HomeMy WebLinkAboutAniak Reconnaissance Study Of Energy Requirements & Alternatives Draft For Aniak 1982VIL-N 001
Aniak
PROPERTY OF:
Alaska Power Authority,
334 W. 5th Ave. :
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Aniak
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
A Draft Report
by
Northern Technical Services
and
Van Gulik and Associates
Anchorage, Alaska
March, 1982
NORTHERN TECHNICAL SERVICES
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA
Aniak
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
A Draft Report
by
Northern Technical Services
and
Van Gulik and Associates
Anchorage, Alaska
March, 1982
Table of Contents
1.0 Summary and Recommendations
2.0 Background
3.0 Village Meeting
4.0 Existing Heating and Electrical Power Generating Facilities
4.1 Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances 4.2 Electrical Generation Facilities
4.3 Fuel Oil Usage
4.4 Electrical Energy Distribution
5.0 Energy Balance
6.0 Energy Forecasts
6.1 Population Projection
2 Capital Projects Forecast
3. Thermal Energy Projection
4 Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection
6
6
6.
7.0 Energy Resource Assessment
8.0 Energy Plans
8.1 Base Case
8.2 Alternate Plan A
9.0 Analysis of Alternatives and Recommendations
Appendix
See Section 3.0 (Methodology) of the Main Report:
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
FOR THE VILLAGES OF
Aniak, Atka, Chefornak, Chignik Lake, Cold Bay, False Pass,
Hooper Bay, Ivanof Bay, Kotlik, Mekoryuk, Newtok, Nightmute,
Nikolski, St. George, St. Marys, St. Paul, Toksook Bay and
Tununak.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
2.1
2.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Bio ds
D2
6.1
6.2
6.3
Tod
List of Figures
Location Map
Climatic Background
Bulk Fuel Storage Capacities and Types of Heating
Appliances
Electrical Generation Facilities
Fuel Oil Usage
Electrical Generation Sector Energy Distribution
Energy Balance
Energy Flow Diagram
Population Projection
Thermal Energy Projection
Peak Demand and Electrical Energy Projection
Appropriate Technology Ranking Diagram
1.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary Statements
Only those technologies that could be readily assimilated
into Aniak were considered.
1. Fuel oil was found to be the major source of energy
used in the village. Additional energy was supplied
by wood and gasoline.
Significant amounts of energy are lost in the village
due to: (1) inefficient combustion; (2) poor
insulation and excessive air infiltration; and (3)
wasted heat from diesel electric generation.
Forecasts show an inevitable increase in energy
consumption in the village due to a estimated 2%
population growth. Additional construction unrelated
to population size is anticipated and will impact
energy consumption and demand.
Energy resource baseline data is generally weak in the
village. This weakens the accuracy of technological
or economic predictions. However, the estimates
relative to waste heat availability appear reasonably
reliable.
The feasibility of various technologies, applied to
the village situation, were evaluated. Coal, peat,
solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and wood were examined
as potential energy resources and are not viable
alternatives to fuel oil generated electricity. The
capture of waste heat from the central power plant
proved to be economical, and formed the basis of an
alternate energy plan.
leer:
The Base Case Plan was formulated based on the
contined use of centrally generated electric power.
Alternate Plans were developed to reduce the use of
petroleum fuels.
A present worth analysis of each alternative plan was
prepared.
General Recommendations
1. The supporting energy and resource data base should be
strengthened.
New technologies, and advances in old technologies,
need demonstration projects to determine their
feasibility in rural Alaska.
Significant energy savings could be realized by a
village-wide energy conservation and weatherization
program.
Village Specific Recommendations
1. Waste heat recovery, from the existing central power
plant, utilized for space heating in the village is
economically feasible and attractive in the amount of
fuel oil saved. The installation of the waste heat
recovery system is recommended.
The following steps should be taken:
a. Initiate a feasibility study of waste heat
recovery.
b. Investigate operation for potential of improved
diesel operation.
1.2
2.0 BACKGROUND
Location
The village of Aniak is located at the head of the Aniak
Slough on the south bank of the Kuskokwim River in the
Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (see Fig. 2.1). Aniak is 59 miles
southeast of Russian Mission, 90 miles northeast of Bethel,
320 miles west-northwest of Anchorage, and 430 miles
west-southwest of Fairbanks.
Climate
The low elevation, flat topography and proximity to the
ocean give Aniak a maritime climate in the summer. In the
winter as the rivers in the delta and Norton Sound freeze
the climate becomes continental. This combination of
climatic regimes cause cool temperatures in the summer and
very cold temperatures in the winter. Temperatures as high
as 87°F and as low as -55°F have been recorded in Aniak.
The average daily maximum in the summer is about 60°F and
the average daily minimum in the winter is about 0°F. The
winds are predominantly light, about 5 knots, the
prevailing directions are east-southeast in the winter and
west-southwest during the summer. Aniak averages 60 inches
of snowfall per year with a total of 19 inches
precipitation. Aniak averages 13400 heating degree days.
A summary of the climate is represented in Fig. 2.2.
Population
Population has fluctuated markedly since the village of
Aniak was established in the 1920's at the site of an old
Eskimo village. The early village economy was dependent
upon fishing and trading. The river played a key role in
2.0
conee Teoeeee fy ¥
NIGHTMUTE ;
CHEFORNAK | | } 10 roxsoox vay“, MEKORYUK | i
TOKSOOK BAY tl , gucronen as
TUNUNAK ve | wet ted
HOOPER BAY ; |! | |
CHIGNIK LAGOON ff Poy |
CHIGNIK . tf
IVANOF BAY i 2) ey
FALSE PASS EE ; ad
COLD BAY ——
NIKOLSKI '
ATKA ST. PAUL
ST. GEORGE
a newrox 6 11 TuNUNAK —
KEY yy i °
1 KOTLIK a a 2 SAINT MARYS = \ . ne 3 KALSKAG ' eugene al 4__ANIAK ELE Baur sed 2° = 5 LOWER KALSKAG eS Oa een A ntsnne Boe
° NEWTOK ir = j ie a ‘ om, re 5 Lowen” eae ix 4 |
8 9
Te
‘ enone waa an:
ivanor ey 15
60 o 60 120 180 240 300 MILES
Figure 2.1
LOCATION MAP
2
12
0
30
2 PERCENT PERCENT FREQUENCY = FREQUENCY $8 2 8 ce &6 8 0 & °
10 DEGREES F 8 6 8 REE DAYS of BEBE es 8 oO 8 DIGPEE DAYS é Climatic Background
JAN | FEB | MAR! APR | MAY/JUN | JUL! AUG! SEP
Light Conditions T Deane
Winds _Aniak gata Mean ane sees ae [e Pat Paej
oct i nov] pec
iad be fa Neate Se
Wing E 7 enots —
Oceusenee ot cam
Precipitation
Temperature
Heating Degree Days
Growing Degree Days
Figure 2.2
the 1900-01 gold rush when many prospectors mistakenly
associated it with the Yellow River, but gold was not
discovered in Aniak until 1932. There was a significant
increase in population during the early 1950's as people
immigrated from the surrounding villages to work at the
airport facility and the White Alice radar-relay station
that was constructed in 1956.
ensus Year a2 1950 1960 1970 1980
opulation 122 142 308 205 341
umber of houses 126 (91 occupied)
Economy
Aniak is a small 2nd class city supporting its own police
force, park and recreation facilities, community center,
and central power and telephone utilities. The subsistence
economy is based mainly on salmon fishing, and is
supplemented by hunting, trapping and berry picking.
Approximately half of the adult population is employed in
either the city's commercial or public sectors.
Native residents of Aniak are shareholders in the Kuskokwim
Corporation, the result of a merger of 10 mid-Kuskokwim
River village corporations. The Kuskokwim Native
Association (KNA) is a non-profit organization that serves
the native residents of Aniak. KNA directs several
programs in the area including the Aniak Experimental Farm,
the Community Mental Health Program, the Johnson-O'Malley
Supplemental Education Program, and the Indian
Self-Determination Program.
Further Aspects of the Village
In 1980 AVCP and HUD constructed 31 new houses. These
houses have wood stoves, oil heaters, triple glazing, 6"
single wall construction, a double front entry, and
insulation in the walls, floor and ceiling.
There are over 100 students in the primary and secondary
schools operated by the Kuspuk School District. Their
facilities include classrooms, offices, a gymnasium and a
vocational education building. A new high school is
presently under construction.
Other public service facilities include the Kuspuk School
District offices, a Department of Health and Social
Services building, a clinic, public warehouses, utility
company offices, a public safety building and a community
hall. Commercial buildings include two airline terminals,
ice houses, an airplane hanger, a small engine repair shop,
two stores, two commercial storage buildings, a lodge, a
theater, and a hotel complex. There are three churches in
the village.
ao 4
3.0 COMMUNITY MEETING
A community meeting was held in Aniak on November 19th.
The meeting had been originally scheduled to discuss the
new AVCP housing. The meeting was attended by about 35
people including the city council and the city manager,
John Hale.
The energy reconnaissance project was introduced and
questions from council members and other attendees were
addressed. There was considerable interest in the energy
situation in the village. Fuel costs, as well as
electricity costs are of primary concern due to recent
significant price increases. Some of the questions
addressed revealed an interest in waste heat recovery for a
combined office-greenhouse complex, hydroelectric
generation, harnessing the energy from ice flows on the
Kuskokwim River, wind generation and the feasibility of
obtaining natural gas (either from unknown local sources or
from unproven Norton Sound sources) in the future. The
reconnaissance team stressed the importance of maintaining
a perspective on each of the technologies associated with
the interests mentioned.
There is a great deal of interest in wind generation in the
village. It is generally agreed that the best wind
locations are in the hills across the river, however, there
was concern over the reliability of wind systems.
Further discussion confirmed the location of local coal
deposits. The deposits are of unknown quantity and quality
and located 20-30 miles upriver. A potential
micro-hydro site is located several miles downriver from
the village at the confluence of the Aniak Slough and
Kuskokwim River.
Sol
4.0 EXISTING HEATING AND ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATING FACILITIES
4.1
4.2
4.3
Bulk Fuel Storage and Heating Appliances
Bulk fuel storage capacity within the village is
listed, by sector, in Figure 4.1. These capacities
are based on actual tank sizes and on estimates where
reliable data could not be obtained. The storage
capacity of domestic fuel tanks and 55 gallon drums
was not included in the bulk storage capacities.
Also listed in Figure 4.1 are the types of heating and
cooking appliances, segregated by sector, being used
in the village.
Electrical Generation Facilities
The existing generating equipment installed in the
village is listed in Figure 4.2. Comments on the
operation of the generators are included.
Fuel Oil Usage
Figure 4.3 illustrates the use of fuel oil in the
village. Consumption of fuel oil by sector for space
heating is listed as a percentage of the total oil
consumption. Similarly, the percentage of oil used
for electrical power generation is shown.
The oil used for space heating is broken down to show
the portion that actually heats building space, and
that which is lost to waste. The electrical
generation fuel oil is also separated into electrical
energy and waste heat segments.
4.1
4.4
Fuel oil consumption in the village was based on
records, where available, and calculated estimates
where no reliable records existed. Please refer to
the Methodology section of this report for an
explanation of the estimating process.
Electrical Energy Distribution
The energy flow through the electrical generation
sector is depicted graphically on Figure 4.4. The
"pie-chart" represents the total energy dedicated to
the generation of electrical power. Each sector in
the village consumes a slice of the pie, as shown.
Sry ANIAK/1982
BULK FUEL STORAGE CAPACITIES AND TYPES OF HEATING APPLIANCES
SECTOR
RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS PUBLIC
126000
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION FUEL OIL
506000 gal
120000 196000
GASOLINE
351000 gal STORAGE * (GALS)
351000
TYPE (OF
HEATING APPLIANCE Ly
LEGEND: TYPE OF HEATING APPLIANCE
OIL-FIRED FORCED AIR FURNACE
OIL- FIRED BOILER WITH WATER/GLYCOL DISTRIBUTION
ORIP-TYPE OIL STOVE/FURNACE
wooD STOVE
PROPANE COOKING STOVES
WASTE HEAT FROM GENERATORS ao FRWDNY *bDaY TANKS AND FUEL DRUMS ARE NOT INCLUDED.
Figure 4.1
0°? ELECTRICAL GENERATION FACILITIES
ANIAK/1982
Aniak Power & Light
Company
GENERATOR
OUTPUT RATING
TYPE OF ENGINE
Cat D353
w/Turbocharger
Cat D342
w/Turbocharger
Cat D342
w/Turbocharger
Caterpillar
Caterpillar
~
TYPE OF ELECTRICAL GENERATOR DISTRIBUTION
KATO 39
KATO 39
KATO 39
KATO 39
KATO 39
Figure 4.2
COMMENTS ON OPERATION
Generators are operated continuously
and provide electrical power to the
entire village. These generators cam
be operated singly or in parallel.
100
90
80
70
30
20
10 mova Dw FUEL Ol L USAGE
ANIAK / 1982
SECTOR END USE
Space Heat
Residential
Commercial
Public
School
Electrical
Generat
ESTIMATED FUEL OIL USE =
Figure
42%
Waste Heat
Generator
Waste Heat
9%
Power
ion
342000 GAL
4.3
32
12
13
10
34
bf °
%o
% °
%e °
% °
46200x10°BTU
ELECTRICAL GENERATION SECTOR
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
ANIAK | Residential 7%
Commercial 5%
Public 5 %
School 8%
Waste Heat 73%
Generation Losses 7%
TOTAL ENERGY 15,400 x 10° BTU/YEAR
TOTAL ELECTRIC POWER 1170 MWH/ YEAR
Figure 4.4
5.0 ENERGY BALANCE
The estimated energy consumption in Aniak during 1982 is
listed in Table 5.1. Estimates of the different types of
energy consumed by the various sectors are based upon the
1980-81 fuel purchase records kept by the store, the
school, and the local utility. Estimates based on the
population, square footage of residences and other
buildings, and calculated energy usage factors, were used
where data was incomplete.
The flow of energy through the village is illustrated in
Figure 5.2. In 1982 it is estimated that 91,480 MMBTU
of fuel will enter Aniak in the form of gasoline, wood, and
fuel oil. This fuel will be distributed to the various
sectors and used for transportation, cooking, heating and
electricity generation. The conversion of the fuel to its
end use will result in 33% or 30,400 MMBTU of energy lost
as heat. 62% of this waste heat could be recovered using
conservation and waste heat recovery practices. The actual
amount of energy used by each sector is listed in the last
column of the diagram. ul ae
ul
ENERGY BALANCE
VILLAGE: ANIAK/1982
TOTAL FUEL OIL GASOLINE PROPANE ENERGY
TOTAL ELECTRICITY Btu Btu BTU SECTOR GAL 6 6 % GAL cise % KWH rise x10 x10° IC a
RESIDENTIAL 110000 |14900 a2 300 1020 26
COMMERCIAL 40000 5390 a2 230 780 20
PUBLIC 45000 | 6070 13 220 750 19
SCHOOLS 33000 4470 10 350 1190 30
ELECTRICAL * GENERATION 114000 | 15400 34 70 239 5
TRANSPORTATION 210000
TOTAL 342000 | 46230 100 1170 3980 100 210000) | _|__t
*station service or distribution losses
Figure 5.1
ANIAK/1982 POP: 385 HOUSEHOLDS: 91
13,100 HTG. DEGREE DAYS
PRODUCT 0 USE TOTAL AMOUNT ENERGY ELECTRICAL EN BEL BY SECTOR CONVERSION DISTRIBUTION BY SECTOR USABLE ENERGY
7 TRANSPORTATION GASOLINE TRANSECR TATION TRANSPORTATION (26250) (26250) L (26250) (26250)
PROPANE COOKING
RESIDENTIAL (6000) RESIDENTIAL (21000) HEATING - 1 (33900)
HEATING/ Fi COOKING {1020}
COMMERCIAL CIA nS HEATING (5360) (5390)
= (240) a (3980) € FUEL OIL POWER POWER GEN. ° GENERATION ELECTRICAL ae 280) GENERATORS ed (15400) ny (1190)
SCHOOL(S) (5870) SCHOOL(S) HEATING/ a (4470) COOKING
PUBLIC PUBLIC (4390) HEATING (6070)
TOTAL INPUT TOTAL
USABLE ENERGY ENERGY
(91480)
RECOVERABLE
WASTE HEAT
(18700)
(53560)
WASTE HEAT
NON - RECOVERABLE
(37920) NOTE :
NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ARE 10° Btu's. WVY9SVIG MO1S ADYANS
6.0
6.1
6. 2,
ENERGY FORECASTS
Population Projection
The population of Aniak was forecast for a twenty year
period, beginning in 1982. Figure 6.1 illustrates the
projected poulation for the village. The projection
was based on a 1981 population of 385, with a 2%
growth rate. The 2% growth rate was determined from
the historical population data (see Methodology
Section of the main report.
Capital Projects Forecast
The village is growing and many capital projects are
anticipated during the next 20 years. Major capital
projects that were mentioned to the field team are
listed below. No specific details are available on
many of the projects. A computer program to analyze
the effect of capital projects on the electrical and
thermal demands of the community can be used to
evaluate future projects when they are defined.
The capital projects are:
Schools - A new high school is planned to be
constructed in 1982.
6.1
6.3
6.4
Waste Heat - The waste heat from a diesel generator
plant, privately owned by the Aniak
Power and Light Co., is being considered
as a source of heat for nearby office
buildings, a proposed village greenhouse
and a community building.
Thermal Energy Projection
Figure 6.2 presents the anticipated thermal energy
consumption of Aniak during the forecast period. The
thermal energy is provided by the combustion of fuel
used for space heating.
The projections were based on fuel use records
estimates of the heating requirements of the
buildings. The effect of the new high school was
included. Details of the estimation methods and
calculations are included in the appendix of this
report.
Electrical Energy and Peak Demand Projection
Figure 6.3 presents the anticipated electrical energy
consumption of Aniak, by sector, during the forecast
period. The projections were based on the existing
electrical loads, consumption records, and estimates
where accurate data were not available. Details of
the estimation methods and calculations are included
in the appendix of this report. The projected peak
demand is also shown on Figure 6.3.
G2
THERMAL ENERGY ¢MMBTUD POPULATION 622
S75
sso
S25 +
S22
475
453 -
425
402 375
3528
1982
POPULATION PROJECTION ANIAK
1984 1986 1988 1998 1992 1994 1996 1998 2280
YEAR
Figure 6.1
THERMAL ‘ENERGY PROJECTION ANIAK
e2z2z22\— - — a
1Se2 1954 1SE6 iges 1gsc 1S32 1954 1S36 1935 are
Figure 6.2
6.3
ELECTRICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY PEAK DEMAND (KW) TOTAL (MHH) BY SECTOR (MWH) 788
628
522
428
322
1982
2282
2288 +
1822 +
1622 r
1482
1228
12282
828
622
422
228 2
1982
PEAK DEMAND PROJECTION ANIAK
1984 1986 1988 is9d 1992 1994 1935 1998 2228
YEAR
ELECTRICAL ENERGY PROJECTION
ANIAK
Lee eee esis ess ae ee 2 i a a ee eee, ee ee
1984 1986 1988 1998 =: 1982 1994 1996 1998 2828
YEAR
Figure 6.3
7.0 ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
There is some possibility that the Kuspuk School District
is planning to construct additional office space and an
adjoining greenhouse. They are interested in purchasing
waste heat from the local utility.
Wind
Wind is not considered to be a practical source of energy
for Aniak. This is primarily due to two major factors:
first, the wind energy regime is not considered sufficient
to support wind power generation; and second, the potential
generation site is considered to be too far from the point
of utilization for effective power transmission.
Wood
Wood is an important source of fuel in the Aniak area for
residential space heating. It is estimated to supply as
much as half of the energy needed for home heating.
Firewood is scarse in the immediate area and it is
necessary to use snow machines or boats to gather
sufficient quantities. KNA investigated the feasibility of
exploiting the timber resources commercially. Their
findings suggested that this venture would not be
economical because the products would have to be exported
by barge and access is limited to the summer months.
7.1
Coal
Coal deposits are located 20 to 30 miles from Aniak in
an area beyond Crooked Creek. The extent and quality of
these reserves is not known, but they are a potential
source of additional fuel for domestic use. Studies should
be directed to determine the grade of coal, the extent of
the reserves, and the cost of mining and transportation.
Peat
The quality of peat is very low due to well developed
drainage and high silt content.
Solar
Passive solar heating is currently being used at the KNA
greenhouse located on the Aniak Experimental Farm. Solar
radiation available in the summer months may be used for
residential space heating through passive heating systems,
although because of the costs of retro-fitting houses are
high this option is of limited applicability. It could be
incorporated in the new homes planned for the village.
Geothermal
A resident of Aniak reported the existence of hot springs
at White Bear Camp 60 miles away. The cost of development
and transporting this energy source would be high and is
not considered feasible.
Hydropower
No potential sites were identified.
7.2
Conservation Measures
Waste Heat Capture
The majority of the energy in the fuel oil burned in a
diesel generator is lost as waste heat through the engine
cooling water, exhaust gases, and radiant heat from the
engine. Much of the waste heat can be reclaimed from the
engine cooling water and exhaust gas by transferring the
heat in heat exchangers to a secondary fluid, usually an
antifreeze solution. This is then pumped to buildings and
used in heaters for space heating.
Alternate Plan A, detailed in Section 8.2 of this report,
investigates the feasibility of waste heat recovery at
Aniak.
Weatherization
Homes and buildings built in Western Alaska in the past hae
in general been poorly insulated and weatherized. Heat
loss from such buildings is high, in the forms of heat loss
directly through the walls, floor, and ceiling, and by the
cold air that enters around leaky doors and windows.
Insulating and weatherizing a home can often cut the
heating fuel requirement in half or more, and make the
building more comfortable and liveable at the same time.
The materials required are inexpensive, and the skills
necessary for installation low. This work is perhaps the
most effective way of reducing village energy usage.
7.3
Technology Ranking
Figure 7.1 presents a ranking of the technologies that
could be applied to the village. Each technology was
examined on the basis of state-of-the-art quality of the
technology, cost, reliability, resource, labor, and
environmental impact. Please refer to the Methodology
section in the Appendix for the ranking method.
s°L Village of Aniak
Technology Environ- Ranking
State-of-the-Art Resource mental Factor
Impact
Waste Heat Recovery 0.87
Hydroelectric Power
Wind Energy Conversion
Systems
0.4
Geothermal Energy nN :
Steam Power from local
fuel, wood, coal, etc... 0.43
Gasification of wood, coal 0.42
or peat Generation via synchronous
Induction w w :
Electrical load management 0.68
Single wire ground return
NOTE: 0 = worst case, 5 = best case
Figure 7.1
8.0
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
ENERGY PLAN
Base Case
General Description
The base case plan for Aniak is to continue using the
centralized diesel generating system. As the village
grows additional generators are added to meet the
increasing peak demand. Thermal energy usage has been
projected based upon the continuation of present
consumption rates per capita.
Base Case Cost Analysis
The current value of the existing central electric
power plant was estimated to be $641,000. The plant
value was amortized over a 20 year period. Additional
generation capacity was added, in increments of 150
KW, as required by the growing peak demand. The cost
of additional generation capacity was estimated to be
$430/KW.
The cost of fuel oil in the base year was set at
$10.81/MMBTU, based on a fuel cost of $1.46/gallon.
Operation and maintenance expenses were estimated at
8¢/KWH.
Table 8.1 presents the itemized present value analysis
of the base case for the 20 year study period. The
discounted 20 year present value was $7,615,900.
8.1
DIESEL - ELECTRIC INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION
FUEL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
TOTAL
TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST
DISCOUNTED PLAN COST
DIESEL - ELECTRIC
INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION FUEL
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TOTAL
TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST
DISCOUNTED PLAN COST
1982 43.0
175 33
96.3. 314.6
314.6
314.6
1992
43.0
B33 58
141.7 518.0
518.0
385.4
1983 43.0
185.3
99.2 32729
327.5
318.0
1993
47.3
348.9
144.6 540.8
540.8
390.7
NOTE:
ANIAK PLAN 1
BASE CASE
1984 1985
43.0 43.0
227.8 239.4
118.9 121.8
389.7 404.1
389.7 404.1
367.4 369.9
1994 1995
47.3 47.3
365 2) *.3821
147.5 150.4
560.0 579.9
560.0 579.9
392.8 394.9
1986 43.0
2513 124.6 419.0
419.0
372.2
1996
47.3
399.8 153.4
600.5
600.5
397.0
1987
43.0
263.7
27 5
434.2
434.2
374.5
1997
47.3
418.2
156.4
621.9
621.9
399.2
*k* ALL VALUES IN $1000's
Table 8.1
1988
43.0
276.6
130.3
449.9
449.9
376.8
1998
47.3
437.4 159.4
644.1
644.1
401.4
1989
43.0 290.0
L3sel 466.1
466.1
379.0
1999
47.3
457.4 162.5
667.2
667.2
403.6
1990
43.0 303.9
136.0 482.8
482.8
381.1
2000
47.3
478 .3 165.6
691.1
691.1
406.0
1991
43.0 81803
138.8 500.1
500.1
38323
2001
4753
500.0 168.7
716.1
716.1
408 .4
TOTAL
899.0
6652.0 2776.4
10327.5
10327 .5
7615.9
8.1.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation
Base Case Plan Summary: Continuation of present
diesel generation
1)
2)
Community Preference: The villagers of Aniak
recognize that diesel generation is the only
technologically feasible way of generating
electricity today. Therefore, their interests are
in seeing the most efficient use of the system.
Reliability of power supply is regarded as basic
to the village's needs.
Environmental Considerations:
i) Air Quality: Exhausting combustion gases
releases a small amount of pollutants to the
local environment, but the impact is
minimal.
ii) Noise: The exhaust stacks from the generator
produce a considerable amount of noise. The
installation of more effective mufflers would
reduce the noise level.
iii) Water Quality: No impact.
iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: No known
impact.
8.3
8.1.4
v) Terrestrial Impacts: There is no impact on
vegetation or soils.
vi) Land Use and Ownership Status: All leases
and permits are in place.
Base Case Technical Evaluation
The continued operation of the central diesel electric
power plant in Aniak is expected to meet the
following:
1. High Reliability. Diesel electric is a
well-proven well-understood technology with a
successful history in rural Alaska. Backup
generation allows maintenance of the generators to
be performed without a major interruption of
electrical power. Occasional system downtime is
expected for distribution system maintenance.
Safety. A small risk is realized by the storage
and handling of fuel oil. Normal risks associated
with electrical power are also present.
Availability. There are no indications that spare
parts will become difficult to obtain in the
future. The availability of fuel to the power
plant depends on the reliability of transportation
to the village.
8.4
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
Alternate Plan A
General Description
The Alternate Plan A for Aniak is the installation of
a waste heat recovery system installed at the existing
central electric power plant. It consists of the
following features:
1. Jacket water heat recovery equipment installed on
the 300 KW, 265 KW, and 160 KW generators.
2. A distribution system consisting of a distribution
heat exchange pump and piping to deliver the
ethylene glycol heat transfer fluid to the heated
buildings and return it to the power plant.
3. Heating equipment installed in the school complex
and future greenhouse buildings, to provide space
heating.
4. A control system that automatically regulates the
supply of heat to the buildings, and rejects any
surplus waste heat to the engine radiators.
Alternate A Cost Analysis
Table 8.2 presents the itemized, estimated cost to
install the jacket water waste heat recovery system.
The installation cost of the heat recovery system was
estimated to be $287,000. The system value was
amortized over a 10 year period.
ESTIMATED HEAT RECOVERY COSTS
Project Location Aniak
Generators 300,300,265,160
Estimated total KWH generated 1,170,000
Generators equipped with heat recovery
equipment 300,300,265,160
CALCULATED VALUES
Average Generation Rate 134 kw
Percent of On-Line Capacity 45 & _
Maximum Jacket Water Heat Recovery "16,200 BTU/MIN
Percent Jacket Water Heat Available 54%
Estimated Recovered Heat Available .525x10° BTUH
Estimated Recovered Heat Utilized _.525x10° BTUE _
MAJOR COST ITEMS
I Main piping 900 feet x $150/ft $135,000
25 Heat Recovery Equipment ___ 91,000
Circulating Pumps 16,000
4. Heaters and Miscellaneous Hardware 45,000
a. Total Project Cost 287 ,000
6. O and M Cost (300 KW on line) ($20) (1x106)
(.525 x 106 BTUH) (38760) $1.30/MMBTU
as Recovery Efficiency 3930 BIU/KWH
.525x10° __BTUH x 8760 hours/ 1,170,000 KWH
Table 8.2
8.6
The cost of fuel oil normally used for space heating,
which was offset by the captured waste heat, was
$14.44/MMBTU, based on a fuel oil cost of
$1.95/gallon. Operation and maintenance costs were
calculated to be $1.30/MMBTU waste heat captured.
Table 8.3 presents the itemized present value analysis
of the plan, for the 20 year study period. The
discounted net benefit of the system was $2,480,500.
8.2.3 Social and Environmental Evaluation
Alternate Plan A Summary: Waste heat capture from
existing generators for sale to major consumers.
1) Community Preference: The villagers of Aniak
recognize that the installation of waste heat will
improve the efficiency of fuel use in the
community. The sale of waste heat will help
lessen the effect of rising fuel prices on the
cost of electricity.
Installation of the waste heat capture system will
require local expertise and should provide a
number of jobs during the construction phase. The
system should operate with minimal maintenance
although one part time person would be required
until the system has been tested and initial minor
problems have been solved.
2) Environmental Considerations:
i) Air Quality: There will be a reduction in
fuel burned in the village and a reduction of
hydrocarbons, monoxides and nitrogen oxides
emissions in the village.
8.7
ANTAK PLAN 2
ALTERNATE A
DIESEL - ELECTRIC 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 FUEL 175.3 185.3 227.8 239.4 251.3 263.7 276.6 290.0 303.9 318.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 96.3. 99.2 118.9 121.8 124.6 127.5 130.3 133.1 136.0 138.8 TOTAL 314.6 327.5 389.7 404.1 419.0 434.2 449.9 466.1 482.8 500.1
TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST 314.6 327.5 389.7 404.1 419.0 434.2 449.9 466.1 482.8 500.1
DISCOUNTED PLAN COST 314.6 318.0 367.4 369.9 372.2 374.5 376.8 379.0 381.1 383.3
NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 EXTRA COSTS 0.0 0.0 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.8 42.0 42a 42.3 42.5 BENEFITS 0.0 0.0 159.7 167.6 175.8 184.2 193.0 202.1 211.5 221.4 NET BENEFITS 0.0 0.0 118.5 126.2 134.2 142.5 151.0 160.0 169.2 178.8 DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS 0.0 0.0 108.4 112.1 115.7 119.3 122.8 126.3 129.7 133.1
NOTE: *** ALL VALUES IN $1000's
Table 8.3
DIESEL - ELECTRIC
INTEREST AND AMORTIZATION
FUEL
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
TOTAL
TOTAL YEARLY PLAN COST
DISCOUNTED PLAN COST
NON ELECTRIC BENEFITS
EXTRA COSTS BENEFITS
NET BENEFITS DISCOUNTED NET BENEFITS
1992 43.0
333.3 141.7
518.0
518.0
385.4
1992
42.7
231.5 - 188.9
136.4
1993 47.3
348.9 144.6
540.8
540.8
390.7
1993
42.9
242.2
199.3
139.8
NOTE:
1994 47.3
365.2 147.5
560.0
560.0
392.8
1994
43.1 253.2 210.1 143.1
RK
efhi"s ALTERNATE A
1995 1996 1997
47.3 47.3 47.3
382.1 399.8 418.2
150.4 153.4 156.4
579.9 600.5 621.9
579.9 600.5 621.9
394.9 397.0 399.2
1995 1996 1997
43.2 43.4 43.6
264.7 276.6 289.1 221.4. 233.2 245.5
146.4 149.7 153.0
ALL VALUES IN $1000's
Table 8.3(continued)
1998
47.3
437.4
159.4 644.1
644.1
401.4
1998
43.8
302.1 258.3 156.3
1999
47.3
457.4
16255 667.2
667.2
403.6
1999
44.0
315.6 271.6 159.5
2000
47.3 478.3
165.6 691.1
691.1
406.0
2000 44.2
329.7 285.5
162.8
2001
47.3
500.0
168.7 716.1
716.1
408 .4
2001 44.4
344.5 300.1
166.1
TOTAL
899.0 6652.0
2776.4 10327.5
10327.5
7615.9
TOTAL 770.4
4364.6 3594.2
2480.5
8.2.4
ii) Noise Levels: No impact.
iii) Water Quality: There would be a minor impact
if a major leakage occurred in the coolant
system.
iv) Fish and Wildlife Impacts: None.
v) Terrestrial Impacts: Will be minimal during
the installation of the distribution system
and will be restricted to the village site.
vi) Land use and Ownership Status: It is assumed
that the village will make the necessary
arrangements for the right of way
requirements for the distribution system.
Alternate Plan A Technical Evaluation
Operation of the waste heat recovery system in Aniak,
in conjunction with the central power plant, is
expected to conform to the following expectations:
Us High Reliability. The system utilizes simple,
reliable components that are readily available
"off the shelf" from a variety of sources.
Safety. A well maintained system has a very low
hazard potential.
Availability. All components needed are available
immediately. The system is relatively easy to
implement.
8.10
9.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 9.1 summarizes the village alternative plans, the
associated present worth analysis, and any non-electric
benefits.
Table 9.1
Analysis of Alternatives and Recommendations
Alternative A
Waste Heat
Present Worth | $7,616,000 $7,616,000
on-Electrical Benefits $2,480,000 otal 3% 616,000 $5,136,000
Table 9.2 presents the plans for the village, in rank of
Energy Source
recommended preference. The recommended action appropriate
to each alternative is listed as well.
Table 9.2
Plan Alternative Ty Recommended Action —|
lternative A - Waste Heat Initiate a feasibility
apture study for waste heat
recovery. Estimated cost of
feasibilty study $12,000 -
$15,000.
ase Case - Continued Investigate operation for
peration of Central potential of improved
ower Plant generation efficiency.
Estimate cost of study at
$10,000 - $12,000
Additional Recommendations
eatherization | No resource assessment or
-building insulation feasibility study
-building envelope indicated; immediate actio
infiltration required to bring Energy
-improved combustion Audit and/or weatherization| program to this community.
ed
APPENDIX.
See Section 3.0 (Methodology) of the Main Report:
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
FOR THE VILLAGES OF
Aniak, Atka, Chefornak, Chignik Lake, Cold Bay, False Pass,
Hooper Bay, Ivanof Bay, Kotlik, Mekoryuk, Newtok, Nightmute,
Nikolski, St. George, St. Marys, St. Paul, Toksook Bay and
Tununak.
PROPERTY OF:
Alaska Power Authority
334 W. 5th Ave.
Anchorage, Alaska 99501