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HomeMy WebLinkAboutAlaska Coal Resources Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys 1979COA 013 LIBRARY COPY "ALASKA COAL RESOURCES" Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys April, 1979 PROPERTY OF: © we Alaska Power Authority bee 334 W. 5th Ave. Anchorage, Alaska 99501 ALASKA COAL RESOURCES ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS D.L. McGee and K,S. Emmel April, 1979 State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS Jay S. Hammond, Governor Robert E. LeResche, Commissioner Ross G. Schaff, State Geologist April, 1979 ALASKA COAL RESOURCES 3001 Porcupine Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99501 277-6615 By D.L. McGee and K.S. Emmel CONTENTS Page IinitrodUctiion’ seis. +. soe atags ele sei cligys «elias 4 sites 4 Fee avehe wen | Can Alaska's Coals compete with western U.S. Coals?.......... 8 Energy Equivalent Statement- coal to barrels of oil ....... ea. 13 Glossary of coal classification terms ..... ay aeons Memes 18 ROTO ORCUS Soin cos vow cp ros ea mae i kia we sradleis aucie aie ie © eae co ILLUSTRATIONS Goal fields: OF AVS al. seuss cine: ocsveis & cic 3c) ene AE R6 SSeS Ne Figure 1 Alaska‘si:coal “resources ..i.6:606<% so God Coon OO ce Ke kkbens Figure 2 Coe) veenorcem by ered © sags wees ccun cane wens weeeeeee Figure 3 Identification of mineral areas ..... Mieaeke enero reset Figure 4 Alaska Transportation Network tenance a cecacnene ae Piglire 5 Comparison of shipnina distance for Ak. & midwest coal Figure 6 Alaskascos) fpesounces by nankerseancnancmermmmariasworme Fiqure rh Percentage of Alaska's coal resources by rank ........ Figure 8 Comparison of resources and production values between Alaska, the contiguous United States and the world ... Figure 9 Ownership of cOa] BPGKS ~.ewee s penn ved anys coeds new iKe Figure 10 PerntairOsty iO Al aASKal cyt sccr nucle cleieieerieie ales, 115s Crs a Figure 11 Coall Production = IGG0-I9//aeunace daec dae seco oe eae Figure 12 » Significant Events in coal Development & Production,,, Figure 13 in Alaska, 1786-1977. INTRODUCTION The estimated coal resources of Alaska are very difficult to ascertain because of the lack of data control beyond outcrop areas and drilled areas adjacent to outcrop areas. However, as in this report, it sometimes becomes necessary to compare resource values from other areas with those in the state of Alaska. A comparison of total coal resources between Alaska and the United States involves figures generated with minimum data from Alaska and a large data base from coal areas in the United States. A total resource value for the contiguous United States is a more accurate figure than could possibility be made for Alaska because of the increased amount of data that is available in the United States. For this reason it may not be valid to make comparisons between the resources of the two areas. In many areas in Alaska there is a wide range in the undiscovered resource estimates which reflects the scarcity and ambiguity of the available data. The main purpose of this summary is to condense the data into single values that can be used for comparison purposes and yet at the same time be aware of the hazards of comparing the values. The coal resources have been broken into three simple catagories. Measured Resources are those resources that have a high probability of being accurate. Indicated and Inferred Resources are somewhat similar and have been grouped into one catagory in this summary. The two represent the resources in a zone of decreasing accuracy between measured and hypothetical resources. Hypothetical Resources, as the name implies, are those resources for which there is a wide range of possible error. The parameters which control the resource values are those proposed by the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines. The economics of extracting the coal and the percent recovery expected do not enter into this resource summary. [| e4nbi4 Coal Fields of Alaska Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys D.L. McGee and K.S. Emme] » Northern Alaska field - Point Hope field - Nulato field - Yukon field Eagle field . Nenana field . Jarvis Creek field - Broad Pass field - Yentna field - Susitna field . Matanuska field - Beluga field - Kenai field - Cook Inlet field - Bering River field . Chignik field . Herendeen Bay field ON DU SWh— S ‘° g Kd a gf. 3 oo o = Ee = oa o a a mY ‘2 or Le —— ™ ow wo o N—=ow w a 9 alt ae a © Os. fs Anchorage o \ = Cordov lignt / 5, Sac a ignite e193) a (8 ? 3 ; / Yakutat ‘1 subbi tuminous , : /acwsk uta bituminous semianthracite 9 190 209 +-——+-—+—_ + poy Pe 0 100 200 Map compiled from Conwell, C.N. Miles » 1977, Energy Resource map of Alaska, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, DGGS. ALASKA'S COAL RESOURCES COAL FIELD | MEASURED INDICATED & HYPOTHETICAL DATA SOURCES AND RESOURCES INFERRED RESOURCES REMARKS RESOURCES Northern 200 million] 49-120 billion 330 billion Barnes, 1967 Alaska short tons to 3.3 trillion Martin , 1978 NPR-A stripping short tons McGee, 1975 coal 200 88 billion 1.5 trillion values used in million charts Northern 35 7-12 billion 153 billion Callahan, 1975 Alaska million includes 3 Barnes, 1967 West of billion tons McGee, 1975 NPR-A within three mile zone along coast 35 million 9 billion 153 billion values used in charts Northern -- 2-5 billion 50 billion Barnes, 1967 Alaska McGee, 1975 East of NPR-A -- 3.5 billion 50 billion values used in r charts Nenana Coal 861.6 6.0 billion 8.7 billion Barnes, 1967 Field million Holloway, 1977 McGee, 1975 Jarvis Creek -- 13-76 million -- Barnes, 1967 Coal Field Holloway, 1977 -- 4h million -- values used in charts Figure 2 COAL FIELD MEASURED INDICATED & HYPOTHETICAL DATA SOURCES AND INFERRED RESOURCES REMARKS RESOURCES Susitna 275 million 27* to: 10:32 27 billion Barnes, 1967 Coal billion Holloway, 1977 field McGee, 1975 Placer Amex Inc., 1977 * 275 millidn 6.5 billion 27 billion values used in charts Matanuska Barnes, 1967 Coal Field 6.6 million 108-130 149 million Holloway, 1977 million McGee, 1975 6.6 million 112 million 149 million values used in charts Kenai Coal 0.2 million 318 million 34 billion Barnes, 1967 Field Holloway, 1977 Onshore Magoon, 1976 McGee, 1975 Kenai Coal — -- 100 billion McGee, 1974 Field values not used in Offshore totals Broad Pass -- 64 million -- Hopkins, 1951 Coal Field Barnes, 1967 Holloway, 1975 Chignik Bay -- 100 million 360 million McGee, 1977 Coal Field unpublished field notes Cretaceous coal only Herendeen -- 10-100 million Less than 300 McGee, 1977 Bay Coal million unpublished field notes Field Cretaceous coal only ® as 45 million 300 million values used in charts Bering -- -- 36 million to Barnes, 1951 Glacier 1 billion Saunders, 1976 Coal Field -- =F | 500 million values used in charts i * The Beluga coal field is a part of the Susitna coal province. The 275 million short tons of measured coal and 2.3 billion short tons of indicated and inferred coal represent the Beluga resources. Figure 2 (cont'd) COAL FIELD MEASURED INDICATED & RESOURCES INFERRED RESOURCES HYPOTHETICAL RESOURCES DATA SOURCES AND REMARKS Isolated Coal Listed below are the more important isolated occurences Occurences of coal in Alaska. There are numerous other areas where thin coals crop out. a Eagle id -: 10-100 million Circle -- -- 45 million values used in ee Nation — ~~ 1-50 million River ay -- — 25 million values used in charts Yukon -- -- 10-50 million Chapman, 1963 River Collier, 1903 -- -- 30 million values used in charts 4 oil! Little ia ne 7 Coal outcrop Tonsina thicknesses suggest River large resources Sloan, et al, 1979 Unga oP = Probably Holloway, 1977 Island minor Tertiary —— = Probably McGee ,1977 Coal large Unpublished Alaska Peninsula Southeast =- = Unknown Wright, 1906 Alaska | _ probably small Figure 2 (cont'd) ALASKA COAL RESOURCES _-- SUMMARY T COAL FIELD MEASURED INDICATED & HYPOTHETICAL REMARKS RESOURCES INFERRED RESOURCES RESOURCES All of *1.4 billion *110.7 billion *1774.0 billion Does not Alaska short tons short tons short tons include an estimated 100 billion tons under the offshore Cook Inlet * Figures rounded. » Summarized by D.L. McGee and K.S. Emmel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 1979. Figure 2 (cont'd) 1800.7 Coal Resources by Area 53.5 East of NPRA (billions of tons) 162.0 West of NPRA —E : NPRA 1585.2 15.5 .27 33.7 ey 1.45 . zs Northern Nenana Matanuska Susitna Kenai all other Alaska Valley Onshore coal occurrences See Alaska Coal Resources Summary (this report) for references. Compiled by D.L. McGee and K.S. Emmel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 1979. Figure 3 e4anBiy IDENTIFICATION OF MINERAL AREAS TOTAL RESOURCES (billion short tons) IDENTIFIED UNDISCOVERED Measured Indicated € Inferred 1,774.0 RESERVES ECONOMIC R E Identified -200 97.0 resources SUBECONOMIC Increasing degree of geologic assurance See Alaska Coal Resources Summary (this report) for references. HYPOTHETICAI (In Known districts) UNDISCOVERED resources SPECULATIVE (In undiscovered districts) | o ° ° s 2 ° ey ° % a » cv - e » a < jo aai3ap Sufseaiduy CAN ALASKA'S COAL COMPETE WITH WESTERN UNITED STATES COALS? The Stanford Research Institute in 1974 completed a study titled "The Potential for Developing Alaskan Coals for Clean Export Fuels''. This study was directed toward evaluating the potential for development of coals in the Beluga area. Mining costs for developing a moderate to large mine were listed and averaged $5.32 per short ton. Marine transportation costs per long ton (in and out cost excluding cargo handling costs) to Long Beach, California were estimated at $4.90. Since 1974 inflation has increased the cost of mining and transporting coal over ten percent per year and the present cost of landing a ton of coal in the Long Beach area would be in the range of $16 to $18. The accuracy of this range is estimated to be 33 percent above or below the range. UToal from the Beluga area would be competitive with western United States coal of equal Btu content. In 1975, Joe Usibelli, estimated his price to the customer was $12.00 per ton (FOB).* The shipping rates from Healy to Whittier, 307 miles, were estimated at $7.33 per short ton. Thus the cost of a ton of coal at Whittier would have been $19.33 in 1975. In 1975, Robert Bottge, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Juneau, Alaska gave a talk titled ''Changing Economics of Alaska Coals'' at a coal conference in Fairbanks, Alaska. This report estimated the cost of producing one million tons of coal annually in four different areas of Alaska. He also projected these costs to 1978 and compared them with the estimated cost of producing oil and gas on a comparable Btu basis. 4 Bottge suggested that cost estimates for the four areas may be no closer than plus or minus 33%. The areas are listed below with their economics calculated for 1975 and projected to 1978. Attigun Area (Northern Alaska) 7500 Btu Healy Area 8500 Btu Selling price $23.59 ($1.57/Btu) $8.60 ($0.51/Btu) Jonesville Area 12,500Btu Beluga Area 7500 Btu Selling price $17.03 ($0.68/Btu) $9.39 ($0.63/Btu Projected prices to 1978. Assume a 10% inflationary rate from 1975 to 1978. Attigun Area $2.30/Btu Healy Area $0.73/Btu Jonesville Area $0.98/Btu Beluga Area $0.90/Btu An analysis of the proceeding would suggest that coal from the Healy and Beluga areas would be competitive with western coals delivered to a coast city. At the present time the Northern Alaska coals are considered non economic. Suggested costs of mining and transporting western coals from source to the west coast were obtainable only as a range from $12 to $18 per short ton. The accuracy of this range could not be established. * From a talk given by Joe Usibelli at a conference in Fairbanks, Alaska. 1975. The effect of Sec. 522 6e (1) and (2) of Public Law 95-87 on development of Alaska coal is evaluated and discussed below: The bill reads, After the enactment of this act and subject to valid existing rights no surface coal mining operations except those which exist on the date of enactment of this act shall be permitted: 1. On any lands with the boundaries of units of the National Park System, the National Wildlife Refuge Systems, the National Systems of Trails, the National Wilderness Preservation System, the Wild and Scenic Rivers System and National Recreation Areas designated by act of congress. 2. On any Federal lands within the boundaries of any National Forest, may permit mining if the Secretary finds there are no significant recreational, timber, economic or other values which may be incompatible with such surface mining operations. The future status of land within the boundaries of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska has not been defined although recommendations have been made that if enacted would prevent development of coal resources by the most economical method of extracting the coal. Further, the area has not been adaquately evaluated although there are sufficient data to indicate very large coal resources. Classifying NPR-A into any of the catagories that prohibit coal extraction by surface stripping may prevent development and use of a large percentage of the Nation's coal resources. Extraction of coal by underground techniques is not specifically prohibited although conflict could occur as surface facilities and roads are constructed. The percentage of coal underlying lands within the boundaries of NPR-A is approximately 83 % of the total coal resources of Alaska. Much of this coal resource is hypothetical and additional exploration will be required to establish this resource as part of the reserve base. Alaska Transportation Network Distances Between Ports* (nautical Seward to San Francisco 1702 —N Seward to Tokyo 3000 \ Seward to Seattle 1234 isti igt Nome to San Francisco 2636 1 OR i staal vind in 7 Settle ae \ wren existing railroad % wi \ tg ANS ty, ¥ ay unig \ “UL Bsa lide y) 5, QW a: gs Nulato i - ~--" proposed highway proposed railroad u un *Distances measured along oD vo a probable marine shipping L routes. Distances not LO , & measured along great u ats circle routes. Accuracy v Fairwel] ‘is + 10%. Re ‘ 0 100 200 -—+—+——_ Miles a ceeiaemaenant Km @ 0 100 200 a - YW oS dao wu a Oe) oO from Wolff, et al, 1973, M.I.R.L. Report no.29. compiled by D.L. McGee and K.S. Emmel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 1979, CREGON CALIFORNIA ARIZONA NEW MEXICO 224 Bituminous Coal Sub-bituminous Coal oo Lignite Coal Comparison of shipping distance for Alaskan and Midwestern coals. Figure 6 ALASKA COAL RESOURCES BY RANK - BILLIONS OF SHORT TONS xx ] ; » AREA BITUMINOUS COAL SUBBITUMINOUS COAL LIGNITE COAL INCLUDES MINOR ANTHRACITE COAL WHERE NOTED NPR-A 951 634 -- WEST OF S72 64.8 aad | _NPR-A EAST OF 52.31 28 eo NPR-A NENANA -- 15.6 -- JARVIS -- 04 -- CREEK MATANUSKA* 0.27 Minor | Minor SUSITNA -- 337 pl Minor KENAI -- 34.3 Moderate ONSHORE BROAD — == Minor PASS CHIGNIK BAY HERENDEEN BAY 0.74 Minor -- BERING* 5 Moderate Minor GLACIER ISOLATED 0.1 0.1 wa COAL OCCURENCES * Minor anthracite resources TOTALS 1081.91 803.94 oa ** Ratio of 60% bituminous and 40% subbituminous. from Callahan_in Martin and Callahan,_1978. Summarized by D.L. McGee and K.S. Emmel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys. Figure 7 PERCENTAGE OF ALASKA'S COAL RESOURCES BY RANK 1181.91 803.94 ue ' very \ i minor 57% 42% Als 1 1 | ' Anthracite Bituminous Subbi tuminous Lignite Lignite percentage may be much higher An estimated 50% of the subbituminous coal in Alaska is at the bottom of the subbituminous range approaching lignite. * Ratio of 60% bituminous and 40% subbituminous from Callahan in Martin and Callahan, 1978. From: Alaska Regional Energy Resources, Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development, 1977 . s Compiled by D.L. McGee and K.S. Emmel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 1979 Figure 8 ENERGY EQUIVALENT STATEMENT - COAL TO BARRELS OF OIL (42 gal.) The equivalent energies for crude oil. and coals are listed below: Coal per 2,000 pound ton Bituminous coal equals 26.2 x 10°Btu Subbituminous coal equals 19.0 x 10°Btu Lignite coal equals 13.4 x 10°Btu Crude ofl equals 5.60 x 10°Btu Alaska's total coal resource is predominantly bituminous although most of the easily accessible coal is subbituminous. A value of 23.0 x 10°Btu was used and from this value one ton of coal is equivalent to about four barrels of oil. The values are average values and not precise equivalents. Alaska's coal resources in billions of short tons and the equivalent in crude oi] (42 gal. barrels) is listed below: Measured Coal Resources 1.4 billion tons equals about 5.2 billion barrels of crude oil. Indicated and Inferred Coal Resources 111.0 billion tons equals about 444.0 billion barrels of crude oil. Hypothetical Coal Resources 1,761.0 billion tons equals about 7,044.0 billion barrels of crude oil. For comparative purposes the largest oil field in North America is the Prudhoe Bay field which contains about 9.6 billion barrels of recoverable ‘oll. 13 Comparison of Resources and Production Values Between Alaska, the Contiguous United States and the World Resources in billions of short tons § 630 3,968 1886.1* | Alaska Contiguous World (does not include United States *Does not include large accumulations under Cook Inlet 3,302 Production in billions of short tons (bituminous, 0.64 subbituminous and anthracite) 0.0007 ** Alaska Contiguous World United States ** from one mine From: Alaska Regional Energy Resources, Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development, 1977. Commodity Data Summaries, 1976, U.S. Bureau of Mines. Compiled by D.L. McGee and K.S. Emmel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 1979. U.S. resources) (bituminous, subbituminous and anthracite) | ‘Northwest 7 ! > Alaska, extent unknown Nenana 200 mi2 Ownership of Coal areas Northern Alaska 41,000 z mi Broad Pass 9 mi2 Bering River 30 miz Matanuska Valley 15 mi2 Offshore Cook Inlet 2,900 mi2 Kenai 1,100 mi2 Beluga 3,000 mi2 Nenana Beluga 340 mi2 600 miZ Southwest Jarvis Creek Alaska 130 mi2 16 mi2 Northern Northern Alaska — Alaska 6,800 mi 6,800 mi2 Federal Stat: Native eee Unknown Northwest Alaska, Nulato, extent Unknown Northern Alaska 3,400 mi2 From: Alaska Regional Energy Resources, Alaska Div. of Energy and Power Development, 1977. Permafrost in Alaska Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys D.L. McGee and K.S. Emmel generally underlain by continuous permafrost generally underlain by discontinuous permafrost generally underlain by isolated masses of permafrost generally free of permafrost area of coal-bearing sediments . Q 100 400 Miles 5 té0 Zoo Km map compiled from Ferrians, 0.J., 1965, Permafrost map of Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey map 1-445. ‘ t ¥ . LL LS AOE! Ie Te ey jd venDI eu 1890 1831 1882 1883 1834 1885 1ER6 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1997 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 197 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1923 1329 1930 1331 1922 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 SHORT TONS 6,076 1, 1,033 871 923 438 1,637 712 2,673 2,652 2,264 2,855 2,740 3,052 2,717 1,824 4,334 6,061 10,689 4,066 3,430 2,250 1,850 1,205 2,312 1,199 1,629 12,676 54,275 75,316 60,894 61,111 76,817 79,275 119,826 99,653 £2,868 87,300 104,300 126,100 100,500 120,100 105,900 102,700 96,200 107,500 119,425, 136,600 PL) Coal production in Alaska 1880-1977 SKORT TONS 193% 189,230 1939 146,250 1940 173,970 1941 238,960 1942 260,293 1943 289,232 1944 348,375 1945 297 ,644 1946 266,609 1947 361,220 1948 407 ,206 }0a9 433,533 1950 412,455 1951 494, 333 1952 686,218 1953 $61,471 1954 666,618 1955 639,696 1956 726,801 1957 842,000 1958 * 759,090 1959 660,000 1960 722,471 1961 726,531 1962 871,379 1963 253,398 1964 744,942 1965 693,182 1966 927.145 1967 924,549 1968 759,435 1969 667,179 1970 599,473 1971 698,000 1972 668,000 1973 694 ,090 1974 790,000 1975 766,900 1976 706 ,090 1977 685,000 { 200,000 F00,2e0 F00,900 1 1880 Total through i 1977 25,923,77 From: Alaska Regional Energy Resources, Alaska Division of energy and Power Development, 1977. compiled by D.L. McGee .& K.S. Emmel, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 1979. Significant Events in Coal Development and Production in Alaska, 1786-1977 1786 1855 1879 1888 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1914 1916 1922 1924 1940 1942 1943 1946 1968 1973 1977 Capt. Nathaniel Portlock, English trader, finds coal at Coal Cove (presently Port Graham) on the Kenai Peninsula. First Alaska coal mine opened by the Russian-American Company at Coal Cove. Whaling ships and U.S. Revenue cutters start using coal from the Corwin mines along the coast between Cape Sabine and Cape Lisburne, Northern Coal Field on the Arctic Coast. Wharf Mine near Port Graham opens. Sternwheelers use coal as fuel to transport gold seekers to gold fields. Extension of coal laws to Territory of Alaska. Yukon River steamers convert coal and wood burners to petroleum engines. Coal Act enacted, allowing coal claim locations without previous surveys. President Theodore Roosevelt closes Alaska public land to entry under coal laws due to Pinchot-Ballinger feud. U.S. Congress passes Alaska Coal Leasing Act. Alaska Railroad is built to Matanuska Coal Field. Alaska Railroad reaches Nenana Coal Field. U.S. Navy begins converting its coal burning ships to oil. Nearly all coal mined in Alaska comes from Evan Jones Coal Mine in the Matanuska Field and Healy River Coal Mine in the Nenana Field. Coal used to power dredges and large placer mining operations near Fairbanks. Alaska Railroad reopens Eska Mine. Coal needed for new Army Posts and military airfields. Traditional underground coal mining in Alaska gives way to surface mining methods. . Alaska Railroad converts coal burning engines to diesel engines, Eska Mine closes in Matanuska Field. . Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Air Force Base convert coal fired steam power plants to natural gas. Matanuska Field shuts down except for small local needs. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a predominately Middle East cartel, set high oil prices and reduced supplies to the U.S., prompting increased demand for other energy sources, including coal. President Carter's energy policy includes conversion of utilities and industry to coal prompting an interest in opening the Beluga and Jarvis Coal Fields. 137 fes 3 GLOSSARY OF COAL CLASSIFICATION TERMS Resources. Concentrations of coal in such forms that economic extraction is currently or may become feasible. Identified Resources. Specific bodies of coal whose location, rank, quality, and quantity are known from geologic evidence supported by engineering measurements. Undiscovered Resource. Unspecified bodies of coal surmised to exist on the basis of broad geologic knowledge and theory. Reserve Base. That portion of the Identified Coal Resource from which Reserves are calculated. Reserve. That portion of the Identified Coal Resource that can be economically mined at the time of determination. The reserve is derived by applying a Recovery Factor to that component of the Identified Coal Resource designated as the Reserve Base. Recovery Factor. The percentage of total tons of coal estimated to be recoverable from a given area in relation to the total tonnage estimated to be in the Reserve Base in the ground. Identified Subeconomic Resources. The part of coal resources that occurs in Demonstrated and Inferred Resources that is not now minable economically. Hypothetical Resources. Undiscovered Coal Resources in beds that may reasonably be expected to exist in known mining districts under known geologic conditions. In general, Hypothetical Resources are in broad areas of coal fields where points of observation are absent and evidence is from distant outcrops, drill holes, or wells. Exploration that confirms their existence and reveals quantity and quality will permit their reclassification as a Reserve or Identified Subeconomic Resource. Speculative Resources. Undiscovered coal beds that may occur either in known types of deposits in a favorable geologic setting where no discoveries have been made, or in deposits that remain to be recognized. Exploration that confirms their existence and reveals quantity and quality will permit their reclassification as Reserves or Identified Subeconomic Resources. The following definitions are applicable to both the Reserve and Identified Subeconomic Resource Components. Measured. Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality, and quantity have been computed, within a margin of error of less that 20 percent, from sample analyses and measurements from closely spaced and geologically well-known sample sites. is Indicated. Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality, and quantity have been computed partly from sample analyses and measurements and partly from reasonable geologic projections. Demonstrated. A collective term for the sum of coal in both Measured and Indicated Resources and Reserves. Inferred. Coal in unexplored extensions of Demonstrated Resources for which estimates of the quality and size are based on geologic evidence and projection. Rank. The classification of coals relative to other coals, according to their degree of metamorphism, or progressive alteration, in the natural series from lignite to anthracite (Classification of Coal by Rank, 1938, American Society for Testing Materials, ASTM Designation D-388-38 p. 77-84). Quality or Grade. Refers to individual measurements such as heat value, fixed carbon, moisture, ash, sulfur, phosphorus, major, minor, and trace elements, coking properties, petrologic properties, and particular organic constituents. The individual quality elements may be aggregated in various ways to classify coal for such special purposes as metallurgical, gas, petrochemical, and blending usages. 19 References Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development, 1977, Alaska regional energy resources, Vol. 11, Alaska's energy resources: inventory of oil, gas, coal, hydroelectric, and uranium resources, pp. 133-216. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1965, Specifications for classif- ication of coals by rank (tentative), ASTM designation D388-64T, in pt. 19, Gaseous fuels; coal and coke: 1965 Book of ASTM Standards, p. 73-78. Atwood, W. W., 1911, Geology and mineral resources of parts of the Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 467, 137 p. Averitt, Paul, 1961, Coal reserves of the United States --A progress report, January 1, 1960: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1136, 116 p. Barnes, F.F., 1951, A review of the geology and coal resources of the Bering River coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 146, Ip. , 1966, Geology and coal resources of the BEluga-Yentna Region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1202-C. , 1967, Coal resources of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1242-8, 36 p. Barnes, F. F. and Cobb, E.H. , 1959, Geology and coal resources of the Homer district, Kenai coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1058-F p. 217-260. Barnes, F. F. and Payne, T. G., 1956, The Wishbone Hill district, Matanuska coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1016, 88 p. Barnes, F. F., and Sokol, Daniel, 1959, Geology and coal resources of the Little Susitna district, Matanuska coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1058-D, p. 121-138. Barnes, F. F., and others, 1951, Coal investigations in south-central Alaska, 1944-1946; U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 963-E, p. 137-213. Bass, N. W., Smith, H. L., and Horn, G. H. , 1970, Standards for the Classifi- cation of public coal lands: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 633, 10p. Callahan, J. E., 1971, Geology and coal resources of T. 6 S., R. 51 W., unsurveyed, Umiat principal meridian, in the Cape Beaufort coal field, northwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 18p., 5 sheets, 3 tables. Callahan, J. E., 1975, Coal investigations in Western arctic Alaska, in Focus on Alaska's coal ''75'', Conference of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, — pp. 48-53. Callahan, J. E., et al, 1969, Geology of T. 1 S., R. 44 W., unsurveyed, Umiat principal meridian, in the Kukpowruk coal field, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 19 p., 1 pl., Ifig., 2 tables. Chapman, R. M., 1963, Coal deposits along the Yukon River between Ruby and Anvik, Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1155. 20 Chapman, R. M., and Sable, E. G., 1969, Geology of the Utukok-Corwin region, northwestern Alaska--Exploration of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 and adjacent areas, northern Alaska, 1944-53, Pt. 3. Areal Geology: U.S. Geolgoical Survey Professional Paper 303-C, p. 47-167. Collier, A. J., 1903, The coal resources of the Yukon, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 218, 71 p. Conwell ,C. N., 1977, Energy resource map of Alaska, Alaska Dept. of Natural Resources, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys. Holloway, C. D., 1977, Map showing coal fields and distribution ‘of coal- bearing rocks in the western part of southern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 77-169-1. Hopkins, D. M., 1951, Lignite deposits near Broad Pass Station, Alaska, in Coal investigations in south-central Alaska, 1944-1946: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 963-E, p. 187-191. Magoon, L. B., Adkison, W. L., and Egbert, R. 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