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HomeMy WebLinkAboutChauthbaluk Reconnaissance Study Of Energy Requirements & Alternatives-Chauthbaluk 1981 OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS & ALTERNATIVES FOR CHAUTHBALUK INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. A MORRISON-KNUDSEN COMPANY ROBERT W. RETHERFORD ASSOCIATES DIVISION LS ALASKA POW ERAUTHORELY 24) CHUATHBALUK SUPPLEMENT TO RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR BUCKLAND, CHUATHBALUK, CROOKED CREEK™ HUGHES, KOYUKUK, NIKOLAI, RED DEVIL, RUSSIAN MISSION, SHELDON POINT, SLEETMUTE, STONY RIVER, TAKOTNA AND TELIDA MAY 1981 Prepared by: Robert W. Retherford Associates Arctic Division of International Engineering Co., Inc. Anchorage, Alaska . For the State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development Division of Alaska Power Authority 333 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Under Contract No. AS44.56.010 APA 20/T1 This report was prepared by: Robert W. Retherford Associates Arctic Division of International Engineering Company R.W. Retherford, P.E. Frank J. Bettine, E.1.T. James J. Lard, E.1.T. Mark Latour, Economist Illustrations on the front cover were prepared and sketched by Kathryn L. Langman. These illustrations portray several energy resource alternatives investigated for the Thirteen Villages included in this study. APA 20/T2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page a Summary and Results Sa Zs Recommendations (eal 3s Existing Conditions and Energy Balance SL as Energy Requirements Forecast 4.1 Ss Resource and Technology Assessment Boal! 6. Energy Plans Rul APPENDIX A Description of Selected Technologies APA*32C1 SECTION 1 SUMMARY AND RESULTS APA*32C2 SECTION 1 - SUMMARY AND RESULTS A. SUMMARY A study was recently conducted under contract number AS44.56.010 for the State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Divi- sion of Alaska Power Authority to determine the energy alternatives for Thirteen Western Alaskan Villages. This study consists of establishing the following: Energy Balance for 1979 Existing Power and Heating Facilities - 1980 Electric Power Requirements to the year 2000 Space Heating Requirement to the year 2000 Potential Energy and Electric Power Resources Evaluation of the Electric Power Resources Recommendations for the development or future studies for the 13 Western Alaskan villages of Buckland, Hughes, Koyukuk, Telida, Nikolai, Takotna, Stony River, Sleetmute, Red Devil, Crooked Creek, Chuathbaluk, Russian Mission and Sheldon Point (See Figure 1.1). The Chuathbaluk supplement represents a brief summary of the most pertinent facts and findings contained in the original report which relate to the village of Chuathbaluk. Detailed data concerning the village may be obtained by referring to the original report. Diesel fuels are presently used to satisfy the major percentage of energy demands in the village. Emphasis in the study was therefore placed on possible resources and technologies that could replace or at least supple- ment the use of increasingly costly fuel oil.. The energy alternatives which were selected for detailed evaluation in the village of Chuathbaluk include: ? 1) Diesel generation 2) Waste Heat Recovery 3) Binary Cycle generation using wood fuel 4) Hydroelectric generation 5) Passive solar heating 6) Energy conservation 1 See Appendix A for brief description of technologies listed. d=] APA32*K1 Nootak River 1 ( 2 / 3 / 4 a s 5 Les a iE 6 3s" \ 7 — vs 8 \ 9 Taitea oe Plateau | 10 1 | nN Lote 12 ” Minchuming “"***0 Rangy \ 13 wcbrar 13 2 Bib 8: ¢ Senta RY Copee, Ore & iver . River | 7 q *. emake, Bosh, “in : ay 1 6 9 Mi oe “one au % <p " wo N dlethe na ae ¢ BETHEL i Oo * ANCHORAGE \ Ss TiheWe a : ? a Lotes 0, ott - 4%) Sw a A, of 2 y xe 9 of vakutal 4 q : G vy Gui/t of Alaska & Bay Bristol KODIAK PACIFIC Soeshe gs woe 3 sr Ge Be FIGURE 1.1 aveuth fs ALASKA MAP BUCKLAND HUGHES KOYUKUK RUSSIAN MISSION SHELDON POINT CHUATHBALUK CROOKED CREEK NIKOLAI RED DEVIL SLEETMUTE STONY RIVER TAKOTNA TELIDA 13 WESTERN VILLAGES SECTION 1 SUMMARY AND RESULTS To obtain a comprehensive understanding of future energy requirements for the village, a control year - 1979 - was established from which all projections have been made. Information related to village history, population and economic conditions, plus information regarding village government, transportation, power and heating facilities, fuel require- ments, etc., was collected to provide the necessary background data to support these projections. B. EVALUATION RESULTS is Economics Table 1.1 is a summary of the 20 and 50-year economic evaluation per- formed for the combination of alternatives (ji.e., energy plans) selected for detailed study for Chuathbaluk. This Table lists the accumulated present worth of plan costs and the accumulated present worth of the net benefits derived from non-electrical outputs, where: 1) Plan costs represent the cost for providing electrical generation, and 2) Net benefits represent the savings derived from waste heat capture or surplus hydroelectric energy used for electric heating. a. Twenty Year Evaluation Results Results of the 20-year economic evaluation indicate that the use of diesel with waste heat recovery to be most economical energy plan examined for Chuathbaluk. The diesel generation plus binary generation with waste heat energy plan averaged approximately 9 percent greater cost than the diesel generation plus waste heat recovery plan for Chuathbaluk. This small variation in cost between the two energy plans represents an insignificant difference in a reconnaissance level study, where costs cannot be precisely determined, and should not be construed to indicate a definite cost advantage of one plan over another. 1-3 APA32*K3 orl Table 1.1 PERIOD 20-year 50-year CHUATHBALUK Accumulated Present Worth of Plan Costs and Benefits ($1,000) Diesel & Diesel Binary Cycle & & Waste Heat Waste Heat Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit 2148-233.9 2350-194. 3 5977-911.6 5455-822.5 Diesel & Hydroelectric Cost-Benefit 4572-99.7 10854-539.4 Diesel & WECS & Waste Heat Cost-Benefit N/A N/A SECTION 1 SUMMARY AND RESULTS Hydroelectric generation is found to be the most expensive method of providing electrical energy for Chuathbaluk. Passive solar and energy conservation have not been economically evaluated in detail and they are, therefore, not listed in Table 1.1. Numerous past studies have shown the value of conservation and passive solar heating. An approximate fifteen percent reduction in fossil fuel requirements due to the implementation of passive solar heating and energy conservation measures has been built into the village Heating Requirement Forecast Tables listed in Section 4. It is assumed that these two methods of reducing usage will be implemented in the village. b. Fifty Year Evaluation Results: The results of the 50-year economic evaluation performed for the village of Chuathbaluk confirms hydroelectric generation as the most expensive method of providing electrical energy. The high cost of developing the potential hydroelectric site located on Mission Creek near Chuathbaluk makes the use of hydroelectric generation economically unrealistic. The results of the 50-year evaluation has, however, altered the findings of the 20-year evaluation. The extended evaluation indicates the diesel generation plus binary cycle generation with waste heat energy plan will provide the most economical method of supplying electrical energy for these two villages. a. Environmental and Technical Results of the environmental and technical evaluations are listed in Table 1.2. These results indicate the overall environmental and technical ranking of energy plans selected for detail study for the village of Takotna, in order of preference to be: 1) diesel electric plus waste heat 2) diesel plus hydroelectric generation 3) diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat ied 9-1 APA 28N1 EVALUATION MATRIX Diesel + Diesel + Diesel + Waste Heat Table 1.2 Diesel Local Hydro Binary Generation Supplemental Electric w/wo Electric Coal and/or Wood Wind Factor ‘+ Waste Heat Heat With Waste Heat Generation (A) Economic (Present Worth) : B F Cc = (B) Environmental (1) Community Preference 9 1 4 - (2) Infrastructure 3 4 5 - (3) Timing 1 5 7 - (4) Air Quality 4 1 5 - (5) Water Quality 2 1 4 - (6) Fish and Wildlife 2 5 4 - (7) Land Use 2 6 4 - (8) Terrestrial Impacts 2 6 4 a, TOTAL 25 29 37 s Environmental Ranking 1 3 4 = (C) Technical (1) Safety 2 1 2 - (2) Reliability | 2 1 2 = (3) Availability Zt , 5 8 - TOTAL 5 7 12 - TECHNICAL RANKING 1 2 3 = OVERALL RANKING B-1 F~2 C3 = SECTION 2 RECOMMENDATIONS APA32*K6 SECTION 2 RECOMMENDATIONS A. GENERAL Analysis of the 20-year and 50-year economic, technical and environ- mental evaluations indicate the two most promising energy plans for the village of Chuathbaluk in order of preference to be: 1) Continued use of diesel generation supplemented with waste heat recovery, 2) diesel plus binary cycle generation supplemented with waste heat recovery. B. RECOMMENDED PLAN - Diesel Generation Supplemented with Waste Heat Recovery. The 20 and 50-year economic, technical and environmental evaluation indicate that diesel generation with waste heat recovery will provide the most satisfactory method of providing electric energy for the village of Chuathbaluk. It is recommended, therefore, that a study be conducted to determine the feasibility of utilizing waste heat in the village of Chuathbaluk. Such a study should include a definitive review of the following items: 1) availability of waste heat 2) transportation of waste heat 3) end use of waste heat C. FIRST ALTERNATIVE PLAN - Diesel Plus Binary Cycle Generation Supple- mented With Waste Heat Recovery. The first alternative plan, as listed above, is diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat recovery. This plan averages approximately 9 percent greater costs than the recommended plan (20-year economic evalu- ation). Because the uncertainties in the costs associated with this alternative, such as the cost of wood fuel, equipment cost, etc., which 2-1 APA32*K7 SECTION 2 RECOMMENDATIONS can not at present be as precisely determined as for the recommended plan, it is conceivable that this alternative could be cost competitive with the alternative plan (i.e., diesel generation plus waste heat recovery). Because binary cycle generation is viewed as one of the few potentially viable energy alternatives, suitable for future use in remote Alaska villages such as Chuathbaluk, it is recommended that the feasibility of binary cycle generation in Alaska be further investigated in regard to: 1) Equipment availability 2) Technical feasibility 3) Economic aspects 4) Environmental aspects 5) Constraints Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suitable for village appli- cation is, however, not expected to be available until the late 1980's. D. COSTS FOR’ FURTHER STUDY Approximate costs for determining of feasibility of the two most attractive energy resources for the village of Chuathbaluk are: e Waste heat recovery - approximately $2500 e Binary cycle generation - approximately $2,000,000 which would include the cost of constructing and operating a demonstration plant in Alaska. E. CONSERVATION MEASURES For the village to stabilize and hopefully reduce the local cost of energy immediate short term conservation measures could provide the most rapid results. These conservation measures, which include added insulation, double glazing or solar film, arctic entrances, weather stripping, etc., can reduce current non-transportation fuel use on the order of 15 percent over the 20-year period of this study. 2-2 APA32*K8 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE APA32*K9 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE A. INTRODUCTION To establish a base and understanding of energy use in the village, an energy balance has been compiled for the year 1979. Input energy forms are diesel, wood, propane, blazo, gasoline, and aviation gasoline. Energy used in the village has been listed both by end use category (i.e., heating, transportation, and quantities used for electrical generation) and by consumer category to include residential, small commercial, public buildings, and large users (school), in the following table (Table numbered as in original report). To provide background data, information related to village history, demographic and economic conditions plus information regarding village government, transportation, power and heating facilities is included. a. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION History: Chuathbaluk is located 9.5 miles east of Aniak on the north bank of the Kuskokwim River in the Kulbuck- Kuskokwim Mountains. A Native settlement existed in the area as early as 1883 and has been known as St. Sergie's Mission, Kuskokwim Russian Mission and Little Russian Mission. This designation led to confusion between this community and the community of Russian Mission on the Yukon River. As a result, within the past 20 years, the Kuskokwim village was renamed "Chuathbaluk". The Eskimo word for "big blueberries." Pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, the Chuathbaluk village corporation was entitled to 92,160 acres of land. When the Chuathbaluk village 3-1 APA32*K10 APA32%K11 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE corporation merged with 9 other Kuskokwim village corpora- tions, this entitlement passed to The Kuskokwim Corporation (TKC), for consolidated ownership and management. The Calista Corporation is the regional corporation. Population: There are no population data recorded for Chuathbaluk before 1970, when the census counted 94 resi- dents in the village. The 1979 State Revenue-Sharing program reported 119 people - a 26 percent increase over 1970. Natives comprised 96 percent of Chuathbaluk's population in 1970. In 1979, the average number of members per household in the community was 4.4 persons. Economy: Chuathbaluk's economy is heavily dependent on subsistence activities. Employment is found primarily in seasonal work during the summer through BLM and AVCP. Year-round employment is limited to the clinic, the city, the school district which employs 8 full-time employees and the trading post. Other cash income in the community comes in the form of public assistance and from sale of furs caught during the trapping season. In addition, some women in the village sel] beadwork, fur garments, etc. they make during the winter months. For the bulk of their livelihood, residents rely on subsistence activities. Most residents fish in the summer months for salmon and other. fish species and hunt waterfowl, rabbit, moose and bear. In the fall, families harvest several varieties of berries. Government: Chuathbaluk was incorporated as a second- class city in 1975. Chuathbaluk has both a mayor and az APA32*K12 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE administrator. The mayor is selected from a 7-member city council. For non-city programs and services, Chuathbaluk's Native population is represented by a 7-member traditional council. Transportation: The Kuskokwim River serves as the Major transportation link to other villages in the area. During the summer months, access to the community is limited to barge, boat and float plane. Fuel and other bulk cargo is delivered to the community by river barge. Most passengers, mail and cargo are relayed from the regional center at Aniak by air, barge or mail boat. Snowmachines are used in the winter as the primary mode of inter-village transportation. No roads connect Chuathbaluk with surrounding villages. ENERGY BALANCE (1979) Approximately 80% of the residential and small commercial heating requirements of the village are supplied by wood. Village heating requirements account for 63.5 percent of the total village energy usage, electric generation 17.8 percent, and transportation 18.7 percent. Graph 3.6 illustrates by consumer category the types and percentages of energy forms used in the village. Table 3.5 tabularizes this data in additional detail. EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES Electric Power: There is no centralized power generation facility in Chuathbaluk. The school maintains and 323 APA32*K13 SECTION 3 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE operates its own generation facility which consists of two 50-kW units. The school generation facility supplies power to the school and to certain public buildings. Plans for electrifying Chuathbaluk are in progress, and electrification of the community is expected to be completed in the summer of 1981. No distribution facilities presently exist within the village. Construction of an overhead distribution system using triplex construction is scheduled for the summer of 1981. Heating: Eighty percent of the heating requirements for residential and small commercial consumers are supplied by wood. Wood heating is supplemented by fuel oil as necessary. Residential use averages approximately eight cords of wood and 120 gallons of fuel oi] per year. Public buildings and the school use fuel oil-fired furnaces for their heating needs. Fuel Storage: Diesel, bulk fuel oi] storage capacity in the community is approximately 26,700 gallons (reference 27). 3-4 GRAPH 3.6 1979 ENERGY BALANCE CHUATHBALUK EFFICIENCIES ASSUMED: LEGEND _ HEATING — 75% ( — RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION — 25% ( — SMALL COMMERCIAL ELECTRICAL GENERATION — 25% [7 — PUBLIC BUILDINGS (GE) — LARGE USERS (SCHOOL) () — WASTE HEAT TOTAL ENERGY (100%) 4.3% — 4.4% HEATING (63.5%) BLAZO. — 1.7% PROPANE— 0.6% WOOD) — 30.9% DIESEL — 30.3% TOTAL — 63.5% TRANSPORTATION (18.7%) —— GASOLINE + AV GAS 18.7% ELECTRICAL GENERATION (17.8%) J—4 DIESEL 17.8% | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 BTU x 108 20,000 9-€ apa28: al ENERGY BALANCE - 1979 CHUATHBALUK Table 3.6 CONSUMER ENERGY FORM CONSUMED HEATING TRANSPORTATION ELECTRICAL GENERATION DIESEL wood PROPANE BLAZO GASOLINE AV GAL DIESEL TOTAL GAL CORDS POUNDS GAL GAL GAL GAL _10® Btu TYPE NO. 10® Btu 10° Btu 10® Btu 10° Btu 10" Btu 10® Btu 10® Btu % of Total Residential 27 3,200 216 2,400 1,625 17,050 500 NA 6,596 442 3,672 47 206 2,165 64 55.5 Small Commercial 3 3,700 - : = a ir iT 511 511 4.3 Public Buildings 2 1,400 = - 7 = F 2,400 524 193 331 4.4 Large User (school) 1 17,800 = 1,200 12,900 4,259 7456 23 1,780 35.8 Total 33 26 ,100 189 3,600 1,625 17,050 500 25,30 3,672 3,672 70 206 2,165 64 y 2,111 11,890 % of Total Btu 30.3 30.9 0.6 1.7 18.2 0:5 17.8 100 - 2s e ee ee | u YM Waste Heat 10° Btu 901 918 17 SZ. 1,624 48 1,583 5,143 % of Total Btu 7.6 7.7 0.1 0.4 13.7 0.4 13.3 43.2 Assumed Efficiency: Heating - 25% Transportation - 25% Electric Generation - 25% SECTION 4 APA32*K14 SECTION 4 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST INTRODUCTION The following paragraphs and tables outline the planned capital projects, economic activities forecast, and energy end use forecasts for the village of Chuathbaluk.? 1 Tables numbered as in original report. 4-1 APA32*K15 APA 22A:F1 C. VILLAGES OF MIDDLE AND UPPER KUSKOKWIM 6. Chuathbaluk SECTION 4 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST (a) Planned Capital Projects and Economic Activity Forecast Planned Capital Projects: Scheduled developments - School classroom addition Electrification Airport improvements Potential developments - Timber harvest Peat harvest Farewell coal field Economic Activity Forecast: The economic activity in the area is greatly dependent on timber, peat and Farewell coal field development, none of which is anticipated to become opera- tional before the late 1980's or early 1990's. It is expected that these resource developments would provide mostly indirect benefits to the area by providing lower cost energy to consumers. No significant economic activity is forecast for the immediate future. (b) Population Forecast - Chuathbaluk The population forecast is shown in the following Table 4.6 Table 4.6 Year 1970 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000 Population 94 119 129 146 169 228 # Residences - 27 29 32 38 ST # Small commercial - 3 3 3 4 # Public users - 2 8 # Large users 1 Population growth rate - 3% 4-2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) ne apa22:al C. End Use Forecast The end uses of energy are shown in the following Tables 4.6a, 4.6b, and 4.6c Table 4.6a CHUATHBALUK ELECTRIC POWER REQUIREMENTS? 1979 1982 1985 Population 119 129 146 Number of residential consumers 7 25 28 Average kWh/mo/consumer = 133 160 MWh/year residential consumers (2) x (1) x 12 + 1000 Gs 39.9 53.8 Number of small] commer- cial consumers - 3 3 Average kWh/mo/consumer - 848 963 MWh/year small commer- cial consumer (4) x (5) x 12 + 1000 = 30.5 34.7 Number of public consumers 2 3 4 Average kWh/mo/consumer 850 970 1,107 MWh/year public consumer (7) x (8) x 12 + 1000 20.4 i 34.9 S3aL, Large (LP) consumer 1 i al (school) Average kWh/mo/LP consumer? 9,125 9,971 10,896 MWh/year LP's (10)x(11)x12 + 1000 109.5 119.7 130.8 System MWh/year (3)+(6)+(9)+(12) 129.9 225.0 272.4 System load factor 0.6 0.45 0.45 System demand kW (13)+8760+(14)x1000 25 57 69 Electrification scheduled for summer 1981 School at 3% Growth Rate Classroom addition 4.3 1990 169 32 220 84.5 1,205 57.8 1,379 82.7 12,631 151.6 376.6 0.45 96 2000 228 51 415 254.0 1,872 134.8 2,142 205.6 16,975 203.7 798.1 0.5 182 apa22:cl Table 4.6b CHUATHBALUK HEATING REQUIREMENTS? RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000 (1) Population 119 129 146 169 228 (2) Number of resi- dential users 27 29 32 38 57 (3) Diesel - Average gal/mo/residence (6)+(2)+12 10 10 10 9 8 (4) Propane - Average 1bs/mo/residence (7)+(2)+12 7 7 10 19 35 (5) Wood - Average cords/mo/res idence (8)+(2)+12 | 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.63 0.57 (6) Diesel_ Gals 3,200 3,420 3,775 4,265 5,790 Btu x 10° 442 472 520 588 799 (7) Propane __Lbs 2,400 2,580 3,900 8,800 23,900 Btu x 10° 47 50 76 172 466 (8) Wood Cords 216 : 232 256 289 393 Btu x 106 3,672 3,944 4,352 4,913 6,681 (9) Total Btu x 106 (6)+(7)+(8) 4,161 4,466 4,948 5,673 7,946 (10) Annual per capita consumption Btu x 106 (9)+(1) 35.0 34.6 33.9 33.6 34.9 Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements beginning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical improve- ments in both building design and heating equipment. 4-4 (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) apa22-A:R5 Table 4.6c CHUATHBALUK HEATING REQUIREMENTS? Smal] Commercial user Diesel Gals/Btu x 10° Public Buildings user Diesel Gals Btu x 105 Large users (school) Diesel equivalent (diesel + wood) Gals Btu x 10° Propane __lbs Btu x 10° Subtotal Btu x 106 (16)+(17) Total Btu x 106 (9)+(12)+(14)+(18) OTHER CONSUMERS 1979 1982 3 3 3700 3700 511 511 2 3 1400 1650 193 228 1 1 7,800 19,450? 2,456 2,684 1200 1200 23 23 2479 2707 7,344 7,912 1985 3 3700 511 19,450 2,684 1200 23 2707 8,549 1990 2574 9,317 2000 4606 636 1033 2331 11,510 Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements begin- ning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical improvements in both building design and heating equipment. New classroom addition SECTION 5 RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT APA32*K16 SECTION 5 RESOURCE AND RECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT A. ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT The energy resources which are determined to be available for the village of Chuathbaluk are summarized in the following table. Information concerning approximate quantity, quality, availability, cost, source of data and important comments is included. The energy resources specif- ically addressed include diesel generation, wind, hydroelectric potential, waste heat utilization, timber and coal. While passive solar heating and energy conservation are not specifically addressed in the table, it is assumed these two energy conservation measures will be implemented in the village. Energy resources which are not available for use in Chuathbaluk and are therefore not addressed include geothermal, peat, solid waste, oil and gas and tidal power. 5-1 APA32*K17 2-S APA22-A SS Table 5.6 ENERGY RESOURCE Diesel fuel Wood fuel Coal fuel Waste Heat! Recovery Hydroelectric Potential Wind Potential LOCATION Major supplier Bethel Middle Kuskokwim Healy, Alaska Mission Creek ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT QUANTITY/AVAILABILITY 167x10° cu ft late 1980's Late 1980's 30% of fuel used for electrical generation; upon installation 125 kW, 295 mwh/yr estimated; Estimated on line 1986 ! Assumes, $1.44/gal diesel fuel cost, 0.45 LF < > Saving per million Btu's recovered. CHUATHBALUK QUALITY #2 diesel 138,000 Btu/gal 14.6x10® Btu/cord 8500 Btu/1b 17x10® Btu/ton Recoverable heat 41,400 Btu/gal diesel equivalent 8 mph average annual wind speed. SOURCE OF COST __DATA $1.44/gal United $10.44/10® Btu Transportation Bethel $92/cord Appendix G $6.30/10° Btu $110/ton Appendix H $6.47/10° Btu $450/kW installed Appendix D <$5.06/10° Btu> diesel fuel displaced $58, 900/kW Reference #38 installed COMMENTS Delivered cost at village. Delivered cost at village. Delivered cost at village. Cost assumes heat delivery within a 100 ft radius of plant. Availability varies with generator loading. Maintenance at $11/kW/yr. Average annual wind speed insufficient for wind generation. SECTION 6 ENERGY PLANS APA32*K18 SECTION 6 ENERGY PLANS A. INTRODUCTION The approach to the energy plans formulated for the village of Chuathbaluk is explained in this section. Each plan is formulated to meet the forecasted electrical energy requirements of the village plus additional related requirements, such as space heating, where appropriate. A base case plan using diesel generation is formulated for the village. This plan is used as the “control case" to determine the advantage or disadvantage of other alternatives as compared to diesel generation. Future village diesel generation additions assume that the local school, which has sufficient installed generation capacity, will provide its own back-up capability. The school will, however, rely on the central- ized village power plant for their primary supply of electrical power and energy. A wood-fired binary cycle generation option is presented for the village of Chuathbaluk. It is assumed the wood required for fuel would be supplied from timber harvested along the Kuskokwim River. Diesel fuel oil-fired binary cycle generation is also possible, but provides no significant cost or technical advantage over diesel engine powered generation. Fuel oil- fired binary cycle generation is, therefore, not included in the formulated energy plan for the village. A waste heat capture analysis is included with all options that use fossil fuels for electrical generation (i.e., diesel generation employing engine jacket water cooling, and binary cycle generation). Hydroelectric generation is investigated for the village. Any additional benefits from these technologies, such as the use of excess hydroelectric energy to provide electric space heat is also included. 6-1 APA32*K19 b) APA32*K20 SECTION 6 ENERGY PLANS Base Case Plan 1) 2) 3) Plan components - diesel and waste heat recovery Timing of system additions Diesel - 1981 - 60 kW + 100 kW, 1991 - 100 kW Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 100 kW, 1991 - 100 kW Plan description - This plan assumes the continued use of diesel driven generators throughout the study and the implementation of waste heat recovery. Alternative Plan A 1) 2) 3) Plan components - diesel and binary cycle generation using wood fuel and waste heat recovery Timing of additions - Diesel - 1981 - 60 kW + 100 kW Binary unit - 1989 - 200 kW Waste heat recovery - 1983 - 100 kW, 1989 - 200 kW Plan description - This plan assumes construction of wood-fired binary cycle generation facilities in the late 1980's as a replacement for diesel genera- tion and the implementation of waste heat recovery. Alternative Plan B. 1) Plan components - diesel and waste heat recovery and hydroelectric generation. 6-2 APA32*K21 2) 3) SECTION 6 ENERGY PLANS Timing of additions - Diesel - 1981 - 60 kW + 100 kW Waste heat equipment - 1983 - 100 kW Hydroelectric - 1986 - 125 kW; 195 mWh/yr estimated Plan description - This plan assumes construction of a hydroelectric project in Mission Creek 2.5 miles east of Chuathbaluk as partial replacement for diesel generation (Ref. 38). Estimated 1980 construction cost of the hydroelectric project and transmission line is $7,360,000 (Ref. 38). APPENDIX A DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES APA32*K22 A.1 DIESEL a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C35 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved In the diesel engine, air is compressed in a cylinder to a high pressure. Fuel oi] is injected into the compressed air, which is at a temperature above the fuel ignition point, and the fuel burns, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy by driving a piston. Pistons drive a shaft which in turn drives the generator. Current and future availability Diesel engines driving electrical generators are one of the most efficient simple cycle converters of chemical energy (fuel) to electrical energy. Although the diesel cycle in theory will burn any combustible matter, the practical fact of the matter is that these engines burn only high grade liquid petroleum or gas, except for multi-thousand horsepower engines which can burn heated residual oi1. Diesel generating units are usually built as an integral whole and mounted on skids for installation at their place of use. A.2 BINARY CYCLE FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION a. General Description 1) 2) Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved In the binary conversion process, a heated primary fluid of insufficient quality for direct use in electrical production passes through a heat exchanger to transfer heat to a working fluid. The working fluid has a lower boiling point than water and is vaporized in the heat exchanger. The vaporized working fluid then expands through a turbine or cylinder piston arrange- ment is condensed, and returns to the heat exchanger. The primary fluid is returned to its heat source following heat exchange. Current and future availability Current commercial availability is restricted to unit sizes in excess of village power requirements as determined in this study. Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suit- able for village application is not expected to be available “until the late 1980's. APA*32C36 A-2 A.3 HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION a. General Description i. APA*32C37 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved In the hydroelectric power development, flowing water is directed into a hydraulic turbine where the energy in the water is used to turn a shaft, which in turn drives a gener- ator. In their action, turbines involve a continuous trans- formation of the potential and/or kinetic energy of the water into usable mechanical energy at the shaft. Water stored at rest at an elevation above the level of the turbine (head) possesses potential energy; when flowing, the water possesses kinetic energy as a function of its velocity. The return of the used water to the higher elevation necessary for funct- joning of the hydroelectric machinery is powered by the sun to complete the cycle - a direct, natural process using solar energy. The ability to store water at a useful elevation makes this energy supply predictable and dependable. i Current and future availability Hydroelectric developments in the United States, as of January 1978, totaled 59 million kilowatts, producing an estimated average annual output of 276 billion kilowatt hours according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Hydropower provides about 10% of Alaska's electric energy needs. Developments range in size from over a million kilowatts down to just a few kilowatts of installed capacity. Hydropower is a time proven method of generation that offers unique advantages. Fuel cost, a major contributor to thermal plant operating costs, is eliminated. A-3 A.4 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS) a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C38 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved The thermodynamic process involved stems from the sun, the primary energy source which produces the wind. This wind energy cannot be stored, is intermittent, somewhat unpredict- able and thereby undependable. The process then relies on wind flow over an air foil assembly to create differential pressures along the air foil. This differential pressure results in rotation of the assembly around a fixed axis to which it is attached. Power from the wind is transmitted through the connection shaft and accompanying gear box to an electrical generator. Three types of generators are presently in use with wind energy systems. These are the DC generator, the AC induction generator and the AC synchronous generator. Of the three types, the AC induction generator is the most widely used because of its simplicity and low cost. An induction generator is not a stand- alone generator and must be connected to an external power system of relatively constant frequency and voltage to operate properly. Current and future availability Availability of the wind at useful velocities require long term records to estimate the potential energy. Lesser records provide less credible estimates. Availability of WECS machinery in small size units in the 1.5 kW to 20 kW range is good. Large units in the 100-200 kW range are currently undergoing tests in both the government and private sector and should be available jin the near future. Demonstrations of multi-megawatt sizes are in process. A-4 A.5 DIESEL WASTE HEAT RECOVERY a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C39 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved The present use of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oi1) in Alaska (as elsewhere) to produce more useful forms of energy (heat, electricity, motive power) is less than 100 percent efficient. For example, if a machine burns a certain quantity of fossil fuel and produces useful output (shaft horsepower, electrical energy, steam, useful hot water or air for space heating) equivalent to 30% of the fuel burned, the energy represented by the remaining 70% of the fuel will appear as unused or "waste" heat. Such heat most often appears as hot exhaust gas, tepid to warm water (65°F-180°F), hot air from cooling radiators, or direct radiation from the machine. Diesel waste heat can be recovered from engine cooling water and exhaust, or either source separately. The waste heat is typically transferred to a water-glycol circulating system in Alaskan applications. The heated circulating fluid can be used for space, water, or process heating where temperatures of the waste hear are suitable. Current and future availability Recovery of diesel waste heat in Alaska is growing as a result of sharp increases in diesel fuel cost. Recovery of jacket water heat only is most common in Alaska. Diesel waste heat availability is directly related to the location and operating cycles of the engine installations. A.6 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING a. General Description Passive solar heating makes use of solar energy (sunlight) through energy efficient design (i.e. south facing windows, shutters, added insulation) but without the aid of any mechanical or electrical ‘inputs. Space heating is the most common application of passive solar heating. Because such solar heating is available only when the sun shines its availability is intermittent (day-night cycles) and variable (winter-summer-cloudy-clear). A-6 APA*32C40 A.7 CONSERVATION a. General Description 1) 2) APA*32C41 Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved Conservation measures considered here are mainly classified as "passive". Passive measures are intended to conserve energy with- out any further electrical, thermal, or mechanical energy input. Typical passive measures are insulation, double glazing or solar film, arctic entrances and weather stripping. Energy conservation characteristics of some passive measures degrade with time, which must be considered in the overall evaluation of their effectiveness for an intended life cycle. Other conservation measures includes improvement in efficiency of utilization devices (such as motors) and "doing without" energy by disciplines (turning off lights, turning down thermostats). Current and future availability Materials and schemes to implement passive measures are commer- cially available and increasing in use all over the United States due to the rapidly escalating cost of energy.