HomeMy WebLinkAboutPalmer Ice Arena-Energy Audit Final-AllCity of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 1
ENERGY AUDIT
For The
CITY OF PALMER ICE ARENA
September 22, 2010 Wolf Architecture, Inc.
536 East Fireweed
Palmer, AK
907.746.6670
Contact: Jason Collins
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 2
Table of Contents
Executive Summary………………………………………………………..3
A. Introduction…………………………………………………………….4
B. Facility Usage and Occupancy………………………………………..4
C. Energy Usage and Costs……………….……………………………....5
D. Existing Facility…………………………………………………………7
E. Energy Conservation Measures…………………………..……….....13
F. Life Cycle Cost Analysis……………………………………………...18
Appendix
Firm Information………………………………………………………19
Resumes……………………………………………………..…22
Existing Facility
Utility Usage – Billing
Utility Usage
Heating and Ventilation Equipment List
Refrigeration System Overview
Lighting and Appliances Electrical Energy
Ventilation Electrical Energy
Refrigeration Electrical Energy
Energy Conservation Measures
Geothermal Cost Estimate
Vending Machines – Utility Savings
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 3
Executive Summary
Wolf Architecture, Inc. conducted an energy audit of the City of Palmer Ice Arena in Palmer,
Alaska on September 13 and 14st, 2010. The focus of the audit was to provide an overall review
of the existing systems and utility usage. Based on review of the systems and review with the
owner, we have presented a number of cost-effective and desirable Energy Conservation
Measures. We have indicated payback time for these measures and included them in a life cycle
cost analysis for the facility.
Based on our findings, the largest energy use for the facility is the refrigeration equipment,
followed by heating and ventilation and lighting. We have presented an option for a geothermal
ground source heat pump system to replace the refrigeration equipment. The system would
also be tied into the building’s heating system, using “waste” heat reclaimed from the heat
pump system. While the system has a high capital cost, it has the potential to allow the facility
to become a revenue source for the City.
Additionally, we have recommended replacement lighting for the ice rink portion of the facility.
Existing light levels are quite low in the existing building. We have proposed a multi-ballasted
T5 High Output fluorescent replacement fixture to allow for stepped levels of better lighting.
This solution would provide better lighting and save energy costs.
We have proposed a number of smaller recommendations which include vending machine
controls, added insulation, rink isolation insulation, weatherstripping, repairing duct leakage, a
low-E ceiling and replacement equipment. Not all of these improvements may be desirable or
affordable, but we have identified the most likely candidates from the “low-hanging fruit”.
The Energy Conservation Measures are indicated on the chart in order of quickest payback. The
most likely candidates have been included in an overall life cycle cost analysis out to 50 years.
The last section of the report, the Appendix, contains documentation in more detail on utility
usage, existing equipment, electrical energy usage, geothermal cost estimate and vending
machine savings. If you have any questions, please contact our office. Thank you.
Jason Collins, AIA LEED AP
Wolf Architecture, Inc.
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 4
A. INTRODUCTION
The Palmer Ice Arena is a pre-engineered metal structure of approximately 35,000sf. The facility
contains an ice rink, bleacher area, 5 Locker Rooms, Washrooms, Skate Shop, Concessions,
Offices, Mechanical, Utility and mezzanine. The insulation consists of a bag batt system typical
of steel buildings. Interior walls are CMU or metal stud and drywall. The heating system is
made up of air handling units for make-up air and hydronic unit heaters fired from 2 boilers.
New infrared gas-fired unit heaters heat the bleacher areas. The ventilation system consists of
make-up air units and exhaust fans zoned to the Locker Rooms and ice rink. The refrigeration
equipment is from an older ice arena and is outdated and not properly sized. Lighting is
generally poor and dim throughout the facility. Lighting is from HID fixtures in the rink area.
Lighting in the Locker and Office areas are T8 fluorescents, many of which are on timers. The
facility has a number of miscellaneous loads including water heat, computers, rink equipment,
vending machines and concession equipment. It is our understanding that it is the Owner’s goal
to reduce the utility bills for the facility by 30% based on the recommended improvements.
B. FACILITY USAGE AND OCCUPANCY
Currently the Palmer Ice Arena operates year-round with very limited usage in mid-summer.
For most of the year, the facility has a busy schedule. Weekdays hold events and open ice time
between 11am to 10pm, approximately 10 hours. Weekends hold events from 6am to 10pm,
approximately 16 hours. A weighted average puts the daily usage of the facility at 12 hours per
day. Beginning April 15th, the facility shuts down its compressor and maintains low levels of
operation through the second week in July. For those 11 weeks, the facility is used minimally
for ice time and some indoor activities.
The facility operators are quite conscious of their energy use. Lights are turned on
approximately 15 minutes before the beginning to a days events. If there are gaps in events,
they turn off the lights. The Locker Rooms and Washrooms all operate on occupancy sensors.
The utility costs for heating and power for the facility comprise approximately 24% of the
annual funds for the building. Utility and operating costs can vary with usage but it can be
expected that costs will increase as the facility gains higher occupancies.
16%
8%
76%
Power
Heat
Community
Services
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Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 5
C. ENERGY SOURCES AND COSTS
Energy for the facility is provided from two utility companies, Enstar natural gas and
Matanuska Electric Association. In order to plan for the future, it is important to look at current
energy trends in the state. An indication of rising rates is indicated below for Enstar:
Electricity is supplied by Matanuska Electric Association. Matanuska Electric Association is a
member-owned cooperative, governed by bylaws and articles of incorporation approved by the
membership. The MEA service area stretches from north of Denali, down to Eagle River,
covering more than 4,000 miles of power lines. That is more miles than any other electrical co-
op in the nation. An indication of the current change in MEA’s electric rates is indicated below:
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Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 6
Energy Usage
The facility currently uses a significant amount of natural gas and electricity. Natural gas is
utilized in the facility for mechanical Make-up Air Units, Boilers and hydronic heaters and
Water Heaters. Indicated below is the existing facility’s recent natural gas usage:
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.May.June July Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
2007
2008
2009
2010
As is to be expected, the increased usage is during the heating season.
Electrical usage is split in the facility between refrigeration equipment, air handling and
mechanical and lighting and appliance loads. Indicated below is the existing facility’s recent
electrical usage:
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.May.June July Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
2008
2009
2010
As is to be expected, the increased usage is during the occupied times of the years. When the
facility reduces its use and shuts down the compressor, equipment and lights in May and June,
the usage drops significantly.
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 7
D. EXISTING FACILITY
The existing Palmer Ice Arena is approximately 35,200 square feet. The building is 220ft by
160ft. A mezzanine of 30ft stretches along the 220ft west side of the building. Located below the
mezzanine are the Vestibule, front Office, Skate Shop, Concessions, Washrooms, Locker Rooms
and Mechanical Rooms.
Temperatures
The air in the Ice Rink portion of the facility is maintained at approximately 50degrees F. This is
in part due to the refrigeration for the rink and air movement from the mechanical units.
Originally, the drawings indicated a number of unit heaters in the bleacher areas, but we
assume these must have been cut out of the original project due to budget concerns. The owner
has recently installed gas-fired infrared unit heaters in this area for localized heating.
The surface temperature of the circulation around the ice rink is approximately 42degrees F.
This is due to the close proximity and limited thermal isolation to the rink slab. As can be seen
in the illustration below, the surface temperature of the floor drops quite quickly as you
approach the rink edge.
The front Office, Vestibule, Skate Shop and Concession stand are all heated to 70 degrees F by
an Air Handling Unit mounted on the mezzanine above. In addition, the vestibule has a ceiling-
mounted hydronic Cabinet Unit Heater.
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Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 8
Locker Rooms and Washrooms are all heating similarly with hydronic Cabinet Unit Heaters. All
these areas have a continuous exhaust system that branches out above on the mezzanine to 2
exhaust fan units. A Make-up Air Unit is also located on the mezzanine and ducts air back
down into the Locker and Washrooms.
Building Envelope
The existing building structure is a pre-engineered steel building. As is typical with this
building type, the insulation is a bagged batt insulation stretched over the steel girts and
purlins. The batt insulation is rated as R19 but the steel purlins are a major point of thermal
transfer, making the actual total wall and roof values less.
The slab edge has 2” of rigid and the drawings show the rigid extending out in a wing 2ft from
the building. This is typical in protecting thickened edge, slab on grade foundations.
The drawings indicate 4” or R20 of rigid insulation below the rink slab. This item has not been
confirmed, but we assume that the insulation was installed as the slab surrounding the rink
does not seem to have suffered any damage from heave or movement.
Exterior man doors are common insulated metal doors. The main entrance doors are metal
doors with full glass inserts. None of the man doors have full weatherstripping and light is
visible at the thresholds. There are two overhead doors of 12ft x 12ft. Both doors are 2”
insulated metal doors of approximately R10. Neither is fully weatherstripped and the one in the
Zamboni area has large areas of daylight visible through the sides.
Heating and Ventilation
The front Office, Vestibule, Skate Shop and Concession stand are all heated to 70 degrees F by
an Air Handling Unit mounted on the mezzanine above. The Air Handling unit is a gas-fired
McQuay unit and rated at approximately 92% efficiency. In addition, the vestibule has a ceiling-
mounted hydronic Cabinet Unit Heater.
Locker Rooms and Washrooms are all heated similarly with hydronic Cabinet Unit Heaters. All
these areas have a continuous exhaust system that branches out above on the mezzanine to 2
exhaust fan units. A Make-up Air Unit is also located on the mezzanine and ducts air back
down into the Locker and Washrooms.
The Zamboni, Mechanical and Compressor Rooms all have individual ceiling-mounted
hydronic unit heaters to keep the spaces tempered. The Zamboni has an exhaust fan and
dampered make-up air intake connected to a CO detector. The Compressor Room likewise has
an exhaust fan and dampered make-up air intake.
The Ice Rink has two Make-up Air Units (MAU-1+2) of approximately 4500cfm each. The units
are Greenheck Model DGX-115-H22-HZ and are rated at approximately 92% efficiency. At the
far NE corner of the building is a 9000cfm exhaust fan. The fans are manually controlled and set
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 9
on during higher occupancy. The building manager estimates that this is about 60% of the time
of occupancy. In addition, the bleacher areas have 5 ceiling mounted, gas-fired infrared unit
heaters. These units are quite efficient compared to standard gas-fired unit heaters. The Officials
boxes, including 2 new goaltending boxes, have a total of four 1500w electric space heaters.
The hydronic units in the building are fed from two boilers in the NW corner mechanical room.
The two boilers are Weil-McLain Model PFG-5-PIDN, 81% efficient natural drafting units with
224,000btu/hr input each.
Water is heated by three A.O. Smith Model BTR197 100 gallon water heaters, naturally drafting
with exhaust fans at the exterior wall penetration. The units have an input of 199,000 btu/hr.
Two of the units have their output temperature setpoints at 120 degrees F and one at 180
degrees F.
For a more extensive listing of equipment, see Appendix.
Refrigeration Equipment
The Ice Rink refrigeration system is an indirect system. The primary refrigerant R22 removes
heat from the glycol refrigerant in a heat exchange chiller barrel. The glycol temperature is
lowered and then pumped back into the rink floor. The glycol absorbs heat from the rink floor
and transfers the heat back to the R22. The heat is then transferred to the air through the air-
cooled condenser unit.
The compressors are two Vilter ES VMC Series open, reciprocating type. Each compressor
removes low pressure R22 gas from the suction accumulator and compresses gas to a high
pressure and temperature. The compressor then passes the gas to the air-cooled condenser.
Each compressor is direct driven by a 125hp, 1750RPM drive motor. Each compressor is
equipped with its own individual Vilter manufactured microprocessor controller.
The condenser is Russel VAC 158 Air-cooled Condenser large double row, 10 fan, pad-
mounted unit. Each fan is 1.5hp and the entire unit is rated for 127 tons of cooling.
Two centrifugal pumps are utilized with the refrigerant. Both are Bell&Gosset Series 1510
Universal Centrifugal Pumps with different motor drives. One is 20hp and the other 10hp.
The Freedom 2100 Motor Control Center controls the service to the Compressors, Pumps,
Condenser and floor circulation pumps.
For a more extensive listing of equipment, see Appendix.
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 10
Lighting
Lighting for the facility has had some upgrades but much of the facility is still underlit and
relatively dark. Light levels for the facility were measured throughout. Below is a comparison of
the measured lighting levels to basic design levels typically provided for these areas:
Space
Measured
FC
Design
FC
Circulation 4 to 12 10 to 20
Rink / Auditorium 15 to 35 20 to 50
Bleachers / Auditorium 11 to 38 20 to 50
Steps 2.5 to 5 5 to 15
Circulation behind Bleachers 3 to 8 10 to 20
Circulation behind Team
Boxes 2.5 to 5 10 to 20
Mezzanine 1.4 to 2.2 10 to 20
The main lights for the ice rink are 450W metal halide bell fixtures. These put out 35,000
Lumens at 509 Watts or 68.8 Lumens / Watt. One of the issues with metal halide is that as the
lamp ages the light drops off to approximately 68% light level. The fixtures require frequent
replacement in order to keep light levels high. The City of Palmer maintenance for the building
is tasked to replace bulbs every 2 years but this has not happened for a number of years, in part
due to cost of replacement and maintenance. In addition, there are a number of 4ft T12 fixtures
above the center of the rink and the seating. These are used as a secondary tier of lighting for
larger events.
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Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 11
The majority of the remainder of the facility utilizes 4ft fluorescent fixtures. The front Office and
Skate Shop use older T8 fixtures. The Washrooms and Locker Rooms use T8 wet location
fixtures on occupancy sensors. Locker Room 3 uses T12s rather than T8s. The Zamboni,
Mechanical and Compressor Rooms use exposed utility-type T8s.
Miscellaneous Electrical
As with any large commercial facility, the building has a number of miscellaneous electrical
loads that don’t fall into the categories above. Many of these are appliances or tools that are
used in the everyday occupancy of the facility.
The main entry or vestibule contains a number of vending machines. A typical refrigerated
vending machine consumes 400watts which can translate into an annual operating expense of
approximately $455 at the current utility rate.
The front Office utilizes standard office equipment including a desktop computer and
printer/fax. There are a cash register and an adding machine. There is also an old full-size copier
that needs toner replacement and is infrequently used.
At the entrance to the building there is also a Skate Shop and Concession stand that are leased
out to local business. The Skate Shop consists of a desktop computer, a hot press and repair
equipment. These are relatively small loads and are necessary for the function of the facility.
The Concession stand consists of a full size fridge, a display fridge, microwave oven, 2 warming
ovens, and a large popcorn maker. The Concession typically operates 5-8pm M-F and 10am-
8pm on the weekends.
The Ice Rink has two large electronic Scoreboards. There is also a small loudspeaker system and
two sets of desktop computers for the announcer’s and scorekeepers use.
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WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 12
Energy Use in the Facility
Based on the as-built review of the building and equipment, we have compiled some basic
analysis of the facility’s energy use. This analysis utilizes occupant reports of equipment usage,
facility operating schedules, building envelope, heating and ventilation equipment,
refrigeration equipment, lighting fixtures and miscellaneous electrical equipment. The analysis
has been checked against existing utility data to verify accuracy and usage. Indicated below is
the basic breakdown of only electricity usage :
16%3%
4%
7%
67%
2%
1%Lighting
Vending Machines
Heating Equipment
Ventilation
Refrigeration Equipment
Miscellaneous
Other
Indicated below is the breakdown of overall energy usage for the facility, which includes both
electricity usage and natural gas:
11%
2%
3%
5%
45%1%
1%
32%
Lighting
Vending Machines
Heating Equipment
Ventilation
Refrigeration Equipment
Miscellaneous
Other
Gas
The refrigeration equipment creates the majority of the load for the building, followed by
Heating and Ventilation and Lighting. We will take these results into account in the analysis of
Energy Conservation Measures and recommended improvements for the building.
City of Palmer
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E. ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
Building Envelope
In general, the building envelope meets the code requirements of the time it was built. The
Energy Code has recently changed for pre-engineered metal buildings, however, and no longer
allows for bag batt insulation without rigid insulation thermal blocking at the girts and purlins.
While this is acceptable for new buildings, it is cost prohibitive for existing buildings.
Additional wall insulation can be added easily in some areas for
a minimum cost. Between some of the Locker Room CMU walls
and the existing bag batt insulation, there is a 6” air gap. This 6”
gap is open from above. Blown fiberglass insulation could be
added to this area to increase the thermal value of this section of
wall. This area consists of the wall from grid 4 to 5, 6 to 7 and 8
to 9. If insulation is added to this area it should be capped or
sealed with flashing or a finish. The picture at the left indicates
the gap between the walls as seen from the mezzanine above.
The existing doors can be easily weatherstripped to reduce their air loss. This not only saves
heat loss but also helps prevent icing at the door thresholds and floor. Both man doors and
overhead doors have significant air gaps in their perimeter and light is visible at most of the
exterior
The edge of the ice rink has a thermal isolation strip between it and the surrounding slab. This
is indicated to be a relatively small thermal gap consisting of 1” of silicone rubber sealant. As
indicated in the temperature analysis above, there is significant cold transfer to the surrounding
slab. In turn, that means that there is heat lost to the edge of the rink from the surrounding slab.
Insulating the rink sideboards may help to reduce the thermal transfer. The base metal channel
of the boards could be spray-foamed to help slab loss. Additionally, the remainder of the boards
could be insulated to help keep the cold from the rink from transferring to the area of the
bleachers and other surrounding seating areas. The rink sideboard channels are approximately
4” deep and would allow for approximately an R16 of insulation to be placed. If spray-foam
were used, we would recommend using a soy-based, fire classified type. A liner panel should
be applied over the outside face of the sideboards. Alternatively, R13 faced fiberglass batts
could be installed in the cavity and covered. Fiberglass will not have as much impact on the
thermal transfer across the metal channels but may be a more cost effective method of
insulating between the two spaces.
Low emissivity ceilings reduce the radiation load on the ice, thus lowering the cooling demand
on a heat pump system. If typical rink conditions are assumed at our facility, the resulting
calculation will show the heat load on the ice due to radiant energy is about 40 tons. By
installing a Low - E Ceiling and thereby reducing the emissivity factor of the ceiling from .9 to
.03, the radiant load on the ice can be reduced to about 2 tons, which is a 38 ton reduction.
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
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Depending on the brightness of the original ceiling, the illumination level in the rink, after
installing a Low - E ceiling, will usually increase about 5% to 20%. Due to the reflective action of
the ceiling, the light will be bounced around reducing shadows and glare. The overall
appearance of the rink improves greatly.
Heating and Ventilation
Currently the facility managers do a good job of managing ventilation and heating loads based
on occupancy and use. When larger events happen, they turn on the air handling units to
provide heat and air to the larger rink area. When larger numbers of spectators occupy the
bleachers, they turn on the gas-fired infrared unit heaters above the bleachers.
Duct leakage is an issue in some of the locations in the supply
and return lines. There is a significant dent and gap in the
exhaust ductwork at the mezzanine that is actually pulling air
from the mezzanine and significantly reducing exhaust air from
the spaces below. The picture at the left shows this area and this
is a significant opening in the ductwork. Damage like this may
be due, in part, to the mezzanine’s use as a storage area. The
remainder of the ductwork should be inspected for air leaks and
damage.
The Locker and Washrooms have what amounts to a constant ventilation supply. While due to
use and occupancy, these units should remain on during occupied hours, it should be
considered to shut these units down during unoccupied hours. This will additionally help
reduce the heating demand to the unit heaters in these rooms. Demand Control ventilation or
occupancy sensors at the Locker and Washrooms could also do this job but may not stay on
long enough to provide full ventilation to those highly-used areas.
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The Officials boxes, including 2 new goaltending boxes, have a total of four 1500w electric space
heaters. These space heaters are electric hogs. While there is no direct heat application in these
parts of the building, the addition of insulation at the rink boards might help reduce the
demand or need for the heaters and their run time.
The existing boilers are somewhat old and while they have a
relatively good efficiency, there are more efficient modulation
units now available. Current condensing boilers are available in
up to 94% efficiency for these size of units. The new boilers are
capable of variable output to meet the needs of the facility.
Alternatively, a new refrigerant system might be capable of
utilizing the waste heat it produces to replace or assist in the
heating demand for the boilers. See below for more detail.
Refrigeration Equipment
The current refrigeration equipment is quite old and actually comes from another ice rink
facility that upgraded its equipment. Almost half of the facility’s energy use is the refrigeration
equipment. Based on discussions with the owner and operators, the equipment is quite old and
oversized for its use. The current condenser equipment is sized for approximately 127 tons of
cooling. In order to replace the equipment a further study by a mechanical engineer should be
done to verify correct sizing and equipment.
One option for an energy improvement would be to replace the equipment with new, more
efficient equipment and size for facility. With more modern compressors, the facility would
easily be able to increase efficiency by 20% or more. Additionally, waste heat recovery could be
implemented with the new equipment in order to use the heat created in the required heating
areas of the building.
A byproduct of producing cooling for the rink is the hot fluid that is produced in the thermal
exchange system. Typically, conventional systems reject this heat to the outdoors or into well
systems. Because the facility has a high heating demand, this waste heat can be used in areas
that require heating.
This type of system can also work very well with co-located facilities that require a heat service.
In essence the heat that is removed from the Ice Arena can be used in portions of this building
or an addition that require heating. As the City of Palmer is working towards a future addition
for Locker Rooms and additional Bleachers, this method seems to fit well.
Replacing all the existing equipment is fairly large capital intensive and would take a while to
pay back. Another option is to use a central Geothermal Ground Source Heat Pump system for
the cooling and heating demands. A ground source heat pump is a central heating and/or
cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground. Geothermal heat pumps use the
City of Palmer
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WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 16
constant temperature of the earth as the exchange medium instead of the outside air
temperature. It uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer).
This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures (34-38degrees F) in the ground to
boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems. The
geothermal pump systems reach fairly high efficiencies (300%-600%) depending on use and
location.
Commercially-sized heat pumps in our area of Alaska are recognized as working at
approximately 350% efficiency. That means that for each purchased Btu, the system extracts 3.5
Btu’s from the ice and delivers 2.5 Btu’s to the ground. The heat pump system still has a high
electricity use because it still utilizes fans for the coils and pumps for the fluid exchange system.
The central system can be sized based on the cooling load for the facility since the cooling is
larger than the heating load. The existing cooling equipment is sized at 1,522,600 BtuH or 127
tons of cooling and the modeled heating demand is 1,254,836 BtuH. This basic modeling means
that the “waste heat” from cooling has potential to be taken up in the building’s heating
demand for large portions of the year. Auxiliary heat can be pumped back down into the
geothermal wells or trenches.
Because of the facility site, vertical wells are being proposed for the ground loop system. Well
size is typically 200ft per ton of heating/cooling load. Based on a 127ton cooling load, the system
would require approximately 100 wells of 250ft depth, or 50 wells of 500ft depth. An
engineering design will be required for appropriate equipment selection, system design and
integration with the existing building systems.
The refrigerant system currently uses an R22 refrigerant. This type of refrigerant is no longer
being used and is being phased out of older equipment. In addition, newer facilities and
renovations are looking towards a brine solution replacement to propylene glycol. Brine, a
calcium-chloride solution, is a heat exchange fluid that looses no transfer of heat. It changes the
medium to increase efficiency.
Lighting
The main lights for the ice rink are 450W metal halide bell fixtures. These put out 35,000
Lumens at 509 Watts or 68.8 Lumens / Watt. One of the issues with metal halide is that as the
lamp ages the light drops off to approximately 68% light level. The fixtures require frequent
replacement in order to keep light levels high. These fixtures are likely candidates for a
replacement fixture. Using T5High Output fluorescent 6 lamp fixtures offers 24,000 lumens at
360 Watts or 66.6 Lumens / Watt. The cost for these fixtures is around $250 per fixture. LED
fixtures on the most powerful end offer at best 21,700 Lumens at 324 Watt or 66.9 Lumens /
Watt. Cost is around $2,700 per fixture. The manufacturers claim this fixture can replace a 400
W which we have 450W, so it would be close.
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The different technologies are very similar. HID is actually very efficient when new, but since
the lamp depreciates so much we have to over design over 30% to maintain the desired lighting
level years down the road. The LED and T5HO do not have that issue so we can design to
tighter tolerances and be more efficient. The T5HO have the opportunity for multiple ballasting
and so could be used in staged lighting levels for different types of events.
The majority of the remainder of the facility utilizes 4ft fluorescent fixtures. Locker Room 3 uses
T12s which should be replaced or retrofitted to T8s.
Miscellaneous Electrical
The main entry or vestibule contains a number of vending machines. A typical refrigerated
vending machine consumes 400watts which can translate into an annual operating expense of
approximately $455 at the current utility rate. Energy saving occupancy sensors are available
that can reduce 30-50% of the annual costs depending on usage. Vending Miser is one such
product that uses an infrared sensor to power down after 15 minutes of vacancy.
There is also an old full-size copier that needs toner replacement and is infrequently used. It
might be worthwhile replacing it with a new, more functional copier with Energy Star label and
auto-off functions.
Palmer Ice Arena
Energy Conservation Measures
Energy Conservation Measure Rough Cost Savings Payback(Years)Notes
Vending Miser for Vending Machines $1,000 $1,000 1 5x$179, Palmer Install
Rink Isolation
Fiberglass Sideboards w/ Siding Panels $5,000 $1,160 4 R19 with FRP Panels
Wall Insulation at Lockers $2,500 $515 5 Blown Fiberglass at $3.5sf, 60'x12'
Controlled Ventilation at Lockers $10,500 $1,129 9 Occupancy sensors and operable dampers, Controls
Door Weatherstripping
Overhead Doors $1,500 $150 10 2x$750
Man Doors $1,500 $135 11 5x$300
Rink Lighting (T5HO)$24,500 $1,830 13 49x$250 (x2), Install by Contractor
Repair Duct Leakage $1,500 $110 14 Mezzanine damage, seal ductwork
Low Emissivity Ceiling $215,000 $15,500 14 16,500sf
Replacement Copier $500 $35 14 Office Copier
Geothermal Ground Source Heat Pump System $1,344,695 $35,000 38 See detailed description / breakdown
If integrated with Waste Heat Recovery $20,000 24
New Boilers $65,000 $2,500 26 94% Efficient Condensing Boilers
Rink Isolation
Spray Foam Base $3,600 $125 29 526ft at Sideboard base
Spray Foam Sideboards $15,000 $480 31 526ftx3.5ft
Rink Lighting (LED)$145,000 $2,561 57 49x$2700 (+$12500) Install by Contractor
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 18
F. LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
The preliminary Life Cycle Cost Analysis for the facility provides a rough idea of the cost of the
facility over an estimated building life-cycle. Life-cycle cost analysis is a method for assessing
the total cost of facility ownership. It takes into account all costs of acquiring, owning, and
disposing of a building or building system. See the attached spreadsheet for the building Life
Cycle Cost Analysis.
Initial Costs may include capital investment costs for land acquisition, construction, or
renovation and for the equipment needed to operate a facility.
Utility Costs for electricity and natural gas are based on consumption, current rates, and
price projections. Price projections in the spreadsheet assumes a 5% increase per year,
which is below the current cost increases. The cost of natural gas has risen an average of
13.6% per year for the last 7 years. The cost of electricity has risen an average of 11.2%
per year for the last 4 years. Obviously, these cost will fluctuate based on the supply and
demand of the resource.
Operation and Maintenance Costs include non-fuel operating costs, maintenance and
repair costs for the facility. This cost is based on a national average for similar type of
facilities.
Replacement Costs indicate the number and timing of capital replacements of building
systems based on the estimated life of the system. While we are providing high quality
and durable equipment, we have to assume that equipment will have a life span equal to
manufacturer’s warranties.
Residual Value of a system (or building) is its remaining value at the end of the study
period, or at the time it is replaced during the study period.
Time-Equivalent Value - In order to be able to add and compare cash flows that are
incurred at different times during the life cycle of a project, they have to be made time-
equivalent. To make cash flows time-equivalent, the life-cycle cost assumes present
values by discounting them to the current date’s value.
Life Cycle Cost indicates the cost, to date, of the building and its operation. Also
indicated is the Life Cycle Cost with Residual Value, which assumes that the building is
sold at that point in its lifecycle.
Non-monetary Benefits
The Life-Cycle Cost method indicated above takes into account economic costs and benefits to
the building. In addition, there are non-monetary benefits to constructing an environmentally-
friendly building.
Productivity and Health - There is growing recognition of the benefits to providing a
healthy environment for workers. Benefits can include reduced illness symptoms,
reduced absenteeism and increase in work productivity, improved thermal comfort,
better lighting, controls and indoor air quality monitoring have been proven to increase
productivity on average 10-34%.
Palmer Ice Arena Retrofit Wolf Architecture, Inc.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Year 1 Year 5 Year 10 Year 15 Year 20 Year 25 Year 50
Item Cost
Capital Costs
Land Acquisition $850,000
Design + Construction $5,250,000
Subtotal $6,100,000
Utility Costs
Electric Costs (Annual)$76,036 $92,422 $117,957 $150,546 $192,139 $245,224 $830,414
Heat Costs (Annual)$43,162 $52,464 $66,958 $85,458 $109,068 $139,202 $471,387
Annual Subtotal $119,198 $144,886 $184,915 $236,004 $301,207 $384,425 $1,301,801
Total $660,210 $1,520,566 $2,664,014 $4,204,054 $6,295,293 $35,524,977
(Retrofitted Building)
Utility Costs
Electric Costs (Annual)$20,342 $24,726 $31,557 $40,276 $51,403 $65,605 $222,162
Heat Costs (Annual)$22,252 $27,047 $34,520 $44,057 $56,230 $71,765 $243,022
Annual Subtotal $42,594 $51,773 $66,077 $84,333 $107,633 $137,370 $465,183
Total $235,918 $543,356 $951,954 $1,502,269 $2,249,549 $12,694,432
Operation + Maintenance
Annual Subtotal $24,000 $25,978 $28,682 $31,667 $34,963 $38,602 $63,331
Total $24,000 $124,946 $263,411 $417,506 $589,635 $782,531 $2,183,287
Replacement Costs
Paint $5,000
Door Hardware $12,500
Finishes $15,000
Door Hardware $15,000
Mechanical Units-Boilers $65,000
Mechanical Units-AHUs $155,000
Roofing $525,000
Subtotal $5,000 $12,500 $30,000 $50,000 $155,000 $525,000 $0
Total $5,000 $17,500 $47,500 $97,500 $252,500 $777,500 $777,500
Subtotal Life Cycle Cost $6,248,198 $6,902,656 $7,931,477 $9,279,020 $11,146,189 $13,955,324 $44,585,764
Life Cycle Cost (Comparison to RFP)$6,171,594 $6,478,364 $6,954,267 $7,566,960 $8,444,404 $9,909,580 $21,755,219
Difference (Savings)-$76,604 -$424,292 -$977,210 -$1,712,060 -$2,701,785 -$4,045,744 -$22,830,545
Notes:Material and Equipment costs have been kept time equivalent to the base date of 2009.
Land Cost is assumed cost of property.
Energy costs assume a 5% increase, which is below current cost increases.
Assumes the equivalent of the generator firing for the equivalent of 8hrs per week.
Operations and Maintenance are based on latest budget numbers.
Indicates comparison to the retrofitted building per the recommended ECMs.
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 19
APPENDIX
FIRM INFORMATION
Wolf Architecture, Inc. is a Palmer-based design firm incorporated in 2000. We have a proven
competence at providing quality design services to clients throughout Alaska. Wolf
Architecture, Inc. offers full Architectural services ranging from initial programming, through
schematic and design development, to construction documents and administration. Wolf
Architecture also provides master planning for larger project sites and developments. Wolf
Architecture staff are accredited by the US Green Building Council and can provide services for
sustainable design and energy efficiency. Wolf Architecture is a member of the USGBC,
Cascadia Green Building Council, and is an Energy Star Partner. Our firm employs a hands-on
approach to understand project goals and responds with innovative and ordered solutions that
not only meet needs but also exceed expectations.
LEED Projects
MSB Valley Community for Recycling Solutions, Palmer, Alaska, 2010
A super-efficient building shell for the new 23,611sf Matanuska-
Susitna Valley recycling center. The building provides an
enclosed shell for collection, processing and storage of
recyclables. Administrative offices and the public classroom are
located in the upper level. The structure is a pre-engineered
metal building with insulated metal panels. Sustainable features
include: siting for wind and sun, use of natural contours, high
levels of insulation, recycled materials, indoor air quality design, low VOC finishes, natural
daylighting, and future renewable energy. The project is pursuing a LEED Gold certification.
Air National Guard Fire Training Station, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska
The project consists of a new $3mil 4,376sf Fire Training Facility
for the relocation of the Air National Guard to Elmendorf AFB.
The building provides Apparatus Bays, Locker Rooms, Utility
Storage, Offices, Training Rooms, and Decontamination Rooms.
The facility uses the pre-engineered metal panels to create a
super-insulated shell. The electrical and mechanical components
in the project are also highly energy-efficient. The project is part
of a LEED Campus certification.
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 20
MSB Agricultural Processing Center, Palmer, Alaska
Currently in design, the MSB Agricultural Processing Center will be an approximately 12,000s.f.
food processing facility capable of transforming raw local vegetables into products for year
around institutional consumption. This project involves both state and local agencies.
Government of Canada Building, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada, 2007
Jason Collins, AIA LEED AP of Wolf Architecture worked on
this project as an architect while in Canada. It is a $53.8 million
132,450sf Federal Government Building and the first USGBC
LEED building on Prince Edward Island, meeting the Gold
LEED standards. Sustainable features include passive and active
solar, natural daylighting and views, high efficiency glazing,
indoor air quality, water efficiency, recycled and local materials,
water efficient landscaping and downtown accessibility. It
boasts such cutting-edge innovations as individual climate control zones for employees, integral
in-floor heating and cooling capacity, rainwater collection for toilet flushing, high-performance
electrical and mechanical systems, plenty of natural day lighting and operable windows.
Other Recreational Facility Project Experience
Palmer Ice Arena Addition, Palmer, Alaska 2010
The project consisted of renovations, upgrades and an addition to the existing Palmer Ice Arena.
The seating is extended to allow for 5000 person seating to accommodate Alaska Avalanche
hockey games. Accessible seating areas have been provided. The addition houses new Locker
Rooms, Concessions and a entry and common area.
Healthquest, Wasilla, Alaska, 2010
The project consists of renovations and upgrades to a 9,600s.f. health facility with offices and
administrative areas. The upgrades will add a running track, pool, exercise area, treatment
areas and office space.
Church of God Gymnasium, Palmer, Alaska 2009
The Church of God Gymnasium consists of a 14,400s.f. pre-engineered metal building. The
building will contain a gymnasium, common area, locker rooms, office and storage space.
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 21
Palmer Pool Upgrades, Palmer, Alaska 2009
The project consisted of renovations and upgrades to the
existing Palmer High School Pool. Renovations included pool
and deck resurfacing, Locker Rooms and accessibility review.
Brett Memorial Ice Rink Accessibility, Wasilla, Alaska, 2009
The project consisted of renovations and upgrades to the
existing exterior access to the facility. The upgrades revised
existing grades to allow for a wheelchair accessible route to the
building as well as additional accessible parking and pedestrian access.
Valley Tang Soo Do Academy, Wasilla, Alaska, 2009
A new 4,650s.f. Martial Arts Academy with multiple studios with reception, offices, locker
rooms and storage areas.
Wasilla High School Pool, Wasilla, Alaska 2008
The project consisted of renovations and upgrades to the existing Wasilla High School Pool and
reception desk. The project provided a secure area for pool staff.
Wasilla Bible Church, Wasilla, Alaska, 2003
The Wasilla Bible Church is a 30,050sf pre-engineered
metal building that houses a multipurpose service hall that
can also be used as a Gymnasium / stage, Offices,
Restrooms, Daycare, Classrooms, Meeting Rooms. The
building utilizes existing contours for access at the lower
and upper levels and includes an accessible elevator
inside. The gymnasium allows for multiple activities and
includes partitions for activities to take place together.
Sheldon Performing Arts Hanger , Talkeetna, Alaska, 2002
The project consisted of the salvage of the existing Sheldon Hanger for a new Performing Arts
Theater for Talkeetna. The whole structure was reinforced and lifted to allow for a mezzanine
seating area and projection / control booth. Timber-framed interiors, stage lighting and salvaged
seats from the 4th Avenue Theater make for a wonderful interior atmosphere. The space is also
used as a museum for local artifacts and items of interest.
City of Palmer
Ice Arena – Energy Audit
WOLF ARCHITECTURE, INC. 22
JASON P COLLINS, AIA, LEED AP Wolf Architecture, Inc.
Principal Architect
REGISTRATIONS AND LICENSES
Alaska A12057 – Architecture
Alaska Certified Energy Rater – 141
Building Analyst Professional – BPI Certification
LEED Accredited Professional
EDUCATION
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bachelor of Architecture, 1998
Mr. Collins has been practicing in the field of Architecture for over 12 years with 7 years of
projects in the Mat-Su Valley. He has a broad range of experience in project scales ranging from
full campus master planning, to large-scale new construction, to small renovations. Jason has
worked on project types that include residential, commercial, retail, medical, industrial, multi-
family, community and cultural centers, schools, churches and government buildings. Much of
his focus has been on environmentally friendly design and construction, implementing
sustainable elements into each project. He is a USGBC LEED Accredited Professional and an
Energy Rater for the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation state program.
Jason’s passion for sustainable design combined with his technical knowledge is extremely
valuable to any Owner. Jason is well versed on all aspects of sustainable design practices and is
currently the Project Architect on two LEED projects. His patient and intuitive approach brings
a balanced approach to design and planning, which is backed up with a wide variety of
computer based graphic design capabilities. The skills Mr. Collins has developed over his
career allows Wolf Architecture to investigate many design options quickly and thoroughly
both two dimensionally and three dimensionally.
RELEVANT EXPERIENCE
• MSB Public Safety Buildings 63, 66, Wasilla, AK, 2010
Design-build for 2 new prototype energy-efficient fire stations.
• MSB Valley Community for Recycling Solutions Facility, Palmer, AK 2009
Design for 23,611sf recycling facility pursuing LEED Gold certification.
• Air National Guard Fire Training Station, Elmendorf AFB, AK, 2009
Design-build for a new fire station pursuing LEED certification.
• Government of Canada Building, Prince Edward Island, Canada, 2007
New 132,450sf LEED Gold Federal office and administration building.
References
Mark Masteller, Cascadia Alaska Regional Director, 373-0909
Glen Little, Butte Baptist Pastor, 745-0921
Gene Backus, Alascon Concrete Owner, 232-9799
Ice Arena Utility Costs
Enstar
2010 CCF #D AT Bill Amount 2009 CCF #D AT Bill Amount 2008 CCF #D AT Bill Amount 2007 CCF #D AT Bill Amount
January 4411 29 19 3,713.98$ January 6016 29 3 6,094.62$ January 3977 29 13 3,310.54$ January 4339 38 15 3,673.08$
Feb 5572 29 19 4,674.43$ Feb 5697 31 18 5,774.21$ Feb 5229 36 15 4,332.18$ Feb 3594 28 24 3,053.19$
Mar 3824 32 25 3,228.19$ Mar 4829 31 22 4,904.04$ Mar 3831 32 29 3,191.07$ Mar 4655 29 10 3,936.12$
April 3594 31 33 3,098.63$ April 3664 30 28 3,737.08$ April 2419 28 32 2,038.96$ April 3173 33 33 2,703.36$
May 1773 31 43 1,548.56$ May 146 30 45 210.89$ May 1184 29 43 1,031.04$ May 997 28 45 894.07$
June 454 29 53 447.33$ June 733 32 52 799.42$ June 535 28 50 500.99$ June 942 32 53 847.89$
July 292 29 56 318.37$ July 1071 29 57 1,139.28$ July 676 38 55 614.93$ July 841 31 57 764.32$
August 2717 29 56 1,838.64$ August 2604 29 58 2,676.78$ August 432 25 55 416.28$ August 498 28 59 478.72$
Sept Sept 3530 33 54 3,605.00$ Sept 2263 27 53 1,906.90$ Sept 1527 35 53 1,335.51$
Oct Oct 3792 29 44 3,868.29$ Oct 3464 30 39 2,885.12$ Oct 2700 28 38 2,311.32$
Nov Nov 4194 33 30 4,271.65$ Nov 4946 33 24 4,092.14$ Nov 2853 28 31 2,438.27$
Dec Dec 5998 30 19 6,080.86$ Dec 4699 28 19 3,890.75$ Dec 3757 29 25 3,189.94$
TTL 22637 42274 43,162.12$ 33655 28,210.90$ 29876 25,625.79$
AVG 2829 3522 3,596.84$ 2804 2,350.91$ 2489 2,135.48$
MEA
2010 Usage Bill Amount 2009 Usage Bill Amount 2008 Usage Bill Amount
January 61680 6,960.11$ January 61200 9,088.94$ January
Feb 61440 6,946.18$ Feb 66160 9,762.07$ Feb
Mar 70400 7,845.88$ Mar 62240 531.98$ Mar
April 43680 4,798.65$ April 38560 5,501.27$ April
May 4560 566.09$ May 4320 663.60$ May
June 4640 583.71$ June 4720 712.87$ June
July 45280 5,241.37$ July 51280 7,040.91$ July 6240
August August 67760 8,625.43$ August 27680 1,070.06$
Sept Sept 73520 9,312.69$ Sept 81360 3,481.22$
Oct Oct 72000 8,719.35$ Oct 65600 8,053.12$
Nov Nov 65920 8,029.20$ Nov 62640 7,716.45$
Dec Dec 66000 8,048.02$ Dec 74080 8,948.99$
TTL 291680 32,941.99$ TTL 633680 76,036.33$ TTL 317600 29,269.84$
AVG AVG 52806.67 6,336.36$ AVG
Palmer Ice Arena
Utility Usage
Utility Usage 0.12
Item kWh Cost % of Total
Lighting 101,406 12,169$ 11%
Vending Machines 21,024 2,523$ 2%
Heating Equipment 28096 3,372$ 3%
Ventilation 43661 5,239$ 5%
Refrigeration Equipment 420885 50,506$ 45%
Miscellaneous 9,674 1,161$ 1%
Other 8934 1,072$ 1%
Gas 35042 35,743$ 32%
Total 633,680 111,785$
Note: Assumes average cost per kWh to be $0.12
11%
2%
3%
5%
45%1%
1%
32%
Lighting
Vending Machines
Heating Equipment
Ventilation
Refrigeration Equipment
Miscellaneous
Other
Gas
Palmer Ice Arena
Heating and Ventilation
Equipment List
The front Office, Vestibule, Skate Shop and Concession stand are all heated to 70 degrees
F by an Air Handling Unit mounted on the mezzanine above. The Air Handling unit is a
gas-fired McQuay unit and rated at approximately 92% efficiency. In addition, the
vestibule has a ceiling-mounted hydronic Cabinet Unit Heater.
Locker Rooms and Washrooms are all heated similarly with hydronic Cabinet Unit
Heaters. All these areas have a continuous exhaust system that branches out above on
the mezzanine to 2 exhaust fan units. A Make-up Air Unit is also located on the
mezzanine and ducts air back down into the Locker and Washrooms.
The Zamboni, Mechanical and Compressor Rooms all have individual ceiling-mounted
hydronic unit heaters to keep the spaces tempered. The Zamboni has an exhaust fan and
dampered make-up air intake connected to a CO detector. The Compressor Room
likewise has an exhaust fan and dampered make-up air intake connected to a CO
detector.
Make-up Air Units (MAU-1+2)
Greenheck Model DGX-115-H22-HZ
• 92% efficiency.
• 4500cfm
• 460v
• 6.68amp
• 3 Phase
• 3hp
• 32,000-490,000 btu/hr
• The units are manually controlled and set on during higher occupancy. Units
can be set for ventilation and heating. The building manager estimates that this is
about 60% of the time of occupancy.
9000cfm exhaust fan. - at the far NE corner of the building with interlocking controls.
Boilers
The hydronic units in the building are fed from two boilers in the NW corner mechanical
room. The two boilers are Weil-McLain Model PFG-%-PIDN, 81% efficient natural
drafting units with 224,000btu/hr input each.
Water is heated by three A.O. Smith Model BTR197 100 gallon water heaters, naturally
drafting with exhaust fans at the exterior wall penetration. The units have an input of
199,000 btu/hr. Two of the units have their output temperature setpoints at 120 degrees F
and one at 180 degrees F.
Refrigeration Equipment
Compressor – Vilter ES VMC Series (2)
The Ice Rink refrigeration system utilizes 2 open, reciprocating type, R22 operating,
Vilter manufactured compressors. Each compressor removes low pressure R22 gas from
the suction accumulator and compresses gas to a high pressure and temperature. The
compressor then passes the gas to the air-cooled condenser. Each compressor is direct
driven by a 125hp, 1750RPM drive motor. Each operates on 460v 3-phase service. Each
compressor is equipped with its own individual Vilter manufactured microprocessor
controller. Compressor #1 is at 35psi and #2 at 20psi.
Condenser – Russel Air-cooled Condenser
This large double row, 10 fan unit Russel VAC 158
• Volts 406
• 3 Phase
• 60 Hz
• 1.5hp each
• 3.2 amps each
• Capacity – 1522.6MBH or 1,522,600 BtuH or 127 tons of cooling
• (Note: Modeled heating demand is 1,254,836 BtuH)
Pumps - Bell&Gosset Series 1510 Universal Centrifugal Pumps (2)
Pump #1 –
• 900gpm
• 20hp
• 1800rpm
• 175psi (35psi line reading)
• Motor – World Motor Model T609A
o 86.5% Efficient
o 20hp
o 1450 rpm
o 190/380 volts
o 61.0/30.5 amps
Pump #2
• 75psi (15psi line reading)
• Motor – Marathon Electric 89.5%
o 60hz
o 10hp
o 1780rpm
o 230/460v
Motor Control Center - Freedom 2100 Motor Control Center
• Model CGSC-10199-MCC
• 480V
• 3 Phase
• 3w
• 60hz
• Horizontal Bus – 600amps
• Sect. 1-2 - 600 amps
• Section 1
• Compressor #1
• Heat Reclaim
o Circulation Pump
o Snow Melting
• Subfloor Heating Circulation Pump
• Section 2
• Compressor #2
• Glycol Pump #1
• Glycol Pump #2
• Sect 3 – 300amps
• Air Cooled Condenser Disconnect
• XFMR Prime Disconnect
o Panelboard Main
• 7.5kVA 1Ph Transformer
Palmer Ice Arena
Lighting and Appliances Electrical Energy
Standard Building Design
Location Item #Watts Hours Annual kWh Annual Cost
Lights (Lights are typically 11% of our electric bills)
Locker-Old Flourescent Tubes 4ft (2x45w) -Old 10 90 8 2,074 $248.83
Utility / Mechanical Flourescent Tubes 4ft (2x45w) -Old 20 90 1 518 $62.21
Lights - Standard Incandescent 150 8 0
Front Office Flourescent Tubes 4ft (2x32w) - Front 28 68 12 6,580 $789.63
Lockers Flourescent Tubes 4ft (2x32w) - Lockers 52 68 6 6,110 $733.22
Ice Arena High Bay Metal Halide 49 450 12 76,205 $9,144.58
Ice Arena Flourescent Tubes 4ft (2x45w) -Old 14 90 12 4,355 $522.55
High Bay Metal Halide 400 4 0 $0.00
Exit Signage Exit Signs 7 15 24 726 $87.09
Exterior Lights - Outdoor Flood 7 400 6 4,838 $580.61
Appliances
Refridgerator 1 1500 1 432 $51.84
Mini Refridgerator 1 250 1 72 $8.64
Microwave (kWh/use)3 0.03 104 3 $0.32
Washing Machine (kWh/year)1 800 1 230 $27.65
Clothes Dryer (kWh/load)1 3.3 52 49 $5.93
Computer / Office
Computer - On 10 155 8 3,571 $428.54
Computer - Sleep/Standby 4 4 16 74 $8.85
Computer Screen 10 80 8 1,843 $221.18
Printer 3 400 1 346 $41.47
Printer - Standby 4 35 7 282 $33.87
Fax 2 35 8 161 $19.35
Phantom Loads for Computer 24 5 64 2,212 $265.42
Miscellanious
Charger 0
Phone 1 5 24 35 $4.15
Large Copier 1 1265 1 364 $43.72
Vending Machines 6 400 24 21,024 $2,523
SUBTOTAL kWh
Annual Lighting and Appliances Annual Subtotal 132,104 $15,852.53
Palmer Ice Arena
Ventilation Electrical Energy
Ventilation Electricity Cost $0.120
Location Unit Voltage Amps Watts Hours Days Annual kWh Annual Cost Description
Bleachers MAU 1+2 460 6.68 3072.8 8 288 7080 $850 605 Occupied hours, manual control
EF-1 460 6.68 3072.8 8 288 7080 $850
Lockers MAU 3 460 3.2 1472 24 288 10174 $1,221
EF-2 120 0.835 100.2 24 288 693 $83
EF-3 460 2.5 1150 24 288 7949 $954
Front Office AHU-1 460 5 2300 12 288 7949 $954
Zamboni VF-1 120 1.1 132 24 288 912 $109
Mechanical VF-2 120 1.1 132 24 288 912 $109
Compressor VF-3 120 1.1 132 24 288 912 $109
Subtotal 43661 $5,239
Palmer Ice Arena
Refrigeration Electrical Energy
Refrigeration Electricity Cost $0.120
Unit Voltage Amps Watts Hours Days Annual kWh Annual Cost Description
Compressor #1 460 25000 17 288 122400 $14,688
Compressor #2 460 25000 17 288 122400 $14,688
Pump #1 190 61 11590 17 288 56745 $6,809
Pump #2 230 30.5 7015 17 288 34345 $4,121
Condenser 460 32 14720 17 288 72069 $8,648 3.2ampsx10 fans
Motor Control 480 3 1440 17 288 7050 $846
Pump 120 5 600 17 288 2938 $353
Pump 120 5 600 17 288 2938 $353
Subtotal 420885 $50,506
Palmer Ice Arena
Geothermal Ground Source Heat Pump System
Rough Cost Estimate
Item Cost Notes
Design Services $105,000 Geothermal
Integration Engineering $15,000 Mechanical, Electrical
Vertical Well
Gen Conditions $35,000 Well Driller, Transportation
Drilling $508,000 Assumes 100, 250ft
Piping $20,000 Assumes HDPE
Heat Pump
Heat Pump $250,000
Heat Exchanger $50,000
Plumbing Requirements $40,000 Includes pumps
Integration and Controls
Integration w/ existing $25,000 Cooling and Heating systems
Controls $15,000 DDC
Subtotal $1,063,000
Overhead and Profit $159,450
Subtotal $1,222,450
Contingency $122,245
Total $1,344,695
1
Vending Machines
UTILITY SAVINGS INITIATIVE (USI) – FACT SHEET
Delamp Vending Machines
Typical Energy Use. Vending Machines can often
be overlooked when considering your business’
energy consumption, but they are in fact one of
the largest energy consumers in the office envi-
ronment. A typical refrigerated vending machine
consumes 400 Watts, which at a rate of 6.39¢
per kWh, can translate into an annual operating
cost of $225.1
Delamping Savings: One easy way to reduce your
vending machine cost is to ask your vending ma-
chine company to de-lamp the advertising lights
inside the machine. The lights and ballasts in a
typical refrigerated vending machine use about
180 Watts. At a rate of 6.39¢ per kWh, delamp-
ing vending machines can save $100 every year!
Delamping Issues: Some facility managers feel
that removing the illumination of vending ma-
chines could reduce vending sales (and reve-
nues) in areas where machines are remotely lo-
cated. Other managers have made vending ma-
chine de-lamping a universal policy. When de-
lamping, always educate vending machine users
that de-lamped machines save energy. A decal
can be conspicuously placed on the machine
stating, “This Machine Is Operational. Lights
Turned Off to Save Energy.” Vending machine
reps may discourage de-lamping, so do your
homework and have your requests thought
through.
Energy Saving Sensors
Consider the use of occupancy sensors and con-
trollers that will reduce a vending machine’s
power requirements during long periods of non-
use, such as overnight and weekends. This occu-
pancy controller option should be considered
when de-lamping a vending machine is not advis-
able (i.e., when a vending machine does not have
a captive audience or when de-lamping resulted
in reduced vending sales revenues.)
VendingMiser, a Bayview Technology product,
saves between 30—50 percent of the annual
Successful Application of
Vending Machine Sensors
Wake County School System. In 2000, the Wake
County Schools System incorporated the use of
VendingMiser power controllers in an exclusive
vending machine contract with Pepsi Cola. Energy
and cost savings from the vending machines ex-
ceeded expectations. To inform users about the
energy saving measures, every vending machine
displays a decal explaining the use of the Vending-
Miser controller and its beneficial savings. Most
vending machines were also permanently de-
lamped as part of the initiative, especially in highly
visible locations. No decrease in vending sales
revenues have been experienced since the energy
saving initiatives. Pepsi Cola worked with Re-
searchers at NCSU to independently verify the en-
ergy saving achieved through the use of Vending-
Miser power controllers. Pepsi is considering es-
tablishing a nationwide policy to incorporate oc-
cupancy sensor technology in all their vending ma-
chines. For more information on Pepsi’s energy
saving initiatives, contact Tom Spencer, Corporate
MEM, Pepsi Bottling Ventures , (919) 863-8530.
electricity costs of a refrigerated vending
machine, depending on the application and
occupancy of the location.2,3,4 VendingMiser
uses an infrared sensor to power down the
vending machine after 15 minutes of va-
cancy, constantly monitoring the room’s
temperature while powered off to maintain
the temperature of the product. Some new
vending machines have built in occupancy
sensors and power controllers. Energy sav-
ing sensors also reduce maintenance costs
and increase the life of fluorescent lamps in
the front panels.2
Applications and Suggestions
The VendingMiser technology has been em-
ployed in many governmental and school
settings. The following suggestions are pro-
vided to ensure a successful application:
• Make sure everyone is aware of and
2
References & Resources:
1. A Roadmap for Simultaneously Developing Supply and De-
mand for Energy Efficiency Beverage Vending Machines,
Horowitz, et al. USDOE, EPA, ACEEE, and Natural Resources
Defense.
2. Bayview Technology Expands “Miser” line, Vending Times,
Vol 43, No. 5 May 2003
3. Bayview Technology Group LLC, www.bayviewtech.com
4. Vending Miser Test Memo, Energy Services Group,
4/17/2000.
5. Vending Machine Power Consumption Comparisons, Mil-
waukee School of Engineering, 1/2004,
www.msoe.edu/orgs/focus/vending-/htm
6. Tuff Climate Initiative: Vending Miser: Fact & Issues.
www.tuffs.edu/tie/tci/vendingmiserhandout.pdf
Sponsored by the State Energy Office, N.C. Department of Administration and the
U.S. Department of Energy, with State Energy Program funds, in cooperation with
the Land-of-Sky Regional Council (Waste Reduction Partners) and the
NCDPPEA. However, any opinion, findings, conclusions, or recommendations
expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the
views of either the N.C. Department of
Administration or the U.S. Department
of Energy. An online version of this
fact sheet is available at
www.landofsky.org/wrp.
Calculate Your Potential Savings*
Typical Savings from Delamping your Vending Machines
_______# vending machines x $100 = $ _______/ year
Typical Savings from Occupancy Controllers/VendingMiser
_______# vending machines x $225 x 0.4 = $ _______/ year
Typical Savings from SnackMiser
_______# snack vending machines x $56 x 0.4 = $ _______/ year
Payback Periods
Delamping Vending Machines: Immediate
Occupancy/VendingMiser Controllers: 1.4—2.4 years
A VendingMiser controller costs ~$170
*Savings based on NC average commercial electrical rate of $0.0639/kWh and 40 percent saving using VendingMiser.
educated about the installation and use of
these units, including local drink vendors,
building managers, and users. Even
though Coke and Pepsi corporate man-
agement have approved the use of the
VendingMiser, local reps may not be in-
formed.6
• Coordinate any moves of vending ma-
chines. The units use a photo sensor that
is permanently mounted to the wall or
ceiling over the vending machines.
• Be careful not to overload a circuit, where
multiple vending machines are plugged
into one circuit. Repeaters are available
that stagger the starts of multiple ma-
chines on one circuit.
• Some facility managers suggest that
VendingMiser not be used with machines
that dispense dairy products.
Vending Contracts & New Options
Efforts should be made to incorporate the use
of vending machine power sensors (built-in or
add-on devices) in all future contracts with
beverage and snack machine vendors. Vend-
ingMiser (add-on) products are now available
on state contract for NC agencies.
New refrigerated vending machines are mak-
ing advances in energy efficiency, through
improvements in compressors, insulation,
lighting, use sensors, and programmable logic
controllers. Request the highest energy efficient ma-
chines in new contracts. Request that existing ma-
chines be upgraded.
Other Applications
Organizations can also substantially reduce the en-
ergy costs of non-refrigerated vending machines by
de-lamping or using occupancy controllers. A typical
snack machine can draw almost 100 Watts, costing
$55.98 per year. See “Typical Savings” above.
Developed by Waste Reduction Partners—02/04