahogany 8,000 ft tree, to 20 ft summer- fal] antelope co Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. 3120 Hairy mountain-mahogany Dry slopes, moun- Evergreen shrub Hairy achene, Same as C. betuloides Absent west of Ari- (Wright mountain- tainsides, 5,000- or tree, to 15 ft summer-fal1 - "zona mahogany) 8,000 ft or more Cercocarpus breviflorus Gray M3120 Curlleaf mountain- Generally in pine Evergreen tree or Hairy achene, Browsed by elk and mahogany woods, 5,000- shrub, to 20 ft spring-summer deer Cercocarpus ledifolius 9,000 ft Nutt. 3120 continued 300 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Saguaro (giant cactus) Cereus giganteus Engelm. M3120 Organpipe cactus (pitahaya) Cereus thurberi EngeIm. 3120 Fernbush Chamaebatiaria millefolium Torr.) Maxim. M3120 Desert-willow (desert catalpa) Chilopsis linearis Cav. M3120 Rabbit brush Chrysothamnus depressus Cav. M3120 Rabbit brush Chrysothamnus nauseosus Britt. M3120 Parry rabbit brush Chrysothamnus parryi Greene M3120 Cliffrose Cowania mexicana D. Don M3120 Arizona cypress (rough- bark Arizona cypress, smooth cypress, smooth Arizona cypress) Cupressus arizonica Greene M3120 Oat grass Danthonia spp. oc. 3120 Larkspur Delphinium spp. c 3120 Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia caespitosa jeauv. M3120 Hopbush Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. M3120 Hedgehog cactus Echinocereus spp. Engelm. M3120 Rocky or gravelly soils of foot- hills, canyons, bajadas, washes, 600- 3,600 ft Rocky or sandy hills, mesas, val- leys, 1,000-3,500 ft Dry rocky slopes, 4,500-8,000 ft, sun Mostly along washes, in foot- hills and deserts Ory rocky slopes, plains, 5,000- 7,000 ft Dry plains and hills, 5,000- 9,000 Ft Open pine forests, 5,500-9,000 ft, sun Rocky hills and plateaus on lime- stone formations, 3,500-8,000 ft Canyons, moun- tains, oak wood- lands, 3,500- 7,200 ft Forest edges, mountain mead- ows, above 7,000 ft Forest edges, mountain meadows, above 7,000 ft Bogs, moist moun- tain meadows, streambanks, to 9,500 ft Dry, rocky slopes and canyons, often on lime- stone, 2,000-4,500 Rocky hillsides to sandy plains, 2,500-8,000 ft SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Columnar tree, 9- 50 ft Large cactus, col- umnar branches, 9-20 ft Aromatic leafy shrub, 2-6 ft Large shrub to small tree, to 30 ft Small shrub, 4- 5S in Shrub, .5-6 ft Shrub, 1-3 ft Evergreen shrub, 3-6 ft Medium-sized tree, 30 ft Perennial grass, 4-24 in Perennial herb, 1-5 ft Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 2-4 ft Shrub, to 12 ft Stems solitary or clumped, 2 ft Fruit eaten by many birds and mammals; nesting sites for many birds Ovoid to ellip- soid juicy fruits, many small seeds Fleshy, many small seeds Leathery, few- seeded capsule, July-Nov. Browsed by sheep and deer Long, narrow pod Achene, summer- fall Browsed by rabbits, antelope, deer, elk Achene, summer- fall Seeds eaten by song- birds; browsed by rabbits, deer, ante- lope, elk Achene, Aug.- Sept. Hairy achene, late spring-fall Browsed by deer Round cones, short stalked Grain, July-0ct. Follicle, summer- fall Plant eaten by deer, elk, bighorn sheep Grain, June-Oct. Dry with broad wings, Feb.-Oct. Globular or ellip- soid continued Absent in New Mexi- co Only in Arizona Often occurring with juniper and pinyon Good soil binder Sometimes in associ- ation with sage- brush Very scattered and localized; probably relic populations Excellent range spe cies; holds well under moderate grazing Increases on over- grazed ranges 301 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Columnar, 4-6 in Spiny, green, fleshy Rainbow cactus Limestone hills, Echinocereus pectinatus 3,500-5,200 ft Scheide M3120 Spikerush Moist soil along Upright herb, leaf- Achenes in spike- Seeds eaten by game- Eleocharis spp. streams or in less, 1-3 ft lets, spring birds; plant eaten by R. Br. forests, 150- rabbits and muskrat M3120 3,000 ft Perennial grass, Grain, July-Nov. Good forage grass 16-32 in Ory, rocky slopes and plains, desert grass- lands, juniper-- oak woodlands Woolspike balsamscale Elyonurus barbiculmus Hack. M3120 Common to locally Low branching abundant Brittle bush (incienso) Achene, Nov.-May Encelia farinosa Dry rocky slopes and mesas, to Gray 3,000 ft 3120 Mormon tea Arid slopes, me- Erect shrub, 1-3 ft Naked seed, sum- Seeds eaten by quail; Ephedra viridis sas, 3,000-7,000 mer browsed by antelope, cove ft deer, rabbit §3120 Used to reseed Tufted erect per- rangeland; good ennial grass, Plains lovegrass Grain, July-Nov. Eragrostis intermedia Sandy or rocky slopes and plains Hitchc. 22-35 in soil binder M3120 Fleabane Forest edge, open Perennial herb, 1-3 Achene, summer- Erigeron spp. ground, mountain ft fall L. meadows, above M3120 7,000 ft Fleabane (wild daisy) Forb, 6-30 in Achene, Feb.-Oct. Erigeron divergens T. & G. M3120 Dry slopes, mesas, to open pine woods, 1,000-9,000 ft, sun Wild daisy (fleabane) Achene, Apr.- Open coniferous Forb, 6-30 in Erigeron flagellaris forest, mountain Sept. ray meadows, 3,000- M3120 9,500 ft Yerba santa Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. M3120 Ory slopes, 2,000- 7,000 ft Capsule, summer- fall Shrub, up to 6.5 Browsed by deer ft Deer buckwheat Arid lands, 3,000- Herb or shrub, to Achene, June-Oct. Seeds eaten by game- Common throughout Eriogonum wrightii Torr. M3120 Coral bean (southwestern coral bean, western coral bean, chilicote, Indian bean) Erythrina flabelliformis Kearn. M3120 Apache plume Fallugia paradoxa EndT. M3120 Fendlerella Fendlerella utahensis lats.) Heller 3120 7,000 ft Warm, dry, rocky slopes, canyons, foothills, 3,000- 5,500 ft Ory, rocky slopes, 4,000-5,000 ft Dry, open pine woods, 5,000- 8,000 ft, sun 2.5 ft Shrub or small tree, to 15 ft Shrub, 1-5 ft Small, much-branched shrub, 1-3 ft Several-seeded pod Achene, summer Capsule, June- Sept. continued birds and songbirds; plant eaten by deer and rabbits desert CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Barrel cactus Rocky, gravelly Barrel to columnar, Fleshy, many Fruit eaten by many mam- Ferocactus wislizenii or sandy soils of 2-10 ft seeded, yellow, mals (Engelm.) Britt. & hills, canyons, July-Sept. Rose washes, alluvial M3120 fans, 1,000- 5,600 ft Fescue Forest edges, Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Seeds eaten by turkey Festuca spp. mountain meadows, 16-40 in fall and songbirds; plant L. above 6,000 ft eaten by deer and elk M3120 Arizona fescue Forest, mountain Densely tufted per- Grain, June-Sept. Same as Festuca spp. Festuca arizonica meadows, 6,000- ennial grass, 18- Vasey 10,000 ft 36 in M3120 Red fescue Meadows, hills, Loosely tufted per- Grain, July-Sept. Seeds eaten by turkey; Festuca rubra bogs, marshes, ennial grass, 16-40 plant eaten by deer L. at higher eleva- in and elk M3120 tions Thurber fescue Dry slopes, rocky Densely tufted, Grain, summer- Same as Festuca spp. Only in Colorado, Festuca thurberi hills, 4,500- erect perennial fall New Mexico, Utah, Vasey 11,500 ft grass, 24-36 in Wyoming M3120 Ocotillo (coachwhip, Dry slopes, me- Thorny, deciduous Capsule, 3-celled, Browsed by bighorn cand] ewood) sas, to 5,000 ft shrub with tall, Splitting when sheep Fouquieria splendens unbranched whiplike ripe, Apr.-June Engelm. stems, 6-27 ft M3120 Strawberry Moist meadows, Perennial shrub Achenes embedded Fruit eaten by game- Fragaria oval coniferous forest, with connecting in fleshy aggre- birds, songbirds, Lehm.) Rydb. 7,000-11,000 ft, runners 4-6 in gate fruit, May- rabbits, squirrel, M3120 sun or shade Oct. deer Velvet ash Moist soils of Small to medium Long winged sa- Seeds eaten by game- Fraximus velutina streambanks, tree, round crown, mara, Mar.-May birds, songbirds, Torr. washes, canyons, _ to 40 ft squirrel, deer; nest- M3120 2,500-7,000 ft, ing cover for squirrel sun and songbirds Flannel bush Dry north facing Shrub, 4-12 ft Capsule, summer (California fremont) slopes, canyons, Fremontia californica 3,500-6,000 ft Torr. M3120 Silk-tassel Ory slopes, 3,000- Evergreen shrub, to Berrylike, spring Fruit eaten by turkey; Garrya flavescens 8,000 ft 6 ft browsed by deer Wats. M3120 Silk-tassel Dry slopes, 3,000- Large evergreen Berry, Mar.-Aug. Same as G. flavescens Garrya wrightii 8,000 ft, sun shrub, 6-10 ft Torr. M3120 Cranesbill geranium Coniferous forest, Perennial forb, Capsule, 5-lobed, Seeds eaten by dove, Geranium richardsonii 6,500-11,500 ft, 12-30 in Apr.-Oct. quail, towhee; plant Fish. & Traut. sun and shade eaten by deer M3120 Snakeweed (broom Plains, slopes, in Shrub, .5-1 ft Small achene, Seeds eaten by quail; Invader of over- snakeweed ) upper desert, July-Nov. browsed by rabbits, grazed ranges Gutierrezia sarothrae desert grasslands, antelope, deer Pursh) Britt. & Rusby oak woodlands, M3120 3,000-7,000 ft Turpentine-brush Mesas, slopes, Shrub, 1-3 ft Achene, cylindric, Haplopappus canyons, 3,000- Aug.-Nov. aricifolius 6,000 ft Gray M3120 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 303 304 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sneezeweed Conifer forest, Perennial herb, Achene, turbinate, Helenium hoopesii mountain meadows, 1-3.5 ft June-Sept. Gray 7,000-11,000 ft M3120 False sunflower Helianthell] uinquenervis Hook.) Gray M3120 Crucifixion thorn (holocantha, corona de cristo) Holacantha emoryi Gray M3120 Ocean spray (foam bush, mountain spray, cream- bush) Holodiscus dumosus Nutt.) Heller M3120 Foxtail barley Hordeum jubatum L. M3120 Blue flag (Rocky Mountain iris, flag) Iris missouriensis Nut M3120 Cliffbush damesia americana T. 8G. M3120 Arizona walnut duglans major Torr.) Heller M3120 Rush Juncus spp. U 3120 Dwarf juniper (ground-cedar) Juniperus communis L. §3120 Alligator juniper Juniperus deppena Steud. M3120 One-seeded juniper Juniperus monosperma Engelm.) Sarg. M3120 Utah juniper (western juniper) Juniperus osteosperma Torr.) Little M3120 Mountain meadows, woods, 5,000- 10,000 ft Desert valleys on clay soil, sand dunes, 500-2,000 ft Pine or spruce forests, often on cliffs, 5,500- 10,000 ft, sun Moist soils along streams and lakes, above 5,000 ft Wet meadows, 6,000-9,500 ft Moist canyons, along streams in coniferous for- ests, 7,500- 9,500 ft, sun and shade Moist soil along streams, canyons, 3,500-7,000 ft, sun Moist soil along streams, ponds, Jakes, 2,000- 11,500 ft Mountain and for- est, above 8,000 ft Moist soil along streams or scat- tered on hillside in oak woodland “or ponderosa pine forest, 4,500- 8,000 ft, sun Dry hills, mesas, 3,000-7,000 ft, foothills, pinyon-- juniper woodland Dry plains, pla- teaus, hills, often in pure stands or with pinyon, 3,000-7,500 ft, sun Perennial herb, 8-24 in Spiny shrub to small tree, to 12 ft Aromatic, deciduous shrub, 3 ft Annual or perennial grass, 12-24 in Perennial forb, 8-15 in Deciduous shrub, 1-6 ft Tree, 50 ft, round crown, Perennial grasslike herbs, 2-4 ft Dense aromatic ever- green, usually prostrate shrub, 1-3 ft Tree, 20-65 ft, round crown Shrub to small ever- green tree, conical crown, 10-25 ft Small evergreen tree, broad, round crown, 15-40 ft Achene, July-Oct. Drupelike carpels, June-July One-seeded foll- icle, June-Sept. Long awned grain, June-Oct. Capsule, late summer-fal1 Capsule, dry beak- ed, June-July Seeds eaten by song- birds, squirrel, fox Round nut with hairy husk spring Capsule, spring Forage Fruit eaten by song- birds, deer, quail, turkey, bear, fox Cone, small round berrylike, polli- nates, spring Cone, berrylike, fleshy, pollinates in spring Fruit eaten by deer, quail, turkey, bear, fox Cone, 1-seeded, berrylike, ma- tures in] yr Important food and cover for numerous species Cone, brown, berry- Same as J. monosperma like, pollinates in spring continued Absent in New Mexi- co Invades disturbed areas Most common juniper ‘in New Mexico Most common juniper in Arizona CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rocky Mountain juniper (western juniper) Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. M3120 Mountain junegrass (prairie junegrass) Koeleria cristata L.) Pers. M3120 White ratany Krameria grayi Rose & Painter 3120 Ratany Krameria parvifolia Benth. 3120 Creosote bush (greasewood) Larrea divaricata av. M3120 Aspen peavine (peavine) Lathyrus leucanthus db . M3120 Black-fruited honeysuckle Lonicera involucrata Richards) Banks M3120 Deer vetch (deer clover) Lotus spp. L. M3120 Lupine Lupinus spp. L 63120 Wol fberry Lycium spp. L 3120 Wolftail (Texas-timothy) Lycurus phleoides HBK. M3120 Cream cactus Mammillaria gummifera Engelm. M3120 Fish-hook cactus Mammillaria microcarpa Engelm. M3120 Oniongrass Melica bulbosa Port. & Coult. M3120 Scattered in moun- tains and canyons of pinyon-- juniper woodland and lower ponderosa pine, 5,000-9,000 ft, sun Prairie, open woods, sandy soils, rocky slopes, be- Tow 9,000 ft Dry plains, mesas, 500-5,000 ft Dry rocky slopes, gravelly plains, 500-5,000 ft Alluvial plains, foothills, slopes, to 4,000 ft Open dry woodland, meadows, 6,500- 11,500 ft Open coniferous forest, often along streams, 7,500-10,500 ft, sun and shade Forest edges, mountain meadows, 3,000-9,000 ft Dry slopes, me- sas, open forest, 100-10,000 ft, sun Plains, slopes, hills and washes with alluvial soil, 1,000- 7,000 ft Open rocky slopes, plains, below 8,000 ft Rocky or gravelly limestone soils, 4,000-4,500 ft Sandy gravel of canyons, washes, alluvial fans and plains, 1,000- 5,000 ft Rocky woodlands, hills, 3,000- 8,000 ft Small to medium evergreen tree, nar- row, pointed open crown, 20-50 ft Tufted or bunched perennial grass, 14-28 in Low, branched shrub, 1-2 ft Shrub, 1-1.5 ft Shrub, usually 3-6 ft Perennial herb, 6-24 in Erect or twining deciduous shrub, 1-10 ft, tending to form thickets Perennial herb, 8-16 in Annual or peren- nial forb with terminal cluster flowers, 6-24 in Spreading to erect spiny shrub, 3-9 ft Tufted erect per- ennial, 8-25 in Globose to 4 in Cylindroid cactus, 3-6 in Perennial grass, 12-24 in Cone, berrylike, pollinates in spring Grain, May-Oct. Round, thick wall- ed, spiny, 1- seeded, Apr.-Sept. Smal] burr with several spines, Apr.-Oct. Capsule, 5-celled, spiny, spring Legume, summer- fall Berrylike, June- duly Legume, summer- fall Flat pods, con- stricted between seeds, spring- fall Many-seeded berry Awned grain, July- Nov. Smooth berry, sum- mer Smooth berry with small seeds, sum- mer Grain, summer-fall continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Same as J. monosperma Plant eaten by deer and elk Browsed by rabbits and smal] mammals Nectar is primary food for hummingbirds Good forage Seeds eaten by song- birds, quail, turkey, bear Fruit eaten by dove and quail Fastest growing juniper Good forage; rarely locally abundant Absent in New Mexi- co; relished by livestock Relished by live- stock Most common and widely distributed shrub in desert Good for erosion control Some species poi- sonous to livestock Valuable range grass Only in Arizona New Mexico and Colorado; absent ‘in’ Arizona 305 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) 306 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Wait-a-minute bush (cat-claw, wait-a-bit) Mimosa biuncifera Benth. M3120 Horsemint (beebalm) Monarda spp. L 3120 Texas mulberry Morus microphylla Buckl. M3120 Bullgrass Muhlbergia emersleyi Vasey M3120 Mountain muhly Muhlenbergia montana Hitchc.- M3120 Bush muhly Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. M3120 Deergrass Muhlenbergia rigens Benth.) Hitchc. M3120 Ring muhly (ring grass) Muhlenbergia torreyi Hitchc. M3120 Screwleaf muhly Muhlenbergia virescens Kunth M3120 Spike muhly Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey M3120 Ironwood (tesota palo fierro, palo-de-hierro) Olneya tesota Gray M3120 Beavertail Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & BigeT. M3120 Little prickly pear Opuntia fragilis Nutt. §3120 Jumping cholla Opuntia fulgida Engelm. M3120 Dry soil on mesas, rocky slopes, 3,000-6,000 ft Open coniferous forests, mountain meadows above 7,000 ft Moist soil along streams, washes, canyons, rocky slopes below cliffs, 2,000- 6,000 ft, sun or shade Rocky slopes, ledges, forest openings, drier soils below 6,500 ft Rocky slopes, ledges, woodlands, forest openings, 4,500-9,500 ft Dry mesas, rocky slopes, canyons, 2,000-6,000 ft Gravelly or sandy canyon bottoms, washes, in moist soil, occasionally dry plateaus or meadows, 3,000- 7,000 ft Dry ridges, sandy plateaus, rocky slopes, below 6,500 ft Rocky slopes, ridges, pine for- ests, 5,000-9,500 ft, shade Woodland, forest openings, dry meadows, 5,500- 9,000 ft Sandy washes, foothills, to 2,500 ft Sandy flat dunes, valleys in wood- lands, 4,000- 7,000 ft Sandy to gravelly soils, 4,500- 8,000 ft Sandy soil of plains, mesas, washes, hills Spiny deciduous shrub, 2-6 ft Perennial herb, 12- 30 in Large shrub or smal] tree, in dense clumps, up to 20 ft Erect perennial grass, 20-40 in Tufted perennial grass, 6-26 in Erect perennial grass, 12-40 in Perennial grass, 2-5 ft Perennial grass, 6-12 in Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 16-24 in Perennial grass, 1-2 ft Spiny evergreen tree to 30 ft Clumps, 6-12 in high Mat-forming plant, 2-4 in Small cactus tree, 3-15 ft Legume, many seeded, May-Aug. Nutlets, summer- fall Oblong cluster of berries, Apr. Grain, June-Nov. Grain, Aug.-Oct. Grain, Aug.-Nov. Grain, June-Oct. Grain, Aug.-Nov. Grain, May-July Grain, July-Nov. Pod, May-June Dry, not spiny Obovoid dry fruit Fleshy, in chains, June-Aug. continued Browsed by deer; cover for deer and rabbits Fruit eaten by song- birds, fox, squirrels Seeds eaten plant eaten and elk by turkey; by deer Plant eaten by elk Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by deer and elk Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by deer and elk Seeds eaten by wild turkey; plant eaten by deer, elk, bighorn sheep Food and cover for numerous small species Fruit eaten by numerous gamebirds and mammals, especially peccary Principal nesting site - for cactus wren Often forms large, dense thickets; good soil binder Good soil binder on steep slopes Highly palatable; largely grazed out Poor range grass; good soil binder In Arizona and New Mexico only Extremely hard, brittle, heavy wood Only in Arizona CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Desert Christmas cactus (tesajo, cholla) Opuntia leptocaulis oc. M3120 Prickly pear Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. M3120 Cane cholla Opuntia spinosior (EngeTm.) Toumey M3120. Indian rice-grass Oryzopsis hymenoides R. & S.) Ricker M3120 Wood-sorrel Oxalis spp. L 3120 Locoweed Oxytropis lamberti Pursh M3120 Myrtle boxleaf (Oregon boxwood, mountain-lover) Pachystima myrsinites Pursh) Raf. 3120 Virginia creeper Parthenocissus inserta Kern.) Fritsc M3120 Mock orange Philadelphus microphy!]us Gray M3120 Mountain timothy (alpine timothy) Phieum alpinum L. M3120 Phlox Phlox caespitosa Nutt. M3120 Ninebark Physocarpus monogynus Torr.) Coult. M3120 Engelmann spruce Picea engelmanni Parry 3120 Blue spruce (Colorado spruce, silver spruce) Picea pungens Engel. M3120 Mesas, flats, val- leys, plains, washes in deserts Sandy soils of plains, washes, hills, deserts, grasslands, 1,500-7,000 ft Deep soils of val- leys, plains, hillsides, grass- lands, chaparrals, woodlands, 2,000- 6,500 ft Open sandy plains, hills, woodlands at medium eleva- tions Moist soils, 2,500- 9,000 ft Open sandy areas, 5,000-8,000 ft Coniferous forests, 6,000-9,000 ft On trees, growing in moist soil along streams, 3,000- 7,000 ft, shade Rocky slopes, can- yons, chaparral, coniferous forest, 5,000-9,000 ft, sun High mountain mead- ows and moist seeps, coniferous forests to alpine Mountains, 10,500 ft and higher Pine and spruce forests, 8,000- 9,500 ft, sun and shade Conifer forest, 8,000-12,000 ft, sun Coniferous forest, 7,000-11,000 ft, sun SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Bush or erect small shrub, 1-15 ft Variable clumps, 2-20 ft diameter, 1-3 ft high Small shrub or cac- tus trees, 3-8 ft Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 12- 14 in Herbaceous peren- nial forb with creeping rootstocks, tol ft Perennial herb, 4- 12 in Low inconspicuous ground cover Creeping vine Much-branched de- ciduous shrub, 3-6 ft Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 8-20 in Half shrub, 1-4 in Small shrub, 1-3 ft Large evergreen tree, conical crown, droop- ing branches, 60-100 ft Tree, 40-80 ft, conical crown Persistent obo- void, fleshy fruit, May-June Obovoid, many seeded, Apr.-June Persistent, fleshy many seeded, May- June Grain, May-Nov. Capsule, 5-celled, dehiscent, spring- fall Legume, summer- fall Capsule, 2-celled, May Berries, 1-4 seed- ed, spring Capsule, many seeded, June-July Awned grain, Aug.- Nov. Capsule, summer- fall Capsule, few- seeded dehiscent, June-July Round cones, pol- linates in spring Cones, pollinates in spring continued Fruit eaten by game- birds and numerous mammals, including peccary and coyotes Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer Same as 0. hymenoides Plant relished by deer Fruit eaten by song- birds, rabbits, fox Browsed by deer and elk Seeds eaten by game- birds and songbirds; browsed by rabbits Seeds eaten by song- birds, gamebirds, squirrel; browsed by deer, elk, rabbits Usually growing within another shrub May be invader in overgrazed areas Characteristic of desert grassland Excellent range- grass in semi-arid areas Occasionally grown as ornamentals Poisonous to live- stock and people Can be established on depleted range 307 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 | (Continued) CHAPTER 2 308 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bristle-cone pine (foxtail pine) Pinus aristata Engetm. M3120 Mexican pinyon Pinus cembroides Zucc. M3120 Pinyon pine (Colorado pinyon, Rocky Mountain pinyon) Pinus edulis Engelm. M3120 Limber pine (Rocky Mountain white pine) Pinus flexilis James M3120 Apache pine (Arizona longleaf pine) Pinus latifolia Sarg. M3120 Chihuahua pine Pinus leiophylla Schiede & Deppe M3120 Singleleaf pinyon Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem. M3120 Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Laws- M3120 Arizona sycamore Platanus wrightii wen wrightii Bluegrass Poa spp. U §3120 Muttongrass (Fendler bluegrass Poa fendleriana Vasey M3120 Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis L 63120 Narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia james M3120 Open grassy stands, spruce--fir up to timberline, 9,700- 11,500 ft, sun Pinyon--juniper woodland, 5,000- 7,500 ft Pinyon-- juniper woodland, 4,000- 7,500 ft Widley distributed in coniferous for- est above 7,000 ft, sun Mountains along Mexican border, 5,000-8,500 ft, sun Mountains, 5,000- 7,800 ft Drier slopes, 4,000-6,500 ft Plateaus, mountain slopes, in pure or mixed stands, 5,500-8,500 ft, sun Moist soil along streams, canyons, 2,000-6,000 ft, sun Forest edges, moun- tain meadows above 4,000 ft Mesas, rocky hills, open dry woodlands below 11,500 ft, sun Open woods, mead- ows, disturbed soil, medium to high elevation Moist soils, along streams, 5,000- 7,000 ft, sun Smal] gnarled ever- green tree, shrub- like at timberline, to 40 ft Small evergreen tree, 15-50 ft Small evergreen, bushy tree, compact spreading crown, 15-35 ft Large evergreen tree, widely branched, drooping crown, 50- 80 ft Evergreen tree, 50- 70 ft Tree, 30-80 ft Evergreen tree, 15-30 ft Large evergreen tree, 80-125 ft, straight trunk with narrow, open crown Tree, 40-80 ft, spreading open crown Perennial grass, 10- 30 in Perennial grass, 12- 20 in Perennial trass, 10- 40 in Tree, to 50 ft, nar- row crown Cones, spring Cones, with oily nuts Cone, egg-shaped, pollinates spring Cone, 4-8 in Prickly scaled cone Cone, spreading, stalked Cone, fall Cone Achene, Apr.-May Grain, summer-fal] Grain, May-Sept. Grain, summer-fall Seed capsule, spring continued Seeds eaten by band- tailed pigeons, song- birds, beer, rabbit, deer Seeds eaten by pinyon jay, songbirds, fox, squirrel, gamebirds, deer, bear Seeds eaten by song- birds, bear, squirrel; browsed by deer and rabbits Seeds eaten by band- tailed pigeons, song- birds, bear; browsed by rabbit and deer Same as P. latifolia Seeds eaten by song- birds, gamebirds, fox, squirrel, bear; browsed by deer Food and nesting sites for tassel-eared squir- rels Seeds eaten by song- birds and squirrel; nesting sites for songbirds and squir- rel Plant eaten by rabbit, deer, elk Same as Poa spp. Plant eaten by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by game- birds and squirrel; browsed by rabbit; nesting cover for squirrel and song- birds Scattered in distri- bution Most common forest tree in southwest Prevents excessive erosion Important range grass Widespread, prob- ably introduced Suitable for ero- sion control PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Fremont cottonwood Moist soils along Large tree, 50-100 Seed capsule, in Seeds eaten by game- Populus fremontii streams, 150-5,000 ft, with broad, catkins birds; browsed by rab- Wats. ft, sun flat open crown bits; nesting cover M3120 for songbirds and raptors Trembling aspen (quaking Widely distributed Tree, slender crown, Cottony capsules, Seeds eaten by game- Great aesthetic aspen, golden aspen, in coniferous for- 20-80 ft early spring birds, songbirds, value in fall; trembling poplar) est above 6,000 ft squirrel; browsed by sprouts from cut Populus tremuloides rabbit, deer, elk roots Michx. M3120 Cinquefoil Open coniferous Perennial herb or Achene, summer- Plant eaten by rabbit, Potentilla spp. forest, mountain shrub, 6-30 in fall songbirds, deer, L. meadows above sheep M3120 7,000 ft Bush cinquefoil Along streams and Evergreen shrub, Achene, June-Aug. Browsed by deer and Excellent to pre- (shrubby cinquefoil) wet meadows, 7,000- 1-4 ft sheep vent soil erosion Potentilla fruticosa 9,500 ft, sun and L. shade M3120 Primrose Moist canyons, Perennial forbs Many-seeded cap- Primula spp. alpine meadows, with leafless stems, sules, May-Sept. L. 7,500-12,000 ft, 10-20 in M3120 sun and shade Mesquite (velvet Sandy alluvial Spiny spreading Pod, Sept.-Oct. Important for food Resprouts from cut mesquite, honey soils, washes, to shrub to tree, 20- and cover for numer- stumps mesquite) 5,500 ft 50 ft ous species Prosopis juliflora Sw.) DC. M3120 Wild cherry Moist soil along Shrub to small tree, One-seeded drupe, Fruit eaten by numer- Prunus spp. streams, pine 10-40 ft Mar.-May ous birds and animals Lt. forests, 4,500- M3120 9,000 ft Wild cherry (bitter Pine forests, Shrub to small tree, Juicy acidic Fruit eaten by song- cherry) 5,000-9,000 ft, with slender up- drupe, Apr.-June birds, gamebirds, fox, Prunus emarginata sun and shade right branches, squirrel, bear; Doug?.) D. Dietr. 8-15 ft browsed by deer and M3120 elk Douglas-fir Mixed coniferous Large tree, 100-190 Cones Seeds eaten by squir- Pseudotsuga menziesii forest, cold ft, with open, rel; browsed by deer Mirb.) Franco canyons, 5,200- broadly conical and rabbit M3120 10,000 ft, sun crown Bracken fern Moist soil, along Small ground cover Plant eaten by porcu- Poisonous when eaten Pteridium aquilinum streams, pine fern, 1-3 ft pine in large quantities L.) Kuhn woods, aspen M3120 groves, 5,000- 8,000 ft, shade Antelope brush (bitter- Open slopes, mesas, Shrub, to 9 ft Hairy achene, Browsed by rabbit, Prevents soil ero- brush) coniferous forests, summer antelope, deer, elk sion Purshia tridentata 4,000-9,000 ft Pursh M3120 Arizona white oak Moist soil along Tree, with irregu- Nut (acorn), Food and cover for Quercus arizonica streams, canyons, lar spreading crown, spring many birds and mam- Sarg. oak woodland foot- 30-60 ft mals M3120 hills, mountains, 5,000-7,600 ft, sun Emory oak Moist soil along Tree, with spreading Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by game- Quercus emoryi streams, canyons, crown, 20-50 ft spring birds, bear, fox, Torr. oak woodland foot- rabbit, squirrel, M3120 hills, mountains, deer, elk; nesting 4,000-7,000 ft, cover for songbirds sun and squirrel continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES : 309 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Gambel oak Widespread in moun- Shrub to tree, with Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- Quercus gambelii tains, plateaus, rounded crown, 6- spring birds, gamebirds, squir- Nutt. pine forests, 70 ft rel, rabbit, deer, M3120 5,000-8,000 ft, bear sun and shade Gray oak Dry rocky hill- Shrub to tree, to Nut (acorn), Same as Q. gambelii luercus grisea side, 4,500-8,000 65 ft, evergreen spring Liebm. ft M3120 Silverleaf oak Mountain slopes, Small evergreen Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- (whiteleaf oak) canyons of oak tree with round, spring birds, gamebirds, luercus hypoleucoides woodlands, 5,000- spreading crown, bear, squirrel, deer ~ Camus’ 7,000 ft, sun 15-30 ft; some- M3120 times clumping shrub, 6 ft Mexican blue oak Foothills, moun- Small evergreen Nut (acorn), Same as Q. hypoleycoides Quercus oblongifolia tains, canyons, tree, to 25 ft spring Torr. 4,500-6,000 ft M3120 Palmer oak Moist soil along Shrub to small tree, Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by game- uercus palmeri streams of can- 6-25 ft spring birds, songbirds, Engelm. yons and mountain- squirrel, deer, elk; M3120 sides, 3,500- nesting cover for 7,000 ft, sun and songbirds and squir- shade rel Netleaf oak Uncommon in moun- Evergreen shrub to Nut (acorn) in Same as Q. hypoleycoides Quercus reticulata tains, canyons, tree, with rounded clusters, spring Humb. & Bonp1. oak woodlands, crown, 6-40 ft M3120. 4,000-8,000 ft, sun Shrub live oak (scrub Ory slopes, hill- Evergreen shrub, to Nut (acorn), late Seeds eaten by many Often abundant oak, California scrub sides, canyons, 7 ft summer to fall species of birds and oak, turbinella oak) 3,000-8,000 ft smal] mammals Quercus turbinella Greene M3120 Buttercup (crowfoot) Forest edge, open Perennial herb, Achene, spring- Plant eaten by rab- Ranunculus spp. areas, mountain 6-24 in fall bit, turkey, deer L. meadows, above M3120 7,000 ft Birchleaf buckthorn Canyons, along Rounded shrub, 8 ft Berrylike, 3- Fruit eaten by game- Rhamnus betulaefolia streams in moun- or less, rarely seeded, May-June birds, bear, squir- Greene tains, oak wood- small tree to 18 ft rel; browsed by deer M3120 land, pine forest, 5,500-7,500 ft California buckthorn Common in canyons, Evergreen shrub to Berrylike fruit, Fruit eaten by game- (coffeeberry) along streams, small tree, 6-20 ft May-July birds, squirrel, Rhamnus californica chaparral, open bear, browsed by deer Esch. coniferous forest, M3120 3,500-7,000 ft, sun and shade Hollyleaf buckthorn Mountains, chapar- Spreading evergreen Berrylike pome, Fruit eaten by game- (buckthorn, red berry ral, lower pine shrub to small tree, Mar.-May birds and bear; buckthorn) forests, dry 3-15 ft browsed by deer Rhamnus crocea washes, canyons, Nutt. 3,000-7,000 ft, M3120 sun and shade Scarlet sumac (smooth Rich moist soil, Tall shrub to small Drupe, 1-seeded, Fruit eaten by quail; sumac ) along streams, tree, to 8 ft, usual- June-Aug. browsed by rabbit and Rhus glabra canyons, ravines, ly forming thickets deer Ll. 5,000-7,000 ft, M3120 sun and shade continued 310 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3120-60.2 (Continued) Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sugar sumac (sugar bush, mountain-laurel) Rhus ovata Wats. M3120 Squawbush Rhus trilobata Nutt. §3120 Gooseberry Ribes spp. L. M3120 Wax currant Ribes cereum DougT. M3120 New Mexican locust Robinia neomexicana Gray M3120 Watercress Rorippa spp. Scop. M3120 Raspberry Rubus spp. L. M3120 Raspberry Rubus strigosa Michx. Willow Salix spp. L 3120 Mountain willow (Scouler willow, fire willow, black willow) Salix scouleriana Barr. M3120 Elderberry Sambucus spp. L. M3120 Canadian elder Sambucus cerulea Raf. M3120 Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa L. M3120 Western soapberry (wild china-tree, cherioni, jaboncillo) Sapindus drummondi H. & AL 3120 Mountain slopes, canyons, in moist soils, 3,000- 5,000 ft Along streams, in canyons, on slopes in chaparral, 2,500-7,500 ft, sun Pine forests, rocky slopes, mid to high elevations Pine forests, sometimes on cliffs, 5,500- 9,000 ft, sun Canyons, mountains, forming almost pure thickets on north-facing slopes, 4,000- 8,500 ft, sun Moist soil along streams or in streams, 1,500- 9,500 ft, shade Rich moist soils along streams in coniferous for- ests, 5,000- 11,000 ft Rich soil in con- iferous forest, 7,000-11,500 ft, sun and shade Moist soil along streams, 3,500- 9,500 ft, sun Along streams, in coniferous for- ests, 8,000-10,000 ft, sun and shade Moist soil along streams, canyons, in coniferous forests, 1,000- 10,000 ft, shade Moist soils in coniferous forest, 6,500-8,500 ft Moist soils in coniferous forest, 7,500-10,000 ft Streambanks, can- yon sides in upper desert, desert grassland, oak woodland, 2,500- 6,000 ft Cluster of ber- ries, late spring Evergreen tree or shrub, to 15 ft Aromatic deciduous shrub, 2-7 ft Berrylike, Mar.- June’ Several-seeded berry, May-Sept. Shrub, to 6 ft tall Several -seeded juicy berry, May- July Straggly deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft Spiny shrub or small tree, to 25 ft Pod, May-Aug. Sma11 prostrate forb, 6-18 in Globose capsule, spring Trailing shrub to 5 ft, forming thickets Fleshy fruit of 1-seeded drupe- lets, May-Sept. Fleshy aggregate fruit of drupe- lets, June-July Upright deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft Tree, 15-50 ft Seed capsules in catkins, Mar. Seed capsules, early spring Large shrub, small tree, 5-25 ft Large shrub, small tree, 8-33 ft Berry, June-Aug. Many-stemmed shrub, to 20 ft Globose berry, June-Sept. Shrub, 2-12 ft Berry, Aug.-Oct. Large spreading shrub to small tree, to 25 ft Berrylike, 1- seeded, remaining until spring continued Browsed by deer and elk Fruit eaten by game- birds and squirrel; browsed by deer Same as Ribes spp. Effective in re- ducing erosion Seeds eaten by quail, squirrel, deer Fruit eaten by quail, turkey, bear, squir- rel Fruit eaten by quail, turkey, bear, fox, rabbit, squirrel Prevents erosion and invades burned forest areas Seeds eaten by squir- rel; browsed by beaver Seeds eaten by squir- rel; browsed by grouse, elk, deer Fruit eaten by squir- rel and fox; browsed by deer and elk Browsed by grouse, deer, elk Same as S. cerulea Fruit and foliage poisonous to wild- life a SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 311 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2_ (Continued) CHAPTER 2 312 Species Groundsel (gutterweed) Senecio serra Hook. M3120 Jojoba (goatnut) Simmondsia chinensis Link M3120 Squirreltail (bot- tlebrush squirreltail) Sitanion hystrix Nutt. M3120 Goldenrod Solidago spp. U 3120 Globe mallow Sphaeralcea fendleri Gray M3120, Sand dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus Torr. M3120 Black dropseed Sporobolus interruptus Vasey 3120 Needlegrass Stipa spp. U 3120 Subalpine needlegrass (Columbian needlegrass) Stipa columbiana Macoun. M3120 Letterman needlegrass Stipa lettermani Vasey M3120 Snowberry Symphoricarpos oreophi lus Gray M3120 Tamarisk Tamarix pentandra Pa M3120 Dandelion Taraxacum of: Weber M3120 Meadow-rue Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. 3120 Habitat. Meadows and moist soils along streams, 8,500- 10,500 ft Rocky or gravelly well-drained slopes, 1,500- 5,000 ft Desert slopes to subalpine meadows Forest openings, mountain meadows, above 7,000 ft Coniferous for- ests and meadows, 3,000-8,000 ft Exposed sites on sandy soil, below 7,000 ft Dry soils in for- est openings, meadows, oak wood- land, pine forests, 5,000-7,000 ft Mountain meadows , woodland open- ings above 5,000 ft Meadows, dry plains, forest openings, 5,000- 8,000 ft Open woodlands, forests above 5,500 ft Slopes and along streams in moun- tains, coniferous forests, 5,500- 9,000 ft Moist soil along streams, up to 5,000 ft Meadows and road- sides up to 9,000 ft Pine forests, mountain meadows, 5,000-9,500 ft Form Perennial herb, 2-4 ft Shrubs, 3-6 ft Tufted, erect per- ennial grass, 6-28 in Perennial herb, 1-4 ft Perennial herb, 2-4.5 ft Perennial grass, 15-50 in Perennial grass, 16-48 in Perennial grass, 10-30 in Perennial grass, 12-30 in Tufted perennial grass, 12-24 in Erect or trailing shrub, 1-6 ft Large shrub, small tree, usually form- ing dense thickets, 10-25 ft Perennial herb, 5-8 in Perennial herb, 1-2 ft Fruit Achene, summer- fall Oily nut Stiffly awned grain, year- round depending on habitat Achene, late summer-fal1 Capsules, summer- fall Grain, July-Nov. Grain, July-Oct. Grain, summer- fall Grain, summer- fall Grain, Aug.-Nov. Berries, Apr.- ‘Aug. Capsules, in spikes, Mar.-Aug. Achene, spring- fall Achene, spring- fall continued General wildlife use Browsed by deer Plant eaten by rab- bits and deer Plant eaten by deer Plant eaten by deer and turkey Seeds eaten by tur- key; plant eaten by elk and deer Plant eaten by deer and elk Plant eaten by deer, elk, sheep Same as Stipa spp. Browse for deer Seeds eaten by dove; Nesting cover for dove Seeds eaten by quail and turkey; plant eaten by deer Notes Nuts commercially harvested for oil; absent in New Mexico A preferred forage Only in Arizona Often grows in saline soil; usual- ly considered un- desirable except for erosion control PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3120-60.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Fluffgrass Dry rocky slopes, Low, tufted per- Grain, Apr.-Nov. Often abundant on Tridens puchellus plains, below ennial or annual overgrazed land Hitchc. 6,000 ft grass, 6 in M3120 Mountain clover Moist rich soils, Perennial herb, Legume, summer- Plant eaten by turkey, Trifolium fendleri_ conifer forests 4-20 in fall quail, deer Greene and meadows, M3120 7,000-9,500 ft Spike trisetum Alpine meadows, Densely tufted Grain, July-Oct. Trisetum spicatum slopes, boulder erect perennial U fields, 10,000- grass, 6-20 in M3120 12,000 ft Cat-tail Moist soil along Tall perennial Fruit and flowers Seeds eaten by duck Typha spp. streams, ditches, herb with round in long, terminal and geese L. lakes, ponds to stem, 3-8.5 ft spikes, June-July M3120 7,000 ft, sun and shade Whortleberry (blueberry) Open woods, hill- Low deciduous Round juicy berry, Fruit eaten by fox, Vaccinium oreophyllum sides, 8,000- shrub with angled June-July turkey, deer Rydb. 11,000 ft, sun twig, 1-2 ft M3120 Great mullein Forest edges, Biennial forb, to Capsule, summer- Introduced Verbascum thapsus meadows, roadsides, 6 ft fall co open areas, 5,000- M3120 7,000 ft American vetch Conifer woodlands, Perennial forb, Legume, summer- Seeds eaten by dove, Vicia americana meadows, to 4-18 in fall quail, turkey, grouse MuhT. 10,500 ft M3120 Violet Open conifer for- Perennial herb, Capsule, spring- Seeds eaten by quail; Some species intro- Viola spp. est, mountain 3-8 in ‘summer plant eaten by rab- duced : meadows, above bit M3120 7,000 ft Canyon grape Moist soil along Climbing or trail- Berry, l-seeded, Fruit eaten by numer- Vines aid in pre- Vitis arizonica streams, canyons, ing woody vine Apr.-duly ous gamebirds and venting erosion Engelm. often climbing mammals along streams M3120 on trees, 2,000- 7,000 ft, shade Spanish dagger (datil, | Dry, rocky slopes Shrub to small tree, Large fruit, 6 Nectar for humming- fleshy-fruited yucca, of desert grass- 1-20 ft in long birds; cover for yucca) lands and conifer woodpeckers Yucca baccata woodland, 3,000- Torr. 8,000 ft M3120 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 313 314 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 [R] Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Upper Gila Mountains Forest (Riparian Communities) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Cat-claw (devil's claw, una degato) Acacia greggii Gray M3120 Rocky Mountain maple Acer glabrum Torr. M3120 Bigtooth maple Acer grandidentatum Nutt. M3120 Box-elder Acer negundo LU. M3120 lodinebush (pick leweed) Allenrolfea occidentalis fats.) Ktze. M3120 Arizona alder Alnus oblongifolia Torr. M3120 Shadscale (quailbrush, big saltbush, lenscale) Atriplex lentiformis Torr.) Wats. M3120 Desert saltbush (cattle spinach) Atriplex polycarpa orr. M3120 Bacchar is Baccharis spp. Baccharis 3120 Emory baccharis Baccharis emoryi Gray 3120 Seepwillow Baccharis glutinosa Pers. M3120 Red brome Bromus rubens . M3120 Sedge Carex spp. a M3120 Desert hackberry Celtis pallida Torr. 3120 Washes, mesas, to 5,000 ft Moist soils along streams, 7,000- 9,000 ft, sun and shade Moist soil along streams and can- yons, 4,700-7,000 ft, sun or shade Moist soil along streams, 4,000- 8,000 ft, sun and shade Highly alkaline flats and sinks, salt marshes, floodplains Moist soil along streams, canyons, 5,000-7,000 ft, sun Alkaline soils, below 7,000 ft Alkaline plains 400-3,000 Ft Along water courses, 500- 8,000 ft Along water courses, 500- 5,000 ft Moist soil along streams, to 5,500 ft, sun Road sides, waste places Moist soil along streams, shady canyons, 5,000- 11,500 ft, sun and shade Foothills, mesas, 15,00-3,500 ft Large shrub to small tree Shrub or small tree, deciduous, to 33 ft Deciduous tree, up to 50 ft, with spreading crown Deciduous tree, up to 50 ft, broad rounded crown Shrub, 1-5 ft Tree up to 60 ft, round open crown Erect shrub, 3-9 ft Round shrubs, 3 ft Deciduous shrubs, to 7 ft Deciduous shrub, to 6 ft Willow-like decid- uous shrub, to 7 ft Smal] grass Perennial grass- like erect herb Spiny, densely branched deciduous shrub Pod, 2.5-5 in Samara, May- June Samara, Apr. Paired samara, Apr. Berry-like, May-Nov. Cone with nutlets, March Ovate flattened fruit Flat and disc- like Achene, Apr.- Feb. Achene, Sept.- Nov. Achene, Mar.-Dec. Grain Achenes in spikes, spring Oval, one-seeded drupe continued Seeds eaten by dove and quail; roosting tree for quail Seeds eaten by quail, turkey, bear, squirrel, fox; browsed by deer, beaver, rabbit Same as A. glabrum Same as A. glabrum Seeds eaten by song- birds; browsed by deer, elk, rabbit Seeds eaten by water- fowl and quail; browsed by rabbit, deer, ante- lope Seeds eaten by quail and songbirds; browsed by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by numer- ous birds and mammals Seeds eaten by game- birds, bear, rabbit, squirrel, fox; plant eaten by deer and elk Fruit eaten by dove, quail, numerous small species; browsed by deer Often abundant Checks erosion Halophyte occurring with Sarcobatus spp. Often forming thickets Introduced from Europe Often forming thickets; orna- mental CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3120-60.2 [R] (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Netleaf hackberry Streams, canyons, Deciduous, large One-seeded drupe Fruit eaten by game- (cumero, paloblanco, washes, moist soil, shrub to small tree, birds western hackberry) 3,500-6,000 ft to 30 ft Celt iculata Torr M3120 Desert-willow (desert Mostly along Large shrub to smal] Long, narrow pod Good soil binder catalpa) washes, in foot- tree, to 30 ft Chilopsis linearis hills and deserts Cav. M3120 Gray-thorn (white Mesas, slopes, in Straggly shrub, Thin skin one- Fruit eaten by Gambel's Common; often form- crucillo, grayleaf desert and desert 3-9 ft seeded drupe quail, pigeon, dove, ing thickets abrojo, lotebush) grassland, 1,500- fox Condalia lycioides 4,500 ft Gray M3120 Mustard Ubiquitous Herbaceous or suf- Capsule Seeds eaten by numerous Cruciferae spp. frutescent, annual species Juss. or perennial M3120 Coyote-me lon Sandy plains to Perennial herb, Gourd-like, Apr.- Cucurbita palmata rocky slopes, to trailing stems Sept. Wats. 3,000 ft M3120 Arizona cypress (rough- Canyons and moun- Medium-sized tree, Short-stalked Very scattered and bark Arizona cypress tains of oak wood- to 30 ft cones localized; probably smooth cypress, smooth lands, 3,500-7,200 relic populations Arizona cypress) ft Cupressus arizonica Greene M3120 Bermuda grass Moist waste areas, Stoloniferous per- Grain Seeds eaten by water- Introduced Cynodon dactylon low altitudes ennial grass fowl and small mammals L.) Pers. M3120 Indigobush (pea-bush) Sandy, or rocky Low shrub Pod, Jan-Apr. Dalea mollis soil, to 3,000 ft Benth. M3120 Saltgrass Saline or alkaline Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Seeds eaten by water- Distichlis spicata marshes, lakes to 1 ft fall fowl and marsh birds L.) Greene M3120 Spikerush Moist soil along Upright herb, Achenes in spike- Seeds eaten by game- Eleocharis spp. streams or in for- leafless, 1-3 ft lets, spring birds; plant eaten by R. Br. ests, 150-3,000 ft rabbit and muskrat M3120 Fillaree (heron-bi11) Rocky or sandy Prostrate, annual Ellipsoid seeds, Seeds eaten by numerous Excellent spring Erodium cicutarium soils, ubiquitous Feb.-June species forage L. M3120 Velvet ash Moist soils of Smal] to medium Long-winged Seeds eaten by game- Fraxinus velutina stream banks, tree, round crown, samara, Mar.-May birds, sonbirds, squir- Torr. washes, canyons, to 40 ft rel; browsed by deer; M3120 2,500-7,000 ft, nest cover for squirrel sun and songbirds Desert sunt loner Sandy soils, to Annual herb Achene, Jan.-June Seeds eaten by numer- area canescens 3,000 ft ous species (Torr.) Gray ° M3120 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 315 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 [R] (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sunf lower Ubiquitous, 100- Annual or peren- Seeds mature in Same as G. canescens Cultivated for seed Helianthus annuus 7,000 ft nial herb summer-fal1 oil Lt. M3120 Rose mallow Marshes, lakes Perennial, to Capsule, May-Oct. Hibiscus spp. ponds, streams, 6 ft L. wet soils M3120 Cliffbush Moist canyons, Deciduous shrub, Ory beaked capsule, Jamesia americana along streams, 1-6 ft June-July TTorr.) Gray in coniferous 3120 forests, 7,500- 9,500 ft, sun and shade Janusia Moist to dry, Twining, tangled, Samaras, Apr.-Oct. danusia gracilis rocky, 1,000- slender stems Gray 5,000 ft M3120 Arizona walnut Moist soil along Tree, 50 ft Round nut with Seeds eaten by song- Juglans major streams, canyons, round crown hairy husk, spring birds, squirrel, fox Torr.) Heller 3,500-7,000 ft, 3120 sun Rush Moist soil along Perennial grass- Capsule, spring Forage Juncus spp. streams, ponds, like herbs, 2-4 ty lakes, 2,000- ft 3120 11,500 ft Alligator juniper Moist soil along Tree 20-65 ft, Berry-like fleshy Fruit eaten by deer, Juniperus deppeana streams or scat- round crown cone, pollinates quail, turkey, bear, Steud. tered on hillside in spring fox M3120 in oak woodland or ponderosa pine forest, 4,500-8,000 ft, sun Deer vetch Rocky slopes, to Perennial or annual, Pod, Feb.-May Seeds eaten by game- Lotus rigidus 5,500 tol ft birds and browsers Benth. M3120 Blazing-star (stickleaf) Dry, sandy, slopes Low shrub, to Oblong, to linear Seeds eaten by quail and mesas, 1,000- 3 ft capsule 8,500 ft Texas mulberry Moist soil along Large shrub or small Oblong cluster of Fruit eaten by song- Morus microphylla streams, washes, tree, in dense berries, Apr. birds, fox, squirrel Buck?. canyons, rocky clumps, up to 20 ft 3120 slopes below cliffs, 2,000-6,000 ft, sun or shade Nemacladus Ubiquitous, to Perennial or annual, Capsule, Mar.-May Nemacladus 5,000 ft to 1 ft qlanduTiferus sep M3120 Evening-primrose Roadsides, marshes, Herbs, to 1.5 ft Capsule, Mar.-Oct. Plant eaten by browsers (sun-drops) canyons, to 6,000 Oenthera spp. ft Ll. Evening-primrose Washes and canyons, Herbs, to 1.5 ft Capsule, Apr.- Same as Oenthera spp. (sun-drops) to 5,500 ft June Qenthera multijuga ats. 3120 continued 316 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 60 Table M3120-60.2 [R] (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Virginia creeper On trees, growing Creeping vine 1-4 seeded ber- Fruit eaten by song- Parthenocissus inserta in moist soil ries, spring birds, rabbit, fox (Kern.) Fritsch along streams, M3120 3,000-7,000 ft, shade Reed Wet places and Tall perennials Grain, July-Dec. Phragmites communis alkalai sinks, reed, up to 12 ft Trin. below 5,000 ft M3120 Arizona sycamore Moist soil along Tree, 40-80 ft, Achene, Apr.-May Seeds eaten by song- _ Prevents excessive Platanus wrightii streams, canyons, spreading open birds and squirrel; erosion Wats. 2,000-6,000 ft, crown nest cover for song- M3120 sun birds and squirrel Narrowleaf cottonwood Moist soils, along Tree, to 50 ft, Seed capsule, Seeds eaten by game- Suitable for ero- Populus angustifolia streams, 5,000- narrow crown spring birds and squirrel; sion control James 7,000 ft, sun browsed by rabbit; M3120 nest cover for song- birds and squirrel Fremont cottonwood Moist soils along Large tree, 50-100 Seed capsule in Seeds eaten by game- Populus fremontii streams, 150-5,000 ft, with broad, catkins birds; browsed by Wats. ft, sun flat open crown rabbit; nest cover M3120 for songbirds and raptors Mesquite (velvet Sandy alluvial Spiny spreading Pod, Sept.-Oct. Important for food and Resprouts from cut mesquite, honey mesquite) soils, washes, to shrub to tree, cover for numerous stumps Prosopis juliflora 5,500 ft 20-50 ft species w.) DC. M3120 Screwbean mesquite Bottomlands along Large shrub or Pod, May Seeds eaten by dove, (tornillo) desert streams and small tree, 6-30 ft quail, numerous other Prosopis pubescens water holes, up to species Benth. 4,000 ft M3120 Wild cherry Moist soil along Shrub to small One-seeded drupe, Fruit eaten by numerous Prunus spp. streams, pine tree, 10-40 ft Mar .-May birds and animals tl. forests, 4,500- M3120 9,000 ft Bracken fern Moist soil, along Small ground cover Plant eaten by porcu- Poisonous when Pteridium aquilinum streams, pine woods, fern, 1-3 ft pine eaten in large TL.) Kuhn aspen groves, 5,000- quantities M3120 8,000 ft, shade Arizona white oak Moist soil along Tree with irregular Nut (acorn), Food and cover for guercus arizonica streams, canyons, spreading crown, spring many birds and mammals arg. oak woodland foot- 30-60 ft M3120 hills, mountains, 5,000-7,600 ft Emory oak Moist soil along Tree, with spread- Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by game- luercus emoryi streams, canyons, ing crown 20-50 ft spring birds, bear, fox, orr. oak woodland foot- squirrel; browsed by M3120 hills, mountains, rabbit, deer, elk; 4,000-7,000 ft, nest cover for song- sun birds and squirrel Gambel oak Widespread in moun- Shrub to tree, with Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by song- Quercus gambelii tains, plateaus, rounded crown, spring birds, gamebirds, Nutt. pine forests, 6-70 ft squirrel, bear; M3120 5,000-8,000 ft, browsed by rabbit and sun and shade deer Palmer oak Moist soil along Shrub to smal] Nut (acorn), Seeds eaten by game- uercus palmeri streams of canyons tree, 6-25 ft spring birds, songbirds, ngelm. and mountainsides, squirrel; browsed by M3120 3,500-7,000 ft, deer and elk; nest sun and shade cover for songbirds and squirrel continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 317 60 PROVINCE M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Table M3120-60.2 [R] (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Watercress Moist soil along Small prostrate Globose capsule, Rorippa spp. streams or in forb, 6-18 in spring Scop. streams, 1,500- ™3120 9,500 ft, shade Raspberry Rich moist soils Trailing shrub, to Fleshy fruit of Fruit eaten by quail, Rubus spp. along streams, in 5 ft, forming one-seeded drupe- turkey, bear, squirrel Ll. coniferous for- __ thickets lets, May-Sept. 3120 ests, 5,000-11,000 ft Willow Moist soil along Tree, 15-50 ft Seed capsules in Browsed by beaver; Prevents erosion Salix spp. streams, 3,500- catkins, Mar. seeds eaten by squirrel and invades burned t. 9,500 ft, sun forest areas §3120 Bonpland willow Salix bonplandiana HBK. M3120 Goodding willow Salix gooddingii BalT M3120 Elderberry Sambucus spp. Ut. M3120 Western soapberry (wild china-tree, cherioni, jaboncillo) Sapindus drummondii Hook) Arn. M3120 Climbing milkweed Sarcostemma spp. R. Br. M3120 Schismus grass Schismus bardatus (L.) Thelt. 3120 Bulrush Scirpus spp. U 3120 Three-square bulrush (sword-grass) Scirpus americanus Pers. M3120 Salt-marsh bulrush Scirpus paludosus U 63120 Inkweed (Torrey sea blite, iodine weed) Suaeda torreyana Wats. M3120 Tamarisk (saltcedar) Tamarix pentandra Pal. M3120 318 Along streams, 2,500-5,000 ft Along streams and rivers, 150-5,000 ft Moist soil along streams, canyons, in coniferous for- ests, 1,000-10,000 ft, shade Stream banks, can- yon sides in upper desert, desert grassland, oak woodland, 2,500- 6,000 ft Streams, washes, moist places, to 6,000 ft Open desert and waste areas, 1,000-4,000 ft Marshes, ponds, streams, rivers, to 9,000 ft Low moist soils, in water and about seeps Marshes, saltflats, in mud around lakes and along streams Saline flats with subsurface soil moisture below 5,000 ft Moist soil along streams, up to 5,000 Ft Tree, to 25 ft, rarely 50 ft Tree, 20-50 ft Large shrub, small tree, 8-33 ft Large spreading shrub to small tree, to 25 ft Stems twining along ground or over bushes Low annual Perennial, to 6 ft Rhizomatous per- ennial, culms to 5 ft Erect rush, 1-3.5 ft Shrub, 2-3 ft Large shrub, smal] Capsules Capsule, spring Berry, June-Aug. One-seeded berry- like remaining Follicle, Mar.- Oct. Grain, spring-fall Achene, spr ing- fall Achene, spike- let, spring- summer Spiked achenes, year-round Utricle enclosed by fleshy perianth Capsules in tree, usually forming spikes, Mar.-Aug. dense thickets continued Seeds eaten by numerous species birds, small mammals, browsers Same as S. bonplandiana Fruit eaten by squir- rel and fox; browsed by deer and’ elk Seeds eaten by water- fowl, marsh birds; plant eaten by musk- rats Same as Scirpus spp. Seeds eaten by water- fowl, shorebirds, quail, songbirds; plant eaten by muskrat Nest cover for dove Important for streambank pro- tection Fruit and foliage poisonous to wild- life Subspecies of maritimus ln Often grows in saline soil; usual- ly considered un- desirable except for erosion control CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table M3120-60.2 [R] (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Arrow-weed Tessaria sericea Nutt. Along streams, rivers, marshes Shrub, to 3 ft or more, willow-like M3120 Cat-tail Moist soil along Tall perennial herb Typha spp. streams, ditches, with round stem, L. lakes, ponds, to 3-8.5 ft M3120 7,000 ft, sun and shade Canyon grape Moist soil along Vitis arizonica streams, canyons, Engen. often climbing on ™3120 trees, 2,000- 7,000 ft, shade woody vine California fan palm Canyons of Kofa Washingtonia filifera Mountains, 2,500 Wendl. ft M3120 Tree, to 30 ft Climbing or trailing Fruit General wildlife use Notes Achene, summer Cover Fruit and flowers Seeds eaten by ducks, in long, terminal geese spikes, June-July One-seeded berry, Fruit eaten by numerous Vines aid in pre- Apr.-July gamebirds and manmals venting erosion along streams Smal] drupe Native; rare in wild but planted extensively in Arizona 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau SECTION P3131 JUNIPER—PINYON WOODLAND AND SAGEBRUSH—SALTBUSH MOSAIC SECTION P3132 GRAMA—GALLETA STEPPE AND JUNIPER—PINYON WOODLAND MOSAIC This continental area of elevated plains, plateaus, mesas, and mountains is divided by Bailey (1976) into a Juniper—Pinyon Woodland and Sagebrush—Saltbush Mosaic Section (P3131) and a Grama—Galleta and Juniper—Pinyon Woodland Mosaic Section (P3132). Bailey does not provide reasons for this division but it appears to be based primarily on the fact that grasses are more prevalent in the latter section, whereas shrubs of the Great Basin Desert are more prevalent in Section P3131. Both sections contain extensive areas of cold-adapted, Great Basin conifer woodland with greater or lesser areas of grassland and/or desertscrub. Since these two sections contain essentially the same vegetational communities and species, they are treated as a single unit here. The climate in both sections ranges from cold temperate to Arctic-boreal; the growing season averages less than 200 days, usually less than 150. Mean annual precipitation for both sections is from about 8 to 30 inches. Elevations range from about 3500 to over 12,000 feet in the Sierra Blanca Mountains near Ruidosa; most of the province is over 4000 feet. Most of the area is drained by the Colorado River, except in the east where it is drained by the Rio Grande and Pecos rivers. E Below 5500 feet (slightly higher in some locations), large areas in Section P3131 are vegetated by Great Basin desertscrub. Smaller areas below this elevation in Section P3132, particularly along the San Juan and Rio Grande rivers, are also Great Basin desertscrub. Conversely, SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Plains and Great Basin grasslands occupy a large percentage of the areas below 5500 feet in Section P3132, whereas only a few relatively small areas of Section P3131 are covered by Great Basin grassland. Between elevations of 6500 and 7500 feet, conifer woodland is well-developed in both sections. Above 7500 feet (sometimes as low as 5500 feet, depending on slope exposure and other local conditions), montane conifer forest or montane chaparral replaces the conifer woodland. These in turn are replaced above 8500 feet by subalpine conifer forests or subalpine meadow grasslands. See section 52 for a general discussion of succession and climax communities in this region. Great Basin Desertscrub The Great Basin desertscrub reaches its southern limit in this province, occupying large areas in southern Utah, southwest Colorado, northwest New Mexico, and northern Arizona. Elevations range between 3500 and 6500 feet with most of it above 4000 feet subject to frequent periods of freezing temperatures. Mean annual precipitation is between 7 and 11 inches, occasionally 13 inches, and precipitation is more evenly distributed throughout the year than in other desert areas (Shreve 1942 a,b,c). The salient features of this community are its simplicity of composition and its fidelity to the distribution of soil types. Pure or nearly pure stands of shrubs cover many miles of valleys and outwash slopes. A change in soil type brings a rapid transition to a different but equally monotonous association of similar extent. Only where there is rock in place, much sand, or a broken, irregular surface, is there a more varied assemblage (Shreve 1942a,b,c). Two major vegetational subdivisions comprise this biotic community, according to Cronquist et al. (1972)—a shadscale and a sagebrush subdivision. Shadscale subdivision — The shadscale subdivision is 319 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary N NN Location of prevince State boundary S within the United States Figure 61.1 Province P3130, Colorado Plateau; Section P3131, Juniper—Pinyon Woodland + Sagebrush—Saltbrush Mosaic, and P3132, Grama—Galleta Steppe + Juniper—Pinyon Woodland Mosaic. 320 CHAPTER 2 dominated by these low, widely spaced, small-leaved shrubs which normally cover only about 10 percent of the ground area. Annual precipitation is less than 9 inches. Within this subdivision are several major plant communities, each controlled by differences in tolerance to soil salinity. The most widespread communities in Section P3131 are those dominated by shadscale and blackbrush. Other important species, locally dominant in P3131 and P3132, are rabbit brush, winter-fat, black sage, and horsebrush. Greasewood exclusively occupies numerous drainage bottoms. Sagebrush subdivision — The sagebrush subdivision occupies slopes, broad valleys, foothills, and rocky sides of mountains generally above the shadscale and other communities. Sagebrush communities are best developed on well-drained soils and average annual precipitation generally exceeds 9 inches. It is composed of relatively large (2-6 feet) shrubs covering 15 to 40 percent of the ground area—big sagebrush being a common dominant species. Bunchgrasses may be abundant, and it is believed that sagebrush has encroached on previously bunchgrass-dominated areas following severe overgrazing (Christenson and Johnson 1964). Plains Grassland and Great Basin Grassland The Plains and Great Basin grasslands occur as a continuum of intergradation; each community is distinct at the geographical extremes. The westward extension of the Great Plains reaches widely into this province from the east with depauperate remnants occurring as far west as Iron County in southwestern Utah. In Section P3132, Plains grassland primarily was, and in part remains, dominated by grama grass, with blue, hairy, side-oats, and other grama species codominating with galleta grass between 5000 and 7500 feet elevation. These grasslands are maintained under I1 to 18 inches average annual precipitation.’ The summer precipitation (April to August) varies from almost 75 percent of the annual total in northeastern New Mexico to just over 50 percent in ‘northern Arizona. Characteristic shrubs in the Plains grassland are snakeweed, rabbit brush, small soapweed, winter-fat, and most importantly, four-wing saltbush. Several cacti which are also indicative of this community include species of prickly pear, cholla, and hedgehog cactus. Common herbaceous plants are stickleafs, thistles, locoweeds, blazing-star, prairie clover, milkwort, and slender scurf pea (Castetter 1956). Grass and shrub species of Great Basin affinity increase in abundance toward the western half of this area. These include western wheatgrass, Indian rice- grass, needle-and-thread, big sagebrush, and Whipple cholla. Grasslands in southern Utah, the Arizona Strip, and much of the Navajo Reservation could properly be considered representative of a Great Basin grassland fasciation or at least a broad Plains-Great Basin ecotone. Great Basin or Rocky Mountain Conifer Woodland This structurally simple conifer woodland generally occurs on plateaus and mesas between 5500 and 7500 feet elevation. The pinyon pines reach greatest size and SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 density above 6500 feet. Below 6500 feet, the woodland is often characterized by junipers in pure stands without pinyons. The Great Basin or Rocky Mountain conifer woodland occurs on highly varied soils, from rocky to sandy, and shallow to deep. The preferred habitat appears to be on thin soils, however, and it is well- established that junipers have widely extended their range into former grasslands during the last 100 years. Colorado pinyon is the common species of pinyon throughout the area. Single-leaf pinyon occurs locally in the western portions of Section P3131 where Utah juniper is the most prevalent juniper. Rocky Mountain juniper and one-seeded juniper are the characteristic species in Section P3132. According to general location and section, there may be an understory of either grassland or sagebrush beneath and between the woodland. Grasses were once more or less abundant throughout. In addition, barberry, cliffrose, and mountain-mahogany are characteristic associates, particularly in the northwestern areas. Annual precipitation is 12 to 21 inches, predominately in the form of snow during winter. Montane Chaparral The montane chaparral occurs above the Great Basin woodland community, from 5500 to above 7500 feet, in southern Utah, southwestern Colorado, central New Mexico, and locally elsewhere in this province. It is dominated by facultative brush forms of Gambel oak, western choke-cherry, mountain-mahogany, snowberry, or serviceberry. This community, here at its southern terminus, tends to mix with the montane conifer forest which it largely replaces farther northwest. An average yearly precipitation of from 15 to 25 inches may be expected. Browse plants and grasses are scattered throughout or absent depending on range condition and density of the brush. Sagebrush is more or less prevalent throughout. Rocky Mountain Montane Conifer Forest The Rocky Mountain montane conifer forest is a major forest type that covers the Manti-La Sal, Lukachukai, Chuska, Zuni, Cibola, Sandia, Manzano, and Sacramento mountains and other elevated areas from approximately 7000 to 8500 feet, locally higher on south slopes to 9500 feet. Annual precipitation ranges from 18 to 22 inches. The dominant species in the montane conifer forest are ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, white fir, and in old burns above 7500 feet, trembling aspen. Gambel oak is the most common tree associated with ponderosa pine. In the lower part of the pine forest, pinyon, juniper, and sagebrush may be mingled with the pines; Douglas-fir occurs on north slopes and above 7500 feet. Subalpine Conifer Forest— Rocky Mountain Fasciation The subalpine conifer forest—Rocky Mountain fasciation is restricted to areas above 8500 feet in the Chuska, Mount Taylor, Magdalena, Sandia, Capitan, 321 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Sacramento, and Sierra Blanca mountains. These high elevated forests are characterized by stands of Engelmann spruce, firs, other conifers, and trembling aspen. Shrubs, forbs, and grasses, nearly absent under the dense tree canopy of virgin spruce—fir forests, are largely confined to openings in the forest. Following logging, fire, or other removal of overstory vegetation, numerous shrubs, forbs, and grasses appear. Dense stands of aspen frequently develop, representing one of the few well- defined seral stages in the Southwest. Subalpine and Montane Grassland Subalpine and montane grassland occurs between 7500 and 10,000 feet elevation in areas with high rates of evaporation and physical properties unsuitable for tree growth (Brown and Lowe 1974). In high mountain meadows, a near-timberline situation of stunted trees (perhaps 5 feet high) often exists directly at the grassland—forest border. Precipitation varies from 20 to 35 inches according to elevation of occurrence in the coniferous forests. Not to be confused with subalpine and montane grassland are the short-grass prairie understories of the ponderosa pine forest at its lower elevations, between 6000 and 8000 feet. Mountain timothy, mountain hairgrass and bluegrass are often dominant at wetter, colder, higher elevations, with fescue, subalpine needlegrass, and others dominant in lower, drier sites. The larger mountain meadows characteristically have higher, drier, grassier areas and a lower, wetter clover and dandelion area. Forbs may outnumber grasses 10 to | in these wetter meadow areas where species of mountain clover, fleabane, mountain dandelion, yarrow, cinquefoil, buttercup, sedge, and rush are characteristic and often abundant. 322 Table P3130-61.1 [P3131, P3132] Selected Plant Species Common to the Juniper—Pinyon Woodland and Sagebrush— Saltbush Mosaic and Grama—Galleta Steppe and Juniper— Pinyon Woodland Mosaic Growth form Plant associations Habitat: Great Basin Desertscrub--Shadscale Association Low to medium Artemisia spinescens Sagebrush shrubs, under Atriplex canescens Four-wing saltbush 10 ft triplex confertifolia Shadscale Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex nuttallii Cardaria draba Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Big saltbush Gardner saltbush Hoary cress Rabbit brush CoTeogyne ramos iss ima Blackbrush Ephedra nevaden’ Mormon tea Eriogonum ovalifoli Cushion buckwheat Eurotia lanata Winter-fat Grayia spinosa Spiny hop-sage Gutierrezia sarothrae Snakeweed Haplopappus Tanceolatus Goldenweed Kochia americana Summer cypress Lycium cooperi Box thorn puntia spp. Prickly pear Psorothamnus polydenius —_Indigobush Satsola kali Russian thistle Sarcobatus vermiculatus Greasewood Sphaeralcea ambigua Globe mallow Sphaeralcea ‘grossalarirefolia Tetradymia comosa Tetradymia glabrata Thelypodium sagittatum a tesson ole Globe mallow White felt-thorn Bald-leaved felt- thorn The lepody Lesser vegeta- Five-hook bassia tion lis stricta Desert saltgrass HaTogeton glomeratus Halogeton Hermidiun ium ali alipes Hermidium Galleta grass Hutchinsia Poverty weed Indian rice-grass Hitaria ji ames Hutchinsia ‘procumbens Iva axillaris Oryzopsis hymenoides Sitanion hystrix Squirreltail porobolus airiodes Alkalai sacaton Suaeda nigra Sea blite Habitat: Great Basin Desertscrub--Sagebrush Association Low to medium Artemisia spp. shrubs, under Artemisia tridentata 10 ft Chrysothamnus nauseosus Chrysothamnus visicidiflorus Sagebrush Big sagebrush Rabbit brush Rabbit brush Coleogyne ramosissima Blackbrush Ephedra oe Joint-fir phedra viridis vir Mormon tea Spiny hop-sage Shrubby phlox Antelope brush Grayia spinosa Leptodactyton pungens Purshia tridentata Ribes velutinun Gooseberry Syn phor icarpos Spp. Snowberry Tetradymia glabrata Bald-leaved felt- thorn Mountain dandelion Lesser vegeta- Agoseris spp. Thickspike wheatgrass tion Agropyron dasystachyum Agropyron smithii Western wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum Bluebunch wheatgrass Allium acuminatum Onion Aristida longiseta Red three-awn Astragalus spp. Milk-vetch Balsamorhiza sagittata Arrowleaf balsamroot Catochortus nutta Mariposa lily Castilleja chromosa Paintbrush continued CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.1 [P3131, 3132] (Continued) Table P3130-61.1 [P3131, 3132] (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Growth form Plant associations Great Basin Desertscrub--Sagebrush Association (Continued) Plains Grassland (Continued Lesser vegeta- Chrysopsis villosa Hairy goldaster Lesser Vegeta-~ Panicum virgatum Switchgrass tion Crepis acuminata Hawksbeard tion Petalostemum spp. Prairie clover (Cont inued) Delphintun ande andersoni Larkspur (Cont inued) Poa arida Plains bluegrass Elymus cinereus Wild rye Polygata spp. Mi Tkwort Eriogonum spp. Wild buckwheat PsoraTea tenuiflora Slender scurf pea Festuca idahoensi Idaho fescue a spp. Russian thistle Hymenoxys richardsonii Pingwing Senecio spp. Groundse! Koeleria cristata Mountain junegrass Sorghas tru futans Indian-grass Comatium spp. Biscuit root Sphaeralcea spp. Globe mallow Lupinus spp. Lupine Sporobolus airo‘des Alkalai sacaton Lupinus caudatus Tailcup lupine . Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian rice-grass Habita Great Basin Grassland Phlox hoodii Hood's phlox Phlox Tongifolia Longleaf phlox Low to medium Artemisia Filifolia Sand sagebrush Poa fendleriana Muttongrass shrubs, under Artemisia ni Black sagebrush Poa nevadensis Nevada bluegrass 10 ft Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush Poa sandbergii Sandberg bluegrass Atriplex canescens Four-wing saltbush Sitanion hystrix Squirreltail hrysothamnus nauseosus Rabbit brush Sporobolus airoides Alkali sacaton phedra spp. Mormon tea Stipa comata Needle-and-thread urotia Janata Winter-fat Tots beckwithii Beckwith's violet Shepherdia spp. Buffaloberry Wyethia ampTexicaulis Mulesears wyethia Ziaadenus banicatatus paniculatus Sandcorn Lesser vegeta- Agropyron smithii Western wheatgrass tion Agropyron ‘spicatum Bluebunch wheatgrass Habitat: Plains Grassland Aristida longiseta Red three-awn aa Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama Bromus tectorum Downy chess Distichlis stricta Desert saltgrass Elymus spp. Wild rye Low to medium Artemisia filifolia Sand sagebrush Gubierrezia spp. Snakeweed shrubs, under Atriplex canescens Four-wing saltbush laria james ii Galleta grass 10 ft Echinocereus spp. Hedgehog cactus Hordeum jubatum Foxtail barley Eurotia Tanata Winter-fat Hymenoxys richardsonii Pingwing Opuntia fragilis Little prickly pear Koeleria cristata Mountain junegrass Opuntia polycantha Plains prickly pear Lupinus spp. Lupine Yucca glauca Sma} soapweed Opuntia whipplei Whipple cholla Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian rice-grass Lesser vegeta-~ Agropyron smithii. Western wheatgrass Phlox spp. Phlox tion Andropogon gerardii Big bluestem Poa spp. Bluegrass an scoparius Little bluestem Sitanion hystrix Squirreltail Argemone intermedia Prickle poppy georobo us air Oides Alkalai sacaton Aster spp. Aster Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed Astragalus bisulcatus White locoweed Stipa spp. Needlegrass Astragalus pectinatus Narrowleaf poison Stipa comata Needle-and-thread vetch Bahia oppositifolia Plains bahia Habitat: Conifer Woodland--Rocky Mountain Fasciation Bouteloua curtipendula Side-oats grama tenn ; Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama all trees, Quercus gambelii Gambe1 oak BouteToua hirsuta Hairy grama over 40 ft Buchloe dactyloides Buffalo grass Chenopodium ¢1bum album Lamb 's-quarters Medium trees, Juniperus osteosperma Utah juniper Chenopodium Teptophyllum Slimleaf goosefoot 20-40 ft luniperus scoputorum Rocky Mountain Chrysopis villosa Hairy goldaster juniper Cleome serrutata Rocky Mountain Pinus edulis Colorado pinyon beeplant Pinus monophylla Singleleaf pinyon yptantha spp. Hidden flower ragrostis intermedia Plains lovegrass Low trees and Juniperus monosperma One-seeded juniper Eriogonum microthecum Slenderbush tall shrubs, Yucca baccata Spanish dagger eriogonum 10-20 ft Franseria discolor Skeletonleaf bur —— sage Low to medium Amelanchier utahensis Utah serviceberry squarrosa Curlycup gumweed shrubs, under Artemisia nova Black sagebrush a spp. Snakeweed lo ft Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush inthus petiolaris Prairie sunflower Berberis fremontit Barberry Hilaria jamesif Galleta grass Ceanothus fendleri Buckbrush Koeleria cristata Mountain junegrass Chamaebatiaria millefolium Fern bush Lepidium densiflorum Prairie pepperweed Thrysothamnus nauseosus — Kabbit brush Liatris punctata Blazing-star Cowania mexicana Cliffrose Uycurus phleotdes Wolftail Ephedra viridis Mormon tea Tygodesmia juncea Rush skeletonplant Fallugia paradoxa Apache plume Mentzelia spp. Stick leaf eee pasitaris Beavertai] a MuhTenbergia spp. Muh] puntra fragilis Little prickly pear Genothera pallida Pale evening- Opuntia polycantha Plains prickly pear oceans primrose Purshta Pridentata Antelope brush Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian rice-grass Quercus turbinella Shrub live oak Oxytropis spp. Crazyweed continued continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 323 61 Table P3130-61.1 [P3131, 3132] (Continued) PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.1 [P3131, 3132] (Continued) Growth form Plant associations Growth form Plant associations Conifer Woodland--Rocky Mountain Fasciation (Continued) Lesser vegeta- tion Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- tion Habitat: Tall trees, over 40 ft Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft 324 Bouteloua curtipendula Bouteloua eriopoda BouteToua gracilis Festuca arizonica Koeleria cristata Muhlenbergia torreyt torre, Oryzopsis h. nodes Piptochaetium Sitanion hyst te Sporobolus cryptandrus Stipa spp. fimbriatum Low to medium shrubs, under 10 ft Side-oats grama Black grama Blue grama Arizona fescue Mountain junegrass Ring muhly Indian rice-grass Pinyon rice-grass Squirreltail Sand dropseed Needlegrass Habitat: Montane Chaparral Pinus ponderosa Juniperus spp. Pinus edulis Acer grandidentatum Celtis reticulata Cercocarpus ledifolius Prunus virginiana Ptelea trifoliata Quercus gambelii Robinia neomexicana Sambucus spp. Amelanchier alnifolia Artemista spp. Berberis repens Ceanothus fendleri Ceanothus velutinus Cercocarpus montanus Cowania mexicana Petalostemum spp. urshia tridentata Rhus trilobata Ribes spp. Rosa spp. Symphoricarpos spp. Achillea spp. Agropyron spicatum Campanula rotundifolia Geranium spp. Koleria cristata Poa spp. Senecio serra Thalictrum fendleri Montane Conifer Forest--Rocky Mountain Fasciation Abies concolor Juniperus deppeana Pinus flexilis Pinus is ponderosa Populus tremuloides Peeudotsuga Menzies menziesii a Quercus arizon Quercus gambelii Juniperus osteosperma Juniperus scopulorum Pinus edulis Cercocarpus breviflorus Cercocarpus ledifolius Robinia neomexicana Sambucus cerulea continued Ponderosa pine Juniper Colorado pinyon Lesser vegeta- tion Bigtooth maple Netleaf hackberry Curlleaf mountain- mahogany Western choke-cherry Hop-tree Gambe1 oak New mexican locust Elderberry Serviceberry Sagebrush Oregon-gr ape Buckbrush Tobacco brush Mountain-mahogany Cliffrose Prairie clover Antelope brush Squawbush Gooseberry Wild rose Snowberry Habitat: Tall trees, over 40 ft Yarrow Bluebunch wheatgrass Bluebell Geranium Mountain junegrass Bluegrass Groundsel Meadow-rue Medium trees, 20-40 ft Low trees and tall shrubs, 10-20 ft White fir Alligator juniper Limber pine Ponderosa pine Quaking aspen Douglas-F ir Arizona white oak Gambel oak Utah juniper Rocky Mountain juniper Colorado pinyon Lesser vegeta- tion Hairy mountain- mahogany Curlleaf mountain mahogany New mexican locust Canadian elder Arctostaphylos patula Artemisia nova a tridentata Berberis repens Ceanothus fendleri Chamaebatiania millefolium Chrysothamnus parryi Cowania mexicana Fallugia paradoxa Fendlerella utahensis Gutierrezia sarothrae HoTodiscus SUS Jamesia americana Ribes cereum Rubus strigosa Symphoricarpos oreophilus Ambrosia psilostachya Artemisia spp. Artemisia ludoviciana Blepharoneuron tricholepis BouteTous ‘gracilis Bromus marginatus EFigeron diverge ens Erigeron flage!laris Festuca avionics Koeleria cristata MuhTenbergia montana MuhTenbergia rigens MuhTenbergia ore tii Oxytropis lamberti Pachystima myrsinites Poa fendleriana Sitanion hystrix Sporobolus interruptus Thatictrum fendleri Abies concolor Abies lasiocarpa Picea engelmannii Picea pungens Populus tremuloides Pseudotsuga menziesii Acer glabrum Alnus tenuifolia Pinus aristata Pinus flexilis Berberis repens Fragaria ovalis Juniperus communis tonieera invoTucrata Potentilla fruticosa es Spp. Ribes cereum ucus racemosa Symphoricarpos oreophilus Vaccinium orephyTTum Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Blepheroneuron tricholepis Bromus spp. Festuca arizonica Geranium richardsonii MuhTenbergia ‘gia montana Pachystima myrsinites Phieum alpinum PrimuTa spp. tum spicatum continued Montane Conifer Forest--Rocky Mountain Fasciation (Continued Greenleaf manzanita Black sagebrush Big sagebrush Oregon-grape Buckbrush Fernbush Parry rabbit brush Cliffrose Apache plume Fendlerella Snakeweed Ocean spray Cliffbush Wax currant Raspberry Snowberry Ragweed Sagebrush Sagebrush Pine dropseed Blue grama MOuntain brome Fleabane Wild daisy Arizona fescue Mountain junegrass Mountain muhly Deergrass Spike muhly Locoweed Myrtle boxleaf Muttongrass Squirreltail Black dropseed Meadow-rue American vetch Subalpine Conifer Forest--Rocky Mountain Fasciation White fir Subalpine fir Engelmann spruce Colorado spruce Quaking aspen Douglas-fir Rocky Mountain maple Mountain alder Bristle-cone pine Limber pine Oregon-grape Strawberry Owarf juniper Black-fruited honeysuckle Bush cinquefoil Gooseberry Wax currant Red elderberry Snowberry Whortleberry Bearberry Pine dropseed Brome Arizona fescue Cranesbil1 geranium Mountain muhly Myrtle boxleaf Mountain timothy Primrose Spike trisetum American vetch CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.1 [P3131, 3132] (Concluded) Growth form Plant association Habitat: Subalpine and Montane Grassland Low to medium Sambucus racemosa Red elderberry shrubs, under 10 ft Lesser vegeta- Achillea lanulosa Yarrow tion Agoseris spp. Mountain dandelion Agropyron spp. Wheatgrass Agropyron trachycaulum Slender wheatgrass Agrostis spp. Ticklegrass Blepharoneuron tricholepis Pine dropseed Bromus spp. Brome romus carinatus Mountain brome Carex spp. Sedge Castilleja spp. Indian paintbrush Danthonia spp. Oat grass Delphinium spp. Larkspur Deschampsia caespitosa Tufted hairgrass Erigeron spp. Fleabane Festuca spp. Fescue Festuca thurberi Thurber fescue Helenium hoopesii Sneezeweed Helianthella quinquenervis False sunflower Hordeum jubatum Foxtail barley Iris missouriensis Blue flag Juncus spp. Rush Koeleria cristata Mountain junegrass Lathyrus Teucanthus Peavine Lotus spp. Deer vetch Lupinus spp. Lupine Melica bulbosa Oniongrass Monarda spp. Horsemint MuhTenbergia montana Mountain muhly Muhlenbergia virescens Screwleaf muhly Oxytropis Tamberti Locoweed PhTeum alpinum Mountain timothy Poa spp. Bluegrass Poa fendleriana Muttongrass Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Potentilla spp. Cinquefoil Pteridium aquilinum Bracken fern Ranunculus ‘spp. Buttercup Senecio serra Groundse! olidago spp. Goldenrod phaeralcea fendleri Globe mallow tipa columbiana Subalpine needle- grass Stipa lettermani Letterman needle- grass Taraxacum officinale Dandelion halictrum fendleri Meadow-rue rifolium fendleri Mountain clover risetum spicatum Spike trisetum Verbascum thapsus Great mullein Vicia americana American vetch Viola spp. Violet SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 325 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Colorado Plateau Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White fir (balsam fir) Common in conifer Large evergreen Cone, 3-5 in, Seeds eaten by song- Abies concolor forest, 5,500- tree, 80-150 ft, pollinates in birds; browsed by deer Hoopes 10,000 ft conical crown spring and elk P3131, P3132 Subalpine fir (Wnite Common tree of Medium to large Dark purple Seeds eaten by song- balsam, white fir, spruce--fir tree, 50-90 ft, cones, 3-4 in, birds and squirrel; corkbark fir) forest, 8,000- narrow crown, pollinates in browsed by beaver, Abies lasiocarpa 12,000 ft, sun shrub-like at spring elk, deer, sheep; THook.) Nutt. timber] ine nesting cover for P3131, P3132 songbirds Rocky mountain maple Moist soils along Shrub or small tree, Samara, May-June Seeds eaten by quail, Acer glabrum streams, 7,000- deciduous to 33 ft turkey, bear, squir- Torr. 9,000 ft, sun and rel, fox; browsed by P3131, P3132 shade deer, rabbit, beaver Bigtooth maple Moist soil along Deciduous tree, up Samara, Apr. Same as A. glabrum Acer grandidentatum streams and to 50 ft with Nutt. canyons, 4,700- spreading crown P3131, P3132 7,000 ft, sun or shade Yarrow (milfoil) Conifer forest, Perennial forb, to Flattened achene, Plant eaten by rabbit Achillea spp. 5,500-11,500 ft 1.5 ft dune-Sept. and sheep L. P3131, P3132 Yarrow Common in pine Perennial herb with 1-seeded, June- Same as Achillea spp. Achillea lanulosa forest, 3,500- creeping rootstocks, Sept. Nutt. 11,500 ft, sun 10-20 in P3131, P3132 Mountain dandelion Meadows, open Perennial herb, Achene, summer- Seeds eaten by sage Agoseris spp. coniferous for- 8-24 in fall grouse Raf. est, 6,500- P3131, P3132 10,000 ft, sun Wheatgrass Forest edges, Perennial grass, up Achene, summer- Plant eaten by deer Agropyron spp. mountain meadows, to 4 ft fall and elk Gaertn. above 7,000 ft, P3131, P3132 sun Thickspike wheatgrass Dry plains and Grass, perennial Grain, summer- Plant eaten by rabbit, Widespread Agropyron dasystachyum hillsides fall antelope, deer cribn. P3131, P3132 Western wheatgrass Dry hills, sandy Perennial grass, Achene, May-Oct. Plant eaten by rabbit, Valuable range Agropyron smithii bottomlands, 12-24 in antelope, elk, deer, grass; good soil Rydb. forest openings sheep binder P3131, P3132 Bluebunch wheatgrass Dry rocky slopes, Bunchgrass, 15-40 Grain, July-Sept. Plant eaten by rabbit, Agropyron spicatum open woodland in elk, deer, antelope Pursh P3131, P3132 Slender wheatgrass Canyons, forest Tufted perennial Grain, June-Nov. Same as A. spicatum Excellent forage Agropyron trachycaulum slopes, meadows, grass grass Schwein. below 9,000 ft P3131, P3132 aoe | (spike Forest edges and Tufted perennial Grain, summer- Plant eaten by elk redtop meadows, above grass, up to 3 ft fall and deer Agrostis spp. 7,000 ft, sun L. P3131, P3132 Onion Dry plains, hills, Erect herb to 11 Capsule, also un- Allium acuminatum 2,000-7,000 ft in derground bulb Hook. P3131, P3132 continued 326 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mountain alder (thinleaf alder) Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. P3131, P3132 Ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya oc. P3131, P3132 Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. P3131, P3132 Utah service berry Amelanchier utahensis Koehne P3131, P3132 Big bluestem (bluejoint turkeyfoot) Andropogon gerardii Vitm. P3131, P3132 Little bluestem Andropogon scoparius Michx. P3131, P3132 Greenleaf manzanita Arcostaphylos patula Greene P3131, P3132 Bearberry (sandberry, manzanita, kinnikkinnik) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi tL.) Spreng. P3131, P3132 Prickle poppy (chicalote) Argemone intermedia Sweet P3131, P3132 Red three-awn Along streams and canyons, 7,000- 5,000 ft, sun and shade Along streams and roadsides, 2,500- 7,000 ft, sun Banks, slopes, mountains, 5,000- 10,000 ft, sun Ory rocky slopes, 2,000-7,000 ft Dry prairies, can- yon bottoms, bluffs, rocky slopes, pine for- est, below 7,500 ft Prairies, open woods, dry hills, fields, mountain meadows, pine forests Coniferous forest, 7,000-8,500 ft, sun Poor soils, open coniferous forest, aspen groves, above 7,000 ft Dry soils in fields and road- sides, 1,500- 5000 ft Arid, sandy and Large shrub to small tree, to 50 ft Weedy forb, 1-3 ft Shrub or small tree, 3-12 ft Shrub to small tree, 3-18 ft Erect perennial grass, 3-6 ft Densely tufted erect perennial grass, 20-60 in Low shrub, 3 ft Creeping shrub, 5-8 in, forming mats Erect annual to 3 ft Perennial bunch- Cone, with small nutlets, Apr.-May Achene, July-Oct. Pome, summer- early fall Berry, summer Grain, July-Oct. Long-awned grain, duly-Oct. Several-seeded round fruit, May- June Many-seeded, berrylike, Feb.- June Dehiscent capsule Long-awned grains, Seeds eaten by song- birds and gamebirds; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by turkey and quail; plant eaten by deer, rabbits and antelope Fruit eaten by song- birds and bear; browsed by deer and elk Fruit eaten by bear; browsed by deer and elk Seeds eaten by turkey; browsed by antelope and deer Same as A. gerardii Fruit eaten by song- birds and gamebirds; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by game- birds; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by dove and songbirds Plant eaten by rabbit (three-awn) rocky hills, pla- grass, 4-14 in May-Nov. and deer A da longiseta teaus, forest Steud openings, 5,000- P3131, P3132 8,500 ft, sun Forms thickets along streams Good forage species; widespread Very fire-resist- ant; form thickets Widely distributed Sagebrush (wormwood) Throughout the Herb or shrub, Achene Browsed by grouse, Artemisia spp. sagebrush desert 12-40 in rabbit, deer be P3131, P3132 Sand sagebrush Loose sandy soil, Undershrub, 12-40 Achene Browsed by grouse, Valuable browse Artemisia filifolia Torr. P3131, P3132 4,000-6,000 ft in rabbit, antelope, deer plant in winter and early spring Sagebrush Ory slope, canyons, Forb, 1-2.5 ft Achene, Aug.-Nov. Plant eaten by rab- Often on limestone Artemisia ludoviciana open forest, 2,500- bit, deer, elk, sheep Nutt. 8,000 ft, sun P3131, P3132 Black sagebrush Dry slopes, mesas, Shrub, 1-3 ft Achene, Aug.-Sept. Browsed by rabbit, Artemisia nova A. Nels. P3131, P3132 shallow stony soil continued deer, elk SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 327 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sagebrush (wormwood, Semi-alkaline ba- Small shrub, 4-16 in Achene Same as A. filifolia budsagebrush, button- sins and valleys sage, budsage) 2,000-6,000 ft Artemisia spinescens oc. P3131, P3132 Big sagebrush Plains, mesas, Shrub, 1-7 ft Achene, July-Oct. Same as A. nova Good growth indi- Artemisia tridentata rocky slopes, in cates deep, fer- Nutt. pinyon pine, 5,000- tile, nonsaline P3131, P3132 8,000 ft soil Aster Dry to wet. alluvi- Perennial herb to Hairy or glabrous Plant eaten by grouse, Aster spp- al soils and road- biennial shrub, achene rabbit, deer L. sides, 100-8,000 to 3 ft P3131, P3132 ft Milk-vetch Hillsides, open Mostly low herba- Pods, dehiscent Seeds eaten by quail; Astragalus spp. woods, arid slopes, ceous perennials, or indehiscent plant eaten by ante- Le 2,000-10,000 ft to 6 in lope P3131, P3132 White locoweed Dry alkaline mead- Small forb, to 3 ft Pod Seeds eaten by quail (milk-vetch) ows and hills, and turkey; plant Astragalus bisulcatus 3,000-8,000 ft eaten by antelope (Hook.) Gray P3131, P3132 Narrowleaf poison vetch Dry plains and Erect forb, to Oblong pod Same as A. bisulcatus Astragalus pectinatus foothills, 3,000- 20 in D. Don 6,500 ft P3131, P3132 Four-wing saltbush Moderately alka- Shrub, 3-6 ft Sma11 winged Seeds eaten by quail; (wingscale, chamiso) line slopes, to fruit browsed by rabbit, Artiplex canescens 7,000 ft deer, sheep Pursh P3131, P3132 Shadscale (spiny salt- Alkaline mesas and Shrub, 1-3 ft Flat winged fruit Seeds eaten by quail bush) plains in sage- and songbirds; Atriplex confertifolia brush and creosote browsed by rabbit Torr. & Frem. desert, 2,500- and sheep P3131, P3132 8,000 ft Big saltbrush (shad- Alkaline soils be- Erect shrub, 3-9 Ovate flattened Seeds eaten by water- Halophyte occurring scale, guailbrush, low 7,000 ft ft fruit fowl and quail; with Sarcobatus spp. lenscale) browsed by deer, Atriplex lentiformis antelope, rabbit Torr.) Wats. P3131, P3132 Gardner saltbush Alkaline soils, Low shrub, 8-29 Lanceolate fruit Same as A. lentiformis (shadscale) 4,000-5,000 ft in Atriplex nuttal Wats. P3131, P3132 Plains bahia Alkaline soils, Low perennial, Glandular achene Bahia oppositifolia dry plains, forb, to 8 in Nutt.) DC. 3,000-7,500 ft P3131, P3132 Arrowleaf balsamroot Open hillsides Perennial herb, Achene Seeds eaten by grouse Balsamorhiza sagittata and basins, low to 1.5 ft Pursh) Nutt. to moderate P3131, P3132 elevations Five-hook bassia Alkaline soils Prostrate branch- Seed free from Seeds eaten by quail Bassia hyssopifolia ing annual pericarp Pall.) Ktze. P3131, P3132 Barberry (hollygrape) In conifer wood- Shrub, 3-5 ft Berry, late Browsed by rabbit, Berberis fremontii land, 4,000- spring-summer deer, elk Torr. 7,000 ft P3131, P3132 continued 328 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 REL POSTED ROLL LE LL RIEL NTIS, Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Oregon-grape Berberis repens LindT. P3131, P3132 Pine dropseed (hairy dropseed) Blepharoneuron trichotepis Corr.) Nash P3131, P3132 Side-oats grama Bouteloua curtipendula Michx. P3131, P3132 Black grama Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. P3131, P3132 Blue grama Bouteloua gracilis HBK. P3131, P3132 Hairy grama Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. P3131, P3132 Brome Bromus spp. L P3131, P3132 Mountain brome (Cali- fornia brome, rescue brome) Bromus carinatus Voh1. P3131, P3132 Mountain brome Bromus marginatus Nees P3131, P3132 Downy chess (cheat, downy brome) Bromus tectorum Lt. P3131, P3132 Buffalo grass Buchloe dactyloides Nutt. P3131, P3132 Mariposa lily (sego lily) Calochortus nuttallii orr. P3131, P3132 Bluebell (harebell) Campanula rotundifolia L P3131, P3132 Hoary cress Cardaria draba L.) Desv. P3131, P3132 Coniferous forest, 5,000-8,500 ft Rocky slopes, dry open forest, 4,500-9,500 ft, sun Rocky slopes, wood- lands, forest openings, plains, to 7,000 ft, sun Dry sandy pla- teaus, rocky slopes, 3,500-6,000 ft, sun Open rocky slopes, plains, forest Openings, meadows, 4,000-8,000 ft Rocky slopes, dry sandy mesas, plains and rocky hills, 1,000-6,000 ft Forest edges, moun- tain meadows, above 7,000 ft Open woods, waste- lands, middle and lower elevations Woodlands and for- est openings, above 5,500 ft Slopes, hills, roadsides, 3,000- 9,000 ft Dry plains Dry soil, 5,000- 9,000 ft Hills, valleys, slopes, 5,000- 13,000 ft Fields, roadsides, disturbed areas, 3,500-8,500 ft Spreading, low shrub, 1 ft Erect, densely tufted perennial grass, 8-24 in Erect, tufted per- ennial grass, 14-40 in Low, tufted per- ennial grass, 8-35 in Tufted perennial grass, 10-30 in Erect perennial grass, 10-30 in Perennial grass, 16-35 in Tufted perennial grass, 16-30 in Perennial grass, 16-40 in Erect or spreading perennial grass, 12-24 in Low spreading per- ennial grass, 2-5 in Erect perennial herb, to 16 in Perennial forb, to 3 ft Small perennial shrub, 2-16 in, spreading from roots Round, black berries, Apr.- June Grain, July-Nov. Grain, May-Nov. Grain, long-awned, July-Nov. Grain, July-Nov. Hairy grain, July- Nov. Grain, summer- fall Grain, Aug.-Oct. Grain, Aug.-Nov. Grain, summer-fall Grain Flat seeds, with reticulate coats Trilocular capsule Ovoid smooth seed continued Same as B. fremont: Plant eaten by deer and elk Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by rabbit, elk, deer, antelope Forms excellent ground cover to check erosion Good forage species Good range grass; fast-growing; highly palatable Same as B. curtipendula Drought-adapted Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by rabbit, elk, deer Same as B. gracillis Plant eaten by deer and elk Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by rabbit, deer, elk Plant eaten by deer, elk, antelope Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer, antelope, elk, bighorn sheep, rab- bit Seeds eaten by snow goose; plant eaten by deer and antelope climax species; easily overgrazed Excellent range grass, adapted to drought and heavy grazing Weedy species Good forage grass Widespread weed; introduced Rare in Arizona; otherwise east of Rockies Considered a weed ESL LEE IOS SE AL LS ITI aa a SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 329 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Moist soil along Perennial grasslike Achenes, in Seeds eaten by game- streams, shady erect herb, 2-4 ft spikes birds, bear, squirrel, canyons, 5,000- fox; plant eaten by P3131, P3132 11,500 ft, sun rabbit, deer, elk and shade Indian paintbrush Arid slopes to Annual, perennial Many-seeded cap- Seeds eaten by song- Castilleja spp. moist coniferous forb, 6-20 in sule, Mar.-Nov. birds; plant eaten by Mutis forest, 2,000- deer P3131, P3132 10,000 ft Paintbrush Dry plains, mesas, Herbaceous perennial, Ovoid seeds Same as Castilleja spp. Castilleja chromosa brushy slopes, to 16 in oO A. Nels.) Torr. 3,000-9,000 ft P3131, P3132 Buckbrush (deer-brier) Foothills, moun- Shrub, to 3 ft, Capsule, 3-celled, Browsed by deer Ceanothus fendleri tains, common in forming low thickets Apr.-Oct. Gray pine forests, P3131, P3132 5,000-10,000 ft, sun and shade Tobacco brush Open wooded slope, Shrub, 3-6 ft Capsule, sunmer- Same as C. fendleri Ceanothus velutinus 3,500-10,000 ft fall — Doug]. - P3131, P3132 Netleaf hackberry Streams, canyons, Deciduous large Drupe, 1-seeded Fruit eaten by game- (cumero, paloblanco) washes, moist shrub to small birds and fox; Celtis reticulata soil, 2,500-6,000 tree, to 30 ft, browsed by deer Torr. ft spreading crown P3131, P3132 Hairy mountain-mahogany Dry slopes, moun- Evergreen shrub or _— Hairy achene, Browsed by elk, deer, (Wright mountain- tainsides, 5,000- tree, to 15 ft or summer-fal1 antelope mahogany) 8,000 ft more Cercocarpus breviflorus Gray P3131, P3132 Curlleaf mountain- Generally in pine Evergreen tree or Hairy achene, Browsed by elk and mahogany woods, 5,000- shrub, to 20 ft spring-sunmer deer Cercocarpus ledifolius 9,000 ft Nutt. P3131, P3132 Mountain-mahogany Drier slopes, Shrub, to 3 ft Achene Browsed by antelope Cercocarpus montanus rocky hillsides and deer Raf. P3131, P3132 Fernbush (tansybush) Dry rocky slopes, Aromatic leafy Capsule, leathery, Browsed by sheep and Often occurring Chamaebatiaria 4,500-8,000 ft, shrub, 2-6 ft few-seeded, July- deer with juniper and millefolium sun Nov. pinyon Torr.) Maxim. P3131, P3132 Lamb's-quarters (goose- Fields, wastelands, Erect forb, to 10 Black seeds, Seeds eaten by dove, Introduced; wide- foot) disturbed soils ft achene or utricle quail, songbirds spread Chenopodium album L. P3131, P3132 Slimleaf goosefoot Sandy or rocky Erect forb, to 20 Shiny seeds, Same as C. album Chenopodium soil, 5,000- in achene or utricle, Teptophy11um 7,000 ft Aug.-Sept. Moq.) Wats. P3131, P3132 Hairy goldaster Dry soils, 4,000- Perennial forb, to Achene Chrysopsis villosa 10,000 ft 20 in Pursh) OC. P3131, P3132 Rabbit brush Dry rocky slopes, Small shrub, 4-8 in Achene, summer- Browsed by rabbit, Chrysothamnus plains, 5,000- fall antelope, deer, elk nauseosus 7,000 ft Nutt. P3131, P3132 continued 330 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Parry rabbit brush Open pine forests, Shrub, 1-3 ft Achene, Aug.-Sept. Seeds eaten by song- Sometimes in associ- Chrysothamnus parryi 5,500-9,000 ft, . birds; browsed by rab- ation with sage- Greene sun bit, deer, antelope, brush P3131, P3132 elk Rabbit brush Ory mesas and Small shrub, to 20. Achene Browsed by rabbit and Chrysothamnus slopes, 5,000- in deer viscidiflorus 9,000 ft Hook. P3131, P3132 Rocky mountain beeplant Sandy soil of Erect forb, to 3 ft Achene Seeds eaten by dove, (bee spiderflower) plains, draws, pheasant, smal] mam- Cleome serrulata roadsides, waste mals Pursh areas, 3,500- P3131, P3132 8,500 ft Blackbrush Dry slopes and Shrub, 1.5-4.5 ft Achene, 1-seeded Coleogyne ramosissima mesas in creosote Torr. and sagebrush P3131, P3132 deserts, 3,000- 5,000 ft Cliffrose Rocky hills and Evergreen shrub, Hairy achene, Browsed by deer Cowania mexicana plateaus on lime- 3-6 ft late spring-fall D. Don. stone formations P3131, P3132 Hawksbeard Dry soils to Perennial herb, to Achene Crepis acuminata 10,500 ft 28 in Nutt. P3131, P3132 Hidden flower Dry plains and Annual or peren- Nutlet Fruit eaten by song- (cryptantha) soils, 2,500- nial form, to 20 in birds Cryptantha spp. 9,000 ft Lehm. P3131, P3132 Oat grass Forest edges, Perennial grass, Grain, July-Oct. Danthonia spp. mountain meadows, 4-24 in oc. above 7,000 ft P3131, P3132 Larkspur Forest edges, Perennial herb, Follicle, summer- Delphinium spp. mountain meadows, 1-5 ft fall L. above 7,000 ft P3131, P3132 Larkspur Sandy, volcanic Erect branching Black-winged Delphinium andersoni soil, 5,000- herb, to 24 in seeds Gray 7,500 ft P3131, P3132 Tufted hairgrass Bogs, moist moun- Densely tufted per- Grain, June-Oct. Plant eaten by deer, Excellent range Deschampsia caespitosa tain meadows, ennial grass, 2-4 ft elk, bighorn sheep species; holds Beauv. streambanks, to well under moderate P3131, P3132 9,500 ft grazing Desert saltgrass Moist, alkaline Perennial grass, Grain, May-Oct. Seeds eaten by water- Distichlis stricta soils, to 6,000 4-16 in fowl Rydb. ft P3131, P3132 Hedgehog cactus Rocky hillsides, | Cylindrical fleshy Globular or ellip- Echinocereus spp. to sandy plains, stems, to 2 ft, soid, fleshy Engelm. 2,500-8,000 ft solitary awn clumps P3131, P3132 Wild rye Dry open slopes Perennial grass, Grain Elymus spp. and plains 3-12 in L P3131, P3132 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 331 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) 332 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Wild rye Dry plains, slopes, Tufted perennial Grain, June-Oct. Elymus cinereus hills, ravines, grass, 2-6 ft Schribn. valleys and r P3131, P3132 banks, 4,500- Mormon tea (Mexican tea) Ephedra spp. L P3131, P3132 Mormon tea Ephedra nevadensis Wats. P3131, P3132 doint-fir Ephedra torreyana Wats. P3131, P3132 Mormon tea Ephedra viridis Cov. P3131, P3132 Plains lovegrass Eragrostis intermedia Hitche. P3131, P3132 Fleabane Erigeron spp. L P3131, P3132 Fleabane (wild daisy) Erigeron divergens T&G. P3131, P3132 ji Wild daisy (fleabane) Erigeron flagellaris Gray P3131, P3132 Wild buckwheat Eriogonum spp. Michx. P3131, P3132 Slenderbush eriogonum Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. P3131, P3132 Cushion buckwheat Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. P3131, P3132 Winter-fat Eurotia lanata Pursh P3131, P3132 Apache plume Fallugia paradoxa End1. P3131, P3132 Fendlerella Fendlerella utahensis Wats.) Heller P3131, P3132 10,000 ft Dry sandy or rocky soils, 2,000-7,500 ft Dry slopes, hills, below 4,500 ft Dry desert areas, 4,000-7,000 ft Arid slopes, mesas, 3,000- 7,000 ft Sandy or rocky slopes and plains Forest edge, open ground, mountain meadows, above 7,000 ft Dry slopes, mesas, to open pine woods, 1,000-9,000 ft, sun Open coniferous forest, mountain meadows, 3,000- 9,500 ft Dry soils, 2,000- 10,000 ft Dry plains, slopes, 4,500-8,000 ft Dry soils, valleys, slopes, hills, 4,500-8,500 ft Slopes, plains in sagebrush and creosote deserts, 2,500-7,000 ft Dry rocky slopes, 4,000-5,000 ft Ory open pine woods, 5,000- 8,000 ft, sun Shrub or small tree, 1-6 ft Shrub, to 4 ft Dioecious shrubs, to 4 ft Erect shrub, 1-3 ft Tufted erect per- ennial grass, 22-35 in Perennial herb, 1-3 ft Forb, 6-30 in Forb, 6-30 in Annual or perennial herb or shrub, to 40 in Perennial forb, to 2 ft Erect shrub, to 1.5 ft Shrub 8-32 in Shrub, 1-5 ft Small, much-branched shrub, 1-3 ft Cones Naked seed, spring Seeds in bracts Naked seed, sum- mer Grain, July-Nov. Achene, summer- fall Achene, Feb.-Oct. Achene, Apr.-Sept. Achene Achene Achene Bracts, villous Achene, summer Capsule, June- Sept. continued Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, deer, antelope, sheep Seeds eaten by quail; browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer Same as E. torreyana Seeds eaten by quail, grouse, turkey; browsed by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by game- birds and songbirds; plant eaten by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by grouse, quail, turkey; plant eaten by rabbit, deer, sheep Used to reseed rangeland; good soil binder CHAPTER 2 Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Fescue Festuca spp. L. P3131, P3132 Arizona fescue Festuca arizonica Vasey P3131, P3132 Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis Elmer P3131, P3132 Red fescue Festuca rubra od P3131, P3132 Thurber fescue Festuca thurberi Vasey P3131, P3132 Strawberry Fragaria ovalis (hehe) Ryd. P3131, P3132 Skeletonleaf bur sage Franseri iscolor Nutt. P3131, P3132 Geranium Geranium spp. L. P3131, P3132 Cranesbil1 geranium Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. P3131, P3132 Spiny hop-sage Grayia spinosa Hook. P3131, P3132 Curlycup gumweed Grindelia squarrosa Pursh) Dunal P3131, P3132 Snakeweed Gutierrezia spp. Lag. P3131, P3132 Snakeweed (broom snmakeweed) Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby P3131, P3132 Halogeton Halogeton glomeratus Bieb. P3131, P3132 Goldenweed Forest edges, moun- tain meadows above 6,000 ft Forest, mountain meadows, 6,000- 10,000 ft Open woods, rocky slopes, 5,000- 11,000 ft Meadows, hills, bogs, marshes, at higher elevations Dry slopes, rocky hills, 4,500- 11,500 ft Moist meadows , coniferous forest, 7,000-11,000 ft, sun or shade Dry plains, hills fields, wastelands, 5,000-8,000 ft Rich soils, 3,000- 11,000 ft Coniferous forest, 6,500-11,500 ft, sun and shade Alkaline plains, slopes in creo- sote and sage- brush deserts, 2,500-7,000 ft Prairies, plains, roadsides, fields, 4,500-5,000 ft Dry soils, 3,000- 10,000 ft Plains, slopes, in upper desert grasslands, oak woodlands, 3,000- 7,000 ft Widespread on alkaline, dry disturbed soils Meadows, alkaline Haplopappus lanceolatus soils, Hook. P3131, P3132 Densely tufted or loosely tufted, 16- 40 in Densely tufted per- ennial grass, 18-36 in Perennial bunch- grass, 12-40 in Loosely tufted per- ennial grass, 16- 40 in Densely tufted erect perennial grass, 24-36 in Perennial shrub with connecting run- ners, 4-6 in Perennial forb, to 16 in Annual or perennial forb, 12-30 in Perennial forb, 12-30 in Shrub, 1-3 ft Perennial forb, to 3 ft Herbaceous peren- nial, to 28 in Shrub, .5-1 ft Annual herb, 4-20 in Shrub, .5-1.5 ft Grain, summer- fall Grain, June-Sept. Grain, July-Sept. Grain, July-Sept. Grain, summer- fall Achenes, embedded in fleshy aggre- gate fruit, May- Oct. Burlike achene, Apr.-Oct. Capsule, Apr.-Oct. 5-lobed, Capsule, Apr.-Oct. 5-lobed, Fruits, in flat- tened bracts Achene Achene Smal achene, July-Nov. Berrylike with bracts, summer Achene continued Seeds eaten by turkey and songbirds; plant eaten by deer and elk Same as Festuca spp. Same as Festuca spp. Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by deer and elk Same as Festuca spp. Fruit eaten by game- birds, songbirds, rab- bit, squirrel, deer Seeds eaten by dove and quail; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by dove, quail, towhee; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by quail; plant eaten rabbit, antelope, deer Same as Gutierrezia spp. Only in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah Invader of over- grazed ranges Introduced; highly poisonous oxalic acid content Halophyte occur- ring with Sacro- batus spp. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 333 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) 334 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sneezeweed Conifer forest, Perennial herb, Turbinate achene, Helenium hoopesii mountain meadows, 1-3.5 ft June-Sept. Gray 7,000-11,000 ft P3131, P3132 False sunflower Mountain meadows, Perennial herb, Achene, July-Oct. Helianthella woods, 5,000- 8-24 in juinquenervis 10,000 ft Hook.) Gray P3131, P3132 Prairie sunflower Plains, hills, Erect forb, to 3 Achene Seeds eaten by dove, Helianthus petiolaris roadsides, 3,500- ft quail, grouse; plant Nutt. 8,000 ft eaten by deer P3131, P3132 Hermidium Dry slopes and Erect herb, 9-20 in Anthocarp Hermidium alipes flats, 4,000- Wats. 6,500 ft P3131, P3132 Galleta grass Dry sandy pla- Perennial grass, Grain, May-Nov. Hilaria jamesii teaus, open 25-50 in Torr. valleys, 3,000- P3131, P3132 8,000 ft Ocean spray (mountain Pine or spruce Aromatic deciduous Follicle, 1-seeded spray, cream bush, forest, often on shrub, 3 ft June-Sept. foam bush) cliffs Holodiscus dumosus Nutt.) Heller P3131, P3132 Foxtail barley Joist soils along Annual or perennial Long-awned grain, Invades disturbed Hordeum jubatum t. P3131, P3132 Hutchinsia Hutchinsia procumbens R. Br. P3131, P3132 Pingwing (pinque) Hymenoxys richardsonii Hook. P3131, P3132 Blueflag (Rocky mountain iris, flag) Iris missouriensis Nutt. P3131, P3132 Poverty weed Iva axillaris Pursh P3131, P3132 Cliffbush Jamesia americana T. &G. P3131, P3132 Rush Juncus spp. L P3131, P3132 Juniper Juniperus spp. L. P3131, P3132 streams and lakes, above 5,000 ft Moist alkaline soil, to 8,600 ft Dry soils, 5,000- 9,000 ft Wet meadows, 6,000-9,500 ft Alkaline plains, or saline marsh borders Moist canyons, along streams in coniferous for- ests, 7,500- 9,500 ft, sun and shade Moist soil along streams, ponds, lakes, 2,000- 11,500 ft Mountains, dry hills and mesas, 3,000-9,000 ft grass, 12-24 in Erect annual, 4-8 in Annual or peren- nial herb, to 16 ft Perennial forb, 8-15 in Herb to low shrub, 2-12 in Deciduous shrub, 1-6 ft Perennial grasslike herb, 2-4 ft Tall shrub to tree, 15-40 ft June-Oct. Wingless seed Solitary fruiting head Capsule, late summer-fal] Achene Ory, beaked cap- sule, June-July Capsule, spring Forage Food and cover for numerous species Berrylike cone continued areas Halophyte occur- ring with Sarco- batus spp. Halophyte occur- ring with Sarco- batus spp. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Owarf juniper (ground- Mountain and for- Dense aromatic ever- Small round berry- Fruit eaten by song- cedar) ; est above 8,000 green, usually like cones, pol- birds, deer, quail, Juniperus communis ft prostrate shrub, linates, spring turkey, bear, fox L. 1-3 ft P3131, P3132 Alligator juniper Moist soil along Tree, 20-65 ft, Berrylike fleshy Fruit eaten by deer, Juniperus deppeana streams or scat- round crown cone, pollinates quail, turkey, bear, Steud. tered on hill- in spring fox P3131, P3132 side in oak wood- land or ponderosa pine forest, 4,500-8,000 ft, sun One-seeded juniper Dry hills, mesas, Shrub to small Berrylike cone, Important food and Most common juniper Juniperus monosperma 3,000-7,000 ft, evergreen tree, l-seeded, matures cover for numerous in New Mexico Engelm.) Sarg. foothills, pinyon conical crown, in 1 year species P3131, P3132 juniper woodland 10-25 ft Utah juniper (western Dry plains, pla- Smal] evergreen Berrylike brown Same as J. monosperma Most common juniper juniper) teaus, hills, tree, broad, cone, pollinates in Arizona Juniperus osteosperma often in pure round crown in spring Torr.) Little stands or with 15-40 ft P3131, P3132 pinyon, 3,000- 7,500 ft, sun Rocky mountain juniper | Scattered in moun- Small to medium Berrylike cone, Same as J. monosperma Fastest growing (western juniper) tains and canyons evergreen tree, pollinates in juniper Juniperus scopulorum of pinyon-juniper narrow pointed spring arg. woodland and lower open crown, 20- P3131, P3132 ponderosa pine 50 ft 5,000-9,000 ft, sun Summer cypress Dry open plains, | Shrub, 4-16 in Achene, summer- Kochia americana often on saline fall Wats. soil, 5,000- P3131, P3132 6,000 ft Mountain junegrass Prairie, open Tufted or bunched Grain, May-Oct. Plant eaten by deer Good native forage; (prairie junegrass) woods, sandy soil, perennial grass, and elk rarely locally abur Koeleria cristata rocky slopes 4-28 in dant L.) Pers. below 9,000 ft P3131, P3132 Peavine (aspen peavine) Open dry woodland, Perennial herb, Legume, summer- Lathyrus leucanthus meadows, 6,500- 6-24 in fall Rydb. 11,500 ft P3131, P3132 Prairie pepperweed Plains, fields, Annual forb, to Flattened silicle Seeds eaten by song- Lepidium densiflorum roadsides, 3,500- 1.5 ft birds; plant eaten Schrad. 9,500 ft by deer P3131, P3132 Shrubby phlox (granite Dry sandy rocky Low shrub, to 16 in Many seeded gilia) soil, 4,000- locules Leptodactylon pungens 12,000 ft Torr. P3131, P3132 Blazing-star (dotted Dry plains, hills, Perennial forb, Achene gay- feather) 3,500-8,000 ft to 2.5 ft Liatris punctata Hook. P3131, P3132 Biscuit root (Indian Dry rocky areas, Coulescent peren- Seed flattened root) 4,000-10,000 ft nial, to 24 in dorsally Lomatium spp. Raf. P3131, P3132 Black-fruited honey- Open coniferous Erect or twining Berrylike, June- Nectar is primary food suckle forest, often deciduous shrub, duly for hummingbirds Lonicera involucrata along streams, 1-10 ft, tending Richards) Banks 7,500-10,500 ft, to form thickets P3131, P3132 sun and shade continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 335 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Deer vetch (deer clover) Forest edges, Perennial herb, 8-16 Legume, summer- Good forage Good for erosion Lotus spp. mountain meadows, in fall control L. 3,000-5,000 ft P3131, P3132 Lupine Dry slopes, mesas, Annual or perennial Flat pods, con- Seeds eaten by song- Some species poison Lupinus spp. open forest, 100- form with terminal stricted between birds, quail, turkey, ous to livestock Le 10,000 ft, sun cluster flowers, seeds, spring- bear P3131, P3132 6-24 in fall Tailcup lupine Dry slopes, mesas, Low perennial forb, Flat pod, con- Seeds eaten by quail Lupinus caudatus 4,000-9,600 ft to 24 in stricted between and turkey; plant Kellogg seeds, spring- eaten by deer P3131, P3132 fall Box thorn (Cooper's Ory mesas, slopes, Thorny shrub, 3-6 Ovoid, dry, many- Seeds eaten by dove lycium) below 5,000 ft ft seeded and quail Lycium cooperi Gray P3131, P3132 Wolftail (Texas-timothy) Open rocky slopes, Tufted erect peren- Awned grain, July- Valuable range Lycurus phleoides plains, below nial, 8-25 in Nov. grass HBK. 8,000 ft P3131, P3132 Rush skeletonplant Dry soils, 4,000- Perennial forb, to Achene Lygodesmia juncea 7,500 ft 16 in Pursh) D. Don P3131, P3132 Oniongrass Rocky woodlands, Perennial grass, Grain, summer- New Mexico and Melica bulbosa hills, 3,000- 12-24 in fall Colorado; absent Port. & Coult. 8,000 ft in Arizona P3131, P3132 Stickleaf (blazing- Dry sandy slopes Low shrub, to 3 ft Oblong to linear Seeds eaten by quail star) and mesas, 1,000- capsule Mentzelia spp. 8,500 ft Le P3131, P3132 Horsemint (beebalm) Open coniferous Perennial herb, Nutlets, summer- Monarda spp. forest, mountain 12-30 in fall L. meadows, above P3131, P3132 7,000 ft Muhly Dry open slopes, Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by deer Muhlenbergia spp. hills, mesas, to 3 ft fall and rabbit Schreb.. 3,500-9,000 ft P3131, P3132 Mountain muhly Rocky slopes, Tufted perennial Grain, Aug.-Oct. Seeds eaten by turkey; Muhlenbergia montana ledges, woodlands, grass, 6-26 in plant eaten by deer Hitchc. forest openings, and elk P3131, P3132 4,500-9,500 ft Deergrass Gravelly or sandy Perennial grass, Grain, June-Oct. Same as M. montana Muhlenbergia rigens canyon bottoms, 2-5 ft Benth.) Hitchc. washes, in moist P3131, P3132 soil, occasionally dry plateaus or meadows, 3,000- 7,000 ft Ring muhly (ring grass) Dry ridges, sandy Perennial grass, Grain, Aug.-Nov. Poor range grass; Muhlenbergia torreyi plateaus, rocky 6-12 in good soil binder Hitchc. slopes, below P3131, P3132 6,500 ft Screwleaf muhly Rocky slopes, Densely tufted Grain, May-July | Same as M. montana In Arizona and New Muhlenbergia virescens ridges, pine perennial grass, Mexico only Kunth forests, 5,000- 6-24 in P3131, P3132 9,500 ft, shade Spike muhly Woodland, forest Perennial grass, Grain, July-Nov. Seeds eaten by wild Muhlenbergia wrightii openings, dry 1-2 ft turkey; plant eaten Vasey meadows, 5,500- by deer, elk, bighorn P3131, P3132 9,000 Ft sheep continued 336 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Pale evening-primrose Valleys, mesas, Perennial forb, to Membranous cap- Oenothera pallida 1,000-7,500 ft 20 in sule, May-Sept. LindT. P3131, P3132 Prickly pear (cholla) Variable from Generally low- Juicy obovoid Fruit eaten by dove, Opuntia spp. dry slopes to growing, to 6 ft, fruit quail, coyote, fox, MiTT. mesas and can- with flattened or rabbit, antelope P3131, P3132 yons cylindrical joints Beavertail Sandy flat dunes, Clumps, 6-12 in Dry, not spiny Opuntia basilaris valleys in wood- high Engelm. & Bigel. lands, 4,000- P3131, P3132 7,000 ft Little prickly pear Sandy to gravelly Mat-forming plant, | Obovoid dry fruit Fruit eaten by numer- Opuntia fragilis soils, 4,500- 2-4 in ous gamebirds and mam- Nutt. 8,000 ft mals, especially P3131, P3132 peccary Plains prickly pear Sandy soils of Clump- forming Dry, obovoid, Fruit eaten by dove, Opuntia polycantha plains, flats, cactus, 3-6 in spring quail, coyote, peccary, Haw. washes, canyon high deer P3131, P3132 sides, 4,000- 6,000 ft Whipple cholla Deep soils of Generally low mat- Obovoid, fleshy Opuntia whipplei valleys, plains, forming cactus, yellow, spine- Engelm. & Bigel. slopes, 4,500- occasionally less, June-July P3131, P3132 7,000 ft reaching 6 ft Indian rice-arass Open sandy plains, Densely tufted Grain, May-Nov. Seeds eaten by game- Excellent range Oryzopsis hymenoides hills, woodlands perennial grass, birds; plant eaten by grass in semi-arid R. & S.) Ricker at medium eleva- 12-24 in deer areas P3131, P3132 tions Crazyweed (white loco) Drier soils, Perennial forb, Membranous pods May be poisonous Oxytropis spp. 5,000-10,000 ft 6-20 in with reniform oc. seeds, summer P3131, P3132 Locoweed Open sandy areas, Perennial herb, Legume, summer- Poisonous to live- Oxytropis lamberti 5,000-8,000 ft 4-12 in fall stock and people Pursh. P3131, P3132 Myrtle boxleaf (Oregon Coniferous for- Low inconspicuous Capsule, 2-celled, Plant relished by deer boxwood, mountain- ests, 6,000- ground cover May lover ) 9,000 ft Pachystima myrsinites {Pursh) Raf. P3131, P3132 Switchgrass Sandy or rocky Perennial grass, Grain, June-Oct Plant eaten by rabbit, Panicum virgatum soils along moist 14-40 in deer, antelope L. canyons, water- P3131, P3132 courses, open woods, prairies, below 7,000 ft Prairie clover Mesas and openings Forb, to 1.5 ft Sma11 pod with Petalostemum spp. in pine forest, 1-2 seeds Michx. 3,000-7,000 ft P3131, P3132 Mountain timothy (alpine High mountain Densely tufted per- Awned grain, Aug.- Can be established timothy) meadows and moist ennial grass, 8-20 Nov. on depleted range Phleum alpinum seeps, coniferous in L. forests to alpine, P3131, P3132 to 12,000 ft Phlox Dry slopes to co- Low perennial Capsule, oblong, Plant eaten by deer Phlox spp. niferous forest, shrub, to 12 in 3-celled and antelope t. 1,500-10,000 ft P3131, P3132 Phlox Mountains, 10,500 Halfshrub, 1-4 in Capsule, summer- Browsed by deer and Phlox caespitosa ft and higher fall elk Nutt. P3131, P3132 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 337 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Hood's phlox Dry rocky hills, Low forb, to 3 in 3-celled ovoid Plant eaten by deer and Phlox hoo plains, 4,500- antelope Richards 8,000 ft P3131, P3132 Longleaf phlox Dry plains, hills, Perennial forb, to 1-2-seeded, Same as P. hoodii Phlox longifolia 4,000-9,000 ft 5S in ovoid Nutt. P3131, P3132 Engelmann spruce Conifer forest, Large evergreen Round cones, pol- Seeds eaten by game- Picea engelmannii 8,000-12,000 ft, tree, conical linates in spring birds, songbirds, Parry sun crown, drooping squirrel; browsed by P3131, P3132 branches, 60-190 rabbit, deer, elk ft Colorado spruce (blue Coniferous forest, Tree, 40-80 ft, Cones, pollinates Same as P. engelmannii spruce, silver spruce) 7,000-11,000 ft, | conical crown in spring Picea pungens sun Engelm. P3131, P3132 Bristle-cone pine Open grassy stands, Small gnarled ever- Cones, spring (foxtail pine) spruce--fir up to green tree, shrub- Pinus aristata timberline, 9,700- like at timberline, Engelm. 11,500 ft, sun to 40 ft P3131, P3132 Colorado pinyon (Rocky Pinyon-- juniper Small evergreen Egg-shaped cone, Seeds eaten by pinyon mountain pinyon) woodland, 4,000- bushy tree, com- pollinates in jay, songbirds, fox, Pinus edulis 7,000 ft pact spreading spring squirrel, gamebirds, Engelm. crown, 15-35 ft deer, bear P3131, P3132 Limber pine (Rocky Widely distributed Large evergreen Cone, 4-8 in Seeds eaten by song- mountain white pine) in coniferous for- tree, widely birds, bear, squirrel; Pinus flexilis est above 7,000 branched, droop- browsed by deer and James ft, sun ing crown, 50-80 rabbit P3131, P3132 ft Singleleaf pinyon Drier slopes, Evergreen tree, Cone, fall Seeds eaten by song- Pinus monophylla 4,000-6,500 ft 15-30 ft birds, gamebirds, fox, Torr. & Frem. squirrel, bear; P3131, P3132 browsed by deer Ponderosa pine Plateaus, mountain Large evergreen Cone Food and nesting sites Most common forest Pinus ponderosa slopes, in pure tree, 80-125 ft, for tassel-eared squir- tree southwest Laws or mised stands, straight trunk rels P3131, P3132 5,500-8,500 ft, with narrow, sun open crown Pinyon rice-grass Open, rocky wood- Perennial bunch Awned grain, Plant eaten by deer Good range grass Piptochaetium lands, pine for- grass, 16-30 in summer- fal] and elk fimbriatum est, 5,000-7,000 Hitchc. ft P3131, P3132 Bluegrass Open dry hills, Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by rab- Poa spp. mesas, forest 10-40 in fall bit, deer, elk, ante- C. edges, meadows lope P3131, P3132 above 3,500 ft Plains bluegrass Prairies, plains, Tufted perennial Grain, July-Nov. Poa arida alkaline meadows, grass, 10-25 in Vasey to 10,000 ft P3131, P3132 Muttongrass (Fendler Mesas, rocky hills, Perennial grass, Grain, May-Sept. Plant eaten by rabbit, Important range bluegrass) open dry woodlands 12-20 in deer, elk grass Poa fendleriana below 11,500 ft, Vasey sun P3131, P3132 Nevada bluegrass Low meadows, hill- Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Same as P. fendleriana Poa nevadensis sides, dry or wet 20-40 in fall oo Vasey soil, 5,000-9,000 P3131, P3132 ft continued 338 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Kentucky bluegrass Open woods, mead- Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by rabbit Widespread; prob- Poa pratensis ows, disturbed 10-40 in fall and deer ably introduced U. soil, medium to P3131, P3132 high elevation Sandberg bluegrass Plains, hills, Perennial grass, Small achene, Seeds eaten by game- Poa sandbergii dry woods, rocky 8-16 in Spr.-June birds and songbirds; Vasey slopes, 3,000- plant eaten by rabbit P3131, P3132 8,000 ft and deer Milkwort Dry rocky soils, Low shrub, to 3 Capsule, 2-celled, Browsed by deer Polygala spp. 1,500-7,500 ft ft thin, flat U. P3131, P3132 Quaking aspen (trembling Widely distributed Tree, slender crown, Cottony capsules, Seeds eaten by game- Great aesthetic poplar, golden aspen) in coniferous 20-80 ft early spring birds, songbirds, value in fall; Populus tremuloides forest above squirrel; browsed by sprouts from cut Michx. 5,000 ft rabbit, deer, elk roots P3131, P3132 Cinquefoil Open coniferous Perennial herb or Achene, summer- Plant eaten by rab- Potentilla spp. forest, mountain shrub, 6-30 in fall bit, songbirds, deer, C. meadows above sheep P3131, P3132 7,000 ft Shrubby cinquefoil, Along streams and Evergreen shrub, Achene, June-Aug. Plant eaten by deer Excellent to pre- bush cinquefoil wet meadows, 7,000- 1-4 ft and sheep vent soil erosion Potentilla fruticosa 9,500 ft, sun and U. shade P3131, P3132 Primrose Moist canyons, Perennial forbs Many-seeded cap- Primula spp. alpine meadows, with leafless sules, May-Sept. L. 7,500-12,000 ft, stems, 10-20 in P3131, P3132 sun and shade Wild cherry (bitter Pine forests, Shrub to smal] Juicy acidic Fruit eaten by song- cherry) 5,200-9,000 ft, tree with slender drupe, Apr.-June birds, gamebirds, Prunus emarginata sun and shade upright branches, fox, squirrel, bear; Dougl.) D. Dietr. 8-15 ft browsed by rabbit, P3131, P3132 deer, elk Western choke-cherry Open woods, rocky Small tree, to 30 Berry, June-Aug. Prunus virginiana slopes, bluffs, ft tall Es breaks and seep- P3131, P3132 age areas Douglas-fir Mixed coniferous Large tree, 100- Cones Seeds eaten by squir- Pseudotsuga menziesii forest, cold 150 ft, with open rel; browsed by deer (Mirb.) Franco canyons, 5,200- broadly conical and rabbit P3131, P3132 10,000 ft, sun crown Slender scurf pea Plains, hills, Erect perennial Ovoid, 1-seeded (slimflower scurf pea) 4,000-7,000 ft forb, to 24 in pod, May-Sept. Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh P3131, P3132 Indigobush (Nevada Ory slopes, mesas, Small shrub, .5-6 Ovoid pod dalea) 2,500-6,000 ft ft Psorothamnus polydenius Torr. P3131, P3132 Hop-tree In protected can- Shrub, to 18 ft Samara, July-Sept. Ptelea trifoliata yons tall v. P3131, P3132 Bracken fern Moist soil, along Small ground cover Plant eaten by porcu- Poisonous when Pteridium aquilinum streams, pine fern, 1-3 ft pine eaten in large (LY Kuhn woods, aspen quantities P3131, P3132 groves, 5,000- 8,000 ft, shade continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 339 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) 340 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Antelope brush (bitterbrush) Purshia tridentata Pursh P3131, P3132 Arizona white oak uercus arizonica Sarg. P3131, P3132 Gambel oak Quercus gambelii Nutt. P3131, P3132 Shinnery oak (Havard oak) Quercus havardii Rydb. P3131, P3132 Shrub live oak (scrub oak, Catifornia scrub oak, turbinella oak) Quercus turbinella Greene P3131, P3132 Buttercup (crowfoot) Ranunculus spp. L. P3131, P3132 Squawbush Rhus trilobata Nutt P3131, P3132 Gooseberry (currant) bes spp. L. P3131, P3132 Wax currant Ribes cereum ugT. P3131, P3132 Gooseberry (currant) Ribes velutinum Greene P3131, P3132 New Mexican locust Robinia neomexicana Gray P3131, P3132 Wild rose Rosa spp. L P3131, P3132 Raspberry Rubus strigosa Michx. P3131, P3132 Open slopes, mesas, coniferous for- ests, 4,000-9,000 ft Moist soil along streams, canyons, oak woodland foothills, moun- tains, 5,000- 7,000 ft, sun Widespread in mountains, pla- teaus, pine forests, 5,000- 8,000 ft, sun and shade Deep sand, south- west great plains, northeastern Arizona and south- eastern Utah Dry slopes, hill- sides, canyons, 3,000-8,000 ft \ Forest edge, open areas, mountain meadows above 7,000 ft Along streams, in canyons, on slopes in chaparral, 2,500-7,500 ft, sun Moist woodland and forest, along streams, 4,000- 11,500 ft Pine forests, sometimes on cliffs, 5,500- 9,000 ft, sun Dry slopes, 2,500- 8,500 ft Canyons, mountains forming almost pure thickets on north-facing slopes, 4,000- 8,500 ft, sun Usually moist, well-drained, open sites Rich soil in con- iferous forest, 7,000-11,500 ft, sun and shade Shrub, to 3 ft Tree with irregu- lar spreading crown, 30-60 ft Shrub to tree, with rounded crown, 6- 70 ft Spreading shrub to small tree, to 15 ft, usually much less Evergreen shrub, to 7 ft Perennial herb, 6-24 in Aromatic deciduous shrub, 2-7 ft Shrub, 3-6 ft Straggly deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft Shrub, 2-10 ft Spiny shrub or small tree, to 25 ft Shrubs or vines, usually prickley, leaves alternate, pinnate and ser- rate Upright deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft Hairy achene, summer Nut (acorn), spring Nut (acorn), spring Nut (acorn), summer- fal] Nut (acorn), late summer- fall Achene, summer- fall Berrylike, Mar.- June Berries, summer Several-seeded juicy berry, May- duly Berries, summer Pod, May-Aug. Hips Fleshy aggregate fruit of drupe- lets, June-July continued Browsed by rabbit, antelope, deer, elk Food and cover for many birds and mam- mals Seeds eaten by song- birds, gamebirds, squirrel, bear; browsed by rabbit and deer Seeds eaten by game- birds, songbirds, squirrel; browsed by rabbit and deer Seeds important food for numerous species Seeds eaten by turkey; plant eaten by rabbit and deer Browsed by deer Fruit eaten by grouse, fox, coyote; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by game- birds and squirrel; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by quail and squirrel; browsed by deer and elk Seeds eaten by quail and squirrel; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by grouse, prairie chicken, many songbirds; browsed by deer; escape and nesting cover for song- birds Fruit eaten by quail, turkey, bear, fox, squirrel; browsed by rabbit Prevents soil ero- sion Only young foliage may be browsed; tannin levels toxic in older leaves Often abundant Effective in re- ducing erosion CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mountain willow Along streams, in Large shrub, small Seed capsules, Seeds eaten by grouse (scouler willow, fire coniferous for- tree, 5-25 ft early spring and squirrel; browsed willow, black willow) ests, 8,000- by elk and deer Salix scouleriana 10,000 ft, sun Barr and shade P3131, P3132 Russian thistle Dry plains, along Annual forb, to 3. Achene, black Seeds eaten by quail Salsola spp. roads and on over- ft shiny seed, and songbirds; plant t. grazed ranges early spring eaten by antelope and P3131, P3132 below 5,000 ft deer Russian thistle Mostly on disturb- Annual herb, shrub- Achene Seeds eaten by quail; Introduced Salsola kali ed and denuded like, to 4 ft plant eaten by ante- U soils lope, deer, elk P3131, P3132 Elderberry Moist soil along Large shrub, small Berry, June-Aug. Fruit eaten by squir- Sambucus spp. streams, canyons, tree, 8-33 ft rel and fox; plant t. in coniferous eaten by deer P3131, P3132 forests, 1,000- 10,000 ft, shade Canadian elder Moist soils in Many-stenmed shrub, Globose berry, Fruit eaten by grouse; Sambucus cerulea coniferous forest, to 20 ft June-Sept. browsed by deer and Raf. 5,000-9,000 ft elk P3131, P3132 Red elderberry Moist soils in Shrub, 2-12 ft Berry, Aug.-Oct. Same as S. cerulea Sambucus racemosa coniferous forest, C P3131, P3132 6,000-10,000 ft Greasewood Flat areas, saline Shrub, 1-9 ft Winged achene, Seeds eaten by quail; Common dominant on Sarcobatus vermiculatus soil, below 6,500 summer- fall browsed by rabbit and saline soil Torr. ft antelope P3131, P3132 Groundsel Openings in pine Forb or shrub, Achene, July-Oct. Senecio spp. woods, 1,000- 1-3 ft L. 10,500 ft, sun P3131, P3132 Groundsel (gutterweed) Meadows and moist Perennial herb, Achene, summer- Senecio serra soils along 2-4 ft fall Hook. streams, 8,500- P3131, P3132 10,500 ft Buffaloberry Along streams, Erect shrub or Ellipsoid, berry- Fruit eaten by quail, Shepherdia spp. 3,500-6,500 ft small tree, like songbirds, black bear Nutt. 6-18 ft P3131, P3132 Squirreltail Desert slopes to ‘Tufted, erect Stiffly awned A preferred forage Sitanion hystrix subalpine meadows perennial grass, grain, year Nutt. 6-28 in round, depending P3131, P3132 on habitat Goldenrod Forest openings, Perennial herb, Achene, late Plant eaten by rab- Solidago spp. mountain meadows, 1-4 ft summer-fal] bit and deer L. above 7,000 ft P3131, P3132 Indian-grass Prairies, open Perennial grass, Grain, July-Nov. Sorghastrum nutans woods, dry canyon 2-6 ft Nash bottoms, pine P3131, P3132 forest in arid areas Globe mallow Dry mesas to pine Erect perennial, Capsule, fall Sphaeralcea spp. forests, 1,000- 5-50 in St. Hil. 8,000 ft P3131, P3132 Globe mallow (desert- Dry rocky slopes, Perennial forb or Pubescent seeds hollyhock, desert canyons below erect shrub, mallow) 4,000 ft 1.5-3 ft Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray P3131, P3132 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 341 61 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau Table P3130-61.2 (Continued) t Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Globe mallow Coniferous forests Perennial herb, 2- Capsule, summer- Plant eaten by deer Sphaeralcea fendleri and meadows, 3,000- 4.5 ft fall Gray 8,000 ft P3131, P3132 Globe mallow Dry plateaus in Perennial forb or _Indehiscent, Sphaeralcea volcanic soils shrub, 2-3 ft 1-seeded rossalarirefolia ti EA) Ryd. P3131, P3132. Alkalai sacaton Sandy plateaus and Tightly tufted per- Grain, June-Nov. Good range grass on Sporobolus airoides washes, heavy ennial grass alkaline soil Torr. soiled bottom- P3131, P3132 lands, often al- kaline, to 6,500 ft Sand dropseed Exposed sites on Perennial grass, Grain, July-Nov. Plant eaten by deer; Sporobolus cryptandrus sandy soil, below 15-50 in seeds eaten by tur- Torr. 7,000 ft key P3131, P3132 Black dropseed Dry soils in for- Perennial grass, Grain, July-Oct. Seeds eaten by tur- Only in Arizona Sporabolus interruptus est openings, 16-48 in key; plant eaten by Vasey meadows, oak wood- elk and deer P3131, P3132 land, pine forests, 5,000-7,000 ft Needlegrass Mountain meadows, Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by deer Stipa spp. woodland openings 10-30 in fall and elk Ls above 5,000 ft P3131, P3132 Subalpine needlegrass Meadows, dry Perennial grass, Grain, summer- Plant eaten by deer, (Columbian needlegrass) plains, forest 12-30 in fall elk, sheep Stipa columbiana openings, 5,000- Macoun 8,000 ft P3131, P3132 Needle-and-thread Prairies and Tufted perennial, Caryopsis, May- | Seeds eaten by a few Stipa comata grassy dry culms erect, to July species of songbirds Trin. slopes 3.5 ft tall P3131, P3132 Letterman needlegrass Open woodlands , Tufted perennial Grain, Aug.-Nov. Same as Stipa spp. Stipa lettermani forests above grass, 12-24 in Vasey 5,500 ft P3131, P3132 Sea blite Saline soil Erect perennial, Black seeds Halophyte ocurring Suaeda nigra 8-30 in with Sarcobatus Raf.) Macbr. spp. P3131, P3132 Snowberry Damp places to Low shrub, to 9 ft‘ Nutlets Seeds eaten by grouse, Symphoricarpos spp. dry, stony slopes, songbirds, bear; Boehm. 3,200-10,500 ft browsed by deer P3131, P3132 Snowberry Slopes and along Erect or trailing Berries, Apr.- Browsed by deer Symphoricarpos streams in moun- shrub, 1-6 ft Aug. oreophilus tains, coniferous Gray forests, 5,500- P3131, P3132 9,000 ft Dandelion Meadows and road- Perennial herb, Achene, spring- Seeds eaten by quail Taraxacum officinale sides, up to 5-8 in fall and turkey; plant Weber 9,000 ft eaten by deer P3131, P3132 White felt-thorn Dry soils below Shrub, 2-4 ft Achene, summer- Tetradymia comosa 5,000 ft fall Gray P3131, P3132 continued 342 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE P3130 Colorado Plateau 61 Table P3130-61.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bald-leaved felt-thorn Dry open areas, Shrub, 1-3 ft Achene, summer Tetradymia glabrata 2,000-7,000 ft Gray P3131, P3132 Meadow- rue Pine forests, Perennial herb, Achene, spring- Thalictrum fendleri mountain meadows, 1-2 ft fall Engelm. 5,000-9,500 ft P3131, P3132 Thelypody Meadows, plans Smal] shrub, 12- Long pod Halophyte occurring Thelypodium sagittatum 32 in with Sarcobatus spp. (Nutt.) Endl. P3131, P3132 \ Mountain clover Moist rich soils, Perennial herb, Legume, summer- Seeds eaten by turkey Trifolium fendleri conifer forests 4-20 in fall and quail; plant Green and meadows eaten by deer P3131, P3132 Spike trisetum Alpine meadows, Densely tufted Grain, July-Oct. Trisetum spicatum slopes, boulder erect perennial : fields, 10,000- grass, 6-20 in P3131, P3132 12,000 ft Whortleberry Open woods, hill- Low deciduous Round juicy Fruit eaten by fox (blueberry) sides, 8,000- shrub with angled berry, June-July and turkey; browsed Vaccinium oreophyllum 11,000 ft, sun twig by deer Rydb P3131, P3132 Great mullein Forest edges, Biennial forb, to Capsule, summer- Introduced Verbascum thapsus meadows, road- 6 ft fall L. sides, open P3131, P3132 areas, 5,000- 9,000 ft American vetch Conifer woodlands, Perennial forb, Legume, summer- Seeds eaten by dove, Vicia americana meadows, to 4-18 in fall quail, turkey, grouse MuhT. 10,000 ft P3131, P3132 Violet Open conifer for- Perennial herb, Capsule, spring- Seeds eaten by quail; Some species intro- Viola spp. est, mountain 3-8 in summer plant eaten by rab- duced U meadows, above bit P3131, P3132 7,000 ft Beckwith's violet Dry gravelly soil, Low forb, to 3 in Ovoid with shiny Seeds eaten by dove Viola beckwithii 3,000-6,000 ft seed and grouse T. &G. P3131, P3132 Mulesears wyethia Open foothills at Perennial forb, Achene Seeds eaten by grouse Wyethia amplexicaulis moderate eleva- to 2 ft Nutt. tions P3131, P3132 Spanish dagger (datil, | Dry, rocky slopes Shrub to small Large fruit, 6 in Nectar for humming- fleshy-fruited yucca, of desert grass, tree, 1-20 ft long birds; cover for yucca) lands and conifer woodpeckers, Yucca baccata woodland, 3,000- Torr. 8,000 ft P3131, P3132 Small soapweed Dry plains, slopes, Shrubby plant to Ory capsule, Seeds eaten by small Yucca glauca 4,000-8,500 ft 6 ft 3-celled mammals; nesting Nutt. cover for songbirds P3131, P3132 Sandcorn Dry areas, 4,000- Perennial forb, 3-celled with (foothill deathcamas) 6,000 ft to 24 in many seeds Zigadenus paniculatus Nutt.) Wats. P3131, P3132 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 343 62 PROVINCE A3140 Wyoming Basin Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary State boundary Location of province within the United States Figure 62.1 Province A3140, Wyoming Basin; Sections A3141, Wheatgrass—Needlegrass—Sagebrush, and A3142, Sagebrush—Wheatgrass. 344 CHAPTER 2 62 PROVINCE A3140 Wyoming Basin SECTION A3141 WHEATGRASS—NEEDLEGRASS—SAGEBRUSH SECTION A3142 SAGEBRUSH—WHEATGRASS Sections A3141 and A3142 are basically the same. They comprise a high (4000 to 6000 feet) expanse of flatland bounded by mountain ranges rising to 13,000 feet, occasionally interrupted by isolated ranges. Some of the major boundary ranges are the Laramie Range, the Beartooth Mountains, the Absavoka Range, the Wind River Range, and the Medicine Bow Range. The Bighorn Mountains are the largest isolated range. The North Platte and the Green River traverse the basin. River bluffs and an occasional hogback ridge of bedrock break PROVINCE A3140 Wyoming Basin 62 the monotony of the expanses of level topography. The basin is relatively cold and dry. Shrubland dominates the floor of the basin. Streamside shrubs and forests of cottonwood and willow trees provide extensive habitats with food and shelter for wildlife. Pine trees grow on the hogbacks and lower slopes of the mountains. The higher slopes of the mountains support subalpine forest of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. Ridges and peaks exceeding approximately 10,000 feet elevation are in the Alpine Tundra Region (Veireck 1966) above tree limit. Greasewood and saltbush are common in the most arid lowlands where soils are high in salts. The sagebrush vegetation is provided with some break in its otherwise monotonous appearance by clusters of shrubs which are taller than the surrounding individuals. Animals concentrate in, and may be the cause of, these islands of taller plants. Table A3140-62.1 [A3141, A3142] Selected Plant Species Common to the Wheatgrass—Needlegrass—Sagebrush and Sagebrush— Wheatgrass Sections Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Low-growing trees and Juniperus scopulorum tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Pinus albicaulis (Control only when Pinus flexilis Limber pine necessary; may be ac- Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Amelanchier spp. Artemisia tridentata Atriplex canescens Chrysothamnus nauseousus Serviceberry Big sagebush Rabbit brush Purshia tridentata Bitterbrush Sarcobatus vermiculatus Greasewood Symphoricarpos spp. Snowberry Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, Agropyron smithii Agropyron trachycaul um Rocky Mountain juniper Whitebark pine Four-wing saltbush Western wheatgrass Slender wheatgrass Rocky Mountain juniper Whitebark pine Limber pine Ponderosa pine Juniperus scopylorum Pinus albicaulis nus flexilis Pinus ponderosa Amelanchier spp. Artemisia tridentata Atriplex canescens Chrysothamnus nauseousus Serviceberry Big sagebush Four-wing saltbush Rabbit brush Purshia tridentata Bitterbrush Sarcobatus vermiculatus Greasewood Symphoricarpos spp. Snowberry Western wheatgrass Agropyron smithii trachyci Slender wheatgrass Agropyron trachycaulum mosses (Should not be Arenaria spp. Sandwort Arenaria spp. Sandwort disturbed) Atriplex spp. Mat saltbrush Atriplex spp. Mat saltbrush Bouteloua spp. Grama Bouteloua spp. Grama Bromus tectorum Cheat Bromus tectorum Cheat Carex filifolia Sedge Carex filifolia Sedge Erigeron engelmannii Daisy Erigeron engelmanni i Daisy Koeleria cristata Oryzopsis hymenoides Poa fendleriana Polygonum viviparum Koeleria cristata Oryzopsis hymenoides Poa fendleriana Polygonum viviparum Prairie junegrass Indian rice-grass Fendler bluegrass Devil's shoestring Prairie junegrass Indian rice-grass Fendler bluegrass Devil's shoestring Stipa spp. Needlegrass Stipa spp. Needlegrass Trifolium gymnocarpon Clover Trifolium gymnocarpon Clover Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Tall-growing trees, Populus spp. Cottonwood Populus spp. Cottonwood over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and Acer negundo Box-elder Acer negundo Box-elder tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, Salix spp. Willow Salix spp. Willow 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 345 62 PROVINCE A3140 Wyoming Basin Table A3140-62.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Wyoming Basin Species Box-elder Acer negundo L A3141, A3142 Western wheatgrass Agropyron smithii db Rydb. A3141, A3142 Slender wheatgrass Agropyron trachycaulum Link) Malte A3141, A3142 Serviceberry Amelanchier spp. Medic. A3141, A3142 Sandwort Arenaria spp. U A341, A3i42 Big sagebush Artemisia tridentata Nutt. A3141, A3142 Mat saltbrush Atriplex spp. U A3141, A3142 é Four-wing saltbrush z Atriplex canescens f TPursh)- Note: A3141, A3142 Grama Bouteloua spp. Lag. A3141, A3142 Cheat Bromus tectorum L. A3141, A3142 Sedge Carex Nut’ A3141, A3142 folia Rabbit brush Chrysothamnus nauseousus Pursh) Britt. A3141, A3142 Daisy Erigeron engelmannii A. Nels. A3141, A3142 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum arg. A3141, A3142 Habitat Streambanks and wet to moist Places Heavy soils, al- kali-tolerant Moist areas Riverbanks, hill- sides and into the mountains Moist to dry, shaded to open woods Dry plains and hills, in sun Dry mesas and alkaline valleys, in sun Ory mesas and alkaline valleys, in sun Rocky hills and plains Waste places and sandy soil Dry plains and hills Dry, sunny, hill- sides Stoney slopes Ory, well-drained in sun, 5,000- 9,500 ft Form Small tree with green glaborus branches, leaves compound Erect, sod- forming perennial, to 2 ft tall Erect, tufted per- ennial, to 10 in tall Shrub or smal] tree, leaves al- ternate, simple, toothed or entire Perennial, forming loosely matted patches, stems round to 4-angled, erect, to 6 in tall Shrub, to 12 ft tall, much-branched, branches erect, leaves 3-toothed Shrub or herb, us- ually low Shrubby, leaves to 2 in long, evergreen Perennial, densely tufted, erect to 2 ft tall Erect or spreading, slender to 2 ft tall, tufted, an- nual Forming dense tussocks to 1 ft tall, stem angled Stem decumbent at base, to 8 in long, basal leaves numerous Bushy shrub, oc- Fruit Samara, Sept.- Oct. Pome, berrylike Capsule Achene, Oct. Achene, Achene, Caryopsis Nutlet Achene Berry, year casionally to round 40 ft tall, leaves scale-like, .13 in Tong continued Aug.-Sept. Aug.-Sept. General wildlife use Seeds eaten by birds, squirrels, mule deer Major use to wildlife is as forage Fruit eaten by many species of birds; browsed by moose, black bear, deer, rabbit, beaver and many others Seeds eaten by grouse; browsed by mule deer and bighorn sheep Seeds eaten by squir- rels; browsed by rabbits Seeds eaten by kanga- roo rat, large number of birds, smal] mam- mals Seeds eaten by a large number of birds and mammals Winter browse for elk, moose, mule deer Browsed by bighorn sheep Notes Very important range species High nutritional value for livestock High nutritional value for livestock Very drought- resistant 346 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE A3140 Wyoming Basin 62 Table A3140-62.2 (Concluded) Species Prairie junegrass Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. P3141, A3142 Indian rice-grass Oryzopsis hymenoides R. & S.) Ricker A3141, A3142 Whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis Engel. A341, A3142 Limber pine Pinus flexilis James 3141, A3142 Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Laws. A3141, A3142 Fendler bluegrass Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey A3141, A3142 Devil's shoestring Polygonum viviparum t. A3141, A3142 Cottonwood Populus spp. Tourn.) L. A3141, A3142 Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata Pursh) DC. A3141, A3142 Willow Salix spp. U A3141, A3142 Greasewood Sarcobatus vermiculatus Hook.) Torr. A3141, A3142 Needlegrass Stipa spp. v A3141, A3142 Snowberry Symphoricarpos spp. Duham. A3141, A3142 Clover Trifolium gymnocarpon Nutt. A3141, A3142 Habitat Prairie, open woods, sandy soil, rocky slopes be- low 9,000 ft Open sandy plains, hills, woodlands at medium eleva- tions Dry, well-drained site, in sun Summits, ridges, rocky foothills, 4,000-10,000 ft elevation Dry, well-drained, in sun Hills and table- lands Alpine swamps Well-drained to moist, sunny sites Ory, well-drained, in sun Wet areas, stream- banks, sand bars, low areas Alkaline flats, in sun Mountain meadows , woodland openings above 5,000 ft Moist, well- drained sites Dry hills SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Form Tufted or bunched perennial grass, 4-28 in Densely tufted perennial grass, 12-24 in Tree, to 40 ft tall, crown irregular, leaves in fascicles of 5, to 2.5 in Tong Tree, to 50 ft tall, crown broad, open with plumel ike branches, needles in fascicles of 5, to 3 in long Tree, to 180 ft tall, needles in fascicles of 3, 4-11 in Tong Stem, to 2 ft tall, leaf blades flat or convolute Blades of basal leaves oblong, to 4 in long, 1 in wide Small to large fast-growing, but short-lived tree Shrub, to 10 ft tall, leaves 3- lobed at apex, bark chestnut- brown Shrubs to trees, rapid-growing, linear leaves Erect shrub, to 10 ft tall, leaves fleshy, 1.5 in long Perennial grass, 10-30 in Low branching up- right shrub, to 6 ft tall Leaflets oval, .2 in long , Fruit Grain, May-Oct. Grain, May-Nov. Cone, matures Aug.-Sept. of 2nd year, seeds only released with rotting of cone Cone, maturing in Sept. Cone, ripe Aug.- Sept. of second season Achene, dull brown Capsule Achene, Aug. Capsule Achene Grain, summer- fall Drupe, clustered Pod General wildlife use Plant eaten by deer and elk Seeds eaten by game- birds; plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by crow, porcupine, squirrel; browsed by bighorn sheep Seeds eaten by grouse, porcupine, squirrel Major browse for mule deer; seeds eaten by grouse, porcupine, squirrel, quail Seeds eaten by coots, as well as a large number of other birds and mammals Seeds eaten by birds and small mammals Seeds eaten in all Seasons by many spe- cies of wildlife Browsed by mule and black-tailed deer, pica, chipmunk, ante- lope Seeds eaten by many species of birds; browsed by rabbit and moose Browsed by procupine, jackrabbit, chipmunk Plant eaten by deer and elk Fruit eaten by sev- eral species of birds; browsed by black and white-tailed deer and grouse Plant eaten, to limit- ed extent, by a large number of species Notes Good native forage; rarely locally a- bundant Excellent range- grass in semi-arid areas More tolerant of shade in moist areas Very intolerant of shade Very drought- resistant Easily damaged by wind Can withstand pH concentrations to 8.0 347 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, 63 M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Location of provinces within Alaska Province boundary y 2 \ Section boundary -2 NY WW Location of province SS within the United States State boundary Figure 63.1 Provinces 1210, Arctic Tundra; 1220, Bering Tundra; 1310, Yukon Parkland; 1320, Yukon Forest; M1210, Brooks Range; M1310, Alaska Range; and M2410, Pacific Forest. 348 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, 63 M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest 63 PROVINCE 1210 Arctic Tundra PROVINCE 1220 Bering Tundra PROVINCE 1310 Yukon Parkland PROVINCE 1320 Yukon Forest PROVINCE M1210 Brooks Range PROVINCE M1310 Alaska Range PROVINCE M2410 Pacific Forest PROVINCE 1210, ARCTIC TUNDRA Alaska is divided into east-west oriented regions by the Brooks Range in the north and the Alaska Range in the south. Between the mountains there is an immense interior lowland. South of the Alaska Range there is a narrow coastal region. North of the Brooks Range the “North Slope” decends steeply from the crest of the range down to the coastal plain and then drops ata gentle angle to the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Tundra occupies the Arctic Coastal Plain. The gently sloping land is cut by streams of a variety of sizes which generally meander enough to erode in some areas and to deposit in others. Willow shrubs and a few patches of small cottonwood trees grow on the river floodplains, but they are usually trimmed off if they rise above the winter snow cover which accumulates in the depressed stream channel. The uplands between streams are dominated by low, often creeping shrubs, small flowering herbs, and many species of sedges and grasses. The sedges and grasses in wet coastal areas often grow in tussocks a few inches wide and over a foot tall. There are no evergreen trees north of the Brooks Range; the deciduous cottonwood trees form only a very minute part of the vegetation. Polygonal-patterned ground is a conspicuous and fascinating feature of immense areas of the Arctic Tundra. The polygons are up to many feet in diameter and may have either raised or depressed centers of one to a few feet. The Arctic Slope soil parent material is relatively fine, textured, and uniform over large areas. River-cut bluffs and an occasional pingo (conical mound built by cryological processes and cored by a mass of ice) are the only breaks in the monotony of the landscape. Permafrost (permanently frozen ground) underlies the entire Arctic Tundra Province. The surface layers of vegetation and soil thaw out to a depth of a few inches to a few feet each summer, with deepest patches along streams, lakes, and ponds. Beneath this thin “active layer,” permafrost extends for hundreds of feet. This frozen layer absorbs much of the average 10 inches of precipitation falling each year. Many plant species are nurtured by the diversity of local habitats. Arising from geomorphic processes, this habitat diversity includes cryopedology and biological SELECTED PLANT SPECIES processes, such as burrowing of uplands by small mammals and grazing by large mammals. PROVINCE 1220, BERING TUNDRA Province 1220 is the equivalent of Viereck’s (1966) Wet Tundra. Found on the Arctic coast and the shores of the Bering Sea, it includes the Seward Peninsula and the broad delta of the Yukon River. The landscape is generally flat and wet with many ponds and lakes. Polygonal ground and frost ridges are common features. The lowland vegetation is dominated by sedges and cottongrass, which generally do not form tussocks as they do in other types of tundra. Rocky uplands are domi- nated by mountain-avens. The 10 to 40 inches of precipitation and the relatively mild temperature (10° to 30° F mean annual) create a wet and cool environment which lacks the seasonal extremes typical of other tundra regions. Consequently, this region is sometimes called oceanic tundra. Additional variety in the landscape is produced by the genesis of various plant communities reacting to local effects of frost action, permafrost, local relief, parent- material differences, drainage patterns, irregular snow accumulation, and animal activity. The forest of the Alaska interior extends up the south slope of the Brooks Range to approximately 2800 feet elevation. Altitudinal bands dominated by alder and willows are above the forest limit. Above the shrub areas, the landscape is occupied by Alpine Tundra (Veireck 1966) vegetation. The only trees north of the Continental Divide are small patches of dwarfed cottonwoods in protected pockets on the Arctic Slope. The Brooks Range environments are highly variable. Some ecosystems are little more than bare rock, while others are relatively lush growths of herbs and low shrubs. PROVINCES 1310 AND 1320 YUKON PARKLAND AND YUKON FOREST (THE INTERIOR FOREST) Since Bailey’s (1976) procedure of creating two forest provinces in interior Alaska results in an apparent regional separation of forest types into relatively distinct ecoregions which follow no natural features of the landscape, this description follows Veireck’s categorization (1966) and regroups Bailey’s two province types into one region, the Interior Forest. The Interior Forest occupies the expansive interior plateau of Alaska which lies between the two great mountain systems, the Brooks Range and the Alaska Range. This landscape consists of gently rolling uplands between giant, meandering rivers, such as the Yukonand the Tanana systems. The climatic climax forest of this boreal or tiaga forest is dominated by white spruce and paper birch. A variety of successional, topographic, and edaphic forest stands are also present. The Interior Forest environment has mild winds, but extreme temperatures. Mean annual temperature ranges from 20° to 30° F with extremes of -40° to +90° F. Frozen ground occurs in scattered areas, not continuously as in the Arctic. Precipitation varies from 6 to 12 inches per year in different localities. Snowfall averages 55 inches 349 63 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest per year, with a snow cover from mid-October to late April. Evaporation is low, and impermeable permafrost holds soil water to shallow layers; bogs and wet areas are common. Extensive fires have always been an important ecological feature in the Interior Forest. PROVINCE M1210, BROOKS RANGE The Brooks Range is a spectacular complex of mountain ranges. The entire mass has an east-west orientation which results in an immense barrier to movement of air masses, plants, animals, and people. One product of the physiography is the separation of the Arctic region to the north from the great interior lowland of subarctic forest. The Brooks Range’s peaks rise to elevations of over 6000 feet; some of its passes, Anaktovic, made famous by travel of native peoples, and Atigan, of more recent interest as the route of an oil pipeline, are as high as 2500 feet. Although there are no active glaciers in the range today, the landscape bears many features of glacial erosion and deposition. PROVINCE M1310, ALASKA RANGE The presence of the North American continent’s highest mountain, Mount McKinley (20,320 feet high), makes the Alaska Range a noteworthy group of mountains, many of which are over 12,000 feet high. Similar mountains of volcanic origin form the Aleutian Island chain, however, most Aleutian mountains rise from the sea while those of the Alaska Range rise from plateaus covered with evergreen forest. These landscapes have been affected by glaciation but currently active glaciers are restricted to the Alaska Range. The Alaska Range is largely Alpine Tundra and Moist Tundra, while the 350 Aleutian Islands have Alpine, Moist, and Wet Tundra in Veireck’s (1966) classification. In this relatively moist and windy province, vegetation changes slowly with increases in altitude. The general pattern is a birch zone near sea level, changing to a zone of sitka alder at about 400 feet, changing to Alpine Tundra at about 550 feet. The alder shrubs also occur on rocky sites in the birch zone. PROVINCE M2410, PACIFIC FOREST The Pacific Forest Province in Alaska is an extension of the continuous coastal, temperate rain forest that extends along the Pacific coast from northern California to Cook Inlet in Alaska. The province as discussed here extends from Cook Inlet southeast along the coast to Dixon Entrance and includes the islands of the Alexander Archipelago. The climate is considered maritime—cool and moist. A narrow temperature range moderated by warm adjacent ocean currents creates cool summers and mild winters with ample precipitation spread throughout the year. Vegetational types include dense stands of coastal spruce—hemlock forest dominated by Sitka spruce and western hemlock mixed with other conifers and black cottonwood. Associated conifer species change as species drop out with increasing latitude. At higher elevations, above 2500 to 3000 feet, a distinct alpine zone of vegetation develops. Dominant alpine plants include heaths, grasses, and other low plants. Trees occur here only as stunted or shrublike forms due to the adverse weather conditions. The Selected Plant Species Table for this province can be found in section 56. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, 63 M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Table 1210-63.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Arctic Tundra Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Habitat conditions: Betula glandulosa Janata Salix ovalifolium Salix reticulata Salix planifolia Cladonia spp. Oryas integrifolia Dryas octapetala Papaver radicatum sphagnum spp. Habitat conditions: Carex spp. Deschampsia spp. Epilobium angustifolium Epilobium Tatifolium Frisetum spp. Poa spp. Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Resin birch Willow Mountain cranberry Resin birch Willow Ovalleaf willow Netleaf willow Diamondleaf willow Betula glandulosa Salix spp. Vaccinium vitis-idaea Reindeer lichen Carex spp. Sedge White mountain-avens Cladonia spp. Reindeer lichen Entire-leaf mountain-avens Kobresia myosuriodes Kobresia* Arctic poppy* Pedicularis spp. Lousewort * Peat moss Poa spp. Bluegrass Polygonum bistorta Mountain meadow bistort* Sadr: raga spp. Saxifrage* Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Resin birch Andromeda polifolia Bog rosemary Willow Betula glandulosa Resin birch Betula nana Owarf arctic birch Carex spp. Sedge Eriophorum spp. Sedge» Tedum decumbens Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Poa Bluegrass Rhacomitrium lanuginosum Woolly moss Salix alexensis Feltleaf willow Salix arbuscuToides Littleleaf willow Salix candida Willow* Vacc mm uliginosum Bog blueberry Sedge Eleocharis spp. Spike rush« Hairgrass Fireweed* Fireweed* Grass Bluegrass Table 1220-63.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Bering Tundra Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Habitat conditions: Betula glandulosa Betula nana Cedum decumbens Salix Fuscescens Savix ovalifolium Salix fae Salix reticulata Alectoria pubescens Androsace ochotensis Arctostaphylos alpina Avenaria arctica Carex microshaeta Cassiope tetragona Cetravia hepatizon Eriophorum augustifolium Vaccinium uliginosum Ledum decumbens Lupinus arcticus Luzula confusa Oxytropis nigrescens eltige: ra scabrosa Polytrichium spp. Ory to moist/excessive to well-drained Resin birch Owarf arctic birch Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Alaska bog birch Oval leat willow Diamondleaf willow Netleaf willow Same as "Early successional plants" Hair lichen* Androsace * Alpine bearberry Arctic sandwort * Sedge * Four-angle mountain heather Iceland lichen * Cottongrass * Bog blueberry Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Arctic lupine Northern wood-rush Black ish oxytrope* Lichen Haircap moss* continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 351 63 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Table 1220-63.1 (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation -- (Cont inued) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Salix arctica Vaccinium vitis-idaea Habitat conditions: Salix spp. Aconitum delphinifolium Avenaria macrocarpa Betula nana Carex aquatilis Deschampsia caespitora Eriophorum vaginatum Festuca brachyphy!la Juncus biglumis Ledum decumbens Luzula nivalis Pedicularis pennellii igidus Phyllodoce coerula Potentilla egedii Prinuva borealis Salix arbut Salix pulchra Saxifraga spp. Vaccinium oxycoccos Vaccinium uTiginosum Vaccinium vit Ory/excessive (Continued Arctic willow Campion moss Mountain cranberry Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Willow Betula nana Ledum procumbens Salix spp. Sambucus callicarpa Viburnum edule Aconite* Long-podded sandwort * Dwarf Arctic birch Aquatic sedge* Hairgrass * Cottongrass * Festuca* Two-f lowered rush* Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Snow woodrush * Lousewort * Arctic sweet coltsfoot* Blue mountain heath Pacific silverweed* Northern primrose * Willow * Willow * Saxifrage* Bog cranberry Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry Owarf Arctic birch Labrador-tea Willow Pacific red elderberry Highbush- cranberry Table 1310, 1320-63.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Yukon Parkland and Yukon Forest Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Habitat conditions: Ory to moist/excessive to well-drained Picea glauca Salix alexensis Rosa acicularis Salix bebbiana Salix scouTeriana Shepherdia canadensis Vaccinium vitis-idaea Betula glandulosa Resin birch Polygonum bistortordes Bistort* Artemisia alaskana Vicia spp. ~~~—~S*«etch® Empetrum nigrum quisetum spp. Habitat condition Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Betula papyrifera Paper birch Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar Quaking aspen Black poplar Populus tremuloides Populus ‘trichocarpa continued White spruce Feltleaf willow Prickly rose Bebb willow Scouler willow Buffaloberry Mountain cranberry Alaskan sagebrush Crowberry Horsetail Tamarack Black spruce 352 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, 63 M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Table 1310, 1320-63.1 (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Moist/well-drained (Continued Alnus crispa Arctostaphylos rubra Empetrum nigrum Tedun groentandicun Rosa acicularis Salix arbuscuToides Salix bebbiana Ribes triste Vaccinium uliginosum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Viburnum edule Green alder Red-fruited bearberry Crowberry Labrador-tea Prickly rose Littleleaf willow Bebb willow American red currant Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry Highbush- cranberry Table M1210-63.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Brooks Range Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Low-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Betula papyrifera Paper birch glauca Populus tremuloides Quaking aspen Picea marina alexensis ayelgetagtyles uva-ursi Bearberry Juniperus communis etula glandulosa Resin birch Rhododendron Tapponicum Betula nana Ledum decumbens Owarf Arctic birch Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Salix reticulata Shepherdia canadensis Buffaloberry Epilobium spp. Fireweed Cassiope tetragona Festuca brachyphylla Fescue wt communis, Loiseleuria procumbens Salix brachycarpa Salix chamissanis Salix fuscescens Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Betula rifera Paper birch Populus tremul les Quaking aspen Picea mariana Ledum decumbens Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Ledum decumbens Vacci Bog blueberry Arctostaphylos alpina Rosa acicularis Vaccinium uliginosum Vaccinium vitis-idaea ium uliginosum White spruce Black spruce Feltleaf willow Common juniper Lapland rosebay Netleaf willow Four-angle mountain heather Common juniper Alpine azalea Willow Willow* Alaskan bog birch Black spruce Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Alpine bearberry Prickly rose Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry SELECTED PLANT SPECIES . 353 63 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Table M1310-63.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Alaska Range Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not Common juniper Lapland rosebay Juniperus communis Rhododendron lapponicum controlled) Sorbus scopulina Green mountain-ash Lesser vegetation - Epilebium spp. Fireweed Artemisia alaschcensis Wormwood* grasses, herbs, ferns, Erigeron spp. Daisy Calamagrostis langsdorffii Bluejoint reedgrass mosses (Should not be Sotidago spp. Goldenrod Cassiope lycopodioides Club-moss mountain disturbed) heather Drummond mountain-avens ppyas Grummondii E is mollis Beach ryegrass ym mpetrum nigrum Crowberry Epilobium augustifolium Fireweed* Geranium erianthum Northern geranium* Geum rotundifolium Avens* Heracleum Janatum HierochToe alpina Hockenya pepliodes Lathyrus maritima Ledum decumbens Luzula arcuata Polygonum viviparum Polypodium vulgare Potentilla v Josa Salix barclayi Salix brachycarpa Salix commutata Senecio pseudoarnica halictrum kemense Cow parsnip* Alpine hollygrass Sea-beach sandwort* Beach pea* Narrowleaf Labrador-tea* Alpine woodrush* Alpine bistort* Licorice-fern* Villous cinquefoil* Barclay willow Barren-ground willow Undergreen willow Senecio* Meadow-rue * Habitat condition: Moist to wet/well-drained to i J Betula papyrifera Populus BalsaniFera opulus tremuloides Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Paper birch Balsam-poplar Quaking aspen White spruce Black spruce Feltleaf willow Littleleaf willow Willow Picea glauca Picea mariana Salix alexensis Salix arbusculoides Salix ‘candida Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not Alnus crispa Betula glandulosa Green alder Resin birch controlled) BetuTa nana Owarf Arctic birch edum decumbens Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Shepherdia canadensis Anemone narcissiflora Arctastaphylos alpina Arctastaphylos rubra Arctastaphylos uva-ursi Cassiope tetragona Chamaedaphne calyculata Cystopteris ae. Ss Dryas integrifolia Oryas octapetala Juniperus communis Loiseleuria procumbens ubus chamaemorus Vaci mM OxyCOCCUS Vaceinfun ultginosun Vaccinium vitis-idaea Buffaloberry Narcissus-f lowered* anemone Alpine bearberry Red-fruited bearberry Bearberry Four-angle mountain heather Leather-leaf Fragile fern* White mountain avens Entire-leaf mountain-avens Common juniper Alpine azalea Cloud berry Bog cranberry Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry Same as “Early successional plants" * No entry in Ecological Characteristics Table. 354 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, 63 M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Table 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, M1210, M1310, M2410-63.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to Alaska Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Green alder Gravelly slopes Shrub, 3-13 ft Conelike Food for ptarmigan and Alnus crispa and flood plains tall songbirds 1310, 1320, M1310 Bog rosemary Bogs and wet sedge Small, spreading Capsule Plants contain a Andromeda polifolia tundra evergreen shrub, strong poison, 12 3 ft tall andromedotoxin, Alpine bearberry Srctastaphylos alpina 1220, M1210, 10 Red-fruited bearberry Arctostaphylos rubra 1310, 1320, MT310 Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 1220, HTZ 5, M131 Alaskan sagebrush Artemisia alaskana 1370, Resin birch Betula glandulosa 1210, 1220, » 1320, M1210, M1310 Owarf Arctic birch Betula nana 1210, 1220, M1210, M1310 Paper birch Betula See 1370, 1320, MTZT0, M1310 Sedges Carex spp. 1270, 41310 Club-moss mountain heather Cassiope lycopodioides mY Four-angled mountain heather Cassiope tetragona 1220, “WTTOS Leather~-leaf MT Reindeer lichen Cladonia spp. 1210 Hairgrass Deschampsia spp. 1210 Drummond mountain-avens Dryas drummondii, M1310 Dry sites of arctic and alpine tundra Lower elevations in spruce forests and bogs Dry sites Dry steep south- facing slopes Moist soil, muskegs or boggy areas, hummocks on tundra, and borders of lakes and streams Moist soil, muskegs or boggy areas, hummocks on tundra, and borders of lakes and streams Moist areas Throughout the region Exposed ridges in mountains Where snow remains ‘in summer Bogs and open Chamaedaphne calyculata black spruce stands Tundra, in great abundance in the foothills of the Brooks Range Throughout the region Alpine to lowland pioneer on gravel bars SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Trailing shrub, Berry 2.5-4 in tall Trailing shrub, Berry 6 in high Prostrate ever- green shrub form- ‘ing mats Mealy berry Shrub,‘1.5-2 ft Naked seeds Shrubby, mostly Strobles low and spreading to erect, 5 ft Shrubby, mostly Strobles low and’ spreading to erect, 5 ft Small deciduous Conelike tree Grass like Creeping moss-like evergreen shrub, 1-6 in tall Capsule Low, creeping ever- green, moss-like, mat-forming shrub Capsule Evergreen shrub Capsule Carpet-like masses Grasses Evergreen herbaceous dwarf shrub forming large mats continued Fruit eaten by bears and ptarmigan Same as A. alpina Fruit eaten by bears Cover Provide food and cover for wildlife Same as B. glandulosa Used for cover Forage for herbivores Important food of reindeer and caribou Forage for herbivores Roots are eaten by rodents which causes vomit- ing, dizziness, low blood pressure, breathing diffi- culty, diarrhea, and cramps Edible but poor taste Berries palatable when cooked; leaves can be used as sub- stitute for tabacco May seed promptly on cutover or burned lands Same as B. glandu- losa C. aquatilis is ‘edible Used as fuel even when green and wet Used for watershed protection 355 63 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Table 1210, 1220, 1310, 132 ), M1210, M1310, M2410-63.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes White mountain-avens In the highland Evergreen herbaceous Roots are food for Stabilize soil Oryas integrifolia dwarf shrubs rodents 1270, M1310 Entire-leaf mountain- Widespread in low- Grass with rhizomes Same as D. integri- avens Jands and alpine folia Dryas octapetala tundra 1210, M1310 Beach ryegrass Dunes along the Grass with rhizomes Could be used for i Elymus mollis coast stabilization 7 Crowberry Moist rocky slopes, Creeping evergreen Berry Fruit eaten by bear, Edible, usually in mpetrum nigrum muskegs, and spruce heather-like shrub ptarmigan, grouse pies 1310, 1320, M1310 forests forming dense mats 6 in high Horsetails Moist areas Rushlike with peren- Spores One species, Scour- Equisetum spp. nial rhizomes ing-Rush, so called 1316, 320 because deposites of silica in the stems make them effective as scour- ing pads Grass Throughout the Grasses Forage for herbivores Used for watershed Frisetum spp. region protection 12 Alpine hollygrass Alpine meadows Grass with rhizomes Hierochloe alpina MIs Common juniper Rocky tundra, Prostrate spreading Berrylike cones Food for birds Most widely dis- Juniperus communis sunny slopes, evergreen shrub, tributed conifer in M1210, M1310 sandy areas, 2 ft high the world, fruits and forest open- used to flavor gin ings Tamarack Muskegs and moist Small to medium-sized Cones Only Alaskan coni- Larix laricina soils tree, 30-60 ft high fer to shed its 1310, 1320 leaves in winter Narrowleaf Labrador-tea Sedge tussocks and Evergreen shrub, Capsule A palatable tea Ledum decumbens wet depressions 1-2 in tall can be made by 1270, 1220, MT210, M1310 boiling the aroma- tic leaves Labrador-tea Forests and bogs Evergreen shrub, Capsule Tea can be made by Ledum groenlandicum 4 ft tall boiling the leaves 1310, 1320 Alpine azalea Well-drained rocky Trailing evergreen Capsule Loiseleuria procumbens sited on tundra shrub, 1-2 in tall M1210, M1310 Blue mountain heath Where snow remains Matted evergreen Capsule Phyllodoce coerula late in spring shrub, 2-6 in high 1220 White spruce In open forests Medium sized ever- Cones Used as cover Has been used for Picea glauca and well-drained green, 40-70 ft oil drilling plat- 1310, 1320, M1210, M1310 soils high forms Black spruce Cold wet flats and Resinous evergreen Cones Same as P. glauca Lower branches Picea mariana gentle damp slopes tree, 10-30 ft take root and form 1370, 1320, M1210, M1310 to tree line high ring of small trees around parent tree Bluegrass Throughout the Grasses Forage for herbivores Used for watershed Poa spp. region protection 1210, 1310 Balsam-poplar South slopes, Medium sized Capsule Used for cover and Fast-growing fol low- Populus balsamifera well-drained deciduous tree browse ing a forest fire 1310, 1320, M1310 benches and creek bottoms continued 356 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, 63 M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Ge ee Table 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, M1210, M1310, M2410-63.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Quaking aspen South slopes, well- Medium sized decid- Capsule Used for cover and Fast-growing fol- Populus tremuloides drained benches and uous tree browse lowing a forest 1310, 1320, HT2TOs MI310 creek bottoms fire Black poplar Lower elevations Large deciduous Capsule Cover Largest broadleaf Populus trichocarpa © on river bottoms tree, 80-100 ft tall tree in Alaska 1310 1330 Lapland rosebay Tundra and open Matted to erect much Capsule Rhododendron lapponicum M1210, MT310 American red currant Ribes triste 1310, 1320 Prickly rose Rosa acicularis 1310, 1320, M1210 Cloud berry Rubus chamaemorus MI310 Pacific red elderberry Sambucus callicarpa 1220 Willow Salix spp. 1270, 1220 Feltleaf willow Salix alexensis 1270, T310, 1320, M1210, M1310 Littleleaf willow Salix arbusculoides 1210, 1310, 1320, M1310 Arctic willow Salix arctica 1220 Barclay willow Salix barclayi M1310 Bebb willow Salix bebbiana 1310, 1320 Barren-ground willow Salix brachycarpa M1310 Undergreen willow Salix commutata 1310 Alaska bog birch Salix fuscescens 1220, MT Willow Salix Janata 1210 forest at treeline Within the boreal forests or in pro- tected ravines north and west of treeline Throughout arctic, common on old burns Bogs Moist soils (See below) Valleys throughout Alaska Along streams and rivers Ory and wet sites, arctic and alpine tundra Wet alluvial sites Uplands Talus slopes, moist meadows, and stream margins Stream margins in mountains Wet tundra and bogs, boreal for- est to above treeline Wet and dry areas of the tundra from saline beach meadows to above timber line branched evergreen shrub Low spreading shrub 2.5-4 ft high Spiny much branched shrub, up to 7 ft high Erect herb Deciduous shrub, 7-15 ft high Shrub to small tree, 20-30 ft high Erect shrub, 10-15 ft tall Trailing shrub Shrub to treelike, 4-20 ft tall Shrub, 10 ft tall Low shrub, 10-35 ft tall Dense shrub 4-7 ft tall Trailing shrub Shrubby, from a few in to 7 ft Berry Berrylike rounded hip Drupe Orupe Capsule Capsule Capsule Capsule Capsule Capsule Capsule Capsule Capsule, contain- ing many minute, hairy seeds continued Valuable as cover and browse Eaten by grouse and other birds Food for birds Same as R. chamaemorus Browsed by moose, inner bark has served as food for humans Cover Cover for wildlife Browsed by moose and snowshoe hare Cover for wildlife Cover for wildlife Nearly all species produce browse and cover for wildlife Used in jellies Rich in vitamin C; makes jellies or syrups Rich in vitamin C; used by Eskimos Seeds are poison- ous In many areas im- portant as only available wood for fuel Common species to follow fire on upland sites; has been used for furn- iture, baseball bats, charcoal, and gunpowder Useful for stabil- izing streambanks and improving fish habitat ee es SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 357 63 PROVINCES 1210 Arctic Tundra, 1220 Bering Tundra, 1310 Yukon Parkland, 1320 Yukon Forest, M1210 Brooks Range, M1310 Alaska Range, M2410 Pacific Forest Table 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, M1210, M1310, M2410-63.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Ovalleaf willow Wet and dry areas Shrubby, froma few Capsule, contain- Same as S. lanata Same as S. lanata Salix ovalifolia of the tundra from in to 7 ft tall ‘ing many minute, 1270, 1220 saline beach mea- hairy seeds dows to above tim- berline Diamondleaf willow Wet and dry areas Shrubby, froma few Capsule, contain- Same as S. lanata Same as S. lanata Salix planifolia of the tundra from in to 7 ft tall ing many minute, 1270, V2 saline beach mea- hairy seeds dows to above tim- berline Netleaf willow Wet and dry sites Creeping shrub Capsule Same as S. lanata Same as S. lanata Salix reticulata of tundra and 1210, 1220, MI2ZT0 forest Scouler willow Near streams Shrub or tree, Capsule Browsed by moose Rapid occupation of Salix scouleriana 15 ft tall burned or logged 320 areas Buffaloberry Ory upland sites Deciduous shrub, Fleshy drupelike Berries eaten by Berries edible but Shepherdia canadensis and old burns up to 7 ft high grouse bitter 1310, 1320, M1210, MT310 also gravel bars near tree line Campion moss Common on tundra Mosslike densely Silene acaulis matted 12 Green mountain-ash Openings in the Deciduous shrub, Pome Cover for wildlife Sorbus scopulina forest 4-15 ft tall M1310 Peat moss Wet areas, hollows, As a dense moss in Holds two hundred ae spp. bogs, and smal] the water times its weight of 12 lakes water; when dry peat is used as a fuel; most enduring plant known Early blueberry Common in costal Spreading shrub Berry Winter browse for Used in jellies Vaccinium ovalifolium forests deer, mountain goats, 1220, 1310, 1320, M1210, elk M1310 Bog cranberry Bogs and peat Creeping evergreen Berry Can be used in Vaccinium yao hummocks of cos- shrub jellies, but never 1270, 1220, , 1320, tal and boreal abundant enough M1210, M131 forests Bog blueberry Bogs of tundra Much branched low Fleshy berry Eaten by bear, ptarm- Source of vitamin Vaccinum ana except extreme shrub, erect or ing, grouse c 1220, 1310, , M1210, northern coastal prostrate, 8 in- M1310 plain 1.5 ft high Mountain cranberry Throughout arctic Loose mat in moist Fleshy berry Fruit eaten by bear, Vaccinium vitis-idaea areas and a dense ptarming, grouse 1210, 1220, T310, 1320, mat in dry rocky M1210, M131: areas Highbush-cranberry Forest openings and Deciduous shrub, Orupe Browse for wildlife; Used in jellies Viburnum edule along streams 1-12 ft high fruit eaten by birds 1220, T310, 1320 358 CHAPTER 2 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands Sharing a volcanic heritage, each island in the Hawaiian chain has interacted with elevational and climatic variables of the mid-Pacific to produce three prevailing communities: rainforest, mesic forest, and dry forest. Specific location, necessary climatic conditions, and plant species for each vegetative community are described below. RAINFOREST The Hawaiian rainforest occupies the windward slopes and mid-elevation mountain peaks on all the larger islands where the steady northeast tradewinds produce orographic rainfall in great quantities. Annual precipitation, which ranges froma minimum of 75 inches to an excess of 400 inches, produces a complex and delicately balanced ecotype. Ohia is by far the most common dominant tree species over the majority of the area. Great numbers of diverse ferns, mosses, and club- mosses occupy the middlestory and understory levels. The successional sequence progresses from the establishment of ohia on barren lava sites to the increasing diversity of fern and other understory species. On climax sites that have been disturbed or cleared, however, succession takes a somewhat different course. Exotic (i.e., not indigenous or endemic) plant species are more aggressive and tend to pioneer these disturbed areas and form a significant portion of the later succession and resulting climax. Many of the plants in the rainforest are fragile endemics that have developed very limited associations. They are not able to reproduce and compete in association with aggressive exotics and soon succumb when subjected to disturbance. These plant communities have become the subject of intense conservation efforts and concern. Preservation of representative examples of each type is desirable and is being pursued. MESIC FOREST The Hawaiian mesic forest occupies the lowland slopes on the north and east sides of the larger islands and the middle slopes on the south and west sides. These communities range in annual precipitation from a seasonally dry 25 inches to a moist 75 inches. The native olopua form native forests in association with several other native species found in the drier leeward slopes SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands 64 with grasslands. The waiowi—Christmas berry—pepper tree scrub occupies the higher elevations (4000 to 8000 feet) on the mountains of Maui and Hawaii. Many areas within this section have been converted to agriculture and pasture. The successional sequence generally progresses from native to exotic species. Where heavy grazing by domestic or feral herbivores occurs, the Olopua forests and the pukiawe—mamani scrub types tend to disappear and convert to grasslands. Conversely, the exotic waiowi—Christmas berry—pepper tree brushlands tend to displace grasslands and produce a climax type. There are many native plants in olopua and the pukiawe—mamani types that are rare and endangered. Lack of competitive capability and inability to withstand grazing have forced these native species out wherever the pressure has been too great. Efforts are being made to preserve representative examples of these types, and extra care should be exercised when dealing with them. DRY FOREST The Hawaiian dry forest type occupies the lowlands on the leeward south and west slopes of the islands and the highest elevations on Maui and Hawaii (9000 to 13,800 feet). The leeward lowlands are in the dry rainshadows of the mountain peaks. The high elevation lands are above the Hawaiian thermal inversion layer and thus experience low humidity and rainfall; annual averages are below 25 inches, and as low as 8 inches on extreme leeward sites. Vegetation is generally sparse with seasonal drying during the summers. The wiliwilitohemakai forests are primarily native in composition with a number of small xeric species in the lowlands. The lantana— panini type extends up into some leeward middle elevation types and is composed of mostly exotic species. The high elevation barren ground type is alpine semi- desert composed of a handful of native species widely scattered and finally giving way to barren cinder and lava near the summits. The successional sequence progresses from grasslands to scrub or open forests. Species composition is nearly all exotic, as most native species have long since been displaced. Disturbed sites revegetate entirely with exotics. A number of native plant species within this section are rare and endangered. Many have already become extinct. Where these plants occur, much effort should be expended to insure their safety when a ROW project is being considered. 359 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands KAHOOLAWE Rainforest Mesic Forest Dry Forest x) WN Location of province S within the United States Figure 64.la Province M4210, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and Kahoolawe) 360 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands 64 NITHAU Rainforest Mesic Forest Dry Forest Location of province within the United States Figure 64.1b Province M4210, Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau) SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 361 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands Table M4210-64.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Hawaiian Islands Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Habitat conditions: (Rainforest) Acacia koa Koa Albizia falcata Molucca albizia Aleurites moluccana Kukui Eucalyptus deg upta Bagras Euca yptus robusta Swamp mahogany Eucalyptus sa igna Sydney bluegum aleuca leucadendra Paperbark MeTochia indica Melochia Metrosideros collina Ohia Spathodea campanulata African tulip Bambusa vulgaris Cheirodendron spp. Common bamboo Olapa Myrica faya Fire tree andanus spp. Hala Psidium guajava Guava Rhus sandwicensis Neneleau Ardisia humilis Shoebutton ardisia Cibotium spp. Hapuu Ciidemia hirta Koster's curse Coprosma spp. Pilo Dicranopteris spp. Uluhe White ginger Yellow ginger Malabar melastome Hedychium coronarium Hedychium flavescens Melastoma malabathricum Musa spp. Banana Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Downy myrtle Rubus penetrans Blackberry Sadleria spp. Amau Scaevola spp. Naupaka Ciadium leptostachyum Uki Cyperus alte ternifolius Umbrella plant yperus cyperoides Sedge Erechtites heiracifolia Fireweed Eupatorium odoratum Maui pamakani Yiparium Hamakua pamakani Eupatorium ripar ium HydrocotyT ie subthor jorpioides Marsh pennywort Wet _sites/moderate to poor drainage/rainfall greater than 75 in/yr. Breadfruit Queensland map] Tropical ash Oheohe Australian toon Artocarpus altilis FTindersia brayTeyana Fraxinus uhdet etraplasandra spp. Toona ciliata Antidesma platyphy1 lum Mehame Bobea eTatfor Ahakea Eugenia jambos Rose apple Fugents maTaccensis Mountain apple Eugenta sandwicensis Ohia ha Hibiscus tittaceus Hau Alyxia olivaeformis Maile Brousaissta arguta Kanawao ermontia spp. Haha Tyanea spp. Hahanui tyrtandra spp. Mapele Toscorea bulbifera Hoi Dioscorea pentaphyTla Piia Dubautia spp. Naenae Treye inet ia arborea leie ouldia terminalis Manono Hicrtopteris pinnata Giant uluhe abordia spp. Kamakahala MarattiTa douglasii Pala Astelia spp. Painiu Eragrostis grandis Large Hawaiian ycopodium spp. Club-moss Nertera granadensis Makole Alaalawainui Phyllostegia Selaginella Peperomia spp. PhyTlostegia spp. SeTaginella spp. Nephrolepis spp. Sword fern stenogyne spp. Stenogyne Panicum purpurascens Paragrass - . Panicum repens Quack grass Low Wet Understory Ferns Prunella vulgaris Selfheal Asplenium spp. Asplenium Athyrium spp Athyrium Blechnum occidentale Blechnum Oryopteris spp. Dryopteris Elaphoglossum spp. Ekaha Microlepia setosa Palapalai Ophioglossum spp. Ophioglossum Polypodium spp. Polypodium Trichomanes spp. Filmy fern Habitat conditions: Moist sites/drainage good/rainfall 25 to 75 in/yr. (Mes ic forest) Cupressus macrophylla Monterey cypress Araucaria columnaris Cook-pine Eucalyptus camauldulensis Red River gum Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island Eucalyptus citriodora a gum es nucifera coconut palm uca a obutus Bluegum ryptomeria japonica ugi Grevillea robusta Silk-oak Drypetes phyllanthoides Mehamehame Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda fangifera indica Mango Melia azedarach Pride of India Pithecellobium saman Monkeypod Pinus spp. Pine Sapindus saponaria Manele Acacia decurrens Black wattle Eugenia cumini Java plum Myoporum sandwicense Naio Osmanthus sandwicensis Olopua PleomeTe aurea Halapepe continued Sequoia sempervirens Coast redwood Bobea mannii Ahakeas Myrsine lessertiana Kolea PtanchoneTTa spp. Spp. Alaa Kopiko Tliahi Peychotria spp. SantaTum spp. e lovegrass pine 362 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands 64 Table M4210-64.1 (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Mesic forest (Continued Trees and shrubs -- Schinus molle Pepper tree Xylosma hawaiiense Maua (Continued) Schinus terebinthifolius Christmas berry ZanthozyTum spp. Re Sophora chrysophyTla Mamani Low to medium shrubs, Canthium odoratum Alahee Charpentiera spp. Papala 2-20 ft (Normally not Coprosma spp. Pilo TlaoxyTon sandwicense Poola controlled) Souonses sandwicensis Aalii Euphorbia spp. Akoko Osteome Tes anthyllidifolia Uulei Pennisetum purpurea Napier grass Ricinus communis Castorbean Rubus hawatfensts Akala StypheTia tametameia Puk iawe Lesser vegetation - Bidens spp. Kookoolau Deschampsia australis Deschampsia grasses, herbs, ferns, DactyTis glomerata Orchardgrass Dianella sandwicensis Uk iuki mosses (Should not be Digitarta decumbens Pangolagrass Gahnia beechy? Uki disturbed) Hotcus Tanatus Velvet grass Machaerina gahiniformis Uki Hypochaerts radicata Gosmore siTotum nudum Moa ints minutiflora Molasses grass Sphenomerts chusana Palaa Paspalum sp| Paspalum ‘accinium spp. Ohelo PeTTaea ternifolia Kalamoho Pennisetum clandest inum Kikuyu grass Pityogramma chrysophy a Golden fern ‘0 _ jum pellucidum Ae eridium aquilinum Kilau RhyncheTytrum repens Redtop porobulus capensis African dropseed Habitat conditions: Moist sites/drainage good/rainfall 25 to 75 in/yr. (Ory forest) Tall-growing trees, Pithecellobium dulce Opiuma Casuarina equisetifolia Ironwood over 40 ft Qmust be Prosopis pallida Kiawe controlled) Low-growing trees and Diospyros ferrea Lama Bobea sandwicensis Ahakea a shrubs 20-40 ft Erythrina sandwicensis Wiliwili NesoTuma chrysophy 1a Keahi Control only when Nothocestrum Tatifolium Aiea necessaryi may be aS PTanchoneTTa spathu ata Alaa ceptable at ROW edge fauvolfia spp. Hao Reyno dsia spp. Ohe makai Low to medium shrubs, Abutilon grandifolium Hoary abutilon Chenopodium oahuense Aheahea 2-20 ft (Normally not Cassta florfbunda Kolomona Euphorbia ceTastrotdes Akoko controlled) Dodonaea erjocarpa Aalii Nototrichium sandwicense Kului Lantana camara Lantana SantaTum eTTipttcum Tliahi Teucaena Teucocephala Koa haole Pluchea indica Indian pluchea Wikstroemia spp. Akia Lesser vegetation - Andropogon spp. Andropogon Abutilon incanum Mao grasses, herbs, ferns, Cenchrus ciliaris Buffel grass Argemone glauca Puakala mosses (Should not be hloris radiata Plush grass Capparts sandwichiana Mala pilo disturbed) Chiorts virgata feather fingergrass ryopteris Spp- Dryopteris Crototarta incana att lebox Gossypium sandwicense Mao a spp. Panini jeteropogon contortus Pili grass anicum maximum Guinea grass ipochaeta spp. Nehe Setaria verticTliata Sida spp. Bristly foxtail Tlima SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 363 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands Table M4210-64.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Hawaiian Islands Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rainforest Koa Open fringes of King of Hawaiian 4-6 in pod with Seeds eaten by certain High grade lumber; Acacia koa rainforests, domi- trees, huge spread- several .38 in birds when green (espe- sprouts quickly Molucca albizia Albizia falcata Kukui Aleurites moluccana Maile Alyxia olivaeformis Mehame Antidesma platyphy11um Shoebutton ardisia Ardisia humilis Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis Asplenium Asplenium spp. Painiu Astelia spp. Athyrium Athyrium spp. Common bamboo Bambusa vulgaris Blechnum Blechnum occidentale Ahakea Bobea elatior Kanawao Brousaissia arguta Olapa Cheirodendron spp. Hapuu Cibotium spp. nates sites Forests at low elevations in guiches Wet ravines at low elevations Understory in dense forests Understory in dense forests Understory in dense forests Lowlands in forest openings Ground cover on epiphytes in dense forests Epiphytes on tree trunks in moss in dense forests Ground cover in dense forests Along rivers and lower slopes in forests at low elevations Ground cover on damp shady banks in forests Middle story in middle elevation forests Low understory in dense forests Middle story in dense forests Ground cover and middle story in dense forests ing crowns, massive trunks, to over 100 ft tall Large tree with a Spreading layered crown, to over 100 ft tall barge tree, 40-80 ft tal Twining vines, climb- ing over other under- story plants Small tree, 15-30 ft tall Large straight stemmed shrub, 8-15 ft tall Large trees, up to 80 ft tall Low ferns in clumps or rosettes Rosettes, 1-4 ft tall Lacy ferns, 2-5 ft tall Tall erect or nod- ding, 20-80 ft tall Low fern forming solid mats, 1 ft tall Medium sized trees, 20-40 ft tall Small shrubs, 4-8 ft tall Medium sized trees with open crowns, 15-40 ft tall seeds 3-5 in pods with .25 in seeds 3 in long green fruit with 2 in ovoid oily nuts Black drupe, .5 in Tong Clusters of dark red drupes, .5 in long, flattened Shiny black juicy .25 in berries Round starchy fruit, 6-8 in in diameter Spores Panicles of bright orange berries Spores Very infrequent seeders Spores Red juicy .5 in berry Dense clusters of dark red berries, +38 in in diam- eter Loose clusters of black fruits, .13 in Rosette of fronds Spores arising from erect stem, 4-15 ft tall continued cially koa finch) Flesh of fruit eaten by forest birds Eaten by birds Eaten by pigs Some rooted by pigs Berries eaten by forest birds Rooted by pigs Berries eaten by forest birds Fruit eaten by forest birds Fruit eaten by forest birds Fronds and hearts of stems eaten by pigs after fires or clearing, but is later susceptible to insect and disease Trees sprout quick- ly in clearings and grow rapidly Nuts used for jew- elry and condi- ment; sprouts readily after clear- ing Popular for garlands because of their fragrance Slow to reproduce and grow A very aggressive shade-tolerant understory com- petitor Popular Polyne- sian staple; grows from root sprouts Profuse, but del- icate ferns Very dilicate rainforest plants Very delicate, but recovers well Young shoots col- lected and cooked; vegetative repro- duction from sto- lons; aggressive; sprouts quickly from rootstock Grows only in pro- tected sites, but spreads rapidly Does not reproduce rapidly Profuse in under- story, but not aggressive Shade-tolerant and reproduces well Reproduces well in shade; needs only growing tip 364 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands 64 Table M4210-64.2 (Continued) Habitat Fruit General wildlife use Notes Species Uki Cladium leptostachyum Haha Clermontia spp. Koster's curse Clidemia hirta Pilo Coprosma spp. Umbrella plant Cyperus alternifolius Sedge Cyperus cyperoides Mapele Cyrtandra spp. Uluhe Dicranopteris spp. Hoi Dioscorea bulbifera Piia Dioscorea pentaphylla Oryopteris Dryopteris spp. Naenae Dubautia spp. Ekaha Elaphoglossum spp. Large Hawaiian lovegrass Eragrostis grandis Fireweed Erechtites heiracifolia Bagras Eucalyptus deglupta Swamp mahogany Eucalyptus robusta SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Open ridges in wind-swept scrub Scattered under- story in dense forest ravines Ground cover in dense forests Understory in dense forests Wet pastures and forest openings Wet pastures and forest openings Understory in dense forests, especially in ravines Openings in for- ests Understory in dense forests Understory of dense forests Open sites at low elevations Understory in dense forests Ground cover or epiphytes in dense forests Along open streams in dense forests Openings in forest Overstory in wet ravines Overstory species; lower to middle elevations inforest (Continued Low rosettes, 2-4 ft tall Fleshy shrubs, 5-10 ft tall A small shrub, 3-8 ft tall Shrubs of loose form, 6-12 ft tall A robust sedge, 1.5- 3 ft tall A small sedge, .5- 1.5 ft tall Loosely formed shrubs, 3-8 ft tall, very deli- cate Dense mats of fern, 3-12 ft deep Extensively climbing vine with cordate leaves Extensively climb- ing vine with pal- mate leaves Smal] clump ferns that grow from under rocks and logs, .5-1 ft high Bushy shrubs or twin- ing over other growth Rosette growth with long oblong leaves A large grass, 3-7 ft tall Herbaceous weed, 3-6 ft tall A large forest tree with a straight trunk, 60-150 ft tall A large forest tree with an erect thick- furrowed barked trunk, 60-120 ft tall Panicles of achenes Fleshy berries, .5-1.75 in .38 in black berries Small orange, .25 in fruits Tiny dry seeds Tiny dry seeds White fleshy berries Spores Round starchy aerial tubers, «5-3 in in diameter Round starchy aerial tubers, .25-.5 in in diameter Spores Small dry feathery seeds, airborne Spores Tiny dry seeds Feathery airborne seeds .5 in woody cap- sules with tiny seeds «5 in woody cap- sules with tiny seeds continued Berries eaten by for- est birds Same as Clermontia spp. Fruit eaten by forest birds Berries eaten by for- est birds Birds feed on the flower nectar Hardy plants, but slow to reproduce Slow to reproduce; delicate Aggressive shade- tolerant plant; quick to establish and spread Reproduces well in understory; comes back after clear- ing Fairly aggressive in well-travelled areas Common in pastures Very suseptible to damage Dominates open sites A robust, but del- icate vine; slow to come back in clearings A delicate vine, slow to reproduce Scattered about in waste places Grow only in undis turbed forests Grow extensively in dense shade forming large clumps: Does not form pure stands A delicate, but aggressive pioneer in open soil dis- turbances Mostly in planted stands; slow to reproduce in for- ests Mostly in planted stands; but repro- duces well in for- ests and in clear- ings; sprouts from stumps 365 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands Table M4210-64.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sydney bluegum Eucalptus saligna Rose apple Eugenia jambos Mountain apple Eugenia malaccensis Ohia ha Eugenia sandwicensis Maui pamakani Eupatorium odoratum Hamakua pamakani Eupatorium riparium Queensland maple Flindersia brayleyana Tropical ash Fraxinus uhdei leie Freycinetia arborea Manono Gouldia terminalis White ginger Hedychium coronarium Yellow ginger Hedychium flavescens Hau Hibiscus tiliaceus Giant uluhe Hicriopteris pinnata Marsh pennywort Hydrocotyle subthorptoides Kawau Tex anomala Kamakahala Labordia spp. 366 Overstory species; middle to higher elevations Grows along forest streams Middlestory in dense forests or in partial openings Middlestory tree in dense to open for- ests Ground cover in forest openings Ground cover along forest streams Lowland forests on slopes or in bottomlands Forests at middle to higher eleva- tions Dense, low to middle elevation forests Understory in dense forests Understory in forest ravines Understory in forest ravines Slopes and gulch bottoms Open forest slopes Ground cover in wet open sites Middle elevation forests Middlestory trees or shrubs Rainforest (Continued A large forest tree with a straight smooth trunk, 80-180 ft tall A medium sized bushy tree, 20-40 ft tall Erect medium sized tree, to 40 ft tall A bushy tree, 20-40 ft tall An erect herbaceous shrub, 2-5 ft tall A bushy herbaceous shrub, 1-3 ft tall Erect smooth trunked tree, 40 ft tall Erect tree, 30-60 ft tall Tough twining vine, climbs high into trees Large bushy shrubs, 6-15 ft tall Erect herbaceous stems, 4-6 ft tall Erect herbaceous stems, 5-8 ft tall Forms impenetrable thickets of twining stems, 20-40 ft tall Twining fern with large forked leaves, 4-7 ft tall Small creeping herb, 4-10 in high Bushy trees, 15-35 ft tall Bushy growth, 3-20 ft tall Birds and bees feed on the flower nectar «75-1 in woody capsules with tiny seeds 1-2 in fleshy fruit with a large round loose seed 2-3 in fleshy suc- Same as E. jambos culent fruit with a large round seed Fruit eaten by pigs and birds .25 in red juicy berries Fruit eaten by birds Feathery airborne seeds Feathery airborne seeds 3 in woody fruit with winged seeds 2 in winged dry samaras 4-6 in orange Fruit eaten by rats multiple-sectioned and birds fruit Dark blue .25 in berries in panicles Fruit eaten by birds Few to nonexistent, reproduces vegeta- tively by creep- ing stolons Few to nonexistent, reproduces vegeta- tively by creep- ing stolons Seeds not viable, reproduces vege- tatively by lay- ering Escape for small rodents and pigs Spores Reproduces vege- tatively by run- ners +25 in black Fruit may be eaten berries in clus- by birds ters 2 or 3 parted capsules, .5- 1.5 in continued An aggressive tree; seeds in pastures and clearings; sprouts from stumps; an excellent honey tree Very shade-toler- ant; seeds well in dense shade and forms pure stands A popular fruit; reproduces well from seed in for- est shade Scattered growth on ridges and slopes; reproduces slowly An aggressive pio- neer in disturbed sites and forest clearings An aggressive plant along streams where light is sufficient Mostly in planted stands; slow to reproduce Mostly in planted stands; reproduces well in shade Mostly in undis- turbed forest sites Common, but not aggressive A favorite fragrant flower; plants form dense patches in wet bottomlands A popular fragrant flower; plants form dense patches in wet bottomlands Covers large areas with its twining, spreading stems Forms dense mats on large areas of gulch sides Small, but common in wet openings Scattered in undis- turbed forests Scattered growth or in smal] clusters CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands 64 Table M4210-64.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rainforest (Continued Club-moss Ground cover in Creeping or erect Spore-bearing Scattered growth Lycopodium spp. Pala Marattis douglasii Paperbark Melaleuca leucadendra Malabar melastome Melastoma matabathricum Melochia Melochia indica Palapalai Microlepia setosa Bananas Musa spp. Fire tree Myrica faya Kolea laulii Myrsine sandwicensis Sword fern Nephrolepis spp. Makole Nertera granadensis Ophioglossum Ophioglossum spp. Hala Pandanus spp. Paragrass Panicum purpurascens Quackgrass Panicum repens Alaalawainui Peperomia spp. leros collina , dense or open forests Dense forest understory Ridgetops in wet forests Forest openings and clearings Low elevation forests Ubiquitous in rainforest sites at low and medium elevations Ground cover in dense forests Openings along forest streams Open sites or forest clearings Understory in dense forests at middle elevations Ground cover in forests Ground cover in dense forests at middle elevations Epiphytes on tree trunks in moss Lower forests in more open sites, often in windy areas Grows along open streams and low areas at low ele- vations Low elevations in very wet sites Ground cover in ravines in dense forests SELECTED PLANT SPECIES plants, 1-4 ft tall A large fern, to 6 ft tall Erect bushy trees, 20-60 ft tall Bushy shrubs, 6-10 ft tall Large open crowned trees, 30-60 ft tall Erect, but crooked branched trees, shrubs, to 80 ft tall trees Medium sized ferns, 3-5 ft tall Erect fleshy plants, 6-20 ft tall Erect bushy trees, 15-50 ft tall Erect shrub, 6-10 ft tall Erect clusters of fronds, 2-5 ft tall Very low crawling plants spreading over forest floor, 6 ft tall Often pendant from trunks, .5-1 ft tall Open spreading crowns, many aerial support roots Robust grass forming dense mats, up to 5 ft deep Forms dense mats, 3-5 ft deep Delicate herbaceous plants, 6-4 ft tall strobili Spores .25 in capsules along twigs Hairy .5 in berries Small capsules with winged seeds Small capsules with tiny seeds Spores Bunches of bananas on stalks; seeds not viable +25 in composite red berries «13 in black berries Spores .13 in orange berries Spores Large semi-dry sectioned fruit, 6-10 in in diam- eter Seeds infrequent- ly, propagates by runners Small seeds on panicles; propa- gates more by runners Seeds borne on tiny fleshy spikes continued Eaten by pigs Birds feed on flower nectar Berries eaten by birds Forest birds and bees feed extensively on the flower nectar Pigs root in rootstock Fruit eaten by birds and pigs Fruit eaten by birds Berries may be eaten by forest birds Fruit and seeds eaten by rats Forage for many herb- ivorous Poor forage grass or in small clus- ters Becoming uncommon where pigs abound Mostly planted stands; grow well and reproduces in swampy sites Pioneers in forest openings and clear- ings; reproduces by seed and lay- ering A fast-growing tree that quickly takes over clear- ‘ings Most common native tree; reproduces best in moss sur- face Honey tree; lacy fronds are popular for decoration; prefers shade Many forms in cul- tivation; repro- duces by suckers Pioneers open sites; aggressive seeders takes over pasture ands Grow only in undis- turbed forests Collected and used for decoration; forms dense mats Grows only in un- disturbed forests Common in wetter forests Form either scat- tered or dense forests near the sea An aggressive quick- spreading grass that takes over clearings A troublesome weed where present Very susceptible to damage 367 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands Table M4210-64.2. (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rainforest (Continued Olomea Perrottetia Open wet forest Large open-crowned Clusters of tiny Fruit may be eaten by Found only in un- sandwicensis sites shrub, 6-12 ft tall red berries forest birds disturbed forests Phyllostegia Ground cover in Small shrubs or Panicles of semi- Usually scattered Phyllostegia spp. Mamak i Pipturus spp. Papala kepau Pisonia umbellifera Polypodium Polypodium spp. Loulu Pritchardia spp. Selfheal Prunella vulgaris Waiowi m cattleianum Guava Psidium guajava Kopiko Psychotria spp. Kupaoa Raillardia spp. Downy myrtle Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Neneleau Rhus sandwicensis Blackberry Rubus penetrans Thimbleberry Rubus rosaefolius Glenwood grass Sacciolepis indica Amau Sadleria spp. Naupaka Scaevola spp. 368 forests Understory in low and middle eleva- tion forests Overstory in low and middle eleva- tion forests Ground cover in forests Trees of the middle elevation forests Ground cover in forest openings Trees of the lower forests Low elevations in open areas or partial forest Middlestory trees ‘in dense forests Low cover in forests Low elevation openings in forests Low elevation forests or ridges and slopes Understory in open forests or in open wsites Understory in low and middle eleva- tion forests Open sites Understory in all forests Open forests twining over other ground cover, 2-8 ft tall Bushy shrubs, 4-10 ft tall Erect trees with rounded crowns, 20-40 ft tall Low ferns, 6-3 ft tall Straight-trunked fan palms, 10-60 ft tall Herbaceous weed, «5-1 ft tall Medium-sized erect trees, 25-50 ft tall Large shrub to med- ium-sized trees, 6-35 ft tall Large shrubs to small trees, 10-25 ft tall Bushy shrubs, 4-8 ft tall Bushy shrubs, 6-12 ft tall Loose-crowned trees, 15-30 ft tall Leaning, twining canes with thorns, 4-15 ft tall Low thorny shrubs, 2-5 ft tall A low grass, forming dense mats, 1 ft tall Short-stalked tree- fern with large fronds, 4-10 ft tall Very bushy shrub, 3-7 ft tall dry nutlets Semi-dry clusters of tiny fruits 3 in long stick- Vike fruits with sticky covering Spores Ovoid dry fruits, .75-4 in long Tiny dry nutlets Fleshy .75-1.5 in fruits, with many seeds Fleshy fruits, 1.5-3 in, with many seeds Ovoid orange ber- ries with two seeds, .25-.5 in Feathery airborne seeds Purple juicy ber- ries with many small seeds Panicles of tiny dry seeds Juicy black mul- tiple fruits, -5-.75 in in diameter Juicy red multiple fruits, .5 in in diameter Small dry seeds Spores Black ovoid drupes, .25-.5 in long continued Seeds may be eaten by birds Seeds eaten by pigs and rats Fruit eaten by birds and pigs Fruit eaten by birds, pigs, cattle, horses Fruit may be eaten by birds Fruit eaten by birds and rats Fruit eaten by birds, pigs, rats Fruit eaten by pigs and rats Grass eaten by cattle, goats, horses Leaves shoots, and the pith from the stalks eaten by pigs Fruit may be eaten by forest birds growth; reproduces slowly in disturbed areas Sprouts well when damaged, but slow to reproduce Sticky seeds used as a glue; repro- duce well in shade Some ornamental forms; often grow in patches Grow usually in isolated clumps in undisturbed forests Common in open dis- turbed areas Form dense stands, often becoming cli- max; spread readily in clearings Aggressive in pas- tures; sprouts well if cut or dozed Common, but slow to come back in cleared areas Grow in undisturbed forests Very aggressive plants that take over and dominate sites Uncommon, but gre- garious where found Spreads forests pioneer ‘ings through ‘in openings; in clear- Spreads in disturbed areas Only in disturbed areas A common understory fern; comes back well in disturbed areas Common, but not aggressive CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands 64 Table M4210-64.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rainforest (Continued Selaginella Ground cover in wet Low fern allies, Spores Very pretty Selaginella spp. African tulip Spathodea campanulata West Indian dropseed Sporobulus indicus Stenogyne Stenogyne spp. Oheohe Tetraplasandra spp. Australian toon Toona ciliata Filmy fern Trichomanes spp. Opuhe Urera spp. Black wattle Acacia decurrens Cook -pine Araucaria columnai Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla Kookoolau Bidens spp. Ahakea Bobea mannii Alahee Canthium odoratum Papala Charpentiera spp. Poola Claoxylon sandwicense Coconut palm Cocos nucifera Pilo Coprosma spp. Sugi Monterey cypress Cupressus macrophylla and dark ravines Low elevation trees in forest openings Open sites and pastures Understory in forests at middle elevations Trees in open forests Overstory in bottomlands at middle elevations -Ground cover or epiphytes in dense forests Middlestory in gul- ly bottoms at mid- dle elevations Forest openings, pastures Forest openings Forest openings Open grassy country Moist forests Open sites, low elevations Open forest sites Shaded forest understory Coastal sites in sandy soils Shady forest understory Shady forest, cool mountain sites Open sites; pre- fers cool mountain sites SELECTED PLANT SPECIES -5-1 ft tall Erect oval-crowned trees, 20-50 ft tall Tough grass, form- ing dense stands, 2-3 ft tall Low shrubs or crawl- ing vines on forest floor Medium sized trees with erect trunks, 15-40 ft tall Medium to large erect trees, 30-60 ft tall Delicate lacy ferns that craw) along the ground or on tree trunks Large shrubs with open crowns, 8-15 ft tall 10 in long dry pod with many winged seeds Tiny dry seeds Low quality forage in pastures Small dry nutlets Goats feed on this when in their range .25-.75 in berries Fruit may be eaten by forest birds Star-shaped dry capsules with winged seeds Spores Tiny orange berries Fruit eaten by forest birds Mesic forest Bushy tree, 20-40 ft Narrow columnar, 50-100 ft Columnar, 50-120 ft Small shrubs, 1-6 ft Bushy tree, 20-40 ft Small erect bush or tree, to 15 ft Smal] tree, to 12 ft Large shrub, to 10 ft tall Large tree, to 80 ft tall Shrubs to small trees, to 10 ft tall Columnar trees, to 80 ft tall Large bushy trees, to 50 ft tall Dehiscent pod Nesting cover for small birds Deciduous cones Nesting cover for doves Deciduous cones Nesting cover for doves Barbed achenes Food for herbivores .5 in red berry +25 in black berry Panicles of .06 in naked seeds Small capsules with tiny bluish seeds Nuts, 1 ft long, covered with a thick husk, woody shell surrounds meat and milk Food for some forest birds .25 in orange berry Smal] cones 1 in diameter woody cones continued Very ornamental trees; scattered growth Persistent grass Fairly common, but not aggressive Scattered trees in undisturbed forests Mostly planted stands Found in undis- turbed forests Sometimes in patches along small streams Invades recent clearings; aggres- sive; cut for fire- wood Ornamental plant- ings; good lumber Ornamental plant- ings; good lumber Used for herb teas Very hard wood used for tools and im- plements Very soft wood Ornamental trees; edible nuts Sometimes forming dense understory Do’ not reproduce well in Hawaii Used for windbreaks; slow to reproduce 369 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands Table M4210-64.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mesic forest (Continued Orchardgrass Forest openings in Robust grass, 3-4 Small dry seeds Food for herbivores Good high elevation Dactylis glomerata cool moist forests ft tall pasture grass Deschampsia High elevation open Dense bunch grass, Tiny dry seeds Food for goats and Forms dense stands Deschampsia australis sites to 3 ft tall sheep at high eleva- on high mountains tions Uk iuki Scrub forest open Low lily-type plant, .25-.5 in blue Forms scattered Dianella sandwicensis sites to 3 ft tall berries clumps; berries may be used for a blue dye Pangolagrass Open forest and Creeping grass form- Tiny dry seeds Food for domestic An agressive pas- Digitaria decumbens pasture ing dense cover, to stock and wild herb- ture grass covers 3 ft tall ivores weaker species Aalii Understory in Erect shrub to small Dry winged cap- Sprouts and seeds Dodonaea sandwicensis open forests tree, to 15 ft tall sule with .06 after fires os black seeds Meh ameh ame Dense forest sites Large trees with -25 in berry; Scattered large Orypetes phyllanthoides with large trees massive trunks, to 80 fruit uncommon specimens; repro- ft tall duces poorly Red river gum Open forests Large open bushy .38 in hard cap- 1 Forms scattered Eucalyptus tree, to 60 ft tall sules with numerous open forests camauldulensis seeds Lemon gum Open forests Tall erect open- «5 in capsule with Leaves have a strong Eucalyptus citriodora crowned trees, to numerous seeds citrus oi] smell 100 ft Bluegum Dense forests at Tall erect trees, 75-1 ft wide Heavy bee use during Good lumber, honey Eucalyptus globulus higher elevations 150 ft tall woody capsules flowering tree; aggressive seeder; stumps sprout Java plum Open forests and Bushy trees, to .75 in purple Berry eaten by many A fairly aggressive Eugenia cumini thickets at low 40 ft tall juicy berry, birds tree; sprouts well; elevations astringent seeds well Akoko. Understory in Low shrubs, to 8 Tiny three-sided Scattered about; Euphorbia spp. open forests ft tall capsules slow to reproduce Uki Openings in for- Robust sedge, to Panicles of shiny Forms scattered Gahnia beechyi ests and in scrub 4 ft tall +06 in achenes clumps types Silk-oak Open forests and Large tree, to 70 +5 in pods with Grevillea robusta pastures ft tall papery seeds Nesting cover for doves Aggressively seeds in pastures and openings Velvet grass Forest openings in Velvety grass, to Tiny dry seeds Forage for cattle and Forms dense stands Holcus lanatus moist cool sites 3 ft tall wild herbivores in mountain sites Gosmore Cool mountain pas- Low leaf rosette Feathery seeds, Flowers eaten by cat- Flowers profusely Hypochaeris radicata tures and scrub with ascending airborne tle and goats attract bees forests flower stalks Jacaranda Pastures and open Large bushy tree Woody pod bear- Nesting cover for birds Ornamental trees Jacaranda mimosifol forests with open crown, ing numerous bearing showy to 50 ft tall papery seeds purple flowers Uki Scrub forest sites Low sedge, to 2 ft Panicles of shiny Forming scattered Machaerina gahniformis tall achenes clumps Mango Low elevation Large round-crowned 4-6 in ovoid Fruit eaten by pigs, Very popular fruit; Mangifera indica forests and open trees, to 70 ft tall fleshy fruit with cattle, birds, insects spreads slowly sites one large seed Pride of India Open forests and Very open-crowned Dry .75 in tan Hardy, but not Melia azedarach pastures bushy trees, to drupe aggressive 60 ft tall Yolasses_ grass Forest openings, Dense mats, to 6 Tiny dry seeds Forage for cattle and Sticky grass, dif- Melinis*minutiflora scrub forest, ft deep goats ficult to pass open range through fire hazard continued \ 370 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands 64 Table M4210-64.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Naio Myoporum sandwicense Kolea Myrsine lessertiana Olopua Osmanthus sandwicensis Uulei Osteomeles anthy llidifolia Paspalum Paspalum spp. Kalamoho Kikuyu grass Pennisetum clandestinum Napier grass Pennisetum purpurea Pine Pinus spp. Monkeypod Pithecellobium saman Golden fern Pityogramma chrysophyTTa Alaa Planchonella spp. Halapepe Pleomele aurea Ae Polypodium pellucidum Moa Psilotum nudum Kopiko Psychotria spp. Kilau Pteridium aquilinum Redtop Rhynchelytrum repens Open forests, scrub forests Middle elevation open forests Low to middle ele- vation open forests Scrub forests Low to middle elevation pastures and open forests High elevation open sites and scrubs Cool forest open- ings and pastures Middle elevation pastures and for- est openings Middle and higher elevation cool forests Low elevation open forests Scrub forests and open sites Open forests Open and scrub forests, middle elevations High elevation open sites and scrub forest Open forests and barren sites Open and dense forests, middle elevations Open sites at middle to high elevations Open range SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Mesic forest (Continued Medium-sized trees, to 30 ft tall Bushy tree, to 30 ft tall Smal] bushy trees, to 25 ft tall Sprawling twining shrub, to 5 ft tall Dense sod forming, 1-5 ft tall Tiny bunch fern, to 1 ft tall Dense mat-forming grass, 2 ft tall Robust canelike grass forming dense stands, to 10 ft tall Tall trees, 40-120 ft tall Wide large spreading tree, to 50 ft tall Dense clump fern, up to 2 ft tall Medium-sized tree, to 30 ft tall Small tree with open ascendant crown Tough tall fern, to 1.5 ft Tough dense fern ally, clumps Small sized 25 ft to medium tree, to tall Common rhizome- spreading fern, to 2 ft tall Delicate bunch grass, to 2.5 ft tall Dry drupes, .25 in Black berry, .25 in diameter Black drupe, .5 long; bitter in Purplish-white berry Small dry seeds Spores None; spreads vegetatively Small dry seeds Woody cones with winged seeds 6 in pods with sticky pulp and brown seeds Spores Pulpy berries, .75-1.25 in, yel- low or purpie Red berries borne in panicles Spores Spores +25-.5 in berries; usually orange Spores Small fuzzy seeds continued Eaten by goats and sheep when young; seeds eaten by na- tive Palila birds Seeds eaten by rodents Fruit eaten by birds Forage for cattle and wild herbivores cattle, pigs Forage for goats, and Forage for horses and cattle Seeds eaten by rodents Forage for cattle, goats, deer Found at middle and high elevations Shade- tolerant; seeds well A common native tree, but not ag- gressive; sprouts after fires Forms dense mats; fruits profusely Aggressive grasses Grows in very harsh sites at high ele- vations Very aggressive; covers weaker plants Aggressively spreads by root extension Mostly planted stands; seeds slowly Ornamental trees; germinate readil rapid growing Ornamental fern Scattered growth; sticky sap formerly used for glue Ornamental trees; common, but not aggressive Grows only in scattered clumps Scattered growth; attractive Common, but never dense Most common fern Pretty grass when blooming; forms solid stands 371 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands Table M4210-64.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mesic forest (Continued Castorbean Low to middle Large shrub, to 15 Three-parted Seeds poisonous; Ricinus communis Akala Rubus hawaiiensis Tliahi Santalum spp. Manele Sapindus saponaria Pepper tree Schinus molle Christmas berry Schinus terebinthifolius Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens Mamani Sophora chrysoph]la Palaa Sphenomeris chusana African dropseed Sporobulus capensis Pukiawe Styphelia tameiameia Ohelo Vaccinium spp. Maua Xylosma hawaiiense he Zanthozylum spp. Hoary abutilon Abutilon grandifolium Mao Abutilon incanum Andropogon Andropogon spp. Puakala Argemone glauca elevations in openings High elevation forests and scrub Middle to high elevation forests Middle elevation forests Open sites Open sites scrub forest Cool, foggy mountain sites High elevation scrub forest Openings in forest at mid- dle elevations Middle and high elevation pas- tures High elevation scrub forest Open forest understory Forests at mid- dle elevations Forests at mid- dle elevations Open sites at low elevations In partial shade at low elevations Open sites and pastures at low and middle ele- vat ions Very hot open sites at low elevations ft tall spiked capsule with three seeds Erect slightly thorny stems, to 8 ft tall Large composite berry, 1.5 in; black when ripe Smal] to medium sized trees Purple fleshy drupe, .5-.75 in .75 in brown drupe, one seed Tall erect trees, to 60 ft tall Panicle of .13 in shiny red dry fruits Bushy tree with pendant foliage, to 40 ft tall Small tree, to 20 ft tall, bushy Clusters of shiny red dry fruits Large erect tree, to 150 ft tall Woody cones do not form in Hawaii 3-6 in pod with hard yellow seeds Small- to medium- sized trees, 10- 25 ft tall Clump fern, to 3 ft tall Spores Small reddish seeds Tough bunch grass, to 2 ft tall Dense shrubs, 3-6 ft tall .5 in red to white dry drupes Small shrubs, to 5 ft tall Bright red edible berries, .25-.5 in Medium-sized trees, bushy crowns, to 40 ft 38 in dark pur- ple berries Medium-sized trees, 15-40 ft tall .5 in green fruits born in smal] groups Dry forest Erect shrub, 4-6 ft tall Dry capsules with many seeds Low sprawl] ing shrub, 2 ft tall Smal] .25 in cap- sules Medium-sized grasses, 1.5-4 ft tall Small dry seeds with awns Erect prickly poppy, 3-6 ft tall 2 in dry prickly capsule with num- erous seeds continued Fruit eaten by birds and pigs Seeds eaten by rodents Seeds eaten by native Palila bird Poor forage Seeds eaten by pheasants Berries eaten by birds and pigs Birds may feed on berries Plants grazed by cat- tle, deer, goats Grazed by cattle Pasture forage aggressive seeder in openings Edible berry; forms dense stands; sprouts after fires Fragrant wood; only scattered growth; sprout after fires Fruit pulp contains saponin Ornamental trees; spreads slowly Aggressively takes over open areas; a pest in pastures; sprouts from stumps Beautiful trees; planted stands; does not spread Forms extensive stands, but is not aggressive Beautiful lacy leaves; popular for decoration Persistent grass Slow-growing, but forms extensive stands Popular for jams and pies where abundant Scattered growth; slow to spread Scattered growth Fairly common, but not in pure stands Found mostly within a few hundred yards of the ocean in very hot sites Spread readily Scattered only; spreads slowly 372 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands 64 Table M4210-64.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Ahakea 7 Bobea sandwicensis Mala pilo Capparis sandwichiana Kolomona Cassia floribunda Ironwood Casuarina equisetifolia Buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris Aheahea Chenopodium oahuense Plush grass Chloris radiata Feather fingergrass Chloris virgata Rattlebox Crotolaria incana Lama Diospyros ferrea Aalii Dodonaea eriocarpa Dryopteris Dryopteris spp. Wiliwili Erythrina sandwicensis Akoko Euphorbia celastroides Mao Gossypium sandwicense Pili grass Heteropogon contortus Lantana Lantana camara Low elevation forests Low elevation exposed sites Open sites and pastures at low elevations Low elevations often near the sea Low elevations, open sites Low to high elevations, open sites Low elevations, open sites and fields Low elevations, open sites and fields Low elevations, open sites Low and middle elevation forests Low and middle elevations, open sites and scrub Open sites at low elevations Low elevations in open sites in arroyos Open sites at low and middle eleva- tions Open sites at low elevations Dry open sites at low elevations Open sites at low and middle eleva- tions SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Dry forest (Continued Low spreading tree, 10-20 ft tall Sprawling vines drape over rocks, 2-4 ft tall Shrubs to small trees, 6-12 ft tall Medium to large trees with pendant needles, 30-60 ft tall Erect grass, 2-4 ft tall Small shrubs, 2-5 ft tall Smal1- to medium- sized grass, 1.5-3 ft tall Small grass, 1-2 ft tall Small shrubs, 1.5- 3 ft Small spreading trees, 10-20 ft tall Small shrubs, woody, 2-6 ft tall Smal] clump ferns that grow from under rocks and logs, .5-1 ft high A small spreading tree, 10-30 ft tall; loses leaves during the summer Low spreading shrubs, 1-4 ft tall Low sprawling shrubs, 3 ft tall by 4-6 ft wide Erect grass with nodding heads, 2-3 ft tall Bushy thorny shrub, 3-6 ft tall +25 in purple berry with two seeds 2 in long banana- shaped fruit with many seeds Ory pods with brown flattened seeds .75 in canelike capsules with winged seeds Small barbed seeds Small dry seeds Smal] hairy seeds Small hairy seeds Seeds loose in- side 1 in fuzzy pods Seeds inside a fleshy 1 in cover ing Seeds inside an inflated dry shell, .5 in across Spores Red-orange beans borne in 3-4 in pods Sma11_three-sided capsules, .13 in wide Small cotton balls with seeds imbed- ded Awned and barbed seeds Smal] clusters of bluish .13 in nutlets continued Fruit eaten by birds Cattle may graze this when forage is scarce Nesting cover for doves and other birds Forage in the spring and summer Forage in spring and summer Same as C. radiata Fruit eaten by birds; seeds eaten by rats Cattle, goats, deer will eat the young trees Grazed by cattle, deer, goats Grazed by cattle, deer, goats Scattered sparingly in forests; repro- duces slowly Scattered in areas near the seashore; but not a beach plant Spreads rapidly in pastures Grows in windy sites; spreads slowly Forms extensive stands over large acreages; aggres- sive Scattered and only locally common Commonly found in cane fields and wastelands Same as C. radiata A weed in fields and pastures Scattered trees; slow to reproduce Sometimes forming good cover; not aggressive Scattered about in waste places Very light soft wood; scattered growth Scattered growth; slow to reproduce Grows in extremely hot sites near the ocean; scattered Persistent, but not aggressive A pasture pest; grows well in wastelands 373 64 PROVINCE M4210 Hawaiian Islands Table M4210-64.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Ory forest (Continued Koa haole Low elevations in Erect shrub to small .5 in brown pods Good forage Spreads rapidly in Leucaena leucocephala Nehe Lipochaeta spp. Keahi Nesoluma chrysophylla Aiea Nothocestrum Tat ifolium Kului Nototrichium sandwicense Panini Opuntia spp. Guinea grass Panicum maximum Opiuma Pithecellobium dulce Alaa Planchonella spathulata Indian pluchea Pluchea indica Kiawe Prosopis pallida Hao Rauvolfia spp. Ohe makai Reynoldsia spp. Tliahi Santalum ellipticum Bristly foxtail Setaria verticillata Tlima Sida spp. Akia Wikstroemia spp. open sites Open sites at low elevations Open sites and low elevation forests Low elevation forests Low elevations in open sites Low elevations in exposed sites Low elevations in open sites Low elevations on coastal plains and gullies Low to middle ele- vations in open sites Low elevations near the sea; open sites Open sites at low elevations Low elevations in forests in open sites Low elevations in open sites Low elevations in open sites Beneath trees near the coast Lowland and coastal open sites Open sites at low elevations tree, 4-20 ft tall Low sprawling tough shrubs, 1-4 ft tall Small bushy trees, 15-25 ft tall Smal] bushy trees, 15-35 ft tall Bushy shrubs, 4-7 ft tall Fleshy spiny plants, 4-12 ft tall A robust grass, 4-7 ft tall A large bushy tree, 30-60 ft tall Smal1- to medium- sized trees, 20-40 ft tall Very bushy shrub, 4-7 ft tall Open-crowned thorny tree, very sturdy, 20-50 ft tall Small trees with spreading crowns Erect, but widely branching trees that lose their leaves during the summer Low shrubs to small trees, 4-12 ft tall Low grass that dries up in the summer Low crawling or erect shrubs, .5- 5 ft tall Crawling or bushy shrubs, 1-5 ft tall with .13 in flat- tened seeds Small dry achenes Shiny black .5 in drupes 38 in orange berries Ory compact spikes Fleshy fruit, 3 in long, with seeds imbedded Panicles of small dry seeds Curling 5 in pods with smal] brown seeds 1-2 in semi- fleshy berries with milky sap Feathery airborne seeds A pale yellow sweet bean pod with 6-10 seeds Shiny black twinned .5 in drupes Clusters of juicy -38 in berries .5 in purplish drupes Bristly heads that stick to clothes Small dry capsules with 2 pointed seeds «5 in long orange berries Grazed by cattle, deer, goats Berries eaten by birds Cattle will eat this only if starving and thirsty Good forage Young growth eaten by cattle Cattle and horses relish the pods; bees are attracted to the flowers Berries eaten by birds Forage during spring months dry pastures Scattered growth, not common Scattered and uncommon Scattered in dry pastures lati- Same as N. folium A pest in pastures; sprouts readily when cleared Aggressive grass, forming dense stands Scattered along coastal dry areas Sticky sap was used as a glue; few scattered trees Grows thickly in salt marshes near the ocean Wood good for posts and firewood; trees grow to larger size on coastal plains; smaller on mountain slopes Trees contain the medicinal compound, Reserpine; trees reproduce slowly Very distinctive dry land trees; scattered growth, but locally common Very scattered growth; slow-grow- ing A short-lived sea- sonal grass Quick to sprout in clearings, but not aggressive Poisonous plants; slow-growing REET RSL EERE BEE ARG SILER A SPEIER Byes 374 CHAPTER 2 REFERENCES Abrams, L. 1940. 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Jones, tech. coords. Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. Jones, J.R. 1973. Southwestern mixed conifers. Pages 47-49 in Silvicultural systems of the major forest types of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 445. Kearney. T.H.. and R.H. Peebles. 1951. Arizona flora. University of California Press, Berkeley, Ca. 1032 pp. Kincer, J.B. 1922. Precipitation and humidity. /n Atlas of American Agriculture. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Krajina, V.J. 1959. Bioclimatic zones in British Columbia. Univ. B.C. Bot. Ser. 1. Vancouver, B.C. 47 pp. Lang, F.A. 1961. A study of vegetation change in the gravelly prairies of Pierce and Thurston Counties, Western Wash- ington. Thesis. University of Washington, 109 pp. Long, J.N. 1976. Forest vegetation dynamics within the Abies amabilis zone of western Cascades watershed. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Washington. 175 pp. Lowe, C.H. 1959. Contemporary biota of the Sonoran Desert: problems. Pages 54-74 in University of Arizona, Arid Lands Colloquia 1958-59. 1964. Arizona’s natural environment. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Ariz. 136 pp. Lull, H.W., and L. Ellison. 1950. Precipitation in relation to altitude in central Utah. Ecology 31:479-484. Martin, A.C.. H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants - a guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 500 pp. Mayfield, R. 1960. The Kirtland’s warbler. Cranbrook Institute of Sciences, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 242 pp. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Michigan’s endangered and threatened species program. Lansing, Mich. 30 pp. Muller, C.H. 1947. Vegetation and climate of Coahuila, Mexico. Madrono 9:33-57. Munz, P.A. 1974. A flora of southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley, Ca. . and D.D. Keck. 1970. A California flora. Uni- CHAPTER 2 versity of California Press, Berkeley, Ca. 984 pp. Ohmart, R.D. 1973. Observations on the wintering birds and mammals in the proposed Buttes Dam site, Central Ariz. Bur. Reclam. Proj., Boulder City, Nev. 16 pp. Oosting, H.J. 1957. The study of plant communities. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Ca. 389 pp. , and J.F. Reed. 1952. Virgin spruce—fir of the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. Ecol. Monogr. 22:69-90. Pase, C.P.. and W.W. Lindenmuth, Jr. 1971. Effects of pre- scribed fire on vegetation and sediment in oak—mountain mahogany chaparral. J. For. 69:800-805. Patton, D.R., and H.D. Avant. 1970. Fire stimulated aspen sprouting in a spruce—fir forest in New Mexico. U.S. For. Serv., Note TRM-159. 3 pp. Pfister, R.D. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34. 174 pp. , B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno, and R.C. Presby. 1974, Forest habitat types of Montana. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34. 213 pp. Phillips, A., J. Marshall, and F. Monson. 1964. The birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Ariz. 212 pp. Plummer, A.P., D.R. Christensen, and S.B. Monson. 1968. Restoring big-game range in Utah. Utah Div. Fish Game Publ. 68-3. 183 pp. Pond, F.W. 1971. Chaparral: 47 years later. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-69. I1 pp. Robinson, T.W. 1965. Introduction, spread and areal extent of salt cedar (Tamarix) in the Western States. Studies of evapo-transpiration. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 491-A. Rusz, P.J., and A. Bourgeois. 1976. Natural resources inventory and management plan for the Denmark Property, Roscommon County, Michigan. 40 pp. [Unpubl.] Rutske, L.H. 1969. A Minnesota guide to forest game habitat improvement. Minn. Dep. Conserv. Tech. Bull. 10. 69 pp. Schmidt, W.C., R.C. Shearer, and A.L. Roe. 1976. Ecology and silviculture of western larch forests. U.S. For. Serv. Tech. Bull. 1520. 96 pp. Scott, D.R.M.. and J.N. Long. 1972. Forest plant communities of the lower Cedar River watershed. US/IBP Coniferous Forest Biome Int. Rep. 102. Univ. Wash., Seattle, Wash. 16 pp. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES References Shreve, F. 1915. The vegetation of a desert mountain range as conditioned by climatic factors. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 217-1-112. ____. 1925. Ecological aspects of the deserts of Califor- nia. Ecology 6:93-103. . 1942a. Grassland and related vegetation in northern Mexico. Madrono 6:190-198. . 1942hb. The vegetation of Arizona. Pages 10-23 in T.H. Kearny and R.H. Peebles, Flowering plants and ferns in Arizona. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 423. —________. 1942c. The desert vegetation of North America. Bot. Rev. 8:195-246. Turner, R.M. 1974. Quantitative and historical evidence of vegetation changes along the upper Gila River, Arizona. U.S. Geol. Serv. Prof. Pap. 655-H. 20 pp. U.S. Forest Service. 1948. Woody plant seed manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 654. 416 pp. VanDersal, W.R. 1958. Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 303. 362 pp. Viereck, L.A. 1966. Succession and soil development on gravel outwash of the Muldrow Glacier, Alaska. Ecol. Monogr. 35:181-199. Warner, J.R.. and C.D. Chase. 1956. The timber resource of North Dakota. U.S. For. Serv., Lake States For. Exp Stn. Pap. 36. 39 pp. Warren, D.K., and R.M. Turner. 1975. Salt cedar (Tamarix chinensis) seed production, seedling establishment, and response to inundation. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 10(3):117-119. Whittaker, R.H. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecol. Mongr. 30:279-338. Wigal, D.D. 1973. A survey of the nesting habitats of the white-winged dove in Arizona. Ariz. Game Fish Dep. Spec. Rep. 37 pp. Yocum, C., and W.P. Dasmann. 1969. Pacific coastal wildlife region. Revised ed. Naturegraph Co., Healdsburg. Ca, 120 pp. Zimmerman, R.C. 1969. Plant ecology of an arid basin Tres Alamos—Redington areas. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 485-D. 51 pp. ~ Selected Fish and Wildlife Species Vegetation maintenance techniques for the biological communities present in the Western United States (Bailey 1978) have been discussed in detail. Equally vital to the management of transmission line ROWs, however, are the many forms of wildlife dependent on this vegetation for food and cover. The fish and wildlife species selected for inclusion in this discussion include: 1) endangered or threatened species, 2) local/statewide unique or uncommon species, 3) game species, 4) nongame species of public interest or concern, and 5) undesirable or pest species. This selection was based on information obtained from Federal and State agencies, private organizations, U.S. and State endangered species lists, and consultants to the authors. 379 65 MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES A tabular listing of the mammals, birds, and amphibians and reptiles of the Western United States of concern in ROW management (tables 65.1, 65.2, 65.3, 65.4) is followed by a province-by-province description of the western fauna taken primarily from Bailey (1978). A series of Ecological Characteristics tables (tables 65.5, 65.6, 65.7), describing the selected mammal, bird, and amphibian and reptile species follows and provides essential information concerning the status of the species and their basic requirements. Because many biologists’ responses about selected wildlife species included general mention of “songbirds” or “waterfowl,” most species that commonly breed within the United States are included in a separate table (table 65.8), categorized according to nesting habits. U.S. endangered/threatened fish are listed by their respective ranges (table 65.9). State endangered/ threatened fish and wildlife are listed by State (table 65.10). Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Scientific names for mammals are those in use by the American Society of Mammalogists (Jones et al. 1975). For birds, the American Ornithologists’ Union (1957) was the source for scientific names. Conant (1965) was the reference used for names of amphibians and reptiles. LISTING OF MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Selected mammals, birds, and amphibians and reptiles of the Western United States are listed in alphabetical order by common name in the tables that follow. The tables (tables 65.1, 65.2, 65.3, 65.4) are designed as matrixes. Province numbers are listed across the top of the matrix, species names along the left side. An “X” appears after the name of each species in the column under every province in which that species is considered important. “Importance” was determined by biologists belonging to the previously mentioned agencies and organizations. These matrixes are organized to enable the reader to find a species and corresponding ecologi- cal characteristics for any province quickly, while at the same time locating other provinces in which the species is considered important. Table 65.1 Matrix of Selected Mammals of the Western United States by Province Province Species eeegeeeReRgeseRxeee2e22r£RnRee¢°@2 SNFPfFFaaanSSHSLSSKFSBSEBE FEELSSSPRLISeV@E Badger (Taxidea taxus) x x x xX xX XxX x Xx XX XX X Bat, Hawaiian hoary (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) x Bear, black (Ursus americanus) xX xX xX Xx x x x xX x x xX xX xX Bear, grizzly (Ursus arctos) XX X X xX xX X XxX x Beaver (Castor canadensis) XX XL KOR IX XX XX XX XX XX KX Bison (Bison bison) x x x Bobcat (Lynx rufus) xX Xx x xX xX Xx x xX Xx XX X XX Burro, feral (Equus asinus) xX xX xX Xx x x Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) XX xX Xx xX xX xX Coati (Coatimundi) (Nasua nasua) x x x Coyote (Canis latrans) x NR eke xX Xx XX X XX XX Deer, axis (Axis axis) x Deer, mule (Black-tailed deer) (Odocoileus hemi onus) XX XX XX Xx XXX XX XX XX Deer, white-tailed (Qdocoileus virginianus) x xX x xX xX xX xX Xx x Elk (Wapiti) (Cervus canadensis) (Cervus elaphus) x x x x xX x x x x Ferret, black-footed (Mustela nigripes) x x x xX xX xX Fox, Arctic (Alopex lagopus) xX xX x x x Fox, gray (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) wire x xX xX XxX x xX X ee Fox, kit (Vulpes macrotis) x x x x x x Fox, red (Vulpes vulpes) x xX X X xX Xx x xX Xx x x x Fox, swift (Vulpes velox) x x Goat, feral (Capra hircus) x x x Goat, mountain (Oreamnos americanus) x x x xX x Gopher, pocket (Thomomys spp.) XX XX XX xX X Xx xX XXX XXX Hare, snowshoe (Varying hare) (Lepus americanus) x xX X x x x xX xX X x x continued 380 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.1 (Concluded) Province Species 2Ssese2eRaeage¢egex2e2£xxqunu2LeRnxa¢e2 SS FFF SsnanssStl2esese ss snaag EESSSSSL ec LE Horse, feral (Equus caballus) Xx x Jackrabbit, black-tailed (Lepus californicus) XX X XX XX x XX XX Jackrabbit, white-tailed (Lepus townsendi) Xx xX X X x Jaguar (Felis onca) xX X Lion, mountain (Cougar, panther, puma) (Felis concolor) x xX xX xX X XX XX XX XX Lynx (Lynx lynx) x xX xX X x xX xX XxX x X Marmots (Western) (Marmota spp.) X xX X xX xX X xX xX XxX x xX xX Mink (Mustela vison) XXX xX XX x x XxX xX x x x Moose (Alces alces) XxX xX XxX Xx xX xX X x x Mouflon (Qvis musimon) x Mouse, salt marsh harvest (Reithrodontomys raviventris) x Musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) x Xx Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) X X X X¥ X X x x XX XX XX XX XX Nutria (Myocastor coypus) x x x x Ocelot (Felis pardalis) x x Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) x XxX x XxX x Otter, river (Lutra canadensis) xX XXX XX K_X_X XX X¥ XX X¥ XX XX Peccary (Javelina) (Tayassu tajacu) x xX Xx x Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) X x x xX xX Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) XX X XX X Xx X X xX X Rabbit, brush (Sylvilagus bachmani) x x xX X Rabbit, desert cottontail (Audubon cottontail) (Sylvilagus audubonii) x Xx xX xX X X X X X X XxX Rabbit, eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) x x x xX xX X XxX Rabbit, Nuttall's cottontail (Mountain cottontail) (Sylvilagus nuttallii) x x x Xx x Rabbit, pygmy (Sylvilagus idahoensis) x Raccoon (Procyon lotor) xx te ee Rat, Morro Bay kangaroo (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis) x Rat, Ord's kangaroo (Dipodomys ordii) x x xXx x xX xX xX xX Ringtail (Ringtail cat, civet) (Bassaricus astutus) x x xX Xx x xX xX X xX Xx Sheep, bighorn (Ovis canadensis) x x x x x Xx X xX xX Sheep, dall (white sheep) (Ovis dalli) x x x Sheep, feral (Ovis aries) x Skunks (al1 species) Xx X X XX X XX xX X X XX X XX Squirrel, Apache fox (Sciurus apache) x Squirrel, eastern fox (Sciurus niger) x Weasels (3 species) (Mustela spp.) XXX XX XX XXX XK Xx xX XX XX XX XX Wolf, gray (Canis lupus) XxX xX Xx x x xX xX Xx x SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 381 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.2. Matrix of Additional Select Mammals of the Western United States by Province (Probably not Compatible with ROWs) Province Species feeegeeergeRgeegegcerexerger es ee Status® SSXP tsa aaSSSLCELESEESET EESSSSLSLSacce Bear, polar x xX 4 Beaver, mountain x x 3 Fisher Xx xX X x 2 Marten xX Xx XX XX XxX x 2 Phenacomys, tree x 1 Pig, feral x 3 Porcupine x x x x x Xx xX Xx xX x Xx xX xX xX 2 Squirrel, Abert's x x 1 Squirrel, Douglas x x x 1 Squirrel, northern flying Xx xX Xx x 1 Squirrel, southern flying x 1 Squirrel, eastern gray x 1 Squirrel, western gray x x xX 1 Squirrel, red x Xx xX X XxX 1 Wolverine Xx xX xX X xX XX XxX x 3 Numbers in this column indicate the following: 1 - Lives and feeds in forests--mainly arboreal. 2 - Lives and feeds in forests--terrestrial and arboreal. 3 - Lives and feeds in forests--mainly terrestrial. 4 - Lives and feeds on ice flows--ROWs do not apply. 382 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.3 Matrix of Selected Birds of the Western United States by Province Province Species es 1210 1220 1310 1320 3110 3120 3130 3140 2410 2610 32) M1210 M1310 2110 M2410 M2610 M2620 M3110 M3120 P3130 A3140 M4210 x a Akepa (Akakane, akepeuie) (Loxops coccinea) (2 subspecies) Akialoa, Kauai (Hemignathus procerus) Akiapolaau (Hemignathus wilsoni) Albatross, short-tailed (Diomedea albatrus) x x x x Condor, California (Gymnogyps californianus) x > Coot, Hawaiian (Alae keo keo) (Fulica americana alai) x Crane, whooping (Grus americana) x Creeper (Loxops maculata) (3 subspecies) Crow, Hawaiian (Corvus tropicus) x Curlew, Eskimo (Numenius borealis) (U.S. Coasts) x x Dove, mourning (Turtle dove) (Zenaidura macroura) X X X X X X KX X XX X X X KX XX a x Dove, white-winged (Zenaida asiatica) Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa, koloa maoli) (Anas wyvilliana) x Duck, Mexican (Anas platyrhychos diazi) x XxX Eagle, northern bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus) (Above 40* latitude) x x Xx x Xx x Eagle, southern bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus) (Below @* latitude} Eagle, golden (Aquila chrysaetos) xX xX XX XX XX XXX Falcon, peregrine (Falco. peregr inus) XX KX X X X KX X KX X X X KX KX KX KX Falcon, prairie (Falco mexicanus) XXX eX KX X Finch, Laysan (Psittirostra cantans cantans) x Finch, Nihoa (Psittirostra cantans ultima) x Gallinule, Hawaiian (Alae, alae ula, koki) (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) x Goose, Aleutian Canada (Branta canadensis Jeucopareia) x x Goose, Canada (Branta canadensis) XX X XX XX X XX X X X XX X Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) x x Grouse, blue (Dendragapus obscurus) x Grouse, ruffed (Bonasa umbellus) x Grouse, sage (Centrocercus urophaisanus) Grouse, sharp-tailed (Pedioecetes phasianellus) Grouse, spruce (Canachites canadensis) x Xx Hawk, broad-winged (Buteo platypterus) x Hawk, Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii) XX X XX XX X XX X XX X xX XxX Hawk, ferruginous (Buteo regalis) x x x x x Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) (Buteo solitarius) x Hawk, red-shouldered (Buteo lineatus) Hawk, red-tailed (Buteo jamaicensis) XX X X Hawk, rough-legged (Buteo lagopus) XX XX Hawk, sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus) Xx X xX X Hawk, Swainson's (Buteo swainsoni) Honeycreeper, crested (Palmeria dolei) x kestrel, American (Sparrow hawk) (Falco sparverius) X X X X X X X X XX X X XX X Kite, white-tailed (Elanus leucurus) x x Merlin (Pigeon hawk) (Falco columbarius) XX xX X XX XX XX XX XX XK XX XX KX Millerbird, Nihoa (Acrocephalus familiaris kingi) x x <> x eK OK x x = x x > > Oe <>< > > x >< > x =< «x x x =< =< x > > > ee Oe > > <> ee x > OK x =< x x > Ke OK > OK OK > ~ os x x continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 383 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.3 (Concluded) Province Species esegeecegsesegegezrexrer2n£2£ rs 8e8e atassorcrt ft tgganaer se Srrretgs SSL2LXFF Lenn nSHStSleeCssaeora: EESSSSrsSace NNN ce Nukupuu, Kauai (Hemignathus lucidus hanapepe) Nukupuu, Maui (Hemignathus lucidus affinis) Qo, Kuaui (Moho braccatus) x Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) XX xX xX XX XX XX KX KX KK KK KK KK KK Qu (Psittirostra psittacea) x Owl, burrowing (Athene cunicularia) XX XX XX kX xX X X X X XX xX Owl, great horned (Bubo virginianus) XX XXX XK XX KNX XK KK KK KKK XK Palila (Psittirostra bailleui) x Parrot, thick-billed (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) x Parrotbill, Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) x Partridge, chukar (Alectoris chukar) x xX x x x xX Xx x Partridge, gray (Hungarian partridge) (Perdix perdix) or x x xX xX x Pelican, brown (Pelecanus occidentalis) x x > Petrel, Hawaiian dark-rumped (Uau, UUau, Uwau) (Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis) x Pheasant, ring-necked (Phasianus colchicus) Xx xX XxX x Xx XX X X x Xx Pigeon, band-tailed (Columba fasciata) x xX xX X X Poo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) 7 Prairie chicken, greater (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) x Prairie chicken, lesser (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) x Ptarmigan, white-tailed (Lagopus leucurus) x Xx x Quail, bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) x x x x Xx Quail, masked bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) a x Quail, California (Lophortyx californicus) x Xx x x x x Xx Quail, Gambel's (Lophortyx gambelii) x x x Quail, montezuma (Cyrtonyx montezumae) x Quail, mountain (Oreortyx pictus) x XX X xX quail, scaled (Callipepla squamata) x xX XxX x Rail, California clapper (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) x x Rail, light-footed clapper (Rallus longirostris levipes) Rail, Yuma clapper (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) Xx Shearwater, Newall's (Ao) (Puffinus puff inus newelli) — Snipe, common (Wilson's snipe) (Capella gallinago) X X X XX X XX XX KX KX XM KX XK KKK Sparrow, Santa Barbara song (Melospiza melodia graminea) Stilt, Hawaiian (Aeo, kukuluaeo) (Himantopus himantopus knudseni) Teal, Laysan (Laysan duck) (Anas laysanensis) x Tern, California least (Sterna albifrons browni) x Thrush, large Kauai (Amaui, kamao, kamau, olomau) (Phaeornis obscurus myadestina) Thrush, smal] Kauai (Puaiohi) (Phaeornis palmeri) x Thrush, Molokai (Amaui, olomau) (Phaeornis obscurus rutha) Turkey, wild (Meleagris gallopavo) x x xX XxX x xX xX XxX x Vulture, turkey (Cathartes aura) x X XX X XX X xX X X X X XX x XxX Woodpecker, pileated (Dryocopus pileatus) Se I eT OR 384 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.4 Matrix of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States by Province Province species SRERZELLRSSRSSSSELRRES FFP PRR HBDaaSSSLSEESEEESED EESSeseeeee: Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard (Crotaphytus silus) Salamander, Santa Cruz Jong-toed (Ambys toma macrodactylum croceum) Salamander, desert slender (Batrachoseps aridus) Snake, San Francisco garter (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) a eee ee ee PROVINCE-BY-PROVINCE DESCRIPTIONS OF FAUNA Most of the following province-by-province descriptions of the western fauna are taken from Bailey (1978). Besides citing wildlife prominent or unique in a particu- lar area, important ecological interactions, such as seasonal changes, the necessity of a specific plant species to wildlife, or the consequences of flooding or fire, are considered. Province 2410, Willamette—Puget Forest — The fauna are closely related to those of the surrounding Pacific Forest province. Mule deer are the most common large mammal. Chief mammalian predators are the mountain lion and bobcat. The western gray squirrel frequents oak trees; the bushy-tailed wood rat (Neotoma cinerea) builds nests in shrubcovered stream margins and at forest edges. Isolated thickets are inhabited by brush rabbit, gray fox, and ruffed grouse. The dusky Canada goose winters exclusively in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Province 2610, California Grassland — Intensive agricultural development has changed the fauna of the annual grasslands. Larger species, such as the grizzly bear, wolf, and pronghorn antelope, have been elim- inated or have shifted to higher elevations. The San Joaquin kit fox is classified as an endangered species. Mule deer live in brush areas. Common mammals include the California ground squirrel, cottontail, black- tailed jackrabbit, mice, and kangaroo rats. Other species, for example, coyote and bobcat, live in or enter from the adjacent woodlands. Common birds are the mourning dove, horned lark, western meadowlark, western kingbird, mockingbird, loggerhead shrike, house finch, lesser goldfinch, common (red-shafted) flicker, and scrub jay. The roadrunner feeds on reptiles and insects. The California quail is numerous in areas where brush or rock outcrops provide cover. Avian predators include the golden eagle, red-tailed hawk, and Cooper’s hawk. Several species of snakes and lizards are present; rattlesnakes are important predators on rodents. Province 3110, Great Plains Short-grass Prairie — SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES Large herds of buffalo once migrated with the seasons across the steppe plains. Now the pronghorn antelope is probably the most abundant large mammal, but mule deer and white-tailed deer are often abundant where brush cover is available along stream courses. The white- tailed jackrabbit occupies the northern part of the province and the black-tailed jackrabbit occupies the area south of Nebraska. The desert cottontail is widespread. The lagomorphs, the prairie dogs, and several other small rodents are preyed upon by the coyotes and several other mammalian and avian predators; one of these, the black-footed ferret, is classified as an endangered species. Upland game birds present in the area include sage grouse, greater prairie chickens, and sharp-tailed grouse. Among the most common smaller birds are the horned lark, lark bunting, and western meadowlark. The golden-cheeked warbler primarily inhabits the Edwards Plateau of Texas where the Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) is present. Construction of stock ponds has added important duck habitat in the northern Great Plains. Province 3120, Palouse Grassland — Pronghorn are the largest permanent residents. Deer come down from the mountains and enter the region locally in the winter. The Washington ground squirrel inhabits large areas at low to medium elevations; the Columbian ground squirrel inhabits areas at higher elevations. The bobcat and coyote are present; the badger is seen occasionally. The sharp-tailed grouse and sage grouse were formerly important game birds. The most common birds, Brewer’s sparrow, lazuli bunting, MacGillivray’s warbler, song sparrow, and willow flycatcher, all inhabit sagebrush cover. The short-eared owl and marsh hawk are the most common carnivorous birds. Province 3130, Intermountain Sagebrush — Few large mammals live in this province; mule deer, mountain lion, bobcat, and badger occasionally penetrate it. The most common species are such small mammals as ground squirrels, jackrabbits, kangaroo mice, wood rats, and kit fox. Some ground squirrels that inhabit the lower life belts, especially the Belding’s and Townsend’s ground squirrel, become dormant during the hot, dry summer. 385 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Province 3140, Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe — The biotic communities of this province support many forms of wildlife, but are especially important to birds. The mixed broadleaf riparian forest provides habitat for the Arizona gray squirrel, zone-tailed hawk, sulphur- bellied flycatcher, and Sonoran mud turtle. These species are almost entirely dependent on the forest for protection and food. Other species include white-tailed deer, black bear, wild turkey, and a great number of nesting and migrating raptors and songbirds. Cottonwood—willow forests and woodlands of temperate riparian areas are extremely important to breeding bird populations (Ingles 1950; Carothers and Johnson 1970). More species are recorded nesting in this vegetative type than in any other; several species, for all practical purposes, are restricted to it. Further discussions of the importance of this community to avian species, particularly raptors such as the black hawk, gray hawk, and bald eagle, are presented by Todd (1969, 1970, 1971, 1972a,b) and Hubbard (1971). Mesquite bosques of subtropical riparian communities are vital to white-winged and mourning doves (Neff 1940; Arnold 1943; Carr 1960; Wigal 1973). Although saltcedar may now provide satisfactory and primary nesting sites for these birds (Carr 1960; Shaw 1961; Wigal 1973), its value to other wildlife leaves much to be desired. Literature relating to other avian species in this area include Brandt (1951), Phillips et al. (1964), and Gavin (1972). Marshlands of this province provide habitat for a number of rare and interesting species such as the Mexican duck (Todd 1972b). Numerous other waterfowl, rails, and shorebirds are also highly dependent on these communities during nesting and migration (Todd 1972a). Province 3210, Chihuahuan Desert — Pronghorn antelope and mule deer are the most widely distributed large game animals. The common white-tailed deer is in Texas. The collared peccary or javelina is common in the southern part of the region. Scaled quail and Gambel’s quail are present in most of the area, and the bobwhite reaches the eastern portion. The black-tailed jackrabbit, desert cottontail, kangaroo rat, wood rat, and numerous smaller rodents compete with domestic and wild herbivores for available forage and are preyed upon by the coyote, bobcat, golden eagle, great horned owl, red- tailed hawk, and ferruginous hawk. Numerous rails, shorebirds, and waterfowl, including the Mexican duck and least and American bitterns, are highly dependent on the marshlands of this province, during both nesting and migration (Blair 1940; Wauer 1973). These areas are of great importance especially to wintering geese and sandhill cranes. The use of these areas by the endangered whooping crane is of special interest and will be watched closely as the innovative introduction program proceeds. Province 3220, American Desert (Mojave—Colorado— Sonoran) — Riparian scrublands and marshlands are most significant to fauna in this province. A comprehensive listing of scrubland species is presented 386 by Bradley and Deacon (1965). The marshland communities are habitat for a number of rare and threatened species such as the Yuma clapper rail, black rail, and least and American bitterns (Todd 1972a). Many other rails, shorebirds, and waterfowl are also highly dependent on these environments during nesting and migration (Todd 1972a). Many shorebirds and waterfowl, mostly migrants or winter residents, use these areas for varying periods of the year. The rare river otter has been observed along the Colorado and lower Virgin rivers (Bradley and Deacon 1965). The cottonwood—willow forests are extremely important to breeding bird populations (Ingles 1950; Carothers and Johnson 1970). More species are recorded as nesting in this vegetative type than any other, and several species, such as the yellow-billed cuckoo and blue-throated hummingbird, are, for all practical purposes, restricted to it. The introduced saltcedar has a similar effect in the Creosote Bush native riparian scrublands where it has created an exclusive disclimax community at the expense of plant and animal diversity (Philips et al. 1964; Ohmart 1973). Further discussions of the importance of the cottonwood—willow community to avian species, particularly raptors such as the black hawk, gray hawk, and bald eagle, are presented by Todd (1969, 1970, 1971, 1972a,b) and Hubbard (1971). A comprehensive list of species utilizing riparian communities is presented by Bradley and Deacon (1965). Provinces M2110, Columbia Forest (Dry Summer); M2410, Pacific Forest — Large mammals in this province include black bear, deer, elk, mountain lion, and bobcat. Brown bear and moose are found in Alaska. Smaller mammals include mice, squirrels, martens, chipmunks, and wood rats. The more common birds are chestnut-backed chickadees, red-breasted nuthatches, gray jay, Steller’s jay, and great gray owls. Blue and ruffed grouse are the most common game birds, hawks and owls are found in the northwestern part of the provinces. Province M2610, Sierran Forest — Common large mammals include mule deer, mountain lion, coyote, and black bear. Smaller mammals include bushy-tailed wood rat, northern flying squirrel, red fox, fisher, porcupine, long-eared chipmunk, and Trowbridge’s shrew. Common birds are mountain quail, Lincoln’s sparrow, yellow-rumped (Audubon’s) warbler, pine siskin, dark-eyed (Oregon) junco, (blue) snow goose, Williamson’s sapsucker, and mountain chickadee. Predatory birds include the common nighthawk, pygmy owl, and great gray owl. The bark beetles /ps emarginatus and /. integer infest Ponderosa and lodgepole pine. The California. mountain kingsnake also lives in_ this province. Province M2620, California Chaparral — Mule deer are the most important large mammal. Other large mammals include the coyote, mountain lion, California bobcat, gray fox, wood rat, and spotted and striped skunks. Small mammals peculiar to chaparral include the CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Merriam chipmunk (Eutamias merriami), California mouse (Peromyscus californicus), and kangaroo rats. The most common birds seen in the dry, summer season are wrentit, common bushtit, and rufous-sided towhee. In October, white- and golden-crowned sparrows, several races of fox sparrows, hermit thrushes, ruby-crowned kinglets, and yellow-rumped (Audubon’s) warblers are present. The California condor, an endangered species, inhabits the mountainous terrain around the San Joaquin Valley. Reptiles are numerous in all vegetation types. Amphibians appear to be scarce except for the tree frog. Province M3110, Rocky Mountain Forest — Common large mammals include elk, deer, mountain lion, bobcat, and black bear. Grizzly bear and moose are found in the northern portions of the province. Small mammals include mice, squirrels, martens, chipmunks, and bushy- tailed wood rats. Various species of hawks and owls inhabit most of the region. The numerous and more common birds are the chestnut-backed chickadee, red- breasted nuthatch, gray jay, and Steller’s jay. Blue and ruffed grouse are the most common upland game birds. Province M3120, Upper Gila Mountains Forest — Riparian marshland areas are habitat for a number of rare or threatened species such as the Yuma clapper rail. Numerous rails, shorebirds, and waterfowl are highly dependent on these environments during nesting and migration (Todd 1972a). Province 3130, Colorado Plateau — Major mammals are the mule deer, mountain lion, coyote, and bobcat; elk are locally important. Pronghorn antelope is the primary large mammal in the arid grasslands. Smaller species include the wood rat, white-footed mouse, cliff chipmunk, jackrabbit, cottontail, rock squirrel, porcupine, and gray fox. The ringtail cat and spotted skunk occur rarely. The most abundant resident birds are the plain titmouse, scrub jay, red-tailed hawk, golden eagle, common (yellow-shafted) flicker, pinyon jay, bushtit, and rock wren. Summer residents include the chipping Sparrow, common nighthawk, black-throated gray warbler, cliff swallow, lark sparrow, and mourning dove. Common winter residents are the dark-eyed (Oregon) junco, gray-headed junco, Rocky Mountain nuthatch, mountain bluebird, American robin, and Steller’s jay. Turkeys are locally abundant during the winter. Reptiles include horned lizards, the collared lizard, and rattlesnakes. Province A3140, Wyoming Basin — Because of its wilderness character, this region supports a great variety of wildlife species. Seasonal changes in climate force many animals to move from the surrounding mountains onto the desert during the winter. In addition to providing for its resident animals, the sagebrush desert furnishes range for a seasonal influx of migratory birds and mammals from life zones at higher elevations. Large mammals include coyote, pronghorn antelope, mountain lion, and bobcat. Smaller species include SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES ground squirrels, white-tailed prairie dog, deer mouse, white-tailed jackrabbit, and porcupine. During severe winters, elk and mule deer move onto the desert. Moose are locally important in the dense willow thickets along desert watercourses. This region is an important breeding and resting ground for migrating waterfowl. Mallards, pintails, green-winged teal, gadwalls, and Canada geese are the most common. Sage grouse are the most abundant upland game bird. The numerous raptors here include Swainson’s hawk, ferruginous hawk, red-tailed hawk, marsh hawk, prairie falcon, great horned owl, and burrowing owl. Reptiles include sagebrush lizard, horned lizard, and prairie rattlesnake. Province 1210, Arctic Tundra (Alaska) — Mammals of the Arctic include brown bear, wolf, wolverine, caribou, Arctic hare, mink, weasel, and lemming. Ptarmigans, ravens, hawks, and open country owls are common. Shore and lake areas are rich habitat for millions of migrating waterfowl and shorebirds during the summer months. Polar bear, walrus, and Arctic fox are common on the ice pack and coastal areas during the winter. Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) have also been seen on sea ice. Province 1220, Bering Tundra (Alaska) — River bottomlands provide excellent habitat for furbearers, game birds, and moose. Upland and coastal areas support brown and black bear, wolf, wolverine, coyote, caribou, reindeer, showshoe hare, red fox, lynx, beaver, moose, squirrels, mice, weasel, mink, and marten. Along the northern Bering Sea coast, polar bear, walrus, and Arctic fox are occasionally found. The coastal areas provide extensive and excellent habitat for migrating waterfowl and shorebirds. Other bird species in the area include ospreys, falcons, grouse, ravens, golden eagles, and various hawks and owls. Provinces 1310, 1320, Yukon Parkland and Yukon Forest (Alaska) — The spruce—hardwood forests provide excellent habitat for furbearers, woodland game birds, and mammals. Brush zones and immature forests recovering from fires furnish especially good browse for moose. Black and brown bear, wolf, wolverine, caribou, and moose are common game species. Smaller mammals include red fox, beaver, mink, muskrat, weasel, land otter, marten, squirrels, and mice. Upland birds include sharp-tailed, spruce, and ruffed grouse; ptarmigan; hawks; woodland owls; and ravens. Cliffs along the Yukon and Porcupine rivers support several raptor species: osprey, gyrfalcon, hawks, and the endangered peregrine falcon. Province M1210, Brooks Range (Alaska) — The Brooks Range is an important big game area in Alaska and supports brown and black bear, wolf, wolverine, caribou, and Dall sheep. Smaller mammals include marmot, red and Arctic fox, ground squirrel, lemming, and pika. Raptors prominent in many areas include golden eagles, 387 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States marsh hawks, gyrfalcons, snowy and other open country owls. Brooks Range is an important resting area for migrating waterfowl and songbirds during the summer. Province M1310, Alaska Range — The Aleutian Islands support no large mammals. Foxes, bald eagles, and hawks are the primary predators on the millions of seabirds that use the islands and rocks for rookeries. Such marine mammals as seal, sea lion, and sea otter are abundant and use the islands for hauling out and rookeries. The Alaska Peninsula and Alaska Range support large big game populations of moose, Dall sheep, black and brown bear, wolf, caribou, and wolverine. Smaller mammals include beaver, red fox, lynx, otter, marten, squirrels, weasel, and various rodents. Migrating waterfowl and shorebirds use the coastal areas extensively in the summer. Golden eagles, ptarmigan, ravens, and hawks inhabit the uplands; the rich fish resources support bald eagles and osprey on the coastline. Province M4210, Hawaiian Islands — Because of their detachment, the Hawaiian Islands have a meager but unique fauria. They have no snakes and few other reptiles. The islands support large populations of such water birds as terns, tropicbirds, boobies, shearwaters, and petrels. The major islands have such special species as the white-tailed tropicbird, the rare Newell’s Manx shearwater, and dark-rumped petrel, all of which seek crater walls for nesting. Native land birds include hawks, owls, crows, warblers, and thrushes. Several species, including the crested honeycreeper and ou, are near extinction. Many species of birds have been introduced. Introduced mammals include the axis deer, Hawaiian wild boar, feral sheep, and goats. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS TABLES Ecological Characteristics tables (tables 65.5, 65.6, 65.7) describing selected species give essential information concerning the status of the species and basic requirements. More detailed information about a particular species for a localized area may be obtained elsewhere (see References section). References for selected species are cited but are not exhaustive. Groups of species of different genera or several species of the same genus that have similar life histories and habitat requirements are discussed in one place in the Ecological Characteristics tables. For example, all skunks (different genera) are discussed together and all prairie dogs (same genus) are discussed together. Provinces (Sections) — Provinces and sections identified on the Ecological Characteristics tables are those where 388 the species are of special importance and are not necesssarily the entire range of the species. Distribution — Distribution references for selected species pertain to the United States only, although migratory routes for certain species are considered. Distribution for birds (due to their migratory nature) is usually their primary breeding range only. The postal system of state abbreviations is used to designate ranges. Habitat — Habitat for a particular species describes the general physiographic and vegetational environment where the species is naturally found (e.g., conifer swamps, brushy areas, caves). Features — Features represent the reasons a particular species was selected for a certain area. Note: Endangered/threatened status may change, so the use of current references as well as consultation with knowledgeable officials is recommended. Life History — Life history of an animal gives the general breeding behavior, breeding seasons, gestation, and litter size. Also noted, when important, are migratory behavior, feeding ranges, mortality, social tendencies, and activity periods. For birds, nest and egg descriptions are also given. Special Notes — Special notes include information unique to the species that is important for management practices or the presence of that species on a ROW. Cover — Cover requirements are general and do not represent all combinations used by a particular species throughout its range. Significant cover types (i.€., dense brier thickets, conifer swamps, etc.) are referenced, since specific plant associations representing these cover types are too varied to discuss adequately. Preferred plant species used are listed. Food — Food requirements are also general and do not represent all combinations used by a particular species throughout its range. Foods listed, in no particular order of preference, are those most used by wildlife in various parts of their ranges. Many food species also serve as cover types, especially for small animals. Many plants may be noted by common group names (e.g., maples, if the wildlife species happens to use most species of maples). References — References used for information about a particular species on these tables are indicated by numbers corresponding to the list of References at the end of this chapter. The list is by no means an exhaustive literature collection for all species found in this chapter. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 LA AL EA AMNION IRE OO SRE 3 ike age Table 65.5 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Mammals of the Western United States Species Ecological characteristics Badger Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113); 2210 (2212, 2213, Taxidea taxus 5)3 0; West: 2610; 3110; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140, Distribution: Eastern prairies westward, Habitat: Prairies westward, eatures: Endangered/threatened in IN; threatened in MI, Uncommon fur- earer throughout most of its range. Controls rodents, Abundant burrows endanger livestock. Life history: Gestation of 5-6 mos, (delayed implantation). Young (2-5) born early to late spring depending on part of country. Breeding in summer, Females first breed at 1.5 yrs. Good digger. Longevity 12 yrs. Special notes: Burrows provide shelter for other wildlife. over: Burrows in ground for den and escape. Ground is mostly open, sandy soil. ~ Food: Carnivorous--eats ground squirrels, prairie dogs, gophers, rabbits, mice, lizards, insects, birds. References: 5, 12, 13, 14, 35, 44, 68, 73, 85, 88, 99, 111, 124, 127, ~T35, T4T, 149, 156, 169, 188, 195, 215, 224, 248, 254. Bat, Hawaiian hoary Provinces (Sections): M4210. Lasiurus cinereus Distribution: Hawaiian Islands of Hawaii and Kauai. semotus Habitat: Wooded areas. Features: U.S. endangered species. Endangered in HA. Cife history: Gestation related to temperature. Young 1-2 per litter; itter per yr. Cover: Trees. Roost amoung branches during day. Food: Insects. References: 35, 42, 44, 77, 79, 229. Bear, black Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210 (2214); 2310 (2311, 2312); Ursus americanus 2 West: 1220; 1310; 1320; 3110 (3111); 3210; M1210; M1310; M2410; M2610; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Upper Great Lakes area; Northeastern States down eastern mountains. FL and Gulf Coast. Lower Mississippi Valley. Rockies and West Coast mountain ranges. AK, Habitat: Forests, swamps, dense thickets, mountainsides. Features: Endangered in AL, MO, MD. Threatened in MS and FL. Rare in » KY, WV. Common big game animal elsewhere, Aesthetic. Some crop and orchard damage. Life history: Breed at 3.5 yrs. Females have litter (2) every other yr. Gestation 7-7.5 mos. Cubs born in winter, weaned following fall. Stay with sow until second winter, Males may range 15 mi, Nocturnal, solitary, semi-hibernate in winter. Special notes: Can damage wood utility poles by scratching. Attracted to camper’s and picnicker's food. Raids apiaries. Cover: Dense thickets, forests, river bottoms. -Den in hollow logs, trees, or under windfalls, Food: East: Acorns, beech nuts, wild cherries, apples, grapes, blue- erries, honey, persimmons, roots and tubers, serviceberries, in- sects, fish, small mammals, garbage, blackberries, West: Insects, small mammals, fish, pinyon pine seeds, serviceberries, wild cherries, buffaloberries, honey, carrion, garbage. Alaska: Grasses, sedges, horsetails, blueberries, cranberries, bear- berries, fish. continued RPT RDT RO EAE IE RRM EE EAI ONS ESET A a coon ae SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 389 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States AAO RTD SS RE Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Black bear (Continued) References: 3, 5, 14, 15, 35, 40, 44, 52, 61, 73, 83, 98, 99, 100, 111, 116, 124, 126, 137, 138, 139, 142, 155, 161, 169, 203, 224, 226, 233, 248, 254, 255, 256. Bear, grizzly Provinces (Sections): 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; M1210; M1310; M2110 Ursus arctos (M2TTT, 1B 2)3 Sino (M2410-AK); M3110 (M3112). Distribution: Rocky Mountain States (WY, MT, ID, WA) up through AK, Habitat: Wilderness woodlands, brushy mountainsides, thickets, tundra. Features: U.S. threatened species throughout. Classified as endangered/ Threatened in ID, CO, Wa. Big game animal in MT, AK. Rare to un- common throughout range. Life history: First breeds at 3 yrs. One litter every 2-3 yrs. Mates May-July. Gestation 6 mos. Young (usually 2) born in Jan. in den. Males solitary. Females remain with cubs for yr. Longevity 25 yrs. in captivity. Semi-hibernation. Home range 50+ mi radius. Active usually mornings and evenings. Annual pilgrimages to salmon runs. Special notes: Man is only enemy. Has caused problems with man by preying on livestock when food was scarce. Also frequents garbage dumps and can be dangerous anytime humans are around. Cover: Dens in caves, dug-out dens. Forests, thickets. Bears frequent open tundra, meadows, slopes looking for food, Food: Omnivorous. Eats much vegetation in spring and fall such as grasses, roots, sedges, blueberries, cranberries, elderberries, crow- berries. Animal matter includes marmots, small rodents, salmon, carrion, insects, grubs, livestock. Also garbage. References: 3, 15, 35, 44, 45, 73, 83, 124, 141, 142, 203, 226, 229, 231, 244, 246, 254. Beaver Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530. Castor canadensis lest: 2205 3 1320; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3210; 3220; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: All of U.S. and AK except extreme Southwest and FL. Habitat: Bodies of water with trees nearby. Features: Valuable furbearer. Aesthetics. Backups from beaver dams can cause unwanted flooding. Life history: Females breed at 2.5 yrs. One litter per yr. Gestation period is 128 days. Young (2-4) born Apr.-duly. Longevity 11 yrs. Mostly nocturnal. Family units live in lodges or burrows in stream bank. Colonial and territorial. Special notes: Flooded areas created by beavers provide additional habitat for other furbearers and waterfowl. Important prey species for wolves in some areas. Water must be deep enough to allow year- round (under-ice) channels. Cover: Underwater; lodges, burrows in stream banks. Thick alder growth. Early successional tree stages along slow-moving waterway. Food: Aspen, willows, birch, hazelnut, water lily, cow lily, service- berry, maple, alder, ash, sweet gum, pine, Douglas-fir, sweet bay, jronwood, cottonwood; corn, if available, References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 60, 73, 85, 111, 116, 123, 124, 127, 141, 142,149, 152, 156, 161, 169, 184, 188, 195, 215, 217, 224, 225, 233, 248, 254, 255. Bison Provinces (Sections): M1310; M3110 (M3112, M3113); A3140. Bison bison Distribution: ocky Mountain States (mostly federal lands and parks) and Southeastern AK, May be found elsewhere on state lands throughout plains states. Habitat: Plains, grasslands, woodland openings. Features: Nearly extirpated. Now increasing in numbers, Aesthetic symbol of Great Plains. Was entire economy of Plains Indians. Now protected. Endangered/threatened in ID. continued RRNA RNY SS RR eS 390 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Sata eersee ep ation) see aa ea a pmmame Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Bison (Continued) Life history: Females breed at 2-3 yrs, Breeds July-Oct. Gestation period 9 mos. Young (1) able to follow mother soon after birth. Diurnal, Gregarious. Grazers., Normally lives 15-20 yrse Cover: No concealment cover. Escape by running. Require dust wallows, water, salt licks. Food: Grama grass, dropseed, wind-mill grass, Paspalum, saltbush, hilaria, buffalo grass, little bluestem, joint-fir, Sedges, grasses, willow browse in AK, References: 3, 35, 44, 73, 124, 141, 142, 192, 246, 254. Bobcat Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210 (2211, 2215); 2310; 2320; 2510; Lynx rufus 2520; 2530; [op West: 2610; 3110; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140, Distribution: Found almost everywhere west of the Mississippi except central MO and IA. Found in northern Great Lakes region, Northeast, Southeast, and Mississippi Valley. Habitat: Usually swamps and brushy areas, but will utilize almost any abitat. Features: Endangered in MD, IA, OH. Endangered/threatened in IN. Rare in KY, W, IL, Nd. Declining in UT. Common furbearer elsewhere, Life history: Mostly solitary and nocturnal. Range usually 2 mi radius but will sometimes travel great distances. Mate in spring. Gestation 50-60 days. Young (2-4) born in spring (late). Leave parents in fall. Special notes: Versatile as to habitat. Good rodent control. lortality: Hunting, trapping, poisoning. Cover: Uses hollow logs, trees, or caves for dens. Uses any available cover vegetation and rocks. Food: Rabbits, squirrels, small rodents, birds, sometimes carrions and occasionally poultry and livestock. References: 14, 35, 44, 47, 73, 86, 88, 91, 99, 100, 116, 124, 126, 36, 147, 149, 152, 155, 161, 165, 168, 188, 194, 195, 203, 217, 226, 238, 248, 251, 254. Burro, feral Provinces (Sections): 3130; 3140; 3210 (3211); 3220; M3120; P3130. Equus asinus istribution: Western AZ, southern CA and Grand Canyon are the main areas where burros are found. However, they are found locally in many western desert areas. Habitat: Rugged mountainsides and desert canyons. Features: Protected under "Wild Horse and Burro Act" on federal lands. Generally regarded as pest species because they strongly compete with natural herbivores (especially desert bighorn) for food and water. Burros consume and destroy a great deal of natural vegetation. Life history: Breed at 1.5 yr. in Mar.-Aug. Gestation 365 days. One young per litter. Longevity 20-40 yrs. Special notes: Included here because any Management affecting desert bighorns will probably affect burros the same way. Cover: Rocky canyons, scrub thickets, cliffsides. Food: Can and will eat almost all vegetation found within its range. WiTl even eat creosote bush, Majority of diet is various forbs. References: 14, 35, 42, 44, 112, 133, 232. Caribou Provinces (Sections): 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; M1210; M1310; M2110. Rangifer tarandus istribution: roughout most of AK except southern coastal areas, igrants from Canada come into northeastern WA and northern ID. Habitat: Tundra, open coniferous forests. Features: Most important to natives in AK for food and clothing. lomadic migrations--Alaska Pipeline conflict. Endangered/threatened in ID, continued 7 So clita eat. al he a ile a amy SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 391 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States SALA Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics NES" Caribou (Continued) Coati (Coatimundi) Nasua nasua Coyote Canis latrans Deer, axis Axis axis Life history: Females breed at 2.5 yrs. Polygamous breeding. Rutting Season Sept.-Oct. Gestation 8 mos. Young (1-2) born May-June. Young follow mother immediately. Barren ground caribou migrate in herds of several thousand. Excellent swimmers. Special notes: Susceptible to disturbances that damage slow-growing Tichens which are a chief food. Calving ranges are critical areas to their existence and should be undisturbed. Effects of migratory barriers are unknown at this time. Cover: Winter: Northern boreal forests, such as white spruce. Summer: Lichen tundras. Sedge--heath slopes. Muskegs. Food: Tundra: Lichens (reindeer moss), mosses, willows, birch. Woodland: Mountain maple, mountain-ash, willows, red-osier dogwood, highbush cranberry, tree lichens, large-leaved aster, dwarf cornel, mosses, bush honeysuckle. References: 3, 35, 44, 47, 73, 124, 246. Provinces (Sections): 3140; 3210; M3120. Tstribution: xtreme southwestern TX, southwestern NM, southeastern quarter of AZ. Habitat: Open woodlands, brushy semidesert. Features: Furbearer. Aesthetic value higher. Rare in U.S. Life history: Gestation 2.5 mos. Young (4-6) born in July. Active at day. Runs in bands. Old males solitary. Good climber. Cover: Trees, brushy hillsides, canyon thickets. Food: Mostly carnivorous--eats lizards, bird eggs, grubs, scorpions, tarantulas. Also eats fruits and nuts. References: 12, 14, 35, 44, 73, 217. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530. est: 1210; 1310; 1320; 2410; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Common throughout the U.S. and AK except for extreme Northeastern States and Southeast. Habitat: Brushy areas, prairies, open woodlots, western plains and mountains. Features: Endangered in MD and KY. Classified as furbearer in eastern part. Unprotected and labelled pest in many states. Very active control measures used in ranching country due to coyote's association with sheep predation. Is still managing to increase its range and numbers, however. Life history: Mates Jan.-Mar. Females breed first year. Gestation 60- 63 days. Pups (5-10) born Apr.-May. Can interbreed with dogs. Longevity less than 18 yrs. Hunting range approximately 10 mi, Never too far from water. Scavenger. Caches food. Special notes: No particular management needed. Apparently able to adjust to extreme human pressures. Cover: Dens in ground, under trees or boulders. Brushy ravines or hill- sides for cover. Food: Will eat almost anything. Animal matter includes carrion, rab- bits, small rodents, birds, eggs, insects, fish, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, deer fawns. Vegetable matter (usually fleshy fruits, such as blackberries, juniper berries, strawberries, melons, prickly pear, manzanita) makes up insignificant part of diet. References: 5,12, 14,35, 44, 67, 73, 83, 85, 99, 111, 116, 123, 124, 726, 141, 142, 149, 152, 188, 203, 215, 217, 224, 226, 233, 248, 254, 255, 256. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Tstribution: Hawaiian Islands of Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Maui. continued RO ica eat eas AAR ERM a 392 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Axis deer (Continued) Deer, mule (Black-tailed deer} Odocoileus hemionus Deer, white-tailed Odocoileus virginianus Habitat: Open parkland forest with grasslands, Features: Exotic big game species. Life history: Breed throughout the yr. Young (1) born Dec.-Feb. Cover: Parkland forest vegetation, rain forest vegetation (marginally). Food: Kiawe, klu, lantana, guinea grass, Hilo grass, drymaria, ulei, Ppuakeawe, References: 77, 78, 237. Provinces (Sections): East: 2530 (2532). est: 2610; 0; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140; M4210. Distribution: Western half of U.S. and HA. Habitat: Conifer forest, shrub desert, grassland, chaparral--wherever rowse is available, Features: Most important big game species of Western U.S. Aesthetic. Can damage crops. Life history: Mate (rutting season) Oct.-Dec. Females breed at 1.5. Gestation 7 mos. Young (usually 2) born June-July. Longevity 16 yrs. Occur singly or small groups. Active early and late, Migrate (elevational) in mountains. Special notes: Readily move into logged or cleared areas to utilize new growth, Prey species for wolves, mountain lions. Cover: Prairie: Cottonwoods, willows of stream bottoms. lesert: Creosote bush, mesquite, greasewood, yuccas, cacti. Low to medium elevations: Pinyon pine, junipers, oak, mountain- mahogany, serviceberry, High elevation: Pinyon pine, Douglas-fir, mountain-mahogany, service- berry, aspen. Food: Most used browse: Bitterbrush, mountain-mahoganies, chamise, sagebrush, serviceberry, junipers, cherries, oaks, aspen, cliffrose, snowberry, roses, spiraeas, willows, ceanothus, Oregon-grapes, bear- berry, white cedar, Douglas-fir, jack pine, manzanita, rabbit brush. Most used forbs and grasses: Alfalfa, cheat, bluegrass, wheatgrass, fescues, muhlenbergia, brome, ryegrass, bracken fern, dandelion, various crops, sunflower, koeleria, needlegrass, deer vetch, filaree, sweet clover. Hawaii: Passion-flower, guava, uki uki, mushrooms, koa, horseweed, References: 3, 12, 14, 35, 44, 52, 54, 73, 77, 78, 83, 102,111,124, Y25, 141, 142, 151, 152, 178, 190, 203, 211, 217, 219, 226, 237, 264, 255, 256. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; 4710. West: 3110; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410 (M2411, M2413, M2415); M3110; M3120; A3140, Distribution: Common throughout the U.S. except for Desert Southwest and CA, AK, HI. Habitat: Mixed forests, brushy areas, swamps, riparian habitats. Features: Primary big game animal in Eastern U.S. Aesthetic value. Can cause crop, orchard, nursery damage. Endangered subspecies: Florida Key deer (O. v. clavium): U.S. endangered species. Found in FL Keys (Province 4110). About 350 remain. Very specialized ecosystem of mangrove and scrub-palmetto vegetation, Fire neces- sary to maintain pine stands. Columbian white-tailed deer (0. v. leucurus): Found in southwest WA and northwest OR on the Columbia River flood plain (Province M2410). U.S. endangered species. Less than 600 remain. Endan- gered in OR, WA. Reduced due to agriculture which drained and diked wet areas important to the animals, Graze on clovers, continued A ES Ne ae SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 393 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States eRe RTOS A Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics White-tailed deer Features (continued): succulent new vegetation in open lowland pastures. (Cont inued) Need interspersed wooded areas for cover. Life history: Females breed at 1.5 yrs. Males breed later. Gestation 6.5 mos. Fawns (1-3), usually 2, are weaned in 4 mos., but may re- main with doe for 1 yr. Bucks tend to be solitary. Winter grouping in "yards" common in Great Lakes and Northeast region. Home range less than 2 sq mi. Longevity of 16 yrs. Special notes: Should benefit from ROW management, especially when di- verse habitat is created. ROW corridors and access roads help hunters and poachers, however. Prey species for wolves, mountain lions, coyotes, Cover: White-tailed deer utilize a very large number of cover species. Brushy, mixed forest types; swamps; riparian vegetation; all serve as general cover types. Food: (Partial list only of some preferred foods--see vegetation and management sections for other possible foods.) Northeast: Cedar, apple, yew, hemlock (ground), maple, oak, sumac, dogwood, honeysuckle, fir, ashes, willow, wintergreen, spruce, greenbrier, witch hobble. Midwest: Greenbrier, grape, ferns, blueberry, blackberry, Antennaria, hazelnuts, maples, oaks, sumac, rhododendron, elm, lespedeza, dog- wood, juneberry, corn. Southeast: Greenbrier, gums, dogwoods, ash, oaks, maples, sumacs, Ilex spp., bays, ironwood, pecan, French mulberry, trumpet creeper, honeysuckle, dewberry, rattan, fungi. Prairies: Cedar, bearberry, ponderosa pine, buckbrush, rose, aspen, clovers, mesquite, lespedeza, broomsedge, oaks, acacias, condaliaz, prickly pear, snowberry, persimmon, corn. Rocky Mountains: Buckbrush, bearberry, ceanothus, choke-cherry, dog- wood, Amelanchier spp., aspen, Oregon-grape, juniper. References: 14, 34, 35, 44, 51, 53, 60, 73, 83, 85, 102, 110, 111, 116, 720,124, 141, 142, 149, 151, 156, 161, 168, 169, 179, 187, 195, 203, 211, 215, 217, 224, 226, 233, 236, 239, 248, 249, 251, 254. Elk (Wapiti) Provinces (Sections): East: 2110. Cervus elaphus lest: > 3112); 3130 (3131, 3133, 3134); 3210; M2110; M2410; M2610; M3110; M3120; A3140. Distribution: Western mountain ranges (Rockies); Pacific Coast; MT, SD. Also found transplanted in Eastern States (Ozarks, northern MI). Habitat: Open forests, mountain meadows, foothills, valleys. Features: Big game animal. High aesthetic value, Rare tule elk (C. e. nannodes) confined to preserves in southern CA, Life history: Females breed at 2.5 yrs. Rutting season starts Sept. Harem breeding by oldest, toughest males. Gestation 8.5 mos. Young (1-2) born May-June. Active mornings, evenings. Found in groups year-round, but males together in summer. Elevational migration. Cover: Wooded, oak brush mountain slopes. Grassy meadows and valleys at forest edge. Thickets of aspen, alder, willow. Food: Ceanothus, pine, willows, sedges, needlegrass, wheatgrass, Agoseris glauca, Geranium spp., Agropyron spicatum, fescue, bluegrass, Amelanchier spp., aspen, oak, choke-cherry, pinque. References: 12, 14, 15, 35, 44, 52, 73, 83, 107, 111, 124, 141, 142, 52, 203, 219, 226, 232, 254, 255, 256. Ferret, black-footed Provinces (Sections): East: 2530. Mustela nigripes lest: 3 3 M3110 (M311, M3113); M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Sparsely scattered from north border prairies down to western TX. continued 394 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 a Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Black-footed ferret Habitat: Short-grass prairies (same habitat as prairie dog). (Continued) Features: U.S. endangered species. One of the rarest mammals in the Se Life history: One litter per yr.; 1-4 young per litter. Females bring out young in July, Remain together until Sept.-Oct. Generally solitary, Life history data is scant due to the animal's rarity and underground life. Special notes: Man's destroying of prairie dog colonies has been one of the decimating factors to ferrets. Cover: Dens in prairie dog burrows. Usually found near prairie dog colony at all times. Food: Prairie dogs, gophers, small rodents. References: 35, 37, 44, 73, 89, 114, 124, 141, 150, 178, 215,229 ,238,254. Fox, Arctic Provinces (Sections): 1210; 1220; M1210; M1310; M2410 (M2410-AK) . Alopex lagopus istribution: Coastal AK and associated islands. Habitat: undra, rocky beaches, ice flows. Features: Furbearer. Aesthetics. Main part of Eskimo economy, Uife history: Gestation 51-54 days. Young (5-6) born Apr.-Jdune. Wanders far out on ice in winter. Limited travel with pups in summer. Cyclic population fluctuations with lemmings. Longevity 14 yrs. in captivity. Cover: White coat blends with snow. Digs dens on well-drained slopes. WiTT burrow into snow for temporary den, Food: Eats lemmings, hares, birds, eggs, berries--but mainly a scaven- ger. Follows polar bears, wolves and eats carrion of ungulates, marine mammals, fish. References: 35, 44, 73, 123, 124. Fox, gray Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; Urocyon cinereoargenteus 4110, West: 2610; 3110 (3112, 3113); 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2410; M2620; M3120; P3130; A3140 (A3142). Distribution: Most of U.S. except northwestern quarter. Habitat: Open woodlots, chaparral, brushy fields. Features: Considered furbearer. Good rodent control. Cife history: Nocturnal; very secretive. Mates in late winter. Gesta- tion period 51 days. Young (3-7) born in Apr.-May. Longevity less than 10 yrs. Can climb trees. Special notes: Any management that would increase rodent populations would benefit gray fox. Cover: Ground burrows, hollow logs, or under boulders and trees. Dense cover preferred,such as forests, thickets, vegetated ravines. Food: Mainly carnivorous--eats wild birds, eggs, rabbits, small rodents, poultry. Vegetation eaten--mostly fleshy fruits such as apples, per- simmons, cherries, grapes, pokeweed, hackberry, blueberries, black- berries, corn, peanuts, opuntia. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 58, 60, 73, 85, 111, 116, 124, 127, 149, 156, 161, 188, 215, 224, 233, 236, 248, 254. Fox, kit Provinces (Sections): 2610; 3130; 3140; 3220; M2620; M3120. Vulpes macrotis istribution: Desert Southwest to CA; Great Basin to ID. Habitat: Desert (level ground); semi-arid grassland. Features: San Joaquin subspecies (V. m, mutica) is U.S. endangered. Found only in southern end of San Joaquin VaTley, CA, Furbearer elsewhere, although endangered in OR; endangered/threatened in ID; and rare in NV, Aesthetic value. Good rodent control. Life history: Breed in Dec.-Feb. Young (4-7) born Feb.-Apr. Gestation 49-55 days. Nocturnal--holes up during day. continued a | SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 395 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Le RT Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Kit fox (Continued) Special notes: Rare because of predator poisoning campaigns; conversion of habitat to agricultural land. Cover: Low desert shrubs such as greasewood, saltbush, rabbit brush, juniper. (V. m, mutica) has very close association with habitat types utilized by favorite prey, kangaroo rats. Such habitat types are grasslands of brome, filaree, fescue grass. Food: Kangaroo rats and other small rodents; rabbits, birds. References: 12, 14, 35, 38, 44, 56, 73, 111, 124, 152, 169, 188, 203, 232, 246. Fox, red Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310 (2312); 2320; 2510; 2530. Vulpes vulpes West: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; 2610; 3110; 3130; M1210; M1310; M2410 (M2411, M2413, M2415, M2410-AK); M3110; A3140. Distribution: Over most of U.S. and AK, excluding extreme Southeast, Southwest, western prairies, coastal CA. Habitat: Mixture of woodlands, fields (both crop and fallow). Features: Classified anywhere from furbearer to game animal to pest Species depending on area. Some states issued bounties. Aesthetic species. Race (Cascade fox) is threatened. Life history: Male and female breed late winter. Gestation 51 days. Pups Tao} born Mar.-Apr. One litter per yr. Pups leave parents in fall. Home range usually less than 2 sq mi. May travel long dis- tances in search of food. Special notes: Any management practices which increase populations of small rodents or rabbits will benefit foxes. Cover: Any brushy area for hiding. Dens are ground burrows on sloped ground, usually sandy soil. Ditches and fence rows next to cultivated fields serve as cover and hunting routes, Food: Mainly carnivorous--eats rabbits, hares, smal] rodents, insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians. Vegetation is mainly fleshy fruits (apples, persimmons, grapes, cherries, blueberries) and also corn, References: 5, 35, 44, 53, 58, 60, 85, 111, 116, 123, 124, 127, 141, 149, 156, 161, 168, 169, 188, 194, 206, 224, 226, 248, 254, 255, 256. Fox, swift Provinces (Sections): East: 2530. Vulpes velox West: 31710; 0 (M3113). Distribution: Western prairie states: MT to ND, primarily. Habitat: Short-grass prairies, desert. Features: Endangered in NE and ND, possibly extinct in MT. Threatened in OK Uncommon elsewhere. Suffered from poison campaigns for other predators. Good rodent control. Life history: Young (4-7) born Feb.-Apr. Gestation 49-55 days. Special notes: Considered by some as a subspecies of kit fox. Suscep- tible to overgrazing. Cover: Burrows in ground. Efficient at running over open ground to escape danger. Prefers open, level ground. Food: Small rodents, such as the kangaroo rat; jackrabbits, snakes, jzards, beetles, grasshoppers. References: 35, 44, 66, 73, 101, 124, 141, 150, 178, 227. Goat, feral Provinces (Sections): M3110 (M3113); M4210; M2620. Capra hircus istribution: awaiian Islands; scattered isolated locations in Rockies, channel Islands off California. Habitat: Cliff edges, canyons, lava flows. Features: Big game species. Cause extensive damage by denuding vegetation, allowing erosion. Life history: Females can breed at 5 mos. Gestation 140-160 days. Can ear young twice a yr.; 1-2 young per litter. continued ANS 396 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Feral goat (Continued) Cover: Escape cover is sheer cliffs and rock edges. Will go into dense forests only under hunting pressure. Food: Probably any green plant found within its range. References: 77, 78, 101, 237. Goat, mountain Provinces (Sections): 3110 (3111, 3112); M1310; M2110 (M2112); M2410 Oreamnos americanus M2410-AK); M3110 (M3112). Distribution: Local population in western SD. Found western and central mountains of MT, northwestern WY, northern ID. Also in AK mountain range and southern AK coastal mountains. Possibly few in northeastern WA. Habitat: Slopes and mountain cliffs near timberline. Features: Big game species seen by few people. Aesthetic. Life history: First breed at age 2.5. Mating in Oct.-Dec. Polygymous breeding. Gestation 147-178 days. Young (1-2) born May-June. Elevational migration summer-winter. Longevity 12-18 yrs. Occur in small heards, Special notes: Need salt in diet. Cover: Alpine tundra; timberline habitat. Predator avoidance by specialized ability to climb, walk on sheer cliffs. Food: Summer: Timberline grasses and shrubs, such as groundsel, mountain brome, mosses, ceanothus, reedgrass, dogwood, alder, ninebark, butterweed, bluebell, sheep fescue, alpine bluegrass, sedges, rushes (Juncus spp.), lupine, polemonium, sweet vetch, cow parsnip, alumroot, cinquefoil. Winter: Hemlock, Douglas-fir, alpine fir, juniper, Michaux sage. References: 3,15,35, 44, 73, 83,111, 124, 138, 141,142,195, 203,226, 254. Gophers, pocket Provinces (Sections): East: 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; 4110. Geomys spp. (Eastern) est: 2470; 0; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; Thomomys spp. (Western) M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Western species: Found in upper Great Plains and Rockies westward. Eastern species: Found in prairies and Southeast States. Habitat: Mountain meadows, grasslands, open forests, pastures, roadside and railroad ROWs. Features: Generally considered pest species because of extensive burrow- ing and crop damage. G. fontenalus and G. colonus endangered in GA, G. bursarius endangered/threatened in IN. Life history: Varies per species. Generally 2 litters per yr. in South and 1 litter per yr. in North. Number of young usually 3-7. Normally solitary, usually below ground. Does some night foraging above ground. Special notes: Prey species of owls, coyotes, foxes. Cover: Burrows and tunnels below ground. Prefer loose workable soil. Will burrow through snow in winter. Food: Eastern species: Alfalfa, sunflowers, gay-feather, potatoes, corn, wheat, red clover, seeds and nuts of various trees. Western species: Brome, oak, brodiaea, filaree, sagebrush, dandelion, spring-beauty, starwort, wheat, potatoes. References: 35, 44, 66, 73, 88, 116, 124, 215, 236. Hare, snowshoe (Varying Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210 (2214). hare) lest: 1220; 0; 1320; 3110 (3111, 3112); M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410 Lepus americanus (M2411, M2413, M2415, M2410-AK); M2610; M3110; A3140. Distribution: Northeastern States down through eastern mountain chain, westward across northern border states. Down through Rocky Mountains and down along West Coast States to northern Sierras. AK. Habitat: Forests, swamps, mountains. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 397 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States [See Oe Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Snowshoe hare (Continued) Horse, feral Equus caballus Jackrabbit, black-tailed Lepus californicus Jackrabbit, white-tailed Lepus townsendii Features: Small game animal throughout range. Life history: Mostly nocturnal, sitting in "forms" during the day. Home range about 10-20 acres, although hare may travel farther. Fe- males have 2-3 litters per yr.; 2-4 young per litter. Gestation 36-37 days. Populations fluctuate with 10-11 yr. peaks. Special notes: Competes heavily for deer browse in winter. Important prey species, especially of Canada lynx. RI reports that snowshoe hares will not cross a ROW if it bisects their habitat. Cover: Swamp conifers, brushy mixed forests. Utilize bare ground for dust baths. Will nest in "forms" under shrubs. Food: Northeast: White pine, red pine, white spruce, birch, aspen, huckleberry, various forbs and grasses. Great Lakes: Birch, white cedar, sugar maple, aspen, pines, spruces, willows, grasses, hazelnut, ferns, clovers, sumac, dandelions. West: Douglas-fir, willow, snowberry, maple, serviceberry, aspen, alder. References: 5,27, 35, 44,73,122, 123,124, 141, 170,179, 226, 238, 244, 254. Provinces (Sections): 3130; A3140. Distribution: Scattered on many government (BLM) lands throughout western plains. Populations in southern MT, WY. Habitat: Grassy, rolling plains. Features: Protected on federal lands under "Wild Horse and Burro Act." Controversy over killing and selling horses. Rancher complaints on grazing competition with domestic livestock, Aesthetic value. Life history: Mature at 1 yr. Breed any time. Gestation about 336 ayS; 1 young per litter. Longevity 60 yrs. Cover: Canyons, thickets. No particular concealment cover. Food: Low-growing grasses, Russian thistle, dropseed, mesquite, june- grass, marsh grasses, saltbush, greasewood, rabbit brush, juniper. References: 42, 59, 75, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2510 (2512); 2520; 2530. lest: 2610; 3110 (3112, 3113); 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110 (M3112, M3113); M3120; P3130. Distribution: Prairie states, Desert Southwest; CA. Habitat: Prairies, grasslands, deserts. Features: Small game; pest species. Ranchers don't like because of competition for food with cattle. Life history: Breed Dec.-Sept. Gestation 43 days. Approximately 4 jitters per yr.; 2-4 young per litter. Nest in depressions in fields. Live 1-2 yrs. in wild. Gets water requirements probably from suc- culent vegetation consumed. Active early morning and late evening. Spends day in "forms". Use dust wallows. Special notes: Prey species for many predators, such as foxes, coyotes, raptors. Cover: Escape is by extreme speed. "Forms" in cover vegetation, such as various grasses, thistles, sagebrush, prickly pear, pinweed. Food: Mesquite, grama grasses, alfalfa, eriogonum, spiderling, prickly pear, sagebrush, greasewood, saltbush, rabbit brush, filaree, western wheatgrass, fescue, sand dropseed, summer cypress, wheat, sorghum, alfilaria, juniper. References: 12, 14, 35, 44, 73, 111, 123, 124, 139, 141, 149, 170, 197, “215, 218, 226, 236. Provinces (Sections): East: 2210 (2213, 2215); 2510 (2511); 2530. est: 110; 5 3130; M2110; M2610; M3110; P3130 (P3131); A3140. Distribution: Eastern prairie region westward through the Rockies. continued 398 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics White-tailed Jackrabbit Habitat: Open grassy or sagebrush plains. Exposed mountain slopes. (Continued) Features: Endangered in MO. Rare in IL. Game species throughout because of its wariness and speed. Causes some crop damage. Life history: Nocturnal, in "forms" during daylight. Tunnels in snow. Young oj born after 30-40 day gestation. Young are concealed in vegetation, not nests, Usually 1 litter per yr. Special notes: Prey for foxes, coyotes, raptors, weasels. Cover: "Forms" in deep grass, shrubs, sagebrush. Grass meadows inter- spersed with low-growing conifer cover. Food: Snakeweed, rabbit brush, sagebrush, bluestems, dropseed, gramas, broomweed, sedges, wheatgrass, creambush, dandelions. References: 5, 35,44, 116,122, 139,141 3149, 152, 169,195, 203,226, 238, 264, Jaguar Provinces (Sections): 3140; 3210. Felis onca Distribution: n U.S. only in southeastern AZ, southwestern NM, extreme southwestern TX, Habitat: Chaparral, mountain slopes, open woodlands. Features: Extremely rare and listed on federal endangered list through- out its range of Central and South America. Endangered in NM, TX. Life history: Breeds in Jan. Gestation 99-105 days. Young (2-4) born Apr.-May. First breeds at 3. Special notes: Included here because of endangerd status, but its rarity in the U.S. would create little impact. Cover: Forests, brush along rivers. Food: Peccaries, small mammals, turtles, fish, livestock. References: 14, 35, 44, 146, 157, 216, 229. Lion, mountain (cougar, Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111); 2210 (2215); 2310; 2320; panther, puma) 3 4710. Felis concolor West: 3110; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Western half U.S.; Gulf Coast States; possibly some scattered up Mississippi Valley; north central MN, Habitat: Rugged mountains; forests; swamps. Features: Endangered subspecies hunted as big game in West. Viewed by western sportsmen as competition for deer. Endangered subspecies: Eastern cougar (F. c. cougar): U.S. endangered. East of Mississip- pi River mainly. Scattered reports in a few states of its presence, Florida panther (F. c. coryi): U.S. endangered. Southern FL (Everglades). Endangered in AL, FL, LA. Yuma mountain lion (F. c. browni): Endangered in AZ. Life history: Breeds 2-3 yrs. of age. One litter every 2-3 yrs. Gesta- tion aay days. Young (usually 2) born any month. Chiefly nocturnal. Secretive. Can climb trees. Longevity 18 yrs. Feeding range 75-100 mi. Special notes: Only management is preservation of wilderness habitat or the endangered subspecies. Cover: Swamps, mountains, deep forests. Dens in caves, windfalls, hollow logs. Food: Carnivorous--eats deer, rabbits, gophers, rats, squirrels, sometimes livestock. References: 12, 13, 14, 35, 44, 52, 66, 73, 83, 100,109, 111, 116, 124, 136,137, 141, 142, 152, 161, 203, 212, 217, 224, 225, 226, 229, 248, 254: continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES std 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Lynx Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2114). Lynx lynx fest: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M3110 Marmots (Western) Marmota spp. Mink Mustela vison Moose Alces alces (M3111, M3112): A3140. Distribution: Northern MN and possibly northern MI and WI. Migrates into northern parts of upper New England. Upper Rockies (northeastern OR, MT, ID, UT, western WY, northeastern WA, AK). Habitat: Dense conifer forests, swamps, tundra. Features: Endangered in WI, VT, CO. Threatened in MA, Rare to uncommon furbearer everywhere else. Life history: Mostly solitary and nocturnal. Can range over 50 mi. ates in winter. Gestation 62 days. Young (1-4) born in spring. Special notes: Populations fluctuate in about 10 yr. cyclic peaks corresponding to principle prey, snowshoe hares. Cover: Dense wooded areas. Use hollow logs for dens. Food: Snowshoe hare is principle prey. Also eats other small rodents and birds. References: 35, 43, 44, 45, 73, 83, 111, 123, 124, 129, 136, 141, 203, 226, 238, 240, 251, 254, 256. Provinces (Sections): 1310; 1320; 2410; 3120; 3130; M1210; M1310; TO; M2d10 (Me4TT, M2413, M2415); M2610; M3110; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Western U.S. and AK except Desert Southwest and Pacific oast. Habitat: Talus slopes, meadows, valleys. Features: Very common, conspicuous inhabitant of these areas. Aesthet- Tc. Olympic marmot (M. olympus) is rare and protected in Olympic region of WA, Life history: Gestation 4-5 weeks. Young (3-6) born late spring, early summer. Hibernates during winter. Diurnal. Cover: Burrows or crevices in rock slopes. Usually seen near boulders, in alpine meadows. Will avoid forested areas. Food: Various grasses, locoweed, apple, serviceberry, blackberry, sedges. Relishes alfalfa when available. References: 35, 44, 73, 124, 206, 226, 256. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; 4710. West: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; 2410; 2610; 3110; 3130 (3131, 3134, 3135); M1210; 1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M3110; A3140. Distribution: U.S. and AK except Desert Southwest. Habitat: Stream and lake banks, marsh edges. Features: Valuable furbearer. Damage to muskrat ranchers. Life history: May breed first yr. Mate Jan.-Mar, Gestation 39-75 days (delayed implantation). Young (2-6) born Apr.-May. Chiefly nocturnal. Good swimmer. May range many miles following a stream, Special notes: FL endangered subspecies: Everglades mink (M. v. evergladensis). Wetland preservation essential to management of mink. Cover: Burrows in stream bank. Hollow logs. Crevices under tree roots. Riparian thickets. Food: Carnivorous--eats small rodents, birds, eggs, crayfish, fish, frogs, snakes, muskrats, squatic beetles. References: 5, 35, 44, 61, 73, 74, 85, 99, 111, 116, 123, 127, 139, 141, TW, TE, 152,156, 161, 188, 195, 215, 224, 233, 236, 248, 254,255, 256. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2114). est: 3 70; 1310; 1320; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410 (M2410-AK) ; M3110 (3111, M3112); A3140. Distribution: Northern MN and MI. Northern ME. Rocky Mountain areas continued 400 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Moose (Continued) Distribution (Continued): (ID, northeastern WA, MT, WY, CO) and AK, abitat: Mixed forests with lakes, marshes interspersed. Features: Rare in NH, WI. Threatened in MA. Common big game animal elsewhere. Aesthetic. Life history: Usually solitary or small family groups. Excellent swimmer. Breeding occurs in fall. Gestation 8 mos. Young (1-2) born in spring. Females first breed at 3 yrs. Longevity of approximately 20 yrs. Special notes: Early stages of succession of browse species are important. Cover: Conifer cover, dense swamps. Food: ME and Great Lakes region: Willows, aspen, white birch, hazelnut, fire-cherry, balsm fir, mountain-ash, sedges, mountain maple, pond lilies, juneberry. Western region: Alder, buffaloberry, bearberry, honeysuckle, choke- cherry, stem willow, elder, spiraea, snowberry, arnica, sticky geranium, waterleaf, peavine, sedges, aspen, dogwood, paper birch, Mmountain-ash, deer vetch. AK: Willow, Kenai birch, dwarf birch, aspen, grasses. Willow most important because of its abundance, References: 3, 35, 44, 73, 83, 106, 124,129, 141, 142,173,226, 240, ““2BF,-204 5 Mouf lon Provinces (Sections): M4210. Ovis musimon istribution: Hawaiian Islands of Hawaii and Lanai. Habitat: Mountain forests, grassland coasts. Features: Exotic big game species. Life history: Breeding season Dec.-Jan. Rams fight to gain control of smalT groups of ewes. Gestation 5 mos. Lambs (1-2) born Apr.-May. Cover: Dense mountain forests as escape cover. Utilizes kiawe and grassland coast. Food: Available grasses. Hay, barley. References: 77, 78, 237 Mouse, salt marsh harvest Provinces (Sections): M2620. Reithrodontomys istribution: San Francisco Bay, CA. raviventris Habitat: Salt marshes. Features: U.S. endangered species. One of few mammals that can drink salt water. Life history: One-4 litters per yr.; 3-4 young per litter. Specia notes: Decline due to filling and diking of marshes. Preserva- on of existing habitat essential, Cover: Marsh plants that form dense mat a few inches above ground. Salicornia, with peat soils that are moist. Also will inhabit song sparrow nests along marsh, Food: Seeds, some insects. References: 35, 38, 44, 82, 89, 229, 232. Musk ox Provinces (Sections): 1210; 1220. Ovibos moschatus istribution: Extreme northern AK coast and Nunivak Island. Habitat: Tundra. Features: Rare--once extinct in AK. Now reintroduced. Formerly an SR SEt : important part of Eskimo economy. Life history: Cows usually breed in second yr., bulls at 4-6. Polyg- amous. Social competition in breeding. Breeding July-Aug. Young (1) born Apr.-May. Usually every other year for females. Habit of encircling young by large males to protect against predators (wolves). Makes easy target for hunters. Wander out on ice and can't get back. Special notes: Northern range of this animal keep it out of the continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES = 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Musk ox (Continued) Muskrat Ondatra zibenthicus Nutria Myocastor coypus Special notes (Continued): influence of any transmission lines at present, Cover: None. Food: Sedges, willows, beach ryegrass, crowberry, Labrador-tea, bear- berry. References: 3, 35, 44, 73, 199. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2530. lest: 20; 1310; 1320; 2410; 2610; 3110; 3130; 3210; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Found almost everywhere in U.S. except extreme South- eastern States (FL), extreme southern TX and southwestern deserts, and HA, Habitat: Ponds, lakes, streams, marshes--especially those with lush aquatic vegetation. Features: Popular fur animal. Causes damage by burrowing into earthen dikes and dams, Life history: Females breed in summer in North; winter in South. Have 2-3 litters per yr.; 5-6 young per litter. Gestation 22-30 days. Family units usually have house (mound) made from local vegetation. Burrows in banks also. Aquatic but migrate overland. Home range usually less than .5 mi of birthplace. Special notes: Competes with nutria. Is prey for mink, snapping turtles. Cover: Water, aquatic vegetation. Dens in bank or builds house from aquatic vegetation. Southeast: Most muskrats come from marshes where three-cornered grass is dominant. Prairies and Midwest: Sedges, bulrushes, cat-tails. Food: Cat-tails, bulrushes, bur-reed, water-starwort, pondweed, arrow- head, corn, cutgrass, panic-grass, cordgrass, water lilies, three- cornered grass, wire-grass, pailte-fine, cottonwood, white clover, bluegrass, sedges, duckweed, smartweed. Also eats clams, mussels, fish, crayfish, frogs, snails. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 53, 60, 73, 85, 111, 116, 124, 127, 141, 142,149, 152, 156, 161, 186, 188, 195, 207, 217, 224, 233, 248, 254, 255, 256. Provinces (Sections): East: 2310; 2320; 2510 (2512); 2520. est: 9 (31 3 3130 (3131); M2410 (M2411, M2413); M3110 (M3112). Distribution: Eastern VA and NC. Scattered throughout Southeast and X. Tsolated spots in Rockies, northern NV, western WA and OR. Habitat: Marshes, swamps. Features: Introduced species. Not that valuable as furbearer. Clears out marsh vegetation, but competes heavily with muskrat. Generally disliked. Life history: Females sexually mature at 5 mos. Gestation 130 days; -9 young per litter. Female can breed again within 2 days of giving birth. Very prolific. Chiefly aquatic. Longevity 4 yrs. Special notes: Can apparently withstand stagnant, polluted water. over: Thick aquatic vegetation. Dens in abandoned burrows or dig their own in canal banks Food: Most aquatic vegetation including cane and rice crops, water “hyacinths. References: 32, 35, 44, 73, 111, 116, 124, 127, 141, 142, 152, 161, 215, 224, 233, 236. continued 402 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Ocelot Provinces (Sections): 3140; 3210. Felix pardalis Distribution: In U.S. only in extreme southeastern AZ, southern NM, and southwestern TX, migrating up from Central and South America. Habitat: Thorn scrub brush, rocky areas. Features: On federal list of endangered species in Central and South America. Migrates occasionally to U.S. Endangered in TX. Life history: Two young per litter, usually born in fall. Special notes: Included here because of endangered status but little impact because of rarity in the U.S. Cover: Thorny thickets, rugged canyons. Food: Peccaries, birds, reptiles. References: 14, 35, 44, 146, 216. Opossum Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2113, 2114); 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; Didelphis virginiana 2520; 2530; 4710. West: 2610; 3119 (3113); M2610; M2620; M3120. Distribution: Eastern half U.S. except extreme Northern States. West Coast. Habitat: Farm areas, wooded areas near water; urban areas where trees are present, Features: Considered furbearer although not valuable. Hunted in South. Damage to poultry. Life history: Have 1-2 litters per yr. Gestation about 13 days. Young (up to 14) remain in mother's pouch for 2 mos. Home range about 40 acres, but move longer distances in fall. Feigns death when cornered. Chiefly nocturnal. Cover: Holes in trees, hollow logs, rock piles, old buildings, brush- piles, culverts, Food: Omnivorous, but animal matter makes up much larger percentage of diet. Animals: Mice, birds, eggs, insects, carrion, snails, crayfish, rabbits (young). Plants: Grapes, acorns, persimmons, corn, mulberries, hackberries, blackberries, blueberries, pokeweed. Also garbage. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 45, 47, 53, 60, 73, 85, 116, 124, 149, “~T56, T6T, 188, 195, 209, 224, 233. Otter, river Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; Lutra canadensis T West: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; 2410; 3110; 3120; 3130; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: All states except Desert Southwest and HI. Habitat: hickets and wooded areas along streams and lakes. Features: Valuable furbearer. Aesthetic values. Endangered in MO, OK, CO, NM, ND, OH. Threatened in AZ, IA, TN. Life history: Aquatic, but will travel overland to reach another body of water. Usually travel in pairs. Gestation 9.5-10 mos. Young (1-5) born Apr.-May. Feeding range approximately 15 mi, Special notes: Clean, open water essential. Mortality: Trapping; also, habitat loss through water pollution, stream diversion or impoundment. Cover: Dens in banks usually with a below-water entrance. Cover is any waterside vegetation. Food: Fish, frogs, crayfish, aquatic invertebrates, snakes. References: 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 35, 44, 45, 47, 53, 73, 91, 99, 111, 116, 23, 124, 127, 139, 141, 142, 152, 156, 157, 161, 165, 178, 188, 212, 227, 233, 238, 248, 254. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 403 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Peccary (Javelina) Provinces (Sections): 3140; 3210; 3220 (3222); M3120. Tayassu tajacu Distribution: Southwestern TX, southern NM and AZ. Habitat: Brushy semidesert; chaparral; along cliffs near water. Prey for mountain lion. Features: Game animal. Destroys prickly pear cactus. Prey for mountain jon. Life history: Breed throughout year. Gestation 144 days. Young (1-5) can follow mother at 1 day old. Social--found in groups up to 25. Active early mornings and late evenings. Cover: Thickets (usually near water) of cactus, scrub oak, mesquite. Food: Animal matter: Grubs, bird eggs, worms, reptiles, toads. Vegetation: Prickly pear, acorns, mesquite beans, cacti fruits, manzanita berries, century plants. References: 12, 14, 35, 44, 55, 73, 124, 217. Prairie dogs Provinces (Sections : East: 2520 (2521); 2530 (2532, 2533). Cynomys spp. est: 3 3010; M3110 (M3112, M3113); P3130; A3140. Distribution: Black-tailed prairie dog: Western prairies from MT south Black-tailed prairie dog through TX. C. Judovicianus White-tailed prairie dog: Eastern Rockies and plateaus. MT south = - 503 through AZ and NM. White-tailed prairie dog Habitat: Black-tailed prairie dog: Upland prairies (short-grass). . leucurus White-tailed prairie dog: Mountain valleys 5000-8500 ft. Utah prairie dog Features: UT species (C. parvidens) is U.S. endangered. Black-tailed C. parvidens prairie dog is most popular prairie symbol, Black-tailed prairie dogs are favorite prey of endangered black-footed ferret. Target of wide- spread poisoning. Life history: Black-tailed prairie dogs mate in early Feb. First breed after 2 yrs. Gestation 30-35 days. Young (3-5) born in late Mar., first come above ground after six weeks. Live in "towns" of extensive burrows with sentry posted. White-tailed prairie dogs habits similar, although about 1 mo. behind in breeding seasons. White-tailed prairie dogs hibernate in winter; black-tailed prairie dogs just become dormant. Cover: Extensive burrows in ground. Black-tailed prairie dogs are in more open land so danger is easily detected. White-tailed prairie dogs may inhabit slightly brushy areas of junipers and pines. Food: Wheatgrass, Russian thistle, brome, fescue, bluegrass, grama grass, saltbush, sagebrush, barley, prickly pear, globe mallow, onion bulb, dandelion, grasshoppers, other insects. References: 35, 44, 73, 103, 114, 124, 141, 149, 215, 229, 236, 238, 254. Pronghorn Provinces (Sections): East: 2530 (2532, 2533). Antilocapra americana lest: 3 0; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140; M4210. Distribution: Western prairie states through Rocky Mountain parklands and into Great Basin. Habitat: Prairies, sagebrush plains. Features: Popular big game animal. Aesthetic values. Life history: Breed at 1.5 yrs. (Aug.-Oct.). Gestation 230-240 days. Young ay born Apr.-May in South, May-June in North. Occur in bands, diurnal. Longevity 14 yrs. Run 40 mph but has limited vertical jumping ability. Special notes: U.S. endangered species: Sonoran pronghorn (A. a. sonoriensis) in Southern AZ. AZ threatened species: Mexican pronghorn (A. a. mexicana). Cover: Important cover is for fawning and is usually sagebrush. Various heights are important for better protection. continued 404 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Pronghorn (Continued) Food: Sagebrush is very important, usually comprising a large precentage of the pronghorn's diet when available. Other food: rabbit brush, saltbush, snowberry, alfalfa, snakeweed, cedar, buffalo grass, wheat- grass, broomsedge, grama grass, mountain-mahogany, tansy mustard, prickly pear, knotweed, wild rose, cheat, sedges, vetch, locoweed. Hawaii: Haole koa. References: 12, 14, 16, 35, 44, 52, 73, 77, 78, 111, 124, 141, 142, 151, 52, 168, 203, 217, 219, 226, 229, 232, 237, 254. Rabbit, brush Provinces (Sections): 2610; M2410; M2610; M2620. Sylvilagus bachmani Distribution: CA, western third of OR. Habitat: Chaparral, thick brush. Features: Small game species. Life history: Promiscuous breeding. Gestation 28-30 days. Several litters (2-5 young) raised each year. Active early mornings, late evenings. Never are far from dense brush. Rarely uses burrows. Cover: Thick brush of rose, willows, blackberry near streams, or under scrub oak. Trails through brush, Usually not far from brush. Food: Eragrostis, spikerush, foxtail grass, oat grass, wild rose, thistles, blackberry, pennywort, lupine, clover. References: 35, 44, 73, 111, 122, 124, 170. Rabbit, desert cottontail Provinces (Sections): 2610; 3110; 3130 (3132, 3133, 3134); 3140; 3210; (Audubon cottontail) 3 M2620; 0 (M3112, M3113); M3120; P3130; A3140. Sylvilagus audubonii Distribution: Western Great Plains, Desert Southwest, Rocky Mountains. Habitat: Open plains, brushlands, valleys. Features: Important small game animal. Girdles young trees. Uife history: Females breed first yr. Gestation 28 days; 4 young per itter; 3-5 litters per yr. Active mornings and evenings. Solitary. Special notes: Important prey for raptors, foxes, coyotes, weasels. over: Nests in grass-lined depression. Uses burrows. Thickets of Pinons, junipers, sagebrush, oak brush, saltbrush, bitterbrush, grape, rose, willows, Utilizes old buildings. Food: Mesquite, prickly pear, bitterbrush, choke-cherry, sagebrush, fluffgrass, red brome, lovegrass, Coulter lupine, hiddenflower, Indianwheat, three-awns, rose, sedges, blackberry. References: 35, 44, 73, 101, 115, 122, 124, 152, 170, 222. Rabbit, eastern cottontail Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113); 2210; 2310; Sylvilagus floridanus 3 2 3 3 2530. West: 3110; 3140; 3220; M3110 (M3113); M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Eastern third of U.S. including Desert Southwest but ex- cluding extreme northern New England States. Habitat: Heavy brush, forest and swamp edges, weed and fallow fields, ence rows. . . Features: Very common within range. No. 1 small game animal in many states. Life history: Active evenings through the morning. Spends daylight hours in burrows, "forms", or heavy brush. Range 3-20 acres. Gesta- tion 26-30 days. Females have 3-4 litters per yr.; 4-7 young per litter. Special notes: Good species to utilize ROWs. Will cause some tree and shrub damage in periods of low food supply. Prey species for many predators. : Cover: Burrows, dense thickets of multiflora rose, blackberry patches, Brushpiles, hollow logs, sericea. Food: Crabgrasses, bluegrass, clovers, truck crops, plantains, sheep- sorrel, rose, wild strawberry, dandelion, goldenrod, ryegrass, vetch, continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES = 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Rabbit, eastern cottontail Food (Continued): oats, chufa, soybeans, timothy, chickweed, sedges, (Cont inued) cranberry, blueberry, and the bark of many trees and shrubs in winter, such as gray birch, red maple, apple, sumac, dogwood, basswood, black- berry, aspen, cherry. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 50, 60, 73, 85, 100, 124, 127, 141, 142, “TST, 179, 195, 224, 233, 254. Rabbit, Nuttall cottontail Provinces (Sections): 3110; 3130; M2110; M2610; M3110; A3140. (Mountain cottontail) Distribution: Great Basin, Rocky Mountains. Sylvilagus nuttallii Habitat: Thickets, sagebrush, rocks, cliffs, brushy edges. Features: Small game mammal; prey for many predators. Life history: Promiscuous breeding. Gestation 28-30 days; 2-3 litters per year; 4-8 young per litter. Active early and late in the day. Cover: Streamside thickets, sagebrush, bunchgrass hills, rocky slopes. Nest is shallow depression lined with twigs. Food: Sagebrush, juniper, sedges, various grasses in summer. References: 35, 41, 44, 73, 101, 111, 122, 152, 170. Rabbit, pygmy Provinces (Sections): 3130; M3110 (M3112). Sylvilagus idahoensis Distribution: Great Basin, western Rockies. Habitat: Sagebrush stands. Featu Smal] game mammal. Prey for many predators. Rare in WA. Life history: Promiscuous breeding. One or more litters per yr.; 5-8 young per litter. Active early mornings, late evenings. Dig own burrows. Usually not found more than 30 yds from burrow. Cover: Burrows in soft soil in sagebrush clumps. Food: Sagebrush, rabbit brush. References: 35, 44, 73, 111, 122, 152, 203, 226. Raccoon Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; Procyon lotor 4110. West: 2610; 3110; 3130; 3140; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130. Distribution: Covers much of U.S. except scattered areas in Rocky Mountain region. Habitat: Rock cliffs, wooded areas near water and fields. Features: Popular and valuable furbearer. Trapped and hunted. Aesthetic. Damage to corn, poultry. Life history: Females can mate at 1 yr. Mate late winter in South, early spring in North. Gestation period of 63 days. Young (2-7) born in Apr. or May; 1 litter per yr. Young leave mother in fall; may emigrate great distance. Mostly nocturnal. Excellent swimmers. Special notes: Although primarily a woodland species, its foraging Teads it through all habitat types including clearings and the forest edges. Adaptable to urban areas. Cover: Hollow trees and logs, rock crevices, ground burrows, squirrel nests. Usually near waterways. Food: Insects, frogs, birds and eggs, fish, small mammals, crayfish, crabs, snails, earthworms, poultry. Northeast and Midwest: Acorns, corn, persimmon, pokeweed, grape, sweet corn, tomatoes, choke-cherries. Southeast: Acorns, corn, palmetto, greenbrter, grape, persimmon, sweet corn, tomatoes, pecans. Prairies: Acorns (where available), persimmon, grape, mulberry, grasses, corn, blackberry, raspberry. West: Acorns, hollyleaf cherry, buckthorn. References: 5, 12, 35, 44, 53, 60, 69, 73, 74, 85, 111, 116, 124, 127, 141, 149, 156, 161, 188, 195, 224, 233, 248, 254. continued 406 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Rat, Morro Bay kangaroo Provinces (Sections): M2620. Dipodomys heermanni Distribution: Southern side Morro Bay, southern CA. Near communities morroensis of Los Osos and Baywood. Habitat: Dry grassy plains with sandy soil. Features: U.S. endangered species. Probably about 3,000 left. Life history: Give birth in July; 2-5 young per litter, Sometimes more than 1 litter per yr. Females can breed first year. Special notes: Preservation of existing habitat essential. Cover: Coastal sage scrub, coastal strand; dens in ground. Sometimes prefers fairly cleared ground with scattered annuals or grass. Food: Lupinus spp., Lotus spp., Corethrogyne filaginifolia, seeds, brome, filaree, fescue. On occasion, insects. References: 35, 38, 44, 124, 205, 229, 232. Rat, Ord's kangaroo Provinces (Sections): 3110; 3130; 3140; 3210; M3110; M3120; P3130; Dipodomys ordii A3140. Distribution: Western plains, Rockies and Great Basin. Habitat: Sandy soils. Features: Most widely distributed kangaroo rat. Threatened in western range (WA) because increased irrigation is destroying habitat. Life history: Young (2-5) born May-June. May have second litter. Nocturnal. Active year round. Stores seeds. Cover: Burrows in sandy soil. Food: Sorghum, purslane, golden crown-beard, pigweed, prickly pear, squirreltail grass, false buffalo grass, lycium, puncturevine, bursage, saltbush, plucea, ragweed, References: 35, 44, 73, 124, 206. Ringtail (Ringtail cat, Provinces (Sections): 2610; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2410 (M2412, M2414); civit) 2619; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3140. Bassaricus astutus Distribution: Southwestern U.S. from TX to CA coast. Habitat: Chaparral, ridges, cliffs; all near water. Features: Furbearer. Aesthetic value probably higher. Life history: One litter per yr; 3-4 young born in May-June. Parents bring food for 1 mo. Young leave parents in Aug.-Sept. Longevity of 8 yrs. (captivity). Nocturnal. Partially colonial but usually found in pairs, Cover: Rock piles and brushy slopes (interspersed with scrub oak, pine and cedar). Dens in rock piles, hollow logs, cliff crevices. Rock piles created by mining operations in CA created suitable habitat. Food: Animal matter: Mice and other small rodents, birds, insects, rabbits, squirrels. Vegetation: Persimmon, cedar, hackberries, mistletoe, madrone, manzanita, cascara, blackberries, acorns. References: 12, 14, 35, 44, 73, 101, 124, 188, 210. Sheep, bighorn Provinces (Sections): 3110; 3130; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410 (M2415); QOvis canadensis M2620; 10; M3120. Distribution: Western mountains from Southwest up through Basin and Rockies into ID and northeastern WA, Habitat: Rugged mountains and canyons. Features: Uncommon big game animal throughout range. Endangered in TX. Rare in CA. Threatened in AZ. Endangered/threatened in ID. Life history: Females breed at 2.5. Polygamous. Rutting season Nov.- Dec. Gestation 180 days. Young (1-2) born May-June. Gregarious, sexes usually separate in summer, Seasonal elevational migration. Longevity 15 yrs. Diurnal. Special notes: Repeatedly use same bedding grounds in semi-open country. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES mall 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics ee SSeSeSeSeSeseseseFeFeFe Bighorn sheep (Continued) Special notes (continued): Highly susceptible to disease and parasites and disturbance by man. Need salt. Wild burrows in Death Valley Sheep, feral Ovis aries Sheep, Dall (white sheep) Ovis dalli Skunks All spp. Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis Spotted skunk Spilogale putorius Hooded skunk Mephitis macroura Hog-nosed skunk Conepatus leuconotus compete for food and water. Cover: Open slopes and mountain cliffs. Desert canyons. Alpine meadows. Food: Desert (southern part of range): Hilaria, prickly pear, pinyon pine, grama grass, needlegrass, eriogonum, saltbush, gumweed, joint-fir, sumac, buckthorn, acacia, parachute plant, desert holly, rush bebbia, pebble pinchusion, primroses, wirelettuce, Wright's silk-tassel, ceanothus, mountain-mahogany, winterfat, sagebrush, speargrass, bitterbrush, Northern mountains (northern part of range): Fescue grass, wheatgrass, sagebrush, needlegrass, ricegrass, muhly, mountain-mahogany, mountain-lover, twinflower, sedge, bluegrass, gooseberry, cinquefoil, dwarf clover. References: 12, 13, 14, 15, 33, 35, 44, 52, 73, 83, 101, 111, 124, 141, 142,152, 203, 216, 217, 219, 220, 232, 245, 246, 254. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands of Hawaii and Kahoolawe. Habitat: Mountain slopes. Features: Game species. Will deplete its available food supply if undisturbed, seriously reducing regeneration of preferred foods. Life history: Ewes can breed at 5 mos. One lamb born first time, then -3 Tambs born every 6 mos after. Live in flocks. Cover: Mountain slope grassland areas. Food: Mamani, Puakeawe, various grasses. References: 77, 78, 237. Provinces (Sections): M1210; M1310; M2410 (M2410-AK). Distribution: cattered through Brooks and Alaska ranges in AK. Habitat: Rough mountain slopes. Features: Big game species. Only wild white sheep in world. Aesthetic. Life history: Females mature at 18-30 mos. Breeding Nov.-Dec. Gesta- tion 180 days. Lambs (1) born May-June. Lambs have low survival. Some seasonal migration. Main mortality due to winter weather. Cold, moderate snowfall, and wind are required to provide access to feeding areas. Salt required in diet. Special notes: Included here because of aesthetic and unique aspects, but its habitat would most likely be out of the influence of any transmission line. Cover: Cliffs and rugged rock outcrops for escape. Food: Bunchgrass, sedges, willows, lichens. References: 3, 35, 44, 73 Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; 110. West: 2410; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Striped skunk: Everywhere, Spotted skunk: All but upper Midwest and Northeast. Hooded skunk: Southern AZ and NM Hog-nosed skunk: Southern TX, NM, AZ. Habitat: Brushy areas, open woodlots, prairies, rocky foothills; near water, Features: Spotted skunk is threatened in IA; rare/endangered in KY. Furbearer; good rodent control. Poultry damage, rabies carrier. Life history: Young (about 4) born in spring. Gestation about 2 mos. continued 408 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.5 (Continued) ——————— Species Ecological characteristics Skunks (Continued) Life rst (continued): for striped skunk, hooded skunk, hog-nosed skunk, About 4 mos. for spotted skunk. Chiefly nocturnal. Has defensive odor. Several may den together. Cover: Dens in burrows, under buildings, rock piles, crevices, rock cliffs. Can climb trees to escape, but usually uses scent to ward off an enemy. Dens are usually close to water. Food: Mostly animal matter. Plant foods are insignificant for eastern skunks, but more important to western species. Striped skunk: Insects, spiders, amphibians, reptiles, mice, gophers, turtle and bird eggs, grapes, blueberries, peanuts, blackberries, ground-cherry, prickly pear, nightshade. Spotted skunk: Mice, chipmunks, insects, spiders, snakes, eggs, cray- fish, fungus, persimmons, grapes, mulberries. Hooded skunk: Horned toads, insects, lizards, mesquite, manzanita. Hog-nosed skunk: Insect grubs, smal] mammals, persimmons, prickly pear. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 60, 73, 85, 91, 98, 99, 111, 116, 124, 127,139, 141, 149, 152, 156, 161, 188, 195, 224, 248, 254, 255, 256. Squirrel, Apache fox Provinces (Sections): 3140. Sciurus apache Distribution: Found only in Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern AZ. Habitat: Canyon bottom thickets. Features: Game species. AZ Game Commission lists it as one so limited in distribution, a major disturbance could threaten its existence. Life history: Not much known, Mating possibly keyed to rainy season sO young would be born during summer rains. Young 2-3. Gestation 44 days. Cover: Pine and oak thickets. Dens in hollow tree or leaf nest. Food: Acorns, fruits, various seeds, green buds, insects. References: 13, 14, 35, 44, 73, 119. Squirrel, eastern fox Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113); 2210; 2310; 2320; Sciurus niger 510; 2520; 2530; 4110. West: 3110 (3112, 3113). Distribution: Eastern half of U.S. to the Rocky Mountain States, ex- cluding Northeastern States. Introduced to some western cities. Habitat: Open woodlots, pine forests with clearings. Features: Popular game animal. Aesthetic in city parks. Some crop amage along woodlot borders. Endangered subspecies: Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel (S. n. cinereus): U.S. endangered species. Found in MD and VA. Mangrove fox squirrel (S. n. aricennia): Endangered in FL. Sherman's fox squirrel (S.n. shermani): Threatened in FL. Lowry and Davis fox squirrel (S. n. bachmani): Endangered in NC. Life history: Yearling females have 1 litter per yr. Older females have 2 per yr.; late winter, late summer. Gestation period 44 days. Young (2-5) weaned in 2-3 mos. Active early morning, evening. Spends much time on ground foraging. Special notes: Its ground foraging and use of openings near woods would allow it to utilize ROWs. Cover: Trees. Nests in leaf nest, twig nest, or tree cavity. Will usually run to nearest tree to hide. Food: Acorns, corn, hickory nuts, elm buds and seeds, wheat, beech nuts, walnuts, maple buds and seeds, pecan nuts, wild grapes, wild straw- berries; plus insects, bird eggs, cambium on young trees, fungi. References: 5, 35, 44, 61, 73, 85, 100, 124, 127, 151, 156, 160, 189, 95, 215, 229, 236, 242, 248, 254. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES “ 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.5 (Concluded) Species Ecological characteristics Weasels Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; Mustela spp. 4110. West: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; 2410; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; Shorttail weasel 3210; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; (ermine) A3140. Mustela erminea Distribution: Shorttail weasel: Northern States and AK, down Pacific Least weasel Least weasel: Midwest, upper plains and AK, coast Mustela nivalis Longtail weasel: Everywhere excluding Southwest and AK, Sartre LD Habitat: Farms, brushlands, open woods, meadows near water. Long-tailed weasel Features: Furbearer and beneficial predator on rodents. Ermine weasel Mustela frenata endangered in IA. Least weasel is endangered in MD; threatened in IA; rare to uncommon elsewhere. Longtail weasel threatened in IA. Life history: Gestation 8-10 mos. depending on species and geographical Tocation. Usually 1 litter per yr. Young (3-8) can all breed by end of first yr. All chiefly nocturnal. Cover: Ground burrows, old stumps, brush and rock piles, old buildings. All are used for dens and hunting areas. Food: Carnivorous--eats mice, rabbits, squirrels, gophers, birds, eggs, snakes, frogs, fish. No significant plant intake. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 47, 53, 73, 85, 91, 111, 116, 123, 124, 26, 139, 141, 155, 160, 161, 188, 195, 224, 238, 254. Wolf, gray Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112). Canis lupus est: 0; 1220; 1310; 1320; 3140; M1410; M1310; M2110 (M2111, M2112); M2410 (M2415); M3110 (M3112). Distribution: Northern MN, possibly MI's Upper Peninsula and northern WI. Upper Rockies (northwestern WY) and Glacier National Park. Common in AK. Possible northeastern WA and northern ID. Also Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior. Possible in southeastern AZ. Habitat: Wilderness forests, mountain forests, tundra. Features: U.S. endangered species. Although still hunted in MN and AK as game animal. Life history: Gregarious, highly organized social structure with dominance hierarchy. Hunt in packs. Large range of 60 mi diameter. Can breed in second yr. Gestation of 9 weeks. Pups (3-14) born in spring. Parents bring pups food by regurgitation. Special notes: Although a wilderness species and very shy of man, might enefit from ROW if adequate prey species’ habitat was created. Cover: Uses dug-out ground dens or abandoned beaver lodges. Escape cover is usually dense woody areas. Food: Lareg ungulates such as deer, mountain sheep, moose, caribou; also beaver, hares, small rodents. Have taken livestock. References: 3, 13, 35, 44, 73, 83, 124, 134, 135, 136, 141, 203, 226, 225, 255. 410. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Birds of the Western United States Species Ecological characteristics Akepa Akakane, akepeuie Loxops coccinea Hawaii akepa L. c. coccinea Maui akepa L. c. ochracea Akialoa, Kauai Hemignathus procerus Akiapolaau Hemignathus wilsoni Albatross, short-tailed Diomedea albatrus Provinces (Sections): M4210. istribution: Hawaii akepa: Endemic to the islands of HA. In danger of extinction, Near extinction on Maui; extinct on Oahu. Maui akepa: Endemic to Maui; facing estinction. Habitat: Koa forests of Hawaii and Koa; old lava flows. Features: U.S. endangered species. High value in the forests. Destroys insects ordinarily concealed from other native birds. Life history: Hawaii akepa: Nests composed largely of moss, lined with fine grasses and thin strips of soft bark. Eggs (2-3) white with dark brown speckles. Maui akepa: Unknown. Food: Insects, caterpillars, spiders from foliage. Occasionally drinks nectar from ohia and other flowers. Seeks food from leaves and twigs of trees. References: 25, 147, 175, 229. Provinces (Sections): M4210. istribution: Endemic to Kauai, Near extinction. Habitat: Inhabits upper rain forest of Kauai. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Unknown. Food: Insects, and their eggs and larvae. Also nectar from lehua fTowers. Forages for grubs and insects among the dead leaves. References: 25, 147, 229. Provinces (Sections): M4210. istribution: Endemic to HA. Habitat: Found in localities differing greatly in climates, Forests of mixed Koa Mamani and Naeo from 3,500 ft upwards. In the trees of the Hilo forest with excessive rainfall (150+ in). Features: U.S. endangered species. Logging is biggest threat. Life history: Little is known of the breeding biology of this species. Eggs, nests, and chicks never described, Steals nesting material from active nests of same or different species. Food: Creeps over tree trunks, woodpecker-like habits. Insectivorous; grubs, insects. References: 9, 25, 147, 229. Provinces (Sections): 1220, 2410, M2410 (M2412, M2413, M2414, M2415), Distribution: Formerly bred on Ryukue Island of Japan and Waloe Island ranging along entire coast of China, Japan, across the North Pacific to the coast of North America, south to Baja, CA, Presently thought to breed on Alaskan coast of Wake Island. Habitat: Tundra, open ground. Features: U.S. endangered species. Virtually extinct due to Japanese plumage hunters, Also has decreased from volcanic eruptions and natural enemies such as parasitic insects and crows. Life history: Nests on the ground in cup shape mound of earth. Almost exclusively on islands. Clutch size 1 with long incubation period of 6 wks. Young fly at about 6 mos. Eggs white. Food: Squid, shrimp, fish. References: 65, 70, 229. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 411 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Condor, California Provinces (Sections): M2620. Gymnogyps californianus istribution: Ranges in the following counties of CA: San Benito, Fresno, Monterey, San Luis, Obispo, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, Tulare; with the majority located in Ventura and Kern Counties. Habitat: Roost in conifers on cliffs (40-70 ft), coastal mountains, plateaus, canyons, and desert. Nests in mountains, cliffs easily approachable by air. Features: U.S. endangered species. Was hunted in early 1900s for quills and eggs. Destruction of habitat by urban development, roads, dams, oi] development. Death from feeding on baited carcasses set for coyotes, panthers and grizzlies. Life history: Nests in a recess among rocks, with suitable roosting sites nearby offering protection from storms. Condors do not breed until at least their sixth yr. Breeding success is low due to high mortality with unskilled flight of young, Mating takes place in early Feb. to late Mar. Incubation is 6 wks., clutch size 1 egg; fledgling period is 5 mos., thus a nest may be in use for 7 mos. Both parents incubate and brood young. Natural life span is from 30-45 yrs. At present population contains about 40-60 individuals. Condors are easily disturbed by close human contact and loud noises. Eggs white. Cover: Roosting trees sugar and yellow pine; big cone spruce. Food: Carrion, beef cattle, calves, deer, ground squirrels, jack rabbits, cottontails. Will feed on almost any carcass in any state of decomposition. References: 9, 10, 28, 194, 148, 201, 229. Coot, Hawaiian Provinces (Sections): M4210. Alae keo keo istribution: main islands except Lanai; especially common on Fulica americana alai Kauai and Kanaha Pond on Maui. Population approximately 1,700. Habitat: Fresh and brackish water; ponds with stable levels containing extensive growths of tall bullrush (for nesting purposes). In winter, also fields and salt bays. Features: U.S. endangered species. Permanent residents of Hawaiian TsTands; non-migratory. Poisoning operations by sugar plantations for control of filamentous algae clogging drainage ditches may destroy coot habitat and food sources. Life history: Builds large floating nests of aquatic vegetation. Length of breeding season unknown, Nests and young found Apr.-Sept. Eggs (clutch varies, 8-12) light buffy-tan speckled with tiny flecks of dark brown or tan. Incubation period undetermined. Precocial young. Food: Stems, leaves, stems of water plants; lagoon molluscs. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 228, 229. Crane, whooping Provinces (Sections): East: 2510 (2512). Grus americana lest: - migratory. Distribution: Restricted to southern Mackenzie and northern Saskat- chewan. Migrates southward and winters on TX Gulf Coast. Habitat: Prairies, marshes, barren grounds, pothole lakes well bordered by vegetation. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to decreased winter habitat, draining of marshes. Also shot during migration. Life history: Nests consist of grasses heaped 1-2 ft above water, also on top of abandoned muskrat houses, Nest size ranges to 2 ft across. Clutch size 2, incubation about 1 mo, Incubation performed by both sexes. Migrates north in late Mar., Apr. Eggs buff, blotched. continued 412 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Whooping Crane (Continued) Cover: Live oak, pine oak, bluejack oak, saltgrass, salt-flat grass, saltwort, sea ox-eye, salicornia. Roosts in shallow ponds, some distance from solid land. Food: Shrimp, pistol shrimp, grass shrimp, river shrimp, hermit crab, blue crab, grasshoppers, cricket frog, leopard frog, tree frog, toad, corn and succulent roots of aquatic plants. Feeds at brackish water front. References: 9, 101, 148, 229, 243. Creeper Provinces (Sections): M4210. Loxops maculata istribution: Hawaii creeper: Endemic to HA, verging on extinction. MoTokai creeper: Endemic to Molokai. Rare. Hawaii creeper Oahu creeper: Rare on Oahu. (Alauwahio) Habitat: Hawaii creeper: Thick bush layer in high mountain forests on Lb. m, mana Kauai; rare on Oahu, Maui and Hawaii, Extinct on Molokai. Molokai creeper: Thick forests. Oahu creeper: Thick forests. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Hawaii creeper: Little known of breeding biology. Molokai creeper (Kakawahie) L. m. flammea Oahu creeper lolokai creeper: Nests, eggs, chicks never been described, (Alauwahio, Alauwi, Food: Hawaii creeper: Taken from trunks and limbs of forest trees Lauwi) and bushes, Expert climbers. Extremely partial to large Koa trees L. m. maculata and smaller mamani trees, Caterpillars, spiders, beetles, moths, myriapods, slugs form major part of diet. Occasional nectar from ohia and other flowers, Obtains larva on both foliage and under bark or in dead wood. Molokai creeper: Caterpillars, spiders, beetles, moths, myriapods, slugs. Oahu creeper: Same as Molokai creeper. References: 9, 25, 145, 175, 229. Crow, Hawaiian Provinces (Sections): M4210. Corvus tropicus istribution: Endemic to the island of Hawaii, on the slopes of Mauna Toa and Hualalai. Population estimated 60-70 birds in 1975. Habitat: Forests, places with relatively undisturbed native vegetation. Found at elevations of 3,750 ft and higher, Dry woods, adjacent country, Features: U.S. endangered species. Feathers were used by Hawaiians For Kahilis and for dressing idols. Life history: Little known of breeding biology. Nests built of twigs and sticks, lined by finer plant materials. Nests heavily foraged by arthropods. Eggs (5) pale, greenish-blue ground color heavily splotched with brown, Food: Vaccinium calycinum, thimbleberries, Physalis, o-her berries and Fruits, carrion. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229, 230. Curlew, Eskimo Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320. Numenius borealis est: M2410, M2620. U.S. Coasts Distribution: Formerly northern Canada and AK; East of Fort Anderson and up to the Arctic Coast States. Winters in southern Uruguay, central Argentina, and southern Chile. Habitat: Barren grounds and grassy tundra, open country and near marshes. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to over-shooting. eviously was a gamebird. Now nearly extinct -- one sighting since 1971. Life history: Nests are hollows in the ground, lined with decayed eaves, t utch size 3-4, usually 4. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES a3 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Eskimo Curlew (Continued) Food: Curlew berries, blueberries, bog cranberries, bearberries. Tnsects, crickets, grasshoppers, bloodworms, black and yellow fiddler crabs, snails. References: 9, 48, 65, 70, 72, 148, 191, 229. Dove, ee (Turtle Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, dove Zenaida macroura West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Southeastern AK, central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, south throughout Western U.S.; Nova Scotia, southern ME, Ontario and Manitoba south to the Gulf Coast. Habitat: Open woods, evergreen plantations, orchards, roadside trees, suburban gardens; avoids dense woods. Features: Gamebird; aesthetic. Most widespread gamebird. Life history: Nest as high as 50 ft in trees typically evergreens; in tangles oF shrubs or vines; rarely on ground. Platform of sticks, little if any lining of grass, weeds, rootlets. Sometimes uses nest of robin, catbird, common grackle and other species as foundation for its twig platform, Eggs (2-3, rarely 4) oval to elliptical; shell smooth with slight gloss; white, unmarked. Incubation by both sexes; 13-14 days. Females incubate from dusk to dawn, when male replaces her. Two or more broods. Spring migration, Mar.-Apr. Life span 6-7 yrs. Special notes: Predators include snakes, squirrels, raccoons, opossums, crows, jays, Cats. Cover: Evergreens, tangles of brush and vines. Food: Northeast: Bristlegrass, corn, wheat, buckwheat, ragweed, poke- weed, knotweed, crabgrass. Southeast: Corn, bristlegrass, crowfoot grass, cowpea, crabgrass, ragweed, oats, pine, doveweed, pokeweed, panic-grass, paspalum, wheat, carolina geranium, Prairies: Pigweed, corn, doveweed, bristlegrass, spurge, wheat, knotweed, sunflower, panic-grass. Mt. deserts: Wheat, doveweed, pigweed, sunflower, horse-purslane, barley, bristlegrass, knotweed. Pacific: Turkey mullein, fiddleneck, California poppy, star-thistle, redmaids, mustard, wheat, sunflower, tarweed, pigweed, chickweed. References: 124, 182. Dove, white-winged Provinces (Sections : East: 2520. Zenaida asiatica lest: 40, 0, 3220, M3120. Distribution: Breeds in TX, NM, AZ, CA. Winters in Mexico. Habitat: River woods, mesquite groves, saquaros, desert oasis, towns. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Arrives in breeding grounds late Mar., returns to same nesting spots and in some cases same nest. Nests in thickets, trees. Nest consists of loosely constructed twigs, 10 ft above ground. Male gathers material and female builds nest. Clutch size 2, eggs pure white to creamy buff. Both parents incubate 13-15 days. Migrates south in Sept. and Nov. Some birds do not migrate. Life span 5 yr. potential, mortality rate 30-50%. Special notes: Drought is main cause of reproduction curtailment. Hawks prey on adults; domestic cats, bobcats, ring-tailed cats, opossums, raccoons, rats prey on young. Cover: Dense mesquite and ebony thickets. Many have been cleared and are now replaced by citrus farms, which the dove also uses for nest continued a CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species White-winged dove (Continued) Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa, koloa maoli) Anas wyvilliana Duck, Mexican Anas platyrchychos diazi Eagle, northern bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus aTascanus (Above 40° latitude) Ecological characteristics Cover (Continued): sites, but they prefer the former thorns which offered protection from predation and wind, Food: Animals (very small percent): Ants, beetles, insects. PTants: TX--doveweed, sunflower, corn, sorghym, AZ--barley, wheat, giant cactus, acacia, sorghum, doveweed. Other areas--bristlegrass, prickly-ash, lycium, condalia. References: 14, 124, 182, 215, 217. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Once found on all the major islands but Lanai; now inhabits Kauai and Oahu (scarce on Oahu). Casual on other main is- lands, Recently transplanted on Hawaii. World population 3,000, almost all on Kauai. Habitat: Wide variety of habitats; rushing mountain streams to banks Of slow-moving streams and marshes along coasts. Any elevation from sea level to 3,500 ft and where annual rainfall is as low as 35 ins or as high as 125 ins. Also inhabits drainage ditches and agricul- tural land, Features: U.S. endangered species. Hunting and drainage and alteration of marshland has led to its decline. Life history: Breeding season Dec.-May. Nests well concealed built on the ground of honohoho grass and lined with feathers. Eggs (6-12) white, buff or light tan; short-oval in shape. Precocial young. Special notes: Predators include dogs, largemouth bass, frogs. ood: Tants (green algae, rice, several species of grasses) and earthworms, dragonflies, snails. References: 25, 77, 147, 175, 228, 229. Provinces (Sections): 3140, 3210. Distribution: Ranges in the interior highlands of Mexico, north to southeastern AZ, Rio Grande Valley north to Alburquerque,.NM. Breeding range: Limited to a few areas along the Rio Grande River in San Simon Valley near Rodeo, NM. Also sighted in Alpine, TX. Wintering range: Jalisco, Michoacan, Guanajuato Harbor. Habitat: Wetlands, meadows close to water. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to conversion of wetlands to cropland and rangeland, water diversion for farming. Life history: Nests are well hidden in meadows and marshes. Courtship begins in Dec., Pair bonding in Jan. Location of nests to water is crucial, Hybridizes with common mallard. Eggs water-green. Cover: Nesting in salt grass, sedge, rushes. Food: Similar to mallard. Feeds along river banks, drainage canals, Ponds, cat-tail swamps, flooded alfalfa fields. Green shoots of alfalfa, cat-tail, corn, wheat, small fresh water snails. References: 18, 20, 48, 229. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2530. lest: 0, 3110, 3120, M2110, M2410, M3110. Distribution: Breeds in boreal forests from northwestern AK, Mackenzie and Quebec, south to British Columbia and Great Lakes. Winters south to WA, MT, and southern New England. Habitat: Restricted to coasts, lakes, rivers, though seen along mountain ridges in the interior during migration. In the winter common around open rapids, spillways. Features: Endangered in OH, WI. Endangered/threatened in ID. Rare/ endangered in KY, National bird, aesthetic. Destruction of nest trees, shooting, egg collecting, and other forms of direct and in- direct human disturbances have reduced the number of this species in continued MENMEMERNM Eesti ts Pc eS SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 415 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Northern bald eagle Features (Continued): certain areas. Poisoning by insecticides have (Continued) lecreased breeding success. Life history: Nests on cliffs, mountainous areas, or in trees else- where; also rocky promontory or even on ground on islands, Nest material consists of sticks, lined with pine needles, Nesting site is usually coastal or, if inland, near water. Species mates for life and returns to same nest year after year, adding new material. Clutch size 2, plain white eggs. Incubation performed by both parents, 35 days. Reaches breeding age at 4-5 yrs. Cover: Roosts in large trees protruding from forest canopy, preferably Close to feeding areas and away from disturbances. Food: Primarily fish; also crippled waterfowl, occasionally rodents. Will also feed on carrion but prefers live prey. Is often seen taking prey from the osprey. References: 9, 29, 98, 99, 165, 201, 246, 251. Eagle, southern bald Provinces (occtlons : East: 2310, 2320, 4110. Haliaeetus leucocephalus est: 620. Teucocephalus Distribution: SC, Gulf States, southern CA, Mexico, predominately (Below 40° latitude) along coastal areas. Habitat: Along coasts and interior lake regions, rocky outcrops, and cliffs, Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to pesticide contam- Tnation, DDT causing egg shell thinning, low breeding success, un- hatched eggs. Also disturbed by intruders; chain saws, snowmobiles, lumbering operations and hurricanes, Life history: Nests located near shores of bays and inlets, 50-100 ft above ground in cliffs and large pines. Mating season late Sept.- Oct.; eggs layed in winter, early Nov.-early Feb, Clutch size 2, incubation 35 days; both sexes incubate and rear young. The nesting period is long to provide time for young eaglets to develop protective plumage before hot weather comes in early spring; also it is easier to find food when waterfowl is abundant. Nest material consists of large sticks, rubbish, pine needles, Spanish moss. Bald eagles reach maturity in 4-5 yrs. and at this time they begin to mate. They mate for life and return to the same nest for several yrs., adding new material each yr. Nest width is 3-7 ft. Roosts in large trees close to feeding areas. Eggs dull white. Cover: Nesting and roosting sites in longleaf pine, black mangrove and baldcypress. Food: Mainly fish: Including catfish, black bass, sergeant fish, crevalle, pompano, mullet. Waterfowl: Including black duck, lesser scaup, horned grebe, coot. Mammals: Including marsh rabbits, prairie dogs, and tree squirrels. Also turtles. References: 9, 23, 130, 148, 198, 200, 201, 202, 229. Eagle, golden Provinces (Sect tons) East: 2110, 2210, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530. Aquila chrysaetos est: > » 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Western U.S. west of Mississippi River. Few are noted along migratory routes in east; Hawk Mountain, PA, West: AK, Canada CA, central Mexico, TX, SD. East: NH, ME, Nova Scotia, Alleghenies to southwestern NC. Habitat: Prefers mountainous regions throughout its range. Features: Unique, uncommon, endangered in AL, TN. Rare/endangered in ~ Previously was hunted because of threat posed to livestock. Was also hunted by Plains Indians for feathers. continued 416 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Golden eagle (Continued) Life history: Nests along cliffs, promontories, and also roosts and watches for prey along these sites. Much of its hunting is done while in flight. Mates for life, will remate if death interferes. Average territory defended--36 sq. mi, Nest materials consists of sticks, lined with hay, twigs, and grass. Returns to same nest every year adding new material. Average nest width 4-5 ft. Clutch size 2, eggs white spotted with brown, purple. Incubation 1 mo. Longevity 25-30 yrs. Cover: Nesting trees: Sycamores, pines, or oaks. Food: Living prey and carrion, Rodents form the staple diet, varying with local conditions. Also feeds on rabbits, woodchucks, prairie dogs, ground squirrels, turkeys, grouse, young livestock; lambs, pigs, poultry. Important in keeping rodent population in check. References: 2, 15, 98, 99, 148, 201, 212. Falcon, peregrine Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Falco peregrinus q West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, American peregrine falcon 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, F. p. anatum P3130, A3140, Distribution: American peregrine falcon: Breeds in Arctic south ocally to northern GA and northern LA, Baja, CA, AZ, AK, NM, and western TX, Winters in northern U.S., southern Canada, south to Gulf of Mexico, southern Pacific States inland mainly from AZ and southern CO, Arctic peregrine falcon: Breeds across top of continent from AK to Greenland, Winters in South America. Nesting Habitat: American peregrine falcon: Cliffs, especially those that intergrade with slopes and rivers, Some tree nests in natural cavities. Arctic peregrine falcon: Tundra ground nests, in bogs, low hummocks, small bluffs. Features: U.S. endangered species. Has declined in number due to pesticide contamination, DDT causing egg shell thinning. Also illigally shot, habitat destruction, falconery. Life history: Peregrine falcons do not breed as yearlings. There is strong pair bonding, usually seen in pairs. Longevity of 2-3 yrs. after sexually mature. Clutch size 2-5, incubation 1 mo. Home range 3-5 mi, Very little nesting materials are used, if any; sticks, fur, feathers, rotten wood are used in scrapes in earth and cliff crevices. Will also use old nests of buzzards, ravens, and eagles. Roosts near breeding sites in rocks and trees. Competition for nesting sites does occur where range overlaps with ravens and eagles. Eggs reddish, spotted, Food: Mainly birds: Including passerines, finches, grouse, doves, young and crippled waterfowl, least and crested auklets, gulls, teal, poultry. Mammals: Including rabbits, ground squirrels, rodents. Also insects. References: 10, 29, 70, 174, 201, 229, 250. Falcon, prairie Provinces {Sections : 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, Falco mexicanus > > > 41210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Western U.S, east to western ND, SD down through western Arctic peregrine falcon F. p. tundrius Habitat: Cliffs, or steep stream banks. Features: Unique, uncommon. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 417 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Prairie falcon (Continued) Life history: Nest, on cliff or bank, is made from sticks and lined with grass. Eggs (2-5) white with reddish-brown spots. Flies up and down canyons and watches over several square miles of territory. Food: Mostly ground squirrels and other small rodents, birds, insects. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Finch, Laysan ~ Provinces (Sections): M4210. Psittirostra cantans istribution: ndemic to Laysan; introduced but extirpated on Midway. cantans Population fluctuated between 6,800-12,400 between 1967-1974. Habitat: All plant associations on Laysan Island, especially bunchgrass, Tow scrubs. Features: U.S. endangered species. No other passerine on Laysan. Life history: Nests in low shrubs, grass. Clutch 2-4, dotted eggs. Nest a grass cup in bush, grass or rocks. Incubation period 12-14 days. Food: Insects, seeds, flower buds and eggs of the common noddy and other eggs as well. References: 9, 25, 147, 229. Finch, Nihoa Provinces (Sections): M4210 Psittirostra cantans Distribution: Endemic to Nihoa. Population fluctuated from 6,700 (1968) ultima to just 1,300 (1973). However, 5,000 were estimated in 1974. Habitat: All plant associations on Nihoa Island, especially bunchgrass and low scrubs. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life History: Nests built in holes in cliff outcrops at elevations from 100 to 850 ft. Incubation 15-21 days. Food: Omnivorous. Insects, seeds, flower buds; eggs of smaller sea- birds, especially the common noddy. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229, 230. Gallinule, Hawaiian Provinces (Sections): M4210. (Alae, alae ula, koki) Tstribution: Occurs on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. Attmpts to re- Gallinula chloropus establish the species on Hawaii and Maui appear to have been un- sandvicensis successful. Population several hundred, Habitat: Thickly vegetated marshes interspersed with small fresh water ponds with stable levels, settling basins and swamps, irrigation ditches, reservoirs, taro patches and rice fields. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Builds nests of reeds and other aquatic vegetation. arge clutch, 6-13, Light brown egg with small dark brown spots thicker at the end, ovoid. Precocial young. Special notes: Predators include mongoose, rats, cats. Food: Algae, aquatic insects, molluscs. References: 25, 77, 147, 175, 229. Goose, Aleutian Canada Provinces (Sections): M1310, M2410 (M2411, M2413, M2412). Branta canadensis Tstribution: Range confined to Buldir Island, near the tip of the eucopareia ATeutian Chain. Migration occurs eastward along Aleutian Chain to Izembec Bay. Recent evidence shows that they also migrate down the Pacific Coast to northern CA and inland to winter in the Central Valley. Habitat: Great diversity of nesting sites; marshes, islands, cliffs, elevated platforms in trees, muskeg, tundra regions. Features: U.S. endangered species. Population status shows approx- ~“TmateTy 1,000-1,500 birds. Life history: Nesting sites listed above. Nesting requirements include Close proximity to water, nesting cover, and exposed view for in- cubating the brood. Nests consist of hollows rounded out, mainly continued 418 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 ee ee Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Aleutian Canada goose Life history (Continued): in bulrushes. Clutch size 5. Incubation is (Continued) performed by female for one month, Nest success is 70%. Nest failure results from predators, natural agents and desertion. Species breeds at 2-3 yrs,, mating for life, except when separated by death. Pairs will return to same nesting site for Many years. Food: Feed grain, ceral foods, clovers, grasses. References: 10, 18, 184, 229. Goose, Canada Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Branta canadensis 4110. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Entire U.S. Habitat: Ponds, lakes, rivers, marshes, fields. Features: Migratory gamebird; aesthetic. Life history: Mates for life. Nest is large, bulky, Usually built in open, such as on top of muskrat house, log, etc. Clutch size 6-7. Eggs are dull white with brown splotches. Incubation period is 28-30 days performed by female, Male guards nest and young. Young begin flying in 42-85 days depending on subspecies. Live 15-20 yrs. Special notes: See discussion on wetlands in Wildl. Mgmt. Chapter. Food: Cordgrass, widgeon-grass, spikerush, pondweed, glasswort, eel- grass, brome, saltgrass, bulrush, barley, wheat, oats, corn. References: 18, 44, 105, 124, 174, 182. Goose, Hawaiian Provinces (Sections): M4210. (Nene) istribution: Endemic to islands of Hawaii. Smallest range of any Branta sandvicensis species Of goose. Nests on Mauna Loa and Hualalai. Habitat: Highly specialized, adapted for living in rugged habitat of ava flows far from water, Elevations between 5,000 and 8,000 ft. Features: U.S. endangered species. Anatomical specialization of reduction in the webbing between the toes. Marked homing instinct to return to same area to nest in successive years. Life history: Nests in fall, 3.2% of females lay eggs near the end of their first year of life (but thus far all eggs of such females have been infertile). 84% lay during second year, 13% during third. Ganders able to fertilize eggs for at least 12 yrs, beginning in their first year, Nests are built on lava, although typically well concealed in clumps of vegetation. Eggs (2-8) creamy white. In- cubation period between 24-31 days. Precocial. Unable to fly until 10-12 weeks old, Food: Vegetarian; greens, fruits, seeds. References: 25, 77, 147, 175, 229. Goshawk Provinces (Sections): 3130, M2110, M3110. Accipiter gentilis istribution: West to central AK, northwestern Mackenzie, northern Alberta, northern Saskatchewan, south in mountains to central CA, western NM; wooded regions of Canada, south to northern MI, northern NY, northern New England, and sparingly in mountains to PA. Habitat: Heavily wooded, remote wilderness areas, often mountain orests, | Features: Most destructive of the hawks to gamebirds. Life history: Nests usually in conifer at great heights and in most inaccessib e depths of evergreen woods; constructed of sticks, twigs, weed stalks and leaves, lined with strips of bark, grass, hemlock twigs. Eggs (3-4, sometimes 5) pale bluish-white. Incubation 36-38 days. continued “SiR SR Se ee on ee ee a ee cams SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES a 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Goshawk (Continued) Grouse, blue Dendragapus obscurus Grouse, ruffed Bonasa umbellus Ecological characteristics Food: Mainly birds: Including poultry, songbirds, ruffed grouse. Small mammals. References: 15, 76, 80, 148. Provinces (Sections): 2410, 3110, 3130, M2110, M2410, M2610, M3110, Distribution: Southeastern AK, southern Youkon, southwestern Mac- kenzie, western Alberta, Vancouver; along coast to northern CA, along mountains to southern CA, northeastern AZ, west-central NM. Habitat: Closely associated with the distribution patterns of true fir and especially Douglas-fir in Western States. In the Pacific North- west lumbering and fire produces a more open forest that improves the breeding habitat by opening forest cover. In winter, the blue grouse depends heavily on coniferous cover for protection, which is probably determined more by cover type than by altitude: Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir zones. Its preferred habitat includes aspens, a variety of shrubs, pines, firs, providing food and escape cover. Habitat occupies a broad vertical range in mountains. Features: Gamebird. [ite history: Species breeds at lower elevations, foothills, and spends fall and winter near timber line or above. By the end of Sept., the grouse has moved up to higher slopes in the coniferous zone. Male plays no role in nest defense, incubation, or brooding. Clutch size 6-10 eggs, incubation 26 days. Egg color pinkish buff, spotted. Life span 10-15 yrs. Special notes: Nest failure due to predation by foxes, weasels, ravens, magpies, bobcats, lynxes, martens, hawks, owls, eagles. Cover: Winter requirements: Sufficient trees to provide roosting and escape cover, and a supply of needles. Tree species: Hemlock, Douglas-fir, larches, white fir. Spring requirements: Breeding habitat open and dry with shrubs and herbs interspersed with bare ground, Strutting areas: Forest edge habitats with combined grassy open forest borders and a dense coniferous stand. Brooding requirements: Nest is usually located near logs or under low tree branches and is fairly well concealed. Found in more open timber along forest edge. Home range require- ments: Semi-open vegetation and available water. Display sites: Aspen, Ponderosa pine, mixed fir and aspen, open and dense aspen, mixed shrubs, sagebrush, wheat fields, roadsides. Physical features: Earth mounds, rocks, logs, cut banks. Hooting areas: Elevated sites on ground and tall trees, fir, pines. Food: Douglas-fir is the most important food source. Also hemlock, Tarches, firs, Ponderosa pine. Young feed exclusively on insects, ants, beetles; later feed on plant material. WA and OR: True firs, Douglas-fir, cat's-ear, blueberry, bearberry (98% plant material; 65.8% conifer needles, 17% berries, 17.2% miscellaneous, 1.7% animal matter). Rocky Mountain area: Douglas-fir, pines, eriogonum leaves, blueberry. CA: Needles of white pine are important in winter. References: 14, 15, 93, 111, 115, 122, 124, 152, 182, 226, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2320, 2510, 2530 (2531). lest: 0, 0 (3111), 3120, M2110, M2410, M3110 (M3111, M3112). Distribution: Western AK, central Yukon, Great Slave Lake south: Tm coast belt to northern CA; 2) in mountains to northeastern OR, central UT, WY, western SD; 3) on wooded plains to central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan; Canada south to NJ (and in Appalachians to GA, AL). Also in Mississippi Valley to MI, WI, and northeastern IA; locally to OH, IN, MO. continued EM a EO RE 420 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 i Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Ruffed grouse (Continued) Habitat: Forested areas of conifers, deciduous trees or mixed. Features: Popular gamebird, Life history: Nest in thick woods and dense cover; female hollows site for nest at base of tree, under log, rock, or root, or in dense brush in dry situation:--lined with hardwood leaves, pine needles, available material, mixed with few grouse feathers. Eggs (9-12) occasionally less, sometimes to 14; 1 egg laid daily until clutch complete; short- oval to long-oval. Shell smooth, slight gloss; buffy, few speckled with brownish spots. Incubated by female along 21-24 days. Male Promiscuous, no pair bond formed, One brood. Does not migrate, Life span 3-4 yrs, Special notes: Predators include great horned owl, barred owl, snowy owl, gyra-falcon, goshawk, Cooper's hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, fox, bobcat, lynx, snakes, skunks, opossums, raccoon, weasel, mink, etc., which steal eggs, chicks, and adults, if possible. Cover: Aspen, fire-cherry, scrub oak, alder, Mixed species, stands of hardwood shrubs, trees and mixtures of hardwood and coniferous species; blackberries, raspberries, Food: Young eat quantities of insect larvae, beetles, flies, snails, spiders, ants. Also consume seeds, especially sedges. Northeast, mainly NY: Aspen bud and flower; clover flower; hazelnut bud and flower; birch flower; greenbrier fruit and leaf; sumac; grape; apple hawthorn fruit and bud; blackberry and raspberry fruit and bud; strawberry leaf; willow bud; wild cherry bud and flower, Virginia Alleghenies: Oak; grape; greenbrier fruit and leaf; wintergreen fruit and leaf; mountain laurel leaf and bud; wild rose; sheep-sorrel; pussy's-toes; blueberry; hazelnut bud and flower; dogwood bud and fruit; ferns ; viburnum. PA: Large-toothed aspen, grape, hawthorn, dock, oak, hophornbeam, blueberry, huckleberry, wild black cherry, witch-hazel, mountain- laurel, pear, wintergreen, birch, ferns, foam flower, hazelnut. OH: Greenbrier fruit and leaf; aspen; dogwood; grape; sumac; beech bud and leaf; witch-hazel; oak; bittersweet; rattlesnake fern; mitrewort leaf; apple fruit, bud and leaf; hawthorn fruit and leaf. WI: Quaking aspen, hazelnut, catkin, white clover, blackberry, wild cherry, birch, dogwood, References: 5, 15, 76, 83, 92, 93, 100, 122, 124, 139, 156, 159, 164, > > 195, 203, 226, 248. Grouse, sage Provinces (Sections): 3110 (3111, 3112), 3130, M3110 (M3111, M3112), Centrocercus urophaisanus Distribution: Southern British Columbia, eastern WA, southern ID, southeastern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan, western ND, south (east of Cascades, Sierra) to east-central CA, NV, UT, northwestern NM, northwestern NE. Habitat: Sagebrush plains. Features: Endangered in NM. Gamebird. Largest member of grouse amily in North America. Life history: Nest usually in bow] scraped out by female in the earth under a cluster of sagebrush, lined with a few leaves or grasses, Eggs (7-9) vary greatly in color, smooth. Incubation by female, 25 days. Does not migrate. Life span 5 yrs. Special notes: Predators include ground squirrel, badger, magpie, coyote, Food: Small amount of insects, chiefly ants and beetles, true bugs, such as chinchbugs. 3/4 food consists of leaves and flower clusters of different species of sagebrush. continued iinet Ne eo... ot Laat pre reaemmaean SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 421 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States SPRAIN OPI I ES Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Sage grouse (Cont inued) Food (Continued): Northern desert: Dandelion leaf and flower; alfalfa Vegetable and seed; white clover leaf and seed; pussy's-toes; gilia; agoseris. References: 15, 83, 93, 142, 152, 157, 174, 175, 182, 203, 238, 254. Grouse, sharp-tailed Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113), 2530 (2531, 2532). Pedioecetes phasianellus lest: TT0, 3130 (3131), M2110, M3110, A3140. Distribution: North central AK, Yukon, south to eastern OR, northern NE, UT, northeastern NM, NE; from northern Quebec and northern Manitoba south to WI, MN. Habitat: Prairie brushlands, woodland clearings, open forests, with Considerable brushy growth, often in or near marshy areas. Prefers 25-50% wooded vegetation; 20-40% ideal. Features: Endangered in CO, NM; endangered/threatened in ID. Gamebird; destruction of habitat (brushlands) primary reason for decline of population. Parasites, disease and accidents further reduce pop- ulation. Life history: Nest under thick tufts of grass, thick weeds, bushes. Well-hidden hollow scraped in ground; sparingly lined with grasses, dry leaves and ferns, a few feathers, Breeds in Apr.-June, Female builds nests. Openings important as brood habitat. Eggs (9-17, average 12) oval, shell smooth, with slight gloss. Light brown to olive-buff, often with dark brown speckles. Incubation by female alone; about 21 days. Does not migrate except when forced by food requirements at different seasons, Special notes: Predators include crows, magpies, badgers, ground Squirrels, snakes, fox, coyote, dogs, cats, hawks, owls, and eagles. Cover: Open aspens, cutover pines, 43% shrub cover, 3-6 ft high; tree cover in excess of 6 ft. Choke-cherry, willow, alder, aspen, spruce, juneberry, jack pine, scrub oak, Food: 10% insects, such as grasshoppers, caterpillars, small insects; 90% vegetation. Great Lakes area: White birch seeds and buds; mountain-ash fruit and bud; white clover leaf; alder bud and flower; cranberry; willow bud and leaf; wild rose; raspberry; oats; fire-cherry; aspen bud; knotweed; wheat; corn; dandelion; choke-cherry; sedge; hazelnut; dwarf cornel; viburnum; vetch; goldenrod; snowberry; bearberry. Western NB: Dandelion; prairie rose; white clover leaf; sweet clover leaf; snowberry fruit and leaf; ground-cherry; poison ivy. UT: Wheat, grasses, sunflower, choke-cherry, alfalfa, maple buds, sagebrush, wyethia, yarrow, dandelion, rosinweed, wild rose, willow. ND: Wild rose, wild cherry bud and seed, willow bud, poplar buds, corn, hawthorn, poison oak, oats, wheat, dandelion, snowberry, knotweed, gromwell, serviceberry, bristlegrass, ragweed, References: 5, 15, 45, 76, 93, 124, 142, 157, 159, 174, 175, 182, 195, 246, 254. Grouse, spruce Provinces (Sections): East: 2110. Canachites canadensis lest: 0, M24TO (M2415), M3110 (M3111, M3112). Distribution: West to north AK, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, South in mountains to northeastern OR, central ID, northwestern WY; in boreal forests to central Alberta, central Saskatchewan; Labrador; in New England, NY, northern MI and northern MN, Habitat: Coniferous forests, tamarack swamps, cedar bogs, lowlands bordering sluggish streams. Features: Gamebird. Breeding population diminishing by expansion of forest cutting and need for agricultural land. continued Pe 422 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 ERE ESS RR EEA TEI ER Table 65.6 (Continued) i Species Ecological characteristics Spruce grouse (Continued) Life history: Nest sheltered and well-concealed place in tangle of bushes or most often under low overhanging spruce limb; shallow hollow, commonly found in moss on top of low mound; lined sparsely with dead leaves, grasses, spruce needles, and few feathers--female builds. Eggs (4-10, typically 6-8) laid every other day. Oval to long-oval, shell smooth with a slight gloss; cinnamon to buff, marked with large brown spots. Incubation by female along; 17-24 days. Male polygamous. Life span 5-7 yrs. Special notes: Fox, bobcat, coyote, wolf, lynx, mountain lion, marten, fisher, wo verine, bear, crow, raven, hawks, owls, eagles are its primary predators, Cover: Blueberry, trailing arbutus, black spruce, white spruce, birch, poplar, spirea, cranberry, black lichen, lodgepole pine, aspen. Food: Exclusively vegetarian. Canada and Northwest: Jack pine, white spruce, blueberry leaf and fruit, larch leaf, birch bud and seed, fir leaf, bearberry, sabal, Moss capsule, sedge, beech, Christmas fern, wood fern, dwarf cornel. References: 5, 15, 83, 93, 124, 174, 175, 182, 203. Hawk, broad-winged Provinces Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2320, 2310, 4110, 2510, 2520, Buteo platypterus West: 3110 (3112). Distribution: Eastern U.S. west to TX, OK, NE, KS to western ND. itat: Deciduous forests. Features: Beneficial hawk. Life history: Nest usually in crotch of 10-80 ft high; constructed of coarse twigs and bark and lined with roots or bark strips. Eggs (2-5) pale green or gray with many brown spots. Hunts by slowly gliding, hovering, or sitting for hours. Silent and appears sluggish. Food: Insects, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Hawk, Cooper's Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Accipiter cooperii . West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Found throughout most of the contiguous 48 States. Habitat: Secluded woods, older trees. Features: Known as swift predator. Uife history: Nest in tall trees 10-50 ft high; usually made from otd crow's or hawk's nest with additional material added every yr. Eggs (3-6) pale blue with brown spots. Food: Poultry, doves, grouse, chipmunks, ground squirrels, other smal] mammals, References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Hawk, ferruginous Provinces (Sections): East: 2530. Buteo regalis est: , > M2110, M3110, A3140. Distribution: Eastern WA, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan ‘south to eastern OR, NV, AZ, NM, northwestern TX, Habitat: Arid plains, open rangeland. Features: Uncommon; rodent, insect control. Endangered/threatened in Life history: Nests of sticks, on cliff, tree, or ground. "Eggs (2-6) white, Food: Meadow mice and lemmings. References: 15, 101, 148, 246. continued eT SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 423 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States LEELA LR Table 65.6 (Continued) nn Species Ecological characteristics I ——— ——_ _ Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) Buteo solitarius Hawk, red-shouldered Buteo lineatus Hawk, red-tailed Buteo jamaicensis Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Resident only on Hawaii Island. The only hawk resident in HI. Found on the slopes of Mauna Loa, on both windward and Kona coasts and less commonly on Mauna Kea. Habitat: Widespread, open forests, agricultural land, grassland; TkeTy to be found anywhere below 8,500 ft where woody vegetation exists. Features: U.S. endangered species. Beneficial species. Population estimated in low hundreds. Chief reason for decline in numbers beiieved to be illegal shooting and drastic alteration of environment by man and introduced animals. Life history: Very few nests ever sited, consequently little is known of the breeding biology, Nest is bowl-shaped, composed of sticks, loosely piled in a platform in tree fork; lined with stems and ferns. Nests during summer and fall. Eggs (2-3) light blue. Food: Mice, rats, spiders, hawkmoths, caterpillars, small birds, dragonflies, praying mantis, crayfish. References: 25, 76, 229. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, West: M2410 (M2412, M2414), M2620. Distribution: Northern CA to Baja; Eastern U.S. to eastern NE, OK, TX. Habitat: Woodlots, open woods. Features: Beneficial to farmers. Life history: Nest in fork of tall tree, usually not conifers; made entirely of sticks, large and bulky. Eggs (2-4) dull white with umber spots. Usually has a favorite perch and appears tame. Migrates. Cover: Cover is large trees--elm, birch, maple, beech. Food: Insects, small rodents, birds, with most of the diet made up of "farm pests". References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Central AK to northern British Columbia, northwestern Alberta; Newfoundland, northern Ontario, and Saskatchewan south to Gulf of Mexico and FL. Habitat: Breeds in dry woodlands, open country, mountains, deserts. Features: Beneficial. Life history: Nest large, bulky structure placed in forks of large trees 40-80 ft above ground; constructed of large sticks and lined with smaller twigs, bits of bark, and usually with tips of hemlock branches, fern leaves and moss. Same nest occupied year after year, built by both sexes. Eggs: In Eastern and Southern areas, 2-4; in Central and Western areas, 4, rarely 1 or 5. Eggs dull whitish or bluish-white, exhibiting a wide variation in form and markings. Incubation by female, 28-32 days, average 30. Pairs usually mate for life. Food: Mainly mammals: Including mice, rats, arboreal and ground squirrels, rabbits, voles. Insects: Including grasshoppers, crickets, beetles. Birds: Including poultry, gamebirds. References: 15, 76, 80, 148. continued SEE OSE DO! 424 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Hawk, rough-legged Buteo lagopus Hawk, sharp-shinned Accipiter striatus Hawk, Swainson's Buteo swainsoni Honeycreeper, crested Palmeria dolei Provinces (Sections): East: 2-10, 2210, 2320, 2510, 2520. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Northern AK, Yukon, northern Mackenzie, south to Aleutians, southern AK, Great Slave Lake. Habitat: Tundra escarpments, Arctic Coasts; in winter, open plains, marshes. Features: Beneficial. Life history: Nests of twigs, moss; on cliff, ravine, or tree top. Eggs 2-6) dingy to buffy-white, sprinkled with blotches of dark brown. Food: Mainly mammals. Also birds, insects. References: 15, 76, 80, 148. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: North America down to Panama. Habitat: Cliffs, trees (conifers). Features: Fierce predator; bad reputation as a "chicken hawk." Life history: Nest is usually in a conifer or rock ledge; constructed of twigs, no lining. Eggs (4-5) dull blue or green splotched with brown. Migrates. Cover: Conifers, woodlots. Food: Mostly other birds including poultry. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): East: 2510, 2520, 2530. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Northeastern AK, northwestern Mackenzie, south-central Saskatchewan, south throughout most of Western U.S.; east to Plains in NM, NE, KS, etc. Habitat: Dry plains, open foothills, alpine meadows, rangeland, open forest, sparse trees. Features: Considered a most useful and beneficial hawk. Life history: Nest on the ground in bushes or on ledges; generally in tallest trees toward the end of horizontal branches; constructed of small branches and twigs, and lined with few leaves, moss or feathers; sometimes rehabilitates old nests. Eggs (2-4, average 2) white, greenish-white, or buff-white, usually spotted or blotched with reddish-brown; sometimes unmarked. Food: Small rodents, principally striped gophers and mice; grass- hoppers, large crickets. References: 15, 76, 148. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Once inhabited both Molokai and Maui, now extinct on Molokai. Persists only on northeastern slope of Haleakaea (5,800- 6,700 ft) on Maui. Habitat: Dense forests and deep gulches. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Unknown. Food: Nectar of the ohia flower, caterpillars. References: 25, 147, 229, 230. continued UR on ES SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 425 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Mi Geen eS Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Kestrel, American (Sparrow hawk ) Falco sparverius Kite, white-tailed Elanus leucurus Merlin (Pigeon hawk) Falco columbarius Millerbird, Nihoa Acrocephalus familiaris kingi —- Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Central AK, northwestern Mackenzie south throughout West. FL and Gulf of Mexico to Newfoundland, southern Quebec and Saskatchewan. Habitat: Fields, pastures, open wooded areas, orchards, buildings on farms, in cities. Features: Perches on poles, wires; utilizes openings--all for hunting. Life history: Nests in natural cavities of trees, deserted woodpecker holes, in rock cavities, holes in banks, artificial nesting boxes, or in crannies of outbuildings without nesting materia. Eggs (4-5) ground color varying from creamy-white to reddish-buff speckled with shades of red and brown. Food: Primarily feeds on grasshoppers, small mammals, small birds, crickets, beetles, spiders. References: 76, 80, 148. Provinces (Sections): East: 2310 (2311, 2320. West: M2410 (M2412, M2414), M2620. Distribution: Western CA from Humboldt County south to Baja. Also southeastern OK and TX and Peninsular FL. Habitat: Wooded areas along streams and rivers. Features: Unique; aesthetic. Life history: Nests in tops of tall trees; nest made of twigs and Tined with grass. Eggs (3-5) dull white splotched with red or brown blotches. Hunts by crossing fields and hovering, then dropping down on prey. Cover: Large trees (live oak). Food: Insects, reptiles, small birds, mammals. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Northwestern AK, northern Yukon south to OR, northern ID, northern MT, northern ND; in East, breeds in conifers from northern edge of U.S. limit of trees. Habitat: Open woods or heavy timber in wilderness areas; cliffs; in migration also foothills, marshes, open country. Features: Aesthetic; endangered in ND. Life history: Nests on cliffs, in trees, tree hollows, magpie nests, on ground; constructed of sticks, weed stems, grass, or moss; lined with feathers and strips of soft inner bark. Eggs (3-6) rusty, spotted. Food: Shorebirds, especially sanderlings and ringed plovers. 63% birds, 30% insects, 4% mammals, 1% poultry game, 2% miscellaneous. References: 15, 76, 148, 227. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Endemic to Nihoa, the only passerine on Nihoa. “Population estimated to be 428 in mid-1974. Habitat: Low scrub, grass. continued NR I RO ee 426 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Nihoa millerbird Features: U.S. endangered species. Called millerbird for its attraction (Continued) to large "miller" moths. Life history: Extended breeding season, Apr. through Aug. Nest is composed primarily of strips and pieces of grass stems and blades with varying amounts of rootlets. Eggs (1-2) pale, brown-splotched, pale blue egg. Breeding cycle unknown. Food: Moths, insects. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229. Nukupuu, Kauai Provinces (Sections): M4210. Hemignathus lucidus Distribution: Endemic to Kauai. Very rare. Only 2 sightings between hanapepe 1900-1968; 2 more between 1968-1975. Extinct on Oahu, HI. Habitat: Seldom found below 4,000 ft. Thick forests. Features: U.S. endangered species. Curbs forest insect populations. Life history: Unknown. Food: Forages trees and leaves for grubs, weevils and beetles, cater- pillars. Also found to eat bananas and oranges, spiders (Thyrocopa). References: 9, 25, 147, 229. Nukupuu, Maui Provinces (Sections): M4210. Hemignathus lucidus Distribution: Endemic to Maui. Very restricted range, northwestern affinis slope of Haleakala; chiefly found about a mi below the upper edge of the forest at an elevation of 4,000-4,500 ft. Habitat: Seldom found below 4,000 ft. Thick forests. Features: Nests, eggs, and young have never been described for any of the sub-species of the nukupuu. Food: Insects, their eggs, and larvae, grubs, weevils and beetles. Hammers on surface of trunk or branch. Sucks nectar of the ohai. References: 9, 25, 147, 229. Oo, Kuaui Provinces (Sections): M4210. Moho braccatus stribution: Endemic to Kauai. Now in danger of extinction. Probably no more than 2 dozen individuals extant. Habitat: From sea level to over 4,000 feet. Thick forest habitat, Alakai Swamp region. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Active bird, quick in flight. First nest found in =T97T In a tree cavity. Food: Cockroaches, spiders, millipeds, crickets and other insects. Caterpillars, taken mostly from under the loose bark, were its principal food. Also fresh flower bracts and honey from the flowering ohia and other trees. References: 11, 211, 213, 216. Osprey Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Pandion haliaetus 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Breeds northwestern AK, across to Hudson Bay, Labrador, Newfoundland; south to central CA, western Mexico, Gulf Coast, FL Keys. Winters from FL and Gulf Coast States through lower CA, Mexico to Central America and West Indies. Habitat: Usually close to large bodies of water, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, sea coasts; in undisturbed wooded areas. Features: Endangered in AL, NJ, NY, TN, VT. Rare/endangered in KY. Decline in numbers due to pesticide contamination of fish, human continued ES ABE i 3 i ms aaa aaa SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 427 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Osprey (Continued) Ou Psittirostra psittacea Owl, burrowing Athene cunicularia Owl, great horned Bubo virginianus Features (Continued): disturbance of nests. Nests on snags, poles, transmission line structures. Life history: Nest material consists of huge mass of sticks, twigs, and moss placed on ground, telephone poles, dead stubs, cliffs, or trees. Nests are used year after year with new material added. Clutch size 3, rarely 4; eggs pinkish white blotches with brown. Hunts from flight and diving. Food: Primarily fish, rarely other birds. Also feeds on frogs, snakes, ducks, crows, night herons; rarely chickens. Western lakes: Trout, salmon, mullet, shad. Southwest, Gulf Coast: Catfish, carp, perch, sunfish. References: 2, 98, 99, 148, 155, 158, 159, 201, 212. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Local and very scarce on HI. Still exists on Kauai. Now extinct on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Habitat: Wide range, dense mountain rain forest with fern understory. Features: U.S. endangered species. Feathers used in Hawaiian feather work. Life history: Unknown. Food: Female inflorescence of the Freycinetia, leaf bracts, fruits of several trees, berries of the Lobeliaceae and Clermontia. Young fed larvae and caterpillars. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229. Provinces (Sections): East: 2510, 2520, 2530. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Unforested protions of western U.S. and southwestern Canada from Pacific Coast to western MN, SD, NE, KS, TX, LA, north to WA and southern Canada. South through lower CA, through Mexico to Guatemala. Local population central FL. Habitat: Plains region, prairies, grassy plains, high sandy islands, canal dikes, airports, golf courses, large vacant urban lots, and broad road shoulders. Features: Unique; endangered in IA. Life history: Eggs deposited 5-10 ft from entrance of abandoned prairie dog, skunk, fox, or badger burrow in an enlarged chamber. Nest consists of weed stalks, dried broken bits of horse and cow manure. Clutch size 5-7; eggs white. Diurnal in its habits; fre- quently seen in broad daylight. Species will also dig its own cavity to nest if no suitable ones are available. Food: Ground squirrels, snakes, lizards, grasshoppers, mice, gophers, crickets, beetles. References: 15, 91, 48, 201. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: From Yukon drainage in AK and tree limit in Mackenzie south through West; resident from Labrador and Hudson Bay to FL, TX, and Mexico. Habitat: Forests, woodlands, thickets, chaparral, streamsides, open country, deserts, canyons, cliffs. Features: Unique; aesthetic. continued 428 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Great horned owl Life history: Nests in old nest of heron or hawk; in tree, pothole, (Continued) cliff, or river bluff, even on ground. Prefers nests deserted by crows, eagle, hawks, osprey, or Caracara; constructed of twigs, weed stalks, roots, and feathers. Eggs (2-3) white. Incubation mostly by female, 28-35 days. Jan.-Mar. nesting. One brood. Food: Domesticated fowl, smal] mammals, birds, woodchuck, skunk, cray- fish, frogs, large insects. References: 15, 124, 148, 201. Palila Provinces (Sections): M4210. Psittirostra bailleui Distribution: Extensive in the Mamaui belt of middle and north Kona districts (4,000-6,000 ft). Now only in the mamani-naio forests on Mauna Kea. Common above 7,000 ft, nearly to tree line. Features: U.S. endangered species. Survival of species dependent upon continued maintenance of the mamani-naio forest on Mauna Kea. Depend- ent upon complete halt of further bulldozing of the forest and to planting of exotic plants (including gamebird foods). Life history: Nests dry grass interwoven with grey lichen; inside same lichen with slender rootlets interwoven. Eggs (2-3) white with reddish/brown marking forming dense cap around large end of egg. Special notes: Predators include feral pigs, goats, sheep. Food: Seeds of the Mamani tree and the green pods. Feeds on young caterpillars (Pyralid). References: 9, 25, 147, 229. Parrot, thick-billed Provinces (Sections): 3140. Rhynchopsitta Distribution: Breeds in the forests of Mexico's Sierra Madre, wanders Pachyrhyncha into AZ and NM near Chiricahua Mountains and Santa Cruz and Gila Rivers. Habitat: Highland pine forests. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to rapid destruction of pine forests. Life history: Believed to mate for life, nests in tree holes dug by other birds. Clutch size 3-5. Wanders about range in search of food. Cover: Limited to stands of Ponderosa pine. Food: Feeds exclusively on pine seeds; pinyon and Ponderosa pine. References: 113, 148, 176, 229. Parrotbill, Maui Provinces (Sections): M4210. Pseudonestor xanthophrys Distribution: Restricted to small portion of forest on the northwestern slope of Haleakala (Maui) at an elevation of 4,000-5,000 ft. Habitat: Koa trees (forest regions). Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Nest, eggs, and young have never been studied. Food: Larvae, pupae and immature beetles of the native Cerambycidae and Clylarlus, in enormous quantities. Also visits trees where it obtains larvae of Plagithmysus. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229. Partridge, chukar Provinces (Sections): 3120, 3130 (3131, 3132, 3133, 3135), 3220 (3221), Alectoris chukar M2110 (M2111), M2610, M2620, M3110, A3140. Distribution: Two races introduced in U.S.: Indian stock (Alectoris chuckar chuckar) and Turkish stock (Alectoris cypriotes or kurdistani). The Turkish birds are thought to have merged with Indian stock or disappeared, except in NM and CA. Present range: southern interior of British Columbia south through eastern parts of WA, OR, and CA to the northern part of Baja, CA. East in Great Basin uplands through NV, ID, UT, western CO, MT, WY, with small populations in AZ, NM, western SD and southern Alberta. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 429 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Chukar partridge Habitat: Throughout range species inhabits a sagebrush-grassland (Continued) community. Also occurs in southern CA, Mexico in a saltbrush communi- ty type. At higher elevations snow may cause the bird to move down into snow free areas. The presence of rocky slopes and outcroppings are important for escape and roosting cover. WA habitat: .25-.5 area in talus slopes, rocky outcrops, cliffs, bluffs; .5 covered by sagebrush, cheat, and small amount of brushy cover. Features: Gamebird. 42 states and 6 provinces attempted introductions; only 10 states and 1 province had sufficient success to declare legal seasons. Life history: Social unit is the covey, ranging in size from 5 to 40, average 20. In late winter coveys disband as pair formation begins. Migrations are altitudinal, moving to lower valleys during winter, followed by a return to higher elevation in spring. Nest consists of a hollow scratched out in the earth, located near or up against a stump, bush, rock, or clump of grass. Lined with local grasses or feathers. Eggs are laid late Apr.; clutch size 10-20, average 15; eggs white with brown spots. Incubation 24 days, renesting does occur of unsuccessful females. Young leave the nest a few weeks after hatching. Life span 5-7 yrs. Special notes: Predators include foxes, coyotes, skunks, raccoons, bobcats, hawks, owls, eagles, which prey on eggs, chick, and adults. Cover: Nesting cover: Sagebrush, grassland areas on mountains, several hundred ft above creek bottoms, often on south facing slopes. The availability of water during summer months is a significant habitat factor. Reproductive success in CA appeared to correlate with normal or above normal late winter and early spring precipitation, associated with improved vegetation growth for food and nest cover. Sites for dusting and obtaining grit have posed no problem and roost sites are usually abundant. Preferred roosting sites: Talus slopes, similar rocky areas, sometimes underneath shrubs, low trees. During the winter in WA, birds roost in protected niches, caves, rocky cliff faces. Food: Mainly plant: Including predominately grasses; leaves of cheat, alfalfa, clover, sweet clover, dandelion, fringecup, shepherd's purse. Seeds of cheat, Russian thistle, filaree, fiddleneck, locust, bunchgrass, wheat (fall). Fruits of serviceberry, hawthorn, choke-cherry, sumac, wild rose. Animal: Including grasshoppers, crickets, ants, beetles, yellow jackets. Young birds are first fed insects and then later fed plants. References: 15, 45, 83, 93, 122, 152, 182, 203, 226, 254. Partridge, gray Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210 (2212, 2213), 2530 (2531, 2532). (Hungarian partridge) West: 0, 31710 (3111, 3112), 3120, 3130, M3110. Perdix perdix Distribution: Introduced locally in a number of eastern States; most successful in upper Mississippi Valley, southern British Columbia, central Alberta, south-central Saskatchewan south to northeastern CA, central NE, northern UT, central WY. Habitat: Open farmland, grainfields, typically associated with extremely fertile soils associated with natural grasslands. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Nest is a hollow scraped in earth, lined with local grasses, usually hidden among clumps of grass or beneath low-hanging branches of bushes. Breeds late Feb., early Mar. Eggs (18-20) olive brown in color, without splotches or markings. Incubated by female, 23-25 days. Male might help to incubate eggs. Both male and female help with raising of young. Unmated male and female will sometimes continued 430 "CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Gray partridge (Continued) Pelican, brown Pelecanus occidentalis Petrel, Hawaiian dark- rumped (Uau, Uuau, Uwau) Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis Ecological characteristics Life history (Continued): adopt and raise orphaned chicks. One brood. Does not migrate unless weather becomes exceptionally cold and snowy; will then move from open areas to hedgerows and brushy areas. Life span 5-7 yrs. Special notes: Predators include rats, snakes, fox, coyote, ground squirrels, cats, dogs, weasels, crows, hawks, owls. Cover: Croplands, particularly small grain crops and herbaceous cover in the form of native grasses, hayfields, or weedy herbaceous growth with abundance of dead herbaceous plant growth. Food: Small ants, other invertebrates found on low vegetation. Grass- hoppers, crickets, bugs, beetles, ants and other Hymenoptera; flies and their larvae, moths and butterflies and their larvae; centipedes, millipeds, daddylonglegs. Seeds. Northeast: Grass or grain, corn, wheat, bristlegrass, ragweed, dandelion, buckwheat, knotweed, barley, oats. Northwest: Wheat, barley, oats, knotweed, bristlegrass, tarweed, alfalfa, clover, grass blades, fiddleneck, sunflower, buckwheat. References: 5, 15, 76, 83, 92, 93, 124, 152, 159, 174, 175, 182, 195, 203, 226, 238. Provinces (Sections): East: 2310, 2320, 2510, 4110. West: M2620. Distribution: Eastern brown pelican: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts from NC to TX. Winters in FL and along Gulf Coast, West Indies, coasts of Central and South America. California brown pelican: CA Coast to Pt. Lobos and Monterey County. A few wander to lower Colorado River and AZ. Winters along Mexican Coast and southern Chile. Habitat: Open sea, sea coast, larger bays, harbors, and breakwaters. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to reproduction failure resulting from toxic contamination; DDT and DDE eggshell thinning. Life history: Nests in colonies; rookeries located on shores or marshy islands usually on ground or in low trees. Nest materials are twigs, sticks, coarse grass, weeds. Clutch size of 3. Incubation period 30 days, fledglings stage 10-11 weeks. Both parents incubate; they lack brood patches and incubate with their feet. Adults easily disturbed and leave nest when intruders appear. Eggs whitish. Cover: Mangrove trees, brushy vegetation. Food: Fish, mullet, pigfish, pinfish, Gulf menhaden, crevalle, herring. Feeds by diving. References: 38, 148, 174, 175, 200, 229. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Formerly nested on all of the main islands of HI except Niihau. Now found only on Maui and HI. Second race breeds on the Galapagos Islands. Habitat: Nesting sites located at high elevations (1,500-10,000 ft) near volcanoes. Burrows dug under lichen-covered lava (on Hawaii) or in soil or ash deposits overlain by bedrock lava (Maui). Features: U.S. endangered species. Natives once used birds for food. Young birds once considered a delicacy, reserved for chief. Losses of adults and agricultural encroachments on the breeding area causes concern for the future of the species. Life history: Nest a slight depression at end of burrow, with skimpy collection of twigs and feathers. Eggs (1) white with semi-glossy finish. Incubation period 50-54 days, with adults taking turns incubating for 3-5 day periods. Young leave nest when about 115 days old. Nesting success extremely low, with only four young fledged out of a minimum of 67 eggs laid, due to black rats. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 431 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel (Continued) Pheasant, ring-necked Phasianus colchicus Pigeon, band-tailed Columba fasciata Ecological characteristics Food: Young feed partially digested food by regurgitation. Food consists of fish, squid, crustaceans, etc. References: 9, 25, 77, 147, 175, 229. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2113, 2114), 2210 (2212, 2213, 2214), 2320, 2510 (2511), 2530. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3130 (3131), 3220, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, A3140, M4210. Distribution: Southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, south to southern CA, NE, UT, NM, northwestern Panhandle of TX; established in farming country north of Mason/Dixon Line (DE, northern NY, southern OH, southern ID, MO, northern OK) and north only as far as snows will allow (southern MA, northern NY, southern Ontario, southern MI, MN, and southern Saskatchewan) . Habitat: Irrigated land, grain-growing farmlands, bushy pastures, hedgerows; rarely in woods or at any great distance from water. Survives best in belt between 38° and 52° parallels in farmland districts. Features: Introduced from China, 1888. Tasty gamebird. Highest pheasant densities occur on most fertile agricultural lands which in turn are diversified and provide food, water, and cover in close proximity. Life history: Nest on ground in open weedy fields, bushy pastures, hay- fields; natural hollow, or one scraped by female, lined with weed stalks, grasses, leaves. Surrounding vegetation helps concealment. Hayfields used as nesting sites when preferred cover unavailable to accommodate the breeding population of an area. When fields are mowed, females invariably desert hayfield nests regardless of stage of incubation. Known to lay in other birds' nests: Ruffed grouse, domestic fowl, common bobwhite, blue-winged teal, blue grouse. Eggs (6-15, commonly 10-12) oval to short-oval. Shell smooth with slight gloss; rich brownish olive or olive-buff, unmarked. Incubation by female alone; 23-25 days. Males polygamous; pair bonds tenuous. Life span 3-5 yrs. Special notes: Predators are snakes, crows, hawks, fox, coyote, raccoon. skunk, opossum, weasels. Cover: Woody plants, especially evergreen shrubs, vines, alfalfa, unharvested soybeans, corn, sweet clover. Food: Seed feeder, chicks eat primarily insects. Corn primary food source. Also berries, fruits and weed seeds, particularly ragweed. Animal matter: Earthworms, snails, ants, grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, caterpillars, egg cases of praying mantis. Northwest: Seeds of grass family (Gramineae), wild grass and weed seeds, barley, wheat, oats, corn, ragweed, bristlegrass, Russian thistle, bur clover, sweet clover, wild rose, ground-cherry, bean, wild cherry, snowberry, dandelion, knotweed, sunflower, sorghum, wild lettuce, alfalfa. Northeast: Corn, ragweed, skunk cabbage, grape, oak, oats, elder- berry, buckwheat, cherry, wheat, nightshade, bristlegrass, sumac, burdock, soybean, dogwood. Lake Plains region: Corn, blackberry, apple, grape, wheat, sumac, oats, strawberry, barley, beans, sedge. References: 4, 5, 14, 15, 38, 53, 76, 85, 92, 95, 122, 124, 127, 142, 151, 156, 161, 168, 169, 174, 175, 182, 195, 215, 217, 226. Provinces (Sections): 2410, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110. Distribution: CA, AZ, NM, TX, and Mexico. Habitat: Oak canyons, foothills, chaparral, mountain forests. continued 432 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Band-tailed Pigeon Features: Gamebird. (Continued) Life history: Non-migratory birds stay in desert regions of Baja, CA; these birds have been observed to nest in every season except Nov. and Dec. Migrating birds nest in Apr. and May. Mate for life with long courtships and breeding periods. Nests are constructed by both males and females; consist of a flimsy platform of twigs, located from 4-100 ft above ground in trees, and also on ground. Usually located on slopes, mountain sides, or edge of watercourse. Clutch size 1, sometimes 2; eggs pure white. Both parents incubate 18-20 days. Both parents also care for young. Life span 5-6 yrs. Special notes: Squirrels, crows, ravens, jays prey on eggs and young. Owls, goshawks, Cooper's hawk, falcons prey on adults. Cover: Nesting trees: Conifer trees, some oaks, alders. Food: Young are fed pigeon's milk made by parents for first three weeks, then seeds and fruits. Adults eat acorns, fruits of cherry, dogwood, elderberry, mulberry, hackberry, sumac. Seeds of pines, wheat, oats, barley, peas, grapes, prunes. Species need salt which it obtains from drinking ocean or mineral spring water. References: 111, 122, 124, 182. Poo-uli Provinces (Sections): M4210. Melamprosops phaeosoma Distribution: Hawaiian island of Maui. Habitat: Northern slopes (5,300-6,800 ft.elev.) of Koolau Forest Preserve. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: No information available. Food: No information available. References: 9 Prairie chicken, greater Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113), 2210 (2212, 2213), Tympanuchus cupido 2510, 2530. pinnatus West: 3110 (3112). Distribution: Southern Saskatchewan through Dakota's to central CO, KS; southern Manitoba south to IL, MO, AK; east to MI and ID. Also coast of TX and southwestern LA. Habitat: Tall-grass prairie, open meadows, brushy pastures, drained peat grasslands; sometimes adjacent to woodlands. Features: Endangered in CO, MO. Gamebird. Once abundant, now much reduced by market hunting and agricultural invasion of native habitat. Future of species very insecure. Life history: Nest on ground among grasses, weeds, low bushes. Natural cavity or hollow scraped by bird, concealed by heavy vegetation; sparsely lined with grass, sedges, small twigs, feathers. No roof built, but cover naturally arched. Female builds nest within mile of booming grounds. Eggs (5-17, average 12) usually laid at irregular intervals; number of laying days about 2 times the number of eggs laid; olive-buff or grayish olive, mostly dotted with fine spots. Incubation by female alone; 23-24 days, 1 brood. Life span: 5-6 yrs. Special notes: Predators are snakes, ground squirrels, skunks, magpies, badger, bobcat, fox, coyote, dogs, cats, crows, hawks, owls, eagles. Cover: Sagebrush, cornfields, grasses. Michigan sweet-fern, leather- leaf, goldenrod, dewberry, bluegrass, willow, blueberry, aspen. Food: Mainly vegetation. Also insects (grasshoppers, crickets, ants). Northern prairies: Corn, oats, knotweed, wild rose, wheat, clover, bristlegrass, oak, birch, sorghym, roughleaf dogwood, barley, curlydock, snowberry, beaked hazelnut, greenbrier, buckwheat, sumac. Southeast IL: Blackberry, buttonweed, flower spurge, giant ragweed, goldenrod, wheat, partridge-pea, panicle dogwood, black cherry, prairie rose, smartweed, bristlegrass. WI: Oats, white clover, quaking aspen, blackberry, knotweed, sedge, continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 433 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Greater prairie chicken (Continued) Prairie chicken, lesser Tympanuchus Pallidicinctus Ptarmigan, white-tailed Lagopus leucurus Food (Continued): sedgegrass, buckwheat, cherry, dogwood, dandelion, spirea, bluegrass, jewelweed, violet, Solomon's-seal, viburnum. TX: Ruellia, western ragweed, blue-eyed grass, false garlic, button- weed, corn, doveweed, gaura-grape. References: 5, 45, 76, 93, 95, 124, 135, 139, 174, 175, 178, 182, 195, 215, 217, 226. Provinces (Sections): 3110 (3113). Distribution: Resident locally in southeastern CO, southwestern KS, western OK, northeastern NM, northwestern TX (Panhandle). Said to be established on Nihoa (HI). Habitat: Open meadows, prairies, haymarshes, brush, vastures, drained peat grasslands; sometimes adjacent to woodlands. Features: With loss of native grassland cover, species population has been greatly decreasing. Total population 36,000-43,000. Life history: Nest on ground among grasses, weeds, low bushes. Natural cavity or hollow scraped by bird, concealed by heavy vegetation; sparsely lined with grass, sedges, small twigs, feathers. Female builds. Eggs (11-13) buff, dotted. Incubation by female; 23-24 days; 1 brood. Life span 5-6 yrs. No major migration, seasonal shifts due to weather and other environmental factors. Special notes: Predators include snakes, ground squirrels, skunks, badgers, bobcats, coyotes, dogs, cats, magpies, crows, hawks, owls, eagles. Cover: Sedges, goldenrod, dewberry, bluegrass, willow, sweet-fern, blueberry, aspen. Food: Grasshoppers, beetles, bugs, caterpillars and ants. Plant food mainly seeds and fruits, browse buds and leaves. Northern prairies: Corn, oats, knotweed, wild rose, wheat, clover, bristlegrass, oak, birch bud and flower, sorghym, roughleaf dogwood, barley, curley dock, snowberry, beaked hazelnut, greenbrier, buck- wheat, sumac. TX: Ruellia, western ragweed, blue-eyed grass, blackberry, false garlic, buttonwood, corn, doveweed, gaura-grape. OK: Oak, wheat, sumac, gromwell. References: 93, 95, 124, 168, 174, 175, 182, 195, 215, 217. Provinces (Sections): M2110, M2410 (M2415), M3110. Distribution: Central AK, northern Yukon, southwestern Mackenzie, south to the Kenai Peninsula, Vancouver Island, Cascade Mountains of WA, and along the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia and Alberta to northern NM. Major population occurs in CO. Habitat: Closely conforms to that of alpine tundra. Steep slopes, stony benches, where cliff ledges and outcrops commonly occur. Vegetation is generally sparse with shrubs nearly absent and dwarf- ed when present. AK: 500-2,000 ft above timberline. MT: Not present in timber or shrubby vegetation higher than 18 in. CO: Alpine willow distribution is key factor in determining ptarmigan distribution. Features: Gamebird, aesthetic. Endangered in NM. Life history: In winter, birds descend to edge of tree line where food is readily available; in spring they move back up to breeding areas. Specific nesting sites are not as important as suitable brooding areas, which are located in short vegetation with many rocks. Ter- ritory size 16-17 acres. Nest is made of fine local grasses in snow- free areas, often in the lee of small rocks or bushes. Clutch size 6-8, incubation 22-23 days. Egg color buff, with brown spots. continued 434 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics White-tailed ptarmigan Life history (Continued): Male stays with female until hatching, but (Continued) doesn't participate in incubation. Pair formation begins in Apr., egg laying mid-June. Nesting success 70-80%. When snow is deep and soft the ptarmigan burrows under snow to obtain protection and also feeds under snow. Life span 8 yrs. Special notes: Hawks, eagles, martens prey on adults. Foxes, bobcats, weasels, bears prey on nest and young. Cover: Preferred cover plants are also most important food plants: Willow, heath, mosses, and rocks for escape cover. Winter requirements: In CO, winter areas must contain alpine willows. Alpine areas lacking this species cannot support ptarmigan for prolonged periods. Spring requirements: In CO, willow is essential in territories of males. Breeding areas are adjacent to the spruce-willow alpine timberline zone and also include small windblown areas. Nesting vegetation: Hedges, forbs (vegetation lacking). Food: During the first two weeks, young feed on invertebrates, then bulbils, gradually moving to willow until it becomes the principal food source. AK: Alder, catkins, willows, birch. CO: Winter foods include buds, woody twigs of alpine willow, and pines. Spring foods are willow, Potentilla, Rannunculus, Saxifraga, Dyrus leaves and flowers. Summer foods: Bulbils of Polygonum viviparum, blueberry, alpine flowers. References: 15, 93, 157, 182, 226. Quail, bobwhite Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2113, 2114), 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, Colinus virginianus 2520, 2530, 4110. West: sii 3110 (3113), 3130 (3131), M2110, M2410 (M2411, M2413, M2415). Distribution: East of Rockies from southern WY through eastern CO, eastern NM; introduced in HI, southern British Columbia, WA, OR, ID, western TX; Gulf of Mexico north to SD, southern MN, southern Ontario and ME. Habitat: Farm country, open meadows, weedy pastures, open woodlands. In one report of 602 nests, 97 were in woodlands, 336 in brown-sedge ion? 88 in fallow fields and 4% cultivated fields (217-Harrison, 1975). Features: Very popular gamebird. Hard winters cause widespread mortality. Loss of habitat is quail's greatest enemy--tearing out of hedgerows deprives quail of nesting habitat. This species has prospered with growth and ddvelopment of U.S. Farming areas produce ideal habitat. Life history: Nests in hollow in tussock of dead grass or among growing grasses; weeds often woven in arch over nest, completely concealing it; lined with dead or growing grass or other fiborous material; built by both sexes, mostly female. Eggs (12-20, typically 14-16, as many as 30, 32, 37) short-pyriform, sometimes quite pointed. Shell smooth, slightly glossy; dull or creamy-white, never spotted. Incubated by both sexes, 23-24 days. At least two broods, especially in South. Most sedentary of quails; no major seasonal movements. Potential life span 4-5 yrs.; life expectancy less than a yr. Annual mortality of about 70-75%. Relatively few birds survive to breed more than once. Special notes: Predators are snakes, skunks, opossum, cats, dogs, rats, box, bobcat, raccoon, weasel, hawks, owls. Under normal circumstances predation is not important factor for quail population. continued REI CE Rr o p ai mR E SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 435 eee 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Bobwhite quail (Continued) Quail, masked bobwhite Colinus virginianus Se ridgwayi Quail, California Lophortyx californicus Cover: Alder, beautyberry, blueberry, blackberry, cedar, ceanothus, dogwood, elderberry, holly-gallberry, huckleberry, hawthorn, osage orange, palmetto, prickly pear, rose, sassafras, sumac, snowberry, viburnum, willow, wild black cherry, wild plum, wild grape. Food: Beetles 1/2 of animal foods, particularly ground beetles, leaf Beetles, weevils. Grasshoppers, crickets, various bugs, cater- pillars, other insects consumed in large quantities. Spiders, snails, centipedes, sowbugs. Young birds almost exclusively feed on the above diet. Seeds, leaves, fleshy fruits also eaten. Northeast: Ragweed, corn, smartweed, bristlegrass, wheat, grape, hog-peanut, blackberry, ash, poison ivy, sumac, oak, panic-grass, dock, jewelweed, black locust, spicebush, partridge-pea, lespedeza, flowering dogwood, crabgrass, sassafras, paspalum. Southeast: Lespedeza, beggarweed, oak, partridge-pea, cow-pea, ragweed, pine, milkpea, paspalum, soybean, flowering dogwood, corn, wheat, native lespedeza, wild bean, sweet gum, panic-grass, vetch, sorghum, Japanese honeysuckle, violet, blackberry, doveweed, hickory, black locust, ash, blackgum nutrush, sumac, Carolina geranium, peanut. Northeastern prairies: Ragweed, corn, bristlegrass, sunflower, wheat, sorghum, knotweed, sumac, panic-grass, poison ivy, doveweed, oak, snowberry, grape, ash, wild rose. TX and OK: Sorghum, doveweed, oak, panic-grass, ragweed, corn, sunflower, milkpea, lespedeza, wild bean, sumac, ground-cherry, spurge, beggarweed, wheat, thistle, crown-beard, chervil, clover, stillingia, bidens. References: 5, 53, 63, 76, 83, 85, 92, 93, 95, 100, 116, 124, 127, 136, 156, 161, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175, 182, 194, 215, 217, 224, 226, 248. Provinces (Sections): 3140. Distribution: Resident in central interior Sonora and formerly northern to southern AZ. The fate or recent restocks in AZ near Arivaca and Altar valley is still uncertain. Habitat: Grasslands in spring and summer, croplands in summer, and brushy and woodland areas yearly for cover and roosting. Ideal habitat: 30-40% grassland; 40-60% crop fields; 5-20% brushy cover; 5-40% woodland. Features: U.S. endangered species. Possibly now extinct. Main reason “for decline is destruction of habitat by cattle grazing. They were also hunted as a gamebird. Life history: Nests in open grassland with bare ground. Nest building is performed by both parents, digging scrape lined leafy material. Clutch size 14. Incubation 23 days. Travels in covey of 15-20. Winter covey occupies a range which is large enough to fulfill roosting, foraging and cover requirements; rarely exceeds 50 acres. Eggs white. Food: Seeds of cultivated grains, weedy herbaceous plants, doveweed, danglepod, panic-grass. References: 48, 93, 113, 148, 229. Provinces (Distribution): 2410, 2610, 3120, 3130, M2410, M2610, M2620. Distribution: Southern OR, western NV, south to tip of Baja, CA. ntroduced into southern British Columbia, WA, ID, northern OR, UT. Habitat: Wide range of habitats. Hot scrub desert, chaparral, thickets, cool coastal forest, valleys, rain shadow areas, dominated by grass- lands, or semidesert sagebrush shrub. Heavy forest avoided. Features: Gamebird. continued 436 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics California quail Life history: Covey size roughly matches home range size: 21-46 birds (Continued) to 17-45 acres. In late Feb. covey breaks up as birds move to nesting sites. Egg laying mid-Apr., peak in May. Clutch size 14, incubation 22 days performed by female. Nest consists of slight hollow beneath a clumb of grass or under brush or logs, lined with dead grass or leaves. Egg color dull white, creamy, buff, spotted with brown. Life span 3-4 yrs. Special notes: Ground squireels are main cause of nest predation; in areas where squirrel population is controlled, number of quail rises. House cat, bobcat, coyote, skunk, fox, California jay, crow, raven, shrike, magpie, snakes, fire ants, hawks (Cooper's and sharp-shinned) prey on eggs, young and adults. Cover: Nesting cover: Usually herbaceous, in moderately open areas. Roosting cover: Tall shrubs or trees; evergreen species preferred for winter cover. Escape cover: Dense growth of shrubs, vines, herbaceous growth. Loafing cover: Shady areas under shrubs, trees where grit is avail- able. Water: As long as insects and succulent vegetation are available, species can survive indefinitely without surface water; also mod- erately saline water sources can be utilized. Food: CA: Animal (5%): Ants, grasshoppers, beetles, crickets. Plant (95%): Legumes 25-30%, annual weeds 20-60%, grasses 10-25%, fruits and leaves of woody plants 3-5%. Important legumes: Bur clover, lupines, deer vetch, clover, acacias, vetches. Other: filaree, turkey mullein. NV: Grain crops, wheat, barley, corn, legumes, alfalfa, sweet clover. WA: Wheat, pigweed, teasal, locust, sunflower, Russian thistle. Other: Bassia, poplar, oak, poison oak, rue grass, brome, buffalo- berry, goosefoot, violets. References: 93, 111, 122, 152, 182, 226. Quail, Gambel's Provinces (Sections): 3130 (3132, 3133), 3140, 3220, M3110 (M3112), Lophortyx gambelii M3120. Distribution: Southern NV, western CO, south to northeastern Baja, CA, central Sonora, northwestern Chihauhua, western TX. Habitat: Located in three major climatic and habitat types: 1) mes- quite, saltbush, tamerisk and desert thorn shrub of desert valleys from TX to southern CA, NV, UT, northern Mexico; 2) western upland desert habitats, creosote bush, desert thorn, skunkbush, cat-claw, yuccas, burroweed, prickly pear. Mohave Desert areas of AZ, CA, NV; 3) Colorado River basin, greasewood, rabbit bush, skunkbush, salt- bush, sagebrush. NM, CO, UT, ID. Life history: Average covey size 12 but ranges from 3-40. Home range 9-95 acres, average 35 acres. Coveys break up and pair formation begins in mid-Mar., egg laying in late Apr. Nests consist of ground depression, scratched out, variable lines. Located under bushes to conceal and protect from the sun. Clutch size 12-14, off-white to buff, spotted brown and purple. Incubation 21-23 days, performed by female. Life span 4-5 yrs. Special notes: Predators are Gila monster, road runner, ringtails, skunks, rats, rock and ground squirrels, snakes, coyotes, foxes, bob- cats, hawks, owls. Cover: Nesting cover: Desert shrubs or trees, primary requirement being a source of shade. Brooding requirements: Brushy escape cover, shade for resting, and foraging sites. Winter germination and growth of plants is vital to breeding success. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 437 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Gambel's quail (Continued) Cover (continued) Other requirements: Lowland populations depend on subsurface moisture, upland populations require winter precipitation of more than 5 in for vegetation growth. Highest opoulations occur in areas where Jan. temperature does not drop below 40° F. Snow is a limiting factor in northern populations. Food: Mainly Plant: Including mesquite, deer vetch, Russian thistle, upine, alfalfa, tansy, mustard, spiderling, spurge, bassia, crown- beard, filaria, evolvulus, and other legumes. Animal: Including beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, leafhoppers, ants and spiders. References: 14, 15, 93, 115, 152, 182, 223. Quail, Montezuma Provinces (Sections): 3140, 3210, M3120, P3130. Cyrtonyx montezumae istribution: Outhwestern TX, NM, eastern AZ down through Mexico. Habitat: Rocky, wooded mountain slopes, usually 4,000-9,000 ft elevation. Features: Gamebird, but seldom hunted because of small size and in- accessibility. Smallest U.S. quail. Life history: Monogamous, found in mated pairs. Nest a depression in ground, Tined with grass. Clutch size 10-12; eggs are dull white, no splotches. Both parents incubate eggs which hatch in 18-21 days. Adults feign injury to draw predators away from nest. Special notes: Predators include raccoons, coatis, ringtails, badgers, bobcats, foxes, raptors. Cover: Dense underbrush. Avoids open areas. Must be near water. Food: Lily and chufa tubers, pinyon nuts, acorns, insects, sunf lower, brodiaea, wood-sorrel. References: 14, 115, 124, 180, 182. Quail, mountain Provinces (Sections): 3130 (3131, 3132, 3135), M2410, M2610, M2620, Oreortyx pictus M3710 tm Hs Distribution: Western U.S. from southern WA, southwestern ID, east to NV, and south to Baja, CA. Also introduced in WA, British Columbia and CO. Habitat: Species occupied wide climatic zone, dense brush, coniferous forests, around edges of mountain meadows, sometimes fairly high crests. Sierra, Coast, and San Pedro Mountain Quails inhabit brushy mountain- sides, especially those covered with chaparral vegetation: Man- zanita, snowbush, chinquapin. Also coniferous forest edges, open forests. Distribution follows logging or burns. Desert mountain quail extends its range into sage, pinyon, juniper vegetation where water is available. Introduced species habitat: WA: Brushy burns, clearnings, brushy canyon thickets, areas near farms, woodland borders. OR: Cutover lands, edges of clearnings, humid forest zone. ID: River systems: Snake, Boise, Clearwater and Salmon Rivers. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Average covey size 11. Breeds at higher elevations, winters at lower elevations. Mating begins in Apr., nesting in late Apr., May. Nests are well concealed, located under fallen trees, branches, in weeds, shrubs, at base of large trees, or beside rocks. Usually located near roads or pahts within a few feet of water. Incubation 24-25 days, performed by female. Life span 4-5 yrs. Special notes: Predators include gray fox, bobcat, coyotes, skunks, snakes, hawks, owls. Cover: Winter habitat: Mixed brush and herbs; chamise, fremont, silk- tassel, manzanita, scrub oak. continued 438 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Mountain quail (Continued) Cover (Continued): Spring habitat: Return to breeding habitat to seek suitable nesting sites in open brush or tree cover on slopes. Woody cover shading from .25 to .5 ground is best for nesting and roosting. Where species nests in desert, vegetation consists of juniper, thornbush, blackbrush, desert apricot. Nesting cover: Varies greatly with species, but contains large shrubs, trees, usually in dense growth formation. A mixture of shrubs and trees is important. Roosting trees: Ponderosa pine, firs, oaks. Water is a limiting factor in desert; species is restricted to areas no more than one mi from water. Food: Mainly plant: Smooth sumac, hackberry, serviceberry, grape, gooseberry, manzanita, nightshade, elder, Christmasberry, snowberry. Seeds of trees: Douglas-fir, black locust, acorns. Seeds of grasses, sweet clover, thistles, ragweed, teasel, bulbits of fringe- cup is an important food source in fall. Staple winter food source consists of acorns, other seeds. Young feed for the first week on chickweed, miner's lettuce, then fringecup bulbits and woody plants. Animal: Grasshoppers, beetles, ants, spiders, centipedes. References: 15, 93, 122, 152, 182. Quail, scaled Provinces (Sections): 3110 (3113), 3140, 3210, P3130. Callipepla squamata Tstribution: Eastern AZ, central CO, south to central Mexico, eastern to southwestern KS, western OK, western TX. Introduced in eastern WA. Habitat: Grassland, brush, arid country, sagebrush, dense cholla cactus and/or yucca grassland. Arizona scaled quail prefers barren habitat in rocky areas where cactus or thorny brush prevail. Chest- nut-bellied thrives in areas where prickly pear cactus is found. Features: Gamebird. Range extended further southward to Valley of Mexico with clearing of pine-oak forest, overgrazing and agriculture resulting in secondary desert habitat. Life history: Nest a hollow under bush, in sand or dust; also in washes, brush-covered plateaus, arroyos. Eggs (9-16) speckled, off- white, speckled with cinnamon brown. Young hatch in June usually. Incubation 21 days or more, by female. Does not migrate. Life span 5 yrs. Special notes: Predators include snakes, skunks, Gila monster, coyote, fox, bobcat. Cover: Cholla cactus, pinyon pine, juniper, soapweed, sand sage, dead Russian thistle, Johnson grass, skunkbush. Food: Arizona quail eats beetles, grasshoppers, ants, true bugs, leaf- hoppers, spiders. Southwest: Sorghum, tansy mustard, snakeweed, deer vetch, pigweed, wheat, sunflower, morning-glory, evolvulus, prickly pear, mesquite, filaree, oats, sage, nightshade, doveweed. Southwest TX: Wild privet, cat-claw acacia, lupine, chervil, bean, doveweed, clover, neptunia, capul, hackberry, prickly pear, loco- weed, sorghum, mesquite, grape spurge. References: 14, 93, 124, 174, 175, 182, 217. Rail, California clapper Provinces (Sections): M2410 (M2412, M2414), M2620. Rallus longirostris Distribution: Non-migratory species located on CA coast from Humboldt obsoletus Bay south to Monterey Bay. At present is restricted to the region of San Francisco Bay and Monterey Bay. Habitat: Salt marshes and high marsh land. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to the reclaiming of much of the breeding grounds; also was hunted in the early 1900s as a gamebird. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 439 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics California clapper rail Life history: Nests on high marsh land, usually on banks. Nest is a (Continued) platform built up to 3-6 in above ground. Nesting season reaches peak in Apr.; both parents incubate. Clutch size 8-10; eggs buff, spotted. Shy birds which stay fairly concealed in vegetation. Special notes: High tides, storms, raccoons, crows, gulls, and Norway rats post threat to nests in marshes. Cover: Pickle weed, evergreen shrub (Grindelia caneifolia), saltgrass. Food: Mostly animal; worms, crustaceans. Also seeds. References: 9, 10, 19, 38, 70, 229. Rail, light-footed clapper Provinces (Sections): M2620. Rallus longirostris Distribution: Non-migratory species located in coastal marshes of evipes southern CA, north to Santa Barbara, south to Gilimington, San Pedro Bay, Long Beach, San Diego. Habitat: Salt marshes and high marsh ground. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to reduction of habitat, reclamation of marshes; was also hunted as gamebird. 12 CA marsh areas are presently believed to be inhabited by the light-footed rail, 8 of these appear to support only 5-15 individuals. Counties: Santa Barbara, Ventura, Orage, San Diego. Life history: Nesting sites located on high ground near water, usually not more than 100 ft away. Nests have been found at the base of Power line poles. Clutch size is assumed same as California clapper rail, 8-10 eggs. Both sexes incubate. Very secretive birds that remain concealed in vegetation. Eggs buff, spotted. Cover: Nesting cover: Salicornia, saltgrass, pickle weed. Food: Same as California clapper rail: Worms and crustaceans. References: 9, 10, 19, 38, 70, 229, 250. Rail, Yuma clapper Provinces (Sections): 3220. Rallus longirostris istribution: Fresh water riparian strip along the Colorado River above yumanensis Yuma, and along irrigation canals in the vicinity of Laguna Dam. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Similar to light-footed and California clapper rails. LittTe is Known about habitat requirements. Cover: Similar to light-footed and California clapper rails. Food: Similar to light-footed and California clapper rails. References: 10, 19, 38, 70, 229, 250. Shearwater, Newall's Provinces (Sections): M4210. (Ao) istribution: ndemic to Hawaiian Islands. Now found only on Kauai. Puffinus puffinus Once considered possibly extinct, has been reported recently from newelli Niihau, Oahu and Hawaii. Habitat: Mountains, cliff regions. Features: U.S. endangered species. HI's only endemic seabird. Life history: Nests in burrows at the foot of cliffs near the sea at 500 to Sa0 ft. Nests covered with uluhe fern. Breeds Apr. through Nov. Eggs brown in color, laid in June and thereafter. Adults leave nesting grounds for unknown winter feeding areas by early Oct. Special notes: Mongoose is primary predator. ood: ish, insects. References: 9, 25, 77, 229, 230. Snipe, common Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, (Wilson's snipe) Capella gallinago West: “1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. continued 440 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics : Common snipe (Continued) Distribution: Throughout U.S. Wintering range lies roughly below a ine drawn from VA, across to CA and runs south to South America. Breeding range extends north of the same line including AK, and most of Canada except for Arctic regions north of Hudson Bay. Habitat: Open meadows, fresh water marshes, bogs, fens, where ground 7s wet and soft and enough grass grows to conceal it. Sometimes in low woody growth with open terrain nearby. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Prefers wet swamps, bogs, fens for breeding. Its nest 7s usually built in a tangle of grass, well concealed; usually surrounded by deep water, thus protected from predators. Clutch size 4; eggs buff in color heavily spotted with dark brown. Incubation 18-20 days performed by both parents as well as caring for brood. Life span 4 yrs. Long migration of 12,000 to 15,000 mi per yr. Spring migration underway early Mar.; depart in fall in Sept. Special notes: Raccoons, crows, ravens prey on eggs. Northern gulls, jaegers, hawks, falcons prey on chicks and adults. Cover: Breeding habitat restricted to organic soils, peatlands within northern forest region. Species: Spruce, fir, larch. Sedge bogs: Sedges, goldthread, goldenrod, false Solomon's-seal, bogbean, bog aster, Canadian burnet, bog myrtle, Labrador-tea. Fens: Tamarack, black spruce, balsam fir, white spruce, bog-alder, willows, shadbush, birch, sweet gale, sphagnum moss, sedges, reed bentgrass. Swamps: Alder, willow, march marigold, mosses. Food: Animal (80%): €arthworms, snails, fly larvae, aquatic beetles, dragonfly nymphs, crustaceans, grasshoppers, locusts, mosquito larvae. Plant (20%): Seeds of smartweed, bulrush, panic-grass, bur-reed, bristlegrass, ragweed, pondweed. References: 124, 148, 182, 221. Sparrow, Santa Barbara song Provinces (Sections): M2620. Melospiza melodia Distribution: Formerly Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz Islands, Los graminea Angeles County, CA. Habitat: Brushy fields usually adjoining woodlands. Features: U.S. endangered species. Probably now extinct. Last alleged sighting was in 1967. - Life history: Nests in bushes, small trees, or also on ground in fields. Clutch size 4-5. Shelter in the form of overhanging grass or brush. Geographic form of song sparrow. Cover: Brush, bushes, small trees, long grasses. Food: 3/4 of diet consists of seeds of various grasses and weeds; 1/4 consists of insects, beetles, weevils. References: 9, 24, 148, 229. Stilt, Hawaiian Provinces (Sections): M4210. (Aeo, kukuluaeo) Distribution: Endemic to islands of Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui Himantopus himantopus and Hawaii. Population 1,215 in 1974. knudseni Habitat: Abundant where receding tide leaves extensive flats of black mud exposed. Also brackish or fresh water ponds found on the lowland short distances from the sea. Features: U.S. endangered species. Considered a gamebird until 1941, still sometimes shot illegally. Loss of habitat through drainage of marshes and other wetland areas. Life history: Breeding length unknown. Nest a simple scrape on ground in sparsely vegetated areas. Stones, wood, etc., added to form partial lining. Eggs (clutch 3-5) smoke-gray ground color heavily continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 441 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Hawaiian stilt (Continued) Life history (Continued): marked with brown spots, splotched and lines scattered irregularly. Incubation 24 days. Precocial young. Teal, Laysan (Laysan duck) Anas laysanensis Tern, California least Sterna albifrons browni Thrush, large Kauai (Amaui, kamao, kamau, olomau) Phaeornis obscurus myadestina Thrush, small Kauai (Puaiohi) Phaeornis palmeri Special notes: Predators include mongoose, feral dogs and cats. ood: Worms, marine creatures. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Once inhabited both Laysan Islands and Lisianki Island. Entire population (69 birds in 1974) is now on Laysan Island. Habitat: Dense vegetation near fresh or brackish ponds. Features: U.S. endangered species. Japanese plume hunters killed duck for food. Hunted for sport and food. Life history: Nest a shallow bowl under bust. Eggs (4-6) pale green. Extended breeding season from at least iate Feb. into July. Little is known of this species breeding biology. Because of the dense vegetation inhabited by the chicks and their nocturnal habits, no accurate account of the birds has been made. Food: Lepidopterous insects; cutworm larvae of noctuid moths, fly and beetle larvae; Neoscatella flies and crustaceans. Adapted to drink sea water. References: 9, 25, 77, 147, 175, 229. Provinces (Sections): M2620. Distribution: Breeds from Mexican border to Monterey. Specific habitats located at Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station, U.S. Marine Base at Camp Pendleton, near Oceanside, and Least Tern Sanctuary, Long Beach. Habitat: Sea beaches, reefs, coastal waters, specifically a narrow strip of sparsely vegetated sand, interspersed with sea cliffs, and rocky beaches. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to development of Beaches. The U.S. Marine Base has created a sanctuary and preserved the habitat. Life history: Little is known about the nesting of this species. It nests in colonies. No real nest, but a scrape in the sand. Very timid birds and are easily disrupted. Eggs (2-3) buff, spotted. Cover: Sand verbena, sand strawberry. Food: Sand crabs, marine worms, crustaceans. References: 10, 19, 175, 229. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Developed races on all of the main islands except Maui. Now considered to be subspecies or races of one species. Found only within the depth of the Alakai Swamp region. Very rare; perhaps no more than a few hundred birds exist. Endemic to Kauai. Habitat: Mountains, forests, alpine scrub (Mauna Loa). Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Unknown Food: Lapalapa berries, seeds, insects. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229, 230. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Found only in the ohia forests in the Alakai Swamp region of Kauai. Few in number, localized in distribution. Remaining population probably less than 100. Nearly extinct. Habitat: Frequents underbrush and smaller sized forest trees. Features: U.S. endangered species. continued 442 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Smal] Kauai thrush (Continued) Thrush, Molokai (Amaui, olomau) Phaeornis obscurus rutha Turkey, wild Meleagris gallopavo Life history: Nesting habits unknown. Eggs vary from pale greenish blue to pale grayish green with large reddish brown splotches and smaller spots scattered irregularly over the entire surface of the shells. Food: Weevils, spiders, caterpillars; berries. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229. Provinces (Sections): M4210. Distribution: Endemic to Molokai, in small numbers. Habitat: Frequents low trees of the Molokai forests. Features: U.S. endangered species; last sighting was in 1967. Life history: No active nest with eggs or young has ever been described for the Molokai race. Food: Insects, berries. References: 9, 25, 147, 175, 229. Provinces {Sections}: East: 2210 (2211, 2214, 2215), 2310, 2320, 2510. lest: 7 > 3120, 3130, M2410, M2620, M3110, M3120, A3140. Distribution: Central CO, south locally through eastern AZ, NM, western TX; introduced in HI, southeastern WA, central CA, southern UT, MT, WY, northern CO, Black Hills; southern woodlands north to PA, eastern KY, southeastern MO. Habitat: Mountain forests, broken woodlands, mostly in hilly or mountainous regions. Distribution depends largely upon food supply from oak, nut-bearing trees. Features: Gamebird; aesthetic. Propagation by state conservation agencies has done much to stabilize turkey population. Life history: Nest in dry ground, a simple depression in dead leaves in forested area, often under a log or concealing bush or at base of tree; lining almost entirely of leaves gathered nearby. Eggs (8-15, sometimes 18, 20 or more) short-oval to long-oval; shell smooth, little or no gloss; pale buff or buffy-white, evenly marked by female, 28 days. One brood. Male polygamous. Does not migrate. Subject to seasonal shifts, according to food availability and snow depth. Life span 8-12 yrs. Special notes: Predators include skunk, crow, raccoon, opossum, ring- tails, fox, snakes, bobcat, great horned owl, eagle. Cold rains are worst enemy because of the mortality they cause among the ponets. Cover: VA, southeast: Persimmon, dogwood, sumac, hawthorn, sassafras, huckleberry, blueberry, wild grape, viburnum, poison ivy, Japanese honeysuckle, greenbrier, Rubus spp., crabgrass, panic-grass, holly, wax-myrtle, hawkweed, club mosses, smilax, bullgrass, Solomon's-seal. GA, AL: Ironwood, holly, persimmon, gallberry, myrtle, gooseberry, sparkleberry, wild grapes, Virginia willow. Food: Beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, walking sticks, ants, wasps, bees, flies, crayfish, spiders, snails, millipedes, centipedes, caterpillars, true bugs, salamanders. Seeds and wild fruits, particularly fond of nuts, acorns and beech nuts. PA: Oak, grass leaf, wild grape, huckleberry, flowering dogwood, wheat, corn, grape fern, crabgrass, viburnum, blueberry, bristle- grass, sedge, sassafras, sheep-sorrel. Allegheny Mountains: Grape, oak, crabgrass, blackberry, dogwood, bluegrass, buttercup, bristlegrass, corn, wheat, ash, greenbrier, eupatorium, poison ivy, blackgum, nimblewill, muhly, blueberry, persimmon, vetch. VA: Oak, dogwood, corn, grape, beech, blackgum, poison ivy, green- brier fruit and leaf, Korean lespedeza, panic-grass, ash, Japanese honeysuckle, peanut, eupatorium, goldaster, partridge-berry, sedge, persimmon, blueberry, grape fern. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 443 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.6 (Concluded) Species Ecological characteristics Wild turkey (Continued) Food (Continued): Southeast: Oak, dogwood, greenbrier seed and leaf, ackgum, beech, oats, chufa tuber, hickory, holly, pine, poison ivy, jack-in-the-pulpit, goldaster, partridge-berry, rice, bayberry, grape, corn. MO: Crabgrass seed and leaf, oak, paspalum, panic-grass, dogwood, chufa, clover, buttercup, lespedeza, bristlegrass, blackberry, hackberry, blueberry, pine, cherry, beggarweed. TX: Oak, sorghum, sumac, elm, oats, cedar, hackberry, triodia, dropseed, zexmenia, prickly pear, Ozarkgrass, blue-eyed grass, panic-grass, bristlegrass, corn, locoweed, nimblewill, muhly, wheat, broomsedge. AZ and NM: Pine, oak, ragweed, goldeneye, muhly, dropseed, grama grass, fescue grass, filaree leaf, eriogonum, peavine, brome, dandelion, barley, oats, cedar, silk-tassel, lupine. References: 14, 15, 38, 63, 81, 92, 100, 116, 122, 124, 127, 142, 149, 151, 152, 156, 161, 164, 167, 168, 174, 175, 182, 194, 215, 217, 224, 226, 254. Vulture, turkey Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Cathartes aura West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Southern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan to Mexico; Gulf of Mexico north to western CT, western NY, and northern MN. Habitat: Remote areas generally inaccessible to predators, precipitous cliffs, caves, hollow stumps or logs, dense shrubbery; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) thickets favored in FL. Features: Beneficial species; health protector in warm latitudes where it exists on carrion, Life history: Nests in caves, a cavity between rocks, in hollow logs, or on the ground. Eggs (2, rarely 1 or 3) white or creamy, spotted with lavendar or purplish brown blotches. Eggs laid Feb. to June. Incubation by both sexes, 38-41 days. Food: 99% carrion, 1% miscellaneous snakes, toads, rats, mice and occasionally young birds. References: 23, 76, 80, 148, 175. Woodpecker, pileated Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510. Oryocopus pileatus West: M > M Distribution: Resident from northern British Columbia through Pacific States to central CA; on coast; south in northern Rockies to ID, western MT, also east of Rockies across wooded Canada; FL and Gulf of Mexico to DE, Lake Erie, southeastern MN and southeastern SD. Habitat: Mature coniferous, deciduous forests, large tracts of mixed ~~ woodlands . Features: Uncommon, unique, aesthetic; endangered in ND. Life history: A new hole excavated annually for each brood; in same nest area, often in dead stub. Both sexes build; no nest material brought in. Entrance hole sometimes circular, but tends to be oval or triangular, peaked above, level below. Eggs (3-4) oval to elliptical, some quite pointed. Shell smooth, glossy, china-white. Incubation by both sexes, 18 days. One brood. Food: Ants 50% of animal diet; also beetles, particularly the larvae of woodboring species. East: (vegetable matter): Grape, black gum, Virginia creeper, sassa- fras, holly, dogwood, greenbrier, viburnum, poison ivy, palmetto. OR (vegetable matter): Elderberry, cascara buckthorn, western choke-cherry. References: 76, 124, 174, 227. 444 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.7 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Species Ecological characteristics Lizard, blunt-nosed Provinces (Sections): M2620. leopard Distribution: Scattered in San Joaquin Valley and south in CA. Crotaphytus silus Habitat: Sparsely vegetated plains, flats, foothills, grasslands. Avoids tall grass. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Mate Apr.-May. Eggs (2-5) laid in June-July. Incubation about 60 days. Special notes: Preservation of present habitat essential. Cover: Cacti, thorny shrubs. Food: Insects. References: 1, 11, 58, 92, 152. Salamander, Santa Cruz Provinces (Sections): M2620. long- toed Distribution: Only three known locations: Near Aptos and near Watson- Ambystoma macrodacty]um ville in Santa Cruz County, CA and in Monterey County. croceum Habitat: Shallow ponds. Stay in animal burrows in wooded areas in dry months. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Breeds in winter. Eggs laid in shallow bottom of pond or in grass at edge. Eggs hatch in larvae in 5-15 days. Special notes: Two of the locations are threatened with loss of habitat. Watsonville location is presently undisturbed. Cover: Near water; moist animal burrows and under rocks in wooded areas of oak, redwood, madrone, Douglas-fir, Corylus and Rhamnus. Food: Insects, aquatic invertebrates. References: 11, 58, 92, 153, 157. Salamander, desert slender Provinces (Sections): 3220 (3222). Batrachoseps aridus Distributio Known only from 10 mi south of Palm Desert, Riverside County, CA. Habitat: Crevices between limestone sheets along the base of cliffs where continuous water seepage occurs. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Eggs develop in female in spring. Egg laying keyed to rainy season (fall). Special notes: Its habitat has been set aside as Hidden Palm Ecological Reserve by California Fish and Game Commission. Cover: Crevices in limestone cliffs; sometimes under rocks. Food: Insects, earthworms. References: 1, 11, 58, 92. Snake, San Francisco Provinces (Sections): M2410 (M2412, M2414). garter Distribution: South of San Francisco Bay in San Mateo County. Thamnophis sirtalis Habitat: Vegetation around ponds, lakes, marshes. tetrataenia Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Live-bearers. Young (3-85) usually 12-24. Special notes: Preserve habitat. Cover: Marsh vegetation. Will try to dive underwater when threatened. Away from water they attempt to hide in holes among shrub roots. Food: Earthworms, frogs, insects, spiders. References: 1, 11, 58, 92, 151. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 445 65 BIRD NESTING HABITAT TABLE Species omitted from the Bird Nesting Table (65.8) are those with unusual breeding habitats not usually encountered or easily managed on transmission line ROWs (i.e., cliffs, open water, ocean coasts, manmade Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States structures, etc.). Because of the large number of birds covered and their migratory nature, the species were descriptions. categorized according to nesting habits. The Nesting Habitat Table gives the common name, scientific name, primary breeding range, and general habitat and nest Table 65.8 Nesting Habitats and Ranges of Selected Bird Species Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Nesting type: Ground nesting birds/fields, grasslands, pastures, tundra Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bunting, lark Calamospiza melanocorys Bunting, McKay's Plectrophenax hyperboreus Bunting, snow Plectrophenax nivalis Curlew, long-billed Numenius americanus Dickcissel Spiza americana Kildeer Charadrius vociferus Lark, horned Eremophila alpestris Longspur, chestnut- collared Calcarius ornatus Southern Canada, eastern WA; east- ern OR to northeastern CA; northern NV, northern UT, central CO, central NE, northeastern KS, northern Mo, central IL, south-central ID, south- western and central OH, northern WV, western MD, PA and central NJ. Southern AB, southern SK, south- western MB; southeastern ND, south- western MN; south to south-central MT, and east of the Rocky Mountains to southeastern NM, northern TX, western OK, and south-central and central KS; also locally in UT and co. AK. AK. Southern BC, AB, SK, and to UT, NM, and TX. MB, south Southern MB, eastern MT, south- eastern ND, northwestern and central MN, northern WI, southern MI; southern ON, central NY and MA; south to central CO, western OK, TX, southern LA, central MS, central AL, central GA, and SC; east to central MD. Northwestern BC, southern Mac., northeastern MB, western ON, southern PQ, and NB south to southeastern Mexico, southern TX; Gulf Coast of U.S. to central FL. Breeds from Artic south to NC, WV; MD, KS; also coast of TX, and throughout West. Southern AB, southern SK, and southern MB, south to north- eastern CO, central NE, and south- western MN. continued Open fields, meadows; nest: Hollow in grasses, weeds. Plains, prairies; nest: Loose cup on ground, Tundra, shores; nest: On ground under logs, hollows. Tundra, prairies, fields; nest: Hollow on ground. High plains, rangeland; nest: Hollow on open prairie. Meadows, hayfields, prairies; nest: Ground. Fields, lawns, shores; nest: Bare ground, gravel, shores, roadways, bald spots in pastures, fields. Grasslands, meadows, prairies, parklands; nest: On ground in grass hollow. Plains, prairies; nest: in ground. Depression 446 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/fields, grasslands, pastures, tundra (Continued) Longspur, Lapland Calcarius lapponicus Longspur, McCown's Rhynchophanes mccownii Longspur, Smith's Calcarius pictus Meadowlark, eastern Sturnella magna Meadowlark, western Sturnella neglecta Nighthawk, common Chordeiles minor Nighthawk, lesser Chordeiles acutipennis Pipit, Sprague's Anthus spragueii Pipit, water Anthus spinoletta Sandpiper, spotted Actitis macularia Sandpiper, upland Bartramia longicauda Skylark Alauda arvensis From southwestern, western and northern AK to northern YT northwestern Mac. Southern AB, southern SK, south- western MB and western ND, south to south central WY, northeastern CO, northwestern NE and central SD. Western AK, northern YT, northern Mac., northern MB and northern ON NB, southern PQ through eastern MN; south to FL and southern TX; west to NE, KS, SD, AZ, and central NM. Central BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, south throughout West to central TX; east to WI, IL. NF, southern PQ, and northern MB south to Florida Keys and Gulf of Mexico; breeds in West from south- ern YT, south to mountains of southern CA, southern AZ, southern NM and western TX. From central CA, southern NV, south- western UT, western and central AZ, southern NM, southwestern and southern TX; south to Baja CA and Mexico. Northern AB, central SK, central MB, south to MT, ND, northwestern MN. Northern AK, northern Mac., south to northern OR, northern AZ, and NM, Northwestern AK, south to mount- ains of southern CA, southern NV, central AZ, northern NM, central TX, central MS, northern AL, west- ern NC, VA, and eastern MD. From southern AK to central MN, central WI, central MI, central ME; south to eastern WA, northeastern OR, ID, southern MT, northern UT, southwestern WY, central CO, north- western OK, north-central TX, central MO, southern IL, southern IN, southern 0H, central TN, north- eastern WV, central VA, MD. Vancouver and HI islands. continued Tundra, fields, prairies; nest: Depression in ground. Plains, prairies; nest: Grassy hollow. Tundra, prairies; nest: Grassy hollow. Prairies; nest: ground. Depression in Prairies; nest: ground. Depression in Sparsely vegetated areas; no nest, bare ground or gravel. Dry grassland, fields, prairie, desert; nest: None, bare ground. Plains, short-grass prairies; nest: Grass. Tundra, bare fields, shores; nest: Grass. Open terrain, prairies, fields, pastures, edges of ponds, lakes; nest: Depression under weeds, grass, brush. Inland pastures, hayfields, open territory; nest: Depression in thick grass. Farm fields, pastures; nest: Grass hollow. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 447 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/fields, grasslands, pastures, tundra (Continued) Sparrow, Baird's Ammodramus bairdii Sparrow, field Spizella pusilla Sparrow, grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum Sparrow, Henslow's Ammodramus hens lowii Sparrow, lark Chondestes grammacus Sparrow, LeConte's Ammospiza leconteii Sparrow, savannah Passerculus sandwich- ensis Sparrow, vesper Pooecetes gramineus Nesting type: Bluethroat Luscinia svecica Oriole, hooded Icterus cucullatus 448 Southern AB, southern SK, southern MB, south to MT, northwestern and central SD, eastern ND and central - western MN. Northwestern MT, northern ND, central MN, northern WI, north- central MI, southern ON, south- western PQ, and southern ME, south to central TX, LA, southern MS, and southern GA. Southern BC, southern AB, southern SK, south, locally to southern CA, southeastern AZ, CO, northern TX. In East breeds from southern NH through southern ON, MN and ND; South to northern GA, southern LA, and TX; also central FL prairies. Southern NH, NY; southern ON, south to northern NC, WV, and northern TX. Southern ON, MN, and southern SK, south to TX and LA. East to OH. Northwestern WV; in west from southern edge of Canada, throughout Western U.S. Breeds east of Rockies from north- eastern BC, southern Mac., south to northern MT, ND, southern MN; casual in UT, CO, NM, TX Panhandle. From LB and Hudson Bay south to northern IA, northern IN, PA, IL, and NJ coast. Breeds in West from Artic south along coast to San Diego; in interior to eastern CA, southern AZ, NM, western NE. Southern SK, central ON, Gulf of St. Lawrence south to NC, KY, MO and NE. Breeds in West from central BC, southwestern Mac., south to OR, central-eastern CA, central AZ, central NM, western NE. Coast of northern AK. Central CA, southern NV, central- southeastern AZ, southern NM, southwestern TX; south to Baja, CA. continued Prairies; nest: On ground in grass. Brushy pastures, clearings, meadows, woodland edge, brair thickets; nest: On ground. Grasslands, meadows, prairies, hay- fields, no shrubby fields; nest Depression in ground. Weedy fields, wet meadows, grass- land, salt marsh, borders; nest: On ground. Prairies, weedy fields, pastures; nest: Depression in ground, eroded areas. Grassy meadows, prairies, marsh borders; nest: Beneath tangle of rushes, grass, slightly above ground. Meadows, prairies, hayfields, bays, shores, salt marshes, barrier beaches. Open dry uplands, short-grass pastures, meadows, prairies; nest: Depression on ground. Ground nesting birds/late succession types. Owarf willow, thick brush; nest: Ground. Open woodlands, thickets, palms, shade trees; nest: Under trees, Spanish moss. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States §5 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/late succession types (Continued) Paurague Nyctidromus albicollis Poor-will Phalaenoptilus nuttallit Sparrow, Botteri's Aimophila botterii Sparrow, Brewer's Spizella breweri Sparrow, Cassin's Aimophila cassinii Sparrow, clay-colored Spizella pallida Sparrow, field Spizella pusilla Sparrow, fox Passerella iliaca Sparrow, golden-crowned Zonotrichia atricapilla From lower Rio Grande Valley to southern Gulf Coast of TX. From southern BC, southeastern MT, northwestern SD, NE, and south- western IA; south on Pacific Coast from central CA to southern Baja and through eastern KS and central TX to central Mexico. Southeastern AZ, and southern TX. South through Mexico. Southwestern YT, northwestern BC, central-western AB, southwestern SK, and southwestern ND. South to southern CA, central AZ, north- western NM, Southeastern AZ, southwestern NM, central CO, central_western KS, western OK, and central and west- ern TX. South to Mexico. Northeastern BC, central-southern Mac.,central SK, central MB, west- ern ON, and northern MI; south to southwestern AB, south-central MT, southeastern WY, southeastern CO, southern NE, northern IA, southern WI, central MI, southern ON. Sparsely western-central BC and southern-northern TX. Northwestern MT, northern ND, central MN, northern WI, north- central MI, southern ON, south- western PQ, and southern ME, south to central TX, LA, southern MS, and southern GA. Northern AK, northwestern and eastern-central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ and northern LB; south on the Pacific Coast to northwestern WA; in the mountains to southern CA, central WV, central MT, and central CO. and to central AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF. Western coastal AK, south- central YT, south to southeastern AK, southern BC, southwestern AB, and in the Cascade Mountains to extreme northern WA. continued Woodland, brush, river thickets, prairies; nest: Bare ground. Brush, open pinyon, juniper hills; nest: Bare ground. Brushy coastal prairie, desert grass; nest: On ground. Sagebrush, brushy plains; nest: On ground in sagebrush. Arid grassy bushes; nest: ground. Cup on Prairies, woodland openings, brushy fields, pasture lands. Brushy pastures, clearings, meadows, woodland edge, briar thickets; nest: On ground. Stunted boreal woodlands, chaparral, forest underground; nest: On ground, bush. Boreal scrub, spruce; nest: In bush, ground. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 449 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/late succession types (Continued) Sparrow, rufous-crowned Aimophila ruficeps Sparrow, song Melospiza melodia Sparrow, white-crowned Zonotrichia leucophyrys Thrasher, brown Toxostoma rufum Wagtail, yellow Motacilla flava Warbler, Arctic Phylloscopus borealis Warbler, blue-winged Vermivora pinus Warbler, golden-winged Vermivora chrysoptera Central CA, central AZ, south- western NM, southeastern CO and northwestern and central OK; South discontinuously to southern Baja and Mexico. Southern AK, southern YT, southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and NF; south to south-central Baja and Mexico and to northern NM, north- eastern KS, northern AR, south- eastern TN, northern GA, and northwestern SC. Northern AK, northern YT, north- western and east-central Mac., central Kee., north-central MN, northern ON, north-southeastern PQ, LB, and northern NF; south to south-central CA, NV, central AZ, northern NM, Southeastern AB, southern SK, southern MB, western ON, northern MN, northern MI, southern ON, southwestern PQ, northern UT, central NH, and southwestern ME; south through central MT, eastern WY, eastern CO, and northern and eastern TX to the Gulf Coast and southern FL. Northern AK. AK. Central NE, central IA, south- eastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, northern OH, northwestern PA, western and southeastern NY, and southeastern MA; south to north- western AR, central MO, southern IL, central TN, northern AL, northern GA, NC, northern VA, central and northeastern MD and DE. From southeastern MN, central- eastern MN, north-central WI, northern MI, southern ON, western and central NY, southern CT, and eastern MA; south to southeastern IA, northern IL, northern ID, southern OH, eastern TN, northern GA, northwestern SC, central MD, and southeastern PA, continued Grassy slopes, low bushes; nest: Ground. Roadsides, brushy fields, thickets, swamps, woodland edges; nest: Ground in grass, brush pile, or in bush low trees. Low brush, mountain thickets, boreal scrub; nest; In bush, ground. Thickets, brushfields, hedgerows, woodland borders; nest: Up to 15 ft in tree, shrub, vine. Willow scrub on tundra; nest: On ground, base of shrub. Willow scrub; nest: base of shrub. Cup on ground, Overgrown pastures, woodland edges, swamps, stream edges. Brushy fields, overgrown pastures, woodland edges, hillside thickets. 450 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/late succession types (Continued) Warbler, MacGillivray's Oporornis tolmiei Warbler, mourning Oporornis philadelphia Warbler, orange-crowned Vermivora celata Warbler, Virginia's Vermivora virginiae Chuck-will's-widow Caprimulgus carol sis Flycatcher, yellow- bellied Empidonax flaviventris Junco, dark-eyed dunco hyemalis Nesting type: Southern AK, southwestern YT, northeastern BC, central AB and southwestern SK south to central CA, central AZ, and central NM. Central AB, central SK, central MB, northern ON, southern PQ and NF south to northeastern ND, north- western and central MN, central WI, northeastern IL, southern MI, northern OH, northeastern PA, south- eastern NY, northwestern and central MA, central NH, southern ME, and central NS, and through the higher Appalachian Mountains to eastern WV, and northwestern VA. Central AK, northwestern and central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, and northwestern PQ, south to northwest- ern BAja, southeastern AZ, western Low dense undergrowth, thickets; nest: Low bush or weeds. Slashings, brushy clearings, tangles, swampy thickets. Brushy clearings, undergrowth, chaparral; nest: On ground or low shrub. TX; also southeastern SK, southern MB, and western and central ON. Central NV, southeastern ID, north- eastern UT, central-northern CO south to southeastern CA, southern NV, central and southern AZ and central NM. Eastern KS, MI, southern IL, southern ID, southern OH, southern MD, and southern NJ. South to central TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, southern FL; casual north of breeding range to TA, IN, ON, CT, MA, NB and NS. Northern BC, northern AB, southern Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, central PQ, southern LB and NF south to northern ND, northern MN, northern WI, southern ON, northeastern PA and NY. Transcontinental boreal forests from northwestern AK to LB, south to northern and northeastern BC, central MN, WI, central MI, south- ern ON, NY and CT and through the Appalachian Mountains to western GA. continued Oak canyons, brushy slopes, pinyons; nest: Ground under grass, brush. Ground nesting birds/woodland edge Oak pine woods, edges, clearings, roadsides; nest: No nest, bare ground. Coniferous forests, foreal bogs, muskeg, alder swamps; nest: In moss, cavity in roots or at base of tree. Coniferous and mixed forests, edges nest: Slopes, roadsides, tree roots, fallen trees; sometimes in trees up to 8 ft above ground. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 451 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) a , Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Junco, Oregon (now the same as dark-eyed junco) Junco, white-winged (now the same as dark-eyed junco) Junco, gray-headed Junco caniceps Junco, yellow-eyed (formerly Mexican Junco) dJunco phaeonotus Oriole, hooded Icterus cucullatus Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus Redstart, painted Myioborus pictus Sparrow, song Melospiza melodia Sparrow, white-throated Zonotrichia albicollis Southeastern AK, central BC, WC and southern AB, southwestern SK, south-central coastal CA and the mountains of northern Baja, CA, western NV, northeastern OR, southern ID and northwestern WY. Southeastern MT, western SD south to northeastern WY and northwestern NE. Northeastern NV, northern VT and southern WY, south to central AZ, southern NM and western TX. Southeastern AZ, southwestern NM. Central CA, southern NV, central- southeastern AZ, southern NM, southwestern TX; south to Baja, CA. Northeastern BC, south-central Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, southern PQ and NF, south to southern AB, eastern CO, southeastern OK, northern AR, northern AL, and northern GA. Northwestern-north-central AZ, southwestern NM, western TX, south through highlands of Mexico. Southern AK, southern YT, southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and NF; south to south-central Baja and Mexico and to northern NM, north- eastern KS, northern AR, south- eastern TN, northern GA, and northwestern SC. Southern YT, central Mac., north- ern MB, northern ON, west-central and southeastern PQ, southern LB, northern NF, south to central BC, central AB, southern SK, north- central ND, central MN, northern WI, central MI, northern OH, north- ern WV, northeastern PA, south- eastern NY, northwestern CT, south- ern NH and MA. continued Ground nesting birds/woodland edge (Continued Coniferous and mixed forests, roadsides, brush; nest: On ground in woods. Open pine forests. Mountain forests; nest: Grassy clump on ground. Coniferous forests, tall pine-oak woods; nest: On ground under log, stumps. Open woodlands, thickets, palms, shade trees; nest: Under trees, Spanish moss. Deciduous forest floors, low underbrush; nest: Depression in leaves. Oak canyons, pine-oak forests in mountains; nest: In grassy clumps on ground, steep banks. Roadsides, brushy fields, thickets, swamps, woodland edges; nest: Ground in grass, brush pile, or in bush low trees. Edges of coniferous, deciduous forests, undergrowth; nest: On ground brush pile, under dead trees; thick cover. 452 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Thrush, hermit Catharus guttatus Warbler, black-and-white Mniotilta varia Warbler, Canada Wilsonia canadensis Warbler, Colima Vermivora crissalis Warbler, Kentucky Oporornis formosus Warbler, Nashville Vermivora ruficapilla Warbler, tropical parula Parula pitiayumi Warbler, red-faced Cardellina rubrifrons Ground nesting birds/woodland edge (Continued) Central AK, southern YT, southern Mac., northwestern SK, southern MB, northern ON, central PQ, southern LB and NF; south to southern CA, northern NM, central WI, and MD. Southwestern Mac., central SK, central MB, southern ON, southern PQ and northern NF; south to north- eastern BC, central AB, eastern MT, southwestern SD, central TX, south- eastern LA, northern MS, central AL, central GA, central SC, southeastern NC. North-central Ab, central SK, central MB, northern ON, and south- ern PQ; south to southern MB, central MN, northern WI, central MI, northern OH, through the Appalachian Mountains to eastern TN, northwestern GA, western NC, western VA, western MD, and central PA and to northern NJ, southeastern NY, CT, RI, MA, ME, and NB. Southwestern TX, south through the Sierra Madre in Mexico. Southeastern NE, central IA, southwestern WI, northeastern IL, central IN, central and eastern OH, southern PA, northern NJ, southeastern NY, and southwestern CT; south to central TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, north- western FL, central GA, and SC. Southern BC, in West south to central CA and northern UT; in East southern SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NS; south to southern MN, northern IL, southern MI, northern OH, north- eastern WV, western MD, and PA. Southern TX. Central AZ (Oak Creek Canyon), southwestern NM (Mogallan and Magdalena Mountains), south in mountains at least to Mexico. continued Coniferous or mixed forests; nest: On ground hidden by small trees, brush. Deciduous woods, prefers hillsides, ravines. Woodland undergrowth, swamps, brushland, ravines, thickets; nest: Upturned tree, rotted log, or on moss. Small oaks, maples, and pines in canyons; nest: Dead leaves on ground. Deciduous woodlands, thickets, moist shady ravines; nest: Near shrubs, on ground, well concealed. Slashings, swales, edges of bogs, mixed forest, undergrowth of forest edge. Woodlands with Spanish moss; nest: In Spanish moss. Open forests, mountains; nest: On ground under trees, in grass clumps. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 453 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Warbler, worm-eating Helmitheros vermivorus Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus Ani, smooth-billed Crotophaga ani Blackbird, rusty Euphagus carolinus Bunting, indigo Passerina cyanea Bunting, lazuli Passerina amoena Bunting, painted Passerina ciris ee Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/woodland edge (Continued) Northeastern KS, southeastern IA, northern IL, southern IN, south- central OH, southwestern-central PA, central and southeastern NY, southern CT and western MA; south to northeastern TX, central AR, south-central LA, western TN, northern AL, northern GA, north- western, south-central, and northeastern NC. Central AZ, southern NM, south- western TX; from central SK, southern MB, western-southern ON, southern PQ, NB and NS south through Mexico and Central America. Deciduous forests, brushy hill- sides. Open woods, mixed growth, prefers young hardwoods, rather than mature; nest: No nest, bare ground. Nesting type: Shrub, small _tree nesting birds FL; (casual in LA; accidental in NJ and NC). Northern AK, northern YT, north- western-central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, central LB and NF; south to central AK, central BC, south-central AB, central SK, central MB, southern ON, northeastern NY, northern VT, northern NH, central ME, southern NB and NS. Southwestern SD, southern MB, northern NM, western-southern ON, southern PQ, southern ME, southern NB, south to western KS, western OK, south-central and southeastern TX, southern LA, southern AL, north- ern FL; sporadically in CO and AZ. Southern BC, northwestern-central MT, southern SK, central ND, north- eastern SD, south to northwestern Baja CA, southeastern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, central AZ, northern NM, western OK, east to east-central NE and western KS. Southern NM, central OK, central KS, southern MO, southwestern TN, southeastern NC; south to southern Mexico, southern TX; the Gulf Coast to central FL. continued Roadsides, thickets, low over- grown marshes, pastures; nest: Trees or dense shrub. Tree bordered marshes, swampy woodlands, muskegs, thick growth of spruce, balsam; also in de- ciduous bushes in marshes along stream borders. Old fields, brush edges, clearing, scrubby thickets; nest: Low bush, tree, brambles. Sage, broken brushy slopes, briars, burns, streamsides. Towns, thickets, bushy fields, roadsides, bushes, trees 3-6 ft. 454 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Bunting, varied Passerina versicolor Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Catbird, gray Dumetella carolinensis Chat, yellow-breasted Icteria virens Cowbird, brown-headed Molothrus ater Cuckoo, black-billed Goccyzus erythropthalmus Shrub, small _tree nesting birds (Continued) Southern Baja, CA, central-southern AZ, southern Chihuahua and south- western TX south to Guerrero to Daxaca. Southwestern BC south along Coast ranges to southern Baja, CA, in the interior from s uthern and southeastern OR, southwestern ID, north-central UT, western CO, southern NM, western OK, western TX south to Guatemala. Southeastern SD, central MN, western-southern ON, western NY, southwestern CT; south through central and eastern U.S. to the Gulf Coast to southern FL, and from southeastern CA, central AZ, southern NM, and northern TX south through Mexico to southern Baja, CA, and Mexico. Southern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, western ON, northern WI, southern ON, south- ern PQ, NB, and NS, south through northeastern WA, eastern OR, to north-central UT, central-eastern AZ, central-northern NM, western OK, TX, central LA, central MS, central AL, southern GA; rarely to southern FL. Southern BC, southern AB, southern SK, ND, southern MN, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, central NY, southern VT, southern NH, south to south-central Baja, CA, Mexico, the Gulf Coast to northern FL. Central-northeastern BC, central- southern Mac., central SK, southern MB, central ON, southwestern-central PQ, NB, southern NS; south to northern Baja, Ca, Mexico, LA, southern MS, to SC. Southern SK, southern MB, north- ern MN, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, PE, and NS; south to south- eastern WY, NE, northwestern AR, eastern KS, east-central TN, NC, and SC. Possibly west to AB, western SK, western ID and CO. continued Streamsides, thickets, brush. Oaks, junipers, pines. Oak scrub, chaparral, broad-leaved and mixed woods; nest: Pinyon, junipers. Thickets, forest edges, groves, gardens; nest: In bush or thicket. Woodland undergrowth, brush; nest: Bush, tangle. Woodland edges, pastures, thick shrubbery, briar thickets. Farmlands, open deciduous forest, edges. Builds no nest. Forest edges, thickets; nest: Trees 2-20 ft. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 455 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Cuckoo, yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus Dove, ground Columbina passerina Dove, white-fronted Leptotila verreauxi Dove, white-winged Zenaida asiatica Finch, house Carpodacus mexicanus Flycatcher, alder Empidonax alnorum Flycatcher, dusky Empidonax oberholseri Flycatcher, gray Empidonax wrightii Flycatcher, least Empidonax minimus Shrub, small tree nesting birds (Continued) Southern BC, ND, MN, southern ON, PQ to NB; south through Mexico and Central America to Baja, CA. Southern CA, central AZ, southern TX, Gulf Coast and FL north to SC and southern NC. Western Mexico to lower Rio Grande Valley, TX, south through the tropical lowlands of Mexico. From southern NV, southeastern CA, central AZ, southern NM, lower Rio Grande Valley in TX, south to Cape region of Baja, CA and through Mexico and Central America. Southwestern to south-central BC, central-western and southern ID, north-central and southeastern WY, and western NE south to southern Baja, CA. Central AK, central YT, north- western Mac., northeastern AB, northern SK, northern MB, north- ern ON, PQ, NF and NS. Southern YT, northwestern and central BC, southwestern AB, southwestern SK; WY south to southern CA, southern NV, south- western UT, central CO, central AZ, northern NM. Central OR, southwestern ID, southwestern WY, northeastern UT, central CO, south to eastern CA, southern NV, central AZ, and west-central NM. Breeds from southwestern YT, central Mac., northeastern AB, northern SK, central MB, northern ON, central PQ, PE, south to northeastern BC, MT, northeastern WY, southwestern SD, northeastern KS, southwestern MO, central IL, south-central ID, northern 0H, western PA, WV, central TN, north- western GA, western NC, western VA, western MD, southeastern PA, central Nd. continued Dense thickets, open woods, road- sides, streambanks, orchards, fields; nest: Trees, shrubs. Open woods, farms, beaches, grass- lands, brushy fields; nest: Bush, stump, on ground. Shady woodlands, river thickets, low brush, twigs. Rivers, woods, mesquite, groves, saquaros, desert oases, towns. Towns, open woods, ranches, coastal scrub, canyons, deserts; nest: In bush, tree, cactus, buildings. Alder thickets and low valleys or swamps; nest: Loose cuplike structure in the fork of an alder. Mountain chaparral (Canadian zone brush) with scattered trees, in southern CA, also conifer forest; nest: Bush, low sapling. Sagebrush, pinyon, junipers; nest: Sagebrush, small trees. Open woodlands, old orahcards, city parks, suburban gardens, shade trees. 456 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrub, small_tree nesting birds (Continued) Flycatcher, willow Northern Baja, CA through MO and Willow, alder thickets, in low Empidonax traillii VA. valleys, swamps, canyons, or high mountains meadows; brushy bogs, muskegs. Gnatcatcher, black-tailed southern CA, southern NV, central Desert brush, ravines, dry washes, Polioptila melanura AZ, southern NM, and lower Rio mesquite, sage. Grande Valley in TX, south to Baja, CA. Goldfinch, American Southern BC, central AB, central Rivers groves, willows, poplars, Carduelis tristis SK, southern MB, central ON, orchards, roadsides, overgrown southern PQ, PE, northern NS; fields; nest: Bush, tree 1-33 south to northern Baja, CA, central ft above ground. UT, southern CO, central OK, northeastern TX, northern LA, northern MS, central AL, central GA, and SC. Goldfinch, Lawrence's CA, west of Sierra NV, and in Open oak, oak-pine woods, dry Carduelis lawrencei northern Baja, CA. chaparral, edges. Grosbeak, black-headed Southern BC, southern AB, south- Pine-oak woods, mixed forests, Pheucticus melanocephalus ern SK, and central NE, south to tall chaparral, pinyon, streamside Baja, CA. groves, orchards. Grosbeak, blue Central CA, southern NV, southern Old fields, brush edges, scrubby Guiraca caerulea and eastern UT, southern CO, thickets. central SD, central MO, southern IL, southwestern KY, northern GA; east of Appalachians, southeastern PA, and southern NJ; south through Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica. Hummingbird, Allen's Southwestern OR, south along a Wooded or brushy canyons, parks, Selasphorus sasin narrow coastal strip in CA to gardens, mountain meadows. Ventura County, east to Trinity County. Hummingbird, Anna's CA, west of Sierra NV and south- Chaparrals, broken woodland Calypte anna ern coastal mountains from Humboldt gardens; nest: Bush, tree. Shasta and Tehoma Counties, south to the Sierra San Pedro Maitre and San Quinten in northwestern Baja. Hummingbird, black-chinned Southwestern BC and northwestern Semi-arid country near water, semi- Archilochus alexandri MT, south through western MT, wooded canyons and slopes, central ID, western CO, NM, and chaparral, river groves, foothill south-central and southwestern TX suburbs; nest: Shrub or tree. to northern Baja. Hummingbird, blue-throated Mountains of southern AZ, south- Wooded streams in lower canyons of Lampornis clemenciae western TX, southwestern NM south mountains. to Mexico. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 457 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States ut Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Hummingbird, broad-billed Cynanthus latirostris Hummingbird, broad-tailed Selasphorus platycercus Hummingbird, buff-bellied Amazilia yucatanensis Hummingbird, calliope Stellula calliope Hummingbird, Costa's Calypte costae Hummingbird, lucifer Calothorax lucifer Hummingbird, Rivoli's Eugenes fulgens Hummingbird, ruby- throated Archilochus colubris Hummingbird, rufous Selasphorus rufus Hummingbird, violet- crowned Amazilia verticalis Hummingbird, white-eared Hylocharis leucotis Jay, green Cyanocorax yncas Jay, scrub Aphelocoma coerulescens Shrub, small tree nesting birds Western Mexico, south-central AZ, southwestern NM, southwestern TX, to southern Mexico. Eastern-central CA, northern NV, northern WY, eastern CO, NM, and southwestern TX to southern Mexico. Lower Rio Grande Valley in TX. South through Mexico. Mountainous areas from central BC and southwestern AB, south through WA, OR, NV, and CA to northern Baja; east to UT and western CO. Breeds from central CA, southern NV, and southwestern UT. South to the Santa Barbara, southern Baja, CA, southern AZ, southwestern NM, to Mexico. Mountain areas in eastern and central Mexico. Mountains of southern AZ and southern NM; south into Mexico. Central AB, central SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, PE, NS; south to southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, southern FL; west to eastern ND, eastern SD, central NE, central KS, central OK, east-central TX. Southeastern AK, southern YT, east- central BC, southwestern AB, west- ern MT, south through WA, OR, northwestern CA, southern ID. Mexico; casual in AZ. Mountains of southern AZ, south over highlands of Mexico and CA. West-central Mexico, extreme southern TX, south through Central America and South America. Southwestern WA, western and south- ern OR, extreme southern ID, south- ern WY; south locally throughout western U.S. west of Plains; also found locally in scrub oak communi- ties in Florida Peninsula. continued Continued Desert canyons, mountain slopes. Mountain glades, high meadows, willow thickets, open undergrowth; nest: Bush, tree. Woods, thickets, flowering shrubs, citrus groves, sycamores, agaves. High mountain canyons, forest glades. Deserts, washes, mesas, sage scrub, arid hillsides; nest: Bush, tree. Arid slopes, agaves. High mountain glades, pine-oak woods, canyons. Mixed woodlands, orchards, shade trees; nest: Above ground attached to twig or small branch. Forest edges, flowering plants, streamsides, lowlands, forest openings, meadows. Riparian groves in canyons; nest: Sycamores. Pine-oak woods, near streams, agaves, mesquite. Brush, woodlands; nest: Thicket small tree. Foothills, oaks, oak-chaparral, brush, river woods, pinyon, junipers. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States EBROE I RAIL LSE RIO VE SEE INE SII SINR a aaa Table 65.8 (Continued) Species dunco, dark-eyed dunco hyemalis Magpie, black-billed Pica pica Magpie, yellow-billed Pica nuttalli Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Oriole, Scott's Icterus parisorum Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuata Redpoll, common Carduelis flammea Seedeater, white-collared Sporophila torqueola Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrub, small_tree nesting birds Continued) Transcontinental boreal forests from northwestern AK to LB, south to northern and northeastern BC, central MN, WI, central MI, south- ern ON, NY and CT and through the Appalachian Mountains to western GA. Southern AK, central coastal AK, southern YT, interior BC, central AB, northwestern and east-central SK; and western MB, south to east- central CA, western NV, southern ID, central and north-central UT, northern AZ, northern NM, western KS, and western OK. CA west of the Sierra NV. Regularly from northern CA, central NV, northern UT, south- eastern WY, southern SD, central IA, central IL, central ID, north- central OH, southeastern and eastern WV, MD and central NJ; south to Baja, CA and southern U.S. Found casually to southwestern BC, southern AB, southern SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, NS. Southern NV, southwestern UT, northeastern AZ, north-central NM, and western TX, south through south- eastern CA to southern Baja, CA and Mexico. Has nested also in west- central NV, northeastern UT. Resident Baja, CA, south-central and southeastern AZ, southern NM, western, central and southeastern TX, south to southern Baja, CA and Mexico. Circumpolar arctic and subarctic areas, extending south to south- ern AK, northern BC, northern AB, northern SK, northern MB, north ern ON, central and southeastern PQ and NF. Resident southern TX to Mexico. continued Coniferous and mixed forests, edges nest: Slopes, roadsides, tree roots, fallen trees; sometimes in trees up to 8 ft above ground. Foothills, ranches, sagebrush, river thickets, shelter belts, Prairie brush; in AK, coastal country; nest: Tree or bush. Stream groves, scattered oaks, ranches, farms; nest: Like black-billed magpie. Farmlands, open woods, cities, roadsides, mesquite, brush, desert streamsides. Dry woods, scrub in desert mount- ains, yucca forests, pinyons. Mesquite, thorn scrub, deserts; nest: Thorny bush. Birches, tundra scrub; nest: On ground or low bush. Weedy places, tall grass, brush. ee ee | SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 459 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States LE LES LLL LE LIL LILLE LLL LLL, Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrike, loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus Sparrow, black-chinned Spizella atrogularis Sparrow, black-throated Amphispiza bilineata Sparrow, chipping Spizella passerina Sparrow, clay-colored Spizella pallida Sparrow, field Spizella pusilla Sparrow, fox Passerella iliaca Sparrow, golden-crowned Zonotrichia atricapilla Shrub, small tree nesting birds (Continued) Southern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, south-central ME, western NB south to southern Baja, Gulf Coast, southern FL. Central CA, southern NV, south- western UT, central AZ, central NM, western TX, south to Baja, CA and Mexico. Northeastern CA, northern NV, northern UT, southwestern WY, western and southern CO, north- western OK and north-central TX, south to Baja, CA and Mexico. Central YT, southern Mac., north- ern SK, northern MB, northern ON, southern PQ and southwestern NF south to northern Baja, northern Nicaragua, the Gulf Coast of U.S., northern FL. Breeds from northeastern BC, south-central Mac., central SK, central MB, western ON, northern MI; south to southwestern AB, south-central MT, southeastern WY, southeastern CO, southern NE, northern IA, southern WI, central MI, and southern ON; sparsely west to central BC and south to northern TX; IN; IL. Northwestern MT, northern ND, central MN, northern WI, north- central MI, southern ON, south- western PQ, and southern ME; south to central TX, LA, southern MS and southern GA. Northern AK, northwestern and east-central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, and northern LB; south on the Pacific Coast to northwestern WA; in the mountains to southern CA, centra WV, central MT, and central CO. and to central AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF. Western coastal AK, south-central YT, south to southeastern AK, southern BC, southwestern AB, and in the Cascade Mountains to extreme northern WA. continued Open country with scattered trees, shrubs, hedgerows; nest: 5-30 ft above ground. Brushy mountains, slopes, open chaparral, sagebrush. Arid brush, creosote-bush deserts, cholla, gardens; nest: In bush, cactus. Orchards, garden shrubbery, open woodlands, conifers; nest: In tree, shrub 1-25 ft above ground. Prairies, pine barrens, conifer plantings, woodland openings, brushy fields. Brush pastures, clearings, meadows, woodland edges, hayfields, briar thickets; on or near ground, or as high as 4 ft above ground. Stunted boreal woodlands, chap- arral, forest underground; nest: On ground, bush. Boreal scrub, spruce; nest: In bush, ground. el 460 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrub, small tree nesting birds (Continued) Sparrow, olive Arremonops rufivirgata Sparrow, rufus-winged Aimophila carpalis Sparrow, sage Amphispiza belli Sparrow, song Melospiza melodia Sparrow, white-crowned Zonotrichia leucophrys Sparrow, white-throated Zonotrichia albicollis Thrasher, Bendire's Toxostoma bendirei Thrasher, brown Toxostoma rufum Thrasher, California Toxostoma redivivum Southern TX, Mexico and Central America. Central-southern AZ, Mexico. Central interior of WA, southern ID, southwestern WY, and north- western CO, south to central Baja, southern NV, northern AZ, and northwestern NM. Aleutian Islands, southern AK, southern YT, southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, north- ern ON, central PQ, and NF; south to southeastern Baja, northern Mexico, northern NM, northeastern KS, northern AR, southeastern TN, northern GA, northwestern SC. Northern AK, northern YT, north- western and east-central Mac., central Kee., north-central MB, northern ON, northern-southeastern PQ, LB and northern NF; south to south-central CA, NV, central AZ, northern NM. Southern YT, central Mac., north- ern MB, northern ON, west-central and southeastern PQ, southern LB, northern NF; south to central BC, central AB, southern SK, north- central ND, central MN, northern OH, northern WV, northeastern PA, southern NY, northwestern CT, southern NH, and MA. Southeastern CA, northwestern AZ, southern NV, southern UT and south- western NM south to Mexico. Southeastern AB, southern SK, southern MB, western ON, northern MN, northern MI, southern ON, southwestern PQ, northern UT, central NH, and southwestern ME; south through central MT, eastern WY, eastern CO, and northern and eastern TX to the Gulf Coast and southern FL. Northern CA to northern Baja, CA. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES Undergrowth, weedy thickets; nest: Bush, cactus. Tall desert grass, desert thorn brush. Dry brushy foothills, open chap- arral, sagebrush, plains deserts. Farms, cities, suburbs, gardens, brush fields, thickets, swamps, hedgerows on ground or in low bush, tree, as high as 15 ft. Low brush, mountain thickets, boreal scrub; nest: In bush, ground. Edges of coniferous, deciduous forests, undergrowth; nest: On ground brush pile, under dead trees; thick cover. Deserts, farmland, cholla, thorny bushes. Nests in thorny bush, cholla. Thickets, brushfields, hedgerows, woodland borders; nest: Up to 15 ft in tree, shrub, vine. Chaparral, foothills, valley thickets, parks, gardens. Ct a i AN Sa a i. cm 461 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States De a Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrub, small_tree nesting birds (Continued) Thrasher, crissal Toxostoma dorsale Thrasher, curve-billed Toxostoma curvirostre Thrasher, LeConte's Toxostoma lecontei Thrasher, long-billed Toxostoma longirostre Thrasher, sage Oreoscoptes montanus Thrush, Swainson's Catharus ustulatus Thrush, varied Ixoreus naevius Towhee, Abert's Pipilo aberti Towhee, brown Pipilo fuscus Southeastern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, northern AZ, southern NM, and west-central TX; south to northeastern Baja, CA, and northwestern-south-central Mexico. Northwestern and central AZ; NM; and western and southern TX; south to Mexico. Semi-arid desert areas of central CA, southern NV; southwestern UT, and western and central AZ; south to central Baja and northwestern Sonora. South-central TX south to Mexico. South-central BC, central ID, south-central MT, and northern- southeastern WY; isolated colony southwestern SK, south through eastern WA, eastern OR, and eastern CA, southern NV, UT, north-central NM, northwestern TX, and western OK. Central AK, northern YT, Mac., northern NB, northern ON, central PQ, southern LB, and NF, south to the AK peninsula and southern AK, CA, CO, the Great Lakes and WV. North-central AK, central YT, northwestern Mac., south to north- western CA, northern ID, and northwestern MT. Southeastern NV, southwestern UT, central AZ, and southwestern NM, south in CO to southeastern CA, northeastern Baja, northwestern Mexico and southeastern AZ. Southwestern OR, western and central AZ, northern NM, south- eastern CO, extreme western OK and western and central TX, south to Baja and Mexico. continued Dense brush along desert streams, mesquite thickets. Desert, arid brush. Desert flats with sparse bushes; nest: In cholla, thorny bush. Woodland undergrowth, mesquite; nest: Thorny bush, cactus, undergrowth. Sagebrush, brush slopes, mesas in winter, deserts. Spruce, birch forests, small trees 2-20 ft above ground. Thick, wet forests, conifers; nests in small trees. Desert streams, brush, mesquite. Brushy, stony areas, open chap- arral, open woods canyons, pinyon, juniper, gardens. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Towhee, green-tailed Pipilo chlorurus Towhee, rufus-sided Pipilo erythrophthalmus Veery Catharus fuscescens Vireo, Bell's Vireo bellii Vireo, black-capped Vireo atricapilla Vireo, Hutton's Vireo huttoni Vireo, white-eyed Vireo griseus Warbler, black-throated blue Dendroica caerulescens Shrub, small tree nesting birds (Continued) Southwestern and central OR, southeastern WA, southern ID, southwestern MT, and northwestern, central and southeastern WY, south through the interior mount- ains to southern CA, southern NV, central AZ, and southern NM. Southern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern MN, northern MI, southern ON, northern NY, northern VT, central NH, and southwestern ME, south to southern Baja, CA, through Mexico and western TX, northern OK, northern AR, southern LA, the eastern Gulf Coast, southern FL. Eastern BC, north-central AB, southern SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, central NF; south through the Rockies and north- eastern AZ and to northeastern SD and southeastern MN; in the eastern U.S. south along Alleghenies and northern GA. Great Valley in CA, southern NV, central AZ, southwestern NM, western TX, eastern CO, central NE, southeastern SD, IA, southwestern WI, and northeastern IL, south to southern TX, northwestern LA. Central-southern KS south through southern OK to western and central TX and Mexico. Southwestern BC, western WA, and western OR, to the Great Valley and coast of CA and northwestern Baja; from central AZ, southwestern NM, and TX south to Central America. Central NE, southern IN, IA, southern WI, and NY. South to Mexico, southern FL and Bermuda. Central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NS, south to central MN, northern MI, southern ON, northern CT, along the Appalachians to northeastern GA. continued Dry brush, mountain slopes, low chaparral, open pines; nest: In sage, manzanita/low bush; also on ground. Brush fields, thickets, slashings, woodland edges; nest: On or near ground or small bush, tree. Moist deciduous woods, bottomland, forests, damp ravines; nest: Low shrub, brush pile low to ground. Thickets, forest edges, bottomlands. Oak shrub, brush, hillsides. Woods, adjacent brush; prefers oaks. Dense shrubby regions, deciduous forests, undergrowth, briar thickets, old fields along stream- banks. Mixed conifers, hardwood forests with heavy undergrowth; cutover areas, laurel hemlock. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 463 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Warbler, black-throated gray Dendroica nigrescens Warbler, chestnut-sided Dendroica penslyvanica Warbler, hooded Wilsonia citrina Warbler, Kentucky Oporonis formosus Warbler, magnolia Dendroica magnolia Warbler, orange-crowned Vermivora celata Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrub, small tree nesting birds (Continued) Southwestern BC (coastal), west- ern WA, central OR, southwestern ID, northern UT, southwestern WY, and northwestern and central CO, south in mountains to northern Baja, northwestern, central and southeastern AZ, and eastern and southern NM. Eastern SK, central-western MB, central ON, southern PQ, central NB, and northern NS south to central-northern ND, central NE, northwestern and southeastern NM, southern WI, southern MI, northern OH, central and western MD, south- eastern PA, central NJ, NY, MA, ME, through Appalachians from western PA to southeastern TN, central- northern GA and northwestern SC. Southeastern NE, central IA, northern IL, southern MI, southern ON, northwestern PA, central and southeastern NY, southern CT, and RI. South to southeastern TX, Gulf Coast, northern peninsular FL. Southeastern NE; central IA, southwestern WI, northeastern IL, central IN, central and eastern 0H, southern PA, northern NJ, south- eastern NY, and southwestern CT. South to central-eastern TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, northwestern FL, central GA, SC. Southwestern and central-southern Mac., northeastern AB, northern SK, central MB, northern ON, central and eastern PQ, and south- western NF. South to central and central-eastern BC, south-central AB, south-central SK, southern MB, northeastern MN, central WI, central MI, southern ON; locally south to northeastern OH, eastern and central WV, western VA, central and north- eastern PA, northwestern NJ and northern MA. From central AK, northwestern and central Mac., northern MB, north- ern ON, and northwestern PQ. South to northwestern Baja, CA, south- eastern AZ, western TX, southeastern SK, southern MB, western and central ON. continued Dry oak slopes, pinyons, junipers, open mixed woods; nest: In bush, tree (oaks, especially). Shrubby, rural areas, roadside shrubs, briar tangles, hedgerows, undergrowth in cutover timber; nest: At low elevation 1-4 ft above ground. Undergrowth of deciduous woodlands, thickets, wooded swamps; nest: Low elevation 1-6 ft. Deciduous woodland thickets, conifers, moist shady ravines. Coniferous forests; nest: In bushy top of small conifer 1-15 ft above ground. Brush, woodland clearings, hill- sides, aspens, undergrowth, chaparral. 464 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) 65 Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Warbler, palm Dendroica palmarum Warbler, prairie Dendroica discolor Warbler, Swainson's Lymnothlypis swainsonii Warbler, yellow Dendroica petechia Waxwing, cedar Bombycilla cedrorum Wren, cactus Campylorhynchus brunneicapil lus Wrentit Chamaea fasciata Yellowthroat, common Geothlypis trichas Shrub, small tree nesting birds (Continued) Southwestern Mac., northern AB, northern SK, MB, northern ON, southern PQ and southern NF. South to northeastern BC, central AB, central SK, southeastern MB, northeastern MN, central MI, south- ern ON, southern PQ, ME, NS. Southeastern SD, IA, southern WI, northern MI, southern ON, south- eastern NY, southern VT, and southern NH. South to eastern OK, southern LA, northern MS, southern AL, central GA, FL, and Florida Keys. Breeds locally from northeastern OK, southeastern MS, southern IL, southwestern IN, southern OH, western WV, southern VA and southeastern MD. South to south- eastern LA, MS, southern AL, northern FL. From north-central AK, northern YT, northwestern and central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, north- central PQ, central LB, and NF. South to Alaskan Peninsula, southern Baja, CA. Southeastern AK, north-central BC, northern AB, northwestern SK, central MB, northern ON, central and southeastern PQ and NF. South to northern CA, northern UT, CO, OK, central MO, southern IL, south- ern IN, central KY, eastern TN, northern AL, northern GA. Southern CA, southern NV, south- western UT, western and south- central AZ, southern NM, and central TX. South to southern Baja and Mexico. Western OR to northern Baja, CA, east to the middle Umpqua, Rogue and Klamath river valleys, OR, and to the Great Valley of central CA. Southeastern AK, southern YT, northern AB, central SK, central MB, central and northeastern ON, central PQ and southwestern NF. South to northern Baja, CA, Mexico, Gulf Coast of U.S., and southern FL. continued Two types: Wet, muskeg and sphagnum bogs; open barrens, dry forests of spruce and jack pine. Brush clearings, burned-over areas; nest: In bushes, brairs 1-10 ft. Wooded canebrake swamps, mountains, wooded ravines, laurel thickets, shrubs, cane or palmetto highlands, lowlands. Along waterways, edges of swamps, marshes, brushy bottomlands, small trees, orchards. Open woods, orchards, shade trees; nest: In small tree 4-50 ft above ground. Cactus, yucca, mesquite, arid brush, deserts. Chaparral, brush, parks, garden shrubs; nest: In low bush. Wet or dry areas with dense low cover, marshes, swamps, brush thickets. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 465 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Blackbird, Brewer's Euphagus cyanocephalus Cowbird, bronzed Molothrus aeneus Creeper, brown Certhia familiaris Crossbill, red Loxia curvirostra Crossbill, white-winged Loxia leucoptera Crow, common Corvus brachyrhynchos Crow, fish Corvus ossifragus Nesting type: Large tree nesting birds Breeds from southwestern, central and southeastern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern MN, western ON and northern WI. South to northwestern Baja, central-southern and central- eastern CA, south ern NV, south- western and central UT, central AZ, western and central-southern NM, northern TX, OK, northern IA, southern WI, northeastern IL, northwestern IN and southwestern MI. Central and southern AZ, south- western NM, south-central TX, Mexico, and Central America. Southeastern AK, BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern ON, southern PQ, NF, south through Mexico and to the southern Appalachian Mountains. Southeastern AK, southern YT, SK, MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF. South to northern Baja, CA and Central America; Eastern U.S. to northern WI, TN, NC, throughout West. North-central AK, central YT, central Mac., central MB, north- ern ON, northern PQ, central LB, and NF south to south-central AK, northern BC, central AB, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, southern ON, southern PQ, south- ern NB and NS. Breeding sporad- ically south to WA, northeastern OR, MT, northeastern WY, northern VT, NH, ME. BC, southwestern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, southern NF south to northern Baja, central AZ, north- central NM, CO, central TX, Gulf of Mexico, and southern FL. Resident on Atlantic and Gulf Coasts from RI, CT, and NY. South and from southeastern TX and LA eastward to FL; inland along major river systems to southwestern TN, northwestern LA, western AR, central GA, western SC, northwestern NC, central VA, central MD, central PA and central- eastern NY. continued Open farmlands, roadsides, towns, gardens, groves, marsh edges; nest: 150 ft above ground. Croplands, brush, semi-open country. Coniferous, deciduous, or mixed forests, timbered swamps; nest: In living or dead tree 5-15 ft. Coniferous forests; nest: In branch of conifer 5-80 ft above ground. Spruce forests; nest: In spruce limp 5-70 ft above ground. Forests, farm woodlots, parks, wooded islands, ‘deciduous/coniferous trees 10-70 ft above ground. Wooded marine shorelines; edges of brachish seashores, bays; in FL, salt and freshwater environ- ments. 466 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Crow, northwestern Corvus caurinus Finch, Cassin's Carpodacus cassinii Finch, purple Carpodacus purpureus Flycatcher, Acadian Empidonax virescens Flycatcher, olive-sided Nuttallornis borealis Flycatcher, scissor-tailed Muscivora forficata Flycatcher, vermillion Pyrocephalus rubinus Large tree nesting birds Resident on Coasts and Islands of southern AK, BC, and WA; wanders inland in WA and OR. Southern BC, southwestern AB, northwestern, central and south- eastern MT, northern WY south through eastern WA and OR, to northwestern CA, interior south- ern CA, northern Baja, southern NV, northern AZ, and central- northern NM. Northern BC, northern AB, central SK, central MB, northern ON, central PQ and NF, south to northern Baja, central BC, central AB, southern SK, ND, central MN, central WI, central MI, north- eastern OH, WV, northeastern PA, and southeastern NY. Southeastern SD, northern IA, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, southern WY, northeastern PA, and southwestern CT; casually from VT and MA. South through eastern NE, central KS and central OK to central and southeastern TX, the Gulf Coast and central FL. Northern AK, southern YT, southern Mac. central-western and central-western and > Northeastern AB, northern SK, north-central MB, northern ON, central PQ and central NF south to Baja, central NV, central AZ, northern NM, central SK, southern MB, northeastern ND, central MN, northern WI, northern MI, southern ON, northeastern OH and MA; mountains of NY, PA, east- ern WV, southwestern VA, eastern TN and western NC. Eastern NM, western OK, south- eastern CO, NE, central and south- eastern KS, western AR, and west- ern LA south to southern TX. Southwestern CA, southwestern UT, southwestern NM, central TX south South America. southern NV, central AZ, and western and to southern continued Continued Near tidewater, shores. Open conifer forests of high mountains. Coniferous forests, roadsides, Christmas tree plantings; nest: 5-60 ft above ground. Deciduous woodlands, ravines, bottomlands, river swamps, ham- mocks of cypress ponds; nest: lower branches 8-20 ft above ground in tree. On Cool coniferous forests, open woodlands, forest burns, bogs; nest: In conifer branch 7-50 ft above ground. Roadsides, ranches, mesquite, semi-open areas; nest: In tree, bush. Near water in desert country, mesquite, willows, cottonwoods. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 467 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Gnatcatcher, blue-gray Polioptila caerulea Grosbeak, evening Hesperiphona vespertina Grosbeak, pine Pinicola enucleator Grosbeak, rose-breasted Pheucticus ludovicianus Jay, blue Cyanocitta cristata Jay, gray (Canada) Perisoreus canadensis Large tree nesting birds CA, central NV, southern UT, CO, eastern NE, central MN, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, OH, western NY, and northern NJ. South to Baja through Mexico to Central America, Gulf Coast of U.S. and Bahamas. North-central BC, northeastern AB, central SK, southern MB, western and central ON, central-western PA, and northern NB, south to central CA, northern NV, central AZ, and to northeastern MN, north- ern MI, southern ON, northern NY and MA. Northern AK, northwestern and central Mac., northern MB, north- ern ON, northern PQ, northern LB, and NF south to southern AK, central CA, central-eastern AZ, central-northern NM, central MB, central ON, northern NH, central ME, and NS. Northeastern BC, northern AB, central SK, southern MB, western and southern ON, southwestern PQ, northern NB, PE and NS south to central and southeastern AB, southern SK, central and northern ND, eastern SD, eastern NE, east- ern KS, southwestern and central MO, southern IL, central IN, northern OH, eastern KY, eastern TN, northern GA, western NC, western VA, southeastern PA, south- western and central NJ, southeastern NY. Central AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF, south through Dakotas, eastern WY, NE, central CO, TX Panhandle to southeastern TX, Gulf Coast and southern FL. North-central AK, northern YT, western Mac., northern MB, north- ern ON, northern PQ, northern LB, and NF south to northern CA, central AZ, southwestern CO, northern NM, SD Continued Oak woods, mixed forests, pine- lands, wooded swamps; nest: 4-70 ft above ground. Coniferous forests; nest: 20-60 ft above ground. Cold spruce forests at high elevations; nest: In conifers or underbrush of coniferous forests. Moist deciduous second-growth woods, swamps, thickets, orchards, trees, shrubs; nest: 6-25 ft above ground. Forests, farms, parks, cities, suburbs; nest: In conifer/ deciduous trees 5-50 ft above ground. Conifer forests. northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, south-central ON, northeastern NY, northern New England, NB and NS. continued 468 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Jay, Mexican Aphelocoma ultramarina Jay, pinyon Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Jay, Steller's Cyanocitta stelleri Kingbird, Cassin's Tyrannus vociferans Kingbird, eastern Tyrannus tyrannus Kingbird, thick-billed Tyrannus crassirostris Kingbird, western Tyrannus verticalis Kinglet, golden-crowned Regulus satrapa Kinglet, ruby-crowned Regulus calendula Large tree nesting birds Resident of central AZ, south- western NM, southwestern TX and central Mexico. Resident of central OR, east- central MT, western SD south through eastern CA to northern Baja, CA, central NV, central and central-eastern AZ, central NM, and western OK. Southern AK, western and southern BC, southwestern AB, western MT, WY, southwestern SD and western NE south through southern CA, and Mexico; east to east-central CO, eastern NM and southwestern TX. Central CA and southern MT south to Mexico. Northern BC, central-southern Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, southern PQ south to western WA, OR (east of coast ranges), northeastern CA, northern NV, southern ID, northern UT, CO, northeastern NM, central TX, the Gulf Coast, and southern FL. Western Mexico and Central America, extreme southeastern AZ, southwestern NM. Breeds from western OR, western WA (east of coast ranges), south- ern BC, southern AB, southern SK, southern MB, western MN, rarely to southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, northwestern 0H, south to northern Baja, CA, Mexico, southern NM, central-western TX, northeastern OK, central-eastern KS, and north- central MO. Southeastern AK, BC, northern MB, ON, PQ and NF, south to southern CA, Central America; in the Rocky Mountain region to eastern NV, UT and CO, AZ, NM, western NC. Northwestern AK, northwestern Mac., northern MB, ON, central PQ, south- ern LB, NF, south to Baja, CA, central AZ, central NM, northern MI, southern ON, northern ME, and NS. continued Continued Open oak forests, oak pine; nest: In oaks, some pine. Pinyon pines, junipers, sage; nest: In pinyon, scrub oak. Conifer, pine-oak forests; nest: In conifers. Semi-open high country, scattered trees, pine-oak, mountains, ranch groves. Wood edges, parklands, river groves, farms, shelter belts, orchards, roadsides; nest: In trees, bushes. Semi-arid canyons, sycamores; nest: In sycamores. Open country with scattered trees, farms, roadsides. Coniferous forests, prefers spruces; nest: 6-60 ft above ground. Coniferous forests; nest: In conifers 2-10 ft above ground. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 469 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Nutcracker, Clark's Nucifraga columbiana Oriole, black-headed Icterus graduacauda Oriole, Northern Icterus galbula Oriole, orchard Icterus spurius Parula, northern Parula americana Pewee, eastern wood Contopus virens Pewee, western wood Contopus sordidulus Large tree nesting birds Resident from central BC (interior), southwestern AB, western and central MT, and western and south- eastern WY south through mountains of central WA, eastern OR, central and eastern CA and NV to northern Baja and south in Rocky Mountains to eastern AZ and western NM. Southern TX and Central America. Southern BC, southern and central AB, central and southwestern SK, southern MB, western and southern ON, northern MI, southern PQ, cen- tral ME, central NM and central NS, south to Baja, CA, west-central OK, northeastern TX, northwestern and central LA, central MS, north- ern AL, northeastern LA, western SC, western NC, central VA, north- ern MD, and DE. Has bred in north- eastern CO. Southern MB, central and south- eastern MN, central WI, southern MI, southern ON, north-central PA, central and central-eastern NY, and central and northeastern MA south through central and central- southern ND, central SD, central NE, northeastern CO, central-north- ern, western and southern TX, the Gulf Coast and northern FL. Southeastern MB, western and central ON, southern PQ, northern ME, northern NB, PE and northern NS south to eastern TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, northwestern and central FL. Southern MB, western and central ON, southern PQ, northern ME, central NB, PE and northern NS south through eastern ND, eastern SD, eastern NE, eastern KS, central OK to central and south- eastern TX, the Gulf Coast, and central FL. Central-eastern AK, southern YT, southern Mac., central-eastern SK, and central MB south in the mountains to Central America and possibly South America. continued Continued High mountains, conifers near treeline; nest: In conifers. Woodlands, thickets. Shade trees, orchards, parks, roadsides; nest: In elms, maples, willows 6-60 ft above ground. Farms, suburbs, roadsides, orchards, open woodlands; nest: Tree/shrub 10-20 ft above ground. Coniferous/deciduous forests where moss-like lichens and bromeliads hang from tree branch; also coniferous/deciduous forests with- out lichens; nest: 6-100 ft above ground. Mature forests, woodlots, roadsides, orchards, borders of fields, clear- ings; nest: 15-65 ft above ground; favors oaks, sassafras, beech. Woodlands, pine-oak forests, open conifers, river groves. 470 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Large tree nesting birds (Continued Phainopepla Central CA, southern NV, southern Desert shrubs, mesquite, oak Phainopepla nitens Raven, common Corvus corax Raven, white-necked Corvus cryptoleucus Redstart, American Setophaga ruticilla Robin, American Turdus migratorius Siskin, pine Carduelis pinus Sparrow, chipping Spizella pallida Tanager, hepatic Piranga flava UT, southwestern NM and western TX, south to Bqja, CA, and Mexico. Holarctic regions from subarctic AK, northern Canada, south through Western U.S. to Central America; in central and eastern North America to MN, WI, northern MI, central ON, southern PQ and ME, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northwestern GA. Southeastern AZ, southern NM, northeastern C0, south-central NE, and western KS south into Mexico. Southeastern AK, northern BC, central-southern Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, central PA, and NF south to eastern OR, northern UT, northern CO, south- eastern OK, southern LA, central AL, and central GA. From the limit of trees in north- ern AK, northern Canada, and NF. South to southern Mexico and the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Southern AK, central YT, southern Mac., central SK, southern MB, northern ON, central and south- eastern PQ, southern LB, and NF south to northern Baja, CA and through Mexico to Central America; in the Central and Eastern U.S. south to KS, IA, northern WI, central MI, southern ON, northern PA, southeastern NY, and CT. Central YT, southern Mac., north- ern SK, northern MB, northern ON, southern PQ and southwestern NF south to northern Baja, northern Nicaragua, the Gulf Coast of U.S., northern FL. Northern AZ, northern NM, and central-western and southern TX south through Mexico, Central America, and South America. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES foothills, mistletoe, pepper trees. Forest wilderness, mountains, sea- coasts, wooded marine islands. Arid country, rangeland, plains, deserts; nest: In tree, mesquite, yucca. Young or second-growth deciduous or coniferous woods, roadside parks; nest: 4-30 ft above ground. Cities, villages, farmlands, open woods; nest: In tree. Coniferous forests; nest: 6-35 ft above ground. Orchards, garden shrubbery, open woodlands, conifers; nest: In tree, shrub 1-25 ft above ground. Pines, open mountain forests, oaks. 471 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Tanager, scarlet Piranga olivacea Tanager, summer Piranga rubra Tanager, western Piranga ludoviciana Thrush, gray-cheeked Catharus minimus Thrush, wood Hylocichla mustelina Vireo, Philadelphia Vireo philadelphicus Large tree nesting birds (Continued) Central NE, eastern ND, southeast- ern MB, central-western ON, north- eastern MN, northern MI, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, and central and central-southern ME south to central-northern and southeastern OK, central AR, west-central TN, northwestern and central AL, north- western SC, western NC, central and western VA, and MD. Southeastern CA, southernmost NV, central AZ, central NM, central TX, central OK, southeastern NE, southern IA, central IL, central IN, central OH, WV, MD, and DE south to Mexico, the Gulf Coast and southern FL. Southern AK, northern BC, south- western and central-southern Mac., southeastern AB, and central SK, south to northern Baja, CA, south- ern NV, southwestern UT, central and southeastern AZ, southwestern NM, and western TX; east to west- ern SD, northwestern NE, and central CO. Northern AK, northern Mac., northern MB, northern PQ, central LB, and NF south to southwestern AK, northeastern BC, eastern SK, southeastern NY, and northwestern MA. Breeds from southeastern SD, central MN, central WI, northern MI, southern ON, extreme southern PQ, northern VT, central NH, and southwestern ME south through NE, central KS, and eastern OK to southeastern TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, and northern FL; casually north to southern NB and west to south- western ND and central SD. Breeds from northeastern BC, central AB, southern SK, southern MB, northern ON, central PA, and southwestern NF south to central- northern ND, southern ON, northern NH, central ME, and northern NB; recorded in the breeding season in northern AB and northeastern NY. continued Deciduous, coniferous woodlands, groves, parks, orchards, roadsides; nest: 8-75 ft above ground. Open, dry deciduous (mostly) coniferous woods, groves, orchards; nest: 10-35 ft above ground. Oak, pine, fir, open conifer or mixed forests. Spruce, fir forests at high elevations, evergreens, birches, in wild, isolated regions of high mountains; nest: 3-15 ft above ground. Cool, humid forests, mainly deciduous, parks, gardens; nest: In tree 6-50 ft above ground. Second-growth forests, roadside trees, deserted farms, occasion- ally shade trees; nest: 10-40 ft above ground. 472 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Vireo, red-eyed Vireo olivaceus Vireo, solitary Vireo solitarius Vireo, warbling Vireo gilvus Vireo, yellow-green Vireo flavoviridis Vireo, yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons Warbler, bay-breasted Dendroica castanea Warbler, Blackburnian Dendroica fusca Large tree nesting birds Breeds from southwestern and northeastern BC, southwestern Mac., northeastern AB, central SK, central MB, northern ON, central PQ, PE and NS south, east of the coast ranges to northern OR, north- ern ID, southwestern and central MT, and through WY, eastern CO, KS, and western OK to central TX, the Gulf Coast and central FL. Central BC, southwestern Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, southern PQ, NF and NS south to southern Baja, CA, and Central America. Northern BC, southern Mac., central SK, southern MB, western ON, northern MN, northern MI, southern ON, extreme southern PQ, southern ME, southern NB, and central NS south to Baja, CA, central-northern Mexico, central TX, southern LA, northern AL, western NC, and the coastal plain of VA. Southern tip of TX to Central America. Southern MB, northeastern MN, central WI, central MI, southern ON, southern PQ, northern NH, and locally in southwestern ME south through eastern ND, eastern SD, eastern NE, eastern KS, and eastern OK to central and eastern TX, the Gulf Coast and central FL. Central MB, northern ON, central PQ, NB, and central NS south to southern MB, northeastern MN, northern WI, southern ON, southern PQ, northeastern NY, central VT, NH, southern ME, and southern NS; recorded in summer in northern MI. South-central SK, southern MB, northern ON, northern ME, northern NS south to central MN, central WI, central MI, southern ON, north- eastern 0H, highlands of central and western PA, southeastern NY, MA; south in the Appalachians through eastern and central WV, western MD, eastern KY, western VA, to eastern TN, western NC, north- central GA, and northwestern SD. continued Continued Open deciduous woods with thick undergrowth of saplings; occa- sionally mixed woods; nest: 2-60 ft above ground. Mixed evergreen, deciduous wood- lands. Open, mixed or deciduous woods, orchards, roadside and village shade trees; nest: 20-60 ft above ground, often in poplar. Resaca woodlands, shade trees. Open woods of oak, maple, other hardwoods, roadside trees; nest: 3-60 ft above ground. Coniferous forests; nest: In dense conifers 4-40 ft above ground. Mostly coniferous, also deciduous forests; nest: High, approximately 84 ft above ground. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 473 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Warbler, blackpoll Dendroica striata Warbler, black-throated gray Dendroica nigrescens Warbler, glack-throated green Dendroica virens Warbler, Cape May Dendroica tigrina Warbler, cerulean Dendroica cerulea Warbler, golden-cheeked Dendroica chrysoparia Large tree nestin Breeds from north-central AK northern YT, northwestern and central Mac., nrotheastern SK, northern MB, northern ON, north- ern PQ, northern LB, and NF south to southern AK, central BC, central AB, central MB, north-central ON, southern PQ, eastern NY, northwest- ern MA, eastern NH, southern ME, southern NB and southern NS. Southwestern BC (coastal), west- ern WA, central OR, southwestern ID, northern UT, southwestern WY, and northwestern and central CO, south in mountains to northern Baja, northwestern, central and southeastern AZ, and eastern and southern NM. Central-southern Mac., north- central SK, north-central MB, central ON, southern PQ, southern LB, southern NF, and southern NS, south to central AB, southern MB, central-eastern MN, central WI, central MI, eastern and southeast- ern OH, PA, and northern NJ, south- ward in the mountains and neighbor- ing areas to AL, and northern GA. Southwestern and central-southern Mac., north-central BC, northern AB, central SK, MB, northern ON, and southern PQ south to north- eastern ND, northwestern and central-eastern MN, northern WI, northern MI, southern ON, north- eastern NY, southern and eastern ME, southern NB and central NS. Breeds from NE, southeastern MB, northern IA, southeastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, western NY, eastern PA, south- eastern NY and northern NJ south through southeastern KS, eastern OK, eastern TX, and southeastern LA, central AL, central NC to central VA, southern MD, and DE. South-central TX. continued birds (Continued Low coniferous forests, especially spruces; nest: 2-7 ft above ground in conifer. Dry oak slopes, pinyons, junipers, open mixed woods; nest: In bush, tree (oaks, especially). Coniferous, mixed woods, in thick foliage; nest: 3-80 ft above ground. Open stands of coniferous trees, dense forests shunned; nest: In uppermost clump of needles in spruce, fir 3-60 ft above ground. Upper branches of tallest trees in deciduous forests with little undergrowth; nest: 20-60 ft above ground. Juniper, oaks, trees along stream- sides; nest: In junipers. 474 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Large tree nesting birds Warbler, Grace's Dendroica graciae Breeds in mountains from southern UT, southwestern CO, and central- northern NM south to central-west- ern, central and southeastern AZ, Mexico, southern NM and western TX. Warbler, hermit Dendroica occidentalis Breeds from southwestern WA south, through the coast ranges and the Sierra NV, to northwestern and central-eastern CA, with isolated colonies in central-western CA. Warbler, olvie Peucedramus taeniatus Central and southeastern AZ, south- western NM and Mexico. Warbler, pine Dendroica pinus Breeds in pine forests from south- ern MB, western ON, northeastern MN, northern WI, northern MI, central ON, southern PQ, and central ME south to southeastern TX, south-central LA, southern MS, and northern FL; local and rare from southern MN, southern MI, OH, and western PA south to south- ern MO, KY, and WV. Warbler, yellow-rumped Dendroica coronata Northern AK, northern YT, western and central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, north- eastern LB, and NF south to north- ern BC, southern AB, northern MN, northern MI, central ON, north- eastern NY, MA, and ME. NE, northern IA, southern WI, southern MI, northern OH, south- ern PA, southeastern NY, and southwestern CT, south to eastern TX, the Gulf Coast, central FL and the northern Bahamas. Warbler, yellow-throated Dendroica dominica Waxwing, Bohemian Bombycilla garrula Western AK, northern Mac., and MB south to central WA, northern ID, northwestern MT, southern AB. tin Nesting type: Cavity ni Kingfisher, belted Megaceryle alcyon Northwestern AK, southern YT, southwestern MB, southwestern Mac., central AB, central SK, central MB, ON, central PQ, and central LB to Central America, southern CA, southern NM, the Gulf Coast and FL. continued Continued Pine-oak forests of mountains. Conifer forests. Pine and fir forests of high mountains; nest: In conifer. Open pine woods; nest: 8-80 ft above ground. Mixed and coniferous forests; nest: In branch of cedar, spruce, hemlock 4-50 ft above ground. Cypress swamps, pine woods festooned with Spanish moss (in south); west and north partial to sycamores. Boreal forests, muskeg; nest: In conifers. irds/earth burrows Freshwater, saltwater banks, river bluffs, road and railroad cuts, gravelpits, near water; nest: Burrow in bank. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 475 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Kingfisher, green Chloroceryle americana Solitaire, Townsend's Myadestes townsendi Swallow, bank Riparia riparia Swallow, cave Petrochelidon fulva Swallow, rough-winged Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Waterthrush, Louisiana Seiurus motacilla Wren, canyon Catherpes mexicanus Wren, rock Salpinctes obsoletus Bluebird, eastern Sialia sialia Cavity nesting birds/earth burrows (Continued) From south-central AZ and southern TX south through tropical Mexico, CA, and South America. Breeds from central-eastern and southeastern AK, southern YT, southwestern Mac., mountains of southwestern AB, western and southern MT, northeastern NY, southwestern SD, and northwestern NE south through central and southern BC, WA, OR, mountains of northern and interior CA to north- eastern AZ and northeastern NM. Northeastern AK, northwestern Canada, southern LB, and NF south to Southern U.S. From southeastern NM and south- central TX through Mexico. BC, southern AB, southwestern SK, southeastern MB, western and southern ON, southwestern PQ, central VT, NH south to South America. Breeds from eastern NE, central- northern IA, east-central MN, central WI, southern MI, southern ON, central NY, central VT, south- western NH and RI south to eastern OK, eastern TX, central LA, south- ern MS, southern AL, southwestern and central GA, central SC, and central and northeastern NC Northern interior CA up through OR, eastern WA, south-central BC to west-central ID, southeastern MT, southwestern SD, western OK, to eastern TX south into Mexico. Breeds from south-central BC, southern AB, southwestern SK western ND, southern SD, south- east of the coast ranges in WA, OR, and northern CA to Baja. Rivers, streams; nest: Burrow in bank. Canyons, brushy slopes, junipers; nest: In banks, cliffs, rocks, stumps. Sand banks, gravel pits, road cuts, streambanks; nests in colonies. Limestone caves; nest: of mud in cave. Open cup Open areas, streambanks, ditches; nest: Burrow in exposed bank. Ravines, smal1 streams, mountain brooks; nest: Burrow in steep bank of streams or in root cavity. Nest: Cavity in rocks; made of twigs and moss. Nest: In cleft of rocks made of twigs, moss, etc. Nesting type: Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities Southeastern AB, southern SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, southern NS south through Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, southern FL and Bermuda. continued Farmland, open woods, swamps, roadsides; nest: Fence posts, abandoned cavities, bird houses. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Bluebird, mountain Sialia currucoides Bluebird, western Sialia mexicana Chickadee, black-capped Parus atricapillus Chickadee, boreal Parus hudsonicus Chickadee, Carolina Parus carolinensis Chickadee, chestnut-backed Parus rufescens Chickadee, gray-headed Parus cinctus Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued) Breeds from central AK, southern YT, southern Mac., southern SK, and southwestern MB, south along the eastern slopes of the coast ranges, and in the Sierra NV and the Rocky Mountains to northwestern and central-southern CA, central and southeastern NV, northern AZ. Breeds from southern BC, western and southern MT, south to eastern OR, northern ID, northwestern WY, to southern CA, western and south- ern NV, central UT, and CO, south to southeastern AZ, and western TX. Central AK, southern YT, south- western Mac., central SK, central MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF south to northwestern CA, north- eastern NV, central UT, northern NM, northeastern OK, central MO, south-central IL, central IN, southern OH, WV, western VA, eastern TN, western NC, western MD, PA and northern NJ. Northern North America from north- ern limit of wooded country through continental AK south to central-northern WA, northwestern MT, central SK, central MB, north- eastern MN, northern MI, central ON, northeastern NY, northern VT, northern NH, ME and NS. From southeastern KS, southwestern and east-central MO, central IL, central IN, central OH, southwest- wen and southeastern PA, and central NJ south through east- central TX to the Gulf Coast and central FL. Along the coast and islands from central-southern AK to south- central CA, inland along the coast ranges, and to southeastern WA, northern ID, and northwestern MT. Resident from northern and central AL, northern YT, and northwestern Mac. continued Open terrain with scattered trees; nest: Tree, stub, cliff or bird box. Nest: Holes of dead trees between trunk and loose bark. Deciduous or coniferous woods; nest: Tree or stub 4-10 ft. Muskeg bogs, coniferous forests; nest: Tree stub 1-2 ft. Deciduous or coniferous woodlands; nest: Stumps or abandoned wood- pecker holes-live or dead, 5-6 ft. Conifers, oaks, shade trees; nest: Tree stub. Spruce, birch, willow thickets; nest: Tree or stub. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 477 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Chickadee, Mexican Parus sclateri Chickadee, mountain Parus gambeli Flicker, common Colaptes auratus Flycatcher, ash-throated Myiarchus cinerascens Flycatcher, great-crested Myiarchus crinitus Flycatcher, Wied's crested Myiarchus tyrannulus Nuthatch, brown-headed Sitta pusilla Nuthatch, pygmy Sitta pygmaea Nuthatch, red-breasted Sitta canadensis From southeastern AZ and south- western NM south to Mexico. Resident in Rocky Mountains, the Sierra NV, and the inner coast ranges from northwestern BC and southwestern AB, to northern Baja CA, central to southeastern AZ, central and southeastern NM, and southwestern TX. North America from limit of trees in central AK, southeastern AK, northwestern MB, central BC, west-central AB, James Bay, central PQ, southern LB and NF south to northern Baja, CA, Mexico and to southern TX, the Gulf Coast, the FL Keys, Cuba and Grand Cayman. Breeds from southwestern OR, eastern WA, southern ID, south- western WY, CO, NM, and northern and central TX south to Baja, CA and Mexico. Southeastern SK, southern MB, central ON, southwestern PQ, northern ME, and central NB. South to western OK, central TX, the Gulf of Mexico and southern FL. Southern NV, central AZ, south- western NM, Mexico, and southern TX south to Central America. Southeastern OK, central AR, LA, MS, AL, northern GA, southwestern NC, southern VA, southern MD, and southern DE south to Gulf Coast, southern FL and Grand Bahama Island. Mountainous areas from southern BC, northern ID, western MT, central WY, and southwestern SD south to northern Baja, CA, AZ, and through Mexican highlands Breeds principally in Canadian zone from southeastern AK, south- ern YT, southwestern Mac., central SK, southern MB, James Bay, west- ern and northern ON, southern and eastern PQ, NF, and St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands south to central continued Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued) Conifers, pine-oak woods, tree cavities. Mountain forests, conifers, tree cavities. Deciduous and coniferous forests, orchards, mixed woods, roadsides, farms, live or dead trees 2-60 ft. Desert brush, pinyon-juniper-open woods; nest: In tree cavities, mesquite, yucca. Woodlands, orchards, swamps, edges, clearings; nest: In live or dead trees, 3-75 ft. Woodlands, river groves, nest in live or dead trees; nest: AZ- saquaros; TX-sycamore canyons. Open pine woods; nest: Abandoned cavities in stubs, trees, 2-50 ft. Yellow pines, Douglas-fir; nest: conifer stub, also in a ball of thorny twigs. Coniferous woods; nest: Rotted stub, or abandoned cavity, 5-40 ft. 478 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Red-breasted nuthatch (Continued) Nuthatch, white-breasted Sitta carolinensis Sapsucker, Williamson's Sapsucker, yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius Starling Sturnus vulgaris Swallow, tree Iridoprocne bicolor Cavity nestin birds/tree cavities coastal and southern CA, AZ, NM, central-western and south-central CO, WY, southwestern SD, MT, south- eastern MB, central MN, WI, northern MI, southern ON, through the Appalachians to eastern TN and western NC, southern NY, western CT and MA. Southern BC, northwestern southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, northern ME, north- central NB, PE, Cape Bretan Island and central NS south to southern Baja, CA and Mexico; not in Rocky Mountain region. southeastern AB, and central MT, Southern BC, south in mountains through central and eastern WA, OR, western MT, WY, and CO to southern CA, southern NV, central AZ, to northern NM. From southeastern AK, southern Mac., northern MB, northern ON, southern PQ, southern LB, Anti- costi Island, and NF to the mountains of southern CA, central AZ, northern NM, southeastern SD, eastern MO, central IL, northwest- ern IN, northern OH, western PA, northern NY, and central New England southward in the Alleghenies to TN, NC and northern GA. Southern Canada and through much of the U.S. North-central AK, southwestern YT, central-western and southern Mac., northern AB, northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, south- ern LB, and NF south to southeastern AK, along the Pacific Coast to south- ern CA, west-central NV, east-central OR, southeastern WA, ID, west-central UT, western CO, southeastern WY, southern ND, southern SD, eastern NE, continued Continued Woodlands, orchards; nest: Natural or abandoned cavities, 15-20 ft. Conifers, forest burns; nest: Tree or stub. Woodlands, aspen groves, orchards; nest: Live or dead trees, 8-40 ft above ground. Nest: Any cavity or hole, prefers natural cavity in trees, 10-25 ft. above ground. Wooded swamps, open woods, fields near water; nest: Live or dead trees or nest box. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 479 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Tree swallow (Continued) Swallow, violet-green Tachycineta thalassina Swift, Vaux's Chaetura vauxi Titmouse, plain Parus inornatus Titmouse, tufted Parus bicolor Verdin Auriparus flaviceps Warbler, Lucy's Vermivora luciae Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued) northeastern KS, south-central MO, northwestern TN, southern IL, south- central IN, central OH, northern WV, VA, central MD, northeastern PA, eastern NY, northern CT, central MD, northeastern PA, central NY, north- ern CT, RI, and MA; casually south to northeastern AR, northeastern LA, central-western MS, and NJ. Western North America from Yukon River Valley through southern AK, western and southern BC, south- western AB, MT, southwestern SD and northwestern NE south to south- ern Baja, CA, and through CO, NM, and western TX to central Mexico. Breeds from southeastern AK, northern BC, and western MT south through WA and OR, chiefly west of Cascades and Sierra NV, to central CA. Resident in southern OR, NV, south- eastern ID, southwestern WY, and south-central CO, south to north- ern Baja, CA, central and south- eastern AZ, southwestern and central NM, to western TX; also resident in extreme southern Baja, CA. Central and southeastern AZ and southwestern NM, south through Mexico; southeastern NE, central and eastern IA, southeastern MN southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, northern OH, northwestern PA, extreme southern NY and southwestern CT south through eastern KS and eastern OK, to eastern TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, central FL, and southern GA. Southeastern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, western and south- ern AZ, southern NM, and southwest- ern and south-central TX south to southern Baja, CA, Jalisco and San Luis Potosi. Breeds from southern NV, UT, and southwestern CO, south to north- eastern Baja, CA, northwestern Mexico, and southwestern NM; casual in breeding season in the Colorado Desert of CA. continued Open forests, foothills, wooded mountains; nest: Tree, cliff, building. Forest burns, openings, redwood and Douglas-fir stands; nest: Bracket of twigs glued to inside of hollow tree. Oak woods, pinyon-juniper, river woods, shade trees; nest: Tree cavities. Deciduous, coniferous woods, swamps, orchards; nest: Natural or abandoned cavities 2-87 ft. Desert, brush valleys, savannahs; nest: Bush or tree. Along desert streams, willows, cottonwoods, mesquite; nest: Tree cavity or under loose bark 480 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Warbler, prothonotary Protonotaria citrea Woodpecker, acorn Melanerpes formicivorus Woodpecker, Arizona Picoides arizonae Woodpecker, downy Picoides pubescens Woodpecker, Gila Melanerpes uropygialis Woodpecker, golden-fronted Melanerpes aurifrons Woodpecker, hairy Picoides villosus Woodpecker, ladder-backed Picoides scalaris Woodpecker, Lewis' Melanerpes lewis Woodpecker, Nuttall's Picoides nuttallii Breeds from central-eastern MN, south-central WI, southern MI, southern ON, central NY, and NJ. South through eastern NE, eastern KS, central OK, and eastern TX to the Gulf Coast and central FL. Southwestern OR, CA west of the Sierra NV, AZ and west-central TX to southern Baja, CA, and through the highlands of Mexico and CA to Central America. From the mountains of south- central and southeastern AZ and extreme southwestern NM to Mexico. From southeastern AZ, southwest- ern Mac., northern AB, central SK, northern MB, James Bay, southern PQ, Anticosti Island, and NF south to southern CA, central AZ, north- ern NM, south-central TX, and the Gulf Coast from LA to FL. Resident from southeastern CA, southwestern NV, southern AZ, and southwestern NM to southern Baja, CA, and western Mexico. Central Mexico, southwestern OK, and TX south to Central America. Central AK, middle YT, central Mac., northern MB, James Bay, south-central PQ, and NF south to northern Baja, CA, Mexico, central TX, the Gulf Coast, southern FL, the Bahama Islands and through the mountains of CA to Central America. Southeastern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, and southern CA, south through Mexico. Breeds from southern BC, including Vancouver Island, western AB, MT, and southwestern SD to southern CA, central AZ, and southern NM, east to northwestern NE and eastern CO. Resident in CA west of the deserts and the Sierra divide from south- ern Humboldt and Sonoma Counties and the head of the Sacramento Valley south to northwestern Baja, CA. continued Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued) Forested bottomland, flooded river valleys, swamps; nest: Natural cavity, abandoned cavity, box, 5-10 ft. Oak woods, groves, mixed woods, oak-pine canyons, foothills. Oaks in mountains, pine-oak canyons; nest: Dead trees. Mixed forests, river groves, edges, swamps, orchards; nest: Live or dead trees 3-50 ft. Streams, washes; nest: Saquaro, cottonwood. Mesquite, stream woodlands, groves; nest: Post, pole, tree cavities. Coniferous or deciduous woods, swamps, orchards; nest: Live or dead trees 5-30 ft. cottonwoods, Post, tree Deserts, canyons, prairie groves; nest: cavities. Scattered or logged forests, burns, river groves. Wooded canyons, foothills, river woods, groves, orchards. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 481 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Woodpecker, red-bellied Melanerpes carolinus Woodpecker, red-headed Melanerpes erythrocephalus Woodpecker, black-backed three-toed Picoides arcticus Woodpecker, white-headed Picoides albolarvatus Wren, Bewick's Thryomanes bewickii Wren, brown-throated Troglodytes brunneicollis Wren, Carolina Thryothorus ludovicianus Wren, house Troglodytes aedon Cavity nestin birds/Tree cavities Southeastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, extreme southern ON, western NY, and DE south to south- ern TX, the Gulf Coast and the Florida Keys to Key West. From southern SK, southern MB, western and southern ON, southern PQ, NY, and southern NH to north- ern NM, central TX, the Gulf Coast and FL. Breeds from central AK, southern Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, southern LB, Anticosti Island, and NF south in CA mountain ranges to latitude 37°, and to western NV, northwest- ern WY, southwestern SD, northern MN, northeastern WI, northern MI, southeastern ON, northern NY, VT, NH, and northern ME. From south-central BC, north- central WA, and northern ID south to southern CA and western NV Southwestern BC, central WA, NV, southern UT, southwestern WY, central CO, southeastern NE, southern IA, southern WI, south- ern MI, southern ON, OH, central PA, and VA south to Guadalupe Island, southern Baja, CA, NM and northern sections of the Gulf States. Southeastern AZ, south into Mexican mountains. Southeastern NE, southern IA, southern IL, central IN, southeast- ern MI, southern ON, southern PA, southeastern NY, southern CT, and southeastern MA south to Mexico, The Gulf Coast and southern FL; sporadically farther north to southeastern MN, southern WI, east- central MI, central NY, VT, south- ern NY and southwestern ME. Southern and central-eastern BC, central AB, southern SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, ME, and NB south to northern Baja, CA, southeastern AZ, northern TX, AR, TN and northern GA. continued Continued Woodlands, live or dead trees 5-40 ft above ground. Woodlands, deciduous and coniferous forests, farm country, groves, scattered trees live or dead, 8-80 ft above ground. Coniferous forests, swamps, prefers fire-kill areas, dead or live trees 2-15 ft, coniferous forests; nest: Dead trees. Pine forests, firs; nest: In stub. Thicket, underbrush, pinyon- juniper canyons; nest: Tree, stub, crevice, box. Thickets, open woods, brush; nest: Tree, stub, or bird box. Brushy forests, thickets; nest: Natural cavityies, abandoned holes, upturned roots. Farmland, open forests; nest: Tree, stub, fence post, abandoned cavities. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wren, winter Troglodytes troglodytes Nesting type: Avocet, American Recurvirostra americana Crane, sandhill Grus canadensis Grackle, boat-tailed Cassidix major Grackle, great-tailed Cassidix mexicanus Phalarope, northern Lobipes lobatus Rail, black Laterallus jamaicensis Sandpiper, least Calidris minutilla Holarctic region from Aleutians, AK, southern YT, south-central Mac., central SK, southern MB, northern ON, central PQ, NF, and Iceland. South to central CA, central ID, the Great Lakes area and northern GA. Breeds east-central WA, south- central OR, southern ID, northern MT, central AB, southern SK, southern MB, south to southern CA, southern NV, northern UT, south- central CO, southern NM, and southern TX east to eastern ND, eastern SD, western NE, eastern CO, north-central OK. Northern AK, Banks Island, Baffin Island south to the Alleutian Is- lands, southeastern AK, CA, Baja, CA, southern and eastern TX, and LA; also in AL, southern GA, and FL. The Gulf Coast, northern FL, the Atlantic Coast from NJ south to southern FL. Southern AZ, central NM, west- central to southeastern TX through Mexico, CA, and coastal South America. Breeds in Western Hemisphere from western and northern AK, northern Mac., central Kee., east- central Baffin Island, coasts of Greenland south to southern AK, southern YT, northwestern BC, southern Mac., northeastern MB, islands in southern James Bay, and locally along the LB coast. Central CA to northwestern Baja, CA, eastern KS, northern MO, southeastern IA, IL, IN, OH, PA, NY, CT and MA, south to Gulf Coast. Breeds from central-western AK, northern Mac., and possibly south- ern Victoria Island, southern Kee., central-eastern coast of Hudson Bay, continued Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued) Coniferous wooded swamps, bogs; Mossy hammocks, rock crevices, abandoned holes, up- turned roots. Wetland nesting birds/saltwater - marsh, bay, tundra Borders of alkaline lakes, open spaces of marshes near scanty vegetation. Nest: Hollow in mud scattered among tufts of grass. Marshes, prairies, mountain meadows, near water; nest: Haylike mound. Coastal areas, fresh and salt water marshes; nest: Near or over water, willows, cat-tails, bulrush. Coastal areas, fresh and salt water marshes; nest: Near or over water, willows, cat-tails, bulrush. Bays, lakes, ponds, tundra; nest: Marshy tundra. Saltwater marshes; nest: Salt- grass, meadows, sedges. Tideflats, grassy marshes, shores; Hollow in moss tundra. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 483 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/saltwater - marsh, bay, tundra (Continued) Least sandpiper (Continued) Sandpiper, solitary Tringa solitaria Sandpiper, western Calidris mauri Sparrow, seaside Ammospiza maritima Wren, long-billed marsh Cistothorus palustris Yellowlegs, greater Tringa melanoleucus Yellowlegs, lesser Tringa flavipes Yellowthroat, common Geothlypis trichas and northern LB south to AK peninsula, southeastern AK, and southern YT; also south to north- eastern MB, the southern coast of Hudson Bay, western and eastern coasts of James Bay and eastern PQ, Sable Island off NS and NF. Breeds from central AK, northern Mac., northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and central LB south to central-eastern BC, southern AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, central PQ, south- central LB. Breeds on coasts of western and northern AK from Nunivak Island and the Kashunuk River to the Seward Peninsula and less commonly to Point Barron and Camden Bay. Salt marshes of Atlantic Coast from MA south to northern FL, and of the Gulf Coast from south- ern TX to central peninsular FL. Central BC, northern AB, south- central SK, southern MB, southern ON, southwestern PQ, southern ME, and eastern NB south to northern Baja, CA, south-central Mexico, the Gulf Coast to southern FL. Central-southern AK, central AB, east to north-central PQ and LB, and south to southeastern PQ and NF. North-central AK, northern YT, northwestern Mac., southern Kee., northeastern MB, and northwestern PQ south to east-central BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern On, west-central PQ. Southeastern AK, southern YT, northern AB, central SK, centra MB, central and northeastern ON, eastern PQ, and southwestern NF south to northern Baja, CA, the Gulf Coast of the U.S. and south- ern FL. continued Wooded swamps, ponds, freshwater marshes, streamsides; nest: Near water, in old nests of robin, rusty blackbird. Shores, beaches, mudflats, open marshes; nest: Dry tundra. Salt marshes; nest: On ground, marsh grass, bushes, marsh elder, Sparting, Juncus. Fresh and salt marshes, trace rivers, shores of inland pools; nest: Lashed to cat-tails, reeds, sedges, small bushes. Open marshes, mudflats, streams, ponds; nest: Depression in muskeg. Marshes, mudflats, shores, pond edges; nest: Depression in ground. Freshwater or saltwater swamps, bottomlands, wet or dry thickets, hedgerows; nest: Dense low cover, on ground or lodged in surrounding vegetation. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Nesting type: Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - Blackbird, red-winged Agelaius phoeniceus Blackbird, tri-colored Agelaius tricolor Blackbird, yellow-headed Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Coot, American Fulica americana Gallinule, common Gallinula chloropus Gallinule, purple Porphyrula martinica Godwit, marbled Limosa fedoa Grackle, boat-tailed Cassidix major Primary breeding range Habitat description Northwestern BC, southeastern YT, central Mac., northern SK, north- central MB, northern ON, southern PQ, PE, central NS south to southern Baja, CA, Central America, western Cuba, the Isle of Pines and the northern Bahamas. Breeds east of the coast ranges in southern OR south through CA, to northwestern Baja, CA. Breeds from western OR, central WA, central BC, northeastern AB, north-central SK, central and southeastern MB, northern MN, north-central WI, northeastern IL, and northwestern OH south to southern CA, southwestern AZ, northeastern Baja, CA, south- central NV, southwestern UT, central and central-eastern AZ, southern NM, northern TX, north- western OK, southern KS, north- western AR, southwestern, central and northeastern MO, central IL, northwestern IN. BC, southern Mac., AB, SK, MB, ON, PQ, and NB south through Mexico and Central America to Panama, the Greater Antilles, and Bahama Islands, and the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian Islands, from CA and AZ south through western Mexico, CO, NE, SD, MN, WI, MI, ON, and PQ south through eastern Mexico and Central America. Breeds from coastal region of LA, TN, western and southern MS, south- ern AL, and SD south through eastern GA, FL, the Bahama Islands and from southeastern TX through lowlands of Mexico; Central America south to South America. Breeds from central AB, southern SK, and southern MB south to central MT, central ND, northeast- ern SD, and west-central MN. The Gulf Coast, northern FL, the Atlantic Coast from NJ south to southern FL. continued marsh, bog, lake, pond Marshes, swamps, wet meadows, streamsides, dryfields, pastures, borders of ponds, lakes. Cat-tail or tule marshes; nest: Attached to reeds, cat-tails, bushes. Freshwater sloughs, marsh borders of ponds, lakes. Freshwater marshes, ponds, wet meadows; nest: Floating, attached to surrounding vegetation. Freshwater marshes, canals, ponds; nest: Over water in vegetation clump. Freshwater marshes, canals, ponds; nest: Over water in vegetation clump. Prairies, pools, shores; nest: Depression in grassy flat. Coastal areas, fresh and salt water marshes; nest: Near or over water, willows, cat-tails, bulrush. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 485 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - marsh, bog, lake, pond (Continued) Grackle, great-tailed Cassidix mexicanus Phalarope, northern Lobipes lobatus Phalarope, Wilson's Steganopus tricolor Rail, king Rallus elegans Rail, Virginia Rallus limicola Sandpiper, least Calidris minutilla Sandpiper, solitary Tringa solitaria Southern AZ, central NM, west- central to southeastern TX through Mexico, CA, and coastal South America. Breeds in Western Hemisphere from western and northern AK, northern Mac., central Kee., east-central Baffin Island, coasts of Greenland south to southern AK, southern YT, northwestern BC, southern Mac., northeastern MB, islands in south- ern James Bay, and locally along the LB coast. Breeds from interior of BC, central AB, central SK, northeast- ern MB, eastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, and southern ON south through interior of WA and OR to south-central CA, central NV, western and northern UT, northeastern CO, central KS, western NE, eastern SK and north- ern IN. Southeastern ND, central MN, central WI, southern MI, southern ON, NY, CT, and MA south to east- ern TX, LA, MS, AL, and FL. BC, AB, MT, SK, MB, MN, WI, MI, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, and NS south to southern AZ, central NM, northern TX, central OK, northern VA, northern AR, northern AL, eastern NC. Breeds from central-western AK, northern Mac., and possibly south- ern Victoria Island, southern Kee., central-eastern coast of Hudson Bay, and northern LB south to AK peninsula, southeastern AK, and southern YT; also south to north- eastern MB, the southern coast of Hudson Bay, western and eastern coasts of James Bay and eastern PQ, Sable Island off NS and NF. Breeds from central AK, northern Mac., northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and central LB south to central-eastern BC, southern AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, central PQ, south- central LB. continued Coastal areas, fresh and salt water marshes; nest: Near or over water, willows, cat-tails, bulrush. Bays, lakes, ponds, tundra; nest: Marshy tundra. Shallow lakes, freshwater marshes, pools, shores, mudflats; nest: Grass lined hollow in wet and dry meadows. Freshwater marshes, edge of sluggish streams, roadside ditches; nest: Clump of cat-tails, marsh grass, rushes. Freshwater marshes; nest: Marsh vegetation in dry area or above water. Tideflats, grassy marshes, shores; nest: Hollow in moss tundra. Wooded swamps, ponds, freshwater marshes, streamsides; nest: Near water, in old nests of robin, rusty blackbird. 486 CHAPTER 3 Species Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - marsh, bog, lake, pond (Continued) Sandpiper, western Calidris mauri Sora Porzana carolina Sparrow, Lincoln's Melospiza lincolnii Sparrow, sharp-tailed Ammospiza caudacuta Sparrow, swamp Melospiza georgiana Stilt, black-necked Himantopus mexicanus Tern, black Chidonias niger Warbler, Connecticut Oporornis agilis Breeds on coasts of western and northern AK from Nunivak Island and the Kashunuk River to the Seward Peninsula and less commonly to Point Barron and Camden Bay. BC, Mac., SK, northern MB, north- ern ON, central and southern PQ, NB, and PE south to northwestern Baja, CA, NV, AZ, southern NM, CO, OK, LA, MS, AL, GA, and northern FL. Northwestern AK, to central LB, south in mountains to southern CA, central AZ, and northern NM in west, and to southern MB, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, southern ON, northern NY, central ME, and NS in the East. Northeastern BC, southern Mac., central SK and central MB south to southern AB and ND; James Bay; Atlantic Coast from lower St. Lawrence Valley south to NC. Mac., northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and NF south to north- eastern BC, central AB, southern SK, eastern NE, northern MO, northern IL, northern IN, central OH, south-central WV, MD, DE. Southern OR, ID, northern UT, southern CO, eastern NM, the Gulf Coast of TX and southern LA south to northeastern Baja, CA; also in DE, NC, SC, central and eastern FL. Breeds from southeastern BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, NB, and ME south to CA, northern NV, northern UT, CO, NE, MO, KY, OH, PA and western NY. Breeds from central-eastern BC, central AB, central MB, northern ON, northwestern PQ, south to northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, and central ON. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES Shores, beaches, mudflats, open marshes; nest: Dry tundra. Marshes, swamps, bogs; shows preference for sedges or cat-tails, where mud and water are quite deep. Tamarack, sphagnum bogs, swamps, wet alders, thickets, brush openings; nest: On ground in grass, sedge, moss, lichens. Marshes, muskegs, in reedy margins; nest: Near ground in marsh. Freshwater marshes, wet brush fields, meadows, lake shores; nest: Grass sedge, low bushes, common over water. Grassy marshes, mudflats, shallow lakes; nest: On mudflat, marsh hummock . Inland marshes, prairies, wet meadows; nest: On floating vegetation, islands in marshes. Muskeg, tamerack, spruce bogs; nest: On or near ground, well concealed. 487 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Wetland nestin Warbler, palm Dendroica palmarum Warbler, Tennessee Vermivora peregrina Warbler, Wilson's Wilsonia pusilla Waterthrush, northern Seiurus noveboracensis Wren, long-billed marsh Cistothorus palustris Wren, short-billed marsh Cistothorus platensis Yellowlegs, greater Tringa melanoleucus Primary breeding range Habitat description birds/freshwater - marsh, bo Southwestern Mac., northern AB, northern SK, MB, northern ON, southern PQ, and southern NF south to northeastern BC, central AB, central SK, southeastern MB, northeastern MN, central MI, southern ON, southern PQ, ME, and NS. Breeds from southern YT, central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, central LB, and western NF south to south-central BC, northwestern MT, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, south-central ON, northeastern NY, southern VT, central NH, southern ME, southern NB, and central NS. Northern AK, northern YT, north- western and central Mac., north- eastern MB, northern ON, southern LB, and NF south to southern CA, central NE, northern UT, northern NM, central SK, southern MB, north- ern MN, southern ON, northern VT, central ME, and central NS North-central AK, northern YT, northwestern and central-southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, north-central PQ, central LB, and NF south to southern continental AK, central BC, northern ID, western MT, central SK, northern ND, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, north-eastern OH, northern PA and MA. Central BC, northern AB, south- central SK, southern MB, southern ON, southwestern PQ, southern ME, and eastern NB south to northern Baja, CA, south-central Mexico, the Gulf Coast to southern FL. Southeastern SK, southern MB, western and southern ON, southern PQ, southern ME, and eastern NB south through eastern SD, eastern NE, and eastern KS, to AR, WV, and VA. Central-southern AK, central AB, east to north-central PQ and LB, and south to southeastern PQ and NF. continued lake ond (Continued Wet muskeg, sphagnum bogs; nest Buried in moss. Open deciduous and coniferous woods, freshwater sloughs, swales, forest clearings; nest: On ground. Bogs, wooded swamps, alder swales; nest: On ground at base of tree, bush, well concealed. Wooded swamps, borders of streams, lakes. Fresh and salt marshes, trace rivers, shores of inland pools; nest: Lashed to cat-tails, reeds, sedges, small bushes. Wet meadows, marshes, hayfields. Open marshes, mudflats, streams, ponds; nest: Depression in muskeg. 488 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - marsh, bog, lake, pond (Continued) Yellowlegs, lesser North-central AK, northern YT, Marshes, mudflats, shores, pond Tringa flavipes northwestern Mac., southern Kee., edges; nest: Depression in northwestern MB, and northwestern ground. PQ south to east-central BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern ON, west-central PQ. Yellowthroat, common Southeastern AK, southern YT, Freshwater or saltwater swamps, Geothlypis trichas northern AB, central SK, central bottomlands, wet or dry thickets, MB, central and northeastern ON, hedgerows; nest: Dense low cover, eastern PQ, and southwestern NF on ground or lodged in south to northern Baja, CA, the surrounding vegetation. Gulf Coast of the U.S. and southern FL. Nesting type: Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - rivers, streams, creeks Dipper Alleutian Islands, north-central Fast flowing streams in or near Cinclus mexicanus AK, central YT, northwestern and mountains. central AB, north-central MT, and SD south to southern CA and through highlands of Mexico and Central America. Waterthrush, northern North-central AK, northern YT, Wooded swamps, borders of streams, Seiurus noveboracensis northwestern and central-southern lakes. Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, north-central PQ, central LB, and NF south to south- ern continental AK, central BC, northern ID, western MT, central SK, northern ND, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, north- eastern OH, northern PA and MA. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 489 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Buf flehead Bucephala albeola Goldeneye, Barrow's Bucephala islandica Goldeneye, common Bucephala clangula Merganser, common Mergus merganser Merganser, hooded Lophodytes cucullatus Canvasback Aythya valisineria CHAPTER 3 490 Nesting type: Southern coastal AK, upper Yukon Valley, northern Mac., and west- ern and northwestern ON south to southern BC, northern MT, south- ern SK, and central MB; also in Cascade Mountains of OR and mountains of northeastern CA. Breeds in widely separated areas from southern and southeastern AK and northern Mac., south to eastern WA, southwestern OR, and high central Sierra NV, CA; mountains in CO; and in north- eastern PQ, northern LB, south- western Greenland and Iceland. AK, Mac., southwestern shore of Hudson Bay, southern LB, and NF south to BC, MT, MN, and NB. Southeastern AK, BC, central AB, MB, northern ON, central PQ, and NF to central CA, AZ, Mexico, SD, MI, NY, and NS. Southeastern AK, central AK (rarely), northern BC, southern Mac., central AB, MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NB south to southwestern OR, central ID, south-central WY, central NE, south-central IA, eastern MO, eastern AL and western TN, sporadically in LA, AL, FL and SC. Nesting type: Central AK, northern Mac., Great Slave Lake, southeastern MB, southwestern SK, south to south- ern and southeastern OR, north- ern CA, western NV, northern UT, northern CO, western NE. Diving ducks - cavity nesters Tree cavities of aspen, Douglas-fir, balsam, poplar, Ponderosa pine. Tree cavities, nest boxes, rarely in holes in ground; tree spp. quaking aspen, cottonwood, Douglas-fir, Ponderosa pine; most sites within 100 ft of water. Natural cavities, nest boxes; preferred trees silver maple, elm, butter- nut. Open woods, near edges of fields, marshes. Tree cavities, and will resort to ground nesting when suitable cavities are not available. Nests located close to water. Tree cavities in swamps, bottomlands, wooded streams, beaver ponds; cavities selected are similar to wood duck. Diving ducks - ground nesters Diverse habitats; marsh- es, ponds, sloughs, pot- holes; favored cover spp.: cat-tails, bulrushes, bur-reed, sedge; inter- spersion between emergent plants and water is most important factor. continued Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Duck, harlequin Histrioni Duck, ring- necked Aythya collaris Duck, ruddy Oxyura jamaicensis Merganser, red- breasted Mergus serrator Scaup, lesser Aythya affinis Scoter, surf Melanitta perspicillata Diving ducks - ground nesters (Continued Breeds from central-western AK, southeastern Baffin Island, northeastern PQ and Greenland south to the Aleutian Islands, the mountains of southeastern AK and BC, the western slopes of central Sierra NV in CA, the mountains of CO, eastern PA, and central LB. Breeds from southern AK, Mac., central BC, AB, SK, MB, western ON, central PQ, and NF south to eastern OR, eastern CA, White Mountains of AZ, central CO, northern NE, northern IA, north- western PA, ME, NB, PE, and NS. From BC, Mac., AB, northern MB, Ungava and NS south through Mexico to Central America, the Gulf Coast, and FL, the Bahama Islands, Greater and Lesser Antilles. Greenland, southern AK, BC, AB, MN, MI, southern ON, NY, ME, and NF. Breeds in interior of northwest- ern North America from central AK and the northern limit of trees in the Mac., and Anderson River regions east to the west shore of Hudson Bay; south to southern AK, central BC, north- ern ID, northeastern CO, NE, northeastern IA, formerly or sporadically to southern WI, southern ON, and OH. Breeds from western AK, east in northwestern Canada from MacKenzie Delta to the Anderson River, south to northern BC, Great Bear to Great Slave Lakes, Rocky shores adjacent to mountain streams; also on ground under bushes, shrubs. Favors marshes surround- ed partially bo wooded vegetation, located with- in a few ft from water opening; preferred cover spp.: Sedge, sweet gale, leather leaf. Large and small marshes, nest in emergent vegeta- tion; plants at desirable water depths are more important than individual species. Diverse nesting sites: Marshes, rocky islets, islands, shores; dense cover vegetation includes spruce, gooseberry bushes, labrador tea; distance from water varies from few yds to 50 yds. Grassy areas near water or distant upland areas; also islands in lakes; favored cover spp.: Sedges, juncus, reed canary-grass. Closed, open boreal forests, well-concealed nests under low branches of pine or spruce. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 491 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Surf scoter (Continued) Scoter, white- winged Melanitta deglandi Duck, wood Aix sponsa Duck, black Anas rubripes Duck, mottled Anas fulvigula Gadwal1 Anas strepera Diving ducks - ground nesters (Continued) and Lake Athabaska, probably further east in NT; also in James Bay and central LB. Northwestern AK, MacKenzie Delta, central MB, northern ON, and NF. Nesting type: Surface Breeds from the Okanagan Valley and southwestern BC, WA, north- ern ID, and northwestern MT south through western and central OR to central CA; and from southern MB, northern MN, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, NS, and PE south to southeast- ern TX, the Gulf Coast and FL. Nesting type: Northern MB, northern ON, north- ern PQ, LB, and NF south to ND, northern MN, WI, northern IL, IN, OH, PA, MD, WV, and eastern VA, sparingly to eastern NC. The coastal region of southern TX and LA, and peninsular FL from Alachua County southward. Breeds from southern AK, south- ern BC, AB, central MB, and rarely PQ south through CA, NV, northern AZ, southern CO, northwestern NM, northern TX, southwestern KS, northern IA, central MN, southern WI, OH, northwestern PA, NJ, DE, MD, NC. uddle) ducks - cavit Nest considerable dis- tance from water in wood- land areas or in areas with dense cover; cover spp.: Rosebushes, rasp- berry, willows, nettles, gooseberry bushes. nesters Tree cavities, woodland areas, adjacent or rarely ami from water; favor tree spp. in floodplain forests: Bald-cypress, sycamore, silver maple, black ash, sourgum, black willow; upland areas: Black oak, bur oak, bass- wood, American elm, sweet gum. Surface (puddle) ducks - ground nesters Variety of habitats, depending on available cover; Chesapeake Bay area; 65% in upland areas, 17% marshes, 19% in old duck blinds; most of the nests in upland areas were in wooded tracts; also nest in cavities, stumps. Prefer coastal marsh; nest in cordgrass; also prairie meadows, rice fields, within 500 ft of water; cover vegetation: Cordgrass, buccharis bush. Prefers meadow, upland areas, dikes in marshes, fields, meadows; most nest less than 100 yds from water; vegetation varies within range, general requirements tall, dense vegetation. continued 492 CHAPTER 3 Table 65.8 (Continued) Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Gadwall (Continued) Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Pintail Anas acuta Shoveler, northern Anas clypeata Teal, blue- winged Anas discors Surface (puddle) ducks - grou AK, northwestern and southeast- ern Canada to northern Baja, CA, southern TX, IL, OH, and VA. Breeds from the tundra lakes of arctic AK east to northern Mac., Southampton Island, eastern PQ, southeastern NB, NF, western Greenland, south to southern CA, northwestern NV, northern AZ, southern CO, central NE, central IA, central IL, sparingly to southern MI, northern OH, and northwestern PA. Breeds from western AK, irregu- larly east to Mackenzie Bay, Great Slave Lake, central AB, central SK, the west coasts of Hudson and James Bays, southern ON, northwestern PA, and DE south through eastern WA, and OR to southern CA, central AZ, south-central NM, KS, NE, west- ern IA; occasionally to IL, IN, WI, MI, southern ON, northern OH, western NY, NB, MO, and TX. Breeds from BC, northern SK, southern PQ , and NS south to southern CA, southern NM, and central TX. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES nd nesters (Continued) Prefer upland areas to marsh; nests located with- in 100 yds of water; cover vegetation varies greatly in range, primary require- ment is dense vegetation about 24 in high. Open areas with low or sparse vegetation; nest 40 yds from water, fre- quently in farmland habitat, hayfields, pastures, roadsides. Tall-grass prairies, wet- lands, marshes; cover vegetation tall-grasses, when sufficient grass cover is not available hayfields and meadows are utilized; nests average 75-200 ft from water. Hayfields are used exten- sively in midwest; also northern prairies, grass- lands, sedge meadows ; average distance from water 125 ft. Favored spp.: Grasses, buck- brush, bluegrass. 493 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.8 (Concluded) Species Teal, cinnamon Anas cyanoptera Teal, green-winged Anas crecca Wigeon, American Anas americana Whistling-duck, black-bellied Dendrocygna autumnalis Whistling-duck, fulvous Dendrocygna bicolor Primary breeding range Habitat description Surface (puddle) ducks - ground nesters (Continued) Southwestern Canada, WY, south to CA, NM and Mexico. North-central AK, northern Mac., northern MB, James Bay, south- eastern PQ, and NF south to southern CA, eastern AZ, north- ern NM, northern NE, southern MN, western ON, northern OH, northwestern PA, western NY, ME, NB, NS; casually to MA. Breeds from the Bering Sea Coast of AK, the interior of AK, the YT and Mac. basins, Great Slave Lake, Lake Athabaska, southern MB, western MN, and WI south through interior of BC and Great Plains to north- eastern CA, northern NV, northern AZ, northern CO, and northern NE. Nesting t Tree Southern TX through Mexico and CA to South America. Central CA, southeastern TX and southwestern LA south to south-central Mexico. whistling- Marsh areas within 75 yds of water; dense cover is more important than type of vegetation; favored spp. include saltgrass, hardstem, bulrush. Upland areas, average of 95 ft from water; favors dense stands of grass, weeds, brush for cover. Upland nesting sites, ranging from a few yds to 400 yds from water; cover spp.: Buckbrush, juncus, greasewood. ducks Pastures; nest: Under brush, low shrubs. Prefers trees: Live oaks, ebony, willow, mesquite; most nests were between 500-1,000 yds from water. Also nests in nest houses. Ricefields; nest: Contour levees, dense vegetation over water; TX preferred spp.: Paspalum, cutgrass, cat-tails. 3References used for this table are: 8, 18, 76, 124, 174, 175, 180. 494 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 U.S. ENDANGERED/THREATENED FISH U.S. endangered/threatened fish are listed in alphabetical order according to common name along with the scientific name and range (table 65.9). Ecological characteristics of fish are not provided because of the impracticality of managing a fish species on a ROW. Instead, critical areas and wetlands are discussed (volume 1, chapter 6), but suggest that management is a passive program—avoid wetlands when possible; if not, minimize disturbances and water and vegetation changes. Emphasis is placed on water quality control and management of bordering vegetation. Table 65.9 U.S. Endangered/Threatened Fish Common name Scientific name Range Endangered Chub, humpback Gila cypha AZ, UT, WY Chub, Mohave Gila _mohavensis CA Chub, roundtail Gila robusta NV Cisco, longjaw Coregonus alpenae Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus NV Dace, Speckled Rhinichthys osculus Wy Dace, Moapa Moapa coriacea NV Darter, fountain Etheostoma fonticola TX Darter, Maryland sellare MD Darter, Okaloosa Etheostoma okaloosae FL Darter, snail Percina tanasi TN Darter, watercress Etheostoma nuchale AL Gamhusia, Big Bend Gambusia gaigei TX Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia heterochir TX Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia nobilis TX Killifish, Pahrump Empetrichythys latos NV Madtom, Scioto Notorus trautmani OH Pike, blue Stizostedion glaucum Lakes Erie and Ontario Pupfish, Comanche Springs Cyprinodon elegans TX Pupfish, Devil's Hole Cyprinodon diabolis NV Pupfish, Owens River Cyprinodon radiosus CA Pupfish, Tecopa Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae i Pupfish, Warm Springs Cyprinodon nevadens is pectoralis NV Squawfish, Colorado River Ptychocheilus lucius —S=CAT; CA, CO, NM, UT, WY Stickleback, unarmored three-spined Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni CA Sturgeon, shortnose i ser brevirostrum l Atlantic Coast Topminnow, Gila F AZ Trout, greenback cutthroat Salmo clarki stomi co Trout, Gila Salmo gilae NM Woundf in Plagopterus argentissimus AZ, NV, UT Threatened Cavefish, Alabama Speoplatyrhinus poulsani AL Chub, slender Hybopsis cahni TN, VA continued RSI A rR RRR SRE ng ReNRD SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 495 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States [oR Oa RO ORS Table 65.9 (Concluded) Common name Scientific name Range Chub, spotfin Hybopsis monacha VA, TN, NC Darter, bayou Etheostoma rubrum MS Darter, leopard Percina pantherina AR, OK Darter, slackwater Etheostoma boschungi AL, TN Madtom, ‘yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis TN, VA Trout, Arizona Salmo apache AZ Trout, Lahontan cutthroat Salmo clarki henshawi CA, NV Trout, Little kern golden Salmo aguabonita whitei CA Trout, Paiute cutthroat Salmo clarki seleniris CA PAPAL IE EL RO A TN ne STATE ENDANGERED/THREATENED FISH AND WILDLIFE Listed by State (table 65.10) are the endangered / threatened faunal species (mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, and fish). No other information about the species is included, due to the number of species involved and, in many cases, their only local relevance. These lists, unless otherwise noted, are considered by the State’s fish and game agency as the official list for that State, as of 1977. The reference cited for a particular State should be checked as indicated in parenthesis below the State name (see references at the end of this chapter). Omitted 496 from these State lists are any entirely oceanic species (e.g., whales). Some states have no list of their own but have adopted the Federal listing of endangered species. Ecological characteristics of Federally listed wildlife species are listed in tables 65.5, 65.6, and 65.7. The status of State endangered /threatened wildlife is constantly changing, so current information should be obtained from the State fish and game agency of interest. The status definitions for each State also vary; these should be verified in each case. Listed as a footnote to table 65.10 are general definitions of the symbols used. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.10 State Endangered/Threatened Fish and Wildlife (Western United States) Group Status® Common name Birds Mammals Birds Amphibians and reptiles Fish mmmm AAaamm mmm Aa AAR 44444mmmmMm mmmmmm AAAAA Alaska (132) Aleutian Canada goose Peregrine falcon Eskimo curlew Short-tailed albatross Arizona (12) Yuma mountain lion Sonoran pronghorn River otter Mexican pronghorn Desert sheep Mississippi kite Gray hawk Southern bald eagle Peregrine falcon Yuma clapper rail Black rail Rose-throated becard Buff-breasted flycatcher Great egret Snowy egret Black-crowned night heron Black-bellied tree duck Mexican duck Zone-tailed hawk Black hawk Osprey Desert tortoise Gila monster Humpback chub Mexican stoneroller Woundfin Colorado River squawfish Loach minnow Yaqui topminnow Arizona trout Gila chub Bonytail chub Razorback sucker Gila topminnow continued Scientific name Branta canadensis leucopareia Falco peregrinus Numenius borealis Diomedea albatrus Felis concolor browni Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Lutra canadensis Antilocapra americana mexicana vis canadensis mexicana Ictinia mississippiensis Buteo nitidus Haliaeetus Teucocephalus Teucocephalus Falco peregrinus anatum Rallus longirostris yumanensis Laterallus jamaicensis Platyparis aglaiae richmondi Eipitona fulvifrons pygmaeus Casmerodius albus egretta Egretta thula brewsteri Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli Dendrocygna autumnalis fulgens Anas platyrhynchos diazi Buteo albonotatus Buteogallus albonotatus anthracinus Pandion haliaetus Gopherus agassizi Heloderma suspectum Gila cypha Campostoma ornatum pricei Plagopterus argentissimus Ptychocheilus Tucius jaroga cobitus Poectltopsis occidentalis sonortensis Salmo apache Gila intermedia Gila elegans Hyrauchen texanus Poeciliopsis occidentalis occidentalis SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 497 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.10 (Continued) Group Mammals Birds Amphibians and reptiles Fish Status? “mmm DDDDDDDBIMMMM DAMMMMMM MM DDBDDWDDDWDWMM PRDBMMmMmmMm Common name Scientific name California (39) Salt marsh harvest mouse Morro Bay kangaroo rat Mohave ground squirrel Stephen's kangaroo rat Fresno kangaroo rat San Joaquin kit fox Island fox Wolverine Guadalupe fur seal California bighorn sheep Peninsular bighorn sheep California brown pelican Southern bald eagle American peregrine falcon California condor California clapper rail Yuma clapper rail Light-footed clapper rail California least tern California black rail California yellow-billed cuckoo Blunt-nosed leopard lizard San Francisco garter snake Santa Cruz long-toed salamander Desert slender salamander Southern rubber boa Alameda striped racer Giant garter snake Siskiyou mountain salamander Kern Canyon slender salamander Tehachapi slender slamander Limestone salamander Shasta salamander Colorado River squafish Mohave chub Owens River pupfish Tecopa pupfish Unarmored threespine stickleback Thicktail chub Owens tui chub Bonytail chub Humpback sucker Shortnose sucker Lost River sucker Modoc sucker Rough sculpin Cottonball marsh pupfish continued Reithrodontomys raviventris Dipo a eermanni morroensis Spermophi lus mohavensis Dipodomys stephensi Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Vulpes macrotis mutica Urocyon littoralis Gulo luscus Arctocephalus townsendi Ovis canadensis californiana Ovis canadensis cremnobates Pelecanus occidentalis Haliaeethus Teucocephalus eucocephalus Falco peregrinus anatum pymnogyps californianus Rallus longirostris obsoletus Rallus longirostris yumanensis Rallus longirostris levipes Sterna albifrons brownt Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus Coccyzus americanus occidentalis frotaphytus silus hamnophis sirtalis tetrataenis Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Batrachoseps aridus arina bottae umbratica qasticophis ateralis euryxanthus hamnophis couchi gigas Plethodon stort Batrachoseps simatus Hydromantes brunus Hydromantes shastae Ptychocheilus lucius Gila mohavensis Cyprinodon radiosus ¢ yprinodon nevadensis calidae Gasterosterus aculeatus williamsoni Gila crassicauda Gila bicolor Gila elegans Meesichen teas thasmistes brevirostris Catostomus Tuxatus Catostomus microps Cottus asperrimus Cyprinodon milferi 498 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.10 (Continued) Group Mammals Birds Fish Mammals Birds Status® mmmmmm AAA AAmMmMm Aammmmm mm MaMa MMMMMMMsMIMMMmmmmmM Common name Scientific name Colorado (45) Gray wolf Grizzly bear Black-footed ferret Wolverine River otter Lynx Peregrine falcon Greater prairie chicken Prairie sharp-tailed grouse Whooping crane Greater sandhill crane White pelican Lesser prairie chicken Colorado River squawfish Humpback chub Bonytail chub Humpback sucker Arkansas River speckled chub Central Johnny darter Plains orangethroat darter Colorado River cutthroat Rio Grande cutthroat Greenback cutthroat Arkansas darter Hawaii (77) Hawaiian bat Hawaiian seal Newell's shearwater Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel Hawaiian storm petrel Nene Laysan teal Hawaiian duck Hawaiian hawk Hawaiian gallinule Hawaiian coot Hawaiian stilt Hawaiian ow] White tern Hawaiian crow Puaiohi Kauai thrush Molokai thrush Nihoa millerbird Kauai 00 Maui amakihi Hawaii creeper Mologai creeper Oahu creeper continued Canis lupus Ursus arctos Mustela nigripes GuTo gulo Lutra canadensis Lynx canadensis Falco peregrinus anuchus cupido ediocetes phasianellus jamesii Grus americana Grus Canadensis tabida Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ymp anuchus pallidicinctus Ptychocheilus lucius Gila Cypha Gila elegans Xyrauchen texanus Hybopsis aestivalis tetranemus Etheostoma nigrum nigrum Etheostoma spectabile pulchellum Saimo clarki pleuriticus Salmo clarki virginalis Salmo clarki stomias Etheostoma cragini Lasiurus cinereus semotus Monachus schauinslandi Puffinus puffinus newelli Pterodroma phaeopygta sandwichensis Oceanodroma castro cryptoTeucura Branta sandvicensis Anas wyvilliana laysanensis Anas wyvilliana wyvilliana Buteo solitarius Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis Fulica americana alai eee Himantopus ene knudseni Asio flammeus sandwichensis Gygis alba orvus tropicus Phaeornis palmeri Phaeornis obscurus myadestina Phaeornis obscurus rutha Acrocephalus familiaris kingi Moho braccatus Loxops virens wilsoni Oxops maculata mana Loxops maculata fTammea Loxops maculata maculata SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 499 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States I Table 65.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name Hawaii_(Continued E Hawaii akepa foxops coccinea coccinea E Maui akepa Loxops coccinea ochracea E Poo uli Melamprosops phaeosoma E Kauai akialoa Teateaathash nathus procerus E Maui nukupuu lemignathus lucidus affinis E Kauai nukupuu Hemignathus inathus Tucidus Ranapepe E Akiapolaau Henignathus wilsoni E Maui parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys E Ou Psittirostra psittacea E Laysan finch Psittirostra cantans cantans E Nihoa finch Psittirostra cantans ultima E Palila Psittirostra bail bailleui E Crested honeycreeper Palmeria dolei— E I' iwi Vestiaria coccinea Idaho (84) Mammals E/T Grizzly bear Ursus horribilis E/T Wolf Canis upus E/T Caribou Rangifer tarandus Birds E/T Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus E/T Whooping crane Grus americana Kansas 94 Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. Montana (143) Mammals E Northern Rocky Mountain wolf Canis 1 upus irremotus E Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes Birds E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum E Whooping crane Grus « americana Nebraska (150) Mammals E Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes E Swift fox es velox T Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans Birds E American peregrine falcon Farce eregrinus anatum E Arctic peregrine falcon Falco Peregrinus tundri tundrius E Whooping crane Grus | aherieana E Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis T Interior least tern Sterna albifrons athalassos T Mountain plover Charadrius monta montanus continued 500 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 ELE EI RT ROI Table 65.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name a Nebraska (Continued) Fish T Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens T Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus T Northern redbelly dace Phoxinus eos T Pearl dace Semotilus ; margarita T Finescale dace phox tas neogaeus T Brook stickleback Culaea inconstans Nevada (152) Birds E Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Jeucocephalus E Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Fish E Pahranagat bonytail Gila robusta jordani E Pahrump killifish Empetrichythys latos E Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus E Devil's Hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis E Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius E Utah cutthroat trout Salmo clarki utah New Mexico (157) Mammals E White-sided jackrabbit Lepus callotis gaillardi E Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes E River otter Cutra canadensis E Jaguar Felis onca Birds E Mexican duck Anas diazi novimexicana E Bald eagle Haliaeetus Teucocephalus Teucocephalus. E Caracara ayacera cheriway audubonii audubonii E Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum E Aplomado falcon Falco femoralis septentrionalis E White-tailed ptarmigan Lagopus Teucurus eucurus altipetens E Sharp-tailed grouse Pediocetes és phasianellus ‘Columb Tanus E Sage grouse Centrocerus ntrocerus urophasianus E Coppery-tailed trogon rogon Trogon elegans ‘canescens E Buff-breasted flycatcher Empidonax fulvifrons pygt pygmaeus E Sulphur-bellied flycatcher MyTodynastes uteiventris swarthi Amphibians and E Gila monster Heloderma suspectum reptiles E Ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi silus Fish E Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus E American ee] Anguilla rostrata E Gila trout Salmo gilae E Colorado River squawfish Ptychochei us lucius E Bluntnose shiner Notropis simus E Beautiful shiner Notropis formosus E Prosperpine shiner Notropis is proserpinus E Pecos gambusia Gambusia nobilis E Gila topminnow Poeciliopsis ysis occidentalis occidentalis continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES i 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States Table 65.10 (Continued) Group Mammals Birds Amphibians and reptiles Mammals Birds Amphibians and reptiles Fish Status? mm m@mmm mmamm A4A44m =A AAA AAA AAmmmmmMm mmm Common name Scientific name North Dakota Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. kK Tahoma 168 Has not yet adopted State list-- use Federal list. Oregon (169) Sea otter Wolverine Kit fox Columbian white-tailed deer California brown pelican Aleutian Canada goose American peregrine falcon Arctic peregrine falcon Northern bald eagle Northern spotted ow] Western snowy plover Western spotted frog South Dakota Black-footed ferret Northern swift fox River otter Mountain lion Black bear Southern bald eagle Peregrine falcon Whooping crane Eskimo curlew Interior least tern Osprey Buff-breasted sandpiper Blanding's turtle False map turtle Spiny softshell turtle Eastern hognose «snake Lined snake Brown snake Northern red-bellied snake Central mudminnow Peari dace Banded killifish continued Enhydra lutris Gulo gulo Vulpes macrotis nevadensis Odocoileus virginianus leucurus Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Branta canadensis leucopareia Falco peregrinus anatum Falco peregrinus tundrius Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus Strix occidentalis caurina Ch aradrius a exandrinus nivosus Rana pretiosa Mustela nigripes Vulpes velox hebes Lutra canadensis interior concolor Ursus americanus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Falco peregrinus anatum Grus americana Numenius borealis Sterna albifrons athalassos Pandion haliaetus Tryngites subruficollis Emydoidea blandingi Graptemys pseudogeographica rionyx spiniferus leterodon platyrhinos ropidoclonion lineatum Storeria dekayi Storeria occipitomaculata emotilus margarita FunduTus diaphanus 502 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States 65 Table 65.10 (Continued) Group Status Common name Scientific name South Dakota (Continued) il Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus il Sturgeon chub Hybopsis gelida ay Sicklefin chub Hybopsis meeki dj Northern redbelly dace Phoxinus eos lj Finscale dace Phoxinus neogaeus i Longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus iW Trout-perch Percopsis omiscomaycus 1 Plains topminnow Fandulus sctadicus Texas (216) Mammals E Federally listed whales E Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes E Jaguar Panthera onca E Margay Felis wiedii E Ocelot Felis pardalis E Red wolf Canis rufus E West Indian manatee richechus manatus E Bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis Birds E Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis cE Mexican duck Anas diazi E Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Jeucocephalus. E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum c| Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus tundrius el Attwater's greater prairie chicken ympanuchus cupido attwateri E Whooping crane Grus americana E Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis E Ivory-billed woodpecker Canpephi lus principalis E Red-cockaded woodpecker Dendrocopos borealis E Bachman's warbler Vermivora bachmanii Amphibians and E Atlantic Ridley turtle Lepidochelys kempii reptiles E Hawksbill turtle Eretmoche ys imbricata E Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea E American alligator Alligator mississippiensis E Cascade Cavern salamander Eurycea latitans E San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana E Fern Bank salamander Eurycea pterophila E Texas blind salamander vph omolge rathbuni E Houston toad ufo houstonensis Fish E Amistad gambusia Gambusia amistadensis E San Marcos gambusia Gambusia_ george E Big Bend gambusia Gambusia gaigei E Clear Creek gambusia Gambusia heterochir E Pecos gambusia Gambusia nobilis E Comanche Springs pupfish Cyprinodon € egans E Leon Springs pupfish Cyprinodon bovinus E Fountain darter Ftheostoma fonticola continued a Er EIR RA aR SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 503 65 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Western United States ‘RCS SS EER NS RRR RSS ts koe SOR Re re eames Table 65.10 (Concluded) Group Status® Common name Scientific name Utah (238) Mammals E Black-footed ferret Mustela “igripes E Utah prairie dog Cynomys parvidens Birds E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum Fish E Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius E Humpback chub Gila cypha He E Woundfin PTagopterus argentissimus Washington (244) Has no State list--use Federal list. Wyoming (253) Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. status definitions for each State vary and should be verified in each instance. The following are general definitions for the symbols used in this table: — - Endangered... .... An endangered species or subspecies is one whose prospects for survival within that State are in immediate danger. T - Threatened or Ryle Rares) yield ey A threatened or rare species is one which is likely to be- come endangered within that State in the forseeable future. E/T - Endangered/Threatened or R/E - Rare/Endangered ... . These phrases have basically the same meaning. The State in this case has not differentiated between endangered, threatened, or rare, so the general term is used. This classification should be considered "endangered." REFERENCES |. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural 6. Resources. n.d. Endangered and threatened animals of Alabama. Ala. Dep. Conserv. Nat. Resour., Mont- gomery, Ala. 9 pp. 7. . 197Sa. 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Augusta. 5 pp. [Departmental working papers. unpubl.] Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wild- life. 1978. Personal communication. Augusta, Me. Mallette, R.D. nd. Upland game of California. Calif. Dep. Fish Game. Sacramento, Calif. 76 pp. 123 124. 125. 126 127. 128 129. 130. 131. 138. 139. . Michigan Department of Natural Resources. . Manville, R.H.. and S.P. Young. 1965. Distribu- tion of Alaskan mammals. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Cire. 211. . Martin, C.A.. H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants: a guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 500 pp. Martinka, C.J. 1968. Habitat relationships of white-tailed and mule deer in northern Montana. J. Wildl. Manage. 32(3):558-565. . Maryland Department of Natural Resources. 1972. Maryland endangered species list (Authority Title 10, Section 210C); Wildl. Conserv. Regulation 08.03.01. I p. . 1976. Guide to hunting, trapping in Mary- land 1976. Annapolis, Md. 40 pp. . 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CHAPTER 3 achene A one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with seed attached to fruit wall at one point only, derived from a superior ovary. acorn The fruit of the oak; a nut in a hardened scaly cup. aggregate fruit A group of separate fruits developed from one flower. allelopathic inhibition The influence of one living plant upon another due to secretion of toxic substances. alluvial soil A soil, recently deposited by running water, showing practically no horizon development (save Al formation) or other modification. alternating current (AC) A current that reverses direction in regular cycles. altricial Referring to those birds that after hatching are helpless and require parental care for a period of time. annual Living one year. anthesis The time when the flower expands and opens or the process of expansion and opening. anthocarp Structure in which fruit is united with perianth or receptacle. apical dominance The upward growth of terminal shoot meristems that inhibits the growth of underlying lateral buds. awn A bristle-shaped appendage at the end or on the back or edge of an organ. axil The angle formed between a plant axis and any organ developing from it (e.g., a leaf axil). barrier effect The inhibition of the movement or reproductive behavior of an endangered species when its habitat is fragmented by a ROW. basal leaves With branches from ground level. bench Level or gently sloping land surrounded by steeper slopes above and below it. berry Fleshy fruit. biennial Living two years; usually flowering the second year. bifid Forked; that is, having two equal parts. bipinnate A leaf two times pinnately compounded. blowdown An area where wind has blown over all tall-growing vegetation. bog An extremely wet, poorly drained area characterized by a float- ing, spongy mat of vegetation, composed of sphagnum, sedges, and heaths. bract Modified leaf found in the inflorescence. browse Leaves, stems, twigs, bark, and wood of woody plants con- sumed by animals. bulb A short, erect, underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves. bur Any rough or prickly involucre or pericarp. cabling A vegetation maintenance technique in which a 150 foot to 200 foot 1.5 inch cable is dragged between two tractors to break off or uproot plants. caespitose See “cespitose.” calcareous soils Of soils made alkaline by calcium carbonate or calcium magnesium bicarbonate. callus Wound tissue. Generally, soft parenchymatous tissue that develops after the wounding of a plant, tending to cover the wound. Specifically, a caplike mass of callose that covers the sieve plates of nonfunctioning sieve tubes. calyx The outermost layer of modified leaves, sepals. canopy A network of the uppermost branches of a forest which partially or fully cover the understory. capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a two or more carpelled ovary. Glossary carpellate Plant with female or pistillate flowers. caryopsis A one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with the seed coat attached to the fruit wall. cauline Leaves more or less distributed evenly on a stem. cespitose Short, much-branched; a plant forming a cushion. chaining A vegetation maintenance technique in which a heavy anchor chain is dragged between two tractors to break off or uproot plants. chipping A process of slash disposal in which a machine is used to grind up large pieces of wood into small chips. circuit, double Referring to a transmission line that has two separate circuits (each with three phases). circuit,single Referring toa transmission line that has only one electri- cal circuit consisting of three phases. clear cut Removal of all trees in an area in one cutting operation. coalesce To grow together or into one body. coalescent The union of similar parts (e.g., the petals of a flower). coma A tuft of hairs especially at the tips of seeds. community An assemblage of animal and plant populations that live together in a prescribed area or habitat. compaction Firm, concentrated soil caused by pressure on top layers (e.g., bulldozing). composites Members of the plant family Compositae (Asteraceae). conductor A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. cone The reproductive structure of pine, fir, and other conifers, consisting of an axis to which are attached many woody, overlapping scales which bear seeds. conifer (coniferous) Cone-bearing. continental Having large annual and daily ranges in temperature. cordate Of a conventional heart shape. corm The enlarged, solid, fleshy base of a stem with scales; an upright underground storage stem. corolla The whorl of petals above the sepals. corymb A flat-topped or convex indeterminate cluster of flowers. cover Plants or objects used by wildlife for protection from predators and adverse weather and for rearing their young. cover type The dominant plant type covering an area (e.g., aspen cover type). culm A stem of a grass (e.g., bamboo); sometimes a sedge that is typically hollow between nodes. culvert A drainage device designed to prevent erosion near roads. cuneate Obitriangular; inversely triangular. danger tree Any tree adjacent to a transmission line right-of-way that could fall into or otherwise endanger the line. dieback A diseased condition of the peripheral, aboveground struc- tures of woody plants caused by parasites or other agents (e.g., winter injury). deciduous Of any plant organ or group of organs that is shed naturally — leaf-losing. Of perennial plants that are normally leafless for some time during the year. decumbent Reclining or lying on the ground with the tips ascending. deer yard An area of heavy cover where deer congregate in winter for food and shelter. dehiscent Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or anther. deltoid Triangular in shape. dentate Toothed; referring to margins of leaves. 513 Glossary den tree A tree, either hollow or having holes, that is utilized by various animals for cover and nesting. digitate Several members arising from the summit of support. Said especially of spikes from the summit of a stalk of clustered flowers. dioecious Unisexual flowers; having the staminate and pistillate on different plants. Also refers to gymnosperms with pollen and seed cones on different individuals. direct current(DC) Electric current with no change in the direction of electron flow and with only slightly varied magnitude. disking A vegetation maintenance technique that cuts, lifts, and inverts vegetation while scarifying the soil. diurnal Active during the day. drupe (druplet) A fleshy fruit with a stony endocarp. A druplet is a small drupe. ecological characteristics The basic information about a species, including distribution, habitat, reproduction, growth characteristics and needs, and responses to habitat changes. ecosystem The interaction of a community of living organisms with their nonliving surroundings. ecotone The transition zone between two or more biotic communities (e.g., the ecotone between forest and prairie). edge The transition zone between two or more vegetation types (i.e., the edge between a field and a forest). ellipsoid Solidly-shaped, with an elliptical outline. elliptic With widest axis at midpoint of structure and with margins symmetrically curved. endangered species A species whose chances for survival are in imme- diate danger. Endangered Species Act of 1973—PL93-205; 87 Stat. 884 A law providing a means to protect and conserve endangered or threatened species and their habitats. endemic Native to a particular region. epiphyte A plant growing on, but not nourished by, another plant. epicormic Growing from a dormant bud exposed to light and air. exotic species A species not native to a geographical area in which it is found. fascicle A bundle or cluster of flowers. feral Having reverted to a wild state after being domesticated at one time (e.g., feral hogs). filter strip A protective area of absorbent, undisturbed soil between access roads and streams, preventing runoff. flashover A sudden electrical surge between two conductors that Causes an arc. flats Level tracts of land with little or no relief. follicle A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel that splits along a suture. forage All plants available to wildlife or livestock for feeding. fronds Leaves of a fern. fuelbreak A cleared strip in a wooded area that serves as a line of fire defense. furbearer A mammal commonly harvested for its hide. fusiform In spindle shape; that is, widest at the middle and tapering gradually to each pointed end, the body being circular in cross- section. gestation The length of time from conception to birth. girdling The act of encircling a tree with cuts through the cambium layer to kill the tree. glabrous Smooth; not hairy. glacial drift A deposit of soils and minerals transported by a glacier. glacial till A clay subsoil originally transported and deposited by a glacier. glandular hairs Hair-bearing glands or glandlike appendages. globose Spherical, globular. glumes Bracts, usually occurring in pairs, at the base of a grass spikelet. 514 grading A restoration method to return soil to its original contour on construction sites that will no longer be used. habit Characteristic mode of growth or occurrence in plants. habitat An area where an organism and all its life requirements can be found; the natural environment of a plant or animal. halophyte A plant that is more or less restricted to saline soil or to sites that are influenced by salt water. heath layer A layer of vegetation consisting of members of the Ericaceae. hinge-cutting The act of cutting through a tree trunk enough to fell it but leave a strip of wood and bark attached. home range The area within which an animal commonly travels to find all its life requirements. hummock A round, conical hollock or knoll; a slight rise in ground- level. indehiscent Not opening by valves, or any other means; persistently closed. inflorescence The flowering part of a plant, and especially the mode of its movement. insectivorous Adapted to feeding on insects. insulator A material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. interspersion The actual mixing of habitat types at an edge. involute Having edges rolled inward over upper surface. kilovolt (kV) A unit of electromotive force equal to 1000 volts. lanceolate Lance-shaped; about 4 times as long as wide and broadest below or about the middle. lacustrine Relating to or formed in lakes. leaflet A distinct and separate segment of a leaf. legume A usually dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel that splits along two sutures. lemmas Outer scales subtending a grass floret. lenticular Lens-shaped; biconvex. ligulate Having a tonguelike outgrowth at the base of blade or top of sheath. loam A soil consisting of an easily crumbled mixture of clay, sand, and silt. locule Compartment of an anther; ovary cavity. loess A loam mixture, ranging from clay to fine sand with calcareous elements, that is extensively prevalent in the Continental U.S. marsh A low, treeless, wet area, characterized by sedges, rushes, and cattails. mericarp A portion of fruit that seemingly matured asa separate fruit. metamorphic Changing mineral constitution; compact, highly crystalline. moraines A deposit of glacial drift at the foot or sides or along the bottom of a glacier; typically ridges of irregular form, save for the ground moraine which is gently rolling or hummocky, and composed largely of till. muck farm A cultivated area of wet, fertile soil marked by the presence of decaying plant matter. muskegs A tract of partly forested peatland supporting mosses (typically sphagnum), shrubby plants, and scattered spruce and larch. nocturnal Active at night. oblanceolate Lanceolate with the broadest part toward the apex. obovate Inversely ovate. obovoid Having the form of an egg with the broad end apical. omnivore An animal that eats both plant and animal matter. oolitic Consisting of calcareous, granular limestone; sometimes containing silica or iron oxide. orbicular Circular. outwash Soils and minerals transported down slopes by rainwater to settle on adjacent lower land. ovate With widest axis below middle and with margins symmetrically curved; egg-shaped. ovoid fruit Fruit having an oval or ovate body. palatability The degree of desirability of a plant as food to an animal. palmately compound Leaflets arising from one point at end of a petiole. panicle Branched inflorescence with clusters of flowers. papilla A minute, nipple-shaped projection. pappus Bristly or scaly calyx in composites. parasitic Growing on and deriving nourishment from another organism. perennial Living more than two years. perianth In angiosperms, the floral envelope generally differentiated into a calyx (an outer layer of sepals) and a corolla (an inner ring of petals). pericarp Fruit wall. perigynium Fused scales, a sac, around the pistil or ovary. petiolate With a petiole or leaf stalk. phloem The tissues of the inner bark, characterized by the presence of sieve tubes and serving for the transport of foodstuffs. pinnate Leaflets arranged along a common axis, the rachis. pneumatophores Submerged or exposed roots that have a respiratory function. pocosin An upland swamp of the southeast coastal plain. pod A dry, dehiscent fruit. Podzolic Refers to soils that are matted at the surface: developed ina moist climate with coniferous and other vegetative influences. pome A fleshy fruit derived from an inferior compound ovary and receptacle. precocial Referring to those birds that are active and able to move about at an early age. prescribed burn Intentional burning of an area under selected fuel, moisture, and wind conditions to be able to contain the fire to a desired area and intensity. prickles Sharp-pointed projections from the epidermis or cortex of any organ. prostrate Trailing or lying flat, not rooting at the nodes. puberulent Covered with soft, minute hairs. pubescent Covered with dense or scattered hairs. pyriform Pear-shaped. raceme Unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with clusters of flowers. rachis The elongated axis of an inflorescence. rating The operating limit of a conductor, expressed in voltage frequency. reniform Kidney-shaped. resistance That property of a conductor in virtue of which the passage of a current is opposed, causing electric energy to be transformed into heat. reticulate With veins forming a network. revolute With the margins or the tip rolled backward. rhizome (rhizomatous) A stem, generally modified (particularly for storing food materials), that grows below the ground surface and produces adventitious roots, scale leaves, and suckers irregularly along its length, not just at nodes. riparian Relating to or bordering a natural waterway. roller chopping A maintenance method creating minimum slash and disturbance by flattening and cutting smaller vegetation with a biade mounted on metal drums. root revetment An underground network of roots that sustains a stream embankment, preventing erosion. root sucker A shoot arising horizontally from a root below ground level. rootstock A root-bearing plant or plant part, generally a stem or root, onto which another plant part is grafted; or, the collective roots ina stand, capable of sprouting. rosulate Leaves from a cluster (rosette) developed in a crowded crown of circles or spirals. samara A winged, dry fruit. Glossary savanna Essentially lowland, tropical and subtropical grassland, with a scattering of trees and shrubs. scabrous Covered with rough projections, harsh to touch. scalping A maintenance method that uses a heavy blade to scrape the plants and topsoil layer off a site. scapes Naked, or lightly scaled, flowering stems arising from the ground. searify To break or loosen hard ground. scarious Thin and dry, appearing shriveled. seat Animal fecal matter. schizocarp A dry fruit with the carpels separating at maturity. selective cut Removal of trees with certain specific qualities such as those of a given species or size. semimarine Referring toa climate controlled by oceanic winds and air masses with a relatively limited range in temperature and high humidity. sepal One of the flower parts of an outer series forming a calyx. serrate Saw-toothed; teeth sharp and ascending, with a 1/16 to 1/8 inch distance to midrib or midvein. sessile Without a petiole or leaf stalk. shelterbelt A strip of tall-growing plants planted or left standing in prairie areas to help reduce wind erosion of topsoil. silicle A dry. dehiscent fruit derived from two or more carpels that dehisce along two sutures and which has a persistent partition after dehiscence and is as broad or broader than long. silique A silicle-type fruit that is longer than broad. slash Woody material left after a cutting operation. snag A standing dead tree from which most of the branches have fallen. spadix Unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with flowers embedded in the rachis. spathe A sheathing leaf subtending or enclosing an inflorescence. spathulate Oblong or obovate apically with a long attenuate base. species A group of individuals reproductively isolated from other groups of individuals under natural conditions. spicate Arranged in or resembling a spike. spikelets Small spikes; the basic inflorescence unit in grasses and sedges. sporangium Spore sac; a structure containing spores. spore A reproductive body, characteristic of the lower plants, con- sisting of one or a few cells and never containing an embryo. staghead The leafless or dead uppermost branches of a tree. static or ground wire A lead from an electrical apparatus to the ground or to a grounded connnection. stellate Star-shaped. stipules Paired scales, spines, glands, or bladelike structures at the base of a petiole. stolon (stoloniferous) A stem or branch from a base plant that grows along or down to the ground surface, taking root at its nodes. strobilus Stem with short internodes and spore-bearing appendages. subherbaceous Slightly having the characteristics of an herb, somewhat leaflike in color and texture. subsidence Flattened soil caused by pressure on top layers (e.g., bulldozing). succulent Juicy, fresh. sunscald Injury of woody plants caused by intense summer heat and light, characterized by local tissue death and occasionally, cankers. swamp A wet area that usually has standing trees. tableland A broad, elevated plain; plateau; mesa. threatened species Likely to become endangered in the near future. trifoliate Three leaflets, pinnately compounded with terminal leaflets longer than lateral; palmately compounded with leaflets equal in length. onous Three-angled. trilocular Having three loculi chambers or cells. tripinnate Referring to a leaf compounded three times. 515 516 Glossary tubercle A small tuber or tuberlike body, often due to symbiotic relation of organisms. tufted Formed into a tuft or cluster of short-stalked flowers, leaves, or other vegetation, growing from a common point. tuberoid roots Fleshy, thickened roots, resembling a tuber. umbels Flat-topped or convex inflorescence with the flower stalks arising from a common point. understory Foilage consisting of seedlings, shrubs, or herbs that lies beneath and is shaded by canopy or taller plants. ungulate A hoofed mammal. utricle A small, bladdery or inflated, one-seeded, dry fruit. villous Having long and soft (not interwoven) hairs. voltage Electromotive force, expressed in volts (v). wetland Any area where the water table is near or above the surface of the land during a significant part of the year. whorl A group of leaves or other structures at a single node. wildlife All nondomesticated animals living in a natural environment. windthrow Uprooting and inversion of trees by strong winds. wolf tree A tree of dominant size and position that usurps light and space from smaller understory, preventing its growth. xeric Low or deficient in moisture for the support of plant life. xerophyte A plant with the adapted structures for survival in a xeric or highly acid or saline environment (e.g., epidermal thickening, dense pubescence, resinous coating). Index to Plant Species and Communities by Section Number, Alaska Range, 63, 65 alder, 28, 41 American Desert, 44, 54, 65 Americal elm, 31 Appalachian Oak Forest, 33 Arctic Tundra, 63, 65 Arizona upland associations, 54 upland Sonoran desertscrub, 60 ash, green, 31 aspen, 28, 43, 45 Badlands, 49 baldcypress, 30 basswood, 29 bear oak, 29 beech, 28 Beech— Maple Forest, 33 Beech—Sweetgum—Magnolia— Pine—Oak Bering Tundra, 63, 65 big sagebrush, 44 bigleaf maple, 41 birches, 28 black cottonwood, 41 black gum, 30 black locust, 29 black spruce, 28 black walnut, 31 blackberries, 28 blackjack oak, 29 Blackland Prairie, 36 blueberries, 45 Bluestem—Grama Prairie, 38 Bluestem Prairie, 36, 38 Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood, 51 Brooks Range, 63, 65 bur oak, 29, 31 California Chaparral, 42, 58, 65 Grassland, 42, 48, 65 Mixed Evergreen Forest, 56 California-laurel, 41 cedar, white, 28 Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest, 55, 56 chaparral California, 42, 58, 65 interior, 52, 53, 54 montane, 51, 61 cherries, 29 Chihuahuan Desert, 44, 53, 65 desertscrub, 52 riparian, 44 chinquapin oak, 31 Coastal plain portion, southeastern, 35 Coastal Prairie and Marshes, 36 Colorado Great Sand Dunes, 38, 49 Plateau, 45, 61, 65 River associations, lower, 54 Columbia Forest, 45, 55, 65 conifers, 28, 43, 45, 51, 52 Volumes 2 and 3 cottonwood black, 41 eastern, 30 cottonwood —willow forest, 52, 54 Creosote Bush, 54 Creosote Bush—Bur Sage, 54 Cross Timbers, 36, 38 cypress savannas, 39 swamps, 39 Dakota Sandstone, 38 Desert American, 44, 54, 65 Chihuahuan, 44, 53, 65 desertscrub Chihuahuan, 52 Great Basin, 61 Sonoran, 52, 54 dogwoods, 29 Douglas-fir, 41, 45 Douglas-fir Forest, 55, 59 dry forest (Hawaiian), 64 eastern cottonwood, 30 Eastern Deciduous Forest, 29, 33, 40 Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest, 38, 49 Edwards Plateau, 37 elm, American, 31 Engelmann spruce, 45 Everglades, 30, 39, 40 Evergreen Forest California Mixed, 56 Madrean, 52, 53, 54, 60 Fayette Prairie, 36 ferns, 28 fir grand, 41 noble, 41 Pacific silver, 41 red, 42 subalpine, 41 white, 42 Floodplain Forest, Southern, 34 Foothill Grassland, 49 Gila Mountains riparian, 60, 65 upper forest, 60 Grama Bluestem (Mixed Prairie), 38, 49 Buffalo Grass, 49 Galleta Steppe/ Juniper Pinyon Woodland, 61 Needlegrass— Wheatgrass, 49 Tobosa, 53 grand fir, 41 Grand Fir—Douglas-fir Forest, 59 grapes, 29 grasses, 42, 44, 45 grassland California, 42, 48, 65 Foothill, 49 Great Basin, 61 montane, 60, 61 Palouse, 43, 50, 65 Plains, 61 semidesert, 52, 54 subalpine, 60, 61 greasewood, 44 Great Basin desertscrub sagebrush subdivision, 51, 61 shadscale subdivision, 51, 61 fasciation, 51 Rocky Mountain conifer woodland, 54 60. 61 Sagebrush, 51 saltwater marsh, 51 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie. 46, 49, 65 green ash, 31 gum, black, 30 hackberry, 30, 31 Hawaiian Islands, 64, 65 hardwood forest mixed, 29 Northern, 28, 32 Southern, 30 hazelnuts, 28 hemlock, western, 41 hickory pignut, 31 shagbark, 31 High Plains Short-grass, 38, 49 honey-locust, 31 honeysuckle, Japanese, 30 huckleberries, 45 inkberry, 30 interior chaparral, 52, 53, 54, 60 Interior Forest, 63, 65 Intermountain Sagebrush, 43, 51, 65 jack pine, 28 Japanese honeysuckle, 30 juniper, Rocky Mountain, 43 Juniper Oak Savanna, 37 Oak—Mesquite, 37 —Pinyon Woodland, 61 kudzu, 30 Lahontan Saltbush—Greasewood, 51 Larch, western, 41 laurel-leaved oak, 30 Laurentian mixed forest, 28, 40 live oak, 30, 31, 42 loblolly pine, 30 locust black, 29 honey, 31 lodgepole pine, 41, 46 longleaf pine, 30 Lower Colorado River associations, 54 Madrean evergreen woodland, 52, 53, 54, 60 mangroves, 30 mangrove swamp, 39 maple, 28 bigleaf, 41 mountain, 28 517 Index red. 28 silver, 28, 31 striped, 28 sugar, 28 vine, 41 Maple—Basswood Forest, 33 marshland American Desert, 54 Chihuahuan Desert, 53 Gila Mountains, 60 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe, 52 mesic forest (Hawaiian), 64 Mesquite —Acacia, 37 —Buffalo Grass, 37. 38, 49 —Live Oak Savanna, 37 ~saltcedar scrublands, 53 —saltcedar woodlands, 52, 54, 60 Savanna, 37 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe. 44, 52, 65 Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine, 49 mixed broadleaf riparian forest, 52 mixed confier, 43, 45 mixed hardwood forests, 28. 29 Mixed Mesophytic Forest, 33 mixed prairie, 38, 49 mixed swamps. 39 Mojave —Colorado— Sonoran desert, 44, 54, 65 desertscrub, 54 Montana Sandland, 49 montane chaparral, 51, 61 mountain-laurel, 29 mountain maple, 28 Nebraska Sandhills, 38 nobel fir, 41 North Dakota Sandhills Tall-grass Northeastern Colorado Sandhills, 38, 49 Northern Hardwood Forests, 28, 32 oaks, 29 bear, 29 blackjack, 29 bur, 29. 31 chinquapin, 31 laurel-leaved. 30 live, 30, 31 shrub live, 42 pin, 29 post. 29 shinnery, 38, 49 tanbark, 41 Oak + Bluestem Parkland, 36 Oak—Hickory Forest, 33, 36 Oak—Hickory—Bluestem Parkland, 36 Oak Savanna, 33, 36, 38 Outer Coastal Plain Forest, 30, 34, 40 Pacific Forest, 41, 56, 63, 65 Palouse Grassland, 43, 50, 65 pecan, 30, 31 perennial grasses, 42 persimmon, 30 piedmont portion, southeastern, 35 pignut hickory, 31 pin oak, 29 pine flatwoods/ savannas, 39 forests, southern, 30 518 jack, 28 loblolly, 30 lodgepole, 41, 46 longleaf, 30 mountain, 42 pinyon, 43 pitch, 29 pond, 30 ponderosa, 42, 45, 46 red, 28 Rocky Mountain white, 42 sand, 30 shortleaf, 30 slash, 30 sugar, 42 Virginia, 29 white, 28 Pinyon Pine—Juniper, 43, 44, 49 pitch pine, 29 Plains Grassland, 52, 61 pond pine, 30 ponderosa pine, 42, 45, 46 —Douglas-fir Forest, 59 Eastern Forest, 38 Shrub Forest, 51 post oak, 29 Prairie Bluestem, 36, 38 Brushland, 31, 37, 40 Coastal, 36 Everglades, 39 Great Plains Short-grass, 46, 49, 65 Parkland, 31, 36, 40 Tall-grass, 31, 38, 40 rainforest (Hawaiian), 64 red alder, 41 red fir, 42 red pine, 28 redwood, 41 Redwood Forest, 56 rhododendron, 29 Rio Grande Plain, 37 riparian communities American Desert, 44 Chihuahuan Desert, 44 cottonwood—willow forest/ woodland, 52. 54 Creosote Bush, 54 deciduous forest/ woodland Gila Mountain, 60 Mexican highlands, 52 marshland, 52, 53, 54, 60 mesquite—saltcedar forest, 52, 53, 54, 60 mixed broadleaf forest, 52 scrublands, 52, 53, 54 subtropical, 52 temperate, 52, 54 vegetation, 44 Rocky Mountain conifer forest/ woodland, 52, 53, 60, 61 Great Basin, 51, 61 /montane, 52, 54, 61 southern, 52, 53 Forest, 45, 59, 65 juniper, 43 subalpine conifer forest—Great Basin, 51 white pine, 42 Sagebrush, big, 44 Sagebrush Great Basin, 51 Intermountain, 43, 65 —Saltbush, 49 —Wheatgrass, 49, 51, 62 Sand Dunes, Colorado Great, 38, 49 sand pine, 30 sand pine scrub, 39 Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass, 38 —Sagebrush—Bluestem, 38, 49 Sandhills Nebraska, 38 North Dakota Tall-grass, 38 Northeastern Colorado, 38, 49 Sandstone, Dakota, 38 sassafras, white, 29 semidesert grassland, 52, 54 serviceberry, 29 shagbark hickory. 31 shinnery oak, 38, 49 Short-grass, High Plains, 38, 49 shortleaf pine, 30 shrub live oak, 42 shrubs, 28, 29, 30, 42, 45 Shrub Steppe. Mexican Highlands, 44, 52. 65 Sierran Forest, 42, 57, 65 Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest, 56 silver fir, Pacific. 41 silver maple, 28, 31 sitka spruce, 41 Sitka Spruce—Cedar— Hemlock Forest, 56 slash pine, 30 slash pinelands, south Florida, 39 Sonoran desertscrub, 52, 54 south Florida slash pinelands, 39 southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes, 38, 49 Southeastern Mixed Forest, 30, 35, 40 coastal plain portion, 35 piedmont portion, 35 southern Floodplain Forest, 34 pine forests, 30 Rocky Mountain conifer forest, 53, 60, 61 spicebush, 29 spruce black, 28 Engelmann, 45 sitka, 41 Spruce—Fir Forest, 28, 32, 45 striped maple, 28 Subalpine conifer forest, 60 conifer forest—Rocky Mountain Fasciation, 61 fir, 41 —Lodgepole— Douglas-fir forest, 49 montane grasslands, 60, 61 sugar hackberry, 30 sugar maple, 28 sugar pine, 42 sumacs, 29 swamp cypress, 39 mangrove, 39 mixed, 39 sweet-fern, 28 sweetgum, 30 sycamore, 31 Tall-grass Prairie, 31, 38, 40 Tamaulipan thornscrub, 53 tanbark oak, 41 Tarbush—Creosote Bush, 53 Texas Central Basin, 37 tropical hammock, 39 tulip-poplar, 29 Tundra Arctic, 63, 65 Bering, 63, 65 Upper Gila Mountains Forest, 45, 60, 65 vine maple, 41 Virginia pine, 28 walnut, black, 31 western hemlock, 41 western larch, 41 Wheatgrass —Bluestem—Needlegrass, 38 —Needlegrass, 49 —Needlegrass—Sagebrush, 62 white cedar, 28 Index white fir, 42 white pine, 28 white sassafras, 29 Willamette—Puget Forest, 41, 47, 65 willow, 30, 44 winter-fat, 44 witch-hazel, 29 woodland, Madrean evergreen, 52, 53, 54, 60 Wyoming Basin, 46, 62, 65 yaupon, 30 Yukon Forest, 63, 65 Yukon Parkland, 63, 65 519 viz U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-651 -587