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Management of Transmission Line Rights-of-Way Vol ll 1978
ENV 6604 Biological Services Program MANAGEMENT OF TRANSMISSION LINE RIGHTS-OF-WAY FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE thieaotaen VOLUME Sus (TN a’ Fish and Wildlife Service LI, ¥ { U.S. Department of the Interior (972 oe oe 7) f An — man a he - Biological Services Program SRS CTT ESET i RS A Sl ce lt A 8 NEN EI i EELS OTT STIPE FCT SE I TPS ENE: RS FWS/OBS-79/22 MANAGEMENT OF TRANSMISSION LINE RIGHTS-OF-WAY FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE VOLUME EASTERN UNITED STATES Michael Galvin, Project Manager Asplundh Environmental Services Blair Mill Road Willow Grove, PA 19090 Kenneth D. Hoover and Michael L. Avery, Project Officers National Power Plant Team 2929 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor, MI 48105 Performed for: Power Plant Project Energy Research and Development Administration, Office of Biological Services Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of the U.S. Department of the Interior Department of Energy Fish and Wildlife Service TE I TTT IE TE TAT IE TLE: BOS FN TS SE U.S. Department of the Interior DISCLAIMER The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommenda- tions expressed in this manual are those of Asplundh Environmental Services and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal government. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under con- tract no. 14-16-0008-2150 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Management of transmission line rights-of-way for fish and wildlife. Performed for Power Plant Project, Office of Bio- logical Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior, et al. “Biological Services Program FWS/OBS-79/22.” Includes bibliographies and indexes. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 49.2:T68/2/v.1. CONTENTS: vy. |. Background information.—v. 2. Eastern United States.—v. 3. Western United States. I. Electric lines—Overhead—Right of way— Environmental aspects—United States. 2. Clearing of land—Environmental aspects— United States. 3. Wild- life management—United States. 4. Nature conserva- tion—United States. 5. Ecology—United States. I. Galvin, Michael T. II. Hoover, Kenneth D., 1943-_ III. Avery, Michael L. IV. Asplundh Environmental Ser- vices. V. National Power Plant Team. VI. United States. Fish and Wildlife Service. Power Plant Project. QH104.M36 333.954 79-607044 Foreword The amount of land used for electric power generation and transmission in the United States is expected to increase substantially in the near future. Presently, over 300,000 miles of overhead transmission lines carry electric power for our homes, factories, and offices. The lands beneath those transmission lines, called rights-of-way (ROWs), can provide valuable habitat for fish and wildlife, if managed with that purpose in mind. This manual is the result of a cooperative effort between Federal agencies and regional and local utilities to document the wildlife management and vegetation mainte- nance currently in use and to develop a step-by-step approach to ROW management that results in management strategies that not only enhance fish and wildlife habitat, but are cost-effective and also assure electric transmission reliability. Management of Transmission Line Rights-of-Way for Fish and Wildlife is a three- volume reference manual that provides general background information on wildlife man- agement and vegetation maintenance techniques and specific information on selected plants and wildlife species of the Eastern and Western United States. A step-by-step approach to ROW management planning identifies areas suitable for specific wildlife management planning and assures that all available habitat is evaluated and best utilized to benefit fish and wildlife. With this kind of information and approach, biologists and ROW managers will be able to assess the management implications of transmission line ROW siting and other habitat modifications on fish and wildlife and provide information to decisionmakers. We believe this manual is a major step in providing the type of information necessary to incorporate environmental considerations into resource development decisions. <I Gamal Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service The Biological Services Program was established within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to supply scientific information and methodologies on key environmental issues which impact fish and wildlife resources and their supporting ecosystems. The mission of the Program is as follows: To strengthen the Fish and Wildlife Service in its role as a primary source of information on national fish and wildlife resources, particularly in respect to envi- ronmental impact assessment. To gather, analyze, and present information that will aid decisionmakers in the identification and resolution of problems associated with major land and water use changes. To provide better ecological information and evalua- tion for Department of the Interior development programs, such as those relating to energy development. Information developed by the Biological Services Program is intended for use in the planning and decision- making process to prevent or minimize the impact of development on fish and wildlife. Biological Services research activities and technical assistance services are based on an analysis of the issues, the decisionmakers involved and their information needs, and an evaluation of the state-of-the-art to identify information gaps and determine priorities. This is a strategy to assure that the products produced and disseminated will be timely and useful. Biological Services projects have been initiated in the following areas: ® Coal extraction and conversion © Power plants © Geothermal, mineral, and oil shale development © Water resource analysis, including stream alterations and western water allocation ® Coastal ecosystems and Outer Continental Shelf development © Systems and inventory, including National Wetlands Inventory, habitat classification and analysis, and infor- mation transfer. The Program consists of the Office of Biological Services in Washington, D.C., which is responsible for overall plan- ning and management; National Teams which provide the Program’s central scientific and technical expertise and who arrange for contracting Biological Services studies with States, universities, consulting firms, and others; Regional staff who provide a link to problems at the operating level; and staff at certain Fish and Wildlife Service research facili- ties who conduct in-house research studies. Electric transmission rights-of-ways (ROWs) occupy approximately five million acres of land throughout the United States (Asplundh Environmental Services 1978).! With few exceptions, however, utility companies have regarded wildlife habitat management as coincidental to their ROW maintenance procedures. This is because utilities, although strictly regulated by the State public service commissions, are licensed only to provide electricity at the most economical rate to customers. In recent years, wildlife habitat has been decreasing rapidly due to developmental projects and very efficient agricultural methods. Transmission line ROWs, however, constitute one land use development which holds great potential for benefiting wildlife. By incor- porating basic wildlife management strategies into existing clearing and maintenance practices, cost- effective programs may be developed that enhance wildlife habitat and continue to meet electric trans- mission reliability requirements. SCOPE AND PURPOSES This manual brings together for the first time ecological information on selected plants and wildlife on a nation- wide basis and demonstrates how this information may be incorporated into ROW wildlife management plans based on existing techniques. The manual does not attempt to evaluate the various potential land use alternatives associated with ROWs. Wildlife manage- ment is the only option considered here. The manage- ment practices presented are offered as suggestions only and are not meant as rules or regulations that must be followed. The objectives of this manual are: 1 to provide U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) biologists and utility ROW managers with a refer- ence source to aid them in developing and imple- menting fish and wildlife management plans on overhead electric transmission line ROWs and, 'Asplundh Environmental Services. 1978. Benefit analysis—use of 2,4,5-T for vegeta- tion management on rights-of-way. Asplundh Environmental Services, Willow Grove, PA. 44 pp. Preface 2 to encourage more cooperation between groups in developing and implementing these management plans. Suggested wildlife management strategies and guidelines for vegetation maintenance are presented for all biological ecoregions in the United States in the introduction (see “Identifying Biological Ecoregions”) with considerations for cost-effectiveness and electric transmission reliability. Although the manual focuses on electric transmission line ROWs, it may be of help to anyone involved with land, vegetation, or wildlife management in unique areas. Such areas as pipeline ROWs, railroad ROWs, roadway ROWs, logging areas, or “leftover” bits of agricultural lands—such as gullies, odd corners, or fence rows—are all places where some of the information in this manual may be used to improve wildlife habitat. The manual may also prove useful during the process of transmission corridor selection by providing information on management potential for wild- life in different vegetation communities. It is fully recognized that this publication does not repre- sent the final word on wildlife management on ROWs. Future work in this field will no doubt result in innovations not contained in this manual. Novel approaches may be needed in the areas of setting management objectives and incorporating them into wildlife management plans, inven- torying resources in special linear habitats such as ROWs, relating the effects of ROW habitat management to wildlife populations in adjacent habitats, and determining the value of ROW habitat to various wildlife species. These are among the topics that must receive more attention in the future. The National Power Plant Team solicits all com- ments and suggestions on these and other related subjects. Any suggestions or questions regarding this manual should be directed to: Information Transfer Specialist National Power Plant Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2929 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 (313) 668-2365 Acknowledgments Asplundh Environmental Services (AES) was responsible for conducting this project and preparing the initial drafts of the manuscript. AES staff members Paul A. Johnston, plant ecologist, and Phil Simpson, wildlife biologist, coordinated the many parts of this extremely complex project. The following individuals are gratefully acknowledged for their contributions to the development and organization of the information contained in this publication. David M. Armstrong, University of Colorado—eco- logical information on selected wildlife species of the Rocky Mountain States; organization and develop- ment of selected wildlife species list. Richard R. Braham, North Carolina State University— ecological characteristics and plant species lists for dominants and common associates for the Outer Coastal Plain Forest and the Southeastern Mixed Forest provinces. William C. Bramble, professor emeritus, Purdue Uni- versity—organization, style, and format of the manual; plant species lists and corresponding ecological characteristics for the Laurentian Mixed Forest, the Eastern Deciduous Forest, and the Prairie Parkland provinces. William R. Byrnes, Purdue University—administrative and organizational help in finalizing the format and style of the manual. Kenneth L. Carvell, West Virginia University—project format and style; technical assistance in many chapters. Leslie W. Gysel, Michigan State University—technical editor for the ROW resource assessment and review of wildlife habitat management techniques chapters; project organization. Joan Hett, University of Washington—plant listings, ecological characteristics, and wildlife information for the Columbia Forest, the Willamette—Puget Forest, and the Palouse Grassland provinces, and the Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest, the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest, the Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest, the Sagebrush—Wheat- grass, and the Ponderosa Shrub Forest sections. Robert Hobdy, State Division of Forestry (Hawaii)— listing and description of the selected plant species for the Hawaiian Islands. John L. Launchbaugh, Kansas State University—plant species listings and ecological characteristics for the Prairie Parkland, the Prairie Brushland, the Tall- grass Prairie, the Great Plains Short-grass Prairie, and the California Grassland provinces. John W. Marr, University of Colorado—development of the plant ecological characteristics tables; dominant plant and common associate species for the Douglas-fir Forest and the Ponderosa Pine— Douglas-fir Forest sections, the Wyoming Basin Province, and all of Alaska. Sidney T. McDaniels, Mississippi State University— plant species lists and ecological characteristics for the Everglades. Robert E. McWhorter, Natural Resource Consultants (with Kansas Fish and Game Department at time of the study)—wildlife information for all prairie provinces. William J. Neidig, vice president, Asplundh Tree Expert Company—cost data on ROW construction and maintenance methods. Harold H. Prince, Michigan State University—format and organization of plant species tables. Patrick J. Rusz, Grand Valley State College—chapters on ROW assessment guidelines and the literature review of the wildlife habitat management tech- niques applicable to ROWs; ecological characteris- tics of bird species. Richard L. Stephenson, Ecological Consulting Ser- vices—selected plant species and ecological char- acteristics for the Lahontan Saltbush—Greasewood, the Great Basin Sagebrush, and the Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood sections, and the Upper Gila Mountains Forest, the Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe, the Chihuahuan Desert, the Ameri- can Desert, and the Colorado Plateau provinces. Richard D. Taber, University of Washington—plant listings, ecological characteristics, and wildlife information for the Columbia Forest, the Willam- ette—Puget Forest, and the Palouse Grassland provinces, and the Sitka Spruce—Cedar—Hemlock Forest, the Cedar—Hemlock—Douglas-fir Forest, the Silver fir—Douglas-fir Forest, the Sagebrush— Wheatgrass, and the Ponderosa Shrub Forest sections. Charles F. Yocom, Humboldt State University—tech- nical review and organization of selected plant and wildlife tables; plant and wildlife species ecological characteristics for the Redwood Forest and the California Mixed Evergreen Forest sections. Paul J. Zinke, University of California—plant species and ecological characteristics for the Sierran Forest and the California Chaparral provinces. Additional thanks go to State game agencies for pro- viding technical assistance, materials, and data through- Acknowledgments out the study. Assistance was also provided by several U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services Offices and by many conservation and wildlife organiza- tions in all 50 states. Also helpful in this study were the ROW department heads and personnel of 75 utilities selected to represent all geographic areas of the United States. The cooperation of the Edison Electric Institute is gratefully acknowl- edged. The literature search was facilitated by a coopera- tive agreement between the Electric Power Research Institute and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Numerous utility companies and Federal, State, and private agencies participated in the review process of various drafts of this manual and their willing coopera- tion was sincerely appreciated. Special thanks are ex- tended to Dean Miller, Public Service Company of Colorado, for coordinating the review by the utility industry. The final organization, editing, rewriting, proofread- ing, and production of this publication was the responsi- bility of Francine H. Scherger and Midwest Public Inter- est Communications, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Judy Stopke, The Art Dept., Ann Arbor, Michigan, designed the publication. The success of this project is due, in large part, to their efforts. Contents INTRODUCTION ooo ooo occ cect cts cen vteersssecestorcrstsenters xxi PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS ..........+.. 28 29 Province 2110, Laurentian Mixed Forest .........cceeeeee cece eeeeeeeeee Northern Hardwoods Forest Types 1 2 2 3 3 3 Maples 4 Spruce—Fir Forest Types ..... 2.0 cc cece cece cece eee eee eee eeeeenee 4 Black Spruce ..........ccccccccscccssscccccccccccccccsseessssesecs 5 Jack Pine ..........ccccccccccccccvcccssscccccrsceeee sees ses nneets 5 Red Pine ..... cece cece cece cee eee e eee ene e ete ee enneeeeee 5 White Cedar .... ccc ccc ccc ccc cece eee eee ee eee tent ee eee ee eeeee 5 White Pine 2.0... . ccc cece eee eee eee nett eet nett ee eeenes 5 Shrubs ... 5 Alders 5 Blackberries 5 Dogwoods 6 Hazelnuts 2.0... . 0. cece eee cece eee eee e teens 6 Sweet-fern ..........00005 6 Nonwoody Plants 6 Ferns ... 6 Province 2210, Eastern Deciduous Forest .........0cceeeeee cece eeeeeeeee 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Oaks and Associated Forest Types ......... 0c cece eect e eee e eee e eee eeeee Pin Oak Bear Oak .. Bur Oak Post and Blackjack Oak ............... Mixed Hardwood Forest Types cose Tulip-poplar ..... ccc cece cece eee eee e eee eeenn eens Cherries 0... . ccc ccc eee cece cece e eee e ee ee ee et ee eeeenee ANRC ggoggoo0gdddceed0dd0990ccon 600 dddeccodadqdsgcncends Black Locust Bassw00d .......ccccccccccccccreccccscceecesessescccsssssessesees Conifers ..... Pitch Pine Virginia Pine Shrubs... cee cece eee cece teen e eee eee e eee eeee Dogwood 20.2... cece cece cece eee eee teen tent eens Witch-hazel .........e eee eee eee Serviceberry 0.0.6... ee cece ee eee Spicebush ...........e cece renee Mountain-laurel ............04- Blackberries 1.6... .. cee cece cc cee cece eee eee teen nett eee e ee eenees 10 Herbaccous Plants... 00010000000 s6 ces cece cece cece rene recesses 10 30 Province 2310, Outer Coastal Plain Forest; Province 2320, Southeastern Mixed Forest; Province 4110, Everglades ......... 0.0 cccceeeeeeeeeeeeees 10 Southern Pine Forest Types ........ 0. ccc c cece e ence cence eee eeneeees 10 Baldcypress 6.0... cc cece cece e cece cence eee e eee e nee eee eeeneenes 10 Loblolly Pine ........ 10 Longleaf Pine 11 Pond Pine ..... oe 11 Sand Pine ... 11 Shortleaf Pine 11 Slash Pine .......... 11 Hardwood Forest Types ....... 11 Black Gum ............ 11 Eastern Cottonwood 12 Laurel-leaved Oak ... 12 Live Oak ........... 12 Pecan .........--06- 12 Persimmon ......... 12 Sugar Hackberry ....... cece cece cece cece eee eee nent nen eens 12 SSWOSTRU woo 12 Shrubs and Vines 0... . 0... cece cece een eee nee en ete eeneeees 12 INkberry 16... eee ence ene e tent teen nannies 12 Japanese Honeysuckle ........ 0.0 c cece cece cece e ne ence nee neee 12 Le aos eso 13 8 CN 00) yoo on pn eee eo 13 The Everglades ......... ccc cece eee e cece eee eee e nee eeeeeeeneeeneeens 13 Everglade Plants 13 31 Province 2510, Prairie Parkland; Province 2520, Prairie Brushland; Province 2530, Tall-grass Prairie ........ 0. cece eee cece eect eee eeees 14 Hickories 6.0... ccc ccc cece eect nnn e eee e ene e nen een eenes Pignut Hickory ........ 0... cece cece cece cece eee ence nee e nee eeee Shagbark Hickory Oaks Lecce ccc cece eee cence eee ene e eee nee ennees BU OB Chinquapin Oak... . 00.50.00 cccs cece cscs c cece cee c secs etees Live Oak ............. Other Tree Species American Elm ......... Black Walnut .......... Green Ash ............ Hackberry 2... .. 0c cece n een een een een teen ten eees Honey-locust 6.0.6... cece cece cece cece eee cence een n een n enn enees Pecan .... ec cece cece cece ee eee Silver Maple SSYCAMIOP Con oe es oe re sees eee sees References 66... ccc cece nee een ene nen n eee eee neen eee SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 2... . cece cece cece nee e nen en ene en eee 32 Province 2110, Laurentian Mixed Forest Section 2111, Spruce—Fir Forest 0.0.0... ccc cece cece cence eee e ence ences Section 2112, Northern Hardwoods—Fir Forest ..........0eceeeeeeeeeuee 24 Section 2113, Northern Hardwoods Forest ...........eceeeeeeeneeeeeeens 26 Section 2114, Northern Hardwoods—Spruce Forest ..........00ceeeeeeees 26 33 Province 2210, Eastern Deciduous Forest ..........0ceeceeeeeeeeeeeeuees 46 Section 2211, Mixed Mesophytic Forest ..........0ccceeeeeeeeceneeeeens 46 Section 2212, Beech—Maple Forest ..........e cece cece ence ence ee eeeees 46 Section 2213, Maple—Basswood Forest + Oak Savanna ...........0.0005 48 Section 2214, Appalachian Oak Forest ........ 0000s ece eee ee eneneeees 48 Section 2215, Oak—Hickory Forest .... 0... ccc e cece tenet eeneneeees 49 34 35 36 37 38 Province 2310, Outer Coastal Plain Forest ...........eee cece eeeeeee cece 85 Section 2311, Beech—Sweetgum—Magnolia—Pine—Oak Forest ......... 85 Section 2312, Southern Floodplain Forest ...........eeeeeee reece ee eeee 85 Province 2320, Southeastern Mixed Forest .......... eee ee eeeeeee ee eeee 111 Southeastern Piedmont Portion .......... 0c cece cece eee e eee e teens 111 Southeastern Coastal Plain Portion ............c eee eeee reece eee ennee 111 Province 2510, Prairie Parkland .......... se ee eee cece eee eee nent eeeeee 139 Sections 2... cc cc ccc c cence cece ccccc cree cc seer ee resccccersesessseses 139 Section 2511, Oak—Hickory—Bluestem Parkland ...............0000- 139 Section 2512, Oak + Bluestem Parkland ..........: cece cece seer eee eee 139 Subsections 2.2.22... 6.00 c cs 0 cts ccc ccc c secs cc cece tere cere esas s eee 139 Subsection la, Oak—Hickory Forest (Northern) .........-:eeeeeeeeeee 139 Subsection 1b, Oak—Hickory Forest (Southern) ..........eeeeeeeeeee 139 Subsection 2a, Bluestem Prairie Subsection 2b, Blackland Prairie Subsection 3a, Bluestem Prairie; Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (Northern) ........ ccc cece eee cette eee e eee e eee eeeee 139 Subsection 3b, Fayette Prairie; Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (Southern) ..... 0... cece cece ee eee ener e eee eee eens 139 Subsection 4, Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem ........-..seeeeeeeeee 139 Subsection 5, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) ....... 00s eeeeeeeeeeeee 139 Subsection 6, Coastal Prairie + Marshes ........0 cece cess eee e eens 140 Subsection 7, Edwards Plateau; Juniper—Oak Savanna ..........+.+++ 140 Subsection 8, Rio Grande Plain ......... ccc eee eect eee e eens 140 Subsection 9, Oak—Hickory—Pine Forest .......... eee eeeeee eee eens 140 Province 2520, Prairie Brushland ............cee cece cece eect teen eens Sections ........ccceccescccc cece cece cee esccceeeeeeeeessssssssesens Section 2521, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass ... Section 2522, Juniper—Oak—Mesquite ... Section 2523, Mesquite—Acacia ....... Subsections .......... 0c. c cece ccc c cts ecsccc es ttessscrscrcssseerrets Subsection 16, Bluestem Prairie (Coastal Prairie) ...........0eee eee eee 159 Subsection 29, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) 2.1.22... eeeeeeeeeeeeee 159 Subsection 30, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass ...... 6. e cece cece eee 159 Subsection 31, Edwards Plateau; Juniper—Oak Savanna .............- 159 Subsection 32, Texas Central Basin Subsection 33, Mesquite Savanna Subsection 34, Rio Grande Plain ......... cece eee e cece teen eens Subsection 35, Mesquite—Live Oak Savanna .......--.eeeeeeee ee eee 159 Subsection 37, Oak—Hickory Forest ........ 2 0c e cece teen eens 159 Province 2530, Tall-grass Prairie ....... ese ee cece cece eee e ete eeeee 167 Sections .......ccccc cece esc c cc ccc cece cece en sec rece ceesssseesssseee 167 Section 2531, Bluestem Prairie .......... cece eee eee cette teen eens 167 Section 2532, Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass ..........+++++e00- 167 Section 2533, Bluestem—Grama Prairie ...........e eee eee eee e eee Subsections ...... cece eee cece eee e eens Subsection 4, Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest Subsection 12, Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass ..........+eeeeeee 167 Subsection 14, Bluestem Prairie; Bluestem— Switchgrass— Indian-grass ......e cece cece eter n eee e eens 167 Subsection 17, North Dakota Sandhills Tall-grass ..........eeeee eens 167 Subsection 18, Northern Oak Savanna .........ce cece eee eee e eens 169 Subsection 19, Nebraska Sandhills ......... cece cece cence eee eens 169 Subsection 20, High Plains Short-grass ....... cece cece eee e cence een eees 169 Subsection 21, Northeastern Colorado Sandhills ..........eeeeeeeeeuee 169 Subsection 22, Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes .............. 169 Subsection 24, Shinnery Oak ...... cece cece cece eee eee e teen ennnnes 169 Subsection 25, Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem .......... sees seen 169 Subsection 26, Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem with Juniper .......... 169 Subsection 27, Dakota Sandstone ........eeeeeeee eee teen eee eennee 169 Subsection 28, Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem ......... 0c cece eee eee eee 169 Subsection 29, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) Subsection 30, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass ........ ccc cece e cece eee ees 170 Subsection 36, Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass ........... 170 39 Province 4110, Everglades Mangrove Swamp ......... Tropical Hammock ............ South Florida’ Slash Pine ands ee een a eT Sand Fine Serub ©. ....00006s sc ess0 cee, Fe Oe een eae eee eesti lb islala platelet aol wy uel lain Cypress /Savannas) iin. selec eee Cypress Swamps eee Mixed Swamps |e ieee seis se ele ele else alee Everglades and Prairies ................... References SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES ...........cccsccccccceecss 217 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles Of the astern United States. 07023... 0. ee ee ee Listing of Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles Province-by-Province Descriptions of Fauna Ecological Characteristics Tables Bird Nesting Habitat Table sees US) Endangered Fishy | eine uu nu sen CCC UW State Endangered/ Threatened Fish and Wildlife Refe ROR CCS rare e cre erect aces era ecrrerrs tatu et eresor ty aac ee ee Ee rere ele eateries Leal eles ered ol ese ere elle a eelel a calle etal eca ee easel eel ede ee elles cele 345 Illustrations Plate 2 Ecoregions of the Eastern United States ........ 22 — Figure 32.1 Province 2110, Laurentian Mixed Forest; Sections 2111, Spruce—Fir Forest; 2112, Northern Hardwoods—Fir Forest; 2113, Northern Hardwoods Forest; and 2114, Northern Hardwoods—Spruce Forest ........--++eeeeeee 25 Figure 33.1 Province 2210, Eastern Deciduous Forest; Sections 2211, Mixed Mesophytic Forest; 2212, Beech—Maple Forest; 2213, Maple—Basswood Forest + Oak Savanna; 2214; Appalachian Oak Forest; and 2215, Oak—Hickory Forest...... 47 Figure 34.1 Province 2310, Outer Coastal Plain Forest; Sections 2311, Beech—Sweetgum—Magnolia— Pine—Oak Forest, and 2312, Southern Flood- plain Forest ........ cece cece eee eect eee eeeee 84 Figure 35.1 Province 2320, Southeastern Mixed Forest ....... 110 Figure 36.1 Province 2510, Prairie Parkland; Sections 2511, Oak—Hickory—Bluestem Parkland, and 2512, Oak + Bluestem Parkland ............. 138 Figure 37.1 Province 2520, Prairie Brushland; Sections 2521, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass; 2522, Juniper—Oak—Mesquite; and 2523, Mesquite—Acacia ........ cece cece eee eee eee 158 Figure 38.1 Province 2530, Tall-grass Prairie; Sections 2531, Bluestem Prairie; 2532, Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass; and 2533, Bluestem—Grama Prairie ............ esse eee 168 Figure 39.1 Province 4110, Everglades ..........0eeeeeeeeee 190 Tables Table 28.1 Table 28.2 Table 28.3 Table 28.4 Table 29.1 Table 2110-32.1 Table 2110-32.1 Table 2110-32.2 Table 2210-33.1 Table 2210-33.1 Table 2210-33.1 Table 2210-33.1 Table 2210-33.1 Table 2210-33.2 Table 2310-34.1 Table 2310-34.1 Table 2310-34.2 Table 2320-35.1 Table 2320-35.1 Table 2320-35.2 Table 2510-36.1 Table 2510-36.1 Table 2510-36. 1 2111] 2112, 2113, 2114) 2211] 2212] 2213] 2214] 2215] 2311] 2312] Southeastern Piedmont] Southeastern Coastal Plain] la] 1b] 2b] Effect of Seedbed Conditions on Various Hardwoods in Small Forest Openings .......... 0 00sec cece eee eee eee 2 Shade Tolerance Ratings for Selected Northern Hardwoods .........0 00sec cece eee eee ene 2 Effectiveness of Some Management Methods for Encouraging Aspen Suckering.............000ee eee eeee 3 Shade Tolerance Ratings for Selected Conifers in the Spruce—Fir Forest ...... 0.2... c cece cece ee eee eee 4 Shade Tolerance Ratings for Oaks and Selected Hardwoods in the Eastern Deciduous Forest ..........+++ 7 Selected Plant Species Common to the Spruce—Fir Forest ....... 6006 e eens 27 Selected Plant Species Common to the Northern Hard- woods—Fir Forest, Northern Hardwoods Forest, and Northern Hardwoods—Spruce Forest ..........-.+-.005 29 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Laurentian Mixed Forest ............--- 30 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mixed Mesophytic Forest ......... 00 eee eee cece eee 49 Selected Plant Species Common to the Beech— Maple Forest ........0 0.0 e cece eee cece eee SI Selected Plant Species Common to the Maple—Bez Forest + Oak Savanna ...... 0.00. cece cece eee 52 Selected Plant Species Common to the Appalachian Oak Forest .........0 0. sees scene eee eee 53 Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak Hickory Forest 2... 0.0... cece cece eee eee eee 55 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Eastern Deciduous Forest...........++-- 57 Selected Plant Species Common to the Beech—Sweetgum— Magnolia— Pine—Oak Forest........ 85 Selected Plant Species Common to the Southern Floodplain Forest... 2.0.0... 00 cece cece eeee 88 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Outer Coastal Plain Forest ............-. 90 Selected Plant Species Common to the Southeastern Piedmont ......... 00. cee e cece eee eee 112 Selected Plant Species Common to the Southeastern Coastal Plain ......... 0.0. e cece ee eens 114 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Southeastern Mixed Forest ............- 117 Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory Forest (Northern) Subsection. ............ 140 Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory Forest (Southern) Subsection............. 141 Selected Plant Species Common to the Blackland Prairie Subsection ...........0 000 eee ee eee e ee 142 Table 2510-36.1 Table 2510-36.1 Table 2510-36.1 Table 2510-36.1 Table 2510-36.2 Table 2520-37. 1 Table 2520-37. 1 Table 2520-37. 1 Table 2520-37. 1 Table 2520-37. 1 Table 2520-37. 1 Table 2520-37.2 Table 2530-38. 1 Table 2530-38. 1 Table 2530-38. Table 2530-38.1 Table 2530-38.1 Table 2530-38. Table 2530-38. Table 2530-38. 1 Table 2530-38.1 Table 2530-38. Table 2530-38.1 Table 2530-38. 1 Table 2530-38.1 Table 2530-38. 1 Table 2530-38.1 Table 2530-38.2 Table 4110-39.1 Table 4110-39.2 Ba] [3b] (5] [6] 30] 31] 32] [33] 34] 35] 12 14 17 18 19 20] 21 24 25] 26 27 28 29 30 36 Selected Plant Species Common to the Bluestem Prairie; Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (Northern) Subsection ......... 00.0 cece cece cece ee eeee 144 Selected Plant Species Common to the Fayette Prairie; Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (Southern) Subsection .......... 0... c cece cece e ees 145 Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) Subsection ................+- 146 Selected Plant Species Common to the Coastal Prairie and Marshes Subsection ................0000 00 147 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Prairie Parkland ............... 149 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mesquite—Buffalo Grass Subsection ...............00% 160 Selected Plant Species Common to the Edwards Plateau; Juniper—Oak Savanna Subsection ............ 160 Selected Plant Species Common to the Texas Central Basin Subsection .......... 0. cece eee eee eee ee 161 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mesquite Savanna Subsection ................ eee eens 162 Selected Plant Species Common to the Rio Grande Plain Subsection ............... cece eee 162 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mesquite—Live Oak Savanna Subsection .............. 163 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Prairie Brushland .............. 164 Selected Plant Species Common to the Wheat- grass—Bluestem—Needlegrass Subsection .............. 170 Selected Plant Species Common to the Bluestem Prairie; Bluestem—Switchgrass— Indian-grass Subsection ....... 0.0.0 eee e cece eee eee 171 Selected Plant Species Common to the North Dakota Sandhills Tall-grass Subsection ..............6 171 Selected Plant Species Common to the Northern Oak Savanna Subsection ................0005 172 Selected Plant Species Common to the Nebraska Sandhills Subsection ...............e eee e eee 173 Selected Species Common to the High Plains Short-grass Subsection ........ ccc cece eee eee eee eens 174 Selected Plant Species Common to the Northeastern Colorado Sandhills Subsection ........... 174 Selected Plant Species Common to the Shinnery Oak Subsection .......... 0... c cece eee eens 175 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem Subsection ............... 176 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem with Juniper Subsection ...... 176 Selected Plant Species Common to the Dakota Sandstone Subsection ............. eee eee eens 177 Selected Plant Species Common to the Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem Subsection ................ 178 Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) Subsection .............0000 179 Selected Plant Species Common to the Mesquite—Buffalo Grass Subsection .............0.005 180 Selected Plant Species Common to the Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass Subsection ....... 181 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Tall-grass Prairie .............. 182 Selected Plant Species Common to the Everglades ....... 192 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Everglades .............0.000 05 198 Table 40.1 Table 40.2 Table 40.3 Table 40.4 Table 40.5 Table 40.6 Table 40.7 Table 40.8 Table 40.9 Table 40.10 Matrix of Selected Mammals of the Eastern United States by Province ..........eeeeeeeeee 218 Matrix of Additional Mammals of the Eastern United States by Province (probably not compatible With ROWS) foe eee ae soled alele|a teatale tu allele elat's @ ole 219 Matrix of Selected Birds of the Eastern United States by Province .........--eeee ee eee 220 Matrix of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States by Province .............45 221 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Mammals of the Eastern United States 2.2.0.2... cece cece eee eens 223 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Birds of the Eastern United States ........... eee cece e eens 239 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States .............. 261 Nesting Habitats and Ranges of Selected Songbirds and Wetland Nesting Birds .............0000- 262 U.S. Endangered/ Threatened Fish ............----000- 311 State Endangered/ Threatened Fish and Wildlife of the Eastern United States .......... ee cece cece eee 313 This manual was designed to allow the user maximum flexibility. The suggested management strategies may be used on a wide variety of sites. Because the knowledge and judgement of the individual biologist or ROW manager is essential to implement these strategies, this manual has attempted to bridge the gap between the expertise of these two professional groups. The manual cannot make ROW experts out of biologists, or vice versa, but essential information is presented to help practitioners of one discipline better understand the goals of the other. ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL The manual is divided into three volumes — a general volume providing background information on wildlife management and vegetation maintenance on ROWs, and two volumes containing ecological information on selected plant and wildlife species and responses of various plant species to vegetation maintenance practices. For your convenience, this information has been synthesized into parallel volumes — volume 2 contains information on plants and wildlife of the Eastern United States; volume 3 discusses plants and wildlife of the Western United States. Identifying Biological Ecoregions Robert G. Bailey’s 1976 map, “Ecoregions of the United States,” was used by the authors to identify biologically similar areas within the United States. Bailey divides the United States into 31 biological provinces; he further subdivides these provinces into 61 biological sections (see plate 1). For our purposes, a province is defined as “a broad vegetation region having a uniform regional climate and the same type or types of zonal soils.” A section is defined as “a subdivision of a province based on local climatic variation.” The existence of two domains, or “subcontinental areas of related climates,” are reflected in the organization of this manual. For convenience, the flora and fauna of the Eastern and Western United States are treated separately, disregard- ing Bailey’s domain classifications. Alaska and Hawaii are considered with the Western provinces. Generalizing Life History/Habitat Requirement Information Life history/habitat requirement information con- tained in this manual of necessity has been generalized. Emphasis is on those factors that will benefit ROW xxi Introduction managers. Due to the magnitude of a study of this type, all plant and animal species cannot be recognized. Species lists should not be interpreted as being the ideal species composition for any one site within a section; plants, local disturbances, climatic and edaphic factors, etc., will influence species composition of different sites. These variations, in turn, may affect local wildlife com- munity composition. Chapter Content Volume I, “General Background,” contains information applicable to both volumes 2 and 3. Chapter I, “Using this Manual,” contains a step-by- step discussion of the proposed use of this manual for: investigating the wildlife management potential on a right-of-way, assessing the resources on the right-of-way, identifying wildlife management priorities and objectives, and formulating and implementing the wildlife management plan. A discussion of four general vegetation management strategies—herbaceous, stable shrub, mixed woody, and passive—as well as a key to aid in the selection of the appropriate management strategy for a particular ROW, is followed by a detailed example that illustrates the step-by-step management technique. Chapter 2, “Engineering Constraints in ROW Management,” provides a basic review of the ROW siting and construction process. The basic parameters within which a transmission line must be designed and constructed are outlined. Chapter 3, “Land Use Rights,” discusses the various practices used to acquire a ROW and the feasibility and practicality of implementing wildlife management strategies under various landownership situations. “ROW Maintenance Methods and Costs” are the subject of chapter 4. Selective and nonselective vegetation maintenance methods, methods for slash disposal and restoration, and techniques that alter other environmental components are discussed along with their current cost and extent of use. Relative costs are compared by technique and use in different areas of the United States. Chapter 5, “Right-of-Way Resource Assessment,” suggests guidelines that may aid the user in identifying and quantifying habitat factors that must be considered during the development of a specific management plan. Chapter 6, “Wildlife Habitat Management Techniques,” contains a thorough literature review of Introduction presently used management techniques applicable to ROWs in the United States. Methods of mechanical manipulation, brush piling, herbicide application, planting and seeding, streambank management, and prescribed burning are discussed. An extensive bibliography is provided in the references section of the chapter. Three general appendixes are located at the end of volume | and contain information pertinent to all three volumes: General appendix A lists plants of the Eastern and Western United States and Alaska and Hawaii, alphabetically by common name. General appendix B contains an alphabetical listing by common name of wildlife—mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, and fish. Both appendixes list the scientific names used within the text; occasionally, a common name appears more than once, usually with a different scientific name, indicating the regional variation in common name usage. Following the scientific names in general appendix A isa list of the provinces in chapter 2 of volumes 2 and 3 in whose descriptions they are included. Parentheses indi- cate that in those provinces the species is found but under a different common name. Following the scientific names in general appendix B is a key that associates the species with a table or tables in chapter 3 of volumes 2 and 3. General appendix C provides approximate equivalents of decimals to fractions and English to metric measurements. A glossary operationally defines the terms in the text and offers supplemental definitions to scientific or biological terms. An index to plant communities, selected wildlife species, and biomes is included. The numbers following each entry are the unique chapter section numbers that indicate the place within the manual where the subject is discussed. Volumes 2 and 3 contain specific material relating to the Eastern and Western United States, respectively. Each volume contains three chapters: Chapter 1, “Plant Responses to ROW Maintenance Methods,” provides information on sprouting, reaction to competition, and other factors that determine plant responses to disturbances. The techniques for vegetation manipulation presented in this chapter emphasize the maintenance of electric reliability while enhancing vegetation for wildlife habitat. Provinces are discussed individually or in groups of biologically similar areas. Chapter 2, “Selected Plant Species,” presents for each province and, when appropriate, for each section or subsection, plant species associated with general plant communities, differentiated by moisture conditions, successional trends, and height stratifications. Descriptive ecological characteristics, such as habitat, growth form, fruit, and general wildlife use are also given for each plant. Chapter 3, “Selected Fish and Wildlife Species,” discusses the characteristics of certain mammal, bird, and amphibian and reptile species that should be given special xxii consideration in ROW management planning. A brief province-by-province description of the fauna present is followed by a lengthy table that details the ecological characteristics of the selected species and several additional tables that provide information on bird nesting habitat and lists U.S. endangered / threatened fish and State endangered/ threatened fish and wildlife. A list of references cited is provided for each chapter within all three volumes and follows the chapter text. EDITORIAL CONVENTIONS Cross-referencing between the three volumes has been accomplished by assigning each section within a chapter a unique section number. The section numbers run consecutively across all three volumes beginning with chapter | of volume 1. These chapter section numbers are not to be confused with the section numbers referenced within provinces. These section numbers are four digit numbers that relate directly to Bailey’s map (plate 1). To further differentiate between chapter sections and province sections, chapter sections are always referred to with the generic “section,” as in section 38. Province sections are referred to as proper nouns, as in Section 2210. Figure and table numbers have been keyed to the chapter section (or, in some cases, the province, section, or subsection) to which they relate. For example, there are three sections in chapter 4—4, 5, and 6. Figures are found only in sections 4 and 6. The figure numbers are: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3. The first number indicates the unique chapter section in which the figure is found. The second number indicates which figure is being referenced. Within chapter sections, figures are numbered sequentially; the numbering begins anew with each section. Note that in the example above, there are no figures in section 5. Tables, in the forms of charts and graphs, found within the text are numbered in the same manner as figures; that is, sequentially within each chapter section. In volumes 2 and 3, however, an additional numbering scheme has been devised to facilitate the use of the detailed information on selected plant and wildlife species found exclusively in the tabular material. In chapters 2 and 3 of these volumes, province descriptions are followed by the two sets of tables: Selected Plant Species tables and Ecological Characteristics tables. Each table carries an identification label that specifies: Province _ 1 Section number number Si chapter section or or caption jubsection number number 2 where: Province number relates directly to Bailey’s map (plate 1), chapter section number is the unique number assigned to each section within a chapter. The numbers run sequentially across all three vol- umes of the manual beginning with chapter | of volume 1. ./ indicates that this is a Selected Plant or Wildlife Species table; .2 identifies an Ecologi- cal Characteristics table. Section number also directly relates to Bailey's map (plate |). Whenever possible, individual descriptions of specific sections and subsections are presented. In these cases, the number en- closed in brackets will indicate which section or subsection is being considered. caption is a narrative description of the table contents. For example, Table 2210-33.1 [2215] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory Forest xxiii Introduction specifies that this is the Selected Plant Species Table for Province 2210, Section 2215, and that the province is discussed in chapter section 33. Running heads are included to further facilitate manual use. The running heads indicate the unique section number and the content of the section (an abbre- viated version of the title). Running feet indicate page number and chapter number and title. REFERENCE CITED Bailey, R.G. 1976. Ecoregions of the United States. U.S. For. Serv., Ogden, Utah. map. Plant Responses to ROW Maintenance Methods The purpose of this chapter is to present information that will help the user predict how an individual plant species will react to an alteration of its environment. Environ- mental alterations may be caused by any type of broadcast or selective vegetation maintenance method and will affect the plant community as a whole as well as the individual species found within it. Fully recognized in this discussion is the concept that plants ina community have some influence upon one another and that they have something in common with their environment (Mueller- Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). Dominant or important plant species have been selected and are discussed for each province. The species selected include tall-growing trees that might interfere with conductors and shrubs that stabilize soil or form dense clumps. No attempt has been made to include all species; emphasis has been placed on those species that are most frequently the target of ROW maintenance operations. The term tolerance is used frequently throughout this chapter. Tolerance is generally defined as the ability of an organism or biological process to subsist under a given set of environmental conditions (Society of American Foresters 1971; Schwarz et al. 1976). This definition recognizes that, in plant communities, competition occurs for light and growing space above the forest floor as well as for growing space, moisture, and soil nutrients in the root zone. A tree that can survive and prosper under a canopy is generally classified as tolerant; one that can thrive only in the open is classified intolerant (Spurr and Barnes 1973). Using the term tolerance to refer to the 28 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest relative capacity of a forest plant to survive and thrive in the understory is a restricted application of its meaning and tends to emphasize the influence of light. While a knowledge of shade tolerance is of great practical value when dealing with trees, the interrelationships of this factor with others should be clearly understood. Plants growing in conditions on either extreme of their tolerance range may be weak, short, deformed, or sterile (Billings 1968). Site classifications “good,” “average,” or “poor” are also frequently used. A brief description of a good site for each species may be found in chapter 2 listed under the heading “Habitat” in the Selected Plant tables for each province. Average and poor sites are those appreciably different from the conditions described as a good site. In the discussion of a species, the phrase “and its associates” is used occasionally. The list of specific associates, however, is not found at that place in the manual. Instead, associated plant species for each province can be found in the Selected Plant tables in chapter 2 of this volume. 28 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest The Laurentian Mixed Forest Province is comprised of pure and mixed stands of broadleaf and conifer tree species. The province is a complex tension zone between advancing southern species and retreating northern species (Braun 1972). NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST TYPES Northern hardwoods generally respond to cutting by forming stump sprouts. Sprouting vigor varies with species, age, time of year, and condition of the trees cut. Species that produce vigorous sprouts or numerous root suckers include aspen, beech, basswood, elm, and red maple (Leak et al. 1969; Tubbs 1977). Species that produce sprouts with average vigor include sugar maple, white ash, and paper birch (Leak et al. 1969). Yellow birch produces sprouts, but less vigorously than other species (Leak et al. 1969; Tubbs 1977). Northern hardwoods produce some seed each year, with good seed years occurring at 2 to 5 year intervals (Leak et al. 1969; U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Seedbed conditions greatly affect the species composition and survival of hardwood seedlings. Table 28.1 shows the effect of seedbed conditions on various hardwood species. Soil scarification may improve the seedbed conditions for some species while helping to control unwanted brush (Smith 1962; Leak et al. 1969). In some areas, including the Great Lakes, scarifying or clear cutting on very light soils (sands) or very heavy soils (silt or clay loams) may cause invasion of grasses and brush (Tubbs 1977). In New England, areas treated in this way are frequently invaded by blackberries and fire cherry (Leak et al. 1969). These invading perennial or brushy-perennial covers create environmental conditions that hinder tree seedlings. Table 28.1 Effect of Seedbed Conditions on Various Hardwoods in Small Forest Openings Percent composition Species Skidroad® Disturbed? — Undisturbed© Slash piled Paper birch 28.5 25.5 9.5 4.5 Yellow birch 27.5 10.5 6 2 Sugar maple 5.5 7 21.5 15 Beech 3 4.5 9 15 Red maple 2 2.5 3 4 White ash 1.5 2 1.5 1 Fire cherry 5.5 8 13.5 19.5 Striped maple 0.5 1.5 3.5 4 Blackberries 22 27 24 25 Aspens 1 - 0.5 - Other ors 1s get 8 Total 100. 100 100 100 Average number® of stems per acre 278.1 178.1 V2.4 39.9 Source: Adapted from Marquis 1965. *Skidroads and trails on which mineral soil had been exposed on at least 50 percent of the area. Areas disturbed but with mineral soil exposed on less than 50 percent of the area. SAreas undisturbed. Tree tops and slash in piles originally 4 feet or more high. Thousands. Selective methods generally favor shade-tolerant plants (Leak et al. 1964). Tolerance ratings for selected northern hardwood trees are presented in table 28.2. General tolerances for other plants in this province may be found in table 2110-32.2. Table 28.2 Shade Tolerance Ratings for Selected Northern Hardwoods Tolerance rating” Tolerant Intermediate Intolerant Species Beech Sugar maple Red maple Basswood White ash x Yellow birch x Aspen x Fire cherry x >< > OX Source: Adapted from Trimble 1975, Ranked in order of generally decreasing shade tolerance. CHAPTER 1 Aspen Although much of the information in this discussion pertains specifically to trembling aspen, most of it may be generally applied to the genus Populus because of the similarities among species. Rated shade-intolerant, aspens may reproduce either by seed or by root suckering. Aspen root suckers develop from lateral roots within 3 inches of the surface (Brinkman and Roe 1975). Suckering is controlled largely by apical dominance. Cutting or killing the aboveground portion of the tree interrupts the flow of growth regulators from the stem to the roots (Farmer 1962). As Michigan studies have shown, density of the previous stand may affect sucker production. One year after cutting, 9000 suckers per acre were found in anarea previously occupied by the highest density stand. The stand with intermediate density produced 7000 suckers per acre; the lowest density stand produced 5200 (Graham et al. 1963). Weak, slow-growing suckers may develop in areas in which shade and competition are intense from dense understory brush and the adjacent stand (Brinkman and Roe 1975). Winter cutting results in more vigorous suckers. When they appear the following summer, the suckers are able to outgrow the brush. Following summer cutting, sprouts do not develop until the second season after cutting, giving the brush a full year to become established (Brinkman and Roe 1975). Shearing, chain saw felling, girdling, herbicides, and prescribed burning (table 28.3) all encourage sprouting (Perala 1977). Shearing is the most productive when done with a sharp blade on frozen ground, thus reducing the disturbance to the parent roots. Disking and roller chopping may reduce sprouting by damaging the parent roots. Table 28.3 Effectiveness of Some Maintenance Methods for Encouraging Aspen Suckering Stand composition Method Overstory Understory Forest floor Conifers Hardwoods ® Brushy Sodded Felling or girdling Good Good? Poor Poor Shearing Good Good Good Good Basal Spraying Fair to good Good Poor Poor Foliage spraying Poor Good Fair Poor Prescribed burning Good Good Good Good Source: Adapted from Perala 1977. ®includes aspen. do not girdle aspen, fell to increase suckering. Effectiveness will vary depending on ground fuel available. Soil compaction from heavy machinery also reduces the vigor of suckers on wet soil with high clay content but has a negligible effect on dry, sandy soils (Perala 1977). PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 28 Despite the abundance of seed produced by this species, aspens require specific conditions for successful seedling establishment. The best seedbeds consist of moist, bare mineral soil. During the early establishment period, seedlings can be killed by heat, fungi, competing vegetation, heavy rains, and drying winds (Brinkman and Roe 1975; U.S. Forest Service 1974). Seedlings may reach 6 to 24 inches in height the first year, while suckers may more than double that in full sunlight (Zehngraff 1949; Brinkman and Roe 1975). Aspen regeneration is important to many of the wildlife species found in this province. On ROWs that cross aspen forests, clearing and maintenance methods that encourage sprouting will benefit wildlife such as ruffed grouse, deer, moose, rabbits, and other browsing animals. Ruffed grouse in particular benefit from careful management of aspen regeneration, as the cover provided by a recently clear-cut aspen area (over 2 years old) is ideal for their broods (Rutske 1969). Rusz and Bourgeois (1976) recommend hinge cutting a few large aspen as drumming logs for male grouse. This may be done in a stand adjacent to the ROW. In addition, buds on mature male trees along the ROW edge provide a valuable winter food for grouse (Rutske 1969). Because herbaceous plants are also important in the diet of deer and grouse, certain areas on the ROW, such as tower sites and access roads, should exclude aspen suckering. Seeding clover would be ideal in such areas (Rutske 1969). Beech Beech is very shade-tolerant and will grow slowly undera dense canopy. Seedlings and sprouts can grow through stands of ferns and covers of blackberries (Spring 1922). Repeated cutting, however, may eliminate beech (Ostrom 1938) because it tends to grow more slowly than associated hardwood species (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Beech sprouts form from stumps 4 inches or less in diameter, while larger stumps tend to produce short-lived sprouts that do not attain tree height (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Root suckers also develop from the large shallow beech root system, but the longevity of the suckers is uncertain. Hough (1937) found that all beech root suckers died within 4 years after cutting. Its thin bark and shallow root system make beech susceptible to fire damage (Spring 1922; Hamilton 1955). Repeated fires may eliminate beech from a stand (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Relationship of beech to wildlife — Beech is important to wildlife as den trees or mast producers. Mature trees that normally fill these roles cannot be tolerated on a ROW, but mature beech in adjacent stands should be preserved. Birches Birches produce sprouts after cutting, but they are not as vigorous as sprouts of common associates and generally do not compete as well (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965; Marquis 1965). Paper birch is less shade-tolerant PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 3 28 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest but produces more vigorous sprouts and grows faster than yellow birch (Leak et al. 1969). Soil scarification that mixes mineral soil and humus produces a seedbed favorable to paper and yellow birch, while exposing mineral subsoil tends to reduce survival and growth (Marquis 1965). Selective vegetation maintenance methods, coupled with competition and dense shade under most plant communities, usually eliminates birch seedling establishment. Light shade favors seedling establishment, but seedlings need full sunlight for growth (Marquis 1965). Gray birch frequently invades bare soil and old fields and forms a persistent cover (Barrett 1962). It thrives after burning, but can be controlled by various herbicides. Maples Mountain, red, silver, striped, and sugar maples are found throughout the province. Red, silver, and sugar maples attain full tree size, while mountain and striped maples are typically large shrubs or occasionally small trees. Mountain and striped maple — Mountain and striped maple are frequent shrub associates in northern hardwood forests (Braun 1972). The mountain maple persists in full sunlight or shade, while the striped maple is more shade-preferant (Van Dersal 1938; Gilland Healy 1974). In Minnesota, the most effective method of stimulating regrowth of mountain maple is cutting stems near ground level during the dormant season. Spraying 2,4-D breast-high is the second best method. Spring applications at the time of bud-break produce more regrowth than fall spraying (Krefting et al. 1966). Bull- dozing at different intensities can either stimulate growth or, if plants are uprooted, eradicate the species (Post 1969). Burning suppresses mountain maple (Gill and Healy 1974). Red maple — Associated with at least 54 forest types throughout the Eastern United States, red maple is the most cosmopolitan member of the maple group (Society of American Foresters 1954). It is shade-tolerant, but because of its tendency to invade disturbed soil, it is alsoa pioneer species (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Red maple produces vigorous sprouts after cutting or fire. Because it is a preferred food for deer and snowshoe hare, high populations of these species may significantly reduce growth and establishment of young trees (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Silver maple — Silver maple varies from moderately tolerant to very intolerant of shade, depending on site conditions. It may be a pioneer species on alluvial soils in prairie forests. Occasionally it will invade old fields. Small stumps (to about | foot in diameter) sprout vigorously; older trees lose this capacity (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Moist mineral soils containing large amounts of organic matter make ideal seedbeds, but even under ideal conditions, seedlings cannot compete with overtopping weeds and frequently die after the first year. Sugar maple — Sugar maple ranks with beech as the 4 most shade-tolerant northern hardwood (Trimble 1975). A prolific sprouter, especially from smaller stumps, sugar maple may occasionally produce root suckers. Seedlings and sprouts respond quickly to cutting of surrounding vegetation, but cannot compete well with fast-growing gray birch, red maple, or fire cherry sprouts (Westveld 1949). SPRUCE—FIR FOREST TYPES Spruce—fir forests are composed of mixed and pure stands of red spruce, black spruce, balsam fir, tamarack, and white cedar, depending on site quality, elevation, and drainage. Associated hardwoods include beech, red maple, and yellow birch. Associated conifers commonly include white pine and hemlock (Barrett 1962). Tolerance ratings for selected conifers in the spruce—fir forest are presented in table 28.4. Table 28.4 Shade Tolerance Ratings for Selected Conifers in the Spruce—Fir Forest a Species —__________Tolerance rating’ 0 Tolerant Intermediate Intolerant Hemlock Balsam fir Red spruce White spruce Black spruce >< o> KO White pine Red pine White cedar Jack pine Tamarack Source: Adapted from Toumey and Korstian 1947. Ranked generally in order of decreasing shade tolerance. bTaken from U.S Department of Agriculture 1965. In general, conifers only invade sites on which hardwoods do not compete well. Sprouting gives hardwoods a competitive advantage over nonsprouting conifers (Barrett 1962). Cutting in mixed hardwood— conifer stands may increase the number of faster growing hardwoods. White cedar produces shoots after heavy browsing or damage, but none of the conifers listed reproduce vegetatively, except by occasional layering of lower branches (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). After cutting, all reproduction is from seeds. Seedling growth is slow during the first 3 or 4 years; growth often averages only | inch per year for spruce and balsam fir (Barrett 1962). Frank and Bjorkbom (1973) indicate that heavy sods with severe competition make the poorest seedbeds. Dense stands of bracken fern, blackberries, and hardwood sprouts are the chief competitors, but balsam CHAPTER 1 fir and spruce survive and grow very slowly under these plants. Mineral soil is a very good seedbed; litter and humus are less desirable, depending on soil moisture and temperature. Heavy accumulation of slash reduce seedling survival (Frank and Putnam 1972). Seedling estab- lishment is favored by partial shade, but later growth is reduced if shade is not removed (Frank and Bjorkbom 1973). Black Spruce Alder and red-osier dogwood are common associates of black spruce on good sites. Poor or bog-site shrubs include Labrador-tea, leather-leaf, bog-rosemary, blue- berries, and cranberries (U.S. Department of Agri- culture 1965; Johnston 1977). Johnston (1977) states that the brush, grasses, and sedges that grow after broadcast burning overtop developing seedlings. If burning is desired, Johnston suggests piling and burning slash to permit seedling development. Breakage and uprooting of older trees exposed at the edge of the ROW may occur. Jack Pine Hazelnuts, bush honeysuckle, sweet-fern, red-osier dogwood, and several blueberries associate with jack pine on good sites; bearberry is a common associate on poor sites. Benzie (1977) suggests scalping, disking, roller chopping, rootraking, prescribed burning, or herbicides to control brush and to encourage jack pine reproduction. Relationship of jack pine to wildlife — The Kirtland’s warbler, an endangered species, is totally dependent on jack pine for nesting (Mayfield 1960). Its nesting range is restricted to several counties in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Ideal pines for the warblers are those found in young stands of over 80 acres with a height stratification of 6 to 20 feet. The birds prefer edge trees in the stand because low overhanging branches provide cover when flying to and from the nest (Michigan Department of Natural Resources 1976). To maintain suitable nesting habitat for the Kirtland’s warbler, jack pine stands are currently being managed by prescribed burning, cutting, and planting (American Ornithol- ogists’ Union 1977). Ahlgren (1966) noted that burned- over jack pine stands encouraged an invasion of deer mice in Minnesota due to increased seed abundance. Red Pine Hazelnuts, striped maple, bearberry, bush honeysuckle, and several blueberries are among the common associates of red pine. Red pine is intolerant of shade; any shade or competition severely reduces its growth (Benzie 1977). Nonselective cutting methods, therefore, favor red pine more than do selective methods. White Cedar After cutting, heavy slash may hinder development of white cedar seedlings. Johnston (1977) indicates that broadcast burning is a preferred method of slash disposal, but costs per acre are high for strips 200 feet PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 28 wide or less. White cedar has a shallow root system and windthrow may be a problem on the edge of the ROW opening (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Relationship of white cedar to wildlife — White cedar swamps serve as an important winter food and cover type for deer, particularly in the area of the Great Lakes. These deer yards may be regarded as sensitive areas, and a ROW should parallel rather than cross the main shelter portion if possible (Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game 1975). If a ROW crosses a yard, the extent of the impact will depend on the proximity of the line to areas of greatest deer concentration. Necessary cutting of some trees on the ROW may create additional browse. Rutske (1969) recommends late winter cutting to provide browse at a critical time for the deer. Once cut, however, cedar seldom regenerates adequately because deer feed on the seedlings. White Pine White pine is medium in tolerance to shade (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). In areas with more shade-tolerant species as brushy understory, white pine will only occur where competition is reduced (Westveld 1949). Dense stands of blueberry often develop after cutting and may almost eliminate white pine seedlings. In full sunlight, suitable seedbeds for white pine are exposed moist mineral soil, polytrichum moss, ora short- grass cover of light to medium density. Unsuitable seedbeds include dry mineral soil, pine litter, lichens, and very thin or very thick grass cover (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). SHRUBS A list of common shrubs in the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province may be found in chapter 2, tables 2110-32.1 [2111] and 2110-32.1 [2112, 2113, 2114]. Alders Alders are thicket-forming shrubs valuable for erosion control along streams (Van Dersal 1934) and for wildlife habitat. Spring and winter cutting results in rapid sprout growth; cutting in July and August produces the thinnest new stands and least height growth (Brickman 1950). Stands of alder commonly develop after spruce, fir, and cedar are removed from wet sites (Gill and Healy 1974). Blackberries The more than 500 species of blackberries are typically found in old fields and woodland clearings. Various species grow on almost any type of site in the province. Some species of blackberries control erosion by quickly forming dense thickets or mats. They are rejuvenated by removal of overhead shade, mowing, light disking, light burning, or deep cultivation (Gill and Healy 1974). Mowing and burning stimulate sprouts as well as eliminate competition. Cultivating to 6 or 9 inches cuts roots and encourages root suckers. Crown closure by invading trees and shrubs, or herbicides, can be used to control suckers. Blackberries are very important as wildlife food and cover. Numerous species of birds and small mammals eat PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 5 28 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest the fruits, even when dried out; browsing mammals eat the stems and twigs; and many songbirds and small mammals use blackberry patches for nesting and cover (Martin et al. 1951; Gill and Healy 1974). Dogwoods Dogwoods are adaptable understory shrubs that usually grow vigorously when overtopping vegetation is removed. Red-osier dogwood grows in sedge communities and may be the first woody plant to invade bogs and swamps (Gill and Healy 1974). A rapid grower on open, moist sites, dogwood is recommended for erosion control on all but the driest sites. Hazelnuts Sprouting of hazelnuts is encouraged by spring burning at intervals of several years, or mowing near ground level at intervals of 4 to 8 years (Gill and Healy 1974). Reduction of overhead competition increases stem vigor and stimulates root production and vegetative growth. Plants 6 to 15 years old, growing in the open or in very light shade, have maximum nut production. Sweet-fern Sweet-fern thrived after 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T broadcast spraying in Pennsylvania and New Hampshire (Hodgdon 1958; Bramble 1968). It forms dense colonies on poor, sterile soil and after burns (Van Dersal 1938). It is a common associate with bracken fern in the understory of aspen or on upland slopes where trees are sparse or absent (Martin et al. 1951; Braun 1972). After cutting, sweet-fern tends to spread rapidly and form dense stands often to the exclusion of other species. NONWOODY PLANTS Nonwoody plant communities resist invasion of woody plants by competing for light, growing space, root space, soil moisture, and nutrients. They may also destroy woody seedlings by matting down in fall and burying them (Richards 1973). Allelopathic inhibition in resisting invasion may also be a factor (Richards 1973; Gabriel 1975; Horsley 1977). Ferns Bracken fern is tolerant of shade and will often form dense stands after cutting, especially on drier sites, although it may invade almost any area. Bracken fern, blueberries, and several grasses may form a continuous ground cover after cutting of aspen or jack pine (Braun 1972). Hay-scented fern forms large patches in many forests initially formed from sprouts and sometimes forms a continuous ground cover after cutting of woody plants (Braun 1972). 29 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest The Eastern Deciduous Forest Province is made up primarily of mixed hardwoods, frequently dominated 6 by oak species. In the western sections (2212, 2213, 2215), oak gradually loses dominance as maple, beech, ash, and basswood increase. Conifers are scattered associates throughout the province, although almost pure stands may be found in the southern portion and on dry sites or sandy soil at higher elevations. Mixed hardwood types consist of mixtures of black locust, basswood, white ash, sweetgum, tulip-poplar, beech, maples, hickories, and elms. Oaks are common associates in nearly all of the mixed hardwood types and many of the conifer types. Coniferous forest types are composed of pure or mixed stands of white, pitch, Virginia, and shortleaf pine and, at high elevations, red spruce. Northern Hardwood Forest types are scattered throughout the higher elevations of Sections 2211 and 2214. They are closely related to the forest types of the Laurentian Mixed Forest Province discussed in section 28. OAKS AND ASSOCIATED FOREST TYPES Oaks and associated species sprout freely after cutting or exposure. Most of today’s second-growth forests are of seedling sprout or stump sprout origin. Oaks are sensitive to changes in site quality, depending on aspect, topography, and slope. This sensitivity is important in the mountains typical of much of the province (Barrett 1962). Weitzman and Trimble (1957) indicate that in West Virginia and Maryland, the proportion of oak ina stand generally decreases as the numbers of sugar maple, tulip-poplar, black cherry, basswood, white ash, and sweet birch increase. Associations frequently dominated by tulip-poplar and containing little oak are often grouped together and called “cove hardwoods” (Core 1966) in the mountains or “mixed hardwoods” in the western portion. Cove or mixed hardwood types are discussed later in this section. Table 29.1 shows the general shade tolerance ratings for oaks and selected associated hardwood species. Most oaks are rated as intermediate or intolerant, but individual tolerances vary with site quality. After cutting and clearing, most new oaks develop from stump and seedling sprouts. Seedlings grow slowly except in full sunlight. In subdued light the tops frequently die back and resprout. Studies (Liming and Johnston 1944; Merz and Boyce 1956) indicate that almost half of the “seedlings” found after cutting are actually seedling sprouts. Root systems of this type may retain their ability to resprout for 20 years or more (Liming and Johnston 1944). Because of their large residual root system, oak sprouts can grow faster and develop under light conditions unfavorable for tree seedlings (Arend and Scholz 1969). In general, the ability to produce stump sprouts decreases with age; however, on better sites some large individuals may be prolific sprouters. Exposure to light after cutting may also stimulate epicormic branching and sprouting at the root collar (Clark 1970). Several methods may be used to manipulate sprout production in oaks. Sprouting may be encouraged by CHAPTER 1 Table 29.1 Shade Tolerance Ratings for Oaks and Selected Hardwoods in the Eastern Deciduous Forest a Species Shade_tolerance ratin Tolerant Intermediate Intolerant Sugar maple Red maple Sourwood Laurel-leaved oak >< >< >_> > Over-cup oak White oak Swamp-white oak Northern red oak Bur oak Chestnut oak Red oak Scarlet oak Xx Jack oak xe Spanish oak x Bear oak x° Shingle oak x Yellow oak Pin oak Willow oak x Chinquapin oak xe > >< > Ke OK OK Shumard's red oak Post oak Tulip-poplar xb Black locust x *From U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965, except as indicated. From Van Dersal 1938. “From Toumey and Korstian 1947. cutting stumps as low as possible during the dormant season (Arend and Scholz 1969). Since exposure to full sunlight may increase sprouting, clearing small groups of trees is recommended. Sprout production may be reduced by cutting or girdling at the peak of the growing season (Clark and Liming 1953). Acorn production in oaks usually begins when the trees are about 20 years old, and good seed years may occur at intervals of 2 to 10 years (U.S. Forest Service 1974). Acorn production may vary with species, crown size, exposure to light, and weather conditions (Arend and Scholz 1969). ROW clearing may increase acorn production of edge trees, because of the increased crown surface area exposed to additional light (U.S. Forest Service 197la). Insects, fungi, birds, or mammals consume almost all of the acorn crop each year (U.S. Forest Service 1973; Sander 1977). Disking or roller chopping, considered less damaging to the site than sheardozing, can scarify soil and clear woody brush, thus favoring oak (U.S. Forest Service PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 29 1971a). Jensen and Wilson (1951) found that mowing increased the sprouting of hardwoods, including oak, because seedling sprouts compete more successfully with brush when both have an equal start. Slash and dense, herbaceous ground cover may prevent establishment of oak seedlings (Wendel and Trimble 1968). Similarly, studies in Wisconsin and Minnesota indicate that dense, brushy understories prevent oak regeneration (Arend and Scholz 1969). Prescribed burning generally consumes litter and helps develop a more favorable seedbed for oak. Value of oak management to wildlife — Oaks are used extensively by many species of wildlife for food, cover, dens, and nest cavities. As a food source (acorns, buds, foliage, and bark) for wildlife, oaks have been found to be the most widely used among all woody plants (Martin et al. 1951). In this province, ruffed grouse, wild turkey, white-tailed deer, black bear, numerous songbirds, and tree squirrels eat acorns (Martin et al. 1951). Squirrel numbers have been found to vary according to acorn availability (Sharp 1960). In Michigan, Allen (1943) found that acorns comprised 70 percent of the fox squirrel’s diet. Of 11 species of oaks tested, Short (1976) found that the acorns of the white oak group were more palatable to fox squirrels, but because of their persistence through winter, red oak acorns are probably more valuable (U.S. Forest Service 1969). Young oaks, because of their low branches and persistent leaves, provide a good source of wildlife cover in winter (Shaw 1971); larger trees provide dens for squirrels and raccoons. A variety of birds, including hawks, vultures, owls, woodpeckers, and songbirds, use snags and cavities commonly found in the Oak—Hickory Forest (Hardin and Evans 1977). In Michigan, Pinkowski (1976) found that 71.5 percent of all eastern bluebird nests were in pines or oaks. Because of their height, mature oaks cannot be managed for the benefit of ROW wildlife, but they are valuable on the ROW edge. Dead and young oaks on the ROW, not within critical clearance of the conductors, can serve as cover and nesting sites. Pin Oak Pin oak is a vigorous stump and seedling sprouter. Mature trees are intolerant of shade, but seedling sprouts persist in partial shade for many years (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Its thin bark and shallow root system make this species susceptible to fire; hot ground fires may kill even large trees. Flooding for up to several weeks will not harm pin oak, but permanent flooding may kill trees within 3 years (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). Bear Oak Bear oak is intolerant of shade and grows best in full sunlight; however, it will persist under pine. Bear oak forms dense stands on areas that are repeatedly burned, quickly invading openings created by clearing or fire and often forming dense thickets (Van Dersal 1938; Gill and Healy 1974). Studies in New Jersey indicate that 3 year PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 7 29 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest old sprouts may produce acorns (Gill and Healy 1974). Burning, cutting, and routing increase sprouting (Worley et al. 1957); single-stemmed plants treated in these ways may produce 40 or more new stems. Bear oak may be controlled by using 2,4,5-T in oil; sprouting may be prevented by covering the entire root collar to the point of runoff. Relationship of bear oak to wildlife — Bear oak is a valuable food source for many species of mammals in this province (Society of American Foresters 1954). Because of its early acorn production, preference for poor sites, and relatively shrublike growth, bear oak is potentially useful in ROW management schemes. Wolgast and Stout (1977) recommend maintaining bear oak stands 5 to 7 years old for maximum wildlife food production. Bur Oak Bur oak, a vigorous sprouter after burning or cutting (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965), grows on a wide variety of site conditions, from alluvial bottoms to dry uplands. It is a pioneer species on the prairie edge, and because of its deep root system, it is considered valuable for shelterbelt planting. Bur oak is also drought-resistant and will invade grasslands. Post and Blackjack Oak Post and blackjack oak are common associates on dry, shallow soil (Braun 1972) throughout the province. Both are considered shade-intolerant, but blackjack oak is slightly more tolerant than post oak (Toumey and Korstian 1947). Post oak, up to 10 inches in diameter, sprouts vigorously after cutting or burning (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965), and quickly invades burned grasslands. Post oaks produced fewer one-stem clumps, fewer sprouts per stump, and grew more slowly than four other oak species studied in New Jersey (Wood 1939). MIXED HARDWOOD FOREST TYPES Mixed Hardwoods may be divided into two basic groups depending on whether they are more or less shade- tolerant than the oaks. The more tolerant species persist in the understory and can quickly react to reduced competition. The less tolerant species produce either vigorous sprouts that quickly outgrow oak sprouts, or fast-growing seedlings from seed stored in the soil. Herbicide application soon after cutting is necessary to reduce sprouts (Roach and Gingrich 1958). Ryker and Minckler (1962) indicate that frilling and treating with herbicides are more effective than girdling alone. Tulip-poplar Tulip-poplar is rated as shade-intolerant, but because of its fast growth, it can overcome some competition. After cutting, vigorous stump sprouts quickly outgrow competing vegetation (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Good seed crops are produced almost every year (U.S. Forest Service 1974), and numerous seedlings develop if moist mineral soil is available. Cutting in late summer may reduce the amount of tulip-poplar reproduction (Roach and Gingrich 1958). Brush broken during clearing will resprout the same summer, while many seedlings will not become established before winter. Seedlings developing the next summer will be at a disadvantage under competition from the advanced brush sprouts. If seedlings do not develop the first growing season, competition from herbs, shrubs, and other tree seedlings will prevent future establishment (Clark 1970). Cherries Black cherry is rated as shade-intolerant and quickly invades open or disturbed sites, sprouting vigorously from stumps of all sizes, especially in openings (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Good seedbed conditions include undisturbed leaf litter and humus or exposed mineral soil. Areas denuded or compacted by machinery are undesirable. Deer and rabbits heavily browse black cherry seedlings and sprouts (U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture 1965; Marquis 1974); where high populations of these animals exist, cherry reproduction may be greatly reduced. Trees suddenly exposed, such as those on the edge of a ROW, may suffer from sunscald, stagheading, and general decay. Black cherry has a shallow spreading root system that makes it subject to windthrow, especially on wet soils. The thin bark makes it susceptible to fire injury, but top-killed trees quickly resprout from the base (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Choke-cherry is shade-tolerant, resistant to cold and drought, and sprouts prolifically. In most years it produces abundant fruit. Primary reproduction is through seed (Gill and Healy 1974), but it has a large, lateral root system and often forms dense thickets of suckers and sprouts (Van Dersal 1938). Choke-cherry is useful as food and cover for wildlife, erosion control, shelterbelts, and road screens. Fire cherry is a pioneer species that aggressively invades old fields, burns, roadsides, and similar areas, but is very intolerant of shade and quickly loses vigor if overtopped (Gill and Healy 1974). Fire cherry grows incidentally to disturbance, rather than through a specific management practice, and invades disturbed areas in two ways: 1) seeds stored in the soil germinate under the new conditions created after cutting, and 2) new seeds deposited on the site by birds and other animals germinate (Marks 1974). White Sassafras White Sassafras is a shade-intolerant pioneer species on abandoned fields and often forms dense thickets (Van Dersal 1938; U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Reproduction occurs mainly through sprouting. Light fires kill seedlings and saplings; more intense fires kill or injure large trees. It is easily killed or set back by controlled burning or various herbicides (Gill and Healy 1974). Although white sassafras persists on the edge of taller stands, its growth is reduced, and overtopping quickly kills it. Studies by Grant and Clebsch (1975) indicate that white sassafras can have an allelopathic interference on certain plants surrounding it and can thus gain a CHAPTER 1 competitive advantage in establishing itself in old field situations. Although not generally a very valuable food source to wildlife (Martin et al. 1951), in some areas white sassafras becomes too palatable to browsers to survive very long (Gill and Healy 1974). Black Locust Black locust is shade-intolerant. Reproduction is mainly by root suckers. Seedlings are rare and do not grow well when competing with other trees, vines, or grasses or on poorly drained soils (U.S. Department of Agricul- ture 1965), despite frequent heavy seed crops. An impermeable seedcoat prevents germination. Vigorous suckers are produced throughout the root system; root suckering is stimulated by cuts or damage to the main stem. Basswood Basswood, usually rated intermediate to tolerant of shade (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965), isa prolific sprouter, especially after winter cutting. Mineral soil provides the best seedbed, but many seedlings die in shade. CONIFERS Pitch Pine Pitch pine is outstanding in its ability to recover from injury. If the crown is killed by fire, it “greens up” by forming needles from dormant buds. Sprouts develop at the root collar if the entire top is killed or cut. It has a deep root system and is relatively windfirm (Koch 1972). Frequent wildfires are responsible for the development of scrub communities comprised predominantly of pitch pine and bear oak. If bear oak is controlled, pitch pine frequently dominates the area (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Virginia Pine Virginia pine is intolerant of shade and commonly invades burned areas, eroded soil, or abandoned fields. Leaves or undecomposed needle litter reduce seedling establishment. Seedbed quality improves with in- creasingly intense burns; slash burning sites increases germination and early seedling vigor (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Trees left on the edges of openings are vulnerable to windthrow, wind breakage, and bending and breaking from snow and ice. Fire may also do considerable damage. SHRUBS Shrubs and herbaceous plants make up an important complex in the understory of hardwood forests throughout the province. Shrubs, such as rhododendron and mountain-laurel, provide “evergreen” cover for wildlife (Trimble et al. 1974). The great variety and value of shrubs to wildlife in this province makes them desirable on ROWs. Bramble and Byrnes (1976) have documented the relative stability of a shrub community for a number of years on a ROW in Pennsylvania. PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 29 Dogwood Flowering dogwood is very tolerant of shade (Trimble 1975) and sprouts profusely after cutting (U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture 1965). In a study by Buell (1940), midsummer cuttings produced smaller, shorter sprouts than winter cutting. The tallest seedlings were produced after cutting in March; the smallest after cutting in July and August. Though easily injured by fire because of its thin bark, flowering dogwood usually resprouts quickly (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). In the North Carolina piedmont, a heavy harrow or disk plowing is suggested to improve soil moisture conditions, break up surface organic matter, and cut some competing roots (Ferrell 1953). Dogwood may be controlled with some herbicides, but resists others (Bovey 1977). Dogwoods are rated as the fifth most important woody plant for wildlife food (principally fruits and browse) in the Northeastern United States (Martin et al. 1951). The U.S. Forest Service (1969) considers dogwood berries the most important wildlife fruit in the Eastern United States. Gill and Healy (1974) document the value of dogwood as cover to a variety of small animals. Witch-hazel Witch-hazel is not a pioneer species, but is usually found in the understory, especially on droughty sites. It will grow in full sunlight or full shade, and on dry or moist sites. It is very susceptible to light fire and may be top- killed by very light controlled burning that destroys only recent litter. Control through the use of herbicides is also possible (Gill and Healy 1974). It regenerates from seed, stump sprouts, and occasionally by suckering. Stump sprouts are more vigorous than either seedlings or suckers. Serviceberry Serviceberry grows best and produces more fruit in full sunlight, but it also persists in shade. It reproduces from seed or root suckers in stoloniferous species. Herbicides, especially 2,4-D, easily control the species. Damage may occur, however, if chemicals are applied to nearby target species (Gill and Healy 1974). Spicebush Spicebush is a common understory shrub that may persist in openings (Van Dersal 1938). It reproduces from seed, sprouts, or suckers, Seed production is greatest in older plants exposed to full sunlight. Seedling establish- ment and growth, as well as sprouting and suckering, are best in warm, damp soil in light shade or on exposed areas. Spicebush does not invade old fields or other Openings and competes poorly for better sites (Gill and Healy 1974). It is resistant to Amitrole, but may be controlled with 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and other herbicides (Dunham 1965). Mountain-laurel Mountain-laurel is shade-tolerant, but grows best in full sunlight. It sprouts vigorously after fire or cutting, but reproduction is also common from layering and suckers (Gill and Healy 1974). PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 9 29 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Blackberries See section 28 for information on blackberries. Rhododendron Rhododendron is moderately shade-tolerant and grows. best in shady, moist ravines. Reproduction from seeds, sprouts, root suckers, and layering occurs; sprouting perpetuates thickets, and seedlings usually develop new stands (Gill and Healy 1974). Rhododendron is resistant to most foliage herbicides, depending on the type used and the application method (Bovey 1977). Grapes Grapes show some tolerance to light shade, but grow best in openings. They reproduce from seeds, sprouts, or layers; terminal growth is rapid. In shaded areas, cutting vines will also reduce sprouting vigor and eventually kill the plants (Trimble and Tryon 1976). Most grapes grow well over stone walls, rock piles, brush piles, and even small trees (Gill and Healy 1974). They may be used to create “living brush piles.” Trimble (1973) found that yearling grape sprouts in a clear-cut area were 5 to 15 feet long. A variety of basal or foliage herbicides can control grapes (Bovey 1977). Grapes are valuable as wildlife food, particularly in the Eastern United States (Martin et al. 1951; U.S. Forest Service 1969). Grape tangles also form good escape and nesting cover for small mammals and birds, and their stringy bark is often used for nests (Gill and Healy 1974). Sumacs Sumacs are shade-intolerant pioneer species that commonly invade highly disturbed or denuded areas and abandoned fields. Seed production may begin at 3 or 4 years of age (Spinner and Ostrom 1945). They invade disturbed areas by seeding, but established stands reproduce primarily from root sprouts (Gill and Healy 1974). Sumacs respond to disturbances, such as mowing, plowing, cutting, or burning, by producing numerous sprouts. They are difficult to destroy mechanically, but do respond to a variety of herbicides (Bovey 1977). HERBACEOUS PLANTS Herbaceous plants are found scattered under most forest stands, even the thickest conifer stands. After clearing, many species found in the understory of the original forest spread and form dense, almost pure communities. Carvell and Tryon (1959) found over 40 species of plants in the understory of red oak and white oak stands in West Virginia. In another study, Carvell and Johnston (1978) found over 50 species occurring commonly on a transmission line ROW in West Virginia, and over 40 species on a ROW in New Jersey. 10 30 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Because of their similarities, Provinces 2310, 2320, and 4110 are discussed together and are called collectively the Southern and Coastal Plain Forest. Differences between the provinces will be discussed as necessary. Conifers have always been a prominent component of the forest cover in this area. On suitable sites, conifers are replaced by deciduous species; on less suitable sites, conifers persist permanently (Braun 1972). Dominant pines throughout the area include shortleaf, loblolly, longleaf, slash, and pond pine. Hardwood components vary with terrain and conditions. For example, oak mixtures are typical of the Eastern Deciduous Forest in the mountains, while bottomland associations occur along the major southern rivers. SOUTHERN PINE FOREST TYPES Baldcypress In general, baldcypress is intermediate in shade tolerance, but ratings of tolerant to intolerant have been suggested by various authorities. Young trees produce vigorous sprouts; the capacity to sprout is retained in trees over 10 to 14 inches in diameter and occasionally after cutting, in very old stumps. Stumps of trees girdled 6 months to a year before cutting usually do not sprout after the tree is cut (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Pond baldcypress reacts similarly to baldcypress, but grows in wetter sites, such as shallow lakes and ponds. Loblolly Pine Loblolly pine is an aggressive invader of old fields and cutover land. It tends to be more shade-tolerant than the longleaf, shortleaf, or slash pine, but after 3 years, seedlings not receiving full sunlight usually lose vigor and die (Barrett 1962). Many hardwood species that thrive in shade sprout vigorously after cutting or disturbance and compete with the fast-growing pine seedlings for light and growing space (Blair and Brunett 1976). Scarification, brush-and-bog disk harrow use, or burning after clearing greatly increase seed germination and establishment. Site preparation of this nature effectively lasts only 2 or 3 years. By the third year, brush and herbs become reestablished and complete vigorously with the shade-intolerant pine (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Oosting (1944) suggests that the following progression of plants occurs on abandoned fields and disturbed areas: the first year crabgrass and horseweed usually. form a dominant cover. The second year aster and ragweed appear. The third year broomsedge becomes the dominant cover. Brender (1973) indicates that within 3 or 4 years, loblolly pine seedlings become established between clumps of broomsedge. CHAPTER 1 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest, PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest, 30 Loblolly pine seedlings | to 3 years old sprout readily when decapitated or injured, but this capacity is not retained in older trees (Koch 1972). Seedling establishment and early growth are best on mineral soil and poorest on undisturbed litter. Loblolly pine is rated midtolerant to flooding; it survives flooding for periods of | to 3 months during the growing season (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). Relationship of loblolly and shortleaf pine to wildlife — The U.S. Forest Service (1971b) rates wildlife man- agement opportunities as excellent using low- intensity maintenance practices on this vegetation type. Pine stands, in association with mast trees such as oaks, provide escape cover for a number of wildlife species. Quail, in particular, utilize this habitat and prefer young sites maintained by occasional thinning and burning that retain some thickets and brush. Lay (1967) showed that only bottomland hardwoods had a greater variety of fruit-bearing plants for deer than did the loblolly and shortleaf pine types in the South. Longleaf Pine Longleaf pine is more intolerant of shade than are slash or loblolly pine. It is the most fire resistant of all southern pines, except in the first year after germination (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Grass established more than | year may prevent seeds from reaching the ground (Osborne and Harper 1937) and prevent establishment of the tree. Seedlings remain in a “grass stage” for 3 to 7 years after which height growth is rapid (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Hardwoods provide strong competition for pine seedling development, especially on poor sites (Barrett 1962). Relationship of longleaf and slash pine to wildlife — Management of longleaf and slash pine forests in the South is primarily for bobwhite. The U.S. Forest Service (1971b) rates this type as the best forest habitat for quail. A combination of open pine stands, clearings, and scrub oak ridges, and the practice of prescribed burning, all benefit quail in this area. If mast trees are available, this habitat type also supports wild turkey. However, deer management potential here is poor due to lack of mast and browse (Stransky 1969; U.S. Forest Service 1971b). The presence of a ROW through a longleaf and slash pine forest would create an opening that may permit quail foods, such as grasses, legumes, and shrubs to grow (U.S. Forest Service 1971b). Pond Pine Pond pine is intolerant of shade. It sprouts readily at all ages; seedlings sprout prolifically after light fires. Pond pine may begin producing cones as early as 4 years of age (U.S. Forest Service 1974), but the cones are serotinous and open gradually over several years (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Sand Pine Sand pine is tolerant of shade and competition in its early establishment, but loses tolerance with age, finally becoming intolerant (U.S. Department of Agriculture PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 1965). This species has serotinous cones that remain closed many years unless opened by fire (Koch 1972). If sand pine is cut or disturbed before cone production occurs, it is eliminated from the site (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Shortleaf Pine Shortleaf pine is intolerant of shade, but will persist in very dense stands if overhead light is adequate (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Shortleaf pine sprouts vigorously after fire or injury. Its ability to sprout is retained until trees reach 6 to 8 inches in diameter. Only one or two of the most vigorous sprouts survive and develop into trees. Shortleaf pine is windfirm and fire resistant over most of its range (Koch 1972), but is intolerant of flooding during the growing season (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). Slash Pine Slash pine is intermediate in shade tolerance, but seedling growth is very slow in shaded conditions. Competition from surrounding vegetation may greatly reduce seedling survival and growth. Seedlings are easily killed by even light fires (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Height growth on average sites commonly reaches 10 feet in 5 years. On the very best sites, with minimum competition, 5 year old slash pine may reach 20 feet in height. Inkberry and titi are common associates of slash pine on wet sites and will reduce or eliminate pine regeneration if not controlled (Barrett 1962). Slash pine is intermediately tolerant of flooding and will survive | to 3 months of flooding during the growing season (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). In one study, 80 percent of the trees growing in saturated soil throughout the year survived after 7 years (Allen and Scarbough 1960). HARDWOOD FOREST TYPES Hardwoods naturally invade most mature southern pine stands unless extreme site conditions, such as frequent prolonged flooding, exist. Scrub species, such as turkey, bluejack, and live oak; persimmon; sumacs; hawthorns; palmettos; and blueberries, may assume dominance on droughty, acid soils because they adapt well to these conditions (Burns and Hebb 1972). Associated grasses and herbs include pineland three-awn, bluestem, panicum, and milkpea (Cushwa and Jones 1969). Hardwoods provide a much needed mast and browse supply for southern wildlife. Bottomland hardwoods, such as those found along the lower Mississippi River Valley, are rated as the best deer habitat in the South (Stransky 1969). However, as agriculture is rapidly depleting this habitat, the hardwoods type must be preserved. Black Gum Black gum is intolerant of shade, and requires full sunlight for proper seedling development (U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture 1965). It is resistant to light fires (Van Dersal 1938), but may be severely damaged by hot fires. Black gum sprouts after cutting or may produce root suckers after fires when young. PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 11 30 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest, PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest, PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Eastern Cottonwood Shade-intolerant eastern cottonwood is an excellent sprouter up to about 25 years of age; some sprouting occurs from stumps of all ages. Cottonwood tends to form pure stands on most sites. Fire kills cottonwoods of all ages: very light burns will kill all sprouts and saplings; fires of moderate intensity will kill trees up to 10 inches in diameter (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Cottonwood regeneration becomes established naturally only on areas subject to deep, prolonged floods that kill competing vegetation and deposit moist mineral soil material (Barrett 1962). Laurel-leaved Oak When cut or burned, young laurel-leaved oak produces numerous stump sprouts, while older trees lose this capacity. It can become established and grow up through dense canopies on the borders of swamps, but its thin bark makes it susceptible to even light ground fires (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Live Oak Live oak is an abundant sprouter when killed or girdled. Even roots near the ground surface will send up sprouts. This capacity to resprout makes live oak difficult to kill mechanically. When sprouts are cut or mowed, new ones appear in even greater numbers (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Live oak is resistant to salt spray and dominates sites near the coast under conditions other broadleaf trees will not tolerate. It is injured or killed by even light ground fires, but where fire is excluded, it withstands all competition (U.S. Department of Agri- culture 1965). Live oak can be controlled with herbicides, but resistance to some chemicals is noted (Bovey 1977). Pecan Pecan is intolerant of competition, especially from climbing vines that reduce its growth and deform trees. It sprouts readily from small stumps or fire-girdled seedlings or saplings. Pecan is very susceptible to fire damage. Light fires can easily kill saplings, while heavier burns may kill trees to 12 inches in diameter (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Pecan, like hickory and oak, is a valuable mast supplier, especially to squirrels. Persimmon Persimmon stumps sprout vigorously, and thickets may develop from root suckers. Persimmon tolerance varies greatly, but generally it survives very adverse sites, may form dense thickets on dry, eroding slopes, will grow in standing water for several months, and is often difficult to eradicate from old fields (Van Dersal 1938). It is susceptible to fire but sprouts vigorously at the root collar after fire damage (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Persimmon fruit, which is persistent into winter (Martin et al. 1951), is a valuable food source for a number of animals in the Southeast, including deer, red fox, raccoons, and opossum. 12 Sugar Hackberry Sugar hackberry is shade-tolerant and grows rapidly after release from competition. Small stumps sprout readily after cutting; some sprouting also occurs in response to fire damage. Light fires kill reproduction, while heavy fires may kill even the largest trees. Sweetgum Sweetgum is rated shade-intolerant (Harlow and Harrar 1968), although young trees can endure some shade and crowding. This tolerance is lost with age (U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture 1965). Sweetgum sprouts vigorously when young, but sprouting declines after the third generation of sprout development from the same stump. The season when cutting is done does not affect the number of sprouts produced (Wenger 1953). In the Georgia piedmont, sweetgum is a predominant invader of loblolly pine stands on coarse-textured soils (Brender 1973). Germination and seedling development occur on sod, but mineral-rich soil and full sunlight are needed for best development. Sweetgum is easily injured or killed by fire; summer fires do more damage than winter fires (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). A variety of herbicides and application methods can be used to control sweetgum, but resistance to some chemicals is indicated (Bovey 1977). SHRUBS AND VINES As is true in most forested areas, many shrubs remain as an unnoticed component of the habitat until thinning or clearing occurs; the shrub and herbaceous layers increase with the decrease in tree canopy. Discussed below are some of the shrubs more specific to the southern provinces. Other shrubs present in this area are discussed with the responses for Province 2210 (see section 33). Inkberry Inkberry produces vigorous sprouts after cutting, fire, or other disturbance. Because fire also kills competing understory, inkberry may form continuous, practically impenetrable understories in frequently burned areas, especially in the coastal bays of North Carolina and Virginia. These dense, impenetrable growths of inkberry hindered human access to many areas and were a contributing factor in the black bear’s existence in this region (U.S. Forest Service 1971b). Japanese Honeysuckle Japanese honeysuckle is a fast-growing, introduced vine that may rapidly dominate a site. Full sunlight is required for best growth and fruit production (Gill and Healy 1974). It competes with other vegetation on old field sites regardless of whether or not other woody vegetation is controlled. Burning and repeated cutting have been used to control the plant, but some root crowns survive even intensive measures and soon establish full cover by regrowth of sprouts (Little 1967). The entire plant must be destroyed for effective control. Japanese honeysuckle is susceptible to several herbicides under certain conditions (Bovey 1977). The food value of honeysuckle for wildlife is not high CHAPTER 1 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest, PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest, 30 (Martin et al. 1951). It is an evergreen and, thus, has a high protein content and serves as a valuable winter food source for deer (U.S. Forest Service 1971b). The most significant use of honeysuckle is by small mammals and birds for escape, winter, and nesting cover (Gill and Healy 1974). Kudzu Kudzu is a deep-rooted, very vigorous, introduced perennial legume that produces a dense cover of vines and broadleaved foliage during the growing season (Bailey 1944). This vine is difficult to manage because of its fast growth and resistance to many control measures. It spreads almost entirely by stolons and rhizomes, and any portion of the root not killed will produce new top growth. Ina single season it may sweep through areas and completely cover all vegetation, including trees 70 feet tall. Disking and fire provide only temporary control, but some herbicides have proven effective (Hodgins 1977). Although considered mainly a pest weed, it has been used in revegetating gullies and highly erodible slopes (Graham 1941). Yaupon Burning at moderate intensities usually kills the tops and promotes sprouting of yaupon, while intense burns will eliminate this plant. Yaupon, an evergreen, is rated especially valuable to deer because of its high protein content and availability throughout the year (U.S. Forest Service 1971b). THE EVERGLADES The Everglades is an extensive area of low swamps and lakes connected by sluggish streams and interspersed _ with many islands. Elevations rarely reach 20 feet above sea level, but changes in elevation of less than 12 inches may cause abrupt changes in plant composition. Species composition may also be affected by changes in soil and groundwater salinity caused by high tides or storms. Fire during periods of drought may kill all existing vegetation. Even alligators may influence plant growth by ripping out some vegetation along water channels and building debris mounds which favor other plant species when abandoned. The level topography makes some areas alternately very wet or very dry depending on recent weather patterns. Revegetation on disturbed areas is quick, but in the short-term, the revegetated areas may differ drastically in composition from the previous plant community. Conditions at the time of revegetation dictate the composition of the next community. In one area, Craighead (1971) observed that after storms destroyed a stand of black mangrove, it was replaced bya pure stand of red mangrove, which several years later was also destroyed. The vegetation of the Everglades has been shaped by five basic influences: hurricanes, fire, alligators, frost, and lightning. The latter two factors have been less dominant and will not be discussed here. Hurricanes cause drastic and sudden changes in the vegetation in several ways. High winds tear plants out by PROVINCE 4110 Everglades the roots or strip away leaves, foliage, or entire tops. Winds bury the plant in mud or sand, or create high tides, which flood inland areas and deposit large amounts of salt in the soil. Rain and wind rip out large blocks of soil with vegetation intact and deposit them miles away. Silt and clay washed in by high water form crusts, killing plants by preventing oxygen from reaching their roots. The increasing salinity of evaporating sea water trapped inland makes soil toxic to plants for several years. Disturbances caused by hurricanes may affect large areas, but the effect is not permanent, and, over time, similar plant communities will eventually replace those that were destroyed, in many areas. Fire has always played an important role in shaping plant communities throughout the South. Most fires occur between December and April when surface water is low and organic matter is dry. These winter fires consume only surface litter and the tops of herbs and shrubs above the moist organic humus. Most plants in the region are well-adapted to such conditions and are not seriously affected. Alligators, once very common, play a distinctive role in shaping plant communities. Alligators keep ponds and small streams from silting in and becoming clogged with vegetation by actually moving plant materials with their snouts and tails (Craighead 1968). As the alligator decline in number, red mangrove prop roots gradually block streams that become visible only as strands of buttonwood fringed with red mangrove. Alligator nests are constructed of plant materials heaped 2 to 3 feet high and 6 to 8 feet wide. They create low hummocks along freshwater streams or small ponds. When abandoned, these mounds became colonized by buttonwood, red bay, myrtle-of-the-river, and leather ferns. These plants gradually take over sawgrass marshes as draining lowers the general water table (Craighead 1971). Everglade Plants Mangroves — Red mangrove primarily occupies marine habitats, but will invade freshwater areas (Craighead 1971). It is the most common mangrove in the shoal and shallow offshore areas (Davis 1943). Red mangrove has an extensive branching prop root system and produces viviparous seedlings that germinate on the parent tree (Shelford 1963). Black mangrove usually produces many erect roots known as pneumatophores, which project . upward through the mud, forming a zone inland from the red mangroves (Davis 1943). Killing frosts limit their northern distribution, but black mangrove does extend further north than does red mangrove. White mangrove is smaller and less common than the other mangroves. It usually grows in association with, or forms an inland band behind, the black mangrove; it is occasionally associated with red mangrove (Davis 1943; Craighead 1971). Willow — The windblown seeds of willows are among the first invaders of newly disturbed soil. Willow seeds falling into the water drift until they become lodged in mud banks. Once established, they spread by root suckering PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 13 31 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland, PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland, PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie and rooting branch tips to form barriers around ponds. They occur most abundantly adjacent to levees and interior canals where they form pure stands. Asa result of repeated fires, willows have replaced much of the original vegetation on some islands. 31 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Because of their similarities, Provinces 2510, 2520, and 2530 are discussed collectively and called the Eastern Prairie. Differences between the provinces will be noted as required. HICKORIES Pignut Hickory Pignut hickory is rated intermediate in tolerance of competition (Baker 1949), although tolerance varies throughout its range. Pignut hickory sprouts from stumps, but sprouts may not be as vigorous as those of common associates. Seedling growth is very slow; 5 year old seedlings are only about 17 inches high (Boisen and Newlin 1910). Both fire and frost can cause severe damage and may even kill this species (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). It cannot withstand flooding for even short periods during the growing season. Shagbark Hickory Shagbark hickory is rated intermediate in tolerance of competition (Baker 1949). It sprouts prolifically after cutting, and as the stump grows bigger, fewer sprouts are produced and the proportion of root suckers to sprouts increases (Boisen and Newlin 1910). Fire easily damages or kills hickories of all ages (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). It is intolerant of flooding for even short periods during the growing season (Teskey and Hinckley 1977), and mature trees die if flooded for more than 23 percent of the growing season (Hall and Smith 1955). OAKS Bur Oak Bur oak is intermediate in tolerance of competition (Baker 1949) and is tolerant of flooding (Teskey and Hinckley 1977), although partial submersion through- out the year kills most mature trees after 2 years (Green 1947). It is a pioneer on the prairie edges, and its resistance to fire and drought may account for its presence where associates cannot persist (U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture 1965). Bur oak is planted extensively in shelterbelts and is noted for its windfirmness (Suedkemp 1976). 14 Chinquapin Oak As chinquapin oak matures, it becomes increasingly intolerant of competition (U.S. Department of Agri- culture 1965). Seedlings are fast-growing and will tolerate moderate overtopping by shrubs and trees. After cutting or injury, numerous sprouts develop; young growth is easily damaged by fire (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Chinquapin oak is also intolerant of flooding (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). Live Oak Live oak, once established in a favorable habitat, is able to withstand all competition. When the tops are killed or the tree is girdled, even roots near the surface send up sprouts. Cutting or mowing sprouts greatly increases their number, forming a shrubby ground layer. Its capacity to oversprout makes live oak very difficult to kill mechanically (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). It is easily damaged by fire, however, and is readily killed by even light ground fires. OTHER TREE SPECIES American Elm American elm is rated intermediate in tolerance of competition (Baker 1949). Young elms produce vigorous stump sprouts, while trees 150 to 200 years old seldom sprout vigorously after cutting. Elms sunscald when suddenly exposed by cutting. They are tolerant of flooding (Teskey and Hinckley 1977), and drought- resistant, but prolonged drought may cause death (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). The widespread crown of mature trees makes them susceptible to injury from heavy, wet snows; glaze; and ice storms. On dry or sandy soils, taproots frequently develop and penetrate 5 to 10 feet (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). On wet soils a shallow widespread root system develops that makes the elm fairly windfirm. Its windfirmness and overall form make the species desirable for use in shelterbelts (Suedkemp 1976). Black Walnut Black walnut is rated intolerant of competition (Baker 1949), but plants growing within the root zone of black walnut trees may be affected by the toxic substance, juglone, contained in black walnut leaves, roots, and nut hulls (Schlesinger and Funk 1977). Species affected by this toxin include tomatoes, alfalfa, and many conifers. Species able to associate with black walnut include black raspberry, grape, Virginia creeper, Christmas fern, Kentucky bluegrass, ragweed, and others (Brooks 1951). Small trees cut or killed by fire sprout freely from the stumps. Epicormic branches develop along the boles of trees suddenly exposed by clearing, and such development is directly related to the amount of light reaching the bole (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). The black walnut is windfirm and not easily damaged by ice or windstorms, but it is intolerant of flooding (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). Because of its intolerance of competition and demanding site requirements, it is difficult to establish without intensive efforts such as CHAPTER 1 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland, PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland, 31 planting, fertilizing, and weed control (Schlesinger and Funk 1977). It is susceptible to a wide variety of herbicides (Bovey 1977). Green Ash Green ash is found most commonly on alluvial soils along rivers and streams throughout the Eastern Prairie (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). It is rated very tolerant of flooding for two or more growing seasons (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). Its tolerance of shade varies with age. Establishment under stands of aspen or willow is common, but green ash cannot maintain its crown position against rapidly growing red maple or elm. Sapling and pole-sized green ash sprout readily; the resultant sprout clumps usually contain only one or two stems (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Green ash is used extensively in shelterbelt planting because of its windfirmness (Munns and Stoeckeler 1946; Suedkemp 1976). Among the root systems of various plants studied in North Dakota, green ash was found to have the fourth most extensive root system (Yeager 1935). Roots were distributed equally through the upper 3 feet of soil, and their lateral spread extended to a maximum of 48 feet. Hackberry Hackberry is principally a bottomland tree. It grows on many soils and is frequently found on limestone outcrops or limestone soils. In eastern Iowa it becomes established in existing hardwood stands but rarely in old fields (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Hackberry is used extensively in shelterbelt planting and is recognized for its resistance to damage from wind and drought (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965; Suedkemp 1976). Honey-locust Honey-locust is intolerant of shade and becomes established only in openings (Baker 1949), sprouting freely after cutting or injury. After ice storms in Illinois, Croxton (1939) found that honey-locust was among five species that suffered little or no damage. It is intermediate in tolerance of flooding (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). In one study, mature trees all died after 2 years of partial submersion throughout the year (Broadfoot and Williston 1973). It is used in shelterbelt planting and is noted for its windfirmness (Suedkemp 1976). Because of its thin bark, it is easily damaged by fire (U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture 1965). Pecan Pecan is intolerant of competition (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Small stumps or fire-killed seedlings or saplings sprout readily. The species is susceptible to fire damage at all ages (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965), and is intermediately tolerant of flooding (Teskey and Hinckley 1977). Hall and Smith (1955) found that 55 percent of the trees survived 73 days of partial submersion during the growing season. Silver Maple Shade tolerance of silver maple ranges from moderate to very intolerant depending on site quality and location PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). In prairie forest areas, silver maple may come in as a pioneer species on bottomland soils (Wilde et al. 1949). Since it is character- istically a bottomland species, it reacts differently to various degrees of inundation. Seedlings growing in saturated soil for 60 days had 100 percent survival, showed good adventitious root development, and were taller than those growing in soil held at field capacity (Hosner and Boyce 1962). Mature silver maple can survive partial submersion throughout the year, but most trees die during the second year (Green 1947). In one study, partial submersion during the growing season killed 2 percent of the trees in 73 days (Harris 1975). Silver maple stumps up to about 12 inches in diameter sprout vigorously (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Sycamore Sycamore is a pioneer species along all major streams and on well-developed floodplains throughout the Eastern Prairie. It is rated intermediate in shade tolerance (Baker 1949), but seedlings must have direct sunlight to survive (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1965). Sycamore sprouts when young and grows rapidly throughout its life. 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Bjorkbom. 1973. A silvicultural guide for spruce—fir in the Northeast. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-6. 29 pp. Frank, R.M., and E.L. Putnam. 1972. Seedling survival in spruce—fir after mechanical tree harvesting in strips. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-224. 16 pp. Gabriel, W.J. 1975. Allelopathic effects of black walnut on white birch. J. For. 73(4):15-19. Gill, J.D., and W.M. Healy, eds. 1974. Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. 180 pp. Graham, E.H. 1941. Legumes for erosion control and wildlife. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 412. 153 pp. Graham, S.A., R.P. Harrison, Jr., and C.E. Westell, Jr. 1963. Aspens: phoenix trees of the Great Lakes region. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. 272 pp. Grant, R.E., and E.E.C. Clebsch. 1975. The allelopathic influences of Sassafras albidum in old-field succession in Tennessee. Ecology 56:604-615. Green, W.E. 1947. Effect of water impoundment on tree mortality and growth. J. For. 45:118-120. CHAPTER 1 Hall, T.F., and G.E. Smith. 1955. Effects of flooding on woody plants: West Sandy Dewatering Project, Kentucky Reservoir. J. For. 53:281-285. Hamilton, L.S. 1955. Silvicultural characteristics of American beech. U.S. For. Serv. Tech. Note 13. 39 pp. Hardin, K.I., and K.E. Evans. 1977. Cavity nesting bird habitat in the oak—hickory forest...a review. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-30. 23 pp. Harlow, W.M., and E.S. Harrar. 1968. Textbook of den- drology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y. 512 pp. Harris, M.D. 1975. Effects of flooding on forest vegetation at two Oklahoma lakes. J. Soil Water Conserv. 39(6):294- 295. Hodgins, R.S. 1977. How to replace kudzu vine with pines in one year’s time. Industrial Veg. Manage. 9(2):1-2. Hodgdon, A.R. 1958. Vegetational survival on some public utility lines in New Hampshire following foliage spraying with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T esters. Proc. Northeast. Weed Control Conf. 12:239-245. Horsley, S.B. 1977. Allelopathic inhibition of black cherry by fern, grass, goldenrod, and aster. Can. J. For. Res. 7(2):205-216. Hosner, J.F. 1960. Relative tolerance to complete inundation of fourteen bottomland tree species. For. Sci. 6(3):246-251. , and S.G. Boyce. 1962. Tolerance to water saturated soil of various bottomland hardwoods. For. Sci. 8(2):180-186. Hough, A.F. 1937. A study of natural tree reproduction in the beech-birch-maple-hemlock type. J. For. 35:376-378. Jensen, V.S., and R.W. Wilson, Jr. 1951. Mowing of northern hardwood reproduction not profitable. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note NE-3. 4 pp. Johnston, W.F. 1977. Manager’s handbook for black spruce in the North Central States. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-34. 18 pp. Koch, P. 1972. Utilization of the southern pines. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 420. 734 pp. Krefting, L.W., M.H. Stenlund, and R.K. Seemel. 1966. Effect of simulated and natural deer browsing on mountain maple. J. Wildl. Manage. 30:481-488. Kuchler. A.W. 1975. Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. 2nd ed. Am. Geog. Soc. Spec. Publ. 36. Lay, D.W. 1967. The importance of variety to southern deer. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 18:57-62. Leak, W.B., D.S. Solomon, and S.M. Filip. 1969. A silvi- cultural guide for northern hardwoods in the Northeast. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-143. 34 pp. PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS References Liming, F.G., and J.P. Johnston. 1944. Reproduction in oak—hickory forest stands of the Missouri Ozarks. J. For. 42:175-180. Little, S. 1967. Results of herbicide trails to control Japanese honeysuckle. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note NE-62. 8 pp. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game. 1975. Power line rights-of-way and wildlife management—a working paper. Maine Dep. Inl. Fish. Game, Augusta, Maine. 5 pp. Marks, P.L. 1974. The role of pin cherry (Prunus pennsylvan- icaL.) in the maintenance of stability in northern hard- wood ecosystems. Ecol. Monogr. 44:72-88. Marquis, D.A. 1965. Controlling light in small clearcuttings. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-39. 16 pp. . 1974. The impact of deer browsing on Allegheny hardwood regeneration. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-308. 8 pp. Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 500 pp. Mayfield, H. 1960. The Kirtland’s warbler. Cranbrook Ipistitute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 242 pp. Merz, R.W., and S.G. Boyce. 1956. Age of oak “seedlings.” J. For. 54:774-775. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Michi- gan’s endangered and threatened species program. Lansing, Mich. 30 pp. Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. 547 pp. Munns, E.N., and J.H. Stoeckeler. 1946. How are the Great Plains shelterbelts? J. For. 44:237-257. Oosting, H.J. 1944. The comparative effects of surface and crown fire on the composition of a loblolly pine com- munity. Ecology 25:61-69. Osborne, J.G., and V.L. Harper. 1937. The effect of seedbed preparation on first-year establishment of longleaf and slash pine. J. For. 35:63-68. Ostrom, C.E. 1938. Clearcutting of young northern hardwood stands. J. For. 36:44-49. Perala, D.A. 1977. Manager’s handbook for aspen in the North-Central States. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-36. 30 pp. Pinkowski, B.C. 1976. Use of tree cavities by nesting eastern bluebirds. J. Wildl. Manage. 40(3):556-563. Post, L.J. 1969. Vegetative reproduction of the control of mountain maple. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. 1969:115-117. 17 References Richards, N.A. 1973. Old field vegetation as an inhibitor of tree vegetation. Pages 78-88 in R. Goodland, ed. Power lines and the environment. The Cary Arboretum, Mill- brook, N.Y. Roach, B.A., and S.F. Gingrich. 1958. Even-aged silvi- culture for upland central hardwoods. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 355. 39 pp. Rusz, P.J., and A. Bourgeois. 1976. Natural resources inventory and management plan for the Denmark Property, Roscommon County, Michigan. 40 pp. [Unpubl.] Rutske, L.H. 1969. A Minnesota guide to forest game habitat improvement. Minn. Dep. Conserv. Tech. Bull. 10. 68 pp. Ryker, R.A., and L.S. Minckler. 1962. Methods and costs of killing hardwood culls. U.S. For. Serv. Central States For. Exp. Stn. Tech. Pap. 191. 9 pp. [Original not seen.] Sander, I.L. 1977. Manager’s handbook for oaks in the North- Central states. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-37. 35 pp. Schlesinger, R.C., and D.T. Funk. 1977. Manager’s handbook for black walnut. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-38. 22 pp. Schwarz, C.F., E.C. Thor, and G.H. Elsner. 1976. Wildland planning glossary. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-13. 252 pp. Sharp, W.M. 1960. A commentary on the behavior of free- running gray squirrels. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 13:382-387. 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Wildlife habitat management handbook, southern region. FSH 2609.23R. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 100 pp. . 1973. Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 445. 114 pp. . 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 450. Van Dersal, W.R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 303. 362 pp. CHAPTER 1 Weitzman, S., and G.R. Trimble, Jr. 1957. Some natural factors that govern the management of oaks. U.S. For. Serv. Northeast. For. Exp. Stn. Pap. 88. 40 pp. Wendel, G.W., and G.R. Trimble, Jr. 1968. Early reproduction after seed-tree harvest cuttings in Appalachian hardwoods. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-99. 16 pp. Wenger, K.F. 1953. The sprouting of sweetgum in relation to season of cutting and carbohydrate content. Plant Physiol. [Bethesda] 28:35-49. Westveld, R.H. 1949. Applied silviculture in the United States. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. 590 pp. Wilde, S.A., F.G. Wilson, and D.P. White. 1949. Soils of Wisconsin in relation to silviculture. Wis. Conserv. Dep. Publ. 525-49. References Wolgast, L.J., and B.B. Stout. 1977. Effects of age, stand, density, and fertilizer application on bear oak reproduc- tion. J. Wildl. Manage. 41(4):685-691. Wood, O.M. 1939. Persistence of stems per sprout clump in oak coppice stands of southern New Jersey. J. For. 37:269-270. Worley, D.P., W.C. Bramble, and W.R. Byrnes. 1957. Investigations of the use of 2,4,5-T esters as a basal spray in the control of bear oak. Weeds 5:121-132. Yeager, A.F. 1935. Root systems of certain trees and shrubs grown on prairie soils. J. Agric. Res. 51:1085-1092. Zehngraff, P.J. 1949. Aspen as a forest crop in the Lake States. J. For. 47:555-565. PLANT RESPONSES TO ROW MAINTENANCE METHODS 19 Selected Plant Species In this chapter, plant species determined to be useful for specific ROW needs (i.e., site stability or erosion control) and/or of importance to specific wildlife species are identified for each eastern province. PROVINCE MAPS AND DESCRIPTIONS Each of the eight provinces is introduced via a map indicating State boundaries, individual sections within the province, and its relationship to other provinces. A smaller reference map in the lower left-hand corner of the illustration locates the province within the United States. In some instances, province sections have been further divided into subsections. These subsections are also identified on the maps. A brief description of each province, containing information about physiography, climate, soil, and land use, is provided. Plant communities or associations common in the area are identified and described. Whenever possible, descriptions of specific sections and major subsections are presented. TABLES Province descriptions are followed by two sets of tables: Selected Plant Species tables and Ecological Characteris- tics tables. Any time the province description is broken down into sections or subsections, multiple Plant Species tables are presented, one for each section or subsection, unless otherwise noted. The Ecological Characteristics Table is provided for the province as a whole. In prairie areas, all of the species included in the Selected Plant Species tables are not presented in the Ecological Characteristics Table. Rather, indicator species only are included. Selection of woody and herbaceous plant species was 21 Introduction \ 90° Plate 2 Ecoregions of the Eastern United States (from Bailey 1976) 22 CHAPTER 2 based on information obtained from a nationwide team of ecologists. Each ecologist compiled plant lists for sections and provinces identified on the map “Ecoregions of the United States” (Bailey 1976), the eastern half of which is shown in plate 2. General criteria used to establish characteristic and common plant species followed Oosting’s (1956) fidelity ratings, 3 through 5: Fidelity 3—Preferants, present in several communities, but predominant in one of them. Fidelity 4— Selective, found especially in one community, but occasionally in others. Fidelity 5—Exclusive, found completely or almost com- pletely in only one community. Selected Plant Species Tables Each table carries an identification label that specifies: Section number Province Chapter section or bl - rae Number __ reference number Subsection number For example: Table 2210-33.1 [2215] the Oak—Hickory Forest Selected Plant Species Common to specifies that this is the Selected Plant Species Table for Province 2210, Section 2215, and that the province is discussed in chapter section 33. The identification label: Table 2510-36.1 [1b] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory (Southern) Subsection specifies that this is the Selected Plant Species Table for Subsection 1b of Province 2510, and that the province is discussed in chapter section 36. Province names and numbers and section names and numbers are taken directly from Bailey’s (1976) map. Subsections within sections are clearly named and may be located by referring to the map included with each province description. Habitat and Moisture Conditions — The Selected Plant Species Table is broken down by either habitat association (e.g., semidesert grassland) or habitat moisture condition. The following relative moisture; drainage classification scheme is used within each biological section: “ dry to moist/excessive to well- drained” and “moist to wet/ well-drained to impeded.” Application of these designations depends to some extent on the experience of the reader and the province which is being considered. For example, dry soil in the Great Plains or the American Desert is much drier than dry soil in New England or the Pacific Northwest. For this reason, only general designations are used. In some cases, coastal, coastal marshes, or riparian designations are added to this system to identify specific associations unique to particular areas. Growth Form — Within a plant community, vegetation normally occurs in layers or strata. Individual entries within the tables are according to the four stratification categories (height growth forms) most frequently found and of benefit to ROW management: SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Introduction Tall-growing trees—over 40 feet tall: must be controlled on ROW. Low-growing trees and tall shrubs tall; control only when necessary: able at ROW edge. Low to medium shrubs—2 to 20 feet tall; normally not controlled. Lesser vegetation, grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses should not be disturbed. 20 to 40 feet may be accept- stratification categories within a single section. For example, some woody plants grow to tree height on moist sites, but consistently grow only to shrub height on dry sites. These species may appear on the Selected Plant Species Table twice. One biological community, the Great Plains area of the United States, is unique in its extensive domination by grasses and forbs. In this instance, further modification to the stratification system is used to define more clearly the vegetation in this area. Some species included in the Selected Plant Species tables are followed by an identification code, a symbol, *, +, #, or @. These codes designate these species as indicator species for wildlife habitats. An explanation of the identification codes is presented at the end of each table containing such species. In these instances, the Ecological Characteristics Table contains only those species identified by a code. Secondary Successional Pattern — Each plant species is categorized as either early or late successional in the Selected Plant Species tables. Utility ROW maintenance procedures consist largely of controlling tall-growing plants and maintaining or arresting stages of plant succession (generally, short-growing plants) to enhance transmission reliability. Species for some biological communities are listed only as early successional or late successional or carry no indication of successional status (e.g., desert or dry mountain areas). In these instances, for reason of local climate or other factors, succession as normally defined does not occur. When no successional pattern is present, the table is labeled “Plant Associations.” Plant Names — The scientific names for the plant species included in the Selected Plant Species tables have been selected from standard regional and local floras listed in the references at the end of this chapter. Since plant taxonomists do not always agree on the correct technical name, and an accepted nationwide checklist of plant names is not available, a decision had to be made regarding which names to use. In the eastern provinces, Gray’s Manual of Botany (Fernald 1950) was used, followed by Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford et al. 1968), Flora of Missouri (Steyermark 1963), and others. Scientific names selected were used consistently throughout the manual. Choosing common names for plant species is also difficult. The consistent use of acommon name across the literature to refer to a single species of plant is rare. Common names change with region; a widely used name in one area may not be used at all ina nearby area, or may be applied to a totally different plant or group of plants. In addition, many plants do not have distinctive common 23 32 Introduction names. The common names included are those that are widely accepted, based on the literature, and are used consistently throughout the text of the manual. The scientific names of the plant species and the common names associated with them are listed in general appendix A. In some instances, more than one common name is listed. If plants are listed in another province with a different common name, that province number is enclosed in parentheses. Ecological Characteristics Tables As described earlier, an Ecological Characteristics Table is included for each province. In some instances, such as with the Great Plains, only indicator species (marked by an identification code on the Selected Plant Species tables) are included. The Ecological Characteristics tables carry an identification label such as: Table 2410-48.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Willamette—Puget Forest This label indicates that this is the Ecological Characteristics Table for Province 2410 and that Province 2410 is described in chapter section 48. The .2, following the chapter section number, designates this as an Ecological Characteristics Table. Species — Within the Ecological Characteristics Table, each species is listed in alphabetical order according to its scientific name. Common names, and in some instances, section numbers for each province, are included. Habitat — The habitat preferences for each species, including moisture, shade tolerance, and special growth requirements, are listed. Descriptions of many of the woody plants include designations such as “moist, sun,” “dry, well-drained, sun,” or “well-drained, moist, sun and shade.” Such descriptions indicate relative soil moisture and exposure preferences of a plant within the province. “Sun and shade” indicates that a plant does well and fruits in the open, in the shade, or both. When combined with a working knowledge of specific area conditions, this information may be valuable to the ROW specialist. Form — The information on form was taken from published manuals for each region. Maximum height, average height, and spatial, aggressive, and release characteristics are included. In addition, growth habits, such as “much-branched and spreading,” “low-spreading mat,” or “forming dense clumps,” may be included. Fruit — Fruits are described as pome, drupe, berry, achene, capsule, legume, nut, etc. These terms are defined in the glossary. Following the fruit type is the time of availability, usually expressed by a two-month specifica- tion, for example, “Sept.-Oct.” The first month indicates the time of ripening; the second indicates the persistence of the fruit on the plant. General Wildlife Use — This column lists very general types of wildlife utilization—primarily food and cover. The presence of an entry indicates that the plant comprises some portion of the overall food or cover requirement of the animal species listed. This infor- 24 mation was compiled from standard texts listed in the references for this chapter and from direct observations made by consultants. The term “birds” in this column indicates songbirds found in that province. Individual species were listed only in instances the authors considered significant. The terms “bobwhite” and “quail,” and “cottontail” and “rabbit,” were used interchangeably unless otherwise noted. Notes — Important characteristics not appropriate for inclusion in the other table categories are listed as notes. Factors, such as “thicket-forming” or “mat-forming,” which will benefit wildlife in ways not easily documented, are included. Other factors, such as sprouting or reproduction characteristics, age to maturity or decline, erosion control, and nuisance characteristics, are noted. 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest SECTION 2111, SPRUCE—FIR FOREST The Spruce—Fir Forest Section lies in northern Minne- sota and northwestern Wisconsin where it is in intimate contact to the north with the Canadian Boreal Forest. The section also blends into the Maple—Basswood Forest (Section 2213) to the south and the Northern Hardwoods—Fir Forest (Section 2112) to the east. On the western border it gradually merges into the Bluestem Prairie (Section 2531). ; The terrain of this section is rolling to flat; glacial deposits and erosion have formed marginal hills and low ridges. The steeper slopes are generally limited to river valleys. Glacial drift material underlies forest, bog, and lacustrine soils which are typically gray-brown podzolic. The vegetation is dominated by conifers: white pine, red pine, jack pine, larch, black spruce, white spruce, white cedar, and balsam fir. Pines are common in the north, adjacent to Canada. Red pine dominates pure or mixed stands on drier sites; white pine prefers moister sites. Aspen communities are scattered throughout the section and may form a dominant cover over young jack pine. Hardwoods are more prevalent in the southern part of the section with maple and basswood dominant on much of the area. Red, white, bur, and jack oaks occur more frequently in the west and south. Stands of spruce, white pine, or larch on low soils add diversity to the hardwoods area. Shrubs and herbs in this area include bittersweet, black raspberry, and hog-peanut. The continental climate of the section is typified by great extremes in temperature. Precipitation is 20 to 30 inches annually with much of it in the form of snow. SECTION 2112 NORTHERN HARDWOODS—FIR FOREST The Northern Hardwoods—Fir Forest Section lies in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the northern edge of Wisconsin. It is in contact with the Northern Hard- woods Forest (Section 2113) to the south and the Spruce—Fir Forest (Section 2111) to the west. The terrain is quite varied, from nearly level to very CHAPTER 2 WY Location of province WS within the United States PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary State boundary Figure 32.1 Province 2110, Laurentian Mixed Forest; Sections 2111, Spruce—Fir Forest; 2112, Northern Hardwoods—Fir Forest; 2113, Northern Hardwoods Forest; and 2114, Northern Hardwoods—Spruce Forest. rugged in such areas as the Huron and Porcupine mountains and Keweenaw Peninsula, and the relief rises to as much as 1400 feet above sea level. The Superior Upland area is mostly covered with glacial drift underlain in part by pre-Cambrian rocks; the typical soil is gray- brown Podzolic. White, red, and jack pines, singly or in combination, make up the major species of this section. Jack pine forms large open or closed communities often associated with SELECTED PLANT SPECIES red pine and scatterings of white pine. Aspen is usually scattered among the pine with blueberries, bracken fern, and various grasses. In some areas, white and red oak, red maple, and fire cherry are mixed with the pines. Frequently, red pine is found along the sandy borders of lakes. Shrubs frequently include elderberry, hazelnuts, and honeysuckle; herbs, such as large-leaved aster, corn- lily, and bracken fern, are also abundant. Aspen communities are composed of large-toothed 25 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest aspen on drier sites and trembling aspen on moister sites. Fire cherry and paper birch are common woody associates, with sweet-fern and bracken fern among the common understory species. Bog communities are frequently dominated by Labrador-tea. Other species commonly found in the community include leather-leaf, laurel, white spruce, white ash, red maple, and white cedar. The climate varies from continental to semimarine due to the influence of the Great Lakes. Temperatures fluctuate greatly seasonally, and strong winds from the lakes frequently transform the weather into a semimarine type. Snowfall is heavy and may reach 115 to 130 inches on the north side of the Upper Peninsula. SECTION 2113 NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST The Northern Hardwoods Forest Section covers a wide area extending from northern Wisconsin through the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan to northern Pennsylvania and New York. It borders the Maple— Basswood Forest (Section 2213) in Wisconsin, the Beech—Maple Forest (Section 2212) in Michigan, and the Appalachian Oak Forest (Section 2214) in Pennsylvania and eastern New York. On its eastern boundary it merges with the Northern Hardwoods— Spruce Forest (Section 2114). The terrain varies from broad plateaus and tablelands to mountain mesas and river valleys. Most of the western portion is rolling to hilly with some mountain areas and is typified by glacial till capped by gray-brown Podzolic soil. In Pennsylvania, the northern end of the Appalachian Plateau dominates; in New York the terrain varies from hilly plateaus and rounded mountains to flat and rolling plains. Soils are varied; gray-brown Podzolic soil is typical. In Wisconsin, the western portion of the section is composed primarily of hardwoods. In the higher southern parts, spruce, white pine, and white cedar are more abundant. In the Huron Mountains, open stands of Jack pine, jack pine and oak, or jack pine and red pine (along low, sandy areas) are surrounded by dense hardwood or hardwood and hemlock forests. Sugar maple is the most abundant woody species in all layers of vegetation. In some areas it may share dominance with yellow birch or basswood, and in hemlock—hardwood forests it shares dominance with hemlock. White pine is dominant throughout much of Michigan, often in association with red pine or hemlock. Hemlock may also be common in areas where pine is absent and hardwoods persist. Extensive stands of aspen, similar to those described in Section 2112, occur throughout the section. Beech—maple or maple—beech communities are similar to those found further south, but in northern Michigan the shrub component indicates the more northerly association: striped maple, mountain maple, nannyberry, red raspberry, fly-honeysuckle, and elder- berry. The eastern portion of the section, in northern Pennsylvania and New York, has been highly modified by logging and burning. Aspen, fire cherry, ash, and 26 hawthorn are common in old fields and disturbed areas. Stands of sugar maple, beech, and red maple are mostly of sprout origin. Although once abundant, hemlock and white pine have been eliminated from much of the area. In the southern portions of the area, oaks (chestnut, white, and red) are common. Hay-scented fern is a common ground cover and may form extensive communities in some areas. In the Catskill Mountains typical forest components include red, chestnut, black, and scarlet oaks; hickories; sugar maple; basswood; butternut; and white pine, depending on the topography. In some areas, a heath layer composed of laurel, azalea, blueberries, teaberry, and trailing arbutus may be present. Above 1200 feet, sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, hemlock, and white pine dominate. Above 1800 to 2000 feet, red spruce and balsam fir form a transition forest type which merges into the Adirondacks in the north. SECTION 2114 NORTHERN HARDWOODS—SPRUCE FOREST The Northern Hardwoods—Spruce Forest Section lies in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, northeastern New York, central and northwestern Massachusetts, and the northwestern corner of Connecticut. It borders on the Appalachian Oak Forest (Section 2214) in the south, the Northern Hardwoods Forest (Section 2113) in the west, and the Canadian Boreal Spruce—Fir Forest in the north. The section can be divided into two major areas. The Adirondacks is a mountainous area that can be separated into four major site types: swamps and bogs; moist lower slopes and level to rolling flats; gentle slopes, terraces, and benches; and steep slopes and higher mountain slopes. The bulk of the section lies in northern New England where it includes the New England Upland, the Seaboard Lowland, the Green Mountains, part of the Taconic Mountains, the White Mountains, and associated mountain groups. The swamps and bogs of the Adirondacks vary, but are dominated by coniferous species: black and red spruce, balsam fir, white cedar, and larch. A dense shrub layer is composed of Labrador-tea, leather-leaf, bog-laurel, mountain holly, black chokeberry, and various blueberries and viburnums. Black spruce is the most common species of the swamp forest; red spruce occupies less swampy areas. Along the margin of swamps or on knolls within it, yellow birch, red maple, and hemlock are frequently found. Associated herbs throughout the swamps include cranberry, snowberry, dwarf cornel, cotton-grass, Canada mayflower, and various sedges and grasses. Hardwood forests of the Adirondacks are composed of sugar maple, beech, red spruce, yellow birch, hemlock, black cherry, basswood, white ash, and elm. Sugar maple and beech are dominant species, while the abundance of other species varies with local conditions. Hardwood forests border lakes on low benches interrupted by ravines. Mixed forests occupy the ravines and break up the pure hardwood cover. Red spruce may also occur on the thin or rocky soil of CHAPTER 2 slopes rising above the hardwood benches on ridges. This type becomes more common with increasing elevation until spruce is the dominant type. Associated species include yellow birch, balsam fir, and some paper birch, with species such as fir, mountain maple, and mountain- ash in the understory. As the elevation continues to increase, balsam fir becomes more common in mixtures with red spruce; in some areas spruce is absent, leaving stands dominated by fir. The northern New England portion of this section is typified by two basic forest associations: the hemlock— hardwoods and the spruce—hardwoods. Much of this area has been repeatedly cut, burned, or farmed and abandoned. White pine forms pure stands only on old fields. This old field succession may follow from shrubs, to gray birch and white pine, to white pine, to mixed hardwoods. On sandy flats, white pine may be associated with red pine and red oak. Other associates include aspen, birch, fire cherry, red maple, sugar maple, hemlock, and bear oak. North-facing slopes and moist areas may be occupied by hemlock, white pine, beech, PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 and yellow birch. Hardwood stands composed of red and white oak, white ash, red and sugar maple, and black birch develop on drier sites. The spruce—hardwood areas are similar to the spruce—hardwood associations of the Adirondacks. Descriptions for spruce swamps, spruce flats, mixed spruce—hardwood, and spruce slope forests remain essentially the same, but old field spruce must be added. Old field spruce is recognized mainly by the large component of deciduous trees, including sugar maple, yellow birch, white birch, aspen, and hemlock. The climate of the Adirondacks is cool in the summer with extremely low winter temperatures. Annual precipitation in the Adirondacks is 40 to 50 inches; much of it is in the form of snow, which in the remote highlands may reach a depth of 6 feet or more. The climate of northern New England is typified by abundant precipitation, which comes in a more or less regular succession of biweekly storms of snow or rain. The mountainous and forested uplands are buried deep in snow all winter long. Table 2110-32.1 [2111] Selected Plant Species Common to the Spruce—Fir Forest Growth form Habitat conditions: Betula rifera Finuss} Pinus bantetana Populus Dalsautfera sanifera — us grand tdentate grandidentat: us ‘Srenutordes joides Pranus ‘serotina Tall-growing trees, over a0 ft (Must. be controlled) Jack pine Early successional plants Paper birch Balsam-poplar Large-toothed aspen Trembling aspen Black cherry Late successional plants Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Balsam fir Sugar maple Yellow birch Abies balsamea Acer saccharum Betula lutea Fraxinvs ane ‘amer icana White ash Picea glauca nn White spruce Pinus resinosa Red pine Pinus strobus | White pine Quercus boreali lis Northern red oak iia americana Basswood Tsuga canadensis Hemlock Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Amelanchier spp. Crataegus spp. Prunus nigra Prunus pensylvanica Prunus virginiana Arctostaphylos uva-ursi CoryTus americana ‘orylus cornuta Diervilta Ya Tonicera Tomptonia Deregr in rina Rhamnus alnifolia Ribes c¢: cynosbatt Rosa acicularis Rubus a Tegheniensis Rubus hispidus Rubus parvitTorus Spiraea Jatifolia faccinium spp. Viburnum dentatum Viburnum raf inesquianum Achillea millefolium Agrostis alba Anaphalis margari tacea intennaria spp. Rpocynum androsaemi fol ium har sy Aster macrophyllus Calamagrostis inexpansa arex spp. ge leucanthemum pilobium angustifolium quisetum spp. rigeron annuus Serviceberry Hawthorn Canada plum Fire cherry Choke-cherry Bearberry Common hazelnut Beaked hazelnut Bush honeysuckle Sweet-fern Alder-leaved buckthorn Pasture gooseberry Wild rose Blackberry Dewberry Thimb leberry Meadow-sweet Blueberry Arrow-wood Downy arrow-wood Yarrow Redtop Pearly everlasting Pussy's-toes Dogbane Aster Large-leaved aster Reedgrass Sedge Ox-eye-daisy Fireweed Horsetail Daisy-f leabane continued Acer spicatum Carpinus ca caroliniana strya virginiana Sorbus america Cornus alternifolia Cornus Canadensis Cornus rugosa Dirca palustris Gaultheria procumbens Conicera canadensis Ribes glandutosum Taxus canadensis Actaea pachypoda Actaea rubra Adiantum pedatum z Tum tricoccum mphicarpa bracteata mee ‘quinquefolia ui legia canadensis Maris ned fonaT is fala racemosa Ksarum canadense Mountain maple Blue beech Hop-hornbeam Mountain-ash Alternate-leaved dogwood Dwarf cornel Round-leaved dogwood Leatherwood Teaberry F ly-honeysuck le Skunk currant Yew White baneberry Red baneberry Maidenhair fern Wild leek Hog-peanut Rue-anemone Columb ine Wild sarsaparilla Spikenard Wild ginger Rattlesnake fern Botrychium virgit virginianum ‘aul Toph, m thalictroides Blue cohosh phy Tu ‘imaphita maculata Spotted wintergreen SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 27 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.1 [2111] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Festuca elatior Meadow-fescue Tircaea canadensis Enchanter's nightsha Fragaria virginiana Wild strawberry Clintonia borealis Corn-lily Hieraceun spp. Hawkweed Coptis groenlandica Goldthread Oryzopsts asperifolia Upland rice-grass Dryopterts isjuncta Oak-fern oa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass ryopteris spinulosa Wood fern Poa compressa Canada bluegrass Epigaea repens Trailing arbutus Polytrichum spp. Haircap moss epatica spp. Hepatica Pteridtum aquilinum Bracken fern innaea borealis Twinf lower Solidago spp. Goldenrod Lonicera hirsuta Hairy honeysuckle Taraxacum officinale Dandelion LuzuTa spp. Lael WaTdstetnia ragarioides Barren strawberry Lycopodium spp. Jub-moss Xanthium spp. Cock lebur sotanthemum canadense Canada mayf lower — Witella nuda SS Bishop's-cap Osmunda claytoniana Interrupted fern OxaTis montana Wood-sorrel Petasites palmatus Sweet coltsfoot Prenanthes alba Ratt lesnake-root Pyrola secunda One-f lowered pyrola ptreptopus rose! Twisted-stalk rientalis bore. Star-f lower Tritium spp. Trillium Urtica spp. Nettle WvuTaria spp. Bellwort Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Tall-growing trees, Acer negundo Box-elder Black ash over 40 ft (Must be Acer rubrum Red maple Tamar ack controlled) Acer saccharinum Silver maple Black spruce Salix spp. Willow Thuja occidentalis White cedar aaa Utmus americana American elm Low-growing trees and Alnus rugosa Smooth alder tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Salix Spp. Shrubby willow (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, Betula pumila Bog birch Andromeda glaucophylla Bog-rosemary 2-20 ft (Normally not Cornus amomum Silky dogwood Chamaedaphne calyculata Leather-leaf controlled) Cornus stoTonifera Red-osier dogwood Gaultheria nispttula Creeping snowberry Nemopanthus mucronata Mountain holly Kalmia polifolia Bog- laure] Ribes Tacustre Swamp currant Ledum groentandicum Labrador-tea Rubus pubescens Owarf raspberry Conicera oblongifolia Swamp-f ly-honeysuckle ambucus pubens Red-berried elder Myrica gale Sweet gale Vaceintun myrel Moides Sour-top bilberry Teecinion Oxycoccos Smal] cranberry Viburnum cassinoides Wild-raisin Viburnum tritobum Highbush-cranberry Lesser vegetation - Acorus calamus Sweetflag Arisaema triphyllum Smal] jack-in-the-pulpit grasses, herbs, ferns, Carex spp. Sedge Caltha palustris Marsh-marigold mosses (Should not be Drosera rotundifolia Sundew Cypris ttm ‘Spp. Lady's-slipper disturbed) Eriophorum spp. Cotton-grass ‘alium asprellum Rough bedstraw Tris versicolor Blue flag Tmpattens capensis Jewe lweed MyriophyTlum exalbescens Water-milfoil Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern smunda Cinnamomea Cinnamon fern Phragmites communis Reed Osmunda regalis Royal fern Sagittaria latifolia Duck-potato Sarracenia purpurea Pitcher-plant Sium suave Water parsnip Sphagnum spp. Sphagnum ypha Tatifolia Cat-tail jola incognita Swamp white violet izania aquatica Wild rice 28 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.1 (2112, 2113, 2114] Selected Plant Species Common to the Northern Hardwoods—Fir Forest. Northern Hardwoods Forest, and Northern Hardwoods—Spruce Forest Growth form Early successional plants Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-29 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Habitat conditions: Betula papyrifera Pinus banketane Populus batsamifera fopulus grandidentata opulus tremuloides runus serotina Ame lanchier spp Betula populifo Crataegus spp. Prunus pensylvanica Prunus virgintana Uonicera tartarica Comptonia peregina hus spp. Ribes cynosbati Rubus alTegheniensis Rubus hispidus Rubus idaeus Sptrace tomentosa faccinium spp. Achillea millefolium Anaphalis margaritacea Aralia racemosa Asclepias tuberosa ster macrophyTlus Carex spp. Danthonia spicata Dennstaedtia punctilobula Eupator tum rugosum ragaria virginiana HeTianthus spp. Hieraceum spp. Oryzopsis asperifolia anicum spp. Polytrichum spp. renanthes serpentaria Pteridium acquilinum Rumex acetosella Solidago spp. r'araxacum officinale WaTdstetnia fragarioides Paper birch Jack pine Balsam-poplar Large-toothed aspen Trembling aspen Black cherry Serviceberry Gray birch Hawthorn Fire cherry Choke-cherry Bearberry New Jersey tea Beaked hazelnut Bush honeysuckle Huckleberry Mountain- laurel Tartarian honeysuckle Sweet-fern Sumac Pasture gooseberry Blackberry Dewberry Red raspberry Hardhack Blueberry Yarrow Pearly everlasting Spikenard Butterf ly-weed Large-leaved aster Sedge Poverty-grass Hay-scented fern White snakeroot Wild strawberry Sunflower Hawkweed Upland rice-grass Panic-grass Haircap moss Lion's-foot Bracken fern Sheep-sorre] Goldenrod Dandelion Barren strawberry continued Late successional plants Ory to moist/excessive to well-drained Abies balsamea Keer “saccharum Betula lutea Fagus gradifolia Fracines america ‘axinus americana Picea glauca Picea rubens Pinus resinosa Pinus strobus uercus borealis iTia americana ‘Suga Canadensis imus thomasii Acer pensylvanicum Acer spicatum Carpinus caroliniana strya virginiana orbus americana Viburnum Tentago Clematis virginiana Tornus alternifolia Corni lensis Corn Dirca palustris a I Parthenoc luinquefolia Rhododendron maximum Ribes anericanaa Ribes glandeTozin Taxus candensts Viburnum acerifolium Viburnum aTnifoliun Viburnum dentatum Viburnum prunifolium Viburnum trilobum Actaea pachypoda Advantum Sedat Altium tricoccum Anemone quinquefolia Rratia nudicauTis Asarum canadense Athyrium Hhelypterotdes fotrychium virginianum au 10} um thalictroides ThimaphiT Chimeph tla maculata ‘intonia borealis Coptis groenlandica centra canadensis Dryopteris phegopteris place regen ‘Tythronium americanum Gatun tition Habenaria orbiculata Hepatica spp. Linnaes borealis Lycopodium annothinum 7 ChecpadTun conpTanatun ycopo' um jucidulum ycopor um ‘obscurum laianthemum canadense ledeo av oe niana le EE neare tchella repens tela wide Osmorhiza c aytoni Usmunda claytontana Oxalis montana Phryma ephostactye ‘olygala paucifolia olygonatum pubescens teretis pensylvanica Pyrota secunda Ranumeuus spp. Sanguinaria canadensis ‘Smilacina racemosa Streptopus roseus Balsam fir Sugar maple Yellow birch Beech White ash White spruce Red spruce Red pine White pine Northern red oak Basswood Hemlock Rock elm Striped maple Mountain maple Blue beech Hop-hornbeam Mountain-ash Nannyberry Virgin's-bower Alternate-leaved dogwood Dwarf cornel Round-leaved dogwood Leatherwood Teaberry F ly-honeysuck le Virginia creeper Rhododendron Black currant Skunk currant Yew Maple-leaved viburnum Hobb lebush Arrow-wood Black-haw viburnum Highbush-cranberry White baneberry Maidenhair fern Wild leek Rue- anemone Wild sarsaparilla Wild ginger Spleenwort Rattlesnake fern Blue cohosh Spotted wintergreen Corn-lily Goldthread Squirrel-corn Beech fern Trailing arbutus Dog's-tooth-violet Fragrant bedstraw Round-leaved orchis Hepatica Twinf lower Bristly club-moss Ground-cedar Shining club-moss Ground-pine Canada mayf lower. Cucumber-root Cow-wheat Partridge-berry Bishop's-cap Sweet cicely Interrupted fern Wood-sorrel Lopseed Fringed polygala Hairy solomon's-seal Ostrich fern One-f lowered pyrola Crowfoot Bloodroot False solomon's-seal Twisted-stalk SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 29 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.1 (2112, 2113, 2114] (Concluded) Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 70-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be distrubed) Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Acer apo Box-elder Acer rubrum Red maple Acer Saccharinum Silver maple Salix spp. Willow Alnus rugosa Smooth alder Salix spp. Shrubby willow Betula pumila Bog birch Cornus ‘amomum Tornus stolonifera Myrica ga Nemopanthus mucronata Sambucus canadensis Sambucus pubens Spiraea tomentosa laccintum myrttlloides Silky dogwood Red-osier dogwood Sweet gale Mountain holly Common elder Red-berried elder Hardhack Sour-top bilberry Caltha palustris Marsh-mar igold Tarex spp. Sedge Drosera rotundifolia Sundew Eriophorum spp. Cotton-grass ris versicolor Blue flag Bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata noctea sensibilis Sensitive fern Po num spp. Smartweed RanuncuTus septentrionalis Swamp-buttercup ypha atifolia Cat-tail Tiarella cordifolia Trientalis borea Trillium ‘grandiflorum rtica procera WuTaria grandiflora VioTa spp. Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Fraxinus nigra Larix Tarfcina Picea marfana Thuja occidentalis Imus americana Andromeda glaucophy1la Themedaphng ca spt jauTtheria hispiduTa ecidua Kalmia polifolia Tedum groenlandicum Tontcera ‘ongifotia Ribes triste Vaccintum macrocarpon Viburnum casstnoides Arisaema triphyllum Aster puntceus Typripedium spp. ryopteris cristata E mE ‘spp. Ir Of Jum virginianum Hipertoom virginicum jatTens capensis ismunda cinnamomea Usmunda regalis Sarracenia purpurea SmiTactna a trifo Sphagnum spp. Tota pallens False miterwort Star-f lower Large-f lowered trillium Tall nettle Large-f lowered bel lwort Violet Black ash Tamarack Black spruce White cedar American elm Bog-rosemary Leather-leaf Creeping snowberry Winterberry Bog- laurel Labrador-tea ‘Swamp-f ly-honeysuck le Swamp red currant Cranberry Wild-raisin Small jack-in-the-pulpit Purple-stemmed aster Lady's-slipper Crested wood fern Horsetail John's-cabbage Marsh-St. John's-wort Jewe weed Cinnamon fern Royal fern Pitcher-plant Three-leaved smilacina Sphagnum Pale violet Table 2210-32.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Laurentian Mixed Forest Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Balsam fir well-drained, Large tree, ever- Cone, Sept. Seeds eaten hy song- —Short-lived; shade Abies balsamea moist, sun, ~) MITT, widespread o1 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 ~~ variety of s Box-elder Acer negundo te 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Ory, well-dr. moist, sun, of bottomlan of ponds and Striped maple Acer pensylvanicum por emyhenet ani, 2112, 2113, 2114 Well-drained moist, shade green, 45-60 ft na ites ‘ained, Medium-sized tree, banks 30-50 ft, up to id 75 ft Samara, Sept.- Oct., persistent streams and margins swamps , Tall shrub to small tree, 10-30 ft Samara, Sept. Red maple Ory, well-drained, Large tree, 40-70 Samara, Mar.-Apr. Acer rubrum moist, sun and ft, up to 100 ft : shade, swamps and- 2111, 2113, 2114 moist woods continued birds; needles eaten by tolerant when young; ruffed and spruce grouse; common understory browsed by porcupine; in Aspen--Birch browse and cover for moose, deer, hares Seeds eaten by ring- Short-lived necked pheasant, birds, squirrels Browsed by white-tailed Understory tree, deer, cottontail, does not thrive in beaver, moose open areas away from other trees Seeds eaten by birds Important in early and chipmunks; browsed forest stages and by white-tailed deer in river bottom and cottonteil forest CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Silver maple Well-drained, Large tree, 60-80 Samara, Apr.-June Seeds eaten by chip- Short-lived, easily. Acer saccaharinum moist, sun, ft, up to 100 ft munks and red squirrel; damaged . streambanks, moist browsed by cottontail, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 bottomlands white-tailed deer, snowshoe hare Sugar maple Ory, well-drained, Large tree, 60-100 Samara, July-Dec, Seeds eaten by ring- Long-lived Acer saccharum moist, sun and ft necked pheasant, birds, Marsh. shade, prefers fer- red squirrel; browsed 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 tile soil, but grows by white-tailed deer, well on poorer, porcupine, cottontail, rocky sites moose Mountain maple Dry, well-drained, Tall shrubs to small Samara, Aug.-Nov., Browsed by white-tailed A shade loving plant Acer spicatum moist, sun and tree, 20-30 ft deer, cottontail, Tam, shade beaver, moose 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Yarrow Fields and road- Aromatic herb, Achene, June-Sept. Leaves eaten by ruffed An alien species Achillea millefolium ite 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Sweetf lag Acorus calamus 2uii, 2ii2, 2113, 2114 White baneberry Actaea pachypoda Et 2uni, 2112, 2113, 2114 Red baneberry Actaea rubra ait Maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum —_— pedatum 2nii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Redtop Agrostis alba ali Wild leek Allium tricoccum Ait. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Speckled alder Alnus rugosa (bu Rot) Spreng. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Serviceberry Amelanchier spp. Medic. Cc. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Hog-peanut ca carpa bracteata +) Fern, raahl Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea L.) C. B. CTarke 2uiv, 2iiz, 2113, 2114 Bog-rosemary Andromeda glaucophylla Tink 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 sides Wet meadows, pond edges, shores Rich woods and thickets Woods and thickets Rich shaded sites, abundant in lime- stone areas Damp thickets, swales, shores Rich woods and bottoms Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, along streams and: lake shores Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, wide vari- ety of sites Moist woods Ory soil and pastures Well-drained, moist, sun, bogs and margins of ponds SELECTED PLANT SPECIES perennial 1-3 ft Tall, aromatic herb with creeping rhizome, 1-4 ft Perennial herb, 1-2 ft Perennial herb, 1-2 ft Fern from a slender rhizome stalk, 20 in Low perennial grass, forming turf Perennial herb with bulk, low Tall shrub, 6-24 ft Shrub to small tree, usually 15-25 ft, up to 40 ft Delicate twining vine Tall wooly, peren- nial herb, 1-3 ft Small, evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft Ory, with gelat- inous interior, in a spadix, May- Aug. White berries, July-Oct. Red berries, Aug.-Oct. Sporangia, summer Grain in a pan- icle, June-Sept. Capsule, June- July Nutlet borne in a cone, Sept.-Oct. Pome, June-Aug. Legume pod, Aug.- Sept. Achene, July- Sept. Capsule, Sept.- Nov. continued grouse, rabbit, pine mouse Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, white-footed mouse Same as A. pachypoda Minor value; may be eaten by ruffed grouse and deer Seeds eaten by field sparrow; plant eaten by cottontail Plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by song- birds, mourning dove, sharp-tailed grouse; browsed by deer, rab- bit, beaver, moose; cover for woodcock Thicket-forming Fruit eaten by skunk, Many closely re- chipmunk, red fox, bear, lated species and raccoon, many birds, in- varieties cluding ruffed grouse; browsed by rabbit, deer, beaver, moose Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite, white-footed mouse 31 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rue-anemone, Open woods, Low perennial herb Achene, Apr.-June 32 wood- anemone Anemone quinquefolia C 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Pussy's-toes Antennaria spp. jaertn. raanl Dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium L. ————e—O_o_ooe Columbine Aquilegia canadensis U ani ral Wild sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Spikenard Aralia racemosa wT 21u1, 2112, 2113, 2114 Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi U.) Spreng. raanl Smal] jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum Uy Schott 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Wild ginger Asarum canadense v 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Butterf ly-weed Asclepias tuberosa 2112, 2113, 2114 Aster Aster spp. ani Large-leaved aster Aster macrophyllus l 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Purple-stemmed aster Aster puniceus ty 2112, 2113, 2114 Spleenwort Athyrium thelypteroides Michx.) Desv. 2112, 2113, 2114 Yellow birch Betula lutea Fchx. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Paper birch Betula Papyrifera farsh. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 thickets and clearings Well-drained soil in woods and dry open areas Ory thickets and borders of woods Rocky woods, slopes Ory, open woods Rich woods and thickets Dry, well-drained, sun and shade, sandy soil and granitic Wet woods, swamps Rich woods and shaded slopes Ory soil, fields Variety of sites Dry to moist open woods, thickets and clearings Swamps, wet thickets Rich, moist, drained woods, shaded slopes Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, mostly in boggy sites Ory, well-drained, sun, banks of streams, lakes, swamps and on rich, moist slopes Low perennial, woody herbs Shrublike perennial herb, 1-4 ft Tall perennial herb, 1-2 ft Low perennial herb Tall perennial herb, up to 9 ft Trailing shrub, ever- green, branches often 3 ft or more long, Jess than .5 ft tall Low perennial herb Low perennial herb with creeping rhizome Tall perennial herb, 1-2 ft Perennial herb, usually tall Tall perennial herb, 1-5 ft Coarse, tall peren- nial herb, 2-7 ft Tall fern, up to 3 ft Large tree, 60-100 ft Large tree, 50-75 ft Achene, Apr.-July Pods, June-Aug. Follicle, Apr.- duly Berry, May-July Berry, June-Aug. Berry, Aug.-Mar., rarely persistent Berry, May-June Capsule, Apr.-May Follicle, June- Sept. Achene, Aug.-Sept. Achene, Aug.-Sept. Achene, Aug.-Nov. Sporangia, July- Sept. Smal] samara or nutlet, Sept.- Oct. Small samara or nutlet, Aug.- Sept. continued Snowshoe hare and deer eat mostly tender leaf rosettes Fruit eaten by song- birds, fox, skunk, chipmunk; plant eaten by deer Fruit eaten by song- birds, ruffed, spruce, and sharp-tailed grouse, hear; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by tree sparrow, smal] mammals; plant eaten by rabbit, deer Same as Aster spp. Same as Aster spp. Plant eaten by ruffed grouse, snowshoe hare, deer Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, merqanser, red squirrel, songbirds, sharp-tailed grouse; browsed by deer, moose, beaver, rabbit Same as B. lutea Invades old fields Invades open areas Invaded ROWs In climax forest Short-lived pioneer CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Gray birch Dry, well-drained, Small tree, 20-30 ft Small samara or Same as B. lutea Invades burns and Betula populifolia sun nutlet, Sept. abandoned fields Marsh, 2112, 2113, 2114 Bog birch Moist, sun, swamps, Shrub, 2-9 ft Small samara or Same as B. lutea Thicket-forming Betula pumila bogs, and meadows, tT edges of lakes 2uii, 2il2, 2113, 2114 Shaded areas in moist or dry woodlands and wet thickets Rattlesnake fern Botrychium virginianum UL.) Sw. 2uit, 2112, 2113, 2114 Reedgrass Rocky, gravelly or Calamagrostis inexpansa peaty soil wo 21 Swamps, wet meadows and woods Marsh-mar igold Caltha palustris faltha palustris 2101, 2112, 2113, 2114 Sedge Wide variety of Carex spp. sites, mist in U moist soils, a few 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 in dry places Blue beech Carpinus caroliniana Walt. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Blue cohosh Rich woods Caulophy11um thalictroides L.) Michx. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Dry, well-drained, sun and shade, dry New Jersey tea Ceanothus americanus 2uia, 2113, 2114 or rocky banks and moraines Leather-leaf Well-drained, Chamaedaphne calyculata moist, sun on acid . enc! peat in bogs and 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 on margins of ponds Spotted wintergreen Chimaphila maculata +) Puri 211, 2112, 2113, 2114 Upland dry woods Ox-eye-daisy Fields, roadsides Chrysanthemum eucanthemum L. TT 21 Enchanter's nightshade Rich or alluvial Circaea canadensis woods H rannl Virgin's-bower Clematis virginiana Clenatis virginiana 2112, 2113, 2114 Ory, well-drained, sun, in woods and thickets, on river Corn-lily Cool woods, open Clintonia borealis mountian slopes Rit.) Raf. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Sweet-fern Comptonia peregrina TU.) CouTt. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Dry, well-drained, sun SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Medium-sized fern Tufted, tall stoloniferous grass, up to 4 ft Smal] perennial herb, under 2 ft Perennial grasslike herbs Small tree, 10-30 ft Medium perennial herb, 1-3 ft Small, bushy shrub, 1-3 ft open woods, gravelly Evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft Low evergreen peren- nial, subherbaceous plant Tall perennial herb, 1-3 ft Low succulent peren- nial herb Climbing vine banks and bottomlands Short-stemmed peren- nial herb with creeping rhizomes Shrub, up to 5 ft nutlet, Sept.- Oct. Sporangia, spring and early’ summer Grain, July-Aug. Follicle, Apr.- June Achene, spring- summer Nutlet, Aug.-Oct. Berry, Apr. -June Capsule, Sept.- Nov. Capsule, Aug.- Sept. Capsule, June- Aug. Achene, June-Aug. Bur-like with soft hairs, July-Sept. Achene, Aug.-Sept. Berry, May-Aug. Nutlet, Sept.-Oct. continued Leaves eaten by ruffed grouse, snowshoe hare, deer Plant eaten by muskrat, deer Seeds eaten by ducks, coot, marsh and shore birds, upland gamebirds, songbirds; plant eaten by fur and game mammals, smal] mammals, deer Seeds eaten by bobwhite, ruffed and sharp-tailed grouse, turkey, ring- necked pheasant, gray squirrel; browsed by cottontail, deer Plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by song- Commonly in wet spots on wooded slopes and in moist bottom] and Invades burned or birds, bobwhite, turkey,cleared areas chipmunks ; plant eaten by deer, rabbit Plant eaten by rabbit, deer; Seeds eaten by sharp-tailed grouse Thicket-forming in nearly pure stands Climbs over shrubs and fences Forms dense colo- nies on burns and pastures 33 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Habitat Species Goldthread Coptis groenlandica Oeder) Fern. 2111, 21712, 2113, 2114 Cool woods, bogs, swamps Alternate-leaved dogwood Dry, well-drained, Cornus alternifolia LF. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Silky dogwood Cornus amomum 7 2uni, 2112, 2113, 2114 Owarf cornel Cornus canadensis Le 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Round-leaved dogwood Cornus rugosa Cam, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera Wichx, 21ni, 2i12, 2113, 2114 Common nazelnut Corylus americana Walt. rahi Beaked hazelnut Corylus cornuta arsh. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Hawthorn Crataegus spp. 2iii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Lady's-slipper Cypripedium spp. v aii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Poverty-grass Danthonia spicata TL. Beauv. 2112, 2113, 2114 Hay-scented fern Dennstaedtia junctilobula fitch. Moore 2112, 2113, 2114 Squirrel-corn Dicentra canadensis Goldie) Walp. 2112, 2113, 2114 Bush honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera Mill. 2uni, 2112, 2113, 2114 Leatherwood Dirca palustris C aii, 2112, 2113, 2114 sun and sahde Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, damp cold woods Ory, well-drained, sandy and other soils, sun and shade Well-drained, amoist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun, in woods, thickets, clearings Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Usually in bogs and wet woods Openings in wood- lands, fields on dry to damp sites Dry woodlands, pastures, moist slopes Rich woods Dry, well-drained, sun Ory, well-drained, sun and shade Form Low evergreen peren- nial with bright yellow rhizomes Shrub, 10-15 ft tall, occasionally to 30 ft Shrub, 5-10 ft tall Small shrub, under 1 ft Shrub, 6-10 ft tall Shrub, 3-10 ft tall Shrub, to 10 ft tall Shrub, 6-15 ft Shrub to small tree Low perennial herbs Tufted grass Pubescent fern Low perennial herb Shrub, under 3 ft Branching shrub, 2-6 ft Fruit Follicle, May- duly Orupe, July-Sept. Drupe, Aug. -Sept. Berry, autumn Drupe, July-Oct. Drupe, July-Sept., occasionally persistent Nut, July-Sept., occasionally persistent Nut, Aug.~Sept. Pome, fall and winter, persist- ent Capsule, Apr.- July Grain in spike- lets, May-July Sporangia, July- Oct. Capsule, Apr.-May Capsule, flowers, June-Aug. Drupe, May-June, occasionally per- sistent continued General wildlife use Notes Plant eaten by ruffed grouse Commonly a small to Jarge shrub, rarely a small tree Fruit eaten by turkey, wood duck, quail, many songbirds, ruffed grouse, squirrels, chipmunks; browsed by rabbits, deer, moose Same as C. alternifolia alternifolia Woody only at base; Same as C. forms colonies Same as C. alternifolia Same as C. alternifolia Fruit eaten by ruffed Thicket-forming grouse, quail, sharp- tailed grouse, squirrels; browsed by moose, hares, deer, beaver Same as C. americana Thicket-forming Fruit eaten by ruffed Common in clearings, grouse, bobwhite, white- pastures and old tailed deer, cottontail, fields; valuable fox, ring-necked phea- honey plants; sant, small mammals, — thicket-forming and songbirds; nesting spiny cover for songbirds Common on ROWS Spreads by rhizomes to form large patches on ROWs Plant eaten by deer, grouse, turkey Roots resemble grains of corn Browsed by white-tailed In open woods deer, moose In rich deciduous woods Browsed by white-tailed deer occasionally, moose CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sundew Bogs, moist acid Small insectivorous Capsule, June-Aug. Drosera rotundifolia soil plant, rounded basal z leaves with glandular 211i, 2112, 2113, 2114 hairs Crested wood fern Wet, swampy woods Medium fern, up to Sporangia, June- Pant eaten by ruffed Oryopteris cristata in shade or sun 3 ft Aug. grouse, spruce grouse, L.) Gray snowshoe hare, deer 2112, 2113, 2114 Oak-fern Cool, mossy or Small fern Sporangia, June- Plant eaten by ruffed Dryopteris disjuncta rocky woods, Sept. grouse, snowshoe hare, Tedeb.) C. V. Mort. stream borders deer 2111 Beech fern Woods, thickets, | Small fern Sporangia, June- Same as D. disjuncta Oryopteris phegopteris cool rocky banks Aug. . iristens. 2112, 2113, 2114 Wood fern Low woods, Large evergreen Sporangia, June- Plant eaten by ruffed Oryopteris spinulosa thickets, and fern Aug. grouse 0. F MuelT.) Watt swamps, also dry 211 woods Trailing arbutus Sandy to peaty Prostrate or trail- Capsule, Mar.-May Plant eaten by ruffed Epigaea repens woods or clearings ing evergreen, grouse tT. shrubby herb 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Fireweed Clearings, burned Tall perennial herb, Capsule, July- Plant eaten by moose Epilobium angustifolium woodlands, damp 3-7 ft Sept. : ravines Qui Horsetail Diverse habitats Rush-like plants. Cone with spore Plant eaten by water- Equisetum spp. from creeping cases, early fowl, muskrat, moose Le rhizomes, 1-3 ft spring 211, 2112, 2113, 2114 Daisy-fleabane Fields and waste Coarse annual or Achenes, June-Oct. Erigeron annuus places biennial herb, up U) Pers. to 4 ft au Cotton-grass Bogs and swamps Low to medium sedge Achene, Apr.-Sept. Eriophorum spp. t. 2un1, 2112, 2113, 2114 Dog's-tooth-violet, Rich woods, bottom- Low, nearly stemless Capsule, Mar.- Common on ROWs trout-lily lands and meadows herb, colonial June, vegetatively Erythronium americanum propagated from Ker bulb 2112, 2113, 2114 White snakeroot Rich woods, Tall perennial herb, Achene, July-Oct. Plant eaten by turkey Causes milk Eupatorium rugosum thickets, clear- 2-5 ft poisoning of humans outt. ‘ings 2112, 2113, 2114 Beech Rich uplands and Tree 60-80 ft tall, Nut, available Fruit eaten by grouse, Forms thickets from Fagus grandifolia mountain slopes bole 3-4 ft diameter, Sept.-Oct. songbirds, bobwhite, sprouts; commonly rh. leaves long slender wood ducks, turkey, used den tree for 2112, 2113, 2114 coarsely toothed black bear, squirrels, animals others; browsed by porcupine, deer Meadow-fescue Meadows, roadsides, Medium-sized grass Grain, June-Aug. Seeds eaten by song- Forms dense cover Festuca elatior ‘open woods with creeping root- birds on ROWS : stocks 2111 Wild strawberry Fields, borders of Low perennial herb Pulpy receptacle Fruit eaten by ruffed Fragaria virginiana woods, open slopes with achenes, grouse, pheasant, song- Duchesne Apr.-July birds, opossum, rabbit, 2112, 2113, 2114 skunk, small mammals, squirrels White ash Low rich woods, Tree to 100 ft tall Narrow winged, Seeds eaten by song- Sprouts prolifically Fraxinus americana rocky uplands Oct.-Nov. birds and smal] mammals T and glades 2iii, 21i2, 2113, 2114 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 35 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Tree to 90 ft Samara, available June-Sept. Shallow root system, easily windthrown Black ash Well-drained, Fraxinus nigra moist, sun, deep Marsh. cool swamps, low 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 banks of streams and lakes Much-branched Smooth, twin leaning herb, up carpels, July- to 5 ft Sept. Rough bedstraw Galium asprellum Michx, 211 Low grounds and damp thickets Bristly fruit, May-Sept. Fragrant bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. 2112, 2113, 2114 Woods and thickets Weak or prostrate, perennial herb Berry, Aug.-Sept. Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, spruce grouse Creeping snowberry well-drained, Roots at nodes Gaultheria hispidula moist, sun and igel. shade, in peat bogs 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 and mossy woods Small, prostrate evergreen vine Teaberry Dry, well-drained, Evergreen shrub, Berry, Aug.-June Plant eaten by ruffed Often in dry Gaultheria procumbens Ll. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 sun and shade creeping, under 1 ft grouse, bobwhite, ring- necked pheasant, white- tailed deer, chipmunks, coniferous woods shart-tailed and spruce grouse Berry, July-Sept. Fruit eaten by grouse, quail, turkey, song- birds; browsed by deer Dry, sandy or rocky acid soil in woods Huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata Wang.) K. Koch 2112, 2113, 2114 Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Shrub, up to 3 ft Round-leaved orchis Habenaria orbiculata Pursh) Tor! 2112, 2113, 2114 Dry to moist woods Low perennial herb with tuberoid roots Capsule, June-Aug. Achene, autumn Seeds eaten by many species of songbirds, smal] mammals Coarse and stout herb, annuals and perennials Sunf lower Wide variety of Helianthus spp. sites 2ii2, 2113, 2114 Hepatica Dry to moist woods Low perennial herb Achene, Mar.-June pana SPP. with thickish TTT. persistent leaves 2111 Hawkweed Open woods, edges, Low perennial herbs Achene, July-Oct. Plant eaten by ruffed grouse, turkey, deer, Hieraceum spp. ab rabbit fields, roadsides’ with hairy basal : leaves 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 John's cabbage Hydrophy1lum virginianum L. 2112, atts 2114 Marsh-St, John's-wort Hypericum virginicum 2112, 2113, 2114 Rich woods and damp clearings Tall perennial herb, 1-3 ft Capsule, May-Aug. Wet sands, bogs Low perennial herb Capsule, July-Aug. Plant eaten by snowshoe and swamps hare Deciduous holly, Dry, well-drained, Tall shrub to small Berry, Sept.-Mar. Fruit eaten by bobwhite In understory of winterberry moist, sun and tree, up to 15 ft and songbirds moist hardwood Tlex decidua shade forests Watt. 2112, 2113, 2114 Jewelweed Impatiens capensis Meerb. 2uit, 2112, 2113, 2114 Low herb, occasion] ly Pod, available Wet or springy to 3 ft June-Spet. places often in shade, also in acid or subacid swamps Blue flag Marshes, bottom- Perennial herb, low Capsule, May Nectar for hummingbirds Iris versicolor lands, wet arching to ground l. savannas, shallow 2111, 2112, 2113, 2113. water continued 36 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mountain- laurel Kalmia latifolia t. 2112, 2113, 2114 Bog- laurel Kalmia polifolia Wan 2uni, 2112, 2113, 2114 Tamarack Larix laricina Du Rot) K. Koch, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Labrador-tea Ledum groenlandicum Oeder 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Twinf lower Linnaea borealis E 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Fly-honeysuckle, woodvine . Lonicera canadensis Bartr. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Hairy honeysuckle Lonicera hirsuta Eat. 211 Swamp-f ly-honeysuck le Lonicera oblongifolia Goldie) Hook. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Tartarian honeysuckle Lonicera tartarica Ll. 2112, 2113, 2114 Woodrush Luzula spp. aut Club-moss Lycopodium spp. aii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Bristly club-moss Lycopodium annotinum 2uia, 2113, 2114 Ground-cedar Lycopodium comp 1anatum tC. 2112, 2113, 2114 Shining club-moss Lycopodium lucidulum wen. 2112, 2113, 2114 Ground-pine, lycopodium Lycopodium obscurum t. 2112, 2113, 2114 Canada mayf lower, wild lily-of-the-valley Maianthemum canadense Desf. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Moist, sun and shade, in bogs and muskegs well-drained, moist, sun, swamps and bogs Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, common in acid bogs Cool woods and peaty knolls Moist, shade Thickets and shores Moist, sun, bogs, swampy thickets and wet woods Dry, well-drained, sun, open areas on a variety of sites Usually dry ground Mostly dry to moist woods, thick- ets, and clearings Exposed woods and clearings Moist woodlands, sandy dry woods, thickets, clearings Moist woods, stream banks Moist woods, edges of bogs, clearings Woods and clearings SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Shrub, 3-15 ft Small, straggling evergreen shrub, less than 3 ft Large tree, up to 80 ft Smal] evergreen shrub, less than 3 ft Small creeping evergreen herb Straggling shrub, 3-5 ft Twining vine, shrubby Somewhat straggling shrub, 2-4 ft Upright shrub, 4-9 ft Perennial rush Low, trailing peren- nial with evergreen leaves Stem trailing or creeping, to 6 ft long Low, trailing peren- nial evergreen Low, nial sprawling peren- evergreen Low, erect perennial evergreen Small, perennial creeping herb, forms large patches Capsule, Sept. Capsule Cone, seeds shed during fall and winter Capsule, Aug. Small dry capsule, June-Aug. Berry, June-Sept. Berry, May-July Berry, May-Aug. Berry, July-Aug. Capsule Sporangia, June- Oct. Spores Sporangia, July- Sept. Sporangia, July- Sept. Sproangia Berry, May-July continued Browsed by ruffed grouse, white-tailed deer Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, red squirrel, spruce grouse, songbirds; browsed by snowshoe hare porucpine, deer Browsed by sharp-tailed grouse, deer, moose Plant eaten by deer Plant eaten by white- tailed deer Fruit eaten by upland gamebirds, songbirds; browsed by deer; good cover for songbirds, smal] mammals Good cover for song- birds, small mammals Plant eaten by opossum, deer Same as Lycopodium spp. Same as Lycopodium spp. Same as Lycopodium spp. Plant eaten by ruffed grouse, white-footed mouse, chipmunk, deer, snowshoe hare Usually in acid, sandy soil Poisonous to livestock Often killed by larch sawf ly In cool, moist woods A cultivated shrub often invading open areas and ROWs 37 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.2_ (Continued) 38 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Cucumber-root Medeola virginiana U 2112, 2113, 2114 Cow-wheat Melampyrum lineare Desf. 2112, 2113, 2114 Bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata U 211, 2112, 2113, 2114 Partridge-berry Mitchella repens Witchella 2112, 2113, 2114 Bishop's-cap Mitella nuda Ll. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Sweet gale Myrica gale 2iii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Water-milfoil Myriophy11lum exalhescens Fern, WT Mountain holly Nemopanthus mucronata T.) Trev. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 ral Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis U. 211, 2112, 2113, 2114 Upland rice-grass Oryzopsis asperifolia ice 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Sweet cicely Osmorhiza claytoni Michx.) C. By CTark 2112, 2113, 2114 Cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea t. 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Interrupted fern Osmunda claytoniana Ll. 21ii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Royal fern Osmuada regalis ul. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Hop-hornbeam Ostrya virginiana TTT.) Ky Koch 2uni, 2112, 2113, 2114 Wood-sorrel Oxalis montana Raf. 211i, 2172, 2113, 2114 Rich woods Dry woods, bogs, heaths Bogs, shallow ponds Ory or moist woods Moist woods, bogs, ‘swamps Moist, sun, swamps, and in shallow water along lakes and streams Ponds, pools and quiet streams Well-drained, moist, sun Damp or wet places in sun and shade, stream banks Dry, upland woods, thickets, peaty openings Moist woods Swamps, low woods, thickets Moist woods and thickets, also dry, stony soil Low woods, bogs, meadows, thickets Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Moist woods Tall slender herb, 1-3 ft Low annual herb, parasitic Low perennial herb Trailing evergreen herb Low, slender peren- nial herb Shrub, 2-5 ft Perennial acquatics Shrub, 3-12 ft Sturdy fern, sterile fronds blacken at first frost Tufted perennial grass with harsh evergreen blades Soft, hairy peren- nial herb, often over 1 ft Large, coarse fern, often in large patches Large, coarse fern Tall fern, up to 6 ft and over Small tree, 20-30 ft, occasionally 60 ft Low, stemless creep- ing herb with slender rhizomes Berry, May-June Capsule, July-Aug, Plant eaten by deer Capsule, Apr.-July Berries, June-July Capsule, May-Aug. Waxy, nut-like, Aug.-Sept. Nut-like, July- Sept. Orupe, July-Sept. Sporangia on bead- like fertile spikes which per- sist Grain, Apr.-July Two seed-like dry carpels, June-Aug. Sproangia on fer- tile fronds, spring Sproangia on middle of fronds, spring and early autumn Sproangia terminal on fronds, spring and early autumn Nutlet, Aug.-Oct. Capsule, May-Aug. continued Fruit eaten by wetland birds Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, bobwhite, red fox, turkey, skunk, white-footed mouse Plant eaten by ruffed grouse Plant eaten by deer; fruit eaten by sharp- tailed grouse Seeds eaten by water- fowl, marsh and shore birds Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, robin Plant eaten by snowshoe hare Plant eaten by deer; seeds eaten by mourning dove, smal] mammals Seeds eaten by ruffed necked pheasant, white- tailed deer, cottontail rabbit, songbirds ruffed grouse, bobwhite, songbirds, rabbit Usually in bogs or moist cool woods A small understroy grouse, bobwhite, ring- tree CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Panic-grass Variety of sites, Annual or perennial Single grain on a Seeds eaten by water- Panicum spp. mainly upland grasses of various branchlet of a fowl, marsh and shore sy fields, some in habit panicle birds, upland gamebirds. 2112, 2113, 2114 moist, low areas songbirds; plant eaten by fur and game mammals, deer Virginia creeper Well-drained, High climbing vine Berry, Aug.-Feb. Fruit eaten by many Often in moist, Parthenocissus moist, sun and songbirds, ruffed grouse, sunny clearings luinquefolia shade bobwhite, turkey, ring- Uy Planch. necked pheasant, white- 2112, 2113, 2114 tailed deer, skunk, chip- munk, red fox, raccoon Sweet coltsfoot Low woods, glades, Creeping perennial Achene, Apr.-June Petasites palmatus moist clearings wooly herbs Ait.) Gray at Reed Marshes, pond Tall perennial Grain, in a loose Phragmites communis margins, ditches grasses, often in spikelet, July- Trin, colonies, 4-12 ft Sept. 211 Lopseed Rich thickets and Tall perennial herb, Dry fruit in calyx, Phryma leptostachya woods 1-3 ft lop down against T. stem, July-Sept. 2112, 2113, 2114 White spruce Well-drained, sun Large tree, ever- Cone, Sept. Seeds eaten by many song- Picea glauca and shade, upland green, up to 90 ft birds,squirrels; browsed (Moench) Voss sites by spruce grouse, deer, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 porcupine, hares Black spruce Well-drained, Medium tree, 24-40 Cone, persist for Same as P. glauca Extremely slow- Picea mariana moist, sun and ft, evergreen many years growing in bogs ATT. . shade, cold, acid 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 — bogs and thin soil on strong hills Red spruce Well-drained, Large tree, evergreen, Cone, Sept.-Nov. Same as P. glauca Often forms dense Picea rubens moist, sun and 40-80 ft cover Sarg. shade, prefers cold 2112, 2113, 2114 and moist sites, along streams and borders of swamps and bogs Jack pine Dry, well-drained, Medium to large tree, Cone, Sept., Seeds eaten by song- Often spreads after Pinus banksiana moist (rare), sun, up to 60 ft, usually persistent birds; browsed by por- fire which opens Camb. sterile acid soil 30-40 ft cupine; needles eaten cones; special 2112, 2113, 2114 and sandy plains by spruce grouse habitat of Kirtland's warbler in Michigan Red pine Ory, well-drained, Large evergreen tree, Cone, Sept. Browsed by cottontail Pinus resinosa sun, chiefly on 50-90 ft rabbit; only lightly Rt sandy soil browsed by deer 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 White pine Well-drained, Large tree, ever- Cone, mature in Seeds eaten by song- Invades old fields Pinus strobus moist, sun and green, 80 ft and over July of 2nd birds, bobwhite, red tl shade, variety of season, seeds fall squirrel; browsed by 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 soils, chiefly clayey in Sept. rabbit, deer, snowshoe or loamy soils hare; needles eaten by grouse Canada bluegrass Dry soil Perennial grass Grain, May-Sept. Seeds eaten by coot, Poa compressa songbirds; plant eaten Le by rabbit, small mam- au mals, deer, moose Kentucky bluegrass Moist slopes, Stoloniferous, per- Grain, tightly Same as P. compressa Poa pratensis shores, meadows ennial grass embraced in L. and fields, partial terminal panicles 2111 to limestone soil Fringed polygala Woods in light Low, creeping per- Capsule, May-June Polygala paucifolia soil ennial herb with Willd. rhizomes and stolons 2112, 2113, 2114 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 39 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) CHAPTER 2 40 Species Hairy Solomon's-seal Polygonatum pubescens (Wi 1a: Purs' 2112, 2113, 2114 Knotweed, smartweed Polygonum spp. tl. 2112, 2113, 2114 Haircap moss Polytrichum spp. L. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Balsam-poplar Populus balsamifera U 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Large-toothed aspen Populus grandidentata fichx. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Trembling aspen Populus tremuloides Michx, 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes alba t. 211 Lion's-foot Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh 2112, 2113, 2114 Canada plum Prunus nigra Ait. 211 Fire cherry Prunus pensylvanica U 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Black cherry Prunus serotina thrh, aunt, 2112, 2113, 2114 Choke-cherry Prunus virginiana Coy 7. 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Habitat Woods, wooded bluffs, and about boulders Variety of habitats Variety of sites, common on dry soils in open areas Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, along streams and in swamps, also drier sites Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, wide range of sites Ory, well-drained, sun, wide range of sites Rich woods, thickets Ory barrens, thickets, and open woods Dry, we'l-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun Dry, well-drined, moist, sun, deep, moist fertile soil to dry, gravelly or sandy soil Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Form Fruit Tall, hairy perennial Berry, May-June herb, 1-3 ft Mostly small, short- leaved, erect or prostrate herbs Achene with large seeds, June-Oct. Capsule on short stems, summer Low mosses with narrow, pointed leaves, in clumps and patches Large tree, 80-90 ft Capsule, May-June Medium-sized tree, 30-60 ft Capsule, May Smal] tree, 30-40 ft and over Capsule, May-June Tall perennial herb, 2-5 ft Achene, Aug.-Sept. Tall perennial herb, 15-4 ft Achene, Sept.-Oct. Tall shrub to smal tree, up to 30 ft Drupe, Aug.-Oct. Small tree, up to 30 ft Drupe, Aug.-Oct. Large tree, 50-60 ft Drupe, June-Nov. and over Large shrub to small tree, up to 25 ft Drupe, Aug.-Oct. continued General wildlife use Notes Seeds eaten by mourning dove, sharp-tailed grouse, gray partridge, ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite, woodcock, many songbirds, smal] mammals Capsules may be eaten by spruce grouse and smal] mammals Browsed by ruffed Somewhat short-lived grouse Seeds eaten by ruffed Pioneer on burned and sharp-tailed grouse; and cutover land; browsed by beaver, hare, short-lived; pro- deer, moose duces root suckers Pioneer on burned and cutover land; short-lived; pro- duces root suckers Same as P. grandiden- tata Fruit eaten by sharp- tailed grouse, foxes; cover for birds, small mamma 1s Thicket-forming Furit eaten by sharp- tailed grouse, pheasants quail, turkey, many spe-~ cies of songbirds, bear, chipmunk, squirrel; browsed by deer, moose, rabbits, hares Short-lived Same as P. pensylvanica Invades cutover and burned land Same as P. pensylvanica In open woodlands, fence rows, road- sides, and waste areas PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Ostrich fern Pteretis pensylvanica Willd.) Fern. 2112, 2113, 2114 Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum +) Kuhn 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 One-f lowered pyrola Pyrola secunda L 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Northern red oak uercus borealis chx. f. 2uni, 2112, 2113, 2114 Crowfoot Ranunculus spp. t 2112, 2113, 2114 Swamp-buttercup Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. 2i%2, > Alder-leaved buckthorn Rhamnus alnifolia U'Her. 2 Rhododendron Rhododendron maximum we 2112, 2113, 2114 Sumac Rhus spp. 2112, 2113, 2114 Black currant Ribes americanum 2112, 113, 2114 Pasture gooseberry Ribes cynosbati U 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Skunk currant Ribes glandulosum Graver 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Swamp currant Ribes lacustre Pers.) Poir. 2iil Swamp red currant Ribes triste Pall. 2uit, 2112, 2113, 2114 Swamps and along streams Variety of sites, usually in poor soil, in woods and open areas Ory or moist woods Well-drained, sun and shade, on moist well-drained soil Variety of sites, prefer moist sites in woods or meadows Moist woods, thickets, meadows Well-drained, moist, shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry-moist, open areas, a common pioneer plant Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, woods and thickets Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Moist swamps, sun and shade Moist, sun and shade, cool woods and swamps Moist, sun and shade, woods and boggy sites SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Large, tufted fern, up to 6 ft Medium, coarse fern with extensive rhizomes, form large colonies Low perennial herb, evergreen with creeping sub- terranean shoots Large tree, 70-90 ft and over Annual or perennial herbs Perennial herb, often reclines Low shrub to 3 ft, simple stem Evergreen shrub, usually 6-8 ft, up to 30 ft Shrub, 3-10 ft, leaves compound, stems with milky sap Smal] shrub, 3-5 ft Spiny shrub, 2-5 ft Small shrub, decumbent or spreading Smal1_shrub, than 3 ft Tess Smal} shrub, strag- gling or reclining Spornagia, July- Oct. Sporangia, summer Capsule, June-Aug. Acorn, biennial, Oct.-Nov, Capsule, achene or berry Achene, Apr.-July Drupe, available July-Sept. Capsule, flowers June-July Drupe, borne in terminal panicles, red, Aug.-Oct. Berry, July-Aug. Berry, Apr.-Aug. Berry, July-Aug. Berry, Aug. Berry, June-July continued Plant eaten by deer, woodchuck Plant eaten by ruffed grouse Fruit eaten by deer, ruffed grouse, sqirrels, bobwhite; rabbits and deer also browse oak stems and foliage Seeds eaten by water- fowl, upland gamebirds, songbirds, small mammals Same as Ranunculus spp. Plant eaten by white- tailed deer, ruffed grouse, small mammals Upland gamebirds and songbirds eat fruit; rabbits eat both fruit and bark; white-tailed deer browse twigs and foliage Fruit eaten by song- birds, ring-necked pheasant Fruit eaten by red squirrel, songbirds, red fox, raccoon, skunk, smal] mammals; browsed by cottontail Fruit eaten by song- birds, smal] mammals Long-lived Thicket-forming Damp woods, swamps, pond margins Forms large colonies by rhizomatous sprouts Thrives on many sites. I1l-scented May be prostrate Stems often rooting 41 32 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.2_ (Continued) CHAPTER 2 42 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Wild rose Meadows, open Shrubs, mostly Fleshy with many Fruit eaten by song- Many are thicket- Rosa acicularis woods, stream prickly, usually achenes, birds, ruffed and sharp- forming Uindt. margins, woods under 5 ft persistent tailed grouse; browsed 2111 borders, sun and by rabbits, deer; nest- shade ing and escape cover for songbirds, smal] mammals Blackberry Thickets, clear- Prickly shrub, 3-10 Fleshy with num- Fruit eaten by bobwhite, Rubus allegheniensis Porter. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Dewberry Rubus hispidus mes hispidus. ain, 2112, 2113, 2114 Red raspberry Rubus idaeus T. 2112, 2113, 2114 Thimb leberry Rubus parviflorus Nutt. 21 Dwarf raspberry Rubus pubescens Raf. au Sheep-sorrel Rumex acetosella pees ail , 2113, 2114 Duck-potato aye latifolia 2111 Willow Salix spp. vale aii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Shrubby willow Salix spp. 2112, 2113, 2114 Common elder Sambucus canadensis 21ia, 2113, 2114 Red-berried elder Sambucus pubens Michx. 2uit, 2112, 2113, 2114 ings, borders of woods, sun Low, boggy sites, upland flats, sun and shade Well-drained, sun and shade, woods and thickets Dry, well-drained, sun and shade, rocky woods and thickets Moist, sun, spruce and tamarack bogs Fields with acid soil In wet places or water Adaptable to a great variety of soils and sites, usually intolerant of shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun and shade ft Nearly prostrate shurb, under 3 ft Shrub, 3-6 ft Upright shrub, 3-6 ft Low shrub, less than 3 ft Low perennial herb, spreading by root- stocks Tall perennial herb, tuber-forming, up to 5 ft Small to large tree, most species are shrubby Shrubs to smal] trees, up to 15-20 ft Stoloniferous shrub, 3-12 ft Large shrub, 3-12 ft erous small drupelets, July- Aug. Fleshy with num- erous small drupelets, Aug. Aggregate fruit with drupelets, June-Aug. Aggregate fruit with drupelets, Aug.-Sept. Aggregate fruit with drupelets, July-Aug. Achene, June-Oct. Achene, July-Sept. Capsule, Apr.-June Capsule, early summer Berry, Aug.-Oct. Berry, June-Nov., sometimes persistent continued ring-necked pheasant, ruffed and sharp-tailed grouse, woodcock, tur- key, many songbirds, smal] mammals, skunks, foxes; browsed by hare, rabbits, deer, moose; forms escape and nest- ing cover for songbirds and smal] mammals Forms a low dense mat, green into the winter Same as R. Alleghenien- sis Commonly invades open areas and ROWs; thicket- forming Same as R. alleghenien- sis Same as R. alleghenien- sis Same as R. alleghenien- sis Seeds eaten by bobwhite, ruffed grouse, ring- necked pheasant, turkey, woodcock, songbirds; plant eaten by deer, rabbit, smal] mammals Seeds, tubers, or plants eaten by waterfowl, marsh and shore birds, muskrat Thicket-forming from suckers; relatively short- lived Browsed by ruffed grouse, hares, white- tailed deer, beaver, sharp-tailed grouse, moose Common in swamps Same as Salix spp. and along streams In moist rich soil; chiefly in bottom Jand Fruit eaten by many species of songbirds; plant eaten by rabbits, deer On rocky banks, ravines, woods and clearings Same as S. canadensis PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis U aula, 2113, 2114 Pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea parece purpurea 2iii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Water parsnip Sium suave Watt. 2111 False Solomon's-seal Smilacina racemosa L.y Desf. 2112, 2113, 2114 Three-leaved smilacina Smilacina trifolia TL.) Desf. 2112, 2113, 2114 Goldenrod Solidago spp. 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Mountain-ash Sorbus americana Marsh. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Sphagnum Sphagnum spp. DiNT. 2uni, 2112, 2113, 2114 Meadow spiraea, meadow-sweet Spiraea latifolia Ate Borhk, 211 Hardhack Spiraea tomentosa 2112, 2113, 2114 Twisted-statk Streptopus roseus Michx. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Dandelion Taraxacum officinale er 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Yew Taxus canadensis Marsh. 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 White cedar Thuja occidentalis C 2iii, 2112, 2113, 2114 False miterwort Tiarella cordifolia 2112, 2113, 2114 Rich woods Sphagnum bogs Swamps, wet meadows, muddy water Woods, clearings, bluffs Bogs, moist woods Variety of sites Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Bogs, swamps Well-drained, moist, sun Well-drained, moist, sun Moist woods and thickets Fields, roadsides, lawns, open moist places Well-drained, moist, sun (rare) and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, usually on wet sites, also on drier ground and bare rocks Rich woods SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Low perennial herb Low perennial herb, insectivorous Tall perennial herb, 2-6 ft Low perennial herb with a fleshy rhizome Low creeping peren- nial herb Tall perennial herbs, mostly wand-shaped stems, 2-9 ft Small tree, to 30 ft, often a shrub with numerous stems Large soft moss in dense patches Erect shrub, 3-6 ft Small shrub, to 5 ft Tall perennial herb, 2-3 ft Low perennial herb with deep taproot Small evergreen shrub, about 3 ft Large evergreen tree, 45-60 ft Low perennial herb Capsule, Mar.-May Capsule, May-Aug. Ovoid with promi- nent ribs, July- Sept. Berry, May-July Berry, May-Aug. Achene, summer and fall Pome, available Aug.-Mar. Sporangia Follicle, flowers June-Aug. Follicle, Dec. Aug.- Berry, Apr.-July Achene on plume, Mar.-Sept. Drupe-like, Aug.- Sept., sporadic Cone, mature in early autumn, persistent Fruit eaten occasionally by ruffed grouse and a few species of song- birds Same as S. racemosa Seeds and leaves eaten occasionally by a few species of upland game- birds and songbirds Plant eaten by ruffed grouse, white-tailed deer Ignored by deer Plant and seeds eaten by upland gamebirds, songbirds, snowshoe hare, rabbit, smal] mam- mals, deer Fruit eaten by song- birds, ruffed grouse; browsed by deer, moose Fruit eaten by many songbirds; nesting cover for songbirds Capsule, Apr.-July Plant eaten by ruffed continued grouse Often forms large, dense patches Usually in rocky or moist ground; thicket-forming Often in swamps and low ground; ag- gressive weed in pastures Commonly forms a continuous ground cover, dense foliage Forms thickets in swamps; key species in deer yards 43 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Basswood Tilia americana Ll. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Star-f lower Trientalis borealis ar. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Trillium Trillium spp. Ty 211 Large-flowered tril]ium Trillium ye eran FICNX. alisbe 2112, 2113, 2114 Hemlock Tsuga canadensis L.) Carr. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Cat-tail Typha latifolia U 2iii, 2112, 2113, 2114 American elm Ulmus americana U 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Rock elm Ulmus thomas ii Sarg. 2112, 2113, 2114 Nettle Urtica spp. aii Tall nettle Urtica procera MuhT. 2112, 2113, 2114 Bellwort Uvularia spp. ani Large-f lowered bel wort Uvularia grandiflora mT cae 2nl2, 2113, 2114 Blueberry Vaccinium spp. Dr 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 44 Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 60-over moist, sun, prefers 100 ft bottomlands. also on slopes which are often rocky Moist woods and Low perennial herb slopes Mostly rich woods Low perennial herb Rich woods, thickets, open areas Low perennial herb Well-drained, sun and shade, cool, moist sites on north slopes, along streams, borders of swamps and bogs Large evergreen tree, 80-100 ft and over Marshes and shallow water Tall perennial marsh plants with creeping rhizomes, 3-9 ft Dry, well-drained, sun, deep moist soil in bottomlands and on slopes, on stream banks, and in swamps Large tree, 75-100 ft Dry, well-drained, sun, common on dry uplands and rocky slopes, also on rich bottomlands Large tree, to over 100 ft Thickets, waste places, roadsides, bottomlands, rich woods Annual and perennial herbs Thickets and road- sides, damp soil Tall slender peren- nial herb, 2-3 ft Low herbs with rhizomes Woods, thickets, barrens Rich woods and thickets Low perennial herb with clasping leaves Ory-moist, in open or shady woods Shrubs, 2-10 ft, leaves small, twigs remaining green for several years Nut-like, Aug.- Oct., sometimes persistent Capsule, May-Aug. Berry, Mar.-July Berry, Apr.-June Cone, seeds shed during winter Minute nutlets in sausage-like head, May-July Samara, Mar.-May Samara, May Achene, June-Sept. Achene, July-Oct. Capsule, Arp.-June Capsule, Apr.-June Berry, June-Aug., blue-black, .25 in long, often covered with galucous bloom continued Seeds eaten by ruffed Often are den trees grouse, bobwhite, chip- munk, squirrels; browsed by porcupine, rabbits, deer Common on ROWS Forms thickets, only a few small stands in Minnesota Seeds eaten by song- birds, ruffed grouse, red squirrel; browsed by deer, rabbit, snow- shoe hare, porcupine Plant eaten by muskrats, waterfowl; nesting cover for waterbirds and marsh-nesting songbirds Invades old fields and pastures Seeds eaten by wood ducks, few species of songbirds, squirrels; nesting cover for song- birds Browsed by rabbit Spreads by rhizomatous sprouts Fruit eaten by upland gamebirds, including grouse, and songbirds; fruit very inportant to black bear and chipmunk; also eaten by skunks, foxes; occasionally browsed by white-tailed deer, sharp- tailed grouse, spruce grouse, moose CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2110 Laurentian Mixed Forest 32 Table 2110-32.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Cranberry Well-drained, sun, Creeping evergreen Berry, Aug.-Mar. Fruit eaten hy song- Vaccinium macrocarpon moist, open bogs, vine, stem often 3 ft birds, ruffed grouse, Rit. swamps and wet long crow, mourning dove, 2112, 2113, 2114 shores bobwhite Sour-top bilberry Moist, sun and Low upright shrub, Berry, Aug.-Sept. Fruit eaten by sharp- Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. 2111, 2112, 2113, 2114 Smal} cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos Tt 2 Maple-leaved viburnum Niburnum acerifolium 2112, 2113, 2114 Hobb lebush Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. 2112, 2113, 2114 Wild-raisin Viburnum cass inoides ty] 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Arrow-wood Viburnum dentatum trie © 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Nannyberry Viburnum lentago U 2uia, 2113, 2114 Black-haw viburnum iburnum prunifolium 2112, 2113, 2114 Downy arrow-wood Viburnum raf inesquianum Schult. 2111 Highbush-cranberry Viburnum trilobum ars 2uii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Violet Viola spp. aii, 2112, 2113, 2114 Swamp white violet Viola incognita Brain. 21 Pale violet Viola pallens Banks) Brain. 2112, 2113, 7114 shade, moist woods, bogs and clearings Moist, sun, bogs, muskegs, often wet acid soil Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Well-drained, moist, shade, cool damp woods Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, prefers deep rich soil along banks of streams, borders of swamps, bottom] ands Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, dry soil or moist woods Ory, well-drained, sun and shade, dry slopes, open woods, low grounds, and barrens Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, cool woods, thickets, shores, rocky slopes, swamps Variety of sites Moist woods, thickets, openings Wet woods, clear- ‘ings SELECTED PLANT SPECIES less than 3 ft Creeping prostrate shrub Small shrub, to 6 ft Smal] branching shrub, under 3 ft Large shrub, 6-12 ft Tall shrub, 6-15 ft Tall shrub to small tree, 10-20 ft Large shrub, up to 15 ft Branching shrub, up to 4 ft Shrub, 3-9 ft Low perennial herbs with tuberous roots Low stoloniferous herb, tuberous roots Low herb with tuberous roots Berry, Aug.-Sept., often persistent Drupe, Sept.-Oct., often persistent Drupe, Aug.-Sept. Drupe, Sept.-Oct., falling at once Drupe, Oct.-Dec. Drupe, Aug.-Sept., persistent Orupe, Aug.-Mar. Orupe, Aug.-Oct. Drupe, Sept.-Oct., often persistent Capsule, Mar,.-June Capsule, May-July Capsule, Apr.-July continued tailed grouse, ruffed grouse Fruit eaten by chipmunk, sharp-tailed grouse, pheasant Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, birds; browsed by rabbits, deer Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse; browsed by rabbit, deer Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, gray par- tridge; browsed by white-tailed deer, cottontail Fruit eaten by song- birds, ruffed grouse, chipmunk Fruit eaten by song- birds, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, raccoon, skunk, squir- rel Fruit eaten by song- birds, bobwhite, gray fox; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by song- birds Fruit eaten by song- birds, ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant Seeds eaten by mourning dove, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey (roots) plant eaten by small mammals, deer, rabbits Same as Viola spp. Same as Viola spp. Occasionally thicket-forming; borders of dry woods Thicket-forming; reclining branches often root Often in swamps and low ground, occa- sionally thicket- forming Thicket-forming Suckers freely Rarely a small tree 45 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2110-32.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Barren strawberry Waldsteinia Fragarioides ichx,) Tratt. 2uni, 2112, 2113, 2114 Woods, clearings, thickets Low perennial herb Cocklebur Roadsides, waste Xanthium spp. places, culitvated i fields 2111 Wild rice Quiet waters, river Tall annual, acquatic Grain in large Zizania aquatica mouths, marshes, grass tT. and shores 2111 Coarse weedy annuals Achene, July-Oct. Achene, Apr.-June Seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds Seeds eaten by and very valuable to waterfowl, shorebirds, marsh- nesting songbirds terminal panicles PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest SECTION 2211, MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST The Mixed Mesophytic Forest Section extends from southwestern Pennsylvania through West Virginia, southern Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee to northern Alabama. It intermingles with many other forest communities and is in intimate contact with the Oak— Hickory Forest (Section 2215) that many ecologists further subdivide into a Western Mesophytic Transition Forest Region. It also borders on the Appalachian Oak Forest (Section 2214). The Southeastern Mixed Forest (Province 2320) borders on the southern end of the Mixed Mesophytic Forest. Species listed are primarily those of the typical mixed mesophytic forest community. Characteristic species of the Mixed Mesophytic Forest include beech, tulip-poplar, basswood, sugar maple, chestnut, sweet buckeye, red oak, white oak, and hemlock. Silverbell becomes more dominant southward. Other associates include black birch, black cherry, cucumber-tree, white ash, red maple, black gum, black walnut, and several hickories. Not all of these species will be found on a single site; in some areas past land uses may have modified the species composition drastically. Many species of small trees may be dominant in the canopy but may make up a distinctive lower layer in the understory. These small trees include flowering dogwood, magnolias, sourwood, striped maple, redbud, blue beech, hop-hornbeam, holly, and serviceberry. Common shrubs include spicebush, witch-hazel, pawpaw, wild hydrangea, and alternate-leaved dogwood. Rhododendron is locally abundant but may be entirely absent from many areas. Many other trees, shrubs, and woody vines could be listed for the Mixed Mesophytic Forest. All are found occasionally, but they usually do not make up a major portion of the vegetative cover. Herbaceous vegetation in the Mixed Mesophytic Forest is rich and varied. Spring wild flowers include various trilliums, violets, lady’s-slippers, dog’s-tooth- 33 46 violets, spring-beauties, and baneberry. In the deep shade of summer, Goldie’s, maidenhair, and interrupted ferns are common. Asters, goldenrods, and other composites dominate the late summer and fall flora. Specific composition is influenced by soil and site conditions, as well as by cutting and fire history. In many areas tulip-poplar will tend to dominate cave sites; sometimes it shares its dominance with white oak. Oaks and hickories may not dominate slopes previously occupied by more mesophytic mixtures because of site changes from erosion and more rapid runoff. Virginia pine occupies slopes once covered by beech and white oak. Although deciduous forest dominates most of the section, coniferous species are present and form extensive stands in some areas. Pitch and Virginia pine prevail mainly on shallow, sandy soil, while in other areas shortleaf pine is present. Virginia pine is especially common on dry, rocky, frequently eroding ridges. Chestnut and scarlet oaks and black gum are common associates in the pine forest. SECTION 2212, BEECH—MAPLE FOREST The Beech—Maple Forest Section extends from western New York across western Pennsylvania into the northern glaciated areas of Ohio and Indiana and northward into southern Michigan and southeastern Wisconsin. The Beech—Maple Forest is in contact with the Mixed Mesophytic (Section 2211) and Western Mesophytic forests (Sections 2511, 2531) on its southern boundaries. The Oak-Hickory Forest (Section 2215) extends into the section across Indiana and into southern Michigan. In the north, the Beech—Maple Forest contacts the Northern Hardwoods Forest type (Section 2113). The region in which the section lies is heavily farmed; much of the natural vegetation remains in small woodlands or undrained wet areas. Plant species listed for this section are of the typical beech—maple forest community which, as indicated above, is often intermingled with the types with which it is in intimate contact. Beech is frequently dominant in the CHAPTER 2 Q NV Location of province SS within the United States PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary State boundary Figure 33.1 Province 2210, Eastern Deciduous Forest; Sections 2211, Mixed Mesophytic Forest; 2212, Beech—Maple Forest; 2213, Maple—Basswood Forest + Oak Savanna; 2214, Appalachian Oak Forest; and 2215, Oak—Hickory Forest. canopy, while sugar maple dominates the understory. In the southern portion of the section, beech, tulip-poplar, and sugar maple occupy dissected uplands, while beech, tulip-poplar, sugar maple, and basswood predominate on mesic slopes. South- and west-facing slopes are dominated by white and red oak forests. Detailed descriptions of other types in the Beech—Maple Forest can be found in the sections in which they are dominant. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES The more northerly species of vegetation disappear south of this section. The more southerly species disappear north of this section. Certain cosmopolitan species prevail throughout the eastern forests. The terrain of this forest section is largely flat, rolling country occasionally broken by deep and youthful valleys in marginal areas. Glacial topography created sluggish streams and extensive swamps areas. In some parts gravelly morainal and beach ridges occur. 47 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest SECTION 2213 MAPLE—BASSWOOD FOREST + OAK SAVANNA The Maple—Basswood Section occupies a relatively small area lying in south central Minnesota, the driftless area of southwestern Wisconsin, the northwestern edge of Illinois, and adjacent to lowa. The typical Maple— Basswood Forest type blends with other types of the northern and central hardwoods forest: Beech—Maple (Section 2212), Oak—Hickory (Section 2215), and open oak forests and prairies. Plant species for the maple—basswood forest community are listed under this section only, as other types are described under adjacent’ sections where they are more typical and prominent. The terrain of the section is dissected with deep ravines and rolling or flat topped uplands. The section can be broken into two areas: the driftless and the big woods. Both are transition areas between prairies and woodlands. Prairies indicating former expansion of those provinces are frequent. Jack pine occurs on sand plains, red pine on rocky monadnocks, white pine and hemlock on moist slopes, and larch in boggy areas; all indicate a transition to more northerly species. Basswood and sugar maple are common; sugar maple frequently forms in pine stands. Fire had a dominant influence on most of this area prior to settlement by European colonists. Frequent fires kept red oak shrubby. Other species in the area included white oak, white birch, aspen, hazelnuts, and prickly-ash. When fire was eliminated, stands of red and white oak, butternut and shellbark hickory, black cherry, and American elm prevailed. As these communities develop, the trend toward maple—basswood is increasing. Understory species in the big woods resemble more southerly associations. Bloodroot, blue cohosh, ginseng, white snakeroot, and large-flowered bellwort are com- mon in the southern part of the section and are typically of southern distribution. Aspen—birch communities are common invasion types on disturbed sites, but seedlings of maple, basswood, and oak are common in the under- story and will eventually become maple—basswood forests. The northwestern part of the section is beyond the range of beech and approaches the limits of the range of sugar maple. Beyond the range of sugar maple, basswood—red oak communities develop on protected slopes and ravines which dovetail into the prairie-forest transition areas. SECTION 2214, APPALACHIAN OAK FOREST The Appalachian Oak Forest Section encompasses a large, typically mountainous region extending from southern New England through southeastern New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, western Maryland and Virginia, West Virginia, eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and to northern Georgia. The typical mixed-oak forest community, in which chestnut has been reduced to scattered sprouts and a few small trees by the chestnut blight, is intermingled with communities of adjoining forest regions: mixed mesophytic, spruce—fir, beech—maple, oak—hickory, and oak—pine. 48 The Appalachian Oak Forest Section can be divided into five distinct areas: the southern Appalachians, the northern Blue Ridge area, the ridge and valley area, the piedmont, and the glaciated area. A sixth area made up of a combination of Mixed Mesophytic Forest (Section 2211) and Northern Hardwoods Forest (Section 2113) types in the mountains of western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio is also recognized. The southern Appalachians are made up of two distinct forest communities: one occupying moderate elevations and one found only at high elevations. Moderate elevation communities are composed of chestnut and red, white, black, and scarlet oaks. The understory is usually composed of shrubs and vines such as azaleas (Rhododendron spp.), witch-hazel, mountain holly, alternate-leaved dogwood, spicebush, and Virginia creeper. Cove hardwoods are typical mixed mesophytic communities and differ significantly in composition from the oak forest. A detailed description of Mixed Mesophytic forests can be found in the description of Section 2111. On lower slopes adjacent to the piedmont, oak—pine associations are common. Dominant species include Spanish, post, and blackjack oaks; dominant pines are pitch, shortleaf, and table-mountain. Common associates include Virginia pine, black locust, red maple, and black gum. In the understory, a distinct layer of blueberries or other ericaceous shrubs may develop. Forest communities at higher elevations are typical of the Northern Hardwood Forest of Section 2113. The northern Blue Ridge area is predominately oak forest. Lower slopes and coves contain tulip-poplar, while birch and combinations of sugar maple, basswood, and red oak are frequently higher on the slopes. In the northern portion of this area, logging and repeated fires have created dense stands of bear oak and sweet-fern on the tops of broad, flat ridges. Forests in the ridge and valley area consist of mixed oak communities on the mountain slopes; hemlock, hemlock—oak, or hemlock—white pine—oak in the mountain valleys; and white oak forest types on the valley floors. The piedmont area is now predominantly oak— hickory forest. Chestnut oak is dominant on ridges; table-mountain pine occurs on high ridges; white pine is local; pitch and Virginia pine invade old fields, but Virginia pine is more common. Redcedar is also an invader of old fields in limestone areas. Beech is less common in the southern part of the area. Tulip-poplar, white oak, red oak, beech, pignut and shagbark hickory, red maple, white ash, black cherry, blue beech, and flowering dogwood make up the major species throughout the piedmont. Beech occurs on north-facing slopes, while white and red oak and hickory are found mostly on south-facing slopes. The glaciated area is a northern extension of the oak forests and is frequently called the “sprout hardwoods” area because of the present stands which originated in this way. Common associates include white oak with red and black oak and shagbark and mockernut hickory, with beech occurring in places. Redcedar—gray birch CHAPTER 2 communities are common on old fields; either species may also occur in pure stands, depending on soil conditions. White cedar is commonly found in swamps, sometimes associated with black spruce or larch. Deciduous species found in swamps and bogs include red maple, American elm, pin oak, swamp white oak, and black gum. The species composition indicates an interface of northern and southern communities. SECTION 2215, OAK—HICKORY FOREST The Oak—Hickory Forest Section includes a large, mostly forested area extending northward from Missouri and Arkansas to the Missouri River and east- ward through southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and western Tennessee to southern Indiana and southern Ohio. It also dips into northern Mississippi and Alabama. The section is comprised of a southern division, lying mostly in the Ozark and Ouachita mountains of Arkansas and Missouri, and a northern division, lying mostly in southern Indiana, southern Ohio, southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and western Tennessee. The Oak—Hickory Forest includes the region known as the Western Mesophytic Forest. Within the Oak—Hickory Forest Section, the oak— hickory forest community intermingles with the Beech— Maple Forest (Section 2212) and Mixed Mesophytic Forest (Section 2211); many species are common to all of them. The species listed in table 2110-33.1 [2215] PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 refer primarily to the oak—hickory forest community of the section. The terrain of this section is similar to that of the Appalachian Plateau to the east, but the elevation is lower and the relief is less. The western part of the province includes the Ozark Plateaus and Ouachita Mountains. The section contains a wide variety of upland forest types as well as extensive alluvial swamps. Mixed mesophytic forests occur on favorable sites, but generally the forests tend toward dominance of a few species. Chinquapin oak generally replaces chestnut oak on similar sites. In the eastern portion of the section beech is common and is associated primarily with tulip-poplar, sugar maple, black walnut, white oak, red oak, shagbark hickory, and white ash. Beech drops out of the western portion of the section. White oak is dominant and common major associates include black or red oak on more mesic sites. Flowering dogwood is abundant in the understory on dry sites. Redbud is conspicuous on limestone sites while blue beech, hop-hornbeam, red mulberry, serviceberry, and pawpaw are common on many sites. In the more open oak stands of ridges and upper slopes, wild hydrangea, Virginia creeper, black raspberry, spicebush, and green- brier are common. In coves and other suitable sites, herbaceous vegetation similar to that of the Mixed Mesophytic Forest (Section 2211) is common. On less favorable sites species common to the area are dominant. Table 2210-33.1 [2211] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mixed Mesophytic Forest Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2=20 ft (Normally not controlled) Liriodendron tulipifera Pinus virginiana Prunus serotina Robinia pseudo-acacia Amelanchier arborea Tercis canadensis Oxydendrum arboreum Sassafras atbfdum Celastrus scandens Katmia latifolia Ribes cynosbati Vaccinium spp. Vitis spp. Tulip-poplar Virginia pine Black cherry Black locust Serviceberry Redbud Sourwood White sassafras Bittersweet Mountain-laurel Pasture gooseberry Acer saccharum Sugar maple Resculus octandra Sweet buckeye Carya spp. Hickory adrastis lutea Yel lowwood Fagus grandifolia Beech Yaxinus americana White ash Halesta monticola Silverbell Juglans nigra Black walnut oa SPP. Magnolia lagnolia acuminata Cucumber-tree uercus a White oak luercus borealis jamnus caroliniana iia heterophylla Acer pensylvanicum Tarpinus caroliniana astanea dentata ethra acuminata Cornus florida Hamame lis virginiana Ostrya virginiana Aristolochia durior Bignonta capreolata Euonymus americanus Blueberry Euonymus atropurpureus Grape ydrangea arborescens indera benzoin continued Northern red oak Yellow buckthorn White basswood Striped maple Blue beech Chestnut White alder Flowering dogwood Witch-hazel Hop-hornbeam Dutchman's-pipe vine Cross-vine Strawberry-bush Burning-bush Wild hydrangea Spicebush SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 49 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.1 [2211] (Concluded) 50 Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Andropogon scoparius ster spp. Danthonia sj spicata Eupatortum rugosum anicum spp. SoTidago spp. Habitat conditions: Acer rubrum Acer saccharinum Betula nigra PTatanus occidentalis eopulus deTtoides alix spp. Alnus rugosa Aralia spinosa Cephalanthus occidentalis Sambucus canadensis Carex spp. Juncus spp. Lygodium palmatum ‘ypha Tatifotia Broomsedge Aster Poverty-grass White snakeroot Panic-grass Goldenrod Red maple Silver maple River birch Sycamore Eastern cottonwood Willow Speckled alder Hercules'=club Common buttonbush Common elder Sedge Rush Climbing fern Cat-tail Parthenocissus ‘quinquefoTia PyruTarta pubera Rhododendron max imum iTax hispida Stewartia pentagyna Viburnum acerifotium Actaea pachypoda Anemone Hee olia Anemonetla thalictroides Astitbe biternata Rehr tun ‘SPP. ardamine douglassii TauTophyTium tha thaTictroides Ta ‘tonia virginica DeTphinium tricorne jee Canadensis Picentra cucuTlaria Disporum macuTatum yO} Pompteris go diana Drvopterts hexagonoptera Dryopteris spinuTosa Erythronium americanum Hydrophy um spp. itchella repens Usmunda cYaytoniana Phacelia bipinnatifida ox divaricata Sanguinarfa canadensis Stytophoran d¥phyTTan Syrandra hi ra gies = uTa at Tah cordifo Trillium spp. UnTarts a grandiflora VioTa spp. Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Betula lutea Uiquidambar styraciflua Nyssa sylvatica uercus bicolor uercus imbricaria Quercus palustris Quercus phellos Hs ercus prinus Suga cana Canadensis aims ‘americana mus rubra Ilex decidua TTex opaca 2 Aronia melanocarpa Ttea virgin ca fy nia Tigustrina jododendron nudif lorum Spiraea tomentosa Adiantum pedatum Arisaema atrorubens Gpripediyn ipedium caTceoTus Usmunda ‘cTnnamomea Virginia creeper Oi Inut Rhododendron Bristly greenbrier Mountain-camellia Maple-leaved viburnum White baneberry Wood- anemone Rue-anemone False goat's-beard Spleenwort Bitter cress Blue cohosh Spr ing-beauty Owarf larkspur Squirrel-corn Dutchman's-breeches Nodding mandarin Goldie's fern Broad beech fern Wood fern Trout-lily Water leaf Partridge-berry Interrupted fern Scorpion-weed Blue phlox Bloodroot Wood-poppy Synandra False miterwort Trillium Large-f lowered bellwort Violet Yellow birch Sweet gum Black gum Swamp-white oak Shingle Pin oak Willow oak Chestnut oak Hemlock American elm Red elm Deciduous holly American holly Winterberry Black chokeberry Sweet-spire Maleberry Pinxter-f lower Hardhack Maidenhair fern Jack-in-the-pulpit Yellow lady's-slipper Cinnamon fern CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.1 [2212] Selected Plant species Common to the Beech—Maple Forest Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft fmust be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft must be controlled) Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Ory to moist/excessive to well-drained Acer rubrum GleditsTa triacanthos Tirtosendron Sal tpite tu A era Poputus grandidentata a a na Ulmus rubra Amelanchier spp. Tercts canadensis Trataegus spp. runus virginiana Sassafras albidum Celastrus scandens Cornus pa ata DiervilTa Tonicera Euonymus atropurpureus uous obovatus Ribes cyrosbatl Rubus alTegheniensis Rubus Tdaeus Vacctntum angustifolium Ambrosia trifida Aster spp. Daucus carota Dennstaedtta punctilobula HeTfanthus spp. Osmunda cTaytoniana Panicum spp. Phlox divaricata Phytolacca americana Setaria spp. SoTtdago spp. Red maple Honey- locust Tulip-poplar Large-toothed aspen Black cherry Slippery elm Juneberry Redbud Hawthorn Choke-cherry White sassafrass Bittersweet Gray dogwood Bush honeysuckle Wahoo Trailing euonymus Pasture gooseberry Blackberry Red raspberry Low late blueberry Giant ragweed Aster Wild carrot Hay-scented fern Sunf lower Interrupted fern Panic-grass Blue phlox Pokeweed Foxtail Goldenrod Acer saccharum Rescutus glabra Tarya spp. aS occidensalis Fagus grandifolia fra ious nus snericana uaTans cinerea jugTans nigra ssa sylvatica ercus aba uercus borealis juercus velutina Ta amertcana Ee spicatum Asimina tr Carpinus aaa Triana fornus florida Hamame Ts vir: Gintana Ostrya vin ya virginiana Dirca palustris Tonfcera canadensis arthenocissus ~quinquefolia Rhus rad Smilax spp. Viburnum acerifolium Actaea pachypoda Ajuga reptans jum tricoccum Rnemone quinquefolia Aratia nudtcaulis Arfsaema atrorubens Asarum canadense Cardamine bulbosa Tlaytonta virginica Dentaria laciniata Dicentra canadensis Dicentra cucullaria Dryopteris goTdtana E 4 jaea repens Erytiron um americanum alium aparine GaTium conctnnum Hepatica acut {Toba ycopodium spp. lafanthemum canadense Genorhtae clayton” PodophyTlum peltat Pol jonatum bitter rum Bi atum inguinarta canadensis anicula gregaria ‘SmiTax hel Sey eee ry Tun grandiflorun Tf lorum Trillium sessile Urtica procera UvuTaria grandiflora VioTa spp. Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Acer negundo Keer ‘saccharinum Salix nigra Box-elder Silver maple Black willow Acer rubrum Betula Tubes Fraxtnus | mus nigra is nigra ar styracif lua eee ne Populus deltotdes color alustris juercus shumardtt suga canadensis Uimus ‘amerfcana Sugar maple Ohio buckeye Hickory Common hackberry Beech White ash Butternut Black walnut Black gum White oak Northern red oak Black oak Basswood Mountain maple Pawpaw Blue beech Flowering dogwood Witch-hazel Hop-hornbeam Leatherwood Fly-honeysuck le Virginia creeper Poison ivy Greenbrier Maple-leaved viburnum White baneberry Bugleweed Wild leek Wood- anemone Wild sarsaparilla dack-in-the-pulpit Wild ginger Spring-cress Spr ing-beauty Toothwort Squirrel-corn Dutchman's-breeches Goldie's fern Trailing arbutus Trout-lily Cleavers bedstraw Pretty bedstraw Acute-lobed hepatica Club-moss Wild lily-of-the-valley Sweet cicely May-apple Solomon's-seal Hairy Solomon's-seal Bloodroot Black snakeroot Carrion-f lower Large-f lowered trillium Toadshade Tall nettle Large-f lowered bellwort Violet Say Bolystichun ScrostTchotdes Christmas fern Sen ee Red maple Yellow birch Black ash Sweet gum Sycamore Eastern cottonwood Swamp-white oak Pin oak Shumard's red oak Hemlock American elm continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 51 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.1 [2212] (Concluded) Growth form Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should ’not be disturbed) Early successional plants Salix spp. Cornus amomum Tornus stoTonifera Sambucus canadensis s labrusca Carex spp. quisetum spp. upator Tum perfoliatun ericum virginicum Juncus spp. TnocTea sensibilis Shrubby willow Silky dogwood Red-osier dogwood Common elder Fox grape Sedge Horsetail Boneset Marsh-St, John's-wort Rush Sensitive fern Smartweed jonum spp. Ranuneu Ts septentrionalis Swamp-buttercup Sisyrinchium spp. SoTanum duTcamara ypha latifolia Blue-eyed grass Bittersweet nightshade Cat-tail Late successional plants Alnus rugosa Tephalanthus occidentalis us vernix Lindera benzoin StaphyTea trifolia sie capensis eretis pensylvanica ‘SympTocarpos toot ides feratrum viride Speckled alder Common buttonbush Poison sumac Spicebush Bladdernut Jewe lweed Ostrich fern Skunk cabbage False hellebore Table 2210-33.1 [2213] Selected Plant Species Common to the Maple—Basswood Forest + Oak Savanna Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing grees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Acer rubrum Betula papyrifera Tarya Sea Fornts Populus grandidentata fuercus macrocarpa mus rubra Prunus americana Prunus virginiana ZanthoxyTum americanum Celastrus scandens ToryTus americana Tervilla Tonicera Ribes cynosbati Rosa spp. Rubus allegheniensis Rubus Tdaeus Rubus occidentalis Vaccinium angustifolium Alliaria officinalis Arenarfa TatertfTora Aster macrof us Carex pensplontcs Ey ator ‘um rugosum Uryzopsis asperifolia fox divaricata P e a feptostacl ya »O jas spp. ctrum dioicum Sts Red maple Paper birch Bitternut hickory Large-toothed aspen Bur oak Slippery elm Wild plum Choke-cherry Prickly-ash Bittersweet Common hazelnut Bush honeysuckle Pasture gooseberry Wild rose Blackberry Red raspberry Black raspberry Low late blueberry Garlic-mustard Grove-sandwort Large-leaved aster Vernal sedge White snakeroot Upland rice-grass Blue phlox Lopseed Goldenrod Early meadow-rue continued Acer saccharum Teltis occidentalis Fraxinus amertcana Fraxinus penmsylvanica Pinus strobus uercus alba uercus borealis uercus eTTipsoidalis uercus rubra Carpinus caroliniana Hamamelts virg? v rg niana Ustrya virginiana Cornus rugosa Dirca palustris Tonicera hirsuta Menispermum canadense us radicans ‘SmiTax hispida Virburnum acerifolium SHS rubra antum edatum tan teTeoccum carpa bracteata ralta nudicaulis RraTia racemosa irison teaprytios risaema tri um Asarum canadense isp enium spp. rium filix-femina BotrychTum virginfanun auTo} um thalictroides rcaea TutetTana DesmodTum fe diFlorun forum um tri Geranium macuTatum Sugar maple Common hackberry White ash Green ash White pine White oak Northern red oak Jack oak Red oak Basswood Blue beech Witch-hazel Hop-hornbeam Round-leaved dogwood Leatherwood Hairy honeysuckle Moonseed Poison ivy Bristly greenbrier Maple-leaved viburnum Red baneberry Maidenhair fern Wild leek Hog-peanut Wild sarsaparilla Spikenard Jack-in-the-pulpit Smal] Jack-in-the-pulpit Wild ginger Spleenwort Lady-fern Rattlesnake fern Blue cohosh Enchanter's nightshade Tick-trefoil Fragrant bedstraw Wild geranium 52 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.1 [2213] (Concluded) Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft fuse be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Early successional plants Late successional plants Hydrophyllum virginianum Watanthemt canatense Osmorhiza clayton? Usmunda claytontana Panax quinquefoTium tum bYfTorum PoTygonatum Ranunculus abort ivus Sanguinarta canadensis Sanicula gregaria SmiTacina racemosa jerbacea @ Tritium grandtf lorum UvuTarfa grandiftora Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Acer negundo Acer ‘sacchar inum Betula nigra Salix nigra Salix spp. Cornus stolonifera Vitis r paria Agrimonia spp. AscTepias incarnata ster puniceus Carex stricta Equisetum arvense Eupatortum macuTatum upatorium perfoliatum Rudbeckta lactntata ScuteTlaria spp. Urtica dioica (River flood plains) Box-elder Silver maple River birch Black willow Shrubby willow Red-osier dogwood River-bank grape Agr imony Swamp-mi lkweed Meadow aster Sedge Common horsetail Spotted Joe-Pye-weed Thoroughwort Golden-glow Skullcap Stinging nettle Acer rubrum Fraxinus nigra PopuTus deTtotdes mus americana mus thomast1 Parthenocissus inserta ucus canadensis ‘Sambucus pubens Wa atropurpurea alamagrostis canadensis altha palustris Tryptotaenta canadensis ceria striata Tris virginica Taportea canadensis TnocTea sensibilis Phatarts arundinacea Spartina pectinata John's-cabbage Wild lily-of-the-valley Sweet cicely Interrupted fern Ginseng Solomon's-seal Kidneyleaf-buttercup Bloodroot Black snakeroot False Solomon's-seal Carrion-f lower Large-f lowered trillium Large-f lowered bellwort Red maple Black ash Eastern cottonwood American elm Rock elm Woodbine Common elder Red-berried elder Alexander Blue-joint grass Marsh-marigold Honewort Fow|-meadowgrass Southern blue flag Wood-nettle Sensitive fern Canary-grass Marsh-grass Table 2210-33.1 [2214] Selected Plant Species Common to the Appalachian Oak Forest Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Early successional plants Habitat conditions: Acer rubrum riodendron tulipitera Pinus pungens Pinus ri tae Pinus strobus Pinus virginiana Populus grandidentata PopuTus tremuTotdes Prunus serotina Robinta pseudo-acacia Amelanchier canadensis BetuTa populifotta Tercts canadensis eee SPP. funiperus communis Morus rubra Uxydendrum arboreun Prunus amerfcana Prunus pensyTvanica Prunus vir ntana nerces Tielfotta juercus prinotdes Late successional plants Red maple Eastern redcedar Tulip-poplar Table-mountain pine Pitch pine White pine Virginia pine Large-toothed aspen Trembling aspen Black cherry Black locust Juneberry Gray birch Redbud Hawthorn Common juniper Red mulberry Sourwood Wild plum Fire cherry Choke-cherry Bear oak Chinquapin oak continued Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Acer saccharum Betula Tenta Carya spp. Fagus grandifolia raxinus americana Magno Ja acuminata ssa Sylvatice tica uercus atba uercus borealis uercus coccinea luercus betnus Thus uercus veTutina Ta amertcana Acer pensylvanicum Acer sptcatum Tarpinus caroliniana fastanea dentata Tastanea pumila Tornus alternifolia Tornus Florida Hamamelts virginiana TTex montana Thex verticiilata Ustrya virgintana Sugar maple Black birch Hickory Beech White ash Cucumber-tree Black gum White oak Northern red oak Scarlet oak Chestnut oak Black oak Basswood Striped maple Mountain maple Blue beech Chestnut Chinquapin Alternate-leaved dogwood Flowering dogwood Witch-hazel Mountain winterberry Winterberry Hop-hornbeam SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 53 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.1 [2214] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac Sassafras albidum White sassafras Low to medium shrubs, Ceanothus americanus New Jersey tea ee epee Partridge-berry 2-20 ft (Normally not comptonia ee na Sweet-fern ‘arthenocissus controlled) : ornus paniculata Gray dogwood uinquefoTia Virginia creeper ory us spp. Hazelnut Rhododendron arborescens Smooth azalea aultheria procumbens Teaberry GayTussacta baccata Huckleberry ‘almta latifolia Mountain- laure] Tonicera spp. Honeysuckle Rhododendron maximum Rhododendron Rhododendron nudifTorum Pinxter-f lower Rhus g abra Smooth sumac Rhus radtcans Poison ivy Rosa spp. Wild rose Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry Rubus ¥TageTlaris Dewberry Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry Salix humilis Prairie willow Sambucus canadensis Common elder Sambucus pubens Red-berried elder Spiraea latifolia Meadow spiraea Wacetnt nium spp. Blueberry VaceTnium stamineum Deerberry Viburnum acertfoTium Maple-leaved viburnum Vitis spp. Grape Lesser vegetation - Achillea millefolium Yarrow Aralia nudicaulis Wild sarsaparilla grasses, herbs, ferns, Agrostis perennans Upland bentgrass Typripedtum acaule Common lady's-slipper mosses (Should not be Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly everlasting anh spp Bedstraw disturbed) indropogon scopar tus Broomsedge Gerantum maculatum Wild geranium Antennaria spp. Pussy's-toes Matanthemum canadense Canada mayf lower Rbocynu ‘androsaemifolium Dogbane Medeota virginiana Cucumber-root ister spp. Aster WeTampyrum tineare Cow-wheat Baptisia tinctoria Wild indigo Potygata pauctfoTia Fringed polygala Tarex pensylvanica pone sedge ‘oTygonatum ‘orum eaneteas font Danthonta spicata loverty-grass folystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern Daucus careta Wild carrot ‘Satfactna Tacenoza ~~ False Solomon’ s-seal Dennstaedtfa punctilobula Hay-scented fern WuTerfa perfoTiata Bellwort DesmodTum spp. Tick-trefoil Erechtites hieracifolia Fireweed Eupatortum rugosum White snakeroot estuca elatior Meadow-fescue Fragarfa virginiana Wild strawberry Tesped spedeza spp. Bush-clover T cimachta uadrifolia Whorled loosestrife Oryzopsts TFoT yzop' asperifolia Upland rice-grass anicum spp. Panic-grass Potenttlla spp. Cinquefoil Pter{dtum aquilinum Bracken fern Rumex acetosella Sheep-sorre] SoTidago spp. Goldenrod ola spp. Violet Tall-growing trees, Acer saccharinum Silver maple Acer rubrum Red maple over 40 ft fuust be PTatanus occidentalis Sycamore Betula lutea Yellow birch controlled) Fopu us deTtotdes Eastern cottonwood Fraxtnus nigra Black ash x Spp. Willow ‘suga canadensis Hemlock Uimus americana American elm Low-growing trees and Alnus rugosa Smooth alder Tlex decidua Deciduous holly tall shrubs, 20-40 ft | ATnus rugosa Speckled alder Rhus vernix Poison sumac (Control only when Tephalanthus occidentalis Common buttonbush Sorbus americana Mountain-ash necessary; may be ac- Sie pe x spp. Shrubby willow — ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, Aronia arbutifolia Red chokeberry Lindera benzoin Spicebush 2-20 ft (Normally not Kronta meTanocarpa Black chokeberry Wemopanthus mucronata Mountain holly controlled) Tornus amomum Silky dogwood Physocarpus capitatus Ninebark Tornus stoTonifera Red-osier dogwood ‘accinium corpbosun Highbush-b lueberry Rubus hispidus Swamp dewberry Viburnum casstnotdes Wild-raisin Spiraea tomentosa Hardhack urnum dentatum Arrow-wood Lesser vegetation - Caltha palustris Marsh-mar igold Arisaema atrorubens Jack-in-the-pulpit grasses, herbs, ferns, Carex spp. Sedge Impatiens capensis Jewe weed mosses (Should not be Eupatorium perfoliatum Thoroughwort ismunda cinnamomea Cinnamon fern disturbed) Juncus spp. Rush Usmunda c aytontana Interrupted fern Tudwigia palustris Water-purs lane ‘Osmunda regalis Royal fern TnocTea sens{bilts Sensitive fern PoTygonum pensyTvanicun Smartweed folygonum sagittatum Arrow-leaved tearthumb 54 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.1 [2215] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory Forest Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Acer rubrum Juniperus virginiana Cirjodendron tulipifera Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Red maple Eastern redcedar Tulip-poplar Tnus echinata Shortleaf pine Prunus serotina Black cherry Quercus marilandica Blackjack oak Robinia pseudo-acacia Amelanchier arborea Cercis canadensis Crateagus spp. 7 Diospyros virginiana Morus rubra Prunus americana Sassafras albtdum Ceanothus americanus issacia baccata GayTussac: jus aromatica Black locust Serviceberry Redbud Hawthorn Common persimmon Red mulberry Wild plum White sassafras New Jersey tea Huckleberry Fragrant sumac Rhus gTabra Smooth sumac Ribes spp. Gooseberry Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry Vaccinium spp. Blueberry Andropogon scoparius Broomsedge intennaria spp. Pussy's-toes Ascleptas spp. Milkweed Aster spp. Aster Baptisia tinctoria Wild indigo unila ‘or iganotdes Dittany Danthonta spicata Eupatortum macuTatum Epatortn rosea 4 Poverty-grass White snakeroot anthus spp. Sunf lower Uratris Blazing-star junctata Tyetmacha ‘quadrifolia Panicum spp. Poa pratensis Panic-grass a Kentucky bluegrass Potent ila spp. Cinquefoil Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan patie catamintha Basil olidago spp. Goldenrod ‘ephrosia virginiana Goat's-rue Acer saccharinum Betula nigra Habitat conditions: Silver maple River birch Fraxtnus pennsylvanica Green ash PTatanus occidentatis Sycamore Poputus deTtotdes Eastern cottonwood continued Spotted Joe-Pye-weed Whorled loosestrife Acer saccharum RescuTus octandra Carya tomentosa Carve cord Formis Gm gira Gani wate Carya texana ‘astanea ozarkensis agus ee oe, idifoTia Taxinus americana jualans nigra lagnolia acuminata yssa sylvatica alba uercus ‘coccinea falcata mbricaria mata muh Tenbergii rinus rubra ‘SteTTata luercus veTutina ‘a heterophylla Uimus aTata Asimina triloba BumeTia a Tarpinus caroTintana Castanes dentate Chionanthus virginicus ‘ornus florida TamamelTs virginiana Ustrya virginiana Rhamnus caroTiniana Dirca palustris Pachysandra procumbens Parthenoctesus ‘quinquefoTia Physocarpus opulifolius TTax glauca Symphor iearpos orbiculatus jurnum Tentago Anemonella thalictroides Ascyrum hypertcoides iscyrum stans Tassta nictitans TynogTossum virginianum De Team carovinianum Dentarfa Taciniata Desmodium rotundifolium Eryngium yucctfolium Gatton anceoTatum Gerantum macuTatum HeTentum tenuifolium Tydrophy Tan -virginvanum leffersonia diphylla Lespedeza ‘SPP. ithospermum canescens Faseiriers tea varicata PoTymnia canadensis Psoralea psoralioides Pycnanthemum flexuosum Singutnarta canadensts chrankta nuttall{i SmiTactna racemosa StyTosanthes biftora rittium cernuum WuTarta grandiflora VioTa pedata Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Carya illinoensis Gra Taciniosa . ‘ephalanthus occidentalis Tquidambar styraciflua uercus bicoTor Sugar maple Yellow buckeye Mockernut hickory Bitternut hickory Pignut hickory Shagbark hickory Texas hickory Ozark chinquapin Beech White ash Black walnut Cucumber-tree Black gum White oak Scarlet oak Spanish oak Shingle oak Over-cup oak Yellow oak Chestnut oak Red oak Post oak Black oak White basswood Winged elm Pawpaw False buckthorn Blue beech Chestnut Fringe-tree Flowering dogwood Witch-hazel Hop-hornbeam Yellow buckthorn Leatherwood Allegheny-spurge Virginia creeper Ninebark Greenbr ier Coralberry Nannyberry Rue- anemone St. Andrew's cross St. Peter's-wort Wild sensitive plant Wild comfrey Rock larkspur Toothwort Tick-trefoil Ratt lesnake-master Wild licorice Wild geranium Sneezeweed John's-cabbage Twinleaf Bush-clover Puccoon Passion-f lower Blue phlox Leafcup Sampson's snakeroot Mountain-mint Bloodroot Cat-claw False Solomon's-seal Pencil-f lower Nodding trillium Large-f lowered bellwort Birdfoot-violet Pecan Shellbark hickory Common buttonbush Sweet gum Swamp-white oak SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 55 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.1 [2215] (Concluded) Early successional plants Late successional plants Moist/well-drained (Continued) Growth form Salix nigra Black willow uercus laurifolia Laurel-leaved oak Uimus ‘americana American elm luercus macrocarpa Bur oak Utmus rubra Slippery elm palustris Pin oak rinus Chestnut oak Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Campsis radicans Cornus obTiqua Sambucus canadensis Arundinaria gigantea Cane Arundinarta tecta Helianthus angustifolius Sunflower 0 Knotweed ygonum spp. anunculus septentrionalis Swamp-buttercup Trumpet-creeper Pale dogwood Common elder Southern cane Forestiera acuminata Tindera Benzoin TonTcera sempervirens MenTspermum canadense mi Tax Spiga Staphylea trifolia Agave winginica et racontium scleptas Tncarnata arex Say Tarex ‘intumescens Tryptotaenta canadensis joscorea hirticaulis eum canadense ris versicotor Taportea canadensis mocTea senstbilis Tea pumiTa PoTemontum van-bruntiae Saururus cernuus Sedum ternatum Smilax herbacea luercus shumardii Shumard's red oak ‘axodium distTchum Baldcypress Deciduous holly American holly Swamp-privet Spicebush Woodb ine Moonseed Bristly greenbrier Bladdernut American aloe Green dragon Swamp-mi lkweed Sedge Sedge Honewort Yam White avens Jewelweed Blue flag Wood-nettle Sensitive fern Clearweed Jacob 's- ladder Lizard's-tail Wild stonecrop Herbaceous greenbrier CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Eastern Deciduous Forest Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Box-elder Ory, well-drained, Medium-sized tree, Samara, Sept.- Seeds eaten by ring- Short-lived Acer negundo moist, sun, banks 30-50 ft, up to 75 ft Oct., persistent necked pheasant, song- Cai of bottomland birds, squirrels 2212, 2113 streams and margins Striped maple Acer pensylvanicum onal Bensylvanicum 2eii, 2214 Red maple Acer rubrum 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Silver maple Acer saccharinum 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Sugar maple Acer harum far: 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Mountain maple Acer Spicatum Yarrow Achillea millefolium 2214 White baneberry Actaea pachypoda ETT. 2211, 2212 Red baneberry Actaea rubra ~) WiTTd. 2213 Maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum au bedatum 2211, 2213 Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra Willd. 2212 Sweet buckeye or Yellow buckeye Aesculus octandra farsh. 2211, 2215 American aloe Agave virginica 2218 Agr imony Agrimonia spp. 2213 of ponds and swamps well-drained, moist, shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, from wet bottomlands to mountain ridges Well-drained, moist, sun, streambanks, moist bottomlands Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, prefers fertile soil, but grows well on poorer, rocky sites Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Fields and road- sides Rich woods and thickets Woods and thickets Rich shaded sites, abundant in lime- stone areas Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, bottomland sites Dry, well-drained, sun, on mountain slopes in stream valleys Ory woods, thickets, and open woods Woods and thickets, widely distributed SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Tall shrub to small tree, 10-30 ft Large tree, 40-70 ft Large tree, 60-80 ft, up to 100 ft Large tree, 60-100 ft Tall shrubs to small tree, 20-30 ft Aromatic herb, peren- nial, 1-3 ft Perennial herb, 1-2 ft Perennial herb, 1-2 ft Fern from a slender rhizome, stalk 20 int Medium-sized tree, 20-40 ft, up to 90 ft Usually medium-sized tree, 40-60 ft, up to 90 ft Tall perennial herb, 3-6 ft Perennial herb, 1-6 ft Samara, Sept. Samara, Mar.-Apr. Samara, Apr.-June Samara, July-Dec. Samara, Aug.-Nov. June-Sept. Achene, White berries, July-Oct. Red berries, Aug.-Oct. Sporangia, summer Capsule, Sept. Capsule, Sept. Capsule, June-Aug. Achene, July-Sept. continued Browsed by white-tailed deer, cottontail, beaver Seeds eaten by chip- munks and songbirds; browsed by white-tailed deer, cottontail Seeds eaten by chip- munks, squirrels, song- birds; browsed by cot- tontail, white-tailed deer Seeds eaten by phea sant, songbirds, squir- rels; browsed by deer, rabbits, porcupine Browsed by white-tailed deer, cottontail, beaver Plant eaten by ruffed grouse, rabbit, small mamma 1s Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, smal] mamnals Same as A. pachypoda Of minor value; plant may be eaten by ruffed grouse and deer Seeds eaten by squir- rels Seeds eaten by ground squirrel Understory tree, does not thrive in open areas away from other trees Important in early forest stages and in river bottom forests Short-lived; easily damaged Long-lived A shade-loving plant An alien species Short-lived Short-lived 57 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) 58 Species Upland bentgrass Agrostis perennans tis t.) Tuckerm, 2214 Bugleweed A, juga reptans 2212 Garlic-mustard Alliaria officinalis Andry. 2213 Wild leek Allium tricoccum AY. 2212, 2213 Smooth alder, Speckled alder Alnus rugosa Du Rot) Spreng. 2211, 2212, 2214 Giant ragweed Anbrosia trifida ibnosla trifida 2212 Juneberry Amelanchier spp. ledic, 2212 Serviceberry Amelanchier arborea chx. ¥.) Fern. 2211, 2215 Juneberry Amelanchier canaden: TL.) Medic. 2214 Hog-peanut Amphicarpa bracteata TL.) Fern. 2213 Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea T.) C. B. Clarke 2214 Broomsedge Andropogon scoparius chx. 2211, 2214, 2215 Wood- anemone Anemone quinquefolia l. 2211, 2212 Rue- anemone Habitat Open woods, thickets, rocky banks and dry open soil Roadsides and fields Roadsides, open fields Rich woods and bottoms Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Rich alluvial soil in thickets, low woods, waste ground, and disturbed soil Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Rich, often calcareous or alluvial soil Openings in woods, meadows and talus slopes below 8500 ft Open woods and dry clearings Open woods, thickets and clearings Open woods Anemonella thalictroides LU.) Spach 2211, 2215 Alexander Angelica atropurpurea 2213 Streambanks, swamps Form Perennial grass, less than 3 ft Perennial herb, creeping and stoloniferous Biennial herb, 1-3 ft Perennial herb with bulk, low Tall shrub, 6-20 ft Annual, reproducing by seed, to 20 ft tall on good sites Tall shrub or small tree, usually 15-25 ft, may reach 40 ft and over Tree 20-40 ft tall, occasionally to 50 ft Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft, rarely 50 ft Low twining woodland vine Perennial herb, simple, erect, 1-3 ft high, stems are white-wooly and equably leafy Tall perennial grass, 2-5 ft Low perennial herb Low perennial herb Tall herb, 4-9 ft, perennial Fruit General wildlife use Grain, July-Oct. Achenes, May-July Europe Capsule, Apr.-June Europe Capsule, June-July Plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, songbirds, mourning dove; browsed by beaver, white-tailed deer; cover for wood- cock, ruffed grouse Nutlet in a cone, Sept.-Oct. Seeds, minute hay fever Pome, June-Aug. Fruit eaten by many wildlife species in- cluding bear, turkey, songbirds, smal] mam- mals; browsed by deer Pome Pome, available June-Aug. Legume pod, Seeds eaten by ruffed Aug.-Sept. grouse, bobwhite, pheasant, smal] mammals Achene, Aug.- Oct., covered with smal] papillae bouquets Grain, Sept.- Oct., persistent Seeds eaten by song- birds, smal] mammals; Plant eaten by deer Achene, Apr.-June Achene, Apr.-June Seed-like, dry carpels, July-Oct. continued Notes Invades ROWs Naturalized from Naturalized from Thicket-forming Major cause of Hybridized freely; several major species are com- monly recognized with some difficulty Blooms are often used for winter Invades open fields CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Well-drained soil in woods and dry Pussy's-toes Antennaria spp. aertn. open areas 2214, 2215 Dogbane Dry thickets and Apocynum borders of woods androsaemifolium T. 2214 Wild sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis Dry, open woods ] 2212, 2213, 2214 Spikenard Rich woods and Aralia racemosa thickets Tw 2213 Hercules'=club Ory, well-drained, Aralia spinosa sun and shade T. 2211 Grove-sandwort Arenaria lateriflora Gravelly or turfy shores, meadows, . borders of woods, 2213 and wet spots Rich woods and ‘swamps Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema atrorubens Ait.) Blume 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214 Green dragon Arisaema dracontium TL.) Schott 2215 Rich woods, stream- banks, wet swales Smal] Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum UT.) Schott 2213 Wet woods, swamps and peat bogs Dutchman's-pipe vine well-drained Aristolochia durior AU Red chokeberry Aronia arbutifolia poet ~) EIT. 2214 Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Black chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and chx.) ETT. shade 2211, 2214 Cane River banks and Arundinaria gigantea ‘swamps att.) Chapm. 2215 Southern cane Arundinaria tecta att.) Muht. 2215 Swamps, moist soil, or in water Rich woods and shaded slopes Wild ginger Asarum canadense 2212, 2213 Milkweed Moist to dry sites, Asclepias spp. often on disturbed t, soil 2215 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Low, perennial woody herbs Shrub-like peren- nial herb, 1-4 ft Low perennial herb Tall perennial herb, up to 9 ft Tall shrub to small tree, 10-20 ft, occasionally 40 ft Low perennial herb Low perennial herb Tall perennial herb, 1-4 ft Low perennial herb Woody vine Shrub, 3-6 ft Shrub, 3-6 ft Tall woody grass, 4-30 ft Tall woody grass, up to 12 ft Low perennial herb with creeping rhizome Perennial herb, to 4 ft tall Achene, Apr.-July Pods, June-Aug. Berry, May-July Berry, June-Aug. Berry, Aug.-Nov. Capsule, May-Aug. Berry, Apr.-June Berry, May-June Berry, May-June Capsule, Sept. Berry, Aug.-Oct., persistent Berry, Aug.-Sept., persistent Grain in spikelet, Apr-May Grain in spikelet, Mar.-June Capsule, Apr.-May Small, with silky hairs continued Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, Invades old fields rabbit, deer all eat tender leaf rosettes Invades open areas Fruit eaten by song- birds, fox, skunk, chip- munk; plant eaten by deer Same as A. nudicaulis Fruit eaten by turkey, Often abundant on birds; browsed by deer old burns and clear ings Fruit eaten by pheasant and turkey Same as A. atrorubens Dense screen of foliage; rich mountain woods May be in swamps and wet woods Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, songbirds Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse; browsed by white-tailed deer, cot- tontail Commonly in swamps and wet woods; also on cinder dumps Forms canebrakes 59 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Swamp-mi Ikweed Asclepias incarnata U. 2213, 2215 St. Andrew's cross Ascyrum hypericoides 2215 St. Peter's-wort a stans Tchx. 2215 Pawpaw Asimina triloba UL.) Duna 2212, 2215 Spleenwort Asplenium spp. 2213 Aster Aster spp. 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Large-leaved aster Aster macrophyllus . 2213 Meadow aster Aster puniceus a Buniceus 2713 False goat's-beard Astilbe biternata Vent.) Britt. 221 Spleenwort Athyrium spp. Roth 2211 Lady-fern Athy un filix-femina +) Roth 2213 Wild indigo Baptisia tinctoria Uy R. Br. 2214, 2215 Black birch Betula lenta U. 2214 Yellow birch Betula lutea Michx, 2211, 2212, 2214 River birch Betula nigra Coe 2211, 2713, 2215 60 Habitat Swamp, wet ground Ory, sandy soil Moist or dry sandy woods, meadows and barrens Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Crevices of rocks, ledges, wooded slopes Variety of sites Ory to moist open woods, thickets, and clearings Damp thickets, meadows, shores, swamps. Wooded mountains Rich woods and bottomlands, occasionally dry rocky areas Moist, semi-shade in meadows, fields, woods, ravines, damp thickets Dry open woods and clearings Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, prefers moist, rich soil, also on dry rocky slopes well-drained, moist, sun and shade, cool, moist sites, also swampy areas, rock slides Moist, sun, stream- banks and swampy bottomlands Form Tall perennial herb, 2-4 ft Low, shrubby peren- nial herb Low perennial herb Tall shrub to small tree, up to 40 ft Small evergreen ferns Perennial herb, usually tall Tall perennial herb, 1-5 ft Tall perennial herb, up to 8 ft Tall perennial herb, 3-6 ft Perennial herb, leaves to 3, occasionally 5 ft Large fern, up to 3 ft Low herb, 1-3 ft Large tree, 50-60 ft and larger Large tree, 60-100 ft Medium-sized tree, 30-50 ft, up to 100 ft Fruit Follicle, June- Aug. Capsule, July- Sept. Capsule, July- Sept. Berry, Aug.-Oct. Sporangia, May- Sept. Achene, Aug.-Sept, Achene, Aug.-Sept. Achene, Aug.-Oct. Capsule, May-July Spores Sporangia, Aug.- Sept. Legume, May-Sept. Smal] samara or nutlet, Sept.-Oct. Small samara or nutlet, Sept.-Oct. Smal] samara or nutlet, July-Sept. continued General wildlife use Plant eaten by deer Fruit eaten by birds, opossum, gray fox, squirrel, raccoon Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, turkey, song- birds, smal] mammals; plant eaten by deer, rabbits Same as Aster spp. Same as Aster spp. Leaves eaten by ruffed grouse Seeds eaten by song- birds, ruffed grouse; browsed by white-tailed deer, cottontail Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, squirrels, songbirds; browsed by white-tailed deer, cot- tontail, beaver Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, turkey, song- birds; browsed by white- tailed deer Notes Understory shrub; in clearings and roadsides; suckers form thickets Invades ROWs In climax forest In climax forest Short-lived CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Paper birch Betula papyrifera Marsh. 2213 Gray birch Betula populifolia Marsh. 2214 Cross-vine Bignonia capreolata 2aii Rattlesnake fern Botrychium virginianum +) Sw. 2213 False buckthorn Bumelia lanuginosa Michx.) Pers. 2215 Blue-joint grass Calamagrostis Canadensis chx.) Nutt. 2213 Marsh-marigold Caltha palustris faltha 2213, 2214 Trumpet-creeper Campsis radicans T.) Seem, 2215" Spring-cress Cardamine bulbosa Tchreb.} BSP. 2212 Bitter cress Cardamine douglassii ‘orr.) Britt. 2211 Sedge Carex spp. U 2211, 2212, 2214 Sedge Carex grayii Carey 2215 Sedge Carex intumescens Rudge 2215 Vernal sedge Carex pensylvanica Tam, 2213, 2714 Dry, well-drained, sun, banks of streams, lakes, swamps and on rich, moist slopes Ory, well-drained, sun Rich woods and swamps Shaded areas in moist or dry woodlands and wet thickets Ory, well-drained, sun Meadows, bogs, wet thickets Swamps, wet meadows and woods Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Springs, low woods, wet meadows Wet woods, springs Wide variety of sites, most in moist soils, a few in dry places Calcareous meadows and alluvial woods Alluvial woods, meadows and swales Open, dry soil or dry woods Large tree, 50-75 ft Small tree, 20-30 ft Climbing vine, will climb tall trees Medium-sized fern Shrub or small tree, up to 40 ft. Small to large tussock grass Smal] perennial herb, under 2 ft Scrubby vine, tree- climb ing Small perennial herb, under 2 ft Smal] perennial herb, under 1 ft Perennial grass-like Achene, spring- Seeds eaten by ducks, herb summer coot, marsh and shore birds, upland gamebirds, songbirds, small mam- mals; plant eaten by deer Medium sedge, 1-3 ft Achene, June-Oct. Same as Carex spp. Medium slender sedge, Achene, May-Sept. Same as Carex spp. 1-3 ft Small sedge, under —Achene,, Apr.-June Same as Carex spp. 2 ft continued Small samara or nutlet, Aug.-Sept. Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, songbirds, small mammals; browsed by deer Small samara or Seeds eaten by ruffed nutlet, Sept. grouse, songbirds; browsed by beaver, deer Capsule, May-June Sporangia, spring and early summer Leaves eaten by ruffed grouse Drupe, Sept.-Nov. Grain, June-Aug. Plant eaten by deer, muskrat Follicle, Apr.- June Capsule, Aug.- Oct., persistent Capsule, Apr.-June Capsule, Mar.-May Short-lived pioneer Invades burns and abandoned fields Mostly a southern species On coal-stripped Tand Stoloniferous; common on ROWS SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 61 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) 62 Species Sedge Carex stricta Tam, 2213 Blue beech Carpinus caroliniana alt. 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis Wang.) K. Koch 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Pignut hickory Carya glabra Mill. Sweet 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Pecan Carya illinoensis Wang.) K. Koch 2212, 2215 Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa THiohi f.) Loud. 2212, 2214, 2215 Shagbark hickory Carya ovata (Hitt) K. Koch 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Texas hickory Carya texana Back . 2215 Mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa watt 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Wild sensitive plant Cassia nictitans C 2215 Chestnut Castanea dentata arsh, Bork . 2211, 2214, 2215 Ozark chinquapin Castanea ozarkensis she 2215 Chinquapin Castanea pumila 7 2214 Habitat Acid swamps, swales, low woods Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Well-drained, moist, sun, perfers moist rich soil, common in bottom- lands, swamps, banks of streams Dry, well-drained, sun and shade, usually on hill- sides and ridges Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, rich well-drained bottomlands Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, prefers wet bottomlands Dry, well-drained, sun and shade, prefers rich, well-drained loams Well-drained, moist, sun, dry sandy woods or rocky slopes Well-drained, sun and shade, prefers rich soils, also on rocky slopes and dry ridges Sandy soil Ory, well-drained, sun Dry, well-drained, sun, woods and rocky slopes Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Form Tall sedge, 2-5 ft Smal] tree, 10-30 ft Large tree, 50-75 ft and larger Large tree, 50-75 ft Large tree, 100 ft or more Large tree, 80-100 ft Large tree, 50-80 ft and over Large tree, up to 50 ft Large tree, 50-75 ft Low herb Small tree, 15-20 ft Small to large tree, up to 60 ft Tall shrub to small tree, 15-30 ft Fruit Achene, May-Aug. Nutlet, Aug.-Oct. Nut, Sept.-Oct. Nut, Sept.-Oct. Nut, Sept.-Oct. Nut, Sept.-Oct. Nut, Sept.-Oct. Nut, Sept.-Oct. Nut, Sept.-Nov. Legume, July-Sept. Nut, Sept.-Oct. Solitary nut, flowers in June Nut, Sept.-Oct. continued General wildlife use See Carex spp. Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey, ring-necked pheasant, gray squir- rel; browsed by deer, rabbits Seeds eaten by squir- rels Seeds eaten by squir- rels, chipmunks, wood duck, pheasant, bob- white, turkey, fox, bear, songbirds, smal] mammals; browsed by deer and rabbits Seeds eaten by song- birds, opossum, tur- key, squirrels Same as C. glabra Same as C. glabra Seeds eaten by chip- munks, squirrels Seeds eaten by chip- munks, squirrels Notes Commonly in wet spots on wooded slopes and in moist bottoms Formerly very im- portant, now mostly small sprouts Resistant to blight CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Blue cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides L.) Michx. 2211, 2213 New Jersey tea Ceanothus americanus L. 2214, 2215 Bittersweet Celastrus L. 2211, 2212, scandens 2213 Common hackberry Celtis occidentalis L. 2212, 2213 Common buttonbush Cephalanthus 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Redbud Cercis canadensis L. 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Fringe-tree Chionanthus virginicus Es 2215 Enchanter's nightshade Circaea lutetiana An. 2213 Yellowwood Cladrastis lutea Michx. f.) K. Koch 2211 Spring-beauty Claytonia virginica L 22ti, 2212 White alder Clethra acuminata Michx. 2211 Sweet-fern Comptonia peregrina L.) Coult. 2214 Alternate-leaved dogwood Cornus alternifolia Uf. 2214 Silky dogwood Cornus amomum MiTT. 2212, 2214 Flowering dogwood Cornus florida t. 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Rich woods Dry, well-drained, various soils, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, various soils, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, prefers rich moist soil, often on rocky hillsides Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Rich or alluvial woods Dry, well-drained, sun, rich woods and calcareous bluffs Moist woods, thickets and clearings Well-drained, shade Dry, well-drained, sun Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun and shade SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Medium perennial herb, 1-3 ft Bushy shrub, up to 3 ft Woody vine, climb- ing to 25-30 ft Medium-sized tree, 25-40 ft Tall shrub, 15-20 ft Small tree, 15-30 ft Tall shrub to small tree, 10-40 ft Low perennial herb Tree to 60 ft tall Low perennial herb Tall shrub to small tree, to 18 ft Shrub, up to 5 ft Tall shrub, 10-15 ft, occasionally up to 30 ft Shrub, 5-10 ft Small tree, 10-40 ft Berry, Apr.-June Capsule, Sept.- Nov. Pod, Sept.-Dec. Drupe, Sept.-Oct., often persistent Nut-like capsule, Sept.-Dec. and later Legume pod, July- Aug. and through- out winter Drupe, Sept.-Oct. Bur-like with hooked hairs, July-Sept. Legume, available Sept.-Oct., per- sistent through winter Capsule, Mar.-May Capsule, July- Aug., persistent Nutlet, Sept.-Oct. Drupe, July-Sept. Drupe, Aug.-Sept. Drupe, Sept.-Feb. continued Plant eaten by deer Seeds eaten by bob- white, turkey, other birds Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, bobwhite, cot- tontail, fox, squirrel, songbirds; nesting and escape cover for small mammals and birds Seeds eaten by song- birds, turkey, ring- necked pheasant; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by mal- jards, ring-necked pheasant, other birds; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by bob- white and songbirds; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by small mammals. Plant eaten by deer Fruit eaten by wood duck, grouse, turkey, bobwhite, several spe- cies of songbirds, chipmunks, squirrels; browsed by deer and rabbits Same as C. alternifolia Same as C. alternifolia In dry open woods Thicket- forming A good bee plant Understory tree in hardwood forests Also occasionally in 2214 Bees attracted to flowers Forms dense colo- nies on burns and pastures In understory of forest; all dog- woods are valuable to wildlife, parti- cularly for food Commonly along streams Common as under- story tree; also in old fields and fence rows 63 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Pale dogwood Cornus obliqua Raf. 2215 Gray dogwood Cornus paniculata UHer. 2212, 2214 Round-leaved dogwood Cornus rugosa am. 2213 Red-osier dogwood Cornus stolonifera Michx, 2212, 2213, 2214 Common hazelnut Corylus americana alt. 2213, 2214 Beaked hazelnut Corylus cornuta arsh. 2214 Hawthorn Crataegus spp. t. 2212, 2214, 2215 Honewort. hee canadensis 2213, 2215 Dittany Cunila origanoides U.) Britt. 2215 Wild comfrey Cynoglossum virginianum 2218 Common lady's-slipper Cypripedium acaule it. 2214 Yellow lady's-slipper Cypripedium calceolus 2ari Poverty-grass Danthonia spicata U.) Beauv. 2211, 2214, 2215 Wild carrot Daucus carota U. 2212, 2214 Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, various soils, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, on sandy and other soil, sun and shade well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Ory, well-drained, acid svil Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Moist woods and thickets Ory open woods, thickets and clear ings Open deciduous woods Woodlands in dry, acid soil, also in bogs and wet woods Bogs, wet woods, shady swamps Openings in wood- lands, fields, on dry to damp sites Fields and waste places Spreading shrub, 3-8 ft Shrub, 3-8 ft Shrub, 6-10 ft Shrub, 3-10 ft Shrub, up to 10 ft Shrub, 6-15 ft Shrub to small tree Tall perennial herb, 1-3 ft Low perennial herb, much branched Low, coarse perennial herb Low perennial herb Low perennial herb Tufted grass Tall perennial herb, 2-3 ft Drupe, July-Sept. Drupe, Aug.-Nov., occasionally persistent Drupe, July-Oct. Orupe, July-Sept., occasionally persistent Nut, July-Sept., occasionally persistent Nut, Aug.-Sept. Pome, fall and winter, persistent Capsule, June- Sept. Seed-like nutlets, July-Oct. Nutlets, Apr.-dune Capsule with prickles, Apr.- duly Capsule, May-July Grain in spike- lets, May-July Seed-like, dry carpels with prickles, May-Oct. continued Same as C. Same as C. Same as C. Same as C. Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, turkey, squir- rels, small mammals; browsed by deer Same as C. americana Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, fox, raccoon, smal] mammals, song- birds; nesting cover for songbirds Slight value; seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; seeds and roots eaten by smal] mammals alternifolia alternifolia alternifolia In swamos and damp thickets Forms dense thickets on difficult sites On rocky, wooded slopes Thicket-forming; often in swamps Thicket-forming Thicket-forming Common in clearings, pastures, and old fields; valuable honey plants; thicket-forming and spiny Common on ROWs A common weed CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Rock larkspur Delphinium carolinianum alt. 2215 Owarf larkspur Delphinium tricorne Riche. 2211 Hay-scented fern Dennstaedtia uncttlobuta chx.) Moore 2212, 2214 Toothwort Dentaria laciniata fuhT. 2212, 2215 Tick-trefoil Desmodium spp. lesv. 2214 Tick-trefoil Desmodium grandif lorum Walt.) DC. 2213 Tick-trefoil Desmodium rotundifolium 2215” Squirrel-corn Dicentra canadensis Goldie) WaTp. 2211, 2212 Outchman's-breeches Dicentra cucullaria TL.) Bernh, 2211, 2212 Bush honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera 2212, 2213 Yam Dioscorea hirticaulis Bartlett 2215 Common pers immon Diospyros virginiana 2215 Leatherwood Dirca palustris 2212, 2213, 2215 Nodding mandarin Disporum maculatum juckl, Br tt. 22n1 Goldie's fern Dryopteris goldiana (Hook.) Gray 2211, 2212 Habitat Dry open woods, sandhills, barrens and fields Moist woods and calcareous slopes Ory woodlands, Pastures, moist slopes Rich moist woods, bottoms Variety of sites Moist woods and banks Ory woods Rich woods Rich woods Dry, well-drained, sun Bogs and peaty depressions Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Rich woods Moist woods, rocky slopes Form Medium-sized peren- nial herb, under 3 ft Medium perennial herb Pubescent fern Low perennial herb Perennial herbs Tall perennial herb, 2-4 ft Prostrate, trailing perennial herb Low perennial herb Low perennial herb Shrub, under 3 ft Twining herb Small tree, 25-50 ft and over Branching shrub, 2-6 ft Low perennial herb Tall fern, about 4 ft Fruit Follicle, seeds winged, May-June Follicle, Apr.-May Sporangia, July- Oct. Capsule, Apr.-June Pod, adheres to clothing, July- Sept. Pod, adheres to clothing, July- Aug. Pod, adheres to clothing, July- Sept. Capsule, Apr.-May Capsule, Apr.-May Capsule, flowers June-Aug. Capsule, June Berry, Aug.-Oct., sometimes persist- ent Drupe, May-June, occasionally persistent Berry, Apr.-May Sporangia, June- Sept. continued General wildlife use Plants eaten by deer, grouse, turkey Notes Spreads by rhizomes to form large patches on ROWs Seeds eaten by bobwhite; plants eaten by deer Same as Desmodium spp. Same as Desmodium spp. Browsed by white- tailed deer Fruit eaten by turkey, raccoon, skunk, fox, opossum, songbirds, smal] mammals; browsed by deer Browsed by white- tailed deer occasion- ally Ruffed grouse eat leaves Roots resemble grains of corn Roots a cluster of small, white tubes In open woods Often forms thickets in pastures and old fields In rich deciduous woods SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Broad beech fern Rich woods Medium-sized fern Sporangia, June- Ruffed grouse eat leaves Dryopteris hexagonoptera Sept. hehe. Christens. 2211 Wood fern Low woods, thickets Large evergreen fern Sproangia, June- Ruffed grouse eat leaves Oryopteris spinulosa and swamps, also Aug. 0. Fe Muell.) watt dry woods 2211 Trailing arbutus Sandy to peaty Prostrate or trailing Capsule, Mar.-May Plants eaten by ruffed Epigaea repens woods or clearings evergreen, shrubby grouse . herb 2212 Horsetail Diverse habitats Rush-like plants Cone with spore Plants eaten by water- Equisetum spp. from creeping cases, early fowl, muskrat a rhizomes, 1-3 ft spring 2212 Common horestail Open low ground, Tall, lax, rush-like Cone with spore Plants eaten by water- Equisetum arvense damp open woods and plants, creeping by cases, early fowl, muskrat i _ thickets, well- rhizomes, 1-3 ft spring 2213 drained sites Fireweed Thickets, clear- Tall, coarse annual Achene, July-Oct. Invades ROWs after Erechtites hieracifolia ings, burns herb, 1-9 ft spraying +) Ra 2214 . Rattlesnake-master Ory or moist open Low coarse herb, Ovoid fruit Eryngium yuccifolium woods, thickets, under 1 ft covered with Michx. prairies tubercles, Sept.- 2215 Nov. Trout-lily Rich woods, bottom- Low nearly stemless Capsule, Mar.- Common on ROWs Erythronium americanum lands, and meadows herb, colonial dune, vegetatively Ker propagated from 2211, 2212 bulb Strawberry-bush Ory, well-drained, Shrub, 3-6 ft Capsule, Sept.- Seeds eaten by a few Common in low flat Euonymus americanus sun and shade Oct. species of songbirds woods, often : creeping 2211 Burning-bush or Ory, well-drained, Shrub, up to 12 ft Capsule, Aug.-Nov. Seeds eaten by a few In rich woods and Wahoo moist, sun and species of birds; thickets Euonymus atropurpureus shade browsed by deer Jacq. 2211, 2212 Trailing euonymus Well-drained, sun Spreading or trailing Capsule, Aug.-Oct. Thicket- or mat- Euonymus obovatus and shade shrub, under 3 ft forming utt. 2212 Spotted Joe-Pye-weed Wet thickets and Tall perennial herb, Achene, July-Sept. Seeds eaten by a few Gupatorium maculatum damp meadows 2-7 ft species of birds 2213, 2215 Boneset or Low woods, Tall coarse, peren- Achene, July-Oct. Seeds eaten by a few Thoroughwort thickets, swamps nial herbs, 2-5 ft species of birds Eupatorium perfoliatum U. 2212, 2213, 2214 White snakeroot Rich woods, Tall perennial herb, Achene, July-Oct. Seeds eaten by a few Causes milk poison- Eupatorium rugosum thickets, clearings 2-5 ft species of birds ing of humans out. 2211, 2213, 2214, 2215 Beech . Rich uplands and Tree, 60-80 ft tall, Nut, available Fagus grandifolia mountain slopes bole 3-4 ft in diame- Sept.-Oct. Ehrh. ter, leaves long, 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 slender, coarsely toothed continued 66 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Meadow-fescue Meadows, roadsides, Medium-sized grass Grain, June-Aug. Seeds eaten by song- Forms dense cover Festuca elatior open woods with creeping birds on ROWS 7 rootstocks 2214 Swamp-privet Well-drained, Shrub, 3-10 ft Drupe, May-Oct. Fruit eaten by mallard Thicket-forming in Forestiera acuminata moist, sun and and other ducks springs and swamps chx.) Potr. shade and on river banks 2215 Wild strawberry Fields, borders of Low perennial herb Pulpy receptacle Fruit eaten by pheasant, Fragaria virginiana woods, open slopes with achenes, ruffed grouse, prairie Duchesne Apr.-Jduly chicken, songbirds, 2214 opossum, rabbit, skunk, smal] mammals, squirrels White ash Well-drained, sun, Tree, to 100 ft tall Narrow winged, Sprouts prolifically Fraxinus americana low rich woods, Oct.-Nov. P rocky uplands and 2211, 2212, 2213, glades 2214, 2215 Black ash Well-drained, Tree, to 90 ft Samara, available Shallow root Fraxinus nigra moist, sun, deep June-Sept. system, easily Marsh. cool Swamps, low windthrown 2212, 2213, 2214 banks of streams and lakes Green ash Well-drained, sun, Tree, to 80 ft tall, Long tapering Invasion species on Fraxinus pennsylvanica alluvial soils of 5-9 leaflets winged seeds, flood plains Marsh. flood plains Sept.-Oct. 2213, 2215 Bedstraw Woods and thickets Slender low herbs Dry or fleshy, Galium spp. twin, separating t. into 2 carpels, 2214 May-Sept. Cleavers bedstraw Rich woods, Weak or reclining Bristly fruit, Galium aparine thickets and annual May-July Ly waste ground 2212 Pretty bedstraw Woods and thickets Slender, erect Smooth fruit, Galium concinnum perennial herb June-July ~ 6. 2212 Wild licorice Dry woods Slender perennial Bristly fruit, Galium lanceolatum herb with ascending June-July Torr. stem 2215 Fragrant bedstraw Woods and thickets Weak or prostrate Bristly fruit, Galium triflorum perennial herb May-Sept. Michx. 2213 Teaberry Ory, well-drained, Evergreen shrub, Berry, Aug.-June Plant eaten by ruffed Often in dry con- Gaultheria procumbens sun and shade creeping, under 1 ft arouse, white-tailed iferous woods T. deer 2214 Huckleberry Ory, well-drained, Shrub, up to 3 ft Berry, July-Sept. Fruit eaten by ruffed Dry, sandy or rocky Gaylussacia baccata moist, sun grouse, turkey, bob- acid soil in woods Wang.) k. Koch white, songbirds 2214, 2215 Wild geranium Woods, thickets, Erect perennial herb, Plump, dehiscent Seeds eaten by mourning Geranium maculatum and meadows 1-2 ft l-seeded carpels, dove, bobwhite, chip- : Apr.-June munk 2213, 2214, 2215 White avens Woods edges, Slender perennial Achenes on a Plant eaten by ruffed Geum canadense thickets herb, 1-3 ft bristly receptacle, grouse + June-Aug. 2215 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 67 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Honey- locust Gleditsi Fow|-meadowgrass Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. 2213 Silverbel] Halesia monticola (Rehd.) Sarg. 2211 Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana Hamane lis 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Sneezeweed Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. 2215 Sunflower Helianthus spp. 2212, 2215 Sunflower Helianthus angustifo ius 2215 Acute-lobed hepatica Hepatica acutiloba 2212" Wild hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens zai, 2215 Water leaf Hydrophyllum spp. 22ii John's-cabbage triacanthos Habitat Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, low rich woodland, but also dry slopes and pastures Moist ground Well-drained, sun, mountain slopes Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Open fields, road- sides, sandy soil Wide variety of sites Wet or damp acid soil of bogs, thickets, pinelands Upland woods, often calcareous soil Dry, well-drained, moist, shade Damp, rich woods Rich woods and Hydrophyllum virginianum damp clearings Ct 2213, 2215 Marsh-St, John's-wort. Hypericum virginicum tl. 2212 Deciduous holly Lex decidua Walt. 2211, 2214, 2215 Mountain winterberry Lex montana Torr. 2214 American holly Llex opaca Mt. 2211, 2215 Wet sands, bogs and swamps Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Form Tree, to 80 ft tall, with numerous 3- pronged thorns often several inches long Tufted slender grass, 2-4 ft Large tree, 80-90 ft Tall shrub to small tree, 20-30 ft Erect annual herb, 1-2 ft Coarse and stout herb, annuals and perennials Tall perennial herb, 1,5-5 ft Low perennial herb, leaves persist through the winter Shrub, 3-10 ft Perennial herbs Perennial herb, to 2 ft tall Low perennial herb Fruit Pod to 18 in long, sweet pulp between numerous seeds, available Sept.- Feb. Grain in terminal panicle, June- Sept. Winged capsule Capsule, Aug.-Dec. Achene, June-Nov. Achene, autumn Achene, Aug.-Oct. Achene, Mar.-June Capsule, Oct.-Dec. Capsule, May-Aug. Capsule, May-Aug. Capsule, July-Aug. Tall shrub to small Berry, Sept.-Mar. tree, up to 25 ft Shrub to small tree, Berry, Oct.-Nov. 5-20 ft Smal] tree, 15-40 ft, Berry, Aug.-June occasionally up to 100 ft in south continued General wildlife use Seeds eaten by wood duck Seeds eaten by ruffed grouse, squirrels; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by almost al] upland gamebirds, several species song- birds, smal] mammals. Deer occassionally eat the plants. Seeds eaten by wild turkey; plants eaten by white-tailed deer Fruit eaten by bob- white, grouse, song- birds Fruit eaten by birds, smal] mammals Browsed by deer Notes Mostly in uplands as understory shrubs; thrives on ROWs In woods along streams In understory of moist hardwood forests In understory of forest CHAPTER 2 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Winterberry Ory, well-drained, Tall shrub to small Berry, Sept.-Oct. Browsed by deer, ruffed llex verticillata moist, sun and tree, 6-25 ft grouse, bobwhite, ring- 1.) Gray shade necked pheasant, birds 2211, 2214 Jewe lweed Wet, shady places Low annual herb Capsule, June- Seeds eaten by a few Impatiens capensis and swamps Sept. species of birds and ie smal] mammals; humming- 2212, 2214, 2115 birds use the nectar Marshes, wet Large perennial herb, Capsule, May-July meadows 2-3 ft Southern blue flag Marshes, bottom- Perennial herb, low, Capsule, May Iris virginica lands, wet arching to ground . savannas, shallow 2213 water Sweet-spire Well-drained, Tall shrub Capsule, flowers In swamps Itea virginica moist, sun and May-June tT. shade 2211 Twinleaf Woods Low perennial herb Capsule, Apr.-May Jeffersonia diphyla ~) Pers. 2215 Butternut Well-drained, sun, Medium-sized tree, Nut, Sept.-Nov. Seeds eaten by Short-lived Juglans cinerea rich moist soil in 30-50 ft and over squirrels U. bottomlands, also on 2212 poorer and drier soil Black walnut Juglans nigra 2211, 2717, 2215 Rush “Juncus spp. 2211, 2212, 2214 Common juniper Juniperus communis 2214 Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana te 2214, 2215 Mountain- laurel Kalmia latifolia Uw 2211, 2214 Wood-nettle Laportea canadensis TL.) Wedd. 2213, 2215 Bush-c lover Lespedeza spp. ichx. 2214, 2215 Blazing-star Liatris punctata Hook. 2215 Well-drained, sun and shade, bottom- lands and’hillsides with rich soil Variety of sites, wet or dry open soil or water Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, dry and rocky soil common on limestone Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Low woods and banks of streams Mostly dry woods and clearings Dry to damp prairies, open woods, marsh edges, meadows SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Large tree, 50-75 ft, up to 100 ft Chiefly perennial grass-like herbs Shrub to small tree, 6-40 ft Medium-sized tree, evergreen, 30-40 ft, up to 50 ft Shrub, 3-15 ft Tall perennial herb, 1-3 ft Annual and perennial herbs, small to large, mostly upright, wand- like stems Perennial herb, 1-5 ft Nut, Oct.-Nov. Capsule, Apr.- Sept. Berry, Sept., per- sistent all year round Berry, Sept.-Nov., persistent Capsule, Sept. Achene, July-Sept. Legume, June-Oct. Achene, July-Oct. continued Seeds eaten by squirrels Long-lived Plants eaten by muskrat Fruit eaten by ruffed Common in pastures grouse, bobwhite, ring- and old fields necked pheasant, many species of songbirds; browsed by deer; cover for songbirds Fruit eaten by ruffed Long-lived, pioneer grouse, bobwhite, ring- species necked pheasant, many species of songbirds; browsed by deer Browsed by ruffed grouse, white-tailed deer Usually in acid, sandy soil Seeds eaten by bobwhite quail, turkey; plants eaten by deer 69 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Spicebush well-drained, Shrub, 6-15 ft Drupe, Aug.-Sept., Fruit eaten by few In moist woods and Lindera benzoin moist, usually may be persistent species of songbirds along streams; (L.) Blume slightly acid, rich and upland gamebirds persistent in 2211 soil, sun and shade clearings Sweetgum Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 60-80 ft Compound capsule, Seeds eaten by song- Liquidambar styraciflua moist, sun, typical and over Sept.-Oct., seeds birds, squirrels T. of swamps and river shed during winter 2211, 2212, 2215 bottoms, also on upland sites Tulip-poplar Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 80-100 Samara, Sept.-Nov, Seeds eaten by few Commonly invades Liriodendron tulipifera sun, common in ft, up to 150 ft species songbirds, old fields Tt bottomlands, also smal] mammals and 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 on rocky slopes squirrels Puccoon Dry or sandy soil, Erect perennial herb, Nutlets, Apr.-June Lithospermum canescens open woods under 2 ft 2215 Honeysuckle well-drained, Climbing vines or Berry Considered a Lonicera spp. moist, sun, some shrubs troublesome weed on L. species shade good sites 2214 F ly-honeysuck le Moist, shade Straggling shrub, Berry, June-Sept.. In cool, moist woods Lonicera canadensis 3-5 Ft artr. 2212, 2214 Hairy honeysuckle Dry, well-drained, Twining vine, 10 ft Berry, July-Oct. | Fruit eaten by several On calcareous shores Lonicera hirsuta sun songbirds and bluffs, in woods ate 2213 Woodb ine Ory, well-drained, High-climbing vine, Berry, available Browsed by white- Lonicera sempervirens sun evergreen Sept.-Oct. tailed deer TC 2215 Water-purslane Wet open places, Spreading herb Seeds, minute Ludwigia palustris shores or shallow : : water 2214 Club-moss Mostly dry to moist Low, trailing peren- Sporangia, June- Plants eaten by Lycopodium spp. woods, thickets, nial with evergreen Oct. opossum, deer t. and clearings leaves 2212 Climbing fern Moist acid soil of Twining fern Sporangia, Aug.- Lygodium palmatum marshes, thickets, Sept. Chernh} rand and open woods 2211 Maleberry Moist, sun and Shrub, 2-12 ft Capsule, flowers In moist thickets Lyonia ligustrina shade May-June they oe. 2211 Whorled loosestrife Open woods and Perennial herb, 1-3 Capsule, June-Aug. Plants eaten by white- Lysimachia quadrifolia thickets ft tailed deer 2214, 2215 Magnolia Moist, well-drained, Shrubs or trees, Drupe Magnolia spp. sun, shade to 100 ft and over 2aii Cucumber-tree Well-drained, Large tree, 60-90 ft Drupe, Aug.-Oct. Fruit eaten by song- Magnolia acuminata moist, sun and birds, bobwhite t shade, prefers deep, 22il, 2214, 2215 moist, and fertile soils, also on rocky slopes continued 70 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Wild lily-of-the-valley Woods and new Creeping or climbing Seeds, minute Maianthemum canadense clearings, may vine Dest. ascend to high 2212, 2213, 2214 elevations Cucumber-root Moist rich woods Stem to 3 ft, un- Berry, May-June Medeola virginiana branched perennial Te 2214 Cow-wheat Bogs, heaths and Bushy herb, to 1.5 Capsule, July-Aug. Melampyrum lineare damp peaty or dry ft tall Desv. sandy barrens 2214 Moonseed Well-drained, Twining vine, 6-12 ft Drupe, Sept.-Oct. In woods and Menispermum canadense moist, sun and thickets t. \ shade 2213, 2215 Partridge-berry Ory, well-drained, Evergreen vine, Berry, July-Oct., Fruit eaten by few Usually in moist Mitchella repens moist, shade creeping often persistent species of songbirds woodlands " and gamebirds 22il, 2214 Red mulberry Dry, well-drained, Small tree, 20-30 ft Compound drupe, Fruit eaten by several Mostly in foothills Morus rubra moist, sun May-Aug. species songbirds, fox and bottomlands; t and gray squirrels, seldom common 2214, 2215 skunk , raccoon, opossurt Mountain holly well-drained, Shrub, 3-12 ft Drupe, July-Sept Fruit eaten by few Usually in bogs or Nemopanthus mucronata moist, sun species birds moist cool woods re 2214 Black gum Well-drained, Medium to large tree, Drupe, Sept.-Oct., Fruit eaten by many — Common on burns and Nyssa sylvatica moist, sun and 30-40 ft, up to 100 may by persistent Songbirds, ruffed old fields Marsh. shade, rich, moist ft grouse, bobwhite, 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 — bottomlands, common turkey, pheasant, black on dry ridges, and bear, squirrels; swamps browsed by deer Sensitive fern Low open ground, Sterile fronds, to 2 Spores Onoclea sensibilis alluvial thickets, ft tall te and low woods 2212, 2713, 2714, 2715 Upland rice-grass Woods, thickets and Culms tufted, to 2 ft Seed, small Oryzopsis asperifolia peaty openings tall Michx, 2213, 2714 Sweet cicely Woods and wooded Slender stem, to 3. Fruit, .2 in long Osmorhiza claytoni upland slopes ft tall (Michx.) CoB Clarke 2212, 2213 Cinnamon fern Swamps, low woods, Large, coarse fern, Sporangia on Osmunda cinnamomea thickets often in large fertile fronds, te patches spring 2211, 2214 Interrupted fern Moist woods and Large, coarse fern — Sporangia on mid- Osmunda claytoniana thickets, also dle of fronds, wT dry, stony soil spring and early 2211, 2212, 2713, 2214 autumn Royal fern Low woods, bogs, Tall fern, up to 6 — Sporangia terminal Osmunda regalis meadows, thickets ft and over on fronds, spring wT. and early autumn 2214 Hop-hornbeam Dry, well-drained, Small tree, 20-30 ft, Nutlet, Aug.-Oct, Seeds eaten by ruffed A snall understory Ostrya virginiana moist, sun and occasionally 60 ft “ grouse, bobwhite, ring- tree (MTT. ) KS Koch shade necked pheasant, song- 2211, 212, 2713, birds; browsed by deer, 2214, 2718 rabbits continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 71 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sourwood Dry, well-drained, Small tree, but occa- Capsule, Sept.- Browsed by white- Valuable honey tree Oxydendrum arboreum sun and shade sionally 40-60 ft Oct. tailed deer zeit, 2214 Allegheny-spurge Well-drained, sun Small evergreen Capsule, flowers Often forms large Pachysandra procumbens and shade shrub, to 6 ft Mar.-May clumps on calcareous ichx. soil 2215 Ginseng Rich, moist woods Low perennial herb Red berries, July- Panax quinquefolium Aug. Tw 2213 Panic-grass Variety of sites, Annual and perennial Single grain on a Seeds eaten by water- Panicum spp. mainly upland grasses of various branchlet of a fowl, marsh and shore . fields, some in habit panicle birds, upland gamebirds, 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 moist, low areas songbirds, small mam- mals; plants eaten by deer Woodb ine Well-drained, High-climbing or Berry, Aug.-Oct. Fruit eaten by song- In woods and Parthenocissus inserta moist, sun and trailing vine birds thickets and on Kern.) K. Fritsch shade banks 2213 Virginia creeper Well-drained, High-climbing vine Berry, Aug.-Feb. Fruit eaten by many Often in moist, Parthenocissus moist, sun and songbirds sunny clearings lutnquefolia shade U.) Planch. 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Passion-f lower Thickets and Slender perennial Berry, June-Sept. Passiflora lutea borders of woods herb 2215 Scorpion-weed Rich woods, shaded Upright biennial Capsule, May-June Phacelia bipinnatifida rocks, and alluvial herb, 1-2 ft Wichx, soil 2211 Canary-grass Shores, swales, and Perennial grass from Large grain, June- Seeds eaten by bob- Phalaris arundinacea meadows creeping rhizomes Aug. white, ring-necked le pheasant, songbirds 2213 Blue phlox Damp to dry open Perennial herb with Capsule, Apr.-June Hummingbirds use Phlox divaricata woods, rocky slopes spreading stem or nectar : ascending from 2211, 2212, 2213, 2215 decumbent base Lopseed Rich thickets and Tall perennial herb, Ory fruit in Phryma leptostachya woods 1-3 ft calyx, lop down : against stem, 2213 July-Sept.. Ninebark Well-drained, Large shrub Follicle, flowers Seeds eaten by birds Often gregarious Physocarpus capitatus moist, sun and Apr.-duly urs) tze. shade 2214 Ninebark Well-drained, Large shrub, 3-10 ft Follicle, Sept.- Seeds eaten by birds In thickets, shores, Physocarpus opulifolius moist, sun and Oct. rocky banks t. Hains shade 2215 Pokeweed Damp thickets, Tall, stout perennial Berry, July-Oct. Fruit eaten by mourning Phytolacca americana clearings, road- herb, 4-10 ft dove, many songbirds, : sides fox, opossum, raccoon. 2212 Clearweed Moist shaded sites Low herb, often Achene, July-Oct. Pilea pumila colonial UL.) Gray 2215 continued ? CHAPTER 2 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Short leaf pine Pinus echinata wn, . 2218 Tab le-mountain pine Pinus pungens Tam. 2214 Pitch pine Pinus rigida wiTT. 2214 White pine Pinus strobus U 2213, 2114 Virginia pine Pinus virginiana WIT. 22i1, 2214 Sycamore Platanus occidentalis 221, 2212, 2214, 2215 Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis T 2218 May-apple Podophyllum peltatum 2212 Jacob's-ladder Polemonium van-bruntiae Britt. 2215 Fringed polygala Polygala paucifolia Td. 2214 Solomon's-seal Polygonatum biflorum Watt.) ETT 2212, 2213, 2214 Hairy Solomon's-seal Polygonatum pubescens Fd.) Pursh 2212 Knotweed or Smartweed fo ygonum spp. 2217, 2215 Smartweed Polygonum pensylvanicum v 2214 Ory, well-drained, sun, prefers sandy or gravelly clay soil Dry, well-drained. sun, typical of poor soils, dry mountain ridges Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, common on dry, rocky ridges, also in swampy areas Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, variety of soils, chiefly Cone, Sept. of second season, persistent Large tree, ever- green, 80-100 ft and over Cone, seeds shed in fall of second season or within 2-3 years Smal] evergreen tree, 30-40 ft, up to 60 ft Cone, matures in second season, persistent and opens slowly Large tree, ever- green, 40-60 ft Large tree, ever- Cone, matures in green, 80 ft and over July of second season, seeds fall in Sept. clayey or loamy soils Dry, well-drained, sun, dry rocky sites on poor sandy soil Moist, well-drained, sun, bottomlands, banks of streams Moist slopes, shores, meadows, and fields, partial to limestone soil Rich woods, thickets, pastures Wooded swamps, bogs, glades Woods in light soil Dry to moist, sandy, loamy, or rocky woods and thickets Woods, wooded bluffs, and about boulders Variety of habitats Damp soil, thick- ets, clearings Cone, matures in second season, opens slowly, persistent Smal] to medium tree, 30-40 ft and over Large tree, 100-175 Achene, Oct., ft persistent Stoloniferous peren- nial grass Grain, tightly embraced in terminal panicles Low perennial herb with creeping rhi- zomes, often colonial Large, lemon-like berry, Apr.-June Tall perennial herbs, Capsule, June-July 1-3 ft Low creeping peren- Capsule, May-June nial herb with rhizomes and stolons Tall perennial herb, 1-3 ft Berry, May-June Tall hairy perennial herb, 1-3 ft Berry, May-June Achene with large seeds, June-Oct. Mostly small, short leaves, erect or prostrate herbs Depressed to erect annual herb, 1-4 ft Achene, May-Oct. continued Seeds eaten by song- Invades old fields birds Agressive in old Seeds eaten by song- fields birds; browsed by deer, ruffed grouse Seeds eaten by song- Resistant to fire + birds, red squirrel; browsed by ruffed grouse, deer Seeds eaten by birds, Invades old fields bobwhite, red squirrel; browsed by deer, rabbits Seeds eaten by song- Invades old fields, birds; browsed by deer spoil banks Seeds eaten by mallard, Invades denuded other birds areas, spoil banks Seeds eaten by ring- necked pheasant, prairie chicken, turkey, song- birds; plants eaten by rabbit, smal] mammals, deer, moose, coot Fruit eaten by small mammals, squirrels, chipmunk; plants eaten by deer Fruit eaten by prairie chicken; plants eaten by deer Seeds eaten by mourning dove, ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite, woodcock, many songbirds, smal] mammals Same as Polygonum spp. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 73 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2_ (Continued) 74 Species Arrow-leaved tearthumb Polygonum sagittatum 2214 Leafcup Polymnia canadensis 2215 Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides Fchx.) Schott 2212, 2214 Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides Marsh 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Large-toothed aspen Populus grandidentata Fchx. 2212, 2213, 2214 Trembling aspen Populus tremuloides Michx. 2214 Cinquefoil Ja spp. 2214, 2215 Wild plum Prunus americana Marsh. 2213, 2214, 2215 Fire cherry Prunus pensylvanica U 2214 Black cherry Prunus serotina ri 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Choke-cherry Prunus virginiana im 2212, 2213, 2214 Sampson's snakeroot Psoralea psoralioides * (WaTt.) Cory 2215 Ostrich fern Pteretis pensylvanica WilTd.y Ferm 2212 Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum LU.) Kuhn 2214 Habitat Wet places, marshes Moist woods, ravines Common on rocky shaded slopes, in ravines Well-drained, moist, sun, rich moist bottoms, swamps and shores Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, wide range of sites Dry, well-drained, sun, wide range of Sites Variety of sites Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, deep, moist fertile soil to dry, gravelly or sandy soil Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Open woods and pinelands Swamps and along streams Variety of sites, usually in poor soil, in woods and open areas Form Weak, leaning on other plants, 2-6 ft Tall perennial herb, 2-5 ft Low evergreen fern, often in colonies Large tree, 50-100 ft Medium-sized tree, 30-60 ft Small tree, 30-40 ft and over Tall to medium herbs with compound leaves, rarely shrubs Small tree, 10-30 ft Small tree, up to 30 ft Large tree, 50-60 ft and over Large shrub to small tree, up to 25 ft Perennial herb, up to 2 ft Large tufted fern, up to 6 ft Medium coarse fern with extensive rhizomes, form large colonies Furit Achene, June-Oct. Achene, June-Oct. Sporangia, June- Oct. Capsule, May-June Capsule, May Capsule, May-June Achene, Apr.-Sept. Drupe, July-Oct. Drupe, Aug.-Oct. Drupe, June-Nove. Drupe, Aug. -Oct. Capsule, Sept.- Oct. Sporangia, July- Oct. Sporangia, summer continued General wildlife ace Same as Polygonum spp. Plants eaten by deer, ruffed grouse Browsed by rabbit Browsed by deer, rabbit, grouse, beaver Browsed by grouse , deer, beaver, rabbit, varying hare, squirrels eat the buds Plants eaten by ruffed grouse, rabbit, deer Fruit eaten by ring- necked pheasant, many species of songbirds Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, bobwhite, ring- necked pheasant, turkey, many species of song- birds, black bear, fox, squirrel, small mammals; browsed by rabbits and deer Same as P. pensylvanica Same as P. pensylvanica Plants eaten by deer, woodchuck Note Invades denuded areas, spoil banks Pioneer on burned and cutover land; short-lived; pro- duces root suckers Pioneer on burned and cutover land; short-lived; pro- duces root suckers “Often forms thick- ets on borders of woods and swamps Short-lived Invades cutover and burned land In open woodlands, Tenve rows, rodd- sides, and waste areas CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum flexuosum ts t.) BSP. 2215 Oilnut Pyrularia pubera Michx. 2211 White oak Quercus alba L 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Swamp-white oak were bicolor d. 2211, 2212, 2213 Northern red oak Quercus borealis Michx. f. 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214 Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea Muenchh. 2214, 2215 Jack oak Quercus ellipsoidalis HiT 2213 Spanish oak Quercus falcata Michx. 2215 Bear oak Quercus ilicifolia Wang. 2214 Shingle oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. 2211, 2215 Laurel-leaved oak Quercus laurifolia Michx. 2215 Over-cup oak Quercus lyrata Walt. 2215 Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 2213, 2215 Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Muenchh. 2215 Dry sandy woods and clear ings Rich woods, thick ets, and alluvial soil Dry, well-drained, sun, tolerant of moist soils in bottomlands and on ridges Well-drained, moist, sun, swamp bottomlands, and along streams Well-drained, sun and shade, on moist, well-drained soil Dry, well-drained, sun, upland dry sandy or gravelly soils and rocky slopes Well-drained, sun, dry to well-drained upland. sites Dry, well-drained, sun, dry hills or sandy or gravelly soil Dry, well-drained, sun Well-drained, moist, sun, bottom- lands and rich, moist slopes Well-drained, moist, sun, in swamps and along streams, also on upland sites Well-drained, moist, sun, swamps and bottomlands which are often flooded Dry, well-drained, sun, prefers rich moist soil in bot- tomlands and along streams Dry, well-drained, sun, dry sterile woods, sandy sites, or clay barrens SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Upright perennial herb, mint-like flavor Straggling shrub, 3-12 ft Large tree, 60-80 ft and over large tree, 60-80 ft large tree, 70-90 ft and over Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Medium-sized tree, 40-60 ft Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Small tree, up to 20 ft Large tree, 40-60 ft and over Large tree, 50-60 ft and over Small to large tree, up to 100 ft large tree, 60-80 ft, up to 150 ft Tree, 20-30 ft tall, occasionally to 50 ft, leaves broadly obovate, usually 3-lobed at apex, 6-7 in long Nutlets or achenes, July-Sept. Fleshy pyri form Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct., ger- minate in fall Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Oct.-Nov. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Sept .-Oct. Acorn, Aug.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, available in Oct. continued Acorns eaten by wood dacks, mallards, quail, ruffed grouse, phea- sants, prairie chicken, turkey, woodpeckers, many songbirds, bears, squirrels, raccoons, chipmunks; browsed by rabbits and deer Same as Q. alba Same as Q. 0 is is Same as Q. alba Same as Same as Same Same Same as Same Same as Same as Usually in moun- tains; parasitic roots Very long-lived; all the oaks are valuable to wild- life, particularly for food; persis- tence of fruit and leaves into winter is also valuable to wildlife Seldom a common tree Long-lived Short-lived Short-lived Rather short-lived Favored by fire and forms scrub oak barrens Sometimes used as a shade tree Used as a street and shade tree Long-lived Used as an orna- mental tree and is fairly tolerant of smoke 75 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Yellow oak Dry, well-drained, Medium-sized to large Acorn, annual, Same as Q. alba uercus muhlenbergii sun, prefers rich tree, 40-50 ft and Oct-Nov. nge lm, soils of bottom over 2215 lands, also on dry hillsides with lime- stone outcroppings Pin oak well-drained, Large tree, 40-60 ft Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba Used as an orna- Quercus palustris moist, sun, wet and over Sept.-Oct. mental tree Muench. bottomlands along 2211, 2212, 2215 streams and on low flats Willow oak Well-drained, Large tree, 60-80 ft Acorn, biennial, Same a Q. alba Used as an orna- Quercus phellos moist, sun, in and over Oct. mental tree Le bottomlands on 2211 poorly drained soil Chinquapin oak Dry, sun Tall shrub to small Acorn, Sept.-Oct. Same as Q. alba Favored by fire and uercus prinoides tree, 12-15 ft clearing; thicket- id. forming 2214 Chestnut oak Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 50-70 ft Acorn, annual, Same as Q. alba Seedlings tolerant Quercus prinus sun, rocky ridges Oct.-Nov. of shade i and slopes 2211, 2714, 2215 Red oak Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 60-80 ft Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba Quercus rubra sun, on sandy and’ and over Sept.-Oct. i heavy soils 2213, 2215 Shumard's red oak Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 100 ft Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba uercus shumardii moist, sun, bottom- and over Oct. feet IT land and borders 2212, 2215 of swamps Post oak Dry, well-drained, Medium-sized tree, Acorn, annual, Same as Q. alba uercus stellata sun, dry, rocky or up to 60 ft Sept.-Oct. tage sandy soils 2215 Black oak Ory, well-drained, Large tree, 60-80 ft Acorn, biennial, | Same as Q. alba 2212, 2214, 2215 Kidneyleaf-buttercup Ranunculus abortivus t. 2213 Swamp-buttercup Ranuncu| septente inalis ‘0 2212, 2215 Yellow buckthorn Rhamnus caroliniana Watt. ii 2211, 2215 Smooth azalea Rhododendron arborescens moist, sun and ‘ursh) Torr. 2214 Rhododendron U. 2nl, 2214 16 sun, dry, rocky or and over gravelly slopes and ridges Woods, damp thick- ets, clearings Low inconspicuous herb Moist wouds, thick- Perennial herb, ets, meadows often reclines well-drained, Small tree, 30-40 ft, moist, sun and also occurs as a tall shade, along stream shrub banks, also on hill- sides and ridges, generally on lime- stone soil Well-drained, Spreading shrub, 6-18 ft shade well-drained, moist, sun and shade Evergreen shrub, usually 6-8 ft, up to 30 ft Oct.-Nov. Achene, Mar.-June Achene, Apr.-July Drupe, Sept.-Nov. Capsule, flowers June-July Capsule, flowers June-July continued Seeds eaten by wood duck, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, turkey, songbirds, fur and game mammals, smal) mamma Is same as R. abortivas Fruit eaten by bear, rabbit Browsed by deer Same as R. arborescens In rocky woods, swamps, stream banks Damp woods, swamps, pond margins CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Pinxter- flower Rhododendron nudiflorum L.) Tori 2211, 2214 Fragrant sumac Rhus aromatica Ait. 2215 Smooth sumac Rhus glabra 2214, 2215 Poison ivy Rhus radicans LE 2212, 2213, 2214 Staghorn sumac Rhus typhina U 2214 Poison sumac Rhus vernix t. 2212, 2214 Gooseberry Ribes spp. Ls 2215 Pasture gooseberry Ribes cynosbati L 2211, 2212, 2213, 2215 Black locust Robinia pseudo-acacia L 2211, 2214, 2215 Wild rose Rosa spp. fi 2213, 2214 Blackberry Rubus allegheniensis Porter 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Dewberry Rubus flagellaris wiltd. 2214 Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Moist, sun Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, better growth on deep rich, moist soil, often on dry lime- stone soil and on rocky sterile ridges Meadows, open woods, stream margins, woods' borders, sun and shade Thickets, clear- ings, borders of woods, sun Dry, open areas SELECTED PLANT SPECIES large shrub, to 6 ft Shrub, 3-6 ft Shrub, usually 2-6 ft, up to 18 ft Shrub, to 6 ft, or climbing vine Shrub to small tree, 10-20 ft Shrub to small tree, 5-20 ft Shrubs to 15 ft Spiny shrub, 2-5 ft Medium-sized tree, 30-70 ft Shrubs, mostly prickly, usually under 5 ft Prickly shrub, 3-10 ft Prostrate shrub with trailing prickly canes, under 3 ft Capsule, flowers Apr-May Drupe, July-Aug., persistent Drupe, Sept.- Oct., persistent Drupe, Sept .-Nov. Drupe, Sept. and persistent the year round Drupe, Sept. Berry Berry, Apr.-Aug. Legume, Sept.-Apr. Fleshy with many achenes, persist- ent Fleshy with num- erous small drupe- lets, July-Aug. Fleshy with num- erous small drupelets, June- Aug. continued Browsed by deer Fruit eaten by phea- sants, bobwhite, tur- key, grouse, prairie chicken, songbirds ; browsed by deer and rabbits Same as R. aromatica Same as R. aromatica Same as R. aromatica Same as R. aromatica Fruit eaten by raccoon, squirrel, red fox, smal] mammals, song- birds; browsed by rabbits Same as Ribes spp. Seeds eaten by bob- white, few species songbirds, squirrels Fruit eaten by song- birds, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey, squirrel, ring-necked pheasant, black bear, skunk, opossum, coy- ote; browsed by deer, rabbits; escape-nest- ing cover for song- birds Fruit eaten by grouse, Pheasants, prairie chickens, turkey, bob- white, many songbirds, raccoons, skunks, small mammals; browsed by deer and rabbits Same as R. alleghen- iensis Commonly in sandy soil, open woods, and swamps, Thicket- forming; dry rocky banks; Rhus spp. is impor- tant to wildlife, particularly in winter Thicket- forming; commonly on acid soil In thickets and open woods Thicket-forming in old fields and clearings Foliage not dense Thrives on many soils and sites Often forms thickets by root sprouts; young shoots poison- ous to livestock Many are thicket- forming Rubus spp. provide good escape and nesting cover for birds and mammals; form dense thickets in burns, old fields and logged areas Common in old fields 77 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Swamp dewberry Low, boggy sites Nearly prostrate Fleshy with Same as R. allegheni- Forms a low dense Rubus hispidus and upland flats, shrub, under 3 ft numerous small] ensis mat, green into the tT. sun and shade drupelets, Aug. winter 2214 Red raspberry Woods and thickets, Shrub, 3-6 ft Fleshy with Same as R. allegheni- Stems are biennial; Rubus idaeus sun numerous smal] ensis common on dry, ° drupelets, June- rocky slopes 2212, 2213 Aug. Black raspberry Rocky woods, Shrub, 3-6 ft Fleshy with Same as R. allegheni- Stems are biennial; Rubus occidentalis thickets, sun numerous small ensis common in fields nue drupelets, June- and fence rows 2213, 2214, 2215 Aug. Black-eyed Susan Open woods, Tall perennial herb, Achene, June-Oct. Seeds eaten by many Rudbeckia hirta thickets, barrens 1-3 ft songbirds, gamebirds; ° and fields plants eaten by deer 2215 Golden-glow Moist rich ground, Tall, coarse peren- Achene, July-Sept. Same as R. hirta Rudbeckia laciniata thickets nial herb, 3-12 ft 2213 Sheep-sorrel Fields with acid Low perennial herb, Achene, June-Oct. Seeds eaten by ruffed Rumex acetosella soil spreading by root- grouse and few other Le stocks gamebirds; plants eaten 2214 by rabbits Willow Adaptable to a Small to large tree Capsule, Apr.-June Buds eaten by song- Thicket-forming Salix spp. great variety of birds, grouse; browsed from suckers, . soils and sites, by hare, rabbits, deer, relatively short- 2211, 2214 usually intolerant beaver lived of shade Shrubby willow Dry, well-drained, Shrubs to small Capsule, early Same as Salix spp. Common in swamps Salix spp. moist, sun trees, up to 15-30 ft summer and along streams 2212, 2213, 2214 Prairie willow Ory, well-drained, Shrub, up to 10 ft Capsule, early Same as Salix spp. Thicket-forming in Salix humilis moist, sun summer openings; in dry Marsh. barrens 2214 Black willow Dry, well-drained, Tree, 40-65 ft Capsule, available Same as Salix spp. Salix nigra moist, sun Apr.-June Marsh. 2212, 2213, 2215 Common elder Well-drained, Stoloniferous shrub, Berry, Aug.-Oct. Fruit eaten by many In moist rich soil Sambucus canadensis moist, sun and 3-12 ft species of songbirds, chiefly in bottom- L. shade ruffed grouse, bob- Jand 2211, 2212, 2213, white, mourning dove, 2214, 2215 ring-necked pheasant, turkey, squirrels, raccoons, opossums ; plant eaten by deer and rabbits Red-berried elder Ory, well-drained, Large shrub, 3-12 ft Berry, June-Nov., Same as S. canadensis On rocky banks, Sambucus pubens sun and shade sometimes persist- ravines, wouus, Michx, ent and clearings 2213, 2214 Bloodroot Rich woods Low perennial herb Capsule, Mar.-May Sanguinaria canadensis C. 2211, 2212, 2213, 2215 continued 78 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit Black snakeroot Sanicula gregaria U 2212, 2213 White sassafras Sassafras albidum Nutt.) Nees. 2211, 2212, 2214, 2215 Basil Satureja calamintha 2218 Lizard's-tail Saururus cernuus 2218 Cat-claw Schrankia nuttallii «) StandT, 2215 Skullcap Scutelaria spp. tT 2213 Wild stonecrop Sedum ternatum Mchx 2215 Foxtail Setaria spp. eauv. 2212 Blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium spp. 2212 False Solomon's-seal Smilacina racemosa T. Des . 2213, 214, 2215 Greenbrier Walt. 2212, 2215 Carrion-f lower or Herbaceous greenbrier Smilax herbacea t. 2212, 2213, 2215 Bristly greenbrier Smilax hispida Ait.) Borkh. 2211, 2212, 2213, 2115 Bittersweet nightshade Solanum dulcamara a 2212 Rich woods and thickets Ory, well-drained, sun Woods and clearings Swamps, shallow water Sandy pinelands, fields and woods Variety of sites Damp rocks, mossy banks Variety of sites, often a weed in fields Fields, meadows, marshes Woods, clearings, bluffs Ory, well-drained, sun Rich or alluvial thickets, meadows, Tow woods Dry- well-drained, moist, sun Moist thickets and clearings Globular to ellip- soid with hooked prickles, Apr.- duly Tall perennial herb, 1-4 ft Small tree, 20-40 ft Drupe, Aug.-Oct. Stoloniferous peren- Nutlets, July-Oct. nial herb ¥ Tall perennial herb, 2-5 ft Ory, wrinkled, somewhat fleshy, June-Sept. Perennial herb with procumbent stems Legume, June-Sept. Nutlets, June- Sept. Bitter perennial herbs Fleshy-leaved, low perennial Follicle, Apr.- June Annual or perennial grasses Rather large grain in spike-like panicles, June- Oct. Stiff, grass-like low perennials Small round pod, May-July Low perennial herb with a fleshy rhizome Berry, May-July Partially evergreen vine Berry, Sept.-Oct., often persistent Herbaceous, climbing Berry, May-June by tendrils, with annual stems High-climbing vine Berry, Oct.-Nov. commonly persist- ent Weak, vine-like, 2-8 ft Berry, May-Sept. continued General wildlife use Notes Fruit eaten by many songbirds, turkey, grouse, bears, bob- white, squirrel, rac- coons; browsed by deer Invades old fields and forms thickets Fruit eaten by wood duck Seeds eaten by bob- white Seeds eaten by water- fowl, shore birds, most upland gamebirds, many songbirds Seeds eaten by prairie chicken, wild turkey Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, few songbirds, rodents Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, songbirds, turkey, fox, small mammals, black deer; browsed by deer, rabbits Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, songbirds; plants eaten by deer Same as S. glauca Grows wild on poor soils including sandy woods and openings Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, other gamebirds, few species of song- birds SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 719 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Goldenrod Solidago spp. 22ii, 2212, 2213, 2214, 2215 Mountain-ash Sorbus americana Marsh, 2214 Marsh-grass Spartina pectinata unr 2213 Meadow spiraea Spiraea latifolia Att Borkh. 2214 Hardhack Spiraea tomentosa 2aii, 2214 Bladdernut Staphylea trifolia 2212, 2215 Mountain-came1lia Stewartia pentagyna Ee er. 2211 Wood-poppy Stylophorum diphy!1um tittche. Natt 2211 Pencil-flower Stylosanthes biflora 2215" Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus tC Blake 2215 Coralberry Synphor icarpos orbiculatus loenchh. 2215 Skunk cabbage Symplocarpos foetidus 9) Nutt. 2212 Synandra Synandra hispidula thes Baily. 2211 Baldcypress Taxodium distichum LU.) Richar 2215 Goat's-rue Tephrosia virginiana L.) Pers. 2215 Variety of sites Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Shores, gravels, wet prairies, or swamps Well-drained, moist, sun well-drained, moist, sun Moist, sun and shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Damp woods Ory woods, thick- ets, and openings Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Ory, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Wet meadows or swampy woods and thickets Wet woods, damp thickets, and stream banks Well-drained, moist, sun, swamps Tall perennial herbs, mostly wand-shaped stems, 2-9 ft Small tree, to 20 ft Coarse perennial grass with creeping rhizomes, up to 6 ft Erect shrub, 3-6 ft Small shrub, to 5 ft Erect shrub, to 12 ft Large shrub Low perennial herb Low perennial herb Smal] shrub, usually under 3 ft Small shrub, 2-6 ft Tall perennial herb, 1-3 ft Low, hairy perennial herb Large tree, up to 150 ft and alluvial bottom- lands, grows well on well-drained upland sites Ory sandy woods and openings Perennial herb Achene, summer and fall Pome, Aug.-Mar., persists through winter Grain in elongated spikes, July-Sept.. Follicle, flowers June-Aug. Follicle, Aug.- Dec. Capsule, Sept. Woody capsule, flowers July-Aug, Ovoid capsule, Mar.-May Short legume pod, June-Sept. Berry, available year round Berry, Sept.-June Globular spadix, Feb.-May Nutlet, June Cone Shaggy legume, May-Aug. continued Seeds eaten by few species of songbirds and upland gamebirds Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, songbirds; browsed by deer Seeds eaten by water- fowl, marsh and shore birds, songbirds Browsed by ruffed grouse, white-tailed deer Browsed by cottontail Fruit eaten by song- birds, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite; browsed by white-tailed deer Same as S. albus Seeds eaten by wood duck, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite Seeds eaten by water- fowl Often forms large, dense patches A northern plant Usually in rocky or moist ground; thicket-forming Often in swamps and low ground; aggres- sive weed in pastures Thickets in moist soil and along streams Rich woods in stream banks Thicket-forming in rocky and dry soil Thicket-forming, often weedy in pas- tures; open woods, pastures, and on banks CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Early meadow-rue Rich, rocky woods, Perennial herb, 1-2 Achene, Apr.-Nay Thalictrum dioicum ravines, alluvial ft : terraces 2213 False miterwort Rich woods Low perennial herb Capsule, Apr.-duly Plants eaten by ruffed Tiarella cordifolia grouse 221i Basswood Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 60-100 ft Nut-like, Aug.- Seeds eaten by song- Often are den trees Tilia americana moist, sun, prefers and over Oct., sometimes birds, squirrels, chip- . bottomlands, also persistent munks; browsed by deer 2212, 2213, 2214 on slopes which are often rocky White basswood Ory, well-drained, Large tree, 60-100 ft Nut-like, Aug.- ilia heterophylla sun Sept. Ven 2211, 2215 Spiderwort. Woods, thickets, Low perennial herb Capsule, Apr.-July Tradescantia virginiana meadows T. 2215 Trillium Mostly rich woods Low perennial herb Berry, Mar.-July Trillium spp. Te 2211 Nodding trillium Acid or peaty woods Low perennial herb Berry, Apr.-July Trillium cernuum and thickets 2215 Large-flowered trillium Rich woods, thick- Low perennial herb Berry, Apr.-June Common on ROWS Trillium geandiflorum ets, open areas ict Xx.) alisbd. 2212, 2213 Toadshade Rich woods Low perennial herb Berry, Apr.-June Trillium sessile 2212 Hemlock Well-drained, sun Large evergreen tree, Cone, seeds shed Seeds eaten by song- Forms thickets Tsuga canadensis and shade, cool, 80-100 ft and over during winter birds, ruffed grouse, ~) Carre moist sites on squirrels; browsed by 2211, 2212, 2214 north slopes, along deer streams, borders of swamps and bogs Cat-tail Marshes and shallow Tall perennial marsh Minute nutlets in Muskrats and waterfowl! Typha latifolia water plants with creeping sausage-like head, eat rootstocks and T. — rhizomes, 3-9 ft May-July seeds 2211, 2212 Winged elm Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 40-50 ft Samara, Mar. Seeds eaten by song- Used as an orna- Ulmus alata sun, mountain areas birds, squirrels; mental tree Mich on dry or well- browsed by deer and 2215 drained soil rabbits American elm Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 75-100 ft Samara, Mar.-May | Same as U. alata Invades old fields Ulmus americana sun, deep moist and pastures soil in bottomlands 2211, 2212, 2213 and on slopes, on 2214, 2215 stream banks, and in swamps Red elm or Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 40-60 ft, Samara, May-June Same as U. alata Invades old fields Slippery elm sun, bottomlands up to 80 ft and pastures Ulmus rubra and rocky slopes MuhT. 2211, 2712, 2713, 2715 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 81 33 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest Table 2210-33.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rock elm Ory, well-drained, Large tree, to over Samara, May Same as U. alata Ulmus thomas ii sun, common on dry 100 ft iinoeeel Sarg. uplands, and rocky 2213 slopes, also on rocky bottomlands Stinging nettle Waste ground, road- Tough-stemmed peren- Achene, June-Sept Urtica dioica sides, light soils nial with stinging hairs, 2-4 ft 2213 Tall nettle Thickets and road- Tall slender peren- Achene, July-Oct. Urtica procera sides, damp soil nial herb, 2-3 ft MuhT, 2212 Large-flowered bellwort Rich woods and Low perennial herb Capsule, Apr.-dune Uvularia grandiflora thickets with clasping leaves om. 2211, 2212, 2213, 2215 Bel wort Moist woods, Low perennial herb Capsule, Apr.-June Uvularia perfoliata thickets, and U. clearings 2214 Low late blueberry Ory, well-drained, Low shrub, under 2 ft Berry, Aug.-Sept. Fruit eaten by ruffed Forms low dense Vaccinium angustifolium sun and shade grouse, bobwhite, tur- patches by under- Rite key, songbirds, bear, ground stems; often 2211, 2212, 2213, deer, rabbits, foxes, on sandy soils 2214, 2215 raccoons, chipmunks Highbush-blueberry Moist, rarely dry Tall shrub, 3-15 ft Berry, June-Aug. same as V. angustifol- Usually in swampy Vaccinium corymbosum or well-drained, jum SmausEN Tole areas, suckers Tv. sun and shade —— freely 2214 Deerberry Ory, well-drained, Profusely branched Berry, July-Sept., same as‘V. angustifol- Somewhat thicket- Vaccinium stamineum sun’ and shade shrub, 3-5 ft soon dropping jum TnaUSEN Fol Forming T. ~ 2211, 2214, 2215 Low early blueberry Dry, well-drained, Low shrub, under 3 ft Berry, July-Sept. same as V. angustifol- Loosely branched Vaccinium vacillans sun and shade ium "and forms patches Torr. a often on sandy soil 2211, 2214, 2215 False hellebore Wet woods and Stout perennial herb Capsule, May-July Veratrum viride swamps with large clasping Rit. leaves, 2-8 ft 2212 Maple-leaved viburnum Ory, well-drained, Small shrub, to 6 ft Drupe, Sept.-Oct., Fruit eaten by ruffed Occasionally Viburnum acerifolium sun and shade often persistent grouse, songbirds, tur- thicket-forming; U key, bobwhite, raccoon, borders of dry 2211, 2212, 2213, 2214 squirrels, chipmunks, woods white-tailed deer, cot- tontail; browsed by deer and beaver Wild-raisin Ory, well-drained, Large shrub, 6-12 ft Drupe, Sept.-Oct., Same as V. acerifolium Often in swamps and Viburnum cassinoides moist, sun and falling at once low ground; occa~ v shade sionally thicket- 2214 forming Arrow-wood well-drained, Large shrub, to 6 ft Drupe, Oct.-Nov., Same as V. acerifolium Otten in swamps and Viburnum dentatum moist, sun and commonly persist- on banks of streams; t shade ent thicket-forming 2214 Nannyberry Ory, well-drained, Large shrub, 9-18 ft Drupe, Aug.-Sept., Same as V. May be found in Viburnum lentago moist, sun and commonly persist- bogs; suckers ve shade ent readily 2215 Violet Variety of sites Low perennial herbs Capsule, Mar.-June Seeds eaten by mourning Viola spp. with tuberous roots dove, ruffed grouse, : bobwhite, songbirds, 2211, 2212, 2214 rabbit continued 82 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2210 Eastern Deciduous Forest 33 Table 2210-33.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Birdfoot-violet Viola pedata L 2215 Downy yellow violet Viola pubescens Ait. 2213 Grape Vitis spp. L 221, 2214 Fox grape Vitis labrusca L. 2212 River-bank grape Vitis riparia Michx. 2213 Prickly-ash Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. 2213 Dry, sunny open- ‘ings, uplands Rich deciduous woods, dry woods Wide range of sites, favor moist, fertile soil, need sunlight Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Well-drained, sun Dry (rare), well- drained, moist, sun and shade SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Low perennial herb Low perennial herb Vines High-climbing bushy vine Moderately branch- ing, climbing vine Tall shrub to small tree Capsule, Mar.- dune Capsule, May- June Berry Berry, Aug.~ Oct., dropping at once Berry, June- Nov., persistent Follicle, Aug.- Sept. Roots eaten by turkeys Same as V. pedata Fruit eaten by many species of songbirds, ruffed grouse, bob- white, turkey, ring- necked pheasant, mourning dove, skunk, fox, squirrels, rac- coon, opossum, bear, deer; browsed by deer Same as Vitis spp. Same as Vitis spp. Seeds eaten by song- birds, bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, cottontail, chipmunk Commonly along fence rows and near margins of woods and along streams In wet or dry thickets Often on river banks; does well on sandy soil Common on stream- banks; forms thickets 83 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Location of sections within the province Province boundary Section boundary SS ; ‘ WA Location of province State boundary within the United States Figure 34.1 Province 2310, Outer Coastal Plain Forest; Sections 2311, Beech—Sweetgum—Magnolia—Pine—Oak Forest; and 2312, Southern Floodplain Forest. 84 CHAPTER 2 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest SECTION 2311, BEECH—SWEETGUM— MAGNOLIA—PINE—OAK FOREST The Beech—Sweetgum—Magnolia—Pine—Oak Forest Section stretches from southern South Carolina to eastern Texas. The section is interrupted by the Southern Floodplain Forest (Section 2312) along the Mississippi Valley. The section borders the Southeastern Mixed Forest (Province 2320) on the north and west, and the Everglades (Province 4110) marks the southern extreme in Florida. The terrain in this section is flat with slightly rolling major hills and ridges that rise only 200 or 300 feet above their surroundings. Evergreen trees dominate the vegetation of the section. Magnolia is common on hammocks and in mesophytic forest communities of ravine slopes and low bluffs. Most forest stands are mixtures of coniferous or broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs. Deciduous species form an understory in older coniferous stands. On dry sites a typical fire climax is longleaf pine and turkey oak; other common understory species include blackjack and willow oak. Sweetgum, Spanish oak, black gum, and loblolly pine are frequent on moist sites. Slash pine may be found mixed with longleaf pine or forming pine stands in ponds, bottoms, and flatwoods. On moist sites, slash pine is often found, with swamp tupelo, black gum, and red maple being prominent associates. Alluvial floodplains and coastal swamps are frequently occupied by mixtures of pond baldcypress, slash pine, swamp tupelo, sweet bay magnolia, and red maple. Many southern species reach the southern limit of their range in this area. PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 SECTION 2312 SOUTHERN FLOODPLAIN FOREST The Southern Floodplain Forest lies along the borders of central eastern Louisiana, western Mississippi, eastern Arkansas, western Tennessee and Kentucky, and southeastern Missouri. It occurs along the alluvial plain of the Mississippi River and along its major tributaries and interrupts the continuity of the surrounding forest types: the Southeastern Mixed Forest (Province 2320), and the Beech—Sweetgum—Magnolia—Pine—Oak Forest (Section 2311). The river itself is the most important influence in the development of the floodplain forest. Vegetation composition changes with increasing distance from the river; three bands or zones of similar vegetation develop parallel to the river: the swamp forest, the hardwood bottom, and the ridge bottom forest. The swamp forest develops in areas where water stands throughout the year, except during severe droughts. Major species in the swamp forest include baldcypress, water tupelo, silver maple, and Carolina and pumpkin ash. Water-elm may form dense thickets. Hardwood bottomlands are flooded for considerable periods, but the soil surface is dry much of the year. Major species include sweetgum, red maple, shingle oak, bur oak, willow oak, elm, sassafras, hackberry, pawpaw, and dogwood in the Mississippi Valley. In the Mississippi delta, water and live oak dominate. Associates include sweetgum, green and pumpkin ash, red maple, and water tupelo. Understory vegetation is dense and lianas are common. Ridgebottom forests develop on areas that are only a few feet higher than surrounding areas, but have better drained and better aerated soil. Sweetgum is predominant, with oaks, shagbark hickory, and pecan, in addition to most species of wetter soils. Table 2310-34.1 [2311] Selected Plant Species Common to the Beech—Sweetgum—Magnolia—Pine—Oak Forest Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Tall-growing trees, Carya glabra Pignut hickory Acer floridanum Florida maple over 40 ft (Must be arya tomentosa Mockernut hickory arya tomentosa Mockernut hickory controlled) Tospyros vir intane, Common persimmon ‘agus grandifolia Beech Ugidanbar Syraci? ua Sweet _gum Fraxinus americana White ash Tnus clausa Sand pine Halesta carolina Carolina silverbell Pinus echinata ereneleet pine HaTesta diptera Two-wing silverbell Pinus elliottti lash pine Juglans nigra Black walnut Pinus palustris Longleaf pine Tieodanbae Styraciflua Sweet gum Pinus taeda Loblolly pine Tirtodendron tu ipifera Tulip-poplar uercus alba White oak MagnoTia acuminata Cucumber-tree uercus falcata Spanish oak fagnolia grandiflora Southern magnolia uercus SES Owarf post oak Hyssa sylvatica Black gum uercus marilandica Blackjack oak inus elliott Slash pine uercus stellata Post oak Quercus atba White oak juercus virginiana Live oak Quercus borealis var. maxima Red oak uercus falcata Spanish oak uercus Taurifolia Laurel-leaved oak luercus muhTenbergii Yellow oak uercus nigra Water oak juercus prinus Chestnut oak uercus shumardii Shumard's red oak uercus stellata Post oak L ‘a heterophyTla White basswood continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 85 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.1 [2311] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Bumelia lanuginosa Tornus f arid Crataegus spp. juniperus at strya virginiana Uxydendrum arboreum juercus cinerea luercus Taevis luercus myrtifolia luercus virginiana var. jeminata Vaccinium arboreum ZanthoxyTum cTava-herculis Asimina pygmaea Castanea pumila Ceanothus americanus Teratfola ericoides GayTussacia dumosa TTex vomitoria Kalmia hirsuta TefophyTTum Buxifolium Quercus um Ta jus copallina Rubus trivialis Smitax Bona-nox Vaccinium stamineum VaccTnium virgatum var. teneTTum Andropogon maritimus Andropogon virginicus istida purpurascens AscTeptas tuberosa Aster concolor Aster Tateriflorus Baptista anceolata akile edentula Cenchrus tribuloides Thamaecrista ~ fasciculata Chepsegenie gonum virginianum Croton spp. Cyperus spp. smodium rigidum Erfogonum tomentosum Euphorbia corollata erardia fasciculata HeTianthus raduta frocotyTe bonariensis uhnta eupatoriotdes Tiatris tenutfolta Tinarta spp. Tupinus perennis Tupinus villosus NukTenber ‘Ta spp. Panicum repens Physalis spp. eridiun aquilinum SoTtdago odora Tephrost rosta spicata ‘ephrosta virginiana Habitat conditions: Acer negundo Acer Pabrum Acer Saccharinum Betula nigra Thamaecyparis thyoides Tlospyros virginiana iquidambar styraciflua Liriodendron tulipifera Nyssa sytvatica var. Tflora Pinus echinata Pinus eltvottti Pinus serotina Ory/excessive (Continued False buckthorn Flowering dogwood Hawthorn Eastern redcedar Hop-hornbeam Sourwood Bluejack oak Turkey oak Myrtle oak Sand live oak Farkleberry Hercules'-club prickly-ash Sprawling pawpaw Chinquapin New Jersey tea Sandheath Dwarf huckleberry Yaupon Sandhill kalmia Box sand-myrtle Owarf oak Shining sumac Southern dewberry Saw greenbrier Deerberry Smallcluster rabbit-eye blueberry Gulf bluestem Broomsedge Arrowfeather three-awn Butterfly-weed Aster Calico aster Wild indigo American sea-rocket Dune sandbur Showy partridge-pea Goldenstar Croton Flatsedge Tickclover Eriogonum Flowering spurge Gerardia Sunflower Largeleaf pennywort False boneset Pinkscale gay-feather Toadf lax Sundial lupine Lupine Muhly Torpedo panicum Ground-cherry Bracken fern Fragrant goldenrod Brownhair Goat's-rue Box-elder Red maple Silver maple River birch Falsecypress Common persimmon Sweetgum Tul ip-poplar Swamp black tupelo Short leaf pine Slash pine Pond pine continued Aralia spinosa Tercts ‘canadensis Hamamelis virginiana Tex opaca Juniperus virginiana Magnolia macrophyTTa lagnolia tripetala rus rubra Ostrya virginiana Persea Borbonta Quercus texana Asimina parviflora Euonymus amercanus jsmanthus amertcanus Prunus carolintana Symplocos tinctoria ‘iburnum ruftduTum Anemonella thalictroides Arisaema atrorubens Arisaema dracont tum Rrundinarva gigantea Tonopholis amertcana Dentaria spp. Epifagus virginiana lepatica americana jitcheTla repens Pachysandra procumbens Phlox di varicata Polaenstua bifTors Hercules'=club Redbud Witch-hazel American holly Eastern redcedar Bigleaf magnolia Umbrella magnolia Red mulberry Hop-hornbeam Red bay Texas oak Smal1f lower pawpaw Strawberry-bush Devilwood osmanthus Carolina laurel cherry Common sweet leaf Rusty black-haw viburnum Anemonella Jack-in-the-pulpit Green dragon Cane Squaw-root Toothwort Virginia beechdrops Round- lobed hepatica Partridge-berry Allegheny-spurge Blue phlox Solomon's-seal ‘olystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern Sanguinarta canadensis crophularia marilandica olidago FTexicauTis i andsia usneoides Trillium hugeri ium Tanceolatum Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Acer rubrum Carya aquatica atalpa bignonioides maxinus caroliniana Fraxinus tomentosa {Yquidanb ar styraciflua Hse Shivates ver. Quercus faTeata var. cus. ‘pagodaefolia Bloodroot Maryland figwort Zigzag goldenrod Treebeard tillandsia Huger's trillium Trillium Red maple Water hickory Southern catalpa Carolina ash Pumpkin ash Sweetgum Black gum Swamp black tupelo Slash pine Spruce pine Cherrybark oak CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.1 [2311] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Moist/well-drained (Continued Pinus taeda Loblolly pine Laurel-leaved oak Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be distrubed) PYatanus occidentalis Populus deltoides uercus Falcata uercus stellata juercus virginiana ‘axodium ascendens ‘axodium distichum Carpinus caroliniana fornus florida Tfex opaca juercus myrtifolia alix spp. Sassafras albidum Uimus alata Vaccinium arboreum Callicarpa americana Tephalanthus occidentalis iftonia monophyla Crataegus aestivalis Crataegus consanguinea rataegus robur milla racemiflora GayTussacta dumosa GeTsemium sempervirens Tlex glabra ex vomitoria Teucothoe racemosa Tonicera sempervirens tyante Weta Magnolia virginiana Tyriea cer Fer: era Tories peneyTeanica Points carevinvan Rhododendron nudiflorum Rhododendron viscosum Rhus copallina Rosa carolina Rubus trivialis Sabal minor Serenoa repens Smilax bona-nox Smilax glauca Vaccinium myrsinites Vacctntum stamineum Yucca filamentosa Yucca gtoriosa Agrimonia eupatoria indropogon scoparius indropogon virginicus rundinaria tecta Ascteptas verticillata hrysogonum virginianum Chrysopsis mariana Drosera brevifotta Eupatorium a bum upatorium capillifolium ‘upatorium coelestinum Galium circaezans Gentiana villosa Gerardta ava Houstonia purpurea Hypericum spp. luncus spp. Tespedeza hirta Tespedeza striata Uiatris scariosa Tudwigia alternifolia Ludwigia pilosa ycopodium aTopecuroides Lycopodium caroTinianum jariscus jamaicensis MitcheTTa repens TnocTea sensibilis Usmunda ctnnamomea Tsmunda regaTts Penstemon laevigatus ox pilosa Phragmites communis Sycamore Eastern cottonwood Spanish oak Post oak Live oak Pond baldcypress Baldcypress Blue beech Flowering dogwood American holly Myrtle oak Willow White sassafras Winged elm Farkleberry American beautyberry Common buttonbush Buckwheat-tree May hawthorn Hawthorn Hawthorn Titi Dwarf huckleberry Carolina jessamine Inkberry Yaupon Sweetbells leucothoe Woodbine Fetter-bush lyonia Sweet bay magnolia Southern wax-myrtle Northern bayberry Carolina laurel cherry Pinxter-f lower Swamp azalea Shining sumac Carolina rose Southern dewberry Dwarf palmetto Saw palmetto Saw greenbrier Greenbrier Ground blueberry Deerberry Adam's needle yucca Moundlily yucca Common agrimony Broomsedge Broomsedge Southern cane Whorled milkweed Goldenstar Maryland goldaster Sundew Eupatorium Dog fennel Mistf lower Bedstraw Gentian Gerardia Purple bluets Hypericum Rush Hairy lespedeza Common lespedeza Tall gay-feather Seedbox Seedbox Foxtail club-moss Carolina club-moss Jamaica sawgrass Partridge-berry Sensitive fern Cinnamon fern Royal fern Smooth penstemon Downy phlox Reed continued uercus Jaurifolia quercus Tyrata luercus mare uercus pheTTos uercus prinus, mus americana Carpinus caroliniana ex cassine Pinckneya pubens us vernix Salix spp. Stewartia malacodendron Berchemia scandens Tephalanthus occidentalis ethra alnifolia ornus stricta Tyrita racemiflora tea virginica Magnolia virginiana Myrica cerifera Persea borbonia Planera aquatica mitax laurifolia Smilax walter) Aristida spiciformis Athyrium FiTix-femina ryopteris the {pee Gerardia linifolia Hypertcum petiotatum ee virginicum obeTia glandulosa Tudwigia alternifolia inoctea sensibilis jsmunda Spp. anicum spp. Panicum hemitomon Phoradendron flavescens sotyae te cymosa itlandsia usneoides Woodwardia spp. Over-cup oak Water oak Willow oak Chestnut oak American elm Blue beech Dahoon Pinckneya Poison sumac Willow Virginia stewartia Alabama supplejack Common buttonbush Summer-sweet clethra Swamp dogwood Titi Sweet-spire Sweet bay magnolia Southern wax-myrtle Red bay Water-elm Rhododendron Laurel-leaved greenbrier Redbead greenbrier Bottlebrush three-awn Lady-fern Marsh fern Gerardia St, John's-wort Marsh-St. John's-wort Lobelia Seedbox Sensitive fern Osmunda Panic-grass Maiden-cane Christmas American- mistletoe Polygala Treebeard tillandsia Chain fern SELECTED PLANT S PECIES 87 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.1 [2311] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Pinguicula lutea PoTygala sanguinea ‘olypodium poTypodioides Ptertdtum saat Tnum Rhexta mariana Sarracenia flava Sarracenta minor Cirpus spp. cuteTlaria integrifolia SoTfdago petToTarts pecularia perfoliata Spiranthes praecox Thtandsts torectdes Utr¥cuTarta cornuta tricuTarta subulata Viola spp. jardia areolata Woodwardta virginica Yellow butterwort Blood polygala Resurrection fern Bracken fern Meadow-beauty Trumpet pitcher-plant Hooded pitcher-plant Bulrush Hyssop skullcap Goldenrod Clasping Venus's looking- glass Southern ladies'-tresses Treebeard tillandsia Horned bladderwort Awn bladderwort Violet Netted chain fern Virginia chain fern Table 2310-34.1 [2312] Selected Plant Species Common to the Southern Floodplain Forest over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Ta}}-growing trees, Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be distrubed) Habitat conditions: Diospyros virginiana luglans cinerea ssa sylvatica xydendrum arboreum uercus alba luercus falcata luercus marilandica luercus stellata uercus velutina (obinta pseudo-acacia Sassafras alb¥dum Aralia spinosa Tornus Frortde Tmus alata Bignonia capreglata tetastrus scandens ToryTus amertcana Euonymus americanus Parthensclssus luinquefoTia anus Padveans” Vitis spp. Desmodium spp. Hepatica americana smorhiza Cc aytoni SanfcuTa gregaria Common persimmon Butternut Black gum Sourwood Shortleaf pine Loblolly pine Black cherry White oak Spanish oak Blackjack oak Post oak Black oak Black locust White sassafras Hercules '-club Flowering dogwood Winged elm Cross-vine Bittersweet Common hazelnut Strawberry-bush Virginia creeper Poison ivy Grape Tick-trefoil Round-lobed hepatica Sweet cicely Black snakeroot continued Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Acer saccharum abra ovata a tomentosa fatalpa speciosa agus grandifolia Fraxinus americana JugTans nigra iriodendron tulipifera agnolia acuminata ssa ae Tea xydendrum arboreum uercus alba Quercus borealis var. maxima uercus falcata wo hTenbergi i luercus stellata uercus velutina Aralia spinosa Tercis canadensis Tornus Florida T ex opaca Juniperus, virginiana rus rubra Ustrya virginiana ine alata Castanea pumila Euonymus americanus Foresteria acuminata Parthenocissus ‘quinquefolta Rhus radicans Vitis spp. : A re Adiantum pedatum Anemonella thalictroides Arisaema tr um Rrundinarta gigantea Athyrium pycnocarpon thyrium theTypterojdes jotryc um virginianum Eotfagus virgintana rillium spp. ‘olys ange naria canadensis Sugar maple Pignut hickory Shagbark hickory Mockernut hickory Northern catalpa Beech White ash Black walnut Tulip-pop lar Cucumber-tree Black gum Sourwood White oak Red oak Spanish oak Yellow oak Post oak Black oak Hercules '-club Redbud Flowering dogwood American holly Eastern redcedar Red mulberry Hop-hornbeam Winged elm Chinquapin Strawberry-bush Swamp-pr ivet Virginia creeper Poison ivy Grape Maidenhair fern Anemonella Smal] Jack-in-the-pulpit Cane Narrowleaf spleenwort Spleenwort Rattlesnake fern Virginia beechdrops Tchum acrostichoides Christmas fern Bloodroot Trillium CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.1 [2312] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Hab ns: Moist to wet/wel Acer negundo Box-elder Keer tara Red maple Acer Saccharinum Silver maple TeTtis Taevigata Celtis occidentalis Fraxinus americana Fraxinus caroTiniana Fraxinus pennsylvanica Fraxinus tomentosa Gleditsta aquatica Gleditsta triacanthos Tqui Nyssa aquatica Nyssa sylvatica Tnus echinata Pinus taeda PTatanus occidentalis vercus nigra uercus alix spp. jalustris juercus phellos rained to impeded Sugar hackberry Common hackberry White ash Carolina ash Green ash Pumpkin ash Water-locust Honey- locust ar styracif ua Sweetgum Water tupelo Black gum Short leaf pine Loblolly pine Sycamore Water oak Pin oak Willow oak Willow Salix nigra Black willow ‘axodium distichum Baldcypress mus americana American elm Asimina triloba Pawpaw Tarptnus caroTiniana Blue beech toms Florida Flowering dogwood Water elm PYanera aquatica Sassafras albidum mus alata Winged elm Amorpha canescens anthus occidentalis epha Sibs minor White sassafras Leadplant Common buttonbush Dwarf palmetto Sambucus canadensis Common elder Vitis spp. Grape Ampelopsis Arundinari ‘a gigantea K phytoTaccoides sclepias Campanula u isetum hyemale Eupatorium coelestinum Hettotroptun-indtaum iscus Tasio us —astocarpus: ‘Tmpat fen: Fotypod an peTypodio ides rmacoce Pepper-vine Cane West coast milkweed American bellf lower Scouring-rush Mistf lower Heliotrope Scarlet rose mallow Jewelweed Resurrection fern Smooth buttonplant arborea americana capensis ara Acer rubrum Tarya cordiformis ‘arya ovata raxinus pennsylvanica Ciguidambar styraciflua Nyssa sytvatica var. Jora uercus alba juercus falcata var. Pagodaefolia uercus imbricaria juercus lyrata at ra je TTos prinus amertcana Asimina triloba Carpinus caroTi Tniana ‘ornus florida Horus rubra Cornus amomum Sabal minor Anemonella thalictroides Arisaema triphyTium Krundinaria gigantea Impatiens capensis Folypodiun poTypodioides alictrum oicum Red maple Bitternut hickory Shagbark hickory Green ash Sweetgum Swamp black tupelo White oak Cherrybark oak Shingle oak Over-cup oak Water oak Willow oak Chestnut oak American elm Pawpaw Blue beech Flowering dogwood Red mulberry Silky dogwood Dwarf palmetto Anemonella Small Jack-in-the-pulpit Cane Jewelweed Resurrection fern Early meadow-rue SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 89 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Outer Coastal Plain Forest 90 Species Florida maple Acer floridanum Pax 2311 Box-elder Acer negundo L 231i, 2312 Red maple Acer rubrum Ul 2311, 2312 Silver maple Acer saccharinum L. 2311, 2312 Sugar maple Acer saccharum Marsh. 2312 Maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum L 2312 Common agrimony Agrimonia eupatoria te 2311 Leadplant Amorpha canescens Pursh 2312 Pepper-vine Ampelopsis arborea L.) Koehne 2312 Gulf bluestem Andropogon maritimus Chapm. SS 2311 Broomsedge Andropogon scoparius T. & G. 2311 Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus t 2311 Anemonella Anemonella thalictroides L.) Spach 2311 Habitat Riverbanks and low wet woods Moist sites, infre- quent on highlands Rocky woods, upper slopes, acid soils of chent, sand- stone or granite, rarely wet woods Sandy banks of streams, rarely in deep, often sub- merged, swamps Rich or rocky wood- land, often on cal- careous soils, a- long streams Rich shaded sites, abundant in lime- stone areas Waste places and old fields Dry sandy prairies and hills Swampy woods Sandy ground along the coast Woods, prairies and riverbanks Gry to moist, open areas and open woods Open woods Form Tree, to 50-60 ft tall, bole rarely 3 ft in diameter, leaves 3-5 lobed, 1.5-3 in in diam eter Medium tree, to 75 ft tall Tree, to 40 ft tall, many parts of plant red Tree, 90-120 ft tall, bole 3-4 ft in diam- eter, leaves deeply 5 lobed, 6-7 in long Tree, to +60 ft tall Fern from a slender rhizome, stalk 20 int Herb, stem to 3 ft tall Shrub, rarely 3 ft tall Climbing vine Culms, solitary, to 4 ft tall Stout stems, to 6 in tall Somewhat clump form- ing, perennial grass, leaves linear Slender herb, to 9 in tall Fruit Samara Samara, paired "keys", Sept.- Oct. Reddish fruit, May-July Samara, Apr.-June June-Sept. Sporangia, summer -2 in long Legume, May-Aug. Berries, Aug. Caryopsis Legume, May-July Utricle, purplish or yellow, July- Oct. Minute, Apr.-June continued General wildlife use Maples are very valu- able to wildlife with the major use being seeds for food; seeds eaten by many species of songbirds, quail, squirrels; deer browse the twigs Seeds, buds, flowers eaten by a few species of songbirds Very valuable to wild- life; seeds eaten by many species of song- birds, quail, squirrels; twigs browsed by deer Same as A. rubrum Same as A. rubrum Minor value to wild- life; may be eaten by ruffed grouse and deer Seeds eaten by song- birds; foliage browsed by white-tailed deer Notes Prolific sprouter Windfirm, but easily storm dam- aged CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Hercules'-club Aralia spinosa 2aii, 2312 Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema atrorubens Tume 2311 Green dragon Arisaema dracontium L.) Schott 2311 Smal] Jack-in-the-pul pit Arisaema triphy]1um -) Schott 2312 Arrowfeather three-awn Aristida purpurascens Poir. 2311 Bottlebrush three-awn Aristida spiciformis a. 231 | Cane Arundinaria gigantea jalt. 2311, 2312 Southern cane Arundinaria tecta (Walt. ) Muhi. 2311 West Coast milkweed Asclepias phytolaccoides Pursh 2312 Butterfly-weed isclepias tuberosa aati Whorled milkweed this verticillata aati Small flower pawpaw see. arviflora (Wichx.) Dunat 2311 Sprawling Pawpaw ane. (Bartr.) tray 2311 Pawpaw Asimina triloba +) Duna’ 2312 Aster Aster concolor L. 2311 Deep, moist soil Rich woods and swamps Rich woods, stream- banks, wet swales Moist to wet, wooded areas Sandy woods and openings Pine barrens along the coast Riverbanks and swamps, Swamps, moist soil, or in water Rich woods and clearings Dry soil, fields Dry woods and open sterile soil Dry, well-drained, sun and shade, sandy or dry woods Well-drained, sun and shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, moist, fertile soil, stream valleys and lower slopes Ory, sandy, open woods and barrens SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Tree, 30-35 ft tall Low perennial herb Tall perennial herb, 1-4 ft Herbaceous perennial, to 3 ft, 3 leaflets, flowers spadix in spathe Tufted, perennial, culms erect, to 3 ft tall Perennial, culms erect, to 3 ft tall Tall woody grass, 4-30 ft Tall woody grass, up to 12 ft Stems, to 5 ft tall Tall perennial herb, 1-2 ft Stems, to 3 ft tall Shrub, to 6 ft tall Small shrub, with arching stems Tall shrub to small tree, up to 40 ft Erect, to 2 ft tall Berry, Aug.-Nov. Berry, Apr.-June Berry, May-June Berry, in globose clusters, red, July Caryopsis, Aug.- Oct. Caryopsis Grain, in spikelet, Apr..-May Grain, in spikelet, Mar .-June Follicle, June- Sept. June-Sept. Berry, Aug.-Sept. Berry, July-Aug. Berry, Aug.-Oct. Achene, Aug.-Nov. continued Fruit eaten by many birds, including turkey; also eaten by white- tailed deer Fruit eaten by pheasant and turkey Same as A. atrorubens Berries sometimes eaten by turkeys Forms canebrakes Fruit eaten by birds, opossum, gray fox, squirrel, raccoon Understory shrub Fruit eaten by opossum, Understory shrub and gray fox 91 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Calico aster Low meadows and Perennial, to 4.5 ft Nutlets, Sept.- Aster lateriflorus woodlands tall Nov. L.) Britt. 2311 Lady-fern Damp thickets, Fronds, tufted, to Spores Athyrium filix-femina meadows, swamps 5 ft tall ta Roth 2311 Narrowleaf spleenwort Rich wooded slopes, jufted or erect Spores Athyrium pycnocarpon ravines, bottoms ronds, to 2.5 ft Spreng.) Tidestr. tall 2312 Spleenwort Rich, moist, Tall fern, up to 3 Sporangia, July- Eaten by snowshoe hare Athyrium thelypteroides drained woods, ft Sept. and deer Michx.) Desv. shaded slopes 2312 Wild indigo Sandhills and open Stems, to 3 ft tall Woody legume Baptisia lanceolata woods Walt.) ETT. 2311 Alabama supplejack Moist, sandy woods, Woody vine, high Black drupe, Aug.- Berchemia scandens swamp forests and climbing Oct. HT K. Koch streambanks 2311 River birch Banks of streams Tree, to 130 ft tall, Small winged nut- Clump-forming Betula nigra and lakes twigs brown, leaves let L. ovate 2311 Cross-vine Thickets, alluvial Woody vine, climbing Capsule, July-Aug. Bignonia capreolata forests, mixed or by tendrils L. deciduous woodlands 2312 Rattlesnake fern Shaded areas in Medium-sized fern Sporangia, spring Leaves eaten by ruffed Botrychium virginianum moist or dry wood- and early summer grouse L.) Sw. lands and wet 2312 thickets False buckthorn Rocky, gravelly Tree, to 40 ft tall, Berry, black, ob- Often thicket-form- Bumelia lanuginosa or dry sandy soils leaves alternate, long, Sept.-Nov. ing (tichx. ) Pers. and in river val- simple, persistent 2311 leys American sea-rocket Coastal sand dunes Herb, freely branched Silique, May-June Cakile endentula (Bigel.) Hook. 2311 American beautyberry Moist, sandy or Shrub, to 8 ft, twigs Drupe, red-purple Fruit eaten by upland Callicarpa americana rocky woods stellate pubescent, (white), .06 in gamebirds and song- L. leaves crenate- long, clustered birds; twigs and foli- 2311 serrate, pubescent in cymes at the age browsed by white- nodes tailed deer American bellflower Rich, deciduous Biennial, stems erect, Capsule, June-Sept. Campanula americana woods to 6 ft tall L. 2312 Blue beech Borders of streams Bushy tree, rarely Nutlet, Aug.-Oct. Fruit eaten by several Carpinus caroliniana and swamps, in 40 ft tall, leaves species of songbirds, Walt. deep, rich, moist sharply, doubly ser- turkey, quail, rac- 2311, 2312 soil rate, 2-4 in long coons; seeds eaten by a few songbirds and squirrels Water hickory Deep swamps, in Tree, to 100 ft tall, Nut, Sept.-Oct Nuts eaten by wood Carya aquatica sun 7-13 leaflets ducks Michx. f.) Britt. 2311 continued 92 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis > Wang.) K. Koch 3 Pignut hickory Carya glabra (Mi11.) Sweet 2311, 2312 Shagbark hickory Carya ovata Mill.) K. Koch 2312 Mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa Nutt. 2311, 2312 Chinquapin Castanea pumila Mill. 2311, 2312 Southern catalpa Catalpa bignonioides alt. 2311 Northern catalpa Catalpa speciosa ngelm. 2312 New Jersey tea Ceanothus americanus L. 2311 Bittersweet Celastrus scandens L. 2312 Sugar hackberry Celtis laevigata Willd. 2312 Common hackberry Celtis occidentalis L. 2312 Dune sandbur Cenchrus tribuloides L. 2311 Common buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis L. 2311, 2312 Low, wet woods near streams and on high rolling uplands re- mote from streams Hillsides and dry ridges Low hills near streams and swamps in rich, deep, moderately moist soil Well-drained, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade, on dry ridges and rich hillsides Indigenous on riverbanks Borders of streams and ponds, often inundated bottom- ands Dry to moist, open woods Dry-moist rocky slopes and mixed deciduous woods Low woods, bottom- lands, sandy soil Low woods, upland slopes, rocky barrens, sandy soil Dry, dunes, sandy fields, dry, open woods Moist, wet, swamps, streambanks Tree, often 100 ft tall, bole 2-3 ft in diameter, leaves 6-10 in long, com- pound, 7-9 leaflets Nut, Sept.-Oct. Tree, 60-90 ft tall, bole 2-2.5 in diam- eter, leaves compound, usually 5 leaflets Nut, Sept.-Oct. Tree, 70-90 ft tall, bole 3-4 ft in diam- eter, leaves 8-14 in long, compound, usually 5 leaflets Nut, Sept.-Oct. Tree, 50-80 ft tall, occasionally to 100 ft Nut, Sept.-Nov. Round-topped tree, rarely 50 ft tall Nut, Sept.-Oct. Tree, rarely 60 ft tall, bole to 3-4 ft in diameter, leaves broad-ovate, 5-6 in long Capsule, long, Sept. to spring Tree, to over 100 ft Capsule, long, tall, leaves oval, Sept. to spring cordate at base, 10- 12 in long Low shrub, to 4 ft, leaves with 3 major veins Capsule, in term- inal clusters, June-July Twining shrub or Capsule, seeds vine, leaves elliptic red, fleshy, Aug.- to obovate, crenate- Sept. denticulate Tree, to 90 ft tall Drupe, black, .1- .25 in diameter Tree or coarse shrub, Drupe, purple- to +90 ft tall black, stone .25 in Tong Perennial, sprawling, Utricle, borne in or annual rooting at a raceme, invol- the nodes, leaf ucre villous, Aug.- blades scaberulous, Oct. ligulate Shrub, to 15 ft, op- Nutlet, elongate, posite leaves, whorl- .06 in long, ed, ovate elliptic borne in axillary or terminal heads, Aug.-Sept. continued Valuable food source; nuts eaten by songbirds and gamebirds, includ- ing wood duck, turkey, quail; nuts are espec- jally relished by squir- rels Nuts eaten by song- birds and gamebirds, including wood duck, turkey, quail, and squirrels Deep root system, windfirm Nuts eaten by squirrels, songbirds, gamebirds, including wood duck, turkey, quail Nuts eaten by white- Windfirm tailed deer Nuts eaten by birds Frequently planted Occasionally browsed by white-tailed deer Typically a clump- former; leaves can be used in making tea Commonly used in dried-flower ar- rangements Fruit eaten by many species of songbirds; twigs eaten by deer Large or small tree or low shrub, vary- ing in respect to Same as C. laevigata habitat Minor value to wild- life; seeds eaten by songbirds Seeds eaten by water- Often in standing fowl; twigs and foli- water age browsed by white- tailed deer SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 93 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Sandheath Open, xeric, tur- Shrub, to 8 ft tall Drupe Ceratiola ericoides key oak woods Michx. 2311 Redbud Ory, well-drained, Small tree, 15-30 ft Legume pod, July- Seeds eaten by quail and Usually understory Cercis canadensis sun and shade, Aug., occasionally songbirds tree in hardwood L. moist, rocky woods throughout winter forest 2311, 2312 Showy partridge-pea Roadsides, weedy Annual herb, to 3 ft Legume Chamaecrista places, woodland tall fasciculata borders Michx. 2311 Falsecypress Cold swamps, usual- Tree, 70-80 ft tall, Cones, matures Chamaecyparis thyoides ly immersed during bole about 2 ft in first season, BSP. several months of diameter, leaves Sept.-Oct 2312 the year small, keeled, scale- like, spreading near branch tips Goldenstar Sandy or rocky Perennial herb, stems Achene Chrysogonum virginianum L 2311 Maryland goldaster Chrysopsis mariana L.) ENT. 2311 Summer-sweet clethra Clethra alnifolia Le 2311 Buckwheat-tree Cliftonia monophylla woodlands Old fields, wood- lands, pine bar- rens Rich, moist woods Pineland swamps erect Stoloniferous peren- nial, stems erect to 2.5 ft tall Shrub, to 8 ft tall Tree, to 50 ft tall Nutlet, June-Oct. Capsule, July-Aug. Small, Apr.-May am.) Sarg. 2311 Squaw-root Dry woods, usually Parasite, usually on Capsule, Mar.-June Conopnolis americana oak oak roots, plant to L.) WalTr. 1 ft tall 2311 Silky dogwood Moist to wet, Small shrub, to 4 ft, Drupe, light blue, Fruit eaten by upland Cornus amomum streambanks pith brown +06 in long, in gamebirds, songbirds, Milt. terminal clusters, rabbits, squirrels, 2312 Aug.-Sept. chipmunk; twigs browsed Flowering dogwood Cornus florida Rich, well-drained soil, often in Bushy tree, to 40 ft tall, bole 12-18 in, by white-tailed deer Berries eaten by sev- eral species of birds; Drupe, Sept.-Feb. Frequently planted t. shade of taller leaves ovate, clus- preferred by turkey, 2311, 2312 trees; does well tered at ends of quail, foxes in full sunlight branches Swamp dogwood Well-drained, Shrub, to 10 ft tall Drupe, Aug.-Sept. Fruit eaten by birds; Cornus stricta moist, sun preferred by turkey, tam. squirrels, white-tailed 2311 deer Common hazelnut Corylus americana Walt. Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Shrub, to 10 ft tall Nuts eaten by bobwhite, Thicket-forming bluejay, squirrel, Nut, occasionally persistent, July- Sept. white-tailed deer 2312 Hawthorn Neutral soils, Shrubs to trees, Available through Fruit eaten by several Crataegus spp. L. often on very poor leaves extremely winter species of birds, in- May hawthorn sites, but found variable cluding turkey; smal] C. aestivalis (Walt.) on all sites mammals also eat fruit; Hawthorn T. &G. thorns provide pro- C. consanguinea tective nesting cover Hawthorn for songbirds C. robur 2371 continued 94 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Croton Waste places, dry Usually erect annual Small to minute Seeds preferred greatly Croton spp. sandy soils herbs, to 6 ft tall by doves, plus other T. songbirds 2512 Flatsedge Variable, but Cespitose annuals or Nutlet, yellow- Seeds and root tubers Often a week in Cyperus spp. mostly moist-wet; rhizomatous peren- brown, June-Oct. eaten by waterfowl, sandy fields and t. edges of streams, nials, stems triang- upland gamebirds, gardens 2311 marshes, ditches ular in cross-section songbirds Titi Pocosins, bay for- Shrub to small tree, Drupe-like, Sept.- Cyrilla racemiflora ests, low pine- to 25 ft tall Oct. L. lands 2311 Toothwort Open, moist woods Perennial herbs, to Silique, May-June Dentaria spp. and woods' edge 1.2 ft tall Le 2311 Tick-trefoil Ory to moist fields Bushy, herbaceous Legume, flattened, Seeds eaten by quail The hairy fruits Desmod: ‘spp. and open woods perennial, leaves divided into sev- cling to passing Desv. trifoliate eral segments, animals; a method 2312 pubescent, Aug.- of dispersal Oct. Tickclover Fields and open Perennial, erect, to Legume, June-Sept. Desmodium rigidum woods 4 ft tall .) OC. 2311 Common persimmon Dry, well-drained, Small tree, 25-50 ft Berry, Aug.-Oct., Fruit relished by Often forms thick- Diospyros virginiana moist, sun, usual- and over sometimes persist- skunks, raccoons, foxes, ets on pastures and L. ly open sites ent into winter opossums; deer browse old fields 2311, 2312 the twigs Sundew Savannas, moist Prostrate herb, flow- Minute black seeds, Drosera brevifolia pinelands, sandy er stalk to 6 in Apr.-May Pursh roadside ditches 2311 Marsh fern Marshes, margins Leaves to 18 in tall Spores Dryopteris thelypteris of swamps and bogs L.) Gray 2311 Virginia beechdrops Rich woods Purple or yellow Capsule, Sept.- Epifagus virginiana parasite on beech Nov. L.) Bart. roots, plants to 2311, 2312 1.5 ft tall Scouring-rush Moist-wet, stream- Herbaceous peren- Spore-bearing, Stems grazed by geese Equisetum hyemale banks, railroad nial, long-creeping, Mar.-Apr. LL. grades stems round, jointed 2312 at the nodes, leaves whorled, scale-like Eriogonum Dry-moist, sand- Herbaceous peren- Nutlet, brown, Foliage eaten by up- Eriogonum tomentosum hills nial, becoming flattened, sur- land gamebirds Michx. somewhat woody, stems rounded by en- 2311 with swollen nodes —larged sepals, and sheating stip- Sept.-Nov. ules, basal rosette often present Strawberry-bush Dry, well-drained, Shrub, 3-6 ft Capsule, Sept.- Fruit eaten by birds Common in low, flat Euonymus americanus sun and shade Oct. woods; often creep- t. ing 2311, 2312 Eupatorium Widespread, mostly Herbaceous perennial, Nutlet, lusterous Seeds occasionally Eupatorium spp. L. moist-wet, swamps, leaves opposite or black, 5-angled eaten by songbirds E. album L. alluvial woods whorled, serrate- Dog fenne dissected E. capillifolium (Lam. ) Mistflower ‘Smal £. coelestinum L. 2311, 2312 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 95 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Flowering spurge Woodland borders Perennial, from stout Capsule, minute Fruit eaten by bobwhite Euphorbia corollata rootstock, freely and water pipit L. branched, to 6 ft tall 2311 Beech Rich uplands and Tree, 60-80 ft tall, Nut, Sept.-Oct. Nuts eaten by wild tur- Forms thickets from Fagus grandifolia mountain slopes bole 3-4 ft diameter, key, many songbirds, sprouts Ehrh. leaves long, slender, squirrels 2311, 2312 coarsely toothed Swamp privet Moist-wet, swamps, Shrub 10-15 (25) ft, Drupe, black, Fruit eaten by water- Occasionally forms Foresteria acuminata uncommon leaves ovate, pu- ovoid, May fowl thickets along Michx.) Poir. bescent below ser- streams 2312 rulate, flowers in fascicles on old stems White ash Low rich woods, Tree, to 100 ft tall Narrow-winged, Seeds eaten by a few Sprouts prolifically Fraxinus americana rocky uplands, Oct. Nov. songbirds, turkey, Ut glades quail; wood eaten by 2311, 2312 beaver Carolina ash Well-drained, moist, Tree, rarely more Samara Fraxinus caroliniana sun and shade, deep than 40 ft tall Mill. river swamps inun- 2311 dated several months of the year Green ash Alluvial soils of Tree, to 80 ft tall, Seeds, long, Same as F. americana Fraxinus pennsylvanica flood 5-9 leaflets tapering, winged, oo Marsh. Sept.-Oct. 2312 Pumpkin ash Well-drained, Large tree, to 120 Samara Fraxinus tomentosa moist, in sun, ft tall Michx. f. low wet woods 2311, 2312 Bedstraw Rich woods and mix- Perennial, stems Dry, Apr.-June Galium circaezans ed deciduous for- erect, to 1.2 ft Wichx. ests tall 2311 Drawf huckleberry Dry to moist, often Small shrub, to 3 ft, Berry, black, 5 Fruit eaten occasion- Often confused with Gaylussacia dumosa in open woods leaf undersides with in long, June- ally by upland game- blueberry; forms (andres) T rz.) 1. &G. resinous glands Oct. birds, songbirds; large vegetative 2311 twigs and foliage colonies browsed by white- tailed deer Carolina jessamine Thickets, wood- High climbing or Capsule Gelsemium sempervirens lands, fence rows, trailing vine L.) Ait. f. roadsides 2311 Gentian Upland woods Perennial, stems to Capsule, Aug.- Gentiana villosa 1.5 ft tall Nov. Le 2311 Gerardia Pine savannas Annual, stems to 4 ft Capsule, Aug.- Gerardia fasciculata tall frost EN. 2311 Gerardia Pine savannas Perennial, to 6 ft Capsule, Sept.- Gerardia flava mixed deciduous tall Oct. L. woodlands, road- 2311 sides Gerardia Pine savannas and Perennial, stems to Capsule, Sept.- Gerardia linifolia margins of fresh 4 ft tall Oct. Nutt. water 2311 continued CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Water-locust Gleditsia aquatica Marsh 2312 Honey-locust Gleditsia triacanthos L. 2312 Carolina silverbell Moist sites, often inundated for long periods Low, rich woodland, but also dry slopes and pastures Wooded slopes and Tree, to 40 ft tall, slender thorns Tree, to 80 ft tall, with numerous 3- pronged thorns often several inches long Tree, to 40 ft tall, Legume, Aug.-Sept. Pods, to 18 in long, sweet pulp between numerous seeds Capsule, winged Seeds eaten by quail, squirrels, deer May form large thickets in rela- tively deep water Very ornamental and Halesia carolina streambanks several spreading commonly cultivated tT stems, leaves ellip- 2311 tic, 3-4 in long Two-wing silverbel] Halesia diptera Elis 2311 Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana U 231i Low, wet woods and borders of swamps and streams Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Tree, less than 30 ft tall, bole 8 in diam- eter, leaves ovate, 3-4 in long Small tree, 20-25 ft Capsule, winged Capsule, Aug.-Dec. Seeds eaten by few species of songbirds Sunflower Widespread, dry- Annual or perennial Nutlet, tapered, Seeds eaten by upland Helianthus radula moist, sandy herb, leaves basal or rounded at apex, gamebirds, songbirds, ursh) T. & G. savanna or po- cauline, opposite be- July-Oct. smal] mammals 2311 cosin low, alternate above Heliotrope Roadsides, wooded Annual, coarse, e- Small, July-Nov. Heliotropium indicum L. 2312 Round-lobed hepatica Hepatica americana ot Ker 2311, 2312 Scarlet rose mallow Hibiscus lasiocarpus av. 2312 Purple bluets Houstonia purpurea C 2311 Largeleaf pennywort Hydrocotyle bonariensis pastures, swamp forests Rich woods Marshes and flood- plains Open sandy woods and rocky slopes Beach dunes and moist, open, sandy rect, to 3 ft tall Herb, prostrate Stems, erect, to about 6 ft high Herb, one to many stemmed, to 1.5 ft tall Low herb, to 8 in Tong Achene, Feb.-Apr. Capsule, June- Sept. Capsule, May-June Very minute Lam. areas 2311 Hypericum Dry to moist areas, Herbs or shrubs, Capsule Hypericum spp. varying with spe- shrubs to 6 ft L. cies tall 2311 St. John's-wort. Hypericum petiolatum U 2311 Marsh-St. John's-wort Hypericum virginicum Ct Fields and road- sides Wet sands, bogs, swamps Erect perennial, to 30 in tall Low perennial herb Capsule, June-Sept. Capsule, July-Aug. 2311 Dahoon In or near swamps, Shrub or small tree, Berry-like drupe, Berries eaten by song- Lex cassine on moist, fertile to 30 ft tall, al- Sept.-Mar. birds and raccoons L. soil ternate, simple, 2311 persistent continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Same as H. carolina Thicket-forming 97 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Inkberry Dry, well-drained, Rhizomatous shrub, Berry, July-June Berries eaten by bob- Ilex glabra moist, sun and to 10 ft tall white, mockingbird, L.) Gray shade wild turkey 2322 American holly Lex opaca Rit. 2311, 2312 Yaupon Tex vomitoria Ait. 2311 Jewelweed atiens capensis erb. 2312 Sweet-spire Itea virginica U 2311 Butternut duglans cinerea U 2312 Black walnut duglans nigra L. 2311, 2312 Rush Juncus spp. L 2ani Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana Lt. 2311, 2312 Sandhill kalmia Kalmia hirsuta Walt. 2311 False boneset Kuhnia eupatorioides L. 2311 Box sand-myrtle Leiophyllum buxifolium Bergius) E11. 2311 Hairy lespedeza Lespedeza hirta L.) Hornem. 2311 Common lespedeza Lespedeza striata Thunb.) H. & A. 2311 Sweetbells leucothoe Leucothoe racemosa L.) Gray 2311 98 Bottomlands near streams and on dry, gravelly soil near oak woods Ory, well-drained, sun Moist, open or shaded woods, fields, marshes Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Rich moist soil near streams and on low rocky hills Rich bottomlands and fertile hill- sides Variable, moist or dry areas Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, dry rocky, commonly limestone soil Pine savannas and flat pine woods Woodlands and thickets Well-drained, sun and shade Fields, open woods, clearings Fields, roadsides, waste places Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Tree, 40-50 ft tall, bole to 2 ft, leaves evergreen, elliptic, with stout teeth Shrub, to 15 ft, oc- casionally 30 ft tall Herbaceous perennial, 2-4 ft, stems nearly transparent Tall shrub Tree, to 100 ft tall, bole 2-3 ft diameter, leaves compound, 11- 17 leaflets Tree, to 100 ft tall, bole often 4-6 ft diameter, leaves compound, 15-23 leaf- lets per leaf Usually perennial and tufted, grass- like herbs Medium-sized tree, evergreen, 30-40 ft, occasionally to 50 ft Low shrub, to 1.5 ft tall Perennial herb, stems erect, to 5 ft tall Evergreen shrub, to 6 ft tall Erect perennial, stems to 6 ft tall Annual stems, to 16 in tall Shrub, to 15 ft tall Berry, Aug.-June Berry, Sept.-Oct. Capsule, elastic- ally dehiscent, May-Nov. Capsule, flowers, May-June Nut, Sept.-Nov. Nut, Oct.-Nov. Capsule Berry, persistent, Sept.-Nov. Capsule, Sept.- Oct. Nutlets, June-Oct. Capsule Legume, Sept.-Oct. Legume, Aug.-Nov. Capsule continued Fruit eaten by several Frequently planted species of songbirds, turkey, quail, raccoons Fruit eaten by birds, quail, turkey, white- tailed deer Nectar gathered by hum- Sap reportedly mingbirds cures poison ivy In swamps Nuts eaten by squir- rels; wood eaten by beaver Nuts eaten by squir- rels Fruit eaten by song- Pioneer species birds; browsed by deer; provides dense cover for birds and smal] mamma 1s Fruit eaten by white- tailed deer CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Tall gay-feather Liatris scariosa L.) WilTd. 2311 Pinkscale gay-feather Liatris tenuifolia Nutt. Calcareous uplands Calcareous uplands Stems, numerous, to 2.5 ft tall Stems, numerous, to 2.5 ft tall Achene, small Achene, smal] 2311 Toadflax Roadsides and Herbs, to 1.5 ft tall Capsule, June-Aug. Linaria spp. waste places MITT. 2311 Sweetgum Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 60-80 ft Capsule, compound, Seeds eaten by a few Liquidambar styraciflua L. 2311, 2312 Tulip-poplar moist, sun, usual- ly of swamps, river bottoms but. also upland sites Dry-well-drained, and over Large tree, 80-100 Sept. thru winter species of songbirds; wood eaten by beaver Samara, Sept.-Oct. Seeds eaten by song- Liriodendron sun, in bottom- ft, up to 150 ft birds and squirrels tu ipifera lands and rocky Le slopes 2311, 2312 Lobelia Savannas, bogs, Perennial, stems to Capsule, Sept.- Lobelia glandulosa swamp forests and 5 ft tall Oct. Walt. marshes 2311 Woodbine Woodlands, thick- Vine, climbing to Berry Lonicera sempervirens L. 2311 Seedbox Ludwigia alternifolia L 231i ets, fence rows Marshes, ditches, savannas, low woods 20 ft or trailing Stems, erect, to 4.5 ft tall Capsule, May-Oct. Seedbox Ditches and shal- Stems, erect, to 3 Capsule, June- Ludwigia pilosa low pools ft tall Oct. Walt. 2311 Sundial lupine Lupinus perennis Sandhills, clear- ings, open woods Erect perennial, to 2 ft tall Legume, June-July L. 2311 Lupine Sandhills and Stems, to 2 ft long Legume, Apr.-May cups villosus open woods 2311 Foxtail club-moss Wet, sandy meadows Creeping perennial Spores Lycopodiun and pinelands aTopecuroides L. 2311 Carolina club-moss Wet, sandy meadows Prostrate evergreen Spores Lycopodium carolinianum and pinelands L. 2311 Fetter-bush lyonia Pocosins and sa- Shrub, to 10 ft tall Capsule Lyonia lucida vannas or low Lam.) K. Koch woods 2311 Cucumber-tree Low mountain Tree, 60-90 ft tall, Drupe, Aug.-Oct. Slight wildlife use; Magnolia acuminata L. 2311, 2312 slopes and rocky banks of streams SELECTED PLANT SPECIES bole 3-4 ft in diam- eter, leaves oblong- ovate, 6-10 in long, 4-6 in wide seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds continued 99 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L 231 Bigleaf magnolia Magnolia macrophylla Michx. 2311 Umbrella magnolia Magnolia tripetala t. 2311 Sweet bay magnolia Magnolia virginiana L 23ii Jamaica sawgrass Mariscus Sa Crantz) Britt. 2311 Partridge-berry Mitchella repens L 2311 Red mulberry Morus rubra t. 2311, 2312 Muhly Muhlenbergia spp. chreb. 2311 Southern wax-myrtle Myrica cerifera L 2311 Northern bayberry rica pensylvanica Loisel. 2311 Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica L. 2312 Black gum Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. 2311, 2312 Swamp black tupelo Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora Walt. 2311, 2312 Sarg. Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis L. 2311 100 Rich bottomlands, protected slopes, sun or shade Well-drained, moist, shade Near streams or in moist bottomland Well-drained, moist, sun Brackish marshes Ory, well-drained, moist, shade, moist woods, shady understory, stream- banks Intervales in rich soil and low hills, in sun Savannas and wet to dry woods Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Sand flats and dunes Moist, shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade; rich, moist bot- tomlands, also common on dry ridges, swamps Bogs, bay forests and pocosins Low, open ground, alluvial thickets, low woods Tree, to 90 ft tall, evergreen, narrow pyramidal crown Tree, to 50 ft tall, leaves to 30 in long, 12 in wide Tree, to 35 ft tall, leaves elliptical, to 20 in long, il]- scented Slender tree, 20-30 ft tall Coarse, tufted per- ennial, to 12 ft tall Creeping shrub, leaves smal], round- ed evergreen Tree, 60-70 ft tall, leaves ovate, coarse- ly serrate, 3-5 in long Perennials, to 3 ft tall Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft tall Shrub, to 6 ft tall Tree, 80-100 ft tall Tree, medium to large, 30-40 ft, up to 100 ft Tree, to 80 ft tall Sterile fronds, to 2 ft tall Cluster of orange- red follicles, to 4 in long Drupe, Sept.-Oct. Drupe, Sept.-Oct. Drupe, Sept.-Oct. Nutlets, July-Oct. Berry, red, paired, .25 in long, June- July Drupe, compound, May-Aug. Caryopsis Waxy, nut-like, June-Apr. Waxy fruit, Aug.- Sept. Drupe, Oct. Drupe, Sept.-May Drupe, Sept.-May Spores continued Seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds Same as M. grandiflora Same as M. grandiflora Thicket-forming Fruit a minor food of upland gamebirds Fruit eaten by many species of songbirds, squirrels, raccoons, opossums, skunks Fruit eaten by bob- white Fruit eaten by bluebird, Carolina chickadee, boat-tailed grackle, meadowlark, mockingbird, brown thrasher, tit- mouse, white-tailed deer Fruit eaten by birds, bobwhite, turkey Common on burns and old fields Fruit eaten by wood- ducks, turkeys, many species of songbirds, squirrels; browsed by deer Fruit eaten by many birds (including bob- white and turkey), deer, black bear CHAPTER 2 Table 2310-34.2_ (Continued) PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Devilwood osmanthus Well-drained, Tree, occasionally Drupe, Sept. Osmanthus americanus moist, sun and 60-70 ft tall, ever- L.) Gray shade green 2311 Sweet cicely Woods and wooded Slender stem, to 3 Fruit, .2 in long Osmorhiza claytoni upland slopes ft tall Michx.) C. B. Clarke 2312 Osmunda Swamps, marshes, Leaves erect, to 5 Spores Osmunda spp. moist to dry ft tall L. woods 2311 Cinnamon fern Swamps, low woods, Large, coarse fern, Sporangia on Osmunda cinnamomea thickets often in large fertile fronds, L. patches spring 2311 Royal fern Low woods, bogs, Tall fern, up to 6 Sporangia terminal Osmunda regalis meadows, thickets ft and over on fronds, spring v. and early autumn 2311 Hop-hornbeam Ory, gravelly Tree, occasionally Nutlet, Aug.-Oct Seeds eaten by several Ostrya virginiana slopes and thick- 50-60 ft tall, bole species of songbirds Mi11.) K. Koch ets, often in the to 2 ft in diameter, 2311, 2312 shade of oaks leaves oblong- lanceolate, sharply serrate, 3-5 in long Sourwood Ory, well-drained, Tree, small but oc- Capsule, Sept.- Browsed by white- Valuable honey tree Oxydendrum arboreum sun and shade casionally 40-60 ft. Oct. tailed deer L. . 2311, 2312 Allegheny-spurge Well-drained, sun Small evergreen Capsule, flowers, Often forms large Pachysandra procumbens and shade shrub, to 6 ft Mar.-May clumps on calcare- Michx. ous soil 2311 Panic-grass Various habitat Annuals and peren- Caryopsis Panicum spp. conditions nials, usually C. upright * 2311 Maiden-cane Marshes, pools, Erect or sprawling Caryopsis, June- Panicum hemitomon ditches perennial, culms July ‘Schult. to 2.5 ft tall 2311 Torpedo panicum Beach sands Perennial, culms to Caryopsis Panicum repens 2.5 ft tall L. 2311 Virginia creeper Dry to wet woods, High climbing vine, Berry, blue-black, Berries eaten by song- Often confused with Parthenocissus open areas to leaves palmately .25 in long, Aug- birds poison ivy; fruits quinagete ja deep woods compound Oct. persist into winter L. anch. 2311 Smooth penstemon Low meadows and Stems, to 3 ft tall Capsule, July-Aug. Penstemon laevigatus forest edges, in Soland. ex Ait. moist but sandy 2311 soil Red bay Borders of streams Tree, 60-70 ft tall, Drupe, Aug.-Sept. Persea borbonia and swamps in rich trunk to 3 ft diam- L.) Spreng. moist soils eter, Teaves oblong, 2311 entire, evergreen Blue phlox Damp to dry open Perennial herb, with Capsule, Apr.-June Fruit eaten by hum- Phlox divaricata woods, rocky spreading stem or mingbird tT slopes ascending from de- 2311 cumbent base SELECTED PLANT SPECIES continued 101 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Downy phlox Deciduous woods, Slender, erect, to Phlox pilosa clearings and 1.5 ft tall L. roadsides 2311 Christmas American- Parasitic on flow- Shrub, 1-3 ft, Berry, white, .06- Fruit eaten by upland The common mistle- mistletoe ering trees, leaves evergreen, -13 in long, Oct.- gamebirds and song- toe of Christmas Phoradendron flavescens especially oaks opposite Nov. birds; white-tailed DC.) Gray deer occasionally 2311 browse the foliage and twigs Reed Marshes, pond mar- Tall perennial Grain, in a loose Phragmites communis gins, ditches grasses, often in spikelet, July- Trin. colonies, 4-12 ft Sept. 2311 Ground-cherry Widespread, fields, Annual or perennial Berry, enclosed Berries are eaten by Present in most Physalis spp. disturbed areas, herb, leaves densely in a papery calyx, upland gamebirds areas but never a- L. roadsides pubescent, deltoid- black, .25 in bundant. 2311 ovate long, July-Oct. Pinckneya Moist low areas, Shrub or smal] tree, Capsule, Sept.- Rare, considered Pinckneya pubens in sun or shade leaves opposite, Oct. threatened on Fed- Michx. ovate, about 8 in eral Endangered 2311 long, 4 in wide Species list Yellow butterwort Low pinelands and To 1.5 ft tall Capsules, Apr.-May Pinguicula lutea savannas Walt. 2311 Sand pine Ory, well-drained, Tree, 15-20 ft tall, Cone, persistent, Valuable to wildlife; Pinus clausa sun bole to 1 ft diam- closed for 3-4 cover value, nesting Sarg. eter, needles 2-3.5 yrs sites, use of needles 2311 in long in making nests all- important to many bird species; seeds eaten by gamebirds, songbirds, doves, quail, turkeys, jays, woodpeckers, squir- rels; serve as cover and browse for deer Shortleaf pine Ory, well-drained, Tree, 80-100 ft tall, Cone, matures in Same as P. clausa sun occasionally 120 ft Sept. of second season 2311, 2312 Slash pine Well-drained, Cone, matures in Same as P. clausa Pinus elliottii moist, sun Oct. Engelm. 2311 Spruce pine Sandy banks of Tree, 80-100 ft tall, Cone Same as P. clausa Pinus glabra streams, in sun trunk 2-2.5 ft in Walt. or shade diameter, leaves in 2311 2's, 1.5-3 in long Longleaf pine Moist, sun Tall tree, 100-120 Cone, ripe in Same as P. clausa Pinus palustris ft Aug. of second MiTT. season 2311 Pond pine Low, wet flats Tree, 50-80 ft tall, Cone Same as P. clausa Pinus serotina or sandy or peaty bole to 2 ft diam- Michx. f. swamps eter, needles in 2311 clusters of 3, 6-8 in long Loblolly pine Ory, well-drained, Tree, 80-100 ft tall Cone, opens slow- Same as P, clausa Pinus taeda moist sun ly, seeds shed in L. late fall and 2311, 2312 winter continued 102 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Water-elm Moist, sun and Small tree, to 30 Dry, drupe, Apr.- Fruit eaten by black Planera aquatica shade, swamp ft, occasionally May duck, ring-necked duck, Walt. ex J. F. Gmel. forests 40 ft squirrels 2311, 2312 Sycamore Moist, well- Large tree, 100-175 Achene, persist- Seeds of slight food Platanus occidentalis drained, sun; ft ent, Oct. value to waterfowl L. bottomlands, and songbirds 2311, 2312 banks of streams Polygala Shallow water of Stems, to 4 ft tall Seeds, minute, Polygala cymosa cypress ponds and May-July Walt. borrow pits 2311 Blood polygala Old fields or wood- Annual, stems simple Available June- Polygala sanguinea land borders Aug. L. 2311 Solomon's-seal Dry to moist, Tall perennial herb, Berry, May-June Berries eaten by prai- Polygonatum biflorum sandy, loamy, or 1-3 ft rie chicken and deer Walt.) ENT. rocky woods and 2311 thickets Resurrection fern Rocks, limbs and Leaves, to 5 in long Spores Polypodium crotches of large ee 12 ides trees +) Watt 2311, 2312 Christmas fern Common on rocky Low evergreen fern, Sporangia, June- Plant eaten by deer Polystichum shaded slopes, in often in colonies Oct. acrostichoides ravines Michx.) Schott 2311, 2312 Eastern cottonwood Alluvial soils and Tree, to 80 ft tall, Bark, foliage, buds Populus deltoides low wet ground buds are gummy eaten by beaver and Marsh. white-tailed deer 2311 Carolina laurel cherry Thickets, low Tree, to 60 ft tall Drupe, Sept.-Oct. Prunus carol iniana woods, maritime Ait. forests 2311 Black cherry Rich, moist soil Tree, to 100 ft tall, Drupe, June-Nov. Fruit eaten by several Windfirm Prunus serotina Ehrh. 2312 Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum L.) Kuhn 2311 White oak Quercus alba L 2ati, 2312 Red Oak Quercus borealis var. maxima Michx. f. 2311, 2312 Variety of sites, usually in poor soil, in woods and open areas Dry-wel1-drained, sun; tolerant of moist soils in bottomlands and on ridges Well-drained, sun and shade, on moist, well- drained soil SELECTED PLANT SPECIES bole to 4 or 5 ft in diameter, leaves ovate, finely ser- rate Medium coarse fern, with extensive rhi- zomes, form large colonies Sporangia, sum- mer Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct. Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Acorn, biennial, Oct.-Nov. Large tree, 70-90 ft and over continued species of birds; also foxes and squirrels; browsed by deer Plant eaten by deer and woodchuck All oaks probably form Very long-lived the most important food plant to wildlife; acorns eaten by many species of songbirds, blue and Florida jays, brown thrasher, many species of woodpeckers, wood duck, quail, wild turkey, bears, squir- rels, raccoons, deer, opossums; twigs are browsed by deer and rabbits Same as Q. alba Long-lived 103 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) 104 Species Bluejack oak Quercus cinerea Michx. 2311 Spanish oak Quercus falcata Michx. 2311, 2312 Cherrybark oak uercus falcata var. pagodaefolia 2311, 2312 Shingle oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. 2312 Turkey oak Quercus laevis Walt. 2311 Laurel-leaved oak Quercus Jaurifolia cnx. 2311 Over-cup oak uercus lyrata Walt. 2311, 2312 Dwarf post oak Quercus margaretta she 2311 Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Muenchh. 2311, 2312 Yellow oak ee muhlenbergii ingelm. 2311 Myrtle oak uercus myrtifolia Willd. 2311 Water oak Quercus nigra L 23ti, 2312 Pin oak uercus palustris luenchh. 2312 Willow oak Quercus phellos L. 2311, 2312 Habitat Dry, well-drained sites, in sun Ory, well-drained, sun; dry hills or sandy or gravelly soil Low grounds and woods Well-drained, moist, sun; on bottomlands and rich moist slopes Ory, well-drained, sun Well-drained, moist, sun; in swamps along streams, also upland sites Well-drained, moist, sun; swamps and bottomland which are often flooded Sandy soil Ory, sandy sites or clay barrens Dry, well-drained, sun, or rich soils of bottomlands; also on dry hill- sides with lime- stone outcrops Near salt water, on sandy ridges High sandy bor- ders of swamps and streams and rich bottomlands of rivers Well-drained, moist, sun; wet bottomlands along streams and on low flats Low, wet borders of swamps and streams and rich sandy uplands Form Tree, to 30 ft tall, leaves 3-5 in long, woolly lower sur- face Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Tree, to 60 ft tall Large tree, 40-60 ft and over Tree, 20-30 ft tall, occasionally 50-60 ft tall Large tree, 50-60 ft and over Small to large tree, up to 100 ft Small tree or shrub Tree, 20-30 ft tall, leaves broadly obo- vate, usually 3- lobed at apex, 6-7 in long Medium-sized to large tree, 40-50 ft tall Tree, to 35 ft Tree, to 80 ft tall, trunk to 3.5 ft in diameter, leaves with 3-lobed apex Large tree, 40-60 ft and over Tree, 70-90 ft tall, trunk 2 ft diam- eter, leaves ovate lanceolate Fruit Acorn, biennial, Nov. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, Aug. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, Sept.-Nov. Acorn, biennial, Oct. Acorn, annual, Oct.-Nov. Acorn, biennial Acorn, biennial, Oct.-Nov. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Oct. continued General wildlife use Same Same Same Same Same Same Same Same Same Same Same Same Same Same as Q. as Q. as Q. as Q. as Q. as Q. as Q. as Q. as Q. 5 ES a iz = o Is iS alba alba lz Notes Rather short-lived Occasionally used as a shade tree Rapid-growing, but short-lived Used as a street and shade tree Long-lived Forms dense thick- ets on exposed areas; rare and en- dangered in Georgia Used as an orna- mental tree Frequently culti- vated CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Chestnut oak Well-drained, Large tree, 60-80 Acorn, annual, Same as Q. alba Long-lived Quercus prinus moist, sun; on ft Sept.-Oct. L. bottomlands 2311, 2312 Dwarf oak Sandy pinelands Shrub, to 25 ft tall Acorn Same as Q. alba Produces suckers Juercus pumila from roots and alt. stems 2311 Shumard's red oak Dry, well-drained, Large tree, to 100 Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba pusreus shumardii moist, sun; bot- ft and over Oct. juckT. tomlands and bor- 2311 ders of swamps Post oak Dry, well-drained, Medium-sized tree, Acorn, annual, Same as Q. alba Quercus stellata sun; on dry, up to 60 ft Sept.-Oct. Wang. rocky or sandy 2311, 2312 soils Texas oak Ory limestone Tree, to 30 ft tall, Acorn, biennial Same as Q. alba wee texana hills and ridges trunk to 10 in diam- juckT. and in fertile eter, leaves 5-7 2311 soil at their lobed base Black oak Dry, gravelly up- Tree, 70-80 ft tall, Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba Susceptible to Quercus velutina lands and ridges bole 3-4 ft in diam- Oct.-Nov. drought injury Lam. eter, leaves ovate 2312 or oblong, mostly 7-lobed, usually 5-6 in long Live oak Sandy woods Tree, to 50 ft tall, Acorn Same as Q. alba juercus virginiana wide spreading MiTT. branches 2311 Sand live oak Dry, well-drained, Tree, to 75 ft Acorn Same as Q. alba Quercus virginiana sun var. geminata Sarg. 7 2311 Meadow-beauty Marshes, meadows, Perennial, stems to Capsule, May-Oct. Rhexia mariana ditches, savannas 2.5 ft tall L. 2311 Rhododendron Moist-wet, decid- Shrub, to 10 ft, Capsule, 5-parted, Twigs and foliage Those members of Rhododendron spp. uous woods, stream- leaves deciduous, seeds minute, browsed by white- this genus with L. banks (rarely sand- silky pubescent; Aug.-Oct. tailed deer deciduous leaves 2311 hills) flowers showy are called azalea; Pinxter-flower Dry, well-drained, zygomorphic Large shrub, to 6 ft Capsule, flowers, Twigs and leaves those with ever- green leaves, rhododendron Commonly in sandy Rhododendron moist, sun and Apr.-May eaten by smal] mam- soil, open woods, nudiflorum shade mals and white- swamps L.) Torr. tailed deer 2311 Swamp azalea Bogs, pocosins, Shrub, to 18 ft tall Capsule, July- Rhododendron viscosum ponds or streams Oct. L.) Torr. 2311 Shining sumac Rhus copallina L. 2311 Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Rhizomatous shrub, to 20 ft tall Drupe, persistent, Sept.-Oct. continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Fruit eaten by upland gamebirds and song- birds; fruit and bark eaten by rabbits; twigs and foliage browsed by white-tailed deer Thicket-forming 105 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) 106 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Poison ivy Widespread, open Vine or shrub, tri- Drupe, small, Fruit eaten by song- Mostly allergenic Rhus radicans and wooded areas, foliate white-yellow, birds and upland game- to humans Le especially common borne in pani- birds, especially in 2312 in disturbed areas cles, Aug.-Oct. winter Poison sumac Moist, sun Tree, to 25 ft Drupe, persist- Berries eaten by a few Poisonous Rhus vernix Lt. 2311 Black locust Robinia pseudo-acacia L 2312 Carolina rose Rosa carolina L. 2311 Southern dewberry Rubus trivialis Michx. 2311 Dwarf palmetto Sabal minor (Wacq.) Pers. 2311, 2312 Willow Salix spp. U 231i, 2312 Black willow Salix nigra Marsh. 2312 Common elder Sambucus canadensis L. 2312 Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis Lt. 2311, 2312 Black snakeroot Sanicula gregaria t. 2312 Trumpet pitcher-plant Sarracenia flava L. 2311 Hooded pitcher-plant Sarracenia minor White sassafras Sassafras albidum L. 2311, 2312 Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Various, dry to wet, open fields or deep woods Roadsides and old fields Low woods In general, along streams, bottom- lands or similar places where soil is moist Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Wet, damp or rich soils, well- drained, moist, sun, shade Rich woods Rich woods and thickets Bogs and savannas Bogs, wet ditches, savannas Ory, well-drained, sun; sandy, stony soil often on north slopes Tree, 70-80 ft tall, bole 3-4 ft in diam- eter, leaves com- pound, 8-14 in long, 7-19 leaflets Shrub, to 4 ft, leaves stipulate, stems mostly with prickers Stems, trailing Leaves, to 3 ft wide Most are deciduous shrubs, 4-12 ft tall, some are trees up to 50 ft, winter buds are covered by 1 scale Tree, 30-40 ft Shrub, stems to 13 ft tall Low, perennial herb Tall perennial herb, 1-4 ft Leaves, to 3 ft tall Leaves, to 1.5 ft tall Small tree, 20-40 ft ent, Sept. Legume, Sept.- Apr. Achene, enclosed in an hypanthium ("hip"), July-Nov. Druplets, Apr.- May Orupe, Sept.-Nov. Capsule, small, 2-valved, contain- ‘ing many minute seeds having tufts of white, silky hairs, July-Sept. Capsule, Apr.- June Berry, Aug.-Oct. Capsule, Mar.-May Globular to ellip- soid with hooked prickles, Apr.- July Capsule Capsule, July-Aug. Drupe, Aug.-Oct. continued species of songbirds and quail; occasionally browsed by rabbits Seeds eaten by a few species of birds, in- cluding quail; also eaten by gray fox, opossum, white-tailed deer Fruit eaten by upland gamebirds; twigs and foliage browsed by white-tailed deer Winter buds eaten by some birds, small mammals, deer; leaf- less twigs and sprouts browsed by deer Same as Salix spp. Berries eaten by many species of songbirds and smal] mammals Berries of slight food value to songbirds Planted for erosion control Fruit available in winger; "hip" is high in vitamin C All but a few are post-fire sprouters; invade cutover and burned areas form- ing dense thickets; often used to sta- bilize streambank erosion Does well on poor soil Invades old fields and forms thickets PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bulrush Various, mostly Tufted annuals or Nutlet, yellow- Nutlets eaten by water- Scirpus spp. moist-wet, marshes, perennials, stems red, bristeld, fowl, marshbirds, up- te streambanks and leaves round, May-Oct. land gamebirds; stems 2311 in cross-section and rootstocks eaten Maryland figwort Scrophujaria marilandica L. 2311 Hyssop skullcap Scutellaria integrifolia L 2311 Saw palmetto Serenoa repens ‘Teartr-) Shalt 2311 Saw greenbrier Smilax bona-nox L. 2311 Greenbrier Smilax glauca are Laurel-leaved greenbrier Smilax Jaurifolia t. 2311 Redbead greenbrier Smilax walteri urs 2311 Zigzag goldenrod Solidago flexicaulis T 2311 Fragrant goldenrod Solidago odora Rit. 2311 Goldenrod Solidago petiolaris t. 2311 Clasping Venus's looking-glass Specularia perfoliata L.) oc. 2311 Smooth buttonplant Spermacoce glabra Michx. 2312 Southern ladies'-tresses Spiranthes praecox Walt.) Wats. 2311 Rich woods, decid- uous forests, roadbanks Savannas, pine barrens, low meadows Low pinelands and savannas Dry to moist, sandy Dry, well-drained, sun Bays, pocosins, bogs Swamp forest and alluvial woods Rich woods and roadbanks Woodlands, road- banks, savannas, pine barrens Upland woods and roadbanks Roadsides, fields, gardens Alluvial woods Swamps, bogs, pocosins, wet savannas SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Erect, perennial herb, to 4.5 ft tall Stems, erect, to 2.5 ft tall Armed shrub, leaves 3 ft wide Spreading or climb- ing shrub Partially evergreen vine Robust, high climb- ing vine Slender vine, high climbing Stems, to 3 ft tall Stems, erect, to 5 ft tall Stems, erect, to 12 ft tall Stems, to 2 ft tall Erect perennial, to 2 ft tall Slender herb, to 2 ft tall Capsule, Aug.- Oct. Drupe, Oct.-Nov. Black berries, Oct.-Spring Berry, often per- sistent, Sept.- Oct. Berry Berry, Oct.-Nov. Nutlet, late Aug.- Frost Nutlets, July-Oct. Nutlets, Sept.- Oct. Capsule, Apr.- June Available June- Frost Minute, Mar.-July continued by muskrat Berries and buds eaten Forms tangles by a few species of songbirds, browsed by deer, escape cover for birds and smal] mam- mals Fruit eaten by ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, songbirds, white-tailed deer, rab- bit, fox, small mammals, black bear, turkey Fruit eaten by upland gamebirds, songbirds, black bear, raccoon May form dense thickets 107 34 PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Table 2310-34.2 (Continued) CHAPTER 2 108 Species Virginia stewartia Habitat Low woods and Stewartia malacodendron creek banks Le 2311 Common sweetleaf Symplocos tinctoria e "Her. 2311 Pond baldcypress Taxodium ascendens Bong. 2311 Baldcypress Taxodium distichum TL.) Richar 2311, 2312 Brownhair Tephrosia spicata Walt.) T. & G. 2311 Goat's-rue Tephrosia virginiana L.) Pers. 2311 Early meadow-rue Thalictrum dioicum 2312 White basswood Tilia heterophylla Vent. 2311 Treebeard tillandsia Tillandsia usneoides L. 2311 Trillium Trillium spp. L. 2312 Huger's trillium Trillium hugeri ‘SmaTT 2311 Trillium Trillium lanceolatum Boykin 2311 Winged elm Ulmus alata Michx. 2311, 2312 American elm Ulmus americana Le 2311, 2312 Horned bladderwort Utricularia cornuta Michx. 2311 Sandy thickets, uplands, alluvial woods, stream margins Bays, pocosins, ponds In permanent swamps, standing water or areas of frequent flooding Roadsides, open woods, clearings Dry, sandy woods and openings Rich, rocky woods, ravines, alluvial terraces Deep woods, in sandy soil Low woods and mari- time forests Mostly rich woods Wooded slopes Wooded slopes Dry, rocky upland woods, along streams, generally on acid soil Along streams and low moist woods Bogs and sandy depressions Form Deciduous shrub or small tree, leaves elliptic, 2-4 in Jong Shrub, to 20 ft tall Tree, to 150 ft tall, bole fluted and tapered, deciduous, with ragged, flat- topped crown Tree, to 150 ft tall, bole fluted and tapered, deciduous, with ragged, flat- topped crown Perennial herb, stems to 2.5 ft long Perennial herb Perennial herb, 1-2 ft Large slender tree, leaves ovate, fine- ly dentate, 3.5-5.25 in long Pendent epiphyte, to 12 ft long Low perennial herb Herb, to 1.5 ft tall Herb, to 1 ft tall Tree, to 50 ft tall, smal] single or di- vided stem, branch- lets with wide corkey "wings" Tree, to 100 ft tall, unique vase shaped form Low herb, to 1 ft tall Fruit Woody capsule Drupe, Aug.-Sept. Cones, to 1 in in diameter Cones, to 1 in in diameter Legume, July-Oct. Shaggy legume, May-Aug. Achene, Apr.-May Nutlet, Aug.-Sept. Capsule, Apr.- June Berry, Mar.-July Berry, May-June Berry, Mar.-Apr. Seeds Seeds Capsules, June- Sept. continued General wildlife use Notes Rare and endangered species in 6 states Seeds are minor food source for wildlife; eaten most notably by Florida crane Seeds eaten by Florida crane; minor food source for wildlife Seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds; birds nest in thick foliage Same as U. alata PROVINCE 2310 Outer Coastal Plain Forest 34 Table 2310-34.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Awn bladderwort Utricularia subulata L. 2311 Farkleberry Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. 2311 Ground blueberry Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. 2311 Deerberry Vaccinium stamineum Lt. 2311 Smallcluster rabbit-eye blueberry Vaccinium virgatum var. tenellum Ait. 2311 Rusty black-haw viburnum Viburnum rufidulum Raf. 2311 Violet Viola spp. L 2311 Grape Vitis spp. tL 2312 Chain fern Woodwardia spp. ‘Smith 2311 Netted chain fern Woodwardia areolata L.) Moore 2311 Virginia chain fern Woodwardia virginica L.) Sm. 2311 Adam's needle yucca Yucca filamentosa L. 2311 Moundlily yucca Yucca gloriosa L 231i Hercules'-club prickly- ash Bogs, ditches, sandy depressions Moist soils near streams and lakes; hillsides, toler- ates limestone soil Pine barrens Rocky or sandy, usually xeric woodlands Streams and open forest Dry pine--oak and oak--hickory forests Dry to wet, open or shaded woods, fields Wide range of sites, favor moist, fertile soils, need sun- Vight Swamps, bogs, wet areas Swamps, bogs, wet pinelands Acid soils, bogs, thickets, wet pinelands Open or thinly wooded xeric habitat Edges of brackish marshes and moist depressions in sand dunes Dry (rare), well- drained, moist, sun and shade, cove sites SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Low herb Bushy tree, to 30 ft tall, usually small- er, dense rounded head Erect shrub, to 2 ft tall Shrub, to 15 ft tall Shrub, to 3 ft tall Shrub, to 15 ft tall Small herbaceous per- ennial, rhizomatous, leaves generally heart-shaped, ces- patose Vines Leaves, to 2.5 ft tall Leaves, to 2.5 ft tall Leaves, to 2.5 ft long Stem, short or ab- sent, leaves to 2 ft wide Shrub, to 10 ft tall Tall shrub to small tree Capsules, small Berry, many seed- ed, Sept.-Nov. Berry, May-June Berry, Aug.-Oct. Berry Drupes, Sept.-Oct. Capsule, May-Aug. Berry Spores Spores Spores Capsule, Sept.- Oct. Available Nov.- Dec. Follicle, Aug.- Sept. Berries eaten by game- birds and songbirds Fruit eaten by upland gamebirds, songbirds, chipmunk; twigs and foliage browsed by white-tailed deer Seeds eaten by quail and songbirds Berries eaten by many species of birds, (in- cluding ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey, ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove), skunk fox, squirrels, rac- coon, opossum,rabbit Forms extensive colonies Flowers of some species are self- pollinating Commonly along fence rows and near margins of woods and along streams Thicket-forming 109 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary NN Location of province State boundary SS within the United States Figure 35.1 Province 2320, Southeastern Mixed Forest 110 CHAPTER 2 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest The Southeastern Mixed Forest Province is divided into two parts by the Southern Floodplain Forest (Section 2312) along the Mississippi River. The eastern part of the province extends north to southern New Jersey and follows the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains south and west along the border of the Eastern Deciduous Forest (Province 2210) to its inter- section with the Southern Floodplain Forest in northern Mississippi. Its southern boundary is marked by the Outer Coastal Plain Forest (Province 2310). The western part of the province includes portions of Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma. It borders the Southern Floodplain Forest on the east, the Eastern Deciduous Forest on the north, and the Prairie Parkland (Province 2510) on the west. The terrain is gently sloping in 50 to 80 percent of the area. Local relief is 100 to 600 feet on the Coastal Plain and 300 to 1000 feet on the piedmont. SOUTHEASTERN PIEDMONT PORTION The piedmont portion is characterized by a geologically mature landscape; all areas are well-drained and highly dissected by streams and rivers. The topography is rolling to hilly upland, cut by rivers in comparatively narrow, steep-sided valleys. The soils are composed mostly of clay formed from metamorphic rock, and thus are very erodable. Poor soil conservation has resulted in the loss of from 3 to 24 inches of topsoil, especially in areas presently or formerly row-cropped. The ultimate natural vegetation is hardwood dominated by oaks and hickories, but pines, particularly loblolly, shortleaf, and Virginia, are important pioneer trees and are abundant today because of previous land use patterns. At the time of the Civil War, most of the original hardwood forest had been cut and cleared for agriculture. Much of this land has since been abandoned and naturally reforested with pine. With time, hardwood species colonize the understory and eventually replace the pine in the overstory. Important hardwood understory colonizers are sweetgum, tulip-poplar, and red maple. Today we see the full spectrum of developmental stands, from recently abandoned fields to fully mature oak—hickory forest. The oak—hickory community is dominated by white oak. Other important overstory trees are red oak, black gum, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, post oak, and scarlet oak. In the understory, maple-leaved viburnum, hazelnut, and muscadine grape are common. On rocky hills a more xeric community typically develops with chestnut oak becoming predominant. These sites are open, the trees widely spaced with few herbaceous plants. Other important hardwood associates are scarlet oak, blackjack oak, sand hickory, and post oak. In these areas, shortleaf and Virginia pines may persist in the overstory forming a mixed forest. The understory is dominated by such xerophytes as huckleberry, blueberry, and poison oak. On the steep slopes of the present erosion cycle that rise SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 above the river floodplain, a more mesic community develops. Tulip-poplar, red oak, black walnut, and beech often reach large sizes on these sites. If the slope has a northern aspect, beech increases in abundance, often forming pure stands. The most productive sites of all are the river floodplain or bottomland sites. Such sites typically show a narrow zonation dependent upon distance from the river. The zone nearest the river is dominated by sycamore, sugar hackberry, river birch, willow, honey-locust, cottonwood, and box-elder. The zone farthest from the river is dominated by sweetgum, red mulberry, willow oak, shagbark hickory, American holly, and blue beech. This zone is highly productive and sweetgum often becomes very large. In the understory a lush herbaceous layer develops, and two shrubs, poison ivy and Japanese honeysuckle, are ubiquitous. SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL PLAIN PORTION The coastal plain portion is characterized by a youthful geologic landscape and by a preponderance of evergreen trees. Over geologic time, fluctuations in sea level cut a series of approximately parallel beach terraces, succes- sively younger towards the coast. Whereas the older terraces are well-dissected by streams, the younger terraces are poorly dissected and large areas of low relief exist along and between streams. Extensive swamps develop in these interstream areas. Two evergreen trees are especially common in this section: longleaf pine on the dry sites, and live oak on mesic sites and in the salt spray zone of the ocean. The abundance of these and other evergreen species, often draped with Spanish moss, is indicative of the transition to the subtropical forest of southern Florida. Formed from beach terraces, much of the coastal plain has a sandy soil where longleaf pine forms nearly pure stands. Turkey oak, blackjack oak, and red bay are characteristic associates. These dry sites are subject to periodic lightning-strike fires which help perpetuate the longleaf type by reducing hardwood competition. Programs of fire protection have favored the hardwood species, and much site conversion has occurred. The longleaf pine areas are further reduced in size by timber harvest practices in which the valuable pine is cut and the less merchantable hardwoods are left occupying the site. On the older beach terraces, oak—hickory forests, essentially the same as that of the piedmont, develop. These sites are quite moist, either because sufficient organic matter has accumulated in the soil or because the soil has a high clay content. The oak—hickory forest type is likely the ultimate forest type for the entire portion. Extensive bottomland swamps develop between and around streams in the outer coastal plain. Abundant moisture and rich organic soil make these sites extremely productive. Sweetgum, swamp black tupelo, ash, willow oak, and water oak are common trees. In some locations swamp black tupelo forms pure stands, and in moister situations baldcypress, pond baldcypress, and false- cypress may be predominant. Locally, along the ocean coast, a salt spray community develops, dominated by live oak and yaupon. The 111 35 constant salt breeze causes a dwarfing of the vegetation, forming impenetrable tangles. Both distance from the PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest surf and wind protection moderate the effects of the salt breeze. Table 2320-35.1 [Southeastern Piedmont] Selected Plant Species Common to the Southeastern Piedmont Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Ymust be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained > cer rubrum Diospyros virginiana ui ar styraciflua ssa sylvatica ndrum arboreum nus echinata Pinus taeda jus virginiana Prunus serotina luercus coccinea Fatcata prinus pseudo- acacia 2 Se a 2 i | obinia Amelanchier arborea Tercis canadensis Tornus FTorida TTex opaca Juniperus virginiana istrya virginiana assafras albidum Tmus alata Vaccinium arboreum Campsis radicans Teanothus amerfcanus Crataegus uniflora Evonymus amertcanus aylussacia baccata Lonicera sempervirens Parthenocissus luinquefolia Prunus americana Prunus angustifolia Pueraria Tobata Rhus copaTTina Rhus glabra Rhus radicans Rubus spp. Smilax spp. Vaccinium stamineum Vaccinium vactT Tans Viburnum acerifoTtum Viburnum rufiduTum Vitis rotundifolia Allium vineale Andropogon virginicus Apocynum cannabinum ristida o ae Asclepias tuberosa ster ericoides Aster pilosus Tarex spp. Thrysanthemum Jeucanthemum rysogonum virginianum Tynodon dactyTon aucus carota Desmodium spp. Digitaria sanguinalis Euphorb¥a coroTTata ragaria virginiana Galium aparine Galiun pitosun Houstonfa caerulea Lespedeza cuneata obelia siphilitica istulosa Wonarda Denothera biennis Red maple Common persimmon Sweet gum Black gum Sourwood Short leaf pine Loblolly pine Virginia pine Black cherry Scarlet oak Spanish oak Chestnut oak Black locust Serviceberry Redbud Flowering dogwood American holly Eastern redcedar Hop-hornbeam White sassafras Winged elm Farkleberry Trumpet-creeper New Jersey tea One-f lower hawthorn Strawberry-bush Huckleberry Woodbine Virginia creeper Wild plum Chickasaw plum Kudzu Shining sumac Smooth sumac Poison ivy Blackberry Greenbrier Oeerberry Blue Ridge blueberry Maple-leaved viburnun Rusty black-haw viburnum Muscadine grape Field garlic Broomsedge Indian hemp Prairie three-awn Butterfly-weed Heath aster Hairy aster Sedge Ox-eye-daisy Goldenstar Bermuda grass Wild carrot Tick-trefoil Hairy crabgrass Flowering spurge Wild strawberry Cleavers bedstraw Hairy bedstraw Common bluets Chinese lespedeza Pale-spike-lobelia Wild bergamot Common evening-primrose continued Carya carolinae- septentrionalis Car, abra ‘arya ovalis rya pallid arya tomentosa spyros virginiana ‘agus grandifotia Nyssa sylvatica inus echinata luercus coccinea uercus falcata luercus marilandica uercus prinus uercus rubra uercus stellata ae E : Quercus velutina Castanea pumila Tercis canadensis Tornus florida Juniperus virginiana rus rubra Usmanthus americanus intana Ustrya virg faccinium arboreum forylus americana orylus cornuta Fugmmus americanus pupandea arhorescens mi lax spp. Vaccinium stamineum Vaceintum vactTTans Viburnum acerifolium Viburnum rafTnesquianum Viburnun rafidelor Vitis rotundifoTia Actaea pachypoda Asarum arifotium Taw ophyT Tum thalictroides ‘imaphita maculata 7 TmaphiTa uabeTTata TonaphoTis pholis americana ephantopus tomentosus Hypericum hyperteotdes Weve Parthentum integrifolium SmiTactna racemosa Carolina hickory Pignut hickory Red hickory Sand hickory Mockernut hickory Common persimmon Beech Black gum Shortleaf pine Scarlet oak Spanish oak Blackjack oak Chestnut oak Red oak Post oak Black oak Chinquap in Redbud Flowering dogwood Eastern redcedar Red mulberry Devi lwood osmanthus Hop-hornbeam Fark leberry Common hazelnut Beaked hazelnut Strawberry-bush Wild hydrangea Greenbrier Deerberry Blue Ridge blueberry Maple-leaved viburnum Downy arrow-wood Rusty black-haw viburnum Muscadine grape White baneberry Arum wild ginger Blue cohosh Spotted wintergreen Common pipsissewa Squaw-root Elephant-foot St. John's-wort Vernal iris Wild quinine False Solomon's-seal 112 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.1 [Southeastern Piedmont] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation -- (Cont inued) Tall-growing trees, over an ft {Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Passiflora lutea Penstemon australis Prunella vulgaris Pycnanthemum tncanum Solidago bicoTor olidago nemoralis Tiosteum perfoliatum Verbascum t] japsus Verbestna occidentalis Habitat conditions: Acer negundo Keer rubrum Acer Saccharinum Betula nigra Celtis Taevigata Teltis occidentalis Fraxinus pennsyTvanica Gleditsta triacanthos Juglans nigra gui jar Sstyraciflua riodendron tulipifera Pinus taeda Platanus occidentalis PopuTus deTtotdes uercus falcata — juercus falcata var. agodaefolia uercus pheTlos luercus prinus juercus rubra uercus shumardii Tinta pseudo-acacia Salix nigra Uimus ‘americana mus rubra Asimina triloba Tarpinus caroTiniana ornus florida Morus rubra Ulmus atata mus serotina Alnus serrulata Fignoats cxpreo preolata a fe oridus ephalanthus occidentalis Tornus amomum Hamamel¥s virginiana Uindera benzoin Lonicera japonica igustrina Lyonia lig) arthenocissus ‘quinquefolia Rhus radicans Rubus spp. Smitax spp. Staphylea trifolia Viburnum prunifoTium Xanthorhiza simplicissima Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ambrosia trifida Rqut fegia canadensis risaema triphy um Ory/excessive (Continued, Passion-f lower Penstemon Common selfheal Atlantic mountain-mint Silver goldenrod Oldfield goldenrod Common horse-gentian Common mullein Yellow crown-beard Moist to wet/well- Box-elder Red maple Silver maple River birch Sugar hackberry Common hackberry Green ash Honey- locust. Black walnut Sweet gum Tulip-pop lar Loblolly pine Sycamore Eastern cottonwood Spanish oak Cherrybark oak Willow oak Chestnut oak Red oak Shumard's red oak Black locust Black willow American elm Red elm Pawpaw Blue beech Flowering dogwood Red mulberry Winged elm September elm Smooth alder Cross-vine Common sweet shrub Common buttonbush Silky dogwood Witch-hazel Spicebush Japanese honeysuckle Maleberry Virginia creeper Poison ivy Blackberry Greenbrier Bladdernut Black-haw viburnum Yellowroot Common ragweed Giant ragweed Columbine Smal] Jack-in-the-pulpit continued drained to impeded Acer floridanum Acer Saccharum Tarya cordiformis arya ovata aqus grandifolia falesia carolina SJuglans nigra iquidambar styraciflua iriodendron tulipifera fagnolia acuminata inus taeda luercus alba uercus bicolor falcata var. ‘Pagodaefolia Quercus yrata uercus nigra duercus pheTTos uercus prinus queras rubra ‘iTia heterophylla Asimina triloba Carpinus caroTiniana ‘astanea dentata Thionanthus virginicus Cornus florida TTex opaca Hagnol fa macrophy la fagnolia tripetala florus rubra Aesculus sylvatica TaTycanthus floridus ‘ornus amomum Euonymus americanus Euonymus atropurpureus jamame Tis viraintans Tlex decidua Tlex verticillata Itea virginica Kalmia latifolia Teucothoe racemosa Tontcera japonica igustrina Tyonia Tig Parthenocissus ~quinguefolia Rhododendron nudiflorum Rhus radicans Ribes echinellum ‘Smilax spp. Styrax grandifolia horus runifolium Xanthorhiza simplicissima Adiantum pedatum Anemonetla thaTictroides Arisaema triphyTlum Athyrium thety ypteraides Florida maple Sugar maple Bitternut hickory Shagbark hickory Beech Carolina silverbell Black walnut Sweet gum Tulip-poplar Cucumber-tree Loblolly pine White oak Swamp-white oak Cherrybark oak Over-cup oak Water oak Willow oak Chestnut oak Red oak White basswood Pawpaw Blue beech Chestnut Fringe-tree Flowering dogwood American holly Bigleaf magnolia Umbrella magnolia Red mulberry Painted buckeye Common sweet shrub Silky dogwood Strawberry-bush Wahoo Witch-hazel Possum-haw Winterberry Sweet-spire Mountain- laurel Sweetbells leucothoe Japanese honeysuckle Maleberry Virginia creeper Pinxter-f lower Poison ivy Florida gooseberry Greenbrier Bigleaf snowbell Black-haw viburnum Yellowroot Maidenhair fern Rue-anemone Smal] Jack-in-the-pulpit Spleenwort. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 113 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.1 [Southeastern Piedmont] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Dry/excessive (Continued Lesser vegetation -- (Cont inued) Arundinaria gigantea Tarex spp. Erythron ium americanum upatorium rugosum atiens capensis luncus spp. Laportea canadensis tobe Ya cardinalis Paspaium dilatatum edicularis canadensis Podophyttum peltatum ola spp. Cane Sedge Dog's-tooth-violet White snakeroot Jewelweed Rush Wood-nettle Cardinal flower Dallis-grass Early pedicularis May-apple Violet Claytonia virginica ennstaedtia punctilobula Erythrontum amertcanum Goodyera pubescens Mitchella repens Osmunda claytoniana Osmunda regaTis Podophy1Tum peTtatum Polettchan serostia ‘olystichum acrostichoides Sanguinarta canadensis milax herbacea Thalictrum revolutum Viola spp. Spr ing-beauty Hay-scented fern Dog's-tooth-violet Rattlesnake plantain Partridge-berry Interrupted fern Royal fern May-apple Christmas fern Bloodroot Carrion-f lower Meadow-rue Violet Table 2320-35.1 [Southeastern Coastal Plain] Selected Plant Species Common to the Southeastern Coastal Plain Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Habitat conditions: Juniperus virginiana inus echinata Pinus palustris Pinus taeda uercus fatcata juercus marilandica juercus prinus uercus stellata juercus virgintana Cornus florida rataegus elliptica Peasea bi jorbonia juercus Taevis juercus margaretta abaT palmetto Amorpha herbacea trite ‘SPP. Troton punctatus Epigaea repens GayTussacia dumosa Tlex glabra TTex vomitoria Tva imbricata TefophyTtum buxifolium Denanthus ser Teanus uercus incana pra pumila us toxtcondendron Robinia nana Smilax spp. Andropogon capillipes renaria Caroliniana Aristida stricta Tnidoscolus stimulosus Eastern redcedar Short leaf pine Longleaf pine Loblolly pine Spanish oak Blackjack oak Chestnut oak Post oak Live oak Flowering dogwood Hawthorn Red bay Turkey oak Owarf post oak Cabbage palmetto Clusterspike amorpha Sea-rocket New Mexican croton Trailing arbutus Dwarf huckleberry Inkberry Yaupon Sumpweed Box sand-myrtle Devilwood osmanthus Bluejack oak Dwarf oak Poison oak Little locust Greenbrier Cabaris bluestem Carolina sandwort Pineland three-awn Risky tread-softly continued Ory to moist/excessive to well-drained Carya carolinae- coptentrTonaTis cary glabra arya walls paltida ar, tomentosa Tospyros virginiana aguegrandivelia yes sylvatica Tnus echinata Quercus coccinea uercus falcata uercus marilandica luercus prinus luercus rubra uercus stellata Quercus veTutina Castanea pumila Tercts canadensis Tornus Florida Juniperus virginiana forus rubra Usmanthus americanus Dstrya virginiana Vaccinium arboreum Corylus americana Torylus cornuta uonymus americanus ydrangea arborescens Smilax spp. Vaccinium stamineum Vaccinium vactlTans Viburnum acerifoTium Viburnum rafinesquianum Viburnum ruftdulum Vitis rotundifolia | as : Actaea re Asarum arifolium Carolina hickory Pignut hickory Red hickory Sand hickory Mockernut hickory Common persimmon Beech Black gum Short leaf pine Scarlet oak Spanish oak Blackjack oak Chestnut oak Red oak Post oak Black oak Chinquapin Redbud Flowering dogwood Eastern redcedar Red mulberry Devilwood osmanthus Hop-hornbeam Fark leberry Common hazeInut Beaked hazelnut Strawberry-bush Wild hydrangea Greenbrier Deerberry Blue Ridge blueberry Maple-leaved viburnum Downy arrow-wood Rusty black-haw viburnum Muscadine grape White baneberry Arum wild ginger Tau jophy um thalictroides Blue cohosh Chimaphila maculata Spotted wintergreen 114 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.1 [Southeastern Coastal Plain] (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation -~ (Cont inued) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-20 ft (Normally not controlled) Dionaea muscipula Euphorbia tpecacuanhae uphorbia polygonifo lia alactia spp. Juncus roemerianus Lupinus diffusus Pantcum anarum Panicum virga ‘um PhTox nivalis PoygoneTla polygama atsoTa kali esau maritinum jartina patens nova paniculata Yucca spp. Dry/excessive (Continued. Venus-fly-trap Ipecae euphorbia Euphorbia Milkpea Needlegrass rush Gully lupine Bitter panicum Switchgrass Trailing phlox Jointweed Russian thistle Sesuvitum Marsh-hay cordgrass Sea-oats Yucca Chimaphila umbellata Conopho Ts americana ephantopus tomentosus Hypericum hypericoides ris verna Parthentum integrifolium milacina racemosa Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Acer negundo Acer rubrum Reer ‘Sacchar inum etula nigra Tarya aquatica eltis occidentalis Thamaecyparts thyoides raxinus caroliniana Fraxtnus pennsyTvanica Fraxinus tomentosa Tigquidambar styraciflua ssa aquatica ssa sylvatica var. iflora Pinus serotina Pinus taeda Platanus occidentalis Poputus heterophyTTa luercus Taurifolia luercus nigra pheTlos alix nigra Taxodium ascendens ‘axodium distichum Tmus americana Gordonia lasianthus MagnoTia virginiana ersea borbonia PTanera aquatica Rhus Ternte Aronia arbutifolia Berchemta scandens Bignonia capreoTata jamaedaphne calyculata Clethra acuminata Cornus stricta Get a racemiflora ick coriacea Tex glabra Teucothoe axillaris Teucothoe racemosa Lyonta lucida Lyonia mariana Myrica cerifera — rica pensylvanica Rosa carolina Smilax Taurifolia Viburnum nudum Zenobia pulverulenta SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Box-elder Red maple Silver maple River birch Water hickory Common hackberry Falsecypress Carolina ash Green ash Pumpkin ash Sweet gum Water tupelo Swamp black tupelo Pond pine Loblolly pine Sycamore Swamp poplar Laurel-leaved oak Water oak Willow oak Black willow Pond baldcypress Baldcypress American elm Loblolly bay Sweet bay magnolia Red bay Water-elm Poison sumac Red chokeberry Alabama supplejack Cross-vine Leather-leaf White alder Swamp dogwood Titi Holly Inkberry Coast leucothoe Sweetbells leucothoe Fetter-bush lyonia Stagger-bush Southern wax-myrtle Northern bayberry Carolina rose Laurel-leaved greenbrier Possum-haw viburnum Green zenobia continued Acer floridanum Acer Fubrun Tarya cordiformis arya tomentosa Fagus grandifolia raxinus americana Walans nigra iquidambar styraciflua riodendron tulipifera agno lia acum nata Nyssa sylvatica uercus alba uercus falcata var. ago. jaefo ia Tita heterophyla Asimina parviflora amameTis virginiana Tlex opaca Tagnolia macrophylla ‘accinium arboreum Callicarpa americana uonymus americanus elsemium sempervirens ex glabra Common pipsissewa Squaw-root Elephant-foot St. John's-wort Vernal iris Wild quinine False Solomon's-seal Florida maple Red maple Bitternut hickory Mockernut hickory Beech White ash Black walnut Sweet gum Tulip-poplar Cucumber-tree Black gum White oak Cherrybark oak White basswood Smallf lower pawpaw Witch-hazel American holly Bigleaf magnolia Farkleberry American beautyberry Strawberry-bush Carolina jessamine Inkberry 115 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.1 [Southeastern Coastal Plain] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Moist/well-drained (Continued, Aletris aurea Aletris farinosa Rrundinaria tecta Aster elodes Aster hemtsphericus Tarex Spp. Clematis crispa Coreopsis falcata ‘tenium aromaticum Drosera rotundifolia Erigeron vernus umarta officinalis Hypoxts micrantha ris tridentata Tris versfcoTor Ludwigia spp. ycopodium alopecuroides yriophyllum heterophyTTum ‘inguicuTa pumila ogonia oh og lossoides Potyga a Tutea exia alifanus Sagittaria spp. Sarracenia flava Sarracenia purpurea aururus cernuus Sisyrinchium spp. olidago fistulosa ‘olidago salicina Typha angustifolia ypha Tatifolia Utricularia subulata VioTa primultfolia Woodwardia virginica Tizaniopsis avtiaces Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Star-grass Whitetube star-grass Southern cane Aster Single-stem bog aster Sedge Curly clematis Coreopsis Tooth-ache grass Sundew Early whitetop fleabane Fumitory Golden star-grass Bay iris Blue flag Seedbox Foxtail club-moss Farwell parrot's-feather Small butterwort Rose pogonia Orange polygala Meadow-beauty Arrowhead Trumpet pitcher-plant Pitcher-plant Lizard's-tail Blue-eyed grass Pine barren goldenrod Goldenrod Narrowleaf cat-tail Cat-tail Awn bladderwort Primrose violet Virginia chain fern Southern wild rice Anemonella thalictroides Arisaema triphyTium Rrundinaria Gigantea Osmunda cinnamomea Usmunda regalis Podophy1Tum peltatum Polygonatun bifTorum PoTystichum acrostichoides Sanguinaria canadensis Rue-anemone Smal] Jack-in-the-pulpit Cane Cinnamon fern Royal fern May- app le Solomon's-seal Christmas fern Bloodroot 116 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Southeastern Mixed Forest Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Florida maple Acer floridanum Pax 2321, 2322 Box-elder Acer negundo U 2321, 2322 Red maple Acer rubrum 2321, 2322 Silver maple Acer saccharinum t. 2321, 2322 Sugar maple Acer saccharum Marsh, 2321 White baneberry Actaea pachypoda Er 2321, 2322 Maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum u 2321 Painted buckeye Aesculus sylvatica Bartr. 2321 Star-grass Aletris aurea Walt. 2322 Whitetube star-grass Aletris farinosa T. 2322 Field garlic Allium vineale 2321 Smooth alder Alnus serrulata Ait.) Willd. 2321 Common ragweed Ambrosia artemi t 2321 Vifoli Giant ragweed Ambrosia trifida T. 2321 Serviceberry Amelanchier arborea Michx. f.) Fern. 2321 Riverbanks and Tow wet woods Moist sites, in- frequent on highlands Rocky woods, upper slopes, acid soils of chert, sand- stone, or granite, rarely wet woods Sandy banks of streams, rarely in deep often sub- merged swamps Rich or rocky woodland, often on calcareous soils along streams Dry to moist Rich shaded sites, abundant in lime- stone areas Rich woods and streambanks Damp pine barrens and bogs Dry or moist peats, sands and gravels Grassland, fallow fields Wet, streambanks ditches Old pastures, wasteland, road- sides, etc. Moist, open, dis- turbed areas Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Tree, to 50-60 ft tall, bole rarely 3 Samara ft in diameter, leaves 3-5 lobed, 1.5-3 in in diameter Medium tree, to 75 ft Tree, to 40 ft tall, many parts of plant are red Tree, 90-120 ft, bole 3-4 ft in diam eter, leaves deeply 5 lobed, 6-7 in long Tree, to 60 ft and over Erect herbaceous perennial, leaves pinnately compound Fern from a slender rhizome, stalk 20 int Smal] tree or coarse shrub, to 20 ft Flower stalk, to 2 ft tall Scapes, to 3 ft tall Stem stiff, erect, to 3.5 ft tall Shrub, to 12 ft, buds stalked, woody female strobilus Annual, erect, to 8 ft tall Tall-growing herba- ceous annuals, 6-12 ft, leaves deeply di- Paired samara "keys", Sept.-Oct. Reddish fruit, May-July Samara, available Apr.-June Samara, June-Sept. Berry, white, Aug.-0ct. Sporangia, summer Capsule Capsule Capsule Bulb Nutlet, Aug.-0ct. Seeds, small, July-Oct. Nutlet, July-Nov. vided, stems pubescent Tree, 20-40 ft tall, Pome occasionally to 50 ft continued Browsed by deer Seeds, buds, flowers eaten by evening gros- beak and white-tailed deer; used to a lesser degree by other animals White-tailed deer browse twigs; songbirds eat seeds Seeds, buds eaten by chipmunks, songbirds, squirrels; deer and rabbit browse twigs Songbirds eat seeds; deer browse twigs Beaver use in dam con- struction; serves as cover for several spe- cies Seeds of Ambrosia spp. eaten by upland game- birds, songbirds, chipmunks Same as Ambrosia spp. Browsed by white-tailed deer Prolific sprouter Windfirm, but easily storm damaged Berries toxic to humans Forms dense thickets May cause hay fever Often forms large colonies along streams SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 117 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Clusterspike amorpha Ory, well-drained, Shrub, to 12 ft Legume Amorpha herbacea sun alt. 2322 Cabaris bluestem Sandy pine and oak Culms, tufted, Caryopsis Seeds of Andropogon spp. Andropogon capillipes woods slender, erect, to eaten by songbirds; Nas! 3 ft tall foliage browsed by 2322 white-tailed deer Broomsedge Dry to moist, open Somewhat clump- Utricle, July- Same as Andropogon spp. Andropogon virginicus areas and open forming perennial Oct., purplish or Tt. woods grass, leaves linear yellow 2321 Rue-anemone Open woods Low perennial herb — Achene, Apr.-June Anemonella thalictroides U.) Spach 2321, 2322 Indian hemp Open ground, thick- Branching herb, to Pod, seeds minute Apocynum cannabinum ets and borders of 2 ft tall Ll. woods 2321 Columbine Rocky woods, Tall perennial herb, Follicle, Apr..- Aquilegia canadensis slopes 1-2 ft July T. 2321 Carolina sandwort Ory sands Densely matted, stiff Capsule Arenaria caroliniana forking stem Walt. 2322 Small Jack-in-the-pulpit Moist to wet, Herbaceous perennial, Berry, July, red, Berries sometimes eaten Arisaema triphyllum wooded areas to 3 ft, 3 leaflets, in globose by turkeys Ly) Schott flowers spadix in clusters 2321, 2322 spathe Prairie three-awn Ory, sterile Annual, culms tufted, Caryopsis Seeds of Aristida spp. Aristida oligantha soil to 2 ft tall eaten by songbirds che. 2321 Pineland three-awn Pine barrens Perennial, culms Caryopsis Same as Aristida spp. Aristida stricta erect, to 3 ft Tchx. 2322 Red chokeberry Ory, well-drained, Shrub, 3-6 ft Berry, Aug.-Oct., May be in swamps Aronia arbutifolia moist, sun and persistent and wet woods Uy) EN, shade 2322 Cane Riverbanks and Tall woody grass, Grain in spikelet, Forms canebrakes Arundinaria gigantea swamps 4-30 ft Apr-May Watt.) Chapm, 2321, 2322 Southern cane Swamps, moist soil, Tall woody grass, Grain in spikelet, Arundinaria tecta or in water up to 12 ft Mar.-June Watt.) Muh). 2322 Arum wild ginger Woodlands Low herb Locule Asarum arifolium Michx, 2321, 7322 Butterfly-weed Ory soil, fields Tall perennial herb, Follicle, June- Asclepias tuberosa 1-2 ft Sept. te 2321 continued 118 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Smallf lower pawpaw Asimina parviflora Michx.) Duna? 232? Pawpaw Asimina triloba (L.) Ounat 231 Aster Aster elodes TEC. 232? Heath aster Aster ericoides t. 2321 Single-stem bog aster Aster hemisphericus EL J. Alex. 2322 Hairy aster Aster pilosus WitTd. 2321 Spleenwort 2321 teroides Alabama supplejack Berchemia scandens (HilT) K. Koch 2327 River birch Betula nigra U 2301, 2322 Cross-vine Bignonia capreolata 2321, 2322 Sea-rocket Caki American beautyberry Callicarpa americana Ll. 2322 Common sweet shrub Calycanthus floridus 2301 Trumpe’ Camy (LLY Seen. 2371 Sedge Carex spp. L. 2371, 2329 Dry, well-drained, sun and shade, sandy or dry woods Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, moist, fer- tile soil, stream valleys and lower slopes Damp thickets, marshes and meadows Dry, open soil or in thickets Prairies, dry woods and rocky slopes Dry thickets, clearings, fields, and roads ides Rich, moist, drained woods, shaded slopes Moist, sandy woods, swamp forests and stream banks Moist, sun, stream banks and lake shores Thickets, alluvial forests and mixed or deciduous wood- lands Coastal sand dunes Sandy or rocky woodlands, usually moist Deciduous forests, low woods, clear- ings and stream banks Variable, frequent in fence rows and roadsides, full sun Variable, most common in moist areas Shrub, to 6 ft tall Tall shrub to small tree, up to 40 ft Slender stem, to 3 ft tall Stiffly erect, to 6 ft tall Stems to 3 ft tall Stems to 4 ft tall Tall fern, up to 3 ft Woody vine, high climbing Tree, to 60 ft tall, twigs brown, leaves ovate Woody vine, climb ing by tendrils Succulent herbs Shrub, to 5 ft Deciduous, aromatic shrub, to 10 ft tall Vine, leaves coarsely toothed, compound Herbaceous perennial, sten triangular Berry, available Aug.-Sept. Berry, available Aug.-Oct. Achene, small Achene, small Achenes Achene Sporangia, July- Sept. Black drupe, available Aug.- Oct. Smal] winged nut= let, available July-Sept. Capsule, available July-Aug. Silique, available usually May-June Drupe, available June-July Capsule Capsule, Sept.- Oct., seeds winged Nutlet, June-July, surrounded by sac- like perigyniun continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Fruit eaten by birds, opossum, gray fox, squirrel, raccoon Fruit eaten by birds, opossum, gray fox, squirrel, raccoon Seeds of Aster spp. are a minor food source of songbirds; white-tailed deer browse the foliage Same as Aster spp. spp. Same as Aster spp. Seeds eaten by water- fowl, upland ganebirds, songbirds, chipmunk ; white-tailed deer browse foliage Understory shrub Clump- forming Very attractive trumpet-shaped flowers; some people are allergic to the leaves Largest yenus in our flora; fertile spec- mens are required for exact ident if i- cation 119 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Blue beech Borders of streams Bushy tree, rarely 40 Nutlet, available Seeds eaten by song- Carpinus caroliniana and swamps, in deep ft tall, leaves Aug.-Oct. birds and squirrels ia i. i rich moist soil sharply doubly ser- 2321 rate, 2-4 in long Water hickory Deep swamps, in Tree, to 100 ft tall, Nut, available Nuts eaten by wood Carya aquatica sun 7-13 leaflets Sept.-Oct. ducks and mallards Michx. f.) Britt. 2322 Carolina hickory Well-drained, sun, Tree, to 60 ft Nut, avialable Carya carolinae- rich woods Oct. septentrionalis ties} ‘Engl. & Graebn. 2321, 2322 Bitternut hickory Low wet woods near Tree, often 100 ft Nut, available Nuts eaten by squirrels, Carya cordiformis streams and on high tall, bole 2-3 ft in Sept.-Oct. chipmunks, wood ducks, Wang.) K. Koch rolling uplands re- diameter, leaves 6-10 turkey 2321, 2322 mote from streams in long, compound, 7-9 leaflets Pignut hickory Hillsides and dry Tree, 60-90 ft tall, Nut, available Same as C. cordiformis Deep root system we Habra ridges bole 2-2.5 ft in Sept.-Oct. windf irm TTT.) Sweet diameter, leaves 2321, 2322 compound, usually 5 leaflets Red hickory Well-drained, sun, Tree, 50-80 ft tall Nut, available Carya ovalis dry woods Oct. Wang.) Sarg. 2321, 2322 Shagbark hickory Low hills, near Tree, 70-90 ft tall, Nut, available Same as C. cordi Carya ovata streams and swamps bole 3-4 ft in diam- Sept.-Oct. WITT.) K. Koch in rich deep moder- eter, leaves 8-14 in 2321 ately moist soil long, compound, usually 5 leaflets Sand hickory Ory, well-drained, Tree, usually 30-40 Nut, available Same as C Carya pallida sun, in sandy soil ft tall, occasionally Sept.-Oct. i Tishe) Engl. & Graebn. to 90-100 ft 2321, 2327 Mockernut hickory Well-drained, sun Tree, 50-80 ft tall, Nut, available Same as C. cordiformis wWindfirm Carya tomentosa and shade occasionally to 100 Sept.-Nov. lutt. ft 2321, 2322 Chestnut Ory, well-drained, Small tree, 15-20 ft Nut, Sept.-Oct. Formerly very im- Castanea dentata sun portant, now mostly (Marsh.) Borkh. small sprouts 2321 Chinquapin Ory, well-urained, Round-topped tree, Nut, available Castanea pumila moist, sun and rarely 50 ft tall Sept.-Oct. T shade, on dry 2321, 2322 ridges and rich hillsides Blue cohosh Rich woods and Herb, stems to 2 ft Dark blue, avail- Caulophy11um hardwood coves tall able July-Aug. alictroides . ichx, 2321, 2327 New Jersey tea Ory to moist, Low shrub, to 4 ft, Capsule, June- Cover for small birds Typically a clump- Ceanothus americanus open woods leaves with 3 major July, in terminal and animals; occasion- former; leaves can vl veins clusters, ally browsed by white- be used in making 2321 tailed deer tea Sugar hackberry Low woods, bottom- Tree, to 90 ft tall Drupe, black, .1- Fruit eaten by several tis laevigata lands +25 in in diameter species of songbirds; Willd, twigs browsed by deer continued 120 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Common hackberry Low woods and up- Tree or coarse shrub, Drupe, purple- Same as C. laevigata Large or small tree Celtis occidentalis land slopes, rocky to 90 ft and over black, stone .25 or low shrub vary- tc. barrens, sandy soil in long ing in respect to 2321, 2322 habitat Common buttonbush Well-drained, Tall shrub, 15-20 ft Nut-like capsule, A good bee plant Cephalanthus moist, sun and Sept.-Dec. and occidentalis shade later Tt 2321 Redbud Dry, well-drained, Small tree, 15-30 ft Legume pod, avail- Seeds eaten by bobwhite Usually understory Cercis canadensis sun and shade, able July-Aug., and songbirds; browsed tree in hardwood t. moist rocky woods occasionally by deer forest 2321, 2322 throughout winter Falsecypress Cold swamps, usual- Tree, 70-80 ft tall, Cone, matures Eaten very little by Chamaecyparis thyoides ly immersed during bole about 2 ft in Sept.-Oct. of birds and rodents BSP. several months of diameter, leaves first season 2322 the year small, keeled scale- like, spreading near branch tips Leather-leaf Well-drained, Evergreen shrub, 1-3 Capsule, Aug.- Thicket-forming in Chamaedaphne calyculata moist, sun on acid ft Sept. nearly pure stands L.) Moench peat in bogs and 2322 ‘on margins of ponds Spotted wintergreen Upland dry woods Low evergreen peren- Capsule, June- Chimaphila maculata nial, subherbaceous Aug. t. Barsh plant 2321, 2322 Common pipsissewa Mixed deciduous, Perennial subshrub, Capsule, available Chimaphila umbellata upland forests to 9 in tall July-Oct. = bart, 2321, 2322 Fringe-tree Well-drained, Tall shrub to small Drupe, Sept.-Oct. Chionanthus virginicus moist, sun and tree, 10-40 ft Tt shade 2321 Ox-eye-daisy Fields, roadsides Tall perennial herb, Achene, June-Aug. Chrysanthemum 1-3 ft jeucanthemum Ll, 2321 Goldenstar Sandy or rocky Perennial herb, stems Achene Chrysogonum virginianum woodlands erect t. 2321 Spring-beauty Moist woods, Low perennial herb Capsule, Mar.-May Claytonia virginica thickets and Ll. clearings 2321 Curly clematis Low woods and Climbing herbaceous Achene, small Clematis crispa marshes vine Ll. 2322 White alder Well-drained, Tall shrub to small Capsule, July- Bees attracted to Clethra acuminata shade tree, to 18 ft Aug., persistent flowers Michx. 2322 Risky tread-softly Sandy woods and Herb, to 3 ft tall Capsule, May-Sept. Cnidoscolus stimulosus old fields Michx.) Engelm, & Gray 2322 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 121 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Squaw-root Ory woods, usually Parasite, usually on Capsule, Mar.-June Conopholis americana oak oak roots, plant to (L.) Watir. 1 ft tall 2321, 2322 Coreopsis Pocosins, bogs, Perennial, stems to Nutlet, small, Coreopsis falcata savannas and 6 ft tall available May-July FL. Boynt. ditches 2322 Silky dogwood Moist to wet, along Small shrub, to 4 ft, Drupe, Aug.-Sept., Fruit eaten by upland Cornus amomum streambanks pith brown light blue, .06 in gamebirds, songbirds, wn. long, in terminal rabbits, squirrels, 2321 clusters chipmunk; twigs browsed by white-tailed deer Flowering dogwood Rich well-drained Bushy tree, less than Drupe, available Fruit eaten by many Frequently planted Cornus florida soil, often in 40 ft tall, bole 12- Sept.-Feb. species of birds, in- . shade of taller 18 in, leaves ovate cluding turkey, also 2321, 2322 trees but also does clustered at ends of squirrels; white-tailed well in full sun branches deer browse twigs Swamp dogwood Well-drained, Shrub, to 10 ft tall Drupe, available Cornus stricta moist, sun Aug.-Sept. Lam, 2322 Common hazelnut Ory, well-drained, Shrub, to 10 ft tall Nut, July-Sept., Nuts of Corylus spp. —Thicket-forming Corylus americana sun and shade occasionally eaten by beaver, chip- alt. persistent munk, squirrels 2321, 2322 Beaked hazelnut Dry to moist, open Shrub, 3-8 ft, leaves Nut, Aug.-Sept., Same as Corylus spp. Commercial filbert Corylus cornuta areas or deep woods doubly serrated, enclosed in leafy is in this genus Marsh. twigs pubescent bracts 2321, 2322 Hawthorn Neutral soils, Shrub to small tree, Pome, available Fruit of Crategus spp. Crataegus elliptica often on very poor leaves extremely through winter eaten by plang ‘game- Ait. sites, but found variable birds, songbirds, black 2322 on all sites bear, raccoon One-f lower hawthorn Dry to moist, open Shrub to small tree, Pome, Aug.-Sept., Same as Crategus spp. prataegus uniflora areas or open woods large thorns present red, .5 in long luenchh, 2321 New Mexican croton Ory to moist, sand Herbaceous annual or Capsule, May-Nov. Seeds eaten by upland Perennial plants Croton punctatus dunes along the short-lived peren- gamebirds and songbirds become woody at the Jacq. coast nial, leaves stellate base 2322 pubescent Tooth-ache grass Savannas, bogs and Erect perennial, from Caryopsis Ctenium aromaticum pinelands short rhizomes, culms Walt.) Wood to 4 ft tall 2322 Bermuda grass Widespread, open Herbaceous, 2-3 ft, Utricle, Aug.- Leaves browsed by One of the principal Cynodon dactylon fields and road- repent with upright Oct, in 3-5 Canada geese forage grasses of . ers, sides fertile spikes digitate spikes the South 2321 Titi Pocosins, bay for- Shrub to small tree, Drupe-like, avail- Cyrilla racemiflora ests and low pine- to 25 ft tall able Sept.-Oct. lt. lands 2322 Wild carrot Widespread in open Herbaceous biennial, Schizocarp, May- Seeds occasionally Daucus carota areas and disturbed 2-4 ft, leaves highly Sept., in terminal eaten by small mammals T. - ground dissected umbels 2321 Hay-scented fern Dry woodlands, Pubescent fern Sporangia, July- Spreads by rhizomes pastures, moist Oct. to form large slopes patches on ROWS continued 122 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Tick-trefoil Desmodium spp. jesv. 2321 Hairy crabgrass Digitaria sanguinalis . cop. 2321 Venus-f ly-trap Dionaea muscipula Elis 2322 Common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 2321, 2322 Sundew Drosera rotundifolia 2322 Elephant-foot Elephantopus tomentosus L 2321, 2322 Trailing arbutus Epigaea repens 2322 Early whitetop fleabane Erigeron vernus tT.) T. 8 6. 2322 Dog's-tooth-violet Erythronium americanum Ker 2321 Strawberry-bush Euonymus americanus U 2321, 2322 Wahoo Euonymus atropurpureus acd. 2321 White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. 2321 Flowering spurge Euphorbia corollata 2321 Ipecac euphorbia Euphorbia ipecacuanhae U Dry to moist, fields and open woods Widespread, but mostly in open, disturbed areas Wet sandy ditches, savannas and open bog margins Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, usually open sites Bogs, moist acid soil Woodlands Sandy to peaty woods or Clear ings Savannas, pocosins, bogs and ditches Rich woods, bottom- lands and meadows Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Rich woods, thickets, clearings Woodland borders and old fields Turkey oak and pine woods Sand dunes along 2322 Euphorbia Euphorbia polygonifolia the coast T. 2322 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Bushy, herbaceous perennial, leaves trifoliate Herbaceous perennial, rhizomatous, flowers in 3-5 digitate clusters Low spreading peren- nial Small tree, 25-50 ft and over Smal] insectivorous plant, rounded basal Jeaves with glandular hairs Stem to 2 ft tall Prostrate or trailing evergreen, shrubby herb Perennial herb, to ? ft tall Low, nearly stemless herb, colonial Shrub, 3-6 ft Shrub, up to 12 ft Tall perennial herb, 2-5 ft Perennial, from stout rootstock, freely branched, to 6 ft tall Low perennial Legume, Aug.-Oct., flattened, divided into several seg- ments, pubescent Seeds eaten by quail The hairy fruits cling to passing animals, a method of dispersal Utricle, July-Oct, Seeds of Digitaria spp. A common lawn weed Minute Berry, available Aug.-Oct., some- times persistent Capsule, June-Aug. Nutlet, small Capsule, Mar.-May Nutlet Capsule, Mar.- June, vegetatively propagated from bulb Capsule, Sept.- Oct. Capsule, Aug.-Nov. Achene, July-Oct. Capsule, minute Capsule, small Prostrate annual, Capsule occasionally erect continued eaten by quatl Fruit eaten by bobwhite, Often forms thickets turkey, opossum, deer, skunk, raccoon, smal] mammals Of little value; small use of Euonymus spp. by songbirds Same as Euonymus spp. Seeds of Euphorbia spp. eaten by upland game- birds Same as Euphorbia spp. Same as Euphorbia spp. songbirds, fox, on pastures and old fields Common on ROWs Common in low flat woods; often creeping In rich woods and thickets Causes milk poison- ing of humans 123 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Beech Rich uplands and Tree, 60-80 ft tall, Nut, available Nuts eaten by several Forms thickets from Fagus grandifolia mountain slopes bole 3-4 ft diameter, Sept.-Oct. species of birds, in- sprouts; serves as rh. leaves long slender cluding turkey, also den tree for cavity- 2321, 2322 coarsely toothed squirrels nesting birds and squirrels Wild strawberry Widespread, open Small herbaceous per- Achene, May-June, Leaves and fruit eaten Spreads by runners Fragaria virginiana fields or woods ennial, leaves tri- embedded in fleshy by upland gamebirds, Duchesne foliate red stem tissue songbirds, rabbits 2321 White ash Low rich woods, Tree, to 100 ft tall Narrow-winged, Seeds eaten by a number Sprouts prolifically Fraxinus americana rocky uplands and Oct.-Nov. of birds and mammals, L. glades including beaver, wood 2322 duck, bobwhite Carolina ash Well-drained, moist, Tree, rarely more Samara Same as F. americana Fraxinus caroliniana sun and shade, deep than 40 ft tall Mi river swamps in- 2322 undated several months of the year Green ash Alluvial soils of Tree, to 80 ft tall, Long tapering Same as F. americana Invasion species on Fraxinus pennsylvanica flood plains 5-9 leaflets winged seeds, flood plains Marsh. Sept.-0ct. 2321, 2322 Pumpkin ash well-drained, Large tree, to 120 ft Samara Same as F. americana Fraxinus tomentosa moist, in sun, tal] Michx. fF. low wet woods 2322 Fumitory Fields, roadsides, Erect, branching Nut Fumaria officinalis and waste places annual herb 2322 Milkpea Moist woods, thick- Twining, climbing Legume Galactia spp. ets, and clearings herbaceous vine ~ br. 2322 Cleavers bedstraw Rich woods, Weak or reclining —_Bristly fruit, Galium aparine thickets, and annual May-July Lily) waste ground 2321 Hairy bedstraw Rich woods, Weak or reclining —Bristly fruit, Galium pilosum thickets, and annual May-Aug. ait. waste ground 2321 Huckleberry Dry woods, rocky Low shrub, to 3 ft, Berry, July-Aug., Berries eaten by many May form extensive Gaylussacia baccata soil distinguished from small, black upland gamebirds and thickets by root (Wang.) K. Koch the similar blueberry songbirds; an important suckers 2321 by the habitat and source of browse for yellow glands on white-tailed deer leaf unders ides Owarf huckleberry Dry to moist, often Small shrub, to 3 ft, Berry, June-Oct., Same as G. baccata Of ten confused with Gaylussacia dumosa in’ open woods leaf undersides with black, .5 in long blueberry; forms inde} Ts EG resinous glands large vegetative 2322 colonies Carolina jessamine Thickets, wood- High climb ing or Capsule Gelsemium sempervirens lands, fence rows, trailing vine w) Ait. F and roadsides 2322 Honey-locust Low, rich woodland, Tree, to 80 ft tall, Pods, to 18 in Gleditsia triacanthos but also dry slopes with numerous 3- long, sweet pulp 7 ~~ and pastures Pronged thorns often between numerous 2321 several inches long seeds continued 124 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Forn Fruit General wildlife use Notes Rattlesnake plantain Dry to moist woods Plant, to 1.5 ft tall Minute Goodyera pubescens Taina) Roe 2321 Loblolly bay Moist, sun, shallow Tree, 60-75 ft tall Capsule Short-lived swamps and moist depressions Gordonia lasianthus TW.) Elis 2322 Carolina silverbell Halesia carolina l. 2321 Wooded slopes and banks of streams Witch-hazel Dry, well-drained, Hamamelis virginiana moist, sun and Ce. lili. shade 2321, 2322 Common bluets Deciduous wood- Houstonia caerulea lands, meadows cE and clearings 2321 Wild hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens T 2321, 2327 Ory, well-drained, moist, shade St. John's-wort Hypericum hypericoides Dry woods L.) Crantz 2321, 239? Golden star-grass Savannas and flat poets micrantha pine woods ollard 2322 Holly well-drained, Ilex coriacea moist, sun, {Pursh) Chapm. Pocosins and bogs 2322 Possum-haw Ory, well-drained, Ilex decidua moist, sun and Walt. shade 2321 Inkberry Dry, well-drained, Ilex glabra moist, sun and U.) Gray shade 2322 American holly Bottomlands near Lex opaca streams and on dry Rit. gravelly soil near 2321, 2322 oak woods Winterberry Dry, well-drained, Llex verticillata moist, sun and (L.) Gray shade 2321 Yaupon Dry, well-drained, sun Ilex vomitor 2322 Jewelweed Moist, open or Impatiens capensis shaded woods, Meerb, fields, marshes 2321 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Tree, to 40 ft tall, several spreading stems, leaves ellip- tic, 3-4 in long Small tree, 20-25 ft Slender, erect perennial, to 6 in tall Shrub, 3-10 ft Shrub, to 3 ft, erect or ascending branches Low herb Shrub, to 12 ft tall Tall shrub to small tree, up to 25 ft Rhizomatous shrub, to 10 ft tall Tree, 40-50 ft tall, bole to ? ft, leaves evergreen, elliptic, with stout teeth Tall shrub to small tree, 6-25 ft Shrub, to 15 ft, occasionally 30 ft tall Herbaceous perennial, 2-4 ft, stems nearly transparent Winged capsule Capsule, Aug.-Dec. Capsule, Capsule, Capsule, May-Aug. Capsule, Apr.-May Berry, available Sept.-Oct. Berry, Se Berry, av July-June Berry, av Aug.-June Berry, Sept.-Oct. Berry, available Sept.-0ct. Capsule, elastical dehiscent continued available Food value generally low minute Oct.-Dec. available available by wild turkey, song- birds, raccoon; twigs and foliage browsed by white-tailed deer pt.-Mar. Same as I. ailable Same as I. coriacea. ailable Same as I. coriacea Same as I. coriacea Same as I. iacea May-Nov., Nectar eaten by hum- ly mingbirds Fruit of Lex spp. eaten Very ornamental and commonly cultivated Thicket-forming In woods along streams In understory of moist hardwood forests Frequently planted Sap reportedly cures poison ivy 125 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Perennials with erect Oblong capsule stems and rhizomes Savannas, marshes, Bay iris bogs and ditches Iris tridentata Pursh Vernal iris i. verna Blue Flag I, versicolor 2321, L. l. Sweet-spire Well-drained, Tall shrub Capsule, flowers In swamps Itea virginica moist, sun and May-June T. shade 2321 Sumpweed Sand dunes along Shrub, to 3 ft tall, Nutlets Iva imbricata the coast branching at base Walt? 2322 Tree, to 100 ft tall, bole often 4-6 ft diameter, leaves com- pound, 15-23 leaflets Nut, available Oct.-Nov. Nuts eaten by squirrels; browsed by deer Black walnut Juglans nigra 2321, 2322 Rush Rich bottomlands and fertile hill- sides Variable, moist or Usually perennial and Capsule Juncus spp. dry areas tufted, grass-like 7 herbs 2321 Needlegrass rush Brackish marshes Plant coarse, to 4 ft Capsule, short, Juncus roemerianus in zonal stands tall May-Oct. Scheele 2322 Medium-sized tree, Pioneer species evergreen, 30-40 ft, occasionally to 50 ft Berry, available Sept.-Nov., per- sistent Berries eaten by many species of songbirds; provides good cover for small animals and birds Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 2321, 2322 Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, dry rocky, commonly limestone soil Mountain-laurel Ory, well-drained, Usually in acid, Shrub, 3-15 ft Capsule, Sept. Kalmia latifolia moist, sun and sandy soil l. shade 2321 Low woods and banks of streams Tall perennial herb, 1-3 ft Wood-nettle Achene, July-Sept. Laportea canadensis L.) Wedd. 2321” Box sand-myrt le Well-drained, sun Evergreen shrub, to Capsule Leiophyllum buxifolium and shade 6 ft tall TBergius} EIT. 2322 Chinese lespedeza Widespread in open Herbaceous perennial, Legume, Aug.-Nov., Seeds of Lespedeza spp. A common forage Lespedeza cuneata areas 2-4 ft, leaves tri- .13-.25 in long eaten by upland game- plant mont) D. Don foliate birds, especially bob- 2321 white; white-tailed deer browse foliage; valuable cover, es- pecially for bobwhite Coast leucothoe Moist, sun and Shrub, to 5 ft tall Capsule Leucothoe axillaris shade am.) D. Don 2322 Sweetbells leucothoe Well-drained, Shrub, to 15 ft tall Capsule Leucothoe racemosa moist, sun and L.) Gray shade 2321, 2322 Spicebush Moist to wet, open Shrub, 6-10 ft, Drupe, Aug.-Sept., Fruit eaten by song- Lindera benzoin or wooded areas leaves thin, aromatic red, in leaf axils birds occasionally U.) Blume 2321 Sweetgum Ory, well-drained, Large tree, 60-80 ft Compound capsule, Seeds are minor food Liquidambar styraciflua . of swamps, river 2321, 2322 bottoms but also upland sites moist, sun, usually and over available Sept. through winter continued value to songbirds; beaver eat the wood 126 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Tulip-poplar Dry, well-drained, Large tree, 80-100 Samara, Sept.-Nov. Commonly invades Liriodendron tulipifera sun, common in ft, up to 150 ft old fields L. bottomlands, also 2321, 2322 on rocky slopes Cardinal flower Marshes, stream- Erect perennial, to Capsule Lobelia cardinalis banks, wet meadows 7 ft tall . and lowlands 2321 Pale-spike-lobelia Meadows and Perennial, stems to Capsule, late May- Lobelia siphilitica wet lands 4 ft tall Aug. C. 2321 Japanese honeysuckle Woodlands, road- High climbing or Black berry Lonicera japonica sides, fence rows trailing vine Thunb. and pastures 2321 Woodbine Woodlands, thick- Vine, climbing to 20 Berry Lonicera sempervirens ets, fence rows ft or trailing 2321 Seedbox Wet lands Repent or erect per- Capsule Ludwigia spp. ennial, to 6 ft tall L. 2322 Gully lupine Dry to moist, Cespitose herb with Legume, June-July, Seeds of Lupinis spp. Lupinis diffusus sandhills and decumbent stems, 2-3 in long, ap- eaten by ipiand game- lutt. open woods leaves evergreen, pressed pubescent birds and smal] mammals 2322 stipules fused to petiole Foxtail club-moss Wet, sandy meadows Creeping perennial Spores Lycopodium alopecuroides and pinelands 2322 Maleberry Moist, sun and Shrub, 2-12 ft Capsule, flowers In moist thickets Lyonia ligustrina shade May-June t DC. 2321 Fetter-bush lyonia Pocosins and Shrub, to 10 ft tall Capsule Lyonia lucida savannas or low Lam.) K. Koch woods 2322 Stagger-bush Dry sandy or rocky Shrub, to 4 ft tall Capsule Lyonia mariana woods t D. Don 2322 Cucumber-tree Low mountain slopes Tree, 60-90 ft tall, Orupe, available Use relatively low, but Magnolia acuminata and rocky banks of bole 3-4 ft diameter, Aug.-Oct. furit eaten lightly by L. streams leaves oblong-ovate, several birds 2321, 2322 6-10 in long, 4-6 in wide Bigleaf magnolia Well-drained, Tree, to 50 ft tall, Drupe, available Same as M. acuminata Magnolia macrophylla moist, shade leaves to 30 in long, Sept.-Oct. - Michx. 12 in wide 2321, 2322 Umbrella magnolia Well-drained, Tree, to 40 ft tall Drupe, available Magnolia tripetala moist, sun, Sept.-Oct. . rich woods 2321 Sweet bay magnolia Well-drained, Slender tree, 20-30 Drupe, available Same as M. acuminata; Thicket-forming Magnolia virginiana moist, sun ft tall Sept.-Oct. also browsed by deer L. 2322 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 127 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Partridge-berry Mitchella repens tl. 2321 Wild bergamot Monarda fistulosa 2321 Red mulberry Morus rubra U. 2321, 2322 Southern wax-myrtle Myrica cerifera 2322 Northern bayberry Myrica pensylvanica Loisel. 2322 Farewell parrot's-feather Myriophyl lum heterophy!lum TCHX. 2322 Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica 2322 Black gum Nyssa sylvatica farsh. 2321, 2322 Swamp black tupelo Nyssa sylvatica var, flora Walt.) Sarg. 2322 Common evening-primrose Oenothera biennis 2321 Devilwood osmanthus Osmanthus americanus (.) Gray 2321, 2322 Cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea L. 2322 Interrupted fern Osmunda claytoniana t 2321 Royal fern Osmunda regalis L 2321, 2322 128 Dry, well-drained, moist, shade, moist woods, shady under- story, Streambanks Wooded slopes and meadows, Intervales in rich soil and low hills, in sun Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Sand flats and dunes Wet, ponds, ditches, sluggish streams Moist, shade Well-drained, moist, sun and shade, rich moist bottomlands, also common on dry ridges and swamps Bogs, bay forests and pocosins Fields and waste places Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Swamps, low woods, thickets Moist woods and thickets, also dry, stony soil Low woods, bogs, meadows, thickets Berry, June-July, paired, red, .25 in long Creeping shrub, leaves small, rounded, evergreen Perennial with stems to 4 ft tall Tree, 60-70 ft tall, leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, 3-5 in long Compound drupe, available May-Aug. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft tall Waxy, nutlike, available June- Apr. Shrub, to 6 ft tall Waxy fruit, avail- able Aug.-Sept. Schizocarp, Apr.- July Herbaceous perennial, submersed leaves greatly dissected, emergent leaves lanceolate Tree, 80-100 ft tall Drupe, available in Oct. Medium to large tree, 30-40 ft, up to 100 ft Drupe, available Sept.-May Tree, to 80 ft tall Drupe, available Sept.-May Erect, biennial, to 4.5 ft tall Capsules Tree, occasionally 60-70 ft tall, ever- green Drupg, available in Sept. Large, coarse fern, often in large patches Sporangia on fertile fronds, spring Large, coarse fern Sporangia on mid- dle of fronds, spring and early autumn Tall fern, up to 6 ft and over Sporangia terminal on fronds, spring and early autumn continued Fruit a minor food of upland gamebirds, es- pecially turkey Fruit favored by song- birds, raccoons, foxes, opossums, skunks Fruit of Myrica spp. eaten by songbirds Same as Myrica spp. Seeds eaten by water- fowl Fruit eaten by a few species of birds, in- cluding bobwhite and turkey Common on burns and old fields Fruit eaten by many species of birds, in- cluding turkey and wood duck; bears, squirrels, foxes also eat fruit; deer browse twigs PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Hop-hornbeam . 5 ic 2321, 2322 Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum L.) OC. 2321 Bitter panicum Panicum amarum 2322" Switchgrass Panicum virgatum t. 2322 Wild quinine Parthenium Tntegrifolium Ut. 2321, 2322 Virginia creeper Parthenocissus luinquefolia Uy PYanch. 2321 Dallis-grass paspalun dilatatun oir. 2321 Passion-f lower Passiflora lutea 2321 Early pedicularis Pedicularis canadensis U. 2321 Penstemon Penstemon australis Red bay Persea borbonia T-) Spreng. 2322 Trailing phlox Phlox nivalis Uodd. 2322 Small butterwort Pinguicula pumila Miche. 2322 Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata will, 2321, 2322 Dry gravelly slopes and thickets often in the shade of oaks Dry, well-drained, sun and shade Sand dunes Savannas, marshes and waste places Woodlands, thickets and old fields Dry to wet woods, open areas to deep woods Widespread, especially in dis- turbed areas Thickets and borders of woods Open, moist wood- lands and forest margins Dry to moist, open areas, roadsides Borders of streams and swamps in rich moist soils Sandhills, pine- lands and dry deciduous woods Low pinelands and savannas Ory, well-drained, sun SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Tree, occasionally 50-60 ft tall, bole to ? ft diameter, leaves ob long- lanceolate, sharply serrate, 3-5 in long Small tree, but oc- casionally 40-60 ft Rhizomatous peren- nial, rooting at nodes, culms to 3 ft tall Rhizomatous peren- nial, culms to 4.5 ft tall Erect perennial, to 4 ft tall High climbing vine, leaves palmately compound Herbaceous perennial grass, culms in tufts to 6 ft tall, sheath margins scarious, ligulate Slender perennial herb Plant, to 1.5 ft tall Herbaceous perennial, often in small clumps, flowers tube- like Tree, 60-70 ft tall, trunk to 3 ft diam- eter, leaved oblong, entire, evergreen Prostrate, evergreen, semi-woody perennial Plant, to 9 in tall Tree, 80-100 ft tall, occasionally 120 ft Nutlet, available Aug.-Oct. Capsule, available Sept.-Oct. Caryopsis, grain purplish Grain grayish, available June- Oct. Achene Berry, Aug.-Oct. blue-black, .25 in Tong Caryopsis, May- July Berry, June-Sept. Capsule, minute Capsule, July-Aug. Drupe, available Aug.-Sept. Capsule, seeds yellow Cone, matures in Sept. of second season continued Seeds have slight food value to songbirds Sometimes browsed by deer Seeds of Panicum spp. eaten by waterfowl, upland gamebirds, song- birds; foliage eaten by muskrat and rabbit Same as P. amarum Berries eaten by song- birds Seeds eaten by marsh birds, upland game- birds, songbirds Seeds of Penstemon spp. eaten by squirrels Berries occasionally eaten by songbirds Seeds eaten by many songbirds and gamebirds, including doves, bob- white, turkey; white- tailed deer eat twigs and foliage Valuable honey tree Often confused with poison ivy; fruits persist into winter An important forage grass All pines very im- portant to wildlife; provide excellent escape and nesting cover 129 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit Longleaf pine Pinus palustris wily. 2322 Pond pine Pinus serotina Michx, Ff. 2322 Loblolly pine Pinus taeda Tw 2321, 2327 Virginia pine Pinus virginiana Milt, 2321 Water-elm Planera aquatica Walt. ex J. F. Gmel. 2322 Sycamore Platanus occidentalis L. 2321, 2322 May-apple Podophyllum peltatum U 2321, 2372 Rose pogonia Pogonia ophioglossoides ~) Ker 2322 Orange polygala Polygala lutea i 2322 Solomon's-seal Polygonatum bif lorum Walt.) ENT. 2327 Jointweed Polygonella polygama (Went) tnaetm. & Gray 2322 Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides Michx.) Schott 2321, 2322 Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides Marsh. 2321 Swamp poplar Populus heterophylla L 232? Common selfheal Prunella vulgaris U 2371 Moist, sun Low wet flats or sandy or peaty swamps Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Ory, well-drained, sun Tall tree, 100-120 ft Cone, ripe in Aug. of second season Tree, 40-50 ft tall, Cone bole to 2 ft diam- eter, needles in clusters of 3, 6-8 in long Tree, 80-100 ft Cone, opens slow= ly, seeds shed in late fall and winter Tree, 30-40 ft tall Cone, matures Aug. of second season, persistent 4 years Moist, sun and Smal] tree, to 30 Dry, drupe, avail- shade, swamp ft, occasionally able Apr.-May forests 40 ft Moist, well-drained, Large tree, 100- Achene, available sun, bottomlands, 175 ft Oct., persistent banks of streams Rich woods, Low perennial herb Large, lemon-like thickets, pastures with creeping rhi- berry, Apr.-June Open bogs and seepage slopes Bogs, pocosins, savannas and pine barrens Dry to moist, sandy, loamy, or rocky woods and zomes, often colonial Slender plant, to 2 Capsule ft tall Biennnial with suc- Seeds, small and culent leaves in black basal rosettes Tall perennial herb, Berry, May-June 1-3 ft thickets Common on a variety Perennial with Brown nutlets of sites flowering branches, Common on rocky shaded slopes, in ravines well-drained, moist, sun, rich moist bottoms, swamps and shores Moist, sun Fields, pastures, 2 ft tall Low evergreen fern, Sporangia, June- often in colonies Oct. Large tree, 50-100 ft Capsule, May-June Tree, 80-90 ft tall Capsule, available May Leafy-stemmed per- roadsides and lawns ennial herb continued General wildlife use Same as Same as Same as Same as I~ » echinata . echinata echinata . echinata Slight food value of seeds to muskrat and waterfowl Notes Invades old fields quickly Invades denuded areas, spoil banks Invades denuded areas, spoil banks Rapid-grow ing, short-lived; with a very shallow root system 130 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Wild plum Dry to moist Medium-sized shrub, Drupe, July-Aug., Fruit eaten primarily Forms large thickets Prunus americana woods to 10 ft, often with typically red by foxes; not as ex- by root suckers Warshi 7,7) | a single stem, leaves (yellow), 1 in tensively used as 2321 Chickasaw plum Prunus angustifolia Marsh. 2321 Black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. 2321 Kudza Pueraria lobata Willd.) Ohwi 2321 Atlantic mountain-mint Pycnanthemum incanum L.) Michx. 2321 White oak Quercus alba L 2321, 2322 Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea Muenchh. 2321, 2322 Spanish oak Quercus falcata Michx. 2321, 2322 Cherrybark oak Quercus falcata var. Ppagodaefolia EN. 2321, 2322 Bluejack oak Quercus incana Bartr. 2322 Turkey oak Quercus laevis Walt. 2322 Laurel-leaved oak Quercus laurifolia Michx. 2322 Over-cup oak Quercus lyrata Walt. 2321 Dry, well-drained sun, woodland borders and pas- tures Rich moist soil Roadsides, woods and fields Woodlands, thick- ets, pastures and old fields Dry, well-drained, sun, tolerant of moist soils in bottomlands and on ridges Dry, well-drained, sun, upland dry sandy or gravelly soils and rocky slopes Dry, well-drained, sun, dry hills or sandy or gravelly soil Low ground, moist sites Dry, sandy soi] Dry, well-drained, sun Well-drained, moist, sun, in swamps along streams, also on upland sites Well-drained, moist, sun, swamps and bottomlands which are often flooded elliptical, lateral branches becoming thorn-like Shrub, to 20 ft tall Tree, to 100 ft tall, bole to 4-5 ft diam- eter, leaves ovate, finely serrate Trailing or climbing semi-woody vine, to 100 ft long Stems to 6 ft tall Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Small tree, to 60 ft Tree, 20-30 ft tall, occasionally 50-60 ft Large tree, 50-60 ft and over Small to large tree, up to 100 ft Tong Drupe, available May-Aug. Drupe, available June-Nov. Legume, available July-Oct. Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn Acorn, biennial Acorn, biennial, Sept.-Oct. Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct. continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES cherries Fruit eaten by many species of birds, white-tailed deer, red fox, gray fox, raccoon, rabbit, opossum, squirrel Acorns eaten by many birds, especially jays, woodpeckers, wood ducks, bobwhite, wild turkey; squirrels, chipmunks, bear, rac- coons also relish acorns; acorns, foli- age, and twigs pre- ferred by deer Same as Q. alba Same as Q. Same as Q. Same as Q. Same as Q. Same as Q. Same as Q. Thicket- forming Windfirm Troublesome weed Very long-lived; all oaks are ex- tremely valuable to southern wild- life; large trees Provide den and nest sites; oaks ability to retain leaves long into winter makes them very valuable as cover Short-lived Rather short-lived Rather short-lived Rapid-growing, but short-lived Used as a street and shade tree Long-lived 131 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) CHAPTER 2 132 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Owarf post oak Sandy soil Shrub or small tree, Acorn Same as Q. alba uercus margaretta to 25 ft she 2322 Blackjack oak Dry sandy sites Tree, 20-30 ft tall, Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba Quercus marilandica or clay barrens leaves broadly obo- available Oct. luenchh, vate, usually 3-lobed 2321, 2322 at apex, 6-7 in long Water oak High sandy borders Tree, to 80 ft tall, Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba uercus nigra of swamps and trunk to 3.5 ft diam- available Oct.-Nov. . streams and rich eter, leaves with 3- 2321, 2322 bottomlands of lobed apex rivers Willow oak Low wet borders-of Tree, 70-90 ft tall, Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba Frequently culti- uercus phellos swamps and streams trunk 2 ft diameter, available in Oct. vated . and rich sandy leaves ovate- 2321, 2322 uplands Tanceolate Chestnut oak Hillsides and high Tree, 60-70 ft tall, Acorn, annual, Same as Q. alba Seedlings tolerate Quercus prinus rocky banks of bole 3-4 ft diameter, available Oct.-Nov. shade L. streams in rich and leaves obovate, 2321, 2322 deep or sometimes cdarsely crenulate sterile soil toothed, 4.5-9 in long Owarf oak Sandy pinelands Shrub, to 25 ft tall Acorn Same as Q. alba Produces suckers uercus pumila from roots and alt. stems 2322 Red oak Well-drained, sun Large tree, 70-90 ft Acorn, biennial, Same as Q. alba Long-lived a rubra 2321, 2322 Shumard's red oak wercus, shumardii uekT 2321 Post oak Quercus stellata fang. 2321, 2322 Black oak Quercus velutina Lam, 2321, 2322 Live oak uercus virginiana 7 2322 * Meadow-beauty Rhexia alifanus Walt. 2322 Pinxter-f lower Rhododendron nudiflorum +) Torr. 2321 Shining sumac Rhus copallina t. 2321 and shade, on moist well-drained soil Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, bottom- lands and borders of swamps Dry, well-drained, sun, on dry rocky or sandy soils Dry gravelly up- lands and ridges Sandy woods Savannas, low pine- lands and ditches Dry, well-drained, moist, sun and shade Dry, well-drained, sun and shade and over Large tree, to 100 ft and over Medium-sized tree, up to 60 ft Tree, 70-80 ft tall, bole 3-4 ft diameter, leaves ovate or ob- long, mostly 7-lobed, usually 5-6 in long Tree, to 50 ft tall, wide’ spreading branches Branching perennial, to 3 ft tall Large shrub, to 6 ft Rhizomatous shrub, to 20 ft tall available Oct.- Nov. Acorn, biennial, available Oct. Acorn, annual, available Sept.- Oct. Acorn, biennial, available Oct. Nov. Acorn Capsule Capsule, flowers Apr-May Drupe, available Sept.-Oct., per- sistent continued Same as Q. Same as Q. alba Same as Q. Same as Q. Fruit of Rhus spp. eaten by upland game- birds and songbirds; rabbits eat both fruit and bark; browsed by white-tailed deer Susceptible to drought injury Commonly in sandy soil, open woods, and swamps Thicket-forming PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Smooth sumac Rhus glabra C 2321 Poison ivy Rhus radicans 2321 Poison oak Rhus toxicondendron 2322 Poison sumac Rhus vernix 2322 Florida gooseberry Ribes echinellum Cov.) Rehd. 2321 Little locust Robinia nana 2322 7 Black locust Robinia pseudo-acacia pane pseudo- acacia 2321 Carolina rose Rosa carolina 2322 Blackberry Rubus spp. 2321 Cabbage palmetto Sabal jalmetto Todd. ‘ex Schult. 2322 Arrowhead Sagittaria spp. 2322 Black willow Salix nigra Marsh. 2321, 2322 Russian thistle Salsola kali 2322 Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis 2321, 2322 Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Widespread, open and wooded areas, especially common in disturbed areas Widespread open and wooded areas, especially common in disturbed areas Moist, sun Rich woods Dry, well-drained, sun Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Various, dry to wet, open fields or deep woods Widespread, but developing fully only in open areas Brackish marshes and maritime forests Wet, shallow water, fresh or brackish Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Coastal beaches Rich woods Shrub, usually 2-6 ft, up to 18 ft Vine or shrub, trifoliate Vine or shrub, trifoliate Tree, to 25 ft Shrub with ascending or reclining stems Shrub, 2-3 ft tall, rhizomatous Tree, 70-80 ft tall, bole 3-4 ft diameter, leaves compound 8-14 in long, 7-19 leaflets Shrub, to 4 ft, leaves stipulate, stems mostly with prickers Arching or trailing shrubs, to 5 ft, leaves mostly com- pound, stems with prickers Tree, to 30 ft tall Herbaceous perennial, leaves basal, long petiolate Tree, 30-40 ft Herbaceous annual, leaves fleshy Low perennial herb Orupe, Sept.-Oct., persistent Drupe, Aug.-Oct., small, white- yellow, borne in panicles Drupe, Aug.-Oct., small, white- yellow, borne in panicles Drupe, available in Sept., persist- ent Berry, available July-Sept. Legume Legume, available Sept.-Apr. Achene, July-Nov., enclosed in an hypanthium ("hip") Aggregate of drupes, June-Aug., red or black, .25 in long Orupes, available Oct.-Nov. Achene, May-Sept., borne in globose heads Capsule, available Apr.-June Utricle, June-Nov. Capsule, Mar.-May continued Same as R. copallina Same as R. copallina Same as R. copallina Fruit eaten by a few species of songbirds; rabbits browse twigs Seeds eaten slightly by songbirds, bobwhite, squirrels Fruit of Rosa spp. eaten by upland game- birds; browsed by white-tailed deer Important food for up- land gamebirds, song- birds, rabbits, rac- coon, skunk, squirrel, Thicket-forming; commonly on acid soil Mostly allergenic to humans Mostly allergenic to humans Poisonous Used in erosion control and stirp- mine plantings Fruit available in winger; "hip" is high in vitamin C Forms large colonies by root suckers chipmunk; stems and fol~ jage browsed by white- tailed deer; good escape and nesting cover Seeds and tuberous roots, eaten by waterfow! Salix spp. browsed by beaver, rabbits, white- tailed deer Seeds eaten by upland gamebirds, songbirds, many smal] mammals Dead plants are blown loose and become one of the "“tumb Teweeds" SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 133 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Trumpet pitcher-plant Bogs and savannas Leaves to 3 ft tall Capsule Sarracet flava 2322 Pitcher-plant Sphagnum bogs Low perennial herb, Capsule, May-Aug. Sarracenia purpurea insect ivorous 2322 White sassafras Ory, well-drained, Small tree, 20-40 ft Drupe, available Berries eaten by song- Invades old fields Sassafras albidum sun, sandy, stony Aug.-Oct. birds, turkey, squir- and forms thickets ° soil often on rels; foliage eaten by 2321 north slopes woodchucks Lizard's-tail Swamps, shallow Tall perennial herb, Ory, wrinkled, Saururus cernuus water 2-5 ft somewhat fleshy, : June-Sept. 2322 Sesuvitum Sandy beaches Annual, erect to Capsule Sesuvium maritinum spreading Walt.) BSP. 2322 Blue-eyed grass Fields, meadows, | Stiff, grasslike Small round pod, Sisyrinchium spp. marshes low perennials May-July 2322 False Solomon's-seal Moist, open to Herbaceous perennial, Berry, Aug.-Oct., Fruit occasionally Spreads by rhizomes Smilacina racemosa deep woods flowers terminal black, .06 in long eaten by upland game- L.) Desf. birds and songbirds 2321, 2322 Greenbrier Widespread, dry to Twining shrubs, to 6 Berry, Sept.-Nov., Fruit eaten by upland Forms impenetrable Smilax spp. wet, open to shady ft, often clambering black, .25 in long gamebirds, songbirds, masses when climb- . woods, common in over other vegetation, black bear; preferred ing over other 2321, 2322 disturbed areas leaf venation paral- browse of rabbits and shrubs because of lel, tendrils, stem deer; good escape cov- the long, sharp with prickers er for small birds and prickers animals Carrion-f lower Rich or alluvial Herbaceous, climbing Berry, May-June Smilax herbacea thickets, meadows, by tendrils, with : Tow woods annual stems 2321 Laurel-leaved greenbrier Bays, pocsins and Robust, high-climbing Berry May form dense Smilax Jaurifolia bogs vine thickets 2322 Silver goldenrod Widespread, mostly Herbaceous perennial, Nutlet, Sept.- Of minor importance; Solidago bicolor L. in open areas, al- 1-3 ft, leaves Nov., .06 in long leaves of Solidago spp. Pine barren goldenrod though some species linear-lanceolate, or less eaten by some upland S. fistulosa Mill. occur in deep woods flowers in complex gamebirds and rabbits; OldfieTd goldenrod few- to many-f lowered songbirds eat nutlets S. nemoralis Ait. panicles GoTdenrod S. salicina E11. 2321, Marsh-hay cordgrass Wet, brackish Herbaceous perennial, Utricle, June- Seeds eaten by black Forms extensive Spartina patens marshes, low dunes, tufted, leaves and Sept., flat duck , Canada goose, colonies by any TubTe sand flats leaf margins scabrous, marsh birds, songbirds; vegetative sprouts; 2322 ligulate leaves and rootstocks important food eaten by muskrat source of geese during winter continued 134 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bladdernut Moist, sun and Erect shrub, to 12 ft Capsule, Sept. Thickets in moist Staphylea trifolia shade soil and along T streams 2321 Bigleaf snowbell Styrax grandifolia Re 2321 Pond baldcypress Taxodium ascendens ‘ong. 2322 Baldcypress Taxodium distichum TL.) Richar 2322 Meadow-rue Thalictrum revolutum 2321" White basswood Tilia heterophylla Vent. 2321, 2322 Common horse-gentian Triosteum perfoliatum ee iin 2321 Narrowleaf cat-tail Typha angustifolia L. Cat-ta I. latifolia L. 2322 Winged elm Ulmus alata w ichx 2321 American elm Ulmus americana L. 2321, 2322 Red elm Ulmus rubra ul 2321 September elm Ulmus serotina Sarg. 2321 Sea-oats Uniola paniculata Gry i 2322 Awn bladderwort Utricularia subulata SEEEEEEEEaienEEl 2322 Mixed or deciduous forests and upland woods Bays, pocosins and ponds In permanent swamps, in standing water or areas of frequent flooding Dry to rich woods, olivine outcrops and meadows Deep woods in sandy soil Deciduous or mixed woods or openings Moist to wet, marshes, low flats, open areas Ory rocky upland woods, along streams, generally on acid soil Along streams, low moist woods Dry, well-drained, sun Ory, well-drained, sun Sand dunes Bogs, ditches and sandy depressions SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Shrub, to 12 ft tall Tree, to 150 ft tall, bole fluted and tapered, deciduous, with ragged, flat- topped crown Tree, to 150 ft tall, bole fluted and tapered, deciduous, with ragged, flat- topped crown Coarse, erect herb, to 4 ft tall Large slender tree, leaves ovate, finely dentate, 3.5-5.25 in long Coarse, erect herb, to 5 ft tall Herbaceous perennial, 4-8 ft, leaves long, linear Tree, to 50 ft tall, smal} single or divided stem, branch- lets with wide corkey "wings" Tree, to 100 ft tall, unique vase-shaped form Tree, 50-60 ft tall Tree, 50-60 ft tall Coarse, rhizomatous perennial, culms to 6 ft tall Low herb Dry drupe, avail- able in Oct. Cones, to 1 in diameter Seeds have slight food value to waterfow] and shore birds Cones, to 1 in diameter Achene Nutlet, available Aug.-Sept. Red drupe, avail- able Aug.-Oct. Nutlet, June-Nov., bristles Favorite nesting site Seeds have slight food value to waterfowl and shore birds Minor wildlife value Seeds and rootstocks with numerous of Typha spp. eaten by waterfowl; muskrat eat leaves and rootstocks for Baltimore oriole and other birds; eaten by purple finch and other wildlife Seeds and buds eaten by a few species of song- birds Samara, available Same as U. May-June Samara, available Same as U. in Nov. Caryopsis Capsules, small continued americana americana Forms extensive col- onies by root suck- ers; valuable cover to waterfowl and marsh-nesting birds Thick foliage pro- vides songbird nesting cover Short-lived and severely injured by defoliating insects Occasionally culti- vated 135 35 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest Table 2320-35.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Farkleberry Moist soils near Bushy tree, to 30 Many-seeded berry, Fruit eaten by bobwhite, Vaccinium arboreum streams and lakes, ft tall, usually available Sept.- upland gamebirds, song- Marsh. hillsides, toler- smaller, dense Nov. birds, black bear, chip- 2321, 2322 ates limestone rounded head munk; occasionally soil browsed by white-tailed deer and rabbits Deerberry Ory, well-drained, Profusely branched Berry, July-Sept., Same as V. arboreum Somewhat thicket- Vaccinium stamineum sun and shade shrub, 3-5 ft soon dropping forming L. 2321, 2322 Blue Ridge blueberry Dry to moist, in Shrubs, 2-10 ft, Berry, June-Aug., Same as V. arboreum Spreads by rhizoma- Vaccinium vacillans open or shady leaves small, twigs blue-black, .25 in tous sprouts Torr. woods remaining green for long, often 2321, 2322 several years covered with glaucous bloom Common mullein Roadsides, pastures Stem single, to 6 ft Capsule Verbascum thapsus and waste places tall tT 2321 Yellow crown-beard Woodlands, fields Simple-stemed peren- Smal] nutlet Verbesina occidentalis and pastures nial, to 10 ft tall T.) Walt. 2321 Maple-leaved viburnum Dry, well-drained, Small shrub, to 6 ft Drupe, Sept.-Oct., Fruit of Viburnum spp. Occasionally Viburnum acerifolium sun and shade often persistent eaten by songbirds; thicket-forming; . browsed by white-tailed borders of dry 2321, 2322 deer woods Possum-haw viburnum Bogs, pocosins, Shrub, to 15 ft tall Same as V. acerifolium Viburnum nudum bays, savannas and . Tow woods 2322 Black-haw viburnum Dry, well-drained, Large shrub, up to Drupe, Aug.-Mar. Same as V. acerifolium Rarely a small tree Viburnum prunifolium moist, sun and 15 ft a shade, dry soil 2321 or moist woods Downy arrow-wood Dry, well-drained, Branching shrub, up Drupe, Aug.-Oct. Same as V. acerifolium Viburnum rafinesquianum sun and shade, dry to 4 ft T slopes, open woods, 2322 low grounds, and barrens Rusty black-haw viburnum Dry pine--oak and Shrub, to 15 ft tall Drupes, available Same as V. acerifolium Viburnum rufidulum oak--hickory Sept.-Oct. Raf forests 2321, 2322 Violet Dry to wet, open or Small herbaceous per- Capsule, May-Aug. Seeds eaten by quail Flowers of some Viola spp. L. shaded woods, ennial, rhizomatous, and songbirds species are self- Primrose violet fields leaves generally pollinating V. primulifolia L. heart-shaped, 2321, C3c0 cespatose Muscadine grape Low woods, upland High-climbing vine Berry, available Vitus spp. eaten by Vitis rotundifolia woods and sand Aug.-Oct. Many species of song- Michx. dunes birds, turkey, opossum, 2321, 2322 raccoon; nesting and es- cape cover for songbirds Virginia chain fern Acid soils, bogs, Leaves to 2.5 ft long Spores Woodwardia virginica thickets and wet 7) om, pinelands 2322 Yellowroot Shaded streambanks Colonial shrub, to Follicles, avail- Xanthorhiza 25 ft tall able May-June eee farsh. 2321 continued 136 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 35 Table 2320-35.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Yucca Sand dunes and Woody plants with Capsule or berry Yucca spp. edges of brackish erect stems . marshes 2322 Green zenobia Pocosins, bays and Rhizomatous shrub Capsule Zenobia pulverulenta bogs Tart. 55 ard 2322 Southern wild rice Brackish and Coarse, rhizomatous Caryopsis Forms dense colon- Zizaniopsis miliacea freshwater marshes perennial, culms to jes Michx.) Doll & Aschers. 12 ft tall 2322 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 137 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland SUBSECTION KEY Oak--Hickory Forest (northern) Oak--Hickory Forest (southern) Bluestem Prairie Blackland Prairie Bluestem Prairie; Oak--Hickory Forest (northern) Fayette Prairie; Oak--Hickory Forest (southern) Mixed Prairie; Grama--Bluestem Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) Coastal Prairie and Marshes Edwards Plateau; Juniper-- Oak Savanna Rio Grande Plain Oak--Hickory--Pine Forest —— Province boundary ----— Section boundary N State boundary WV Location of province within the United States Figure 36.1 Province 2510, Prairie Parkland; Sections 2511, Oak—Hickory—Bluestem Parkland, and 2512, Oak + Bluestem Parkland. 138 CHAPTER 2 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland SECTIONS Section 2511, Oak—Hickory—Bluestem Parkland This section has been divided into the following subsections: la, Oak—Hickory Forest (northern); 1b, Oak—Hickory Forest (southern); 3a, Bluestem Prairie, Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (northern); and 5, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers). Section 2512, Oak + Bluestem Parkland This section has been divided into the following subsections: 1b, Oak—Hickory Forest (southern); 2a, Bluestem Prairie; 2b, Blackland Prairie; 3a, Bluestem Prairie, Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (northern); 3b, Fayette Prairie, Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (southern); 4, Mixed Prairie, Grama—Bluestem; 5, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers); 6, Coastal Prairie and Marshes; 7, Edwards Plateau, Juniper—Oak Savanna; 8, Rio Grande Plain; and 9, Oak—Hickory—Pine Forest. SUBSECTIONS Plant information for the following subsections is included in this province description and elsewhere as indicated. Subsection 1a, Oak—Hickory Forest (Northern) The northern Oak—Hickory Forest varies from dense to open woodland on all soil sites and from riparian to upland timber. Topography is rolling to undulating with flat, poorly drained bottomlands. Dense, deciduous timber is dominated on mid- to late-successional sites by a variety of tall-growing oaks and hickory species. Much of the area has been cleared for farming and tame pastures. The subsection comprises mainly the east edge of Kansas, west central and northern Missouri, most of central Illinois, northwestern Indiana, and southern Iowa. Subsection 1b, Oak—Hickory Forest (Southern) The Oak—Hickory Forest (Southern) contains medium- tall to tall broadleaf deciduous species on nearly level to gently sloping plain. Valleys are narrow and shallow in their upper reaches, but large streams have shallow valleys and wide floodplains and nearly level terraces. Elevation ranges from 200 to 500 feet. Nearly all the land of this subsection consists of farms; about half is woodland. Uplands are more like the cross timbers in appearance; bottomlands and other moist areas are forested with dense stands of oak—hickory and related genera. About half of the area was cropped at one time; more recently the clearings have been planted to permanent pasture for livestock. Subsection 2a, Bluestem Prairie See Province 2530, Section 2533, Subsection 14 (38). Subsection 2b, Blackland Prairie The Blackland Prairie is comprised of medium-tall, dense SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland 36 to open cover grassland. Elevation ranges from 300 feet in the east to approximately 1000 feet in the west. All but about one-sixth of the eastern part is farmed; more than half of the western parts is still in native vegetation. Stream valleys of the relatively level to undulating eastern part are broad, and shallow strips of woodland (oak—hickory forest) line the rivers and streams. The somewhat more rugged western parts occur on a rolling to hilly dissected plateau. Woody vegetation occurs mainly along stream courses, but scattered trees and shrubs also occur on uplands. Subsection 3a, Bluestem Prairie; Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (Northern) Dense to open riparian woodlands interspersed with upland prairie of dense tall-grass species characterize this subsection forming a transitional zone between deciduous woodland and open prairie. This subsection occurs in eastern Kansas, northern and western Missouri, southern Iowa, central Illinois, part of northwestern Indiana, southern Wisconsin, and northeastern Oklahoma. In eastern Kansas, the grassland consists of small pastures (5 to 15 percent) interspersed with cropland (85 to 95 percent). In remaining portions of Missouri to lowa and eastward, the grasslands are essentially all cropland interspersed with riparian and poorly drained areas in woodland. This subsection is the heart of the “cornbelt.” Originally, frequent natural and man-set fires kept this area open grassland or savanna with scattered bur oaks (often used as proximity markers on original land surveys). Few such “wolf” trees remain. Grasslands develop deep, usually dark, fertile soil profiles. In the absence of fires, this area is characterized by deciduous timber on uplands or bluegrass pastures if kept open by grazing pressure or with herbicides. Subsection 3b, Fayette Prairie; Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (Southern) Medium-tall to tall, moderately dense grassland with scattered open groves of broadleaf trees (oak—hickory) characterize this subsection which occurs on gently rolling plains with wide valleys. No clear estimate of cultivated acreage exists, but perhaps one-half or more is farmed. Subsection 4, Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem See Province 2530, Section 2533, Subsection 25 (38). Subsection 5, Oak Savanna (Cross-Timbers) Oak savanna is medium-tall, medium to dense grassland with low broadleaf deciduous trees, occuring singly or in groves of varying size. Tree stands are generally open, permitting a grass cover on the forest floor. Elevation ranges from 1000 to 1200 feet (only 600 feet along the Red River in the south). Ridgetops of the rolling to hilly uplands in this subsection are almost level to strongly rolling; narrow to moderately broad. Stream valleys are narrow with steep gradients. Nearly all the land is farms and ranches. About 80 percent of the area is native vegetation; only the deep, gently sloping soils in valleys and on uplands are farmed. 139 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Subsection 6, Coastal Prairie + Marshes The Coastal Prairie and Marshes contain medium-tall to tall, dense to open grassland separated from the Gulf Coast by narrow ribbons of tall to very tall marsh vegetation. The elevation rises gradually from sea level to approximately 200 feet. Bottomland hardwood forests border several streams that cross the area. Various brush and tree species have invaded the major grassland areas of this subsection, particularly along the southern and western border with other vegetation types. Nearly all the land is farms and ranches. About half is still Subsection 7, Edwards Plateau; Juniper—Oak Savanna See Province 2520, Section 2523, Subsection 31 (37). Subsection 8, Rio Grande Plain See Province 2520, Section 2523, Subsection 34 (37). Subsection 9, Oak—Hickory—Pine Forest See Province 2320 (35). native vegetation grazed by cattle. Table 2510-36.1 [1a] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory Forest (Northern) Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants? Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees, under 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, under 20 ft plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2510-36.2: Habitat conditions: Upland and riparian/moist to wet Acer saccharinum Celtis occidentalis Fraxtnus pennsylvanica Gleditsia triacanthos GyenocTadus dfotcus atanus occidentalis Poputus deltotdes Satix ‘spp. Ulmus americana Ulmus rubra Cercis canadensis Crataegus spp. laclura pomifera Malus joensi Morus rubra Ostrya virginiana jurnum prunifotium Amelanchier spp. CeTastrus scandens Cornus drunmondt+ Torylus americana Euonymus’ atropurpureus runus americana Prunus virgintana Rhus spp. Rhus radicans Ribes missouriense Ribes odoratum Rubus allegheniensis Rubus Sectdenta Ts Syaphor Tearpos ‘SPP. Viburnum affine Silver maple *Common hackberry *Green ash Honey-locust Kentucky coffeetree *Sycamore Eastern cottonwood Willow *American elm Slippery elm Redbud Hawthorn Osage-orange Prairie crab apple *Red mulberry Hop-hornbeam Black-haw Serviceberry Bittersweet Dogwood Common hazelnut Wahoo *American plum *Choke-cherry Sumac Poison ivy Gooseberry Golden currant *Blackberry Black raspberry *Coralberry Downy arrow-wood Acer nigrum Acer Saccharum Tarya cordiformis Tarya glabra arya ovata raxinus americana JugTans nigra opulus grandidentata ‘opulus tremuloides Prunus serotina quarcus alba uercus borealis uercus ellipsoidalis duereas Anbricarta fearta Quercus macrocarpa wercus ee uercus velutina Ya americana Ulmus americana Asimina triluba Tarya i1Tinoensis ‘ax hispida Staphylea rifolia faccintum Stamineum Black maple Sugar maple Bitternut hickory +Pignut hickory #Shagbark hickory White ash #Black walnut Large-toothed aspen Trembling aspen Black cherry +White oak +Northern red oak +Jack oak Shingle oak #Bur oak #Yellow oak Black oak American basswood American elm Pawpaw Pecan +Greenbrier Bristly greenbrier +Bladdernut Deerberry *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. 140 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland 36 Table 2510-36.1 [1b] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak—Hickory Forest (Southern) Subsection Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees, tall shrubs, and vines, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - forbs, etc., under 5 ft Grasses, under 5 ft Early successional plants? Habitat conditions: Gleditsia triacanthos a o vatica Ulmus alata Catalpa speciosa Cercle canadensis Cornus drummondii Cornus racemosus Crataegus spp fospyrus virginiana Maclura pomifera Morus rubrs Prosopis juliflora Prunus mexicana Prunus serotina Robinia pseudo-acacia Salix humilis Sassafras albidum Vaccinium arboreum Ceanothus americanus Rhus glabra Rhus trilobata Late successional plants* *Honey- locust Black gum Winged elm Northern catalpa Eastern redbud Roughleaf dogwood Dogwood Hawthorn *Common persimmon Osage-orange *Red mulberry Mesquite Mexican plum Black cherry *Black locust Willow Common sassafras Tree huckleberry New Jersey tea Smooth sumac Aromatic sumac Symphoricarpos occidentalis Western snowberry Aster exilis Troton spp. Diodia teres GaTium aparine Gnaphalium fatcatum GnaphaTium purpureum Lepidium virginicum lollugo verticillata Stellaria media Agrostis hiemalis Andropogon saccharoides Andropogon ternar ius Andropogon virginicus Aristida spp. Aristida oligantha Bromus catharticus Cenchrus spp. CynoTon dactylon Digitaria sanguinalis Eragrostis spp. Panicum anceps Paspalum spp. Poa annua Sporobolus cryptandrus Slim aster Croton Rough buttonweed *Cleavers bedstraw Cudweed Purple cudweed Virginia pepperweed *Carpetweed Checkweed Winter bentgrass Silver bluestem Splitbeard bluestem Broomsedge Three-awn Prairie three-awn Rescue brome Sandbur Bermuda grass Crabgrass *Lovegrass *Beaked panicum *Paspalum Annual bluegrass Sand dropseed continued Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained Bumelia lanuginosa Carya cordiformis ‘arya ovata arya texana arya tomentosa Celtis laevigata Fraxinus americana Juglans nigra Pinus taeda Quercus alba Quercus falcata Quercus Tyrata uercus marilandica Quercus muhTenbergii shumar dit Quercus uercus stellata Ulmus americana Asimina triloba Cissus incisa Cornus Florida Tlex vomitoria runus serotina Vitis vulpina Rhus radicans Smilax bona-nox Smilax rotundifolia Acalypha spp. Agrimonia spp. intennaria fallax Apocynum cannabium Athyrium filix-femina Chrysopsis pilosa roton spp. alium aparine Gerardia grandiflora Geum canadense Gnaphalium purpureum Helianthus spp. Heliopsis helianthoides Hypericum punitatum ees SPP. xalis stricta Phlox pilosa Fodophy jum peltatum Polygala verticillata Portulaca pilosa Trifolium repens Verbascum thapsus Andropogon saccharoides Andropogon scopar ius Andropogon ternartus indropogon virginicus Aristida spp. Paspalum spp. Woolly buckthorn Bitternut hickory Shagbark hickory +Texas hickory Mockernut hickory Southern hackberry White ash +Black walnut Loblolly pine White oak Spanish oak Over-cup oak Blackjack oak +Yellow oak Shumard's red oak Post oak Black oak American elm Pawpaw Ivy treebine Flowering dogwood Yaupon Hop-hornbeam Black cherry +Wild grape Poison ivy Saw greenbrier Cat-brier Copper leaf Agr imony Plantainleaf pussy's- toes Hemp dogbane Lady-fern Soft goldaster +Croton +Cleavers bedstraw Fineleaf gerardia White avens Purple cudweed +Sunf lower Rough heliopsis Common St. John's-wort +Lespedeza Common yellow oxalis Prairie phlox Common may-apple Whorled polygala Shaggy purslane White clover +Common mullein Silver bluestem +Little bluestem Splitbeard bluestem Broomsedge Three-awn +Paspalum SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 141 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Table 2510-36.1 [1b] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants® Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees, tall shrubs, and vines, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - forbs, etc., under 5 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Habitat conditions: Acer uegunde Liquidambar styraciflua Populus deftoTdes Salix spp. Cephalanthus occidentalis ornus seummonst1 ~~ Tlex decidua Salix spp. Sambucus canadensis Smilax hispida Ambrosia ti Bidens spp Carex spp. Commelina virginiana HeTianthus annuus Juncus spp. tolacca americana Rumex <r Tspus ha Tatifolia erbesina helianthoides Leersia oryzoides Spartina pectinata ripsacum dactyloides Box-elder Sweet gum *Eastern cottonwood *Willow Common buttonbush Roughleaf dogwood Deciduous holly Willow Common elder *Bristly greenbrier Giant ragweed *Beggar ticks Sedge Creeping dayflower *Common sunflower Rush *Pokeweed Curled dock *Cat-tail Weed crown-beard Rice cutgrass Prairie cordgrass Eastern gamagrass Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Betula nigra Carya acs . arya illinoensis . Carya myristicaeformis Fraxinus ennsyTvantca Tanica 7 ra pheTTos uercus velutina ‘axodium distichum Ulmus americana Asimina triloba Tlex opaca Parthenocissus ‘quinquefolia Rhamnus caroliniana Vitus spp. Ampelopsis arborea Anpelopsis cordata ubus spp. Carex spp. Cicuta maculata Cyperus esculentus Eupator ium perfoliatum yipoxis rsuta Irfs virginica Ranuncutus spp. Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Sesbania macrocarpa Solidago gigantea halictrum dasycarpum Z en izea aurea Leersia oryzoides jartina pectinata ripsacum dactyToides River birch Water hickory #Pecan Nutmeg hickory #Green ash Water oak Willow oak Black oak Baldcypress American elm Pawpaw American holly #irginia creeper Yellow buckthorn #Grape Pepper-vine Heartleaf false grape #8 lackberry Sedge Water-hemlock #Yellow nutgrass Boneset Golden star-grass Virginia iris Buttercup Clasping conef lower Coffee sesbania November goldenrod Purple meadow-rue Golden zizea #Rice cutgrass #Prairie cordgrass #Eastern gamagrass plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2510-36.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. Table 2510-36.1 [2b] Selected Plant Species Common to the Blackland Prairie Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants® Grasses, under 4 ft Habitat conditions: Ory to moist uplands Andropogon saccharoides Aristida oligantha Bromus japonicus BuchToe lactyloides Chloris verticillata Digitaria sanguinalis Eragrostis spp. Leptochloa filiformis Panicum spp. Panicum texanum ‘aspalum spp. Schedonnardus paniculatus SprorboTus neglectus Tridens pilosus Silver bluestem Prairie three-awn Japanese brome Buffalo grass Wind-mil1 grass Crabgrass Lovegrass Red sprangletop *Panic-grass Texas panicum *Paspalum Tumb legrass Puffsheath dropseed Hairy tridens continued Andropogon gerardi Andropogon saccharoides Andropogon scoparTus Bouteloua curt pen lula BouteToua hirsuta BouteToua rigidiseta astrum nutans Sporobolus asper Stipa Teucotricha Big bluestem Silver bluestem +Little bluestem Side-oats grama Hairy grama Texas grama Indian-grass Tall dropseed +Texas needlegrass 142 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland 36 Table 2510-36.1 [2b] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants® Forbs, under 4 ft Low-growing trees, 20-40 ft Smal] trees, shrubs, and vines, under 20 ft Grasses, under 4 ft Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - forbs, etc., under 5 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Ambrosia psilostachya Ambrosia trifida Aster ericoides Bidens spp. Carex spp. Chrysopsis pilosa Croton spp. Diodia teres Gaillardia spp. Gerardia fasciculata ‘GnaphaTium falcatum utierrezia sp Helenium tenuifolium Juncus spp. Monarda punctata Oxalis stricta Plantago spp. umex crispus Habitat conditions: Ory (Continued *Western ragweed Giant ragweed Heath aster *Beggar ticks Sedge Soft goldaster *Croton Rough buttonweed Annual gaillardia Beach gerardia Cudweed Annual broomweed Bitter sneezeweed Rush Spotted beebalm Common yellow oxalis Annual plantain Curled dock Astragalus caryocarpus Englemannia pinnatifida Houstonia nigricans Liatris punctata Uinum spp. Penstemon cobaea Polygala alba Psoralea floribunda Schrankia nuttallii ScuteTlaria spp. Senecio plattensis Silphium spp. Moist upland and lowland Acer negundo Populus deltoides alix spp. Cepnalanthus occidentalis Cornus drummondii ex decidua Salix spp. Sambucus canadensis ‘Smilax hispida Ambrosia trifida Bidens spp. arex spp. Commelina virginiana Juncus spp. Helianthus annuus PhytoTacca americana Rumex Seppe ha Tatifolia Verbesina helianthoides Leer: oryzoides Spartina pectinata Tripsacun’-dactyloides He labitat conditions: Box-elder *Eastern cottonwood Willow Common buttonbush Roughleaf dogwood Deciduous holly *Willow *Common elder *Bristly greenbrier Giant ragweed *Beggar ticks Sedge Creeping dayflower Rush Ranunculus *Common sunflower *Pokeweed Curled dock Cat-tail Weed crown-beard Rice cutgrass *Prairie cordgrass Eastern gamagrass Celtis occidentalis uercus marilani ca Quercus stellata Quercus virginiana Ulmus crassifolia Cornus drummondti Foresterta spp. uercus virginiana hus glabra Rhus Tanceolata Smilax spp. aes, canadensis Muh enbergia ‘Spp. Solidago spp. Riparian Carya aquatica Tarya 11Tinoensis Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ulmus americana Parthenocissus ‘quinquefolia Rhamnus caroliniana Vitis spp. Ampelopsis arborea Ampetopsis cordata Rubus spp. Carex spp. Cicuta maculata Cyperus esculentus Hypoxis hirsuta Ranunculus spp. Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Sesbania macrocarpa Solidago gigantea halictrum dasycarpum Zizea aurea Leersia oryzoides Spartina pectinata Tripsacum dactyloides +Groundp1um milk-vetch Englemann daisy Narrowleaf bluets +Dotted gay-feather Flax Cobaea penstemon White polygala Manyflower scurf pea +Cat-claw Skullcap Prairie groundsel Ros inweed #Common hackberry Blackjack oak Post oak Live oak Cedar elm Roughleaf dogwood Foresteria #Live oak Smooth sumac Flameleaf sumac #Greenbrier #Canada wild rye Muhly Goldenrod Water hickory #Pecan #Green ash American elm #Virginia creeper Yellow buckthorn Grape #Pepper-vine Heartleaf false grape #Blackberry Sedge Water-hemlock #Yellow nutgrass Golden star-grass Buttercup #Clasping conef lower Coffee sesbania November goldenrod Purple meadow-rue Golden zizea Rice cutgrass #Prairie cordgrass Eastern gamagrass plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2510-36.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 143 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Table 2510-36.1 [3a] Selected Plant Species Common to the Bluestem Prairie; Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (Northern) Subsection Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, under 20 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Herbs and forbs, under 8 ft Grasses, under 8 ft Early successional plants® Habitat conditions: Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ambrosia trifida Aster ericoides Tonyza Canadensis Euphorbia spp. Hackelia virginiana Tepidium densifTorum espedeza stipulacea Netitotus alba MeTilotus officinalis Phytolacca americana antago aristata umex acetoselTa Tragopogon pratensis Vartircae hapeus Verbena stricta Agrostis alba An Topoan scoparius Aristida oligantha Arundinaria ee Bromus secalinus Bromus tectorum Echinochloa crusgalli Panicum capillare ar compressa oa pratensis Setaria Tutescens Setaria viridis Soagum haTepense *Common ragweed *Giant ragweed Heath aster *Horseweed Spurge *Stickseed Peppergrass *Korean lespedeza White sweet clover Yellow sweet clover Pokeberry Bott lebrush plantain Red sorrel Meadow salisify Common mul Tein *Wooly verbena *Redtop Little bluestem *Prairie three-awn Wild cane Cheat *Downy brome Barnyard grass Witchgrass Canada bluegrass Kentucky bluegrass Foxtail *Green bristlegrass Johnson grass Late successional plants® Uplands and riparian/dry to moist Carya spp. luercus spp. uercus macrocarpa Celastrus scandens Cornus amomum Cornus drummondii CoryTus americana Prunus americana Prunus virginiana Rhus spp. Rhus radicans Ribes spp. Rosa spp. Rubus atlegheniens is Rubus occidentalis ax spp. ax hispida Symphoricarpos spp. Amorpha canescens Amorpha Fruticosa Baptisia leucophaea Baptista minor Amphicarpa bracteata Aster ericoides Carex spp. Comandra richardsiana Equisetum hyemale s jorbia corollata Helianthus mo s Helianthus petiolaris Helianthus salicifolius Juncus spp. Liatris punctata Honards Fistutosa Petalostemum spp. a spp. ‘Scirpus spp. Jaciniatum um Solidago missourtens; Sortdaeo ago rigida Andropogon ore Andropogon scoparius Calamovilfa Tongifolia Elymus canai canadensis oeleria cristata Leersia oryzoides Panicum virgatum Sorghastrum nutans ae pectinata t pa spartea ripsacum dactyloides Hickory Oak #Bur oak Bittersweet #Silky dogwood Roughleaf dogwood #Common hazelnut +American plum +Choke-cherry Sumac Poison ivy #Gooseberry +Wild rose +Blackberry Black raspberry #Greenbrier Bristly greenbrier +Coralberry +Leadplant #Indigobush Plains wild indigo +Blue wild indigo Southern hog-peanut Heath aster #Sedge Richards comandra Scour ing-rush Flowering spurge +Ashy sunflower +Plains sunflower Willowleaf sunflower Rush +Dotted gay-feather Mintleaf beebalm Prairie clover Conef lower #Bulrush +Compass plant Goldenrod Stiff goldenrod +Big bluestem Little bluestem Prairie sandreed #Canada wild rye Junegrass #Rice cutgrass Switchgrass +Indian-grass #Prairie cordgrass Porcupine-grass #€astern gamagrass plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2510-36.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicatory of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicatros of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. 144 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Table 2510-36.1 [3b] Selected Plant Species Common to the Fayette Prairie, Oak—Hickory Forest Mosaic (Southern) Subsection Growth form Early success ional plants® Late successional pl ants* Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees, tall shrubs, and vines, 20-40 ft Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - forbs, etc., under 4 ft Grasses, under 4 ft Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low-growing trees, tall shrubs, and vines, 20-40 ft Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands Gleditsia triacanthos Ulmus alata Catalpa speciosa Cercis canadensis Cornus drummondii Crataegus brazoria Diosporus virginiana Maclura pomifera Morus ries rosopis spp. Prosopts juliflora runus mexicana Prunus serotina Robina pseudo-acacia Viburnum rufidilum Rhus glabra Rhus trilobata Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Ambrosia psilostachya Aster ericoides Thrysopsis ptlosus Croton spp. Dichondra spp. DiodTa teres Gerardia fasciculata Gnaphalium falcatum Gutierrezia spp. HeTenium tenuifolium Wonarda punctata Oaatts stricta Andropogon saccharoides Andropogon virginicus Aristida spp. Rristida oligantha Digitaria sanguinalis Eragrostis intermedia Leptochloa Filiformis Panicum spp. Panicum texanum Paspalum spp. aspalum ciliatifolium Paspalum dilatatum Phalaris caroliniana Schedonnardus sees Sporobolus neglectus Acer negundo Populus deltoides Sette SpP. Cephalanthus occidentalis Cornus drummondtt Tlex decTdua Salix spp. Honey- locust Winged elm Northern catalpa Eastern redbud Roughleaf dogwood Brazus hawthorn Common persimmon Osage-orange *Red mulberry Mesquite Mesquite *Mexican plum *Black cherry Black locust Rusty black-haw viburnum *Smooth sumac Aromatic sumac *Western snowberry *Western ragweed Heath aster Soft goldaster Croton Pony-foot Rough buttonweed Beach gerardia Cudweed Annual broomweed Bitter sneezeweed Spotted beebalm Common yellow oxalis *Field ground-cherry Violet ruellia Silver bluestem Broomsedge Three-awn Prairie three-awn Crabgrass Plains lovegrass Red sprangletop Panic-grass Texas panicum *Paspalum *Fringeleaf paspalum Dallis-grass Carolina canary-grass Tumb legrass Puffsheath dropseed Bumelia lanuginosa Tarya texana raxinus americana JugTans tara Quercus muhTenbergii uercus stellata Ulmus americana Cissus incisa Cornus floridana Prunus serotina ‘Smilax bona-nox Vitus vulpina Smilax bona-nox Acacia angustissima Aster ericoides Astragalus caryocarpus Carex spp. Centaurea americana Cyperus ‘globuTosus De ghana virescens na emannia pinnatifida ristylis spadicea Houstonia nigricans Juncus interior Krameria Tanceolata Liatris punctata narda Monarda punctata Oxalis stricta Penstemon cobaea Petalostemum candidum Potygala alba soralea floribunda Ratibida columnifera Ya nudif fora Salv¥a azurea Schrankia nuttallii ScuteTlaria ‘parvula Senecio plattensis ‘SiTphium asperr imum Andropogon elliottii Andropogon gerardi Andropogon saccharoides Andropogon scoparius ‘Andropogon ternarius BouteToua cartipendule ‘pendula BouteToua hirsuta Bouteloua cig diseta diseta 0 Buchloe dact, les floridanum PaspaTum orghastrum nutans porobolus asper Stipa Teucotricha Habitat conditions: Riparian Box-elder #Eastern cottonwood Willow Common buttonbush Roughleaf dogwood Deciduous holly *Willow continued Carya aquatica ‘arya illinoensis raxinus pennsylvanica Ulmus americana Parthenocissus ‘quinquefolia Rhamnus caroliniana Vitis spp. Woolly buckthorn Texas hickory White ash +Black walnut +Yellow oak Post oak American elm Ivy treebine Flower ing dogwood Black cherry +Saw greenbrier +Wild grape *Saw greenbrier Fern acacia Heath aster +Groundplum milk-vetch Sedge Basketf lower Baldwin flatsedge Plains larkspur Englemann daisy Fimbry Narrowleaf bluets Inland rush Trailing krameria +Dotted gay-feather Spotted beebalm Common yellow oxalis Cobaea penstemon White prairie clover White polygala Manyf lower scurf pea Prairie conef lower Violet ruellia Pitcher sage Cat-claw Sma11_scullcap Prairie groundsel Roughstem ros inweed Elliott bluestem Big bluestem Silver bluestem +Little bluestem Splitbeard bluestem Side-oats grama Hairy grama Texas grama Buffalo grass Paspalum Indian-grass Tall dropseed +Texas needlegrass Water hickory #Pecan #Green ash American elm +Virginia creeper Yellow buckthorn Grape SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 145 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Table 2510-36.1 [3b] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Low shrubs, 2-6 ft Lesser vegetation - forbs, etc., under 5 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Sambucus canadensis ‘Smilax hispida Ambrosia trifida Bidens spp. Carex spp. Commelina virginiana HeTianthus annuus Juncus spp. PhytoTacca americana Rumex Crispus ypha Tatifotia erbesina helianthoides Leersia oryzoides Spartina pectinata ripsacum dactyToides arian (Continued *Common elder *Bristly greenbrier Giant ragweed *Beggar ticks Sedge Creeping dayf lower *Common sunflower Rush *Pokeweed Curled dock Cat-tail Weed crownbeard Rice cutgrass *Prairie cordgrass Eastern gamagrass Ampelopsis arborea Anpe jopsis cordata Rubus spp. Carex spp. Cicuta maculata Cyperus esculentus Hypoxis hirsuta Ranunculus spp. Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Sesbanta macrocarpa SoTidago gigantea jalictrum dasycarpum Zizea aurea Leersia oryzoides Spartina pectinata ripsacum dactyloides Pepper-vine Heartleaf false grape #Blackberry Sedge Water-hemlock #Yellow nutgrass Golden star-grass Buttercup #Clasping conef lower Coffee sesbania November goldenrod Purple meadow-rue Golden zizea Rice cutgrass #Prairie cordgrass Eastern gamagrass plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2510-36.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional Jowlands. plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. Plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and Table 2510-36.1 [5] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) Subsection Low-growing trees, under 40 ft Forbs, under 5 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Habitat conditions: Western ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya Aphanostephus skirrhobasis Arkansas dozedaisy ham Chamaecrista fasciculata Showy partridge-pea Conyza Canadensis roton glandulosus Diodia teres fciogonun annuum aillardia Tanceolata Gnapha Tum falcatum Helianthus annuus Heterotheca subaxillaris Lechea villosa Lotus americanus Monarda punctata SoTanum carolinense SoTanum rostratum Verbena halei Aristida oligantha BouteToua gracilis Cenchrus pauciflorus Eragrostis oxy “4 S Eragrostis sessilispica estuca octoflora Horseweed *Tropic croton Rough buttonweed Annual er iogonum Lanceleaf gillardia *Cudweed Common sunflower Camphorweed Hairy pinweed Deer vetch Spotted beebalm Carolina horse-nettle Buffalo-bur nightshade Slender verbena Prairie three-awn Blue grama Sandbur Red lovegrass *Tumble lovegrass Six-weeks fescue Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Carya texana eltis spp. Quercus marilandica Quercus stellata Ulmus crassifolia Aster ericoides Cardamine parviflora Chrysopsis pilosa ommelina angustifolia Crotalaria rotundifolia Dolichos latifolius Galactea reqularis Hypericum punctatum Lespedeza procumbens Lespedeza virginica Portulaca pilosa Psoralea tenuiflora ephrosia virginiana Tradescantia virginiana Andropogon aaa) Andropogon hallit Andropogon scoparius Andropogon ternarius wistida gracilis Aristida wrightii Bromus purgans Eragrostis trichodes anicum virgatum Sorghastrum nutans SporoboTus macrus Iniola latifolia Texas hickory Hackberry #Blackjack oak #Post oak Thickleaf elm Heath aster Smallf lower bitter cress Goldaster Narrow-leaved dayf lower Crotalaria Hyancinth bean Shapely milkpea Spotted St. John's-wort Trailing lespedeza Slender lespedeza Hairy purslane Slimflower scurf pea Virginia tephrosia Spiderwort Big bluestem #Sand bluestem #Little bluestem Splitbeard bluestem Three-awn Wright three-awn Canada brome Sand lovegrass #Switchgrass Indian-grass Mississippi dropseed Broadleaf uniola plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2510-36.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. 146 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Table 2510-36.1 [6] Selected Plant Species Common to the Coastal Prairie and Marshes Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants* Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Tall shrubs, under 20 ft Lesser vegetation - forbs, etc., under 8 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Grasslike and herbaceous plants, under 10 ft Hi Prosopis spp. Quercus ‘spp. Acacia spp. Baccharis halimifolia Quercus virginiana Ambrosia spp. Anbrosta psilostachya Aster ericoides Chrysopsis villosa Croton spp. Dichondra spp. Diodia teres Euphorbia spp. erardia spp. Gnaphativn ghalium falcatum utierrezia dracunculoides Helenium amarum HeTianthus annuus Tva annua ‘Juncus spp. Monarda punctata Oxalis stricta RueTTia nudiflora Sonchus asper Aristida spp. BuchToe dactyloides Cenchrus pauctfTorus Echinochloa crusgalli Eragrostis SPP. Hordeum pusillum Panicum spp. Paspalum spp. Poa annua abitat conditions: Habitat conditi Mesquite Oak Acacia Eastern baccharis Live oak *Ragweed Western ragweed Heath aster Soft goldaster *Croton Pony-foot Rough buttonweed Spurge Gerardia Cudweed Broomweed Sneezeweed *Common sunflower Annual sumpweed Rush Spotted beebalm Common yellow oxalis Violet ruellia Prickly sow-thistle Three-awn Buffalo grass Sandbur *Barnyard grass Lovegrass Little barley *Panic-grass Paspalum Annual bluegrass Dry to moist lands Celtis pallida Pinus taeda Prosopis spp. uercus durandii juercus virginiana Aoysta Wye oysia lycioides morpha fruticosa seyrun Hyper Tcoides accharis halimifolia Bernardia myricaefolia Bumelia celastrina Bumelia Tanuginosa Ceph thus occidentalis A jatan olubrina texensis Coursetia axillaris Foresteria angustifolia ifera ca cer Opuntia spp Prunus spp. Quercus virginiana Rubus trivialis Yucca treculeana Zizyphus jujuba Acuan acuminata Acuan velutina Ambrosia psilostachya Asclepias asperula Asclepias Tindheimeri Baptisia leucophaea acalia lanceolata Cyperus spp. Eryngium spp. Ervthrina herbacea Eustoma te dif Torum Gaillardia aestivalis Gaillardia pulche Gaura Tindheimert Heterotheca subaxillaris Hibiscus asiocarpus Houstonia angustifolia Houstonia boscii Juncus spp. Medicago arabica Mimosa strigillosa Monarda fistulosa Monarda punctata Ratibida columnifera Sabatia campestris Samolus ebracteatus $iiphiun asperr imum alia dealbata Verbena spp. Andropogon gerardi Andropogon glomeratus Andropogon littoralis Andropogon scoparius indropogon tener Andropogon virginicus Aristida purpurea Aristida roemeriana BuchToe dactyloides Paspalum monostachTyum Paspalum plicatulum artina spartinae Sporobolus poirettii Coastal _marsh (Narrow strips of low, saline marsh adjacent to the Gulf Coast of Texas) continued Carex spp. Juncus effusus Juncus roemerianus Sagittaria spp. Scirpus americanus Scirpus californteus cirpus cat Formicus cirpus olneyi Spiny hackberry Loblolly pine Mesquite Ourand oak Live oak Acacia White brush Indigobush St. Andrew's cross Eastern baccharis Brush myrtle-croton Bumelia Woolly bucket bumelia Common buttonbush Texas colubrine Texas baby-bonnets Narrowleaf foresteria Southern wax-myrtle Prickly pear Plum Live oak (dwarf) Southern dewberry Trecul yucca Jujube Acuan Acuan +Western ragweed Spider antelope-horn Sidecluster mi lkweed +Plains wild indigo Lanceleaf Indian- . plantain Flatsedge Eryngo Eastern coral bean Showy prairie-gentian Lanceleaf gaillardia Rosering gaillardia White gaura Camphorweed Woolly rose mallow Narrowleaf bluets Bluets Rush Spotted bur-clover Herbaceous mimosa Mintleaf beebalm Spotted beebalm Prairie conef lower Prairie rose-gentian Coast brookweed Roughstem rosinweed Powdered thalia Verbena Big bluestem Bushy bluestem #Seacoast bluestem Little bluestem Slender bluestem Broomsedge Purple three-awn Roemer three-awn Buffalo grass Gulfdune paspalum Brownseed paspalum #Gulf cordgrass Rattail smutgrass Sedge Common rush Needlegrass rush Arrowhead #Amer ican bulrush California bulrush Olney bulrush SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 147 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland i ee Table 2510-36.1 [6] (Concluded) Growth form Grasses, under 10 ft Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Scirpus validus Typha domingens is Distichlis spicata Softstem bulrush Narrowleaf cat-tail Seashore saltgrass Panicum hemi tomon Maiden-cane Panicum repens Torpedograss Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Phragmites communis Spartina alterniflora Spartina cynosuroides Spartina patens Spartina spartinae Zizaniopsis miliacea Habitat conditions: Flood plains (Broad flats bordering shallow channeled rivers and streams) Common reed #Smooth cordgrass Big cordgrass Marsh-hay cordgrass Gulf cordgrass #Southern wild rice Tall-growing trees, Populus spp. *Cottonwood Carya illinoinensis Pecan over 40 ft Salix spp. Willow Celtis laevigata Southern hackberry Ulmus spp. E1m Fraxinus spp. Ash Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood Quercus spp. Oak Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak Quercus virginica Live oak Ulmus crassifolia Cedar elm Vines, over 40 ft Ampelopsis arborea Pepper-vine (depending on tree Cissus incisa Ivy treebine height) Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Parthenocissus ~ quinquefolia Virginia creeper SmiTax bona-nox Saw greenbrier mustangens is Mustang grape Low-growing trees Acacia spp. Acacia Acacia spp. Acacia and tall shrubs, Cephalanthus sop. Buttonbush Aesculus pavia Red buckeye under 40 ft Cornus spp. Dogwood Bumelia spp. Bumelia Tex spp. Holly Crataegus spp. +Hawthorn Prosopis spp. Mesquite Ehretia spp. Ehretia Prunus spp. +*P lum Tex decidua Deciduous holly Salix spp. Willow Melia spp. Chinaberry a Prosopis spp. Mesquite Prunus spp. +P lum Salix spp. Willow Sapindus spp. Soapberr y Forbs and grasslike Giant ragweed Apium spp. Celery plants, under 8 ft 1S *Beggar ticks Commelina spp. Dayf lower arex spp. *Sedge Euphorbia spp. Spurge Commelina spp. Dayf lower Gutierrezia spp. Snakeweed Euphorbia spp. *Spurge Malvaviscus spp. Wax-mal ow Helianthus annuus Common sunf lower Sanicula spp. Sanicle Iva spp. Sumpweed Silphium spp. +Ros inweed Juncus spp. Rush Sphaeralcea spp. +Globe mallow Phytolaca americana Common pokeberry Tragia spp. Noseburn Rumex crispus Curled dock Verbena spp. Verbena Grasses, under 5 ft 1a Spp. Cynodon dactylo Elymus canadensis ella Crown-beard Bermuda grass Canada wild rye Basketgrass Bristle basketgrass +Paspalum *Plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2510-36.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned culitvated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. Note: Information concerning selected plant species common to the following subsections can be found elsewhere as indicated: 2510,S2a, Bluestem Prairie (see 2530,S14). 2510,S4, Mixed Prairie; Grama--Bluestem (see 2530,525). 2510,S7, Edwards Plateau; Juniper--Oak Savanna (see 2520,$31). 2510,S8, Rio Grande Plain (see 2520,534). 2510,S9, Oak--Hickory--Pine Forest (see 2320). 148 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkiand 36 Table 2510-36.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Prairie Parkland Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Redtop Agrostis L 2511 alba Ragweed Ambrosia spp. L. 2512 Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 2511 Western ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya oc. 2512 Giant ragweed Ambrosia trifida t. 251 Leadplant Amorpha canescens Pursh 2511 Indigobush Amorpha fruticosa L 2511 Pepper-vine ppestepsis arborea L.) Koehne 2512 Big bluestem Andropogon gerardi Vitm. 2511 Sand bluestem Andropogon hallii Hack. 2512 Seacoast bluestem Andropogon littoralis Nash 2512 Little bluestem Andropogon scoparius T. & G. 2511, 2512 Prairie three-awn Aristida oligantha Michx. 2511 Damp thickets, swales and shores Dry prairies, bar- rens, sands and openings Old pastures, waste- land, roadsides, etc. Ory prairies, bar- rens, sands, open- ings and unculti- vated places Rich alluvial soil in thickets, low woods, waste ground and disturbed soil Dry, well-drained, sun, dry sandy prairies and hills Well-drained, moist, sun and shade Swampy woods Dry soils and open woods; in valleys, ravines, slopes and lower hill- sides Sandhills, draws and dry plains Sandy soils, rocky hills Woods, prairies and riverbanks Ory sterile soil SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Perennial, culms to 4.2 ft tall Perennial herb, re- producing by creeping roots, rootstocks and seeds, stems erect to 8 ft tall Annual, erect, to 8 ft tall Perennial or annual herbs, reproducing by creeping roots, rootstocks and seeds, stems erect to 8 ft tall Annual, reproducing by seed, to 20 ft tall on good sites Undershrub, rarely 3 ft tall Shrub, to 13 ft tall Climbing vine Erect perennial, to 6 ft tall, often forms large tufts, with short thick, scaly rhizomes Coarse tufts, to 5 ft tall Culms, tufted, to 4.5 ft tall Stout stems, to 6 in tall Annual, culms tufted, to 2 ft tall Caryopsis, June- Sept. Achene, Aug.-Oct. Seeds, small, July-Oct. Achene, numerous but small, Aug.- Oct. Seeds, minute Legume, available Aug. Berries, Aug. Caryopsis, abund- ant crop of seeds produced annually Caryopsis, July- Sept. Caryopsis Legume, May-July Caryopsis, Aug.- Oct. continued Seeds eaten by many spe- cies of songbirds, most notably sparrows, and gamebirds including bob- white quail Same as Ambrosia spp. Same as Ambrosia spp. Same as Ambrosia spp. Fruit eaten by bob- white quail Seeds consumed by song- birds; foliage eaten by hoofed browsers. Thrives in wet soil May cause hayfever Abundant pollen a hazard to hayfever sufferers Major cause of hay- fever Can form dense ground cover, es- pecially after mow- ing Possibly poisonous to livestock; plantings have been used for windbreaks and erosion control Early colonizer of bare areas 149 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Table 2510-36.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Groundp]um milk-vetch Prairies Stems, to 1 ft long To 1 in in diam- Seeds eaten by game- Possibly poisonous Astragalus caryocarpus eter birds to limited ex- to livestock Ker tent 2511, 2512 Plains wild indigo Woods, prairies Stout stems to 6 in Legume, May-July Baptisia leucophaea and riverbanks tall Nutt. 2512 Blue wild indigo Rocky prairies, Smooth, stout, to Legume, May-June Baptisia minor ravines and open 4 ft tall Lehm . woods 2511 Beggar ticks Usually moist or Annual or perennial, Achene with barbed Minor value to wildlife Bidens spp. wet places, stream- stems to 6 ft tall teeth, avail- L. banks and swamps in one species able late summer 2512 and fall Downy brome Waste places and Erect or spreading, Caryopsis, June- Seeds eaten by a large Bromus tectorum sandy soil slender, to 2 ft tall, Sept. number of birds and L. tufted, annual rodents 2511 Sedge Moist soils of Perennial herbs, Achene, June-Aug., Seeds sparsely used by Important builder Carex spp. marshes, meadows solitary or clumped, lens-shaped to waterfowl, marsh birds of soil in bogs Lt along shores; at stems triangular to triangular, en- and songbirds; nest- and bays; import- 2511, 2512 all elevations round and hollow closed in envelope ing and escape cover ant in the aging called perigynium for waterfowl process of lakes Pignut hickory Hillsides and dry Tree, 60-90 ft tall, Nut, available Nuts eaten by squir- Deep root system, Carya glabra ridges bole 2-2.5 ft in Sept.-Oct. rels, slight browse windfirm Mi11.) Sweet diameter, leaves com- value 2511 pound, usually 5 leaflets Pecan Ory, well-drained, Tree, to 150 ft tall Nut, available Same as C. glabra Carya illinoensis moist, sun Sept.-Oct. (Wang.) K. Koch 2512 Shagbark hickory Rich woods, bot- Large tree, 60-120 Nut, available Same as C. glabra Carya ovata toms and slopes, ft tall Sept.-Oct. MiTT.) K. Koch dry, well-drained, 2511 sun and shade Texas hickory Ory, sandy up- Tree, 30-45 ft tal] Nut, available Nuts eaten by fox Carya texana Tands Sept.-Oct. and gray squirrel Buck. 2512 Common hackberry Low woods and up- Tree or coarse shrub, Drupe, purple- Fruit eaten by sev- Large or small Celtis occidentalis land slopes, rocky to +90 ft tall black, stone .25 eral species of song- tree or low shrub L. barrens, sandy in long birds varying in re- 2511, 2512 soil spect to habitat Horseweed Wasteland, culti- Annual herb, repro- Seeds numerous but Conyza canadensis vated fields, on ducing by seed, minute i) Crona. dry soils stems erect to 6 ft 2511 tall Silky dogwood Swamps and damp Shrub, to 10 ft tall Blue berry, Aug.- Cornus amomum thickets Oct. MITT. 2511 Common hazelnut Dry, well-drained, Shrub, to 10 ft tall Nut, available Nuts eaten by squirrels Dense growth, good Corylus americana sun and shade July-Sept. for hedgerows and alt. cover 2511 Hawthorn Dry, moist, open Shrub to small tree, Red pome, .5 in Fruit eaten by upland Possibly the most Crataegus spp. areas of open thorns present, long, Aug.-Sept. gamebirds, songbirds problematic genus L. woods large and raccoon in North America, 2512 from 1,000-1,500 named species continued 150 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland 36 Table 2510-36.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Croton Croton spp. L 2512 Tropic croton Croton glandulosus L 2512 Yellow nutgrass Cyperus esculentus 2512 Common persinmon Diospyros virginiana L. 2512 Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. 2512 Canada wild rye Elymus canadensis L. 2511, 2512 Lovegrass Eragrostis spp. Beauv. 2512 Tumble lovegrass Waste places, dry sandy soils Sandy soil Low, poorly drained areas in fields Dry, well-drained, moist. sun; us- ually open sites Cultivated areas, waste ground, ditches Sand hills, along streambanks and in woods Various habitat requirements Plains and sandy Eragrostis sessilispica prairies Buck]. 2512 Spruge Euphorbia spp. L 2512 Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 2511, 2512 Clevers bedstraw Galium aparine L 2512 Honey-locust Cleditsia triacanthos L. 2512 Cudweed Gnaphalium falcatum Lam. 2512 Stickseed Hackelia virginiana L.) T. M. Johnston 2511 Many different species occupying different sites Alluvial soils of flood plains Common, weedy spe- cies occurring on a variety of hab- itats Low, rich, wood- land, but also dry slopes and pastures Sandy soils, open sites Rich woods and thickets SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Usually erect annual herbs, to 6 ft tall Annual, to 2 ft un- bellately branching Perennial herb, stems erect to 3 ft tall Small tree, 25-50 ft and over Annual, culms stout, erect to decumbent, to 3 ft tall Perennial, erect, to 1.5 ft tall Annuals or peren- nials,culms, to 6 ft tall Perennial, culms tufted, erect, 8-16 in tall, one node above basal cluster of leaves, panical breaks away and tumbles in the wind Mostly herbs, less than 4 ft tall Tree, to 80 ft tall, 5-9 leaflets Annual, to 3 ft tall, stems weak Tree, to 80 ft tall, with numerous 3 pronged thorns often several in long Annual, to 1 ft tall Stem to 4 ft tall Small to minute Capsule, .1 long in Achene, numerous, available July- Sept. Berry, sometimes persistent, a- vailable Aug.- Oct. Caryopsis, avail- able June-Oct. Caryopsis, June- Aug. Caryopsis Caryopsis, July- Oct. Long tapering, winged seeds, Sept.-Oct. Fruit, .1-.2 in long, available Apr.-June Pods, to 18 in long, sweet pulp between numerous seeds Small Nutlets, June- Sept. continued Seeds preferred greatly by doves, and songbirds Seeds eaten by ground, mourning and white- winged doves, bob- white quail, and pyr- rhuloxia Seeds and tubers eaten by waterfowl and song- birds Fruit eaten by skunks, opossum, raccoons and deer; also browsed by deer Seeds eaten by water- fowl Seeds eaten by song- birds and some smai1 mamma 1s Seeds eaten by few species of gamebirds Seeds eaten by song- birds and smal] mam- mals, but only of moderate importance to wildlife Pods eaten occasion- ally by deer and squirrels Poisonious to cattle A serious weed Often forms thick- ets on pastures and old fields Forms early ground cover in spring Invasion species on flood plains Can form a dense ground cover Thornless variety favored for ero- sion control plant- ings 151 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland REE RE ie Oe Table 2510-36.2 (Continued) Species Sunflower Helianthus spp. tl. 2512 Common sunflower Helianthus annuus L. 2512 Ashy sunflower Helianthus mollis Lam. 2511 Plains sunflower Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. 2511 Black walnut duglans nigra L. 2511, 2512 Rice cutgrass Leersia oryzoides L.) Sw. 2511, 2512 Lespedeza Lespedeza spp. Michx. 2512 Korean lespedeza Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim. 2511 Dotted gay-feather Liatris punctata Hook. 2511, 2512 Carpetweed Mollugo verticillata L 2512 Red mulberry Morus rubra L. 2511, 2512 Panic-grass Panicum spp. 2512 Beaked panicum Panicum anceps Michx. 2512 Switchgrass Panicum virgatum C 2512 152 Habitat Different species occupying a wide variety of sites Sandy soil Open soil and thin woodlands Sandy soil, in full sunlight Rich bottomlands and fertile hill- sides Stream and pond edges, swamps, us- ually in full sun- light Dry soil Dry open soil Calcareous uplands Sandy riverbanks, roadsides and cultivated ground Intervals in rich soil and low hills, in sun Various habitat conditions Swamps, sloughs, low woods Moist or dry prairie, usually sunny, open wet or dry woods, moist seepage, gravel bars, etc. Form Coarse, stout herbs to 15 or more ft tall Erect annual, stem to 10 ft tall Stems, to 3 ft tall Slender, stem to 9 ft tall Tree to 100 ft tall, bole often 4-6 ft diameter, leaves compound, 15-23 leaflets per leaf Slender, weak, to 2 ft tall decumbent, perennial with creep- ing rhizomes Stems, trailing or upright to erect, to 10 ft tall Stems, to 3 ft tall Stems, numerous to 2.5 ft tall Prostrate herb, forming mats Tree, 60-70 ft tall, leaves ovate, coarse- ly serrate, 3-5 in long Annuals and peren- nials, usually upright Culms, stout, to 4 ft tall Erect, perennial with large scaly rhizomes Fruit Achene, available toward autumn Achene, available dune-Oct. Seeds numerous Achene, June-Oct. Nut, available Oct.-Nov. Legume Legume, July- Achene, small Small, June-Nov. Compound drupe, available May- Caryopsis Caryopsis, June- Oct. Caryopsis, July- Sept. continued General wildlife use Seeds eaten by several species of songbirds and gamebirds including doves and quail, seeds also eaten by rodents Same as Helianthus spp. Same as Helianthus spp. Same as Helianthus spp. Nuts eaten by squirrels Seeds eaten by ducks; ducks also pull and eat rootstocks Seeds eaten by song- birds and bobwhite quail; deer also eat the plants Fruit eaten by several species of songbirds, also raccoons, opos- sums and skunks Seeds eaten by many species of songbirds, quail and turkey Seeds used by a large variety of ground- feeding birds Notes Leaf edges may cut flesh Good for border plantings, seeds often remain through the winter Good soil binder CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland 36 Table 2510-36.2 (Continued) Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Virginia creeper Parthenocissus juinquefolia t Planch. 2512 Paspalum Paspalum spp. [5 251i, 2512 Fringeleaf paspalum i. ciliatifolium Michx. 2511 Field ground-cherry Physalis viscosa Rydb. 2512 Pokeweed Phytolacca americana L 2512 Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Lt. 2511 Cottonwood Populus spp. U 2512 Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides Marsh. 2512 Plum Prunus spp. L. 2512 American plum Prunus americana Marsh. 2511 Mexican plum Prunus mexicana Wats. 2512 Black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. 2512 Choke-cherry Prunus virginiana L 25li White oak Quercus alba Le 2511 Open woods, val- leys and thickets Moist meadows and savannas Dry or moist open places or thin woods Sandy shores, dunes and swales Deep, rich gravel- ly soils Moist, well- drained, sun; bot- tomlands, banks of streams Various habitats Alluvial soils and low wet ground Dry to moist woods and edges Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Rich moist soil Rich often north facing slopes, fence rows, road- sides Dry, well-drained, sun, tolerant of moist soils in bottomlands and on ridges SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Woody vine, climbing to 20 ft or more Perennials, to 3 ft tall Culms ascending to 3 ft tall Perennial from rhizome, stems to 2 ft tall Perennial herb re- producing by seed or from poisonous tap- root, stem erect to 10 ft tall Large tree, 100-175 ft Trees, up to 60 ft tall Tree, to 80 ft tall, buds are gummy Small trees or shrubs some to over 60 ft Coarse shrub or tree to 26 ft tall Shrub 5 to 30 ft tall Tree to 100 ft tall, bole to 4 or 5 ft ‘in diameter, leaves ovate, finely ser- rate Shrub to small tree, to 30 ft tall Large tree, 60-80 ft and over Three-seeded blue berries, .25 in in diameter Caryopsis Caryopsis, June- Oct. Berry, June Berry, available July-Sept. Achene, persistent, available Oct. Capsule Berry Drupe, available July-Oct. Drupe, available Sept.-Nov. Drupe, available June-Nov. Purplish cherry, July-0ct. Acorn, annual, Sept.-Oct. continued Berries eaten by sev- eral species of song- birds Seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds, doves, and turkey Same as Paspalum spp. Minor use by wildlife, although many species of game animals will eat the berries Berries eaten mainly by songbirds Minor wildlife use Minor wildlife food use Berries eaten by many species of songbirds and gamebirds, also smal] mammals; browse for deer and rabbits Same as P. serotina. Turns brilliant red in early fall Useful for holding banks of streams and ditches Invades denuded areas, spoil banks Good for shelter- belts, erosion control Thickets form good cover Does not form thick- ets Windfirm Acorns eaten by prairie Very long-lived chicken, turkeys, squirrels, raccoons, and many species of songbirds; preferred browse of deer 153 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Table 2510-36.2_ (Continued) 154 Species Northern red oak Quercus borealis Michx. f. 2511 Jack oak uercus ellipsoidalis Hi 2511 Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 2511 Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Muenchh. 2512 Yellow oak luercus muhlenbergii Engelm. 2511, 2512 Post oak Quercus stellata Wang. 2512 Live oak Quercus virginiana Mi 2512 Smooth sumac Rhus glabra L 2512 Gooseberry Ribes spp. L 251i Black locust Rob pseudo-acacia Wild rose Rosa spp. ie 2511 Blackberry Rubus spp. a 2512 Habitat Well-drained, sun and shade, on moist well-drained soil Well-drained, sun Ory, well-drained, sun Ory, sterile soils Dry, well-drained, sun, on rich soils of bottom- lands, also on dry hillsides with limestone outcrops Dry, rocky upland woods and along streams Dry, well-drained, sun, near the coast Ory, well-drained, moist, sun Dry hills Dry, well-drained, moist, sun Usually moist, well-drained open sites Widespread, but developing fully only in open areas Form Large tree, 70-90 ft and over Tree, 60-70 ft tall Tree, 70-80 ft tall, occasionally to 170 ft Small tree or coarse shrub, to 60 ft tall Medium-sized to large tree, 40-50 ft tall Tree, to 90 ft tall Small or large spread- ing tree Shrub, 4-15 ft Low scraggling shrub, to 3 ft tall Tree, 70-80 ft tall, bole 3-4 ft in diameter, leaves compound 8-14 in Jong, 7-19 leaf- lets Shrubs or vines, usually prickly, leaves alternate, pinnate and ser- rate Arching or trailing shrubs, to 5 ft, leaves mostly com- pound, stems with prickers Fruit Acorn, biennial, available Oct.- Nov. Acorn, biennial Acorn, annual, available Sept.- Oct. Acorn, 15 in in diameter, red- dish brown, kernel Acorn, annual, available Oct.- Nov. Acorn ovoid, .75 in long Acorn, shiny-brown, ring of hairs around persistent style Drupe, persistent, available Sept.- Oct. Fruit to .33 in ‘in diameter, May-July Legume, available Sept.-Apr. Hips Aggregate of drupes, June- Aug., red or black, .25 in long continued General wildlife use Notes Same as Q. alba Same as Q. alba Same as Q. alba Shade cover; acorns eaten by several species of birds and mammals including quail, turkey, raccoons, deer Same as Q. alba Acorns eaten by turkeys and deer Plants 12 in tall may produce fruit Roots can tolerate salt water Seeds eaten by many species of songbirds and few gamebirds; browsed by cotton- tail rabbit and deer to certain extent Used in erosion control plaintings Very limited wildlife use Form thickets along woods, fields, along fence rows Hips eaten by prairie chicken, quail, plus many species of song- birds and smal] mammals; excellent nesting cover for songbirds and some gamebirds Food and nesting cover Forms dense patches; for many birds; berries berry often lasts eaten by many other into winter animals; browse for deer and rabbits CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland 36 Table 2510-36.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Blackberry Rubus allegheniensis Porter 2511 Clasping coneflower Rudbeckia amplexicaulis VahT 2512 Willow Salix spp. L 2512 Common elder Sambucus canadensis L. 2512 Cat-claw Schrankia nuttallii OC.) Stand?. 2512 Bulrush Scirpus spp. L 2sii American bulrush Scirpus americanus Pers. 2512 Green bristlegrass, Setaria viridis TL.) Beauv. 2511 Rosinweed Silphium spp. L 25i2 Compass plant Silphium laciniatum L 25ii Greenbrier Smilax spp. U 2sli, 2512 Saw greenbrier Smilax bona-nox L. 2512 Bristly greenbrier Smilax hispida MuhT. 2511, 2512 Dry, clearings and thickets Low ground In general, along streams, bottom- lands, or similar places where soil is moist Wet, damp or rich soils, well-drained, moist, sun, shade Sandy pinelands, fields and woods Freshwater lakes, marshes etc. to depth of 9 ft, also shore forms Fresh or brackish shores and marshes Disturbed soil Various site re- quirements by different species Prairies Widespread, dry to wet, open to shady woods, com- mon in disturbed areas Dry to moist, sandy soil Low woods in val- leys, along streams, rich slopes Erect or high arch- ing, to 10 ft tall Annual, stem to 2.5 ft tall Most are deciduous shrubs, 4-12 ft tall, some are trees up to 50 ft, winter buds are covered by 1 scale Shrub, stems to 13 ft tall Perennial herb, stem procumbent Perennial herb, erect stems to 15 ft high, round to triangular Upright herb to 6 ft tall Tufted annual, culms to 12 ft tall Tall and coarse per- ennials, stems to 9 ft in some species Stem stout to 12 ft tall Twining shrubs, to 6 ft, often clambering over other vegetation, leaf veination paral- lel, tendrils, stems with prickers Spreading or climb- ing shrub Woody vine, climb- Globose to 1 in long Achene, June Capsule, small, 2-valved, contain- ing many minute seeds having tufts of white silky hairs, July-Sept. Berry, available Aug.-Oct. Legume, to 2 in long, June-Sept. Achene, lens- shaped or triang- ular, June-Aug. Nutlet Caryopsis Achene, usually June-Oct. Achene, July-Sept. Berry, black .25 in long, Sept.-Nov. Black berry, Oct.-Spring Berry, globose, ing, crawling to .1 in broad, 15 ft long bluish black color continued Same as Rubus spp. Buds eaten by few species of birds, bark and wood eaten by deer and beaver Berries eaten by many species of songbirds and smal] mammals Seeds eaten by quail Seeds eaten by water- fowl, marsh and shore birds; stems and roots used by geese; excellent escape and nesting cover for waterfowl and mammals Seeds extremely valu- able to many prairie songbirds, quail and doves Berries and buds eaten by a few species of songbirds, browsed by deer, escape cover for birds and smal] mam- mals Same as S. bona-nox Forms dense patches, berry often lasts into winter All but a few are post-fire sprouters; invades cut-over burned areas form- ing dense thickets; often used to stabilize stream- bank erosion Does well on poor soil Indians ate roots and used stems for baskets, boats, etc. important as soil- binders and in the aging of lakes Prominent forb in low areas, Forms tangles SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 155 36 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland Table 2510-36.2 (Continued) Species Indian-grass Sorghastrum nutans L.) Nash 2511 Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. 2512 Prairie cordgrass Spartina pectinata Link 2511, 2512 Gulf cordgrass Spartina spartinae rin.) Merr. 2512 Globe mallow Sphaeralcea spp. {Pursh) Rydb. 2512 Bladdernut Staphylea trifolia L 251i Texas needlegrass Stipa leucotricha Trin. & Rupr. 2511, 2512 Coralberry Symphoricarpos spp. Duham. 2512 Western snowberry Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moenchh. 2512 Eastern gamagrass Tripsacum dactyloides L 2511, 2512 Cat-tail Typha latifolia L 2512 American elm Ulmus americana L. 2511 Common mullein Verbascum thapsus L 2512 Habitat Open places Salt marshes, often growing in water Shores, gravels and wet prairies of swamps Marshes, swamps, and moist prairies near the coast Caliche outcrops and gypsum on breaks, plains and hills Moist, sun, shade Prairies, bushy areas, roadsides, distrubed areas, usually on fine calcareous soils Moist, well-drained sites Dry, well-drained, sun Swales, moist fields, borders of woods and shores. Freshwater marshes, emergent in shal- low water and along shores Along streams, low moist woods Dry gravelly and stony soils, waste places Form Perennial, to 8 ft tall, from scaly rhizomes Culms, to 8 ft tall Culms, to 6 ft tall Culms, densely tuft- ed to’6 ft tall Taprooted peren- nial, stems to 1.5 ft long Shrub or small tree, 5-15 ft tall Tufted perennial, culms erect, to 2.5 ft tall Low, branching up- right shrub, to 6 ft tall Shrub, to 6 ft tall Erect, to over 8 ft tall Perennial herb, stalks 3-7 ft high, from creeping rhizomes, relative- ly long and wide leaves Tree, to 100 ft tall, unique vase-shaped form Biennial herb, stem Fruit Caryopsis Caryopsis, July- Sept. Caryopsis Capsule, available Sept. Caryopsis Drupe, clustered Berry, available Sept.-Jan. Caryopsis, June- Sept. Many hairy, dry, dehiscent seeds from a terminal cylinder head Seeds numerous, to 8 ft tall, repro- June-Sept. ducing by seeds continued General wildlife use Notes Planted for forage Muskrat and Canada goose eat rootstocks, other waterfowl eat seeds; cov- er for waterfowl Little value as wildlife food; good nesting cover Same as P. pectinata Little value as wildlife food Seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds Fruit eaten by few spe- cies of songbirds and gamebirds; good browse plant for deer; provide nesting and escape cover for birds and smal] mam- mals Same as Symphoricarpos spp. Minor food use by song- birds Rootstocks preferred food of muskrats and blue geese; exceilent escape and nesting cover for birds and other animals Seeds eaten by a few spe- cies of songbirds, rabbits eat buds and twigs 156 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2510 Prairie Parkland 36 Table 2510-36.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Woolly verbena Prairies and bar- Stems erect, to 4 ft Nutlet, .1 in Seeds lightly used by Verbena stricta rens tall Tong songbirds Vent. 2511 Grape Wide range of sites, Vines Berry Berries eaten by many Commonly along Vitis spp. favor moist, fer- species of birds, (e.g., fence rows and near tT. tile soils, need ruffed grouse, bob- margins of woods 2512 sunlight white, turkey, ring- and along streams necked pheasant, mourning dove), skunk, fox, squirrels, rac- coon, opossum, rabbit Wild grape Riverbanks, bot- High climbing, to Grape, black, Grapes eaten by quail, Vitis vulpina tomlands and rich 60 ft in trees or available Sept.- turkey, several spe- Ly thickets sprawling on the Oct. cies of songbirds, 2512 ground raccoons and skunks; grapevines serve as nesting and escape cover; stringy bark used in building nests Southern wild rice Marshes, creeks Culms, to 9 ft tall Caryopsis Seeds eaten by water- Tee miliacea and riverbanks fowl] and marsh birds Michx.) Doe Aschers. 2512 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 157 37 PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland SUBSECTION KEY Bluestem prairie (Coastal Prairie) Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) Mesquite--Buffalo Grass Edwards Plateau; Juniper--Oak Savanna Texas Central Basin Mesquite Savanna Rio Grande Plain Mesquite--Live Oak Savanna Oak--Hickory Forest ——— Province boundary —--— Section boundary Location of province State boundary within the United States Figure37.1_ Province 2520, Prairie Brushland; Sections 2521, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass; 2522, Juniper—Oak—Mesquite; and 2523, Mesquite—Acacia. 158 CHAPTER 2 37 PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland SECTIONS Section 2521, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass This section has been divided into the following sub- sections: 30, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass, and 33, Mesquite Savanna. Section 2522, Juniper—Oak—Mesquite This section has been divided into the following sub- sections: 29, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers); 31, Edwards Plateau, Juniper—Oak Savanna; and 32, Texas Central Basin. Section 2523, Mesquite—Acacia This section has been divided into the following sub- sections: 16, Bluestem Prairie (Coastal Prairie); 34, Rio Grande Plain; 35, Mesquite—Live Oak Savanna; and 37, Oak—Hickory Forest. SUBSECTIONS Plant information for the following subsections is included in this province description or elsewhere as indicated. Subsection 16, Bluestem Prairie (Coastal Prairie) See Province 2510, Section 2512, Subsection 6 (36). Subsection 29, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) See Province 2510, Section 2512, Subsection 5 (36). Subsection 30, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass The Mesquite—Buffalo Grass Subsection consists of short grass with scattered, low, broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs and low, needleleaf evergreen shrubs. Elevation ranges from 2000 to 5000 feet, rising from east to west. General relief is rough to broken, with steeply sloping breaks along the river. Subsection 31, Edwards Plateau; Juniper—Oak Savanna This subsection is characterized by savanna with dense to open associations of broadleaf deciduous and evergreen low trees and shrubs, and needleleaf evergreen low trees and shrubs on a broad, dissected plateau (1000 to 4000 feet) with gently undulating divides and broad valleys. Valley sides are steep to rolling or hilly. Nearly all of the land is farms and ranches. About 80 percent is native grazing land utilized by cattle, sheep, goats, and deer. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland 37 Short-grass and shrubs occur westerly with open woodland of scrub oak and cedar with grass understory easterly. Deciduous forest grows on steep valley walls and on floodplains in the east and south. Only about | to 2 percent (smoother upland and valleys to the east) is farmed. Subsection 32, Texas Central Basin The Texas Central Basin covers 3000 square miles in the eastern Edwards Plateau region of Texas and is characterized by short to medium-tall grass with an overstory of broadleaf deciduous shrubs and short trees scattered openly to dense stands. It ranges in elevation from 800 to 1300 feet in rolling to hilly uplands, and is crossed by a few smooth valleys and many steep hills and ridges. All but about 5 percent of the land is used for cultivation in native range utilized by cattle, sheep, goats, and deer. Subsection 33, Mesquite Savanna In western Texas, Mesquite Savanna is a dense to open grass cover with an overstory of scattered broadleaf evergreen or deciduous shrubs and short trees. There is a level to gently rolling zone in western Texas between Edwards Plateau to southeast and the staked plains to northwest that divides the southwest part of the rolling red plain. Deep sands to the southwest are marked by irregular dune topography. About one-half the area is in range; one-half is cropped. Subsection 34, Rio Grande Plain The Rio Grande Plain of south Texas is dense to open grassland with broadleaf deciduous short trees and shrubs scattered singly or in groves. Rising from sea level in the southeast to 1000 feet in the northwest, the plain is nearly level to undulating. Valleys are few, widely separated, and gently undulating. Nearly all of the 30,000 square miles is farms and ranches; about 80 percent is still in native range. About 10 percent (on better sites) is cultivated. Subsection 35, Mesquite—Live Oak Savanna This savanna subsection contains open medium-tall grass with short to medium-tall broadleaf evergreen trees and short broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs, scattered singly or in groves. Elevation ranges from sea level to a few feet above sea level on nearly level to gently rolling plains. Subsection 37, Oak—Hickory Forest See Province 2510, Section 2512, Subsection |b (36). 159 37 PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland Table 2520-37.1 [30] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mesquite—Buffalo Grass Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Low-growing trees, herbaceous forbs and grasses, under 5 ft Habitat condition: to moist uplands and lowlands Rough pigweed *Western ragweed Silver bluestem Red three-awn Blue grama Rescue brome Buffalo grass Wind-mill grass Amaranthus retroflexus rosia as Tostachya Sndropogon saccharoides ristida Tong sete fiseta BouteToua prac Ss Bromus catharticus BuchToe dactyloides Chloris verticiTTeta Conyza canadensis Horseweed roton texensis *Texas croton Erfogonum annuum *Annual eriogonum JotSRS errezia dracunculoides Broomweed Haltanthas: anthus —————— Common sunflower Acacia angustissima Andropogon saccharoides Andropogon scoparus Tus ristida purpurea BouteToua curtipendula Bouteloua gracilis Buchloe dactyloides Gallardia astigiata Gerardia densiflora Gutierrezia dracunculoides Helianthus hirsutus Helianthus salicifolius Prairie acacia @Silver bluestem @Little bluestem Purple three-awn #Side-oats grama #Blue grama Buffalo grass Gaillardi Gerardia Broomweed Still-haired sunflower Willow-leaved sunflower Rush-pea Hof fmanseggia falcaria caria Mirabilis carletoni Hordeum pu: pordewe usitTum Little barley Carlton's four-o'clock Prosopis iu iFTo1 ora Mesquite Oenothera brachycarpa Short-padded primrose Schedonnardus paniculatus Tumblegrass Prosopis ju ora #Mesquite Sagina decumbens Pearlwort Prants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2520-37.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. @Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on side hill sites. Table 2520-37.1 [31] Selected Plant Species Common to the Edwards Plateau; Juniper—Oak Savanna Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Low growing trees, Feuins fexensis Texas ash under 30 ft Prosopis ora Mesquite Quercus durandii 2 ute Ti var. breviloba Durand oak Quercus shumardii var. texana Texas oak Quercus virginiana Live oak Low-growing trees and shrubs, under 30 ft Ashe juniper Pinchot juniper Oregon-grape Mesquite Cercis canadensis var. texensis uafperus ashei_ Juniperus pinchoti Mahonia trifolioata Andropogon perforatus Indropoact, jogon scoparius istida glauca Aristide intermedia Texas redbud Ashe juniper Pinchot juniper +Oregon-grape Juniperus ashei juniperus pinchot Mahonia trifoliolata Prosopis spp. Bouteloua rigidiseta BouteToua trifiga Bromus catharticus Hordeum pusitlum MuhTenbergia arenacea Pinhole bluestem +Little bluestem Three-awn Keaney three-awn Grasses, under 5 ft *Texas grama Red grama Rescue brome *Little barley 'g Ear muhly Aristida purpurea Purple three-awn Muhlenbergia arenicola Sand muhly BouteToua curt pendula +Side-oats grama BouteToua hirsuta +Hairy grama. Schedonnardus paniculatus *Tumblegrass ScTeropogon brevifolius Burro grass Tridens pilosus Hairy tridens Buffalo grass Plains lovegrass Texas cupgrass Curly mesquite Green sprangletop Fall witchgrass +Vine-mesquite BuchToe dactyloides Eragrostis ntermedia Erjochloa sericea Rilaria be anger Leptochloa dubia Leptoloma cognatum Panicum obtusum Panicum virgatum #Switchgrass Sorghastrum nutans #Indian-grass Sporobolus spp. Oropseed +Texas needlegrass White tridens Slim tridens Hairy tridens Stipa eucotricha ridens albescens Tridens muticus — Tridens pilosus continued 160 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland 37 Table 2520-37.1 [31] (Concluded) Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Habitat conditions: Dry to moist (Continued) Actinea odorata Bitterweed actinea Asclepias spp. Asclepias spp. Milkweed Croton spp. roton spp. *Croton Dalea frutecens EngeTmannia pinnatifida Gutierrezia sarothrae Gutierrezia dracunculoides *Broomweed Gutierrezia sarothrae *Broom snakeweed Krameria secundiflora Opuntia engetmanni HeTenium microcephalum Smal] head sneezeweed Kallstroemia hirsutissima Hairy caltrop Opuntia engelmanni Opuntia Teptocaulis Ratibida columnifera Salvia pitcheri punt 2 {ge wren is Engelmann prickly pear Tasajillo arthenium hysterophorus Parthenium ragweed Ratibida columnifera Salvia farinacea Growth form Forbs, under 5 ft +Milkweed +Croton Black dalea Engelmann daisy Broom snakeweed Trailing ratany Engelmann prickly pear Tasajillo +Prairie coneflower Pitcher sage Prairie coneflower Mealycup sage plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2520- 37.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. Table 2520-37.1 [32] Selected Plant Species Common to the Texas Central Basin Subsection Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Low-growing trees, under 30 ft Low-growing trees and shrubs, under 30 ft Grasses, under 5 ft Forbs, under 5 ft Habitat conditions: duniperus ashei Jun’ perus pinchoti Mahonia trifolioata ahora. rosopis spp. Bouteloua rigidiseta BouteToua trifida Bromus catharticus Hordeum pusiT1um Huprenbergig invenbergia arenacea Muhlenbergia arenicola Schedonnardus paniculatus Scleropogon brevifolius Tridens pilosus Actinea odorata Asclepias spp. Croton spp. Ashe juniper Pinchot juniper Oregon-grape Mesquite Texas grama Red grama Rescue brome *Little barley Ear muhly Sand muhly *Tumblegrass Burro grass Hairy tridens Bitterweed actinea Milkweed *Croton Gutierrezia dracunculoides *Broomweed Gutierrezia sarothrae HeTenium microcephalum Kalistroemia hirsutissima Opuntia engelmanni *Broom snakeweed Small head sneezeweed Hairy caltrop Engelmann prickly pear Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Fraxinus texensis Prosopis juliflora Quercus durandii var. reviloba Quercus marilandica uercus shumardii var. texana Quercus stellata ers virginiana Ulmus crassifolia Cercis canadensis var. texensis Juniperus ashei Juniperus pinchoti Mahonia trifoliata Andropogon barbinodis sndroposon perforatus. Andropogon scoparius Aristida glauca Aristida intermedia Aristida purpurea BouteToua curtipendula Bouteloua hirsuta BouteToua rigidiseta Panicum virgatum Sorghastrum nutans Stipa Teucotricha Asclepias spp. Croton spp. Dalea frutecens Engelmannia pinnalifida Gutierrezia sarothrae Krameria secundiflora Opuntia engelmanni Opuntia Teptocaulis Ratibida columnifera Salvia pitcher Texas ash Mesquite Druand oak Blackjack oak Texas oak Post oak Live oak Elm Texas redbud Ashe juniper Pinchot juniper +Oregon-grape Cane bluestem Pinhole bluestem +Little bluestem Three-awn Kearney three-awn Purple three-awn +Side-oats grama Hairy grama Texas grama #Switchgrass #Indian-grass +Texas needlegrass Milkweed +Croton Black dalea Engelmann daisy +Broom snakeweed Trailing ratany Engelmann prickly pear Tasajillo +Prairie coneflower Pitcher sage Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2520-37.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 161 37. ~=PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland Table 2520-37.1 [33] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mesquite Savanna Subsection Growth form Low-growing trees and shrubs, under 30 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Forbs, under 5 ft Early successional plants? Habitat conditions: Dr, Late successional plants? to_moist uplands and lowlands Prosopis juliflora Andropogon saccharoides Aristida longiseta Bouteloua gra" is Bromus catharticus, articus Buchloe dactyloides Chioris oo ata Hordeum pusillum Schedonnardus paniculatus Amaranthus retroflexus Ambrosia psilostachya Conyza canadensis Croton texensis Erjogonum annuum Mesquite Silver bluestem Red three-awn *Blue grama Rescue brome Buffalo grass Wind-mill grass Little barley Tumblegrass Rough pigweed Western ragweed Horseweed Texas croton Annual eriogonum Gutierrezia dracunculoides *Broomweed Helianthus annuus *Common sunflower Acacia greggii Condalia obovata Juniperus erus Pinchoti Juniperus erus ee iniana Prosopis utitors Quercus virginiana Yucca glauca Andropogon barbinodis Andropogon haVTit Andropogon saccharoides Andropogon scoparius ristida glauca Aristida purpurea Aristida wrightii Bouteloua curtipendula BouteToua rigidiseta BuchToe sectyloides, Hilaria belangeri Hitaria mutica Acacia Condalia Pinchot juniper Eastern redcedar Mesquite #Live oak Smal] soapweed +Cane bluestem #Sand bluestem Silver bluestem Little bluestem Reverchon's three-awn Purple three-awn Wright three-awn #Side-oats grama Texas grama +Buffalo grass Curly mesquite Tobossa-grass *piants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2520-37.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. Table 2520-37.1 [34] Selected Plant Species Common to the Rio Grande Plain Subsection Growth form Early successional plan ts? Late successional plants? Medium trees, under 40 ft Shrubs, under 15 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Habitat conditions: Dr, to_moist uplands and lowlands Aristida spp. Bromus spp. Cenchrus spp. Echinochloa crusgalli Three-awn Brome Sandbur *Barnyard grass Acacia rigidula Prosopis juliflora luercus marilandica uercus stellata Quercus virginiana Acacia amentacea Acacia farnesiana Centis pallida Cercidium spp. Condalia obtusifolia Leucophy um frutescens Lippia ustriana Po! { fi Porleria angustifolia Andropogon littoralis Andropogon saccharoides des Andropogon scoparius Aristida spp. BouteToua filiformis BouteToua hirsuta BuchToe dactyloides Cenchrus myosuroides C oris spp. eter poset contortus Hilaria angeri Panicum pe Pappophorum color Paspalum spp. Setaria macrostachya +Acacia Mesquite Blackjack oak Post oak #Llive oak +Blackbrush +Nuisache Granjeno Paloverde Lote Cenizo White brush Guaycan #Seacoast bluestem Silver bluestem +Little bluestem Three-awn Slender grama +Hairy grama Buffalo grass Big sandbur Chloris Tanglehead Galleta #Switchgrass Pappus grass +Paspalum Plains bristelgrass continued 162 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland = 37 Table 2520-37.1 [34] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Trachypogon secundus Crinklegrass Trichachne california Arizona cottontop Trichloris spp. Trichloris Forbs, under 4 ft Amaranthus spp. Pigweed Ambrosia psilostachya Western ragweed Ambrosia spp. *Ragweed Astragalus spp. Milk-vetch Cassia spp. *Partridge-pea Cassia spp. +Partridge-pea Chenopodium album Lamb's-quarters Centaurea americana Basketflower roton spp. *Croton Croton spp. Croton Froelichia spp. Snake cotton EngeTmannia pinnatifida +Engelmann daisy Grindelia squarrosa Curlycup gumweed rigeron spp. Fleabane HeTianthus spp. Sunflower Gossypianthus languinosa Woolly cottonflower Heterotheca subaxillaris Camphorweed Monarda spp. Beebalm va spp. Marsh-elder Oenothera spp. Evening-primrose Lactuca spp. Lettuce Opuntia spp. Prickly pear pepidium spp. Pepperweed Rudbeckia spp. +Coneflower alsola iberica Russian thistle Rumex spp. Dock Sisymbrium altiss imum Tumble-mus tard Verbena spp. Verbena Table 2520-37.1 [35] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mesquite—Live Oak Savanna Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Medium trees, under Prosopis juliflora +Mesquite 40 ft Quercus virginiana #live oak Shurbs, under 15 ft Acacia amentacea Blackbrush Acacia farnesfana Nuisache Celtis pallida Granjeno Cercidium spp. Paloverdes Condalia obtusifolia Lote Leucophy Tun frutescens Cenizo Lippia ligustriana White brush Porleria angustifolia Guaycan Grasses, under 5 ft Amaranthus spp. Pigweed Andropogon littoralis +Seacoast bluestem Aristida spp. Three-awn ristida roemeriana Roemer three-awn Cenchrus spp. Sandbur Brachiaria ciliatissima Hairy brachiaria Chenopodium album Lamb's-quarters Heteropogon contortus Tanglehead Croton spp. *Croton anicum virgatum #Switchgrass Digiteria sanguinalis Crabgrass Paspalum spp. +Paspalum sdia teres Rough bottonweed Sorghastrum nutans #Indian-grass Echinochloa crusgalli *Barnyard grass Trachypogon secundus Crinklegrass Gutierrezia spp. *Broomweed Helianthus spp. *Sunflower Heterotheca subaxillaris Camphorweed Pepperweed Forbs, under 4 ft Lepidium spp nothera spp. SaTsola iberica SoTanum rostratum Xanthium spp. Evening-primrose Russian thistle Buffalo-bur Cocklebur Ambrosia psilostachya +Western ragweed Astragalus spp. Milk-vetch Cassin spn. +Partridge-pea Centaurea americana Basketflower Croton spp. Croton Engelmannia pinnatifida | +Engelmann daisy Erigeron spp. Fleabane Gossypianthus lanuginosa Wolly cottonflower Monarda spp. Beebalm Oenothera spp. Opuntia spp. Rudbeckia spp. Evening-primrose Prickly pear +Coneflower Rumex spp. Dock Verbena spp. Verbena plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2520-37.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional pland species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. Note: Information concerning selected plant species common to the following subsections can be found elsewhere as indicated: 20,516, Blyestem Prairie (Coastal Prairie) (see 2510-36.1[6]) Feta aye a0 aT ON tH thor Forest Tose 510 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 2520,S29, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) (see 163 37 PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland Table 2520-37.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Prairie Brushland Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Blackbrush Dry, sun Spiny shrub or small Legume Seeds are eaten by game- Acacia amentacea tree birds to a limited ex- oc. tent 2523 Nuisache Dry, sun Shrub to tree Legume, available Same as A. amentacea Acacia farnesiana July-Aug. L.) Wi 2523 Acacia Dry, open sites ~+ Shrub, to 10 ft tall Legume Acacia rigidula Benth. 2523 Ragweed Dry prairies, bar- Perennial herb, re- Achene, Aug.-Oct. Seeds eaten by many spe- Ambrosia spp. rens, sands and producing by creeping cies of songbirds, most . openings roots, rootstocks and notably sparrows, and 2523 seeds, stems erect to gamebirds including bob- 8 ft tall white quail Western ragweed Dry, rocky prai- Erect, to 3 ft tall Flower, round- Seeds eaten by many spe- Ambrosia psilostachya ries, hills, pas- ellipitcal, Aug.- cies of songbirds, quail, oC. tures, disturbed Oct. doves, plus small rodents 2521, 2523 soil Cane bluestem Mesas, rocky slopes, Culms, tufted, to 4 Caryopsis Seeds eaten by songbirds, Andropogon barbinodis open ground ft tall prairie chicken, wild Lab. turkey 2521 Sand bluestem Sandhills, draws, Coarse, tufted, per- Caryopsis, July- Same as A. barbinodis Andropogon hallii dry plains ennial, to 60 in tall Sept. Hack. 2521 Seacoast bluestem Sandy soils and Culms, tufted, to 4.5 Caryopsis Same as A. barbinodis Andropogon littoralis rocky hills ft tall Nash 2523 Silver bluestem Ory prairies, Culms, tufted, to 52 Caryopsis, July- Same as A. barbinodis Andropogon saccharoides bluffs and draws, in tall Oct. Sw. chiefly calcare- 2521 ous Little bluestem Prairies, glades, Erect perennial, to Caryopsis, Sept.- Same as A. barbinodis Andropogon scoparius rocky open woods, 3 ft tall, free Oct. Michx. sandy open ground, branching with short, 2521, 2522, 2523 waste places scaly rhizomes Milkweed Moist to dry sites, Perennial herb, to Small, with silky Asclepias spp. often on disturbed 4 ft tall hairs L. soil 2522 Side-oats grama Limestone glades, Perennial, in clumps, Caryopsis, July- Seeds eaten by a few Nutritious for Bouteloua curtipendula rocky openings in to 1.5 ft tall Sept. species of songbirds, livestock chx.) Torr. woodlands rodents; plants eaten 2521, 2522 by hoofed browsers Blue grama On hills and dis- Perennial, densely Caryopsis, July- Same as B. curtipendula Withstands extreme Bouteloua gracilis turbed soil tufted, erect, 1.5 Sept. ~ drought; is palat- HBK.) Lag. ex Steud. ft tall able and nutri- 2521 tious for live- stock Hairy grama Rocky hills and Perennial, densely —Caryopsis Same as B. curtipendula Bouteloua hirsuta plains tufted, erect, to Lag. 2 ft tall 2522, 2523 continued 164 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland 37 Table 2520-37.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Texas grama Brush, overgrazed Tufted perennial, Caryopsis Same as B. curtipendula Bouteloua rigidiseta prairies, other culms, 1.5 ft tall Steud.) Hitchc. disturbed sites 2522 Buffalo grass In prairies and Stoloniferous per- Caryopsis Minor food use of plants Valuable forage Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt. ) Engetn 2521 Partridge-pea Cassia spp. L. 2523 Croton Croton spp. L. 2522, 2523 Texas croton Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell. 2521 Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. 2523 Engelmann daisy Engelmannia pinnatifida Nutt. 2523 Annual eriogonum Eriogonum annuum Nutt. 2521 Broomweed Gutierrezia spp. Lag. 2523 Broomweed Gutierrezia dracunculoides oc. ake 2521, 2522 Broom snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae urs| ritt. & Rusby 2522 Sunflower Helianthus spp. Le 2523 Common sunflower Helianthus annuus L. 2521 Little barley Hordeum pusil1um Nutt. 2522 along roadsides on black calcare- ous clay loam Rocky, sandy fields and open woods, frequent- ly on limestone Open sandy or loamy areas, fre- quently on lime- stone Dry soils of prai- ries and plains Cultivated areas, waste ground, ditches Calcareous open uplands Sandy soil Dry soils Dry upland prai- ries, rocky open limestone bar- rens, roadsides Usually on cal- careous soils Different species occupying a wide variety of sites Low meadows, cul- tivated ground, waste places Plains, pastures, other uncultivated areas, especially on alkaline ground SELECTED PLANT SPECIES ennial, blades to 4 in long, tufted Annual or peren- nial, herbs or shrubs; shrubs to 18 ft tall Herbs or shrubs Annual, to 2 ft tall, forking Annual, culms stout, erect to decumbent, to 3 ft tall Perennial, from woody taproot, to 1.5 ft tall Annual, to 3 ft high, irregularly branch- ing Herbaceous perennial, to 28 in Annual, to 3 ft tall, leaves alternate, en- tire Shrublet, to 3 ft tall, much branched Coarse, stout herbs, to 14 or more ft tall Stem coarse, to 15 ft tall, branched or unbranched Annual, culms to 1,25 ft tall, erect Legume, late sum- mer to fall One 3-seeded cap- sule Capsule, .33 in in diameter Caryopsis, June- Oct. Achene Achene Achene, elongated, Aug.-Oct. Achene, small Achene, available toward autumn Achene, flattened oval, usually striped light and dark gray, July- Nov. Caryopsis, yellow, hairy at apex, May-June continued by hoofed browsers; seeds eaten by a few songbirds Seeds eaten by ground, mourning and white- winged doves, bobwhite quail, pyrrhuloxia Poisonous to cat- Same as Croton spp. tle Seeds eaten by water- fowl All parts of plant moderately eaten by a variety of wildlife Seeds eaten by quail; plant eaten by rab- bits, antelope, deer Seeds eaten by a few species of birds; plant eaten by deer Same as G. dracunculoides Seeds eaten by doves, quail, many species of songbirds, squirrels Outstanding wild- life value in prairies Seeds eaten by white- winged and mourning doves, quail, numerous songbirds, as well as several species of smal] mammals Seeds eaten by water- fowl and smal] mam- mals 165 37 PROVINCE 2520 Prairie Brushland Table 2520-37.2 (Concluded) Species Oregon-grape Mahonia trifoliolata (Moric.) Fedde 2522 Vine-mesquite Panicum obtusum HBK. 2522 Switchgrass Panicum virgatum L. 2522, 2523 Paspalum Paspalum spp. L 2523 Mesquite Prosopis juliflora Ww 2521, 2523 Live oak uercus virginiana MilT. 2521, 2523 Prairie coneflower Ratibida columnifera Sims) D. Don. 2522 Coneflower Rudbeckia spp. La 2523 Tumblegrass Schedonnardus iniculatus Nutt.) Trel. 2522 Indian-grass Sorghastrum nutans L.) Nash 2522, 2523 Texas needlegrass Stipa leucotricha Trin. & Rupr. 2522 Habitat Rocky slopes and flats of pastures, thickets, open woods Usually near water or in overflow areas Moist or dry prai- rie, usually sunny, open wet or dry woods, moist seep- age, gravel bars, etc. Moist meadows and savannas Plains and dis- turbed grasslands Dry, well-drained, sun, near the coast Open, usually cal- careous soils Sandy open places Disturbed areas, clayey loams Open places Prairies, bushy areas, roadsides, disturbed areas, usually on fine calcareous soils Form Fruit Shrub, to 6 ft tall +33 in eter in diam- Perennial, tufted culms, to 2.5 ft tall Caryopsis Erect perennial, with Caryopsis, July- large scaly rhizomes Sept. Perennials, to 3 ft tall Caryopsis Tree shrub, to 20 ft Pods ripen, 8 in tall, drooping branch- long, .5 in wide, es making round top plant, sharp spines at axis of leaves, leaves twice pinnate Sept.-Oct. Tree, small or large, Acorn, shiny-brown, spreading ring of hairs a- round persistent style Erect, branching, to 3.5 ft tall Herbs, perennial or Achene annual Tufted perennial, Caryopsis culms to 1.5 ft long Perennial, to 8 ft tall, from scaly rhizomes Tufted perennial, Caryopsis culms erect, to 2.5 ft tall Red berry, round, General wildlife use Berries eaten by mule and white-tailed deer Seeds eaten by many waterfowl and song- birds Seeds eaten by a large variety of ground- feeding birds Seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds, doves, turkey Cover and nesting sites for birds; seeds eaten by a few spe- cies of gamebirds, rodents, jackrabbits Seeds eaten by a few species of songbirds Notes Forms extensive colonies from ex- tensive stolons Good soil binder Useful for holding banks of streams and ditches Plant grazed by cat- tle Plants 12 in tall may produce fruit; can withstand salt- water Planted for forage 166 CHAPTER 2 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie SECTIONS Section 2531, Bluestem Prairie This section has been divided into the following subsections: 14, Bluestem Prairie, Bluestem— Switchgrass—Indian-grass; 18, Northern Oak Savanna; 36, Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass; 19, Nebraska Sandhills; 27, Dakota Sandstone. Section 2532 Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass This section has been divided into the following subsections: 4, Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest; 12, Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass; 17, North Dakota Sandhills Tall-grass; 18, Northern Oak Savanna; 19, Nebraska Sandhills; 21, Northeastern Colorado Sandhills. Section 2533, Bluestem—Grama Prairie This section has been divided into the following subsections: 14, Bluestem Prairie, Bluestem— Switchgrass—Indian-grass; 20, High Plains Short-grass; 22, Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes; 24, Shinnery Oak; 25, Mixed Prairie, Grama—Bluestem; 26, Mixed Prairie, Grama—Bluestem with Juniper; 27, Dakota Sandstone; 28, Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem; 29, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers); 30, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass; 36, Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass. SUBSECTIONS Plant information for the subsections is included in the province description or elsewhere as indicated. Subsection 4, Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest Dense to open ponderosa pine forest to scattered stands of pine and extensive “patches” of grass on rolling to rough broken hills rising from the plains comprise this subsection. Slopes of the dissected hills are mostly hilly and steep, but on the narrow ridgetops and in the narrow valleys, slopes are gentle. Elevations vary from 2700 to over 7000 feet (in the Black Hills). Only 5 to 10 percent of the lower elevations is dry-farmed; 66 percent or more is privately owned. Selected plant species for this subsection are included in Table 3110-46.1 [4]. Subsection 12 Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass In this dense, medium-tall to tall gently rolling grassland, elevations range from 1000 to 2000 feet, increasing from east to west. A nearly level glacial plain bordered by rolling morainic hills is found along the western edge. Local relief is low in most of the area, but rises of 50 to 100 feet are typical of the morainic hills. Nearly all the area is farms and ranches; about 75 percent is cropland producing wheat, feed grains, hay, flax, and seed potatoes. The more sloping, thinner soils amounting to about 25 percent of the area are in native range. Narrow bands of woodland occur on floodplains. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Throughout the extent of the mixed-grass type, various woody vegetation types are developed. Shrubs and trees commonly occur on steep slopes, in ravines and valleys, in folds in the upland prairie, and on floodplains along streams and rivers. The complex of trees and shrubs associated with upland drainageways is so common that it has come to be referred to as the “hardwood draw ecosystem” (Crowston et al. 1973). Woodlands in North Dakota are considered to occupy less than a total of 500,000 acres, with much of this area concentrated along streams and on some of the higher eminences (Warner and Chase 1956). No accurate estimate is available for the combined extent of natural woodlands and shrubby vegetation types in the mixed- grass prairie region, but the total area probably does not exceed 700,000 acres. This woody vegetation is important, however, far beyond its actual extent because it provides travel routes, cover, and winter food for much of the big game population of the prairie region. Subsection 14, Bluestem Prairie; Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass This subsection is characterized by medium-dense to open cover of tall to medium-tall grasses on level to gently rolling, to steeply rolling topography. The Red River Valley of the north decreases gradually from an elevation of 1100 feet to 800 feet at the Canadian border. A nearly level glacial lake plain, the valley is bordered on the east by outwash, gravelly beach ridges, and dunes. About 10 percent (sloping land to the west) is in native range, 10 percent (the poorer soils) is wooded, and the remainder is farmed to a variety of crops. The central loess, till, sandy, and drift plains complex of eastern South Dakota, southwestern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, northwest Iowa, and northeastern Kansas vary from rolling to hilly dissected plain to nearly level loess and glacial till plain. About 75 to 90 percent is farmed to feed grains; the rest is in pasture and native range. The Kansas Flint Hills region extending into Oklahoma (elevation 1000 feet in the east to 1500 feet in the west) contains the only extensive tracts of remaining Bluestem Prairie. The region is composed of dissected limestone and shale uplands, with narrow, steep-sided valleys; few large streams have any significant amount of floodplain. About 60 percent of the Flint Hills region is still in native range and about 20 percent, confined to deeper soil in the valleys, is farmed. Although original vegetation of the Bluestem Prairie was relatively uniform in Section 2531, several types occur in the Red River valley of the north and Drift Prairie region: sandhills, tall grass, wetland vegetation, saline types, and marshes and thickets of aspen and willows. The thickets are extensive along the Bluestem Prairie—Eastern Deciduous Forest (2210, 2531) ecotone in southwestern Minnesota. Subsection 17, North Dakota Sandhills Tall-grass Typically, sandhills in southeastern North Dakota developed on the old delta of the Cheyenne River where it empties into glacial Lake Agassiz. Most of the area is still in native range and is used for grazing. 167 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie SUBSECTION KEY Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass Bluestem Prairie; Bluestem— Switchgrass—Indian-grass North Dakota Sandhills Tall-grass Northern Oak Savanna Nebraska Sandhills High Plains Short-grass Northeastern Colorado Sandhills Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes Shinnery Oak Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem with Juniper Dakota Sandstone Sand Sagebrush Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) Mesquite—Buffalo Grass Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass— Indian-grass Province boundary Section boundary WS i . W Location of province State boundary S within the United States Figure 38.1 Province 2530, Tall-grass Prairie; Sections 2531, Bluestem Prairie; 2532, Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass; and 2533, Bluestem—Grama Prairie. 168 CHAPTER 2 Subsection 18, Northern Oak Savanna This savanna subsection contains tall-grass prairie with broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in groves. Subsection 19, Nebraska Sandhills The Nebraska Sandhills Subsection is characterized by medium-dense to open, tall and medium-tall grassland. Elevation is 2000 feet in the east, rising gradually to 4000 feet in the west with mostly old, stabilized sand dunes, rolling to steep irregular slopes, and many scattered small level depressions. There are few streams, but many ponds, small lakes, and marshes are found in the deeper depressions. Local relief varies from 30 feet to about 150 feet. Nearly all the subsection is in large livestock ranches. Except for small areas used for planted feed crops along streams, the rest is native range with some land used for native hay. The following types occur in Cheney County, Nebraska: dune-sand, 70 percent; dry-valley, 16 percent; dry-meadow, 9 percent; wet-meadow, 3 percent; and saltgrass, 2 percent. Subsection 20, High Plains Short-grass This level to rolling short-grass prairie varies from pure grass sod in northern sections, to grass sod with forbs and an overstory of prickly pear and yucca centrally, yucca and mesquite in the southern parts, and pinyon pine— juniper centrally and in the west. Nearly all is privately owned farms and large ranches. From 33 percent to 75 percent is still in native range, 33 percent to 60 percent is dryland farmed, and 7 percent to 20 percent is irrigated. Subsection 21, Northeastern Colorado Sandhills Northeastern Colorado Sandhills have medium-tall, open to medium-dense grassland with a variable overstory of dwarf shrubs. The topography of these hills includes sinks, unstable hills of loose sands, blowouts, and stabilized hills. Some depressions contain willows and cottonwoods. Most of the land is in farms and ranches. Until the recent popularity of pivot-type overhead sprinkler irrigation systems, most of the subsection was in native vegetation and grazed by livestock. The trend now is toward irrigation farming on a large scale. Subsection 22 Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes These sand dunes are of enormous size, rising more than 700 feet, the higher parts of which are almost totally devoid of vegetation. Grasses and forbs grow in protected depressions, while the lower parts of the dune area tend to have shrubby vegetation. Selected plant species for this subsection are included in table 3110-46.1 [22]. Subsection 24, Shinnery Oak The Shinnery Oak Subsection consists of mid-grass prairie with open to dense broadleaf deciduous shrubs and occasional needleleaf evergreen low trees or shrubs. Topography is rolling to steeply sloping breaks along the major rivers. Nearly all is in native vegetation. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Subsection 25, Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem This subsection consists of dense communities of short, medium, and tall grasses and forbs, generally in two distinct layers: shorter grasses overtopped by open stands of taller grasses, and forbs. Elevation ranges from 1500 to 3000 feet, increasing from east to west. The landscape is formed by dissected plains with broad, undulating ridgetops and hilly to steeply sloping valleys. Short- grasses generally occur on the drier hilltops and heavier soils of lower slopes, while mid and tall grasses occupy the calcareous outcropping and limy uplands. The greatest variety of forbs is associated with the shallow- soiled limy uplands. Nearly all of the land is privately owned; 33 percent or more is still in native range. Winter wheat, grain, and sorghum are the most common crops in cultivated areas. Subsection 26, Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem with Juniper This Mixed Prairie Subsection contains short, medium- tall, occasional tall grasses, and numerous forbs, usually in two distinct layers—the shorter grasses forming a denser layer than the taller ones. Low juniper trees are scattered savanna like over a strongly dissected terrain of hills and steep slopes. Small groves of low, broadly deciduous trees and shrubs occur in valley bottoms and on north-facing slopes. Elevation varies from 1000 to 1500 feet. Nearly all the laad is privately owned; perhaps 66 percent to 75 percent is still in native vegetation. Subsection 27, Dakota Sandstone Dakota Sandstone has open to medium-dense, mid-tall and tall grasses with some short grasses and many forbs in rather distinct layers. Elevation increases from east to west and varies from 1300 to 1800 feet. Topography is large, rolling hills, gently dissected by numerous small tributaries. Most of the land is privately owned and 33 percent to 50 percent is still in native range vegetation. Subsection 28, Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem This subsection is characterized by medium-dense stands of mid-tall and tall grasses with an overstory of forbs, and open to dense shrub stands, especially sand sagebrush. At approximately 2000 feet elevation, the topography is gently rolling to undulating. Most of this subsection lies parallel to rivers and their tributaries. Most of the land is privately-owned and was largely uncultivated until the advent of center pivot-type sprinkler irrigation systems. Subsection 29, Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) The Oak Savanna is medium-tall, medium to dense grassland with low broadleaf deciduous trees, singly or in groves of varying size. Tree stands are generally open, permitting a grass cover on the forest floor. Elevation ranges from 1000 to 1200 feet (only 600 feet along the Red River in the south). Ridgetops of the rolling to hilly uplands are almost level to strongly rolling and narrow to moderately broad. Stream valleys are narrow with steep gradients. Nearly all the land is in farms and ranches. About 80 percent of the 169 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie area is in native vegetation; only the deep, gently sloping soils in valleys and on uplands are farmed. Subsection 30, Mesquite—Buffalo Grass The Mesquite—Buffalo Grass Subsection consists of short-grass with scattered low broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs and low needleleaf evergreen shrubs. Elevation ranges from 2000 to 5000 feet, rising from east to west. The general relief is rough to broken, with steeply Subsection 36 Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass In this subsection, there are medium-dense stands of mid- tall and tall grasses and many forbs. Elevation ranges from 1500 to 2500 feet, with rolling to undulating plains ona deep mantle of wind-blown sand and sandy outwash materials. Local relief is mainly in tens of feet. Nearly all the land is farms and ranches with about 20 percent to 33 sloping breaks along the river. Table 2530-38.1 [12] Selected Plant Species Common to the Wheatgrass—Bluestem—Needlegrass Subsection percent still native range vegetation. Growth form Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft Low to medium shrubs, under 15 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Forbs, under 3 ft Early successional plants* Late successional plants® Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Aristida spp. Bromus spp. Festuca octoflora Hordeum Jubatum Poa spp. Schedonnardus paniculatus SporoboTus cryptandrus Achillea millifolium Ambrosta ps¥lostachya Thenopodium atbum GrindeTfa squarrosa Gutferrezia sarothrae Heltanthus spp. Satsota Kali Verbena spp. Three-awn *Annual brome *Six-weeks fescue Foxtail barley *Bluegrass Tumb legrass *Sand dropseed Yarrow *Western ragweed *Lamb's-quarters Curly-top gumweed Broom snakeweed *Sunf lower Russian thistle Verbena Acer negundo Fraxinus pennsylvanica Poputus sargentit mus americana Amorpha spp. runus americana Prunus meTanocarpa Rhus radicans Ribes missouriense Ribes odoratum Rosa spp. Symphor icarpos horicarpos spp. Vitis vulpina Agropyron smithii Agropyron trachycaulum Andropogon gerardi #adropogon scopartus fouteToua curtipendula BouteToua grectits KoeTerta cristata Panicum virgatum Stipa comata t Stipa virtauta Artemisia dracunculus Artemista frigida Artemisia Tudoviciana Aster ertcotdes Tomandra pallida Echinacea angustifolia Tactuca BuTcheTTa Ufatris punctata PetaTostemum candidum Petalostemum purpureum PolygaTa alba soratea argophy Ta Ratibida columnifera Solidago pulcherrima cia sparsifolia #8ox-elder #Green ash #Plains cottonwood #American elm +Leadplant +Amer ican plum Plum Poison ivy Missouri gooseberry +Flowering currant Wild rose Snowberry Wisteria Western wheatgrass Slender wheatgrass +Big bluestem +Little bluestem +Side-oats grama Blue grama Prairie junegrass Switchgrass +Needle-and-thread Porcupine-grass Green needlegrass False tarragan sagewort Frirged sage +Louisiana sagewort Heath aster Bastard toadflax +Black Samson Chickory lettuce +Dotted gay-feather White prairie clover +Purple prairie clover White milkwort +Silverleaf scurf pea +Prairie conef lower Gray goldenrod Stiffleaf vetch *Plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #ollectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. 170 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.1 [14] Selected Plant Species Common to the Bluestem Prairie; Bluestem —Switchgrass—Indian-grass Subsection Growth form Early successional plants* Late successional plants® Low-growing trees, under 40 ft Low shrubs, under 3 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Forbs, under 8 ft Habitat conditions: Ory to moist uplands and lowlands Agrostis alba An a oe istida dichotoma Aristida oTigantha Bromus Secaltaus Bromus tectorum Eragrostts mafor Fordeur ust um Geptotona to Toma cognatun fanicum capiilare PanYcum huachucae Poa compressa Sekai Tutescens Setaria viridis Sorghastrum nutans Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ambrosta trifida Aster ericotdes Tonyza canadensis Te: spedeza stipulacea Le; atom ene? Toran MeTtTotus officinalis fe Denothera rhomb ipetala Plantago aristata Rumex acetoselTa Tragopogon pratensis *Redtop *Little bluestem Churchmouse three-awn Prairie three-awn *Cheat Downy brome Lovegrass Little barley Fall witchgrass Common witchgrass Huachuca panicum *Canada bluegrass *Yellow bristlegrass *Green bristlegrass Indian-grass *Common ragweed *Giant ragweed *Heath aster *Horseweed Korean lespedeza Peppergrass Yellow sweet clover Fourpoint evening- primrose Bottlebrush plantain Red sorrel Meadow salsify Juniperus virginiana Amorpha canescens Ceanothus ovatus Rhus glabra Rosa arkansana Symphorfcarpos orbiculatus Agropyron trachycaulum Andropogon gerardt Sadrapogon Scopar iis jouteToua tee TaTamagrostis inexpansa TaTamovitfa Tongifolia Bistichlts stricta eta lordeum jubatum KoeTerta cristata luhTenbergia spp. luhTenbergia asperifolia Panicum viraeten Poa pratensis PuccinelTts ruttal liana orghastrum nutans jartina pectinata SporoboTus asper jorobolus heterolepis tipa spartea Antennaria geglecta Aster erico, S Aster Taevis BaptisTa Teucantha faptista Teucophace a sia aa Tid chinacea pallida alium tinctorium Helianthus grosseserratus Liatris punctata Crates Searfess Peta lostemum spp. ox pilosa Psoralea argophylla Psoralea Freribinds Ratibida columnifera um Tacintatum fago altissima ago missouriensis rigids ago rigida fa depressa 50. ae uae: Eastern redcedar tLeadplant Inland ceanthos Smooth sumac Arkansas rose +Buckbush +Slender wheatgrass +Big bluestem +Little bluestem Side-oats grama #Reedgrass +Prairie sandreed +Inland saltgrass Foxtail barley Prairie junegrass Muhly Scratchgrass +Switchgrass Kentucky bluegrass #Salt meadowgrass Indian-grass #Prairie cordgrass Tall dropseed Prairie dropseed +Porcupine-grass Field pussy's-toes +Heath aster Smooth aster +Atlantic wild indigo Plains wild indigo +Blue wild indigo Pale echinacea Daisy-fleabane Dye bedstraw +Sawtooth sunflower Dotted gay-feather Tall gay-feather +Prairie clover Prairie phlox +Silverleaf scurf pea +Manyf lower scurf pea Prairie conef lower +Compass plant Tall goldenrod, +Missouri goldenrod Stiff goldenrod Pursh seepweed plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist. uplands and Jowlands. Table 2530-38.1 [17] Selected Plant Species Common to the North Dakota Sandhills Tall-grass Subsection Growth form Early successional plants* Late successional plants? Low shrubs, under 3 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Agropyron smithii ‘alamovilfa longifolia Tenchrus pauciflorus Echinochloa crusgalli Eragrostis spp. Western wheatgrass *Prairie sandreed Sandbur *Barnyard grass Lovegrass Amorpha canescens Rosa arkansana Andropogon gerardi Andropogon fattit indropogon scoparius ‘alamovilfa longifolia Elymus canadensis +Leadplant Arkansas rose +Big bluestem +Sand bluestem tLittle bluestem #Prairie sandreed Canada wild rye SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 171 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.1 [17] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants? ued. Grasses -- (Continued) Forbs, under 3 ft Eragrostis trichodes lordeum Jubatum MuhTenbergia pungens Poa spp. Redfieldia flexuosa SporoboTus cryptandrus Amaranthus spp. rosta artemisiifolia Aster spp. Thenopodium album Tonyza canadensis ycToToma atriplicifolium rfogonum annuum Fuphorbia ‘SPP. lelianthus petiolaris Potygonum spp. alsola ka Ory to moist (Con Sand lovegrass Foxtail barley Sandhil1 muhly Bluegrass Blowout-grass *Sand dropseed Pigweed *Common ragweed Aster Lamb 's-quarters Horseweed Tumble ringwing *Annual eriogonum Spurge *Plains sunflower Knotweed or smartweed Russian thistle Koeleria cristata Panicum virgatum Poa pratensis Sporobolus cryptandrus porobolus tipa comata Ambrosia psilostachya Artemisia udoviciana Aster ericoides Thrysopsis villosa HeTtanthus rigidus Tiateis punctate Tithospermum Tncisum olidago spp. Prairie junegrass #Switchgrass Kentucky bluegrass Sand dropseed Needle-and-thread +Hestern ragweed Louisiana sagewort Heath aster Goldaster +Stiff sunflower +Dotted gay-feather Narrow-leaved gromwel] +Goldenrod Plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. Table 2530-38.1 [18] Selected Plant Species Common to the Northern Oak Savanna Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Low-growing trees, under 40 ft Low shrubs, under 5 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Forbs, under 8 ft 172 Habitat con: s:__Dr, t_uplands_and lowlands Agrostis alba Andropogon scoparius Aristide dichotama Aristida o Tgantha Bromus secaTinus Bromus tectorum Eragrostis gayor Hordeun ‘pustTum LeptoToma cognatum Panicum capittare PanTcum huachucae Poa compressa Setaria Tutescens Setarta viridis Sorghastrum nutans Ambrosia artemisiifolia rosia trifida Aster ericoides Tonyza canadensis Tepidium densifTorum Lespedeza stipulacea MeTiTotus officinalis Denothera rhombipetala Redtop Little bluestem Churchmouse three-awn Prairie three-awn Cheat Downy brome Lovegrass Little barley Fall witchgrass *Common witchgrass Huachuca panicum Canada bluegrass *Yellow bristlegrass Green bristlegrass *Indian-grass *Common ragweed Giant ragweed Heath aster Horseweed Peppergrass Korean lespedeza Yellow sweet clover Carya ovata raxinus pennsylvanica Quercus alba luercus ellipsoidalis uercus macrocarpa uercus velutina Rosa spp. Andropogon gerardi Androponen scoparius CaTamovilfa Tongifolia Panicum efberatt astrum nutans poroboTus heterolepis tipa spartea Amphicarpa bracteata fomandra richardsiana Euphorbia corollata Monarda f- istuTosa Fourpoint evening-primrose continued #Shagbark hickory Green ash White oak Jack oak #8ur oak Black oak +Wild rose +Big bluestem Little bluestem Prairie sandreed Leiberg's panicum +Indian-grass Prairie dropseed +Porcupine-grass Hog-peanut Richard's comandra +F lowering spurge Mintleaf beebalm CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.1 [18] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants? Forhs -- (Continued) Plantago aristata umex acetosella ragopogon pratensis Ory to moist (Continued Bottlebrush plantain Red sorrel Meadow salsify plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant spceies composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. Table 2530-38.1 [19] Selected Plant Species Common to the Nebraska Sandhills Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Low shrubs, under 4 ft Grasses, under 5 ft Forbs, under 4 ft Habitat condition: Ory to moist uplands and lowlands Agropyron smithii ‘alamovilfa Tongifolia Tenchrus pauciflorus Echinochloa crusgalli ragrostis spp. ogres trichodes lordeum jubatum MuhTenbergia pungens (oa spp. Redfieldia flexuosa SporoboTus cryptandrus Amaranthus spp. rosia artemisiifolia Aster spp. Thenopodium album Re Canadensis ma atriplicifolium cToTor Erfogonum annuum Euphorbia SPP. lelfanthus petiolaris Polygonum spp. sates kal i Western wheatgrass Prairie sandreed *Sandbur *Barnyard grass Lovegrass Sand lovegrass Foxtail barley Sandhil] muhly *Bluegrass *Blowout-grass *Sand dropseed Pigweed *Conmon ragweed Aster Lamb 's-quarters *Horseweed Tumble ringwing Annual eriogonum Spurge Plains sunflower Knotweed or smartweed *Russian thistle Amorpha canescens Artemisia filifolia Prunus Bessey? Rosa arkansana Yucca glauca Andropogon gerardi Andropogon fertit in ae scoparius jouteToua hirsuta CaTamovilfa Tongifolia Distichtis stricta Eragrostis trichodes ryzopsis hymenotdes anicum virgatum Poa spp. Sorghastrum nutans partina pectinata poroboTus cryptandrus atipa comata Ambrosia psilostachya sae a Tudovictana scleptas arenaria jarex eleocharis Tarex pee ane Thenopodtum atbum reer sp TTogonum annuum meee uphorbia missourica ots fongiflora HeTfanthus petfolaris HeTtanthus subrhomboideus Juncus spp. Petalostemum villosum Psora ea argo} a Peorates Tanceotata Rumex venosus Salsola kali SoTidago spp. SoTtdago missouriensis +Leadplant +Sand sagebrush Sand cherry Arkansas rose +Small soapweed +Big bluestem +Sand bluestem Little bluestem Hairy grama +Prairie sandreed Inland saltgrass Sand lovegrass Indian rice-grass +Switchgrass Bluegrass Indian-grass #Prairie cordgrass Sand dropseed Needle-and-thread +Western ragweed +Louisiana sagewort Sand milkweed Sedge Vernal sedge Lamb 's-quarters +F leabane Annual er iogonum Missouri spurge Whiteflower gilia +Plains sunflower Sunf lower Rush Silky prairie clover +Silverleaf scurf pea +Lemon scurf pea Veiny sorrel Russian thistle Goldenrod +Missouri goldenrod plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2530- 38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 173 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie ‘gS TALE Le OE RS CRS Table 2530-38.1 [20] Selected Species Common to the High Plains Short-grass Subsection Growth form Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, under 30 ft Low shrubs, under 6 ft Grasses, under 2 ft Forbs, under 4 ft Early successional plants? Habitat conditions: Prosopis juliflora Yucca glauca Aristida longiseta risttds purpurea BouteToua tr ja Bromus japonicus Cenchrus paucif Torus Thloris vertictilata EchinochToa crusgalli Eragrostis osa Festucs octof Tora Hordeum pustTlum— MuhTenbergia arenacea luhTenbergta arenicola funroa squarrosa Panicum ia are Schedonnardus paniculatus Setaria Teutenscens Sporobolus cryptandrus ridens pilosus Amaranthus retrof lexus Ambrosia psilostachya Chenopodium aTbum Co nyza canadensis roton texensis Daucus pustTTus Fetogonun annuum rodium cicutartum Euphorbia marginata ndeTta squarrosa +. Gutierrezia sarothrae eTfanthus annuus Kochia scoparia Cepia in SDD ‘otus americanus Opuntia potyacantha Ratibida covumntFera SaTsola colina Satsota kali Senecio riddellii Solanum rostratum Mesquite Small soapweed Red three-awn Purple three-awn Red grama *Japanese brome Sandbur Wind-mil] grass *Barnyard grass Indian lovegrass Six-weeks fescue *Little barley Ear muhly Sand muhly False buffalo grass Common witchgrass Tumblegrass Yellow bristlegrass *Sand dropseed *Hairy tridens Rough pigweed Western ragweed *Lamb 's-quarters Horseweed *Texas croton Southwestern carrot Annual eriogonum Alfileria Snow-on-the-mountain Curly-top gumweed Broom snakeweed *Common sunflower Kochia Peppergrass Deer vetch Many-spined opuntia Prairie conef lower Collin's thistle Russian thistle Riddell's groundsel Buffalo bur Late successional plants® Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Artemisia frigida Yucca gTauca Agropyron smithii gropyron spicatan Andropogon barbinodis ndropogon gerardi, indropogon scoparius ristida longiseta Aristida purpurea BouteToua curtipendula BouteToua ertopeds BouteToua gracilis Bromus Japontcus BuchToe dactyToides Hitarta beTangert Harte janestt Hilaria mutica KoeTeria cristata TeptoTons to toma cognatum anicum obtusum i Stipa comata Tichachne californica Ambrosia psilostachya Artemfsta dracunculoides Sereutonces. Aster ericoides GutTerrezia sarothrae Tiatris punctata Upuntta tia famiFass jpuntia polycantha soratea tenuiflora Rattbida columntfera Sphaeratcea coccTnea +Mesquite Fringed sage Small soapweed +Western wheatgrass Bluebunch wheatgrass +Cane bluestem Big bluestem +Little bluestem Red three-awn Purple three-awn Side-oats grama +Black grama +Blue grama Japanese brome Buffalo grass Curly mesquite Galleta Tobosa hilaria Prairie junegrass Fall witchgrass Vine-mesquite +Needle-and-thread Cottontop +Western ragweed False tarragan sagewort Heath aster Broom snakeweed Dotted gay-feather Common prickly pear Plains prickly pear +Slimf lower scurf pea +Prairie conef lower Scarlet globe mallow plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. Table 2530-38.1 [21] Selected Plant Species Common to the Northeastern Colorado Sandhills Subsection Growth form Low shrubs, under 4 ft Grasses, under 6 ft Early successional plants? Late successional plants® Habitat condition: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Muhlenbergia pungens Oryzopsis gneno des Redfieldia flexuosa *Sandhil1_muhly *Indian rice-grass Blowout-grass continued Yucca glauca Agropyron dasystachyum gropyron repens Agropyron smithii grostis a ba rostis hyemalis Andropogon hallit indropogon scoparius ristida longiseta BouteToua gracilis alamovilfa longifolia Small soapweed Thickspike wheatgrass Quackgrass Western wheatgrass Redtop Winter bentgrass #Sand bluestem +Little bluestem Red three-awn Blue grama #Prairie sandreed 174 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.1 [21] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants® Late successional plants* Grasses -- (Continued) Forbs, under 4 ft Astragalus spp. Cristatella jamesii Euphorbia missourica Ey upho jorbia plattense Jotrop ium le p convoTvulaceum Qenothera nuttallii Polanisia trachysperma Ory to moist (Continued, Milk-vetch Cristatella Missouri spurge Spurge Bindweed heliotrope One-stemmed evening- primrose Roughseed clammy-weed Elymus canadensis Koeleria cristata Panicum scribnerianum Panicum virgatum Poa interior Poa pratensis SporoboTus cryptandrus Argemone polyanthemas ister fluviatilis Aster multiflorus Aster ramosa Carex eleocharis Carex heTfophila Chenopodium obTongifol ium rsium plattense Cleome serrulata Cryptantha jamesii Cyperus scree leTphinium virescens Euphorbia spp. cyrrhiza lepidota q Het ranthus etiolaris Mentzelia nuda PetaTostemum villosum Solidago canadensis radescantia occidentalis #Canada wild rye Prairie junegrass Scribner's panicum Switchgrass Bluegrass Kentucky bluegrass Sand dropseed Prickly poppy Many-flowered aster Many-f lowered aster Aster Sedge Sedge Goosefoot Thistle Rocky Mountain beeplant James' cryptantha Schweinitz flatsedge Plains larkspur Spurge Wild licorice +Plains sunflower Steven's sand lily +Silky prairie clover Canada goldenrod Prairie spiderwort Plants designated in the following manner are listed in Table 2530-38.2: *Collecitvely, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated cites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. Table 2530-38.1 [24] Selected Plant Species Common to the Shinnery Oak Subsection Growth form Low-growing trees and Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Habitat conditions: Ory to moist uplands tall shrubs, under 20 ft Herbaceous forbs and grasses, under 5 ft Amaranthus retroflexus Anbrosta psTlostachya Tenchrus fate Troton glandulosa Troton detansts Erfogocm annuus annuum jorbia marginata Gutterresis Graconculo ides. MentzeTia nuda —~™S sehedonnardus aniculatus porobolus Sporobotus cryptani rus trophostyles panciflorus Rough pigweed *Hestern ragweed *Sandbur Tropic croton Texas croton *Annual eriogonum Snow-on-the-mountain Broomweed Steven's sand lily Tumb legrass Sand dropseed Small wild bean Celtis reticulata Prunus angustifolia uercus havardii uercus mohriana Quercus stellata var. palmer t Quercus stellata var. rufescens Rhus aromatica Rhus aromatica var. ~pilosissima eee ps lasts Andropog Fegeeeeaen ogon hallii bier iit sua Artemisia filifolia BouteToua joua Qracilis Cenchrus spp. TommeTina erecta Erfogonum annuum jutierrezia dracunculoides Sorghastrum nutans porobolus cryptandrus ucca glauca Netleaf hackberry #Chickasaw plum Havard oak #Shinnery oak Palmer post oak Post oak variety Aromatic sumac Aromat ic sumac #Western ragweed #Sand bluestem Little bluestem Sand sagebrush Blue grama Sandbur Erect dayf lower Annual eriogonum Broomweed Indian-grass Sand dropseed Small soapweed plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands, SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 175 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.1 [25] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem Subsection Growth form Herbaceous forbs and grasses, under 3 ft Herbaceous forbs and grasses, under 5 ft Early successional plants® Late successional plants® Amaranthus retrof lexus istida Tongiseta Aristida purpurea romus japonicus Thenopodtan album hloris verticillata Tonyza canadensis chinochloa crusgalli GrindeTia squarrosa Helianthus annuus Kochia scoparia Panicum capillare SaTsoTa eorting Schedonnardus paniculatus Setarfa Teutescens Sporobolus cryptandrus Rough pigweed Red three-awn Purple three-awn Japanese brome Lamb 's-quarters Wind-mill grass *Horseweed Barnyard grass Curly-top gumweed *Common sunf lower *Kochia Common witchgrass Collin's thistle Tumb legrass Yellow bristlegrass Sand dropseed Agropyron smithii Tabrosta siTostachya Andropogon gerardt Andropogon scoparius Aristida Tongtseta Aristida burpurea Aster ericoides Bouteloua gracilis Bromus japonicus BuchToe ac joides irsium undulatum Gutierrezia sarothrae Uiatrts punctata Psoralea tenuiflora Solidago missourtensis Sphaeralcea coccinea Habitat conditions: Moist uplands and lowlands Amaranthus retrof lexus Aristida ongiseta Aristida purpurea Bromus japonicus Thenopolvon album forts verticillata Tonyza « yza canadensis ‘chinochtoa crusgalli GrindeTia squarrosa Helianthus annuus Kochia scoparia Panicum capilare Salsola collina Schedonnardum paniculatus etaria leutescens Sporobolus cryptandrus Rough pigweed Red three-awn Purple three-awn Japanese brome Lamb 's-quarters Wind-mill grass *Horseweed Barnyard grass Curly-top gunweed *Common sunflower *Kochia Common witchgrass Collin's thistle Tumb legrass Yellow bristlegrass Sand dropseed Agropyron smithii Ambrosia psilostachya Amorpha canescens Andropogon gerardi Andropogon scoparius ster ericoides Bouteloua curtipendula BouteToua gracilis Bouteloua hirsuta roms Taponteus TuchToe dactyToides Echinacea angustifolia Gutierrezia sarothrae Denothera serrulata Panicum virgatum Psoralea tenuiflora Solidago missourfensis Solidago mollis oTidago rigida Sphaeralcea coccinea erbena stricta Veronta baldwini var. interior +Western wheatgrass +Western ragweed Big bluestem Little bluestem Red three-awn Purple three-awn Heath aster +Blue grama +Japanese brome Buffalo grass Wavyleaf thistle Broom snakeweed Dotted gay-feather Slimf lower scurf pea Missouri goldenrod Scarlet globe mallow @Western wheatgrass @Western ragweed Leadplant #Big bluestem #Little bluestem Heath aster #Side-oats grama Blue grama Hairy grama @Japanese brome Buffalo grass Black Samson Broom snakeweed Serrateleaf evening- primrose Switchgrass Slimflower scurf pea Missouri goldenrod Ashy goldenrod Stiff goldenrod Scarlet globe mallow Woolly vervain Inland ironweed *Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2530- 38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition tor wildlife on moist lowlands. @Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on side hill sites. Table 2530-38.1 [26] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mixed Prairie; Grama—Bluestem with Juniper Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants® Low-growing trees, under 20 ft Low shrubs, under 5 ft Grasses, under 3 ft Habitat condition Ory uplands Andropogon saccharoides Aristida Tongiseta Aristida purpurea Bromus japonicus Thioris verticillata EchinochToa crusgalli Panicum cat are Schedonnardus paniculatus Setaria lutescens Sporobolus cryptandrus Silver bluestem Red three-awn Purple three-awn Japanese brome Wind-mill grass *Barnyard grass Common witchgrass Tumb legrass *Yellow bristlegrass Sand dropseed continued Juniperus virginiana Prunus angustifolia Andropogon gerardi indropogon saccharoides Andropogon scopartus ristida longiseta Aristida purpurea BouteToua curtipendula BouteToua gracilis BouteToua hirsuta Stipa Teucotricha t£astern redcedar +Chickasaw plum Big bluestem Silver bluestem Little bluestem Red three-awn Purple three-awn +Side-oats grama +Blue grama Hairy grama Texas needlegrass 176 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.1 [26] (Concluded) Growth form Forbs, under 6 ft Low-growing trees, under 40 ft Low shrubs, under 6 ft Grasses, under 4 ft Forbs, under 6 ft Early successional plants® *Rough pigweed Lamb's-quarters Horseweed *Rough buttonweed Curly-top gumweed Common sunflower *Kochia Amaranthus retrof lexus Thenopodtum atbum ae canadensis jodia teres Grindelia squarrosa Helianthus annuus Kochia scoparia Habitat conditions Late successional plants? Ambrosia psilostachya Aster ericoides Chrysopsis villosa ‘chinacea angustifolia HapTopappus spinuTosus Nama stevensii Psoralea tenuiflora Solidago missourjensis SoTidago mollis Stenosiphon Tinifolius Moist uplands and lowlands ides Silver bluestem Red three-awn Purple three-awn Andropogon saccha' Aristida longiset. Aristida purpurea japonicus Japanese brome Ss verticillata Wind-mill grass Echinochloa crusgalli Panicum cap) tare Schedonnardus paniculatus Setaria Teutescens Sporobolus cryptandrus Amaranthus retrof lexus Thenopodtum aTbum onyza canadensis Drove teres Grindel¥a squarrosa HeTYanthus annuus Kochia scoparia Barnyard grass Common witchgrass Tumb legrass Yellow bristlegrass Sand dropseed *Rough pigweed Lamb 's-quarters *Horseweed Rough bottonweed Curly-top gurweed Common sunflower *Kochia Celtis occidentalis ‘opulus deltoides juercus marcocarpa mus americana Prunus angustifolia Rhus glabra Sapindus drumondi Symphoricarpos orb Agropyron smit indorpogon gerardi Andropogon saccharoides Andropogon Scoparius Bute lous cortipendsla BouteToua gractivs Bouteloua hirsuta Buchloe dactyloides ulatus Ambrosia psilostachya allirhoe pedata Croton monanthogynus Croton texensis Eryngium Teavenworthi Gaura sinuata Gutferrezia sarothrae Indigofera leptosepala jatris punctata Penstemon albidus Psoralea lanceolata Psoratea tenuiflora Stenosiphon Tinifolius +Western ragweed Heath aster Goldaster Black Samson Ironplant Steven's nama Slimf lower scurf pea Missouri goldenrod Ashy goldenrod Stenos iphon #Common hackberry Eastern redcedar Eastern cottonwood Bur oak American elm #Chickasaw plum Smooth sumac Western soapberry Buckbush @Western wheatgrass @Big bluestem Silver bluestem #Little bluestem #Side-oats grama Blue grama Hairy grama Buffalo grass #Western ragweed Poppy mallow Three-seeded croton Texas croton Leavenworth eryngo Gaura Broom snakeweed Western indigo Dotted gay-feather White penstemon Lemon scurf pea Slimf lower scurf pea Stenosiphon Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2530- 38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. @Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on side hill sites. Table 2530-38.1 [27] Selected Plant Species Common to the Dakota Sandstone Subsection Growth form Grasses, under 3 ft Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Habitat condition Ory uplands Red three-awn Prairie three-awn Japanese brome Wind-mil1 grass Barnyard grass Purple lovegrass *Common witchgrass Tumb legrass Aristida longiseta Aristida o igantha Bromus japonicus ThTorts verticilata EchinochToa crusgalli Eragrostis spect Tis anicum Sap are Schedonnardus paniculatus Setaria Teutescens Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed continued Yellow bristlegrass Andropogon gerardi indropogon scoparius ristida longiseta Aristida oTigantha ristida purpurea BouteToua curt pendula BouteToua gracilis Bromus japonicus BuchToe dactyTotdes Eragrostis spectabilis Big bluestem Little bluestem Red three-awn Prairie three-awn Purple three-awn +Side-oats grama +Blue grama +Japanese brome Buffalo grass Purple lovegrass SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 177 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.1 [27] (Concluded) Growth form Late successional plants® Anbros ia psilostachye Aster ericotdes Cirsium undulatum Gutferrezta sarothrae Tiatris punctata Psoralea tenuiflora SoTidago missouriensis phaeralcea coccinea Habitat condition: Moist uplands and lowlands Aristida longiseta Andropogon gerardi Aristida oligantha Andropogon scoparius Early successional plants® +Western ragweed Heath aster Wavyleaf thistle Broom snakeweed Dotted gay-feather +Slimf lower scurf pea Missouri goldenrod Scarlet globe mallow Amaranthus retrof lexus Thenopodvani_sTeun Tonyza canadensis rindelta squarrosa Helianthus annuus Kochta scoparia — Rough pigweed Lamb 's-quarters *Horseweed Curly-top gumweed Common sunflower *Kochia Forbs, under 5 ft #Big bluestem #Little bluestem Red three-awn Grasses, under 5 ft Prairie three-awn Aristida purpurea Purple three-awn Aristida oligantha Prairie three-awn romus: jonicus Japanese brome BouteToua cur iene #Side-oats grama Thioris verticillata Wind-mill grass BouteToua gracilis Blue grama Barnyard grass BouteToua hirsuta Hairy grama EchinochToa crusgalli Eragrostis spectabilis Panteum cant are Schedonnardus paniculatus etarta Teutescens Sporobor us cryptandrus Amaranthus retrof lexus Thenopodium aTbum Conyes canadensis rindelia squarrosa Japanese brome Buffalo grass Switchgrass Purple lovegrass Common witchgrass Tumb legrass Yeilow bristlegrass *Sand dropseed Rough pigweed Lamb 's-quarters *Horseweed Curly-top gumweed Bromus whine BuchToe dactyToides Panicum virgatum Sporobolus asper var. hookeri Ambrosia psilostachya Amorpha canescens ister ericoides Echinacea angustifel ta Gutterrezia dracunculoides Meadow dropseed #Western ragweed #Leadplant Heath aster Black Samson Broomweed Forbs, under 6 ft HeTfanthus annuus *Common sunflower Kochta scoparia *Kochia Denothera serrulata Serrateleaf evening- primrose Slimflower scurf pea Missouri goldenrod Scarlet globe mallow Woolly vervain Psoralea tenuiflora Solidage missourtensis haeralcea coccinea Verbens stricta Vernonia baldwini var. ‘intertor Inland ironweed plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2530- 38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional :plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. Table 2530-38.1 [28] Selected Plant Species Common to the Sand Sagebrush—Bluestem Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Habitat conditions: Dry uplands Low shrubs, under 5 ft Artemisia caudata Sage Artemisia filifolia +Sand sagebrush Prunus angustifolia Chickasaw plum Rhus tritobata Aromatic sumac Yucca glauca Small soapweed Grasses, under 5 ft Forbs, under 3 ft Bouteloua gracilis Cenchrus pauciflorus Digitaria filiformis gitaria sanguinalis chniochloa crusgalli Eragrostis cilianensis ragrostis curtipedicellata evagrostis irsata Eragrostis oxplepis ragrostis secundiflora ragrostis sessilispica pica aspalum ciliatifotium aspa stramineum pi at Sporobolus cryptandrus Artemisia filifolia Troton glandulosa Erjogonum annuum Blue grama *Sandbur Slender fingergrass *Hairy crabgrass Barnyard grass Stinkgrass *Gummy lovegrass Lovegrass Red lovegrass Lovegrass Tumble lovegrass Fringeleaf paspalum *Sand paspalum Sand dropseed Sand sagebrush Tropic croton Annual eriogonum continued Andropogon gerardi Sndropogon Ratti indropogon scoparius joute loua caret endula Bouteloua gracilis BuchToe dacty foides TaTamovitTfa Jongfe lia Eragrostis trichodes LeptoToma cognatum ‘anicum virgatum Paspalum stramineum oa arachnifera Sorghastrum nutans poroboTus cryptandrus Allium canadense Baptista fa australis ‘arex heliophila Big bluestem Sand bluestem +Little bluestem +Side-oats grama +Blue grama Buffalo grass Prairie sandreed Sand lovegrass Fall witchgrass Switchgrass Sand paspalum Texas bluegrass Indian-grass Sand dropseed Wild onion Wild indigo Sedge 178 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.1 [28] (Concluded) Late successional plants? Growth form Early successional plants? Low shrubs, under 4 ft Grasses, under 8 ft Forbs, under 5 ft Helianthus petiolaris Prunus angustifolia Habitat Artemisia filifolia Bouteloua gracilis Tenchrus pauctflorus Digitaria ‘iliformis igitaria sanguinalis chinochloa crusgali Eragrostis cilianensis ragrostis curtipedicellata Eragrostis hirsuta ragrostis oxylepis Eragrostis secundiflora ragrostis sessilispica HeTianthus petiolar ts Paspatum ciliatifoTium Paspalum stramineum Sporobolus cryptandrus Croton glandulosus Groton texensis Erfogonum annuum Plains sunflower Chickasaw plum cond ons Sand sagebrush Blue grama *Sandbur Slender fingergrass *Hairy crabgrass Barnyard grass Stinkgrass Gummy lovegrass Lovegrass Red lovegrass Lovegrass Tumble lovegrass Plains sunflower Fringeleaf paspalum *Sand, paspalum Sand dropseed Tropic croton *Texas croton Annual eriogonum Chrysopsis stenophylla chinacea paradoxa Erigeron beTTidiastrum iia ‘ongif ora Gutierrezia sarothrae Uatris ‘punctata enothera Tinifoia Qenothera missouriens is UpuntTa po ycantha PetaToe tomas villosum Psoralea tenuiflora Sisyrinchium albidus Moist to wet lowlands Artemisia filifolia Panicum virgatum Spartina pectinata ripsacum dactyloides Cicuta maculata Coreopsis lanceolata enothera biennis Petalostemum multif lorum Potentilla canadensis SoTidago rigida Vernonia crinita Goldaster Pale echinacea Western fleabane Whiteflower gilia Broom snakeweed Dotted gay-feather Narrowleaf evening- primrose Even ing-primrose Plains prickly pear Silky prairie clover Slimf lower scurf pea White blue-eyed grass @Sand sagebrush #Switchgrass Prairie cordgrass #£astern gamagrass Water-hemlock #Narrowleaf coreopsis Common evening-pr imrose Round-headed prairie clover Canada cinquefoil Stiff goldenrod Bur ironweed Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned culitvated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successi #Collectively, jonal plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist lowlands. @Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on side hill sites. Table 2530-38.1 [29] Selected Plant Species Common to the Oak Savanna (Cross Timbers) Subsection Growth form Low-growing trees, under 30 ft Herbaceous forbs and grasses, under 5 ft Early successional plants? Habitat conditions: Ambrosia be Tlostachys Aphanostephus sk irrhobas is ristida oligantha BouteToua gracilis Cenchrus paucif torus hamaecrista fasciculata Eragrostis oxylepis ragrostis sessilispica rYogonum annuum estuca octoflora Gaillardia lanceolata Gnaphalium falcatum Western ragweed Arkansas dozedaisy Prairie three-awn Blue grama Sandbur Showy partridge-pea Red lovegrass *Tumble lovegrass Annual eriogonum Six-weeks fescue Lanceleaf gaillardia *Cudweed continued Late successional plants® Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Carya texensis Celtis spp luercus marilandica uercus stellata Ulmus crassifolia Andropogon gerardi Andropogon hallii indropogon scoparius indropogon ternarius Aristida gracilis Aristida m4 tii Aster ericoides Bromus purgans Tardamine parviflora Chrysopsis villosa comme} ina angustifolia Texas hickory Hackberry +Blackjack oak +Post oak Thickleaf elm Big bluestem #Sand bluestem +Little bluestem Splitbeard bluestem Three-awn Wright's three-awn Heath aster Canada brome Smallf lower bitter cress Goldaster Narrow-leaved dayf lower SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 179 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.1 [29] (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Ory to moist (Continued Forbs and grasses -- Helianthus annuus Common sunf lower Crotalaria rotundifolia Crotalaria (Cont inued) Heterotheca subaxillaris Camphorweed Dolichos latifolius Hyacinth-bean Lechea villosa Hairy pinweed Eragrostis trichodes Sand lovegrass Totus americanus Deer vetch alactea regularis Shapely milkpea Monarda punctata Spotted beebalm Hypericum ericum punctatum Spotted St. John's-wort Solanum carolinense Carolina horse-nettle Les; Tespedena! rocumbens Trailing lespedeza SoTanum rostratum Buff alo-bur Tespedeza virginica Slender lespedeza Verbena halet Slender verbena anicum panes wirgatun #Switchgrass Portulaca osa Hairy purslane Psoralea tenuiflora Slimf lower scurf pea Sorghas trum nutans Indian-grass SporabaTus 1 jo Tus macrus Mississippi dropseed ee hrosia virginiana Virginia tephrosia ra Tradescant a virginiana Virginia spiderwort Uniola latifolia Broadleaf uniola *plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and lowlands. Table 2530-38.1 [30] Selected Plant Species Common to the Mesquite—Buffalo Grass Subsection Growth form Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Habitat conditions: Dry to moist uplands and lowlands Low-growing trees and Prosopis juliflora Mesquite Acacia greggii Acacia tall shrubs, under 30 ft "i TondaTia hookeri Basil Juniperus pinchotii Pinchot's juniper juniperus arginine Eastern redcedar ‘rosopis jora #esquite juercus virginiana Live oak jucca glauca Small soapweed Grasses, under 6 ft Andropogon saccharoides Silver bluestem Andropogon saccharoides Silver bluestem Rristida Tongtseta Red three-awn Andropogon scoparius #Little bluestem BouteToua gracilis Blue grama ristida purpurea Purple three-awn Bromus catharticus Rescue brome Bouteloua curtipendula #Side-oats grama Buchloe dactyloides Buffalo grass BouteToua gracilis #Blue grama Thloris verticiTIat *Wind-mill grass BouteToua fra Hairy grama Hordeum pustllum *Little barley Boutetoua tritida Red grama Schedonnardus Paniculatus Tumb legrass BuchToe dactyToides +Buffalo grass Schedonnardus paniculatus Tumblegrass Forbs, under 6 ft Amaranthus retrof lexus Rough pigweed Acacia angustissima Prairie acacia Ambrosia psilostachya *Western ragweed Gaillardia fastigiata Gaillardi Tonyza canadensis Horseweed Gutierrezia dracunculoides Broomweed roton texensts *Texas croton Helianthus hirsutus Still-haired sunflower Erfogonum annuum *Annual eriogonum HeTianthus salicifolius Willow-leaved sunf lower utterrezia dracunculoides Broomweed Hoffmanseggia falcaria Rush-pea HeTianthus annuus Common sunf lower Mirabitis aoe toni Carlton's four-o'clock Senothera brachycar rachycarpa Short-padded primrose Sagina decumbens Pear Iwort. plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable eraly successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. +Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on dry uplands. #Collectively, indicators of desirable late sucdessional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and Jowlands, 180 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.1 [36] Selected Plant Species Common to the Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass Subsection Early successional plants? Late successional plants? Habitat conditions: Ory to moist uplands and lowlands Growth form Low-growing trees, under 20 ft Herbaceous forbs and Andropogon scoparius grasses, under 5 ft enchrus Jongispinus Tenchrus paucif Torus Corfspernun se) ‘olium cloloma atr’ 2 icifolium Digitaria Filiformis ‘igitaria sanguinalis iogonum annuum uphorbia hexagona Froelich is chia gract lelianthus petiolaris to} a : : jomoea Tep 2 y Leucospora multifida Denothera speciosa Paspalum setaceum ‘aspa stramineum rophostyles helvola trophostyTes Teiosperma B Little bluestem Field sandbur *Sandbur Hyssop-leaved tickseed Tumble ringwing Slender fingergrass Hairy crabgrass Annual eriogonum Six-angle spurge Slender snake cotton Plains sunflower Bush morning-glory Leucospora White evening-primrose Paspalum *Sand paspalum Trailing wild bean Smoothseed wild bean Prunus angustifolia Andropogon gerardi Indropogan Patti ni open scoparius irtemisia caudata Asc f as arenarius outeToua gracilis Talamovilfa longifolia Eragrostis trichodes moe annuum roelichia loridana ia longisperma HeTTanthus petiolaris Heterotheca subaxillaris lenothera biennis Denothera rhombipetala Panicum virgatum Petalostemum villosum Sorghastrum nutans Sporobotus cryptandrus Strophi heTwoTa trophostyles trophostyles Teiosperma #Chickasaw plum Big bluestem #Sand bluestem Little bluestem Sage Sand milkweed Blue grama Prairie sandreed #Sand lovegrass Annual eriogonum Field snake cotton Gilia Plains sunflower Heterotheca Common evening-primrose Fourpoint evening- primrose Switchgrass Silky prairie clover Indian-grass Sand dropseed Trailing wild bean Smoothseed wild bean Plants designated in the following manner are listed on Table 2530-38.2: *Collectively, indicators of desirable early successional plant species composition for wildlife on abandoned cultivated sites and other sites where the native vegetation has been destroyed. Collectively, indicators of desirable late successional plant species composition for wildlife on moist uplands and Jowlands. Note: Information concerning selected plant species common to the following subsections can be found elsewhere as indicated: 539896: 1 EBst5” Ponderosa Pine Forest (see 3110-46.1[4]). 2530,S22 Southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes (see SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 181 ELLE LLL LR PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Tall-grass Prairie CHAPTER 2 182 Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Box-elder Moist sites, in- Medium tree, to 75 Paired samara Seeds and buds eaten by Acer negundo frequent on high- ft tall "keys", Sept.-Oct. few species of birds L Jands 2532 Western wheatgrass Agropyron smi thii_ 2533 Slender wheatgrass Agropyron trachycaulum Link.) Malte 2533 Redtop Agrostis alba L 2533 Rough pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus Le 2533 Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia t. 2531, 2532, 2533 Western ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya oC. 2531, 2532, 2533 Giant ragweed Ambrosia trifida t. : 2531, 2533 Leadplant Amorpha spp. L 2532 Leadplant Amorpha “canescens Pursh 2531, 2532, 2533 Cane bluestem Andropogon barbinodis Lab. 2533 Big bluestem Andropogon gerardi Vitm. 2531, 2532, 2533 Sand bluestem Andropogon hallii Hack. 2531, 2532, 2533 Heavy soils, alkali- Perennial, erect, tolerant, wide sod-forming, with range of moisture long, slender rhi- conditions zomes Limey soils, prai- Spikes, to 10 in tall ries, open soils Perennial, culms to 4.2 ft tall Damp thickets, swales, shores Cultivated fields, fence rows, waste ground Annual, reproducing by seed, stem erect, to 6 ft tall Old pastures, waste- Annual, erect to 8 ft land, roadsides, etc. Perennial or annual herbs, reproducing by creeping roots, rootstocks, seeds, stems erect to 8 ft tall Ory prairies, bar- rens, sands, open- ings, uncultivated places Rich alluvial soil Annual, reproducing in thickets, low by seed, to 20 ft woods, waste ground, tall, on good sites disturbed soil Shrubs or herbs, oc- casionally to 16 ft tall Dry prairies, bar- rens, glades Undershrub, rarely 3 ft tall Dry, well-drained, sun, dry sandy prairies, hills Mesas, rocky slopes, Culms, tufted, to 4 open ground ft tall Erect perennial, to 6 ft tall, often forms large tufts, with short, thick, scaly rhizomes Dry soils and open woods; in valleys, ravines, slopes, lower hillsides Sandhills and sandy Erect perennial, to soil 6 ft tall, with creeping rhizomes Caryopsis, May- Aug. Caryopsis, July- Aug. Caryopsis, June- Sept. Seeds black, nu- merous, available Aug.-Oct. Seeds, small, July- Oct. Achene, numerous , but small, Aug. - Oct. Seeds, to .5 in long, with woody hull Legume, May-Aug. Caryopsis Caryopsis, abun- dant crop of seed produced annually Caryopsis, awn of sessile spikelet, rarely .2 in long continued Principal use is as forage, particularly to deer and pronghorn Same as A. smithii Seeds eaten by several species of birds Seeds are eaten by many songbirds, includ- ing many sparrows; bobwhite quail, doves, ground squirrels also eat the seeds Seeds eaten by song- birds, prairie chicken, wild turkey Seeds eaten by song- birds; leaves eaten by hoofed browsers Seeds eaten by song- birds and upland game- birds; leaves and plants eaten by hoofed browsers High value for live stock May cause hayfever Abundant pollen a hazard to hayfever sufferers Major cause of hay- fever Can form dense ground cover after mowing PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Little bluestem Andropogon scoparius Michx. 2531, 2532, 2533 Sand sagebrush Artemisia filifolia orr. 2531, 2532, 2533 Louisiana sagewort Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 2532 Heath aster Aster ericoides L. 2531 Atlantic wild indigo Baptisia leucantha T. &G. 2531 Blue wild indigo a minor Lehm. 2531 Side-oats grama Bouteloua curtipendula Michx.) Torr. 2532, 2533 Black grama Bouteloua eriopoda orr.) Torr. 2533 Blue grama Bouteloua gracilis (HBK.) Lag. ex Steud. 2533 Annual brome Bromus spp. 2532 Japanese brome Bromus japonicus junb. 2533 Cheat Bromus secalinus L. 2531, 2533 Buffalo grass Buchloe gactyloices (Nutt. ingelm 2533 Reedgrass Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray 2531, 2532, 2533 Prairie sandreed Calamovilfa longifolia Hook.) Scribn. 2531, 2532, 2533 Prairies, glades, rocky open woods, sandy open ground, waste places Sandy soils, waste places, disturbed soil, plains Prairies, dry open soils, thin wood- land, waste places Open sites and plains Woods, prairies, riverbanks Rocky prairies, ravines, open woods Limestone glades and rocky open- ings in woodlands Mesas, hills, dry open ground On hills and dis- turbed soil Fields, roadsides, waste places Fields, waste ground along dis- turbed soil, in- troduced Waste places and sandy soil In prairies and along roadsides on black calcareous clay loam Erect perennial, to 3 ft tall, free branching with short, scaly rhizomes Low shrub, to 3 ft tall, branches erect, flower heads Stem to 3 ft tall Rhizomatous peren- nial, much branched, to 1.5 ft long Stem, stout, smooth, to 6 in tall Smooth, stout, to 4 ft tall Perennial, in clumps, to 1.5 ft tall Perennial, with tuft- ed culms Perennial, densely tufted, erect, 1.5 ft tall Annuals, culms to 3 ft tall Erect, to 2 ft tall, broadly pyramidal, lower branches some- what drooping, winter annual Erect or spreading, slender, to 2 ft tall, tufted annual Stoloniferous peren- nial, blades to 4 in long, tufted Wet places and mead- Erect, tufted, per- ows Sandy soil SELECTED PLANT SPECIES ennial, culms to 4 ft tall Culms, to 4.5 ft tall, stout Caryopsis, Sept.- Oct. Fruits, July-Oct. Achene, July-Sept. Minute Legume, May-July Legume, May-June Caryopsis, July- Sept. Caryopsis Caryopsis, July- Sept. Caryopsis, June- Aug. Caryopsis, May- July Caryopsis Caryopsis Caryopsis, July- Oct. Caryopsis, avail- able July-Sept. continued Same as A. h May flavor milk of grazing cattle Serves as cover for smaller animals; foli- age and twigs eaten by Pronghorn, mule deer, prairie dogs, rodents Relatively little value to wildlife Nutritious for live- stock Important food for American bison Same as B. curtipendula Withstands extreme drought, is platable and nutritious for livestock Seeds eaten by song- birds and rodents Same as Bromus spp. Seeds eaten by a large number of songbirds and rodents Plants eaten by hoofed Valuable forage browsers; seeds eaten by a few songbirds Drought resistant; sometimes cut for hay | 183 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Shagbark hickory Rich woods, bot- Large tree, 60-120 ft Nut, available Cover and food source Carya ovata toms, slopes, dry, tall Sept.-Oct. combined; nuts eaten by Mill.) K. Koch well-drained, sun, squirrels and chipmunks 2531, 2532 shade Common hackberry Low woods, upland Tree or coarse shrub, Drupe, purple- Fruit eaten by a vari- Large or small tree Celtis occidental slopes, rocky bar- to +90 ft tall black, stone .25 ety of songbirds, in- or low shrub, vary- Le rens, sandy soil in long cluding mockingbirds, ing in response to 2533 robins, thrushes, sap- habitat suckers Sandbur Sandy banks and Erect or decumbent Caryopsis, May- | Slight wildlife value May puncture the Cenchrus pauciflorus waste places annual, stem branch- Oct. skin of grazing ani- Benth ing to 3 ft long mals and decrease 2531, 2532, 2533 the value of sheeps wool Lamb's-quarters Cultivated and Herbs, to 6 ft tall Seed, black, nu- Seeds eaten by several Troublesome weed Chenopodium album waste ground merous, available species of songbirds Ll. June-Oct. and rodents 2532, 2533 Wind-mill grass Plains Perennial, with tuft- Caryopsis Chloris verticillata ed culms, erect to Nutt. 16 in tall 2533 Horseweed Waste land, culti- Annual herb, repro- Seeds numerous but Conyza canadensis vated fields, on ducing by seed, stems minute L.) Cronq. dry soils erect, to 6 ft tall 2531, 2532, 2533 Narrowleaf coreopsis Dry, sandy, gravel- Perennial herb, stems Achene, minute, Coreopsis lanceolata ly or rocky branching to 30 in May-July Le tall 2533 Texas croton Dry soils of prai- Annual, to 2 ft tall, Capsule, .33 in Seeds eaten by several Poisonious to cattle Croton texensis ries and plains forking in diameter species of songbirds, Klotzsch) Muell. quail, doves, small 2533 mamma s Hairy crabgrass Cultivated areas, Annual, reproducing Caryopsis, June- Important source of Serious weed Digitaria sanguinalis lawns, waste by seed, culms to Oct. cover in the prairies; (L.) Scop. places 4 ft long browsed by deer; seeds 2533 eaten by a variety of songbirds Rough buttonweed Dry, rocky, sterile Annual, moderately Seeds hairy, oval, Minor food value to Diodia teres soils, alluvial erect, roots shal- light brown gamebirds Walt. flats, gravel and low, stems branch- 2533 sandy washes along ing streams Inland saltgrass Alkaline soil Stem, 1.3 ft tall, Caryopsis, June- Dense growth provides Distichlis stricta erect or decumbent Sept. waterfowl nesting Torr.) Rydb. cover 2531, 2533 Black Samson Prairies Perennial, with tap- Echinacea angustifolia root, stem erect to oc. 2 ft tall 2532 Barnyard grass Cultivated areas, Annual, culms stout, Caryopsis, avail- Seeds eaten by water- Echinochloa crusgalli waste ground, erect to decumbent, able June-Oct. fowl L.) Beauv. ditches to 3 ft tall 2531, 2532, 2533 Canada wild rye Sandhills, along Perennial, erect, to Caryopsis, June- Forms early ground Elymus canadensis streambanks and in 1.5 ft tall Aug. cover in spring L. woods 2532 Gummy lovegrass Plains, open woods, Perennial, tufted, Caryopsis, .03 in Seeds eaten by song- Inflorescence has a Eragrostis dry slopes erect, to 3 ft long, July-Oct. birds and some smal] purple color curtipedicellata tall mammals BuckT. 2533 continued 184 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Tumble lovegrass Plains and sandy Perennial, culms Caryopsis, July- Same as E. Eragrostis sessilispica tufted, erect, 8-16 Oct. curtipedicellata BuckT. in tall, one node 2533 above basal cluster of leaves, panical breaks away and tumbles in the wind Sand lovegrass Sandy soil along Perennial, tufted, Caryopsis, July- Same as £. Infloresence has Eragrostis trichodes streams or alluv- to 4 ft tall, erect, Oct. curtipedicellata a purple color Nutt.) Wood. jal washes branching 3 or 4 2533 times Fleabane Various sites, us- Herb, to 6 ft tall Numerous, but Erigeron spp. ually dry to moist in some species minute, available L. waste ground late summer 2531, 2532 Annual eriogonum Sandy soil Annual, to 3 ft high, Plant of moderate food Eriogonum annuum irregularly branch- value to wildlife Nutt. ‘ing 2531, 2532, 2533 Flowering spurge Prairies, rocky Stems, to 1 ft tall Seeds Seeds eaten by songbirds Euphorbia corollata glades, ledges of and doves tl. bluffs 2531, 2532 Six-weeks fescue Dry sandy soil Usually tufted, Caryopsis Seeds eaten by songbirds Festuca octoflora stems to 1.3 ft and small mammals Walt. tall 2532 Green ash Alluvial soils of Tree, to 80 ft tall, Long, tapering, Seeds eaten by a few spe- Fraxinus pennsylvanica flood plain for- 5-9 leaflets winged seeds, cies of birds and small Marsh. ests and bordering mammals, but only of 2532 wet areas moderate importance to wildlife Cudweed Sandy soils and Annual, to 1 ft tall Small Gnaphalium falcatum open sites Lam. 2533 Sunflower Different species Coarse, stout herbs, Achene, available Outstanding wildlife Helianthus spp. occupying a wide to 15 or more ft toward autumn value in prairies; t. variety of sites tall seeds eaten by doves, 2532 quail, many species of songbirds, ground squir- rels; mule deer eat the whole plant Common sunflower Low meadows, cul- Stem, coarse, to 15 Achene, flattened Same as Helianthus spp. Helianthus annuus tivated ground, ft tall, branched oval, usually 7 U waste places or unbranched striped light and 2533 dark gray, July- Nov. Sawtooth sunflower Prairies, plains, Coarse stems, 6-14 — Achene Same as Helianthus spp. Helianthus rich thickets ft tali grosseserratus Martens 2531, 2533 Plains sunflower Sandy soil, in full Slender, stem to 9 Achene, June-Oct. Same as Helianthus spp. Helianthus petiolaris sunlight ft tall Nutt. 2531, 2532 Stiff sunflower Ory upland prairies Stems, to 8 ft tall Achene Same as Helianthus spp. Helianthus rigidus Cass.) Desf. 2532 continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 185 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Little barley Plains, pastures, Annual, culms to 1.25 Caryopsis, yellow, Seeds eaten by waterfowl Hordeum pusillum other uncultivated ft tall, erect hairy at apex, May- and small mammals Nutt. areas, especially June 2533 on alkaline ground Eastern redcedar Ory, well-drained, Medium-sized tree, Berry, persistent, Berries eaten by a few Pioneer species; Juniperus virginiana moist, sun; dry, evergreen, 30-40 ft available Sept.- species of songbirds, very drought re- tL. rocky, commonly Nov. but greatest value is sistant; alternate 2533 limestone soil for protective and host to apple rust nesting cover Kochia Waste places, dry Annual, stems erect, Numerous, but Drought resistant Kochia scoparia pastures, etc. to 3 ft tall small, available L.) Roth July-Sept. 2531, 2533 Dotted gay-feather Calcareous soil Stems, numerous, to Achene, small Liatris punctata 2.5 ft tall Hook. 2532 Sandhill muhly Dry hills and sandy Perennial, with Caryopsis Muhlenbergia pungens plains strong creeping rhi- Thurb. zomes, culms tufted, 2532 erect, to 16 in tall Indian rice-grass Sandy prairies and Tufted perennial, to Caryopsis, May- Oryzopsis hynenci es rocky slopes 28 in tall duly R. & S.) Ricker 2532 Common witchgrass Open sandy or stony Annual, culms, to Caryopsis, July- Seeds eaten by several Panicum capillare soil and cultivated 2.5 ft tall Oct. species of songbirds lL. Jand 2531, 2532, 2533 Switchgrass Moist or dry prai- Erect, perennial, Caryopsis, July- Seeds eaten by a large Panicum virgatum rie, usually sunny, with large, scaly Sept. variety of birds and a open wet or dry rhizomes mammals 2531, 2532, 2533 woods, moist, seep- age, gravel bars, etc. Sand paspalum Sandy soil Culms, assending or Caryopsis, July- Seeds eaten by a few see stramineum spreading, to 3 ft Oct. species of gamebirds, Nas! tall most notably, doves 2531, 2533 Prairie clover Usually dry, sandy Perennials, to 3 ft Short pods Petalostemum spp. hills and prairies tall Michx. 2531, 2533 Purple prairie clover Prairies and dry Stems, upright, form Legume, June-Sept. Petalostemum purpureum hills erect crowns, to 40 Vent.) Rydb. in tall 2532 Silky prairie clover Sandhills and prai- Herb, with narrow Legume, July-Sept. Petalostemum villosum ries leaves Nutt. 2532 Bluegrass Various sites, de- Annual or perennial, Caryopsis, Mar.- Seeds eaten by a few Grazed by livestock Poa spp. pending on species culms to 3 ft tall Sept. species of songbirds; t. early shoots eaten by 2531, 2532 deer Canada bluegrass Waste places, cul- Perennial, with a Caryopsis, June- Same as Poa spp. Grazed by livestock Poa compressa tivated grounds, creeping rootstock, July ~ Lt. wood]ands stem to 1.3 ft tall 2531, 2533 Plains cottonwood Well-drained, moist, Tree, 60-90 ft tall Capsule Populus sargentii sun Dode 2532 continued 186 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mesquite Plains and dis- Shrub or tree, de- Legume, available Provides shade cover; Prosopis juliflora turbed grassland ciduous, thorny, May-July seed pods eaten by rab- Sw.) DC. perennial, to 40 ft bits, jackrabbits, other 2533 American plum Prunus americana Marsh. 2532 Chickasaw plum Prunus angustifolia Mars'| . 2531, 2533 Silverleaf scurf pea Psoralea argophylla Purs| 2531, 2532, 2533 Manyflower scurf pea Psoralea floribunda Nutt. 2531, 2533 Lemon scurf pea Psoralea lanceolata Pursh 2531, 2532 Slimflower scurf pea Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh 2531, 2533 Salt meadowgrass Ory, well-drained, moist, sun, shade Dry, well-drained, sun Dry prairies Dry prairies, bluffs, open woods Sandy plains Dry prairies, open woods, rocky banks Marshes and prai- Puccinellia nuttalliana ries Schultes) Hitchc. 2531, 2533 Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 2531, 2532 Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Muenchh. 2533 Shinnery oak see mohriana uck 2533 Post oak Quercus stellata Wang. 2533 Prairie coneflower Ratibida columnifera Sims) D. Don. 2532, 2533 Dry, well-drained, sun Dry, sterile soils Dry, well-drained, sun Dry, well-drained, sun, on dry rocky or sandy soils Open, usually cal- careous soils SELECTED PLANT SPECIES tall Coarse shrub or tree, to 26 ft tall Shrub, to 7 ft tall Stem, to 2 ft tall. silvery silky-white throughout Coarse and bushy, to 3 ft tall Stems, to 1.5 ft tall Bushy-branched herb, to 3 ft tall Culms, slender, to 3 ft tall Tree, 70-80 ft tall, occasionally to 170 ft Small tree or coarse shrub, to 60 ft tall Shrub, or occasion- ally, small tree Medium-sized tree, up to 60 ft Erect, branching, to 3.5 ft tall Drupe, available July-Oct. Drupe, available May-Aug. Legume, available June-Aug. Legume, June-Sept. Pod, May-Aug. Legume, June-Sept. Caryopsis, June- July Acorn, annual, Acorn, .5 in in diameter, reddish- brown kernel Acorn, annual Acorn, annual, available Sept.- Oct. continued small animals; seeds eaten by livestock When in thickets, pro- vides valuable escape and nesting cover Same as P. americana Forms dense thickets Roots eaten by pocket gophers Same as P. argophylla Same as P. argophylla All oaks have high wild- life value for both cover and food; acorns eaten by many species, most notably prairie chickens, bobwhite quail, white-tailed deer Same as Q. macrocarpa Same as Q. macrocarpa Same as Q. macrocarpa 187 38 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie Table 2530-38.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Blowout-grass Sandy plains and Leaves and tall culms, Caryopsis, July- Redfieldia flexuosa hills stiff, culms to 3 ft Aug. TThurb.) Vasey tall 2531, 2532 Flowering currant Exposed rocky lime- Unarmed shrub, to 5 Berry, available Ribes odoratum stone bluffs, dry, ft tall June Wendl. ¥. well-drained, sun 2532 and shade Wild rose Usually moist, Shrubs or vines, us- Hips Fruit eaten by sharp- Rosa spp. well-drained, open ually prickley, tailed grouse, prairie t. sites leaves alternate, chicken, many songbirds; 2531, 2532 pinnate and serrate browsed by mule and white-tailed deer; es- cape and nesting cover for songbirds Russian thistle Disturbed areas, Annual herb, repro- Seed, winged, a- Moderate food use by Salsola iberica roadsides, ditch- ducing by seed, vailable Aug.- birds L. banks, etc. bushy stems to 4.5 winter 2531, 2532 ft tall Yellow bristlegrass Weedy and waste Annual, tufted, culms, Caryopsis Seeds extremely valuable Setaria lutescens places erect, to 4 ft tall to many species of ground- Hubbard feeding songbirds; also 2531, 2532, 2533 eaten by several game- birds, including doves, quail, prairie chicken Green bristlegrass Disturbed soil Tufted annual, culms Caryopsis Same as S. lutescens Setaria viridis to 12 ft tall L.) Beauv. 2531, 2533 Compass plant Prairies Stem, stout to 12 ft Achene, July-Sept. Silphium laciniatum tall Le 2531, 2533 Goldenrod Moist to dry sites, Erect, perennials, to Low use in comparison to Solidago spp. varying with spe- 6 ft tall, from basal abundance and availabil- L. cies rosetts ity 2532 Missouri goldenrod Ory prairies, grav- Stems, solitary, to Achenes, minute Solidago missouriensis els, rocky slopes 2.5 ft tall Nutt. 2531, 2532, 2533 Indian-grass Open places Perennial, to 8 ft Planted for forage Sorghastrum nutans tall, from scaly U.) Nash rhizomes 2531, 2532 Prairie cordgrass Shores, gravels, Culms, to 6 ft tall, Caryopsis, avail- Little value as wild- Spartina pectinata wet prairies, rhizomes thick able July-Sept. life food Link swamps 2531, 2532, 2533 Sand dropseed Sandy soils, less Tufted perennial, Caryopsis Plants eaten by American Sporobolus cryptandrus frequent on finer, culms, to 3 ft long bison; seeds eaten by orr.) Gray disturbed soil several species of song- 2531, 2532, 2533 birds Needle-and-thread Prairies and grassy Tufted perennial, Caryopsis, May- Seeds eaten by a few Stipa comata dry slopes culms erect, to 3.5 July species of songbirds Trin. & Rupr. ft tall 2532, 2533 Porcupine-grass Dry, prairies and Culms, stout, to 4 Caryopsis, May- Seeds eaten by a few Stipa spartea sands ft tall June species of songbirds Trin. and small rodents 2531, 2532, 2533 continued 188 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 38 Table 2530-38.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Buckbrush Dry, rocky woods, Shrub, to 6 ft tall Berrylike, coral Fruit eaten by few spe- Some aesthetic and Symphoricarpos bluffs, old fields, to purple, .38 in, cies of songbirds; ornamental value atbtca atus disturbed soil Sept. -winter browsed by mule and Moenchh. white-tailed deer; use- 2531, 2533 ful as food and cover by other wildlife Hairy tridens Plains and rocky Culms, erect, dense- Caryopsis Tridens pilosus hills ly tufted, to 1 ft BuckT.) Hitchc. tall 2533 Eastern gamagrass Swales, moist Erect, to over 8 ft Caryopsis, June- Minor food use by song- Tripsacum dactyloides fields, borders tall Sept. birds lL. of woods and 2533 shores American elm Along streams and Tree, to 100 ft tall, Seeds eaten by a few Ulmus americana low moist woods unique vase-shaped species of songbirds; L. form deer and rabbits may 2532 browse young plants Small soapweed Ory plains and Stalk, to 3 ft tall Capsule, May-July Leaves sometimes eaten Yucca glauca sandhills by deer Nutt. 2531, 2532 SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 189 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Detail of province Province boundary Section boundary W . . . WK Location of province State boundary within the United States Figure 39.1 Province 4110, Everglades 190 CHAPTER 2 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Although identified as a single province, the Everglades contains sufficient diversity in its soil (sand to limestone), oceanic, and freshwater influences to produce nine distinct vegetation types. Specific location, necessary climatic conditions, and plant species for each community are described below. MANGROVE SWAMP This type of vegetation occurs in salt to brackish or nearly freshwater areas. The swamps are not continuous over large regions, but occur as borders along the coast or rivers and around the larger islands. Total acreage in south Florida is approximately 350,000. In general, mangrove swamps may be broken into three main zones: 1) an outer zone of red mangroves, sometimes extending some distance offshore, on soils normally flooded even at low tide; 2) a middle zone of black mangroves and associated salt marsh plants on soils generally exposed at low tide, but often covered at high tide; and, 3) a transitional zone from high tide level to levels flooded only during storms or highest tides. This inner zone contains buttonwoods and a number of other species that require little or no saltwater. The mangrove swamps materially aid the building of coasts farther out into shallow water. Not only are they protective fringes preventing excessive erosion by storms, but they are good wildlife and fish areas. Particularly they serve as roosts and rookeries for numerous birds. TROPICAL HAMMOCK This vegetation type is confined to places where the temperature rarely dips below freezing. It is most common southwest of Miami and on the Keys, but narrow strips occur close to saltwater north of Miami. The majority of trees in typical tropical hhmmocks have crooked trunks, hard heavy wood, and stiff evergreen leaves, indicating slow growth, in spite of the limestone and abundant humus. The forests are densely shaded with very few herbs on the ground. Over a hundred species of trees and shrubs may be present, though some are quite rare. Characteristic also are woody vines and epiphytes. Soils of hammocks may be derived from oolitic or coral limestone, sand, or marl. Species composition is in part a reflection of the various soil types and also the degree of protection from frost. Generally, those hammocks near Miami and northward have more temperate species present, such as live oak, while those near the southern coast and on the Keys have mostly tropical species. SOUTH FLORIDA SLASH PINELANDS This type of vegetation grows on upland Miami oolitic limestone and covers a few hundred square miles. It occurs from the northern boundary of Dade County to the vicinity of Miami and southwestward and also occurs on some of the lower Keys. The pines appear similar to those further north, but the undergrowth is quite different—composed of 30 or more species of tropical SELECTED PLANT SPECIES PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 and subtropical shrubs and vines. Some of the trees also show marked tropical affinities, and several endemic species are present. The soil is generally quite dry, for the rain that falls quickly disappears into the porous limestone. Fire is frequent, and many of the species show fire-related adaptations. Others, such as ferns, survive by growing in little potholes. There is also some evidence that when fire is excluded, the pineland is replaced by tropical hammock. SAND PINE SCRUB This vegetation type is easily characterized by the abundance of sand pine. It occupies an area in southern Florida of approximately 120,000 acres and occurs in a narrow strip near the eastern coast south to about the northern edge of Dade County. There are also patches of it along the west coast as far south as Naples. The soil is composed almost entirely of white quartz sand. Fire is generally absent because of the scarcity of grass, but may occur as a crown fire through the sand pines when a particular, rare combination of dry weather and wind occurs. Most of the trees and herbs and nearly all the shrubs are evergreen. There are over 45 species of shrubs and small trees found in the scrub. Some of these are very local in distribution. The woody plants form thickets which may be separated by wide open areas of usually very dry sand. Another characteristic is the frequent presence of a number of species of lichen on the surface of the sand. PINE FLATWOODS AND SAVANNAS This is the most extensive vegetation type in southern Florida, covering well over one-third of the area. The major distinction between flatwoods and savannas is the density of trees. Flatwoods consist of open forests of pine with hardly any other tree, while savannas generally have less than one tree per acre. Saw palmetto and other low shrubs form a dense undergrowth, with about an equal number of herbs. The soil is usually a fine grayish sand. Where calcareous subsoils occur, cabbage palmetto may be locally abundant. Moisture conditions vary with site, but during the rainy season soils are often saturated. Fire is frequent and characteristic, and many plants show adaptations for rapid recovery or protection. CYPRESS SAVANNAS The total area occupied in southern Florida by baldcypress is about 350,000 acres. This includes the cypress swamps, but probably about half or more is savanna. Generally, pond baldcypress is the species present in the savannas, while mostly baldcypress forms the swamps. A great part of the Big Cypress region is composed of cypress savanna. The largest savannas occur in the eastern part of Collier County and northern Monroe County, bordering the Everglades. The cypress savannas are similar to the open pine savannas in many respects. In the savannas, baldcypress is rarely of any size, which is a reflection of the shallow marl soil often only 4 to 10 inches deep with little humus. 191 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades These trees are growing under such adverse conditions that a tree 3 inches in diameter at breast height is frequently 25 to 30 years old. In many savannas, the -associated species are very similar to those in the adjoining Everglades. In western Collier County, areas with low shrubs and scattered pines also occur. Epiphytes such as air-plants are often abundant. Fires rarely kill the cypress trees, since there is not enough vegetation to sustain a hot fire. CYPRESS SWAMPS This vegetation type occurs both west of the Everglades region and as a border on its eastern edge. It is especially widespread in the Big Cypress region. Water levels are apt to vary over a wide range seasonally and from year to year. The soils are generally formed over limestone, often with a considerable proportion of sand. The swamp forest has a closed canopy and, as a result, most of the forest is densely headed. Few or no herbaceous plants are on most of the forest floor, though locally shade-tolerant species are abundant. Sometimes the baldcypress may have as associates trees such as dahoon and strangler fig. One interesting form of swamp is known as a cypress-dome whose dome-shaped appearance is caused by the tallest trees being in the center and the shortest to the outside. MIXED SWAMPS This vegetation type is comparatively local and seems only well-developed west of the Everglades, though there are small areas near the east coast. Soils are generally alluvial and are seasonally wet to continually flooded. They may be along the margins of small streams and may be associated with other vegetation types such as cypress swamps. Baldcypress is often present, but never forms the majority of the swamp. Many dominant trees, more characteristic of areas farther north, are present and include deciduous species, such as red maple and water ash, and evergreen species, such as live oak and red bay. Where calcareous material underlies the surface, cabbage palmetto may be present. The swamp forest has a very dense canopy with a resultant heavily shaded floor. Often the forest floor is covered only with leaf litter, though shade-preferant plants, such as ferns, may occur. Epiphytes may be locally common, and woody vines are well-represented. Fire is rare in the mixed swamp; no special adaptations are generally shown by the plants present. EVERGLADES AND PRAIRIES The Everglades and prairies are two very similar, nearly treeless types of vegetation in southern Florida. However, patches or “islands” of trees may be found in both. The sawgrass marshes are the most extensive type and cover over 1,250,000 acres in the Everglades. They are best developed on deeper soils with 2 feet or more of built-up peat or marl over limestone. Characteristically, the area is submerged during the rainy season. In the more vigorous marshes, with sawgrass plants 6 to 10 feet tall, few other plants survive. Although sawgrass marsh is one of the most resistant to change, once it is broken by farming or altered by deep-burning fires, it can be destroyed. Formerly, sawgrass marsh was more widespread; the current scattered distribution is due to recent fires burning into the peat, thus destroying the sawgrass rhizomes. Within the Everglades, sawgrass may be broken by marsh plants and by “islands” of trees. These islands may be formed by palms, willows, or by other hardwood species and stand out conspicuously from the surrounding open areas. The larger of such areas belong, strictly speaking, to other vegetation types. The prairies and marshes outside of the Everglades are often adjacent to other vegetation types and, though frequently small in extent locally, are widespread and cover probably over 1,000,000 acres in southern Florida. Soils are generally sandy or formed over limestone or marl substrata. Water may be present most of the time or absent except briefly. Species composition is due partly to soil type and partly to the amount of water present. Table 4110-39.1 Selected Plant Species Common to the Everglades Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (Tropical hammock) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) continued Bucida buceras Black olive Bursera simaruba Gumbo limbo rsifolia Tie-tongue alicifolia Bustic paniculata Inkwood oy atisiliqua Wild tamarind last ichodendror ~foetidissimum Wild mastic “toxiferum Poisonwood Persea borbonia Red bay Prunus myrtifolia West Indian cherry Quercus virginiana Live oak Roystonea elata Royal palm Paradise tree West Indian mahogany Simaruba glauca Swietiana mahogani 192 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.1_ (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Ory/excessive (Continued Low-growing trees and Manilkara zapoda Sapodilla Anyris balsanifera Balsam torchwood tall shrubs, 6-40 ft Morinda ri royor Indian mulberry Ardisia escallonioides Marlberry (Control only when Papaya carica Papaya Myrtle-of-the-river necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Psychotria undata Wild coffee Talyptranthes zuzygium TanelTa alba Capparis cynophallophora canis pparis, Mexuose aenoseT iil sobalanus icaco Wild cinnamon Jamaica caper tree Bay-leaved caper tree Coco plum ReVSOpRy um oliviforme Satin leaf Tssus sicyoides ~~ Possum-grape CitharexyTum fruticosum Fiddlewood ToccoToba uvitera Sea-grape Totubrina arborescens Wild coffee Drypetes jetes diversifolia Milk bark Drypetes aterifolia Eugenia axillaris ugenia myrtoides Gouanta Ae Totdes Gymnanthes Tucida Tiex krugiana Krugiodendron ferreum are kara bahamensis Myrsine guianensis Picramnia pentandra Piscidic piscipula Pisonta aculeata Pithecellobium keyense Randta acuTeata Reynosia septentrionalis apindus saponaria Schoepfia schreberi ophora tomentosa T fora hrinax parvi Guiana plum White stopper Spanish stopper Chew stick Crabwood Tawnyberry holly Black ironwood Wild dilly Myrsine Bitter bush Jamaica-dogwood Devil's claws Cat-claw White indigo-berry Darling plum Southern soapberry Whitewood Necklace pod Florida thatch palm Ximenia americana Tal lowwood Zanthox. cw fagara Wild lime ZanthoxyTum flavum Yel lowwood Low to medium shrubs, Solanum bahamense Cankerberry Ampelopsis arborea Pepper-vine 2-6 ft (Normally not mai Phas vadte radicans Poison ivy controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Habitat conditions: Dr (Sand pine scrub) Blechnum serrulatum Nephrolepis exaltata to _moist/excessive to well-drained Toothed mid-sorus fern Boston fern Tall-growing trees, Pinus clausa Sand pine over 40 ft (Must be Pinus elliottii var. densa South Florida slash pine controlled) Quercus chapmanii Chapman's oak Low-growing trees and Abrus precatorius Crab's eye Befaria racemosa Tarf lower tall shrubs, 6-40 ft Myrica cerifera Southern wax-myrt le luercus myrtifolia Myrtle oak (Control only when ini mitax auriculata Greenbrier necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Thrinax microcarpa Vitis rotundtforia Brittle thatch Muscadine grape Tal lowwood Low to medium shrubs, Asimina reticulata Pawpaw 2-6 ft (Normally not Teratiola ericoides Sandheath controlled) Tonradina gradiflora Conradina Hypericum myrtifolium St. John's-wort ex ra Inkberry Licania michauxii Lyonia fruticosa alafoxia feay? Serenoa repens Vaccinium myrsinites Gopher apple Stagger-bush Palafoxia Saw palmetto Shiny blueberry Lesser vegetation - Andropogon spp. Beardgrass Helianthemum nashii Frostweed grasses, herbs, ferns, Cassia deer ingi anus Partridge-pea Pterocaulon pycnostachyum Blackroot mosses (Should not be Cenchrus, rus incertus Sandbur Rhynchospora megalocarpa Beak rush disturbed) Thrysopsis graminifolia Silk grass r, eb sis scabrella Goldaster ryngium Engin arenaticun Fragrant eryngium Euphorbia polyphylla Spurge Gaactia equvarts Milkpea Opuntia compressa antcum Spp. Paronychia americana Prickly pear Panic-grass Paronychia continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 193 39 Table 4110-39.1_ (Continued) Growth form PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Early successional plants Dry/excessive (Continued (Sand pine scrub) Late successional plants Lesser vegetation - Jointweed Folygonelta po lyaane (Continued) teridium aquilinum var. caudatum Stipulicida setacea Bracken fern Stipulicida Habitat conditions: Dry to moist/excessive to well-drained (South Florida slash pinelands) Tall-growing trees, Trema micrantha Trema Alvaradoa Dipholis saticitotie Mexican alvaradoa over 40 ft fmust be Diphotis salicitolia Bustic controlled) ane elliottii var. densa South Florida slash pine Quercus virginiana Live oak Low-growing trees and facchar is halimifolia Groundsel Byrsonima cuneata Locustberry tall shrubs, 6-40 ft Morinda r< Indian mulberry th hy! Tun oliviforme Satin leaf (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) pote TT Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper tree Silver palm Varnish tree sop y ‘occothrinax argentea Dodonea viscosa Ficus citrifoTia Forestiera pinetorum Gustiards ‘scabra Pineland privet Wild banyan tree Velvetseed Hyrsine guianensis Myrsine a Tsctputa Jamaica-dogwood Tetrazygia e Btcotor Tetrazygia Low to medium shrubs, Cassia bahumensis. Partridge-pea Callicarpa americana American beautyberry 2-6 ft (Normally not roton linearis Pineland croton controlled) Eupatortum vi josum Villous eupatorium uercus pumila Owarf oak radicans Poison ivy Serenoa repens Saw palmetto Smilax aurtculata Greenbrier ‘Smivax havanensis Greenbrier Zania pumila Coontie Lesser vegetation - Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed Borreria terminalis Borreria grasses, herbs, ferns, Beardgrass Cinum cartert Flax mosses (Should not be Andropogon cabantsti Cassia deer tn anus Tchromena floridensis Partridge-pea Tripsacum floridanum disturbed) Florida umbrella grass fernonia blodgett ti lronweed ryngium aromaticum Fragrant eryngium Potyaata Boykin Polygala Polpaala grandiflora Polygala Peevtatan aquilinum var. Tall-growing trees, Caudatum Bracken fern Rhynchospora a Beak rush Verbesina Tacini Crown-beard Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (Mangrove) Rhizophora mangle Red mangrove Avicennia germinans Black mangrove over 40 ft (Must be Tonocarpus erecta Buttonwood controlled) Hippocratea Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 6-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Hippocratea volubilis Taguncularia racemosa Be eee Coccoloba uvifera Teus citrifolia Wipposane manicinella espea populnea White mangrove Sea-grape Manchineel Seaside mahoe Low to medium shrubs, Batis maritima Batis Caesalpinia crista Gray nicker 2-6 ft (Normally not Borrichia arborescens Sea ox-eye Rhabdavents biftora Rubber vine controlled) Borrichia Frutescens Sea ox-eye i Wit ‘adium jamaicense Sawgrass Tycium carolinfanum Christmas berry Lesser vegetation - Bacopa monnieri Water hyssop grasses, herbs, ferns, jerus Tigularis Flatsedge mosses (Should not be Typerus planifolius Flatsedge disturbed) a Tch! F 7 Saltgrass Spider lily Needlegrass rush Capeweed Key grass Water smartweed Annual glasswort Sea blite stichlis spicata Hymenocatlis Tatifolia luncus roemertanus nodiflora Tippia nodtfT pare e chloe ‘Tittoralis ‘o on PoTygonum punctatum a =~ ovii ‘Siaeda Tin fa Tinearis continued Florida gamagrass Cabbage palmetto Wild banyan tree 194 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.1 (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (Pine flatwoods and savannas) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 6-40 ft (Contral only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-6 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 6-40 ft (Control! only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-6 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) ina equisetifolia Myrica cerifera Rhus radicans Bidens mitis Coreopsis Tewtonii noctonum mitreola yperus spp. Dichromena colorata Elyonurus tripsacoides Eriocaulon decangulare Heliotrop tun polyphyTTun Hyptis alata luncus marginatus Lachnanthes caroliniana Mikanta scandens Muh enbergia capillaris Panicum spp. Panicum virgatum Paspalum setaceun Pluchea rosea Proserpinaca Rectinata ceridium aquilinum Setarfa spp. Xyris elliottii Habitat conditions: Cladium jamaicense Myrica cerifera Andropogon glomeratus acopa monntert echnum serruTatum fassytha filiformis ‘oreopsis Tewtonti yperus spp. ichromena colorata Eupatorium coelestinum Eupatorium mikanioides averia Tinearis HeTfotropium potyphy11um Lachnanthes caroliniana Mikania scandens Australian-pine Southern wax-myrtle Poison ivy Begger ticks Tickseed Miterwort Flatsedge White-topped umbrella grass Balsamscale Hat pin Pineland heliotrope Musky mint Rush Red-root Climbing hempweed Muhly Panic-grass Switchgrass Paspalum Marsh fleabane Mermaid weed Bracken fern Foxtail Yellow-eyed grass Sawgrass Southern wax-myrtle Bushy beardgrass Water hyssop Toothed mid-sorus fern Love vine Tickseed Flatsedge White-topped umbrella grass Mistf lower Semaphore eupator ium Flaveria Pineland heliotrope Red-root Climbing hempweed continued Persea borbonia Pinus elliottii var. densa palmetto ‘axodium ascendens eerysobalanus icaco ‘ordia sebestina Erythrina herbacea Forestiera ce H. jericum fascicu atum Tlex cassine Tyonia fruticosa Lyonta Tucida milax auriculata ‘Smilax Taurifolia Asimina reticulata Tlex glabra Satureja rigida Serenoa repens Stillingta aquatica Vaccinium myrsinites itis rotundifolia Eryngium yuccifolium var, synchaetum Linum carteri Paspal um monostachyum Petalostemum carneum Polygala Baldwinii folygala grandiflora Polygala nana terocaulon pycnostachyum Rhexia alifanus Spi ranthes vernalis Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded (Baldcypress savannas) Persea borbonia Pinus eTTiottti var. densa Quercus virginiana abal palmetto Taxodium ascendens Bumelia reclinata Hypericum fasciculatum Smilax auriculata ia Sti ‘ingia aquatica itis rotundifolia psclepias incarnata osteletzkya virginica aa aldwinti ‘olygala grandiflora PoTypodium aureum atia a if tora Schoenolirion elliottii andsia spp. 7 Tephyranthes s impsonii Red bay South Florida slash pine Cabbage palmetto Pond baldcypress Coco plum Geiger tree Coral bean Pineland privet St. John's-wort Dahoon Stagger-bush Fetter-bush lyonia Greenbrier Laurel-leaved greenbrier Pappaw Inkberry Pennyroyal Saw palmetto Stillingia Shiny blueberry Muscadine grape Button snakeroot Flax Paspalum Prairie clover White bachelor's button Polygala Polygala Blackroot Meadow-beauty Ladies'-tresses Red bay South Florida slash pine Live oak Cabbage palmetto Pond baldcypress Buckthorn St. John's-wort Greenbrier Stillingia Muscadine grape Swamp-milkweed Salt marsh mallow White bachelor's button Polygala Golden polypody Marsh-p ink White sunnybel] Air plant Rain lily SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 195 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Table 4110-39.1 (Continued) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs 6-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 6-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-6 ft (Normally not controlled) Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Tall-growing trees, over 40 ft (Must be controlled) Low-growing trees and tall shrubs, 6-40 ft (Control only when necessary; may be ac- ceptable at ROW edge) Low to medium shrubs, 2-6 ft (Normally not controlled) Panicum spp. uchea rosea Proserpinaca pectinata Rhynchospora corniculata olidago microcephala yris elliottti Panic-grass Marsh fleabane Mermaid weed Beak rush Goldenrod Yellow-eyed grass Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Myrica cerifera Salix caroliniana Boehmeria cylindrica Diodia virginiana udwigia repens ‘ikania scandens Pontederia lanceolata halia geniculata Habitat conditions: Baccharis halimifolia Tephatanthus occtdentalis Myrica cerifera SaTix caroTintana Schinus terebinthifolius Boehmeria cylindrica ‘adium jamatcense KosteTetzkya virginica PoTygonum punctatum we jospora corniculata alia geniculata (Baldcypress swamp) Southern wax-myrt le Coastal plain willow Button hemp Buttonweed Marsh purslane Climb ing hempweed Pickerelweed Arrow-root (Mixed swamp) Groundsel Common buttonbush Southern wax-myrtle Coastal plain willow Brazilian pepper tree Button hemp Sawgrass Salt marsh mallow Water smartweed Beak rush Arrow-root Ficus citrifolia Fraxinus caroliniana Magnolia virginiana Persea borbonta Taxodium ascendens Taxodium distichum Aster caroliniensis Nephrolepis biserrata smunda regalis ‘o ypod ium aureum Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Acer rubrum Fraxinus caroliniana Magnolia virginiana Persea borbonta Quercus virginiana abal palmetto Taxodium distichum Ampelopsis arborea Berchemta scandens BumeTia reclinata Cornus foemina ex cassine Parthenoctssus ‘quinquefoTia Vitis rotundifolia Acrostichum danaeaefolium Rhus radicans | Polypodium aureum TWrandsia spp. Habitat conditions: Moist to wet/well-drained to impeded Casuarina equisetifolia MeTateuca quinquenervia Baccharis halimifolia Tephatanthus occtdentalis Myrica cerifera chinus terebinthifo (Everglades and prairies) Australian-pine Cajeput tree Groundsel Common buttonbush Southern wax-myrtle Brazilian pepper tree continued Ficus aurea Hagnolta virginiana Persea borbonia pero a Sabal palmetto Acoelorrhaphe wrightii adium jJamatcense rianthus 4 ganteus Salix carolintana Psychotria undata Serenoa repens Wild banyan tree Carolina ash Sweet bay magnolia Red bay Pond baldcypprss Baldcypress Coco plum Dahoon Aster Giant sword fern Royal fern Golden polypody Red maple Carolina ash Sweet bay magnolia Red bay Live oak Cabbage palmetto Baldcypress Pepper-vine Rattan vine Buckthorn Stiff cornel Dahoon Virginia creeper Muscadine grape Leather fern Poison ivy Golden polypody Air plant Strangler fig Sweet bay magnolia Red bay Cabbage palmetto Everglades palm Saw grass Sugarcane plume grass Coastal plain willow Wild coffee Saw palmetto 196 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.1 (Concluded) Growth form Early successional plants Late successional plants Lesser vegetation - grasses, herbs, ferns, mosses (Should not be disturbed) Agalinis fasciculata indropogon glomeratus Tdens pilosa Blechnum serrulatum BoshnerTa cylindrica oris Chloris glauca Cirsium horridulum Dichromena colorata Erigeron quercifolius upatorium capillifolium Eupatorium coelestinum averta latifolia Uippta nodiftora pele stoechadifolia Tkanta scandens Nymphaea odorata Fenicun ‘spp. Pluches Pluchea rosea Potygata | aldwinii fontederia Tanceolata ‘SamoTus ebracteatus Solidago sempervirens part in bakeri atta genicutata False foxglove Bushy beardgrass Beggar ticks Toothed mid-sorus fern Button hemp Fingergrass Purple thistle White-topped umbrella grass Southern fleabane Dog fennel Mistf lower Flaveria Capeweed Fogfruit Climbing hempweed White water lily Panic-grass Marsh fleabane White bachelor's button Pickerelweed Water pimpernel Goldenrod Cordgrass Arrow-root Lythrum flagellare Loosestrife etalostemon carneum Prairie clover Marsh-pink Sabatia ‘grandif ora he 4plers palustris var. aleana Southern marsh fern SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 197 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Table 4110-39.2 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Plant Species Common to the Everglades - Species Crab's eye Abrus precatorius Le Red maple Acer rubrum Le Everglades palm Acoelorrhaphe wrightii tariseb. &Wend1.) Wendl. ex Becc. Leather fern Acrostichum danaeaefol ium Langsd. & Fisch. False foxglove Agalinis fasciculata ETT.) Raf. Mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa amorphioides Liebm. Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia Lt. Pepper-vine Ampelopsis arborea L.) Koehne Balsam torchwood Amyris balsamifera L. Beardgrass Andropogon spp. L. Beardgrass Andropogon cabanisii Hack. Bushy beardgrass Andropogon glomeratus Walt.) BSP. Marlberry Ardisia escallonoides Schlecht. & Cham. ‘Swamp-mi 1 kweed Asclepias incarnata L. 198 Habitat Waste ground, distrubed areas Swamps and stream- banks Moist sites Marshes and swamps Pinelands Hammocks, pine- lands Distrubed areas Hammocks and low woods Hammocks Pinelands, usually sandy areas Pinelands Pinelands and glades Hammocks and pine- lands Moist areas Form Woody climbing vine Tree to 100 ft tall, leaves 3-lobed, to 5 in Palm to 25 ft, leaves fan-like, to 3-ft Fronds to 6.5 ft, pinnately divided, in clumps Annual herb to 3 ft, leaves linear, about Vin Evergreen shrub or tree to 50 ft; leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets +33-.67 in Annual to 7 ft, leaves ovate with 1 or 2 lobes, 1.5-3 in Deciduous woody vine or shrub, leaves doubly compound to 8 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 30 ft, leaves with 3 ovate leaflets 1.5-4 in Perennial grasses Perennial grass to 5 ft, blades elon- gate and slender Perennial grass to 5 ft, blades elon- gate Evergreen shrub or small tree, leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, to 4 in Perennial herb to 4.5 ft, leaves nar- row to 5 in Fruit 3-5 seeded, July- Aug. Samara, red, winter-spring Drupe, round, blackish, summer- winter Spore-bearing plant Capsule, all year Samaralike capsule, all year Achene, summer- fall Berry, purple, summer- fal] Drupe, obovoid, all year Caryopsis Caryopsis, from Paired racemes, all year Caryopsis from paired racemes, all year Drupe, black, all year Follicle, summer continued General wildlife use Twigs and foliage eat- en by deer; buds, twigs and seeds eaten by quail; seeds, buds and flowers eaten by songbirds; seeds, flowers, bark and twigs eaten by raccoons; nesting cover for songbirds Fruit probably eaten by birds and smal] mam- mals Vegetative parts browsed by deer; lim- ited cover value Vegetative parts prob- ably browsed by deer Plant eaten by deer, seeds eaten by quail and songbirds; used by ducks for cover and loafing sites Browsed by deer, seeds eaten by quail Probably eaten by song- birds Probably browsed by deer, seeds probably eaten by quail and songbirds Browsed by deer, seeds eaten by quail and song- birds; used as cover and loafing site by ducks Vegetative parts eaten by deer, fruit prob- ably eaten by songbirds Notes Attractive tree, particularly aesthetic when in flower or fruit Attractive palm Purple flower Restricted to southern Florida in U.S. Unattractive source of pollen respon- sible for hayfever Common after burn- ing Attractive when in flower CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Pawpaw Pinelands Semi-evergreen shrub Berry, oblong, Leaves and stems prob- Asimina reticulata to 5 ft, leaves yellowish, spring ably eaten by deer, ShuttTew. ex Chapm. elliptic to cuneate, fruit probably eaten 1.5-2.5 in by smal] mammals Aster Swamps, hammocks Woody vine, leaves Achene, fall- Foliage eaten by deer An attractive plant Aster caroliniensis alternate, elliptic winter Walt. to lanceolate, 1.5- Black mangrove Avicennia germinans L. Mangrove swamps Groundsel Marshes, pinelands Baccharis halimifolia and hammocks Le Water hyssop Low marshes and Bacopa monnieri swamps L.) Penne Batis Saline marshes and Batis maritima swamps L. Tarflower Pinelands Befaria racemosa Vent. Rattan vine Swamps and ham- Berchemia scandens mocks TH K. Koch Beggar ticks Pinelands Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff Beggar ticks Disturbed areas Bidens pilosa L. Toothed mid-sorus fern Blechnum serrulatum Richard Hammocks, pine- lands and swamps Button hemp Boehmeria cylindrica L.) Sw. Swamps Borreria Pinelands Borreria terminalis ‘Sma’ Sea ox-eye Borrichia arborescens L.) OC. Mangrove swamps Sea ox-eye Mangrove swamps Borrichia frutescens and coastal marsh- L.) OC. es Black olive Hammocks and Bucida buceras brackish marshes L. Buckthorn Low pineland and Bumelia reclinata sandy soil, glades (Hichx.) Vent. 3 in Evergreen tree to 60 ft, leaves oblong or oblanceolate- elliptic, 1-3.5 in Evergreen shrub to 10 ft, leaves 1-2 in, elliptic to ovate Mat-forming peren- nial herb, leaves cuneate to elliptic- cuneate, .25-.5 in Succulent shrub with opposite leaves .25-.75 in Evergreen shrub to 8 ft, leaves ovate to elliptic, .5-3 in Woody vine, leaves ovate, 1-2 in Annual herb to 3.5 ft, leaves divided or parted Annual herb to 3.5 ft, leaves divided or parted Fronds to 4 ft, pin- nately divided Perennial herb to 3.5 ft, leaves lanceolate to ovate, 1-5 in Perennial herb to 8 in tall, leaves op- posite, linear Evergreen shrub to about 4 ft, leaves fleshy, 1-2.5 in Evergreen shrub to 4 ft, leaves linear- spathulate to obo- vate, .75-2.25 in Evergreen tree to 50 ft, leaves Capsule, all year Foliage eaten by deer; nesting cover sites for waterfowl Leaves and stems eaten by deer and rabbits Achene, fall- winter Capsule, all year Probably eaten by deer and waterfowl Fleshy cone, to .8 in, all year Capsule, depressed- Eaten by deer globose, summer- fall Leaves and vine eaten by deer, fruit eaten by raccoon and song- birds Drupe, black summer-winter Achene, borne in heads, all year Seeds probably eaten by birds; foliage probably eaten by deer Achene, borne in heads, all year Seeds eaten by quail arid songbirds; leaves eaten by deer Spore-bearing plant Fronds eaten by deer Achene, summer- fall Vegetation eaten by deer, seeds eaten by waterfowl Capsule, to .1 in all year Achene, borne in heads, all year Achene, borne in heads, all year Drupe, 5-angled, light brown, all Possibly used as nest- ing sites and cover obovate, 2-3 in year Erect, diffuse or Berry low spiny shrub continued Produces long hori- zontal roots with vertical aerating branches forming a network Often forming pure stands An attractive shrub with white sticky flowers Weedy Endemic Flowers yellow Flowers yellow Trunk often short and crown formed by numerous hori- zontal branches SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 199 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Gumbo limbo Hammocks Deciduous tree to Drupe, spring- Foliage is eaten by Bark reddish, in Bursera simaruba 60 ft, leaves com- summer deer, possible value thin scales L.) Sarg. pound with 5 or 7 to other wildlife leaflets Locustberry Pinelands Evergreen shrub or Drupe, greenish Fruit eaten by song- _ Flowers white or Byrsonima cuneata Turcz.) P. Wilson Gray nicker Caesalpinia crista U. American beautyberry Callicarpa americana L. Myrtle-of-the-river Calyptranthes zuzygium L.) Sw. Wild cinnamon Canella alba Murray Jamaica caper tree Capparis L. Bay-leaved caper tree Capparis flexuosa L. Partridge-pea Cassia bahamensis Mill. Partridge-pea Cassia deeringianus & Penne SmaT1 Macbride Love vine Cassytha filiformis L. Australian-pine Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. Sandbur Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis Common buttonbush Cephalanthus ental Sandheath Ceratiola ericoi Michx. Fingergrass Chloris glauca Chapm.) Wood 200 Mangrove swamps and hammocks Pinelands and hammocks Hammocks Hammocks Hammocks cynophallophora Hammocks Pinelands Pinelands Pinelands and swamps Pinelands and everglades Sandy areas Swamps and marshes, edges of ponds Sand pine scrub Marshes and pine- lands small tree to 35 ft, leaves spathulate, -67-1.5 in Straggly shrub with spines, leaves bi- pinnate, about 12 in or more, leaflets numerous Shrub to 7 ft, leaves ovate or el- liptic, 3-6 in Shrub or tree to 40 ft, leaves ellip- tical, 1-2 in Evergreen tree to 25 ft, leaves ob- lanceolate to spathulate, 3-5 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 20 ft, leaves elliptic or oval, 1.5-6 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 25 ft, leaves elliptic, 1- 4.5 in Shrub to 10 ft, leaves pinnately compound, 1-1.67 in Perennial herb, to 3 ft, leaves pinnate- ly coumpound Parasitic yellowish- green vine, leafless Tree to 100 ft or more with slender jointed branches that are equivalent to leaves Perennial grass to 3 ft, leaves slender, elongate Mostly a shrub, rare- ly a tree to 25 ft, leaves opposite, lanceolate Evergreen shrub to 5 ft, leaves needle- like, .33-.5 in Glaucous perennial grass to 5 ft, leaves slender, to 2 ft all year Legume, 1.5-2 in, all year Drupe, purple, summer-winter Berry, subglobose, all year Berry, crimson or black, .5 in wide, summer-winter Capsule, 4-12 in, summer-fa11 Capsule, fleshy, to 4.5 in, summer-fai1 Legume, 2-3 in, all year Legume, 1.33-1.5 in, all year Drupe, globose, all year Cone-like, all year Caryopsis, en- closed in spiny burs, all year Achenes , brown- ish, borne in heads, all year Drupe, yellow, all year Caryopsis, in nu- merous slender spikes, all year continued birds and smal] mam- mals; foliage probably eaten as browse Fruit eaten by song- birds, raccoons and quail; twigs and foliage eaten by deer Fruit probably eaten by wildlife Foliage is eaten by deer; fruit probably eaten by songbirds Seeds probably eaten by birds Seeds probably eaten by small birds Plant eaten by deer Foliage eaten by deer Plant is probably eaten by deer; seeds probably eaten by quail Seeds eaten by quail and waterfowl; twigs and foliage eaten by deer; used as cover by ducks Twigs and leaves eaten by rabbits and deer Seeds probably eaten by quail and other birds pink Endemic Widely naturalized, not native An attractive and unusual looking shrub CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Coco plum Chrysobalanus icaco Le Hammocks, pine- lands and swamps Hammocks and flat- woods Satin leaf Chrysophy11um olivi forme L. Silk grass Pinelands Chrysopsis raminifolia Michx.) E11. Goldaster Chrysopsis scabrella (T. 8G.) R. W. Long Pinelands Purple thistle Cirsium horridulum Michx. Pinelands and open areas Possum-grape Cissus sicyoides L. Hammocks Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum L. Hammocks Sawgrass Cladium jamaicense Crantz Swamps and marshes Tie- tongue Hammocks Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. Sea-grape Coccoloba uvifera t. Mangrove swamps and hammocks Silver palm Coccothrinax argentea Jacq.) Bailey Pinelands Wild coffee Colubrina arborescens (miTT.) Sarg. Hammocks Buttonwood Conocarpus erecta Le Mangroves Conradina Sand pine scrub Conradina grandiflora Sma Geiger tree Cordia sebestina L. Hammocks and pine- lands SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Evergreen shrub or rarely a tree to 25 ft, leaves obo- vate, 1-3.5 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 25 ft, leaves oval, 1-4 in Herbaceous peren- nial to 3.5 ft, leaves grasslike mostly basal Perennial herb to 4 ft, glandular hairy above, stem leaves linear-spathulate to linear Biennial spiny herb to 4 ft, leaves mostly divided with spiny margins Woody vine, leaves ovate or elliptic- ovate, 1-3 in Shrub or tree to 30 ft, leaves elliptic or oblong-ovate, 2-4 in Perennial herb to 10 ft or more, leaves elongate with saw- like teeth on margin Evergreen tree to 80 ft, leaves ovate to obovate, 2-4 in Evergreen, mostly a shrub, but occasion- ally a tree 30 ft, leaves suborbicular, 1.5-8 in Slender tree to 28 ft, leaves in cluster at apex, about 8 ft wide, palmately di- vided, glossy above, silver beneath Shrub or tree to 25 ft, leaves ovate or elliptic, 1.5-4 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 60 ft, leaves elliptic or oval, 2-4 in Evergreen shrub to 3.5 ft, leaves linear Evergreen shrub or tree to 30 ft, leaves ovate, 5-6 in Drupe, fleshy, yellow, red or purple, all year Berry, oval, pur- ple, all year Achene, borne in heads, all year Achene, about .1 in, summer- fall Achene, in heads, spring Berry, black, globose, all year Drupe, brown to purple, all year Achene, brown, beaked, summer- fall Nutlet, enclosed in calyx, summer- fall Nutlet, red, en- closed in fleshy calyx, all year Drupe, globose, summer-fa11 Drupe, purple or black, sub- globose, about 225 in, all year Drupe, borne in heads about 1 in in diameter, all year Nutlet, about .04 in, all year Drupelike, all year continued Leaves eaten by deer; fruit probably eaten by songbirds and small mamma 1s Foliage eaten by deer; fruit probably eaten by songbirds and small mammals Leaves and stems eaten by deer, seeds probably eaten by quail Flowers yellow An attractive plant swhen*the yellow flowers are present Plant eaten by deer; seeds probably eaten by quail Fruit probably eaten by wildlife Fruit eaten by songbirds The characteristic plant of the Ever- glades with large expanses of pure growth Vegetation eaten by deer; seeds eaten by waterfowl and other birds; nesting sites for waterfowl and cover for deer Foliage eaten by deer Fruits are used to make jelly Fruit probably eaten by songbirds Attractive palm Fruit probably eaten by songbirds and small mamma 1s Foliage browsed by deer An attractive shrub Flowers orange, attractive 201 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Tickseed Coreopsis lewtonii Swamps, roadsides and pinelands 9) 8 Stiff cornel Cornus foer Swamps : Pineland croton Pinelands Croton linearis jacq. jl Miterwort Low areas Cynoctonum mitreola -) Britt. i Flatsedge Cyperus spp. i Pinelands Flatsedge Cyperus ligularis Mangrove swamps 6 Flatsedge Mangroves and Cyperus planifolius beaches Richard White-topped umbrella Low areas, pine- grass lands Dichromena colorata L.) Hitche. Florida umbrella grass Pinelands Dichromena floridensis Britt. Buttonweed Moist areas Diodia virginiana lt. Bustic Hammocks and pine- Diphovis salicifolia lands L.) OC. Saltgrass Mangroves and salt Distichlis spicata marshes L.) Greene Pinelands and ham- mocks Varnish tree Dodonea viscosa L.) Jacq. Milk bark Drypetes diver: Krug & Urban Hammocks Guiana plum Drypetes laterifolia Krug & Urban Hammocks 202 Perennial herb to 5 ft, leaves linear, entire or lobed Shrub to 10 ft, leaves elliptic or lanceolate, 2-6 in Shrub to about 6 ft, leaves linear, 1.5- 3 in Annual herb to 2 ft, leaves elliptic lanceolate or ovate, -67-3 in Perennial grasslike plant with triangu- Jar stems, leaves elongate Perennial herb to 3 ft, leaves slender Perennial herb to 3 ft, leaves linear to .4 in wide Perennial herb to 1.5 ft, leaves slender Slender perennial herb, leaves fili- form Low perennial herb, leaves lanceolate to spathulate, 1.5- Sin Evergreen tree to 40 ft, leaves 3-5 in Perennial grass to 2.5 ft, leaves to 6 in Evergreen shrub to 10 ft, leaves spathulate, sticky, 1-4 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 40 ft, leaves oblong, el- liptic or oval, 3-5 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 25 ft, leaves lanceolate to ovate, 3-4 in Achene, borne in heads, summer Drupe, subglobose, about .2 in wide, summer-fal1 Capsule, sub- globose, all year Capsule, all year Achene, borne in terminal panicles, all year Achene, brown, borne in terminal inflorescence with 9 or more rays, all year Achene, black, all year Achene, yellowish, borne in terminal heads, spring-fall Achene, borne in terminal heads, all year Nutlet, about .25 in, all year Berry, nearly globose, black, all year Caryopsis, in dense panicle, all year Capsule, 3- winged, all year Orupe, ovoid, white, summer Orupe, subglobose, red, spring- summer continued Seeds probably eaten by Rays and disk quail yellow Foliage eaten by deer; fruit eaten by quail and songbirds Foliage probably eaten by deer; seeds probably eaten by birds Foliage eaten by deer; seeds and tubers eaten by quail, ground dove, waterfowl and songbirds Foliage probably eaten by deer; seeds probably eaten by wildlife Same as C. ligularis Rhizomatous, bracts whitish at base Seeds eaten by quail Endemic, bracts same as D. colorata whitish at base Seeds eaten by quail and probably by turkey; vegetation eaten by deer Foliage eaten by deer; fruit probably eaten by songbirds and small mammals May form extensive pure stands Plants eaten by deer; seed heads, rootstocks and young plants eaten by waterfowl; nesting sites for waterfowl! and other birds Fruit probably eaten by songbirds and small mamma s Same as D. CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Balsamscale Pinelands, prairies Perennial grass to Caryopsis, from Rhizomatous Elyonurus tripsacoides 3.5 ft, blades elon- spicate racemes, Humb. & BonpT. ex Willd. gate summer-fal1 Sugarcane plume grass Glades and banks Perennial grass to Caryopsis, in Seeds probably eaten Rhizomatous Erianthus giganteus 10 ft, leaves 2-6 in large terminal by quail Walt.) Muh). wide panicles, fall- winter Southern fleabane Open areas Perennial herb to Achene, borne in Plant probably eaten One of the most com Erigeron quercifolius 2.5 ft, basal leaves heads, spring- by deer; seeds prob- mon roadside weeds Lam. to 6 in, upper summer ably eaten by wildlife smaller Hat pin | Pine flatwoods Perennial herb, Capsule, in white Plant eaten by deer as Eriocaulon decangulare leaves basal, linear, heads, summer browse L. scapes to 3.5 ft Fragrant eryngium Pinelands Perennial herb with Mericarp, all Eryngium aromaticum sprawling stems to year Baldw. 2 ft; leaves deeply dissected Button snakeroot Pinelands and Perennial herb to 3 Mericarp, borne Flowers white Eryngium yuccifolium low areas ft, leaves linear, in heads, summer- var. synchaetum with parallel veins, fall Gray the margins spine tipped Coral bean Pinelands Mostly a shrub, oc- Legume, 4-6 in, Eaten as browse by The bright red Erythrina herbacea casionally a tree seeds, bright red, deer flowers in spikes L. to 30 ft, leaves summer-fa11 are attractive with 3 leaflets White stopper Hammocks Evergreen tree to Berry, black, all Foliage eaten by deer Eugenia axillaris 30 ft, leaves oval, year Sw.) Willd. 1-3 in Spanish stopper Hammocks Evergreen tree to Berry, globose, Same as E. axillaris. Eugenia myrtoides 40 ft, leaves obo- dark red to black, Poir. vate, 1.25-2.5 in all year Dog fennel Disturbed areas Perennial herb to Achene, borne in Plant eaten by deer; Unattractive weed Eupatorium 7 ft, leaves mostly heads, summer- seeds probably eaten capillifolium finely dissected fall by wildlife Lam.) Smat Mistflower Low areas, swamps Perennial herb to Achene, borne in Same as E. Flowers blue, at- Eupatorium coelestinum and glades 4 ft, leaves ovate- heads, all year capillifolium tractive L. deltoid, 2-4 in Semaphore eupatorium Low areas, swamps Perennial herb to Achene, borne in Same as Eupatorium mikanioides and marshes 3.5 ft, leaves heads, all year capi Chapm. ovate to deltoid, fleshy, 1.5-2.5 in Villous eupatorium Pinelands and Shrub to 7 ft, Achene, borne in Same as E. Eupatorium villosum hammocks leaves ovate, .75-3 heads, all year capillifolium Sw. in Spurge Pinelands Perennial herb to Capsule, all year Seeds probably eaten Sap milky Euphorbia polyphylla 1 ft with numerous by birds Engel. linear leaves to about .5 in Inkwood Hammocks Evergreen tree to Berry, juicy, dark Exothea paniculata 50 ft, leaves with _ purple, spring- Juss.) Radik. 2-4 elliptic leaf- summer lets, 2-5 in Strangler fig Hammocks Tree to 60 ft, often Berrylike, but Fruit probably eaten Seedling plants Ficus aurea beginning as a para- composed of small by wildlife emit aerial roots Nut’ site, leaves ellip- drupes inside of which coalesce and tic or oval, 2-5 in receptacle, about "strangle" the .63 in wide, host tree all year continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 203 39 Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Wild banyan tree Ficus citrifolia Mi Flaveria Flaveria latifolia J. R. Johnston) Rydb. Flaveria Flaveria linearis Lag. Pineland privet Forestiera pinetorum ‘Sma’ Carolina ash Fraxinus caroliniana MiTT. Milkpea Galactia regularis L.) BSP. Chew stick Gouania lupuloides L.) Urban Velvetseed Guettarda scabra Vent. Crabwood Gymnanthes lucida Sw. Frostweed Helianthemum nashii Britt. Pinelard heliotrope Hel iotropi um polyphyT Tum Lehm. Hippocratea Hippocratea volubilis L. Manchineel Hippomane manicinella L. Spider lily Hymenocallis latifolia Mi1T.) Roem. St. John's-wort Hypericum fasciculatum Lam. St. Jofhn's-wort Hypericum myrtifolium Lam. Musky mint tis alata Raf.) Shinners Hammocks, pine- lands and swamps Pinelands, low areas Swamps and ham- mocks Pinelands Swamps Pinelands Hammocks and man- groves Pinelands and hammocks Hammocks Sand pine scrub Swamps and pine- lands Hammocks Mangrove swamps and coastal ham- mocks ‘Swamps. Low areas Pinelands Low areas Evergreen tree to 40 ft, leaves alter- nate, elliptic or ovate, 2-4 in Perennial herb to 3 ft, leaves linear, 1-4 in Perennial herb or somewhat shrubby to 3 ft, leaves nar- rowly linear, 1-4 in Evergreen shrub to 10 ft, leaves el- liptic, about 1 in Deciduous tree to 50 ft, leaves opposite, 7-12 in with 5 or 7 leaflets Herbaceous perennial with numerous pros- trate or climbing stems to 3 ft, leaves pinnately compound, 2-3 in Vine with tendrils, leaves ovate to el- liptic, 2-4 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 30 ft, leaves elliptic or ovate, 2-5 in Evergreen tree to 35 ft, leaves 2-3 in Perennial herb to 1.5 ft, leaves el- liptic, to about 1 in Perennial herb us- ually less than 1 ft, leaves linear to el- liptic, .4-.8 in Woody evergreen vine climbing to 60 ft, leaves elliptic to ovate, 2-6 in Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 ft, leaves elliptic ovate or oval, 3-4 in Perennial herb, leaves basal, strap- like, to 2.5 ft Evergreen shrub to 10 ft, leaves linear to .75 in Evergreen shrub to 3 ft, leaves ovate, about 1 in long Perennial herb to 7 ft, stem 4-angled, leaves lanceolate to ovate, 1-3 in Berrylike aggre- gate, bright red, subglobose, all year Fruit eaten by song- birds and small mam- mals Achene, borne in heads, all year Achene, borne in heads, all year Drupe, black spring-summer Foliage browsed by deer Samara, broad and Foliage eaten by deer; flattened, to 3 fruit eaten by quail in, summer-fall and probably other birds and small mammals Legume, to 1.5 in, Plant probably eaten all year by deer; seeds eaten by quail Drupe, 3-winged to .5 in, summer- fall Fruit probably eaten by songbirds Drupe, purple all year Capsule, 3-lobed, about .33 in wide, summer Seeds probably eaten by quail Capsule, spring- summer Nutlet, borne in 4's, all year Capsule, 1.5-3 in, winter-summer Drupe, yellow- green, all year Plant probably eaten by deer Capsule, ovoid, spring-summer Capsule, summer- winter Foliage eaten by deer; seeds probably eaten by quail Capsule, summer- fall Foliage probably browsed by deer Nutlet, borne in heads, all year continued Flowers yellow Flowers yellow Flowers purple Endemic Flowers white or yellow, conspicuous Sap poisonous caus- ing an allergenic reaction With bulb, white flowers Flowers yellow Flowers yellow CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Dahoon Swamps Evergreen shrub or —Drupe, red or yel- Foliage eaten by deer; Attractive plant Ilex cassine tree to 30 ft, leaves lowish, globose, fruit eaten by quail tL. oblanceolate or el- — summer-winter and probably other wild- liptic, 1.5-3 in life Inkberry Pinelands Evergreen shrub to Drupe, black, Same as I. cassine Often forming dense Hex glabra 6 ft, leaves ob- summer-winter stands (.) Gray lanceolate, .5-2 in Tawnyberry holly Hammocks Evergreen shrub or —Drupe, black or Foliage probably eaten Lex krugiana Loes. Rush Juncus marginatus Smal] Needlegrass rush Juncus roemerianus Scheele Salt marsh mallow Kosteletzkya virginica L.) Pres? ex Gray Black ironwood Krugiodendron ferreum Vah Urban Red-root Lachnanthes caroliniana Lam.) Darby White mangrove Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. f. Gopher apple Licania michauxii Prance Flax Linum carteri Smal Capeweed Lippia nodiflora Michx. Fogfruit Lippia stoechadifolia HBK. Marsh purslane Ludwigia repens Forst. Christmas berry Lycium carolinianum Walt. Pine flatwoods Marshes and swamps Low ground, marshes Hammocks Low areas, pine- Jands Mangrove swamps Pinelands Pinelands Low areas Everglades and pinelands Swamps, often in water Coastal areas SELECTED PLANT SPECIES tree to 35 ft, el- liptic to ovate, 2-3 in Perennial herb to 3 ft, leaves flat Perennial herb to 5 ft, culms stiff, needle-like, lower leaves with sheaths only Herb to 3 ft tall Shrub or small tree to 30 ft, leaves oval to ovate, 1-1.5 in Perennial herb to 3 ft, leaves mostly in lower part of stem, linear Evergreen shrub or tree to 60 ft, leaves oblong, oval or ob- ovate, 1-3 in Evergreen shrub to 1 ft, leaves oblanceo- late or obovate, 1.5- 4.5 in Annual herb to 2 ft, leaves linear, to lin Perennial herb most- ly prostrate with erect flower bearing stems, leaves obovate to oblanceolate, to 2 in Shrub to 1.5 ft, leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1-4.5 in Perennial herb, leaves elliptic to ovate, .8-1.5 in Spiny shrub to 6 ft, leaves thick, to about .75 in purple, winter- spring Capsule, brown, spring-summer Capsule, brown, winter-spring Capsule, al] year Drupe, black, spring-summer Capsule, summer Drupe, reddish- brown, all year Drupe, yellowish, ovoid, about 1 in, summer- fal] Capsule, ovoid spring-summer Nutlet, all year Nutlet, all year Capsule, spring- fall Berry, bright red, all year continued by deer; fruit prob- ably eaten by birds and smal] mammals Vegetation probably eaten by deer and rab- bits; seeds probably eaten by waterfowl and quail Same as J. marginatus Fruit probably eaten by songbirds Plant eaten as browse by deer Foliage eaten by deer; nesting site for waterfowl Foliage eaten by deer; fruit eaten by turtles and smal] mammals Seeds probably eaten by quail Seeds eaten by scrub jay and probably other birds Seeds probably eaten by songbirds Plant probably eaten by waterfowl Forming extensive pure stands Flowers greenish- yellow From bloodred rhi- zomes Forming extensive colonies from underground rhi- zomes Often mat-forming ‘in water 205 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Stagger-bush Pinelands Evergreen shrub to Capsule, summer- Foliage probably eaten Flowers white Lyonia fruticosa 10 ft, leaves ovate fall by deer Michx.) G. S. Torr. to oblanceolate, 1,5-2.33 in Fetter-bush lyonia Pinelands Evergreen shrub to Capsule, sub- An attractive shrub Lyonia lucida 7 ft, leaves el- globose, summer- with white or pink- Lam.) K. Koch liptic to oblong- fall ish flowers ovate, 1-3 in Wild tamarind Hammocks Tree to 65 ft with Legume, 8 in, all Foliage browsed by deer Lysiloma latisiliqua L.) Benth. Loosestrife Lythrum flagellare Shuttlew. Sweet bay magnolia Magnolia virginiana L. Wild dilly Manilkara bahamensis Baker) Lam. & Meeuse Sapodilla Manilkara zapoda (L.) Royer Wild mastic Mas tichodendron foetidissimum Jacq.) Cronq. Cajeput tree Melaleuca quinquenervia Cav.) Blake Poi sonwood Metopium toxiferum TL.) krug @ Urban Climbing hempweed Mikania scandens L.) Willd. Key grass Monanthochloe Tittoralis EngeTm. Indian mulberry Morinda royoc L. Muhly Low ground and swamps Swamps and low woods Hammocks Hammocks Hammocks Low areas, glades Hammocks and pine- lands Low areas Coastal areas Hammocks and pine- lands Pinelands and Muhlenbergia capillaris prairies Lam.) Trin. Southern wax-myrtle Myrica cerifera L. 206 Hammocks, swamps and pinelands wide spreading crown, leaves doubly com- pound with 20-40 leaflets Perennial, stems creeping, leaves el- liptic to orbicular, to .4 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 65 ft, leaves leathery, pale be- neath, 3-6 in Shrub or small tree to about 30 ft, leaves elliptic, 1.5-4 in Small evergreen tree, leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, 2-6 in Tree to 80 ft, ever- green, leaves ellip- tic to ovate, 1.5- 6 in Evergreen tree to 50 ft, with soft spongy bark, leaves elliptic 2-4.5 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 45 ft, leaves with 3-7 ovate leaf- lets Herbaceous perennial vine, leaves deltoid or ovate, 1-3.5 in Perennial grass to 1 ft, leaves linear, about .5 in wide Evergreen shrub to 10 ft, leaves ob- lanceolate to ellip- tic, 2-4 in Densely tufted peren- nial grass, leaves slender and elongate Evergreen shrub or tree to 40 ft, leaves obovate to linear- spathulate, 1.5-4 in year Capsule, all year Cone-like, summer- fall Berry, brownish, about 1 in or more wide, spring or fall Berry, ellipsoid or globose, 2-3.5 in, brown, all year Berry, ovoid or globose, juicy, yellow, all year Capsule, 1.25-2 in short-cylindrical, all year Drupe, all year Achene, borne in heads, all year Caryopsis, reddish brown, all year Drupe, fused in globose structure Leaves and twigs eaten by deer; seeds eaten by quail and songbirds Foliage browsed by deer; fruit probably eaten by wildlife Plant possibly eaten by deer Fruit probably eaten by songbirds and smal] mammals Little value to wild- life Plant browsed by deer about 1 in in diam- eter, all year Caryopsis, borne in elongate pani- cle, summer-fall Drupe, waxy glo- bose, summer- winter continued Seeds probably eaten by quail and turkey Fruit eaten by deer, waterfowl, quail and other birds and small mammals; songbird nesting sites; escape cover and loafing sites for ducks Endemic Attractive tree Naturalized from Central America Introduced from Australia; now a pest tree, particu- larly in the Ever- glades Sap and all parts may be a contact poison to people Creeping from rhi- zomes; important in colonizing tidal flats Fruit has been used in the manufacture of candles CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.2 | (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Myrsine Myrsine guianensis Aubl.) Ktze. Giant sword fern see biserrata chott Boston fern Nephrolepis exaltata L.) Schott White water lily peehaee odorata t. Prickly pear ae compressa alisb.) Macbride Royal fern Osmunda regalis L. Palafoxia Palafoxia feayi Gray Panic-grass Panicum spp. L. Switchgrass Panicum virgatum L. Papaya Papaya carica L. Paronychia Paronychia americana Nutt.) Fenzl ex Walp. Virginia creeper Parthenocissus juinquefolia UL.) Planch. Paspalum Paspalum monostachyum Vasey Paspalum Paspalum setaceum Michx. Red bay Persea borbonia L.) Spreng. Prairie clover Petalostemum carneum Michx. Hammocks and pine- lands Hammocks and swamps Various moist sites Aquatic, in ditches and ponds Sandy areas and Pinelands Wet places Pinelands Pinelands and swamps Pinelands Hammocks Sand pine areas, sandy sites Swamps and ham- mocks Pinelands Pinelands Hammocks, swamps and pinelands Pinelands and prairies SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Evergreen shrub or tree to 20 ft, leaves obovate-oblong to el- liptic, 2.25-4 in Fronds to 5 ft, pin- nate Fronds to 5 ft, once pinnate Herbaceous perennial, leaves circular, cleft at base, long- vetiolate Fleshy and general] spiny perennial wit! scale-like leaves Fronds to 3 ft, twice pinnate, segments oblong-lanceolate, to 2 in Perennial herb or shrub to 7 ft, leaves elliptic, 2-3 in Perennial grass often with rosette, leaves linear or rarely broader Perennial grass to 5 ft, leaves elongate about .25 in Stems simple, to 20 ft, leaves at apex, 7-lobed Herbaceous perennial with trailing stems to 1.5 ft, leaves elliptic or lanceo- late Woody climbing vine with tendrils, leaves palmately compound with 5 leaflets Perennial grass to 3 ft, leaves rigid to 2 ft Perennial grass to 3 ft, blades to about 1 ft Evergreen shrub or tree to 65 ft, leaves alternate, simple, aromatic, 4-8 in Perennial herb with pinnately compound leaves with 5-9 nar- row leaflets Berry, all year Spore-bearing plant Spore-bearing plant Berrylike, de- pressed globose all year Berry, obovoid, reddish or purple, spring-summer Spore-bearing plant Achene, borne in heads, all year Caryopsis, borne in panicles, spring-fall, or all year Caryopsis, borne in panicles, sum- mer-fal] Berry, all year Capsule, ovoid, spring-fall Berry, dark blue or black, about .2 in wide, summer- fall Caryopsis, borne ‘in racemes Caryopsis, borne in racemes Drupe, globose, dark blue or black, all year Legume, about .1 in, spring-fall continued Fruit probably eaten by songbirds Fronds probably eaten by deer Same as N. biserrata Seeds, stems, root- stocks eaten by water- fowl, shorebirds and marshbirds Plant eaten by deer and probably other wild- life Fronds eaten by deer and black bear Plant eaten by deer; seeds eaten by quail, ground dove, turkey, waterfowl and other birds Plant eaten by deer; seeds eaten by quail and probably other birds Fruit probably eaten by songbirds and smal) mammals Plant eaten by deer; fruit eaten by quail, songbirds and probably smal] mammals Plant probably eaten by deer and rabbits; seeds probably eaten by birds Same as P. monostachyum Foliage browsed by deer; seeds eaten by quail, fish crow and probably other birds Plant eaten by deer; seeds probably eaten by wildlife Rhizome stolon- iferous Flowers white or pinkish Corolla yellow Endemic, flowers white Numerous species in area Rhizomatous, clump- forming From scaly rhizomes Numerous stems from woody taproot, an attractive plant when pink flowers present 207 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat. Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Bitter bush ramnia pentandra Sw Hammocks Sand pine Pinus clausa Sarg. Sand pine scrub South Florida slash pine Pinelands Pinus elliottii var. densa LittTe & Dorman Jamaica-dogwood Hammocks and pine- Piscidia piscipula lands TL.) Sarg. Devil's claws Hammocks Pisonia aculeata L. Cat-claw Hammocks Pithecellobium keyense Britt. ex Coker Marsh fleabane Pluchea rosea R. Kk. Godfreg Low areas, pine- Tands White bachelor's button Low areas, pine- Polygala baldwinii lands Nutt. Polygala Pinelands Nutt. Polygala Low areas, pine- Polygala grandiflora lands Walt. Polygala Low pinelands Polygala nana Michx.) DC. Jointweed Sandy pinelands Polygonella polygama Vent.) Engelm. & Gray Low ground, often near water Water smartweed Polygonum punctatum ETT. Golden polypody Polypodium aureum L. Epiphytic on cab- bage palms Pickerelweed Swamps and marshes, Pontederia lanceolata often aquatic Nutt. 208 Evergreen shrub or tree to 20 ft, leaves odd-pinnate, 8-14 in with 5-9 leaflets Evergreen tree to 80 ft, bark smooth and reddish, leaves nee- dle-like, 1.5-3 in, 2 per fascicle Evergreen tree to 100 ft, bark scaly, needles 6-12 in, 2 or 3 per fascicle Shrub or tree to 30 ft, leaves odd- pinnate with 5-9 elliptic or ovate leaflets Woody climbing vine with branched thorns, leaves ovate or el- liptical, leaves 1-3 in Shrub or small tree to 20 ft, usually with thorns, leaves bipinnate Perennial herb to 3 ft, leaves oblong to obovate, 1.5-2.25 in Herb to 2 ft, lower leaves spathulate to obovate, upper lanceolate Perennial herb to 1.5 ft with numerous stems from base, leaves whorled Perennial herb to 1.5 ft, leaves alter- nate, variable Biennial herb to 7 in, leaves mostly basal, spathulate to obovate Perennial, becoming woody and up to 2 ft, often diffusely branched leaves fili- form to spathulate, +4-1.2 in Annual herb with stems to 3 ft, leaves linear, to 8 in Fronds to 2 ft long and 1.25 ft wide with broad lobes Perennial herb to 3 ft, leaves with long petioles, blade most- ly lanceolate, to 8 in Berry, ellipsoid- al, red becoming black, spring- summer Cone, about 2 in, seed about .17 in, all year Cone, 3-6 in, seed about .25 in Legume, 1-2.5 in, seeds dark brown, all year Anthocarp, cylin- drical, about .33 in, all year Legume, coiled, 2-6 in, seeds black, all year Achene, borne in heads, all year Capsule, all year Capsule, all year Capsule, all year Capsule, all year Achene, 3-angled, enclosed in calyx, summer-fal1 Achene, 3-angled or lens-shaped, all year Spore-bearing plant Utricle, sticky, all year continued Fruit probably eaten by songbirds Needles browsed by deer; Attractive, gener- seeds used by quail, ally small pine turkey and other birds; nesting cover for songbirds Needles browsed by deer; seeds eaten by quail, ground dove and song- birds Has been used as a fish-poison Foliage browsed by deer Endemic Plant eaten by deer Flowers pinkish Plants probably eaten by deer; seeds prob- ably eaten by birds Same as P. baldwinii © Flowers whitish Same as P. baldwinii Flowers greenish to purple Same as P. baldwinii Flowers green or rear yellow Plant probably browsed by deer; seeds prob- ably eaten by quail Plants probably eaten by deer and raccoon; seeds eaten by quail, birds and probably smal] mammals With a creeping brownish rhizome about .5 in or more in diameter Fronds browsed by deer Plant browsed by deer; Flowers blue seeds eaten by water- fowl CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.2_ (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Mermaid weed Proserpinaca pectinata Lam. West Indian cherry Prunus myrtifolia Le Wild coffee Psychotria undata Jacq. Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum var. caudatum (L.) Sadebeck Blackroot Pterocaulon cnostachyum Michx. at Chapman's oak Quercus chapmanii Sarg. Myrtle oak Quercus myrtifolia Willd. Owarf oak luercus pumila Walt. Live oak Quercus virginiana Mill. White indigo-berry Randia aculeata U. Darling plum Moist areas Hammocks Hammocks and pine- Tands Pinelands Pinelands Sand pine scrub Sand pine scrub Pinelands Sandy soil, coast- al dunes and oak scrub Hammocks Hammocks and dunes Reynosia septentrionalis Urban Rubber vine Rhabdadenia biflora Jacq.) Muell. Meadow-beauty Rhexia alifanus Walt. Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle Le Mangroves Pinelands Mangrove swamps Low herbs with simple stems, submerged leaves finely divided into narrow segments, emersed leaves deeply lobed Evergreen tree to 50 ft, leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, 2.5- 5 in Branching evergreen shrub to 10 ft, leaves elliptic to oblong Fronds to 8 ft, often less, tripinnate with numerous segments Perennial herb to 2.5 ft, stems woolly, leaves narrowly el- liptic or lanceolate Tree to 50 ft with stout branches, leaves oblong to spathulate, pale or whitish beneath, 2- 4 in Shrub or tree to 40 ft, leaves ovate or obovate, 1-2.5 in Shrub to 2 or 3 ft, leaves elliptic to obovate, 2.5-5 in Tree to 90 ft tall Spiny shrub or small tree to 10 ft, leaves obovate to nearly round, 1-2 in Evergreen shrub or small tree to 25 ft, leaves elliptic to ovate or obovate, 1-1.5 in Evergreen vine, leaves obovate or oblong, 2- 3.5 in Perennial herb, leaves opposite, 3-5 nerved Evergreen shrub or tree to 20 ft, leaves elliptic, 3-5 in Nutlet, 3-angled, spring-fall Drupe, black or purplish, globose, about .4 in wide, winter-spring Drupe, red, ellip- soid, about .25 in, summer-fa11 Spore-bearing plants Achene, borne in heads in spikes, spring-fall Acorn, about 1 in, summer-fal] Acorn, about .5 in, summer-winter Acorn, about .5 in, ovoid, summer- winter Acorn, summer- fall Berry ovoid to subglobose, white or greenish-white, all year Drupe, ovoid, dark purple, summer Follicle, 5-6 in, all year Capsule, spring- fall Berry, germinating on tree, all year continued SELECTED PLANT SPECIES Plant eaten by deer Foliage probably browsed by deer; fruit and buds probably eaten by birds Leaves have a cher ry odor when crushed and smal] mammals Foilage eaten by deer; fruit probably eaten by songbirds Fronds browsed by deer Arising from elon- gate rhizome, does well after repeated burning Leaves and stems eaten by deer Acorns eaten by deer, birds, black bear and sma11 mammals; buds eaten by birds; bark and wood eaten by black bear Acorns eaten by deer; quail, turkey, songbirds and small mammals; buds eaten by quail and turkey Acorns eaten by deer; quail, turkey, black bear, songbirds and smal] mam- mals; buds eaten by quail and turkey; bark and wood eaten by black bear Acorns eaten by deer; quail, turkey, songbirds and smal] mammals; buds eaten by quail and turkey Fruit probably eaten by Flower white songbirds Fruit pleasantly flavored With milky sap Plant browsed by deer Foliage browsed by deer; nesting cover for waterfowl Forming impenetra- ble thickets with numerous arching roots 209 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Poison ivy Hammocks, pinelands Vine or shrub, leaves Drupe, white, sum- Twigs and foliage All parts of plant Rhus radicans and swamps with 3 leaflets, 1-8 mer-fall browsed by deer; fruit cause an allergenic L. in used by quail, turkey reaction in most and songbirds people Beak rush Wet areas Perennial herb to 3. Achene, with elon- Seeds eaten by water- Rhynchospora corniculata ft or more, leaves gate tubercle, fowl Lam.) Gray linear, to .75 in summer-fa11 wide Beak rush Pinelands Perennial herb to 2 Achene, obovoid, Plant probably browsed Rhynchospora grayii ft, leaves linear, summer by deer Kuntl about .1 in wide Beak rush White sand and Rhizomatous peren- Achene Rhynchospora coastal dunes nial to 3 ft tall mega locarpa Gray Royal palm Swamps and ham- Columnar palm to 125 Drupe, globular, Fruit eaten by songbirds Attractive palm a elata rtr.) F. Harper Cabbage palmetto Sabal jalmetto Walt.) Lodd. ex Schult. Marsh-pink Sabatia grandiflora Gray) SmalT Annual glasswort Salicornea bigelovii Torr. Coastal plain willow Salix caroliniana Michx. Water pimpernel Samolus ebracteatus HBK. Southern soapberry Sapindus saponaria L. Pennyroyal Satureja rigida Bartr. ex Benth. Brazilian pepper tree Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi White sunnybell Schoenolirion elliottii Gray Whitewood Schoepfia schreberi J. F. Gmel. 210 mocks Hammocks, swamps, prairies and pine- Jands Low areas Mangroves Low areas Moist areas Hammocks Pinelands Pinelands and swamps Swamps and pineland Hammocks ft, leaves in termi- nal clusters, pinnate to 10 ft Tree to 65 ft, trunk columnar, leaves in terminal cluster pal- mately divided, to 10 ft Perennial herb to 3-4 ft, leaves fili- form, 1.5-4 in Fleshy annual to 2 ft with jointed, op- posite branching stems, leaves reduced to scales Shrub or tree to 35 ft, leaves lanceolate to lanceovate, whit- ish beneath, about 1 ‘in wide Perennial herb to 1.5 ft, leaves most- ly basal, thick, spathulate to obo- vate, 1-4 in Evergreen tree to 30 ft, leaves with 4-9 leaflets 2-4 in long Evergreen shrub to 2.5 ft, leaves lance- olate, .2-.5 in Evergreen shrub or tree to 20 ft, leaves pinnately com- pound with 3-11 lan- ceolate to elliptic leaflets .75-1.75 in Perennial herb with basal rosette of leaves .1-.2 in wide, scape to 2 ft Evergreen or late de- ciduous shrub or tree to 30 ft, leaves ovate, .8-2.5 in violet-blue, sum- mer-fall Drupe, depressed globose, black, summer-winter Capsule, all year Utricle, seeds black, summer- fall Capsule, spring Capsule, summer Berry, globose, yellow-brown, all year Nutlet, all year Drupe, red or orange-red, all year Capsule, summer Drupe, scarlet, all year continued and mammals Fruit eaten by deer, black bear and raccoon Stems, leaves and seeds eaten by waterfowl] Foliage eaten by deer; seeds eaten by quail; bark, buds and wood eaten by rabbits Fruit probably eaten by songbirds and smal] mam- mals Plant browsed by deer Little value to wild- life Fruit probably eaten by songbirds Very attractive plant Endemic, attractive flowers pink with yellow eye Willow-heads in the Everglades are a favorite site for alligators Flowers white Flower light pur- ple, leaves have been used to make a tea Introduced from tropical America; an undesirable pest tree Flowers white or yellowish, attrac- tive CHAPTER 2 a PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Saw palmetto Serenoa repens Bartr.) SmalT Paradise tree Simaruba glauca oC. Greenbrier Smilax auriculata Walt. Greenbrier Smilax havanensis Jacq. Laurel-leaved greenbrier Smilax laurifolia L. Cankerberry Solanum bahamense L. Potato tree Solanum erianthum D. Don. Goldenred Solidago microcephala Greene) Bush Goldenrod Solidago sempervirens t. Necklace pod Sophora tomentosa L. Cordgrass Spartina bakeri Merr. Ladies'-tresses Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray Stillingia Stillingia aquatica Chapm.. Pinelands, prairies Stems generally sub- Drupe, subglobose, and glades Pinelands Hammocks Hammocks, swamps and pinelands Pinelands and ham- mocks Pinelands Hammocks Hammocks Swamps and pine- lands Low areas Hammocks Open low areas, pinelands Dry to moist, sil- iceous, fields, clearings and swales Low wet areas terranean, leaves in bluish black, cluster, palmately sumner-winter divided, to 3 ft wide, petioles with saw- like teeth Perennial grass to Caryopsis, in cyl- 3.5 ft, leaves slen- indric panicles, der all year Evergreen tree 50 ft Drupe, purple or or more, leaves even scarlet, ovoid, pinnately compound, 6- all year 10 in, 10-14 leaflets Climbing woody ever- Berry, bluish- green vine, leaves black, all year 1.25-3.25 in Climbing woody ever- Berry, black, all green vine, leaves year elliptic to subor- bicular, 1.5-2.5 in Climbing woody ever- Berry, black, all green vine, leaves year lanceolate to oblong- ovate, 2-4 in Evergreen shrub to Berry, red, glo- 6.5 ft, leaves 2.5-5 bose, about .33 in in, lanceolate to in diameter, all oblong year Shrub or small tree Berry, globose, to 12 ft, leaves yellow, all year ovate or obovate, 4-12 in Perennial herb to 3. Achene, borne in ft, leaves linear heads arranged in to filiform, 1.2-2.5 flat-topped in- in florescences, summer-fa11 Perennial herb to 7 Achene, borne in ft or more, basal heads arranged in leaves 4-16 in, re- elongate inflor- duced above escences, all year Shrub to 10 ft, leaves Legume, 2.5-6 in, odd-pinnate to’8 in all year with 13-21 leaflets Perennial grass to 7 Caryopsis, from ft, leaves narrow several overlap- involute and rigid ping spikes, sum- mer-fall Herb to 3 ft tall Minute, May-Sept. Shrub to 5 ft with Capsule, spring- linear leaves fall continued Fruit eaten by deer, quail, turkey and rac- coons; roosting cover for turkey Plant eaten by rabbits; seeds eaten by quail, turkey, ground dove and other birds Foliage browsed by deer; fruit probably eaten by other wildlife Fruit eaten by deer, With woody root- quail and turkey; vines stocks and leaves browsed by deer Foliage and stems prob- With woody root- ably eaten by deer; stocks fruit probably eaten by quail, songbirds and smal] mammals Same as S. auriculata With tuberous woody rootstock Foliage probably eaten by deer; fruit probably eaten by songbirds and raccoon Same as S. bahamense Flowers white Foliage probably eaten Flowers yellow by deer and rabbits; seeds probably eaten by quail, songbirds and rabbits Same as S. microcephala Flowers yellow Flowers bright yel- low Plants probably eaten Forming dense stands by deer; leaves and rootstocks eaten by waterfowl and other birds; seeds eaten by songbirds; cover for waterfowl and marsh birds Leaves eaten by deer; seeds eaten by quail SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 211 39 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades Table 4110-39.2 (Continued) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Stipulicida Sand pine scrub Perennial herb to 8 Capsule, spring- Little value to wild- bese setacea in with basal rosette fall life because of its Michx. and slender wirelike size branching stems Sea blite Mangroves Perennial herb to 3. Utricle, seed Suaeda linearis ft, densely branched, smooth and shiny, TETT.) Mog. leaves round in cross- spring-fall section to 2 in West Indian mahogany Hammocks Evergreen tree to 60 Capsule, dark red- Foliage browsed by deer Formerly an import- Swietiana mahogani L.) Jacq. Pond baldcypress Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Swamps, savannas ft, leaves even- pinnately compound, 4- 7 in, with 3 or 4 pairs of leaflets Tree to 120 ft, leaves slender, ap- pressed, .2-.4 in dish brown, 3-4 in, seeds winged, sum- mer-winter Foliage eaten by deer and black bear, seeds eaten by turkey and waterfowl; roosting cover for turkey Cones, globose, summer-winter ant timber tree Attractive tree Baldcypress ‘Swamps Tree to 100 or more Cones, .75-1 in Foliage eaten by deer, Attractive tree Taxodium distichum ft, leaves linear, wide, globose, seeds eaten by water- with "knees" often L.) Richard «5-.75 in summer-winter fowl and turkey; foli- present age probably eaten by black bear; roosting cover for turkey Tetrazygia Hammocks and pine- Evergreen shrub or Berry, purplish, Fruit probably eaten An attractive shrub Tetrazygia bicolor (TT Cogn. Arrow-root Thalia geniculata Le Southern marsh fern Thelypteris palustris var. haleana Fern. Seaside mahoe Thespea populnea L.) Soland. ex Correa Brittle thatch " Thrinax microcarpa Sarg. Florida thatch palm Thrinax parviflora ‘Swe Air plant Tillandsia spp. L. lands Wet areas, swamps, marshes Moist places, ham- mocks Mangrove swamps and coastal areas Sandy pinelands and hammocks Hammocks and shores Hammocks, swamps, pineland small tree, leaves lanceolate or lance- ovate, silvery be- neath, 3-8 in Perennial herb to 10 ft, basal leaves to 20 in Fronds to 3 ft, pin- nae linear, 2-3.5 in Evergreen shrub or small tree, leaves ovate or cordate, 2-8 in Stocky palm to 30-35 ft with cluster of long-petioled leaves at apex, blades pal- mately lobed, green above, silvery below Tree to 30 ft tall Epiphyte with basal rosette summer by songbirds Indehiscent seed Fruit probably eaten oblong-ovoid, about by waterfowl .2 in, summer-fall Spore-bearing plant Capsule, all year Orupe, round, summer-winter Fruit probably eaten by songbirds Mature fruit, 2 in in diameter Capsule, all year Foliage eaten by deer Trema Pinelands and ham- Shrub or tree to 80 Drupe, orange or Fruit probably eaten Trema micrantha mocks ft, leaves oblong- yellow, ovoid, by ‘songbirds T.) Blume lanceolate, 2.5-5 in all year Florida gamagrass Rock crevices in Perennial grass to 3 Caryopsis, in ter- Plant and seeds prob- Forming dense col- onies from strong rhizomes Colonial from slend- er elongate creep- ing rhizomes Attractive plants often sought after by people Rhizomatous, en- Tripsacum floridanum pinelands ft, commonly purplish minal spikes, all ably eaten by wildlife demic Porter ex Vasey leaves to 8 in year Shiny blueberry Pinelands Shrub to 4 ft, much Berry, globose, Fruit, twigs and foli- Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. branched, leaves ever- blue-black, spring age eaten by deer, prob- green, .2-.8 in, obo- vate to oblanceolate ably by black bear and smal] mammals; fruit eaten by songbirds, quail and turkey 212 CHAPTER 2 PROVINCE 4110 Everglades 39 Table 4110-39.2 (Concluded) Species Habitat Form Fruit General wildlife use Notes Crown-beard Pinelands, sandy Perennial herb to 5 Achene, summer- Seeds probably eaten by Verbesina laciniata soil ft, leaves deeply fall wildlife Poir.) Nutt. lobed, 6-8 in ovate- elliptic in shape Tronweed Pinelands Perennial herb to 1.5 Achene, borne in Plant probably browsed Endemic Vernonia blodgettii ft, leaves linear, heads, all year by deer Sma 1.25-2 in Muscadine grape Hammocks, swamps Woody vine, leaves Berry, subglobose, Foliage browsed by deer; Fruit often gather- Vitis rotundifolia and pinelands round to ovate, 2.5- to 1 in wide, fruit eaten by quail, ed by people Michx — 5 in summer-fal1 turkey and probably other wildlife; roost- ing cover for turkey Tal lowwood Hammocks and pine- Evergreen shrub or —Drupe, ovoid, yel- Foliage eaten by deer Ximenia americana lands tree to 35 ft, leaves low, all year t oblong to elliptic 1-2.5 in Yellow-eyed grass Swamps and pine- Perennial herb in Capsule, in dense Plant probably eaten Flowers yellow Xyris elliottii lands tufts to 2.5 ft, heads, spring-fall by deer; seeds probably Chapm. leaves slender and eaten by quail and tur- elongate key Coontie Hammocks and pine- Shrub with mostly Cone 5-6 in, seeds Used by Indians as Zamia pumila lands underground stem, angled source of starch Le leaves 20-36 in, di- vided into numerous segments 4-5 in Wild lime Hammocks Evergreen shrub or Capsule, brown, Foliage eaten by deer Zanthoxylum fagara tree to 30 ft, seeds black, all L.) Sarg. leaves odd-pinnately year compound with 7 or 9 leaflets, rachis winged Yel lowwood Hammocks Evergreen tree to 40 CapsuTe, ovoid, Same as Z. fagara Zanthoxylum flavum ft, leaves 6-9 in brown, seed black, Vahl. with 5-11 leaflets all year Rain lily Pineland and swamps Perennial stemless Capsule, subglobose Endemic, flowers Zephyranthes simpsonii herb, leaves fleshy, spring-summer attractive, white Chapm. obtuse, 2.5-3 in tinged with laven- der or purple SELECTED PLANT SPECIES 213 References Ahigren, C.R. 1966. Small mammals and reforestation after prescribed burning. J. For. 64(9):614-618. Ames, C.R. 1977. Wildlife conflicts in riparian management: grazing. Pages 49-51 in R.R. Johnson and D.A. Jones, tech. coords. Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. 217 pp. Bailey, R.G. 1976. Ecoregions of the United States. U.S. For. Serv. Intermtn. Reg., Ogden, Utah. | map. ______. 1978. Description of the ecoregions of the United States U.S. For. Serv. Intermtn. Reg., Ogden, Utah. 77 pp. Bensen, L. 1967. Plant classification. D.C. Heath and Co., Boston, Mass. 688 pp. Bovey, R.W. 1977. Response of selected woody plants of the United States to herbicides. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 101 pp. Braun, E.L. 1935. The undifferentiated deciduous forest climax and the association-segregate. Ecology 16(3):515- 519. Brockman, C.F. 1968. Trees of North America. Golden Press, New York, N.Y. 280 pp. Burt, W.H., and R.P. Grossenheider. 1964. A field guide to the mammals. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass. 284 pp. Carothers, S.W., R.R. Johnson, and S.W. Aitchison. 1974. Population structure and social organization of south- western riparian birds. Am. Zool. 14:97-108. Cobb, B.A. 1963. A field guide to the ferns. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass. 281 pp. Collins, H.H., Jr. 1959. Complete field guide to American wildlife. Harper & Row, New York, N.Y. 683 pp. Correll, D.S., and M.C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Tex. Res. Found., Renner, Tex. 1881 pp. Crowston, A., H. Goetz, and L. Martin. 1973. Natural grass- land resources in the Little Missouri grasslands study area. Part I. Little Missouri Grasslands Study - Final Rep. N. Dak. State Univ., Dep. Planning, Fargo, N. Dak. 244 pp. Darlington, H.T. 1945. Taxonomic and ecological work on the higher plants of Michigan. Mich. State Coll. Tech. Bull. 201. 59 pp. Davis, G.A. 1977. Management alternatives for the riparian habitat in the Southwest. Pages 59-67 in R.R. Johnson and D.A. Jones, tech. coords. Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. 217 pp. Deam, C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. Wm. B. Burford Printing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 1236 pp. 214 Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany, 8th ed. American Book Co., New York, N.Y. 1632 pp. Gill, J.D., and W.M. Healy, eds. 1974. Shrubs and vines for Northeastern wildlife. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. 180 pp. Graham, F.H. 1941. Legumes for erosion control and wildlife. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 412. 153 pp. Graves, A.H. 1952. Illustrated guide to trees and shrubs. Lancaster Press. 240 pp. Great Plains Flora Association. 1977. Atlas of the flora of the Great Plains. lowa State University Press, Ames, lowa. 550 pp. Grenlen, H.E., and V.L. Duvall. 1966. Common plants of longleaf pine-bluestem range. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. SO-23. 96 pp. Grimm, W.C. 1962. A book of trees. The Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 497 pp. Halls, L.K., ed. 1977. Southern fruit-producing woody plants used by wildlife. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-16. 235 pp. Hitchcock, A.S. 1951. Manual of the grasses of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1051 pp. Johnson, R.R., L.T. Haight, and J.M. Simpson. 1977. Endangered species vs. endangered habitats: a concept. Pages 68-79 in R.R. Johnson and D.A. Jones, tech. coords. Importance, preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. 217 pp. Long, R.W., and O. Lakela. 1971. A flora of tropical Florida: a manual of the seed plants and ferns of Southern Peninsular Florida. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Fla. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game. 1975. Power line rights-of-way and wildlife management - a working paper. Maine Dep. Inl. Fish. Game, Augusta, Maine. 5 pp. Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants: a guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 500 pp. Mayfield, R. 1960. The Kirtland’s warbler. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 242 pp. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Michigan’s endangered and threatened species program. Lansing, Mich. 30 pp. Oosting, H.J. 1956. The study of plant communities. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Calif. 389 pp. Peterson, R.T., and M. McKinny. 1968. A field guide to wildflowers of northeastern and north central North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass. 420 pp. CHAPTER 2 Pfister, R.D. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. U.S. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34. 174 pp. Plummer, A.P., D.R. Christensen, and S.R. Monson. 1968. Restoring big game range in Utah. Utah Div. Fish Game Publ. 68-3. 183 pp. Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C. 1183 pp. Rosendahl, C.O. 1955. Trees and shrubs of the Upper Mid- west. University of Minnesota Press. 411 pp. Rusz, P.J., and A. Bourgeois. 1976. Natural resources inventory and management plan for the Denmark Property, Roscommon County, Mich. 40 pp. [Unpubl.] Rutske, L.H. 1969. A Minnesota guide to forest game habitat improvement. Minn. Dep. Conserv. Tech. Bull. 10. 68 pp. Rydberg, P.A. 1922. Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, 2nd ed. Hafner Publishing Co., New York, N.Y. 1143 pp. . 1932. Flora of the prairies and plains of central North America. New York Botanical Garden, New York, N.Y. 969 pp. SELECTED PLANT SPECIES References Sargent, C.S. 1933. Manual of the trees of North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass. 910 pp. Schmidt, W.C., R.C. Sheaver, and A.L. Roe. 1976. Ecology and silviculture of western larch forests. U.S. For. Serv. Tech. Bull. 1520. 96 pp. Stephens, H.A. 1973. Woody plants of the North Central Plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. 530 pp. Steyermark, J.A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. lowa State Univer- sity Press, Ames, Iowa. 1725 pp. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1937. Range plant handbook. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. ——_.. 1971. Common weeds of the United States. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 463 pp. U.S. Forest Service. 1948. Woody plant seed manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 654. 416 pp. Van Dersal, W.R. 1958. Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 303. 362 pp. Warner, J.R., and C.D. Chase. 1956. The timber resource of North Dakota. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Pap. LS-36. 39 pp. 215 Selected Fish and Wildlife Species Vegetation maintenance techniques for the biological communities present in the Eastern United States (Bailey 1978) have been discussed in detail. Equally vital to the management of transmission line ROWs, however, are the many forms of wildlife dependent on this vegetation for food and cover. The fish and wildlife species selected for inclusion in this discussion include: 1) endangered or threatened species, 2) local/statewide unique or uncommon species, 3) game species, 4) nongame species of public interest or concern, and 5) undesirable or pest species. This selection was based on information obtained from Federal and State agencies, private organizations, U.S. and State endangered species lists, and consultants to the authors. 217 40 40 MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES A tabular listing of the mammals, birds, and amphibians and reptiles of the Eastern United States of concern in ROW management (tables 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 40.4) is followed by a province-by-province description of the eastern fauna taken primarily from Bailey (1978). A series of Ecological Characteristics tables (tables 40.5, 40.6, 40.7), describing the selected mammal, bird, and amphibian and reptile species follows and provides essential information concerning the status of the species and their basic requirements. Because many biologists’ responses about selected wildlife species included general mention of “songbirds” or “waterfowl,” most species that commonly breed within the United States are included in a separate table (table 40.8), categorized according to nesting habits. U.S. endangered/threatened fish are listed by their respective ranges (table 40.9). State endangered/threatened fish and wildlife are listed by State (table 40.10). Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Scientific names for mammals are those in use by the American Society of Mammalogists (Jones et al. 1975). For birds, the American Ornithologists’ Union (1957) was the source for scientific names. Conant (1965) was the reference used for names of amphibians and reptiles. LISTING OF MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Selected mammals, birds, and amphibians and reptiles of the Eastern United States are listed in alphabetical order by common name in the tables that follow. The tables (tables 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 40.4) are designed as matrixes. Province numbers are listed across the top of the matrix, species names along the left side. An “X” appears after the name of each species in the column under every province in which that species is considered important. “Importance” was determined by biologists belonging to the previously mentioned agencies and organizations. These matrixes are organized to enable the reader to find a species and corresponding ecological characteristics for any province quickly, while at the same time locating other provinces in which the species is considered important. Table 40.1 Matrix of Selected Mammals of the Eastern United States by Province ! Province pre 2110 = 2210S 2310S 2320 2510 252025304110 Badger (Taxidea taxus) x x x x Bat, gray (Myotis grisescens) x x Xx Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) Xx x x Xx x Bear, black (Ursus americanus) x x x x Beaver (Castor canadensis) Xx x x x Xx x x Bobcat (Lynx rufus) x x x x x x x x Coyote (Canis latrans) x x x x x x Deer, mule (Blacktail deer) (Qdocoileus hemionus) Xx Deer, white-tailed (Qdocoileus virginianus) x x x x Xx x x x Elk (Wapiti) (Cervus elaphus) x Ferret, black-footed (Mustela nigripes) Xx Fox, gray (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) x x Xx x x x x x Fox, red (Vulpes vulpes) x x x x X x Fox, swift (Vulpes velox) x Gophers, pocket (Geomys spp.) X x x x x x Hare, snowshoe (Varying hare) (Lepus americanus) x x Jackrabbit, black-tailed (Lepus californicus) Xx x Xx Jackrabbit, white-tailed (Lepus townsendii) x x x Lion, mountain (Cougar, panther, puma) (Felis concolor) x x x Xx x x Lynx, (Lynx lynx) x Manatee, Florida (Trichechus manatus) x x Xx Mink (Mustela vison) x x x x x x x x Moose (Alces alces) x Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) x x x x x x Nutria (Myocastor coypus) x x x x Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) x x x x x x x x Otter, river (Lutra canadensis) x x x x x x x x Prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) x x continued 218 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.1 (Concluded) Species 2110 Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) Rabbit, eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) x Rabbit, New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) x Rabbit, marsh (Sylvilagus palustris) Rabbit, swamp (Cane-cutter) (Sylvilagus aquaticus) Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Skunks (all spp.) Squirrel, eastern fox (Sciurus niger) Weasels (3 species) (Mustela spp.) Wolf, gray (Canis lupus) Wolf, red (Canis rufus) Woodchuck (Ground hog, marmot) (Marmota monax) x “> ee Oe 2210 eK 2310 oe ee x >< >< 2320 Province 2510 x OK KO x eK mK 2520 x KX 2530 x x x = Ox 4110 x KO Table 40.2. Matrix of Additional Mammals of the Eastern United States by Province (probably not compatible with ROWs) Province a Species z02210~=«2310~=S«8D.-—~S*«STSC*«iOC*«SSSCTT.SC:«C EUS Fisher Xx 2 Marten x 2 Pig, feral x x 3 Porcupine x x 2 Squirrel, northern flying x x 1 Squirrel, southern flying x x x x x x 1 Squirrel, eastern gray x x x x x x x 1 Squirrel, red x x 1 Numbers in this column indicate the following: 1 - Lives and feeds in forests--mainly arboreal. 2 - Lives and feeds in forests--terrestrial and arboreal. 3 - Lives and feeds in forests--mainly terestrial. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 219 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.3 Matrix of Selected Birds of the Eastern United States by Province Province ier 2110 «2210S 2310S 2320S 2510 2520. 2530S 4110 Chachalaca (Ortalis vetula) x Crane, Mississippi sandhill (Grus canadensis pulla) x x Crane, whooping (Grus americana) x Curlew, Eskimo (Numenius borealis) (U.S. Coasts) Xx x x x Dove, mourning (Turtle dove) (Zenaida macroura) x x x x Xx Xx x x Dove, white-winged (Zenaida asiatica) xX Eagle, northern bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus (Above 40° latitude) x X x Eagle, southern bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus Teutocephatus) (Below 0" Tatitudey x x x Eagle, golden (Aquila chrysaetos) x x x Xx x x Falcon, peregrine (Falco peregrinus) x x x x Xx x x Goose, Canada (Branta canadensis) Xx x x x Xx Xx x Grouse, ruffed (Bonasa umbellus) x x x Xx Xx Grouse, sharp-tailed (Pedioecetes phasianellus) x x Grouse, spruce (Canachites canadensis) x Hawk, broad-winged (Buteo platypterus) x x x x x x x Hawk, Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii) X x x x x x x Hawk, ferruginous (Buteo regalis) x Hawk, red-shouldered (Buteo lineatus) Xx x x x x x x x Hawk, red-tailed (Buteo jamaicensis) x x X x X x x x Hawk, rough-legged (Buteo lagopus) x x x x Xx Hawk, sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus) x x x x x x x x Hawk, Swainson's (Buteo swainsoni) x x x Kestrel, American (Sparrow hawk) (Falco sparverius) X x x x x x x x Kite, Florida Everglade (Rostrhamus sociabilis) plumbeus ) TFT TMNT x x Kite, Mississippi (Ictinia mississippiensis) x x x x Kite, swallow-tatled (Elanoides forficatus) x x Kite, white-taiied (Elanus leucurus) x x Merlin (Pigeon hawk) (Falco columbarius) x x x x x x Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) x x x x x x Owl, barn (Tyto alba) x x x X x X Owl, burrowing (Athene cunicularia) x x x Owl, great horned (Bubo virginianus) x x x x x x x Owl, long-eared (Asio otus) x x x x x x x x Owl, short-eared (Asio flammeus) x x x x x x x Partridge, gray (Hungarian partridge) (Perdix perdix) x x x Pelican, brown (Pelecanus occidentalis) Xx x x x Pheasant, ring-necked (Phasianus colchicus) X x x x x Prairie chicken, greater (Tympanuchus cupido) x x x x 7 Prairie chicken, Attwater's greater (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) x Quail, bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) x xX Xx x x x x x Snipe, common (Wilson's snipe) (Capella gallinago) x x x x x x x Sparrow, Cape Sable (Ammospiza maritima mirabilis) Sparrow, dusky seaside (Ammospiza maritima nigrescens) x Turkey, wild (Meleagris gallopavo) X Vulture, turkey (Cathartes aura) x x x x x x x x x Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) Warbler, Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) Woodcock, American (Philohela minor) x x x x x Woodpecker, ivory-billed (Campephilus principalis) Woodpecker, pileated (Dryocopus pileatus) x x x x x Woodpecker, red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) x 220 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.4 Matrix of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States by Province Species 210 2210 Province 2310 2320 2510 2520 © 2530S 4110 Alligator, American (Alligator mississippiensis) Crocodile, American (Crocodylus acutus) Salamander, Taxas blind (Typhlomolge rathbuni) Toad, Houston (Bufo houstonensis) PROVINCE-BY-PROVINCE DESCRIPTIONS OF FAUNA Most of the following province-by-province descriptions of the eastern fauna are taken from Bailey (1978). Besides citing wildlife prominent or unique in a particular area, important ecological interactions, such as seasonal changes, the necessity of a specific plant species to wildlife, or the consequences of flooding or fire, are considered. Province 2110, Laurentian Mixed Forest — \n winter, weasel and snowshoe hare turn white, as they do in the polar provinces. The black bear, striped skunk, marmot, chipmunk, and the two genera of jumping mice pass the winter in hibernation, as do the badger and the thirteen- lined ground squirrel that live in the western parts of the province. Many birds, especially the insectivorous species, migrate south in the winter. Beaver and muskrat remain active all winter but work beneath the ice that covers the lakes and streams. These species are typical of the entire province. Additionally, the endangered Kirtland’s warbler nests only in the jack pine stands found in the north central portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Province 2210, Eastern Deciduous Forest — |\mportant mammals in this province include the white-tailed deer, black bear, bobcat, gray fox, raccoon, gray squirrel, eastern chipmunk, white-footed mouse, pine vole, short- tailed shrew, and cotton mouse. Bird populations are large. The turkey, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and mourning dove are game birds in various parts of the province. Breeding bird populations average about 225 pairs per 100 acres and include some 25 species. The most abundant breeding birds include the cardinal, tufted titmouse, wood thrush, summer tanager, red-eyed vireo, blue-gray gnatcatcher, hooded warbler, and Carolina wren. The box turtle, common garter snake, and timber rattlesnake are characteristic reptiles. Province 2310, Outer Coastal Plain Forest — This region provides habitat for a wide variety of animals. Except for a few isolated areas where black bear or the endangered Florida panther may be encountered (rarely), the white- tailed deer is the only large, indigenous mammal. Common small mammals include raccoons, opossums, tree squirrels, rabbits, and numerous species of ground- dwelling rodents. Bobwhite and wild turkey are the principal game birds. Resident and migratory nongame SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES bird species are numerous, as are migratory waterfowl. The red-cockaded woodpecker, an endangered species, is found in this province. The endangered Mississippi sandhill crane is also found, but only in Jackson County, Mississippi. Of the numerous species of reptiles present, the endangered American alligator is the largest. Province 2320, Southeastern Mixed Forest — The fauna vary with the age and stocking of the timber stand, the percent of deciduous trees present, proximity to openings, and presence of bottomland forest types. The white-tailed deer is widespread, as is the cottontail. When deciduous trees are present on uplands, the fox squirrel is common; gray squirrels live along intersecting drainages. Raccoon and fox inhabit the whole region and are hunted in many areas. Province 2510, Prairie Parkland — Many prairie animals are completely independent of the need for woody vegetation. However, many deciduous-forest animals inhabit woody areas along the valleys westward across the province. Accordingly, the fauna, like the flora, are a mixture of prairie and forest species. Few forms have been identified as being peculiar to this region. Province 2520, Prairie Brushland — The northern limit of distribution of several mammals coincides generally with the northern boundary of this province. The Mexican ground squirrel and gray fox live here and to the south, but not to the north. White-tailed deer and wild turkey are abundant. Armadillo are present. The fox squirrel is hunted in wooded areas along streams. Chief furbearers are the ringtail and the raccoon. Mourning dove, scaled quail, and bobwhite are common game birds. Province 2530, Tall-grass Prairie — Bison once grazed the western margin of the Tall-grass Prairie. Pronghorn and coyotes are still present. Jackrabbits are numerous on the prairie; cottontails are present where there are streams and cover. Burrowing rodents include ground squirrels, prairie dogs, pocket gophers, and many smaller species. Burrowing predators include the badger and the black-footed ferret, now classified as an endangered species. The red wolf is also classified as endangered. The northern portion of this region is an important breeding area for many species of waterfowl and shorebirds. Mourning doves have become abundant in shelterbelt plantings. The sharp-tailed grouse, greater 221 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States prairie chicken, and bobwhite are present in fair numbers; however, the greater prairie chicken is classified as threatened. Province 4110, Everglades — The Everglades is characterized by a wide variety of influent species, from adjacent palmetto prairie, cypress swamp, magnolia forest, and mangrove areas. A slight change in water level alters the habitat and the fauna markedly. Among the many mammals present are the white-tailed deer, Florida panther, black bear, raccoon, bobcat, opossum, skunk, various bats, marsh and swamp rabbits, cotton rat, and fox squirrel. Numerous species of birds live in this province. Before the water level in much of the Everglades was lowered by drainage, the area was the home of large numbers of herons, egrets, limpkins, mottled ducks, Florida Everglade kites, and other birds. The Florida Everglade kite is classified as threatened. Characteristic lizards are the green anole and the brown red-tailed skink. Snakes include the green snake, Key rat snake, and the southern Florida coral snake. The endangered American alligator is a year-long resident. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS TABLES Ecological Characteristics tables describing selected species give essential information concerning the status of the species and its basic habitat requirements. More detailed information about a particular species for a localized area may be obtained elsewhere (see references section). References for selected species are cited but certainly are not exhaustive. Groups of species of different genera or several species of the same genus that have similar life histories and habitat requirements are discussed in one entry of the Ecological Characteristics tables. For example, all skunks (different genera) are discussed together and all prairie dogs (same genus) are discussed together. Provinces (Sections) — Provinces and sections identified on the Ecological Characteristics tables are those where the species are of special importance and are not necessarily the entire range of the species. Distribution — Distribution references for selected species pertain to the United States only, although migratory routes for certain species are considered. 222 Distribution for birds (due to their migratory nature) is usually their primary breeding range only. The postal system of state abbreviations is used to designate ranges. Habitat — Habitat for a particular species describes the general physiographic and vegetational environment where the species is naturally found (e.g., conifer swamps, brushy areas, caves). Features — Features represent the reasons a particular species was selected for a certain area. Note: Endangered /threatened status may change, so the use of current references as well as consultation with knowledgeable officials is recommended. Life History — Life history of an animal gives the general breeding behavior, breeding seasons, gestation, and litter size. Also noted, when important, are migratory behavior, feeding ranges, mortality, social tendencies, and activity periods. For birds, nest and egg descriptions are also given. Special Notes — Special notes include information unique to the species that is important for management practices or the presence of that species on a ROW. Cover — Cover requirements are general and do not represent all combinations used by a particular species throughout its range. Significant cover types (i.e., dense brier thickets, conifer swamps, etc.) are referenced, since specific plant associations representing these cover types are too varied to discuss adequately. Preferred plant species used are listed. Food — Food requirements are also general and do not represent all combinations used by a particular species throughout its range. Foods listed, in no particular order of preference, are those most used by wildlife in various parts of their ranges. Many food species also serve as cover types, especially for small animals. Many plants may be noted by common group names (e.g., maples, if the wildlife species happens to use most species of maples). References — References used for information about a particular species included in these tables are indicated by numbers corresponding to the list of “References” at the end of this chapter. The list is by no means an exhaustive literature collection for all species found in this chapter. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.5 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Mammals of the Eastern United States Species Ecological characteristics Badger Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113); 2210 (2212, 2213, Taxidea taxus ; 7 . West: 2610; 3110; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Eastern prairies westward. Habitat: Prairies westward. Features: Endangered/threatened in IN; threatened in MI. Uncommon fur- Bearer throughout most of its range. Controls rodents. Abundant burrows endanger livestock. Life history: Gestation of 5-6 mos. (delayed implantation). Young (2-5) born early to late spring depending on part of country. Breeding in summer. Females first breed at 1.5 yrs. Good digger. Longevity 12 yrs. Special notes: Burrows provide shelter for other wildlife. Tover: Burrows in ground for den and escape. Ground is mostly open, sandy soil. Food: Carnivorous--eats ground squirrels, prairie dogs, gophers, rab- bits, mice, lizards, insects, birds. References: 5, 12, 13, 14, 35, 44, 68, 73, 85, 88, 99, 111, 124, 127, 135, 141, 149, 156, 169, 188, 195, 215, 224, 248, 254. Bat, gray Provinces {Sections}: 2210 (2211, 2214, 2215); 2310; 2320. Myotis grisescens Stribution: Scattered in Southeast and lower Mississippi Valley. Habitat: Caves. Features: U.S. endangered species. States listing gray bat as endan- gered Teither official or unofficial) are: AL, AR, FL, IL, IN, KS, KY, MO, NC, OK, TN. Life history: Colonial. Clustered together on ceiling of cave. Young born in May in southern part of range; in June in northern part of range. Young cling to mother for few days after birth. Special notes: Disturbances in a maternity colony cause confusion and young are dropped to floor and die. Cover: Caves. Food: Insects. eferences: 2, 35, 44, 61, 73, 86, 88, 94, 98, 139, 160, 178, 212, 229. Bat, Indiana Provinces (Sections): 2110 (2113); 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510 (2511). Myotis sodalis stribution: scattered populations in Eastern Midwest U.S. Habitat: Caves in winter; buildings and possibly trees in summer. Features: U.S. endangered species. States listing Indiana bat as endan- gered (official or unofficial) are: AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KY, MD, MA, MI, MS, MO, NH, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, TN, VT, VA, WV, WI. Life history: Colonial in winter and found in large numbers. Scatter in summer. Young (1-2) probably born in June. Nocturnal. Fly and hunt by echo-location. Special notes: Decline probably due to commercialism and vandalism in caves. Cover: Caves, buildings, hollow trees. Food: Insects. References: 2, 11, 35, 40, 44, 47, 57, 61, 66, 73, 86, 88, 91, 98, 99 “126, 127, 129, 135, 137, 139, 155, 189, 160, 165, 178, 179, 212, 225, 229, 240, 242, 248, 251. Bear, black Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210 (2214); 2310 (2311, 2312); 2320. Ursus americanus fest: 1220; 1310; 1320; 3110 (3111); 3210; M1210; M1310; M2410; M2610; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 223 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Black bear (Continued) Distribution: Upper Great Lakes area; Northeastern States down eastern mountains. FL and Gulf Coast. Lower Mississippi Valley. Rockies and West Coast mountain ranges. AK. Habitat: Forests, swamps, dense thickets, mountainsides. Features: Endangered in AL, MO, MD. Threatened in MS and FL. Rare in NJ, KY, WV. Common big game animal elsewhere. Aesthetic. Some crop and orchard damage. Life history: Breed at 3.5 yrs, Females have litter (2) every other yr. Gestation 7-7.5 mos. Cubs born in winter, weaned following fall. Stay with sow until second winter. Males may range 15 mi. Nocturnal, solitary, semi-hibernate in winter. Special notes: Can damage wood utility poles by scratching. Attracted to camper's and picnicker's food. Raids apiaries. Cover: Dense thickets, forests, river bottoms. Den in hollow logs, trees, or under windfalls. Food: East: Acorns, beech nuts, wild cherries, apples, grapes, blue- berries, honey, persimmons, roots and tubers, serviceberries, in- sects, fish, small mammals, garbage, blackberries. West: Insects, small mammals, fish, pinyon pine seeds, serviceberries, wild cherries, buffaloberries, honey, carrion, garbage. Alaska: Grasses, sedges, horsetails, blueberries, cranberries, bear- berries, fish. References: 3,5, 14, 15, 35, 40, 44, 52, 61, 73, 83, 98, 99, 100, 111, 116, 124, 126, 137, 138, 139, 147, 155, 161, 169, 203, 224,276, 233, 248, 254, 255, 256. : Beaver Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530. Castor canadensis West: 1220; 1310; 1320; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3210; 3220; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: All of U.S. and AK except extreme Southwest and FL. Habitat: Bodies of water with trees nearby. Features: Valuable furbearer. Aesthetics. Backups from beaver dams can cause unwanted flooding. Life history: Females breed at 2.5 yrs. One litter per yr. Gestation period is 128 days. Young (2-4) born Apr.-July. Longevity 11 yrs. Mostly nocturnal. Family units live in lodges or burrows in stream bank. Colonial and territorial. Special notes: Flooded areas created by beavers provide additional abitat for other furbearers and waterfowl. Important prey species for wolves in some areas. Water must be deep enough to allow year- round (under-ice) channels. Cover: Underwater; lodges, burrows in stream banks. Thick alder growth. Early successional tree stages along slow-moving waterway. Food: Aspen, willows, birch, hazelnut, water lily, cow lily, service- berry, maple, alder, ash, sweet gum, pine, Douglas-fir, sweet bay, ironwood, cottonwood; corn, if available. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 50, 73, 85, 111, 116, 123, 124, 127, 141, 142, 149, 152, 156, 161, 169, 184, 188. 195. 215, 717, 224, 225, 233, 248, 254, 255. Bobcat Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210 (2211, 2215); 2310; 2320; 2510; Lynx rufus 2520; 2530; 4110. West: 2610; 3110; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Found almost everywhere west of the Mississippi except central MO and IA. Found in northern Great Lakes region, Northeast, Southeast, and Mississippi Valley. Habitat: Usually swamps and brushy areas, but will utilize almost any habitat. continued 224 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Bobcat (Continued) Coyote Canis latrans Deer, mule (Black-tailed deer) Odocoileus hemionus Features: Endangered in MD, IA, OH. Endangered/threatened in IN. Rare in KY, WV, IL, NJ. Declining in UT. Common furbearer elsewhere. Life history: Mostly solitary and nocturnal. Range usually 2 mi radius but will sometimes travel great distances. Mate in spring. Gestation 50-60 days. Young (2-4) born in spring (late). Leave parents in fall. Special notes: Versatile as to habitat. Good rodent control. Mortality: Hunting, trapping, poisoning. Cover: Uses hollow logs, trees, or caves for dens. Uses any available cover vegetation and rocks. Food: Rabbits, squirrels, small rodents, birds, sometimes carrions and occasionally poultry and livestock. References: 14, 35, 44, 47, 73, 86, 88, 91, 99, 100, 116, 124, 126, 136, 141,149, 152, 155, 161, 165, 168, 188, 194, 195, 203, 217, 226, 238, 248,251, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530. lest: 1210; 1310; 1320; 2410; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Common throughout the U.S. and AK except for extreme Northeastern States and Southeast. Habitat: Brushy areas, prairies, open woodlots, western plains and mountains, Features: Endangered in MD and KY, Classified as furbearer in eastern part. Unprotected and labelled pest in many states. Very active control measures used in ranching country due to coyote's association with sheep predation. Is still managing to increase its range and numbers, however, Life history: Mates Jan.-Mar. Females breed first year, Gestation 60- 63 days. Pups (5-10) born Apr.-May. Can interbreed with dogs. Longevity less than 18 yrs. Hunting range approximately 10 mi. Never too far from water. Scavenger. Caches food. Special notes: No particular management needed. Apparently able to ad- just to extreme human pressures. Cover: Dens in ground, under trees or boulders. Brushy ravines or hill- sides for cover. Food: Will eat almost anything. Animal matter includes carrion, rabbits, small rodents, birds, eggs, insects, fish, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, deer fawns. Vegetable matter (usually fleshy fruits such as blackberries, juniper berries, strawberries, melons, prickly pear, manzanita) makes up insignificant part of diet. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 67, 73, 83, 85, 99, 111, 116, 123, 124, 126, 141, 142, 149, 152, 188, 203, 215, 217, 224, 226, 233, 248, 254, 255, 256. Provinces (Sections): East: 2530 (2532). West: 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140; M4210. Distribution: Western half of U.S. and HA. Habitat: Conifer forest, shrub desert, grassland, chaparral--wherever browse is available. Features: Most important big game species of Western U.S. Aesthetic. jamage crops. Life history: Mate (rutting season) Oct.-Dec. Females breed at 1.5. Gestation 7 mos, Young (usually 2) born June-July. Longevity 16 yrs. Occur singly or small groups. Active early and late. Migrate (elevational) in mountains. Special notes: Readily move into logged or cleared areas to utilize new growth. Prey species for wolves, mountain lions. Cover: Prairie: Cottonwoods, willows of stream bottoms. Desert: Creosote bush, mesquite, greasewood, yuccas, cacti. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 225 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Mule deer (Continued) Cover (Continued): Low to medium elevations: Pinyon pine, junipers, oak, mountain-mahogany, serviceberry. High elevation: Pinyon pine, Douglas-fir, mountain-mahogany, service- berry, aspen, Food: Most used browse: Bitterbrush, mountain-mahoganies, chamise, sagebrush, serviceberry, junipers, cherries, oaks, aspen, cliffrose, snowberry, roses, spiraeas, willows, ceanothus, Oregon-grapes, bear- berry, white cedar, Douglas-fir, jack pine, manzanita, rabbit brush. Most used forbs and grasses: Alfalfa, cheat, bluegrass, wheatgrass, fescues, muhlenbergia, brome, ryegrass, bracken fern, dandelion, various crops, sunflower, koeleria, needlegrass, deer vetch, filaree, sweet clover. Hawaii: Passion-flower, guava, uki uki, mushrooms, koa, horesweed. References: 3, 12, 14, 35, 44, 52, 54, 73, 77, 78, 83, 102, 111, 124, 125, 141, 142, 151, 152, 178, 190, 203, 211, 217, 219, 226, 237, 254, 255, 256. Deer, white-tailed Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; Odocoileus virginianus 110. West: 3110; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410 (M2411, M2413, M2415); M3110; M3120; A3140, Distribution: Common throughout the U.S. except for Desert Southwest and » AK, HI. Habitat: Mixed forests, brushy areas, swamps, riparian habitats. Features: Primary big game animal in Eastern U.S. Aesthetic value. Can cause crop, orchard, nursery damage. Endangered subspecies: Florida Key deer (0. v. clavium): U.S. endangered species. Found in FL Keys (Province 4110). About 350 remain. Very specialized ecosystem of mangrove and scrub-palmetto vegetation. Fire neces- sary to maintain pine stands. Columbian white-tailed deer (0. v. leucurus): Found in southwest WA and northwest OR on the Columbia River flood plain (Province M2410). U.S. endangered species. Less than 600 remain. Endan- gered in OR, WA. Reduced due to agriculture which drained and diked wet areas important to the animals. Graze on clovers, succulent new vegetation in open lowland pastures. Need inter- spersed wooded areas for cover. Life history: Females breed at 1.5 yrs. Males breed later, Gestation 6.5 mos, Fawns (1-3), usually 2, are weaned in 4 mos., but may remain with doe for 1 yr. Bucks tend to be solitary. Winter grouping in "yards" common in Great Lakes and Northeast region. Home range less than 2 sq mi. Longevity of 16 yrs. Special notes: Should benefit from ROW management, especially when di- verse habitat is created. ROW corridors and access roads help hunters and poachers, however. Prey species for wolves, mountain lions, coyotes. Cover: White-tailed deer utilize a very large number of cover species, Brushy, mixed forest types; swamps; riparian vegetation; all serve as general cover types. Food: (Partial list only of some preferred foods--see vegetation and management sections for other possible foods.) Northeast: Cedar, apple, yew, hemlock (ground), maple, oak, sumac, dogwood, honeysuckle, fir, ashes, willow, wintergreen, spruce, greenbrier, witch hobble. Midwest: Greenbrier, grape, ferns, blueberry, blackberry, Antennaria, hazelnuts, maples, oaks, sumac, rhododendron, elm, lespedeza, dog- wood, juneberry, corn. continued 226 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics White-tailed deer (Continued) Elk (Wapiti) Cervus elaphus Ferret, black-footed Mustela nigripes Fox, gray Urocyon cinereoargenteus Food (Continued): Southeast: Greenbrier, gums, dogwoods, ash, oaks, maples, sumacs, Ilex spp., bays, ironwood, pecan, French mulberry, trumpet creeper, honeysuckle, dewberry, rattan, fungi. Prairies: Cedar, bearberry, ponderosa pine, buckbrush, rose, aspen, clovers, mesquite, lespedeza, broomsedge, oaks, acacias, condaliaz, prickly pear, snowberry, persimmon, corn. Rocky Mountains: Buckbrush, bearberry, ceanothus, choke-cherry, dog- wood, Amelanchier spp., aspen, Oregon-grape, juniper. References: 14, 34, 35, 44, 51, 53, 60, 73,83, 85, 102, 110, 111, 116 120,124, 141, 142, 149, 151, 156, 161, 168, 169, 179, 187, 195, 203, 211, 215, 217, 224, 226, 233, 236, 239, 248, 249, 251, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2119. est: 3110 TT, 3117); 3130 (3131, 3133, 3134); 3210; M2110; M2410; M2610; M3110; M3120; A3140, Distribution: Western mountain ranges (Rockies); Pacific Coast; MT, SD. Also found transplanted in Eastern States (Ozarks, northern MI). Habitat: Open forests, mountain meadows, foothills, valleys. Features: Big game animal. High aesthetic value. Rare tule elk (C. &- nannodes) confined to preserves in southern CA. Life history: Females breed at 2.5 yrs, Rutting season starts Sept. Harem breeding by oldest, toughest males. Gestation 8.5 mos. Young (1-2) born May-June. Active mornings, evenings. Found in groups year-round, but males together in summer, Elevational migration. Cover: Wooded, oak brush mountain slopes. Grassy meadows and valleys at forest edge. Thickets of aspen, alder, willow. Food: Ceanothus, pine, willows, sedges, needlegrass, wheatgrass, Agoseris glauca, Geranium spp., Agropyron spicatum, fescue, bluegrass, Amelanchier spp., aspen, oak, choke-cherry, pinque. References: 12, 14, 15, 35, 44, 52, 73, 83, 107, 111, 124, 141, 142, 152, 203, 219, 226, 232, 254, 255, 256. Provinces (Sections): East: 2530. West: 3110; 3210; M3110 (M3312, M3113); M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Sparsely scattered from north border prairies down to western TX, Habitat: Short-grass prairies (same habitat as prairie dog). Features: U.S. endangered species. One of the rarest mammals in the Life history: One litter per year; 1-4 young per litter. Females bring out young in July. Remain together until Sept.-Oct. Generally solitary. Life history data is scant due to the animal's rarity and underground life. Special notes: Man's destroying of prairie dog colonies has been one of the decimating factors to ferrets. Cover: Dens in prairie dog burrows. Usually found near prairie dog colony at all times. Food: Prairie dogs, gophers, small rodents. References: 35, 37, 44, 73, 89, 114, 124, 141, 150, 179, 215, 220, 238, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; 4110. West: 2610; 3110 (3112, 3113); 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2410; M2620; M3120; P3130; A3140 (A3142). Distribution: Most of U.S. except northwestern quarter. Habitat: Open woodlots, chaparral, brushy fields. Feature Considered furbearer. Good rodent control. Life history: Nocturnal; very secretive. Mates in late winter. Ges- tation period 51 days. Young (3-7) born in Apr.-May. Longevity less than 10 yrs. Can climb trees. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 227 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Gray fox (Continued) Fox, red Vulpes vulpes Fox, swift Vulpes velox Gophers, pocket Geomys spp. (Eastern) Thomomys spp. (Western) Special notes: Any management that would increase rodent populations would benefit gray fox. Cover: Ground burrows, hollow logs, or under boulders and trees. Dense cover preferred such as forests, thickets, vegetated ravines. Food: Mainly carnivorous--eats wild birds, eggs, rabbits, small rodents, poultry, Vegetation eaten--mostly fleshy fruits, such as apples, per- simmons, cherries, grapes, pokeweed, hackberry, blueberries, black- berries, corn, peanuts, opuntia. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 58, 60, 73, 85, 111, 116, 124, 127, 149, 156,161, 188, 215, 224, 233, 236, 248, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310 (2312); 2320; 2510; 2530. est: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; 2610; 3110; 3130; M1210; M1310; M2410 (M2411, M2413, M2415, M2410-AK); M3110; A3140, Distribution: Over most of U.S. and AK, excluding extreme Southeast, outhwest, western prairies, coastal CA. Habitat: Mixture of woodlands, fields (both crop and fallow). Features: Classified anywhere from furbearer to game animal to pest species depending on area. Some states issued bounties. Aesthetic species. Race (Cascade fox) is threatened. Life history: Male and female breed late winter. Gestation 51 days. Pups (4-9) born Mar.-Apr. One litter per yr. Pups leave parents in fall. Home range usually less than 2 sq mi. May travel long dis- tances in search of food, Special notes: Any management practices which increase populations of small rodents or rabbits will benefit foxes. Cover: Any brushy area for hiding. Dens are ground burrows on sloped ground, usually sandy soil. Ditches and fence rows next to cultivated fields serve as cover and hunting routes. Food: Mainly carnivorous--eats rabbits, hares, small rodents, insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians. Vegetation is mainly fleshy fruits (apples, persimmons, grapes, cherries, blueberries) and also corn, References: 5, 35, 44, 53, 58, 60, 85, 111, 116, 123, 124, 127, 141, 149, 156, 161, 168, 169, 188, 194, 206, 224, 226, 248, 254, 255, 256. Provinces (Sections): East: 2530. est: 3 (M3113). Distribution: Western prairie states: MT to ND, primarily. Habitat: Short-grass prairies, desert. Features: Endangered in NE and ND, possibly extinct in MT. Threatened in OK. Uncommon elsewhere. Suffered from poison campaigns for other predators. Good rodent control. Life history: Young (4-7) born Feb.-Apr. Gestation 49-55 days. Special notes: Considered by some as a subspecies of kit fox. Sus cep- tible to overgrazing. Cover: Burrows in ground. Efficient at running over open ground to escape danger. Prefers open, level ground. Food: Small rodents, such as the kangaroo rat; jackrabbits, snakes, izards, beetles, grasshoppers. References: 35, 44, 73, 101, 124, 141, 150, 178, 227. Provinces (Sections): East: 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; 4110. est: 2410; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Western species: Found in upper Great Plains and Rockies westward, Eastern species: Found in prairies and Southeast States. continued CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 SU RE AS CS IS Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Pocket gophers (Continued) Habitat: Mountain meadows, grasslands, open forests, pastures, roadside Hare, snowshoe (Varying hare) Lepus americanus Jackrabbit, black-tailed Lepus californicus and railroad ROWs. Features: Generally considered pest species because of extensive burrow- ing and crop damage. G. fontenalus and G. colonus endangered in GA. G. bursarius endangered/threatened in IN. Life history: Varies per species. Generally 2 litters per yr. in South and Ttter per yr. in North, Number of young usually 3-7, Normally solitary, usually below ground. Does some night foraging above ground. Special notes: Prey species of owls, coyotes, foxes. Cover: Burrows and tunnels below ground. Prefer loose workable soil. Will burrow through snow in winter. Food: Eastern species: Alfalfa, sunflowers, gay-feather, potatoes, corn, wheat, red clover, seeds and nuts of various trees. Western species: Brome, oak, brodiaea, filaree, sagebrush, dandelion, spring-beauty, starwort, wheat, potatoes. References: 35, 44, 66, 73, 88, 116, 124, 215, 236. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210 (2214). lest: 1220; 1310; 1320; 3110 (3111, 3112); M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410 (M2411, M2413, M2415, M2410-AK); M2610; M3110; A3140. Distribution: Northeastern States down through eastern mountain chain, westward across northern border states. Down through Rocky Mountains and down along West Coast States to northern Sierras. AK. Habitat: Forests, swamps, mountains. Features: Small game animal throughout range. Life history: Mostly nocturnal, sitting in "forms" during the day. Home range about 10-20 acres, although hare may travel farther, Fe- males have 2-3 litters per yr.; 2-4 young per litter. Gestation 36-37 days. Populations fluctuate with 10-11 yr. peaks. Special notes: Competes heavily for deer browse in winter. Important prey species, especially of Canada lynx. RI reports that snowshoe hares will not cross a ROW if it bisects their habitat. Cover: Swamp conifers, brushy mixed forests, Utilize bare ground for dust baths. Will nest in "forms" under shrubs. Food: Northeast: White pine, red pine, white spruce, birch, aspen, huckleberry, various forbs and grasses. Great Lakes: Birch, white cedar, sugar maple, aspen, pines, spruces, willows, grasses, hazelnut, ferns, clovers, sumac, dandelions. West: Douglas-fir, willow, snowberry, maple, serviceberry, aspen, alder. References: 5, 27, 35, 44, 73, 122, 123, 124, 141, 170, 179, 226, 238, 244, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2510 (2512); 2520; 2530. est: 2610; 3110 (3112, 3113); 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110 (M3112, M3113); M3120; P3130. Distribution: Prairie states, Desert Southwest; CA. Habitat: Prairies, grasslands, deserts. Features: Small game; pest species. Ranchers don't like because of competition for food with cattle. Life history: Breed Nec.-Sept. Gestation 43 days. Approximately 4 Ttters per yr.; 2-4 young per litter. Nest in depressions in fields. Live 1-2 yrs. in wild. Gets water requirements probably from suc- culent vegetation consumed, Active early morning and late evening. Spends day in "forms". Use dust wallows. Special notes: Prey species for many predators, such as foxes, coyotes, raptors. Cover: Escape is by extreme speed. "Forms" in cover vegetation, such ‘as various grasses, thistles, sagebrush, prickly pear, pinweed. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 229 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Black-tailed jackrabbit (Continued) Jackrabbit, white-tailed Lepus townsendii Lion, mountain (cougar, panther, puma) Felis concolor Lynx, Canada Lynx lynx Food: Mesquite, grama grasses, alfalfa, eriogonum, spiderling, prickly pear, sagebrush, greasewood, saltbush, rabbit brush, filaree, western wheatgrass, fescue, sand dropseed, summer cypress, wheat, sorghum, alfilaria, juniper. References: 12, 14, 35, 44, 73, 111, 122, 124, 139, 141, 149, 170, 197, 215, 218, 226, 236. Provinces (Sections): East: 2210 (2213, 2215); 2510 (2511); 2530. West: 3110; 3120; 3130; M2110; M2610; M3110; P3130 (P3131); A3140. Distribution: Eastern prairie region westward through the Rockies. Habitat: Open grassy or sagebrush plains. Exposed mountain slopes. Features: Endangered in MO. Rare in IL. Game species throughout because of its wariness and speed. Causes some crop damage. Life history: Nocturnal, in "forms" during daylight. Tunnels in snow. Young 3 born after 30-40 day gestation. Young are concealed in vegetation, not nests. Usually 1 litter per yr. Special notes: Prey for foxes, coyotes, raptors, weasels. Cover: "Forms" in deep grass, shrubs, sagebrush. Grass meadows inter- spersed with low-growing conifer cover. Food: Snakeweed, rabbit brush, sagebrush, bluestems, dropseed, gramas, broomweed, sedges, wheatgrass, creambush, dandelions. References: 5, 35, 44, 116, 122, 139, 141, 149, 152, 169, 195, 203, 226, 238, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111); 2210 (2215); 2310; 2320; 2510; 4110, West: 3110; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Western half U.S.; Gulf Coast States; possibly some scattered up Mississippi Valley; north central MN. Habitat: Rugged mountains; forests; swamps. Features: Endangered subspecies hunted as big game in West. Viewed by western sportsmen as competition for deer. Endangered subspecies: Eastern cougar (F. c. cougar): U.S. endangered. East of Mississippi River mainly. Scattered reports in a few states of its presence. Florida panther (F. c. coryi): U.S. endangered. Southern FL (Everglades). Endangered in AL, FL, LA. Yuma mountain lion (F. c. browni): Endangered in AZ. Life history: Breeds ?-3 yrs. of age. One litter every 2-3 yrs. Gesta- tion BoP days. Young (usually 2) born any month. Chiefly nocturnal. Secretive. Can climb trees. Longevity 18 yrs. Feeding range 75-100 mi. Special notes: Only management is preservation of wilderness habitat or the endangered subspecies. Cover: Swamps, mountains, deep forests. Dens in caves, windfalls, ~~ hoTTow logs. Food: Carnivorous--eats deer, rabbits, gophers, rats, squirrels, sometimes livestock. References: 12, 13, 14, 35, 44, 52, 66, 73, 83, 100, 109, 111, 116, 124, 136, 137, 141, 142, 152, 161, 203, 212, 217, 224, 225, 226, 229,248,254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2114). lest: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M3110 (M3111, M3112); A3140, Distribution: Northern MN and possibly northern MI and WI. Migrates into northern parts of upper New England. Upper Rockies (northeastern OR, MT, ID, UT, western WY, northeastern WA, AK). continued CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Lynx (Continued) Habitat: Dense conifer forests, swamps, tundra. Features: Endangered in WI, VT, CO. Threatened in MA, Rare to uncommon furbearer everywhere else. Life history: Mostly solitary and nocturnal. Can range over 50 mi. Mates in winter. Gestation 62 days. Young (1-4) born in spring. Special notes: Populations fluctuate in about 10 yr, cyclic peaks corresponding to principle prey, snowshoe hares. Cover: Dense wooded areas. Use hollow logs for dens. Food: Snowshoe hare is principle prey. Also eats other small rodents and birds. References: 35, 43, 44, 45, 73, 83, 111, 123, 124, 129, 136, 141, 293, 226, 238, 240, 251, 254, 256. Manatee, Florida Provinces (Sections): 2310; 2320; 4110. Trichechus manatus Distribution: Southeast and Gulf Coast. Most abundant in Everglades. Habitat: Brackish water, lagoons, river mouths, salt water bays. Features: U.S. Endangered species. Unclog waterways. Life history: Sociable--small herds. Entirely aquatic. Mating in water. Gestation 180 days. One young per yr. Young will remain with female for more than 1 yr. Special notes: Susceptible to cold temperatures and motorboat propel- Ters. Included here because of endangered status and susceptibility to any construction which would alter lagoons, salt water bays. Cover: Aquatic vegeta tion such as hyacinths, eelgrass. Food: Manatee grass (Cymodocea manatocum), turtle grass, lily pads, water hyacinth, eelgrass. References: 35, 44, 66, 73, 89, 116, 124, 145, 229. Mink Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; Mustela vison 0. West: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; 2410; 2610; 3110; 3130 (3131, 3134, 3135); M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M3110; A3140. Distribution: U.S. and AK except Desert Southwest. Habitat: Stream and lake banks, marsh edges. Features: Valuable furbearer. Damage to muskrat ranchers. Life history: May breed first yr. Mate Jan.-Mar. Gestation 39-75 days (delayed implantation). Young (2-6) born Apr.-May. Chiefly nocturnal. Good swimmer, May range many miles following a stream. Special notes: FL endangered subspecies: Everglades mink (M. v. evergladensis). Wetland preservation essential to management of mink. Cover: Burrows in stream bank. Hollow logs. Crevices under tree roots. Riparian thickets. Food: Carnivorous--eats small rodents, birds, eggs, crayfish, fish, frogs, snakes, muskrats, aquatic beetles. References: 5, 35, 44, 61, 73, 74, 85, 99, 111, 116, 123, 124, 127, 139, 141, 142, 149, 152, 156, 161, 188, 195, 215, 224, 233, 236, 248, 254, 255, 256. Moose Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2114). Alces alces lest: 1710; 1220; 1310; 1370; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410 (M2410-AK) ; M3110 (M3111, M3112); A3140, Distribution: Northern MN and MI. Northern ME, Rocky Mountain areas 1D, northeastern WA, MT, WY, CO) and AK. Habitat: Mixed forests with lakes, marshes interspersed. Features: Rare in NH, WI. Threatened in MA, Common big game animal elsewhere. Aesthetic. Life history: Usually solitary or small family groups. Excellent swimmer, Breeding occurs in fall. Gestation 8 mos. Young (1-2) born in spring. Females first breed at 3 yrs. Longevity of approximately 20 yrs. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 231 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.5 (Continued) SSeS Species Ecological characteristics SEER nneee Moose (Continued) Special notes: Early stages of succession of browse species are important. Cover: Conifer cover, dense swamps. Food: ME and Great Lakes region: Willows, aspen, white birch, hazelnut, ire-cherry, balsm fir, mountain-ash, sedges, mountain maple, pond lilies, juneberry. Western region: Alder, buffaloberry, bearberry, honeysuckle, choke- cherry, stem willow, elder, spiraea, snowberry, arnica, sticky geranium, waterleaf, peavine, sedges, aspen, dogwood, paper birch, mountain-ash, deer vetch. AK: Willow, Kenai birch, dwarf birch, aspen, grasses, Willow most important in AK because of its abundance. References: 3, 35, 44, 73, 83, 106, 124, 129, 141, 142, 173, 226, 240, 251, 254. Muskrat Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2530. Ondatra zibethicus West: 1220; 1310; 1320; 2410; 2610; 3110; 3130; 3210; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Found almost everywhere in U.S. except extreme South- eastern States (FL), extreme southern TX and southwestern deserts, and HA, Habitat: Ponds, lakes, streams, marshes--especially those with lush aquatic vegetation. Features: Popular fur animal. Causes damage by burrowing into earthen dikes and dams. Life history: Females breed in summer in North; winter in South. Have 2-3 litters per yr.; 5-6 young per litter. Gestation 22-30 days. Family units usually have house (mound) made from local vegetation. Burrows in banks also, Aquatic but migrate overland. Home range usually less than .5 mi of birthplace. Special notes: Competes with nutria. Is prey for mink, snapping turtles. Cover: Water, aquatic vegetation. Dens in bank or builds house from aquatic vegetation. Southeast: Most muskrats come from marshes where three-cornered grass is dominant. Prairies and Midwest: Sedges, bulrushes, cat-tails. Food: Cat-tails, bulrushes, bur-reed, water-starwort, pondweed, arrow- head, corn, cutgrass, panic-grass, cordgrass, water lilies, three- cornered grass, wire-grass, paille-fine, cottonwood, white clover, bluegrass, sedges, duckweed, smartweed. Also eats clams, mussels, fish, crayfish, frogs, snails. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 53, 60, 73, 85, 111, 116, 124, 127, 141, 142, 149, 152, 156, 161, 186, 188, 195,207, 217, 224, 233, 248, 254, 255, 256. Nutria Provinces (Sections): East: 2310; 2320; 2510 (2512); 2520. Myocastor coypus est: 3110 (3113); 3130 (3131); M2410 (M2411, M2413); M3110 (M3112). Distribution: Eastern VA and NC. Scattered throughout Southeast and TX. Tsolated spots in Rockies, northern NV, western WA and OR. Habitat: Marshes, swamps. Features: Introduced species. Not that valuable as furbearer, Clears out marsh vegetation, but competes heavily with muskrat. Generally disliked, Life history: Females sexually mature at 5 mos. Gestation 130 days; T-9 young per litter. Female can breed again within 2 days of giving birth, Very prolific. Chiefly aquatic. Longevity 4 yrs. Special notes: Can apparently withstand stagnant, polluted water. Cover: Thick aquatic vegetation. Dens in abandoned burrows or dig their own in canal banks. continued 232 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Nutria (Continued) Food: Most aquatic vegetation including cane and rice crops, water hyacinths. References: 32, 35, 44, 73, 111, 116, 124, 127, 141, 142, 152, 161, 215, 224, 233, 236. rosso Pe Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2113, 2114); 2210; 2310; 2320; 25105 Didelphis virginiana 2520; 2530; 4110. West: 2610; 3110 (3113); M2610; M2620; M3120. Distribution: Eastern half U.S. except extreme Northern States. West Coast. Habitat: Farm areas, wooded areas near water; urban areas where trees are present. Features: Considered furbearer although not valuable. Hunted in South. Damage to poultry, Life history: Have 1-2 litters per yr. Gestation about 13 days. Young (up to 14) remain in mother's pouch for 2 mos, Home range about 40 acres, but move longer distances in fall. Feigns death when cornered. Chiefly nocturnal. Cover: Holes in trees, hollow logs, rock piles, old buildings, brush- piles, culverts. Food: Omnivorous, but animal matter makes up much larger percentage of diet. Animals: Mice, birds, eggs, insects, carrion, snails, crayfish, rabbits (young). Plants: Grapes, acorns, persimmons, corn, mulberries, hackberries, blackberries, blueberries, pokeweed. Also garbage. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 53, 60, 73, 85, 116, 124, 149, 156, 161, 188, 195, 209, 224, 233. Otter, river Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; Lutra canadensis 0. West: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; 2410; 3110; 3120; 3130; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: All states except Desert Southwest and HI. Habitat: Thickets and wooded areas along streams and lakes. Features: Valuable furbearer. Aesthetic values. Endangered in MO, OK, CO, NM, ND, OH. Threatened in AZ, IA, TN. Life history: Aquatic, but will travel overland to reach another body of water. llsually travel in pairs. Gestation 9.5-10 mos. Young (1-5) born Apr.-May. Feeding range approximately 15 mi. Special notes: Clean, open water essential. Mortality: Trapping; also, habitat loss through water pollution, stream diversion or impoundment. Cover: Dens in banks usually with a below-water entrance. Cover is any waterside vegetation. Food: Fish, frogs, crayfish, aquatic invertebrates, snakes. References: 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 35, 44, 45, 47, 53, 73, 91, 99, 111, 1%, 123, 127, 139, 141, 142, 152, 156, 157, 161, 165, 178, 188, 212, 227, 233, 238, 248, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2520 (2521); 2530 (2532, 2533). Prairie dogs ynomys spp. West: 3110; 3°10; M3110 (M3112, M3113); P3130; A3140. Cunomys PP Distribution: Black-tailed prairie dog: Western prairies from MT south Black-tailed prairie dog through TX. C. ludovicianus White-tailed prairie dog: Eastern Rockies and plateaus. MT south - , a through AZ and NM. White-tailed prairie dog Habitat: Black-tailed prairie dog: Upland prairies (short-grass). £. Jeucurus White-tailed prairie dog: Mountain valleys 5000-8500 ft. : Utah prairie dog Features: UT species (C. parvidens) is U.S. endangered. Black-tailed C. parvidens prairie dog is most popular prairie symbol. Black-tailed prairie dogs continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 233 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Prairie dogs (Continued) Features Continued): are favorite prey of endangered black-footed erret. Target of widespread poisoning. Life history: Black-tailed prairie dogs mate in early Feb. First breed after 2 yrs. Gestation 30-35 days. Young (3-5) born in late Mar., first come above ground after six weeks. Live in "towns" of extensive burrows with sentry posted. White-tailed prairie dogs habits similar, although about 1 mo. behind in breeding seasons. White-tailed prairie dogs hibernate in winter; black-tailed prairie dogs just become dormant. Cover: Extensive burrows in ground, Black-tailed prairie dogs are in more open land so danger is easily detected. White-tailed prairie dogs may inhabit slightly brushy areas of junipers and pines, Food: Wheatgrass, Russian thistle, brome, fescue, bluegrass, grama grass, saltbush, sagebrush, barley, prickly pear, globe mallow, onion bulb, dandelion, grasshoppers, other insects. References: 35, 44 73, 103, 114, 124, 141, 149, 215, 229, 236, 238, 254. Pronghorn Provinces (Sections): East: 2530 (2532, 2533). Antilocapra americana lest: 3 20; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140; M4210, Distribution: Western prairie states through Rocky Mountain parklands into Great Basin. Habitat: Prairies, sagebrush plains. Features: Popular big game animal. Aesthetic values. Uife history: Breed at 1.5 yrs. (Aug.-Oct.). Gestation 230-240 days. Young ( + born Apr.-May in South, May-June in North. Occur in bands, diurnal. Longevity 14 yrs. Run 40 mph but has limited vertical jumping ability. Special notes: U.S. endangered species: Sonoran Pronghorn (A. a. sonoriensis) in Southern AZ. Arizona threatened species: Mexican pronghorn (A. a. mexicana). Cover: Important cover is for fawning and is usually sagebrush. Various heights are important for better protection. Food: Sagebrush is very important, usually comprising a large percentage of the pronghorn's diet when available. Other food: rabbit brush, saltbush, snowberry, alfalfa, snakeweed, cedar, buffalo grass, wheat- grass, broomsedge, grama grass, mountain-mahogany, tansy mustard, prickly pear, knotweed, wild rose, cheat, sedges, vetch, locoweed, Hawaii: Haole koa. References: 12, 14, 16, 35, 44, 52, 73, 77, 78, 111, 124, 141, 142, 151, 152, 168, 203, 217, 219, 226, 229, 232, 237, 254. Rabbit, eastern cottontail Provinces {Sections : East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113); 2210; 2310; Sylvilagus floridanus 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530. West: 3110; 3140; 3220; M3110 (M3113); M3120; P3130: A3140. Distribution: Eastern third of U.S. including Desert Southwest but ex- cluding extreme northern New England States. Habitat: Heavy brush, forest and swamp edges, weed and fallow fields, ence rows. Features: Very common within range. No. 1 small game animal in many states. Life history: Active evenings through the morning. Spends daylight hours in barrows, "forms", or heavy brush, Range 3-20 acres. Gesta- tion 26-30 days. Females have 3-4 litters per yr.; 4-7 young per litter. Special notes: Good species to utilize ROWs, Will cause some tree and shrub damage in periods of low food supply. Prey species for many predators, continued 234 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.5 (Continued) A Species Ecological characteristics Eastern cottontail rabbit Cover: Burrows, dense thickets of multiflora rose, blackberry patches, (Cont inued) brushpiles, hollow logs, sericea. Food: Crabgrasses, bluegrass, clovers, truck crops, plantains, sheep- sorrel, rose, wild strawberry, dandelion, goldenrod, ryegrass, vetch, oats, chufa, soybeans, timothy, chickweed, sedges, cranberry, blue- berry, and the bark of many trees and shrubs in winter, such as gray birch, red maple, apple, sumac, dogwood, basswood, blackberry, aspen, cherry. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 50, 60, 73, 85, 100, 124, 127, 141, 142, 151, 179, 195, 224, 233, 254. Rabbit, New England Provinces (Sections): 2110 (2113, 2114); 2210 (2214). cottontail istribution: Upper New England down through PA, MD, VA, WV, NC, SC, Sylvilagus transitionalis eastern KY and TN (Appalacians). Habitat: Mountainous brushy areas and open woods. Features: Small game, but rare to uncommon through its range. Life history: Females have 3-4 litters per yr. Gestation period 26-30 lays; 4-7 young per litter. Most active early mornings and evenings. Special notes: Declining populations due to competition with eastern cottontail rabbits. . 7 Cover: Heavy brushy areas for escape. Brushpiles, briars, thickets. Food: (Same as eastern cottontail rabbit) crabgrass, bluegrass, garden crops, clover, blackberry, plantain, sheep-sorrel, panic-grass, goldenrod, birch, red maple, farm crops, sumac, chickweed, sedges, apple, willow, alder. References: 35, 40, 44, 50, 73, 100, 124, 212, 225, 248. Rabbit, marsh Provinces isect fons): 2310 (2311); 2320; 4110. Sylvilagus palustris Tstribution: Southeastern U.S. (coastal states). Habitat: Bottomlands, swamps, marshes. Features: Small game mammal. Life history: Breed Feb.-Sept. Young (2-5) born in ground depression. Chiefly nocturnal. Cover: Swamp edges; blackberry, palmetto, broomsedge, cabbage palms, deuberry» shrubs and brush. Must be close to water. Food: Centella spp., greenbrier, tupelo, groundsel, pennywort, cat- tails, rushes, ferns. References: 26, 35, 44, 73, 124, 161. Rabbit, swamp (Cane- Provinces (Sections): 2210 (2215); 2310; 2320; 2510. cutter) Distribution: Mississippi River Valley and Delta. Gulf States. Sylvilagus aquaticus Habitat: Swamps, marshes, bottomlands. Features: Endangered in OK; endangered/threatened in IN. Small game species. Some crop damage. Life history: Breeds Jan.-Sept. Gestation 36-40 days. Young 1-5 per itter. Good swimmer. Longevity 1-4 yrs. Cover: Logs, stumps, "forms" used as nest. Hide in dense stands of roseau cane, bulrushes, three-cornered grass, pondbrush, sedges, false nettles. Will lie still under water with face out, under floating brush and debris. Food: Emergent aquatic vegetation, grasses, sedges, cane, cross-vine, Euonymus spp., greenbrier, tree seedlings. References: 35, 44, 47, 73, 88, 100, 116,124,139, 178,214, 215,224, 229. Raccoon Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; Procyon lotor . West: 2610; 3110; 3130; 3140; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 235 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Raccoon (Continued) Distribution: Covers much of U.S. except scattered areas in Rocky Mountain region, Habitat: Rock cliffs, wooded areas near water and fields. Features: Popular and valuable furbearer. Trapped and hunted. Aesthetic. Damage to corn, poultry. Life history: Females can mate at 1 yr. Mate late winter in South, early spring in North. Gestation period of 63 days. Young (2-7) born in Apr. or May; 1 litter per yr. Young leave mother in fall; may emigrate great distance. Mostly nocturnal. Excellent swimmers. Special notes: Although primarily a woodland species, its foraging eads it through all habitat types including clearings and the forest edges. Adaptable to urban areas. Cover: Hollow trees and logs, rock crevices, ground burrows, squirrel nests. Usually near waterways. Food: Insects, frogs, birds and eggs, fish, small mammals, crayfish, crabs, snails, earthworms, poultry. Northeast and Midwest: Acorns, corn, persimmon, pokeweed, grape, sweet corn, tomatoes, choke-cherries. Southeast: Acorns, corn, palmetto, greenbrier, grape, persimmon, sweet corn, tomatoes, pecans. Prairies: Acorns (where available), persimmon, grape, mulberry, grasses, corn, blackberry, raspberry. West: Acorns, hollyleaf cheery, buckthorn, References: 5, 12, 35, 4, 53,60, 69, 73, 74,85, 111, 116, 124, 127, 141, ~T49, 156, 161, 188, 195, 224, 233, 248, 254. Skunks Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; All spp. 9. West: 2410; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; 3220; M2110; M2410; Striped skunk M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140, Mephitis mephitis Distribution: Striped skunk: Everywhere. Spotted skunk: All but upper Midwest and Northeast. Spotted skunk Hooded skunk: Southern AZ and NM. Spilogale putorius Hog-nosed skunk: Southern TX, NM, AZ. Hooded skunk Habitat: Brushy areas, open woodlots, prairies, rocky foothills; near Mephitis macroura water, Features: Spotted skunk is threatened in IA; Rare/endangered in KY. Furbearer; good rodent control. Poultry damage, rabies carrier. Life history: Young (about 4) born in spring. Gestation about 2 mos. for striped skunk, hooded skunk, hog-nosed skunk. About 4 mos. for spotted skunk. Chiefly nocturnal. Has defensive odor. Several may den together. Cover: Dens in burrows, under buildings, rock piles, crevices, rock cliffs. Can climb trees to escape, but usually uses scent to ward off an enemy. Dens are usually close to water. Food: Mostly animal matter. Plant foods are insignificant for eastern skunks, but more important to western species. Striped skunk: Insects, spiders, amphibians, reptiles, mice, gophers, turtle and bird eggs, grapes, blueberries, peanuts, blackberries, ground-cherry, prickly pear, nightshade. Spotted skunk: Mice, chipmunks, insects, spiders, snakes, eggs, cray- fish, fungus, persimmons, grapes, mulberries. Hooded skunk: Horned toads, insects, lizards, mesquite, manzanita. Hog-nosed skunk: Insect grubs, small mammals, persimmons, prickly pear, References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 60, 73, 85, 91, 98, 99, 111, 116, 124, 127, 139, 141, 149, 152, 156, 161, 188, 195, 224, 248, 254, 755, 256. Hog-nosed skunk Conepatus leuconotus continued 236 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.5 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Squirrel, eastern fox Sciurus niger Weasels Mustela spp. Shorttail weasel (ermine) Mustela erminea Least weasel Mustela nivalis Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata Wolf, gray Canis lupus Provinces {eectigns: East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113); 2210; 2310; 2320; 3 3 2530; 4110. 3 3 West: 3110 (3112, 3113). Distribution: Eastern half U.S. to the Rocky Mountain States, excluding Northeastern States. Habitat: Open woodlots, pine forests with clearings. Features: Popular game animal. Aesthetic in city parks. Some crop damage along woodlot borders. Endangered subspecies: Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel (S. n. cinereus): U.S. endangered species. Found in MD and VA, Mangrove fox squirrel (S. n. aricennia): Endangered in FL. Sherman's fox squirrel TS. n. shermani): Threatened in FL. Lowry and Davis fox squirrel (5. n. bachmani): Endangered in NC, Life history: Yearling females have T litter per yr. Older females have ? per yr.; late winter, late summer. Gestation period 44 days. Young (2-5) weaned in 2-3 mos, Active early morning, evening. Spends much time on ground foraging. Special notes: Its ground foraging and use of openings near woods would allow it to utilize ROWs. Cover: Trees. Nests in leaf nest, twig nest, or tree cavity. Will usually run to nearest tree to hide. Food: Acorns, corn, hickory nuts, elm buds and seeds, wheat, beech nuts, walnuts, maple buds and seeds, pecan nuts, wild grapes, wild straw- berries; plus insects, bird eggs, cambium on young trees, fungi. References: 5, 35, 44, 61, 73, 85, 100, 124, 126, 127, 151, 156, 160, 189, 195, 215, 229, 236, 242, 248, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110; 2210; 2310; 2320; 2510; 2520; 2530; West: 1210; 1220; 1310; 1320; 2410; 2610; 3110; 3120; 3130; 3140; 3210; M1210; M1310; M2110; M2410; M2610; M2620; M3110; M3120; P3130; A3140. Distribution: Shorttail weasel: Northern States and AK. Least weasel: Midwest, upper plains and AK. Longtail weasel: Everywhere excluding Southwest and AK. Habitat: Farms, brushlands, open woods, meadows near water. Features: Furbearer and beneficial predator on rodents. Ermine weasel endangered in IA, Least weasel is endangered in MD; threatened in IA; rare to uncommon elsewhere. Long-tailed weasel threatened in IA. Life history: Gestation 8-10 mos. depending on species and geographical Ocation. Usually 1 litter per yr. Young (3-8) can all breed by end of first yr. All chiefly nocturnal. Cover: Ground burrows, old stumps, brush and rock piles, old buildings, ATT are used for dens and hunting areas. Food: Carnivorous--eats mice, rabbits, squirrels, gophers, birds, eggs, snakes, frogs, fish. No significant plant intake. References: 5, 12, 14, 35, 44, 47, 53, 73, 85, 91, 111, 116, 123, 124, 126, 139, 141, 155, 160, 161, 188, 195, 224, 238, 254. Provinces {eect tons : East: 2110 (2111, 2112). lest: 3 3 1310; 1320; 3140; M1210; M1310; M2110 (M2111, M2112); 3 M2410 (M2415); M3110 (M3112). Distribution: Northern MN, possibly MI's Upper Peninsula and northern ~ Upper Rockies (northwestern WY) and Glacier National Park. Common in AK. Possible northeastern WA and northern ID. Also Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior. Possible in southeastern AZ. Habitat: Wilderness forests, mountain forests, tundra. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 237 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.5 (Concluded) Species Ecological characteristics Gray wolf (Continued) Features: U.S. endangered species. Although still hunted in MN and AK as game animal. Life history: Gregarious, highly organized social structure with domtnance hierarchy. Hunt in packs. Large range of 60 mi diameter. Can breed in second yr. Gestation of 9 weeks. Pups (3-14) born in spring. Parents bring pups food by regurgitation. Special notes: Although a wilderness species and very shy of man, might Benefit from ROW if adequate prey species’ habitat was created. Cover: Uses dug-out ground dens or abandoned beaver lodges. Escape cover is usually dense woody areas. Food: Large ungulates such as deer, mountain sheep, moose, caribou; also beaver, hares, small rodents. Have taken livestock. References: 3, 13, 35, 44, 73, 83, 124,134, 135,136, 141,203,226, 229, 254. Wolf, red Provinces (Sections): 2310 (2311, 2312); 2320; 2510 (2512). Canis rufus istribution: Southeastern TX, LA; possibly up through southern AK and southeastern OK. Habitat: Forests, forested swamps, canebrakes, river bottoms. Features: U.S. endangered species. Endangered in LA, MS, TX. Uife history: Sexually mature at 2-3 yrs. Form life pair bond. Mate ate winter. Gestation 63 days. Pups (4-7) born Apr.-May. High pup mortality (possibly due to hookworms). Large range. Pure race of red wolves in jeopardy because of hybridization with coyotes. Special notes: Full protection and preservation of habitat are necessary for survival of red wolf. Cover: Dense forested swampland and bottoms. Dens in hollow logs, abandoned burrows with usually vine or brush covering. Food: Carnivorous--eats deer, rabbits, small rodents, birds, crabs, some livestock, insects. References: 35, 44, 73, 116, 124, 137, 138, 163, 216, 224, 229. Woodchuck (Ground hog, Provinces (Sections): 2110; 2210; 2320; 2510 (2511). marmot) istribution: Northeastern part of U.S. through Great Lakes States. Marmota monax Barely reaching down to Southern States. Habitat: Open woodlots, old fields, brushy or rocky hillsides. Features: Usually not protected and commonly hunted as a "target Practice" species. Can do considerable crop damage in agricultural areas. Life history: Breeds at 1 yr. in early spring. Gestation period 31-32 days. Young (2-6) born Apr.-May; 1 litter per yr. Home range 40-160 acres, but usually not far from a burrow. Digs extensive burrows. Diurnal, Hibernates in winter. Special notes: Although considered a pest species by farmers, the urrows provide dens and cover for many other species of wildlife. Cover: Brushy cover; holes in ground, under tree roots; heavily vegetated fields, gullies, fence rows. Typical cover vegetation is blackberry, greenbrier, grape, sumac, cherry, sassafras. Food: Clover, garden vegetables, soybeans, plantains, alfalfa, pawpaw, apples, sunflowers, dandelions; about any tender vegetation. References: 5, 35, 44, 60, 71, 73, 85, 116, 124, 127, 161. 238 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Birds of the Eastern United States Species Ecological characteristics Chachalaca Provinces {Sections}: 2520 (2523). Ortalis vetula istribution: Southern tip of TX to Nicaragua, resident locally in Tower Rio Grande Valley; from near Falcon Dam to Brownsville; north to Raymondville. Habitat: Woodlands, tall brush. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Frail nest, bulit of sticks, leaves; in bush or tree. Eggs (3) whitish. Cover: Woodlands and dense thickets. Food: Fruits, seeds, buds, insects. References: 175, 215, 217. Crane, Mississippi Provinces (Sections): 2310, 2320. sandhill stribution: Gulf coastal plains of LA, MS, and AL. Presently only Grus canadensis pulla 30-40 birds left, located in Jackson County, MS. Habitat: Savannas, swamps, and marshes with shallow water and nearby trees. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to draining of wet- ands and suburban development. Life history: Breeds at 4-5 years in late Mar. or Apr. Clutch size =2, Incubation 30-31 days. Longevity of 20-25 yrs, Nesting success is low; eggs are destroyed by heavy rains. Both parents incubate. Non-migratory. Cover: Savannas: Grasses, longleaf pine, baldcypress, slash pine, Wire.grass, pitcher-plant, sundew, club-moss, pipewort, yellow-eyed grass, golden crest, red-root. Swamps: Baldcypress, slash pine, longleaf pine, wax-myrtle, hollies, buckwheat-tree, sweet bay, sphagnum moss, bracken fern. Marsh: Scleria, sedges and grasses. Food: Waste corn, roots, seeds, berries, some insects, amphibians, crayfish. References: 9, 48, 229, 243. Crane, whooping Provinces (Sections): East: 2510 (2512). Grus americana est: - migratory, Distribution: Restricted to southern Mackenzie and northern Saskat- chewan. Migrates southward and winters on TX Gulf Coast. Habitat: Prairies, marshes, barren grounds, pothole lakes well Bordered by vegetation. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to decreased winter habitat, draining of marshes. Also shot during migration. Life history: Nests consist of grasses heaped 1-2 ft above water, also on top of abandoned muskrat houses. Nest size ranges to 2 ft across. Clutch size 2, incubation about 1 mo. Incubation performed by both sexes. Migrates north in late Mar., Apr. Eggs buff, blotched. Cover: Live oak, pine oak, bluejack oak, saltgrass, salt-flat grass, saltwort, sea ox-eye, salicornia. Roosts in shallow ponds, some distance from solid land. Food: Shrimp, pistol shrimp, grass shrimp, river shrimp, hermit crab, blue crab, grasshoppers, cricket frog, leopard frog, tree frog, toad, corn and succulent roots of aquatic plants. Feeds at brackish water front. References: 9, 101, 148, 229, 243. Curlew, Eskimo Provinces sections) East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320. Numenius borealis West: > M (U.S. Coasts Distribution: Northern Canada and AK; East of Fort Anderson and up to the Arctic Coast States. Winters in southern Uruguay, central Argentina, and southern Chile. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 239 “40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Eskimo Curlew (Continued) Dove, mourning (Turtle dove) Zenaida macroura Dove, white-winged Zenaida asiatica Habitat: Barren grounds and grassy tundra, open country and near marshes. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to over-shooting. Previously was a gamebird. Life history: Nests are hollows in the ground, lined with decayed leaves. Clutch size 3-4, usually 4. Food: Curlew berries, blueberries, bog cranberries, bearberries. Insects, crickets, grasshoppers, bloodworms, black and yellow fiddler crabs, snails. References: 9, 48, 65, 70, 72, 148, 191, 229. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Southeastern AK, central British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, south throughout Western U.S.; Nova Scotia, southern ME, Ontario and Manitoba south to the Gulf Coast. Habitat: Open woods, evergreen plantations, orchards, roadside trees, suburban gardens; avoids dense woods. Features: Gamebird; aesthetic. Most widespread gamebird. Life history: Nest as high as 50 ft in trees typically evergreens; in tangles of shrubs or vines; rarely on ground. Platform of sticks, little if any lining of grass, weeds, rootlets. Sometimes uses nest of robin, catbird, common grackle and other species as foundation for its twig platform. Eggs (2-3, rarely 4) oval to elliptical; shell smooth with slight gloss; white, unmarked. Incubation by both sexes; 13-14 days. Females incubate from dusk to dawn, when male replaces her. Two or more broods. Spring migration, Mar.-Apr. Life span 6-7 yrs. Special notes: Predators include snakes, squirrels, raccoons, opossums, crows, jays, cats. Cover: Evergreens, tangles of brush and vines. Food: Northeast: Bristlegrass, corn, wheat, buckwheat, ragweed, poke- weed, knotweed, crabgrass. Southeast: Corn, bristlegrass, crowfoot grass, Cowpea, crabgrass, ragweed, oats, pine, doveweed, pokeweed, panic- grass, paspalum, wheat, carolina geranium. Prairies: Pigweed, corn, doveweed, bristlegrass, spurge, wheat, knotweed, sunflower, panic- grass. Mt. deserts: Wheat, doveweed, pigweed, sunflower, horse-purslane, barley, bristlegrass, knotweed. Pacific: Turkey mullein, fiddleneck, California poppy, star-thistle, redmaids, mustard, wheat, sunflower, tarweed, pigweed, chickweed. References: 124, 182. Provinces (Sections): East: 2520. West: 3140, 3210, 3220, M3120. Distribution: Breeds in TX, NM, AZ, CA. Winters in Mexico. Habitat: River woods, mesquite groves, saquaros, desert oasis, towns. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Arrives in breeding grounds late Mar., returns to same nesting spots and in some cases same nest. Nests in thickets, trees. Nest consists of loosely constructed twigs, 10 ft above ground. Male gathers material and female builds nest. Clutch size 2, eggs pure white to creamy buff. Both parents incubate 13-15 days. Migrates south in Sept. and Nov. Some birds do not migrate. Life span 5 yr. potential, mortality rate 30-50%. continued CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics White-winged dove (Continued) Eagle, northern bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus (Above 40° latitude) Eagle, southern bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus eucocephalus (Below 40° latitude) Special notes: Drought is main cause of reproduction curtailment. Hawks prey on adults; domestic cats, bobcats, ring-tailed cats, opossums, raccoons, rats prey on young. Cover: Dense mesquite and ebony thickets. Many have been cleared and are now replaced by citrus farms, which the dove also uses for nest sites, but they prefer the former thorns which offered protection from predation and wind. Food: Animals (very small percent): Ants, beetles, insects. Plants: TX--doveweed, sunflower, corn, sorghum. AZ--barley, wheat, giant cactus, acacia, sorghum, doveweed. Other areas--bristlegrass, prickly-ash, lycium, condalia. References: 14, 124, 182, 215, 217. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2530. West: 2410, 3110, 3120, M2110, M2410, M3110. Distribution: Breeds in boreal forests from northwestern AK, Mackenzie and Quebec, south to British Columbia and Great Lakes. Winters South to WA, MT, and southern New England. Habitat: Restricted to coasts, lakes, rivers, though seen along mountain ridges in the interior during migration. In the winter common around open rapids, spillways. Features: Endangered in OH, WI. Endangered/threatened in ID. Rare/ endangered in KY. National bird, aesthetic. Destruction of nest trees, shooting, egg collecting, and other forms of direct and in- direct human disturbances have reduced the number of this species in certain areas. Poisoning by insecticides have decreased breeding success. Life history: Nests on cliffs, mountainous areas, or in trees else- where; also rocky promontory or even on ground on islands. Nest material consists of sticks, lined with pine needles. Nesting site is usually coastal or, if inland, near water. Species mates for life and returns to same nest year after year, adding new material. Clutch size 2, plain white eggs. Incubation performed by both parents, 35 days. Reaches breeding age at 4-5 yrs. Cover: Roosts in large trees protruding from forest canopy, preferably close to feeding areas and away from disturbances. Food: Primarily fish; also crippled waterfowl, occasionally rodents. Will also feed on carrion but prefers live prey. Is often seen taking prey from the osprey. References: 9, 29, 98, 99, 165, 201, 246, 251. Provinces (Sections): East: 2310, 2320, 4110. West: M2620. Distribution: SC, Gulf States, southern CA, Mexico, predominately along coastal areas. Habitat: Along coasts and interior lake regions, rocky outcrops, and cliffs. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to pesticide contam- ination, DDT causing egg shell thinning, low breeding success, un- hatched eggs. Also disturbed by intruders; chain saws, snowmobiles, lumbering operations and hurricanes. Life history: Nests located near shores of bays and inlets, 50-100 ft above ground in cliffs and large pines. Mating season late Sept.- Oct.; eggs layed in winter, early Nov.-early Feb. Clutch size 2, incubation 35 days; both sexes incubate and rear young. The nesting period is long to provide time for young eaglets to develop protective Plumage before hot weather comes in early spring; also it is easier to find food when waterfowl is abundant. Nest material consists of large sticks, rubbish, pine needles, Spanish moss. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 241 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Southern bald eagle Life history (Continued) : Bald eagles reach maturity in 4-5 yrs. and (Continued) at this time they begin to mate. They mate for life and return to the same nest for several yrs., adding new material each yr. Nest width is 3-7 ft. Roosts in large trees close to feeding areas. Eggs dull white. Cover: Nesting and roosting sites in longleaf pine, black mangrove and baldcypress. Food: Mainly fish: Including catfish, black bass, sergeant fish, crevalle, pompano, mullet. Waterfowl: Including black duck, lesser scaup, horned grebe, coot. Mammals: Including marsh rabbits, prairie dogs, and tree squirrels. Also turtles. References: 9, 23, 130, 148, 198, 200, 201, 202, 229. Eagle, golden Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530. Aquila chrysaetos West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Western U.S. west of Mississippi River. Few are noted along migratory routes in east; Hawk Mountain, PA. West: AK, Canada CA, central Mexico, TX, SD. East: NH, ME, Nova Scotia, Alleghenies to southwestern NC. Habitat: Prefers mountainous regions throughout its range. Features: Unique, uncommon, endangered in AL, TN. Rare/endangered in KY. Previously was hunted because of threat posed to livestock. Was also hunted by Plains Indians for feathers. Life history: Nests along cliffs, promontories, and also roosts and watches for prey along these sites. Much of its hunting is done while in flight. Mates for life, will remate if death interferes. Average territory defended--36 sq. mi. Nest materials consists of sticks, lined with hay, twigs, and grass. Returns to same nest every year adding new material. Average nest width 4-5 ft. Clutch size 2, eggs white spotted with brown, purple. Incubation 1 mo. Longevity 25-30 yrs. Cover: Nesting trees: Sycamores, pines, or oaks. Food: Living prey and carrion. Rodents form the staple diet, varying with local conditions. Also feeds on rabbits, woodchucks, prairie dogs, ground squirrels, turkeys, grouse, young livestock; lambs, pigs, poultry. Important in keeping rodent population in check. References: 2, 15, 98, 99, 148, 201, 212. Falcon, peregrine Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Falco peregrinus West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, American peregrine falcon 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, F. p. anatum P3130, A3140. . : Distribution: American peregrine falcon: Breeds in Arctic south ae Pe uniriue falcon Tocally to northern GA and northern LA, Baja, CA, AZ, AK, NM, and <: B. Suncyius western TX. Winters in northern U.S., southern Canada, south to Gulf of Mexico, southern Pacific States inland mainly from AZ and southern CO. Arctic peregrine falcon: Breeds across top of continent from AK to Greenland. Winters in South America. Nesting Habitat: American peregrine falcon: Cliffs, especially those that intergrade with slopes and rivers. Some tree nests in natural cavities. Arctic peregrine falcon: Tundra ground nests, in bogs, low hummocks, small bluffs. Features: U.S. endangered species. Has declined in number due to pesticide contamination, DDT causing egg shell thinning. Also illegally shot, habitat destruction, falconery. cont inued 242 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Peregrine falcon Life history: Peregrine falcons do not breed as yearlings. There is (Continued) strong pair bonding, usually seen in pairs. Longevity of 2-3 yrs. after sexually mature. Clutch size 2-5, incubation 1 mo. Home range 3-5 mi. Very little nesting materials are used, if any; sticks, fur, feathers, rotten wood are used in scrapes in earth and cliff crevices. Will also use old nests of buzzards, ravens, and eagles. Roosts near breeding sites in rocks and trees. Competition for nesting sites does occur where range overlaps with ravens and eagles. Eggs reddish, spotted. Food: Mainly birds: Including passerines, finches, grouse, doves, young and crippled waterfowl, least and crested auklets, gulls, teal, poultry. Mammals: Including rabbits, ground squirrels, rodents. Also insects. References: 10, 29, 70, 174, 201, 229, 250. Goose, Canada Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Branta canadensis 4110. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Entire U.S. Habitat: Ponds, lakes, rivers, marshes, fields. Features: Migratory gamebird; aesthetic. Life history: Mates for life. Nest is large, bulky. Usually built in open, such as on top of muskrat house, log, etc. Clutch size 6-7. Eggs are dull white with brown splotches. Incubation period is 28-30 days performed by female. Male guards nest and young. Young begin flying in 42-85 days depending on subspecies. Live 15-20 yrs. Special notes: See discussion on wetlands in Wildlife Management Chapter. Food: Cordgrass, widgeon-grass, spikerush, pondweed, glasswort, eel- grass, brome, saltgrass, bulrush, barley, wheat, oats, corn. References: 18, 44, 105, 124, 174, 182. Grouse, ruffed Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2320, 2510, 2530 (2531). Bonasa umbellus West: 2410, 3110 (3111), 3120, M2110, M2410, M3110 (M3111, M3112). Distribution: Western AK, central Yukon, Great Slave Lake south: T) in coast belt to northern CA; 2) in mountains to northeastern OR, central UT, WY, western SD; 3) on wooded plains to central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan; Canada south to NJ (and in Appalachians to GA, AL). Also in Mississippi Valley to MI, WI, and northeastern IA; locally to OH, IN, MO. Habitat: Forested areas of conifers, deciduous trees or mixed. Features: Popular gamebird. Life history: Nest in thick woods and dense cover; female hollows site for nest at base of tree, under log, rock,or root, or in dense brush in dry situation;--lined with hardwood leaves, pine needles, available material, mixed with few grouse feathers. Eggs (9-12) occasionally less, sometimes to 14; 1 egg laid daily until clutch complete; short- oval to long-oval. Shell smooth, slight gloss; buffy, few speckled with brownish spots. Incubated by female alone 21-24 days. Male promiscuous, no pair bond formed. One brood. Does not migrate. Life span 3-4 yrs. Special notes: Predators include great horned owl, barred owl, snowy owl, gyra-falcon, goshawk, Cooper's hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, fox, bobcat, lynx, snakes, skunks, Opossums, raccoon, weasel, mink, etc., which steal eggs, chicks, and adults, if possible. Cover: Aspen, fire-cherry, scnub oak, alder. Mixed species, stands of hardwood shrubs, trees and mixtures of hardwood and coniferous species; blackberries, raspberries. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 243 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Ruffed grouse (Continued) Grouse, sharp-tailed Pedioecetes phasianellus Food: Young eat quantities‘of insect larvae, beetles, flies, snails, spiders, ants. Also consume seeds, especially sedges. Northeast, mainly NY: Aspen bud and flower; clover flower; hazelnut bud and flower; birch flower; greenbrier fruit and leaf; sumac; grape; apple; hawthorn fruit and bud; blackberry and raspberry fruit and bud; strawberry leaf; willow bud; wild cherry bud and flower. Virginia Alleghenies: Oak; grape; greenbrier fruit and leaf; wintergreen fruit and leaf; mountain laurel leaf and bud; wild rose; sheep-sorrel; pussy's-toes; blueberry; hazelnut bud and flower; dogwood bud and fruit; ferns; viburnum, PA: Large-toothed aspen, grape, hawthorn, dock, oak, hophornbeam, blueberry, huckleberry, wild black cherry, witch-hazel, mountain- laurel, pear, wintergreen, birch, ferns, foam flower, hazelnut. OH: Greenbrier fruit and leaf; aspen; dogwood; grape; sumac; beech bud and leaf; witch-hazel; oak; bittersweet; rattlesnake fern; mitrewort leaf; apple fruit; bud and leaf; hawthorn fruit and leaf. WI: Quaking aspen, hazelnut, catkin, white clover, blackberry, wild cherry, birch, dogwood. References: 5, 15, 76, 83, 92, 93, 100, 122, 124, 139, 156, 182, 226, 48. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113), 2530 (2531, 2532). West: > 3131), M2110, M3110, A3140. Distribution: North central AK, Yukon, south to eastern OR, northern NE, UT, northeastern NM, NE; from northern Quebec and northern Manitoba south to WI, MN. Habitat: Prairie brushlands, woodland clearings, open forests, with considerable brushy growth, often in or near marshy areas. Prefers 25-50% wooded vegetation; 20-40% ideal. Features: Endangered in CO, NM; endangered/threatened in ID. Gamebird; destruction of habitat (brushlands) primary reason for decline of population. Parasites, disease and accidents further reduce pop- ulation. Life history: Nest under thick tufts of grass, thick weeds, bushes. Well-hidden hollow scraped in ground; sparingly lined with grasses, dry leaves and ferns, a few feathers. Breeds in Apr.-June. Female builds nests. Openings important as brood habitat. Eggs (9-17, average 12) oval, shell smooth, with slight gloss. Light brown to olive-buff, often with dark brown speckles. Incubation by female alone; about 21 days. Does not migrate except when forced by food requirements at different seasons. Special notes: Predators include crows, magpies, badgers, ground squirrels, snakes, fox, coyote, dogs, cats, hawks, owls, and eagles. Cover: Open aspens, cutover pines, 43% shrub cover, 3-6 ft high; tree cover in excess of 6 ft. Choke-cherry, willow, alder, aspen, spruce, juneberry, jack pine, scrub oak. Food: 10% insects, such as grasshoppers, caterpillars, small insects; “~~ 90% vegetation. Great Lakes area: White birch seeds and buds, mountain-ash fruit and bud, white clover leaf, alder bud and flower, cranberry, willow bud and leaf, wild rose, raspberry, oats, fire-cherry, aspen bud, knotweed, wheat, corn, dandelion, choke-cherry, sedge, hazelnut, dwarf cornel, viburnum, vetch, goldenrod, snowberry, bearberry. Western NB: Dandelion, prairie rose, white clover leaf, sweet clover leaf, snowberry fruit and leaf, ground-cherry, poison ivy. continued CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Sharp-tailed grouse (Continued) Grouse, spruce Canachites canadensis Hawk, broad-winged Buteo platypterus Hawk, Cooper's Accipiter cooperii Food {Continued) UT: Wheat, grasses, sunflower, choke-cherry, alfalfa, maple buds, sagebrush, wyethia, yarrow, dandelion, rosin- weed, wild rose, willow. ND: Wild rose, wild cherry bud and seed, willow bud, poplar buds, corn, hawthorn, poison oak, oats, wheat, dandelion, snowberry, knotweed, gromwell, serviceberry, bristlegrass, ragweed. References: 5, 15, 45, 76, 93, 124, 142, 157, 159, 174, 175, 182, 195, 246, 254. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110. West: M2110, M2410 (M2415), M3110 (M3111, M3112). Distribution: West to north AK, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, south in mountains to northeastern OR, central ID, northwestern WY; in boreal forests to central Alberta, central Saskatchewan; Labrador; in New England, NY, northern MI and northern MN. Habitat: Coniferous forests, tamarack swamps, cedar bogs, lowlands bordering sluggish streams. Features: Gamebird. Breeding population diminishing by expansion of forest cutting and need for agricultural land. Life history: Nest sheltered and well-concealed place in tangle of bushes or most often under low overhanging spruce limb; shallow hollow, commonly found in moss on top of low mound; lined sparsely with dead leaves, grasses, spruce needles, and few feathers--female builds. Eggs (4-10, typically 6-8) laid every other day. Oval to long-oval, shell smooth with a slight gloss; cinnamon to buff, marked with large brown spots. Incubation by female alone; 17-24 days. Male polygamous. Life span 5-7 yrs. Special notes: Fox, bobcat, coyote, wolf, lynx, mountain lion, marten, fisher, wolverine, bear, crow, raven, hawks, owls, eagles are its primary predators. Cover: Blueberry, trailing arbutus, black spruce, white spruce, birch, poplar, spirea, cranberry, black lichen, lodgepole pine, aspen- Food: Exclusively vegetarian. Canada and Northwest: Jack pine, white spruce, blueberry leaf and fruit, larch leaf, birch bud and seed, fir leaf, bearberry, sabal, moss capsule, sedge, beech, Christmas fern, wood fern, dwarf cornel. References: 5, 15, 83, 93, 124, 174, 175, 182, 203. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2320, 2310, 4110, 2510, 2520, 30. West: 3110 (3112). Distribution: Eastern U.S. west to TX, OK, NE, KS to western ND. Habitat: Deciduous forests. Features: Beneficial hawk. Life history: Nest usually in crotch of tree 10-80 ft high; constructed of coarse twigs and bark and lined with roots or bark strips. Eggs (2-5) pale green or gray with many brown spots. Hunts by slowly gliding, hovering, or sitting for hours. Silent and appears sluggish. Food: Insects, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4710. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Found throughout most of the contiguous 48 States. Habitat: Secluded woods, older trees. Features: Known as swift predator. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 245 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Cooper's hawk (Continued) Life history: Nest in tall trees 10-50 ft high; usually made from old crow's or hawk's nest with additional material added every yr. Eggs (3-6) pale blue with brown spots. Food: Poultry, doves, grouse, chipmunks, ground squirrels, other small mammals. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Hawk, ferruginous Provinces (Sections): East: 2530. Buteo regalis West: 3110, 3130, M2110, M3110, A3140. Distribution: Eastern WA, southern Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan south to eastern OR, NV, AZ, NM, northwestern TX. Habitat: Arid plains, open rangeland. Features: Uncommon; rodent, insect control. Endangered/threatened in Life histor : Nests of sticks, on cliff, tree, or ground. Eggs (2-6) white. Food: Meadow mice and lemmings. References: 15, 101, 148, 246. Hawk, red-shouldered Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Buteo lineatus 4110. West: M2410 (M2412, M2414), M2620. Distribution: Northern CA to Baja; Eastern U.S. to eastern NE, OK, TX. Habitat: Woodlots, open woods. Features: Beneficial to farmers. Life history: Nest in fork of tall tree, usually not conifers; made entirely of sticks, large and bulky. Eggs (2-4) dull white with umber spots. Usually has a favorite perch and appears tame. Migrates. Cover: Cover is large trees--elm, birch, maple, beech. Food: Insects, small rodents, birds, with most of the diet made up of “farm pests". References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Hawk, red-tailed Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Buteo jamaicensis 10. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Central AK to northern British Columbia, northwestern Alberta; Newfoundland, northern Ontario, and Saskatchewan south to Gulf of Mexico and FL. Habitat: Breeds in dry woodlands, open country, mountains, deserts. Features: Beneficial. Life history: Nest large, bulky structure placed in forks of large trees 40-80 ft above ground; constructed of large st¢cks and lined with smaller twigs, bits of bark and usually with tips of hemlock branches, fern leaves and moss. Same nest occupied year after year, built by both sexes. Eggs: In Eastern and Southern areas, 2-4; in central and western areas, 4, rarely 1 or 5. Eggs dull whitish or bluish-white, exhibiting a wide variation in form and markings. Incubation by female, 28-32 days, average 30. Pairs usually mate for life. Food: Mainly mammals: Including mice, rats, arboreal and ground squirrels, rabbits, voles. Insects: Including grasshoppers, crickets, beetles. Birds: Including poultry, gamebirds. References: 15, 76, 80, 148. continued 246 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Hawk, rough- legged Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2320, 2510, 2520. Buteo lagopus West: 0, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Northern AK, Yukon, northern Mackenzie, south to ATeutians, southern AK, Great Slave Lake. Habitat: Tundra escarpments, Arctic Coasts; in winter, open plains, marshes. Features: Beneficial. Life history: Nests of twigs, moss; on cliff, ravine, or tree top. Eggs (2-6) dingy to buffy-white, sprinkled with blotches of dark brown. Food: Mainly mammals. Also birds, insects. References: 15, 76, 80, 148. Hawk, sharp-shinned Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Accipiter striatus 110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: North America down to Panama. Habitat: Cliffs, trees (conifers). Features: Fierce predator; bad reputation as a "chicken hawk," Life history: Nest is usually in a conifer or rock ledge; constructed of twigs, no lining. Eggs (4-5) dull blue or green splotched with brown. Migrates. Cover: Conifers, woodlots. Food: Mostly other birds including poultry. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Hawk, Swainson's Provinces (Sections): East: 2510, 2520, 2530. Buteo swainsoni West: 2410, » 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Northeastern AK, northwestern Mackenzie, south-central ~~ Saskatchewan, south throughout most of Western U.S.; east to Plains in NM, NE, KS, etc. Habitat: Dry plains, open foothills, alpine meadows, rangeland, open forest, sparse trees. Features: Considered a most useful and beneficial hawk. Life history: Nest on the ground in bushes or on ledges; generally in tallest trees toward the end of horizontal branches; constructed of small branches and twigs, and lined with few leaves, moss or feathers; sometimes rehabilitates old nests. Eggs (2-4, average 2) white, greenish-white, or buff-white, usually spotted or blotched with reddish-brown; sometimes unmarked. Food: Small rodents, principally striped gophers and mice; grass- “hoppers, large crickets. References: 15, 76, 148. Kestrel, American Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, (Sparrow Hawk ) 4110. Flaco sparverius West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Central AK, northwestern Mackenzie south throughout West. FL and Gulf of Mexico to Newfoundland, southern Quebec and Saskatchewan. Habitat: Fields, pastures, open wooded areas, orchards, buildings on farms, in cities. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 247 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Kestrel (Continued) Kite, Florida Everglade Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Kite, Mississippi Ictinia mississippiensis Kite, swallow-tailed Elanoides forficatus Kite, white-tailed Elanus leucurus Features: Perches on poles, wires; utilizes openings--all for hunting. Life history: Nests in natural cavities of trees, deserted woodpecker holes, in rock cavities, holes in banks, artificial nesting boxes, or in crannies of outbuildings without nesting material. Eggs (4-5) ground color varying from creamy-white to reddish-buff speckled with shades of red and brown. Food: Primarily feeds on grasshoppers, small mammals, small birds, aa : crickets, beetles, spiders. References: 76, 80, 148. Provinces (Sections): 2310 (2311), 4110. Distribution: Found only in Florida near Lake Okeechobee and northern Everglades. Habitat: Wet fresh water marshes (permanent). Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to habitat destruction, cee : draining of wetlands, also causing decrease of food supply. Life history: Mests in bushes, small trees, or grass clumps. Clutch size 3-4, incubation 2 weeks, performed by both sexes. Eggs are layed in mid-Mar.-late Apr. Nest is bulky structure of grass, weeds, small twigs, located 1-6 ft above water. Breeds in small scattered colonies. Roosts in leafless bushes drown out by water. Present status is 50-75 individuals in FL. Eggs white, spotted brown. Cover: Dead myrtle, amphibian willow, wax-myrtle, silver-leaved magnolia, swamp-bay, sawgrass, great salt marsh-grass. Food: Fresh water snails (Ampullaria depressa). It feeds on this almost exclusively but has been notéd to also feed on turtles. References: 9, 23, 48, 148, 200, 229. Provinces (Sections): 2210 (2215), 2310, 2320, 2510. Distribution: Northeastern KS, IA, TN, SC south to TX, LA, MS, AL, northern FL--casual in other Midwest States. Habitat: Open brushland or woods with large trees, near water. Nests Habitat: in tall trees. Features: Unique; aesthetic. Life history: Nest is usually that of another species in a tall tree. Remodeling is done with leaves or Spanish Moss. Eggs (2-3) pale Dluish-green sometimes marked with faint spots. This bird is a tireless flier and eats much of its prey in flight. Will migrate in flocks. Cover: Nest in large trees. Food: Mostly insects, but will take lizards, mice, or toads. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): 2310, 2320. Distribution: Gulf Coast, SC, GA, FL, south through Mexico and South America. Habitat: Woody areas near water. Feature’ Unique; aesthetic. Life history: Nest is in tops of tall trees, made from sticks, hay, or moss. ggs (2-4) white with brown spotches. Incubation starts Mar., but may wait until June. Migrates in small flocks. Food: Insects, snakes, or other small reptiles. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): East: 2310 (2311), 2320. West: M2410 (M2412, M2414), M2620. Distribution: Western CA from Humboldt County south to Baja. Also continued 248 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics White-tailed kite (Continued) Merlin (Pigeon hawk) Falco columbarius Osprey Pandion haliaetus Distribution (Continued): southeastern OK and TX and Peninsular FL. Habitat: Wooded areas along streams and rivers. Features: Unique; aesthetic. Life history: Nests in tops of tall trees; nest made of twigs and ined with grass. Eggs (3-5) dull white splotched with red or brown blotches. Hunts by crossing fields and hovering, then dropping down on prey. Cover: Large trees (live oak). Food: Insects, reptiles, small birds, mammals. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 0 West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Northwestern AK, northern Yukon south to OR, northern ID, northern MT, northern ND; in East, breeds in conifers from northern edge of U.S. limit of trees. Habitat: Open woods or heavy timber in wilderness areas; cliffs; in ——. 7 migration also foothills, marshes, open country. Features: Aesthetic; endangered in ND. Life history: Nests on cliffs, in trees, tree hollows, magpie nests, on ground; constructed of sticks, weed stems, grass, or moss; lined with feathers and strips of soft inner bark. Eggs (3-6) rusty, spotted. Food: Shorebirds, especially sanderlings and ringed plovers. 63% birds, 30% insects, 4% mammals, 1% poultry game, 2% miscellaneous. References: 15, 76, 148, 227. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Breeds northwestern AK, across to Hudson Bay, Labrador, Newfoundland; south to central CA, western Mexico, Gulf Coast, FL Keys. Winters from FL and Gulf Coast States through lower CA, Mexico to Central America and West Indies. Habitat: Usually close to large bodies of water, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, sea coasts; in undisturbed wooded areas. Features: Endangered in AL, NJ, NY, TN, VT. Rare/endangered in KY. Decline in numbers due to pesticide contamination of fish, human disturbance of nests. Nests on snags, poles, transmission line structures. Life history: Nest material consists of huge mass of sticks, twigs, and moss placed on ground, telephone poles, dead stubs, cliffs, or trees. Nests* are used year after year with new material added. Clutch size 3, rarely 4; eggs pinkish white blotches with brown. Hunts from flight and diving. Food: Primarily fish, rarely other birds. Also feeds on frogs, snakes, ducks, crows, night herons; rarely chickens. Western lakes: Trout, salmon, mullet, shad. Southwest, Gulf Coast: Catfish, carp, perch, sunfish. References: 2, 98, 99, 148, 155, 158, 159, 201, 212. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 249 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Owl, barn Tyto alba Owl, burrowing Athene cunicularia Owl, great horned Bubo virginianus Ecological characteristics Provinces (Sections): East: 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 3110, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2410, M2620, M3110. Distribution: Resident from northern CA, CO, NE, southern WI, NY, CT, south through the U.S. to southern Mexico. Casual in OR, MN, MI, and central New England. Habitat: Frequents towns, cities, where it roosts and nests. May be found almost anywhere, but especially open areas of farms, villages. Features: Very beneficial, especially to farmers. Endangered in AR, IA. Life history: Nests in natural cavities of trees, niches of cliffs, cantons, tet ows in the ground, barns, church steeples, deserted houses, ventilating shafts, building ledges, waterway beacons. Clutch size 5-7; eggs pure white. Incubation begins with first egg, the rest are laid at 2-3 day intervals; average incubation 30 days. Nest material consists of sticks, hay, straw, bones, or other refuse; very little material is used. Typical night bird, rarely seen in daylight. Food: Primary source is rodents, meadow mice, house mice, rats, shrews, pocket gophers, cotton rats. Will consume its own weight in food every night. References: 11, 15, 91, 101, 148, 201. Provinces (Sections): East: 2510, 2520, 2530. West: 24170, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Unforested portions of western U.S. and southwestern Canada from Pacific Coast to western MN, SD, NE, KS, TX, LA, north to WA and southern Canada. South through lower CA, through Mexico to Guatemala. Local population central FL. Habitat: Plains region, prairies, grassy plains, high sandy islands, canal dikes, airports, golf courses, large vacant urban lots, and broad road shoulders. Features: Unique; endangered in IA. Life history: Eggs deposited 5-10 ft from entrance of abandoned prairie dog, skunk, fox, or badger burrow in an enlarged chamber. Nest consists of weed stalks, dried broken bits of horse and cow manure. Clutch size 5-7; eggs white. Diurnal in its habits; frequent seen in broad daylight. Species will also dig its own cavity to nest if no suitable ones are available. Food: Ground squirrels, snakes, lizards, grasshoppers, mice, gophers, on crickets, beetles. References: 15, 91, 48, 201. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4710. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: From Yukon drainage in AK and tree limit in Mackenzie south through West; resident from Labrador and Hudson Bay to FL, TX, and Mexico. Habitat: Forests, woodlands, thickets, chaparral, streamsides, open country, deserts, canyons, cliffs. Features: Unique; aesthetic. Life history: Nests in old nest of heron or hawk; in tree, pothole, cliff, or river bluff, even on ground. Prefers nests deserted by crows, eagle, hawks, osprey, or Caracara; constructed of twigs, weed stalks, roots, and feathers. Eggs (2-3) white. Incubation mostly by female, 28-35 days. Jan.-Mar. nesting. One brood. Food: Domesticated fowl, small mammals, birds, woodchuck, skunk, cray- fish, frogs, large insects. References: 15, 124, 148, 201. continued 250 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Owl, long-eared Asio otus Owl, short-eared Asio flammeus Partridge, gray (Hungarian partridge) Perdix perdix Ecological characteristics Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: All of contiguous U.S.; Canada and northern Mexico. Habitat: Mixed woodlands, coniferous forests. Features: Beneficial predator to farmers. Life history: Nest is usually in dense conifer stands; constructed of Toose sticks and lined with grass, leaves or feathers. Sometimes old bird or squirrel nests are used. Eggs (3-7) white. Nocturnal hunter, spends the day perched in conifers. Ability to stretch itself very thin against tree trunk to hide. Forms flocks in migration. Cover: Evergreen thickets. Food: Mostly mice. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140, M4210. Distribution: All of North America. Habitat: Marshes, bogs, meadows, prairies. Features: Unique. Life history: Nests on ground, beneath bushes, or in depressions near marshy areas. Nest is loosely constructed of twigs and grass with feathers lining it. Eggs (4-7) white and unspotted. Hunts by flying low over the ground and usually hunts by day. Cover: Marsh vegetation, grass clumps conceal nest. Food: Small rodents (mice), birds. References: 8, 23, 29, 44, 124, 174. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210 (2212, 2213), 2530 (2531, 2532). West: 2470, 3710 (3111, 3112), 3120, 3130, M3110. Distribution: Introduced locally in a number of eastern States; most successful in upper Mississippi Valley, southern British Columbia, central Alberta, south-central Saskatchewan south to northeastern CA, central NE, northern UT, central WY. Habitat: Open farmland, grainfields, typically associated with extremely fertile soils associated with natural grasslands. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Nest is a hollow scraped in earth, lined with local grasses, usually hidden among clumps of grass or beneath low-hanging branches of bushes. Breeds late Feb., early Mar. Eggs (18-20) olive brown in color, without splotches or markings. Incubated by female, 23-25 days. Male might help to incubate eggs. Both male and female help with raising of young. Unmated male and female will sometimes adopt and raise orphaned chicks. One brood. Does not migrate unless weather becomes exceptionally cold and snowy; will then move from open areas to hedgerows and brushy areas. Life span 5-7 yrs. Special notes: Predators include rats, snakes, fox, coyote, ground squirrels, cats, dogs, weasels, crows, hawks, owls. Cover: Croplands, particularly small grain crops and herbaceous cover in the form of native grasses, hayfields, or weedy herbaceous growth with abundance of dead herbaceous plant growth. Food: Small ants, other invertebrates found on low vegetation. Grass- hoppers, crickets, bugs, beetles, ants and other Hymenoptera; flies and their larvae, moths and butterflies and their larvae; centipedes, millipeds, daddylonglegs. Seeds. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 251 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Gray partridge Food (Continued): Northeast: Grass or grain, corn, wheat, bristlegrass, (Continued) ragweed, dandelion, buckwheat, knotweed, barley, oats. Northwest: Wheat, barley, oats, knotweed, bristlegrass, tarweed, alfalfa, clover, grass blades, fiddleneck, sunflower, buckwheat. References: 5, 15, 76, 83, 92, 93, 124, 152, 159, 174, 175, 182, 195, 203, 226, 238. Pelican, brown Provinces (Sections): East: 2310, 2320, 2510, 4110. Pelecanus occidentalis West: M2620. Distribution: Eastern brown pelican: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts from NC to TX. Winters in FL and along Gulf Coast, West Indies, coasts of Central and South America California brown pelican: CA Coast to Pt. Lobos and Monterey County. A few wander to lower Colorado River and AZ. Winters along Mexican Coast and southern Chile. Habitat: Open sea, sea coast, larger bays, harbors, and breakwaters. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to reproduction failure resulting from toxic contamination; DDT and DDE eggshell thinning. Life history: Nests in colonies; rookeries located on shores or marshy islands usually on ground or in low trees. Nest materials are twigs, sticks, coarse grass, weeds. Clutch size of 3. Incubation period 30 days, fledglings stage 10-11 weeks. Both parents incubate; they lack brood patches and incubate with their feet. Adults easily disturbed and leave nest when intruders appear. Eggs whitish. Cover: Mangrove trees, brushy vegetation. Food: Fish, mullet, pigfish, pinfish, Gulf menhaden, crevalle, herring. Feeds by diving. References: 38, 148, 174, 175, 200, 229. Pheasant, ring-necked Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2113, 2114); 2210 (2212, Phasianus colchicus 2213, 2214); 2320; 2510 (2511); 2530. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3130 (3131); 3220, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, A3140, M4210. Distribution: Southern British Columbia, central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, south to southern CA, NE, UT, NM, northwestern Panhandle of TX; established in farming country north of Mason/Dixon Line (DE, northern NY, southern OH, southern ID, MO, northern OK) and north only as far as snows will alow (southern MA, northern NY, southern Ontario, southern MI, MN, and southern Saskatchewan). Habitat: Irrigated land, grain-growing farmlands, bushy pastures, hedgerows; rarely in woods or at any great distance from water. Survives best in belt between 38° and 52° parallels in farmland districts. Features: Introduced from China, 1888. Tasty gamebird. Highest pheasant densities occur on most fertile agricultural lands which in turn are diversified and provide food, water, and cover in close proximity. Life history: Nest on ground in open weedy fields, bushy pastures, hay- fields; natural hollow, or one scraped by female, lined with weed stalks, grasses, leaves. Surrounding vegetation helps concealment. Hayfields used as nesting sites when preferred cover unavailable to accommodate the breeding population of an area. When fields are mowed, females invariably desert hayfield nests regardless of stage of incubation. Known to lay in other birds' nests: ruffed grouse, domestic fowl, common bobwhite, blue-winged teal, blue grouse. Eggs (6-15, commonly 10-12) oval to short-oval. Shell smooth with slight gloss; rich brownish olive or olive-buff, unmarked. Incubation by female alone; 23-25 days. Males polygamous; pair bonds tenuous. Life span 3-5 yrs. continued 252 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Ring-necked pheasant Special notes: Predators are snakes, crows, hawks, fox, coyote, raccoon, (Continued) skunk, opossum, weasels. Cover: Woody plants, especially evergreen shrubs, vines, alfalfa, unharvested soybeans, corn, sweet clover. Food: Seed feeder, chicks eat primarily insects. Corn primary food source. Also berries, fruits and weed seeds, particularly ragweed. Animal matter: Earthworms, snails, ants, grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, caterpillars, egg cases of praying mantis. Northwest: Seeds of grass family (Gramineae), wild grass and weed seeds, barley, wheat, oats, corn, ragweed, bristlegrass, Russian thistle, bur clover, sweet clover, wild rose, ground-cherry, bean, wild cherry, snowberry, dandelion, knotweed, sunflower, sorghum, wild lettuce, alfalfa. Northeast: Corn, ragweed, skunk cabbage, grape, oak, oats, elderberry, buckwheat, cherry, wheat, nightshade, bristlegrass, sumac, burdock, soybean, dogwood. Lake Plains region: Corn, blackberry, apple, grape, wheat, sumac, oats, strawberry, barley, beans, sedge. References: 4, 5, 14, 15, 38, 53, 76, 85, 92, 95, 122, 124, 127, 142, 151, 156, 161, 168, 169, 174, 175, 182, 195, 215, 217, 226. Prairie chicken, greater Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2111, 2112, 2113), 2210 (2212, 2213), Tympanuchus cupido 2510, 2530. West: 3110 (3112). Distribution: Southern Saskatchewan through Dakota's to central CO, KS; southern Manitoba south to IL, MO, AK; east to MI and ID. Also coast of TX and southwestern LA. Habitat: Tall-grass prairie, open meadows, brushy pastures, drained peat grasslands; sometimes adjacent to woodlands. Features: Endangered in CO, MO. Gamebird. Once abundant, now much reduced by market hunting and agricultural invasion of native habitat. Future of species very insecure. Life history: Nest on ground among grasses, weeds, low bushes. Natural cavity or hollow scraped by bird, concealed by heavy vegetation; sparsely lined with grass, sedges, small twigs, feathers. No roof built, but cover naturally arched. Female builds nest within mile of booming grounds. Eggs (5-17, average 12) usually laid at irregular intervals; number of laying days about 2 times the number of eggs laid; olive-buff or grayish olive, mostly dotted with fine spots. Incubation by female alone; 23-24 days, 1 brood. Life span: 5-6 yrs. Special notes: Predators are snakes, ground squirrels, skunks, magpies, badger, bobcat, fox, coyote, dogs, cats, crows, hawks, owls, eagles. Cover: Sagebrush, cornfields, grasses, Michigan sweet-fern, leather- leaf, goldenrod, dewberry, bluegrass, willow, blueberry, aspen. Food: Mainly vegetation. Also insects (grasshoppers, crickets, ants). Northern prairies: Corn, oats, knotweed, wild rose, wheat, clover, bristlegrass, oak, birch, sorghum, roughleaf dogwood, barley, curlydock, snowberry, beaked hazelnut, greenbrier, buckwheat, sumac. Southeast IL: Blackberry, buttonweed, flower spurge, giant ragweed, goldenrod, wheat, partridge-pea, panicle dogwood, black cherry, prairie rose, smartweed, bristlegrass. WI: Oats, white clover, quaking aspen, blackberry, knotweed, sedge, sedgegrass, buckwheat, cherry, dogwood, dandelion, spirea, bluegrass, jewelweed, violet, Solomon's-seal, viburnum. TX: Ruellia, western ragweed, blue-eyed grass, false garlic, button- weed, corn, doveweed, gaura-grape. References: 5, 45, 76, 93, 95, 124, 135, 136, 139, 174, 175, 178, 182, 95, 215, 229. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 253 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characterictics Prairie chicken, Attwater's Provinces (Sections): East: 2320, 2510 (2512). greater Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Quail, bobwhite Colinus virginianus West: 3110. Distribution: Range limited to a few isolated populations along coast of TX, from Aransas and Refugio Counties to Galveston County and inland to Colorado and Austin Counties. Habitat: Shrub and grasslands. Features: U.S. endangered species. Conversion of native grassland to cultivation greatly reduced numbers. Remaining population suffered from distorted sex ratio, intensified farming practices, and fire exclusion. Life history: Nests located in long-grass prairies, usually in previous year's grass. Ground nests, roofed with grass, well concealed. Clutch size 12-14. Incubation by female 23-26 days. Brood remains with female for 6-8 weeks. The prairie chicken moves into lightly grazed natural grassland for fall and winter, where staple food source is important rather than shelter. In spring, level ground with short-grass for booming surrounded by heavier grassier cover is required. Eggs olive, spotted. Cover: Star-grass, sand sagebrush, bluestem shrub, prairie grasses, shinnery oak. Food: Mainly native plants, seeds and pods of ruellia, star-grass, bedstraw, doveweed, perennial regweed. Some insects. References: 93, 229. Provinces (Sections): East: 2110 (2113, 2114), 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, 4110. West: - 3119 (3113), 3130 (3131), M2110, M2410 (M2411, M2413, M2415). Distribution: East of Rockies from southern WY through eastern CO, eastern NM; introduced in HI, southern British Columbia, WA, OR, ID, western TX; Gulf of Mexico north to SD, southern MN, southern Ontario and ME. Habitat: Farm country, open meadows, weedy pastures, open woodlands. In one report of 602 nests, 97 were in woodlands, 336 in brown-sedge 73) 88 in fallow fields and 4% cultivated fields (217-Harrison, 1975). Features: Very popular gamebird. Hard winters cause widespread mortality. Loss of habitat is quail's greatest enemy--tearing out of hedgerows deprives quail of nesting habitat. This species has prospered with growth and development of U.S. Farming areas produce ideal habitat. Life history: Nests in hollow in tussock of dead grass or among growing grasses; weeds often woven in arch over nest, completely concealing it; lined with dead or growing grass or other fiborous material; built by both sexes, mostly female. Eggs (12-20, typically 14-16, as many as 30, 32, 37) short-pyriform, sometimes quite pointed. Shell smooth, slightly glossy; dull or creamy-white, never spotted. Incubated by both sexes, 23-24 days. At least two broods, especially in South. Most sedentary of quails; no major seasonal movements. Potential life span 4-5 yrs.; life expectancy less than a yr. Annual mortality of about 70-75%. Relatively few birds survive to breed more than once. Special notes: Predators are snakes, skunks, opossum, cats, dogs, rats, fox, bobcat, raccoon, weasel, hawks, owls. Under normal circumstances, predation is not important factor for quail population. Cover: Alder, beautyberry, blueberry, blackberry, cedar, ceanothus, dogwood, elderberry, holly-gallberry, huckleberry, hawthorn, osage orange, palmetto, prickly pear, rose, sassafras, sumac, snowberry, viburnum, willow, wild black cherry, wild plum, wild grape. continued 254 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Bobwhite quail Food: Beetles 1/2 of animal foods, particularly ground beetles, leaf (Cont inued) beetles, weevils. Grasshoppers, crickets, various bugs, cater- pillars, other insects consumed in large quantities. Spiders, snails, centipedes, sowbugs. Young birds almost exclusively feed on the above diet. Seeds, leaves, fleshy fruits also eaten. Northeast: Ragweed, corn, smartweed, bristlegrass, wheat, grape, hog-peanut, blackberry, ash, poison ivy, sumac, oak, panic-grass, dock, jewelweed, black locust, spicebush, partridge-pea, lespedeza, flowering dogwood, crabgrass, sassafras, paspalum. Southeast: Lespedeza, beggarweed, oak, partridge-pea, cow-pea, ragweed, pine, milkpea, paspalum, soybean, flowering dogwood, corn, wheat, native lespedeza, wild bean, sweet gum, panic-grass, vetch, sorghum, Japanese honeysuckle, violet, blackberry, doveweed, hickory, black locust, ash, blackgum nutrush, sumac, Carolina geranium, peanut. Northeastern prairies: Ragweed, corn, bristlegrass, sunflower, wheat, sorghum, knotweed, sumac, panic-grass, poison ivy, doveweed, oak, snowberry, grape, ash, wild rose. TX and OK: Sorghum, doveweed, oak, panic-grass, ragweed, corn, sunf lower, milkpea, lespedeza, wild bean, sumac, ground-cherry, spurge, beggarweed, wheat, thistle, crown-beard, chervil, clover, stillingia, bidens. References: 5, 53, 63, 76, 33, 85, 92, 95, 100, 116, 124, 127, 136, 156, 161, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175, 182, 194, 215, 217, 224, 226, 248. Snipe, common Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, (Wilson's snipe) 0 Capella gallinago West: 1210, 1220, 1310, 1320, 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M1210, M1310, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Throughout U.S. Wintering range lies roughly below a ine drawn from VA, across to CA and runs south to South America. Breeding range extends north of the same line including AK, and most of Canada except for Arctic regions north of Hudson Bay. Habitat: Open meadows, fresh water marshes, bogs, fens, where ground js wet and soft and enough grass grows to conceal it. Sometimes in low woody growth with open terrain nearby. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Prefers wet swamps, bogs, fens for breeding. Its nest is usually built in a tangle of grass, well concealed; usually surrounded by deep water, thus protected from predators. Clutch size 4; eggs buff in color heavily spotted with dark brown. Incubation 18-20 days performed by both parents as well as caring for brood. Life span 4 yrs. Long migration of 12,000 to 15,000 mi per yr. Spring migration underway early Mar.; depart in fall in Sept. Special notes: Raccoons, crows, ravens prey on eggs. Northern gulls, jaegers, hawks, falcons prey on chicks and adults. Cover: Breeding habitat restricted to organic soils, peatlands within northern forest region. Species: Spruce, fir, larch. Sedge bogs: Sedges, goldthread, goldenrod, false Solomon's-seal, bogbean, bog aster, Canadian burnet, bog myrtle, Labrador-tea. Fens: Tamarack, black spruce, balsam fir, white spruce, bog-alder, willows, shadbush, birch, sweet gale, sphagnum moss, sedges, reed bentgrass. Swamps: Alder, willow, march marigold, mosses. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 255 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Common snipe (Continued) Sparrow, Cape Sable Ammospiza maritima mira s Sparrow, dusky seaside Ammospiza maritima nigrescens Turkey, wild Meleagris gallopavo Food: Animal (80%): Earthworms, snails, fly larvae, aquatic beetles, lragonfly nymphs, crustaceans, grasshoppers, locusts, mosquito larvae. Plant (20%): Seeds of smartweed, bulrush, panic-grass, bur-reed, bristlegrass, ragweed, pondweed. References: 124, 148, 182, 221. Provinces (Sections): 4110. Distribution: Range limited to a few miles inland on FL coast, northwest of Cape Sable, Monroe County, FL. Total range 9 mi long, 1 mi wide (primarily Everglades). Habitat: Salt to brackish marshes. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to habitat destruction; draining of wetlands, and natural destruction by hurricanes and fire. Life history: Nest materials are grasses and weeds (dry salt marsh- grass). tests attached to upright marsh-grass near ground. Nest in smal] isolated colonies, mid-Apr. Clutch size 3-5. Very shy birds, spend most of the time concealed on vegetation on ground. Eggs white-pale green, spotted reddish brown. Special notes: Natural enemies are raccoons, snakes. Cover: Nesting cover in dry salt marsh-grass, cordgrass and cypress. Food: Spiders, mollusks, dragonfly nymphs, moths, crickets, wasps, ocusts, beetles, other insects, seeds. References: 10, 22, 48, 148, 229. Provinces (Sections): 2310 (2311). stribution: Range limited to a 10 mi radius of Titusville, FL. Brevard County, Indian River, Mosquito Lagoo, Salt Lake, St. Johns River, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. Disperses in fall throughout marshes; no real migration. Habitat: Salt and brackish marshes with open ponds. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to ranchers burning pastures, impounding, and use of insecticides on water for mosquito control. Special notes: Natural enemies are rice rat, raccoons, snakes. Cover: Bunchgrass, black rush. Food: Grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, beetles, horseflies, dragon- flies, other insects. Some plant material, sedge seeds and tubers of grasses. References: 9, 10, 22, 48, 148, 229. Provinces (Sections : East: 2210 (2211, 2214, 2215), 2310, 2320, 2510 lest: 2410, 3110, 3120, 3130, M2410, M2620, M3110, M3120, A3140. Distribution: Central CO, south locally through eastern AZ, NM, western TX; introduced in HI, southeastern WA, central CA, southern UT, MT, WY, northern CO, Black Hills; southern woodlands north to PA, eastern KY, southeastern MO. Habitat: Mountain forests, broken woodlands, mostly in hilly or mountainous regions. Distribution depends largely upon food supply from oak, nut-bearing trees, Features: Gamebird; aesthetic. Propagation by state conservation agencies has done much to stabilize turkey population. Life history: Nest in dry ground, a simple depression in dead leaves in forested area, often under a log or concealing bush or at base of tree; lining almost entirely of leaves gathered nearby. Eggs (8-15, sometimes 18, 20 or more) short-oval to long-oval; shell smooth, little or no gloss; pale buff or buffy-white, evenly marked by female, 28 days. One brood. Male polygamous. Does not migrate. continued 256 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Wild turkey (Continued) Life history (Continued): Subject to seasonal shifts, according to ood availability and snow depth. Life span 8-12 yrs. Special notes: Predators include skunk, crow, raccoon, opossum, ring- tails, fox, snakes, bobcat, great horned owl, eagle. Cold rains are worst enemy because of the mortality they cause among the ponets. Cover: VA, southeast: Persimmon, dogwood, sumac, hawthorn, sassafras, huckleberry, blueberry, wild grape, viburnum, poison ivy, Japanese honeysuckle, greenbrier, Rubus spp., crabgrass, panic-grass, holly, wax-myrtle, hawkweed, club mosses, smilax, bullgrass, Solomon's-seal. GA, AL: Ironwood, holly, persimmon, gallberry, myrtle, gooseberry, sparkleberry, wild grapes, Virginia willow. Food: Beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, walking sticks, ants, wasps, bees, flies, crayfish, spiders, snails, millipedes, centipedes, caterpillars, true bugs, salamanders, Seeds and wild fruits, particularly fond of nuts, acorns and beech nuts. PA: Oak, grass leaf, wild grape, huckleberry, flowering dogwood, wheat, corn, grape fern, crabgrass, viburnum, blueberry, bristlegrass, sedge, sassafras, sheep-sorrel. Allegheny Mountains: Grape, oak, crabgrass, blackberry, dogwood, bluegrass, buttercup, bristlegrass, corn, wheat, ash, greenbrier, eupatorium, poison ivy, blackgum, nimblewill, muhly, blueberry, persimmon, vetch. VA: Oak, dogwood, corn, grape, beech, blackgum, poison ivy, green- brier fruit and leaf, Korean lespedeza, panic-grass, ash, Japanese honeysuckle, peanut, eupatorium, goldaster, partridge-berry, sedge, persimmon, blueberry, grape fern, Southeast: Oak, dogwood, greenbrier seed and leaf, blackgum, beech, oats, chufa tuber, hickory, holly, pine, poison ivy, jack-in-the- pulpit, goldaster,:partridge-berry, rice, bayberry, grape, corn. MO: Crabgrass seed and leaf, oak, paspalum, panic-grass, dogwood, chufa, clover, buttercup, lespedeza, bristlegrass, blackberry, hackberry, blueberry, pine, cherry, beggarweed. TX: Oak, sorghum, sumac, elm, oats, cedar, hackberry, triodia, dropseed, zexmenia, prickly pear, Ozarkgrass, blue-eyed grass, panic-grass, bristlegrass, corn, locoweed, nimblewill, muhly, wheat, broomsedge. AZ and NM: Pine, oak, ragweed, goldeneye, muhly, dropseed, grama grass, fescue grass, filaree leaf, eriogonum, peavine, brome, dandelion, barley, oats, cedar, silk-tassel, lupine, References: 14,15, 38, 63, 81, 92, 100, 116, 122, 124, 127, 142, 149, 151,152, 161, 164, 167, 168, 174, 175, 182, 194, 215,217,224, 226,754. Vulture, turkey Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510, 2520, 2530, Cathartes aura 10. West: 2410, 2610, 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3210, 3220, M2110, M2410, M2610, M2620, M3110, M3120, P3130, A3140. Distribution: Southern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan to Mexico; Gulf of Mexico, north to western CT, western NY, and northern MN. Habitat: Remote areas generally inaccessible to predators, precipitous iffs, caves, hollow stumps or logs, dense shrubbery; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) thickets favored in FL. Features: Beneficial species; health protector in warm latitudes where it exists on carrion. Life history: Nests in caves, a cavity between rocks, in hollow logs, or on the ground. Eggs (2, rarely 1 or 3) white or creamy, spotted with lavendar or purplish brown blotches. Eggs laid Feb. to June. Incubation by both sexes, 38-41 days. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 257 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics Turkey vulture (Continued) Food: 99% carrion, 1% miscellaneous snakes, toads, rats, mice and occasionally young birds. References: 23, 76, 80, 148, 175. Warbler, Bachman's Provinces (Sections): 2210 (2215), 2310, 2320, 2510. Vermivora bachmanii istribution: Few nests found were primarily in SC with a few in TN, ani . Habitat: Dense thickets, undergrowth, or low trees, in heavy swamps. Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to habitat destruction, raining of wetlands. Life history: Nests in low bushes located in wetlands and swamps, Arrives in nesting range in early Mar., fall departure in Aug. Clutch size 3-4, Nest materials are dead leaves, weeds, stems; nest located 1-3 ft from ground. Cover: Cave, vines, clackberries, cypress, black gum, sweet gum, hickory, dogwood, swamp palmetto. Food: Insects, caterpillars, ants. References: 9, 22, 174, 229. Warbler, Kirtland's Provinces (Sections): 2110. Dendroica kirtlandii istribution: imited to 5 counties in MI: Crawford, Oscoda, Ogemaw, alkaska, and Iosco., Winters in Bahama Islands, New Providence. Habitat: Limited to jack pine stands of uniform size (6-7 ft). Soil: Podsols, formed under cool moist climate, and decomposition of pine needles, leaching out the alkali, leaving acid resistant silica. Requirements: Wide spacing of trees with dense lower branches seems ideal. Crucial requirement is not height but this dense thicket which are found in fairly young trees, Features: U.S, endangered species. Decline due to limited nesting abitat attributed to porus soils, ample ground cover and un- checked forest fires. Formerly parasitized by cowbirds (about 50%) which compete with Kirtland's young causing death by trampling, starvation, Current parasitism has been reduced to approximately 5% due to efforts of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in controlling cowbirds, Life history: Nests are built in low dense brahcnes of jack pine. Nest materials consist of sedge, grasses, lined with moss, deer hair, grass, Nests must be well covered. Clutch size 5 (4 in a renest). Incubation 13-16 days performed by female. Hatching takes place in mid to late June, Both parents feed and take care of young. When the brood leaves the nest, each parent takes part of the brood and cares for it. Migration begins south in late Aug., early Sept.; return to MI late Apr. or early May. Territory size of about 8 acres; nests in colonies, each pair having its exclusive territory. Research on burn areas have shown that birds appear in about 6-10 yrs., whereas in planted areas the birds take from 10-11 yrs. Eggs creamy white, Cover: Jack pine; ground cover of bluestem, sedge, wild oat grass, goTdenrod, blueberry, reindeer moss, bearberry, wild cherry, black- berry. Food: Caterpillars, beetles, wasps, flies, moths, sawfly, blueberries, blackberries. References: 6, 10, 131, 135, 229, Woodcock, American Provinces (Sections): 2110, 2210, 2310, 2510, 2530. Philohela minor istribution: Northern FL, southern LA, to Nova Scotia, southern Ontario, northeastern MN and southern Manitoba, Locally in South except Gulf Coast and southern FL. continued 258 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.6 (Continued) Species Ecological characteristics American woodcock Habitat: Damp woods near water, near foraging territory, open dry (Continued) wood, abandoned fields, conifer plantation, brushy areas, mixed forests. Features: Gamebird. Life history: Nests at least 300 ft from singing grounds, no attempt at concealment, A slight depression on the ground in dead leaves, sometimes rimmed with pine needles, Nests in Apr., May. Eggs (4, one a day until clutch is complete) oval, shell smooth with slight gloss; pinkish-buff to cinnamon, covered with light brown spots. Incubation by female, 20-21 days, One brood. Male promiscuous, probably polygamous. Life span 5 yrs.--2 yrs. average. Special notes: Predators are skunk, weasel, raccoon, opossum, fox, bobcat, lynx, house cats, dogs, snakes, wood hawks, owls. Killed frequently by frost, through starvation. Food: 2/3 diet consists of earthworms, balance made up of insects; flies, beetles, caterpillars, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, spiders. Plant food consists of seeds. References: 124, 174, 175, 182. Woodpecker, ivory-billed Provinces (Sections): 2310 (2311), 2320. Campephilus principalis Distribution: Formerly SC Santee River region; FL Big Cypress area, western central FL, Suwannee, Appalachicola River bottoms; LA Singer Tract. Habitat: River bottoms, upland regions and swamps, containing both iving and dead virgin trees. Features: U.S. endangered species. No confirmed sightings since the T950's. Ivory-bills have decreased in areas where logging has eliminated the virgin forests and also where natural tree death has declined thus decreasing their food and nesting sources, Life history: Mating takes place in Dec., nest building in Jan, Pair for life. Clutch size 3-5, average egg success 3. Incubation 20 days, both parents incubate and care for young. Nesting sites usually 40-60 ft from ground in cavities of both living and dead trees. Nesting failure is related to raccoons and barred owls robbing the nest. Species is nonmigratory. Cover: SC (nesting cover): Sweet gum, laurel oak, water-oak, bald- cypress, tupelo gum, LA: Same as above. FL: Cypress swamps, with pine and hardwood borders; loblolly pine, red cedar, laurel oak, magnolia. References: 9, 124, 148, 174, 208, 229. Woodpecker, pileated Provinces (Sections): East: 2110, 2210, 2310, 2320, 2510. Oryocopus pileatus lest: M2110, M2410, Distribution: Resident from northern British Columbia through Pacific States to central CA; on coast; south in northern Rockies to ID, western MT, also east of Rockies across wooded Canada; FL and Gulf of Mexico to DE, Lake Erie, southeastern MN and southeastern SD. Habitat: Mature coniferous, deciduous forests, large tracts of mixed woodlands. Features: Uncommon, unique, aesthetic; endangered in ND. Life history: A new hole excavated annually for each brood; in same nest area, often in dead stub. Both sexes build; no nest material brought in. Entrance hole sometimes circular, but tends to be oval or triangular, peaked above, level below. Eggs (3-4) oval to elliptical, some quite pointed, Shell smooth, glossy, china-white. Incubation by both sexes, 18 days. One brood. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 259 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.6 (Concluded) Species Pileated woodpecker (Continued) Woodpecker, red-cockaded Picoides borealis Ecological characteristics Food: Ants 50% of animal diet; also beetles, particularly the larvae of woodboring species. East (vegetable matter): Grape, black gum, Virginia creeper, sassafras, holly, dogwood, greenbrier, viburnum, poison ivy, palmetto. OR (vegetable matter): Elderberry, cascara buckthorn, western choke-cherry, References: 76, 124, 174, 227 Provinces (Sections): 2210 (2211, 2214, 2215), 2310, 2320. istribution: Scattered areas throughout southeastern VA, western KY, N, southern MO, SC, GA, MS. Nonmigratory. Habitat: Open pine barrens of low country, little or no underbrush, Features: U.S. endangered species. Decline due to lumbering of pine forests and destruction of habitat. Life history: Nests in living pines of great heights, and will return to same hole for several yrs. Clutch size 3-4. Before laying eggs, this bird will peck many small holes through the bark around the nest. This causes the sap to flow around the nest entrance, possibly for protection from ants that sometimes attack young birds. Gregarious birds, often found in small groups with 6-10 individuals. Eggs pure white. Cover: Loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, longleaf pine. Food: Insects comprise 4/5 of diet: Beetles, weevils, bark lice, ants, soldier bugs, caterpillars, crickets. Plant matter: Seeds of conifers, bayberry, magnolia. Usually feed in high branches of trees and will also visit cornfields, extract- ing worms from corn ears. References: 2, 10, 11, 21, 61, 99, 108, 117, 137, 148, 174, 194, 202, 212, 217, 229, 242. 260 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.7 Ecological Characteristics of Selected Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Species Ecological characteristics Alligator, American Alligator mississippiensis Crocodile, American Crocodylus acutus Salamander, Texas blind Typhlomolge rathbuni Toad, Houston Bufo houstonensis Provinces (Sections): 2310, 2320. Distribution: Southeastern U.S. from Carolinas to TX. Habitat: Bodies of water and shorelines. Features: U.S. endangered species, except Cameron, Vermillion, Calcasieu parishes of LA where it's threatened. State endangered lists also in AR, GA, LA, MS, NC, OK, TX. Life history: Build mounds of vegetation debris 4-7 ft diameter for nest. Eggs are buried within. Female will guard nest. Cover: Water, aquatic vegetation, marsh vegetation. Floats with eyes, snout just above water. Food: Crustaceans, fish, birds, insects, mammals; most anything they can catch. References: 2, 46, 117, 124, 137, 160, 178, 215, 229. Provinces (Sections): 4110. Distribution: Southern tip and Keys of FL. Habitat: Saltwater bays, estuaries. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Eggs buried in sand scooped into low mounds. Female may occasionally return. Cover: Water, aquatic vegetation. Food: Fish, crustaceans, smal] mammals. References: 46, 108, 124, 229. Provinces (Sections): 2520 (2522). Distribution: Central TX, San Marcos area. Habitat: Water in caves. Features: U.S. endangered species. Has no functional eyes. Special notes: Preserve caves where this species is presently found. Food: Aquatic invertebrates. References: 46, 229. Provinces (Sections): 2320, 2510 (2512). Distribution: Southeastern TX. Habitat: Sandy ridges near forests and forest openings, such as lob- lolly pine--near water. Features: U.S. endangered species. Life history: Spawning keyed to heavy spring rains (Feb.-June). Tad- poles grow in small bodies of water. Special notes: Agriculture and any development involving clearing of the trees is detrimental to this species. Cover: Vegetation associated with prairie sand soils in southeastern TX. References: 30, 31, 46, 229. BIRD NESTING HABITAT TABLE Species omitted from the Bird Nesting Habitat Table of birds covered and their migratory nature, the species (40.8) are those with unusual breeding habitats not were characterized according to nesting habits. The usually encountered or easily managed for transmission Nesting Habitat Table gives the common name, scientific line ROWs (i.e., cliffs, open water, ocean coasts, name, primary breeding range, and general habitat and manmade structures, etc.). Because of the large number nest descriptions. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 261 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 Nesting Habitats and Ranges of Selected Bird Species Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Nesting type: Ground nesting birds/fields, grasslands, pastures, tundra Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bunting, lark Calamospiza melanocorys Bunting, McKay's Plectrophenax hyperboreus Bunting, snow Plectrophenax nivalis Curlew, long-billed Numenius americanus Dickcissel Spiza americana Kildeer Charadrius vociferus Lark, horned Eremophila alpestris Longspur, chestnut- collared Calcarius ornatus Longspur, Lapland Calcarius lapponicus Southern Canada, eastern WA; east- ern OR to northeastern CA; northern NV, northern UT, central CO, central NE, northeastern KS, northern MO, central IL, south-central ID, south- western and central OH, northern WV, western MD, PA and central NJ. Southern AB, southern SK, south- western MB; southeastern ND, south- western MN; south to south-central MT, and east of the Rocky Mountains to southeastern NM, northern TX, western OK, and south-central and central KS; also locally in UT and co. AK. AK. Southern BC, AB, SK, and MB, south to UT, NM, and TX. Southern MB, eastern MT, south- eastern ND, northwestern and central MN, northern WI, southern MI; southern ON, central NY and MA; south to central CO, western OK, TX, southern LA, central MS, central AL, central GA, and SC; east to central MD. Northwestern BC, southern Mac. , northeastern MB, western ON, southern PQ, and NB south to southeastern Mexico, southern TX; Gulf Coast of U.S. to central FL. Breeds from Artic south to NC, WV; MD, KS; also coast of TX, and throughout West. Southern AB, southern SK, and southern MB, south to north- eastern CO, central NE, and south- western MN. From southwestern, western and northern AK to northern YT northwestern Mac. continued | Open fields, meadows; nest: Hollow in grasses, weeds. Plains, prairies; nest: Loose cup on ground, Tundra, shores; nest: On ground under logs, hollows. Tundra, prairies, fields; nest: Hollow on ground. High plains, rangeland; nest: Hollow on open prairie. Meadows, hayfields, prairies; nest: Ground. Fields, lawns, shores; nest: Bare ground, gravel, shores, roadways, bald spots in pastures, fields. Grasslands, meadows, prairies, parklands; nest: On ground in grass hollow. Plains, prairies; nest: in ground. Depression Tundra, fields, prairies; nest: Depression in ground. 262 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/fields, grasslands, pastures, tundra (Continued) Longspur, McCown's Rhynchophanes mecown) Longspur, Smith's Calcarius pictus Meadowlark, eastern Sturnella magna Meadowlark, western Sturnella neglecta Nighthawk, common Chordeiles minor Nighthawk, lesser Chordeiles acutipennis Pipit, Sprague's Anthus spragueii Pipit, water Anthus spinoletta Sandpiper, spotted Actitis macularia Sandpiper, upland Bartramia longicauda Sky lark Alauda arvensis Southern AB, southern SK, south- western MB and western ND, south to south central WY, northeastern CO, northwestern NE and central SD. Western AK, northern YT, northern Mac., northern MB and northern ON. NB, southern PQ through eastern MN; south to FL and southern TX; west to NE, KS, SD, AZ, and central NM. Central BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, south throughout West to central TX; east to WI, IL. NF, southern PQ, and northern MB south to Florida Keys and Gulf of Mexico; breeds in West from south- ern YT, south to mountains of southern CA, southern AZ, southern NM and western TX. From central CA, southern NV, south- western UT, western and central AZ, southern NM, southwestern and southern TX; south to Baja CA and Mexico. Northern AB, central SK, central MB, south to MT, ND, northwestern MN. Northern AK, northern Mac., south to northern OR, northern AZ, and NM, Northwestern AK, south to mount- ains of southern CA, southern NV, central AZ, northern NM, central TX, central MS, northern AL, west- ern NC, VA, and eastern MD. From southern AK to central MN, central WI, central MI, central ME; south to eastern WA, northeastern OR, ID, southern MT, northern UT, southwestern WY, central CO, north- western OK, north-central TX, central MO, southern IL, southern IN, southern OH, central TN, north- eastern WV, central VA, MD. Vancouver and HI islands. continued Plains, prairies; nest: Grassy hollow. Tundra, prairies; nest: Grassy hollow. Prairies; nest: ground. Depression in Prairies; nest: ground. Depression in Sparsely vegetated areas; no nest, bare ground or gravel. Ory grassland, fields, prairie, desert; nest: None, bare ground. Plains, short-grass prairies; nest Grass. Tundra, bare fields, shores; nest: Grass. Open terrain, prairies, fields, pastures, edges of ponds, lakes; nest: Depression under weeds, grass, brush. Inland pastures, hayfields, open territory; nest: Depression in thick grass. Farm fields, pastures; nest: Grass hollow. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 263 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/fields, grasslands, pastures, tundra (Continued) Sparrow, Baird's Ammodramus bairdii Sparrow, field Spizella pusilla Sparrow, grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum Sparrow, Hens low's Ammodramus hens lowii Sparrow, lark Chondestes grammacus Sparrow, LeConte's Ammospiza leconteii Sparrow, savannah Passerculus sandwich- ensis Sparrow, vesper Pooecetes gramineus Southern AB, southern SK, southern MB, south to MT, northwestern and central SD, eastern ND and central - western MN. Northwestern MT, northern ND, central MN, northern WI, north- central MI, southern ON, south- western PQ, and southern ME, south to central TX, LA, southern MS, and southern GA, Southern BC, southern AB, southern SK, south, locally to southern CA, southeastern AZ, CO, northern TX. In East breeds from southern NH through southern ON, MN and ND; South to northern GA, southern LA, and TX; also central FL prairies. Southern NH, NY; southern ON, south to northern NC, WV, and northern TX. Southern ON, MN, and southern SK, south to TX and LA. East to OH. Northwestern WV; in west from southern edge of Canada, throughout Western U.S. Breeds east of Rockies from north- eastern BC, southern Mac., south to northern MT, ND, southern MN; casual in UT, CO, NM, TX Panhandle. From LB and Hudson Bay south to northern IA, northern IN, PA, IL, and NJ coast. Breeds in West from Artic south along coast to San Diego; in interior to eastern CA, southern AZ, NM, western NE Southern SK, central ON, Gulf of St. Lawrence south to NC, KY, MO and NE. Breeds in West from central BC, southwestern Mac., south to OR, central-eastern CA, central AZ, central NM, western NE. Prairies; nest: On ground in grass. Brushy pastures, clearings, meadows, woodland edge, brair thickets; nest: On ground. Grasslands, meadows, prairies, hay- fields, no shrubby fields; nest: Depression in ground. Weedy fields, wet meadows, grass- land, salt marsh, borders; nest: On ground. Prairies, weedy fields, pastures; nest: Depression in ground, eroded areas. Grassy meadows, prairies, marsh borders; nest: Beneath tangle of rushes, grass, slightly above ground. Meadows, prairies, hayfields, bays, shores, salt marshes, barrier beaches. Open dry uplands, short-grass pastures, meadows, prairies; nest: Depression on ground. Nesting type: Ground nesting birds/late succession types Bluethroat Luscinia svecica Oriole, hooded Icterus cucullatus Coast of northern AK. Central CA, southern NV, central- southeastern AZ, southern NM, southwestern TX; south to Baja, CA. continued Owarf willow, thick brush; nest: Ground. Open woodlands, thickets, palms, shade trees; nest: Under trees, Spanish moss. 264 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description a Ground nesting birds/late succession types (Continued) Paurague Nyctidromus albicollis Poor-will Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Sparrow, Botteri's Aimophila botterii Sparrow, Brewer's Spizella breweri Sparrow, Cassin's Aimophila cassinii Sparrow, clay-colored Spizella pallida Sparrow, field Spizella pusilla Sparrow, fox Passerella iliaca Sparrow, golden-crowned Zonotrichia atricapilla From lower Rio Grande Valley to southern Gulf Coast of TX. From southern BC, southeastern MT, northwestern SD, NE, and south- western IA; south on Pacific Coast from central CA to southern Baja and through eastern KS and central TX to central Mexico. Southeastern AZ, and southern TX. South through Mexico. Southwestern YT, northwestern BC, central-western AB, southwestern SK, and southwestern ND. South to southern CA, central AZ, north- western NM. Southeastern AZ, southwestern NM, central CO, central_western KS, western OK, and central and west- ern TX. South to Mexico. Northeastern BC, central-southern Mac.,central SK, central MB, west- ern ON, and northern MI; south to southwestern AB, south-central MT, southeastern WY, southeastern CO, southern NE, northern IA, southern WI, central MI, southern ON. Sparsely western-central BC and southern-northern TX. Northwestern MT, northern ND, central MN, northern WI, north- central MI, southern ON, south- western PQ, and southern ME, south to central TX, LA, southern MS, and southern GA. Northern AK, northwestern and eastern-central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ and northern LB; south on the Pacific Coast to northwestern WA; in the mountains to southern CA, central WV, central MT, and central CO. and to central AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF. Western coastal AK, south- central YT, south to southeastern AK, southern BC, southwestern AB, and in the Cascade Mountains to extreme northern WA. continued Woodland, brush, river thickets, prairies; nest: Bare ground. Brush, open pinyon, juniper hills; nest: Bare ground. Brushy coastal prairie, desert grass; nest: On ground. Sagebrush, brushy plains; nest: On ground in sagebrush. Arid grassy bushes; nest: ground. Cup on Prairies, woodland openings, brushy fields, pasture lands. Brushy pastures, clearings, meadows, woodland edge, briar thickets; nest: On ground. Stunted boreal woodlands, chaparral, forest underground; nest: On ground, bush. Boreal scrub, spruce; nest: In bush, ground. Siam cope A oa a ee SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 265 40 Mammais, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description —_— Ground nesting birds/late succession types (Continued) Sparrow, rufous-crowned Aimophila ruficeps Sparrow, song Melospiza melodia Sparrow, white-crowned Zonotrichia leucophyrys Thrasher, brown Toxostoma rufum Wagtail, yellow Motacilla flava Warbler, Arctic Phylloscopus borealis Warbler, blue-winged Vermivora pinus Warbler, golden-winged Vermivora chrysoptera Central CA, central AZ, south- western NM, southeastern CO and northwestern and central OK; South discontinuously to southern Baja and Mexico. Southern AK, southern YT, southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and NF; south to south-central Baja and Mexico and to northern NM, north- eastern KS, northern AR, south- eastern TN, northern GA, and northwestern SC. Northern AK, northern YT, north- western and east-central Mac., central Kee., north-central MN, northern ON, north-southeastern PQ, LB, and northern NF; south to south-central CA, NV, central AZ, northern NM, Southeastern AB, southern SK, southern MB, western ON, northern MN, northern MI, southern ON, southwestern PQ, northern UT, central NH, and southwestern ME; south through central MT, eastern WY, eastern CO, and northern and eastern TX to the Gulf Coast and southern FL. Northern AK, AK. Central NE, central IA, south- eastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, northern OH, northwestern PA, western and southeastern NY, and southeastern MA; south to north- western AR, central MO, southern IL, central TN, northern AL, northern GA, NC, northern VA, central and northeastern MD and DE. From southeastern MN, central- eastern MN, north-central WI, northern MI, southern ON, western and central NY, southern CT, and eastern MA; south to southeastern IA, northern IL, northern ID, southern OH, eastern TN, northern GA, northwestern SC, central MD, and southeastern PA. continued Grassy slopes, low bushes; nest: Ground. Roadsides, brushy fields, thickets, swamps, woodland edges; nest: Ground in grass, brush pile, or in bush low trees. Low brush, mountain thickets, boreal scrub; nest; In bush, ground. Thickets, brushfields, hedgerows, woodland borders; nest: Up to 15 ft in tree, shrub, vine. Willow scrub on tundra; nest: On ground, base of shrub. Willow scrub; nest: base of shrub. Cup on ground, Overgrown pastures, woodland edges, swamps, stream edges. Brushy fields, overgrown pastures, woodland edges, hillside thickets. 266 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) — Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/late succession types Southern AK, southwestern YT, northeastern BC, central AB and southwestern SK south to central CA, central AZ, and central NM. Warbler, MacGillivray's Qporornis tolmiei Central AB, central SK, central MB, northern ON, southern PQ and NF south to northeastern ND, north- western and central MN, central WI, northeastern IL, southern MI, northern OH, northeastern PA, south- eastern NY, northwestern and central MA, central NH, southern ME, and central NS, and through the higher Appalachian Mountains to eastern WV, and northwestern VA. Warbler, mourning Oporornis philadelphia Warbler, orange-crowned Vermivora celata Central AK, northwestern and central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, and northwestern PQ, south to northwest- ern BAja, southeastern AZ, western Continued Low dense undergrowth, thickets; nest: Low bush or weeds. Slashings, brushy clearings, tangles, swampy thickets. Brushy clearings, undergrowth, chaparral; nest: On ground or low shrub. TX; also southeastern SK, southern MB, and western and central ON. Central NV, southeastern ID, north- eastern UT, central-northern CO south to southeastern CA, southern NV, central and southern AZ and central NM. Warbler, Virginia's Vermivora Virginiae Nesting type: Chuck-will's-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis Eastern KS, MI, southern IL, southern ID, southern OH, southern MD, and southern NJ. South to central TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, southern FL; casual north of breeding range to IA, IN, ON, CT, MA, NB and NS. Flycatcher, yellow- bellied Empidonax flaviventris Northern BC, northern AB, southern Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, central PQ, southern LB and NF south to northern ND, northern MN, northern WI, southern ON, northeastern PA and NY. Transcontinental boreal forests from northwestern AK to LB, south to northern and northeastern BC, central MN, WI, central MI, south- ern ON, NY and CT and through the Appalachian Mountains to western GA. Junco, dark-eyed dunco hyemalis continued Qak canyons, brushy slopes, pinyons; nest: Ground under grass, brush. Ground nesting birds/woodland edge Oak pine woods, edges, clearings, roadsides; nest: No nest, bare ground. Coniferous forests, foreal bogs, muskeg, alder swamps; nest: In moss, cavity in roots or at base of tree. Coniferous and mixed forests, edges nest: Slopes, roadsides, tree roots, fallen trees; sometimes in trees up to 8 ft above ground. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 267 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Junco, Oregon (now the same as dark-eyed junco) Junco, white-winged (now the same as dark-eyed junco) Junco, gray-headed dunco caniceps dunco, yellow-eyed (formerly Mexican Junco) dunco phaeonotus Oriole, hooded Icterus cucullatus Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus Redstart, painted Myioborus pictus Sparrow, song Melospiza melodia Sparrow, white-throated Zonotrichia albicollis Primary breeding range Habitat description Southeastern AK, central BC, WC and southern AB, southwestern SK, south-central coastal CA and the mountains of northern Baja, CA, western NV, northeastern OR, southern ID and northwestern WY. Southeastern MT, western SD south to northeastern WY and northwestern NE. Northeastern NV, northern VT and southern WY, south to central AZ, southern NM and western TX. Southeastern AZ, southwestern NM. Central CA, southern NV, central- southeastern AZ, southern NM, southwestern TX; south to Baja, CA. Northeastern BC, south-central Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, southern PQ and NF, south to southern AB, eastern CO, southeastern OK, northern AR, northern AL, and northern GA. Northwestern-north-central AZ, southwestern NM, western TX, south through highlands of Mexico. Southern AK, southern YT, southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and NF; south to south-central Baja and Mexico and to northern NM, north- eastern KS, northern AR, south- eastern TN, northern GA, and northwestern SC. Southern YT, central Mac., north- ern MB, northern ON, west-central and southeastern PQ, southern LB, northern NF, south to central BC, central AB, southern SK, north- central ND, central MN, northern WI, central MI, northern OH, north- ern WV, northeastern PA, south- eastern NY, northwestern CT, south- ern NH and MA. continued Ground nesting birds/woodland edge (Continued) Coniferous and mixed forests, roadsides, brush; nest: On ground in woods. Open pine forests. Mountain forests; nest: Grassy clump on ground. Coniferous forests, tall pine-oak woods; nest: On ground under log, stumps. Open woodlands, thickets, palms, shade trees; nest: Under trees, Spanish moss. Deciduous forest floors, low underbrush; nest: Depression in leaves. Oak canyons, pine-oak forests in mountains; nest: In grassy clumps on ground, steep banks. Roadsides, brushy fields, thickets, swamps, woodland edges; nest: Ground in grass, brush pile, or in bush low trees. Edges of coniferous, deciduous forests, undergrowth; nest: On ground brush pile, under dead trees; thick cover. 268 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Thrush, hermit Catharus guttatus Warbler, black-and-white Mniotilta varia Warbler, Canada Wilsonia canadensis Warbler, Colima Vermivora crissalis Warbler, Kentucky Qporornis formosus Warbler, Nashville Vermivora ruficapilla Warbler, tropical parula Parula pitiayumi Warbler, red-faced Cardellina rubrifrons Primary breeding range Habitat description Ground nesting birds/woodland edge (Continued) Central AK, southern YT, southern Mac., northwestern SK, southern MB, northern ON, central PQ, southern LB and NF; south to southern CA, northern NM, central WI, and MD. Southwestern Mac., central SK, central MB, southern ON, southern PQ and northern NF; south to north- eastern BC, central AB, eastern MT, southwestern SD, central TX, south- eastern LA, northern MS, central AL, central GA, central SC, southeastern NC. North-central Ab, central SK, central MB, northern ON, and south- ern PQ; south to southern MB, central MN, northern WI, central MI, northern OH, through the Appalachian Mountains to eastern TN, northwestern GA, western NC, western VA, western MD, and central PA and to northern NJ, southeastern NY, CT, RI, MA, ME, and NB. Southwestern TX, south through the Sierra Madre in Mexico. Southeastern NE, central IA, southwestern WI, northeastern IL, central IN, central and eastern OH, southern PA, northern NJ, southeastern NY, and southwestern CT; south to central TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, north- western FL, central GA, and SC. Southern BC, in West south to central CA and northern UT; in East southern SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NS; south to southern MN, northern IL, southern MI, northern 0H, north- eastern WV, western MD, and PA. Southern TX. Central AZ (Oak Creek Canyon), southwestern NM (Mogallan and Magdalena Mountains), south in mountains at least to Mexico. continued Coniferous or mixed forests; nest: On ground hidden by small trees, brush. Deciduous woods, prefers hillsides, ravines. Woodland undergrowth, swamps, brushland, ravines, thickets; nest: Upturned tree, rotted log, or on moss. Small oaks, maples, and pines in canyons; nest: Dead leaves on ground. Deciduous woodlands, thickets, moist shady ravines; nest: Near shrubs, on ground, well concealed. Slashings, swales, edges of bogs, mixed forest, undergrowth of forest edge. Woodlands with Spanish moss; nest: In Spanish moss. Open forests, mountains; nest: On ground under trees, in grass clumps. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 269 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) 4 Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Warbler, worm-eating Helmitheros vermivorus Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus Ani, smooth-billed Crotophaga ani Blackbird, rusty Euphagus carolinus Bunting, indigo Passerina cyanea Bunting, lazuli Passerina amoena Bunting, painted Passerina ciris Ground nesting birds/woodland edge (Continued) Northeastern KS, southeastern IA, northern IL, southern IN, south- central OH, southwestern-central PA, central and southeastern NY, southern CT and western MA; south to northeastern TX, central AR, south-central LA, western TN, northern AL, northern GA, north- western, south-central, and northeastern NC. Central AZ, southern NM, south- western TX; from central SK, southern MB, western-southern ON, southern PQ, NB and NS south through Mexico and Central America. Nesting type: FL; (casual in in Nd and NC). LA; accidental Northern AK, northern YT, north- western-central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, central LB and NF; south to central AK, central BC, south-central AB, central SK, central MB, southern ON, northeastern NY, northern VT, northern NH, central ME, southern NB and NS. Southwestern SD, southern MB, northern NM, western-southern ON, southern PQ, southern ME, southern NB, south to western KS, western OK, south-central and southeastern TX, southern LA, southern AL, north- ern FL; sporadically in CO and AZ.* Southern BC, northwestern-central MT, southern SK, central ND, north- eastern SD, south to northwestern Baja CA, southeastern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, central AZ, northern NM, western OK, east to east-central NE and western KS. Southern NM, central OK, central KS, southern MO, southwestern TN, southeastern NC; south to southern Mexico, southern TX; the Gulf Coast to central FL. continued Deciduous forests, brushy hill- sides. Open woods, mixed growth, prefers young hardwoods, rather than mature; nest: No nest, bare ground. Shrub, small tree nesting birds Roadsides, thickets, low over- grown marshes, pastures; nest: Trees or dense shrub. Tree bordered marshes, swampy woodlands, muskegs, thick growth of spruce, balsam; also in de- ciduous bushes in marshes along stream borders. Old fields, brush edges, clearing, scrubby thickets; nest: Low bush, tree, brambles. Sage, broken brushy slopes, briars, burns, streamsides. Towns, thickets, bushy fields, roadsides, bushes, trees 3-6 ft. 270 CHAPTER 3 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Primary breeding range Habitat description Bunting, varied Passerina versicolor Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Catbird, gray Dumetella carolinensis Chat, yellow-breasted Icteria virens Cowbird, brown-headed Molothrus ater Cuckoo, black-billed foceyzus erythropthalmus Shrub, small_tree nesting birds Southern Baja, CA, central-southern AZ, southern Chihuahua and south- western TX south to Guerrero to Daxaca. Southwestern BC south along Coast ranges to southern Baja, CA, in the interior from southern and southeastern OR, southwestern ID, north-central UT, western CO, southern NM, western OK, western TX south to Guatemala. Southeastern SD, central MN, western-southern ON, western NY, southwestern CT; south through central and eastern U.S. to the Gulf Coast to southern FL, and from southeastern CA, central AZ, southern NM, and northern TX south through Mexico to southern Baja, CA, and Mexico. Southern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, western ON, northern WI, southern ON, south- ern PQ, NB, and NS, south through northeastern WA, eastern OR, to north-central UT, central-eastern AZ, central-northern NM, western OK, TX, central LA, central MS, central AL, southern GA; rarely to southern FL. Southern BC, southern AB, southern SK, ND, southern MN, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, central NY, southern VT, southern NH, south to south-central Baja, CA, Mexico, the Gulf Coast to northern FL. Central-northeastern BC, central- southern Mac., central SK, southern MB, central ON, southwestern-central PQ, NB, southern NS; south to northern Baja, Ca, Mexico, LA, southern MS, to SC. Southern SK, southern MB, north- ern MN, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, PE, and NS; south to south- eastern WY, NE, northwestern AR, eastern KS, east-central TN, NC, and SC. Possibly west to AB, western SK, western ID and CO. continued Continued Streamsides, thickets, brush. Oaks, junipers, pines. Oak scrub, chaparral, broad-leaved and mixed woods; nest: Pinyon, junipers. Thickets, forest edges, groves, gardens; nest: In bush or thicket. Woodland undergrowth, brush; nest: Bush, tangle. Woodland edges, pastures, thick shrubbery, briar thickets. Farmlands, open deciduous forest, edges. Builds no nest. Forest edges, thickets; nest: Trees 2-20 ft. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 271 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Primary breeding range Shrub, small tree nesting birds (Continued) Species Habitat description Cuckoo, yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus Dove, ground Columbina passerina Dove, white-fronted Leptotila verreauxi Dove, white-winged Zenaida asiatica Finch, house Carpodacus mexicanus Flycatcher, alder Empidonax alnorum Flycatcher, dusky Empidonax oberholseri Flycatcher, gray Empidonax wrightii Flycatcher, least Empidonax minimus Southern BC, ND, MN, southern ON, PQ to NB; south through Mexico and Central America to Baja, CA. Southern CA, central AZ, southern TX, Gulf Coast and FL north to SC and southern NC. Western Mexico to lower Rio Grande Valley, TX, south through the tropical lowlands of Mexico. From southern NV, southeastern CA, central AZ, southern NM, lower Rio Grande Valley in TX, south to Cape region of Baja, CA and through Mexico and Central America. Southwestern to south-central BC, central-western and southern ID, north-central and southeastern WY, and western NE south to southern Baja, CA. Central AK, central YT, north- western Mac., northeastern AB, northern SK, northern MB, north- ern ON, PQ, NF and NS. Southern YT, northwestern and central BC, southwestern AB, southwestern SK; WY south to southern CA, southern NV, south- western UT, central CO, central AZ, northern NM. Central OR, southwestern ID, southwestern WY, northeastern UT, central CO, south to eastern CA, southern NV, central AZ, and west-central NM. Breeds from southwestern YT, central Mac., northeastern AB, northern SK, central MB, northern ON, central PQ, PE, south to northeastern BC, MT, northeastern WY, southwestern SD, northeastern KS, southwestern MO, central IL, south-central ID, northern 0H, western PA, WV, central TN, north- western GA, western NC, western VA, western MD, southeastern PA, central NJ. continued Dense thickets, open woods, road- sides, streambanks, orchards, fields; nest: Trees, shrubs. Open woods, farms, beaches, grass- lands, brushy fields; nest: Bush, stump, on ground. Shady woodlands, river thickets, low brush, twigs. Rivers, woods, mesquite, groves, saquaros, desert oases, towns. Towns, open woods, ranches, coastal scrub, canyons, deserts; nest: In bush, tree, cactus, buildings. Alder thickets and low valleys or swamps; nest: Loose cuplike structure in the fork of an alder. Mountain chaparral (Canadian zone brush) with scattered trees, in southern CA, also conifer forest; nest: Bush, low sapling. Sagebrush, pinyon, junipers; nest: Sagebrush, small trees. Open woodlands, old orahcards, city parks, suburban gardens, shade trees. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Flycatcher, willow Empidonax traillii Gnatcatcher, black-tailed Polioptila melanura Goldfinch, American Carduelis tristis Goldfinch, Lawrence's Carduelis lawrencei Grosbeak, black-headed Pheucticus melanocephalus Grosbeak, blue Guiraca caerulea Hummingbird, Allen's Selasphorus sasin Hummingbird, Anna's Calypte anna Hummingbird, black-chinned Archilochus alexandri Hummingbird, blue-throated Lampornis clemenciae Shrub, small_tree nesting birds (Continued) Northern Baja, CA through MO and VA. southern CA, southern NV, central AZ, southern NM, and lower Rio Grande Valley in TX, south to Baja, CA. Southern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, PE, northern NS; south to northern Baja, CA, central UT, southern CO, central OK, northeastern TX, northern LA, northern MS, central AL, central GA, and SC. CA, west of Sierra NV, and in northern Baja, CA. Southern BC, southern AB, south- ern SK, and central NE, south to Baja, CA. Central CA, southern NV, southern and eastern UT, southern CO, central SD, central MO, southern IL, southwestern KY, northern GA; east of Appalachians, southeastern PA, and southern NJ; south through Mexico and Central America to Costa Rica. Southwestern OR, south along a narrow coastal strip in CA to Ventura County, east to Trinity County. CA, west of Sierra NV and south- ern coastal ‘mountains from Humboldt Shasta and Tehoma Counties, south to the Sierra San Pedro Maitre and San Quinten in northwestern Baja. Southwestern BC and northwestern MT, south through western MT, central ID, western CO, NM, and south-central and southwestern TX to northern Baja. Mountains of southern AZ, south- western TX, southwestern NM south to Mexico. continued Willow, alder thickets, in low valleys, swamps, canyons, or high mountains meadows; brushy bogs, muskegs. Desert brush, ravines, dry washes, mesquite, sage. Rivers groves, willows, poplars, orchards, roadsides, overgrown fields; nest: Bush, tree 1-33 ft above ground. Open oak, oak-pine woods, dry chaparral, edges. Pine-oak woods, mixed forests, tall chaparral, pinyon, streamside groves, orchards. Old fields, brush edges, scrubby thickets. Wooded or brushy canyons, parks, gardens, mountain meadows. Chaparrals, broken woodland gardens; nest: Bush, tree. Semi-arid country near water, semi- wooded canyons and slopes, chaparral, river groves, foothill suburbs; nest: Shrub or tree. Wooded streams in lower canyons of mountains. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 273 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Hummingbird, broad-billed Cynanthus latirostris Hummingbird, broad-tailed Selasphorus platycercus Hummingbird, buff-bellied Amazilia yucatanensis Hummingbird, calliope Stellula calliope Hummingbird, Costa's Calypte costae Hummingbird, lucifer Calothorax lucifer Hummingbird, Rivoli's Eugenes fulgens Hummingbird, ruby- throated Archilochus colubris Hummingbird, rufous Selasphorus rufus Hummingbird, violet- crowned Amazilia verticalis Hummingbird, white-eared Hylocharis leucotis Jay, green Cyanocorax yncas Jay, scrub Aphelocoma coerulescens Shrub, small_tree nesting birds Western Mexico, south-central AZ, southwestern NM, southwestern TX, to southern Mexico. Eastern-central CA, northern NV, northern WY, eastern CO, NM, and southwestern TX to southern Mexico. Lower Rio Grande Valley in TX. South through Mexico. Mountainous areas from central BC and southwestern AB, south through WA, OR, NV, and CA to northern Baja; east to UT and western CO. Breeds from central CA, southern NV, and southwestern UT. South to the Santa Barbara, southern Baja, CA, southern AZ, southwestern NM, to Mexico. Mountain areas in eastern and central Mexico. Mountains of southern AZ and southern NM; south into Mexico. Central AB, central SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, PE, NS; south to southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, southern FL; west to eastern ND, eastern SD, central NE, central KS, central OK, east-central TX. Southeastern AK, southern YT, east- central BC, southwestern AB, west- ern MT, south through WA, OR, northwestern CA, southern ID. Mexico; casual in AZ. Mountains of southern AZ, south over highlands of Mexico and CA. West-central Mexico, extreme southern TX, south through Central America and South America. Southwestern WA, western and south- ern OR, extreme southern ID, south- ern WY; south locally throughout western U.S. west of Plains; also found locally in scrub oak communi- ties in Florida Peninsula. continued Continued Desert canyons, mountain slopes. Mountain glades, high meadows, willow thickets, open undergrowth; nest: Bush, tree. Woods, thickets, flowering shrubs, citrus groves, sycamores, agaves. High mountain canyons, forest glades. Deserts, washes, mesas, sage scrub, arid hillsides; nest: Bush, tree. Arid slopes, agaves. High mountain glades, pine-oak woods, canyons. Mixed woodlands, orchards, shade trees; nest: Above ground attached to twig or small branch. Forest edges, flowering plants, streamsides, lowlands, forest openings, meadows. Riparian groves in canyons; nest: Sycamores. Pine-oak woods, near streams, agaves, mesquite. Brush, woodlands; nest: Thicket small tree. Foothills, oaks, oak-chaparral, brush, river woods, pinyon, junipers. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) 40 Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Junco, dark-eyed dunco hyemalis Magpie, black-billed Pica pica Magpie, yellow-billed Pica nuttalli Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Oriole, Scott's Icterus parisorum Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuata Redpoll, common Carduelis flammea Seedeater, white-collared Sporophila torqueola Shrub, small _tree nesting birds (Continued Transcontinental boreal forests from northwestern AK to LB, south to northern and northeastern BC, central MN, WI, central MI, south- ern ON, NY and CT and through the Appalachian Mountains to western GA. Southern AK, central coastal AK, southern YT, interior BC, central AB, northwestern and east-central SK; and western MB, south to east- central CA, western NV, southern ID, central and north-central UT, northern AZ, northern NM, western KS, and western OK. CA west of the Sierra NV. Regularly from northern CA, central NV, northern UT, south- eastern WY, southern SD, central IA, central IL, central ID, north- central OH, southeastern and eastern WV, MD and central NJ; south to Baja, CA and southern U.S. Found casually to southwestern BC, southern AB, southern SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, NS. Southern NV, southwestern UT, northeastern AZ, north-central NM, and western TX, south through south- eastern CA to southern Baja, CA and Mexico. Has nested also in west- central NV, northeastern UT. Resident Baja, CA, south-central and southeastern AZ, southern NM, western, central and southeastern TX, south to southern Baja, CA and Mexico. Circumpolar arctic and subarctic areas, extending south to south- ern AK, northern BC, northern AB, northern SK, northern MB, north ern ON, central and southeastern PQ and NF. Resident southern TX to Mexico. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES Coniferous and mixed forests, edges nest: Slopes, roadsides, tree roots, fallen trees; sometimes in trees up to 8 ft above ground. Foothills, ranches, sagebrush, river thickets, shelter belts, prairie brush; in AK, coastal country; nest: Tree or bush. Stream groves, scattered oaks, ranches, farms; nest: Like black-billed magpie. Farmlands, open woods, cities, roadsides, mesquite, brush, desert streamsides. Dry woods, scrub in desert mount- ains, yucca forests, pinyons. Mesquite, thorn scrub, deserts; nest: Thorny bush. Birches, tundra scrub; nest: On ground or low bush. Weedy places, tall grass, brush. 275 40 Mammais, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Shrike, loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus Sparrow, black-chinned Spizella atrogularis Sparrow, black-throated Amphispiza bilineata Sparrow, chipping Spizella passerina Sparrow, clay-colored Spizella pallida Sparrow, field Spizella pusilla Sparrow, fox Passerella iliaca Sparrow, golden-crowned Zonotrichia atricapilla Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrub, smal1_tree nesting birds (Continued) Southern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, south-central ME, western NB south to southern Baja, Gulf Coast, southern FL. Central CA, southern NV, south- western UT, central AZ, central NM, western TX, south to Baja, CA and Mexico. Northeastern CA, northern NV, northern UT, southwestern WY, western and southern CO, north- western OK and north-central TX, south to Baja, CA and Mexico. Central YT, southern Mac., north- ern SK, northern MB, northern ON, southern PQ and southwestern NF south to northern Baja, northern Nicaragua, the Gulf Coast of U.S., northern FL. Breeds from northeastern BC, south-central Mac., central SK, central MB, western ON, northern MI; south to southwestern AB, south-central MT, southeastern WY, southeastern CO, southern NE, northern IA, southern WI, central MI, and southern ON; sparsely west to central BC and south to northern TX; IN; IL. Northwestern MT, northern ND, central MN, northern WI, north- central MI, southern ON, south- western PQ, and southern ME; south to central TX, LA, southern MS and southern GA. Northern AK, northwestern and east-central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, and northern LB; south on the Pacific Coast to northwestern WA; in the mountains to southern CA, central WV, central MT, and central CO. and to central AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF. Western coastal AK, south-central YT, south to southeastern AK, southern BC, southwestern AB, and in the Cascade Mountains to extreme northern WA. continued Open country with scattered trees, shrubs, hedgerows; nest: 5-30 ft above ground. Brushy mountains, slopes, open chaparral, sagebrush. Arid brush, creosote-bush deserts, cholla, gardens; nest: In bush, cactus. Orchards, garden shrubbery, open woodlands, conifers; nest: In tree, shrub 1-25 ft above ground. Prairies, pine barrens, conifer plantings, woodland openings, brushy fields. Brush pastures, clearings, meadows, woodland edges, hayfields, briar thickets; on or near ground, or as high as 4 ft above ground. Stunted boreal woodlands, chap- arral, forest underground; nest: On ground, bush. Boreal scrub, spruce; nest: In bush, ground. 276 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Sparrow, olive Arremonops rufivirgata Sparrow, rufus-winged Aimophila carpalis Sparrow, sage Amphispiza belli Sparrow, song Melospiza melodia Sparrow, white-crowned Zonotrichia leucophrys Sparrow, white-throated Zonotrichia albicollis Thrasher, Bendire's Toxostoma bendirei Thrasher, brown Toxostoma rufum Thrasher, California Toxostoma redivivum Shrub, small tree nesting birds Southern TX, Mexico and Central America. Central-southern AZ, Mexico. Central interior of WA, southern ID, southwestern WY, and north- western CO, south to central Baja, southern NV, northern AZ, and northwestern NM. Aleutian Islands, southern AK, southern YT, southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, north- ern ON, central PQ, and NF; south to southeastern Baja, northern Mexico, northern NM, northeastern KS, northern AR, southeastern TN, northern GA, northwestern SC. Northern AK, northern YT, north- western and east-central Mac., central Kee., north-central MB, northern ON, northern-southeastern PQ, LB and northern NF; south to south-central CA, NV, central AZ, northern NM. Southern YT, central Mac., north- ern MB, northern ON, west-central and southeastern PQ, southern LB, northern NF; south to central BC, central AB, southern SK, north- central ND, central MN, northern OH, northern WV, northeastern PA, southern NY, northwestern CT, southern NH, and MA. Southeastern CA, northwestern AZ, southern NV, southern UT and south- western NM south to Mexico. Southeastern AB, southern SK, southern MB, western ON, northern MN, northern MI, southern ON, southwestern PQ, northern UT, central NH, and southwestern ME; south through central MT, eastern WY, eastern CO, and northern and eastern TX to the Gulf Coast and southern FL. Northern CA to northern Baja, CA. continued Continued Undergrowth, weedy thickets; nest: Bush, cactus. Tall desert grass, desert thorn brush. Dry brushy foothills, open chap- arral, sagebrush, plains deserts. Farms, cities, suburbs, gardens, brush fields, thickets, swamps, hedgerows on ground or in low bush, tree, as high as 15 ft. Low brush, mountain thickets, boreal scrub; nest: In bush, ground. Edges of coniferous, deciduous forests, undergrowth; nest: On ground brush pile, under dead trees; thick cover. Deserts, farmland, cholla, thorny bushes. Nests in thorny bush, cholla. Thickets, brushfields, hedgerows, woodland borders; nest: Up to 15 ft in tree, shrub, vine. Chaparral, foothills, valley thickets, parks, gardens. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 277 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Thrasher, crissal Toxostoma dorsale Thrasher, curve-billed Toxostoma curvirostre Thrasher, LeConte's Toxostoma lecontei Thrasher, long-billed Toxostoma longirostre Thrasher, sage Oreoscoptes montanus Thrush, Swainson's Catharus ustulatus Thrush, varied Ixoreus naevius Towhee, Abert's Pipilo aberti Towhee, brown Pipilo fuscus Habitat description Shrub, small_tree nesting birds (Continued) Southeastern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, northern AZ, southern NM, and west-central TX; south to northeastern Baja, CA, and northwestern-south-central Mexico. Northwestern and central AZ; NM; and western and southern TX; south to Mexico. Semi-arid desert areas of central CA, southern NV; southwestern UT, and western and central AZ; south to central Baja and northwestern Sonora. South-central TX south to Mexico. South-central BC, central ID, south-central MT, and northern- southeastern WY; isolated colony southwestern SK, south through eastern WA, eastern OR, and eastern CA, southern NV, UT, north-central NM, northwestern TX, and western OK. Central AK, northern YT, Mac., northern NB, northern ON, central PQ, southern LB, and NF, south to the AK peninsula and southern AK, CA, CO, the Great Lakes and WV. North-central AK, central YT, northwestern Mac., south to north- western CA, northern ID, and northwestern MT. Southeastern NV, southwestern UT, central AZ, and southwestern NM, south in CO to southeastern CA, northeastern Baja, northwestern Mexico and southeastern AZ. Southwestern OR, western and central AZ, northern NM, south- eastern CO, extreme western OK and western and central TX, south to Baja and Mexico. continued Dense brush along desert streams, mesquite thickets. Desert, arid brush. Desert flats with sparse bushes; nest: In cholla, thorny bush. Woodland undergrowth, mesquite; nest: Thorny bush, cactus, undergrowth. Sagebrush, brush slopes, mesas in winter, deserts. Spruce, birch forests, small trees 2-20 ft above ground. Thick, wet forests, conifers; nests in small trees. Desert streams, brush, mesquite. Brushy, stony areas, open chap- arral, open woods canyons, pinyon, juniper, gardens. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Towhee, green-tailed Pipilo chlorurus Towhee, rufus-sided Pipilo erythrophthalmus Veery Catharus fuscescens Vireo, Bell's Vireo bellii Vireo, black-capped Vireo atricapilla Vireo, Hutton's Vireo huttoni Vireo, white-eyed Vireo griseus Warbler, black-throated blue Dendroica caerulescens Shrub, small_tree nesting birds Southwestern and central OR, southeastern WA, southern ID, southwestern MT, and northwestern, central and southeastern WY, south through the interior mount- ains to southern CA, southern NV, central AZ, and southern NM. Southern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern MN, northern MI, southern ON, northern NY, northern VT, central NH, and southwestern ME, south to southern Baja, CA, through Mexico and western TX, northern OK, northern AR, southern LA, the eastern Gulf Coast, southern FL. Eastern BC, north-central AB, southern SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, central NF; south through the Rockies and north- eastern AZ and to northeastern SD and southeastern MN; in the eastern U.S. south along Alleghenies and northern GA. Great Valley in CA, southern NV, central AZ, southwestern NM, western TX, eastern CO, central NE, southeastern SD, IA, southwestern WI, and northeastern IL, south to southern TX, northwestern LA. Central-southern KS south through southern OK to western and central TX and Mexico. Southwestern BC, western WA, and western OR, to the Great Valley and coast of CA and northwestern Baja; from central AZ, southwestern NM, and TX south to Central America. Central NE, southern IN, IA, southern WI, and NY. South to Mexico, southern FL and Bermuda. Central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NS, south to central MN, northern MI, southern ON, northern CT, along the Appalachians to northeastern GA. continued Continued Dry brush, mountain slopes, low chaparral, open pines; nest: In sage, manzanita/low bush; also on ground. Brush fields, thickets, slashings, woodland edges; nest: On or near ground or small bush, tree. Moist deciduous woods, bottomland, forests, damp ravines; nest: Low shrub, brush pile low to ground. Thickets, forest edges, bottomlands. Oak shrub, brush, hillsides. Woods, adjacent brush; prefers oaks. Dense shrubby regions, deciduous forests, undergrowth, briar thickets, old fields along stream- banks. Mixed conifers, hardwood forests with heavy undergrowth; cutover areas, laurel hemlock. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 279 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Warbler, black-throated gray Dendroica nigrescens Warbler, chestnut-sided Dendroica penslyvanica Warbler, hooded Wilsonia citrina Warbler, Kentucky Oporonis formosus Warbler, magnolia Dendroica magnolia Warbler, orange-crowned Vermivora celata Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrub, small_tree nesting birds (Continued) Southwestern BC (coastal), west- ern WA, central OR, southwestern ID, northern UT, southwestern WY, and northwestern and central C0, south in mountains to northern Baja, northwestern, central and southeastern AZ, and eastern and southern NM. Eastern SK, central-western MB, central ON, southern PQ, central NB, and northern NS south to central-northern ND, central NE, northwestern and southeastern NM, southern WI, southern MI, northern OH, central and western MD, south- eastern PA, central NJ, NY, MA, ME, through Appalachians from western PA to southeastern TN, central- northern GA and northwestern SC. Southeastern NE, central IA, northern IL, southern MI, southern ON, northwestern PA, central and southeastern NY, southern CT, and RI. South to southeastern TX, Gulf Coast, northern peninsular FL. Southeastern NE; central IA, southwestern WI, northeastern IL, central IN, central and eastern 0H, southern PA, northern NJ, south- eastern NY, and southwestern CT. South to central-eastern TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, northwestern FL, central GA, SC. Southwestern and central-southern Mac., northeastern AB, northern SK, central MB, northern ON, central and eastern PQ, and south- western NF. South to central and central-eastern BC, south-central AB, south-central SK, southern MB, northeastern MN, central WI, central MI, southern ON; locally south to northeastern OH, eastern and central WV, western VA, central and north- eastern PA, northwestern NJ and northern MA. From central AK, northwestern and central Mac., northern MB, north- ern ON, and northwestern PQ. South to northwestern Baja, CA, south- eastern AZ, western TX, southeastern SK, southern MB, western and central ON. continued Dry oak slopes, pinyons, junipers, open mixed woods; nest: In bush, tree (oaks, especially). Shrubby, rural areas, roadside shrubs, briar tangles, hedgerows, undergrowth in cutover timber; nest: At low elevation 1-4 ft above ground. Undergrowth of deciduous woodlands, thickets, wooded swamps; nest: Low elevation 1-6 ft. Deciduous woodland thickets, conifers, moist shady ravines. Coniferous forests; nest: In bushy top of small conifer 1-15 ft above ground. Brush, woodland clearings, hill- sides, aspens, undergrowth, chaparral. 280 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Warbler, palm Dendroica palmarum Warbler, prairie Dendroica discolor Warbler, Swainson's Lymnothlypis swainsonii Warbler, yellow Dendroica petechia Waxwing, cedar Bombycilla cedrorum Wren, cactus Campylorhynchus brunneicapil lus Wrentit Chamaea fasciata Yellowthroat, common Geothlypis trichas Primary breeding range Habitat description Shrub, small tree nesting birds Southwestern Mac., northern AB, northern SK, MB, northern ON, southern PQ and southern NF. South to northeastern BC, central AB, central SK, southeastern MB, northeastern MN, central MI, south- ern ON, southern PQ, ME, NS. Southeastern SD, IA, southern WI, northern MI, southern ON, south- eastern NY, southern VT, and southern NH. South to eastern OK, southern LA, northern MS, southern AL, central GA, FL, and Florida Keys. Breeds locally from northeastern OK, southeastern MS, southern IL, southwestern IN, southern OH, western WV, southern VA and southeastern MD. South to south- eastern LA, MS, southern AL, northern FL. From north-central AK, northern YT, northwestern and central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, north- central PQ, central LB, and NF. South to Alaskan Peninsula, southern Baja, CA. Southeastern AK, north-central BC, northern AB, northwestern SK, central MB, northern ON, central and southeastern PQ and NF. South to northern CA, northern UT, CO, OK, central MO, southern IL, south- ern IN, central KY, eastern TN, northern AL, northern GA. Southern CA, southern NV, south- western UT, western and south- central AZ, southern NM, and central TX. South to southern Baja and Mexico. Western OR to northern Baja, CA, east to the middle Umpqua, Rogue and Klamath river valleys, OR, and to the Great Valley of central CA. Southeastern AK, southern YT, northern AB, central SK, central MB, central and northeastern ON, central PQ and southwestern NF. South to northern Baja, CA, Mexico, Gulf Coast of U.S., and southern FL. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES Continued Two types: Wet, muskeg and sphagnum bogs; open barrens, dry forests of spruce and jack pine. Brush clearings, burned-over areas; nest: In bushes, brairs 1-10 ft. Wooded canebrake swamps, mountains, wooded ravines, laurel thickets, shrubs, cane or palmetto highlands, lowlands. Along waterways, edges of swamps, marshes, brushy bottomlands, small trees, orchards. Open woods, orchards, shade trees; nest: In small tree 4-50 ft above ground. Cactus, yucca, mesquite, arid brush, deserts. Chaparral, brush, parks, garden shrubs; nest: In low bush. Wet or dry areas with dense low cover, marshes, swamps, brush thickets. 281 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Blackbird, Brewer's Euphagus cyanocephalus Cowbird, bronzed Molothrus aeneus Creeper, brown Certhia familiaris Crossbill, red Loxia curvirostra Crossbill, white-winged Loxia leucoptera Crow, common Corvus brachyrhynchos Crow, fish Corvus ossifragus Nesting type: Large tree nesting birds Breeds from southwestern, central and southeastern BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern MN, western ON and northern WI. South to northwestern Baja, central-southern and central- eastern CA, south ern NV, south- western and central UT, central AZ, western and central-southern NM, northern TX, OK, northern IA, southern WI, northeastern IL, northwestern IN and southwestern MI. Central and southern AZ, south- western NM, south-central TX, Mexico, and Central America. Southeastern AK, BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern ON, southern PQ, NF, south through Mexico and to the southern Appalachian Mountains. Southeastern AK, southern YT, SK, MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF. South to northern Baja, CA and Central America; Eastern U.S. to northern WI, TN, NC, throughout West. North-central AK, central YT, central Mac., central MB, north- ern ON, northern PQ, central LB, and NF south to south-central AK, northern BC, central AB, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, southern ON, southern PQ, south- ern NB and NS. Breeding sporad- ically south to WA, northeastern OR, MT, northeastern WY, northern VT, NH, ME. BC, southwestern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, southern NF south to northern Baja, central AZ, north- central NM, CO, central TX, Gulf of Mexico, and southern FL. Resident on Atlantic and Gulf Coasts from RI, CT, and NY. South and from southeastern TX and LA eastward to FL; inland along major river systems to southwestern TN, northwestern LA, western AR, central GA, western SC, northwestern NC, central VA, central MD, central PA and central- eastern NY. continued Open farmlands, roadsides, towns, gardens, groves, marsh edges; nest: 150 ft above ground. Croplands, brush, semi-open country. Coniferous, deciduous, or mixed forests, timbered swamps; nest: In living or dead tree 5-15 ft. Coniferous forests; nest: In branch of conifer 5-80 ft above ground. Spruce forests; nest: In spruce limp 5-70 ft above ground. Forests, farm woodlots, parks, wooded islands, ‘deciduous/coniferous trees 10-70 ft above ground. Wooded marine shorelines; edges of brachish seashores, bays; in FL, salt and freshwater environ- ments. 282 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Crow, northwestern Corvus caurinus Finch, Cassin's Carpodacus cassinii Finch, purple Carpodacus purpureus Flycatcher, Acadian Empidonax virescens Flycatcher, olive-sided Nuttallornis borealis Flycatcher, scissor-tailed Muscivora forficata Flycatcher, vermillion Pyrocephalus rubinus Large tree nesting birds Resident on Coasts and Islands of southern AK, BC, and WA; wanders inland in WA and OR. Southern BC, southwestern AB, northwestern, central and south- eastern MT, northern WY south through eastern WA and OR, to northwestern CA, interior south- ern CA, northern Baja, southern NV, northern AZ, and central- northern NM. Northern BC, northern AB, central SK, central MB, northern ON, central PQ and NF, south to northern Baja, central BC, central AB, southern SK, ND, central MN, central WI, central MI, north- eastern OH, WV, northeastern PA, and southeastern NY. Southeastern SD, northern IA, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, southern WY, northeastern PA, and southwestern CT; casually from VT and MA. South through eastern NE, central KS and central OK to central and southeastern TX, the Gulf Coast and central FL. Northern AK, central-western and southern YT, central-western and southern Mac., northeastern AB, northern SK, north-central MB, northern ON, central PQ and central NF south to Baja, central NV, central AZ, northern NM, central SK, southern MB, northeastern ND, central MN, northern WI, northern MI, southern ON, northeastern OH and MA; mountains of NY, PA, east- ern WV, southwestern VA, eastern TN and western NC. Eastern NM, western OK, south- eastern CO, NE, central and south- eastern KS, western AR, and west- ern LA south to southern TX. Southwestern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, central AZ, southwestern NM, and western and central TX south to southern South America. continued Continued Near tidewater, shores. Open conifer forests of high mountains. Coniferous forests, roadsides, Christmas tree plantings; nest: 5-60 ft above ground. Deciduous woodlands, ravines, bottomlands, river swamps, ham- mocks of cypress ponds; nest: lower branches 8-20 ft above ground in tree. On Cool coniferous forests, open woodlands, forest burns, bogs; nest: In conifer branch 7-50 ft above ground. Roadsides, ranches, mesquite, semi-open areas; nest: In tree, bush. Near water in desert country, mesquite, willows, cottonwoods. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 283 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Gnatcatcher, blue-gray Polioptila caerulea Grosbeak, evening Hesperiphona vespertina Grosbeak, pine Pinicola enucleator Grosbeak, rose-breasted Pheucticus ludovicianus Jay, blue Cyanocitta cristata Jay, gray (Canada) Perisoreus canadensis Large tree nestin CA, central NV, southern UT, CO, eastern NE, central MN, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, OH, western NY, and northern NJ. South to Baja through Mexico to Central America, Gulf Coast of U.S. and Bahamas. North-central BC, northeastern AB, central SK, southern MB, western and central ON, central-western PA, and northern NB, south to central CA, northern NV, central AZ, and to northeastern MN, north- ern MI, southern ON, northern NY and MA. Northern AK, northwestern and central Mac., northern MB, north- ern ON, northern PQ, northern LB, and NF south to southern AK, central CA, central-eastern AZ, central-northern NM, central MB, central ON, northern NH, central ME, and NS. Northeastern BC, northern AB, central SK, southern MB, western and southern ON, southwestern PQ, northern NB, PE and NS south to central and southeastern AB, southern SK, central and northern ND, eastern SD, eastern NE, east- ern KS, southwestern and central MO, southern IL, central IN, northern OH, eastern KY, eastern TN, northern GA, western NC, western VA, southeastern PA, south- western and central NJ, southeastern NY. Central AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, and NF, south through Dakotas, eastern WY, NE, central CO, TX Panhandle to southeastern TX, Gulf Coast and southern FL. North-central AK, northern YT, western Mac., northern MB, north- ern ON, northern PQ, northern LB, and NF south to northern CA, central AZ, southwestern CO, northern NM, SD, birds (Continued Oak woods, mixed forests, pine- lands, wooded swamps; nest: 4-70 ft above ground. Coniferous forests; nest: 20-60 ft above ground. Cold spruce forests at high elevations; nest: In conifers or underbrush of coniferous forests. Moist deciduous second-growth woods, swamps, thickets, orchards, trees, shrubs; nest: 6-25 ft above ground. Forests, farms, parks, cities, suburbs; nest: In conifer/ deciduous trees 5-50 ft above ground. Conifer forests. northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, south-central ON, northeastern NY, northern New England, NB and NS. continued 284 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Large tree nesting birds (Continued Jay, Mexican Resident of central AZ, south- Open oak forests, oak pine; Aphelocoma ultramarina western NM, southwestern TX nest: In oaks, some pine. and central Mexico. Jay, pinyon Resident of central OR, east- Pinyon pines, junipers, sage; Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus central MT, western SD south nest: In pinyon, scrub oak. through eastern CA to northern Baja, CA, central NV, central and central-eastern AZ, central NM, and western OK. Jay, Steller's Southern AK, western and southern Conifer, pine-oak forests; nest: Cyanocitta stelleri BC, southwestern AB, western MT, In conifers. WY, southwestern SD and western NE south through southern CA, and Mexico; east to east-central CO, eastern NM and southwestern TX. Kingbird, Cassin's Central CA and southern MT Semi-open high country, scattered Tyrannus vociferans south to Mexico. trees, pine-oak, mountains, ranch groves. Kingbird, eastern Northern BC, central-southern Wood edges, parklands, river groves, Tyrannus tyrannus Mac., central SK, central MB, farms, shelter belts, orchards, northern ON, southern PQ south to roadsides; nest: In trees, bushes. western WA, OR (east of coast ranges), northeastern CA, northern NV, southern ID, northern UT, CO, northeastern NM, central TX, the Gulf Coast, and southern FL. Kingbird, thick-billed Western Mexico and Central Semi-arid canyons, sycamores; Tyrannus crassirostris America, extreme southeastern nest: In sycamores. AZ, southwestern NM. Kingbird, western Breeds from western OR, western Open country with scattered trees, Tyrannus verticalis WA (east of coast ranges), south- farms, roadsides. ern BC, southern AB, southern SK, southern MB, western MN, rarely to southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, northwestern OH, south to northern Baja, CA, Mexico, southern NM, central-western TX, northeastern OK, central-eastern KS, and north- central MO. Kinglet, golden-crowned Southeastern AK, BC, northern MB, Coniferous forests, prefers Regulus satrapa ON, PQ and NF, south to southern spruces; nest: 6-60 ft above CA, Central America; in the Rocky ground. Mountain region to eastern NV, UT and CO, AZ, NM, western NC. Kinglet, ruby-crowned Northwestern AK, northwestern Mac., Coniferous forests; nest: In Regulus calendula northern MB, ON, central PQ, south- conifers 2-10 ft above ground. ern LB, NF, south to Baja, CA, central AZ, central NM, northern MI, southern ON, northern ME, and NS. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 285 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States DRESS EEE RE OL OS SEE ES TE Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Nutcracker, Clark's Nucifraga columbiana Oriole, black-headed Icterus graduacauda Oriole, Northern Icterus galbula Oriole, orchard Icterus spurius Parula, northern Parula americana Pewee, eastern wood Contopus virens Pewee, western wood Contopus sordidulus Large tree nesting birds (Continued Resident from central BC (interior), High mountains, conifers near southwestern AB, western and central MT, and western and south- eastern WY south through mountains of central WA, eastern OR, central and eastern CA and NV to northern Baja and south in Rocky Mountains to eastern AZ and western NM. Southern TX and Central America. Southern BC, southern and central AB, central and southwestern SK, southern MB, western and southern ON, northern MI, southern PQ, cen- tral ME, central NM and central NS, south to Baja, CA, west-central OK, northeastern TX, northwestern and central LA, central MS, north- ern AL, northeastern LA, western SC, western NC, central VA, north- ern MD, and DE. Has bred in north- eastern CO. Southern MB, central and south- eastern MN, central WI, southern MI, southern ON, north-central PA, central and central-eastern NY, and central and northeastern MA south through central and central- southern ND, central SD, central NE, northeastern CO, central-north- ern, western and southern TX, the Gulf Coast and northern FL. Southeastern MB, western and central ON, southern PQ, northern ME, northern NB, PE and northern NS south to eastern TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, northwestern and central FL. Southern MB, western and central ON, southern PQ, northern ME, central NB, PE and northern NS south through eastern ND, eastern SD, eastern NE, eastern KS, central OK to central and south- eastern TX, the Gulf Coast, and central FL. Central-eastern AK, southern YT, southern Mac., central-eastern SK, and central MB south in the mountains to Central America and possibly South America. continued treeline; nest: In conifers. Woodlands, thickets. Shade trees, orchards, parks, roadsides; nest: In elms, maples, willows 6-60 ft above ground. Farms, suburbs, roadsides, orchards, open woodlands; nest: Tree/shrub 10-20 ft above ground. Coniferous/deciduous forests where moss-like lichens and bromeliads hang from tree branch; also coniferous/deciduous forests with- out lichens; nest: 6-100 ft above ground. Mature forests, woodlots, roadsides, orchards, borders of fields, clear- ings; nest: 15-65 ft above ground; favors oaks, sassafras, beech. Woodlands, pine-oak forests, open conifers, river groves. 286 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 PAE EN ER DES RI SOLA Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Large tree nesting birds (Continued Phainopepla Central CA, southern NV, southern Desert shrubs, mesquite, oak Phainopepla nitens Raven, common Corvus corax Raven, white-necked Corvus cryptoleucus Redstart, American Setophaga ruticilla Robin, American Turdus migratorius Siskin, pine Carduelis pinus Sparrow, chipping Spizella pallida Tanager, hepatic Piranga flava UT, southwestern NM and western TX, south to Bqja, CA, and Mexico. Holarctic regions from subarctic AK, northern Canada, south through Western U.S. to Central America; in central and eastern North America to MN, WI, northern MI, central ON, southern PQ and ME, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northwestern GA. Southeastern AZ, southern NM, northeastern CO, south-central NE, and western KS south into Mexico. Southeastern AK, northern BC, central-southern Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, central PA, and NF south to eastern OR, northern UT, northern CO, south- eastern OK, southern LA, central AL, and central GA. From the limit of trees in north- ern AK, northern Canada, and NF. South to southern Mexico and the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Southern AK, central YT, southern Mac., central SK, southern MB, northern ON, central and south- eastern PQ, southern LB, and NF south to northern Baja, CA and through Mexico to Central America; in the Central and Eastern U.S. south to KS, IA, northern WI, central MI, southern ON, northern PA, southeastern NY, and CT. Central YT, southern Mac., north- ern SK, northern MB, northern ON, southern PQ and southwestern NF south to northern Baja, northern Nicaragua, the Gulf Coast of U.S., northern FL. Northern AZ, northern NM, and central-western and southern TX south through Mexico, Central America, and South America. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES foothills, mistletoe, pepper trees. Forest wilderness, mountains, sea- coasts, wooded marine islands. Arid country, rangeland, plains, deserts; nest: In tree, mesquite, yucca. Young or second-growth deciduous or coniferous woods, roadside parks; nest: 4-30 ft above ground. Cities, villages, farmlands, open woods; nest: In tree. Coniferous forests; nest: 6-35 ft above ground. Orchards, garden shrubbery, open woodlands, conifers; nest: In tree, shrub 1-25 ft above ground. Pines, open mountain forests, oaks. RRL EET LN. LL IRN SIT OST I TE 287 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Tanager, scarlet Piranga olivacea Tanager, summer Piranga rubra Tanager, western Piranga ludoviciana Thrush, gray-cheeked Catharus minimus Thrush, wood Hylocichla mustelina Vireo, Philadelphia Vireo philadelphicus Large tree nesting birds (Continued) Central NE, eastern ND, southeast- ern MB, central-western ON, north- eastern MN, northern MI, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, and central and central-southern ME south to central-northern and southeastern OK, central AR, west-central TN, northwestern and central AL, north- western SC, western NC, central and western VA, and MD. Southeastern CA, southernmost NV, central AZ, central NM, central TX, central OK, southeastern NE, southern IA, central IL, central IN, central OH, WV, MD, and DE south to Mexico, the Gulf Coast and southern FL. Southern AK, northern BC, south- western and central-southern Mac., southeastern AB, and central SK, south to northern Baja, CA, south- ern NV, southwestern UT, central and southeastern AZ, southwestern NM, and western TX; east to west- ern SD, northwestern NE, and central CO. Northern AK, northern Mac., northern MB, northern PQ, central LB, and NF south to southwestern AK, northeastern BC, eastern SK, southeastern NY, and northwestern MA. Breeds from southeastern SD, central MN, central WI, northern MI, southern ON, extreme southern PQ, northern VT, central NH, and southwestern ME south through NE, central KS, and eastern OK to southeastern TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, and northern FL; casually north to southern NB and west to south- western ND and central SD. Breeds from northeastern BC, central AB, southern SK, southern MB, northern ON, central PA, and southwestern NF south to central- northern ND, southern ON, northern NH, central ME, and northern NB; recorded in the breeding season in northern AB and northeastern NY. continued Deciduous, coniferous woodlands, groves, parks, orchards, roadsides; nest: 8-75 ft above ground. Open, dry deciduous (mostly) coniferous woods, groves, orchards; nest: 10-35 ft above ground. Oak, pine, fir, open conifer or mixed forests. Spruce, fir forests at high elevations, evergreens, birches, in wild, isolated regions of high mountains; nest: 3-15 ft above ground. Cool, humid forests, mainly deciduous, parks, gardens; nest: In tree 6-50 ft above ground. Second-growth forests, roadside trees, deserted farms, occasion- ally shade trees; nest: 10-40 ft above ground. 288 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 TR EES CRS en Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Vireo, red-eyed Vireo olivaceus Vireo, solitary Vireo solitarius Vireo, warbling Vireo gilvus Vireo, yellow-green Vireo flavoviridis Vireo, yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons Warbler, bay-breasted Dendroica castanea Warbler, Blackburnian ~ Dendroica fusca Large tree nesting birds (Continued Breeds from southwestern and northeastern BC, southwestern Mac., northeastern AB, central SK, central MB, northern ON, central PQ, PE and NS south, east of the coast ranges to northern OR, north- ern ID, southwestern and central MT, and through WY, eastern CO, KS, and western OK to central TX, the Gulf Coast and central FL. Central BC, southwestern Mac., central SK, central MB, northern ON, southern PQ, NF and NS south to southern Baja, CA, and Central America. Northern BC, southern Mac., central SK, southern MB, western ON, northern MN, northern MI, southern ON, extreme southern PQ, southern ME, southern NB, and central NS south to Baja, CA, central-northern Mexico, central TX, southern LA, northern AL, western NC, and the coastal plain of VA. Southern tip of TX to Central America. Southern MB, northeastern MN, central WI, central MI, southern ON, southern PQ, northern NH, and locally in southwestern ME south through eastern ND, eastern SD, eastern NE, eastern KS, and eastern OK to central and eastern TX, the Gulf Coast and central FL. Central MB, northern ON, central PQ, NB, and central NS south to southern MB, northeastern MN, northern WI, southern ON, southern PQ, northeastern NY, central VT, NH, southern ME, and southern NS; recorded in summer in northern MI. South-central SK, southern MB, northern ON, northern ME, northern NS south to central MN, central WI, central MI, southern ON, north- eastern OH, highlands of central and western PA, southeastern NY, MA; south in the Appalachians through eastern and central WV, western MD, eastern KY, western VA, to eastern TN, western NC, north- central GA, and northwestern SD. continued Open deciduous woods with thick undergrowth of saplings; occa- sionally mixed woods; nest: 2-60 ft above ground. Mixed evergreen, deciduous wood- lands. Open, mixed or deciduous woods, orchards, roadside and village shade trees; nest: 20-60 ft above ground, often in poplar. Resaca woodlands, shade trees. Open woods of oak, maple, other hardwoods, roadside trees; nest: 3-60 ft above ground. Coniferous forests; nest: In dense conifers 4-40 ft above ground. Mostly coniferous, also deciduous forests; nest: High, approximately 84 ft above ground. a a SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 289 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States aE ETL Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Warbler, blackpoll Dendroica striata Warbler, black-throated gray Dendroica nigrescens Warbler, glack-throated green Dendroica virens Warbler, Cape May Dendroica tigrina Warbler, cerulean Dendroica cerulea Warbler, golden-cheeked Dendroica chrysoparia Large tree nesting birds (Continued Breeds from north-central AK, northern YT, northwestern and central Mac., nrotheastern SK, northern MB, northern ON, north- ern PQ, northern LB, and NF south to southern AK, central BC, central AB, central MB, north-central ON, southern PQ, eastern NY, northwest- ern MA, eastern NH, southern ME, southern NB and southern NS. Southwestern BC (coastal), west- ern WA, central OR, southwestern ID, northern UT, southwestern WY, and northwestern and central CO, south in mountains to northern Baja, northwestern, central and southeastern AZ, and eastern and southern NM. Central-southern Mac., north- central SK, north-central MB, central ON, southern PQ, southern LB, southern NF, and southern NS, south to central AB, southern MB, central-eastern MN, central WI, central MI, eastern and southeast- ern OH, PA, and northern NJ, south- ward in the mountains and neighbor- ing areas to AL, and northern GA. Southwestern and central-southern Mac., north-central BC, northern AB, central SK, MB, northern ON, and southern PQ south to north- eastern ND, northwestern and central-eastern MN, northern WI, northern MI, southern ON, north- eastern NY, southern and eastern ME, southern NB and central NS. Breeds from NE, southeastern MB, northern IA, southeastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, western NY, eastern PA, south- eastern NY and northern NJ south through southeastern KS, eastern OK, eastern TX, and southeastern LA, central AL, central NC to central VA, southern MD, and DE. South-central TX. continued Low coniferous forests, especially spruces; nest: 2-7 ft above ground in conifer. Dry oak slopes, pinyons, junipers, open mixed woods; nest: In bush, tree (oaks, especially). Coniferous, mixed woods, in thick foliage; nest: 3-80 ft above ground. Open stands of coniferous trees, dense forests shunned; nest: In uppermost clump of needles in spruce, fir 3-60 ft above ground. Upper branches of tallest trees in deciduous forests with little undergrowth; nest: 20-60 ft above ground. Juniper, oaks, trees along stream- sides; nest: In junipers. 290 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Warbler, Grace's Dendroica graciae Warbler, hermit Dendroica occidentalis Warbler, olvie Peucedramus taeniatus Warbler, pine Dendroica pinus Warbler, yellow-rumped Dendroica coronata Warbler, yellow-throated Dendroica dominica Waxwing, Bohemian Bombycilla garrula Kingfisher, belted Megaceryle alcyon Nestin: Large tree nesting birds Breeds in mountains from southern UT, southwestern CO, and central- northern NM south to central-west- ern, central and southeastern AZ, Mexico, southern NM and western TX. Breeds from southwestern WA south, through the coast ranges and the Sierra NV, to northwestern and central-eastern CA, with isolated colonies in central-western CA. Central and southeastern AZ, south- western NM and Mexico. Breeds in pine forests from south- ern MB, western ON, northeastern MN, northern WI, northern MI, central ON, southern PQ, and central ME south to southeastern TX, south-central LA, southern MS, and northern FL; local and rare from southern MN, southern MI, OH, and western PA south to south- ern MO, KY, and WV. Northern AK, northern YT, western and central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, north- eastern LB, and NF south to north- ern BC, southern AB, northern MN, northern MI, central ON, north- eastern NY, MA, and ME. NE, northern IA, southern WI, southern MI, northern OH, south- ern PA, southeastern NY, and southwestern CT, south to eastern TX, the Gulf Coast, central FL and the northern Bahamas. Western AK, northern Mac., and MB south to central WA, northern ID, northwestern MT, southern AB. je: Cavity n Northwestern AK, southern YT, southwestern MB, southwestern Mac., central AB, central SK, central MB, ON, central PQ, and central LB to Central America, southern CA, southern NM, the Gulf Coast and FL. continued Continued Pine-oak forests of mountains. Conifer forests. Pine and fir forests of high mountains; nest: In conifer. Open pine woods; nest: 8-80 ft above ground. Mixed and coniferous forests; nest: In branch of cedar, spruce, hemlock 4-50 ft above ground. Cypress swamps, pine woods festooned with Spanish moss (in south); west and north partial to sycamores. Boreal forests, muskeg; nest: In conifers. ting birds/earth burrows Freshwater, saltwater banks, river bluffs, road and railroad cuts, gravelpits, near water; nest: Burrow in bank. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 291 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States RT OE BPE RR Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Kingfisher, green Chloroceryle americana Solitaire, Townsend's Myadestes townsendi Swallow, bank Riparia riparia Swallow, cave Petrochelidon fulva Swallow, rough-winged Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Waterthrush, Louisiana Seiurus motacilla Wren, canyon Catherpes mexicanus Wren, rock Salpinctes obsoletus Bluebird, eastern Sialia sialia Cavity nesting birds/earth burrows (Continued) From south-central AZ and southern TX south through tropical Mexico, CA, and South America. Breeds from central-eastern and southeastern AK, southern YT, southwestern Mac., mountains of southwestern AB, western and southern MT, northeastern NY, southwestern SD, and northwestern NE south through central and southern BC, WA, OR, mountains of northern and interior CA to north- eastern AZ and northeastern NM. Northeastern AK, northwestern Canada, southern LB, and NF; south to Southern U.S. From southeastern NM and south- central TX through Mexico. BC, southern AB, southwestern SK, southeastern MB, western and southern ON, southwestern PQ, central VT, NH south to South America. Breeds from eastern NE, central- northern IA, east-central MN, central WI, southern MI, southern ON, central NY, central VT, south- western NH and RI south to eastern OK, eastern TX, central LA, south- ern MS, southern AL, southwestern and central GA, central SC, and central and northeastern NC. Northern interior CA up through OR, eastern WA, south-central BC to west-central ID, southeastern MT, southwestern SD, western OK, to eastern TX south into Mexico. Breeds from south-central BC, southern AB, southwestern SK, western ND, southern SD, south- east of the coast ranges in WA, OR, and northern CA to Baja. Nesting type: Southeastern AB, southern SK, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, southern NS south through Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, southern FL and Bermuda. continued Rivers, streams; nest: Burrow in bank. Canyons, brushy slopes, junipers; nest: In banks, cliffs, rocks, stumps. Sand banks, gravel pits, road cuts, streambanks; nests in colonies. Limestone caves; nest: of mud in cave. Open cup Open areas, streambanks, ditches; nest: Burrow in exposed bank. Ravines, small streams, mountain brooks; nest: Burrow in steep bank of streams or in root cavity. Nest: Cavity in rocks; made of twigs and moss. Nest: In cleft of rocks made of twigs, moss, etc. Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities Farmland, open woods, swamps, roadsides; nest: Fence posts, abandoned cavities, bird houses. 292 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Bluebird, mountain Sialia currucoides Bluebird, western Sialia mexicana Chickadee, black-capped Parus atricapillus Chickadee, boreal Parus hudsonicus Chickadee, Carolina Parus carolinensis Chickadee, chestnut-backed Parus rufescens Chickadee, gray-headed Parus cinctus Breeds from central AK, southern YT, southern Mac., southern SK, and southwestern MB, south along the eastern slopes of the coast ranges, and in the Sierra NV and the Rocky Mountains to northwestern and central-southern CA, central and southeastern NV, northern AZ. Breeds from southern BC, western and southern MT, south to eastern OR, northern ID, northwestern WY, to southern CA, western and south- ern NV, central UT, and CO, south to southeastern AZ, and western TX. Central AK, western Mac. MB, central southern YT, south- » central SK, central ON, southern PQ, and NF south to northwestern CA, north- eastern NV, central UT, northern NM, northeastern OK, central MO, south-central IL, central IN, southern OH, WV, western VA, eastern TN, western NC, western MD, PA and northern NJ. Northern North America from north- ern limit of wooded country through continental AK south to central-northern WA, northwestern MT, central SK, central MB, north- eastern MN, northern MI, central ON, northeastern NY, northern VT, northern NH, ME and NS. From southeastern KS, southwestern and east-central MO, central IL, central IN, central OH, southwest- wen and southeastern PA, and central NJ south through east- central TX to the Gulf Coast and central FL. Along the coast and islands from central-southern AK to south- central CA, inland along the coast ranges, and to southeastern WA, northern ID, and northwestern MT. Resident from northern and central AL, northern YT, and northwestern Mac. continued Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued) Open terrain with scattered trees; nest: Tree, stub, cliff or bird box. Nest: Holes of dead trees between trunk and loose bark. Deciduous or coniferous woods; nest: Tree or stub 4-10 ft. Muskeg bogs, coniferous forests; nest: Tree stub 1-2 ft. Deciduous or coniferous woodlands; nest: Stumps or abandoned wood- pecker holes-live or dead, 5-6 ft. Conifers, oaks,.shade trees; nest: Tree stub. Spruce, birch, willow thickets; nest: Tree or stub. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 293 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Chickadee, Mexican Parus sclateri Chickadee, mountain Parus gambeli Flicker, common Colaptes auratus Flycatcher, ash-throated Myiarchus cinerascens Flycatcher, great-crested Myiarchus crinitus Flycatcher, Wied's crested Myiarchus tyrannulus Nuthatch, brown-headed Sitta pusilla Nuthatch, pygmy Sitta pygmaea Nuthatch, red-breasted Sitta canadensis From southeastern AZ and south- western NM south to Mexico. Resident in Rocky Mountains, the Sierra NV, and the inner coast ranges from northwestern BC and southwestern AB, to northern Baja CA, central to southeastern AZ, central and southeastern NM, and southwestern TX. North America from limit of trees in central AK, southeastern AK, northwestern MB, central BC, west-central AB, James Bay, central PQ, southern LB and NF south to northern Baja, CA, Mexico and to southern TX, the Gulf Coast, the FL Keys, Cuba and Grand Cayman. Breeds from southwestern OR, eastern WA, southern ID, south- western WY, CO, NM, and northern and central TX south to Baja, CA and Mexico. Southeastern SK, southern MB, central ON, southwestern PQ, northern ME, and central NB. South to western OK, central TX, the Gulf of Mexico and southern FL. Southern NV, central AZ, south- western NM, Mexico, and southern TX south to Central America. Southeastern OK, central AR, LA, MS, AL, northern GA, southwestern NC, southern VA, southern MD, and southern DE south to Gulf Coast, southern FL and Grand Bahama Island. Mountainous areas from southern BC, northern ID, western MT, central WY, and southwestern SD south to northern Baja, CA, AZ, and through Mexican highlands. Breeds principally in Canadian zone from southeastern AK, south- ern YT, southwestern Mac., central SK, southern MB, James Bay, west- ern and northern ON, southern and eastern PQ, NF, and St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands south to central continued Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued) Conifers, pine-oak woods, tree cavities. Mountain forests, conifers, tree cavities. Deciduous and coniferous forests, orchards, mixed woods, roadsides, farms, live or dead trees 2-60 ft. Desert brush, pinyon-juniper-open woods; nest: In tree cavities, mesquite, yucca. Woodlands, orchards, swamps, edges, clearings; nest: In live or dead trees, 3-75 ft. Woodlands, river groves, nest in live or dead trees; nest: AZ- saquaros; TX-sycamore canyons. Open pine woods; nest: Abandoned cavities in stubs, trees, 2-50 ft. Yellow pines, Douglas-fir; nest: conifer stub, also in a ball of thorny twigs. Coniferous woods; nest: Rotted stub, or abandoned cavity, 5-40 ft. 294 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Red-breasted nuthatch (Continued) Nuthatch, white-breasted Sitta carolinensis Sapsucker, Williamson's Sphyrapicus thyroidus Sapsucker, yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius Starling Sturnus vulgaris Swallow, tree Iridoprocne bicolor Cavity nestin birds/tree cavities coastal and southern CA, AZ, NM, central-western and south-central CO, WY, southwestern SD, MT, south- eastern MB, central MN, WI, northern MI, southern ON, through the Appalachians to eastern TN and western NC, southern NY, western CT and MA. Southern BC, southeastern AB, northwestern and central MT, southern MB, southern ON, southern PQ, northern ME, north- central NB, PE, Cape Bretan Island and central NS south to southern Baja, CA and Mexico; not in Rocky Mountain region. Southern BC, south in mountains through central and eastern WA, OR, western MT, WY, and CO to southern CA, southern NV, central AZ, to northern NM. From southeastern AK, southern Mac., northern MB, northern ON, southern PQ, southern LB, Anti- costi Island, and NF to the mountains of southern CA, central AZ, northern NM, southeastern SD, eastern MO, central IL, northwest- ern IN, northern OH, western PA, northern NY, and central New England southward in the Alleghenies to TN, NC and northern GA. Southern Canada and through much of the U.S. North-central AK, southwestern YT, central-western and southern Mac., northern AB, northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, south- ern LB, and NF south to southeastern AK, along the Pacific Coast to south- ern CA, west-central NV, east-central OR, southeastern WA, ID, west-central UT, western CO, southeastern WY, southern ND, southern SD, eastern NE, continued Continued Woodlands, orchards; nest: Natural or abandoned cavities, 15-20 ft. Conifers, forest burns; nest: Tree or stub. Woodlands, aspen groves, orchards; nest: Live or dead trees, 8-40 ft above ground. Nest: Any cavity or hole, prefers natural cavity in trees, 10-25 ft. above ground. Wooded swamps, open woods, fields near water; nest: Live or dead trees or nest box. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 295 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Tree swallow (Continued) Swallow, violet-green Tachycineta thalassina Swift, Vaux's Chaetura vauxi Titmouse, plain Parus inornatus Titmouse, tufted Parus bicolor Verdin Auriparus flaviceps Warbler, Lucy's Vermivora luciae Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued northeastern KS, south-central MO, northwestern TN, southern IL, south- central IN, central OH, northern WV, VA, central MD, northeastern PA, eastern NY, northern CT, central MD, northeastern PA, central NY, north- ern CT, RI, and MA; casually south to northeastern AR, northeastern LA, central-western MS, and NJ. Western North America from Yukon River Valley through southern AK, western and southern BC, south- western AB, MT, southwestern SD, and northwestern NE south to south- ern Baja, CA, and through CO, NM, and western TX to central Mexico. Breeds from southeastern AK, northern BC, and western MT south through WA and OR, chiefly west of Cascades and Sierra NV, to central CA. Resident in southern OR, NV, south- eastern ID, southwestern WY, and south-central CO, south to north- ern Baja, CA, central and south- eastern AZ, southwestern and central NM, to western TX; also resident in extreme southern Baja, CA. Central and southeastern AZ and southwestern NM, south through Mexico; southeastern NE, central and eastern IA, southeastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, southern ON, northern OH, northwestern PA, extreme southern NY and southwestern CT south through eastern KS and eastern OK, to eastern TX, southern LA, southern MS, southern AL, central FL, and southern GA. Southeastern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, western and south- ern AZ, southern NM, and southwest- ern and south-central TX south to southern Baja, CA, Jalisco and San Luis Potosi. Breeds from southern NV, UT, and southwestern CO, south to north- eastern Baja, CA, northwestern Mexico, and southwestern NM; casual in breeding season in the Colorado Desert of CA. continued Open forests, foothills, wooded mountains; nest: Tree, cliff, building. Forest burns, openings, redwood and Douglas-fir stands; nest: Bracket of twigs glued to inside of hollow tree. Oak woods, pinyon-juniper, river woods, shade trees; nest: Tree cavities. Deciduous, coniferous woods, swamps, orchards; nest: Natural or abandoned cavities 2-87 ft. Desert, brush valleys, savannahs; nest: Bush or tree. Along desert streams, willows, cottonwoods, mesquite; nest: Tree cavity or under loose bark. 296 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Warbler, prothonotary Protonotaria citrea Woodpecker, acorn Melanerpes formicivorus Woodpecker, Arizona Picoides arizonae Woodpecker, downy Picoides pubescens Woodpecker, Gila Melanerpes uropygialis Woodpecker, golden- fronted Melanerpes aurifrons Woodpecker, hairy Picoides villosus Woodpecker, ladder-backed Picoides scalaris Woodpecker, Lewis' Melanerpes lewis Woodpecker, Nuttall's Picoides nuttallii. Breeds from central-eastern MN, south-central WI, southern MI, southern ON, central NY, and NJ. South through eastern NE, eastern KS, central OK, and eastern TX to the Gulf Coast and central FL. Southwestern OR, CA west of the Sierra NV, AZ and west-central TX to southern Baja, CA, and through the highlands of Mexico and CA to Central America. From the mountains of south- central and southeastern AZ and extreme southwestern NM to Mexico. From southeastern AZ, southwest- ern Mac., northern AB, central SK, northern MB, James Bay, southern PQ, Anticosti Island, and NF south to southern CA, central AZ, north- ern NM, south-central TX, and the Gulf Coast from LA to FL. Resident from southeastern CA, southwestern NV, southern AZ, and southwestern NM to southern Baja, CA, and western Mexico. Central Mexico, southwestern OK, and TX south to Central America. Central AK, middle YT, central Mac., northern MB, James Bay, south-central PQ, and NF south to northern Baja, CA, Mexico, central TX, the Gulf Coast, southern FL, the Bahama Islands and through the mountains of CA to Central America. Southeastern CA, southern NV, southwestern UT, and southern CA, south through Mexico. Breeds from southern BC, including Vancouver Island, western AB, MT, and southwestern SD to southern CA, central AZ, and southern NM, east to northwestern NE and eastern CO. Resident in CA west of the deserts and the Sierra divide from south- ern Humboldt and Sonoma Counties and the head of the Sacramento Valley south to northwestern Baja, CA. continued Cavity nesting birds/tree cavities (Continued) Forested bottomland, flooded river valleys, swamps; nest: Natural cavity, abandoned cavity, box, 5-10 ft. Oak woods, groves, mixed woods, oak-pine canyons, foothills. Oaks in mountains, pine-oak canyons; nest: Dead trees. Mixed forests, river groves, edges, swamps, orchards; nest: Live or dead trees 3-50 ft. Streams, washes; nest: Saquaro, cottonwood. Mesquite, stream woodlands, groves; nest: Post, pole, tree cavities. Coniferous or deciduous woods, swamps, orchards; nest: Live or dead trees 5-30 ft. Deserts, canyons, cottonwoods, prairie groves; nest: Post, tree cavities. Scattered or logged forests, burns, river groves. Wooded canyons, foothills, river woods, groves, orchards. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 297 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Woodpecker, red-bellied Melanerpes carolinus Woodpecker, red-headed Melanerpes erythrocephalus Woodpecker, black-backed three-toed Picoides arcticus Woodpecker, white-headed Picoides albolarvatus Wren, Bewick's Thryomanes bewickii Wren, brown-throated Troglodytes brunneicollis Wren, Carolina Thryothorus ludovicianus Wren, house Troglodytes aedon Primary breeding range Habitat description Southeastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, extreme southern ON, western NY, and DE south to south- ern TX, the Gulf Coast and the Florida Keys to Key West. From southern SK, southern MB, western and southern ON, southern PQ, NY, and southern NH to north- ern NM, central TX, the Gulf Coast and FL. Breeds from central AK, southern Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, southern LB, Anticosti Island, and NF south in CA mountain ranges to latitude 37°, and to western NV, northwest- ern WY, southwestern SD, northern MN, northeastern WI, northern MI, southeastern ON, northern NY, VT, NH, and northern ME. From south-central BC, north- central WA, and northern ID south to southern CA and western NV. Southwestern BC, central WA, NV, southern UT, southwestern WY, central CO, southeastern NE, southern IA, southern WI, south- ern MI, southern ON, OH, central PA, and VA south to Guadalupe Island, southern Baja, CA, NM and northern sections of the Gulf States. Southeastern AZ, south into Mexican mountains. Southeastern NE, southern IA, southern IL, central IN, southeast- ern MI, southern ON, southern PA, southeastern NY, southern CT, and southeastern MA south to Mexico, The Gulf Coast and southern FL; sporadically farther north to southeastern MN, southern WI, east- central MI, central NY, VT, south- ern NY and southwestern ME. Southern and central-eastern BC, central AB, southern SK, southern MB, central ON, southern PQ, ME, and NB south to northern Baja, CA, southeastern AZ, northern TX, AR, TN and northern GA. continued Cavity nesting birds/Tree cavities (Continued Woodlands, live or dead trees 5-40 ft above ground. Woodlands, deciduous and coniferous forests, farm country, groves, scattered trees live or dead, 8-80 ft above ground. Coniferous forests, swamps, prefers fire-kill areas, dead or live trees 2-15 ft, coniferous forests; nest: Dead trees. Pine forests, firs; nest: In stub. Thicket, underbrush, pinyon- juniper canyons; nest: Tree, stub, crevice, box. Thickets, open woods, brush; nest: Tree, stub, or bird box. Brushy forests, thickets; nest: Natural cavityies, abandoned holes, upturned roots. Farmland, open forests; nest: Tree, stub, fence post, abandoned cavities. 298 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wren, winter Troglodytes troglodytes Nesting type: Cavity nestin birds/tree cavities Holarctic region from Aleutians, AK, southern YT, south-central Mac., central SK, southern MB, northern ON, central PQ, NF, and Iceland. South to central CA, central ID, the Great Lakes area and northern GA. Wetland nesting birds/saltwater - Continued Coniferous wooded swamps, bogs; nest: Mossy hammocks, rock crevices, abandoned holes, up- turned roots. marsh, bay, tundra Avocet, American Recurvirostra americana Crane, sandhill Grus canadensis Grackle, boat-tailed Cassidix major Grackle, great-tailed Cassidix mexicanus Phalarope, northern Lobipes lobatus Rail, black Laterallus jamaicensis Sandpiper, least Calidris minutilla Breeds east-central WA, south- central OR, southern ID, northern MT, central AB, southern SK, southern MB, south to southern CA, southern NV, northern UT, south- central CO, southern NM, and southern TX east to eastern ND, eastern SD, western NE, eastern CO, north-central OK. Northern AK, Banks Island, Baffin Island south to the Alleutian Is- lands, southeastern AK, CA, Baja, CA, southern and eastern TX, and LA; also in AL, southern GA, and FL. The Gulf Coast, northern FL, the Atlantic Coast from NJ south to southern FL. Southern AZ, central NM, west- central to southeastern TX through Mexico, CA, and coastal South America. Breeds in Western Hemisphere from western and northern AK, northern Mac., central Kee., east- central Baffin Island, coasts of Greenland south to southern AK, southern YT, northwestern BC, southern Mac., northeastern MB, islands in southern James Bay, and locally along the LB coast. Central CA to northwestern Baja, CA, eastern KS, northern MO, southeastern IA, IL, IN, OH, PA, NY, CT and MA, south to Gulf Coast. Breeds from central-western AK, northern Mac., and possibly south- ern Victoria Island, southern Kee., central-eastern coast of Hudson Bay, continued Borders of alkaline lakes, open spaces of marshes near scanty vegetation. Nest: Hollow in mud scattered among tufts of grass. Marshes, prairies, mountain meadows, near water; nest: Haylike mound. Coastal areas, fresh and salt water marshes; nest: Near or over water, willows, cat-tails, bulrush. Coastal areas, fresh and salt water marshes; nest: Near or over water, willows, cat-tails, bulrush. Bays, lakes, ponds, tundra; nest: Marshy tundra. Saltwater marshes; nest: Salt- grass, meadows, sedges. Tideflats, grassy marshes, shores; nest: Hollow in moss tundra. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 299 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/saltwater - marsh, ba Least sandpiper (Continued) Sandpiper, solitary Tringa solitaria Sandpiper, western Calidris mauri Sparrow, seaside Ammospiza maritima Wren, long-billed marsh Cistothorus palustris Yellowlegs, greater Tringa melanoleucus Yellowlegs, lesser Tringa flavipes Yellowthroat, common Geothlypis trichas and northern LB south to AK peninsula, southeastern AK, and southern YT; also south to north- eastern MB, the southern coast of Hudson Bay, western and eastern coasts of James Bay and eastern PQ, Sable Island off NS and NF. Breeds from central AK, northern Mac., northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and central LB south to central-eastern BC, southern AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, central PQ, south- central LB. Breeds on coasts of western and northern AK from Nunivak Island and the Kashunuk River to the Seward Peninsula and less commonly to Point Barron and Camden Bay. Salt marshes of Atlantic Coast from MA south to northern FL, and of the Gulf Coast from south- ern TX to central peninsular FL. Central BC, northern AB, south- central SK, southern MB, southern ON, southwestern PQ, southern ME, and eastern NB south to northern Baja, CA, south-central Mexico, the Gulf Coast to southern FL. Central-southern AK, central AB, east to north-central PQ and LB, and south to southeastern PQ and NF. North-central AK, northern YT, northwestern Mac., southern Kee., northeastern MB, and northwestern PQ south to east-central BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern On, west-central PQ. Southeastern AK, southern YT, northern AB, central SK, central MB, central and northeastern ON, eastern PQ, and southwestern NF south to northern Baja, CA, the Gulf Coast of the U.S. and south- ern FL. continued tundra Continued Wooded swamps, ponds, freshwater marshes, streamsides; nest: Near water, in old nests of robin, rusty blackbird. Shores, beaches, mudflats, open marshes; nest: Dry tundra. Salt marshes; nest: On ground, marsh grass, bushes, marsh elder, Fresh and salt marshes, trace rivers, shores of inland pools; nest: Lashed to cat-tails, reeds, sedges, small bushes. Open marshes, mudflats, streams, ponds; nest: Depression in muskeg. Marshes, mudflats, shores, pond edges; nest: Depression in ground. Freshwater or saltwater swamps, bottomlands, wet or dry thickets, hedgerows; nest: Dense low cover, on ground or lodged in surrounding vegetation. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Nesting type: Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - marsh, bog, lake, pond Blackbird, red-winged Agelaius phoeniceus Blackbird, tri-colored Agelaius tricolor Blackbird, yellow-headed Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Coot, American Fulica americana Gallinule, common Gallinula chloropus Gallinule, purple Porphyrula martinica Godwit, marbled Limosa fedoa Grackle, boat-tailed Cassidix major Northwestern BC, southeastern YT, central Mac., northern SK, north- central MB, northern ON, southern PQ, PE, central NS south to southern Baja, CA, Central America, western Cuba, the Isle of Pines and the northern Bahamas. Breeds east of the coast ranges in southern OR south through CA, to northwestern Baja, CA. Breeds from western OR, central WA, central BC, northeastern AB, north-central SK, central and southeastern MB, northern MN, north-central WI, northeastern IL, and northwestern OH south to southern CA, southwestern AZ, northeastern Baja, CA, south- central NV, southwestern UT, central and central-eastern AZ, southern NM, northern TX, north- western OK, southern KS, north- western AR, southwestern, central and northeastern MO, central IL, northwestern IN. BC, southern Mac., AB, SK, MB, ON, PQ, and NB south through Mexico and Central America to Panama, the Greater Antilles, and Bahama Islands, and the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian Islands, from CA and AZ south through western Mexico, CO, NE, SD, MN, WI, MI, ON, and PQ south through eastern Mexico and Central America. Breeds from coastal region of LA, TN, western and southern MS, south- ern AL, and SD south through eastern GA, FL, the Bahama Islands and from southeastern TX through lowlands of Mexico; Central America south to South America. Breeds from central AB, southern SK, and southern MB south to central MT, central ND, northeast- ern SD, and west-central MN. The Gulf Coast, northern FL, the Atlantic Coast from NJ south to southern FL. continued Marshes, swamps, wet meadows, streamsides, dryfields, pastures, borders of ponds, lakes. Cat-tail or tule marshes; nest: Attached to reeds, cat-tails, bushes. Freshwater sloughs, marsh borders of ponds, lakes. Freshwater marshes, ponds, wet meadows; nest: Floating, attached to surrounding vegetation. Freshwater marshes, canals, ponds; nest: Over water in vegetation clump. Freshwater marshes, canals, ponds; nest: Over water in vegetation clump. Prairies, pools, shores; nest: Depression in grassy flat. Coastal areas, fresh and salt water marshes; nest: Near or over water, willows, cat-tails, bulrush. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 301 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - marsh, bog, lake, pond (Continued) Grackle, great-tailed Cassidix mexicanus Phalarope, northern Lobipes lobatus Phalarope, Wilson's Steganopus tricolor Rail, king Rallus elegans Rail, Virginia Rallus limicola Sandpiper, least Calidris minutilla Sandpiper, solitary Tringa solitaria Southern AZ, central NM, west- central to southeastern TX through Mexico, CA, and coastal South America. Breeds in Western Hemisphere from western and northern AK, northern Mac., central Kee., east-central Baffin Island, coasts of Greenland south to southern AK, southern YT, northwestern BC, southern Mac., northeastern MB, islands in south- ern James Bay, and locally along the LB coast. Breeds from interior of BC, central AB, central SK, northeast- ern MB, eastern MN, southern WI, southern MI, and southern ON south through interior of WA and OR to south-central CA, central NV, western and northern UT, northeastern CO, central KS, western NE, eastern SK and north- ern IN. Southeastern ND, central MN, central WI, southern MI, southern ON, NY, CT, and MA south to east- ern TX, LA, MS, AL, and FL BC, AB, MT, SK, MB, MN, WI, MI, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, and NS south to southern AZ, central NM, northern TX, central OK, northern VA, northern AR, northern AL, eastern NC. Breeds from central-western AK, northern Mac., and possibly south- ern Victoria Island, southern Kee., central-eastern coast of Hudson Bay, and northern LB south to AK peninsula, southeastern AK, and southern YT; also south to north- eastern MB, the southern coast of Hudson Bay, western and eastern coasts of James Bay and eastern PQ, Sable Island off NS and NF Breeds from central AK, northern Mac., northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and central LB south to central-eastern BC, southern AB, central SK, southern MB, central ON, central PQ, south- central LB. continued Coastal areas, fresh and salt water marshes; nest: Near or over water, willows, cat-tails, bulrush. Bays, lakes, ponds, tundra; nest: Marshy tundra. Shallow lakes, freshwater marshes, pools, shores, mudflats; nest: Grass lined hollow in wet and dry meadows. Freshwater marshes, edge of sluggish streams, roadside ditches; nest: Clump of cat-tails, marsh grass, rushes. Freshwater marshes; nest: Marsh vegetation in dry area or above water. Tideflats, grassy marshes, shores; nest: Hollow in moss tundra. Wooded swamps, ponds, freshwater marshes, streamsides; nest: Near water, in old nests of robin, rusty blackbird. 302 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - marsh, bog, lake, pond (Continued) Sandpiper, western Calidris mauri Sora Porzana carolina Sparrow, Lincoln's Melospiza lincolnii Sparrow, sharp-tailed Ammospiza caudacuta Sparrow, swamp Melospiza georgiana Stilt, black-necked Himantopus mexicanus Tern, black Chidonias niger Warbler, Connecticut Oporornis agilis Breeds on coasts of western and northern AK from Nunivak Island and the Kashunuk River to the Seward Peninsula and less commonly to Point Barron and Camden Bay. BC, Mac., SK, northern MB, north- ern ON, central and southern PQ, NB, and PE south to northwestern Baja, CA, NV, AZ, southern NM, CO, OK, LA, MS, AL, GA, and northern FL. Northwestern AK, to central LB, south in mountains to southern CA, central AZ, and northern NM in west, and to southern MB, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, southern ON, northern NY, central ME, and NS in the East. Northeastern BC, southern Mac., central SK and central MB south to southern AB and ND; James Bay; Atlantic Coast from lower St. Lawrence Valley south to NC. Mac., northern MB, northern ON, central PQ, and NF south to north- eastern BC, central AB, southern SK, eastern NE, northern MO, northern IL, northern IN, central OH, south-central WV, MD, DE. Southern OR, ID, northern UT, southern CO, eastern NM, the Gulf Coast of TX and southern LA south to northeastern Baja, CA; also in DE, NC, SC, central and eastern FL. Breeds from southeastern BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, NB, and ME south to CA, northern NV, northern UT, CO, NE, MO, KY, OH, PA and western NY. Breeds from central-eastern BC, central AB, central MB, northern ON, northwestern PQ, south to northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, and central ON. continued Shores, beaches, mudflats, open marshes; nest: ° Dry tundra. Marshes, swamps, bogs; shows preference for sedges or cat-tails, where mud and water are quite deep. Tamarack, sphagnum bogs, swamps, wet alders, thickets, brush openings; nest: On ground in grass, sedge, moss, lichens. Marshes, muskegs, in reedy margins; nest: Near ground in marsh. Freshwater marshes, wet brush fields, meadows, lake shores; nest: Grass sedge, low bushes, common over water. Grassy marshes, mudflats, shallow lakes; nest: On mudflat, marsh hummock . Inland marshes, prairies, wet meadows; nest: On floating vegetation, islands in marshes. Muskeg, tamerack, spruce bogs; nest: On or near ground, well concealed. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 303 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - marsh, bog, lake, pond (Continued Warbler, palm Dendroica palmarum Warbler, Tennessee Vermivora peregrina Warbler, Wilson's Wilsonia pusilla Waterthrush, northern Seiurus noveboracensis Wren, long-billed marsh Cistothorus palustris Wren, short-billed marsh Cistothorus platensis Yellowlegs, greater Tringa melanoleucus Southwestern Mac., northern AB, northern SK, MB, northern ON, southern PQ, and southern NF south to northeastern BC, central AB, central SK, southeastern MB, northeastern MN, central MI, southern ON, southern PQ, ME, and NS. Breeds from southern YT, central Mac., northern MB, northern ON, northern PQ, central LB, and western NF south to south-central BC, northwestern MT, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, south-central ON, northeastern NY, southern VT, central NH, southern ME, southern NB, and central NS. Northern AK, northern YT, north- western and central Mac., north- eastern MB, northern ON, southern LB, and NF south to southern CA, central NE, northern UT, northern NM, central SK, southern MB, north- ern MN, southern ON, northern VT, central ME, and central NS. North-central AK, northern YT, northwestern and central-southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, north-central PQ, central LB, and NF south to southern continental AK, central BC, northern ID, western MT, central SK, northern ND, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, north-eastern OH, northern PA and MA. Central BC, northern AB, south- central SK, southern MB, southern ON, southwestern PQ, southern ME, and eastern NB south to northern Baja, CA, south-central Mexico, the Gulf Coast to southern FL. Southeastern SK, southern MB, western and southern ON, southern PQ, southern ME, and eastern NB south through eastern SD, eastern NE, and eastern KS, to AR, WV, and VA. Central-southern AK, central AB, east to north-central PQ and LB, and south to southeastern PQ and NF. continued Wet muskeg, sphagnum bogs; nest: Buried in moss. Open deciduous and coniferous woods, freshwater sloughs, swales, forest clearings; nest: On ground. Bogs, wooded swamps, alder swales; nest: On ground at base of tree, bush, well concealed. Wooded swamps, borders of streams, lakes. Fresh and salt marshes, trace rivers, shores of inland pools; nest: Lashed to cat-tails, reeds, sedges, small bushes. Wet meadows, marshes, hayfields. Open marshes, mudflats, streams, ponds; nest: Depression in muskeg. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - marsh, bog, lake, pond (Continued) Yellowlegs, lesser Tringa flavipes North-central AK, northern YT, northwestern Mac., southern Kee., northwestern MB, and northwestern PQ south to east-central BC, central AB, central SK, southern MB, northern ON, west-central PQ. Yellowthroat, common Geothlypis trichas Southeastern AK, southern YT, northern AB, central SK, central MB, central and northeastern ON, eastern PQ, and southwestern NF south to northern Baja, CA, the Gulf Coast of the U.S. and southern FL. Marshes, mudflats, shores, pond edges; nest: Depression in ground. Freshwater or saltwater swamps, bottomlands, wet or dry thickets, hedgerows; nest: Dense low cover, on ground or lodged in surrounding vegetation. Nesting type: Wetland nesting birds/freshwater - rivers, streams, creeks Dipper Cinclus mexicanus Alleutian Islands, north-central AK, central YT, northwestern and central AB, north-central MT, and SD south to southern CA and through highlands of Mexico and Central America. North-central AK, northern YT, northwestern and central-southern Mac., northern SK, northern MB, northern ON, north-central PQ, Waterthrush, northern Seiurus noveboracensis central LB, and NF south to south- ern continental AK, central BC, northern ID, western MT, central SK, northern ND, northern MN, northern WI, northern MI, north- eastern OH, northern PA and MA. continued Fast flowing streams in or near mountains. Wooded swamps, borders of streams, lakes. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 305 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Nesting type: Diving ducks - cavity nesters Buf flehead Southern coastal AK, upper Yukon Tree cavities of aspen, Bucephala albeola Valley, northern Mac., and west- ern and northwestern ON south to southern BC, northern MT, south- ern SK, and central MB; also in Cascade Mountains of OR and mountains of northeastern CA. Douglas-fir, balsam, poplar, Ponderosa pine. Goldeneye, Breeds in widely separated areas Tree cavities, nest boxes, Barrow's from southern and southeastern rarely in holes in ground; Bucephala AK and northern Mac., south to tree spp. quaking aspen, islandica eastern WA, southwestern OR, and cottonwood, Douglas-fir, high central Sierra NV, CA; Ponderosa pine; most sites mountains in CO; and in north- within 100 ft of water. eastern PQ, northern LB, south- western Greenland and Iceland. Goldeneye, AK, Mac., southwestern shore of Natural cavities, nest common Hudson Bay, southern LB, and boxes; preferred trees Bucephala NF south to BC, MT, MN, and silver maple, elm, butter- clangula NB. nut. Open woods, near edges of fields, marshes. Merganser, Southeastern AK, BC, central AB, Tree cavities, and will common MB, northern ON, central PQ, and resort to ground nesting Mergus NF to central CA, AZ, Mexico, when suitable cavities merganser SD, MI, NY, and NS. are not available. Nests located close to water. Merganser, Southeastern AK, central AK Tree cavities in swamps, hooded (rarely), northern BC, southern bottomlands, wooded Lophodytes Mac., central AB, MB, central streams, beaver ponds; cucullatus ON, southern PQ, and NB south to southwestern OR, central ID, south-central WY, central NE, south-central IA, eastern MO, eastern AL and western TN, sporadically in LA, AL, FL and Sc. Nesting type: cavities selected are similar to wood duck. Diving ducks - ground nesters Canvasback Central AK, northern Mac., Great Diverse habitats; marsh- Aythya Slave Lake, southeastern MB, es, ponds, sloughs, pot- valisineria CHAPTER 3 306 southwestern SK, south to south- ern and southeastern OR, north- ern CA, western NV, northern UT, northern CO, western NE. holes; favored cover spp.: cat-tails, bulrushes, bur-reed, sedge; inter- spersion between emergent plants and water is most important factor. continued Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Duck, harlequin Histrionicus histrionicus Duck, ring- necked Aythya collaris Duck, ruddy Oxyura jamaicensis Merganser, red- breasted Mergus serrator Scaup, lesser Aythya affinis Scoter, surf Melanitta perspicillata Primary breeding range Habitat description Diving ducks - ground nesters (Continued) Breeds from central-western AK, southeastern Baffin Island, northeastern PQ and Greenland south to the Aleutian Islands, the mountains of southeastern AK and BC, the western slopes of central Sierra NV in CA, the mountains of CO, eastern PA, and central LB. Breeds from southern AK, Mac., central BC, AB, SK, MB, western ON, central PQ, and NF south to eastern OR, eastern CA, White Mountains of AZ, central CO, northern NE, northern IA, north- western PA, ME, NB, PE, and NS. ~From BC, Mac., AB, northern MB, Ungava and NS south through Mexico to Central America, the Gulf Coast, and FL, the Bahama Islands, Greater and Lesser Antilles. Greenland, southern AK, BC, AB, MN, MI, southern ON, NY, ME, and NF. Breeds in interior of northwest- ern North America from central AK and the northern limit of trees in the Mac., and Anderson River regions east to the west shore of Hudson Bay; south to southern AK, central BC, north- ern ID, northeastern CO, NE, northeastern IA, formerly or sporadically to southern WI, southern ON, and OH. Breeds from western AK, east in northwestern Canada from MacKenzie Delta to the Anderson River, south to northern BC, Great Bear to Great Slave Lakes, Rocky shores adjacent to mountain streams; also on ground under bushes, shrubs. Favors marshes surround- ed partially bo wooded vegetation, located with- ina few ft from water opening; preferred cover spp.: Sedge, sweet gale, leather leaf. Large and small marshes, nest in emergent vegeta- tion; plants at desirable water depths are more important than individual species. Diverse nesting sites: Marshes, rocky islets, islands, shores; dense cover vegetation includes spruce, gooseberry bushes, labrador tea; distance from water varies from few yds to 50 yds. Grassy areas near water or distant upland areas; also islands in lakes; favored cover spp.: Sedges, juncus, reed canary-grass. Closed, open boreal forests, well-concealed nests under low branches of pine or spruce. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 307 40 §Mammais, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Surf scoter (Continued) Scoter, white- winged Melanitta deglandi Duck, wood Aix sponsa Duck, black Anas rubripes Duck, mottled Anas fulvigula Gadwal1 Anas strepera CHAPTER 3 308 Diving ducks - ground nesters (Continued) and Lake Athabaska, probably further east in NT; also in James Bay and central LB. Northwestern AK, MacKenzie Delta, central MB, northern ON, and NF. Nesting type: Surface Breeds from the Okanagan Valley and southwestern BC, WA, north- ern ID, and northwestern MT south through western and central OR to central CA; and from southern MB, northern MN, southern ON, southern PQ, NB, NS, and PE south to southeast- ern TX, the Gulf Coast and FL. Nesting type: Surface Northern MB, northern ON, north- ern PQ, LB, and NF south to ND, northern MN, WI, northern IL, IN, OH, PA, MD, WV, and eastern VA, sparingly to eastern NC. The coastal region of southern TX and LA, and peninsular FL from Alachua County southward. Breeds from southern AK, south- ern BC, AB, central MB, and rarely PQ south through CA, NV, northern AZ, southern CO, northwestern NM, northern TX, southwestern KS, northern IA, central MN, southern WI, OH, northwestern PA, NJ, DE, MD, NC. uddle) ducks - Nest considerable dis- tance from water in wood- land areas or in areas with dense cover; cover spp.: Rosebushes, rasp- berry, willows, nettles, gooseberry bushes. uddle) ducks - cavity nesters Tree cavities, woodland areas, adjacent or rarely ami from water; favor tree spp. in floodplain forests: Bald-cypress, sycamore, silver maple, black ash, sourgum, black willow; upland areas: Black oak, bur oak, bass- wood, American elm, sweet gum. round nesters Variety of habitats, depending on available cover; Chesapeake Bay area; 65% in upland areas, 17% marshes, 19% in old duck blinds; most of the nests in upland areas were in wooded tracts; also nest in cavities, stumps. Prefer coastal marsh; nest in cordgrass; also prairie meadows, rice fields, within 500 ft of water; cover vegetation: Cordgrass, buccharis bush. Prefers meadow, upland areas, dikes in marshes, fields, meadows; most nest less than 100 yds from water; vegetation varies within range, general requirements tall, dense vegetation. continued Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.8 (Continued) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Gadwall (Continued) Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Pintail Anas acuta Shoveler, northern Anas clypeata Teal, blue- winged Anas discors Surface (puddle) ducks - ground nesters (Continued) AK, northwestern and southeast- ern Canada to northern Baja, CA, southern TX, IL, OH, and VA. Breeds from the tundra lakes of arctic AK east to northern Mac., Southampton Island, eastern PQ, southeastern NB, NF, western Greenland, south to southern CA, northwestern NV, northern AZ, southern CO, central NE, central IA, central IL, sparingly to southern MI, northern OH, and northwestern PA. Breeds from western AK, irregu- larly east to Mackenzie Bay, Great Slave Lake, central AB, central SK, the west coasts of Hudson and James Bays, southern ON, northwestern PA, and DE south through eastern WA, and OR to southern CA, central AZ, south-central NM, KS, NE, west- ern IA; occasionally to IL, IN, WI, MI, southern ON, northern OH, western NY, NB, MO, and TX. Breeds from BC, northern SK, southern PQ , and NS south to southern CA, southern NM, and central TX. continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES Prefer upland areas to marsh; nests located with- in 100 yds of water; cover vegetation varies greatly in range, primary require- ment is dense vegetation about 24 in high. Open areas with low or sparse vegetation; nest 40 yds from water, fre- quently in farmland habitat, hayfields, pastures, roadsides. Tall-grass prairies, wet- lands, marshes; cover vegetation tall-grasses, when sufficient grass cover is not available hayfields and meadows are utilized; nests average 75-200 ft from water. Hayfields are used exten- sively in midwest; also northern prairies, grass- lands, sedge meadows; average distance from water 125 ft. Favored spp.: Grasses, buck- brush, bluegrass. 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.8 (Concluded) Species Primary breeding range Habitat description Surface (puddle) ducks - ground nesters (Continued) Teal, Southwestern Canada, WY, south cinnamon to CA, NM and Mexico. Anas cyanoptera Teal, green-winged North-central AK, northern Mac., Anas crecca northern MB, James Bay, south- eastern PQ, and NF south to southern CA, eastern AZ, north- ern NM, northern NE, southern MN, western ON, northern OH, northwestern PA, western NY, ME, NB, NS; casually to MA. Wigeon, American Breeds from the Bering Sea Anas Coast of AK, the interior of AK, americana the YT and Mac. basins, Great Slave Lake, Lake Athabaska, southern MB, western MN, and WI south through interior of BC and Great Plains to north- eastern CA, northern NV, northern AZ, northern CO, and northern NE. Nesting type: Tree Whistling-duck, Southern TX through Mexico black-bellied and CA to South America. Dendrocygna autumnalis Whistling-duck, Central CA, southeastern TX fulvous and southwestern LA south to Dendrocygna south-central Mexico. bicolor Marsh areas within 75 yds of water; dense cover is more important than type of vegetation; favored spp. include saltgrass, hardstem, bulrush. Upland areas, average of 95 ft from water; favors dense stands of grass, weeds, brush for cover. Upland nesting sites, ranging from a few yds to 400 yds from water; cover spp.: Buckbrush, juncus, greasewood. whistling-) ducks Pastures; nest: Under brush, low shrubs. Prefers trees: Live oaks, ebony, willow, mesquite; most nests were between 500-1,000 yds from water. Also nests in nest houses. Ricefields; nest: Contour levees, dense vegetation over water; TX preferred spp.: Paspalum, cutgrass, cat-tails. @References used for this table are: 8, 18, 76, 124, 174, 175, 180. ROUEEEE SR GION 26 INOS Ss i NS NS LE eee U.S. ENDANGERED FISH U.S. endangered/threatened fish are listed in alpha- betical order according to common name along with scientific name and range (table 40.9). Ecological characteristics of fish are not provided because of the impracticality of managing a fish species on a ROW. 310 Instead, critical areas and wetlands discussed earlier (volume 1, chapter 6), suggest that management is a passive program—avoid wetlands when possible; if not, minimize disturbances and water and vegetation changes. Emphasis is placed on water quality control and maintenance of bordering vegetation. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.9 U.S. Endangered/Threatened Fish Common name Scientific name Range Endangered Chub, humpback Gila_cypha AZ, UT, WY Chub, Mohave Gila_mohavensis CA Chub, roundtail Gila robusta NV Cisco, longjaw Coregonus alpenae Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus NV Dace, Speckled Rhinichthys osculus Wy Dace, Moapa Moapa coriacea NV Darter, fountain Etheostoma fonticola 1X Darter, Maryland Etheostoma sellare MD Darter, Okaloosa Etheostoma okaloosae FL Darter, snail Percina i TN Darter, watercress Etheostoma nuc AL Gamhusia, Big Bend Gambusia gaigei TX Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia heterochir TX Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia nobilis TX Killifish, Pahrump Empetrichythys latos NV Madtom, Scioto Notorus trautmani OH Pike, blue Stizostedion glaucum Lakes Erie and Ontario Pupfish, Comanche Springs Cyprinodon elegans TX Pupfish, Devil's Hole Cyprinodon diabolis NV Pupfish, Owens River Cyprinodon radiosus CA Pupfish, Tecopa Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae cA Pupfish, Warm Springs Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis ihe Squawfish, Colorado River Ptychocheilus Jucius AZ, CA, CO, NM, UT, WY Stickleback, unarmored three-spined Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni CA Sturgeon, shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum aa Atlantic Coast Topminnow, Gila Poeciliopsis occidentalis AZ Trout, greenback cutthroat Salmo clarki stomias co Trout, Gila Salmo gilae NM Woundf in Plagopterus argentissimus AZ, NV, UT Threatened Cavefish, Alabama Speoplatyrhinus poulsani AL Chub, slender Hybopsis cahni TN, VA Chub, spotfin Hybopsis monacha VA, TN, NC Darter, bayou Etheostoma rubrum MS continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 311 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.9 (Concluded) Common name Scientific name Range Darter, leopard Percina pantherina AR, OK Darter, slackwater Etheostoma boschungi AL, TN Madtom, yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis TN, VA Trout, Arizona Salmo apache AZ Trout, Lahontan cutthroat Salmo clarki henshawi CA, NV Trout, Little kern golden Salmo aguabonita whitei CA Trout, Paiute cutthroat Salmo clarki seleniris CA STATE ENDANGERED/THREATENED FISH AND WILDLIFE Listed by State (table 40.10) are the endan- gered/threatened faunal species (mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, and fish). No other information about the species is included, due to the number of species involved and, in many cases, their only local relevance. These lists, unless otherwise noted, are considered by the State’s fish and game agency as the official list for that State, as of 1977. The reference cited for a particular State should be checked as indicated in parentheses below the State name (see references at the end of this chapter). 312 Omitted from these State lists are any entirely oceanic species (e.g., whales). Some States have no list of their own but have adopted the Federal listing of endangered species. Ecological characteristics of Federally listed wildlife species are listed in tables 40.5, 40.6, and 40.7. The status of State endangered/ threatened wildlife is constantly changing, so current information should be obtained from the State fish and game agency of interest. The status definitions for each State also vary; these should be verified in each case. Listed as a footnote to table 40.10 are general definitions of the symbols used. CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 State Endangered/ Threatened Fish and Wildlife of the Eastern United States Group Mammals Birds Amphibians and reptiles Fish Status? mammmmmmm AaMmmmMmmmmmM AAA AAA AMM MM MMMMM AA AAA AAA Mmmmmmm Common name Alabama Q) Gray bat (myotis) Indiana bat (myotis) Alabama Gulf Beach mouse Perdido Bay Beach mouse Prairie vole Northern black bear Florida black bear Florida panther Brown pelican Golden eagle Bald eagle Peregrine falcon Osprey Snowy plover Ivory-billed woodpecker Red-cockaded woodpecker Bachman's warbler Mottled duck Reddish egret Flatwoods salamander Red Hills salamander Eastern indigo snake Black pine snake Florida pine snake Atlantic loggerhead turtle Green turtle Atlantic hawksbill turtle Atlantic Ridley turtle Dusky gopher frog Hel lbender American alligator Atlantic leatherback turtle Flattened musk turtle Gopher tortoise Alabama red-bellied turtle American brook lamprey Shovelnose sturgeon Frecklebelly madtom Alabama cavefish Spring pygmy sunfish Watercress darter Goldline darter Pygmy sculpin Cahaba shiner Atlantic sturgeon Blue sucker Crystal darter Slackwater darter Coldwater darter Tuscumbia darter Freckled darter Warrior muscadine darter continued Scientific name Myotis grisescens Myotis sodal Peromyscus polionotus ammobates Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis Microtus ochrogaster ochrogaster Ursus americanus americanus Ursus americanus Terns Aquila chnysaetae Haliaeetus Teucocephalus Falco peregrinus Pandion haliaetus Charadrius alexandrinus Campephilus principalis Dendrocopos bor Vermivora b Anas fulvigula Dichromanassa rufescens Ambystoma cingulatum Phaeognathus hub ii Drymarchon corais coral couperi Pituophis meTanoTeucus Jodingi Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Caretta caretta CheTonia 1 mydas Eretnochelys imbricata Lepidochelys kempi Rana areolata sevosa Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Alligator mississippiensis Dermochelys coriacea Sternotherus minor depressus Gopherus polyphen Pseudenys alabami Lampetra lamotteni Scaphirhync sp. Notorus mun SpeopTatyrhir Elasoma sp. Etheostoma nuchale Percina ‘aurolineata Cottus | pygmaeus Notropis sp. Acipenser oxyrhynchus Cycleptus elongatus Ammocrypta asprella Etheostoma boschungi Etheostoma ditrema Etheostoma tuscumbia Percina lenticula Percina sp. ssp. 1S poulsoni SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 313 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name Arkansas (11) Has no State list--use Federal list. Connecticut (47) Has no State list--use Federal list. Delaware (109) Birds E Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis E Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus E Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Amphibians and E Atlantic Ridley turtle Lepidochelys kempii reptiles E Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea Fish E Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum Has no State Mammals Birds Amphibians and reptiles Fish amamam mmm mm mmmmm mm list--use Federal list. Florida (62) Georgia (66) Indiana bat (myotis) Eastern cougar Manatee Sherman's pocket gopher Colonial pocket gopher Brown pelican Southern bald eagle American peregrine falcon Ivory-billed woodpecker Red-cockaded woodpecker American alligator Atlantic Ridley turtle Hawksbill turtle Leatherback turtle Shortnose sturgeon Southern cave fish continued In process of compiling official State list. Myotis sodalis Felis concolor cougar Trichechus manatus ontenalus Geomys f Geomys colonus Pelecanus occidentalis HaTiaeetus eucocephalus eucocephalus Falco peregrinus anatum Capeen us principalis Dendrocopos boreaTis ALCigator mississippiensis Lepidochelys kempii retmochelys imbricata Dermochelys coriacea qcipenser brevirostrum yphlichthys subterraneous 314 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status* Common name Scientific name Illinois (87) Mammals E Gray bat (myotis) Myotis grisescens E Indiana bat (myotis) yotis sodalis E Eastern wood rat Neotoma floridana E White-tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendii T River otter Lutra canadensis T Bobcat Lynx rufus T Golden mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli T Rice rat Oryzomys palustris Birds Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Amphibians and reptiles AAA AAA AMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMmMmmmmmmm m™mammm Snowy egret Great egret Little blue heron American bittern Black-crowned night heron Mississippi kite Cooper's hawk Red-shouldered hawk Swainson's hawk Bald eagle Osprey Marsh hawk Peregrine falcon Greater prairie chicken Yellow rail Black rail Purple gallinule Piping plover Eskimo curlew Upland sandpiper Wilson's phalarope Forster's tern Common tern Least tern Black tern Barn owl Long-eared owl Short-eared ow] Brown creeper Bachman's warbler Yellow-headed blackbird Bachman's sparrow Common gallinule Bewick's wren Veery Loggerhead shrike Swainson's warbler Brewer's blackbird Henslow's sparrow Dusky salamander Silvery salamander Spotted turtle Slider I1]linois mud turtle continued Egretta thula Casmerodius albus Florida caerulea Botaurus lentiginosus Nycticorax nycticorax Ictinia mississippiensis Accipiter cooperii Buteo lineatus Buteo swainsoni Haliaeetus Teucocephalus Pandion haliaetus Circus cyaneus Falco peregrinus Tympanuchus cupido oturnicops noveboracensis Laterallus jamacensis Porphyrula martinica Charadrius melodus Numenius borealis Bartramia Tongicauda Steganopus tricolor Sterna forstert Sterna hirundo Sterna albifrons Chlidonias niger Tyto alba Asio otus Asio flammeus Certhia familiarus Vermivora bachmanti Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Aimophila aestivalis Gallinula chloropus hryomanes bewickii atharus fuscescens Canius ludovicianus Limnothlypis swainsonii Euphagus cyanocephalus Ammodramus hens lowii Desmognathus fuscus Ambystome platineum Clemys guttata Pseudemys floridana concinna Kinosternon flavescens SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 315 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status * Common name Scientific name Illinois (Continued E Broad-banded watersnake eregie fasciata E Eastern ribbon snake hamnophis sauritus T Illinois chorus frog Peeudacris streckeri T Western hognose snake Heterodon nasicus T Whip snake Masticophis f agellum T Great Plains rat snake Elaphe guttata Fish E Bigeye chub Hybopsis amb lops E Bluebreast darter Etheostoma camurum E Bluehead shiner Notropis sp. E Harlequin darter Etheostoma histrio 7 cise Coregonus artedit isco nu T Longnose sucker atostomus catostomus T Alligator gar Lepisosteus spatula T Pugnose shiner Notropis anogenus T Blacknose shiner Notrop's neterolepus T Bantam sunfish epomis symmetricus T Lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis T Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens Indiana (88) Mammals E/T Indiana myotis rots sodalis E/T Gray myotis yotis grisescens — E/T Southeastern myotis otis austroriparius E/T Big-eared bat - aot rafinesquii E/T Bobcat nx rufus 7 Swamp rabbit Sylvila 8 aquaticus Badger axidea taxus E/T Star-nosed mole CondyTura ‘cristata E/T Plains pocket gopher eomys bursarius E/T Eastern wood rat Neotoma floridana E/T Western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis E/T Franklin's ground squirrel SpermophiTus fr phitus franklini Birds E/T Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus . . leucocephalus ; E/T Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus tundrius Amphibians and E/T Hel lbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis reptiles alleganiensis E/T Silvery salamander Ambystoma platineum E/T Four-toed salamander Hamtdacty1 tin scutatum E/T Northern red salamander Pseudstrtton ruber ruber E/T Illinois chorus frog Pseudaoris streckeri illinoensis E/T Eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum E/T Spotted turtle CTemmys guttata E/T Hieroglyphis turtle Pseudemys concinna hieroglyphica E/T Northern copperbelly Natrix erythrogaster neglecta E/T Butler's garter snake hamnophis butleri E/T Smooth green snake Opheodrys ve is blanchardi E/T Scarlet snake emophora coccinea copei E/T Eastern massasauga Sistrurus catenatus catenatus continued 316 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status* Common name Scientific name Indiana (Continued) Fish E/T Eastern sand darter Ammocrypta pellucida E/T Spring cavefish Thologuete aster agassizi E/T Northern cavefish AmbTyopsis spelaea E/T Southern cavefish yh lichthys subterraneus E/T Silverband shiner jotropis shumardi E/T Ribbon shiner Notropis fumeus E/T Popeye shiner Notropis ariommus E/T Crystal darter Ammocrypta asprella E/T Stargazing darter Percina uranidea E/T Gilt darter Percina evides E/T Spotted darter Etheostoma maculatum E/T Harlequin darter Etheostoma histrio E/T Tippecanoe darter Etheostoma tippecanoe E/T Spottail darter Etheostoma squamiceps E/T Redside dace CTinostomus elongatus E/T Rosefin shiner Notropis ardens E/T Swamp darter Etheostoma swaini £/T Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus E/T Ohio River muskel lunge Esox masquinongy ohioensis E/T Bluebreast darter Etheostoma camurum E/T Variegated darter Etheostoma variatum Towa (90) Mammals Indiana bat Myotis sodalis Birds AA AAA AMM IMHM 4 ammmmmmm Amphibians and reptiles mmmmm Plains pocket mouse Grasshopper mouse Red-backed vole Woodland vole Black bear Bobcat Keene's myotis Evening bat River otter Red-shouldered hawk Northern harrier Peregrine falcon Piping plover Upland sandpiper Barn owl Burrowing ow] Least tern Eared grebe Cooper's hawk Broad-winged hawk Long-eared ow] Say's Phoebe Loggerhead shrike Blue-winged warbler ll linois mud turtle Wood turtle Great Plains skink Western slender glass lizard Speckled kingsnake continued Perognathus flavescens Onychamys leucogaster Tethrionamys gapperi icrotis pinetorum Ursus americana ynx rufus yotis keenii Nycticeius humeralis Lutra canadensis Buteo lineatus Circus cyaneus Falco peregrinus Charadrius melodus Bartramia longicauda yto alba Speotyto cunicularia Sterna albifrons Podiceps caspicus Accipiter cooperi Buteo platypterus Asio otus Sayornis saya Lanius ludovicianus Vermivora pinus Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Clemmys ‘insculpta umeces obsoletus Ophiosaurus attenuatus Lampropeltis getulus SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 317 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status* Common name Scientific name Towa (Continued E Northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix E Prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis E Blue-spotted salamander Ambystoma laterale E Central newt Notophtha Imus viridescens T Stinkpot ternotherus odoratus T Ornate box turtle Terrapene ornata T Red-eared turtle poryserys scripte T Blanding's turtle mydoidea blandingi T Five-lined skink umeces fasciatus T Diamondback water snake Natrix rhombifera T Yellow-bellied water snake Natrix erythrogaster T Graham's water snake Natrix grahami T Western earth snake Virginia valeriae T Black rat snake aphe obsoleta T Massasauga istrurus catentatus T Small-mouthed salamander Ambystoma texanum T Western spadefoot Scaphiopus bombifrons T Spring peeper Hy a crucifer Fish Lake sturgeon AA AAA AAA MAM MMmmmmmM Mammals R/E R/E R/E Pallid sturgeon Sicklefin chub Lake chub Blacknose shiner Silverband shiner Pearl dace Black redhorse Starhead topminnow Plains topminnow Longear sunfish Least darter Orangethroat darter Chestnut lamprey American brook lamprey Skipjack herring Grass pickeral Gravel chub Pugnose shiner Weed shiner Topeka shiner Western sand darter Mud darter Bluntnose darter Kansas (94) Kentucky (99) Common shrew Bachman's shrew Southeastern bat continued Acipenser fulvescens Scaphirhynchus albus Hybopsis a 1 ouesius p Plumbeus Notropis eterolepis Notropis shumardi emoti lus , margarita Moxostoma dugesnei Fundulus notti Fundutus ‘sciadicus Tepamis megatotis megalotis Sean cumn cron I Etheostoma s spectabile Tehthyamyzon amyzon a eeetaneie Castaneus Lampetra Tam lamottei Alosa chrysoch oris Esox americanus vermiculatus Hybopsis x-punctata Notropis anogenus Notropis texanus Notropts topeka Inmoerypt a clara_ Etheostoma ‘asprigene Etheostoma chlorosomum Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. Sorex cinereus Sorex longirostris Myotis austroriparius 318 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status® Common name Scientific name Kentucky (Continued R/E Gray bat (myotis) Myotis grisescens a eee eka ae Wyotts A ui 4 ownsend's big-eared ba ecotus townsendii R/E Cloudland deermouse Peromyscus maniculatus nubiterrae R/E Hispid cotton rat Si novan hispidus R/E Kentucky red-backed mouse et rionomys gapperi maurus R/E Woodland jumping mouse Napeozapus insignis R/E Spotted skunk ogale teri R/E Coyote Canis latrans Birds R/E Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos R/E Northern bald eagle HaTiaeetus Teucocephalus R/E Osprey Pandion haliaetus R/E Sandhill crane Grus canadensis R/E Mississippi kite Tetinia mississippiensis Amphibians and R/E Western lesser siren Siren intermedia reptiles R/E Triploid Jefferson's salamander Ambystoma platineum R/E Three-toed salamander Am intama means R/E Four-toed salamander HemidactyTium scutatum R/E Western bird-voiced tree frog HyTa avivoca avivoca R/E Green tree frog a cinerea R/E Slender glass lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus R/E Kirtland's watersnake Natrix kirtlandi R/E Eastern ribbon snake hamnophis sauritus R/E Western ribbon snake Thamnophis proximus R/E Western mud snake arancia abacura reinwardti R/E Coach whip Masticophis f agelTum R/E Corn snake ETaphe guttata R/E Northern pine snake Ttuaphis melanoleucus melanoleucus R/E Prairie king snake Lampropeltis calligaster R/E Scarlet snake Cemophora coccinea R/E Southeastern crowned snake antilla coronata coronata Fish R/E Trout perch Percopsis omiscomaycus R/E Mud darter Etherrtons asprigene R/E Harlequin darter Etheostoma here R/E Tippecanoe darter Etheostoma tippecanoe R/E Longhead darter Percina macrocephala Louisiana (118) Has no State list--use Federal list. Maine (121) Has no State list--use Federal list. Maryland (126) Mammals E Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel Sciurus niger cinereus E Coyote Canis latrans continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 319 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name Maryland (Continued E Bobcat Lynx rutus E Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum E Least weasel Mustela nivalis E Eastern cougar Felis concolor E Black bear Ursus amertcanus Amphibians and E Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis reptiles alleganiensis E Jefferson salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum E Eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tirginum tirginum E Green salamander neides aeneus E Eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne carolinensis E Coal skink umeces anthracinus anthracinus E Rainbow snake Farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma E Mountain earth snake Virginia valeriae pulchra E Bog turtle emmys muhlenbergi E Atlantic green turtle Chelonia mydas mydas E Atlantic hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata E Atlantic loggerhead Caretta caretta E Atlantic ridley Lepidochelys empi E Atlantic leatherback Dermochelys coriacea coriacea Massachusetts (128) Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. Michigan (135) Mammals E Indiana bat (myotis) Myotis sodalis E Eastern timber wolf Canis lupus Tycaon T Least shrew Cryptotis parva T Pine marten Martes americana T Southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi T Pine vole ‘icrotus pinetorum Birds E Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus E Kirtland's warbler Dendroica tint andii T Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus T Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperi T Red-shouldered hawk uteo Tineatus T Bald eagle Haliaeetus eucocephalus T Marsh hawk Circus cyaneus T Osprey Pandion haliaetus T Greater prairie chicken mpanuchus cupido T Piping plover Charadr tus me lodus T Barn owl] to alba T Loggerhead shrike Lanius Tudovicianus Amphibians and T Marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum reptiles T Small-mouthed salamander imbystoma texanum T Western lesser siren Siren intermedia nettingi continued 320 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name Michigan (Continued) T Black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta opsoleta T Northern copperbelly Natrix erythrogaster neglecta T Kirtland's watersnake Natrix eit tandi T Eastern box turtle errapene carolina carolina Fish 7 Longs aw cisco Coregonus alpenae eepwater cisco Coregonus johannine E Blackfin cisco oregonus nigripinnis E Shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi E Shortjaw cisco Coregonus zenithicus E Blue pike Stizostedion vitreum glaucum T Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens T Lake herring oregonus artedii T Bloater Coregonus hoyi T Kiyi Coregonus iyi T Silver shiner Notropis photogenis T Redside dace CTinostomus elongatus T River redhorse Moxostoma carinatum + Northern madtom Noturus stigmosus T Eastern sand darter Ammocrypta pellucida Minnesota (136) Mammals T Pine marten Martes americana Birds E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus E Whooping crane Grus americanus it Bobwhite quail CoTinus virginianus T Burrowing ow] Speotyto cunicularia hypugea T Greater sandhill crane Grus canadensis tabida T Greater prairie chicken ymp anuchus cupido Amphibians and T Blue-tailed skink Eumeces fasciatus reptiles T Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus T Cricket frog Acris crepitans Mississippi (137) Mammals E Indiana bat (myotis) Myotis sodalis E Red wolf Canis rufus E Eastern cougar Felis concolor cougar T Black bear Ursus americanus Birds E Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis E Bald eagle Haliaeetus Teucocephalus E Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus E Mississippi sandhill crane Grus canadensis pulla E Red-cockaded woodpecker Dendrocopos borealis E Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis E Bachman's warbler ermivora bachmani T Cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonata Amphibans and E Green salamander Aneides aeneus reptiles E Cave salamander Eurycea ucifuga continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 321 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name Miss¢ssippi (Continued) E American alligator Alligator mississippiensis E Southern hognose snake Heterodon simus E Rainbow snake Farancia erythrogramma E Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi E Black pine snake ituophis melanoleucus odingi E Black-knobbed sawback turtle Graptemys nigrinoda E Atlantic green turtle ielonia mydas mydas E Atlantic loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta caretta i Southern coal skink Eumeces anthracipinus pluvialis i, Ringed sawback turtle Graptemys oculifera 7 Yellow-blotched sawback turtle raptemys flavimaculata Fish E Atlantic el Acipenser oxyrhyncus E Sturgeon (sp. caphirhyncus sp. E Frecklebelly madtom Noturus munitus E en one = cry ta asprella ayou darter Etheostoma peri E Southern red-bellied dace Chrosomus erythrogaster Missouri (139) Mammals E Indiana bat (myotis) Myotis sodalis E Small-footed myotis Myotis Teibii E Gray bat (myotis) Myotis grisescens — E Western big-eared bat ecotus townsendii E Eastern big-eared bat PTecotus raf inesquii E Black bear Ursus americanus E River otter Lutra canadensis E Mountain lion Felis concolor E White-tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendii R Southeastern shrew orex longirostris R Keen's bat Myotis keenii R Least weasel Mistela nivalis R Long-tailed weasel MusteTa frenata R Plains harvest mouse Reithrodontomys montanus R Plains pocket mouse Perognathus flavescens R Black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus R Swamp rabbit Spivttapey aerate quaticus Birds E Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus 7 Sharp-skinned hawk Accipiter striatus Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii E Osprey Pandton halteetas E Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus eater prairie chicken Tymp anuchus Cupido E G : t irie chick Upland plover Bortrante Tos Tcauda . en sparrow Aimophita Datla asstivelis ack vulture oragyps atratus Mississippi kite Teetnts nistetpeiensis Red-shouldered hawk Buteo Tineatus R Northern bald eagle HaTiaeetus Teucocephalus alascensis R Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus R King rail Ratlus elegans continued 322 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name Missouri (Continued R Least tern Sterna albirrons R Barn owl to alba R Western kingbird rannus verticalis R Fish crow Corrus ossifragus R Swainson's warbler UimnothTypis swainsonii R Yel low-headed blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus R Painted bunting asserina ciris R Lark bunting CaTamospiza melanocorys R Henslow's sparrow Passerherbulus hens low1i Amphibians and E Dwarf salamander Manculus quadridigitatus reptiles E Wood frog Rana “y vatica E Western hognose snake Heterodon nasicus R Four-toed salamander Hemidactylium scutatum R Oklahoma salamander Eurycea tynerenis R Alligator snapping turtle acroclemys temminckii R Green water snake atrix cyclopion i cnn ideeee snake Opheodrys verna is carlet snake emophora coccine R Massasauga istrurus catenatus R Canebrake rattlesnake Crotalus horridus atricaudatus Fish Lake sturgeon DPDDDDD DDD DDD DAD AMMMMmMMMMMMMM Pallid sturgeon Sturgeon chub Sicklefin chub Blacknose shiner Pugnose minnow Eastern slim minnow Neosho madtom Pumpkinseed Harlequin darter Goldstripe darter Longnose darter Southern brook lamprey American brook lamprey Alligator gar Alabama shad Brassy minnow Sabine shiner Blue sucker Brown bullhead Ozark cavefish Burbot Plains killifish Mississippi silverside Bantam sunfish Arkansas darter Niangua darter Bluestripe darter continued Acipenser fulvescens Scaphirhynchus albus Ops Ts geliga opsis mee jotropis heterolepis sopoeodus emiliae Pimephales tenellus parviceps Noturus pt a acidus Lepomis gibbosus Etheostoma histrio Etheostoma parvipinne Percina nasuta Tchthyomyzon gagei Lampetra Tamottei Lepisosteus spatula Alosa alabamae ognathus hankinsoni Notropis sabinae Cycleptus e ongets ctalurus nebulosus Amb Tyopsis rosae Lota lota Fundulus kansae Menidia audens Lepomis symmetricus theostoma cragini Etheostoma nianguae Percina cymatotaenia SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 323 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name Nebraska 750) Mammals E Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes E Swift fox Vulpes veTox T Southern flying squirrel aucomys volans Birds E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum E Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus tundrius E Whooping crane Grus americana E Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis T Interior least tern Sterna albifrons athalassos T Mountain plover Charadrius montanus Fish T Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens T Pallid sturgeon caphirhynchus albus T Northern redbelly dace oxinus eos T Pearl dace Semotilus margarita T Finescale dace Phoxinus neogaeus T Brook stickleback TuTaea Tnconstans” New Hampshire (153) Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. New Jersey (155) Mammals E Indiana bat (myotis) Myotis sodalis T Keene's myotis HyotTs tis keenti T Small-footed myotis Myotis subulatus T Southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi Birds E Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus E Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus E Osprey Pandion haliaetus E Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii T Yellow-crowned night heron Nyctanassa violacea T Least bittern Txobrychus exilis T Short-eared ow] Asio + ammeus T Barred ow] Strix varia T Red-shouldered hawk Buteo Tineatus T Marsh hawk Circus cyaneus T Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus T Merlin Falco columbarius T King rail Rallus elegans T Black rail CateralTus jamaicensis T Roseate tern Sterna dougallii T Piping plover Charadrius meTodus T Upland plover Bartramia americana T Short-billed marsh wren Cistothorus platensis T Henslow's sparrow Passerherbulus hens lowii T Grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum T Vesper sparrow Poaecetes gramineus T Bobolink DoT ichonyx oryzivorus T Ipswich sparrow Passerculus princeps T Red-headed woodpecker Me anerpes erythrocephalus continued 324 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status® Common name Scientific name New Jersey (Continued Amphibians and E Blue-spotted salamander Ambystoma laterale reptiles E Eastern tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum E Bog turtle CTemmys nuhTenbergi E Atlantic green turtle CheTonia mydas E Atlantic hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata E Atlantic Ridley epidochelys Kempt E Atlantic leatherback Dermochelys coriacea T Pine Barrens tree frog ‘ a andersoni T Eastern earth snake rginia valeriae T Timber rattlesnake rotalus horridus New York (158) Mammals E Indiana bat (myotis) Myotis sodalis E Eastern cougar Felis concolor cougar E Eastern timber wolf Canis lupus lycaon Birds E Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis E Northern bald eagle Haltaeetus Teucocephalus alascanus E Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus lTeucocephalus eucocephalus E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum E Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregr inus tundrius E American osprey Pandion haltaetus Amphibians and reptiles E Bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi Fish E Longjaw cisco Coregonus alpenae E Blue pike Stizostedion vitreum glaucum E Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum North Carolina (17) Has no State list--use Federal list. North Dakota (162) Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. Ohio (165) Mammals E River otter Lutra canadensis E Bobcat Lynx rufus E Indiana bat (myotis) Myotis sodalis E Wood rat Neotoma floridana magister Birds E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum E Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus velox E Bald eagle Haliaeetus Teucocephalus continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 325 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States ROG RRS ENOL SS. a aR eR aE ID Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Scientific name Amphibians and reptiles Fish mmmm mmmmmmmm AIIM IMMA MMMM MMMM Mmmm mammmmmmmmm Ohio (Continued) King rail Kirtland's warbler Upland sandpiper Common tern Spotted turtle Northern copperbelly Eastern Plains garter snake Blue-spotted salamander Green salamander Cave salamander Four-toed salamander Wehrle's salamander Ohio lamprey Northern brook lamprey Allegheny brook lamprey Silver lamprey American brook lamprey Lake sturgeon Paddlefish Spotted gar Shortnose gar Mooneye Cisco Great Lakes muskellunge Rosyside dace Tonguetied minnow Bigmouth shiner Pugnose minnow Bigeye shiner Ghost shiner Blacknose shiner Silver chub Longnose sucker Greater redhorse Blue sucker River redhorse Lake chubsucker Scioto madtom Northern madtom Mountain madtom Pirateperch Burbot Banded killifish Iowa darter Longhead darter River darter Eastern sand darter Channel darter Blue pike Tippecanoe darter Slenderhead darter Spotted darter continued Rallus ~--s Dendroica kirtlandii Bartramia Jongicauda Sterna hirundo hirundo Clemmys guttata Natrix erythrogaster neglecta Ambystoma laterale Aneides aeneus Eurycea ucifuga emidactylum scutatum PTethodon wehrlei Ichthyomyxon bdellium Ichthyomyzon fossor chthyomyzon greeleyi Tchthyomyzon unicuspis ampetra lamottei ~ fulvescens Acipenser Oo yo ion spat ula Lepisosteus oculatus Lepisosteus platostomus jodon tergisus Coregonus artedii os SOX masquinongy masquinoni CTinostomus funduloides Exoglossum laurae Notropis dorsalis Notropis emiliae Notropis boops jotropis buchanani lotropis heterolepis Hybopsis storeriana Catostomus catostomus Moxostoma valenciennesi Cycleptus elongatus loxostoma carinatum Erimyzon sucetta Notorus trautmani Notorus stigmosus Notorus eleutherus Aphredoderus sayanus Lota lota Fundulus diaphanus Etheostoma exile Percina macrocephala Percina shumardi Ammocrypta pellucida Percina copelandi Stizostedion vitreum glaucum Ethoestoma maculatum Etheostoma tippecanoe Perctna phoxocep ala BERR TSI seer om Ra ea 326 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status* Common name Scientific name Oklahoma (168) Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. Pennsylvania (171 and 172) Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. Rhode Island (177) Has no State list--use Federal list. South Carolina (193) Mammals E Eastern cougar Felis concolor cougar E Florida manatee Tichechus manatus E Indiana bat (myotis) Myotis sodalis Birds E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum E Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus tundrius E Bachman's warbler Vermivora Bachnantt E Eastern brown pelican PeTecanus occidentalis carolinensis E Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis E Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephi lus principalis E Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii E Red-cockaded woodpecker Dendrocopos borealis E Southern bald eagle HaTiaeetus leucocephalus Teucocephatus Amphibians and E Atlantic leatherback Dermochelys coriacea reptiles E Atlantic Ridley turtle Cepidoche ys kempit E Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus E Pine Barren tree frog HyTa andersoni E Zigzag salamander PTethodon dorsalis Fish E Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum South Dakota (196) Mammals E Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes T Northern swift fox Vulpes velox hebes T River otter utra canadensis interior T Mountain lion Felix concolor T Black bear Ursus amertcanus Birds E Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus E Peregrine falcon Falco beregrinus. anatum E Whooping crane Grus americana E Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis E Interior least tern Sterna albifrons athalassos continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 327 40 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status® Common name Scientific name Amphibians and reptiles Fish Mammals Birds Amphibians and reptiles Fish AAAS AH AAA AAA AmmmM A AA AAA AMMMMMMMM AMmmMm mm mm South Dakota (Continued) Osprey Buff-breasted sandpiper Blanding's turtle False map turtle Spiny softshell] turtle Eastern hognose snake Lined snake Brown snake Northern red-bellied snake Central mudminnow Pearl dace Banded killifish Pallid sturgeon Sturgeon chub Sicklefin chub Northern redbelly dace Finscale dace Longnose sucker Trout-perch Plains topminnow Tennessee (213) Eastern cougar Indiana myotis Gray myotis River otter Mississippi kite Golden eagle Bald eagle Osprey Duck hawk (Peregrine falcon) Red-cockaded woodpecker Raven Bachman's sparrow Sharp-shinned hawk Cooper's hawk Marsh hawk Bewick's wren Grasshopper sparrow Tennessee cave salamander Northern Pine snake Western pigmy rattlesnake Lake sturgeon Ohio River muskel lunge (in Morgan, Cumberland, Fentress, and Scott counties) Barren's topminnow Spotfin chub continued Pandion haliaetus ryngites Subruficollis Emydoidea blandingi Graptemys pseudogeographica rionyx spiniferus Heterodon platyrhinos ropidoclonion Tineatum toreria dekayi Storeria occipitomaculata Umbra limi Semotilus margarita Fundulus diaphanus Scaphirhynchus albus Hybopsis gelida Hybopsis meeki Phox nie eos Phoxinus neogaeus Catostomus catostomus catostomus, Percopsis omiscomaycus undulus sciadicus Felis concolor cougar Myotis sodalis ‘otis y grisescens Lutra canadensis Ictinea mississippiensis aCtinea Mississippiensis patpla chrysaetos Haliaeetus leucocephalus Pandion haliaetus Falco peregrinus Picoides borealis Corvus corax Aimophila aestivalis bachmanii Accipiter striatus Accipiter cooperi ircus cyaneus hudsonius ict hyromanes bewickii Tr Ammodr amus savannarum Gyrinophilus palleucus ituophis melanoTeucus me ]anoleucus Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Acipenser fulvescens sox masquinongy ohiensis Fundulus sp. Hybopsis monacha 328 CHAPTER 3 Mammals, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States 40 Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status® Common name Scientific name Tennessee (Continued) E Yellowfin madtom Noturus tlavipinnis E Snail darter Percina Sp. T Silverjaw minnow Ericymba bucatta T Slender chub Hybapets cahni T Blue sucker cleptus elongatus T madtom loturus sp. T Frecklebelly madtom Noturus munitus T Slackwater darter Etheostoma boschungi T Coldwater darter Etheostoma ditrema T Trispot darter Etheostoma trisella T Duskytail darter Etheostoma sp. T Coppercheek darter Etheostoma sp. T Longhead darter Percina Percina macrocephala T Amber darter Percina sp. T Reticulate longperch Percina sp. Texas 216 Mammals E Federally listed whales E Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes E Jaguar Petree oe E Margay Felis wiedii E Ocelot Felis pardalis E Red wolf Canis rufus E West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus E Bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis Birds E Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis E Mexican duck Anas diazi E Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus eucocephalus E American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum E Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus tundrius E Attwater's greater prairie chicken Tympanuchus cupido attwateri E Whooping crane rus americana E Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis E Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus princ’ principalis E Red-cockaded woodpecker Dendrocopos borealis E Bachman's warbler Vermivora Veruivors Dacheanti Amphibians and E Atlantic Ridley turtle Lepidochelys kempii reptiles E Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata E Leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea E American alligator Alligator mississippiensis E Cascade Cavern salamander Eurycea Jatitans E San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana E Fern Bank salamander rates ee pterophila E Texas blind salamander omolge rathbuni E Houston toad Bufo io nous tenensteu| |] Fish E Amistad gambusia Gambusia amistadensis E San Marcos gambusia Gambusia georgei E Big Bend gambusia Gambusia gaigei E Clear Creek gambusia Gambusia heterochir E Pecos gambusia Gambusia nob continued SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 329 40 Mammais, Birds, and Amphibians and Reptiles of the Eastern United States Table 40.10 (Continued) Group Status? Common name Texas (Continued Scientific name Cyprinodon elegans yprino lon bovinus Etheostoma fonticola Myotis sodalis artes americana Felis concotor cougar Lynx canadensis Haliaeetus leucocephalus eucocephalus Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Falco peregrinus anatum Acipenser fulvescens Lynx canadensis xecens tS artes americana Canis Jupus Haliaetus leucocephalus Pandion haliaetus Phalacrocorax auritus Falco peregrinus Terrapene ornata atrix septemvitatta Sistrurus catenatus C emmys insculpta Maxostoma valenciennesi Dionda nubila Notropis anogenus Coregonus a penae oregonus kiyi oregonus zenithieus E Comanche Springs pupfish E Leon Springs pupfish E Fountain darter Vermont (240) Mammals E Indiana bat (myotis) E Pine marten E Eastern cougar E Canada lynx Birds E Southern bald eagle E American osprey E American peregrine falcon Fish E Lake sturgeon Virginia (241) Has no State list--use Federal list. West Virginia (247) Has not yet adopted State list--use Federal list. Wisconsin (252) Mammals E Canada lynx E Marten E Gray wolf Birds E Bald eagle E Osprey E Double crested cormorant E Peregrine falcon Amphibians and E Ornate box turtle reptiles E Queen snake E Massasauga E Wood turtle Fish E Greater redhorse E Ozark minnow E Pugnose shiner E Longjaw cisco E Kiyi E Shortjaw cisco E Shortnose cisco continued CHAPTER 3 330 oregonus rei ghardi References Table 40.10 (Concluded) 8ctatus definitions for each State vary and should be verified in each instance. general definitions for the symbols used in this table: The following are — - Endangered . An endangered species or subspecies is one whose prospects for survival within that State are in immediate danger. T - Threatened or R -Rare..... ee ee A threatened or rare species is one which is likely to be- come endangered within that State in the forseeable future. £/T - Endangered/Threatened or R/E - Rare/Endangered These phrases have basically the same meaning. The State in this case has not differentiated between endangered, threatened, or rare, so the general term is used. This classification should be considered "endangered." American birds, 5th edition. Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore, Md. 691 pp. (plus supplements). SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES REFERENCES 1. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural 9. . 1975. Report of the committee on conservation. Resources. n.d. Endangered and threatened animals of Auk 92 (4, Suppl.):1B-16B. Alabama. Ala. Dep. Conserv. Nat. Resour., Mont- gomery, Ala. 9 pp. 10. . 1977. Report of the committee on conservation. Auk 94 (4, Suppl.):1DD-19DD. 2. Alabama Museum of Natural History, and Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 11. Arkansas Department of Planning. 1974. Arkansas 1976. Endangered and threatened plants and animals of natural area plan. Little Rock, Ark. 248 pp. Alabama. Ala. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 2. 93 pp. 12. Arizona Game and Fish Department. 1959. Arizona 3. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1973. Alaska’s wildlife—mammals. Phoenix, Ariz. wildlife and habitat. Van Cleve Printing, Anchorage, Alaska. 144 pp. + maps. 13. . 1976. Threatened wildlife in Arizona. Phoenix, Ariz. 8 pp. [Manuscript]. 4. Allen, D.L. 1956. Pheasants in North America. The Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 490 pp. 14. . 1977. Response to AES survey (and range maps) by Bob Barsch, Wildlife Planner. Phoenix, Ariz. 5. Anonymous. 1970. Reprint from: Wildlife, people and the land. Source unknown. Arnold, L.W. 1943. A study of the factors influenc- ing the management of and a suggested management 6. . 1975a. Panic in the pines. Audubon Mag. plan for the western winged dove in Arizona. Ariz. 77(3):88-117. Game Fish Comm. 103 pp. 7. .1977b. Peregrine falcon. Audubon Mag. 77(66): 15. Armstrong, D.M., University of Colorado, Boulder. 38. 1977. Personal communication. 8. American Ornithologists’ Union. 1957. Checklist of North 16. Autenrieth, R.E., and E. Fichter. 1975. On_ the behavior and socialization of pronghorn fawns. Wildl. Monogr. 42. 111 pp. 331 References Bailey, R.G. 1978. Descriptions of the ecoregions of the United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Intermtn. Reg., Ogden, Utah. 77 pp. 17. Barick, F., North Carolina Wildlife Resources Com- mission, Raleigh. 1978. Personal communication. 18. Bellrose, F. 1976. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. The Stackpole Co., Harrisburgh, Pa. 544 pp. 19. Bent, A.C. 1921. Life histories of North American gulls, terns and their allies. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 355 pp. 20. . 1923. Life histories of North American wild fowl. Parts 1&2. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 645 pp. 21. 1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 342 pp. 22. . 1953. Life histories of North American wood warblers. Smithson. Inst., Washington, D.C. 745 pp. 23 1961. Life histories of North American birds of prey. Part 2. 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Endangered or threatened species list of Louisiana. Baton Rouge, La. | p. [Unofficial list; manuscript.] Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, New Orleans. 1978. Personal communication. MacClintock, D. 1970. Squirrels of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, N.Y. 184 pp. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game. 1975. Power line rights-of-way, and wildlife manage- ment. Augusta. 5 pp. [Departmental working papers, unpubl.] Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wild- life. 1978. Personal communication. Augusta, Me. Mallette, R.D. n.d. Upland game of California. Calif. Dep. Fish Game. Sacramento, Calif. 76 pp. Manville, R.H., and S.P. Young. 1965. Distribu- tion of Alaskan mammals. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Cire. 211. Martin, C.A., H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants: a guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. 500 pp. Martinka, C.J. 1968. 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Personal communication. McKnight, T.L. 1958. The feral burro in the United States: distribution and problems. J. Wildl. Manage. 22(2): 163-179. Mech, L.D. 1966. The wolves of Isle Royale. U.S. Natl. Park Serv. Fauna Ser. 7. 210 pp. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Michigan’s endangered and threatened species program. Lansing, Mich. 30 pp. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 1975. The uncommon ones. St. Paul, Minn. 32 pp. Mississippi Game and Fish Commission. 1975. An order and regulations adopting an official list of endangered and threatened vertebrates in Mississippi. Jackson, Miss. 2 pp. Mississippi Rare and Endangered Species Com- mittee. 1975. A preliminary list of rare and threatened vertebrates in Mississippi. Jackson, Miss. 29 pp. Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1974. Rare and endangered species of Missouri. Jefferson City, Mo. Montana Department of Fish and Game, Environment and Information Division. 1974. A proposed list of endangered species of Montana wildlife. Helena, Mont. 2 pp. Montana Department of Fish and Game. 1972. Montana mammals. Reprinted from: 1959-1960 Montana Almanac. Bozeman, Mont. 4 pp. Montana Department of Fish and Game. 1977. Response to AES survey by Dennis L. Flath, Nongame Biologist. Bozeman, Mont. Montana Department of Fish and Game, Environ- ment and Information Division. 1978. A list of endangered species of Montana wildlife. Mont. Dep. Fish and Game. Helena, Mont. | p. Montanucci, R.R. 1965. Observations on the San Joaquin leopard lizard Crotaphytus wislizenii silus steyneger. Herpetologica 21(4):241-283. Moore, J.C. 1951. The status of the manatee in Everglades National Park, with notes on its natural history. J. Mammal. 32(1):22-36. 335 References 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 336 Morris, D. 1965. The mammals. Harper & Row, New York, N.Y. 448 pp. Munro, G.C. 1960. Birds of Hawaii. Bridgeway Press, Rutland, Vt. 400 pp. National Audubon Society. 1963. Birds of America. Doubleday & Co., Garden City, N.Y. 3 vols. 852 pp. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. 1972. The Nebraska fish and wildlife plan. Vol. 1. Lincoln, Nebr. 242 pp. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Wildlife Division. 1976. Nebraska’s endangered and threatened wildlife species lists and regulations. Lincoln, Nebr. 5 pp. [Manuscript.] —___—.. 1977. Response to AES survey (no name). Neff, J.A. 1940. Range, population and game status of the western whitewinged dove in Arizona. J. Wildl. Manage. 4(2):1 17-127. Nevada Department of Fish and Game. 1976. General Regulation 1(6), Classification of Wildlife. Reno, Nev. 7 pp. New Hampshire Fish and Game Department. 1977. List of New Hampshire wildlife found on Federal endangered list. Concord, N.H. ——____. 1978. Personal communication. Concord, N.H. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 1975. 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Response to AES survey by Frank Barick, Chief. Raleigh, N.C. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. . North Dakota State Game and Fish Department, Bismarck. 1978. Personal communication. . Nowak, R.M. 1972. The mysterious wolf of the South. Nat. Hist. 81(1):50-53, 74-77. Ohio Biological Survey. 1977. Response to AES survey (and enclosures on game animals in Ohio) by Charles C. King, Director. Columbus, Ohio. Ohio Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Endangered wild animals in Ohio. Publ. 316 (R576). Columbus, Ohio. 3 pp. [Official list.] Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City. 1978. Personal communication. Oklahoma State University, Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. 1977. Response to AES survey by Dr. James C. Lewis. Stillwater, Okla. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. 1977. Response to AES survey by Ron Freeman, Biolo- gist. Oklahoma City, Okla. 1975. Threatened Portland, Oreg. 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Rare and endangered vertebrates and plants of Oklahoma. U.S. Soil Conserv. Serv., Stillwater, Okla. 44 pp. Rhode Island Department of Natural Resources. 1977. Response to AES survey by J. Myers, Biologist. Providence, R.I. CHAPTER 3 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194, 195. 196. Robbins, C.S., B. Bruun, and H.S. Zim. 1966. A guide to field identification—birds of North America. Golden Press, New York, N.Y. 340 pp. Rosene, W. 1969. The bobwhite quail: its life and management. Rutgers University Press, New Bruns- wick, N.J. 418 pp. Rue, L.L., III. 1973. Game birds of North America (An outdoor life book). Harper & Row, New York, N.Y. 490 pp. Russell, R.W., and J.D. Anderson. 1956. A disjunct population of the long-nosed salamander from the coast of California. Herpetologica 12:137-140. Sanderson, G.C., ed. 1977. Management of migra- tory shore and upland game birds in North America. Intl. Assoc. Fish Wildl. 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South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. 1975. Amendment to Section 28-729 and 28-731, 1962 South Carolina Code of Laws (concerning endangered species). Columbia, S.C. . 1977, Response to AES survey by Kenneth B. Stansell, Supervisor, Nongame-Endangered Species Section. Columbia, S.C. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. 1976. South Dakota 1976-77 hunting guide. Pierre, S.D. 32 pp. 1977. Endangered and threatened species. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. References S. Dak. Code of Laws Section 34A-8 and 41.10. Sparks, D.R. 1968. Diet of black-tailed jack- rabbits on sandhill rangeland in Colorado. J. Range Manage. 21(4):203-208. Spencer, D.A. 1976. Wintering bald eagle. Natl. Agric. Chem. Assoc., Wash., D.C. 170 pp. Spencer, D.L., and C.J. Lensink. 1970. The muskox of Nunivak Island, Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 34(1):1-15. Sprunt, A. 1954. Florida bird life. Natl. 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Ser. 5. 428 pp. Turkowski, F.J. 1975. Dietary adaptability of the desert cottontail. J. Wildl. Manage. 39(4):748-756. University of Arizona, Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. 1977. Response to AES survey by Dr. Lyle K. Sowls, Professor. Tucson, Ariz. . University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service. 1977. Response to AES survey by James E. Miller, Forester/ Wildlife Specialist. Little Rock, Ark. University of Connecticut. 1977. Response to AES survey by Dr. R.D. McDowell, Wildlife Professor. Storrs, Conn. . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Resources Section, and University of Washington Insti- tute for Environmental Studies. 1975. Washington envir- onmental atlas. U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 114 pp. 227. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1972. Rare and endangered plant and animal species (for N. Dak.). Environ. Memo. ND-3. 8 pp. 228. U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 1970. Hawaii’s endangered waterbirds. Portland, Oreg. 30 pp. 229. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1976. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. Federal Register 41(208): 47181-47198. 230. 1974. Hawaii : endangered forest birds. Kailus, Hawaii. 30 pp. 231. . 1977a. Endangered and threatened species list for Washington State as found in the October 27, 1976, Federal Register. Olympia, Wash. (Ecological Services Office). 1 p. [Typewritten.] 232. . 1977b. Response to AES survey by Mr. Ed Aderkas. Sacramento, Calif. (Ecological Services Office.) 233. ___. 1977c. Response to AES survey by Leon G. Colborn, Acting Field Supervisor. Vicksburg, Miss. (Ecological Services Office.) 234. ____. 1977d. Response to AES survey by Leon G. Colborn, Acting Field Supervisor. Vicksburg, Miss. (Field Office.) 235. 1977e. Response to AES survey by R.A. Hoope, Supervisor. Green Bay, Wis. (Ecological Services Office.) 236. . 1977f. Response to AES survey by Jerome L. Johnson, Field Supervisor. Fort Worth, Tex. (Eco- logical Services Office.) 237. . 1977g. Response to AES survey by Maurice H. Taylor, Field Supervisor. Honolulu, Hawaii. (Ecological Services Office.) 238. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 1976. Status of selected animal species in Utah. Salt Lake City, Utah. 8 pp. [Manuscript.] 239. Vermont Department of Fish and Game. 1977. Response to AES survey by Benjamin Day, Biologist, Montpelier, Vt. 240. .1975. Endangered species list for the State of Vermont. Section 3651(3)(A) and Section 3651 (3)(B) of Title 13, Vermont Statutes Annotated. 241. Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, Va. 1978. Personal communication. 242. Virginia Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. n.d. Endangered and rare vertebrates of Virginia. Blacksburg, Va. 5 pp. [Manuscript.] 243. Walkinshaw, L. 1973. Cranes of the world. Winchester Press, New York, N.Y. 273 pp. 244. Washington Department of Game. 1974. Classification CHAPTER 3 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. of wildlife in Washington. Olympia, Wash. 2 pp. [Manuscript.] Wauer, R.H. 1973. Birds of Big Bend National Park and vicinity. University of Texas Press, Austin, Tex. 223 pp. Welles, R.E., and F.B. Welles. 1961. The bighorn of Death Valley. U.S. Natl. Park Serv. Fauna Ser. 6. 242 pp. Wellner, C.A., and F.D. Johnson, eds. 1974. Research natural area needs in Idaho—a first estimate. Pages 91-96 in Report of the natural areas workshop. Boise, Idaho. West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1978. Charleston, W. Va. Personal communication. West Virginia Department of Natural Resources, Heritage Trust Program. 1977. Response to AES survey by Dr. Dale E. Pike. Charleston, W. Va. Wetzel, J.F., J.R. Wambaugh, and J.M. Peek. 1975. Appraisal of white-tailed deer winter habitat in north- eastern Minnesota. J. Wildl. Manage. 39(1):59-66. Wigal, D.D. 1973. A survey of the nesting habitats of the whitewinged dove in Arizona. Ariz. Game Fish Dep. Spec. Rep. 2. 37 pp. SELECTED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. References Wilbur, S.R. 1974. The status of the light-footed clapper rail. Am. Birds 28(51):868-870. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1955. Endangered animals in Wisconsin. Madison, Wisc. 10 pp. . 1975. Wisconsin endangered species list. Pages 202-10 and 202-11 in Administrative Code, Wisconsin Register, Sept. 1975 (237). Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne. 1978. Personal communication. Wyoming Wildlife Federation. 1977. Response to AES survey by H.L. Trejo. Rawlins, Wyo. Yocom, C., and R.F. Dasmann. n.d. The Pacific coastal wildlife region. Revised ed. Naturegraph Co., Healdsburg, Calif. 120 pp. Yocom, C., and V. Brown. 1971. Wildlife and plants of the Cascades. Naturegraph Co., Healdsburg, Calif. 286 pp. Zarn, M., T. Heller, and K. Collins. 1977. Wild, free-roaming burros—status of present knowledge. U.S. Dep. Inter./U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Note 296. 65 pp. Zimmerman, D.R. 1978. A technique called cross- fostering may help save the whooping crane. Smithsonian 9(6):52-63. 339 achene A one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with seed attached to fruit wall at one point only, derived from a superior ovary. acorn The fruit of the oak; a nut in a hardened scaly cup. aggregate fruit A group of separate fruits developed from one flower. allelopathic inhibition The influence of one living plant upon another due to secretion of toxic substances. alluvial soil A soil, recently deposited by running water, showing practically no horizon development (save Al formation) or other modification. alternating current (AC) A current that reverses direction in regular cycles. altricial Referring to those birds that after hatching are helpless and require parental care for a period of time. annual Living one year. anthesis The time when the flower expands and opens or the process of expansion and opening. anthocarp Structure in which fruit is united with perianth or receptacle. apical dominance The upward growth of terminal shoot meristems that inhibits the growth of underlying lateral buds. awn A bristle-shaped appendage at the end or on the back or edge of an organ. axil The angle formed between a plant axis and any organ developing from it (e.g., a leaf axil). barrier effect The inhibition of the movement or reproductive behavior of an endangered species when its habitat is fragmented bya ROW. basal leaves With branches from ground level. bench Level or gently sloping land surrounded by steeper slopes above and below it. berry Fleshy fruit. biennial Living two years; usually flowering the second year. bifid Forked; that is, having two equal parts. bipinnate A leaf two times pinnately compounded. blowdown An area where wind has blown over all tall-growing vegetation. bog An extremely wet, poorly drained area characterized by a float- ing, spongy mat of vegetation, composed of sphagnum, sedges, and heaths. bract Modified leaf found in the inflorescence. browse Leaves, stems, twigs, bark, and wood of woody plants con- sumed by animals. bulb A short, erect, underground stem surrounded by fleshy leaves. bur Any rough or prickly involucre or pericarp. cabling A vegetation maintenance technique in which a 150 foot to 200 foot 1.5 inch cable is dragged between two tractors to break off or uproot plants. caespitose See “cespitose.” calcareous soils Of soils made alkaline by calcium carbonate or calcium magnesium bicarbonate. callus Wound tissue. Generally, soft parenchymatous tissue that develops after the wounding of a plant, tending to cover the wound. Specifically, a caplike mass of callose that covers the sieve plates of nonfunctioning sieve tubes. calyx The outermost layer of modified leaves, sepals. canopy A network of the uppermost branches of a forest which partially or fully cover the understory. capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from a two or more carpelled ovary. Glossary carpellate Plant with female or pistillate flowers. caryopsis A one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with the seed coat attached to the fruit wall. cauline Leaves more or less distributed evenly on a stem. cespitose Short, much-branched; a plant forming a cushion. chaining A vegetation maintenance technique in which a heavy anchor chain is dragged between two tractors to break off or uproot plants. chipping A process of slash disposal in which a machine is used to grind up large pieces of wood into small chips. circuit, double Referring to a transmission line that has two separate circuits (each with three phases). circuit,single Referring to a transmission line that has only one electri- cal circuit consisting of three phases. clear cut Removal of all trees in an area in one cutting operation. coalesce To grow together or into one body. coalescent The union of similar parts (¢.g., the petals of a flower). coma A tuft of hairs especially at the tips of seeds. community An assemblage of animal and plant populations that live together in a prescribed area or habitat. compaction Firm, concentrated soil caused by pressure on top layers (e.g., bulldozing). composites Members of the plant family Compositae (Asteraceae). conductor A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. cone The reproductive structure of pine, fir, and other conifers, consisting of an axis to which are attached many woody, overlapping scales which bear seeds. conifer (coniferous) Cone-bearing. continental Having large annual and daily ranges in temperature. cordate Of a conventional heart shape. corm The enlarged, solid, fleshy base of a stem with scales; an upright underground storage stem. corolla The whorl of petals above the sepals. corymb A flat-topped or convex indeterminate cluster of flowers. cover Plants or objects used by wildlife for protection from predators and adverse weather and for rearing their young. cover type The dominant plant type covering an area (e.g., aspen cover type). culm A stem of a grass (e.g., bamboo); sometimes a sedge that is typically hollow between nodes. culvert A drainage device designed to prevent erosion near roads. cuneate Obitriangular; inversely triangular. danger tree Any tree adjacent to a transmission line right-of-way that could fall into or otherwise endanger the line. dieback A diseased condition of the peripheral, aboveground struc- tures of woody plants caused by parasites or other agents (e.g., winter injury). deciduous Of any plant organ or group of organs that is shed naturally — leaf-losing. Of perennial plants that are normally leafless for some time during the year. decumbent Reclining or lying on the ground with the tips ascending. deer yard An area of heavy cover where deer congregate in winter for food and shelter. dehiscent Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or anther. deltoid Triangular in shape. dentate Toothed; referring to margins of leaves. 341 Glossary den tree A tree, either hollow or having holes, that is utilized by various animals for cover and nesting. digitate Several members arising from the summit of support. Said especially of spikes from the summit of a stalk of clustered flowers. dioecious Unisexual flowers; having the staminate and pistillate on different plants. Also refers to gymnosperms with pollen and seed cones on different individuals. direct current(DC) Electric current with no change in the direction of electron flow and with only slightly varied magnitude. disking A vegetation maintenance technique that cuts, lifts, and inverts vegetation while scarifying the soil. diurnal Active during the day. drupe (druplet) A fleshy fruit with a stony endocarp. A druplet is a small drupe. ecological characteristics The basic information about a species, including distribution, habitat, reproduction, growth characteristics and needs, and responses to habitat changes. ecosystem The interaction of a community of living organisms with their nonliving surroundings. ecotone The transition zone between two or more biotic communities (e.g., the ecotone between forest and prairie). edge The transition zone between two or more vegetation types (i.e., the edge between a field and a forest). ellipsoid Solidly-shaped, with an elliptical outline. elliptic With widest axis at midpoint of structure and with margins symmetrically curved. endangered species A species whose chances for survival are in imme- diate danger. Endangered Species Act of 1973—PL93-205; 87 Stat. 884 A law providing a means to protect and conserve endangered or threatened species and their habitats. endemic Native to a particular region. epiphyte A plant growing on, but not nourished by, another plant. epicormic Growing from a dormant bud exposed to light and air. exotic species A species not native to a geographical area in which it is found. fascicle A bundle or cluster of flowers. feral Having reverted to a wild state after being domesticated at one time (e.g., feral hogs). filter strip A protective area of absorbent, undisturbed soil between access roads and streams, preventing runoff. flashover A sudden electrical surge between two conductors that causes an arc. flats Level tracts of land with little or no relief. follicle A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel that splits along a suture. forage All plants available to wildlife or livestock for feeding. fronds Leaves of a fern. fuelbreak A cleared strip in a wooded area that serves as a line of fire defense. furbearer A mammal commonly harvested for its hide. fusiform In spindle shape; that is, widest at the middle and tapering gradually to each pointed end, the body being circular in cross- section. gestation The length of time from conception to birth. girdling The act of encircling a tree with cuts through the cambium layer to kill the tree. glabrous Smooth; not hairy. glacial drift. A deposit of soils and minerals transported by a glacier. glacial till A clay subsoil originally transported and deposited by a glacier. glandular hairs Hair-bearing glands or glandlike appendages. globose Spherical, globular. glumes Bracts, usually occurring in pairs, at the base of a grass spikelet. 342 grading A restoration method to return soil to its original contour on construction sites that will no longer be used. habit Characteristic mode of growth or occurrence in plants. habitat An area where an organism and all its life requirements can be found; the natural environment of a plant or animal. halophyte A plant that is more or less restricted to saline soil or to sites that are influenced by salt water. heath layer A layer of vegetation consisting of members of the Ericaceae. hinge-cutting The act of cutting through a tree trunk enough to fell it but leave a strip of wood and bark attached. home range The area within which an animal commonly travels to find all its life requirements. hummock A round, conical hollock or knoll; a slight rise in ground- level. indehiscent Not opening by valves, or any other means; persistently closed. inflorescence The flowering part of a plant, and especially the mode of its movement. insectivorous Adapted to feeding on insects. insulator A material of such low conductivity that the flow of current through it can usually be neglected. interspersion The actual mixing of habitat types at an edge. involute Having edges rolled inward over upper surface. kilovolt (kV) A unit of electromotive force equal to 1000 volts. lanceolate Lance-shaped; about 4 times as long as wide and broadest below or about the middle. lacustrine Relating to or formed in lakes. leaflet A distinct and separate segment of a leaf. legume A usually dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel that splits along two sutures. lemmas Outer scales subtending a grass floret. lenticular Lens-shaped; biconvex. ligulate Having a tonguelike outgrowth at the base of blade or top of sheath. loam A soil consisting of an easily crumbled mixture of clay, sand, and silt. locule Compartment of an anther; ovary cavity. loess A loam mixture, ranging from clay to fine sand with calcareous elements, that is extensively prevalent in the Continental U.S. marsh A low, treeless, wet area, characterized by sedges, rushes, and cattails. mericarp A portion of fruit that seemingly matured as a separate fruit. metamorphic Changing mineral constitution; compact, highly crystalline. moraines A deposit of glacial drift at the foot or sides or along the bottom of a glacier; typically ridges of irregular form, save for the ground moraine which is gently rolling or hummocky, and composed largely of till. muck farm A cultivated area of wet, fertile soil marked by the presence of decaying plant matter. muskegs A tract of partly forested peatland supporting mosses (typically sphagnum), shrubby plants, and scattered spruce and larch. nocturnal Active at night. oblanceolate Lanceolate with the broadest part toward the apex. obovate Inversely ovate. obovoid Having the form of an egg with the broad end apical. omnivore An animal that eats both plant and animal matter. oolitic Consisting of calcareous, granular limestone; sometimes containing silica or iron oxide. orbicular Circular. outwash Soils and minerals transported down slopes by rainwater to settle on adjacent lower land. ovate With widest axis below middle and with margins symmetrically curved; egg-shaped. ovoid fruit Fruit having an oval or ovate body. pala ity The degree of desirability of a plant as food to an animal. palmately compound Leaflets arising from one point at end of a petiole. panicle Branched inflorescence with clusters of flowers. papilla A minute, nipple-shaped projection. pappus_Bristly or scaly calyx in composites. parasitic Growing on and deriving nourishment from another organism. perennial Living more than two years. perianth In angiosperms, the floral envelope generally differentiated into a calyx (an outer layer of sepals) and a corolla (an inner ring of petals). pericarp Fruit wall. perigynium Fused scales, a sac, around the pistil or ovary. petiolate With a petiole or leaf stalk. phloem The tissues of the inner bark, characterized by the presence of sieve tubes and serving for the transport of foodstuffs. pinnate Leaflets arranged along a common axis, the rachis. pneumatophores Submerged or exposed roots that havea respiratory function. pocosin An upland swamp of the southeast coastal plain. pod A dry, dehiscent fruit. Podzolic Refers to soils that are matted at the surface; developed ina moist climate with coniferous and other vegetative influences. pome A fleshy fruit derived from an inferior compound ovary and receptacle. precocial Referring to those birds that are active and able to move about at an early age. prescribed burn Intentional burning of an area under selected fuel, moisture, and wind conditions to be able to contain the fire to a desired area and intensity. prickles Sharp-pointed projections from the epidermis or cortex of any organ. prostrate Trailing or lying flat, not rooting at the nodes. puberulent Covered with soft, minute hairs. pubescent Covered with dense or scattered hairs. pyriform Pear-shaped. raceme Unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with clusters of flowers. rachis The elongated axis of an inflorescence. rating The operating limit of a conductor, expressed in voltage frequency. reniform Kidney-shaped. resistance That property of a conductor in virtue of which the passage of a current is opposed, causing electric energy to be transformed into heat. reticulate With veins forming a network. revolute With the margins or the tip rolled backward. rhizome (rhizomatous) A stem, generally modified (particularly for storing food materials), that grows below the ground surface and produces adventitious roots, scale leaves, and suckers irregularly along its length, not just at nodes. riparian Relating to or bordering a natural waterway. roller chopping A maintenance method creating minimum slash and disturbance by flattening and cutting smaller vegetation with a biade mounted on metal drums. root revetment An underground network of roots that sustains a stream embankment, preventing erosion. root sucker A shoot arising horizontally from a root below ground level. rootstock A root-bearing plant or plant part, generally a stem or root, onto which another plant part is grafted; or, the collective roots ina stand, capable of sprouting. rosulate Leaves from a cluster (rosette) developed in a crowded crown of circles or spirals. samara A winged, dry fruit. Glossary savanna Essentially lowland, tropical and subtropical grassland, with a scattering of trees and shrubs. scabrous Covered with rough projections, harsh to touch. scalping A maintenance method that uses a heavy blade to scrape the plants and topsoil layer off a site. scapes Naked, or lightly scaled, flowering stems arising from the ground. scarify To break or loosen hard ground. scarious Thin and dry, appearing shriveled. scat Animal fecal matter. schizocarp A dry fruit with the carpels separating at maturity. selective cut Removal of trees with certain specific qualities such as those of a given species or size. semimarine Referring toa climate controlled by oceanic winds and air masses with a relatively limited range in temperature and high humidity. sepal One of the flower parts of an outer series forming a calyx. serrate Saw-toothed; teeth sharp and ascending, with a 1/16 to 1/8 inch distance to midrib or midvein. sessile Without a petiole or leaf stalk. shelterbelt A strip of tall-growing plants planted or left standing in prairie areas to help reduce wind erosion of topsoil. silicle A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from two or more carpels that dehisce along two sutures and which has a persistent partition after dehiscence and is as broad or broader than long. silique A silicle-type fruit that is longer than broad. slash Woody material left after a cutting operation. snag A standing dead tree from which most of the branches have fallen. spadix Unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with flowers embedded in the rachis. spathe A sheathing leaf subtending or enclosing an inflorescence. spathulate Oblong or obovate apically with a long attenuate base. species A group of individuals reproductively isolated from other groups of individuals under natural conditions. spicate Arranged in or resembling a spike. spikelets Small spikes; the basic inflorescence unit in grasses and sedges. sporangium Spore sac; a structure containing spores. spore A reproductive body, characteristic of the lower plants, con- sisting of one or a few cells and never containing an embryo. staghead The leafless or dead uppermost branches of a tree. static or ground wire A lead from anelectrical apparatus to the ground or to a grounded connnection. stellate Star-shaped. stipules Paired scales, spines, glands, or bladelike structures at the base of a petiole. stolon (stoloniferous) A stem or branch from a base plant that grows along or down to the ground surface, taking root at its nodes. strobilus Stem with short internodes and spore-bearing appendages. subherbaceous Slightly having the characteristics of an herb, somewhat leaflike in color and texture. subsidence Flattened soil caused by pressure on top layers (e.g., bulldozing). succulent Juicy, fresh. sunscald Injury of woody plants caused by intense summer heat and light, characterized by local tissue death and occasionally, cankers. swamp A wet area that usually has standing trees. tableland A broad, elevated plain; plateau; mesa. threatened species Likely to become endangered in the near future. trifoliate Three leaflets, pinnately compounded with terminal leaflets longer than lateral; palmately compounded with leaflets equal in length. trigonous Three-angled. trilocular Having three loculi chambers or cells. tripinnate Referring to a leaf compounded three times. 343 Glossary tubercle A small tuber or tuberlike body, often due to symbiotic relation of organisms. tufted Formed into a tuft or cluster of short-stalked flowers, leaves, or other vegetation, growing from a common point. tuberoid roots Fleshy, thickened roots, resembling a tuber. umbels Flat-topped or convex inflorescence with the flower stalks arising from a common point. understory Foilage consisting of seedlings, shrubs, or herbs that lies beneath and is shaded by canopy or taller plants. ungulate A hoofed mammal. utricle A small, bladdery or inflated, one-seeded, dry fruit. villous Having long and soft (not interwoven) hairs. voltage Electromotive force, expressed in volts (v). wetland Any area where the water table is near or above the surface of the land during a significant part of the year. whorl A group of leaves or other structures at a single node. wildlife All nondomesticated animals living in a natural environment. windthrow Uprooting and inversion of trees by strong winds. wolf tree A tree of dominant size and position that usurps light and space from smaller understory, preventing its growth. xeric Low or deficient in moisture for the support of plant life. xerophyte A plant with the adapted structures for survival in a xeric or highly acid or saline environment (e.g., epidermal thickening, dense pubescence, resinous coating). Index to Plant Species and Communities by Section Number, Alaska Range, 63, 65 alder, 28, 41 American Desert, 44, 54, 65 Americal elm, 31 Appalachian Oak Forest, 33 Arctic Tundra, 63, 65 Arizona upland associations, 54 upland Sonoran desertscrub, 60 ash, green, 31 aspen, 28, 43, 45 Badlands, 49 baldcypress, 30 basswood, 29 bear oak, 29 beech, 28 Beech—Maple Forest, 33 Beech—Sweetgum— Magnolia—Pine—Oak Bering Tundra, 63, 65 big sagebrush, 44 bigleaf maple, 41 birches, 28 black cottonwood, 41 black gum, 30 black locust, 29 black spruce, 28 black walnut, 31 blackberries, 28 blackjack oak, 29 Blackland Prairie, 36 blueberries, 45 Bluestem—Grama Prairie, 38 Bluestem Prairie, 36, 38 Bonneville Saltbush—Greasewood, 51 Brooks Range, 63, 65 bur oak, 29, 31 California Chaparral, 42, 58, 65 Grassland, 42, 48, 65 Mixed Evergreen Forest, 56 California-laurel, 41 cedar, white, 28 Cedar—Hemlock— Douglas-fir Forest, 55, 56 chaparral California, 42, 58, 65 interior, 52, 53, 54 montane, 51, 61 cherries, 29 Chihuahuan Desert, 44, 53, 65 desertscrub, 52 riparian, 44 chinquapin oak, 31 coastal plain portion, southeastern, 35 Coastal Prairie and Marshes, 36 Colorado Great Sand Dunes, 38, 49 Plateau, 45, 61, 65 River associations, lower, 54 Columbia Forest, 45, 55, 65 conifers, 28, 43, 45, 51, 52 Volumes 2 and 3 cottonwood black, 41 eastern, 30 cottonwood—willow forest, 52, 54 Creosote Bush, 54 Creosote Bush—Bur Sage, 54 Cross Timbers, 36, 38 cypress savannas, 39 swamps, 39 Dakota Sandstone, 38 Desert American, 44, 54, 65 Chihuahuan, 44, 53, 65 desertscrub Chihuahuan, 52 Great Basin, 61 Sonoran, 52, 54 dogwoods, 29 Douglas-fir, 41, 45 Douglas-fir Forest, 55, 59 dry forest (Hawaiian), 64 eastern cottonwood, 30 Eastern Deciduous Forest, 29, 33, 40 Eastern Ponderosa Pine Forest, 38, 49 Edwards Plateau, 37 elm, American, 31 Engelmann spruce, 45 Everglades, 30, 39, 40 Evergreen Forest California Mixed, 56 Madrean, 52, 53, 54, 60 Fayette Prairie, 36 ferns, 28 fir grand, 41 noble, 41 Pacific silver, 41 red, 42 subalpine, 41 white, 42 Floodplain Forest, Southern, 34 Foothill Grassland, 49 Gila Mountains riparian, 60, 65 upper forest, 60 Grama —Bluestem (Mixed Prairie), 38, 49 —Buffalo Grass, 49 —Galleta Steppe/Juniper—Pinyon Woodland, 61 —Needlegrass— Wheatgrass, 49 —Tobosa, 53 grand fir, 41 Grand Fir—Douglas-fir Forest, 59 grapes, 29 grasses, 42, 44, 45 grassland California, 42, 48, 65 Foothill, 49 Great Basin, 61 montane, 60, 61 Palouse, 43, 50, 65 Plains, 52, 61 semidesert, 52, 54 subalpine, 60, 61 greasewood, 44 Great Basin desertscrub sagebrush subdivision, 51, 61 shadscale subdivision, 51, 61 fasciation, 51 Rocky Mountain conifer woodland, 54 60, 61 Sagebrush, 51 saltwater marsh, 51 Great Plains Short-grass Prairie, 46, 49, 65 green ash, 31 gum, black, 30 hackberry, 30, 31 Hawaiian Islands, 64, 65 hardwood forest mixed, 29 Northern, 28, 32 Southern, 30 hazelnuts, 28 hemlock, western, 41 hickory pignut, 31 shagbark, 31 High Plains Short-grass, 38, 49 honey-locust, 31 honeysuckle, Japanese, 30 huckleberries, 45 inkberry, 30 interior chaparral, 52, 53, 54, 60 Interior Forest, 63, 65 Intermountain Sagebrush, 43, 51, 65 jack pine, 28 Japanese honeysuckle, 30 juniper, Rocky Mountain, 43 Juniper —Oak Savanna, 37 —Oak— Mesquite, 37 —Pinyon Woodland, 61 kudzu, 30 Lahontan Saltbush—Greasewood, 51 Larch, western, 41 laurel-leaved oak, 30 Laurentian mixed forest, 28, 40 live oak, 30, 31, 42 loblolly pine, 30 locust black, 29 honey, 31 lodgepole pine, 41, 46 longleaf pine, 30 Lower Colorado River associations, 54 Madrean evergreen woodland, 52, 53, 54, 60 mangroves, 30 mangrove swamp, 39 maple, 28 bigleaf, 41 mountain, 28 345 Index red, 28 silver, 28, 31 striped, 28 sugar, 28 vine, 41 Maple— Basswood Forest, 33 marshland American Desert, 54 Chihuahuan Desert, 53 Gila Mountains, 60 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe, 52 mesic forest (Hawaiian), 64 Mesquite —Acacia, 37 —Buffalo Grass, 37, 38, 49 —Live Oak Savanna, 37 —saltcedar scrublands, 53 —saltcedar woodlands, 52, 54, 60 Savanna, 37 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe, 44, 52, 65 Missouri Breaks Scrub-pine, 49 mixed broadleaf riparian forest, 52 mixed confier, 43, 45 mixed hardwood forests, 28, 29 Mixed Mesophytic Forest, 33 mixed prairie, 38, 49 mixed swamps, 39 Mojave —Colorado—Sonoran desert, 44, 54, 65 desertscrub, 54 Montana Sandland, 49 montane chaparral, 51, 61 mountain-laurel, 29 mountain maple, 28 Nebraska Sandhills, 38 nobel fir, 41 North Dakota Sandhills Tall-grass, 38 Northeastern Colorado Sandhills, 38, 49 Northern Hardwood Forests, 28, 32 oaks, 29 bear, 29 blackjack, 29 bur, 29, 31 chinquapin, 31 laurel-leaved, 30 live, 30, 31 shrub live, 42 pin, 29 post, 29 shinnery, 38, 49 tanbark, 41 Oak + Bluestem Parkland, 36 Oak—Hickory Forest, 33, 36 Oak—Hickory—Bluestem Parkland, 36 Oak Savanna, 33, 36, 38 Outer Coastal Plain Forest, 30, 34, 40 Pacific Forest, 41, 56, 63, 65 Palouse Grassland, 43, 50, 65 pecan, 30, 31 perennial grasses, 42 persimmon, 30 piedmont portion, southeastern, 35 pignut hickory, 31 pin oak, 29 pine flatwoods/ savannas, 39 forests, southern, 30 346 jack, 28 loblolly, 30 lodgepole, 41, 46 longleaf, 30 mountain, 42 pinyon, 43 pitch, 29 pond, 30 ponderosa, 42, 45, 46 red, 28 Rocky Mountain white, 42 sand, 30 shortleaf, 30 slash, 30 sugar, 42 Virginia, 29 white, 28 Pinyon Pine—Juniper, 43, 44, 49 pitch pine, 29 Plains Grassland, 52, 61 pond pine, 30 ponderosa pine, 42, 45, 46 —Douglas-fir Forest, 59 Eastern Forest, 38 Shrub Forest, 51 post oak, 29 Prairie Bluestem, 36, 38 Brushland, 31, 37, 40 Coastal, 36 Everglades, 39 Great Plains Short-grass, 46, 49, 65 Parkland, 31, 36, 40 Tall-grass, 31, 38, 40 rainforest (Hawaiian), 64 red alder, 41 red fir, 42 red pine, 28 redwood, 41 Redwood Forest, 56 rhododendron, 29 Rio Grande Plain, 37 riparian communities American Desert, 44 Chihuahuan Desert, 44 cottonwood—willow forest/ woodland, 52, 54 Creosote Bush, 54 deciduous forest/ woodland Gila Mountain, 60 Mexican highlands, 52 marshland, 52, 53, 54, 60 mesquite—saltcedar forest, 52, 53, 54, 60 mixed broadleaf forest, 52 scrublands, 52, 53, 54 subtropical, 52 temperate, 52, 54 vegetation, 44 Rocky Mountain conifer forest/ woodland, 52, 53, 60, 61 Great Basin, 51, 61 /montane, 52, 54, 61 southern, 52, 53 Forest, 45, 59, 65 juniper, 43 subalpine conifer forest—Great Basin, 51 white pine, 42 Sagebrush, big, 44 Sagebrush Great Basin, 51 Intermountain, 43, 65 —Saltbush, 49 —Wheatgrass, 49, 51, 62 Sand Dunes, Colorado Great, 38, 49 sand pine, 30 sand pine scrub, 39 Sand Bluestem—Switchgrass—Indian-grass, 38 —Sagebrush—Bluestem, 38, 49 Sandhills Nebraska, 38 North Dakota Tall-grass, 38 Northeastern Colorado, 38, 49 Sandstone, Dakota, 38 sassafras, white, 29 semidesert grassland, 52, 54 serviceberry, 29 shagbark hickory, 31 shinnery oak, 38, 49 Short-grass, High Plains, 38, 49 shortleaf pine, 30 shrub live oak, 42 shrubs, 28, 29, 30, 42, 45 Shrub Steppe, Mexican Highlands, 44, 52, 65 Sierran Forest, 42, 57, 65 Silver Fir—Douglas-fir Forest, 56 silver fir, Pacific, 41 silver maple, 28, 31 sitka spruce, 41 Sitka Spruce—Cedar— Hemlock Forest, 56 slash pine, 30 slash pinelands, south Florida, 39 Sonoran desertscrub, 52, 54 south Florida slash pinelands, 39 southeastern Colorado Great Sand Dunes, 38, 49 Southeastern Mixed Forest, 30, 35, 40 coastal plain portion, 35 piedmont portion, 35 southern Floodplain Forest, 34 pine forests, 30 Rocky Mountain conifer forest, 53, 60, 61 spicebush, 29 spruce black, 28 Engelmann, 45 sitka, 41 Spruce—Fir Forest, 28, 32, 45 striped maple, 28 Subalpine conifer forest, 60 conifer forest—Rocky Mountain Fasciation, 61 fir, 41 —Lodgepole— Douglas-fir forest, 49 montane grasslands, 60, 61 sugar hackberry, 30 sugar maple, 28 sugar pine, 42 sumacs, 29 swamp cypress, 39 mangrove, 39 mixed, 39 sweet-fern, 28 sweetgum, 30 sycamore, 31 Tall-grass Prairie, 31, 38, 40 Tamaulipan thornscrub, 53 tanbark oak, 41 Tarbush—Creosote Bush, 53 Texas Central Basin, 37 tropical hammock, 39 tulip-poplar, 29 Tundra Arctic, 63, 65 Bering, 63, 65 Upper Gila Mountains Forest, 45, 60, 65 vine maple, 41 Virginia pine, 28 walnut, black, 31 western hemlock, 41 western larch, 41 Wheatgrass —Bluestem—Needlegrass, 38 —Needlegrass, 49 —Needlegrass—Sagebrush, 62 white cedar, 28 ‘iy U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-651 -587 Index white fir, 42 white pine, 28 white sassafras, 29 Willamette—Puget Forest, 41, 47, 65 willow, 30, 44 winter-fat, 44 witch-hazel, 29 woodland, Madrean evergreen, 52, 53, 54, 60 Wyoming Basin, 46, 62, 65 yaupon, 30 Yukon Forest, 63, 65 Yukon Parkland, 63, 65 347