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HomeMy WebLinkAboutBristol Bay Energy Report 1980NERGY AND BRISTOL BAY RELEASE TO v Authorized by Date —_LL8, z _ PROPERTY OF W. 5 OPERTYy OF; Alaska Power Authority 334 th Ave. . Qrage, Alaska 99501 Bristol Bay Energy Report June, 1980 Report Prepared By: Andrew Golia, Director Bristol Bay Advisory Council Program Bristol Bay Native Association P. O. Box 189 Dillingham, Alaska 99576 ~ Dillingham Boat Harbor Table of Contents PREPACGH o.chctttrclastst ches Slecerainyave Steyeeasis sano fei siasel totale aie}s ee sfans lope AGKNOWICGGEMENCS: tacisiss sins east as oals os Pgs cafe wasng tents MVE OG CCIO IN oo Beas ss ot eect ste opeste oct sensor tepals ancl sdosbealens veva.b ic The Retherford Reports. ... Energy Policy and Planning............... Hydro-Electric Power Potential... Lake Elva and the Nushagak Electric Cooperative. -17 Small-Scale Hydro-Electric Power Potential. .... -.19 Wind Power Potentidl.......................05- ..21 The Other Alternate Energy Resource Potentials. 23 Power and the Village SChools.................. -..26 The Regional Energy Authority............... ReEcomMMendations............. 66. cece ccc cece eee eee 28 Photo Credit - BBNA PNOLO - Fatty BECK PREFACE This report is another in a series of reports com- pleted over the last few years by the Bristol Bay Native Association, made possible through a grant by the Bristol Bay Regional Advisory Council, State of Alaska. Since 1974, when Bristol Bay was declared an economic disaster area by both the state and federal governments, the region has been fortunate to have the guidance of the Bristol Bay Regional Advisory Council. Through the recommendations of the Coun- cil, the Native Association has been able to complete a succession of reports on the region's economy. Without the Council, the development of a regional economic development plan for Bristol Bay would be most difficult. It is not an easy task to develop and im- plement a regional economic development program, as compared to the development of an economic plan for a single community. There are 30 communities in Bristol Bay, and the wants and needs of each com- munity are most diverse and unique. The Council consists of the following members: Herman Schroeder, Sr. _ Ronald Skoog, Commissioner Dillingham Department of Fish & Game Dan O'Hara Lee McAnerney, Commissioner Naknek Department of Community and Regional Affairs Moses Kritz Charles Webber, Commissioner Togiak Department of Commerce and Economic Development Boris Kosbruk Mike Delkittie Perryville Nondaiton The Council has made commendable efforts toward the economic growth of Bristol Bay. This report, recommended for completion by the Council, deals with energy and Bristol Bay. It attempts to reveal the serious situation the region is faced with in terms of future energy needs, and has been designed to inform local residents about energy within the region. It is also hoped that various state and federal agencies which deal with energy planning and development will carefully review this report, and consider its recommendations and use this document as a planning tool. The staff members of the Bristol Bay Native Associa- tion, Economic Development Planning Program, as- signed to the completion of this report have been Mr. Andrew Golia, Director (whose position is mainly fund- ed by the Bristol Bay Regional Advisory Council), Mr. Mark Siegars, Development Specialist (currently a VISTA Volunteer with BBNA), and Mrs. Debbie Nielsen, Administrative Assistant to the Economic Planning Department. Much of the information and data collected to com- plete this energy report originated in earlier reports: Bristol Bay Energy and Electric Power Potential, Phase I, prepared by Robert W. Retherford Associates of Anchorage for the U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Administration, in December, 1979, and the Reconnaisance Study of the Lake Elva and Other Hydroelectirc Power Potentials in the Dill- ingham Area, also prepared by Robert W. Retherford Associates for the Alaska Power Authority in February, 1980. Both reports are comprehensive and _ highly technical, and have been very useful. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nels Anderson, Jr., Alaska House Of Representatives Photo Credit - Alaska Historical Library Special appreciation must be given to Represen- tative Nels A. Anderson, Jr., of Dillingham, and Mr. Dave Gray, Legislative Assistant to Representative Anderson's office in Juneau, for the completion of this report. Both Representative Anderson and Mr. Gray are well aware of the energy dilemma the people of Bristol Bay face and must overcome. Representative Anderson has prioritized energy as one of the focal points of his work in Juneau. He has been highly effec- tive, along with Senator George Hohman of Bethel, in terms of obtaining support for the continued ex- istance of the Bristol Bay Regional Advisory Council, State of Alaska. Much appreciation goes to Mr. David Bouker, General Manager for the Nushagak Electric Cooperative in Dill- ingham. Mr. Bouker has worked for the Nushagak Elec- tric Cooperative since 1972, and he is well aware of the energy problems confronting the local people. He has been active in seeking governmental support to ad- dress the energy needs of the region, and without his help, this report would not have been possible. Special thanks must also be given to Robert W. Retherford Associates, an engineering consulting firm based in Anchorage. The firm has been highly active in completing energy studies throughout Alaska, and the recent energy reports they have completed on Bristol Bay have been most helpful in this report. Ms. Dora Gropp, Principal Engineer with the firm, has been will- ing to work closely with the Bristol Bay Native Associa- tion on energy matters of the region. Staff members of the Alaska Power Authority, An- chorage, Mr. Eric Yould, Executive Director, and Mr. Robert Mohn, Director of Engineering, must also be recognized for their support on this document. Both Mr. Yould and Mr. Mohn have attempted to assist the people of Bristol Bay in solving their energy problems. They have recommended the documentation of the hydroelectric power potentials in the region, and their comments on this document have been very helpful. Mr. Bob Cross, Administrator, and Mr. Floyd Sum- mers, Chief of the Civil Engineering Branch, Alaska Power Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, must also be mentioned for their support in attemp- ting to deal with the energy problems of the region. Both Mr. Cross and Mr. Summers realize how important it is for Bristol Bay to get out of the fossil fuel economy, and have recommended an energy study on Bristol Bay which identifies the energy potentials of the region. Recognition must also be given to Mr. Mark Siegars, VISTA volunteer with the Bristol Bay Native Association. Mr. Siegars began work with the Native Association with an interest in energy, and has done much research for this report. He has gathered pertinent in- formation on energy, and has been assisting local peo- ple and villages with their energy-related problems. His work with the Native Association, and interest in energy occurs at the most opportune time. Acknowledgement must also be given to Ms. Dee Lane, Energy Planner with the Rural Alaska Community Action Program in Anchorage, and Dr. Tunis Wentink, Professor of Physics at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks who have reviewed and commented upon the draft of this document. Ms. Clarissa Quinlan, Director, and Mr. Bob Shipley, Solar Energy Specialist, of State Division of Energy and Power Development, Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Anchorage have also been very helpful with the document. In conclusion, acknowledement must be given to Mr. Jim Deagen, Program Coordinator of the Alaska Divi- sion of Economic Enterprise, Department of Com- merce and Economic Development, Juneau. Mr. Deagen has always been willing to offer assistance in the technical aspects of publishing the reports com- pleted by the Bristol Bay Native Association, and his close work with the Bristol Bay Regional Advisory Council have been very important to the program. INTRODUCTION - ENERGY AND BRISTOL BAY Photo Credit - USF/WS Photo - B. Ewing rew Golia Pnoto Credit - BBNA Pho! Togiak The current energy problems and needs facing Bristol Bay residents are much different than those issues confronting the region in the 1960's and early 1970's. Diesel-generated electricity is no longer the ‘key’ to the future development and prosperity of the region. Although electricity remains a vital element to the future of the region, its mode of generation must be re-evaluated and changed. Virtually all communities in Bristol Bay rely upon diesel generators to supply the bulk of their electricity needs. The price of diesel fuel is expected to increse dramatically within the near future. Along with the ris- ing price of diesel fuel, an ‘energy crisis’ faces the na- tion. Energy experts predicted the energy crisis, and last summer, the nation went through a ‘gas scare’. People were running around looking for gasoline to put in their vehicles. Now, energy experts predict an oil shortage. Perhaps, then, people will soon be look- ing around for oil to heat their homes. The impact of the rising price of diesel fuel is far- reaching. Rising diesel fuel prices are already inflating the monthly bills consumers receive from their local electrical and oil distributors. Home heating costs are expected to continue increasing. Electrical companies will increase their rates in order to ‘make-up’ for the rising price of diesel fuel. Residents must begin paying special attention to energy conservation in their homes, or ‘pay the price’ through their monthly home heating and electrical bills. Several major stove manufacturers throughout the nation are currently working to produce more energy efficient wood-burning stoves. The production of more effective and reliable wind generators are being closely examined. The development of other alter- native energy resources is a relatively high priority of the nation, in an attempt to lessen the national dependency on fossil fuels. Solar heating, energy- efficient homes and energy conservation techniques, including wind power generators, are beginning to in- terest home owners. Yet, amidst the current energy picture of the nation, the problems affecting the energy situation in Bristol Bay are compounded by the problems usually faced by rural communities. The remoteness of the region from major regional distribution centers such as Anchorage and Seattle, including the lack of any major ground or marine shipping network by which to distribute goods year-around, greatly impacts the region. Each year, the local communities must purchase fuel in bulk (usually in 55 gallon drums) so their supply will last through the winter. At times, fuel costs are affected by added transportation and distribution costs. In several communities, fuel must be flown in during the winter months because traditional water routes are either frozen over or clogged with ice. Electricity for most of the 30 communities in the Bristol Bay Region is derived from the local schools. Three local electric cooperatives serve six com- munities. The Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC), a state-wide rural electrification cooperative, serves two communities in the region. Several village owned and operated generators supply the rest of the electricity. This report focuses on some of the energy problems of the region, including the energy wants and needs of the region’s communities. It identifies the potentials for energy development within the region, and documents the problems of development expected with each project. It is written with the hope that the people of Bristol Bay will become more familiar with the energy situation that confronts them. Near Togiak Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - Andrew Golia The Retherford Reports In late 1978, the Bristol Bay Native Association with Representative Anderson's assistance, requested the U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Administra- tion in Juneau, to complete an energy study on the Bristol Bay region. In early 1979, the Alaska Power Ad- ministration, after working closely with the Bristol Bay Native Association, instigated the study by awarding a $104,000 contract to Robert W. Retherford Associates, an engineering consulting firm based in Anchorage. Bristol Bay Energy and Electric Power Potential, Phase I, was designed to focus on the present energy situation of the region, including the completion of an energy balance for the region. It also estimated the future power requirements of the region to the year 2000, and identified the potential energy resources of the region. The study also formulated some preliminary designs for potential energy projects and recommended further studies in the region. The Retherford report was based on available data and in- formation on Bristol Bay, as well as public input from the region. The major forms of energy used in the region are diesel fuel, gasoline, aviation gas, jet fuel and propane. The consumption of jet fuel, propane, and diesel fuel comprises 48% of the total energy used in the region. Fifty-two percent of the useful energy produced is lost as waste heat (meaning a loss through smoke stacks, exhaust pipes, and other forms of heat loss). Diesel electric generation, for example, loses 70% of its heat energy through the stack or as radiated heat. Home heating and industrial uses consume 32% of the useful energy utilized in Bristol Bay. Transportation and elec- tricity account for the remaining energy uses. The study indicates that if present trends continue, the total electrical energy demand of the region will increase by about 4.5% annually. If the region grows substantially, the total energy demand is expected to grow each year. Currently, the total energy demand for the region is estimated at slightly over 20,000 megawatt hours per year. If a 4.5% annual growth in demand is experienced, then by the year 2000, the total power demand for Bristol Bay will be over 57,000 megawatt hours per year. If a 9% annual growth in de- mand occurs, then by the year 2000, the total energy demand will be about 160,000 megawatt hours per year. The report indicates abundant energy and electric power potentials in the region. The hydroelectric power potential of the region is estimated to be over two million megawatt hours per year. The geothermal energy potential of the region is estimated to be 3.5 million megawatt hours per year. The coal resources of the region could provide about 50,000 megawatt hours per year for about 100 years. Wind and solar energy potentials were not assigned a value because of the lack of information on such potentials. Tidal power and bio-mass conversion are also identified as potentials, but significant constraints of development exist for both resources. As for the recommendations for the development of further studies, the Retherford report indicates that hydro-electric energy is the most viable energy alternative in Bristol Bay, and necessary steps to com- plete field investigations to determine geology, ac- cess, transmission lines, etc., and feasibility studies should be undertaken on potential projects im- mediately. In order to fully assess the geothermal potential, detailed mapping and geophysical tests are needed. This information will make it possible to undertake pertinent feasibility studies. To assess wind energy potential in various villages it will be necessary to record wind speed and frequency for one or two years. The report indicates that demonstration wind projects in Dillingham or Naknek could provide valuable operating data for the development of wind projects in the region. Solomon Gulch, Dam Construction near Valdez Photo Credit - Retherford Associates In the villages where diesel generation appears to be the only feasible alternative for the production of power, heightened effort should be made to weatherize, insulate and introduce passive solar devices in residential units. Waste-heat utilization, variable speed diesel generators and other forms of energy conservation in the villages should be given greater attention. Robert W. Retherford Associates, the engineering firm in Anchorage, also completed a report for the Alaska Power Authority, Anchorage, entitled Recon- naissance Study of the Lake Elva and Other Hydroelectric Potentials in the Dillingham Area, February, 1980. This report is a follow-up to the first report completed for the Alaska Power Administra- tion. The purpose of the second study was to further evaluate the potential hydro-electric site. Sites that received more in-depth study were Lake Elva, Grant Lake and Tazimina Lake. The development of the Lake Elva, Grant Lake and Tazimina Lake sites are considered feasible in regard to cost, capacity, environmental impact, and land status. The attractiveness of these sites was determined by cost comparisons with the continued use of diesel electric. Along with the economic analysis, site investigations were conducted and conceptual designs of each pro- posed project, including the powerhouse location and size, penstock location and transmission line inter-ties were investigated and documented. An important factor of these potential hydroelectric sites is the attractiveness of a utility inter-tie between Naknek/King Salmon and Dillingham. The Nushagak Electric Cooperative and the Naknek Electric Associa- tion would be linked with transmission lines allowing them to share any electrical power generated in the region. An inter-tie would improve the reliability of service to the Dillingnam-Naknek areas, and benefit another village (Portage Creek) by connection with it. Other electric resources were also identified and evaluated in the second report. Wind energy appears to be the second best resource to the hydroelectric potential in the region. As wind machines become more reliable and more efficient in the Alaskan climate, wind energy conversion systems may become practical for use by individuals in remote locations and electric utilities to offset fuel costs. Using wind energy to pump water and heat homes also has promise. The report strongly urges the immediate develop- ment of the Tazimina Lake hydroelectric power poten- tial. In addition, the 15 communities near the proposed transmission corridor should be tied into a single distribution network. The report recommends that a regional power authority be formed in Bristol Bay to facilitate the development of this project and provide the instrument to acquire financial assistance for this project. If the Tazimina Lake project is not developed, the report recommends that the Lake Elva hydro-power project licensing application be prepared and submitted to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission so that construction can begin. A copy of the “Reconnaisance Study” is availabie from: Alaska Power Authority 333 W. 45th Avenue Suite 31 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 277-7641 A copy of the Bristol Bay Energy and Electric Power Potential report can be requested from: Alaska Power Administration P. 0. Box 50 Juneau, Alaska 99802 586-7405 - Bristol Bay G Twin Hillse Chignik Lake ~¢ e census Lake #1 & #2 ALASKA PENINSULA Wanof Bay 7 ¢Togiak Aleknagik Chignik Lagoon Perryville Chignik *Port Heiden Koliganek New Stuyahok i i i i a Si Kukaklek en A A A LEGEND Hydroelectric generating plant with installed capacity [¢] Potential hydroelectric sites ——— Transmission Line, 138 kv 30 ------ Distribution Line (up to 24 kv) A Aleutian Range Energy Policy and Planning On November 26, 27, and 28, 1979, the Bristol Bay Native Association organized and conducted a seminar entitled “Bristol Bay: Energy Policy and Planning - Looking for Directions”. The seminar was held in Dil- lingham, and was funded primarily by the Bristol Bay Regional Advisory Council, State of Alaska. The seminar was held in light of the energy concerns expressed by Representative Nels A. Anderson, Jr., of Dillingham; the Nushagak Electric Cooperative; the Bristol Bay Native Association, and other residents of Bristol Bay. It was felt that village leaders of the region; the local electric cooperatives, and the various govern- mental agencies which deal with energy development needed to gather together to discuss the energy situa- tion of Bristol Bay, and provide immediate recommen- dations for the future energy development of the region. Approximately 18 village representatives, and of- ficials from the Alaska Power Authority; the State Divi- sion of Energy and Power Development; the U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Administration, and the Army Corps of Engineers attended the seminar. Representatives from the Nushagak Electric Cooperative, the Naknek Electric Association, and the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative, also attended, as did, staff members from the Rural Alaska Community Action Program, Robert W. Retherford Associates and the local school districts. A total of about 60 par- ticipants attended the seminar. The local utility companies and village represen- tatives expressed the energy-related problems they are currently facing. The discussion also led to the identification of certain energy problems existing in the region. Representatives from the various state and federal agencies provided a description of the services they provide, and methods of assistance that could be sought from their agencies. The participants were in- formed of available grants and loans from funding agencies and current available alternate energy resources, including energy conservation techniques, in hopes that they would get some ideas for planning more energy efficient communities. An open discussion on problems ranging from hydroelectric and wind power development, bulk fuel storage, waste-heat recovery, wood burning resources, to energy education took place on the seminar's concluding day. Many constructive recom- mendations were made during this most important and constructive part of the seminar. Village Energy Needs Identified The major energy need identified at the seminar was the need for relief from the high electrical and home- heating costs currently facing the villagers. The village representatives strongly indicated that some type of state or federal assistance is necessary to assist local villagers with their increasing electrical and home- heating costs. The villagers strongly feel that the cost of living in their villages is much too high already. Several of the villagers expressed deep concern for the energy needs of their local schools, health clinics, community halls and other facilities within their villages because such facilities play an important role in the communities. Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - Andrew Golia Ekwok The need for community diesel generators, owned and operated by the villagers, was identified at Ugashik, Clarks Point, Levelock, Chignik Lagoon, and Chignik Lake. Currently, the communities rely upon in- dividual private diesel generators to supply their local energy needs, and it was felt that such a situation usually results in exceedingly high fuel consumption costs for the villagers. If central community generators were installed in the communities, it was felt that each villager would pay less for electricity and conserve more. The need for diesel engine maintenance and repair training, including proper fuel management, was also identified as a need for communities interested in establishing central com- munity generators. Bulk fuel storage facilities in the communities of Togiak, lliamna, Nondalton, and Perryville was also identified as a need. It is felt that bulk fuel storage tanks would substantially reduce the cost of fuel cur- rently paid for by the villagers, and it would eliminate the fuel shortages usually faced by the communities each winter. When a community runs out of fuel, it must be flown in, dramatically increasing the cost for the fuel. Fuel management training for the com- munities would also be necessary. Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - Jeff Moxie Perryville The introduction of more energy efficient low- income housing units was also expressed as a need for villages about to receive low-income housing projects. More energy efficient homes would cut the home- heating costs and increase the comfort of each reci- pient. The housing units in the villages are being received by low-income people, and if they cannot af- ford to pay the high costs to heat their homes, then they would be financially burdened. The villagers feel that the cost of home-heating in the villages is much too high already, and more energy efficient homes must be constructed. Education in energy conservation, solar water heating and home-heating, wind power, wood burners, etc., is also needed in the villages. Much pro- gress has been made in terms of energy conservation, most of which is unknown to the villagers, and it was felt that the Bristol Bay Native Association, the Rural Alaska Community Action Program, and all the energy- related governmental agencies must begin to send more pertinent information on energy conservation to the villages. The immediate improvement of existing central community diesel generating systems of each village is also needed. In some villages, such as Perryville, more transformers are needed in the community to im- prove the current system. In other communities, the generators must be upgraded or replaced by new or rebuilt ones. A prime example is Egegik, which receives its power assistance from the Naknek Electric Association. The generator at Egegik is in a state of disrepair, and must be replaced. Koliganek Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - BBRAC Photo Credit - Keith Trexler Hydro-Electric Power Potential The hydro-electric power potential of Bristol Bay is viewed as the best alternative to meet the long-term energy needs of the region. One such potential pro- ject in the region, Lake Tazimina, could supply 65% of all the region's energy needs. It currently has the potential of providing for over five times the current energy needs of the region, yet proposed transmis- sion lines would only be economical for serving 65% of the region. The development of additional hydro- electric sites would supply all the energy requirements of the region. Without question, hydro-power could lessen the dependency that the region has on diesel generation for electricity, including the use of stove oil for home heating. The development of hydro-power in the region is clearly advantageous for several other reasons. Hydro- power has proven itself in the Arctic environment. Several major hydro-electric projects have been undertaken in Alaska which show the effectiveness and reliability of hydro-electric systems. Although high front-end costs are apparent with the construc- tion of hydro-electric systems, low maintenance and operating costs are involved. Additionally, hydro- electric projects have a long-life, usually planned from 20 to 100 years of service. The financing of a hydro- electric project is usually set at 20 to 50 years. A major “barrier to developing hydro-electric power sites in Bristol Bay is the region's extreme dependency on the salmon fishery. The Bristol Bay watershed provides the birthplace for the world’s largest runs of sockeye and king salmon. The Nushagak and Naknek/Kvichak River drainages provide water- ways for approximately 60 million adult salmon, in- cluding young salmon fry migrating out to the high seas. Salmon Fisherman Repairing Nets Another “barrier” to hydro-electric power develop- ment is the significant amount of land in Bristol Bay which falls into special state and federal management areas. A number of the potential hydro-electric sites exist within the Wood-Tikchik State Park, the proposed lliamna Resource Range, the Lake Clark National Park, the proposed Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, and Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, including the proposed Alaska Coastal National Wildlife Refuge. The state and national interest lands in Bristol Bay amount to over the nine million acres. In the process of developing hydro-electric power sites in Bristol Bay, special consideration must also be placed on the environmental impact such a project may have on the wildlife resources of the region. Both the salmon fishery and the wildlife resources of the region play an important role in the economic and subsistence lifesytles of the local people. The five most important hydro-electric power potential sites have been identified in the Bristol Bay region. The potential hydro-power sites include Lake Tazimina, Grant Lake, Lake Elva, and Chignik Lake No. 1 and No. 2. Several other sites have been identified, but no further investigations or analysis of their potential and feasibility has been undertaken. Such sites have been omitted because they exist within special ex- empted federal lands, or they are considered uneconomical or unfeasible to develop. Photo Credit - Bureau of Outdoor Recreation - Pat Pairchot Togiak Lake Tazimina The Lake Tazimina hydro-electric power potential site is located in the Lake lliamna region of Bristol Bay. It is locted south of Lake Clark, approximately 14 miles from the communities of Nondalton and tliamna. It exists between both communities, and falls within the boundaries of a proposed "'D-2" land selection. This site, if developed, has the potential of produc- ing 111,252 megawatt hours of power per year, which could provide for over five times the current energy needs of the entire region. If constructed, the project will involve two phases. The first phase of the project will involve the construction of two dams, one of which will produce 78,000 megawatt hours per year, and the other will produce an additional 34,252 Photo Credit - Retherford Associates Tazimina Falls Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - Andrew Golia Grant Lake megawatt hours per year. Using 1979 dollars, ex- cluding contingency, inflation, and interest during construction costs, the construction of the first phase has been estimated to cost $38.3 million. If contingen- cies, inflation, and interest costs are included, the first phase of the project would cost about $77.7 million. The second phase of the project includes the addi- tion of extra turbine units, and another transmission line. Using 1979 dollars, excluding contingencies, infla- tion, and interest costs during construction, the se- cond phase of the project would cost about $45.7 million. If other costs were included in the construc- tion, it would cost about $99.6 million to complete the second phase. The total cost of the overall project could be severly impacted if the project is delayed any length of time due to inflation and rising costs of- money. Tazimina River at Forebay Dam Tazimina River Falls Photo Credit - Retherford Associates Photo Credit - Retherford Associates The development of the site would require the in- Sstallation of 165 miles of transmission line, and could serve the following communities: Dillingham Koliganek Aleknagik Levelock Manokotak Igiugig Clark's Point Naknek Ekuk South Naknek Portage Creek King Salmon Ekwok Egegik New Stuyahok Utility inter-ties between the Nushagak Electric Cooperative and the Naknek Electric Association would be necessary to insure the greatest amount of energy distribution in the region. The inter-ties and additional transmission lines would make the other communities direct beneficiaries of the Lake Tazimina project. Grant River Falls Photo Credit - Retherford Associates 14 The planning and development of the Lake Tazimina project must take into special consideration the salmon population that spawn in or on the tributaries of the Tazimina River. There may be no salmon that go beyond the falls in the river, yet it has been suggested that the Lake Tazimina watershed may provide a vital transportation network for young salmon fry which migrate from Lake Clark to Tazimina Lake and on to lliamna Lake. The fact that Lake Tazimina exists within a proposed “D-2" land selection is another issue that must be dealt with if the potential site is to be developed. The pro- ject must prove that it will be a “compatible use" within the proposed national interest lands before the project could be developed. Overall, the project will require extensive evaluation of all the possible impacts that could off-set any potential benefits to be derived from the project. Photo Credit - Retherford Associates Grant River Falls Lake Elva The hydro-electric power potential site at Lake Elva is located approximately 45 miles north of Dillingham. It rests between Little Togiak Lake and the Amakuk Arm of Lake Nerka. It is located in the southern portion of the Wood-Tikchik State Park, created in 1978. The site has the potential of producing 7,927 megawatt hours of power per year, which is con- sidered sufficient to provide for the short-term energy needs of Aleknagik, Kanakanak, and Dillingham. The transmission line would consist of a submerged cable resting on the bottom of Lake Nerka and Lake Aleknagik, connecting to the existing power line of the Nushagak Electric Cooperative in Aleknagik. Total pro- ject costs for the site will amount to an estimated $9.8 million, using 1979 dollars, or $17.6 million including in- flation, overruns and interest. Probably the most significant barrier to the develop- ment of Lake Elva will be the feasibility of the proposed transmission line. If it appears that the pro- posed submerged cable will be uneconomical, then an over-land transmission line must be sought. Much of the land owned in the area is approved state-selected land, including a number of Native allotments. The over-land route for the transmission line would in- volve the condemnation of lands for right-of-ways resulting in legal arguments. Another potential barrier to the development of the Lake Elva hydro site or any other hydro site could be the oppostion by en- vironmental or conservation groups. Elva Creek g s 5 3 2 B g 3 5 3 2 be] 2 5 2 ° 2 = Grant Lake This potential hydro-electric site is located in Wood- Tikchik State Park, approximately 55 miles north of Dil- lingham, and 40 miles north of Aleknagik. It is located about 20 miles from the Lake Elva hydro-electric site. If Grant Lake was developed, the potential power production has been estimated to be 12,130 megawatt hours per year. Using 1979 dollars, the pro- ject is estimated to cost $20.1 million. Figuring infla- tion, Cost overruns and interest costs, the project has been estimated to cost $31 million by 1985. The Grant Lake hydro-electric power site is recog- nized as a companion development of the Lake Elva hydro-electric power site. If developed, it would in- sure greater longevity and greater capacity to meet the future energy needs of the Nushagak Electric Cooperative consumers. If a transmission lines was constructed between Dillingham and Naknek/King Salmon, the added capacity would contribute significantly to the reduction of electrical costs of a larger population base. It would also make the development of Grant Lake more economically attractive. Unlike the Lake Elva site, Grant Lake has not been considered a compatible use in the regulatory provi- sions of the Wood-Tikchik State Park. Before any development takes place, project management must. meet with the Wood-Tikchik State Park Advisory Coun- cil in seeking a compatible use status. A detailed analysis of the possible impacts of this project will be necessary, especially on the local salmon stocks. Grant Lake Waterfall Photo Credit - BBNA Pnoto - Andrew Golia The lake itself flows into Lake Kulik, considered a prime spawning area for salmon by the Alaska Depart- ment of Fish and Game. The drainage is also con- sidered a prime sports fishing ground for fresh-water fish. Special consideration to protect the salmon and fresh-water fish stocks of the area must be included in the development of the project. Chignik Lakes No. 1 and No.2 There are two potential sources of hydro-electric power located near the communities of Chignik Bay, Chignik Lake, and Chignik Lagoon, located at the ex- treme southern boundaries of the Bristol Bay Region. The potential sites are Snowbird Creek and Indian Creek. Both creeks have a history of hydro-power use. A salmon packer, the Alaska Packers Association, cur- rently uses the creeks for both hydro-electric and mechanical energy. Photo Credit - USF/WS Photo - B. Ewing Gas Rocks Becharof Monument 16 Very limited data and information exists on both hydro-electric sites, and both projects should be seriously considered for development, especially if they would augment the development already pre- sent, and possibly provide a year-around source of power to the local communities. Potential impacts upon the local salmon fishery are judged to be minimal, and the most significant obstacle to be over- come would be acquiring land development rights in the area. Most of the land in the area has been claimed as Native allotments, and currently exists within the proposed Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge. Near Lake Elva Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - Patty Beck Lake Elva and the Nushagak Electric Since the early 1960's, the Nushagak Electric Cooperative of Dillingham has attempted to secure governmental support for the development of the Lake Elva hydro-electric power potential site located in the Wood River system, about 45 miles north of Dil- lingham. In 1961, the local electric company, known then as the Dillingham Public Utility, District No. 1, applied for and received a preliminary permit from the Federal Power Commission for Lake Elva. Although the local company obtained an easement and constructed a power line to Aleknagik, a community located about 20 miles north of Dillingham, the electric company failed to continue work on the proposed hydro- electric site. Then in 1964, the Nushagak Electric Cooperative was formed because of the difficulty the former utility company had in securing funds to operate. The former company could not sell bonds to raise money to keep the company operative. The formation of the Nushagak Electric Cooperative allowed the local peo- ple to secure long-term low-interest loans from the Rural Electrification Administration which kept the company alive. Several years after the Nushagak Electric Cooper- ative was formed, the preliminary Lake Elva permit granted to the former electric company was cancelled, including the easement the Dillingnam- Aleknagik power line rests upon. Yet, over the years, the Cooperative continued to seek governmental sup- port to get the Lake Elva hydro-power site developed, and the requests were usually denied for three basic reasons. Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - Andrew Golia Lake Elva 17 These reasons were that the cost of diesel fuel was relatively inexpensive at the time the requests were made; that electricity was not in high demand at the time; and that the cost of purchasing and installing ad- ditional diesel generators was considered more economical. Support, therefore, was not given, and funding for the development of Lake Elva was not ob- tained. Mr. David Bouker, General Manager for the Nushagak Electric Cooperative, continued his eforts during the early 1960's to secure governmental support. His ef- forts were unsuccessful, although he had ample cause for his concern. The price of diesel fuel was beginning to increase, and projections indicated that it was going to con- tinue to rise. The demand for electricity in the local area has grown substantially over the last few years. Dillingnam has been one of the fastest growing com- munities in the state, and the costs for purchasing and installing new diesel generators has become increas- ingly expensive. Mr. Bouker's efforts to develop Lake Elva were well justified. The U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Ad- ministration, Juneau, responded in 1977 to the local electric cooperative's requests by holding a meeting in Anchorage. Representatives from the local cooperative, the Alaska Power Administration, an engineering firm, and the Bristol Bay Native Associa- tion met to discuss the possible development of Lake Elva. The results of the meeting were positive, with a commitment made by the Administration to com- plete a geophysical study of the potential hydro- electric site. It was determined that a geophysical study should be undertaken before a feasibility study is instigated due to the comparable costs involved. A geophysical study would cost as much as $10,000 to complete, and a feasibility study would cost from $300,000 to $500,000 to complete. Since the geophysical study would determine if the project is worth consideration, it was felt more practical to complete the less expen- sive study first. Cooperative In the spring of 1977, representatives from the Alaska Power Adminsitration and the Bureau of Reclamation visited the Lake Elva site. Since they couldn't land at the site with their aircraft, the local cooperative chartered a helicopter to complete the site investigations. The geophysical study was discouraging, indicating that a dam for the potential site would have to be constructed about one-half mile downsteam from the mouth of the lake. The area near the mouth of the lake did not contain the proper sub-surface material to support a dam. Upon completion of the study, the Alaska Power Ad- ministration determined that the construction of the hydro-electric project would be too expensive and uneconomical. After the analysis was done by the Administration, which was based on very limited data, they felt it was evident to look at other energy potentials within the region. Therefore, the Administration went ahead with funding the Retherford reports. The Nushagak Electric Cooperative, and Robert W. Retherford Associates, the engineering firm of An- chorage, which has been working closely with the cooperative, opposed the final analysis of the geophysical study and felt that the determination of the Alaska Power Administration was not. accurate. Both companies believe that the project is highly feasi- ble, and indicate that other figures should have been used in determining the feasibility of the project. Photo Credit - Nushagak Electric Cooperative During the time the geophysical study was being conducted, the local cooperative applied for and received a preliminary permit for Lake Elva. The per- mit required that the cooperative complete an en- vironmentai impact study of the proposed site in con- junction with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The cooperative could not afford the environmental im- pact study, so, therefore, took no action to complete the study. The Alaska Power Authority, State of Alaska, recom- mended that the preliminary permit be relinquished so that the Authority could legally attempt to study and develop the site. The permit was relinquished, and the Authority submitted a request for $400,000 to the State Legislature to complete a feasibility study of the site. It was approved by the Legislature, but "cut’ to $100,000 by the Governor. The local cooperative still feels that $400,000 is needed to complete an accurate and detailed feasibility study. The Lake Elva hydro-power site would not provide for the long-term energy needs of the local area. The local cooperative feels the project could provide a short-term solution to the energy needs of local residents, therefore, the cooperative continues its ef- forts to get the project underway. In conclusion, Representative Nels A. Anderson, Jr., of Dillingham recently sponsored a bill which passed- the State Legislature setting $15 million for the Lake Elva site, and taking into consideration the recommen- dation that the project be constructed as found in the Retherford report entitled, Bristol Bay Energy and Electric Power Potential. y Lake Elva drainage Site investigations of Photo Credit - Nushagak Electric Cooperative Small-Scale Hydro-Electric Power Potential The potential of small-scale hydro-electric power in Bristol Bay is not documented. Extremely limited in- formation on the potential sites and application of small-scale hydro-electric power is available. Small- scate hydro-electric power development, also referred to as "micro-hydro”, is used to describe hydro-electric generating systems that produce less than 100 kilowatts. In essence, micro-hydro systems are designed to provide power for individual homes, farm and shop use, and small communities. There are currently seven sites in the region iden- tified as having the potential for small-scale hydro- electric power development. The sites are located near the communities of Togiak, New Stuyahok, Non- dalton, lliamna, Newhalen, Ilvanof Bay, and Perryville. Only the sites located near New Stuyahok and Togiak have received some in-depth analysis. They received some analysis because both communities are served by the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative. The Alaska Power Administration recently completed a report for the Cooperative identifying the small-scale hydro- electric power potential sites. Reservoir Dam Wall 3) Leat 4) Sluice Gate 5) By-pass Channel 6) Trash Rack 7) Head Race 8) Turbine House Tail Race Figure 1. Layout for a small water power plant. Small-scale hydro-electric power is beginning to receive considerable attention because of the possible benefits small communities could receive from such projects. In the smaller communities, not much energy is consumed, and through proper site selection and the construction of small-scale hydro-electric sites, the costs for development can be minimized. The micro-hydro potential site located in the Togiak area was examined on August 6, 1979, by the Alaska Power Administration, and an engineer from the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative. The potential site exists on the Kurtluk River, located about four miiles west of the village. The site has been estimated to have the potential of producing 30 kilowatts of power, or 14% of the total 1978 power demand of the com- munity. The total project costs, if developed, would range from $1 million to $1.3 million. A more favorable site may exist along the lower end of the stream, and futher site investigations could lead to a better pro- ject, with less transmission line distance and higher head. Source: Small Scale Water Power by Dermot McGuigan, 1978 The New Stuyahok micro-hydro site was examined at the same time the Togiak site was examined. The potential site exists on an unnamed creek located three miles northwest of the village. The site has the potential of producing 55 kilowatts of power, or 51% of the total 1978 electric power demands of the village. Estimated costs for the development of the site has been determined to be between $1.7 and $2.1 million. With proper design and construction, the micro-hydro project could provide New Stuyahok with all its needed electricity. Unfortunately, the project is considered by the Alaska Power Administration to be unfeasible because of such factors as winter-time stream flow observations and head height and pipe length. | Figure 2: Pelton Wheel In general terms, a Pelton Wheel is a disc with paddles or buckets attached to the outside edge. The water Passes through a nozzle and strikes the paddles one at a time, causing the wheel to spin. The buckets are shaped so that the water stream is split in half and caused to change direction, heading back in the op- posite direction to the original water stream for greatest efficiency. Because the power developed by a Pelton Wheel is largely dependent on the velocity of the water, it is well suited for high head/low flow in- stallations. Operating efficiencies in the 80% range are common and micro units using the Pelton Wheel are produced by several firms in North America. Pelton Wheel The water jet streams out of the nozzle,and strikes the curved buckets of the wheel 20 The Army Corps of Engineers is highly interested in immediately examining the micro-hydro power potential sites in Bristol Bay. If accomplished, the other potential sites located near Nondalton, Newhalen, lliamna, lvanof Bay and Perryville would receive needed study and documentation for possible development. The Corps currently has plans to visit the communities of lvanof Bay, Perryville, and Chignik Bay in May 1980, to complete small-hydro site in- vestigations in the area. Later this summer, the Corps will make other site visits in several other communities of Western Alaska. The Corps can complete feasibility studies of small hydro projects, but they cannot fund or construct such projects. However, there are long- term, low-interest loans available from the U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Farmer's Home Administration, for financing small hydro development. In conclusion, Senator Mike Gravel has sponsored “Senate Bill No. 1641” which would provide for na- tional small-scale hydro-electric power development. If this legislation is enacted, it would provide the Army Corps of Engineers with the authority to broaden the scope of their water works to include the study of potential small-scale hydro-electric sites throughout the nation, which would include Bristol Bay, and par- ticipate in the design and construction of those small- scale projects. The passage of this legislation appears favorable, and if enacted, can substantially impact the smaller communities of Bristol Bay. Figure 3: : . | Low Head ~ : - i™ Installation ~ Main Breaker Box / — \_ intake Source Inverter C Generated Electricity For Distribution generator Turbine | outiet z \I 0 raft Tube Adapted from: independent Power Developer brochure “Hydroelectric Power Dr. Tunis Wentink, Jr., of the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks is often considered the foremost authority on wind power in Alaska, and has worked many years for village electrification with wind power. He believes that the Alaska Peninsula and Bristol Bay regions of Alaska contain the most signifi- cant development potentials for wind power in the state. Certain areas of the Bristol Bay region have a long history of windmill use. In the early years of the com- mercial salmon fishery, wind power was used to “pump” water from water sources to processing facilities. In several cases, windmills were used by private individuals to acquire water from wells. Wind generators were also used by local villagers to charge 12-volt batteries, used as a source of electricity for radio communications and home lighting in the villages during the early years. Relics of the 12-volt wind generators can currently be found in the villages, with a few still serving their purpose. The use of small private wind generators has recent- ly sparked the interest of several residents in the Lake lliamna area. Four Winds of Alaska, a Company which sells wind generators out of Anchorage, has recently distributed five wind generators in the Lake Iliamna area. Two of the machines have been sold in the Lake Clark area, located north of Lake Iliamna. A 1.8-KW generator currently exists in Port Alsworth, and another generator, a 4-KW machine, will soon be in- stalled this summer. The other three generators, all of 4-KW capacity, have been sold to the local residents of lliamna. In the community of Newhalen, located about three miles from lliamna, the State Division of Energy and Power Development and the U.S. Public Health Service, are currently establishing a 8-KW wind demonstration project. In its last session, the State Legislature ap- proved $100,000 to establish the demonstration pro- ject under the State Department of Community and Regional Affairs. The Department then transferred the project to the Division of Energy and Power Develop- ment. Rotor blades Hydraulic pitch control Generator b ‘Yaw control Wind Power Potential After concurring with the people of Newhalen, it was decided that the project would be "hooked-up” to provide power to a new laundromat currently being constructed in the community by the Public Health Service. It has been agreed that the Division would pro- vide the necessary funds for the wind generator, and the Public Health Service would provide the necessary engineering work. The 8-KW wind generator will be erected by 4-Winds of Alaska, Anchorage and will begin serving power to the laundromat by August, 1980. Plans for the project include a “battery bank" which would supply the necessary load of the laundromat when sufficient winds are not present. In addition to the Newhalen wind project, the Divi- sion of Energy and Power Development is currently in- terested in establishing a 45-KW wind demonstration project in a larger community in Bristol Bay. The Divi- sion would like to install the large-scale wind project in the community of Dillingham or Naknek, where a local electric utility company exists. The Division feels that it would take the initiative and close cooperation of a local electric company to make the project successful. In this case, Grumman Energy Systems of Ronkonkoma, New York, an engineering firm dealing with wind generators, would provide the 45-KW wind generator and the technical support necessary to make the pro- ject successful. Funding for the project will be re- quested from the State Legislature. [ Figure 4a. Wind Power Schematic representa- tion of the 0.1-megawatt ex- perimental wind tur- bine near Sandusky, Ohio. Figure 4b. Wind Power \Design details of the drve train assembly of the 0.1-megawatt ex- perimental aerogenerator at San- dusky, Ohio. In other wind power projects of the region, a private wind generator has recently been installed on an ex- perimental basis in Naknek. The wind machine has been designed to “feed” surplus wind power to the local electric company. When no winds are present, the home receives power from the local electric com- pany. The project is in its infancy, and within a year or so, after more data has been obtained, the success of the project will be determined. In 1975, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska operated a small wind power unit in Ugashik, located near Pilot Point on the upper Alaska Peninsula. The project was designed to collect and document wind data in Ugashik, but a safety feature on the wind- mill failed, allowing the windmill to turn on during a strong gale. Since it was operating above wind speed, the gale destroyed the generator. The generator was replaced two years ago, but no funds have been available to install the new generator. Funds are cur- rently needed to reactivate the project so that a detailed analysis of the project can be performed. In the community of Nelson Lagoon, the State Legislature, through the Division of Energy and Power Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - Patty Beck 6-volt charger owned by David Carlson, Dillingham. Development, has funded another wind project. The wind generator was installed by Boeing Engineering and Construction, the Boeing Energy and Environment Division located in Seattle, Washington. Projects also funded in Cold Bay and Kotzebue, have been delayed due to severe winds destroying the tower supporting the wind generator. It was concluded at the Bristol Bay Energy Seminar that an immediate need exists to begin documenting wind data in all the communities of Bristol Bay. Very limited wind data is available within the region, and it was recommended that wind anemometers be in- stalled in each village, to be monitored by the local village schools. Such a “school project” would provide the needed wind data of each community, necessary before a wind power project can be installed in the village. The U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Administration, Juneau, and the State Division of Energy and Power Development, Anchorage are in- terested in funding wind anemometers for each com- munity and collecting wind data as a local project. In conclusion, wind power has a high potential and the interest of many people within the region. Yet, the development of wind generators, especially larger ones, is still in its infancy, and close study must be done for economic application. It does not provide an immediate answer to the overall energy needs of the local communities, since no generator capable of pro- viding electricity for a whole community has “proven” itself to work effectively in the local environment. However, the immediate application of wind-powered generators to provide electricity to new community facilities such as health clinics, recreation and com- munity halls, future teacher housing projects, etc., can prove an effective means of energy conservation in the communities. i 12-volt wind charger owned by Paul Romey, Ekwok, Alaska. Photo Credit - BBNA Photo - Andrew Golia The Other Alternative Energy There are other potential energy resources in Bristol Bay that could add to the energy profile of the region. These energy resources include solar energy, wood energy, geo-thermal energy, bio-mass conversion, tidal-power and waste-heat recovery. Each of these forms of energy could supplement one segment of the energy demand within the region. A brief descrip- tion and discussion of these energy potentials follows. Solar Energy Solar energy is the generic name given to many dif- ferent forms of alternate energy. As used in this sec- tion, passive and active solar systems, which rely solely upon the direct radiation of the sun, can be used for water heating, home heating, and the production of electricity. Both passive and active technologies exist that could be readily introduced and applied within the region. Passive solar energy does not involve the use of pumps, motors, or fans in the capture or distribution of collected sun energy. The collectors, generally the structures themselves, are stationary and immobile, and must be facing in a southernly direction to take advantage of the sun's movement. Passive solar systems could be economically developed in existing public or private facilities. In active solar systems, energy is collected in a similar fashion, but mechanical devices are used to more effi- ciently capture the sun's rays or distribute the energy. Active systems are more costly than passive systems, but they provide a more efficient means of taking ad- vantage of this ubiquitous resource. There is a lack Of monthly solar radiation data in the Bristol Bay region, and an attempt should be made to install and record monthly solar radiation data in the FAA weather stations found in the region. Historical weather information that currently exists in the States’ Archives should be collated and made available to the general public. Some information is now available from the State Climatological Office in An- chorage. Wood Energy The potential for wood energy in Bristol Bay exists more so in the northern sections of the region, where most of the forest lands exist. It is widely used as a means of home heating, smoking fish, and heating steam baths. The escalation of home heating fuel costs makes wood burning an increasingly important sup- plement or alternative to home heating. Wood gasification, wood-burning electrical gen- erators and hotwater heaters are other uses for which wood energy could be applied. However, before any widespread regional increase in the use of wood energy can take place, an identification of the wood resources available within the region should be per- formed. An analysis of the current land status of wood- ed areas, and a regional management plan for wood utilization must be developed. A lack of information on applied technology of wood utilization exists within the region. Figure 5. Model Solar Power System ! I Solar cells I i Conventional power to supplement solar power Storage and recovery + 7.7 KW Power during conditioning |_9¢ Electrolyzer sunlight and controls H2 and 02 Metal hydride and tank storage H2 and 02 dc 1.3 kW continuous Inverter Fuel cell + peaks Source: Energy Technology Handbook, Douglas Consionia, 1979 Resource Potentials Peat Energy Peat or tundra, found throughout the region, could provide an abundant supply of easily obtained fuel. Peat is made up of the remains of dead plants of many kinds. It is the light-brown, dark-brown, or nearly black soil found in wet places such as bogs, swamps, and margins of ponds and lakes, or, in the tundra region. Peat is dug and dried until it can be used for both home heat and electrical power. Peat is burned in many different types of stoves with the proper grates installed; it is usually formed in- to bricks and burned in that manner. However, it can be taken from the earth in blocks and burned that way also. it can be refined and gives off a volatile gas which can be used for a fuel in other types of machinery. Peat deposits must be identified in the region and people educated on the potential of this resource. It could become a widely used form of energy since peat technology has been tried, tested, and proven, but there are environmental considerations. Currently, the Division of Energy and Power Development is con- ducting a peat resource assessment in the state. Caribou, Aniakchak Crater Photo Credit - NPSP - Bruce Moorhead Geothermal Energy The Alaska Peninsula area of the Bristol Bay region has been identified as a potential area for the develop- ment of geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is derived from the natural heat of the earth's core and is usually identifiable in the form of hot springs or streams that emit from the earth. Geothermal re- sources can be utilized for home heating, electrical generation, or any other imaginative use. A limited use of geothermal resources throughout the world, exists, however, the proper technology does exist. Activities needed for the development of geothermal energy is exploratory drilling to test and identify specific sites available. The feasibility of geothermal development can be assessed with the use of data compiled from the Pilgrim Springs Project that the state is undertaking in the Seward Peninsula. The land use status of the area must be settled before any intensified effort to develop this potential is initiated. Bio-Mass Conversion Bio-mass conversion is used to describe the use of organic products in the production of heat or elec- tricity. The process of bio-mass conversion usually in- volves the gasification or composting of waste mat- ters such as wood chips, fish entrails, household refuse, Cow manure or any other kind of organic by- product. Large-scale bio-mass conversion is relatively new, however, small individualized systems have been in use for a number of years. In the gasification process, gas is siphoned off the top of the processed product and the solids are returned to the ground as fertilizer. The solids and gases can be used in a combination of methods. A limited potential for the use of this type of energy resource is available in the region, however, with the development of new and more appropriate bio-mass conversion techniques, it could become widely used in the region. There is a need for the increased distribu- tion of available information about bio-mass conver- sion, and the continued monitoring of new develop- ments. Tidal Power The potential for tidal power development in Bristol Bay is conceivable due to the major river systems and tidal flows that exist within the watershed. The range of tidal flows and strong currents indicate the poten- tial of tidal power along the coastal areas of the region. In order to harness tidal energy, a turbine must be placed in the flow of water. The force of water pass- ing through the blades of the turbine would produce electricity. Due to the low mean water level during the ebb of the tide, two storage pools would have to be constructed to provide continuous power. The development of tidal power in the Bristol Bay region does not, appear to be feasible. Stone and Webster, an engineering firm based in Boston, Massachusetts, conducted a tidal power study in March, 1977 for the United States Energy Research and Development Administration. The report indicates that the lack of an annual average 18-foot tide and severe seasonal icing conditions in Bristol Bay make the development of the tidal power unlikely. An addi- tional major factor which will most certainly hinder the development of tidal power is the annual fish migrations. Waste Heat Recovery Waste-heat recovery refers to the capturing of heat that is produced from thermal generating plants. The only thermal generating plants in Bristol Bay are diesel generators. To effectively harness the use of waste heat, the user must be located close to the source. Waste heat recovery can be used to heat water to ef- fectively heat buildings. The Nushagak Electric Cooperative presently uses waste heat to heat their main offices and generating facilities. They are also planning to provide waste heat to a new grade school facility to be built in Dillingham. In addition, the Southwest Regional School District is currently using waste-heat recovery to heat the new facilities they are constructing in their local schools. Waste-heat recovery on the village level has some promise, however, due to the small size of village generators, and the economics of waste heat recovery, a limited number of villages can use waste heat recovery. Robert W. Retherford Associates of An- chorage, has recently completed a “Waste Heat Cap- ture Study" for the State of Alaska which addresses the broad range of issues and options available in waste- heat recovery for Alaskan communities. A waste-heat recovery needs assessment should be performed in the Bristol Bay communities to identify the specific sites where waste-heat recovery would be advantageous. Community development could be enhanced with the use of waste heat in the construction of new facilities, and act as an incentive to encourage development. Figure 7. Bulb unit installed in hydraulic conduit - harnessing tidal energy. Source: Energy Technology Handbook, Douglas Considine, 1977 10.50 Power and the Village Schools As local schools were being introduced in Bristol Bay, most had to produce their own power needs. In essence, the local schools had to own and operate their own power plants to provide power for their facilities. In a number of situations, if the local schools have surplus power available, then the communities are allowed to “hook-up” with the schools. In each case, the community is required to purchase and provide the necessary equipment for the hook-up. This type of situation has occurred over the last few years, and is beginning to manifest some problems. Local schools which provide surplus power to the communities are beginning to expand their facilities, gradually decreasing the surplus power available from the schools. At some point in time, the villagers must acquire power elsewhere. In other cases, where the local schools have acquired power from the villages, the demand for power by the community members has begun to increase with the growth of the communities. In such places, the generating system must be upgraded or the capacity increased to meet the demand for power from the villagers and the local schools. The Southwest Regional School District, based in Dil- lingham, would like the villages which are currently ac- quiring power from their schools to develop their own community power plants, and then the school would purchase power from the community-owned generators. Such an arrangement would provide an answer to the current predicament faced by the com- munities. In many cases, the schools close down during the summer months, leaving the villagers with no elec- tricity, and if the villagers had community generators, they wouldn't be faced with the problem. To begin providing their own power, the villagers must form some type of village electric cooperative in each community, and agree upon the type of services, generators, and maintenance system they expect to develop. The villagers would also need several members of the community trained and certified in diesel maintenance and repair, as well as power plant management. The villagers would also need technical assistance in securing long-term, low-interest loans so they could acquire new generators for immediate relief. Throughout the years, private diesel generators have been commonly owned and operated in most of the communities, and many of the villagers are well ac- quainted with the maintenance and repair of such engines. Yet, if a community generation system was set up in the village, then a certified power plant mechanic would be required to maintain and repair the generators to conform with government regula- tions. The villagers currently obtaining power from the local schools must immediately begin to plan for the acquisition and development of a community genera- tion system. It would be too expensive and continue to add to high fuel consumption if the villagers used individual private generators once again. As each year passes, more electrical appliances, such as refrigerators, cooking hardware, power tools, etc., can be found in the homes of an increasing number of villagers. A Regional Energy Authority At the Bristol Bay Energy Seminar, the participants agreed that the most appealing strategy by which to address the many questions associated with the development of any major energy project in Bristol Bay would be the formation of a local regional energy authority. It was felt that a regional energy authority could fulfill one of three possible functions: 4. The local regional energy authority can serve as a body whose sole purpose is to advise the Alaska Power Authority, State of Alaska, with regard to the develop- ment, distribution, and pricing of electrical projects in Bristol Bay. In other words, it would serve as a local regional organization which provides recommenda- tions and public sentiment to the Alaska Power Authority in terms of energy development in the region; 2. The local regional energy authority can serve as a body that acts as the distribution agent of the Alaska Power Authority. The local organization would pur- chase power directly from any electrical generating project within the region, and distribute it to the member communities and utilities within the region. In this manner, the local regional energy authority would not own any generating facilities, yet would be responsible for purchasing and distributing available power; 3. The regional authority can serve as a body that finances and owns any electrical generating facility in Bristol Bay. The local organization would manage, operate, and distribute the electricity produced in the region. Alternately, each community would be respon- sible for their own distribution systems, while the regional authority will be held responsible for only generation and transmission. In this concept, the local regional energy authority would have much more con- trol over any of the electrical facilities introduced in the region. It will occupy a highly responsible position for instigating major energy development projects within the region. It was felt by the participants that the formation of some type of regional energy authority would provide a better chance for the residents of Bristol Bay to ac- tively seek and secure major energy development pro- jects within the region. Unity provides strength, and such an organization would provide more political clout for local residents to work through its current energy dilemma. The participants felt that upon completion of the report entitled: Bristol Bay Energy and Electrical Power Potential, prepared by Robert W. Retherford Associates, certain communities in Bristol Bay should be contacted to discuss the possibility of forming the regional energy authority. Therefore, the formation of aregional energy authority would depend upon the willingness and active support of a number of com- munities in Bristol Bay. It is expected that the Alaska Power Authority will meet with the local electric cooperatives, the Bristol Bay Native Association, district legislators, and certain state and federal agencies, including interested village representatives, to develop a strategy for the possible implementation of a regional energy authority. Travel to each interested community in Bristol Bay is ex- pected to occur, so as to discuss the possible forma- tion of the regional organization. Village sentiment is expected to play an important role in the formation of the regional authority. The most attractive aspect in support of the forma- tion of aregional energy authority is the advocacy role it would play in promoting the development of poten- tial energy resources of Bristol Bay. A concern expressed by the energy seminar participants was that the regional energy authority, if organized, should ad- dress all aspects of energy development within the region, besides hydro-electric power development. This feeling was aired because many of the com- munities in the region cannot economically "hook-up" to the proposed hydro-electric power sites. It should be recognized that the regional energy authority would not require that each community in Bristol Bay become a member of the organization. Each village would have the discretion to become a member of the regional authority. Yet, if the regional energy authority was formed, only the participating members of the organization are expected to benefit from any energy projects developed by the authority. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. A meeting should be held with representatives from the U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Ad- ministration, the Bristol Bay Native Association, the Alaska Power Authority, the local utility companies, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and in- terested individuals to discuss the possible formation Of a “Bristol Bay Regional Energy Authority”, and plana development strategy. 2. The Alaska Division of Energy and Power Develop- ment and the U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Administration should work jointly to see that funding is available for every community in Bristol Bay that lacks wind data to receive wind anemometers. 3. The Rural Education Attendance Areas, especially the Southwest Regional School District based in Dil- lingham, and the Lake and Peninsula School District based in Naknek, should develop a “school program" which would assist in recording and documenting wind data in their service villages when wind anemometers are received. 4. The Alaska Division of Energy and Power Develop- ment should work actively to develop a 45-KW wind demonstration project in either the Dillingnam or Naknek/King Salmon area, and encourage the local utility companies to submit proposals for working closely with the possible development of such a pro- ject. 5. The U.S. Forest Service and the Alaska Department of Natural Resources should immediately begin work to complete a wood resource land status profile of the region, and develop a management program for the utilization of wood resources in Bristol Bay, and active- ly distribute such information upon completion of the study throughout the communities of the region. 6. The Rural Alaska Community Action Program should work closely with the Bristol Bay Native Association in monitoring the low-income fuel credit program recently enacted by the Federal Government, and each eligible villager in Bristol Bay should be contacted and enrolled in the program. 7. The U.S. Department of Energy, Alaska Power Ad- ministration; the Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development; and the Rural Alaska Community Action Program and the Bristol Bay Native Association should work closely together in the attempts to create cen- tral diesel generating capacities in the communities of Ugashik, Clarks Point, Levelock, Chignik Lagoon, and Chignik, for the sake of fuel conservation and cutting fuel costs down in the communities. Any other inter- ested villages in Bristol Bay which have a high dependency on private diesel generators should also be helped. 8. The Bristol Bay Housing Authority based in Dil- lingnam should make every effort to introduce and construct more energy efficient housing units in all the communities to receive a low-income housing pro- gram. The Housing Authority should also take advan- tage of alternate energy funds available from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. 9. The Bristol Bay Native Association should work closely with Bristol Bay's legislative representatives to seek funding for the construction of bulk fuel storage facilities in the communities of Togiak, lliamna, Non- dalton, and Perryville. 10. The Rural Alaska Community Action Program; the Division of Energy and Power Development and the U.S. Department of Energy should work closely with the Bristol Bay Native Association in the distribution of current and developing energy conservation and alternative energy information to all the communities in Bristol Bay. 11. The Army Corps of Engineers should initiate a small-scale hydro-power potential study identifying all the potential sites in the Bristol Bay region as soon as possible, and those villages interested in small-scale hydro-electric power development should contact the Corps immediately. 12. Tne Alaska Power Authority should immediately conduct a feasibility study including a draft En- vironmental Impact Statement, for the Lake Elva, Grant Lake, and Tazimina Lake hydro-electric projects.