HomeMy WebLinkAboutBuckland Reconnaissance Study Of Energy Requirements & Alternatives 1981
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY LIBRARY COPY
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RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
OF
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS & ALTERNATIVES
FOR
BUCKLAND
Alaska Power Authority
334 W. 5ih Ave.
Anchorage, Ataska 99501
INTE IONAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. ‘A MORRISON-KNUDSEN COMPANY
ROBERT W. RETHERFORD ASSOCIATES DIVISION
BSS Bh rt PP i kl eee
BUCKLAND SUPPLEMENT
TO
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
OF
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
FOR
BUCKLAND, CHUATHBALUK, CROOKED CREEK
HUGHES, KOYUKUK, NIKOLAI, RED DEVIL,
RUSSIAN MISSION, SHELDON POINT, SLEETMUTE,
STONY RIVER, TAKOTNA AND TELIDA
MAY 1981
Prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Co., Inc.
Anchorage, Alaska
For the
State of Alaska
Department of Commerce and Economic Development
Division of Alaska Power Authority
333 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501 ~
Under Contract No. AS44.56.010
APA 20/T1
This report was prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Company
R.W. Retherford, P.E.
Frank J. Bettine, E.I.T.
James J. Lard, E.I.T.
Mark Latour, Economist
Illustrations on the front cover were prepared and sketched by
Kathryn L. Langman. These illustrations portray several energy
resource alternatives investigated for the Thirteen Villages
included in this study.
APA 20/T2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
a Summary and Results ToL
2, Recommendations 21
3. Existing Conditions and Energy Balance Sok
4, Energy Requirements Forecast 4c
Ss Resource and Technology Assessment Sun
6. Energy Plans 6x1
APPENDIX A Description of Selected Technologies
APA*32C1
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
APA*32C2
A. SUMMARY
A study was recently conducted under contract number AS44.56.010 for the
State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Divi-
sion of Alaska Power Authority to determine the energy alternatives for
Thirteen Western Alaskan Villages. This study consists of establishing
the following:
Energy Balance for 1979
Existing Power and Heating Facilities - 1980
Electric Power Requirements to the year 2000
Space Heating. Requirement to the year 2000
Potential Energy and Electric Power Resources
Evaluation of the Electric Power Resources oooeoeoo°o Recommendations for the development or future studies
for the 13 Western Alaskan villages of Buckland, Hughes, Koyukuk, Telida,
Nikolai, Takotna, Stony River, Sleetmute, Red Devil, Crooked Creek,
Chuathbaluk, Russian Mission and Sheldon Point (See Figure 1.1).
The Buckland supplement represents a brief summary of the most pertinent
facts and findings contained in the original report which relate to the
village of Buckland. Detailed data concerning the village may be obtained
by referring to the original report.
Diesel fuels are presently used to satisfy the major percentage of energy
demands in the village. Emphasis in the study was therefore placed on
possible resources and technologies that could replace or at least supple-
ment the use of increasingly costly fuel oil. The energy alternatives which
were selected for detailed evaluation in the village of Buckland include:?
1) Diesel generation
2) Waste Heat Recovery
3) Binary Cycle generation using coal fuel
4) Hydroelectric generation
5) Wind generation
6) Passive solar heating
7) Energy conservation
1 See Appendix A for brief description of technologies listed.
iT
APA*32C3
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ANCHORAGE
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PACIFIC
Yukon - Tanana Plateau FAIRBANKS
1 BUCKLAND
2 HUGHES
4 KOYUKUK 4 RUSSIAN MISSION
al 5 SHELDON POINT
“le 6 CHUATHBALUK
if 7 CROOKED CREEK
8 NIKOLAI 9 RED DEVIL 10 SLEETMUTE
11 STONY RIVER
12 TAKOTNA
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ALASKA MAP SON SEIN PACES
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of future energy requirements
for the village, a control year - 1979 - was established from which all
projections have been made. Information related to village history,
population and economic conditions, plus information regarding village
government, transportation, power and heating facilities, fuel require-
ments, etc. , was collected to provide the necessary background data to
support these projections.
B. EVALUATION RESULTS
ie Economics
Table 1.1 is a summary of the 20 and 50 year economic evaluations performed
for the combination of alternatives (i.e., energy plans) selected for detailed
study for Buckland. This Table lists the accumulated present worth of plan
costs and the accumulated present worth of the net benefits derived from non-
electrical outputs, where:
1) Plan costs represent the cost for providing electrical
generation, and
2) Net benefits represent the savings derived from waste heat
capture or surplus hydroelectric energy used for electric heating.
a. Twenty Year Evaluation Results
Results of the 20-year economic evaluation indicate that.the use of diesel
with waste heat recovery and supplemented with wind generation to be most
economical energy plan examined for Buckland. This plan is approximately
7 percent less expensive than diesel generation and waste heat recovery with-
out supplemental wind generation for the village. This small variation in
cost between the two energy plans represents an insignificant difference in
a reconnaissance level study, where costs cannot be precisely determined, and
should not be construed to indicate a definite cost advantage of one plan over
another.
The diesel generation plus binary generation with waste heat energy plan
averaged approximately 22 percent greater cost than the diesel generation
plus waste heat recovery plan for Buckland.
i-3
APA*32C5
bol BUCKLAND
Table 1.1 Accumulated Present Worth of Plan Costs and Benefits ($1,000)
Diesel Diesel
& , &
Diesel Binary Cycle Diesel WECS
PERIOD & & & t &
Waste Heat Waste Heat Hydroelectric Waste Heat
Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit / Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit
20-year 3817-450.0 4664-432.3 7253-149.4 3606-430.6
50-year 10509-1679.7 11536-1636. 7 17171-818.6 9779-1543.2
Hydroelectric generation is found to be the most expensive method of
providing electrical energy for Buckland.
Passive solar and energy conservation have not been economically evaluated
in detail and they are, therefore, not listed in Table 1.1. Numerous past
studies have shown the value of conservation and passive solar heating. An
approximate fifteen percent reduction in fossil fuel requirements due to the
implementation of passive solar heating and energy conservation measures has
been built into the village Heating Requirement Forecast Tables listed in
Section 4. It is assumed that these two methods of reducing usage will be
implemented in the village.
b. Fifty Year Evaluation Results:
The results of the 50-year economic evaluation performed for the village
of Buckland confirms hydroelectric generation as the most expensive method
of providing electrical energy. The high cost of developing the potential
hydroelectric site located on Hunter Creek south of Buckland makes the use
of hydroelectric generation economically unrealistic.
In addition, the results of the 50-year evaluation has reaffirmed the
slight cost advantage of diesel plus waste heat recovery, supplemented
with wind generation over diesel plus waste heat for the village of
Buckland.
2. Environmental and Technical
Results of the environmental and technical evaluations are listed in Table
1.2. These results indicate the overall environmental and technical ranking
of energy plans selected for detail study for the village of Buckland, in
order of preference to be:
2) diesel electric plus waste heat
2) diesel plus hydroelectric generation
3) diesel plus waste heat and supplemented with wind generation
4) diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat
iso
APA34*H7
9=1, APA 28B
Table 1.2
Factor
(A) Econo
(B) Envir
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Envir
(C) Techn
(1)
(2)
(3)
mic (Present Worth)
onmental
Community Preference
Infrastructure
Timing
Air Quality
Water Quality
Fish and Wildlife
Land Use
Terrestrial Impacts
TOTAL
onmental Ranking
ical
Safety
Reliability
Availability
TOTAL
TECHNICAL RANKING
OVERALL RANKING
EVALUATION MATRIX
Diesel
Electric
+ Waste Heat Im ® MBO BY FH W WHO NM o ale ww C-1
Diesel +
Local Hydro
w/wo Electric
Heat IN DOr BP oO PH NM wo wt fen ee F-2
Diesel +
Binary Generation
Coal and/or Wood
With Waste Heat jp pe ROOD w ~ lo nm 12
Diesel + Waste Heat
Supplemental
Wind Generation los sos" a hw es oe rp a Jus on w 11
B-3
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
APA*32C9
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
A. GENERAL
Analysis of both the 20-year and 50-year economic, technical and
environmental evaluations indicate the three most promising energy
plans for the village of Buckland in order of preference to be:
1) Continued use of diesel generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery,
2) diesel plus binary cycle generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery,
3) diesel plus waste heat recovery supplemented with wind
generation.
B. RECOMMENDED PLAN - Diesel Generation Supplemented with Waste Heat Recovery.
The 20 and 50 year economic, technical and environmental evaluation indicate
that diesel generation with waste heat recovery will provide the most satis-
factory method of providing electric energy for the village of Buckland.
It is recommended, therefore, that a study be conducted to determine the
feasibility of utilizing waste heat in the village of Buckland. Such a
study should include a definitive review of the following items:
1) availability of waste heat
2) transportation of waste heat
3) end use of waste heat
C. FIRST ALTERNATIVE PLAN - Diesel Plus Binary Cycle Generation Supplemented
With Waste Heat Recovery.
The first alternative plan, as listed above, is diesel plus binary cycle
generation with waste heat recovery. This plan averages approximately 22
percent greater costs than the recommended plan (20-year economic evaluation).
Because the uncertainties in the costs associated with this alternative,
such as the cost of coal fuel, equipment cost, etc., which can not at present
2-1
APA*32C10
be as precisely determined as for the recommended plan, it is conceivable
that this alternative could be cost competitive with the alternative plan
(i.e., diesel generation plus waste heat recovery).
Because binary cycle generation is viewed as one of the few potentially
viable energy alternatives, suitable for future use in remote Alaska villages
such as Buckland, it is recommended that the feasibility of binary cycle
generation in Alaska be further investigated in regard to:
1) Equipment availability
2) Technical feasibility
3) Economic aspects
4) Environmental aspects
5) Constraints
Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suitable for village appli-
cation is, however, not expected to be available until the late 1980's,
D. SECOND ALTERNATIVE PLAN - Diesel Plus Waste Heat Recovery Supplemented
With Wind Generation.
Alternative energy plan #2 diesel plus waste heat recovery supplemented
with wind generation, is slightly less expensive than the recommended plan
by about 7 percent for Buckland. Because of the marginal reliability
heretofore experienced in Alaska using wind generation and the lack of
a definite cost advantage of using supplemental wind generation over the
recommended plan, implementation of this alternative energy plan is not
recommended. However, as wind generation technology is further improved
APA*32C11
and developed, periodic reviews of wind technology for possible implementa-
tion in the village of Buckland is advised.
E. COSTS FOR FURTHER STUDY
Approximate costs for determining of feasibility of the two most attractive
energy resources for the village of Buckland are:
e Waste heat recovery - approximately $2500
e Binary cycle generation - approximately $2,000,000 which
would include the cost of constructing and operating
a demonstration plant in Alaska.
F. CONSERVATION MEASURES
For the village to stabilize and hopefully reduce the local cost of
energy immediate short term conservation measures could provide the
most rapid results. These conservation measures, which include added
insulation, double glazing or solar film, arctic entrances, weather
stripping, etc., can reduce current non-transportation fuel use on the
order of 15 percent over the 20-year period of this study.
a3
APA*32C12
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE
APA*32C13
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
A. INTRODUCTION
To establish a base and understanding of energy use in the village, an
energy balance has been compiled for the year 1979. Input energy forms
are diesel, wood, propane, blazo, gasoline, and aviation gasoline.
Energy used in the village has been listed both by end use category
(i.e., heating, transportation, and quantities used for electrical
generation) and by consumer category to include residential, smal]
commercial, public buildings, and large users (school), in the following
table.
To provide background data, information related to village history,
demographic and economic conditions plus information regarding village
government, transportation, power and heating facilities is included.
a. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
History: The community of Buckland is located on the west bank of
the Buckland River about 75 miles southeast of Kotzebue. The
settlement has existed at other locations under various names in
the past, including Elephant Point, 01d Buckland and New Site. The
land around the townsite of Buckland has been selected by the
village corporation pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement
Act (ANCSA) of 1971. The Buckland Village Corporation has merged
with the NANA Regional Corporation.
Population: The 1970 census showed a population of 104 at Buckland.
The 1975 population update by the State of Alaska for revenue sharing
purposes showed a population of 145 and a total of 22 families.
APA*32C14
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
Population in 1980 was 172 with 41 households (estimated by village
council). Population growth rate from 1970 through 1980 has averaged
five percent per year. In 1980, the average number of members per
household in the community was 4.2 persons.
Economy: Buckland exists on a subsistence economy. In the fall
people hunt caribou, while in the spring beluga whale and seal are
taken at Elephant Point. Herring, salmon, smelt, grayling, white
fish, rabbit, ptarmigan, berries and waterfowl] and their eggs
supplement the diet. |
Permanent non-subsistence employment in the village consists of
teachers, teacher aide, school cook, store employees, health aide,
policeman and city office worker. Income is also earned from
trapping and the sale of pelts. In addition income from these
enterprises is supplemented by public assistance payments.
Government: Buckland was incorporated as a second-class city in
1966. It has a mayor-council form of government, with the mayor
appointed from the seven council members. The city has an admin-
istrator, policeman, magistrate and a volunteer fire department.
Transportation: The community's location on the Buckland River
allows barge and small boat travel as well as access by air. Fuel
and other bulk supplies are transported to Buckland by barge.
Passengers, small cargo items and mail arrive by air. Snowmachines
are the primary means of inter-village transportation in the winter.
Small boat travel is the major means of transportation in summer.
APA*32C15
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
There are no roads connecting Buckland with other communities in
the region.
ENERGY BALANCE (1979)
The heating and electrical energy needs of Buckland are supplied
almost in their entirety by diesel fuel oi] with only negligible
amounts of wood being used for heating purposes. Village heating
requirements account for 57.8 percent of the total energy usage,
electrical generation 26.5 percent and transportation 15.7 percent.
Graph 3.1 illustrates by consumer category the and types the percent_
ages of energy forms used in the village. Table 3.1 tabulates this
data in additional detail.
.EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES
Electric Power: The village operates the primary generating facility
which supplies power and energy to all electrical consumers within the
community. The village generation facility consists of a modularized
trailer unit housing a 140 kW and a 75 kW diesel generator set. This
facility was installed in the spring of 1980 as a replacement for the
old generation facility which was completely destroyed by fire. The
school maintains standby generation facilities consisting of a 135-kW
and a 55-kW diesel-generator set.
Distribution is of overhead triplex construction operating at a
voltage of 208/120 volts.
Heating: Residential, small commercial and public buildings are
heated using individual oil-fired stoves.
Residential users average about 1100 gallons of fuel oi] per household
annually. All residences use propane for cooking.
The heating facility for the school is an oil-fired centralized forced-
air furnace. Propane is used at the school for cooking.
3-3
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
Fuel Storage: Diesel bulk fuel oi] storage capacity in the community
- (village + school) is approximately 96,700 gallons (DEPD, 1979 Energy
Survey).
3-4
APA*32C17
GRAPH 3.1 1979 ENERGY BALANCE
BUCKLAND
EFFICIENCIES ASSUMED: LEGEND _
HEATING — 75% GG) — RESIDENTIAL
TRANSPORTATION — 25% (GG — SMALL COMMERCIAL
ELECTRICAL GENERATION — 25% (=) — PuBLic BUILDINGS
() — LARGE USERS (SCHOOL)
() — WASTE HEAT
TOTAL ENERGY (100%)
HEATING (57.8%)
BLAZO — 0% PROPANE— 2.3%
WOOD — 0%
DIESEL — 55.5%
TOTAL — 57.8%
TRANSPORTATION (15.7%)
___. GASOLINE + AV GAS 15.7%
ELECTRICAL GENERATION (26.5%)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000
BTU x 10®
20,000
apa28: a7
ENERGY BALANCE - 1979
BUCKLAND
Table 3.1
CONSUMER ENERGY FORM CONSUMED HEATING TRANSPORTATION ELECTRICAL
DIESEL WOOD PROPANE BLAZO GASOLINE AV GAL DIESEL TOTAL
GAL CORDS POUNDS GAL GAL GAL GAL 10° Btu
TYPE NO. 10" Btu 10° Btu 10° Btu 10° Btu 10" Btu 10° Btu 10° Btu % of Tota
Residential 41 45,100 - 20,000 - 22,550 - 13,020 11,274
6,223 390 2,864 1,797 61.9
Smal] Commercial 3 3,300 - 7 : - E 3,140 888 455 433 4.9
Public Buildings 5 2,750 oa 7 ci = :: 6,000 1,208
380 828 6.6
Large User (school) 1 22,100 = 1,200 = - - 12,910 4,853
3,050 - 23 _ - - T, 780 26.6
Total 50 73,250 - 21,200 = 22,550 * 35,070 18,223
10,108 413 2,864 4,838
% of Total Btu 55.5 2.3 15.7 - 26.5 100
Waste Heat 10° Btu 2,527 103 “ 2,148 3,629 8,407
% of total Btu 13.9 0.6 11.8 - 19.8 46.1
Assumed efficiency: heating - 75%
transportation - 25%
electric generation - 25%
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
APA*32C20
INTRODUCTION
The following paragraphs and tables outline the planned capital
projects, economic activities forecast, and energy end use
forecasts for the village of Buckland.
APA*32C21
ds Buckland
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
FORECAST
a. Planned Capital Projects and Economic Activity Forecast
Planned Capital Projects:
Scheduled developments -
(within next 3 years)
Potential developments -
Economic Activity Forecast:
10 new HUD houses - replacement
for existing structures
PHS building
New runway and airport improve-
ments
School classroom addition
Armory
Hunter Creek Hydroelectric Project
Kugruk Creek Coal Mine operation
With no known strategic minerals
or resources in the immediate area, substantial improvement in
_ economic activity is not expected in Buckland.
b. Population Forecast - Buckland
The population forecast is shown on the following Table 4.1:
Table 4.1
1970
104
# Residences -
Year
Population
# Small commercial a
# Public users -
# Large users =
Population growth rate -
APA*32C22
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
167 182 199 221 311
41 43 48 54 78
3 4 6
8 12
1 1 Z
3%
4-2
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
FORECAST
c. End Use Forecast
The end uses of energy are shown in the following Tables 4.1la, 4.1b
and 4.1c.
Table 4.1la BUCKLAND ELECTRIC POWER REQUIREMENTS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
Population 167 182 199 221 311
(1) Number of residential
consumers 41 43 48 54 78
(2) | Average kWh/mo/
consumers 2251 257 293 365 567
(3) MWh/year residential
consumers
(2) x (1) x 12 + 1000 100.7 132.6 168.8 236.5 530.7
(4) Number of small commer-
cial consumers 3 a 4 5 6
(5) Average kWh/mo/
consumer 743 848 968 1,205 1,872
(6) MWh/year small commer-
cial consumers
(4) x (5) x 12 + 1000 26.7 30.5 46.5 v2.3 134.8
(7 Number of public con-
sumers § 6 8 9 12
(8) Average kWh/mo/
consumer 850 970 1,107 1,379 2,142
(9) MWh/year public con-
sumers
(7)x(8)x12+1000 51.0 69.8 106.2 148.9 308.4
(10) Large (LP)consumer i, 1 1. a 1
(school)
(11) Average kWh/mo/LP
consumer 2 9,140 9,988 10,913 12,652 17,003
1 Estimated from generator load data
2 School at 3% growth rate
APA*32C23
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
FORECAST
Table 4.1a (Cont'd) BUCKLAND ELECTRIC POWER REQUIREMENTS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(12) MWh/year LP's
(10)x(11)x12+1000 109.7 119.9 131.0 151.8 204.1
(13) System MWh/year
(3)+(6)+(9)+(12) 298.1 352.8 452.5 609.5 1,178.0
(14) System load factor 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.50
(15) System demand kW ,
(13)+8760+(14)x1000 85 101 129 155 269
4-4
APA*32C24
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
FORECAST
Table 4.1b
BUCKLAND HEATING REQUIREMENTS 2
RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(1) Population 167 182’ 199 211 311
(2) Number of resi-
dential users 41 43 48 54 78
(3) Diesel - Average
gal/mo/residence
(6) (2) 12 92 92 92 87 79
(4) Propane - Average
lbs/mo/residence
(7) (2) 12 41 41 41 39 35
(5) Wood - Average
cords/mo/residence (8)'(2)'12 ) ) 0 0 )
(6) Diesel Gals. 45,100 47, 300 52,800 56,500 73,900
Btu x 10° 6,224 6,527 7,286 7,797 10,198
(7) Propane Lbs. 20,000 20,975 23,400 25,300 32,800
Btu x 106 390 409 457 493 640
(8) Wood _ Cords .
Btu x 10° N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
(9) Total
Btu x 10&
(6)+(7)+(8) 6,614 6,936 7,743 8,290 10,838
(10) Annual per capita :
consumption
Btu x 106
(9)+(1) 39.6 38.1 38.9 39:3 34.8
1 Assumes a one percent per year household decrease in fossil fuel requirements
beginning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical
improvements in both building design and heating equipment.
4-5
APA*32C25
Table 4.1c
BUCKLAND HEATING REQUIREMENTS +
OTHER CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(11) Smal] Commercial
user a 3 4 5 6
(12) Diesel Gals.
Btu x 10e 3300 3300 4400 5230 5682
455 455 607 722 784
(13) Public Buildings
5 6 8 9 12
(14) Diesel Gals.
Btu x 106 750 3300 4400 7988 10,138
380 455 607 1102 1399
(15) Large users (LP)
1 1 1 1 1
(16) Diesel equivalent
(diesel + wood)
Gals. 22,100 22,100 22,100 21,017 19,028
Btu x 10° 3050 3050 3050 2900 2626
(17) Propane _ Lbs
Btu x 105 1200 1200 1200 1141 1033
23 23 23 22 20
(18) Subtotal Btu x 106
(16)+(17) 3073 3073 3073 2922 2646
(19) Total
Btu x 106
(9)+(12)+(14)+(18) 10,522 10,920 12,031 13,036 15,667
Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements begin-
ning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating technical
improvements in both building design and heating equipment.
4-6 APA*32C26
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
APA*32C26
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
A. ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
The energy resources which are determined to be available for the
village of Buckland are summarized in the following Table 5.1. Inform-
ation concerning approximate quantity, quality, availability, cost,
source of data and important comments is included. The energy
resources specifically addressed include diesel generation, wind,
hydroelectric potential, waste heat utilization, and coal. While
passive solar heating and energy conservation are not specifically
addressed in the table, it is assumed these two energy conservation
measures will be implemented in the village. Energy resources which
are not available for use in Buckland and are therefore not addressed
include geothermal, timber, peat, solid waste, oi] and gas and tidal
power.
5-1
APA*32C28
e-S APA22-A S13
Table 5.1
ENERGY RESOURCE
Diesel fuel
Wood fuel
Coal fuel
Waste Heat!
Recovery
Hydroelectric
Potential
Wind potential
LOCATION
Major supplier
Kotzebue
N/A
Kugruk River
70 miles west
Hunter Creek
ENERGY
QUANTITY/AVAILABILITY
N/A
Unknown;
late 1980's
30% of fuel used for
electrical generation;
upon installation
238 kW, 556 mwh/yr
Upon installation
' Assumes $1.76/gal diesel fuel cost 0.45 load factor.
* Assumes 80% utilization factor.
< > saving per million Btu recovered.
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
BUCKLAND
QUALITY
#2 diesel
138,000 Btu/gal
N/A
6500 Btu/Ib
13x10® Btu/ton
Recoverable heat
41,400 Btu/gal
diesel equivalent.
11.3 mph average
annual wind speed
COST
$1.76/gal
$12.76/10® Btu
N/A
$198-$258/ton
SOURCE OF
DATA
Arctic
Literage
N/A
Appendix H
$15. 23-$19.84/10° Btu
$450/kW installed
<$7. 38/108 Btu>
Appendix D
diesel fuel displaced.
$52 ,400/kW
installed
$1450/kW
installed
$19.72/10 Btu
Reference #38
Appendix D
Regional profiles
COMMENTS
Delivered cost
at village
Delivered cost
at village.
Cost assume heat delivery
within 100 ft radius
of plant. Availability
varies with generator
loading. Maintenance
at $11/kW/yr.
18 kW WECS
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
APA*32C30
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
A. INTRODUCTION
The approach to the energy plans formulated for the village of Buckland
is explained jin this section. Each plan is formulated to meet the
forecasted electrical energy requirements of the village plus addi-
tional related requirements, such as space heating, where appropriate.
A base case plan using diesel generation is formulated for the village.
This plan is used as the "control case" to determine the advantage or
disadvantage of other alternatives as compared to diesel generation.
Future village diesel generation additions assume that the local school,
which has sufficient installed generation capacity, will provide its
own back-up capability. The school will, however, rely on the central-
ized village power plant for their primary supply of electrical power
and energy.
A coal-fired binary cycle generation option is presented for the village
of Buckland. The coal would be mined from the Kugruk River coal deposits
about 70 miles west of Buckland. Diesel fuel oil-fired binary cycle
generation is also possible, but provides no significant cost or technical
advantage over diesel engine powered generation. Fuel oil-fired binary
cycle generation is, therefore, not included in the formulated energy plan
for the village. ,
A waste heat capture analysis is included with all options that
use fossil fuels for electrical generation (i.e., diesel generation
employing engine jacket water cooling, and binary cycle generation).
Both hydroelectric and wind generation are investigated for the village.
Any additional benefits from these technologies, such as the use of excess
hydroelectric energy to provide electric space heat is also included.
APA*32C31
B.
a. Base
1)
2)
3)
b.
1)
2)
3)
SECTION 6
ij ENERGY PLANS ENERGY PLAN DESCRIPTION
Case Plan
Plan components - Diesel and waste heat recovery
Timing of system additions
Diesel - 1983 - 100 kW; 1994 - 100 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 140 kW, 1985 - 100 kW,
1994 - 100 kW
Plan description - This plan assumes continued use
of diesel driven generators throughout the study and
implementation of waste heat recovery.
Alternative Plan A
Plan components - Diesel and binary cycle generation
using coal fuel and waste heat recovery.
Timing of additions
Diesel - 1983 - 100 kW
Binary Cycle - 1989 - 250 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 140 kW; 1989 - 250 kW
Plan description - This plan assumes construction
of coal-fired binary cycle generation facilities
in the late 1980's as a replacement for diesel
generators and the implementation of waste heat
recovery.
c) Alternative Plan B
1)
APA*32C32
Plan components - Diesel and wind generator and
waste heat recovery.
652
2)
3)
1)
2)
3)
APA*32C33
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
Timing of additions -
Diesel - 1983 - 100 kW; 1994 - 100 kw
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 140 kW, 1994 - 100kW
Wind - 1983 - 2 - 18 kW WECS; 1990 - 45 kW WECS,
1997 - 45 kW WECS
Plan description - This plan assumes diesel genera-
tors augmented by the installation of a WECS facility
to displace diesel fuel oi] and the implementation
of waste heat recovery.
Alternative Plan C
Plan components - Diesel and waste heat recovery
and hydroelectric.
Timing of addition
Diesel - 1983 - 100 kW; 1994 - 100 kW
Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 140 kW
Hydroelectric - 1986 - 238 kW, 556 mWh/yr.
Plan description - This plan assumes construction of
a hydroelectric project on Hunter Creek, 25 miles
southwest of Buckland (Ref. 37) as partial replacement
for diesel generation. Estimated 1980 construction
of the hydroelectric project with transmission line
is $12,471,000 (Ref. 37).
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES
APA*32C33
A.1 DIESEL
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C35
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the diesel engine, air is compressed in a cylinder to a
high pressure. Fuel oi] is injected into the compressed air,
which is at a temperature above the fuel ignition point, and
the fuel burns, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy
by driving a piston. Pistons drive a shaft which in turn
drives the generator.
Current and future availability
Diesel engines driving electrical generators are one of the
most efficient simple cycle converters of chemical energy
(fuel) to electrical energy. Although the diesel cycle in
theory will burn any combustible matter, the practical fact of
the matter is that these engines burn only high grade liquid
petroleum or gas, except for multi-thousand horsepower engines
which can burn heated residual oi]. Diesel generating units
are usually built as an integral whole and mounted on skids
for installation at their place of use.
A.2 BINARY CYCLE FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C36
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the binary conversion process, a heated primary fluid of
insufficient quality for direct use in electrical production
passes through a heat exchanger to transfer heat to a working
fluid. The working fluid has a lower boiling point than water
and is vaporized jn the heat exchanger. The vaporized working
fluid then expands through a turbine or cylinder piston arrange-
ment is condensed, and returns to the heat exchanger. The primary
fluid is returned to its heat source following heat exchange.
Current and future availability
Current commercial availability is restricted to unit sizes
in excess of village power. requirements as determined in this
study. Binary cycle generation equipment in unit siz.» suit-
able for village application is not expected to be a - able
until the late 1980's.
A-2
A.3 HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION
a. General Description
APA*32C37
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the hydroelectric power development, flowing water is
directed into a hydraulic turbine where the energy in the
water is used to turn a shaft, which in turn drives a gener-
ator. In their action, turbines involve a continuous trans-
formation of the potential and/or kinetic energy of the water
into usable mechanical energy at the shaft. Water stored at
rest at an elevation above the level of the turbine (head)
possesses potential energy; when flowing, the water possesses
kinetic energy as a function of its velocity. The return of
the used water to the higher elevation necessary for funct-
jioning of the hydroelectric machinery is powered by the sun
to complete the cycle - a direct, natural process using solar
energy. The ability to store water at a useful elevation makes
this energy supply predictable and dependable.
Current and future availability
Hydroelectric developments in the United States, as of January
1978, totaled 59 million kilowatts, producing an estimated
average annual output of 276 billion kilowatt hours according
to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Hydropower provides
about 10% of Alaska's electric energy needs. Developments
range in size from over a million kilowatts down to just a few
kilowatts of installed capacity. Hydropower is a time proven
method of generation that offers unique advantages. Fuel
cost, a major contributor to thermal plant operating costs, is
eliminated.
A=3
A.4 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS)
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C38
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The thermodynamic process involved stems from the sun, the
primary energy source which produces the wind. This wind
energy cannot be stored, is intermittent, somewhat unpredict-
able and thereby undependable. The process then relies
on wind flow over an air foil assembly to create differential
pressures along the air foil. This differential pressure
results in rotation of the assembly around a fixed axis to -
which it is attached. Power from the wind is transmitted
through the connection shaft and accompanying gear box to an
electrical generator.
Three types of generators are presently in use with wind energy
systems. These are the DC generator, the AC induction generator
and the AC synchronous generator. Of the three types, the AC
induction generator is the most widely used because of its
simplicity and low cost. An induction generator is not a stand-
alone generator and must be connected to an external power system
of relatively constant frequency and voltage to operate properly.
Current and future availability
Availability of the wind at useful velocities require long
term records to estimate the potential energy. Lesser records
provide less credible estimates.
Availability of WECS machinery in small size units in the 1.5 kW
to 20 kW range is good. Large units in the 100-200 kW range are
currently undergoing tests in both the government and private sector
and should be available in the near future. Demonstrations of
multi-megawatt sizes are in process.
A-4
A.5 DIESEL WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
a. General Description
1)
2)
APA*32C39
Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The present use of fossil fuels (coal, gas, 011) in Alaska (as
elsewhere) to produce more useful forms of energy (heat,
electricity, motive power) is less than 100 percent efficient.
For example, if a machine burns a certain quantity of fossil
fuel and produces useful output (shaft horsepower, electrical
energy, steam, useful hot water or air for space heating)
equivalent to 30% of the fuel burned, the energy represented by
the remaining 70% of the fuel will appear as unused or "waste"
heat. Such heat most often appears as hot exhaust gas, tepid
to warm water (65°F-180°F), hot air from cooling radiators, or
direct radiation from the machine.
Diesel waste heat can be recovered from engine cooling water
and exhaust, or either source separately. The waste heat is
typically transferred to a water-glycol circulating system in
Alaskan applications. The heated circulating fluid can be used
for space, water, or process heating where temperatures of
the waste hear are suitable.
Current and future availability
Recovery of diesel waste heat in Alaska is growing as a result of
sharp increases in diesel fuel cost. Recovery of jacket water heat
only is most common in Alaska.
Diesel waste heat availability is directly related to the
location and operating cycles of the engine installations.
A=5
A.6 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
a. General Description
Passive solar heating makes use of solar energy (sunlight) through
energy efficient design (i.e. south facing windows, shutters, added
insulation) but without the aid of any mechanical or electrical
inputs. Space heating is the most common application of passive
solar heating. Because such solar heating is available only when the
sun shines its availability is intermittent (day-night cycles) and
variable (winter-summer-cloudy-clear).
A-6
APA*32C40
A.7 CONSERVATION
a. General Description
1) Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
Conservation measures considered here are mainly classified as
"passive". Passive measures are intended to conserve energy with-
out any further electrical, thermal, or mechanical energy input.
Typical passive measures are insulation, double glazing or solar
film, arctic entrances and weather stripping. Energy conservation
characteristics of some passive measures degrade with time, which
must be considered in the overall evaluation of their effectiveness «
for an intended life cycle. Other conservation measures includes
improvement in efficiency of utilization devices (such as motors)
and "doing without" energy by disciplines (turning off lights,
turning down thermostats).
2) Current and future availability
Materials and schemes to implement passive measures are commer-
cially available and increasing in use all over the United States
due to the rapidly escalating cost of energy.
APA*32C41
PROPERTY OF:
Alaska Power Authority
334 W. 5th Ave.
Anchorage, Alaska 99501