HomeMy WebLinkAboutTelida Reconnaissance Study of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 1981OF
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS & ALTERNATIVES
FOR
TELIDA
INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. A MORRISON-KNUDSEN COMPANY ROBERT W. RETHERFORD ASSOCIATES DIVISION
TELIDA SUPPLEMENT
TO
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
OF
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
FOR
BUCKLAND, CHUATHBALUK, CROOKED CREEK
HUGHES, KOYUKUK, NIKOLAI, RED DEVIL,
RUSSIAN MISSION, SHELDON POINT, SLEETMUTE,
STONY RIVER, TAKOTNA AND TELIDA
MAY 1981
Prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Co., Inc.
Anchorage, Alaska
For the
State of Alaska
Department of Commerce and Economic Development
Division of Alaska Power Authority
333 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Under Contract No. AS44.56.010
APA 20/T1 A “20
This report was prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Company
R.W. Retherford, P.E.
Frank J. Bettine, E.1.T.
James J. Lard, E.1.T.
Mark Latour, Economist
Illustrations on the front cover were prepared and sketched by
Kathryn L. Langman. These illustrations portray several energy
resource alternatives investigated for the Thirteen Villages
included in this study.
APA 20/T2
Section No fF wWwhr APPENDIX A
APA*32C1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary and Results
Recommendations
Existing Conditions and Energy Balance
Energy Requirements Forecast
Resource and Technology Assessment
Energy Plans
Description of Selected Technologies
1.2
2.1
3.1
4.1
5.1
6.1
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
APA*32C2
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
A. SUMMARY
A study was recently conducted under contract number AS44.56.010 for the
State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Divi-
sion of Alaska Power Authority to determine the energy alternatives for
Thirteen Western Alaskan Villages. This study consists of establishing
the following:
Energy Balance for 1979
Existing Power and Heating Facilities - 1980
Electric Power Requirements to the year 2000
Space Heating Requirement to the year 2000
Potential Energy and Electric Power Resources
Evaluation of the Electric Power Resources
Recommendations for the development or future studies
for the 13 Western Alaskan villages of Buckland, Hughes, Koyukuk, Telida,
Nikolai, Takotna, Stony River, Sleetmute, Red Devil, Crooked Creek,
Chuathbaluk, Russian Mission and Sheldon Point (See Figure 1.1).
The Telida supplement represents a brief summary of the most pertinent
facts and findings contained in the original report which relate to the
village of Telida. Detailed data concerning the village may be obtained
by referring to the original report.
Diesel fuels are presently used to satisfy the major percentage of energy
demands in the village. Emphasis in the study was therefore placed on
possible resources and technologies that could replace or at least supple-
ment the use of increasingly costly fuel oi]. The energy alternatives which
were selected for detailed evaluation in the village of Telida include: 1!
1) Diesel generation
2) Waste Heat Recovery
3) Binary Cycle generation using wood fuel
4) Wind generation
5) Passive solar heating
6) Energy conservation
1 See Appendix A for brief description of technologies listed.
1-1
APA*32H1
BARROW
CCkay,
Nootok River
BUCKLAND
HUGHES
KOYUKUK
RUSSIAN MISSION
@eSnounnwn — ee SHELDON POINT
sl CHUATHBALUK
Metsia nf CROOKED CREEK
unia!
* NIKOLAI
9 RED DEVIL
Yukon ~ Tanana Plateau 10 SLEETMUTE
oe 11 STONY RIVER
12 TAKOTNA
\ 13 TELIDA
'Sus/ina R. |
€ liver vou oe |
Mange, pte Ming
¥ ANCHORAGE \
at 9 (
So Ja of
YAKUTAT q
~ = UNEA\
Guit of Alaska a \o
Y,
&
g
e
Bristos BAY KODIAK pACIFIC OCEAN ik reed
ge VAN
pre (0 8 ; apt
. ce Gs FIGURE 1.1 at
ALASKA MAP
13 WESTERN VILLAGES
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of future energy requirements
for the village, a control year - 1979 - was established from which all
projections have been made. Information related to village history,
population and economic conditions, plus information regarding village
government, transportation, power and heating facilities, fuel require-
ments, etc., was collected to provide the necessary background data to
support these projections.
B. EVALUATION RESULTS
1. Economics
Table 1.1 is a summary of the 20-year economic evaluation performed for
the combination of alternatives (i.e., energy plans) selected for detailed
study for Telida. This Table lists the accumulated present worth of plan
costs and the accumulated present worth of the net benefits derived from
non-electrical outputs, where:
1) Plan costs represent the cost for providing electrical
generation, and
2) Net benefits represent the savings derived from waste heat
capture or surplus hydroelectric energy used for electric heating.
a. Twenty Year Evaluation Results
Results of the 20-year economic evaluation indicate that the use of diesel
with waste heat recovery to be most economical energy plan examined for
Telida.
The diesel generation supplemented with wind generation, and waste heat
energy plan averaged approximately 15 percent greater cost than the diesel
generation plus waste heat recovery plan for Telida.
1-3
APA*32H3
pol TELIDA
Table 1.1 Accumulated Present Worth of Plan Costs and Benefits ($1,000)
Diesel Diesel
& &
Diesel Binary Cycle Diesel WECS
PERIOD & & & &
Waste Heat Waste Heat Hydroelectric Waste Heat
Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit
20-year 964-73.9 1444-56.9 N/A “ 1111-50.8
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
The diesel generation plus binary cycle with waste heat recovery is found
to be the most expensive method of providing electrical energy for Telida.
Passive solar and energy conservation have not been economically evaluated
in detail and they are, therefore, not listed in Table 1.1. Numerous past
studies have shown the value of conservation and passive solar heating. An
approximate fifteen percent reduction in fossil fuel requirements due to the
implementation of passive solar heating and energy conservation measures has
been built into the village Heating Requirement Forecast Tables listed in
Section 4. It is assumed that these two methods of reducing usage will be
implemented in the village.
2 Environmental and Technical
Results of the environmental and technical evaluations are listed in Table
1.2. These results indicate the overall environmental and technical ranking
of energy plans selected for detail study for the village of Telida, in
order of preference to be:
1) diesel electric plus waste heat
2) diesel plus waste heat and supplemented with wind generation
3) diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat
APA*32H5
9-1 APA 2801
Table 1.2
Factor
(A) Economic (Present Worth)
(B) Environmental
(1) Community Preference
(2) Infrastructure
(3) Timing
(4) Air Quality
(5) Water Quality
(6) Fish and Wildlife
(7) Land Use
(8) Terrestrial Impacts
TOTAL
Environmental Ranking
(C) Technical
(1) Safety
(2) Reliability
(3) Availability
TOTAL
TECHNICAL RANKING
OVERALL RANKING
EVALUATION MATRIX
Diesel +
Diesel Local Hydro
Electric w/wo Electric
+ Waste Heat Heat Inne wen ee w w ' Nm o ole won ran ' B-1 -
Diesel +
Binary Generation
Coal and/or Wood
With Waste Heat |p eR ee Oo w ~N lo nm 12
D-3
Diesel + Waste Heat
Supplemental
Wind
Generation lw ww ww wow nN an leo thw 11
C-2
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
APA*32H6
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
A. GENERAL
Analysis of the 20-year economic, technical and environmental evalu-
ations indicate the three most promising energy plans for the village
of Telida in order of preference to be:
1) Continued use of diesel generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery,
2) diesel plus binary cycle generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery,
3) diesel plus waste heat recovery supplemented with wind generation.
B. RECOMMENDED PLAN - Diesel Generation Supplemented with Waste Heat
Recovery.
The 20-year economic, technical and environmental evaluation indicate
that diesel generation with waste heat recovery will provide the most
satisfactory method of providing electric energy for the village of Telida.
It is recommended, therefore, that a study be conducted to determine the
feasibility of utilizing waste heat in the village of Telida. Such a
study should include a definitive review of the following items:
1) availability of waste heat
2) transportation of waste heat
3) end use of waste heat
C. FIRST ALTERNATIVE PLAN - Diesel Plus Binary Cycle Generation Supple-
mented With Waste Heat Recovery.
The first alternative plan, as listed above, is diesel plus binary cycle
generation with waste heat recovery. Because the uncertainties in the costs
associated with this alternative, such as the cost of wood fuel, equipment
cost, etc., which can not at present be as precisely determined as for the
Cm
APA*32H7
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
recommended plan, it is conceivable that this alternative could be cost
competitive with the alternative plan (i.e., diesel generation plus waste
heat recovery).
Because binary cycle generation is viewed as one of the few potentially
viable energy alternatives, suitable for future use in remote Alaska
villages such as Telida, it is recommended that the feasibility of binary
cycle generation in Alaska be further investigated in regard to:
1) Equipment availability
2) Technical feasibility
3) Economic aspects
4) Environmental aspects
5) Constraints
Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suitable for village appli-
cation is, however, not expected to be available until the late 1980's.
D. SECOND ALTERNATIVE PLAN - Diesel plus waste heat recovery supplement
with wind generation.
Alternative energy plan #2 diesel plus waste heat supplemented with
wind generation is less expensive than alternative plan #1, but averages
about 15 percent greater in costs than the recommended plan. Because
of the marginal reliability heretofore experienced in Alaska using
wind generation, implementation of this alternative is not recommended.
However, as wind generation technology is further improved and developed,
periodic reviews of wind technology for possible implementation in the
village of Telida.
E. COSTS FOR FURTHER STUDY
Approximate costs for determining of feasibility of the two most attractive
energy resources for the village of Buckland are:
e Waste heat recovery - approximately $2500
2-2
APA*32H8
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
e Binary cycle generation. - approximately $2,000,000 which
would include the cost of constructing and operating
a demonstration plant in Alaska.
F. CONSERVATION MEASURES
For the village to stabilize and hopefully reduce the local cost of
energy immediate short term conservation measures could provide the
most rapid results. These conservation measures, which include added
insulation, double glazing or solar film, arctic entrances, weather
stripping, etc., can reduce current non-transportation fuel use on the
order of 15 percent over the 20-year period of this study.
223
APA*32H9
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE
APA*32H10
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
A. INTRODUCTION
To establish a base and understanding of energy use in the village, an
energy balance has been compiled for the year 1979. Input energy forms
are diesel, wood, propane, blazo, gasoline, and aviation gasoline.
Energy used in the village has been listed both by end use category
(i.e., heating, transportation, and quantities used for electrical
generation) and by consumer category to include residential, small
commercial, public buildings, and large users (school), in the following
table (Table numbered as in original report).
To provide background data, information related to village history,
demographic and economic conditions plus information regarding village
government, transportation, power and heating facilities is included.
a. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
History: Telida is located on the bank of the Swift
Fork of the Kuskokwim River, 50 miles northeast of Medfra.
The village was established at its persent site about
1916. Telida lies within the boundaries of Doyon Limited
Corporation
Population: L.T. J.S Herron, USA, visited Telida in 1899
and gave its population at 17 persons. In 1960 the village
consisted of three families. The 1979 estimates place
the population around 30. The 1980 estimates obtained
during the visit to the village placed the population at
34 residents and seven families. The average number of
members per household in the community is 4.4 persons.
3-1
APA*32H11
APA*32H12
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
Economy: Telida's economy is heavily dependent on sub-
sistence activities. Cash income in the community is from
public assistance and from the sale of furs caught during
the trapping season. Most residents fish and hunt waterfowl,
rabbit, game birds and moose. In the fall, families
harvest several varieties of berries.
Transportation: Telida is not served by river barge.
All passenger and supplies coming to the village are
delivered primarily by aircraft. A gravel airstrip is
located adjacent to the village. Small boats provide
a means of transportation with neighboring villages
during the summer months. Snowmachines provide the primary
means of transportation in the winter. There are no
roads which connect Telida with surrounding villages
in the region.
ENERGY BALANCE (1979)
All residential heating in Telida is accomplished with
56.9 percent of the energy consumed. Electric generation
uses 28.3 percent, and transportation uses approximately
14.8 percent. Graph 3.13 illustrates by consumer category
the types and percentages of energy forms used in the
village. Table 3.13 tabularizes this data in additional
detail.
EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES
Electric Power: There is no centralized power system in
Telida. The school maintains and operates two 12-kW
diesel generation units to provide electrical energy to
the school. Three individuals in the community have a
3-2
APA*32H13
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
12-volt battery system installed in their residences.
Batteries are charged from the school generators. The
school also provides power to the satellite earth station.
Heating: Residential heating is accomplished entirely
with firewood. Telida residents average approximate 9
cords per year per household. Because of the high cost
of heating with fuel oi] in Telida, the school district
recently removed the fuel oi] furnace from the school and
replaced it with a wood-burning stove. Heating of the
school is now accomplished solely with wood.
Fuel Storage: Diesel, bulk fuel oil storage in the community
is estimated at 5,000 gallons (estimated during village visit).
GRAPH 3.13
EFFICIENCIES ASSUMED:
HEATING — 75%
TRANSPORTATION — 25%
ELECTRICAL GENERATION — 25%
TOTAL ENERGY (100%)
+t “ 0%
HEATING (56.9%)
TRANSPORTATION (14.8%)
ELECTRICAL GENERATION (28.3%)
0 1000 2000 3000
1979 ENERGY BALANCE
TELIDA
GASOLINE + AV GAS 14.8%
DIESEL 28.3%
LEGEND _
) — RESIDENTIAL
() — SMALL COMMERCIAL
(27) — PUBLIC BUILDINGS
() — LARGE USERS (SCHOOL)
) — WASTE HEAT
BLAZO — 0.9%
PROPANE— 1.4%
WOOD — 32.1%
DIESEL — 225%
TOTAL — 56.9%
| | | 7000 8000 9000 | 10,000
G72 apa28: a3
ENERGY BALANCE - 1979
TELIDA
Table 3.13
CONSUMER ENERGY FORM CONSUMED
HEATING TRANSPORTATION / ELECTRICAL GENERATION
DIESEL wOoD PROPANE BLAZO GASOLINE AV GAL DIESEL OTAL
GAL CORDS POUNDS GAL GAL GAL | GAL 10® Btu TYPE NO. 10° Btu 10® Btu 10® Btu 10® Btu 10° Btu 10" Btu 10° Btu % of Total
Residential 7 = 63 1,500 250 3,000 1,000 = 3 1,640
1,071 23 32 381 127 47.6
Smal] Commercial < = - = = = = a =
Public Buildings 1 = =e e a = = = 34
34 1.0
Large User (school) 1 5,600 = 900 = Z 2 7,080 1,768
713 18 977 51.4
Total 9 5,600 65 2,400 250 3,000 1,000 7,080 3,442
7713 1,105 47 32 381 127 977
% of Total Btu 2225) 32.1 1.4 0.9 ab is | 357 28.3 100
Waste Heat 10° Btu 193 276 12 _8 286 _95 733 1,603
% of Total Btu eG 8.0 0.3 0.2 Sr 2.8) 21.4 46.6
Assumed Efficiency: Heating - 75%
Transportation - 25%
Electric Generation - 25%
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
APA*32H14
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
FORECAST
INTRODUCTION
The following paragraphs and tables outline the planned capital
projects, economic activities forecast, and energy end use
forecasts for the village of Telida.+
1 Tables numbered as in original report.
4-1
APA*32H15
APA 22-A:M1 SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
13. Telida
(a) Planned Capital Projects and Economic Activity Forecast
Planned Capital Projects:
Scheduled developments - Airport improvements
Potential developments - Small-scale timber harvest
Economic Activity Forecast: No substantial economic activity
is forecast for the Telida area except for possibly a small-scale
timber harvesting project to supply wood fuel for possible wood-
fired electric generation in the late 1980's.
(b) Population Forecast - Telida
The population forecast is shown in the following Table 4.13
Table 4.13
Year 1970 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
Population - 34 35 36 38 41
# Residences - 7 7 8 8 10
# Small commercial - 1 1 1 1 1
# Public users 7 1 1 1 2 2
# Large users - 1 1 1 1 1
Population growth rate - 1%
4-2
Cc
(
¢
¢
(
(
¢ Pm wn eR apa22: a3
The end uses of energy are shown in the following Tables 4.13a, 4.
TELIDA ELECTRIC POWER REQUIREMENTS?
. End Use Forecast
and 4.13c.
Table 4.13a
1979
Population 34
(1) Number of residential
consumers 7
(2) Average kWh/mo/consumer =
(3) MWh/year residential consumers
(2) x (1) x 12 + 1000 7
(4) Number of small commer-
cial consumers =
(5) Average kWh/mo/consumer -
(6) MWh/year small commer-
cial consumer
(4) x (5) x 12 + 1000 =
(7) Number of public consumers -
(8) Average kWh/mo/consumer -
(9) MWh/year public consumer
(7) x (8) x 12 + 1000 -
10) Large (LP) consumer 1
(school)
11) Average kWh/mo/LP 3,540
consumer#
12) MWh/year LP's
(10) x (11) x 12 + 1000 42.5
13) System MWh/year
(3)+(6)+(9)+(12) 42.5
14) System load factor 0.6
15) System demand kW
(13)+8760+(14)x1000 8
Assumes electrification 1982.
Telephone.
Church.
School at 1% growth rate.
4-3
1982 1
35
133
11.2
290
3.5
60
0.7
3,650
43.8
59.2
0.45
15
1985
36
160
15.4
330
4.0
68
0.8
3,760
45.1
65.3
0.45
17
1990
38
220
21.1
412
4.9
732
17.6
3,950
47.4
91.0
0.45
23
13b,
2000
41
10
415
49.8
640
737
1,137
27.3
4,365
52.4
137.2
0.45
35
apa22:c3
Table 4.13b
TELIDA HEATING REQUIREMENTS?
RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(1) Population 34 35) 36 38 41
(2) Number of resi-
dential users 7 7 8 8 10
(3) Diesel - Average
gal/mo/residence
(6)+(2)+12 0 0 0 0 0
(4) Propane - Average
lbs/mo/residence
(7)+(2)+12 18 18 18 26 35
(5) Wood - Average
cords/mo/residence
(8)+(2)+12 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.65
(6) Diesel Gals 0 0 0 0 0
Btu x 10°
(7) Propane _ Lbs 1,500 1,500 1,710 2,540 4,190
Btu x 10° 29 29 33 50 82
(8) Wood _ Cords 63 63 72 69 78
; Btu x 10° 1,071 1,071 1,224 LS 1326) |)
(9) Total
Btu x 106
(6)+(7)+(8) 1,100 1,100 1,257 1,223 1,408
(10) Annual per capita
consumption
Btu x 106
(9)+(1) 32.4 31.4 34.9 3222 34.3
Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements beginning
in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical improve-
ments in both building design and heating equipment.
4-4
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
apa22-A: R12
Table 4.13c
Small Commercial
user
Diesel
Gals/Btu x 106
Public Buildings
user
Diesel Gals
Btu x 106
Large users
(school)
Diesel equivalent
(diesel + wood)
Gals
Btu x 10°
Propane __ lbs
Btu x 10°
Subtotal Btu x 106
(16)+(17)
Total
Btu x 106
(9)+(12)+(14)+(18)
TELIDA HEATING REQUIREMENTS?
OTHER CONSUMERS
1979
791
1,891
1982
5,600
773
900 18
791
1,891
1985
791
2,048
1990
1
214 30 uo SI] wh ao ce ao a HI Oo 751
2,034
2000
474 65
474 65
681
2,219
Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements begin-
ning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical
improvements in both building design and heating equipment.
4-5
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
APA*32H16
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND
RECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
A. ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
The energy resources which are determined to be available for the
village of Telida are summarized in the following table. Inform-
ation concerning approximate quantity, quality, availability, cost,
source of data and important comments is included. The energy
resources specifically addressed include diesel generation, wind,
hydroelectric potential, waste heat utilization, and coal. While
passive solar heating and energy conservation are not specifically
addressed in the table, it is assumed these two energy conservation
measures will be implemented in the village. Energy resources which
are not available for use in Telida and are therefore not addressed
include geothermal, timber, peat, solid waste, oi] and gas and tidal
power.
Oe
APA*32H17
2-S APA22-A S12
Table 5.13
ENERGY
RESOURCE
Diesel fuel
Wood fuel
Coal fuel
Waste Heat!
Recovery
Hydroelectric
Potential
Wind potential
LOCATION
Major supplier
McGrath
10-mile radius
N/A
Ganes Creek
ENERGY
QUANTITY/AVAILABILITY
28.8x10® cu ft
late 1980's
N/A
30% of fuel used for
electrical generation;
upon installation of
liquid cooled diesel
engines.
1200 kW, 2838 mwh/yr
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
TELIDA
QUALITY
#2 diesel
138,000 Btu/gal
14.6x10® Btu/cord
N/A
Recoverable heat
41,400 Btu/gal
diesel equivalent.
Villagers indicate insufficient wind in village for wind power.
SOURCE OF
Cost DATA
$2.31/gal
$16.75/10® Btu
$132/cord* Appendix G
$9.04/10° Btu
N/A Appendix H -
$450/kW installed Appendix D
<$6.58/10® Btu>
diesel fuel displaced
89 ,600/kW
installed
Reference #38
No wind data available.
1} Assumes $1.65/gal diesel fuel cost; 0.45 load factor, future diesel generator sets water cooled.
2 Lowered cost due to substantial road network surrounding Takotna.
< > saving per million Btu recovered.
COMMENTS
Delivered cost
at village.
Cost assume heat delivery
within 100 ft radius
of plant. Availability
varies with generator
loading. Maintenance
at $11/kW/yr.
Hydro site would
service Takotna, Ophir
and McGrath.
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
APA*32H18
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
A. INTRODUCTION
The approach to the energy plans formulated for the village of Telida
is explained in this section. Each plan is formulated to meet the
forecasted electrical energy requirements of the village plus addi-
tional related requirements, such as space heating, where appropriate.
A base case plan using diesel generation is formulated for the village.
This plan is used as the "control case" to determine the advantage or
disadvantage of other alternatives as compared to diesel generation.
Future village diesel generation additions assume that the local school,
which has sufficient installed generation capacity, will provide its
own back-up capability. The school will, however, rely on the central-
ized village power plant for their primary supply of electrical power
and energy.
“A wood-fired binary cycle generation option is presented for the village
of Telida. The wood used for fuel would assumed to be harvested within
a 10-mile radius of the village. Diesel fuel oil-fired binary cycle
generation is also possible, but provides no significant cost or technical
advantage over diesel engine powered generation. Fuel oil-fired binary
cycle generation is, therefore, not included in the formulated energy plan
for the village. :
A waste heat capture analysis is included with all options that
use fossil fuels for electrical generation (i.e., diesel generation
employing engine jacket water cooling, and binary cycle generation).
Wind generation employing individual wind generators for residential
consumers is also investigated for the village.
APA*32H21
APA*32H20
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
Base Case Plan
1)
2)
3)
Plan components - diesel and waste heat recovery
Timing of system additions -
Diesel - 1982 - 50 + 30 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 50 kW
Plan description - This plan assumes installation of
liquid cooled diesel generation in 1982 (replacement
for existing air cooled engine) and the continued
use of diesel driven generators throughout the study
and the implementation of waste heat recovery.
Alternative Plan A
1)
2)
3)
Plan components - diesel (liquid cooled 1982) and
binary cycle generation using wood fuel and waste
heat recovery
Timing of additions -
Diesel - 1982 - 50 + 30 kW
Binary cycle - 1989 - 50 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 50 kW, 1989 - 50 kW
Plan description - This plan assumes construction
of wood-fired binary cycle generation facilities in
the late 1980's as a replacement for diesel genera-
tion and the implementation of waste heat recovery.
APA*32H21
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
Alternative Plan B
1) Plan component - Wind generation
2) Timing of additions -
Diesel - None
Wind generators - 1982 - 7 - 1.5 kW WECS;
1985 1-1.5 kW WECS; 2000 2-1.5 kW WECS
3) Plan description - This plan assumes individual 1.5 kW
wind generators for residential users and the continued use
of the presently installed air-cooled diesel generator
for supplying power to the school.
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES
APA*®32H22
A.1 DIESEL
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C35
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the diesel engine, air is compressed in a cylinder to a
high pressure. Fuel oi] is injected into the compressed air,
which is at a temperature above the fuel ignition point, and
the fuel burns, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy
by driving a piston. Pistons drive a shaft which in turn
drives the generator
Current and future availability
Diesel engines driving electrical generators are one of the
most efficient simple cycle converters of chemical energy
(fuel) to electrical energy. Although the diesel cycle in
theory will burn any combustible matter, the practical. fact of
the matter is that these engines burn only high grade liquid
petroleum or gas, except for multi-thousand horsepower engines
which can burn heated residual oi]. Diesel generating units
are usually built as an integral whole and mounted on skids
for installation at their place of use.
A.2 BINARY CYCLE FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C36
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the binary conversion process, a heated primary fluid of
insufficient quality for direct use in electrical production
passes through a heat exchanger to transfer heat to a working
fluid. The working fluid has a lower boiling point than water
and is vaporized in the heat exchanger. The vaporized working
fluid then expands through a turbine or cylinder piston arrange-
ment is condensed, and returns to the heat exchanger. The primary
fluid is returned to its heat source following heat exchange.
Current and future availability
Current commercial availability is restricted to unit sizes
in excess of village power requirements as determined in this
study. Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suit-
able for village application is not expected to be available
until the late 1980's.
A-2
A.3 HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION
a. General Description
ds
APA*32C37
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the hydroelectric power development, flowing water is
directed into a hydraulic turbine where the energy in the
water is used to turn a shaft, which in turn drives a gener-
ator. In their action, turbines involve a continuous trans-
formation of the potential and/or kinetic energy of the water
into usable mechanical energy at the shaft. Water stored at
rest at an elevation above the level of the turbine (head)
possesses potential energy; when flowing, the water possesses
kinetic energy as a function of its velocity. The return of
the used water to the higher elevation necessary for funct-
jioning of the hydroelectric machinery is powered by the sun
to complete the cycle - a direct, natural process using solar
energy. The ability to store water at a useful elevation makes
this energy supply predictable and dependable.
Current and future availability
Hydroelectric developments in the United States, as of January
1978, totaled 59 million kilowatts, producing an estimated
average annual output of 276 billion kilowatt hours according
to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Hydropower provides
about 10% of Alaska's electric energy needs. Developments
range in size from over a million kilowatts down to just a few
kilowatts of installed capacity. Hydropower is a time proven
method of generation that offers unique advantages. Fuel
cost, a major contributor to thermal plant operating costs, is
eliminated.
ASS
A.4 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS)
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C38
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The thermodynamic process involved stems from the sun, the
primary energy source which produces the wind. This wind
energy cannot be stored, is intermittent, somewhat unpredict-
able and thereby undependable. The process then relies ,
on wind flow over an air foil assembly to create differential
pressures along the air foil. This differential pressure
results in rotation of the assembly around a fixed axis to
which it is attached. Power from the wind is transmitted
through the connection shaft and accompanying gear box to an
electrical generator.
Three types of generators are presently in use with wind energy
systems. These are the DC generator, the AC induction generator
and the AC synchronous generator. Of the three types, the AC
induction generator is the most widely used because of its .
simplicity and low cost. An induction generator is not a stand-
alone generator and must be connected to an external power system
of relatively constant frequency and voltage to operate properly.
Current and future availability
Availability of the wind at useful velocities require long
term records to estimate the potential energy. Lesser records
provide less credible estimates.
Availability of WECS machinery in smal] size units in the 1.5 kW
to 20 kW range is good. Large units in the 100-200 kW range are
currently undergoing tests in both the government and private sector
and should be available in the near future. Demonstrations of
multi-megawatt sizes are in process.
A-4
A.5 DIESEL WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C39
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The present use of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oi1) in Alaska (as
elsewhere) to produce more useful forms of energy (heat,
electricity, motive power) is less than 100 percent efficient.
For example, if a machine burns a certain quantity of fossil
fuel and produces useful output (shaft horsepower, electrical
energy, steam, useful hot water or air for space heating)
equivalent to 30% of the fuel burned, the energy represented by
the remaining 70% of the fuel will appear as unused or "waste"
heat. Such heat most often appears as hot exhaust gas, tepid
to warm water (65°F-180°F), hot air from cooling radiators, or
direct radiation from the machine.
Diesel waste heat can be recovered from engine cooling water
and exhaust, or either source separately. The waste heat is
typically transferred to a water-glycol circulating system in
Alaskan applications. The heated circulating fluid can be used
for space, water, or process heating where temperatures of
the waste hear are suitable.
Current and future availability
Recovery of diesel waste heat in Alaska is growing as a result of
sharp increases in diesel fuel cost. Recovery of jacket water heat
only is most common in Alaska.
Diesel waste heat availability is directly related to the
location and operating cycles of the engine installations.
A.6 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
a. General Description
Passive solar heating makes use of solar energy (sunlight) through
energy efficient design (i.e. south facing windows, shutters, added
insulation) but without the aid of any mechanical or electrical
inputs. Space heating is the most common application of passive
solar heating. Because such solar heating is available only when the
sun shines its availability is intermittent (day-night cycles) and
variable (winter-summer-cloudy-clear).
APA*32C40
A.7 CONSERVATION
a. General Description
1)
Ce
APA*32C41
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
Conservation measures considered here are mainly classified as
"passive". Passive measures are intended to conserve energy with-
out any further electrical, thermal, or mechanical energy input.
Typical passive measures are insulation, double glazing or solar
film, arctic entrances and weather stripping. Energy conservation
characteristics of some passive measures degrade with time, which
must be considered in the overall evaluation of their effectiveness
for an intended life cycle. Other conservation measures includes
improvement in efficiency of utilization devices (such as motors)
and "doing without" energy by disciplines (turning off lights,
turning down thermostats).
Current and future availability
Materials and schemes to implement passive measures are commer-
cially available and increasing in use all over the United States
due to the rapidly escalating cost of energy.