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Rural Electric Power Quality Analysis, Data Base Development, Final Report 1987
Rural Electric Power Quality Analysis Data Base Development Final Report 5 -_ B = i 3 2 D Q 5 £ 2 = 5 2 -_ 3 = n E85.30 RURAL ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT FINAL REPORT by J. Aspnes, R. Merritt, B.D. Spell, K. Woodruff, D. Alden, G. Mulligan Institute of Northern Engineering University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-1760 March 1987 Prepared for: ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC FACILITIES RESEARCH SECTION 2301 Peger Rd. Fairbanks, AK 99701 The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies ef the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. This report does not constitute a standard, specification or regulation. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......--- sce cece re ene wee cee were eccecece eeeccee seccee INTRODUCTION........- cece eeeee ec cvcccccce ee eceee eee cceceee eeee DEFINING ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY.............06. eee cccccccccce ESTABLISHED ACCEPTABLE POWER QUALITY LIMITS...........c.eeeeee DESCRIPTION OF COMPILED DATA....... eee ecccccee eee ccc ccccccccce DETAILED DATA FILE DESCRIPTIONS......... emcee cer ccc ccccccce . DATA INFORMATION REQUEST FORMS... csccccccccccccccvcces eeecee ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES.......eeeeeeeeee CONCLUSIONS..... cece ec eccccccccs ee ecccccccccccccveccccccs eeeee WHAT IS THE CURRENT COST OF POOR ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY TO ALASKA?..cccccccccccccccccccccs Corer cccccccccccccccccces SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED STATEWIDE ANNUAL COST OF REPAIRS DUE TO AC POWER SYSTEM DISTURBANCES..... wee cece eee ce cece eee seeee REPAIR PERSONNEL COMMENTS.......-22ee eeeeeee eee ec eee eee eeee SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........- sec eee eeee eee c ee wee ecee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .... 2c eeeeeeeeees eee weer eee cenee eee c eee ceee . IMPLEMENTATION STATEMENT.......--+06 eee c ewer wee e wees cer ccene REFERENCES 2... ccecccccccccccecccencccsccc ce csecssessecesesecee -ii- 42 47 48 49 DL. 52 53 ABSTRACT The actual cost of poor quality electric power is difficult to accurately determine. Such cost information is important in determining the extent to which power quality enhancement techniques should be applied. This report presents data compiled to help determine the quantity and type of electrical and electronic equipment at risk in rural Alaska and repair frequency of this equipment. Costs attributable to poor electric power quality are identified. Methods of electric power quality improvement and their relative costs are presented. -iii- INTRODUCTION This report presents a data base developed to help determine actual costs of poor quality electric power in state owned and operated public facilities and costs to other power users as well. The emphasis is on rural locations characterized by relatively small power distribution systems supplied primarily by diesel engine-driven generators in the 50 to 1,000 kVA range. The compiled data are presented in eight individual files. A combined data file containing the individual files in one large matrix is also available on a 5.25 inch floppy disk. LOTUS 1-2-3 spreadsheet software was utilized to prepare this disk for maximum flexibility in adding future data updates, if desired. Three broad areas of information are of interest. First is an inventory of equipment at risk and the sophistication levels of that equipment. Second is the frequency with which equipment must be repaired or replaced. Third is the cost associated with equipment repair or replacement. Whenever possible, equipment failure attributable to poor electric power quality was identified and reported. This report also contains a section on electric power improvement techniques and compares their capabilities and costs. DEFINING ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY An ideal AC electric power system in North America provides a perfect sine wave of rated voltage at 60 Hz regardless of load until overcurrent protection device limits are exceeded. In reality, such an ideal voltage source does not exist because of the presence of power system impedance, which can be excessively large if inadequately-sized transformers and power line conductors, and non-ideal governors and voltage regulators are part of the power supply system. Poor maintenance and improper system operation may also contribute to reduced electric power quality as can user-generated disturbances caused by motor starting, other load switching and faults. Electric power quality problems are typically subdivided under the following categories. 1. Over/under frequency. 2. Long-term average (RMS) voltage level (RMS = root mean square value of voltage waveform). 3. RMS value of each AC cycle compared with the long-term average. A single-cycle measurement lower than the long-term average is a sag. A higher single-cycle measurement is a surge. 4. Transient impulses with duration between 0.5 and 800 microseconds. Ds Outages, defined as loss of line voltage for periods greater than five seconds. ESTABLISHED ACCEPTABLE POWER QUALITY LIMITS Several references define acceptable power quality limits for computer systems [4, 6, 10, 12 for example] and at least one addresses communications systems [6]. General agreement exists that +6% and -13% rated voltage steady-state limits are necessary, although at least one computer manufacturer is reported to require +4% tolerance [4]. Opinions about acceptable power quality differ for transients lasting less than 2 seconds. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard C84.1 requires +15% and -20% voltage tolerance for transients between 0.05s and 0.5s duration and +20% and -30% voltage tolerance for transients between 0.008s and 0.05s duration as reported in [4]. A different tolerance envelope is suggested in [12] resulting from U.S. Navy tests and computer manufacturers' information. It is generally more restrictive than the C84.1 standard for voltage surges and impulses with the tolerance boundary rising smoothly from +6% rated voltage for a 2s disturbance to +30% for 8.33 ms, +100% for 1 ms and +200% rated voltage limit on a 100 us disturbance. The undervoltage limits of this tolerance envelope include -13% rated voltage for a 2s disturbance, -30% for 0.5s, -42% for 0.1s, -70% for 16.7ms and -100% for an 8.33ms disturbance. Frequency tolerance for a 60 Hz source is reported to be +0.5 Hz in some instances [4], although at least one major computer company specifies +1.0 Hz. Voltage and frequency fluctuations are known to cause detrimental effects in electric motors, but the authors have not found an electric motor manufacturer or supplier who is willing or able to provide information relating such power anomalies to motor damage or reduced service life. Some users of motors in small communities have devised protective schemes utilizing voltage and frequency relays. An earlier report [1] and corresponding paper [2] established that power quality can be a problem in small, isolated Alaskan electric power systems. Data from that report compared with studies conducted in the continental United States [3] show 41.4 times more impulses measured in the Alaskan locations than in the continental United States, even though a 67% higher threshold was used in obtaining Alaskan data. Approximately eight times more outages were recorded in Alaska with about 11 times the average duration of continental United States outages. Frequency deviations from 60 Hz also appear to be a greater problem in small, isolated systems than in the larger interconnected ones prevalent in the continental United States. These data encouraged additional electric power quality analyses in Alaska. = DESCRIPTION OF COMPILED DATA The compiled data presented in this section are subdivided into eight files. File name File contents 1. PWR-GEN Population and utility information 2. PWR-SUR Results of utility survey 3. MUN-INV Municipality and borough inventory information 4. MO-ST-BL Inventory of motors in Northern Region state-built buildings (from DOT&PF as-built blueprints) 5. VIL-MO Results of village sewer and water system motor survey 6. SCH-DIST Inventory and repair information from survey of school districts 7. ST-TV Data from state TV transmitter/receiver (TX/RX) repair reports 8. ALASCOM Alascom earth station repair reports As previously noted, the above eight files have been combined in a LOTUS 1-2-3 spreadsheet named TOT-FILE. All nine files exist on a 5.25 inch floppy disk in LOTUS 1-2-3 format. A copy has been provided to the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT&sPF). The speadsheet format has been used to encourage future use and expansion of the data base. DETAILED DATA FILE DESCRIPTIONS i. PWR-GEN The PWR-GEN file, shown on pages 6 through 8, provides population and power generation data for 113 Alaskan communities, excluding Anchorage and Fairbanks. The source of generation data was Alaska Electric Power Statistics, 10th Edition, December 1985, Alaska Power Authority [15]. Power survey data from file PWR-SUR are shown if they conflict with Power Authority data for that community. Generation data provided include: name and type of utility, installed capacity (kW), annual energy production (MWH/YR), peak load (MW) and type of generator prime mover. Alaska utility abbreviations are defined on page 5 [15]. 2. PWR-SUR The power survey file, appearing on pages 9 and 10, tabulates data received from 28 utilities in response to a survey form, shown on page 23, that was sent to all utilities listed with the Alaska Public Utilities Commission. Specific data shown in this file are: f community population, type of utility, installed capacity (kW), annual energy production (MWH/YR), peak load (MW), type of generator prime mover, generator voltages, system transmission voltages, number of outages per year, average outage duration (minutes) and total outage time per year (hours). The survey questionnaire promised to delete community names from this file to encourage more response. Therefore, communities are identified by population size only. AEC feu AELaP AML AP APA-E apa-s APASG APASL APATL apaty Apc aper BUSEC BLaP ce cea cec Che com cre cvea ELse €ec Feu Andreanof Electric Corporation (Atka) Akutan Electric Utility (Dutch Harbor) Alaska Electric Light & Power Company (Juneau) Anchorage Municipal Light & Power Department al Power Administration-Eklutna (Anchorage) Power Administration-Snettisham (Juneau) Power Authority-Bolomon Gulch (CVEA/Valdez) Power Author ity-Swan Lake (KPU/Ketchikan) Power Authority-Terror Lake (KdEA/Kodiak? Power Quthority-Tyee (Petersburg, Wrangell) ak Power Company ska Power & Telephone Company (Craig, Hydaburg, Skagway, Tok, Dot Lake) C1) Aleske Vil Electric Coo (48 villa 8, Inc. (Deadhorse) thel Utilities Corporation, Inc. Bettles Light & Power, Inc. Circle Electric Chugach Electric Association, Inc. (Anchorage Area) Cordova Electric Cooperative, Inc. Chignik Electric City of Manokotak Chistochina Cold Bay ¢ eK) Copper Valley Electric Association, Inc. (Glennallen, Valdez) Egegik Light @ Power (2) Eagle Power Company (cert. appl. 1-85) Fairbanks Municipal Utilities System Fort Yukon (see GZUC) G&K, Inc. (Cold Bay? (3) Glacier Highway Electric Association, Inc. (Juneau Area) Golden Vv. ey Electric Association, Inc. (Fairbanks Ar Guwitchyaa Ihee Utility Company (Ft. Yukon) (4) Homer Electric Association, Inc. (Kenai Peninsula) Haines Light & Power Co. Inc. Hughes Power @ Light (certif. application-1984) lliamna Newhalen Nondalton Electric Coop., Inc. Kot lik City King Cove City Kodiak Electric Association, Inc. (Kodiak, Pt.Lions) Klukwan Electric Utility Kwethluk, Inc. (Kuiggluum Kallugviad Kotzebue Electric Association, Inc. Ketchikan Public Utilities Private Municip. Private Municip. Federal Federel ate State State State Private Municip. Municip. Private Coop. Private Private Municip. Private Coop. Coop. Private Coop. Private Private Coop. Municip. Municip. Coop. Municip. Municip. Coop. Municip. ALASKA UTILITY ABBREVIATIONS [is] (sw) (sw) (Se) (sc) (sc) (Se) (sc) (SE) «sc) (SE) (sw) (SE,Y) (SC, Y, 54, A-NWD (A-ND (A-Nw) (sw ™ ™ (sc) «sc> (sw) (sw) (sc) «sc? (ew ™ m™ (sw) (Se) mm m (sc (SE) Ww (sw) m™ (sw) (se) (SE) (su) (A-NWD (Se) LBES Larson Bay Electric System Private Lec Levelock Electric Cooperative, Inc. Coop. Manokotak ¢ com> MaDE MBD Enterpri (Galena) Private MEA Matanuska Electric Association, Inc. (Palmer-Talkeetna Area Unalakleet) (5) Coop. muc Manley Utility Co., Inc. (Manley Hot Springs) Private mPEL Metlekatla Power & Light Municip. MGLEP McGrath Light & Power Private MKEC Middle Kuskokwim Electric Coop., Inc. (pending) (Chuathbaluk, Crooked Creek, Sleetmute, Stony River) Coop. Naknek Electric Association, Inc. (2) Coop. k Electric Cooperative, Inc. (Dillingham Coop. Ircinag Power Co. (SWGR Service from BUC) Pri Nikolski Power & Light Co. (Umnak Is.) Private Nome Joint Utilities Board (was NL&P) Municip. Nelson Lagoon Electric Coop. (cert. appl. 3-1-85) Coop. (Port Moller) Northway Power &@ Light, Inc. Private No. Slope Borough Power & Light System (Atkasook, Kaktovik, Wainwright, Point Hope, Point Lay, Nuiqsut, Anaktuvuk Pass) Municip. PL Paxson Lodge, Inc Private PMP aL Petersburg Municipal Power & Light Municip. Puc Pelican Utility Company (Pelican and Sand Point) Private SED Sitka Electric Department Municip. SES Seward Electric System Municip. 8s Semloh Supply (Lake Minchumina) Private TB Thorne Bay Munied TePC Teller Power Company Private T-HREA Tlingit-Haida Regional Electrical Authority {Angoon, Hoonah, Kake, Kasaan, Klawock) Coop. TPC Tanana Power Company Private Tsu Tenekee Springs Private UE Unalaska Electric (was COU) Municip. uvec Unalakleet Valley Electric Cooperative (5) Coop. wee Wrangell Municipal Light & Power Municip. wic Weisner Trading Co. (Rampart) Private yPr Yakutat Power, Inc. Private (1) Tok-Dot Lk. intertie operating and Dot Lk. powerplant decommissioned in 1983. (2) ELEP separated from NEA in 1983. (3) G&K purchased No. Pwr.& Engr.Corp. in 1984. (4) GZUC purchased Ft. Yubor Util. 11-7-83. (53) UVEC is in proc of taking over the Unalakieet electric function from MEA (sc) (sw) mw (SC, A-NW) (y) (SE) «sw «sw (sw) (sw) (sw) (sw) (A-NW) (sw) wy «A-NWD (sc) (SE) (SE, SW) (Se) «sc ™ (SE) (A-NwD (SE) m™ (SE) «sw (A-NWD (se) mw (SE) DEMOGRAPHICS POWER GENERATION POPU- POWER INSTALLED OUTPUT PEAK TYPE COMMUNITY LATION UTILITY TYPE CAP (KW) MWH/YR- (MW) GEN AKUTAN 188 PRIVATE 90 240 ALAKANUK 546 AVEC Cc 825 T12 0.2 D ALEKNAGIK 232 NEC Cc 3850 11377 2.3 D AMBLER 217 AVEC Cc 420 586 0.2 D ANAKTUVUK PASS 250 NSBPL Cc 930 1092 0.4 D ANGOON 562 THREA C 900 1133. (0.2 D ANIAK 351 APC P 1260 1500 0.4 D ANVIK 115 AVEC C 200 203 0.1 D ATKA 93 AEC P 115 120 -- 4H,D ATQASUK 84 NSBPL C 695 1204 0.4 D AUKE BAY -- GHEA Cc 6000 59 4.8 D,GT BARROW 2882 BU&EC Cc 2000 25054 5 GT BETHEL 3683 BUC P 9400 24500 4.3 D BETTLES 60 BL&EP P 2640 1000 0.2 D CHEVAK 513 AVEC C 810 890 0.2 D CHIGNIK 178 CHE P 2450 3550 1.3 4H,D CIRCLE 81 CE P 250 100 -- D COLD BAY 250 G&sK P 2000 2960 0.6 D CORDOVA 3000 CEC Cc 10803 17156 3.9 D CRAIG 604 APsT P 1750 4449 0.7 D DEADHORSE 64 AUI P 6200 16539 3.5 D,GT DUTCH HARBOR 250 AEU M 275 200 0.1 D . EEK 686 AVEC Cc 156 365 0.1 D EGEGIK 148 EL&EP P 75 200 0.1 D ELIM 225 AVEC Cc 231 436 0.1 D EMMONAK 581 AVEC Cc 775 876 0.2 D FORT YUKON 270 Gzuc PP 1350 1838 0.6 D GALENA 847 MsD P 760 1200 0.4 D GAMBELL 432 AVEC Cc 460 974 0.2 D GLENNALLEN 511 CVEA Cc 7642 14530 3.4 D GOODNEWS BAY 248 AVEC C 175 387 0.1 D GRAYLING 211 AVEC C 250 398 0.1 D HAINES 1980 HL&EP P 3920 8609 1.7 D HOLY CROSS 285 AVEC C 285 406 0.1 D HOONAH 866 THREA C 1220 2285 0.5 D HOOPER BAY 651 AVEC Cc 775 1159 0.3 D HUGHES 85 HUPSL P 25 160 0.1 D POWER UTILITY: SEE ATTACHED SHEET FOR UTILITY ABBREVIATIONS. TYPE: P-PRIVATE, M-MUNICIPAL, C-COOPERATIVE, S-STATE, F-FEDERAL NOTE: A "TYPE" LETTER INDICATES GENERATION DATA CAME FROM APA ALASKA z ELECTRIC POWER STATISTICS, 10TH EDITION, DECEMBER 1985. WHERE DATA CONFLICT, POWER SURVEY INFORMATION TAKES PRECEDENCE TYPE GEN: D-DIESEL, H-HYDRO, GT-GAS TURBINE DEMOGRAPHICS POWER GENERATION POPU- POWER INSTALLED OUTPUT PEAK TYPE COMMUNITY LATION UTILITY TYPE CAP (KW) MWH/YR (MW) GEN HUSLIA 241 AVEC c 285 442 OoL D HYDABURG 412 AP&T P 740 1300 0.3 D ILIAMNA 102 I-NEC Cc 960 1260 0.5 D JUNEAU 22030 APA-S,AEL&P F,P 122482 248509 48.5 D,H,GT KAKE 679 THREA c 1430 2010 0.5 D KAKTOVIK 214 NSBPL Cc 655 809 0.2 D KALTAG 246 AVEC Cc 285 484 0.1 D : KASAAN 70 THREA e 180 107 == D KASIGLUK 328 AVEC c 613 1150 0.3 D a KETCHIKAN 8293 KPU, APASL M,S 50750 109857 21.6 H,D KIANA 364 AVEC Cc 875 895 @.2 D KING COVE 527 KCC M 600 360 0.1 D KIVALINA 253 AVEC c 610 596 0.2 D KLAWOCK 433 THREA Cc 1300 1592 0.4 D KLUKWAN a KEU M 685 300 0.1 D KODIAK 5873 KDEA, APATL C,S 48775 65000 12.7 D,H KOTZEBUE 2470 KTEA c 6625 14703 2.7 D,GT KOYUK 183 AVEC c 270 430 0.1 D KWETHLUK 467 KI M 560 400 0.1 D LARSEN BAY 180 LBES M 220 300 0.1 D - LEVELOCK 95 LEC Cc 135 300 0.1 D LOWER KALSKAG 260 AVEC c 470 629 0.2 D MANLEY HOT SPRIN 60 MUC P 185 220 0.1 D MANOKOTAK 299 COM M 600 325 0.1 D MARSHALL 226 AVEC c 260 496 0.1 D McGRATH 498 MGL&P P 1200 2078 0.6 D MEKORYUK 250 AVEC c 325 516 0.1 D METLAKATLA 1120 MP&L M 6000 19666 5.7 H,D MINTO 200 AVEC c 235 368 0.1 D MOUNTAIN VILLAGE 601 AVEC Cc 1090 1685 0.4 D NAKNEK 318 NEA Cc 6700 12000 3.3 D NEW STUYAHOK 337 AVEC Cc 305 399 0.1 D = NIKOLSKI 50 NIP&L = 110 170 0.1 D NOATAK 273 AVEC c 275 641 0.1 D NOME 3430 NJUB M 6700 20595 4 D NONDALTON 176 I-NEC c 320 1.6 - D NOORVIK 518 AVEC Cc vt 1042 0.2 D POWER UTILITY: SEE ATTACHED SHEET FOR UTILITY ABBREVIATIONS. TYPE: P-PRIVATE, M-MUNICIPAL, C-COOPERATIVE, S-STATE, F-FEDERAL a NOTE: A "TYPE" LETTER INDICATES GENERATION DATA CAME FROM APA ALASKA ELECTRIC POWER STATISTICS, 10TH EDITION, DECEMBER 1985. WHERE DATA CONFLICT, POWER SURVEY INFORMATION TAKES PRECEDENCE TYPE GEN: D-DIESEL, H-HYDRO, GT-GAS TURBINE DEMOGRAPHICS POWER GENERATION POPU- POWER INSTALLED OUTPUT PEAK TYPE COMMUNITY LATION UTILITY TYPE CAP (KW) MWH/YR (MW) GEN NORTHWAY us} NP&L P 920 1299 0.4 D NULATO 353 AVEC c 725 669 0.1 D OLD HARBOR 355 AVEC c 310 579 O.1 D PAXSON 30 PLI 2 375 750 0.3 D PELICAN 185 Puc P 1025 2802 0.8 H,D PETERSBURG 3040 PMP&L M 6750 22280 4.8 H,D PILOT STATION 337 AVEC c 366 680 0.2 D POINT HOPE 544 NSBPL c 930 1642 0.4 D POINT LAY 51 NSBPL C 400 825 0.2 D QUINHAGAK 427 AVEC c 385 663 0.2 D =! RAMPART 50 WTC P 150 60 -- D SAINT MARYS 442 AVEC c 1500 1956 0.4 D SAINT MICHAEL 295 AVEC c 340 593 0.1 D SAND POINT 797 Puc P 3350 4957 1.6 D SAVOONGA 477 AVEC c 650 1056 0.2 D SCAMMON BAY 251 AVEC c 290 462 0.1 D SELAWIK 602 AVEC c 650 921 0.2 D SELDOVIA 733 HEA C 2100 86 - D SEWARD 1839 SES M 4000 2000 - D SHAGELUK 132 AVEC c 200 251 o.1 D SHAKTOOLIK 160 AVEC Cc 200 339 0.1 D a SHISHMAREF 425 AVEC c 600 922 0.2 D SHUNGNAK 214 AVEC c 580 674 0.1 D SITKA 8223 SED M 32640 101391 21 H,D SKAGWAY 790 APsT P 3750 4706 Z H,D STEBBINS 321 AVEC c 275 557) 0.1 D TANANA 486 TPC P 800 1670 0.5 D TELLER 206 TEPC P 445 600 0.2 D TENAKEE SPRINGS 141 TSU 12 300 200 O.1 D THORNE BAY 316 TB M 950 1092 0.4 D TOGIAK 507 AVEC c 460 1021 0.3 D TOK 589 APsT P 3525 7679 1.4 D TOKSOOK BAY 357 AVEC c 600 582 0.2 D TUNUNAK 302 AVEC c 300 438 O.1 D UNALAKLEET 604 UVEC Cc 1890 3211 0.6 D UNALASKA 1922 UE M 3860 3150 0.7 D VALDEZ 3698 CVEA, APASG C,S 22004 36169 -- D,GT,H WAINWRIGHT 436 NSBPL Cc 1060 1528 0.5 D WALES 129 AVEC Cc 135 212 O.1 D TOTAL POP: 105144 POWER UTILITY: SEE ATTACHED SHEET FOR UTILITY ABBREVIATIONS. 4 TYPE: P-PRIVATE, M-MUNICIPAL, C-COOPERATIVE, S-STATE, F-FEDERAL NOTE: A "TYPE" LETTER INDICATES GENERATION DATA CAME FROM APA ALASKA ELECTRIC POWER STATISTICS, 10TH EDITION, DECEMBER 1985. WHERE DATA CONFLICT, POWER SURVEY INFORMATION TAKES PRECEDENCE. TYPE GEN: D-DIESEL, H-HYDRO, GT-GAS TURBINE -8- POWER SURVEY INSTALLED COMMUNITY POPULATION TYPE CAP (KW) 1 188 90 2 562 c 900 2 <= c 6000 4 3683 P 9400 5 60 P 2640 6 3000 Cc 10803 7 604 P 1750 8 64 P 6200 9 148 P 7§ 10 511 Cc 7642 11 866 Cc 1220 12 412 P 740 ee 22030 P,P 122482 14 679 c 1430 15 433 c 1300 16 5873 c,s 48775 ay 498 P 1200 18 318 Cc 6700 19 3430 M 6700 20 176 c 320 21 185 P 1025 22 1839 M 4000 23 790 P 3750 24 486 P 800 25 316 M 950 26 589 P 3525 27 1922 M 3860 28 462 ¥ 2320 OUTPUT MWH/YR 240 1133 59 24500 1000 17156 4449 16539 200 14530 2285 1300 248509 2010 1592 65000 2078 12000 20595 1.6 2802 2000 4706 1670 1092 7679 3150 4182 PEAK (MW) <<. ee 8 5 8 rd H BPWONDOWMWDOWOWOWOWO RKO . WOANYTHhkUUNWUBRPUDTON WON o @ OouUurRPOOR . . orb eu TYPE: P-PRIVATE, M-MUNICIPAL, C-COOPERATIVE, S-STATE, F-FEDERAL TYPE GEN: D-DIESEL, H-HYDRO, GT-GAS TURBINE TYPE D,GT D,G HoOUUDU 0 . mn vouUvUOUDUUUUUUMUUADNUDY by 4 COMMUNITY ODNIDNBWNHK POWER SURVEY GENERATOR TRANSMISSION OUTAGES AVG MIN HRS OUT STDBY VOLTAGES VOLTAGES (KV) /YR out /YR ONLY? 480 0.120/0.240 3 40 2 0 240/480 7.2/12.47 0 0 0 0 4160 69/12.5 3 20 6 1 2400 7.2/2.4 5 15 2 0 2400 2.4 1 20 oO 0 2400/12470 12.47/2.4 16 15 4 0 2400 2.4 20 15 20 oO 480/4160 4.16/12.47 4 15 1 0 480 7.2/12.47 5 15 1 0 2400/4160 138/14.4 8 20 3 0 2400/4160 7.2/12.47 17 60 17 0 2400 2.4 20 30 10 0 2400/4160 69 2, 20 1 0 2400 7.2/12.47 18 40 12 0 2400/4160 7.2/12.47 19 91 30 0 4160 138/69 0 0 3 0 2400 2.4 8 3 1 0 440/2400 14.4/7.2 1 15 0 0 2400/4160 -- 0 0 0 0 2400 2.4 1 30 24 Oo 480 2.4 28 15 7 0 2300/4160 115/69/24.9 27 40 20 1 2400 2.4 20 30 20 0 2400 2.4 9 10 6 oO 480 0.480/2.4 2 2 0 0 2400 12.47/7.2/2.4 20 45 20 0 480/4160 34.5/12.47/4.16 4 2 ° 0 2024 2.4/4.16 6 60 6 0 -10- MUN-INV The municipality/borough inventory file on page 12 represents the result of sending 25 letters to municipalities and boroughs. Responses are shown from the North Slope Borough, City/Borough of Juneau, City of Palmer and the City of Valdez. The quantity and estimated value of several categories of electrical and electronic equipment owned by those entities are shown if known. The categories are: computers, office equipment, motors (industrial), motors (appliance), communications equipment, audio/visual equipment and miscellaneous electronic equipment. MO-ST-BL This file, shown on page 13, provides an inventory of motors, categorized by size, in state-built buildings in the Northern Region. This information was taken from DOT&PF as-built blueprints. This inventory is further separated into non-school and school facilities with any overlap with the school district survey eliminated. Twenty-five communities are represented. VIL-MO The village water/sewer motor survey results are shown in this file, appearing on page 14. Forty-five responses were received out of 129 survey forms mailed. A copy of the survey form appears on page 25. Motors are categorized according to size and the number repaired per year and the associated repair costs are given if known. -11- MUNICIPAL/’ ‘BOROUGH INVENTORIES NORTH CITY/ CITY CITY SLOPE BOROUGH OF OF BOROUGH JUNEAU -PALMER VALDEZ TOTALS COMPUTERS NUMBER 365 197 6 28 596 VALUE $1,151,266 $465,119 -- $116,525 $1,732,910 OFFICE NUMBER 499 —— 14 qd 590 EQUIPMENT VALUE $911,785 —— -- $147,079 $1,058,864 MOTORS NUMBER 178 —— 6 53 237 (INDUSTRIAL) VALUE $589,525 ae -- $139,136 $728,661 MOTORS NUMBER 128 — al 64 193 (APPLIANCE) VALUE $304,688 oa co $57,494 $362,182 COMMUNICATIONS NUMBER 112 -- —— 21 133 EQUIPMENT VALUE $210,458 a oo $54,274 $264,732 AUDIO/VIDEO NUMBER 333 —— -- 113 446 EQUIPMENT VALUE $499,972 == i) $96,618 $596,590 MISCELLANEOUS NUMBER 266 — 1 10 aa ELECTRONIC VALUE $822,924 ) 7 $5,675 $828,599 TOTALS 1881 197 28 366 2472 $4,490,618 $465,119 -- $616,801 $5,572,538 -12- MOTORS IN NORTHERN REGION STATE-BUILT BUILDINGS (NONSCHOOL) 0.00- 1.00- 5.00- 20.00- UNKNOWN COMMUNITY 0.99 4.99 19.99 --> SIZE TOTALS CHUGIAK 2 0 1 0 0 3 DELTA JUNCTION 2 0 0 0 6 8 EAGLE 2 0 0 0 - 4 FORT YUKON 7 2 3 1 2 13 HEALY 6 2 0 0 0 8 KAKTOVIK i 2 i 0 0 4 KOTZEBUE 57 10 2 0 2 ¥2 NOME 46 9 6 0 3 64 NOORVIK 0 0 0 0 4 - SELAWIK 3 1 0 0 0 4 TELLER 6 3 0 0 i 10 TOK 18 2 0 0 0 20 VALDEZ 10 24 a3 i 0 48 WAINWRIGHT 3 2 0 0 0 5 TOTALS 163 ae, 24 2 20 266 MOTORS IN NORTHERN REGION STATE-BUILT BUILDINGS (SCHOOL) * 0.00- 1.00- 5.00- 20.00- UNKNOWN COMMUNITY 0.99 4.99 12.99 --> SIZE TOTAL DELTA JUNCTION 14 4 2 0 2 22 DOT LAKE 3 0 0 Oo 0 3 HOLY CROSS 2 2 0 0 0 4 KAKTOVIK 29 17 0 9 0 46 KALTAG 24 6 Oo 0 2 32 LIME VILLAGE 6 0 0 0 4 10 McGRATH 6 Oo 0 0 Oo 6 MENTASTA LAKE 3 4 0 O 0 7 MINTO 20 7 Oo 0 0 21 NORTHWAY 20 2 2 0 3 26 NULATO 36 10 4 0 0 47 TANANA 10 8 2 0 0 20 - TELIDA a 0 0 0 2 9 WAINWRIGHT 18 1 0 0 0 19 TOTALS 198 55 6 0 i3 aia * NO OVERLAP WITH SCHOOL DISTRICT SURVEYS -13- VILLAGE WATER/SEWER MOTORS & REPAIRS/YR MOTOR SIZE (HP) 0.00- 1.00- 5.00- 20.00- NUMBER POP, COMMUNITY 0.99 4.99 19.99 --> TOTAL REPAIRED cost 232 ALEKNAGIK 0 al 0 0 5 0 $0 216 ALLAKAKET 4 2 1 0 7 6 a 250 ANAKTUVUK PASS 0 0 0 0 0 0 $0 351 ANIAK 99 10 O 0 109 0 $o 200 ATMAUTLUAK 2 3 0 0 5 0 $o 80 BEAVER Oo 7 0 0 7 3 $747 147 BREVIG MISSION 13 3 0 0 16 0 $o 178 CHIGNIK 0 6 0 0 6 0 $0 81 DOT LAKE 15 0 0 0 15 4 -- 111 EKWOK 0 25 0 0 25 0 $o 225 ELIM 2 aT 3 0 6 0 $0 181 GRAYLING 0 2 12 0 14 4 -- 285 HOLY CROSS 3 7 2 0 12 7 $10,080 440 HOUSTON 0 0 0 0 0 0 $o 85 HUGHES -- -- -- -- 7 0 so 412 HYDABURG 0 0 2 0 2 2 $2,000 214 KAKTOVIK 0 2 0 0 2 0 $0 70 KASAAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 $o 364 KIANA 0 4 2 0 6 1 -- 253 KIVALINA 4 1 0 0 5 0 $0 260 KONGIGANAK 0 0 4 0 4 0 $o 2,470 KOTZEBUE 10 14 23 2 49 10 $8,815 124 KOYUKUK 0 0 2 0 2) 0 $o 42 KUPREANOF 0 0 0 0 0 0 $o 467 KWETHLUK 0 2 0 0 2 0 $0 1,120 METLAKATLA Al 0 0 1 2 0 $o 601 MOUNTAIN VILLAG 1 5 6 0 12 0 $0 503 NENANA 1 8 5 0 14 0 $o 337 NEW STUYAHOK 1 5 2 0 8 0 $0 58 PLATINUM -- -- -- -- al 2 $375 427 QUINHAGAK 0 4 0 0 4 4 $1,754 220 RUBY 0 1 0 0 1 0 $o 567 SAINT PAUL 0 2 0 0 2 a $640 251 SCAMMON BAY 0 4 2 0 6 3 -- 143 SHELDON POINT 0 6 0 0 6 1 a 214 SHUNGNAK 0 6 0 0 6 3 a 790 SKAGWAY 0 0 2 3 5 1 $1,700 > 48 TAKOTNA 2) 4 0 0 6 2 $600 35 TELIDA 0 0 0 0 0 0 $0 141 TENAKEE SPRINGS 0 0 0 0 0 0 $o 507 TOGIAK 0 11 11 0 22 al —— 604 UNALAKLEET 10 10 10 0 30 1 $350 2,184 WASILLA 1 0 7 1 9 1 $1,500 115 WHITE MOUNTAIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 $0 292 WHITTIER 0 0 0 9 9 0 so 16,895 TOTALS 169 156 96 acu 445 57. $28,561 —A= SCH=DIST The school district inventory/repairs file on pages 16 and 17 gives results of sending the questionnaire shown on page 26 to 53 school districts. Thirty-three responded. Inventory and repairs per three year period are categorized under the headings: computers, office equipment, motors (industrial), communications equipment, audio/video equipment and miscellaneous electronic equipment. ST-TV This file, shown on pages 18, 19 and 20, provides data obtained from state TV transmitter/receiver (TX/RX) repair reports over the time interval between March 1983 and June 1985. Two hundred communities are represented. Repair reports are tabulated by community, as are the number of repairs definitely attributable to AC power problems and the number of TX/RX replaced. Estimated cost multipliers are $220 (per repair report due to AC power problems) and $160 (per other repair reports). Cost multipliers were determined by examining DOT&PF communications repair shop records from July 1979 to July 1985 and calculating average repair time for each of the above categories and assuming $40/hr labor cost. Travel and per diem costs have not been included in these cost multipliers because faulty TV TX/RX have usually been shipped to a state electronics maintenance shop for repair. If travel to remote Alaskan communities is necessary for system maintenance or repair, travel and per diem costs may be as high as $1,000 per day if aircraft charters are included. Repair personnel estimated that 50% of the problems requiring replacement of a TX/RX unit (and its subsequent repair) are caused by poor AC power quality. This is in addition to the number due to AC specified in the second column. Thus, for example, Perryville required six TX/RX units replaced between March 1983 and June 1985, plus another repair due to AC power problems. Three of the six TX/RX units requiring replacement were estimated to be damaged by poor AC power quality. Each transmitter/receiver is estimated to cost $4,200. -15- SCHOOL DISTRICT INVENTORY/REPAIRS COMPUTERS OFFICE EQUIP MOTORS (INDUS) ; REPAIRS REPAIRS REPAIRS SCHOOL DISTRICT NUMBER /3YR NUMBER /3 YR NUMBER /3 YR ADAK REGION SCHOOLS 60 7 7 7 145 10 ANNETTE ISLAND SCHOOLS 52 17 6 6 100 18 BERING STRAIT SCHOOLS 65 0 25 0 400 50 CORDOVA CITY SCHOOLS 31 6 6 6 20 9 CRAIG CITY SCHOOLS 16 0 4 0 Si) 0 GALENA CITY SCHOOLS 14 QO 3 2 127 a2) HOONAH CITY SCHOOLS 26 0 2 0 5 2 HYDABURG CITY SCHOOLS 14 0 2 2 79) 6 KENAI PENINSULA SCHOOLS 527 0 105 36 2380 140 KING COVE CITY SCHOOLS 20 L 2 2 -- - KLAWOCK CITY SCHOOLS 45 20 6 6 20 6 KODIAK ISLAND SCHOOLS 95 18 14 4 613 82 KUSPUK SCHOOLS 90 10 25 3 400 45 LAKE AND PENINSULA SCHOOLS 40 6 18 3) 300 23) LOWER KUSKOKWIM SCHOOLS == 130 = 50 —— 152 LOWER YUKON SCHOOLS 147 51 19 6 220 65 MATANUSKA-SUSITNA SCHOOLS 525 465 96 7500 2750 150 NOME CITY SCHOOLS 94 10 5 0 311 55 NORTHWEST ARCTIC SCHOOLS 255 21 25 25 i525 225 RAILBELT SCHOOLS 52 4 8 8 a bE} 10 SAINT MARYS SCHOOLS 28 5 4 10 85 a5) SAND POINT SCHOOLS a 3 9 2 122 7 SKAGWAY SCHOOLS 21 ) As aL 5 2 SOUTHEAST ISLAND SCHOOLS 138 0 74 oO -- -- TANANA CITY SCHOOLS 17 0 2 6 90 35 UNALASKA CITY SCHOOLS 18 3 3 3 23 9 WRANGELL CITY SCHOOLS Zs) 28 8 2 317 a2 YAKUTAT CITY SCHOOLS 32 0 3 0 ee) - YUKON FLATS SCHOOLS 30 U at7/ 17 a -- TOTALS 2535 805 499 7707 9209 1130 NOTE: COMMUNITY WITHIN EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT IS OBVIOUS EXCEPT FOR THE FOLLOWING DISTRICTS. ANNETTE ISLAND: METLAKATLA : BERING STRAIT: UNALAKLEET, ELIM, ST. MICHAEL, BREVIG MISSION, DIOMEDE, GAMBELL, GOLOVIN, TELLER, KOYUK, SAVOONGA, SHAKTOOLIK, SHISHMAREF, STEBBINS, WALES, WHITE MOUNTAIN. KENAI PENINSULA: SOLDOTNA, TYONEK, ANCHOR POINT, COOPER LANDING, ENGLISH BAY, HOMER, HOPE, KENAI, MOOSE PASS, NIKISHKA,NINILCHIK, PORT GRAHAM, SEWARD, STERLING, SELDOVIA, KASILOF. KUSPUK: ANIAK, CHAUTHBALUK, CROOKED CREEK, UPPER KALSKAG, STONY RIVER, SLEETMUTE, LOWER KALSKAG, RED DEVIL. LAKE & PENINSULA: KING SALMON, CHIGNIK BAY, CHIGNIK LAGOON, CHIGNIK LAKE, EGEGIK, IGIUGIG, IVANOF BAY, KOKHANOK, ILLIAMNA, NONDALTON, PEDRO BAY, PERRYVILLE, PILOT POINT, PORT ALSWORTH, PORT HEIDEN. -16- SCHOOL DISTRICT INVENTORY/REPAIRS (Continued) COMM EQUIP AUDIO/VIDEO MISC ELEC REPAIRS REPAIRS REPAIRS SCHOOL DISTRICT NUMBER /3 YR NUMBER /3 YR NUMBER /3 YR ADAK REGION SCHOOLS 33 4 15 3 -- -- ANNETTE ISLAND SCHOOLS 3 0 30 8 -- -- BERING STRAIT SCHOOLS 35 0 60 0 200 10 CORDOVA CITY SCHOOLS 2 2 16 3 -- -_ CRAIG CITY SCHOOLS 13 0 21 0 - _o°- GALENA CITY SCHOOLS 8 10 - $8 2 -- = HOONAH CITY SCHOOLS 6 0 22 0 -- -- HYDABURG CITY SCHOOLS 1 1 10 1 -- -- KENAI PENINSULA SCHOOLS 52 0 142 0 -- -- KING COVE CITY SCHOOLS 7 1 9 2 - -- KLAWOCK CITY SCHOOLS 23 = 9 1 -- -- KODIAK ISLAND SCHOOLS 387 30 141 34 3 6 KUSPUK SCHOOLS 44 0 18 3 -- -- LAKE AND PENINSULA SCHOOLS 15 0 125 4 — “= LOWER KUSKOKWIM SCHOOLS 25 10 “= 60 =- 10 LOWER YUKON SCHOOLS 12 12 172 60 - = MATANUSKA-SUSITNA SCHOOLS 125 84 650 310 54 700 NOME CITY SCHOOLS 3 0 18 0 o- -_ NORTHWEST ARCTIC SCHOOLS 15 2 60 11 n= -- RAILBELT SCHOOLS 31 2 18 3 -— -— SAINT MARYS SCHOOLS 2 0 30 8 - -- SAND POINT SCHOOLS 8 2 26 9 -- -_ SKAGWAY SCHOOLS 3 0 3 0 = -- SOUTHEAST ISLAND SCHOOLS -- -- 116 0 - - TANANA CITY SCHOOLS 5 2 24 0 -- -- UNALASKA CITY SCHOOLS 13. 2 8 0 -- -- WRANGELL CITY SCHOOLS 63 1 44 5 = -- YAKUTAT CITY SCHOOLS Ly 0 9 0 -- -- YUKON FLATS SCHOOLS 2 2 30 9 - -- TOTALS 937 169 1833 536 257 726 LOWER KUSKOKWIM: BETHEL, KASIGLUK, NUNAPITCHUK, PLATINUM, NEWTOK, CHEFORNAK, EEK, ATMAUTLUAK, KIPNUK, KONGIGANAK, KWETHLUK, KWIGILLINGOK, TUNTUTULIAK, NAPAKIAK, TOKSOOK BAY, MEKORYUK, OSCARVILLE, TUNUNAK, QUINHAGAK, GOODNEWS BAY, NAPASKIAK, NIGHTMUTE. LOWER YUKON: MOUNTAIN VILLAGE, ALAKANAK, EMMONAK, HOOPER BAY, KOTLIK, MARSHALL, PILOT STATION, PITKAS, POINT, RUSSIAN MISSION, SCAMMON BAY, SHELDON POINT. MAT-SU: PALMER, TALKEETNA, TRAPPER CREEK, WASILLA, WILLOW. NW ARCTIC: KOTZEBUE, AMBLER, BUCKLAND, DEERING KIANA, KOBUK, KIVALINA, NOATAK, NOORVIK, SELAWIK, SHUNGNAK. RAILBELT: HEALY, ANDERSON, CLEAR, CANTWELL. S.E. ISLAND: KETCHIKAN, EDNA BAY, PETERSBURG, HOLLIS, KASAAN, MEYERS CHUCK, PORT ALEXANDER, SITKA, THORNE BAY. YUKON FLATS: FORT YUKON, ARCTIC VILLAGE, BEAVER, CENTRAL, CHALKYITSIK, CIRCLE, RAMPART, STEVENS VILLAGE, VENETIE. -17- STATE TV TX/RX REPAIRS 3/83-6/85 ESTIMATED i ESTIMATED # REPAIR # DUE # TX/RX % REPAIRS # REPAIR # DUE # TX/RX % REPAIRS COMMUNITY REPORTS TO AC REPLACED DUE TO AC COMMUNITY REPORTS TO AC REPLACED DUE TO AC ADAK 2 ° 1 25 FALSE PASS 2 °O 0 QO AKHIOK 2 1 1 75 GALENA 1 0 0 O AKUTAN 3 ° 1 17 GAMBELL 4 0 3 38 ALAKANUK 4 1 1 38 GIRDWOOD 10 ° 4 20 ALLAKAKET 5 ° 4 40 GOLOVIN 7 1 6 57 AMBLER 3 ° 1 17 GOODNEWS BAY 6 0 3 25 ANAKTUVUK PASS 2 1 0 so GRAVINA ISLAND 2 0 ° ° ANCHOR POINT 3 ° ° 0 HAINES 4 ° 2 25 ANGOON 5 2 3 70 HALIBUT COVE 1 ° ° ° ANIAK 2 L ° 50 HEALY 3 1 1 50 ANVIK a 0 1 50 HOBART BAY 3 Z 2 67 ARCTIC VILLAGE 3 1 1 50 HOLY CROSS 7 2 3 50 ATKA 5 0 ° ° HOMER 11 2 4 36 ATKASUK 2 ° °o ° HOONAH 3 ° 1 7 BARROW 9 ° 4 22 HOOPER BAY 3 1 2 67 BEAVER 4 ° o O HUGHES 5 1 4 60 BETTLES 5 0 Qo oO HUSLIA 8 oO 4 2s BIRD CREEK 7 3 3 64 HYDABURG 9 2 2 33 BUCKLAND 3 1 1 50 HYDER 4 1 1 38. CAMPBELL 1 oO 1 50 ILIAMNA 1 0 a 50 CANTWELL 3 2 0 67 INDIAN 3 0 3 50 CAPE POLE 2 ° 2 50 KAKE 7 O QO °O CENTRAL 2 ° 2 so KALTAG 1 0 1 so CHALKYITSIK 2 1 0 50 KARLUK 1 ° 1 50 CHEFORNAK 1 0 °O ° KASAAN 6 2 2 50 CHEVAK 6 1 2 33 KASIGLUK 6 2 2 50 CHIGNIK 1 ° 1 50 KENAI 2 QO 0 0 CHIGNIK LAGOON 2 ° 0 0 KETCHIKAN 3 0 iL 17 CHIGNIK LAKE 2 Qo 0 ° KIANA 5 1 2 40 CHITINA 6 5 2 100 KING COVE 3 0 2 33 CHUATHBALUK 4 ° 1 13 KING SALMON 1 0 0 0 COLD BAY 2 Qo 1 25 KIPNUK 2 ° 0 oO COOPER LANDING 2 2 ° 100 KIVALINA 3 ° 3 50 CORDOVA in ZL 2 29 KLAKANUK 1 ° ° ° “CRAIG 3 °o 2 33 KLUKWAN 3 ° a 17 CROOKED CREEK 1 ° ° ° KODIAK 6 2 1 42 ~ DEERING 3 °O 3 50 KOLIGANEK 2 ° 2 50 DELTA JUNCTION 4 2 1 63 KONGIGANAK iz 0 1 25 DENALI PARK 4 oO - 13 KOTZEBUE 1 ° 0 0 DIOMEDE 4 3 1 88 KOYUK 4 1 2 50 DOT LAKE 1 1 ° 100 KWETHLUK 3 1 1 50 DUTCH HARBOR 1 0 °o ° KWIGILLINGOK 1 ° 1 50 EAGLE 18 1 6 22 LARSEN BAY 2 o 2 50 EEK 5 1 2 40 LEVELOCK 4 ° iL 13 EGEGIK 1 ° ° 0 LOWER KALSKAG 2 ° ° 0 EIGHT FATHOMS 1 oO 1 sO MANLEY HOT SPR 2 9 ° oO ELIM 2 0 1 25 MANOKOTAK ni 0 0 0 EMMONAK 10 4 3 $5 MARSHALL 4 oO 2 25 ENGLISH BAY a 0 1 50 McGRATH 5 oO 4 40 ERNESTINE 3 0 2 33 MEKORYUK ie ° 6 43 =1e= STATE TV TX/RX REPAIRS 3/83-6/85 (Continued) ESTIMATED # REPAIR # DUE # TX/RX *% REPAIRS # REPAIR # DUE COMMUNITY REPORTS TO AC REPLACED DUE TO AC COMMUNITY REPORTS TO AC # TX/RX ESTIMATED % REPAIRS REPLACED DUE TO AC CKHWOONKFNHBONKFODOOHOONOOKPHOUNHBHHPOHPOWPKPHOOKPOORPONWNONNEH 25 50 29 40 100 100 88 25 0 50 ° 100 50 0 ° 50 50 50 38 0 25 0 25 50 29 50 ° 50 75 0 50 50 0 0 7 | 67 0 75 MENTASTA LAKE 2 1 ° 50 SAND POINT 2 ° METLAKATLA 1 0 ° 0 SCAMMON BAY 1 0 MINTO 8 1 3 31 SELAWIK 7 1 MOUNTAIN VILL 6 2 3 58 SELDOVIA 5 1 NAKNEK 2 0 1 17 SEWARD 1 1 NAPASKIAK 4 2 1 63 SHAGELUK 2 1 NELSON LAGOON 7 QO 4 29 SHISHMAREF 4 2 NENANA 2 1 1 75 SHUNGNAK. 4 0 NEW STUYAHOK $ 2 3 70 SITKA 3 0 NEWTOK 1 0 1 50 SKAGWAY 1 0 -NIGHTMUTE 4 1 0 25 SKIN HILL 1 ° NIKOLAI 2 0 2 50 SLANA 1 7 NIKOLSKI 1 0 1 50 SLEETMUTE 1 0 NINILCHIK 2 0 oO 0 SOLDOTNA 5 oO NOATAK 8 0 6 38 SOUTH NAKNEK 1 ° NOME 2 0 ° O SPARREVOHN 1 0 NONDALTON 1 1 0 100 STEBBINS 1 0 NOORVIK 3 1 1 50 STEVENS VILL 1 oO NORTHWAY 6 0 1 83 STONEY RIVER 4 0 NULATO 7 z 2 36 SUTTON 1 0 OLD HARBOR 6 0 6 50 TAKOTNA 2 ° PAXSON 2 ° oO ° TALKEETNA 1 0 PEDRO BAY 3 1 2 67 TANANA 2 0 PELICAN 2 0 1 25 TATITLEK z 0 PERRYVILLE q 1 6 37 TELIDA 7 - PETERSBURG 2 o ° 0 TELLER 7 1 PILOT POINT 6 2 ° 33 TENAKEE SPRG 2 ° PILOT STATION 2 ° 2 50 TETLIN 1 ° PITKAS POINT 7 0 4 29 THORNE BAY 2 1 PLATINUM 3 2 1 83 TOGIAK 3 0 POINT BAKER 2 1 0 50 TOK 2 i POINT CAMPBEL 1 0 0 Oo TOKSOOK BAY 4 1 POINT HOPE 2 0 1 25 TOLSONA 4 0 POINT LAY . 0 1 50 TRAPPERS CRK 2 0 PORT ALICE > 0 2 33 TULUKSAK 2 1 PORT ALSWORTH 9: 2 5 50 TUNTUTULIAK 3 1 PORT GRAHAM 6 0 2 17 TUNUNAK 3 2 PORT HEIDEN 2 0 2 50 UNALASKA 1 ° PORT LIONS 3 0 1 17 VALDEZ 2 1 PORT MOLLER 2 ° 1 25 VENETIE 3 0 PORT PROTECT 1 0 0 0 WAINWRIGHT 5 0 QUINHAGAK 6 1 2 33 WALES 8 1 QUZINKIE 1 1 0 100 WASILLA 2 0 RAMPART 4 1 1 ‘38 WHALES PASS 3 1 RED DEVIL 1 ° 1 50 WHITE MNTN 4 0 RUBY 4 ° 2 25 WHITESTONE C 1 oO RUSSIAN MISSI 2 1 0 50 WHITTIER 5 0 SAINT GEORGE 3 ° 1 17 WOMANS BAY 3 0 SAINT MICHAEL 2 0 1 25 WRANGELL 7 0 SAINT PAUL 5 0 2 20 YAKUTAT 1 0 TOTALS 677 101 -19- Nu ~ S STATE TV TX/RX REPAIRS 3/83-6/85 ESTIMATED COST MULTIPLIER (PER REPAIR REPORT) DUE TO AC QUALITY: $220 OTHER REPORTS: $160 THE MULTIPLIER WAS DETERMINED IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER. REPAIR CARDS FROM THE DOTPF COMMUNICATIONS REPAIR SHOP IN FAIRBANKS FOR THE PERIOD 7/79 - 7/85 WERE EXAMINED. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF REPAIRS AND REPAIR HOURS FOR BOTH AC RELATED PROBLEMS AND OTHER PROBLEMS WAS TABULATED. AN AVERAGE REPAIR TIME FOR BOTH CATEGORIES WAS DETERMINED. THIS TIME WAS THEN MULTIPLIED BY $40/HR (ESTIMATED LABOR COST) TO DETERMINE A FINAL COST PER REPAIR. THESE ESTIMATES, THEREFORE, DO NOT INCLUDE TRAVEL OR PER DIEM COSTS. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT HALF OF THE PROBLEMS MAKING IT NECESSARY TO REMOVE A TRANSMITTER AND SEND IT IN FOR REPAIRS ARE CAUSED BY POOR AC POWER QUALITY. THIS NUMBER IS IN ADDITION TO THE # DUE TO AC SPECIFIED IN THE DATA. ESTIMATED COST OF EACH TRANSMITTER IS $4,300 -20- ALASCOM Alascom earth station repair reports are compiled in this file, shown on page 22. Thirty-nine communities are represented. The total number of repairs per community is given as well as the number of repairs attributable to AC power problems. Repair costs in wages and travel considered due to poor AC power quality is also shown. Alascom has approximately 180 earth stations in Alaska. The estimated cost of equipment in each earth station subject to AC power quality problems is $150,000. This represents a total investment of $27 million at risk for Alascom earth stations alone. -21- ALASCOM EARTH STATION REPAIR REPORTS COST DUE TO POOR AC ONLY TIME # OF # DUE cost cost TOTAL COMMUNITY PERIOD REPORTS TO AC WAGES TRAVEL cost ALLAKAKET 1/82-5/85 37 8 $2,295 $6,394 $8,689 AMBLER 1/83-6/85 33 11 $2,620 $7,803 $10,423 ATKASUK 1/83-6/85 35 6 $1,550 $2,191 $3,741 BEAVER 2/83-6/85 27 6 $555 $1,601 $2,156 BIRCH CREEK 10/83-5/85 11 0 $0 $o $0 BUCKLAND 1/83-5/85 30 nu $160 $450 $610 CENTRAL 3/83-5/85 49 11 $1,905 $4,756 $6,661 CHALKYITSIK 5/83-5/85 23 3 $567 $2,195 $2,762 CIRCLE 3/83-6/85 38 5 $0 $0 $0 COUNCIL - 1/83-6/85 19 0 $o $0 $0 DEERING 1/83-5/85 35 8 $1,570 $4,164 $5,734 GAMBELL 1/83-4/85 33 3 $1,320 $3,765 $5,085 GOLOVIN 1/83-6/85 as 8 $1,443 $3,915 $5,358 HUGHES 2/83-6/85 42 8 $1,327 $4,195 $5,522 HUSLIA 1/83-7/85 52 6 $677 $1,771 $2,448 KALTAG 1/83-5/85 31 6 $1,237 $2,567 $3,804 KIANA 1/83-6/85 30 O $o $0 $0 KIVALINA 1/83-4/85 22 3 $460 $1,215 $1,675 KOBUK 1/83-6/85 25 4 $627 $2,004 $2,631 KOYUK 1/83-3/85 31 2 $260 $915 $1,175 KOYUKUK 1/83-6/85 ot 2 $153 $463 $616 . MANLEY HOT SPRINGS 2/83-7/85 32 0 $o $o $0 MENTASTA LAKE 11/84-6/85 4 1 $213 $717 $930 NOATAK 1/83-7/85 39 11 $2,246 $4,677 $6,923 NOORVIK 1/83-6/85 33 11 $1,457 $4,063 $5,520 NULATO 1/83-5/85 41 12 $973 $1,512 $2,485 POINT HOPE 1/83-2/85 29 8 $1,280 $4,148 $5,428 POINT LAY 1/83-7/85 35 3 $o $oO $o RAMPART 5/83-6/85 29 2 $0 $o $0 SAINT MICHAEL 1/83-6/85 28 5 $260 $670 $930 SAVOONGA 1/83-5/85 30 5 $o $0 $0 SELAWIK 1/83-7/85 37 8 $974 $2,992 $3,966 SHAKTOOLIK 11/83-6/85 27 6 $1,417 $4,412 $5,829 SHUNGNAK 1/83-7/85 25 1 $130 $545 $675 STEBBINS 1/83-4/85 23 2 $180 $690 $870 TANANA 1/83-6/85 82 10 $1,323 $3,727 $5,050 UNALAKLEET : 2/83-7/85 105 11 $3,237 $8,250 $11,487 | VENETIE 2/83-6/85 25 4 $637 $2,434 $3,071 WHITE MOUNTAIN 2/83-5/85 34 5 $920 $2,955 $3,875 TOTALS 1363 206 $33,973 $92,156 $126,129 NOTE: ALL OF THE ABOVE COMMUNITIES HAVE A SMALL ALASCOM EARTH STATION. THE ESTIMATED COST OF EQUIPMENT SUBJECT TO POOR POWER QUALITY, PER STATION, IS $150,000. ALASCOM HAS APPROXIMATELY 180 SUCH EARTH STATIONS STATEWIDE. =22= DATA INFORMATION REQUEST FORMS Six different survey forms were used as part of the data collecting effort for this project. They are: (1) electric utility survey form, shown on page 24. A utility survey form was sent to every electric utility listed with the Alaska Public Utilities Commission. Twenty-eight were returned, with results appearing on pages 9 and 10 of this report. (2) Village electric motor survey form, shown on page 25. A motor survey form was sent to 129 villages. Forty-five villages responded, with results appearing on page 14 of this report. (3) School district survey form, shown on page 26. This form was sent to 53 school districts. Thirty-three responses were received, with results appearing on pages 16 and 17 of this report. (4) Electric motor inventory and failure survey form, shown on page 27. This was sent to Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities road maintenance camps. The five responses were not included in this report. (5) and (6) Repair survey forms, shown on pages 28 and 29, were made available to 32 companies which make repairs to electronic equipment or motors. Three completed forms were received. These results were not included in this report. =23- ELECTRIC UTILITY SURVEY RURAL ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY STUDY -- PHASE 2 Note: This survey will be used to help determine electric power quality within the state of Alaska. Any information you can supply is intended to be used for purposes of statistical analysis only. After it has been determined that information from each community has been entered into the database only once, the specific locations will be discarded and only community size will be stored with the power quality information. In this way the names of utilities supplying information will be isolated from specific power quality data. Please complete this form for each independent electric power system operated by your company. What community is serviced by this system? Population? What is the total output of the system per year? kwh By how much does the output frequency of the system deviate from 60 hz in the course of a normal day? 60 hz +/- $ What is end user voltage under usual loading conditions? 120 +/- Vv What transmission line voltages are used throughout the system? < V & < What is the output voltage of your generator(s)? Rated generating capacity? kw How many power outages do your customers experience per year? What is the average length of a power outage? min. What is the total outage time per year? Bee Slo If you have any additional power quality data for this system, we appreciate your including these data with this form. Thank you for your help! Ken Woodruff, UAF EE Dept., 124 Duckering Bld., Fairbanks, AK 99701 Message Phone 474-7137 ~24— VILLAGE ELECTRIC MOTOR SURVEY Rural Electric Power Quality Study -- Phase 2 Name of Village How many electric motors are in use in the local water supply system? What. is/are the horsepower ratings of these pump motor(s)? (number of motors and horsepower: Example 3 motors @ 30 h.p., 1 motor @ 10 h.p.) Does the sanitation system in this village include use of pumping stations? How many? Please give number and size of the pump station motors. (number of motors and horsepower: Example 2 motors @ 10 h.p., 1 motor @ 10 h.p.) 5 Please give size and number of other motors, larger than 1/2 h.p., being used in your village. 5 ee EE EIE En NEIIIIIEEIEIIE SEES How many of these motors (water system, sanitation system and other) were repaired or replaced during the past year? What was the total cost of these repairs and/or replacement? Please give the name of the person in charge of the village water and sewer systems. Water: UE Bicester ccnemaenmneenemeenanrcngeieeemnreecsaigitsianidiiaeiinnacis Thank you for your help! Ken Woodruff, UAF EE Dept., Fairbanks, AK 99701 -25- Please indicate below the numbers of the various types of equipment used by your district, and the number which it has been necessary to replace or repair during the past three years. Number Number Please Type or Print In Use Repaired/ Replaced Computers/Word Processors (Educational) ._H4sSeseew Computers/Word Processors (Administrative)__ . MaVier MONLCOLS se) siete er sf 6 Hie fo ees Video Cassette Recorders . . . «© « »« i. Radios (Communication Sets) . . . .« .«.U Radios (AM, FM, SW). . .« .« «© »«© e« « ou. Electric Motors. 6 96 « 16 ° «= «2 «6 Relays/Motor Controls . . . . 2. .- .-i.NN. Generation Units STELoTnnETc oto Co TIN(s NN > aaennnenn Telephone/Intercom . . . «© 2« 6© 6 .« . NTLETTT Photocopy Machines . . 2. .© «© «© «© ¢ io . Other. ° ee e ° Who is responsible for maintaining this equipment? If maintenance is done under contract, please state name, address and phone number of the contracting company. At which location does your school district experience the most frequent failures (requiring repair) of electric/electronic equipment ?. eee What types of failures are occurring there?_ Do any of the schools in your district generate their own electric power? At which locations? Please give name, job title, and phone number of person completing this form. Name Tigie Phone. -26- ELECTRIC MOTOR INVENTORY AND FAILURE SURVEY RURAL ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY STUDY -- PHASE 2 Please indicate below the number of the various types of electric motors being used at this location, and the number which it has been necessary to repair or replace during the past year. Number Number Number In Use Repaired Replaced Electric Motors Smaller ese. Gre Wee a ete is) |e tet eee ae Electric Motors Between One and Five h.p. eet toh feok | foe ee he PELE EE Te Electric Motors Larger Than Five h.p. riot | fo | | ot | fo) eee te e Do you experience any recurring problems with the quality of electric power at this location? What types of problems? Undervoltage Overvoltage Underfrequency. Overfrequency. Voltage Spikes Other, Do you suspect poor quality 120 V AC power as the cause of any failures of electric or electronic equipment used at this location?_____ Please give list of failed (due to AC) equipment. Please give a brief list of any electronic equipment in use at this location. We are interested in your comments on AC power quality and re- lated equipment failures. How big of a problem, in terms of equipment failure, is poor quality electric power? (Use back of form if additional space is needed.) Thank you for your help! Ken Woodruff, UAF EE DEpt., 124 Duckering Bld., Fairbanks, AK =27 = REPAIR SURVEY FORM RURAL ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY STUDY —— PHASE 2 Date) Of) Failtureseenn eae Date of Repair Repairing Company. Computer Adding Machine Type of equipment being repaired: Typewriter Cash Register Photocopier Other. Approximate age of equipment yrs. Location equipment was used Could this particular failure have been the result of poor quality 120 V power? (Voltage sags, surges, spikes, outages, etc) Yes Possibly. No. Impossible to Tell Estimate cost of repair (to determine relative cost of poor quality electric power) ; Repaired by. Thank you for your help! Ken Woodruff, UAF EE Dept., 124 Duckering Bld., Fairbanks, AK 99775 REPAIR SURVEY FORM RURAL ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY STUDY a PHASE 2 Datevot) Failures eee Date of Repair Repairing Company. Type of equipment being repaired: Typewriter. Computer. Adding Machine Cash Register Photocopier Other Approximate age of equipment___m_w___—s yrs. Location equipment was used Could this particular failure have been the result of poor quality 120 V power? (Voltage sags, surges, spikes, outages, etc) Yes Possibly. No. Impossible to Tell Estimate cost of repair (to determine relative cost of poor quality electric power) Repaired by. Thank you for your help! Ken Woodruff, UAF EE Dept., 124 Duckering Bld., Fairbanks, AK 99775 nO ge REPAIR SURVEY FORM RURAL ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY STUDY -- PHASE 2 Repairing Company. Date of Failure... Date of Repair Type of equipment being repaired: Motor Control AC Motor Other Approximate age of equipment Approxivate value of equipent Location equipment was used Could this particular failure have been the result of poor quality 120 V power? Yes. Possibly. No, Impossible to Tell Type of Failure: Starting Switch... Starting Capacitor... Starting Winding Main Winding Wound Rotor. Cause of Failure: Overloaded___s—s«Overr Voltage__ sd» Under ~Voltage. Generation System: Size [kw] (if known) Private, Public, Village Owned ba! Estimate cost of repair (to determine relative cost of poor quality electric power) Repaired by Thank you for your help! Ken Woodruff Research Assistant University of Alaska-Fairbanks Electrical Engineering Dept. Fairbanks, AK 99775 Message Phone: 474-7137 -29- ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES Electric power supplied to sensitive loads such as computers, office equipment and consumer electronic items containing integrated circuit or other semiconductor components may need conditioning to improve its quality and reduce or eliminate the possibility of equipment malfunction or destruction due to power disturbances. However, electric motors, battery chargers and other seemingly robust electrical equipment and even insulation can be damaged or destroyed by improper voltage levels. Types of power line disturbances and their characteristics have been already defined earlier in this report. Power conditioning equipment is manufactured that covers a wide range of both effectiveness and cost. A 1982 paper [4] provides a summary of power problem solving effectiveness of several power conditions based upon disturbance data reported in [3]. See Table 1. TABLE 1. Power conditioner effectiveness in blocking power system disturbances as reported in [4]. Type of : Effectiveness Conditioner (%) Voltage impulse suppressor 0.75 Regulator 8.25 Regulator with impulse suppressor 9 Shielded isolation 25 Isolation with impulse suppressor 25.75 Regulation, isolation and impulse suppressor 34 Motor alternator set 99.7 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) 99.8 Magnetic synthesizer 99.6 Thus, a voltage impulse suppressor is able to isolate a load from less than 1% of the total power disturbances while an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) will satisfactorily block almost 99% but costs much more than the impulse suppressor. Power system disturbance data reported in [3] were measured at 29 locations in the continental United States for 109 monitor-months. As summarized in [4], this study showed that approximately 49% of all -30- disturbances were decaying oscillatory transients, about 40% were voltage impulses, about 11% were undervoltages (sags) and about 0.5% were outages. There were no overvoltages (surges) reported. By contrast, a similar study conducted in Alaska and reported in [1] and [2], found 41.4 times more impulses/month in isolated Alaskan power system even with the monitoring equipment set at a 67% higher threshold voltage. Also, the Alaskan data show approximately eight times more outages/month with approximately 11 times the average duration as those reported in the continental United States data. A direct comparison between actual numbers of sags and surges is not easily done, since worst-case data only are provided in the Alaskan study. However, overvoltages and surges were a problem in Alaska and significant frequency deviations were also noted, in contrast to the continental United States study. In both data sets, disturbances were strongly site dependent. Reference [4] also compared nine different power conditioners in terms of installation and maintenance costs, operating efficiency, energy cost per year and total cost per year. A so-called performance cost index, determined by taking the ratio of % total effectiveness to % relative cost, was calculated for each conditioner. The results shown in Table 2 were based on 100 kVA output, continuous operation, $0.35 per kilowatt-hour cost of electric energy and five-year straight-line - depreciation. To give an Alaskan user more relevant data for smaller loads, 1986 price information for several types of power conditioners by a major manufacturer is provided in Table 3 (VA volt-ampere, kVA = kilovolt-ampere, 16 = single-phase) . CONCLUSIONS These conclusions are based upon results of surveys previously presented in this report and on equipment inventories and repair reports. This project sought information in three broad areas to help assess actual costs of poor quality electric power in state owned and operated public facilities. These information areas are: (1) inventory of equipment at risk and sophistication levels of that equipment; (2) -31- -ZE- TABLE 2. Power conditioning costs from reference [4]. Isolation OSS Isolation xfmr with Uninter- Regulator Shielded xfmr regulator Motor- ruptible Spike with spike isolation with spike and spike alternator power Magnetic suppressor Regulator suppressor xfmr suppressor suppressor set supply synthesizer Installation cost $3,000 $25,000 $26,000 $4,500 $6,000 $28,000 $40,000 $130,000 ~~ +$25,000 Maintenance cost 1,000 1,100 100 100 1,000 1,000 8,000 100 Operating efficiency 968 968 978 97 938 838 858 gue Energy cost/year --- 12,780 12,780 9,489 9,489 23,090 62,840 54,140 30,340 Total cost per year 600 18,780 19,080 10,489 10,790 29,690 71,840 88,140 35,440 Total effectiveness 0.758 8.25% oF 258 25.758 “340 99,7 9 ee STEN Relative cost 1.78% 538 548 30% 30% B48 203% 249% 100% PcI* 44 16 17 83 86 40 49 40 100 Basis: 100 kVA output; Continuous (24 hr) operation; $0.35 per kWh cost of power; five-year straight-line depreciation. * Performance-cost index (PCI) = % total effectiveness *% relative cost x 100 TABLE 3. Small capacity power conditioner costs. Power Cost Total conditioner Effectiveness Power rating per kVA cost Impulse voltage impulses $60-$500 $60-500 suppressor and transients isolation voltage impulses 250 VA (16) $820 205 transformer and transients 1 kVA (16) 530 530 with impulse 10 kVA (16) 262 2,620 (spike) suppressor Voltage voltage fluctuations 1 kVA (169) $595 595 regulator 8 kVA (16) 325 2,600 Isolation voltage impulses 250 VA (16) $1;720 430 transformer and transients, 1 kVA (16) 655 655 with regulator voltage fluctuations and impulse suppressor Uninterruptible voltage impulses 500 VA (19) $11,650 5,825 power system and transients, 65 minute (UPS) voltage fluctu- battery backup ations, power outages, frequency . variations 1 kVA (16) 6,290 6,290 35 minute battery backup 10 kVA (16) 2,704 27,040 20 minute battery backup =33- frequency of equipment repair or replacement; and (3) cost associated with equipment repair or replacement. In addition, part of the electric utility survey requested power quality information. Twenty-eight utilities responded to the power survey. Results of this survey are shown on pages 9 and 10. Outages per year totaled 266 as reported by the 28 utilities for an average of 9.5 outages per year per reporting utility or 0.8 outages/month. The average reported outage duration per utility ranged from two minutes to approximately 90 minutes. These reported average outage durations were, in turn, averaged with the result being 23.9 minutes average outage duration. (The average of the AVG MIN OUT column on page 10.) However, the sum of products of (outages/yr) x (average min out) for all reporting utilities is 8,730 minutes (145.5 hours) of outages for 28 utilities per year. Since a total of 266 outages were reported by the 28 utilities, the average outage duration by this measure is (8,730 minutes) /(266 outages) 32.8 minutes/outage. This is about 37% higher than the 23.9 minutes/outage value previously computed. Yet another- value of average output duration may be determined by finding total hours out per year (sum of HRS OUT/YR column entries = 216) and dividing by number of outages (266). This results in 0.81 hours or 48.7 minutes per outage. Total outage time per year reported on page 10 is 216 hours for 28 locations resulting in an average of 7.7 outage hours/location/year. However, if the above 8,730 total minutes of outages is used, it corresponds to 5.2 outage hours/location/year, which is 32% lower than the 7.7 hour figure. The 0.8 outages per month at an average duration of between 24 and 49 minutes per outage may be compared with the earlier Alaskan study [1] in which an average of 4.9 outages per month with an average outage duration of 10.9 minutes was measured with disturbance analyzers at four separate power systems for a total of more than 1,000 days. Asa further comparison, reference [3] reported 0.6 outage per month with a 1.0 minute mean outage time for large interconnected continental Unites States power systems. In any event, outages may be a significant factor in considering power conditioning equipment for Alaskan applications. Estimating the cost of power outages can be complicated because some cost components can be obvious while others may be very subtle. In -34— a rural Alaskan community, generation costs may average $0.50 per kilowatt-hour. Using this figure, every hour a 100 kW generator is out of service represents $50 in lost revenue. More subtle are societal costs ranging from inconvenience to life threatening situations. A home-owner's routine evening activities might be interrupted or an emergency medical procedure might be halted at a critical moment. If an outage is protracted, frozen perishables may be damaged by warming in nonoperating refrigerators or freezers. Alternatively, in cold weather, freezing may damage heating and plumbing systems. Thus, long-term outages may be responsible for tens of thousands of dollars in losses. In the short term, perhaps a person-day could be “consumed setting clocks and restarting/resetting other loads requiring manual attention. Recovery of lost data and files in computers experiencing outages could involve several person-days of effort. The cost of starting and operating emergency generators for essential services also must be considered. Municipality/borough inventories are shown on page 12 for the North Slope Borough, the City/Borough of Juneau, the City of Paimer and the City of Valdez. These inventories show a total of $1.73 million in computers, $1.06 million in office equipment, $1.09 million in motors, | $0.265 million in communications equipment, $0.597 million in audio/video equipment and $0.829 million in miscellaneous electronic equipment. Total inventory in these categories is $5.57 million. In all categories except computers the values shown are for only the North Slope Borough and the City of Valdez. No equipment values are shown for the City of Palmer. On a per capita basis, assuming North Slope Borough population to be 8,308 (most recent estimate for revenue sharing purposes) and the City of Valdez population to be 3,698 (page 8), values of equipment in all above categories is $541/person in the North Slope Borough and $167/person in the City of Valdez. It should be stressed that this includes municipal/borough equipment only and not private equipment. The file shown on page 13 gives an inventory of motors in state facilities in 25 communities. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities as-built blueprints were the source of this information. There were 361 fractional horsepower (hp) motors, 112 -35- motors in the 1 to 5 hp range, 30 motors in the 5 to 20 hp range and 2 motors greater than 20 hp. The ratings of 33 motors were unknown. Assuming fractional hp motors averaged $160 each, 1 to 5 hp motors averaged $400 each, 5 to 20 hp motors average $800 each, the motors larger than 20 hp cost $1,600 each and each motor with unknown rating cost $300, total motor value represented on page 13 is $139,700 or an average of $5,590 per community. The file on page 14 presents results of a village water/sewer motor survey. Forty-five villages are represented, having responded to the questionnaire on page 25. Total number of motors in various size ranges are: 169 fractional hp motors, 156 motors in the 1 to 5 hp range, 96 motors in the 5 to 20 hp range and 16 motors larger than 20 hp. The total number of motors is 445. Using the same cost assumptions as in the previous paragraph yields a total motor value of $192,000 in the 45 villages. Fifty-seven motors are repaired annually at a reported cost of $28,561. Eight villages did not provide repair cost figures on 23 reported motor repairs. If average cost per repairs is (28,561)/(34) = $840, a more realistic annual repair cost is ($840) (57) = $47,900. Fifty-seven motors is 13% of the 445 total, and the adjusted annual cost of repairs is approximately 25% of the estimated total motor value. The fraction of motor repair cost attributable to poor AC electric power quality is estimated to be 20% of the total repair cost because of the repair experience from state TV transmitters/receivers and Alascom repair records. Fifty-three school districts were sent a copy of the questionnaire shown on page 26. Thirty-three responses were received, with 29 providing data shown on pages 16 and 17. The 29 school districts encompass 144 communities. Six separate categories of electrical and electronic equipment are represented in the inventory and repair records. Again, 20% of all repairs are assumed to result from poor power quality. A summary of the inventory and repair records follows. Computers: twenty-eight school districts reported owning 2,535 computers or 90.5 computers/district. Computer repairs totaled 805 ina three year period. This represents 268.3 repairs/year or 9.3 computer repairs/year/school district. Nine percent of all computers are -36- repaired annually, if the Lower Kuskokwim school district repairs are not included because the amount of equipment from that district was not reported. Office Equipment: 499 pieces of office equipment were reported from 28 school districts or 17.8 per district. Reported repairs totaled 7,707 for a three year period or 2,569 repairs per year or 88.6 x repairs/year/school district. Subtracting the Lower Kuskokwim school district response, since the number of pieces of equipment was not provided, indicates that 512% of all office equipment is repaired annually. If repairs reported by the Matanuska-Susitna school district are also not included, 157 repairs/three years remain for 403 pieces of equipment which is 13% per year repair rate. Industrial Motors: 9,209 motors were reported from 24 school districts for an average of 384 motors per district. Repairs reported for a three year period were 1,130 for an average of 377 repairs per year or 15 repairs/year/school district. Subtracting the Lower Kuskokwim school district response indicates that 3.5% of all motors were repaired annually. Communications Equipment: 937 pieces of communications equipment were reported from 28 school districts for an average of 33.5 pieces of equipment per district. Repairs reported for a three year period were 169 or 56 repairs per year were indicated. This is equivalent to two repairs/year/school district. Eighteen percent of all communications equipment was repaired every three years or 6% annually. Audio/Video Equipment: 1,833 pieces of audio/video equipment were reported from 28 school districts or 65.5 units per district. Repairs totalled 536 per three years or 179 repairs per year were also reported (6.2 repairs/year/school district). Subtracting the Lower Kuskokwim school district response, since the amount of equipment was not provided, indicates that 26% of all audio/video equipment is repaired every three years or 8.7% annually. as7— Miscellaneous Electrical/electronic Equipment: 257 units not fitting the other categories were reported from three school districts or an average of 86 units per district. Repairs reported over a three year period totalled 726, corresponding to an average of 242 repairs per year, or 81 repairs/year/school district. Again, subtracting the Lower Kuskokwim school district response shows that 93% of all equipment in this category is repaired annually. The file on pages 18, 19 and 20 gives data obtained from state TV transmitter/receiver (TX/RX) repair reports between March 1983 and June 1985, a total of 28 months. A total of 667 repair reports were recorded from 200 villages; 101 of these or 15.1% of the total were attributed to AC power problems. Transmitter/receiver units not able to be repaired in the field totaled 274. Persons responsible for repair of these units estimated that 50% (or 137) of those situations requiring TX/RX replacement were caused by poor quality AC electric power. (101 + 137) = 238 repairs needed because of AC power problems. This is 36% of the total number of repair reports or 238 repairs/28 months = 8.5 repairs/month occurring because of AC power problems. Assuming each repair costs $220 shop time plus an estimated $610 in travel and wages (Alascom earth station average figures), the 238 repairs due to AC power problems cost approximately $198,000 or $7,060/month. However, since TABLE 4. Percent communities within ranges of estimated percent repairs of state TV (TX/RX) due to AC power quality. Percent Range of estimated percent repairs communities due to to AC power quality 4.04. 90 - 100 oe 80 - 89 3.54 70 - 79 . 4.54 69 - 69 29.3 50 - 59 3.54 40 - 49 9.60 30 - 39 14.1 20 - 29 Gree 10 - 19 2307 O0- 9 -38- these data were obtained from 200 sites, this corresponds to $35.30/site/month. The estimated cost of each transmitter/receiver is $4,300 for a total capital cost of $860,000 for all 200 villages. The percentage of repairs attributable to AC power problems on a per community basis ranged from 0% to 100%. Table 4 shows the percentage of communities within ranges of estimated percent repairs of state TV transmitters and receivers due to AC power quality. An estimated 0 to 29% of all repairs were caused by AC power problems in 44% of the communities, 0 to 49% of all repairs were caused by AC power problems in 57% of the communities and 50 to 100% of all state TV transmitter/receiver repairs were estimated to be caused by AC power problems in 43% of the communities listed on pages 18 and 19. The file on page 22 provides data from Alascom earth station repair reports. These data were accumulated over a total of 1,113 months (92.75 years) in 39 villages for an average of 28.5 months/village. A total of 1,363 repair reports were filed during 1,113 months or 1.23 reports per month. Of these, 206 or 15.1% were attributable to AC power problems. Average cost of wages for each AC power-related report was $165. The corresponding travel cost was $474 per report for a total travel and wage cost of $612 per AC power-related repair report. 206 reports per 1,113 months corresponds to 0.19 reports per month or 0.00475 reports per month per village for only AC power-related repair reports. This is equivalent to 211 months (17.6 years) per such report per village. Seven communities, shown in Table 5, appear in the data file on page 14 (village water/sewere motors and repairs), in the data file on pages 18 and 19 (state TV TX/RX repairs) and in the data file on page 22 (Alascom earth station repair reports). Table 5 combines elements of all three files for easier comparison between files for a specific community. Demographic and power generation information are provided, if available. Table 5 does not provide a consistent relationship between motor, TV and earth station repairs. The community with the largest number of motors needing repair also is one of two communities having the largest number of Alascom earth station repairs attributed to AC power problems. An estimated two transmitters/receivers also needed replacing at this -39- TABLE 5. Data for communities common to VIL-MO, ST-TV and Alascom files. Peak MW Village water/se' Installed Output = (D)=diesel Number Repair Repair due | ‘TX/RX Repair due Community Population capacity MWH/YR gen. Quantity repaired cost reports to AC replaced reports to AC Cost (Kw) Allakaket 216 7 Beaver 80 7 Hughes 85 25 160 0.1(D) 7 Kiana 364 875 895 0.2(D) 6 Kivalina 253 610 596 0.2(D) 5 Shungnak 214 580 674 0.1(D) 6 White Mtn. 115 oO -04%- location because of AC power problems. Another community had as many Alascom repairs attributed to low AC power quality as the first (8), had the highest number of state TV repairs attributed to AC power problems, yet indicated no motor repairs. Table 6 shows marginal consistency between state TV and Alascom repair records. TABLE 6. Estimated percent repairs due to AC power problems. State TV TX/RX Alascom Allakaket 40% 22% Beaver 0% 22% Hughes 60% : 19% Kiana 40% 0% Kivalina 50% 14% Shungnak 25% 4% White Mountain 25% 15% -41- WHAT IS THE CURRENT COST OF POOR ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY TO ALASKA? This section provides an estimate of the annual statewide AC-power related equipment repair costs in Alaska. All assumptions are stated so that if the reader disagrees with any of them, a substitute assumption may be inserted and the cost calculations redone. It is, in general, extremely difficult to know with certainty that specific electrical equipment damage has been caused by AC power disturbances when that equipment has been operating under normal field conditions. To prove this would require careful instrumentation of the equipment and simultaneous measurement of disturbances in the connected AC electric power system. In addition, it should again be observed that power system disturbances may be caused by the user as well as by the utility providing electric energy. School district repair data were used to estimate the percentage of equipment repaired annually in all sectors of the Alaskan economy. The most well documented percentages of equipment repairs related to AC power problems were obtained from Alascom and state TV repair records. Thirty-six percent of state TV transmitter/receiver repairs were attributed by Division of Telecommunications personnel to AC power problems. Alascom earth station repair reports indicate 15% of all i repairs are attributable to AC power disturbances. Based on their data, we estimate 20% of all equipment repairs to be attributable to AC power problems. School district repair records are provided on pages 16 and 17 of this report. Twenty-nine school districts encompassing 144 communities are represented. Table 7 is taken from these data which have been summarized on pages 37 and 38. Additional repair data were obtained from the village water/sewer motor survey summarized on pages 36 and 37. Thirteen percent of these motors were reportedly repaired each year at an annual repair cost of 25% of the motors' value. Continuing with the assumption that 20% of equipment repairs are due to AC power system disturbances yields (0.13) (0.2) (100%) = 2.6% motors repaired/year because of AC power problems at an annual repair cost of (0.25) (0.2) (100%) 5% of motor value. -42- TABLE 7. School district repair experience. % repairs assumed due to Item % repaired/year AC power problems (20% of total) Computers 9 1.8 Office equipment 13 2.6 Industrial motors S65 0:7, Communications equipment 6 is2 Audio/video equipment 67 157 Misc. electrical/electronic equipment 33 13.6 The inventory of motors in state facilities reported on page 13 indicates an average of $5,600 worth of motors/community. There are approximately 290 communities in Alaska. However, state TV transmitters/receivers are listed for 200 villages and 180 communities have Alascom earth stations. Therefore, for purposes of extending data obtained from several dozen villages to encompass the whole state, 200 communities in Alaska are assumed. Thus, motors in state facilities statewide are assumed to have a value of ($5,600/community) (200 communities) = $1.12 million. Annual cost of repairs due to AC power disturbances ia assumed to be (a) ($1.12 x 10°) (0.05) = $56,000 using village water/sewer motor data; and (b) ($1.12 x 10°) (0.007) = $7,800 using school system repair data. Two municipal/borough inventories are reported on page 12 which provide equipment values in several categories. Using the populations given on page 36 for the city of Valdez and the North Slope Borough (NSB) yields $53.17 worth of motors/person in Valdez and $108 worth of motors/person in the NSB. Assuming the Valdez figures to be more conservative and representative of the state as a whole and further assuming a state population of 500,000, ($53.17) (500,000) = $26.6 million worth of motors in all boroughs/municipalities statewide. Again, annual cost of repairs of these motors due to AC power disturbances is assumed to be (a) ($26.6 x 10°) (0.05) = $1,330,000 using -43- village water/sewer motor data; and (b) ($26.6 x 10°) (0.007) = $186,000 using school system repair data. Annual cost of repairing motors owned and used by private citizens of Alaska is estimated by assuming 125,000 households in Alaska (4 persons/average household) and an average of three fractional horsepower motors costing $160 each per household. Thus, total value of these motors is (125,000 households) (3 motors/household) ($160/motor) = $60 million. Annual cost of repairs due to AC power disturbances is estimated to be (a) ($60 x 10°) (0.05) = $3,000,000 using village water/sewer motor data; and (b) ($60 x 10°) (0.007) = $420,000 using school system repair data. Cost of motor repair in Alaskan schools was estimated by noting that 24 school districts representing 122 communities reported 9,209 motors. Seventy-two percent of these motors were assumed to be fractional horsepower costing $160 each, 22% were assumed to be 1 to 5 horsepower costing $400 each and 6% were assumed to be 5 to 20 horsepower costing $800 each. These percentages by size agree with the reported state inventory. Assuming 200 community schools in Alaska, the annual motor repair costs due to AC power disturbances in those schools is estimated at [ (9,209) (0.72) ($160) + (9,209) (0.22) ($400) + (9,209) (0.06) ($800) 1 (209) (0.007) = $26,600 The statewide annual cost of reparing private household television (TV) sets and radios damaged by AC power disturbances was estimated by assuming 130,000 TV sets and 130,000 radios in Alaska (approximately one per household). Using the school district modified repair rate of 1.7% units repaired annually because of AC power problems and assuming $100 per average repair, (130,000 + 130,000) (0.017) ($100) = $442,000 is the estimated annual cost of private TV/radio repair in Alaska due to AC power quality problems. Annual cost of repairing audio/video (A/V) equipment owned by municipalities and boroughs was estimated by using the Valdez inventory information showing (113/3698) = 0.03056 A/V units/person (the -44- corresponding North Slope Borough figure was 31% higher) and assuming it to be representative of the whole state. Average unit repair cost was estimate to be $100 and the school system modified repair rate of 1.7% was again used. Thus, the statewide annual cost of repairs due to AC power problems in A/V equipment owned by municipalities/boroughs is estimated to be (0.03056 A/V units/person) (500,000 persons) (0.017 repair rate) ($100/repair) = $26,000. Computer repairs in schools required because of AC power disturbances is estimated to be (2,535 computers/122 community schools) (200 communities) (0.018 repair rate) = 75 computers/ 200 communities repaired annually. Assuming $200 average repair charge yields (75) ($200) = $15,000 annual cost of these repairs. ~ Assuming one computer per 10 households in Alaska, (125,000 households) (0.1 computer/ household) (0.018 repair rate) ($200 average repair charge) = $45,000 annual repair cost to repair private household computers in Alaska assumed damaged by AC power system disturbances. Four hundred ninety-nine pieces of office equipment were reported for 122 community schools or 4.1 units per office. Assuming a repair rate of 2.6%, 200 communities and an average repair cost of $100, gives (400 units/school) (200 schools) (0.026) ($100/repair) = $21,300 estimated annual cost of AC related repairs of office equipment in 200 community schools. Assuming 10,000 businesses in the state with an average of 4.1 units of office equipment per business and the same repair rate as above, the estimated annual cost of Alaskan private business office equipment repairs required by AC power system disturbances is (10,000 businesses) (4.1 units/business) (0.026 repair rate) ($100/repair) = $107,000. Using the Valdez inventory for office equipment and the same assumptions as above gives (77 units/3,698 persons) (500,000 persons) (0.026 repair rate) ($100/ repair) = $27,000 annual estimated repair costs due to AC power system disturbances for office equipment owned by municipalities/boroughs statewide. Communication equipment in the Valdez inventory is 21 units/3,698 persons. Extending this statewide, using a 1.2% repair rate from school district information and assuming $50/repair yields (21 units/3,698 person) (500,000 persons statewide) (0.012 repair rate) ($50/average repair) = $1,700 annual estimated repair cost due to AC power system disturbances for communication equipment owned by municipalities/ -45- boroughs statewide. School data indicate 937 units of communication equipment in 122 communities. Repeating the above assumptions gives (937 units/122 communities) (200 total communities) (0.012 repair rate) ($50/repair) = $920 annual estimated statewide repair cost due to AC power system disturbances in 200 community schools. As noted on page 39, state TV repairs attributable to AC power system disturbances total ($7,060/month) (12 moriths) = $85,000 annually for 200 communities. Alascom repair data also summarized on page 39 indicate 0.00475 repair reports/village/month for AC power-related repairs. (0.00475 reports/month/village) (180 stations) (12 months/year) = 10.26 reports/ year. Assuming $200 repair parts cost per report and $612 travel and wage cost per report gives ($612 + $200) (10.26) = $8,000 (rounded) as the annual repair cost attributable to AC power system disturbances for 180 Alascom earth stations. -46- SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED STATEWIDE ANNUAL COST OF REPAIRS DUE TO AC POWER SYSTEM DISTURBANCES Statewide annual cost of repair due to AC related problems From village From school water/sewer Motors system data motor data a) In state facilities $ 7,800 $ 56,000 b) In municipalities/boroughs 186,000 1,330,000 c) In private households 420,000 3,000,000 da) In schools (in addition to (a)) 26,000 Motor subtotal $640,000 $4,400,000 Statewide annual cost of repair due to AC related Item problems TV/radios in private households $442,000 Audio/Video equipment in municipalities/boroughs 26,000 Computers a) in schools 15,000 b) in households 45,000 Computer subtotal $60,000 Office equipment a) in schools 21,300 b) commercial 107,000 c) in municipalities/boroughs 27,000 Office equipment subtotal $155,000 Communication equipment a) in municipalities/boroughs ; 1,700 b) in schools 900 c) state TV 85,000 a) Alascom 8,000 Communication equipment subtotal $95,600 GRAND TOTAL: 1.42M using school system motor data 5.2M using village water/sewer motor data -47- REPAIR PERSONNEL COMMENTS Repair and maintenance personnel have provided their views on the AC power quality issue on several occasions. A summary of these opinions follows. 1. Undervoltage and underfrequency conditions are very hard on battery chargers. It is very difficult for a company to prove, beyond reasonable doubt, that AC power problems were solely responsible for equipment damage. Refrigerator compressor motors are among the most fragile items regarding an ability to withstand voltage fluctuations for even short periods of time. Low voltage is the largest single problem in some areas, often caused by operator errors such as letting diesel generators run out of fuel or improperly transferring loads. Poor maintenance is also cited. Better training of power plant operators, including certification programs, has been urged. Computer and other electronic equipment repair personnel have said: a. surge protectors or isolation transformers should be used on all computers; b. for especially sensitive or critical systems, UPS should be installed; Cc. faulty building wiring should be blamed for many problems now attributed to electric utilities; d. inadequate system grounds and lack of effective static protection are important causes of problems; -48- e. 30% to 40% of all computer repairs are AC power related, but are not usually the fault of the local electric utility; £. one major computer company requires that power line conditioners be installed on all equipment covered by a service agreement with that company; and g. voltage impulses change states in ROM (read-only memory) controlling cash registers, memory typewriters and word processors. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS i. Outage data from electric utilities (page 10) show fewer outages of longer duration when compared with an earlier Alaskan study [1]. 2. Municipal/borough inventories reported in this report (page 12) indicate a per capita value of between $167 and $541 for computers, office equipment, motors, communications equipment, audio/video equipment and miscellaneous electronic equipment. 3. An inventory of motors in state facilities in 25 communities, taken from Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities as-built blueprints, shows approximately $5,600 of motors per community. 4. 445 water/sewer motors were reported in 45 communities for an average of approximately 10 per community. 13% of these motors are reportedly repaired annually at a cost of approximately 25% of the total estimated motor value. It is not known explicitly what fraction of these repairs may be attributed to AC power problems, but as noted on page 37, is estimated to be 20% of total repairs. 5. 29 school districts representing 144 communities reported an average of 91 computers/district with a 9% annual repair rate. An average of 18 pieces of (electronic) office equipment/district had a 512% annual repair rate. Not including one school district dropped this to a 13% annual repair rate. 384 motors/district were -49- reported with an annual repair rate of 3.5%. 34 pieces of communication equipment/district had a 6% annual repair rate. 66 units of audio/video equipment per district showed an 8.7% annual repair rate. Three districts reported an average of 86 pieces of miscellaneous electrical/electronic equipment with 93% requiring annual repair. It is not known explicitly what fraction of all school district equipment repairs are attributable to AC power problems, but as noted on page 37, is estimated to be 20% of total repairs. 6. 667 repair reports from 200 communities were filed over a 28 month interval for the state television system. 36% of these repairs were, in the opinion of repair personnel, caused by AC power problems. This is equivalent to 8.5 repairs/month at an estimated cost of approximately $7,000/month or $35/site/month. At an estimated $4,300 per transmitter/receiver, these units have a total capital cost of $860,000 for all 200 communities. 7. Alascom earth station repair reports were compiled for a total of 1,113 months (92.75 years) in 39 communities. 15% of the total of 1,363 repair reports were attributable to AC power problems. Average wage and travel cost per repair report was $612. The approximately 180 Alascom earth stations in Alaska have an estimated cost of equipment subject to AC power problems of $150,000 per station for a total of $27 million. 8. Tables 1, 2 and 3 provide effectiveness and cost information for power conditioners that can help protect sensitive loads. Unfortunately, effectiveness is proportional to cost. Small units are generally more expensive per volt-ampere rating than larger ones. 9. AC power system disturbances are strongly site dependent. -50- 10. Statewide annual cost of electrical equipment repairs due to AC power system disturbances is estimated to be between $1.4 million and $5.2 million. 11. Recommendations for further work: a. continue power quality data base development utilizing second-generation instrumentation for direct in-field measurements; b. obtain the most promising power conditioning equipment types for evaluation and testing; and Cc. characterize effectiveness of power conditioners in response to power system disturbances measured in rural Alaska. Develop a guide for matching conditioners with anticipated disturbances and loads. d. Prepare results of (c) in a form easily used by state agency personnel with responsibility for design and procurement. e. Develop a user awareness of adequate electric utility distribution systems, and good building wiring and grounding practices. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors greatly appreciate the cooperation of those individuals who responded to the surveys which were an important facet of this project. The work described in this report was supported by a grant from the State of Alaska, Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Division of Planning and Programming, Research Section. -51- IMPLEMENTATION STATEMENT The report “Rural Alaska Electric Power Quality" was published in 1985 and constituted the first investigation into the power quality issue by DOT&PF In the Implementation Statement of that report I stated that no immediate implementation work was warranted until more quantitative investigations could begin to assess the cost implications of poor power quality. The results of that continued research effort are presented in this report and it is clear that the cost implications are quantitatively significant. It is also clear that costs incurred by poor power quality are shared by a number of segments of society in Alaska. Beside the DOT&PF virtually all State and local government entities share this cost burden along with the private sector. Poor power quality in rural Alaska is clearly everyone's problem and should be addressed in a comprehensive manner. Unfortunately, problems which are defined as “everyone's" are often addressed by “no one" simply because the overlap of responsibility produce programmatic cracks through which important issues fall out of sight and out of mind. He must not let this happen with the rural power quality issue. Through the work presented here we in DOT&PF can begin to implement specific solutions to a limited number of power quality problems through our design standards development and through the Division of Maintenance and Operations. At the same time we are continuing our research work to improve our understanding of the magnitude of the problem and the most productive solution strategies. Also, we will attempt to develop, both within the state and through federal sources, an inter-agency and inter-disciplinary approach to support future investigations and solutions of this fundamental Alaskan problem. E. LeoOnard, P.E. Facilities Research Manager Department of Transportation and Public Facilities REFERENCES {1] Aspnes, J.D., R.P. Merritt, and B.W. Evans, "Rural Alaska Electric Power Quality," Report No. AK-RD-85-04, State of Alaska, Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Division of Planning and Programming Research Section, 2301 Peger Rd., Fairbanks, AK 99701. . 69 pages. [2] Aspnes, J.D., B.W. Evans, and R.P. Merritt, "Rural Alaska Electric Power Quality," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, March 1985,-Vol. PAS-104, No. 3, pp. 608-617. [3] Allen, G.W., and D. Segall, "Monitoring of Computer Installations for Power Line Disturbances," IEEE Paper No. C-74-199-6, presented at the IEEE PES Winter meeting, New York, January 27-February 1, 1974. {4] Kesterson, A., and P. Maher, "Computer Power -- Problems and Solutions," Electrical Construction and Maintenance, December 1982, pp. 67-72. [5] Key, Lt. T.S., "Diagnosing Power Quality - Related Computer Problems," presented at IEEE Industrial Applications Society Conference in Cincinnati, June 5-8, 1978. {6] Waterman, J.J., Jr., "A Comparison of High-rise UPS System Requirements," Specifying Engineer, February 1980, 5 pages. {7] Goldstein, M., and P.D. Speranza, "The Quality of U.S. Commercial AC Power," IEEE Paper No. CH1818-4/82/0000-0028. {8] Cathell, F., "Low Cost Power Transient Protection," Computer Design, May 1981, pp. 87-91. [9] IEEE Committee Report, "Bibliography on Surge Voltages in AC Power Circuits Rated 600 Volts and Less," IEEE Transactions on Power ~53< Apparatus and Systems, July/August 1970, Vol. PAS-89, No. 6, pp. 1056-1061. (10] Kania, M.J., et al., "Protected Power for Computer Systems," The Western Electric Engineer, Spring/Summer 1980, pp. 41-47. (11] Martzloff, F.P., and G. Hahn, "Surge Voltages in Residential and Industrial Power Circuits," IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, July/August 1970, Vol. PAS-89, No. 6, pp. 1049-1056. (12] Key, Lt. T.S., "Effect of Power Disturbances on Computer Operation," Electrical Construction and Maintenance, September 1978. (13] Tucker, R., "The Glitch Stops Here," Computer Design, February 1982, pp. 149-154. * [14] Hallinan, P.K., "Power Conditioners Cut System Cost," Digital Design, January 1982, pp. 68-71. {15] Alaska Power Authority, "Alaska Electric Power Statistics, 1960-1984, 10th Edition," P.O. Box 190869, Anchorage, AK 99519-0869, December 1985, 46 pp. -54-