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L ETTER R EPORT
211231-FALSEPASSHYDROLOGYMEMO.DOC
DATE: December 31, 2021
TO: Nikki Hoblet, Mayor, City of False Pass
FROM: Joel Groves, P.E.
SUBJECT: Hydrology Report for Unga Man Creek near False Pass, Alaska
CC: Project File
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Unga Man Creek is under consideration by the City of False Pass (City) for hydropower
development to provide electricity to the community of False Pass. In 2015, Bob Christenen
with Living Systems Design completed a reconnaissance stody of local hydropower resources
for False Pass, which included installation of a stream gauge on Unga Man Creek at the road
bridge. Polarconsult was contracted in 2016, 2017, and 2020 to conduct feasibility‐level
investigations of the Unga Man Creek hydropower resource, including an expanded hydrology
study to gauge flows on the south and north forks of Unga Man Creek and analysis to evaluate
develop a long‐term hydrology model to support hydropower feasibility assessment.
This letter report summarizes Unga Man Creek hydrology as regards hydropower potential
based on field studies and analysis from 2015 to current. Specifically, this document:
1. Summarizes the gauging station installations, available data, and interim hydrology
analysis of Unga Man Creek based on data collected to date.
2. Summarizes hydrological record extensions using a correlation to the long‐term USGS
gauging station at Russell Creek in Cold Bay, AK.
3. Summarizes estimated flood frequency and magnitudes, and apparent flood events on
Unga Man Creek.
4. Supercedes prior hydrology reports for this site. All relevant information has been
carried forward into this document and updated with current analysis as appropriate.
Analysis indicates a clear correlation between south fork Unga Man Creek and Russell Creek in
Cold Bay. A model developed to predict south fork Unga Man Creek based on Russell Creek
flow achieves a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.68 for the available approximately 3.5
years of common record.1 The south fork model is used to develop an extended hydrology
record for the south fork based on 31 full water‐years of hydrology data at Russell Creek.
Existing hydrology data are sufficient to form conclusions regarding feasibility of various hydro
projects in the Unga Man Creek basin. If the community decides to continue project
development, it is recommended that gauging continue in order to better guide the
development process. Future hydrology study design should be guided by specific resource
questions that will need to be addressed to secure project permits and approvals.
1 Coefficient of determination (R
2) is a mathematical measure of how closely two data sets match. A value of
zero indicates there is no relationship between the two data sets, and a value of one indicates the two data sets
are completely correlated. In general terms, for Alaska hydrology regression analyses, values above 0.70 are
considered good and values below 0.40 are considered poor. Similar models could be developed for the bridge
and north fork stations.
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 2 OF 27
2.0 AVAILABLE HYDROLOGY DATA
There are no known hydrology data for Unga Man Creek prior to the outset of this study in
August 2015.2 Four gauging stations were installed at Unga Man Creek for this study:
1. A station at the road bridge,
2. A station approximately ¼‐mile upstream of the bridge,
3. A station on the north fork, and
4. A station on the south fork.
The bridge site was heavily damaged by a flood event June 28, 2019 and was removed from
service. The station just upstream of the bridge was removed from service in 2016 and did not
yield useful data. The north and south fork stations were still in working order on March 10,
2021. Gauging station locations and records are summarized in Figure 2‐1, Figure 2‐2, and
Table 2‐1. The installations are described in detail in Section 5.0.
Approximately 2.8 years of hydrology data have been collected at the bridge gauging station,
2.5 years at the north fork gauging station, and 3.5 years at the south fork gauging station.
Flow measurements on Unga Man Creek are summarized in Table 2‐2. Hydrographs, stage‐
discharge rating curves, and flow duration curves for all active gauging stations are presented in
this memo. A record extension, hydrology model, and statistics are also presented.
Figure 2‐1: Hydrology Period of Record for Unga Man Creek Gauging Stations
2 A hydrology and hydraulic study report was completed for design of the landfill access road bridge. This study
developed flood magnitude estimates but did not include any stream gauging at Unga Man Creek (HDR 2007).
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
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DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 3 OF 27
Table 2‐1: Summary of Hydrology Data for Unga Man Creek
Location (1)
Basin Size
(square
miles) (1)
Site
Elevation
(ft) (2)
Latitude(2)Longitude(2)Record
Begin Date
Record
End
Date
Number
of Daily
Records
Bridge Gauging
Station (RM 0.61) 3.66 70 54 52.4’ 163 25.0’
8/26/2015 7/18/2017 1,002
(2.75 yrs)
71% (4)
8/22/2017 3/23/2018
4/5/2019 7/8/2019
(3)
Upper Gauging
Station (RM 0.75) 3.59 81 54 52.4’ 163 25.2’ 8/27/2015 8/16/2016 NA
(5)
North Fork
Gauging Station
(RM 1.65)
1.38 277 54 52.3’ 163 26.3’
8/16/2016 7/12/2017
919 (6)
(2.52 yrs)
55% (4)
8/22/2017 3/23/2018
9/9/2018 9/17/2019
3/10/2021 Note 6.
South Fork
Gauging Station
(RM 1.65)
1.20 279 54 52.3’ 163 26.3’
8/17/2016 3/15/2017
1,278 (6)
(3.51 yrs)
77% (4)
8/23/2017 9/11/2018
11/21/2018 10/5/2020
3/10/2021 Note 6.
Russell Creek near
Cold Bay (USGS
#15297610)
30.9 7.65 55 10.7’ 162 41.3’
10/1/1981 12/31/1986 11,323 (7)
(31.0 yrs) 10/1/1995 9/30/2021
(7)
Abbreviations and Notes
ft: feet USGS: U.S. Geological Survey
NA: not applicable yrs: years
RM: river mile. Distance in miles along the main channel upstream from tidewater.
(1) Unga Man Creek river mileage is for the main channel meander mapped from field data collected the week of August 15th,
2016. Basin areas are calculated from project elevation model and main channel meander.
(2) Gauging station locations and elevations are approximate, and based on the project elevation model.
(3) Station was destroyed by a flood in June 2019 and is no longer in service.
(4) Percentage indicates percentage of the overall station record for which the station produced hydrology data.
(5) Station did not yield useful hydrology data. See station narrative in Section 5.0 of this report.
(6) For gauging stations still in service, “End Date” and “Number of Daily Records” both represent records through the most
recent download on March 10, 2021. Gauging station was still in working order at time of most recent download.
(7) Russell Creek record end date and record count reflect available data through the end of the most recent water year. The
station remains in service.
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 4 OF 27
Figure 2‐1: Unga Man Creek Basin and Gauging Stations
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DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 5 OF 27
Table 2‐2: Summary of Unga Man Creek Flow Measurements
Measurement
Location Date / Time 1 Party Measured
Flow (cfs) 2
Stage
Reading (ft)
Bridge Station 8/25/2015 1835h NR 7.8 ND
Bridge Station 8/26/2015 1212h NR 6.2 +0.60 (OSS)
3
Bridge Station 8/27/2015 1545h NR 6.5 +0.58 (OSS)
Bridge Station 1/18/2016 1600h NR 16.6 +0.98 (OSS)
3
Bridge Station 3/9/2016 1550h NR 19.6 +0.69 (OSS)
3
Bridge Station 8/15/2016 1930h J. Groves, A. Drobnica 23.2 +1.02 (OSS)
Bridge Station 8/18/2016 1845h J. Groves, A. Drobnica 19.7 +0.93 (OSS)
Bridge Station 6/5/2017 1645h C. Stewart 27.9 +0.70 (OSS)
Bridge Station 7/12/2017 1715h C. Stewart 16.1 +0.24 (OSS)
3
Bridge Station 8/22/2017 1230h J. Groves, A. Drobnica 11.2 +0.10 (OSS)3
Bridge Station 3/23/2018 1415h C. Stewart 41.8 +0.51 (OSS)
Bridge Station 9/9/2018 2000h C. Stewart 8.9 +0.12 (OSS)
Bridge Station 4/10/2019 1435h C. Stewart 24.2 +0.27 (OSS)
Upper Station 8/27/2016 1410h NR 8.7 ND
Upper Station 3/9/2016 1550h NR 13.6 +0.80 (OSS)
North Fork Station 8/16/2016 1545h C. Stewart, J. Groves 7.6 +0.42 (OSS)
North Fork Station 6/5/2017 1445h C. Stewart 8.4 ‐0.30 (OSS)
3
North Fork Station 7/12/2017 1615h C. Stewart 2.1 ‐0.81 (OSS)
3
North Fork Station 8/22/2017 1500h J. Groves, C. Stewart 2.2 ‐0.88 (OSS)
North Fork Station 3/23/2018 1240h C. Stewart 10.8 ‐0.63 (OSS)
3
North Fork Station 9/9/2018 1745h C. Stewart 2.6 ‐0.90 (OSS)
4
North Fork Station 4/9/2019 1515h C. Stewart 5.8 ‐0.65 (OSS)
3
North Fork Station 7/11/2019 1505h C. Stewart 2.7 +0.25 (OSS)
3
North Fork Station 3/10/2021 1435h C. Stewart 8.6 ‐0.30 (OSS)
South Fork Station 8/16/2016 1715h B. Christensen, J. Groves 11.1 ND
South Fork Station 6/5/2017 1530h C. Stewart 19.6 ‐0.16 (RP2)
South Fork Station 7/12/2017 1730h C. Stewart 9.5 ‐0.64 (RP2)
South Fork Station 8/22/2017 1830h J. Groves, A. Drobnica 6.5 ‐0.97 (RP2)
South Fork Station 3/23/2018 1325h C. Stewart 12.3 ‐0.83 (RP2)
4
South Fork Station 9/9/2018 1800h C. Stewart 3.7 ‐1.09 (RP2)
South Fork Station 4/9/2019 1555h C. Stewart 11.4 ‐0.81 (RP2)
South Fork Station 7/11/2019 1545h C. Stewart 7.8 ‐0.89 (RP2)
3
South Fork Station 3/10/2021 1630h C. Stewart 15.7 ‐0.75 (RP2)
Abbreviations and notes:
cfs: cubic feet per second NR: Not recorded.
ND: No datum set at time of measurement. OSS: Outside staff datum.
PZF: Point of zero flow. Lowest elevation of the creek bed along the outlet control feature at the gauging site.
Represents the approximate water stage at which no water would be flowing in the creek.
RP2: Reference Point #2 = 0 feet datum.
1. All times are local (Alaska Standard) time.
2. All flow measurements taken using the velocity‐area method (USGS 2010). Water velocity measurements taken with a
Global Water FP111 current velocity meter.
3. Manual OSS reading not recorded or used. Value is the logged water surface elevation in OSS/RP2 datum.
4. Manual stage elevation estimated from site photographs.
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HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 6 OF 27
3.0 UNGA MAN CREEK HYDROLOGY DATA AND ANALYSIS
Available hydrology data and analysis for the three gauging stations are discussed in the
following sections. Tabular daily data are presented in Attachment 1 to this report.
3.1 Unga Man Creek Hydrology Data – Bridge Gauging Station
Figure 3‐1 presents the available stage and temperature record at the bridge gauging station.
Raw logged stage (Outside Staff (OSS) datum3, magenta line) has been adjusted to point of zero
flow (PZF) datum4 (heavy black line) based on review of the stage record and site
measurements. Water temperature (blue line) and air temperature (red line) are also shown.
Figure 3‐1: Stage Record at Unga Man Creek Bridge Gauging Station
Figure 3‐2 presents the rating curve for the bridge gauging station. This curve has been
updated from prior reports to reflect additional data collected at the site, and is considered
reliable from approximately 3 to 80 cfs, which is 50% to 200% of measured flows. The curve is
reported in the PZF datum, consistent with the black line in Figure 3‐1.
Figure 3‐3 presents the hydrograph for the bridge site.
3 The outside staff datum is the physical staff board installed at the site.
4 The point of zero flow datum is the water stage at which there would be no flow in the creek. This is generally
the deepest point of the creek at a given location. The point of zero flow datum typically changes over time
relative to other datums as the creek bed changes.
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Figure 3‐2: Stage‐Discharge Rating Curve for Unga Man Creek Bridge Gauging Station
Figure 3‐3: Hydrograph for Unga Man Creek Bridge Gauging Station
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3.2 Unga Man Creek Hydrology Data – South Fork Gauging Station
Figure 3‐4 presents the available stage and temperature record at the south fork gauging station.
Available data are analyzed to develop a rating curve for the site (Figure 3‐5) and estimated
rating curve shifts due to scour events. The resulting hydrograph is presented as Figure 3‐6.
The hydrograph in Figure 3‐6 is consistent with all currently available site information, but due
to the apparent number and frequency of stream bed scour events, there is some uncertainty
in the accuracy of the resultant hydrograph. The hydrograph is considered reliable from
approximately 3 to 40 cfs, which is 50% to 200% of measured flows.
Figure 3‐4: Stage Record at Unga Man Creek South Fork Gauging Station
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Figure 3‐5: Stage‐Discharge Rating Curve for Unga Man Creek South Fork Gauging Station
Figure 3‐6: Hydrograph for Unga Man Creek South Fork Gauging Station
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3.3 Unga Man Creek Hydrology Data – North Fork Gauging Station
Figure 3‐7 presents the available stage and temperature record at the north fork gauging station.
Available data are analyzed to develop a rating curve for the site (Figure 3‐8) and estimated
rating curve shifts due to scour events. The resulting hydrograph is presented as Figure 3‐9.
The hydrograph in Figure 3‐9 is consistent with all currently available site information, but due
to the significant faction of estimated readings and apparent stream bed changes, there is some
uncertainty in the accuracy of the resultant hydrograph. The hydrograph is considered reliable
from approximately 1 to 20 cfs, which is 50% to 200% of measured flows.
Figure 3‐7: Stage Record at Unga Man Creek North Fork Gauging Station
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Figure 3‐8: Stage‐Discharge Rating Curve for Unga Man Creek North Fork Gauging Station
Figure 3‐9: Hydrograph for Unga Man Creek North Fork Gauging Station
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3.4 Unga Man Creek Record Extension (South Fork Station)
Generally, a minimum of 5 to 10 years of site‐specific hydrology data is needed to make well‐
informed decisions for hydroelectric development. However, if a nearby stream or river has a
gauging station with a long‐term record, and that record correlates well with the available
record at the subject stream, the longer record can be used to extend the shorter record
through a regression analysis. This provides higher‐confidence estimates of long‐term hydro
project performance than is possible by only considering the south fork record.
The only known stream suitable for regression analysis for Unga Man Creek is Russell Creek,
located approximately 40 miles to the northeast in Cold Bay. Hydrology data for Russell Creek
is summarized at the bottom of Table 2‐1. Record extension focused on the South Fork Unga
Man Creek gauging station because (1) it has the longest period of record for regression
analysis and (2) it appears to be the best hydropower resource in the Unga Man basin.
Hydrographs for the common period of record at South Fork Unga Man Creek and Russell Creek
are shown on Figure 3‐10. Flow at both creeks has been normalized by their respective basin
areas to aid in visual comparison of the hydrographs.
Figure 3‐10: South Fork Unga Man and Russell Creek Hydrographs for Common Period of Record
There is a moderate simple linear correlation (R2 = 0.47) for the full period of common record
between these two creeks. Review of the hydrograph (Figure 3‐10) indicates distinct seasonal
trends in the relationship between south fork Unga Man and Russell Creeks that repeats in the
4.6 years of common record. Regression analysis is performed by season, and a composite
hydrology model for Unga Man Creek is developed using seasonal models with a correlation of
R2 = 0.68. The resultant seasonal and overall hydrology models are presented in Table 3‐1.
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Table 3‐1: Hydrologic Record Extension for South Fork Unga Man Creek Using Seasonal
Regression Analysis with Russell Creek
Period of Record Analyzed Model 1,2
FULL PERIOD OF COMMON RECORD
(1,281 days of data, 8/17/2016 to 10/5/2020)
Qus = 0.022 x Qr + 5.27
(for reference, not used in study)
Winter (344 days in common record)
(January 1 to March 31)
Qr < 155: Quss = 0.051 x Qr – 5
Qr > 155: Quss = 5.7 x ln(Qr – 130) – 16.0
Spring (228 days in common record)
(April 1 to June 15)
Qr < 155: Quss = 0.145 x Qr – 15
Qr > 155: Quss = 6.2 x ln(Qr – 130) – 12.5
Summer (385 days in common record)
(June 16 to September 30)
Qr < 155: Quss = 0.087 x Qr – 10
Qr > 155: Quss = 5.4 x ln(Qr – 130) – 14.5
Fall (324 days in common record)
(October 1 to December 31)
Qr < 155: Quss = 0.087 x Qr – 10
Qr > 155: Quss = 5.5 x ln(Qr – 130) – 14.0
FINAL SOUTH FORK HYDROLOGY MODEL Qus = Quss
Qus: Final model flow at Unga Man Creek south fork gauging station in cubic feet per second.
Quss: Seasonal model flow at Unga Man Creek south fork gauging station in cubic feet per second.
Qr: Flow at Russell Creek USGS gauging station in cubic feet per second.
Note 1: Transitions between seasonal models are smoothed by linear ramping over a 15‐day period.
Note 2: A minimum model output of 0.2 cubic feet per second was established based on observed minimum flows
in south fork Unga Man Creek.
Figure 3‐11 presents concurrent data (blue dots) for actual south fork Unga Man Creek (bottom
axis) and hydrology model based on Russell Creek flow (side axis).
Figure 3‐11: Regression Analysis Results and Hydrology Model
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DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 14 OF 27
USE FOR PROJECT ANALYSIS
The extended record for south fork Unga Man Creek based on the Russell Creek gauge includes
31 water years from 1981 to 1986 and 1995 through 2021. Figure 3‐12 presents hydrology
statistics for south fork Unga Man Creek based on the extended record.
Figure 3‐12: Unga Man Creek Hydrology Statistics (Based on Extended Record)
Figure 3‐13 presents flow duration curves for south fork Unga Man Creek based on both the
actual period of record (light line) and the extended record (dark line). The extended record
line is universally lower than the actual record line, indicating that flows in the 2016 to 2020
period were slightly higher than over the longer 1981‐1986, 1995‐2021 period of record. Figure
3‐14 compares the extended record and south fork period of record at Russell Creek, and shows
this same trend, confirming that the south fork extended record model is properly adjusting the
actual site record to represent longer‐term hydrology conditions at Russell Creek.
Figure 3‐13: Unga Man Creek Flow Duration Curves
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HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 15 OF 27
3‐14 Russell Creek Flow Duration Curves
3.5 Unga Man Creek Subbasin Hydrology
The period of record at the north and south fork gauging stations is too short (2.5 and 3.5 years,
respectively) to form definitive conclusions about subbasin hydrology on these tributaries.
Available data does suggest that the north fork is ‘flashier’ than the south fork, experiencing
relatively higher peak flows and lower base flows than the south fork. It is unknown if this
effect, if real, indicates different basin hydrology or is an artifact of different hyporheic
conditions at the two gaging stations.
3.6 Hydrology Model for Hydro Project Analysis
The hydrology model developed for the Southfork gauging station is the basis for estimating the
performance of various hydro project options within the south fork Unga Man Creek basin.
Similar models could be developed based on the individual records at the bridge and north fork
stations, but the south fork gaging station has the longest period of record of the three stations
deployed for this study.
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4.0 FLOOD FREQUENCY AND MAGNITUDE ESTIMATES
The USGS has published algorithms to estimate flood frequency and magnitude for Alaska
streams.5 This allows development of credible estimates suitable for planning purposes at
locations lacking adequate site‐specific data.
6 Table 4‐1 summarizes estimated flood
frequencies and magnitudes calculated per USGS methods for the three active gauging stations
on Unga Man Creek and also at Russell Creek.
Table 4‐1: Estimated Flood Frequency and Magnitude at Unga Man and Russell Creek Gauging Stations
Flood Recurrence
Interval (Years)
Estimated Flood Magnitudes at Unga Man Creek Gauging Stations 1
Bridge Station North Fork Station South Fork Station
2 Years 400 170 150
5 Years 590 260 230
10 Years 730 320 280
25 Years 900 390 350
50 Years 1,030 450 400
100 Years 1,160 (1,500)2 510 450
200 Years 1,300 570 510
500 Years 1,480 (2,000)2 650 580
1. 5% and 95% confidence flows associated with these estimates are approximately 50% lower and 80 to
100% higher than the stated value, respectively. Calculated using methods in USGS 2003. Methods in
USGS 2016 generally produce lower flood estimates.
2. Flood magnitudes used for design of landfill access road bridge over Unga Man Creek (HDR 2007).
5 USGS 2003.
6 The minimum hydrology record for site‐specific flood frequency analysis is ten years (USGS 2018). A suitable
period of record for site‐specific flood frequency analysis does not yet exist at Unga Man Creek.
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5.0 STREAM GAUGE STATION INFORMATION
5.1 Bridge Gauging Station (Discontinued Station)
The bridge gauging station was installed on August 27, 2015 immediately downstream of the
landfill access road bridge over Unga Man Creek at RM 0.61. It was destroyed by a flood event
on June 26, 2019 and removed from service July 8, 2019. This station has not been restored to
service.
The station site was selected based on proximity to the bridge for ease of download and
maintenance, and presence of a large boulder, pool, and good pool outlet control (Photograph
5‐1). The site was expected to be more stable than adjacent reaches of Unga Man Creek due to
the bridge abutment rip‐rap helping to control stream meanders.
The station consisted of a three‐inch plastic stilling tube mounted with aluminum hardware and
rock bolts to a large boulder embedded in the creek bed river‐left of the thalweg. The stilling
tube was located in a shallow pool located in the eddy of the boulder. The station was fitted
with a outside staff (OSS) board ruled in feet located in the lee of the boulder.
Station hardware consisted of two Hobo U20 series sealed pressure transducer/data loggers
manufactured by Onset Computer Corporation (Onset). One (SN 10766117) was installed in the
stilling tube and was programmed to log absolute pressure (atmosphere + water column) and
water temperature at 30‐minute intervals. The logger was fitted in a PVC enclosure within the
stilling tube to prevent vertical movement. The second (SN 10766118) was located on the
bridge adjacent to the gauging station and also measured absolute pressure (atmosphere) and
air temperature at 30‐minute intervals. Water stage was calculated by subtracting the
atmospheric logger from the water logger. Approximately 5% of stage readings in the period of
record at this station have been estimated due to ice effects, sensor malfunction, or other
invalid data.
Outlet control at this gauging station is the natural cobble‐armored creek thalweg augmented
by a line of boulders and cobbles extending into the creek from the river‐left bank (Photograph
5‐1). The outlet control was shifted several times during the course of the study during high
water events. The station rating curve was adjusted accordingly based on subsequent site
measurements, flow measurements, and/or by review of the stage record.
Manual stage readings and logged water depths indicate that the gauging station and hardware
was stable and operating properly for the period of record, with no significant discrepancies or
sensor drift apparent in the stage record. Gaps in the period of record are summarized in Table
5‐1.
Table 5‐1: Bridge Gaging Station Period of Record Summary
Date Range Record Summary Notes
8/26/2015 to 7/18/2017 (692 days) Record complete. Station installed 8/26/2015.
7/18/2017 to 8/22/2017 (35 days) No data. Data loss due to download errors.
8/22/2017 to 3/23/2018 (213 days) Record complete.
3/23/2018 to 4/5/2019 (378 days) No data. Loggers lost or destroyed.
4/5/2019 to 7/4/2019 (90 days) Record complete. Station damaged by flood, not restored.
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DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 19 OF 27
Photograph 5‐1: Bridge Gauging Station Looking Upstream (8/18/2016)
Photograph 5‐2: Bridge Gauging
Station Looking Upstream After Flood
Damage (7/3/2019)
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5.2 Upper Gauging Station (Discontinued Station)
The upper gauging station was installed on August 27, 2015 approximately 1/4‐mile upstream
of the landfill road bridge over Unga Man Creek. The station site was intended to be located
farther upstream to measure stream flow more representative of prospective hydro intake sites
but was installed farther downstream than planned.
Details of construction and instrumentation were generally similar to those of the bridge
station, and are not described in detail. The station was decommissioned August 16, 2016 and
parts were recycled for the north fork gauging station. Both loggers are Hobo U20s, the water
logger is SN 10766116 and the barometric logger is SN 10766119. The known available record
for this station is August 27, 2015 1730h to July 11, 2016 1500h (water logger) and August 27,
2015 1730h to August 15, 2016 2200h (barometric logger). This data has not been analyzed.
5.3 North Fork Gauging Station (Current Station)
The north fork gauging station was installed on August 16, 2016 approximately 400 feet
upstream of the confluence between the north and south forks of Unga Man Creek (RM 1.65).
The station was still in good working order as of the most recent download in March 2021.
The station site was selected to collect hydrology information on the north fork of Unga Man
Creek. The specific site was selected based on the presence of a large boulder, pool, and pool
outlet control (Photograph 5‐3). The site is located on an extensive and recently active
floodplain (Photograph 5‐4), suggesting that the gauging station and site is susceptible to future
channel shifting and/or complete destruction.
The station consists of a three‐inch plastic stilling tube mounted with aluminum hardware and
rock bolts to a relatively large boulder embedded in the creek bed river‐right of the thalweg.
The stilling tube is located in an eddy pool adjacent to the boulder. Outlet control is a natural
line of boulders and cobbles located approximately 2 yards downstream of the installation. The
station is fitted with an OSS board ruled in decimal feet located roughly parallel with the main
flow of water adjacent to the boulder. A ½” rock bolt was set on the back side of the boulder
from the OSS board as an independent datum reference point (RP1). In August 2017, bed scour
had left RP1 dry at low flows, so a ¼” rock bolt (RP2) was set in the boulder just downstream of
the stilling tube.
Table 5‐2: Reference Points at North Fork Gauging Station
Name Description Elevation in OSS Datum
RP1 ½” rock bolt on opposite side of boulder from OSS board
Measure to top of bolt. +1.04 +/ 0.02 feet
RP2 ¼” rock bolt adjacent to and immediately downstream of OSS
board. Measure to top of double nut. +0.47 +/‐ 0.01 feet
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 21 OF 27
Original station hardware was a single Model MX2001 water level logger manufactured by
Onset (SN 20190906) and configured to log data every 15 minutes. This hardware consists of
two absolute pressure transducers (water and atmosphere sensors) connected via cable. The
atmospheric transducer is integrated with the data logger and also has Bluetooth
communications, enabling remote download (within ~30 foot proximity to the station) via
smartphone or other bluetooth‐capable device running the HoboMobile interface software.
The original MX 2001 logged significant intervals of no or invalid data during the period
November 4, 2016 through June 12, 2017. These may in part be due to exposure to below‐
freezing conditions, although the gaps persist well after the end of freezing temperatures in
spring 2017. Review of the stage record suggests the stage data is accurate for times when the
hardware was operating normally. The logger stopped recording data for unknown reasons on
July 17, 2017.
On August 22, 2017 this hardware was replaced with new MX2001 hardware also logging data
at 15‐minute intervals. This new hardware remains in service as of the most recent download.
The stage record from this new hardware also includes numerous episodes of invalid or atypical
stage readings, with each episode typically being about a day long but in several instances
lasting for several days. These episodes generally coincide with high flow events, and it is
unclear whether they represent an unstable flow regime or malfunctioning equipment under
high water conditions. In most instances, valid stage has been interpolated from adjacent
apparent valid data.
In total, 16% of the stage readings logged at this site over the period of record have been
estimated due to suspect or missing data.
Outlet control at this gauging station is the natural cobble‐armored creek bed. (Photograph 5‐
3). The outlet control shifted several times during the course of the study during high water
events. The station rating curve was adjusted accordingly based on subsequent site
measurements, flow measurements, and/or by review of the stage record.
During the August 22, 2017 site visit the stilling tube housing the PT was moved down 7.5
inches (0.63 feet) to keep the PT submerged during low flows. The OSS board was not moved.
Gaps in the period of record are summarized in Table 5‐3.
Table 5‐3: North Fork Gaging Station Period of Record Summary
Date Range Record Summary Notes
8/16/2016 to 7/12/2017 (330 days) Record complete.
Station installed 8/16/2016. Significant gaps
11/4/216 to 6/12/2017.
7/12/2017 to 8/22/2017 (41 days) No data. Data loss due to hardware failure.
8/22/2017 to 3/23/2018 (213 days) Record complete. New hardware installed.
3/23/2018 to 9/9/2018 (170 days) No data. Unknown error.
9/9/2018 to 9/17/2019 (373 days) Record complete.
9/17/2019 to 3/10/2021 (540 days) No data. Memory overrun.
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 22 OF 27
Photograph 5‐3: North Fork Gauging Station
Photograph 5‐4: Creek Morphology in Vicinity of North Fork Gauging Station
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 23 OF 27
Photograph 5‐5: Outlet Control at North Fork Gauging Station (August 22, 2017)
5.3 South Fork Gauging Station (Current Station)
The south fork gauging station was installed on August 17, 2016 approximately 200 feet
upstream of the confluence between the north and south forks of Unga Man Creek. The station
was still in good working order as of the most recent download in March 2021.
The station site was selected to collect hydrology information on the south fork of Unga Man
Creek. The specific site was selected based on presence of a large boulder, pool, and good pool
outlet control (Photograph 5‐6). South Fork Unga Man Creek at the gauging station is incised
approximately four to six feet into the general valley floor and flood plain. Flood plain
vegetation indicates the south fork has been generally stable in this incised channel for an
estimated 20 years.
The station consists of a three‐inch plastic stilling tube mounted with aluminum hardware and
rock bolts to a large boulder embedded in the river‐right creek bank. The stilling tube is located
in a pool located in the eddy of the boulder. Outlet control is a natural line of boulders and
cobbles located approximately 2 yards downstream of the installation.
During the August 2016 installation, two shallow ½‐inch holes were drilled in the rock as vertical
datum reference marks (RP1 and RP2) for manually measuring water stage. On August 22,
2017, a ¼” rock bolt was installed as RP3, adjacent to RP2. The top of the double nut on the
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 24 OF 27
bolt is the reference point for RP3, and is at the same elevation as RP2. An OSS board was also
installed at the site for manual stage readings (Photograph 5‐8), although this OSS board was
found partially destroyed (suspected bear activity) in March 2018.
Original station hardware was a single Model MX2001 water level logger manufactured by
Onset (SN 10944126), the same make/model as installed at the north fork station described in
Section 5.2. This hardware failed on March 15, 2017 and was recovered on June 5, 2017 with
bear bite marks but could not be downloaded.
The U20 loggers from the discontinued “upper” gauging station were installed at this station on
August 23, 2017. The water logger is SN 10766116 and the barometric logger is SN 10766119.
All loggers at this station have been programmed to record data at an 15‐minute interval.
Approximately 12% of stage readings in the period of record at this station have been
estimated due to ice effects, sensor malfunction, or other episodes of invalid data.
Outlet control at this gauging station is the natural cobble‐armored creek bed. (Photographs 5‐
6, 5‐7, 5‐8). The outlet control shifted several times during the course of the study during high
water events. The station rating curve was adjusted based on subsequent site measurements,
flow measurements, and/or by review of the stage record. Gaps in the period of record are
summarized in Table 5‐4.
Table 5‐4: South Fork Gaging Station Period of Record Summary
Date Range Record Summary Notes
8/17/2016 to 3/15/2017 (200 days) Record complete. Station installed 8/17/2016.
3/15/2017 to 8/22/2017 (170 days) No data. Data loss due to hardware error.
8/22/2017 to 9/11/2018 (385 days) Record complete.
9/11/2018 to 11/21/2018 (71 days) No data. Unknown error.
11/21/2018 to 10/5/2020 (684 days) Record complete.
Photograph 5‐6: South Fork Gauging Station Outlet Control Looking Downstream (Aug. 17, 2016)
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 25 OF 27
Photograph 5‐7: South Fork Gauging Station Outlet Control Looking Upstream (June 5, 2017)
Photograph 5‐8: South Fork Gauging Station Outlet Control Looking Downstream (August 22, 2017)
GAUGING
STATION
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 26 OF 27
Photograph 5‐8: South Fork Gauging Station OSS, RP1, RP2, and RP3 (August 23, 2017)
RP1 is ½‐inch drill hole
in rock. Measure
from top of hole
(see detail at right).
RP3 is top of double nut on ¼” bolt.
RP2 is ½‐inch drill hole in rock.
Measure from top of hole.
(see detail above).
CAUTION!!! There are two
drill holes on this rock face!
RP2 is the deeper hole at
upper left.
Red circle denotes RP1 – at
end of flow probe shaft.
SOUTH FORK VERTICAL DATUMS
RP1 = +5.48 +/‐ 0.01 in OSS datum.
RP2 = +5.51 +/‐ 0.01 in OSS datum.
RP3 = +5.51 +/‐ 0.01 in OSS datum.
RP3.
Red circle denotes RP2.
CITY OF FALSE PASS, ALASKA
HYDROLOGY REPORT FOR UNGA MAN CREEK NEAR FALSE PASS, AK POLARCONSULT ALASKA, INC.
DECEMBER 2021 PAGE 27 OF 27
REFERENCES
HDR 2007. False Pass Landfill Access Road, Hydrology and Hydraulic Study, Final Draft. HDR,
Inc. Anchorage, AK. May 2007.
USGS 2003. Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Streamflows for Ungaged Sites
on Streams in Alaska and Conterminous Basins in Canada. Janet H. Curran, David
F. Meyer, and Gary D. Tasker. Water‐Resources Investigations Report (WRIR) 03‐
4188. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Anchorage, AK. 2003.
USGS 2010. Discharge Measurements at Gauging Stations. Chapter 8 of Book 3, Section A.
Techniques and Methods 3‐A8. D. Phil Turnipseed and Vernon B. Sauer. U.S.
Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, Virginia. 2010.
USGS 2016. Estimating Flood Magnitude and Frequency at Gaged and Ungaged Sites on
Streams in Alaska and Conterminous Basins in Canada, Based on on Data
through Water Year 2012. Janet H. Curran, Nancy A. Barth, Andrea G Veilleux,
and Robert T. Ourso. Scientific Investigations Report 2016‐5024. Department of
the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, Virgina. 2016.
USGS 2018. Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency ‐‐ Bulletin 17C: U.S. Geological
Survey Techniques and Methods book 4, chap. B5, 148 p. England, J.F., Jr., Cohn,
T.A., Faber, B.A., Stedinger, J.R., Thomas, W.O., Jr., Veilleux, A.G., Kiang, J.E., and
Mason, R.R., Jr. U.S Geological Survey, Reston, Virgina. 2018.
https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4B5.