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wind energy study 4-2009, 2010 AVCP RHA
Ls�t�.�t C:��i°�S11L1"I'�?�i C4tZOl19� November 1, 2009 Mr. Joe Killeen Development Director AVCP Regional Housing Authority PO Box 767 Bethel, Alaska 99559 RE: Alternative Energy Study Costs Dear Joe, Enclosed are the costs associated with the Alternate Energy Investigation for researching and recommending the best alternatives for wind generated power systems compatable with the Bethel, Alaska atmospheric conditions. Regards, Roger Marcil Project Manager Enclosure 37IJ II"�oUdland llriue, _Suite 21t?(1, <�n�hwage, ��taslcra 9951? Tele�lho�ie: (907) 2�3-tI9t35 II I'ccz: (9f)� j 243-5b29 Page 2 of 2 w W NJ Md This work shall 17e conducted in accordance with the C}wner/LCG Agreement dated E ebruary 4, Zot�8. The signed work order shall serve as a notice to proceed by the Owner. The price shall either be °fixed tee" or "time and materials". The time and materials work will be charged for actual labor and expenses. The °Fixed Fee" will be based on a negotiated price inclusive of all labor and expenses. WC?RK CiRDER: # 3 t3wner: AVCP Project Title: Alternative Fnerav investisration Description: Attachments: LCG fee proposal; Qther; E r• Tune and Materials Fees: if the owner and LCG have entered Into a Time & Nlaterlals agreement, it is understood that the nature of the project is not conducive to providing a fixed fee. If costs are projected to significantly differ from the budges, LCG will notify the owner as soon as projections can be made and provide explanation. LCG will make every reasonable effort to meet budgets and to minimize casts through professional management practice. Fee: The following sha8 be the approved fee or budget. Revisions steall be the amount added or deleted to the original fee or budget. MtCY#3 (Current Request) $33,413.50 %Lai Fixed Fee: $33,413.fi0 Period ofi Performance: The period of performance shall be as set forth in the attached LCG schedule or by the completion date as prescrksed below. Completion Date., To Be Determined Auihorlxations: Larsen Dons Ling Group i Wallace Swanson'AIA, VP-ArchitecturaE Manager Cr R1iA .. - . ce wt• Date: 6f3tt12t108 2522 Arctic Boulevard, Suite 200 Anchorage, AK 99503-2516 P (907) 276-0521 F (907)-276-1751 ASSOCIAlTION of VILLAGE COUNCIL PRESIDENTS REGIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY (AVCP RHA) CAMPUS WIND ENERGY STUDY April 14, 2009 Prepared by Xuan P. Ta, P.E. 191 E. Swanson Avenue, Suite 101 Wasilla, AK 99654 P (907) 357-1521 F (907)357-1751 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska Table of Contents ALASKA'S RENEWABLE ENERGY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SITE DESCRIPTION WIND RESOURCE LOAD STUDY PROPOSED WIND FARM LOCATION OFF -GRID SYSTEM GRID -CONNECTED SYSTEM CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PROJECT COST ESTIMATE APPENDIX A — System Cash Flow APPENDIX B — Historical Demand Load Data APPENDIX C — Recommended Practices GLOSSARY AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska Alaska's Renewable Energy Resources The major renewable energy resources consist of wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro, and ocean power resources play an important role in the future of our nation. Wind Resource: Wind energy converts kinetic energy that is present in the wind into more useful forms of energy such as mechanical energy or electricity. Large modern wind turbines operate together in wind farms to produce electricity for utilities. Small turbines are used by homeowners and remote villages to help meet energy needs. According to Alaska Energy Authority Wind Resource Assessment for Bethel, Alaska dated February 2008, a seven level classification system based on wind power density (WPD) is used to simplify the comparison of potential wind sites. Areas of Class 4 and higher are considered suitable to utility -scale wind power as follows: Classes of Wind Power Density Wind Power Class Resource Potential WPD (W/m2) @30 m Wind Speed (m/s) @ 30 m WPD (W/m2) @50 m Wind Speed (m/s) @ 30 m 1 Poor <160 <5.1 <200 <5.6 2 Marginal 160 - 240 5A — 5.8 200 - 300 5.6 — 6.5 3 Fair 240 — 320 5.8 — 6.5 300 — 400 6.4 — 7.0 4 Good 320 — 400 6.5 — 7.0 400 — 500 7.0— 7.5 5 Excellent 400 - 480 7.0 — 7A 500 - 680 7.5— 8.0 6 Outstanding 480 — 640 7.4 — 8.2 1 600 — 800 &0 — 8.8 7 Superb > 640 > 8.2 > 800 > 8.8 A class 4 wind resource is available in Bethel area. Solar Resource: Solar energy from the sun travels to the earth in the form of electromagnetic radiation similar to radio waves, but in a different frequency range. Available solar energy is often expressed in units of energy per time per unit area, such as watt-hours per square meter (Wh/m2). The available solar energy is primarily dependent upon how high the sun is in the sky and current cloud conditions. On a monthly or annual basis, the amount of solar energy available also depends upon the location. According to Renewable Energy Atlas of Alaska dated July 2007, Alaska annual average solar Insolation is follows: Solar —Annual Average Solar Insolation kWh/m2/day December Average Insolation <3.5 June Average Insolation 3.5 — 4.0 Biomass Resource: The term "biomass" means any plant derived organic matter available on a renewable basis, including dedicated energy corps and trees, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and other waste materials. Bioenergy is produced by the release of stored chemical energy contained in fuels made from biomass. Biomass is actually a product of solar energy that has been stored by the AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska photosynthetic activity of plants. The plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere and combine it with water to produce biomass. According to Renewable Energy Atlas of Alaska dated July 2007, the State of Alaska's primary biomass fuels are wood; sawmill wastes, fish byproducts, and municipal waste. Wood remains an important renewable energy source for Alaskans for space heating statewide. Ground fish processors are in Unalaska, Kodiak and other locations produce fish -oil for power production each year. .. Geothermal Resource: Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It is clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperature of molten rock called magma According to Renewable Energy Atlas of Alaska dated July 2007, the State of Alaska has four distinct geothermal resource regions. The first distinct geothermal resource region is the interior Hot Springs, which include the band of hot springs that run east - west from the Yukon Territory of Canada to the Seward Peninsula. The second distinct geothermal resource region is the Southeast Hot Springs. The third distinct geothermal resource region is the Wrangell Mountains, and the fourth distinct geothermal resource region is the Ring of Fire Volcanoes, which includes the Aleutians, the Alaska Peninsula, and Baranof Island. Bethel area is not located in the above geothermal resource regions; therefore, geothermal resource is not available in Bethel. Hydroelectric Resource: Hydroelectric energy is a renewable energy source dependent upon the hydrologic cycle of water, which involves evaporation, precipitation and the flow of water due to gravity. According to Renewable Energy Atlas of Alaska dated July 2007, most of the state's developed hydro resources are located near communities in South-central, the Alaska Peninsula, and Southeast — mountainous regions with moderate to high precipitation. However, many rural communities located on the Yukon and other large rivers are interested in using river current for generating power. Ocean Resource: According to Renewable Energy Atlas of Alaska dated July 2007, ocean energy consists of three general categories. The first category is ocean thermal energy conversion. The second category is tidal energy, and the third category is wave energy. The ocean thermal energy conversion applications are not suitable for development in Alaska. Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal energy generators. These large underwater turbines are placed in area with high tidal movements, and are designed to capture the kinetic motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity Waves are caused by the wind blowing over the surface of the ocean. In many areas of the world, the wind blows with enough consistency and force to provide continuous waves. There is tremendous energy in the ocean waves. Wave power devices extract AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska energy directly from the surface motion of ocean waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. The technology for exploiting tidal and wave energy potentials are not yet commercially available. Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to provide a report covering the studying the possibility of power generation using wind energy for the Association of Village Council Presidents Regional Housing Authority (AVCP RHA) complex. Wind energy is a pollution -free, infinitely sustainable form of energy. It does not use fuel; it does not produce greenhouse gasses, and it does not produce toxic or radioactive waste. The AVCP RHA complex consists of eleven existing and one new building as followings: ❖ AVCP RHA Office Building ❖ Development Office Building ❖ Lulu Heron Building ❖ Building A (Units range from #1 through #4) ❖ Building B (Units range from #17 through #20) ❖ Building C (Units range from #5 through #10) ❖ Building D (Units range from #11 through #16) ❖ Building E (Units range from #21 through #32 ❖ Warehouse #1 ❖ Warehouse #2 ❖ New AVCP RHA Office Expansion Building A total calculated demand load for the AVCP RHA complex is 581,573 kWh/year. Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) had conducted the Wind Resource Assessment for Bethel, Alaska. The measured wind speed data indicate a Class 4 wind resource in Bethel area, providing a good potential for wind power development. The wind turbine models currently available for a remote Alaska installation are very limited. Due to the risks associated with the harsh operating conditions, remote location, and lack of service personnel, few manufacturers are willing to support the Alaska market. Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC) and Kotzebue Electric Association (KEA) utilities have installed Northern Power System Model NW100 wind diesel turbines in Kotzebue, Toksook Bay, and Kasigluk. It is our understanding, Federal regulations (specially, the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, or PURPA) requires utilities to connect with and purchase power from small wind energy systems; therefore, we would recommend AVCP RHA Representative continue their efforts to persuade Bethel Utilities Corporation (BUC) to support any wind power project to be undertaken by the city or private sector or any other person because grid -connected small wind turbines can provide many benefits to utilities as well as wind turbine owners. In rural areas with long power lines, they can improve power quality (by boosting voltage) and reduce line losses. They can also provide extra generating capacity and reduce power plant emission. AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska We recommend a minimum of 244ortherwind 100/21 wind turbines, power conditioning inverter, net metering, step-down transformer, and disconnect switch to connect to the BUC grid. Site Description Bethel is.located at the mouth of the Kuskokwim River, 40 miles (74.37 km) inland from the Bering Sea and 400 air miles west of Anchorage. The community is located at approximately 60° 47' 8" North Latitude and 1610 53' 6" West Longitude. According to the United State Census Bureau, the community has a total area of 50 square miles (126 square km), of which, 44 square miles (113 square km) of it is land and 5 square miles (13 square km) of it is water. The total area is 10% water. Though the region is flat and generally treeless, Bethel lies inside the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, the largest wildlife refuge in the United States. Precipitation average 16 inches (40.64 cm) a year in this area and snowfall averages 50 inches (127 cm) per year. Summer temperatures range from 42°F (5.56°C) to 62°F (16.670C). Winter temperatures range from -2°F (-18.89°C) to -19°F (-28.330C). (Community profile information from State of Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development website httr)://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm) Wind Resource In December 2004, Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) installed a 50-meter meteorological tower on the high ground west of the Bethel airport. The resulting data set represents the long-term wind resource at the site. AVCP RHA Campus No Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska �' -- - - _r �- �. IN wwww IN �..IN I s.IN I IN IN I wkI III INN, INw- NN IN IN row �^ v NAVIN- r, t 'IlV` IN ie ,o ,w o.4{ r r to -r.INNd s at Pww IN Z, IN IK rNI �Now I wvw�,Mei Tower �„ s r S t fix. i l © f , 7 , - __ ,_r. �.. } r: :� �'= r' INNu ,A NI Ix =w ON.-- - - z. T ---- 3 is ,vc ` r jv IN Ir t ww wwi NV, VI 1411� Topographic Map of Met Tower Site and Surrounding Area (Topographic Map of Met Tower Site and Surrounding Area information from Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) Wind Resource Assessment for Bethel, Alaska) AEA Wind Resource Assessment for Bethel, Alaska dated February 21, 2006, the strong winds come from the northeast, while the lighter summer winds tend to come from the south. An average wind speed is 7.3 m/s at a height of 50 meters above ground level as shown in Table 6 of the AEA Wind Resource Assessment for Bethel, Alaska report. Table 6. Estimated Lon Term UVfnd S eeds at Met Tower Site, 50m Hei ht m/s) Hour Ilan Feb Nlar A r tvlav .3un .3u1 Au Se Oci Nov Dec Av 1 9.4 8_5 8.7 8.0 6.3 G_0 6.4 6.2 6 5 7.8 7.9 8.3 7.5 2 9.5 8.4 8.6 8.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.O 6.4 7.8 7.7 8.8 7.4 3 9.5 8_2 8.4 8.0 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.5 7.8 7.8 8.7 7.4 4 9.5 8.5 8.7 7.9 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.8 6.5 7.5 7.8 8.5 7.3 5 9.3 8.4 8.8 8.1 5.9 5.4 5.3 6.O 6.5 7.4 7.7 8.3 7.3 6 9_1 8_2 8.7 7.9 5.7 5.O 5.2 5.8 6A 7.4 7.9 8.3 7.1 7 9.3 S.O 8.7 7.9 5.2 4.7 4.8 5.6 6.3 7.6 7.9 8.3 7.0 8 9.3 8.2 8.6 7.5 6.0 4.7 4.8 5.6 6.3 7.9 7.9 8.5 7.0 9 9.2 8.5 8.7 7.1 5.1 4.8 5.1 5.8 6.3 7:7 8.1 8.4 7.1 10 9.3 8.1 8.9 6.7 SIGN 5.0 5.0 6_'1 6.7 7.4 8.3 8.2 7.1 11 9.4 8.1 8.8 6.5 5.8 5.2 5.1 6.4 6.9 7.4 8.3 8.1 7.2 12 9.3 8.2 8.8 6.7 5.9 5.3 5.3 6.4 6.9 7.6 8.1 8.2 7.2 13 9.3 8.4 8.6 7.0 6.0 5.3 5.2 6.6 7.2 7.4 7.8 8.2 7.3 14 9.3 8.4 8.4 7.1 6.1 S_3 5.3 6.7 7.3 7.S 7.7 8.7 7.3 15 9.6 8.3 8.7 7.3 6.1 5.4 5.7 6.7 7.O 7.6 7.7 S_3 7.4 16 9.6 8.2 8.7 7.3 6.4 5.6 6.0 6.6 7.0 7.3 7.8 8.3 7.4 17 9.7 8.3 8.6 7.G 6.7 5.7 5.8 6.6 6.9 7.3 7.8 8.3 7.4 18 9.5 8.3 8.3 7.7 6.5 6.0 6.O 6.6 6.8 7.5 8.O 8.7 7.5 19 9.5 8.4 8.5 7.9 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.7 7.6 8.1 8.7 7.5 20 9.3 all 8.8 8.0 6.3 6.0 S_7 5.9 6.7 7.7 7.9 8.4 7.4 21 9.3 8.0 8.8 8.2 G_6 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.7 7.9 7.9 8.3 7.4 22 9.6 8.1 8.8 8.1 G.6 G_0 . 6.0 6.4 6.8 8.2 .7.9 8.7 7.6 23 9.4 8.2 8.6 8.2 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.3 7.O 8.0 8.1 8_1 7.6 siv 9.4 8.3 8.7 7.6 6.0 6.5 5.6 6.2 6_'7 7.6 7.9 8.4 7.3 The meteorological Tower Data Synopsis for Bethel, Alaska is as noted: RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 7 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska • Annual Average Wind Speed (30m height): 6.7 m/s (15.0 mph) • Average Wind Power Density (30m height): 345 W/m2 • Annual Average Wind Speed (50m height): 7.3 m/s (16.3 mph) • Average Wind Power Density (50m height): 440 W/m2 • Wind Power Class (range = 1 to 7): Class 4 • Rating (Poor, Marginal, Fair, Good, Excellent, Outstanding), Good • Prevailing Wind Direction: Northeast • Wind Shear 0.19 (average) • Turbulence Intensity 0.06 (low) • Data Start Date 12/9/2004 • Data End Date 2/12/2006 (The wind resource information from AEA Wind Resource Assessment for Bethel, Alaska website http://www.akenergyauthority.org/programwind.thmi) Load Study 1. The historical demand usage in kWh/year for each building is included in the Appendix C - Historical Demand Load Data'. The annual demand usage in kWh ear for the existing buildings as shown on the attached 'AVCP RHA kWh Demand History'. Summary AVCP RHA kWh historical Demand Load Data Notes 1t139;07 12t17t07 1/21;08 2ii9i08 3(t9108 4(21J08 5119(0$ fiit9/08 7121f0$ 8/19108 9;99i08 10121/08 Remod:s Building A i,800 1,997 3,277 2,056 1 613 11852 11160 1,126 11299 1,323 1,222 i,165 See Note 1 Building B 1,107 1,161 1,597 1,368 1,172 1,241 961 1,077 997 ir047 992 1,188 See Note 1 Building C 1,767 1,754 1,996 1,837 1,520 1,613 1,310 1,701 1,813 i,714 17418 1,741 See Nota 1 Building D 2,015 2,246 2,771 2,156 1,795 '1,949 11393 i,360 1,349 1,168 11314 i,474 Sea Note 1 Buildin E 6,220 5 002 7,393 5.965 5 656 6 581 5,506 5.578 5 33i 4 801 5,232 6.726 See Note 1 o a year14b,U63 See Note' Lulu Heron 9,666 9.814 10,5651 9,354 9125 9,7681 9,393 10 5701 10,746 9 787 10,605 10,772 See Note 1 AVCP RHA Office 81487 9 416 10t3181 9 745 9,363 80291 7,772 719151 8130 7,667 8.394 8,84 See Note 1 Development Office 2 435 2,589 3M91 2.702 2 543 2 471 2,173 2,1611 2155 1,966 2,183 2.334 See Note 1 Warehouse 91 509 405 5'3 466 438 433 308 295 300 344 376 335 See Note 1 are ousel f, , 6 ee ote o mon Total kWh/year 272,1 191 See Note 3 Grant total kWh?year 417,982 See Note 4 : 1_ See attached historical demand load data for each building. 2_ Annual Demand usage of existing buildings "A','B', 'C', 'D', and 'E' . 3. Annual Demand usage of oxisting buildings Lulu Hemn, AVCP RHA Office, Development Office, Warehouse rr1, and Warehouse #2 4. Annual Demand usage of all AVCP RHA Complex. 2. The calculated demand usage in kWh/year for the new AVCP Office Expansion Building as shown on the attached 'AVCP RHA Calculated Demand Load Data'. AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska AVCP RHA Calculated lawn Demand Load Data forth& tdewafnce Ex anion Butrotn irir09 ?Itr09 311109 3i1(09 atti09 fitft09 7ti:f19 8t1JG9 9i1/09 f0.`}109 11tt,r�r19 f219r69 Remar'€s 4'N !Ce Expansion BuIIding 1 13,769 12.536 13.789 13,739 13.163 13.739 14,416 11163 13:769 '13789 13.163114416 Total kYdhr ear tb3,591 Now t3tF;cd'Expansion lruitding: An appmximatesy gross area forth& Herr of6ca buitdimj The fotbzring assumptions ate made to determine the calculated demand load; LtgtdingLodd 3.5 VAt99= 66,00 VA Receptacle Toad t.0 VA+Sr= t8.000 VA siachantca€ toad 4.o-yA +ar= 644000 VA 111sceBBneousLoad 0,75 VArSr= 12.003 VA 25% of Continuous Load 5,333 VA toggling toad 14,000 VA tiachancai food 41000 VA 26% of Largest Motor Load 2.77`4. VA Total 174J07 VA Total catwlated demand lo-ad in k`tYat 0.30 patverfactac i39.29 kYd The fotloWng assumptions are made to compulo the demand usage for each month;' Once operation 10 hdday and 5 daysrtreek LoadFactor (LF) varies3sto Load Facldr = {(i?`xVtV(hoUrB ittpe::od)}'kVYj Thas,.lheklhRpermomh' irWhajtF'(kW';brtday'.#otdayslmonth)) kYah =LF'#tYs�nr - 0.4b';t39,?.8)"t0ietlQay'("cOdayslmontn) s 0A5=(135.25}°10nr`day't2ldaysrmrsnthF = = 0,-05'(930.29} tOhfzfay"j22daysimanih}= - 0.4`";139,29}�tohrFday";23day�lmomh}= Art estimated total irWh7yr for a new6ifi.Ce Expansion Bu[tding Is: isit¢a sS1= (2008 NEG Tab{a 220.12) (200 # NEC 220:44(K)(2}l (Assume d,D VAOM (Assume 0,75 VA%SFl (A lcadvheroina maximum current is axpectad to continue for 3 nts or morel (2cwe NEC 230a42(4)(1)l [Asst ve 114 of mechanical toad It a continuous load) {Assume a 10Hts Alai) (Load taaor;asprassad irs percentagsl is a measure atthe unitormity.attd etfc#ency with which electrical energy is being used,) 12:538 kth7s )fOrFrtryl 93.163 kWn {tart: rr, AugusL No;'emt>ar) 13,789 KJdh [[orJonuayt (Act h. April, June, £ept9rnber. OClaberl 13.416 WAn For July; Cecemberl 1d3;5$1 kWhtyf Based on the above calculation, the total annual kWh for both existing and new buildings is 581,573 kWh. The best measure of wind turbine performance is annual energy output. The difference between power and energy is that power (kilowatts [kWj) is the rate at which electricity is consumed. An estimate of the annual energy output from the wind turbine, kWh/year, is the best way to determine whether a particular wind turbine and tower will produce enough electricity to meet your needs. To get a preliminary estimate of the performance of a particular wind turbine, use the formula below: AEO = 0.01328*D2*V3 Where: Mn =Annual Energy Output, kWh/year; D =Rotor diameter, feet V =Annual average wind speed, mph However, we recommend coordinating with the specific wind turbine manufacturer for their assistance on sizing, determining the quantity, and sitting of wind turbines, which will be needed to provide power for the AVCP RHA Campus. A wind turbine manufacturer can also help you estimate the energy production and the expected payback period based on the particular wind turbine power curve, the average annual wind speed at your site, the height of the tower you plan to use, and the wind frequency distribution — that is the number of hours the wind blows at each speed during an average year. The calculation will be adjusted for your elevation, which affects air density and thus turbine power output. Our report is based on Northwind 100/21: 100 kW, 3-phase, 4-wire 480VAC rated power output, 21 meter rotor (69 ft), variable speed stall -controlled, 37-meter hub height. Additional information is available at hftp://www.northerpower.comm/. RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 9 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska too ;7 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wind Speed at Huh Height (Wir) The annual energy calculation for the Northwind 100/21 is shown on the attached Northwind 100/21 — Annual Energy Calculation'. Based on the calculation, one Northwind 100/21 will produce an estimate of 291,243 kWhNr; therefore a minimum of two Northwind 100/21 turbines will be required to supply power to the AVCP RHA Campus: 291,243 kWh x 2 = 582,486 kWh RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 10 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska Annual Energy Caicutation Turbine Model: MID0 Diameter. 21 Site: ElaVveL AK density: 1225 kglm^3 Vref 7.3 mps Href 5D m Wind Shear D.18- Hub Height 37 m Vhub 6.9 mps Form Factor, is 20D- - Scale Factor, A 7:90 - Availabilify: Het Losses: i ime-on4.ine 100% 0% 9730 Hoi:IYr -nerm 2914243 kWHrsh(r Wind Speed Distribution Vhub Hourslyr RIPS 1 2 52T2 3 7424 4 8827 5 952.1 a 954.1 7 893.7 8 3042 9 664.9 10 557.4 11 4347 12 325,3 13 234.0 14 161.2 15 107.9 16 09.3 17 42.9 18 25.5 to 14.7 20 8.2 21 4A 22 23 23 1.`s 24 0.5 25 0.3 Power Curve Vbuh Power MPS live 2 -D.a 3 4L7 4 3.7 10.5 5 %0 7 29.4 91.0 9 54.3 10 C18A 11 Tr.7 12 83A 13 928 14 97.3 15 100.0 16 100.e 17 100.6 ?8 99.8 19 99.4 20 93.a 21 27.8 22 97.3 23 97.3 24 96.0 25 99.7 Proposed Wind Farm Location Enxyy Production Vhub Run Tm- Energy us HoumiYr kV4hrstYr 4 7t .1 -141 2 537.2 -222 7424 I" 4 9c27 3246e 5 052.1 Mar 6 954.1 19141 7 80.7 26449 $ B04.2 32952 9 564.8 37202 10 WA37213 11 434_7 33775 12 325.3 2e995 1's 234.0 21713 1 r 16L9 15751 15 107.9 10784 16 623 L95D S7 42.2 4311 }a 25.6 2554 19 14.7 1453 20 e2 807 21 4.4 429 ^1' 2.3 221 1.1 111 24 0.5 54 25 D.3 25 Annual Energy Produc4on Vref Annual Output Annual Output Nn kWh MWh &D 107*092 197A 5.5 233,630 233.5 70 2a9.834 259.9 75 306,251 305.3 8.0 339 25e? 330.3 8.5 371.546 37115 Y200 40,D00 1i100 35,000 30,0D0 300 25,000 �` Bih3 2A,000� 4� 15 D00 ?O,ffDO 200 5.D00 0 0 D 5 1D 15 20 25 hub heirWrmd j Speed 144V T �k, Weibuli Wind Dlstr, �- Energy praf9c£ors We can have varied wind resources within the same property. In addition to measuring or finding out about the annual wind speeds, we need to know about the prevailing directions of the wind at our site. If we locate the wind turbine on the top of or on the windy side of a hill, we will have more access to prevailing winds than in a gully or on the A Engineering, Inc. Page 11 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska leeward (sheltered) side of a hill on the same property. In addition to geologic formations, we need to consider existing obstacles such as trees, buildings, and sheds, and we need to plan for future obstruction such as new building that have not reached their full height. The wind turbine needs to be sited upwind of buildings and trees, and a general rule of thumb for proper and efficient operation of a wind turbine is that the bottom of the turbine's blades should be 30 feet above the top of anything within 300 feet. We also need enough room to raise and lower the tower for maintenance, and if the tower is guyed, room shall be allowed for guy wires. The farther we place the wind turbine form obstacles such as building or trees, the less turbulence we will encounter. See Fig. 1 below for illustration. r3bstruction of the Wcntl bX o Building or Tree of Height (H) Figure 1: Height or Distance Needed (Obstruction of the Wind by a Building or Tree of Height (H) information from U.S. Department of Energy —Small Wind Electric System A U.S. Consumer's Guide) The best place to site these wind turbines is going to be on a parcel of land south of the Lulu Heron Building. This land has not yet been purchased. We recommend that the wind turbines are to be sited at least 50 m (or 165 ft) away from the commercial office buildings and between 85 to 125 m (280 to 410 ft) apart at the base. The arrangement is advisory only. It is based on limited information about the land and wind rose. It is the responsible of the Owner (or purchaser) to comply with all local, provincial and federal regulations. If a row is to be added the second row needs to be a minimum of 7 rotor blade diameters apart. Northwind 100/21 i.e. rotor diameter is 21 meter the rows need to be 147 meter apart or 482 feet apart. We suggest the Owner research the potential obstacles before investing in a wind energy system as follows: ➢ Zoning Issues: A wind turbine is a tall structure that requires a building permit. Zoning regulations often limit the height, Most cities and towns have ordinances gineering, Inc. Page 12 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska to ensure that structures and activities are safe, proper and compatible with existing or planned development. Many jurisdictions restrict the height of structure permitted in residentially zone areas, although variances are often obtainable. A conditional use permit may be required, which could specify a number of requirements the installation must meet. ➢ Environment Issues: Your neighbors might object to a wind turbine that blocks their view, or they might be concerned about noise. The Owner should consider obstacles that might block the wind (or create turbulence) in the future, such as planned construction or immature trees. ➢ Tower Height: Country ordinances that may restrict tower height may adversely affect optimum economics for small wind turbine. Unless the zoning jurisdiction has established small wind turbine as a "permitted" or "conditional" use, it may be necessary to obtain a variance or special use permit to erect an adequate power. ➢ Compliance with The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): The FAA has regulations on the height of structures, particularly those near the approach path to runways at local airports. Objects that are higher than 200 feet (61 meters) above ground level must be reported, and beacon lights may be required. If you are within 10 miles of an airport, no matter how tall your tower will be, you should contact your local FAA office to determine if you need to file for permission to erect a tower. ➢ Utility Notification: The Owner should contact Bethel Utilities Corporation (BUC) and reach an agreement with BUC before connecting to their distribution lines to address any power quality and safety concerns. ➢ Compliance with National Electrical Code and National Electrical Safety Code: Electrical code requirements emphasize proper wiring and installation and the use of components that have been certified for fire and electrical safety, such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL). The utility's principal concern will be that your wind turbine automatically stops delivering any electricity to power lines during an outage. Otherwise line workers and the public, thinking that the line is "dead", might not take normal precautions and might be injured. Another concern among the utilities is that the power from your wind turbine system synchronizes properly with the utility's grid, and that is match the utility's own power in term of voltage, frequency, and power quality. A list of practices recommended by the "Permitting Small Wind Turbines: Handbook" are included in Appendix D —Recommended Practices. Off -Grid System An off -grid system (stand-alone system which is not connected to the utility grid) requires batteries to store excess power generated for use when the wind is calm. They also need a charge controller to keep the batteries from overcharging, inverter to convert DC to AC power, and back-up power source for complete energy independence. Small wind diesel hybrid system that combines a wind system with a photovoltaic (PV) and/or diesel generator can provide reliable off -grid power around the clock for communities or facilities. For the times when neither the wind turbine nor the PV modules are producing, most hybrid systems provide power through batteries and/or an engine -generator powered by conventional fuels such as diesel. If the batteries run low, the engine -generator can provide power and recharge the batteries. Adding an engine - generator makes the system more complex, but modern electronic controllers can RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 13 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska operate these systems automatically. An engine -generator can also reduce the size of the other components needed for the system. The storage capacity must be large enough to supply electrical needs during non -charging periods. The battery banks are typically sized to supply the electrical load for one to three days. An off -grid hybrid system may be practical if the following conons exist: • Bethel area with average annual wind speed of at least-9 mph (4.0 m/s). • A grid connection is not available or can only be made through an expensive extension. • You would like to gain energy independence from the utility. • You would like to generate clean power. Advantages: • Wind energy is free — It needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. • Solar energy is free — It needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. Disadvantages: • Solar energy can be unreliable unless you are in very sunny climate. The amount of sunlight that arrives at the earth's surface is not constant. It depends on location, time of day, time of year, and weather conditions. • Because the sun does not deliver that much energy to any one place at any one time, a large surface area is required to collect the energy at a useful rate. • Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they will produce in their life time. • Very expensive to build the battery banks to store energy. The battery banks are typically sized to supply the electrical load for one to cater for periods with little wind or sun. • High maintenance cost. • Cost of diesel fuel for operating the generator. We recommend utilizing diesel -fired generator (prime rated) instead of solar energy in an Off -Grid Connection System. The generator will be the primary source of energy. Its use will be minimized by using wind resource. The Off -Grid Connection System is the most expensive and .the most complicated system. This would require AVCP RHA to run a power plant and distribution grid. Wind turbines would be connected to the diesel generator power grid as mentioned in Grid - Connected System Option 3, a secondary load controller would be included to maintain frequency and divert excess power from the wind turbines into thermal dump load. Grid -connected System Grid -connected system requires a power conditioning unit (inverter) that makes the turbine output electrically compatible with the utility grid. Usually, batteries are not needed. Small wind energy turbines can be connected to the utility grid which will require the approval of the utility. A grid -connected wind turbine can reduce your consumption of utility -supplied electricity for lighting, appliances, and heating equipment. If the turbine cannot deliver the amount of energy you need, the utility makes up the difference. When the wind system produces more electricity than the facilities require, RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 14 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska the excess is sent or sold to the utility. Grid -connected systems can be practical if the following conditions exist: • Bethel area with average annual wind speed of at least 10 mph (4.5 m/s). • Utility -supplied electricity is expensive in Bethel area. • The utility's requirements for connecting your system to its grid are not prohibitively expensive. • There are good incentives for the sale of excess electricity or for the purchase of wind turbines. Advantages: • Wind energy is free — It needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution. • Battery banks, charge controller, and inverter are not needed. • Backup power is not required. • A grid -connected system has a stable grid to work with where an off -grid system can be less stable. • A grid -connected wind turbine can reduce your consumption of utility -supplied electricity for lighting, heating, appliances, etc. • If the wind turbine cannot deliver the amount of energy you need, the utility makes up the difference. • When the wind system produces more electricity than the household requires, the excess is sent or sold to the utility. • Less operation and maintenance cost. Disadvantages: • Power conditioning unit (inverter) is required for most wind turbines. There are three common wind turbine configuration options for a grid connected system as noted: •:� Option 1 —Grid Connected without Net Metering: This is the least cost effective system. The Option 1 system consists of two 480V, three-phase wind turbines that are connected to the utility grid. No net metering would be in place; therefore, any excess electricity produced would be fed back into the utility grid with no pay back for the customer. Due to the voltage and phase of the wind turbine, a new power equipment building will be required for housing electrical switchboards and step-down dry type transformers to provide power to 120/240V single-phase and 120/208V three-phase AVCP RHA Campus loads. •:� Option 2 — Grid Connected with Net Metering. This is the simplest system because it does not require any work on the current AVCP RHA Campus distribution system. The wind turbines could be connected directly to the utility grid and the utility would have to pay for the power that wind turbines produced. The concept of net metering programs is to allow the electricity meters of customers with generating facilities to turn backwards when their wind turbines are producing more energy than the customer's demand. Net metering allows customer to use their generation to offset their consumption over the entire billing period, not just instantaneously. However, net metering varies by state and by utility company, depending on whether net metering was RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 15 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska legislated or directed by the Public Utility Commission. Net metering programs all specify a way to handle the net excess generation (NEG) in terms of payment for electricity and/or length of time allowed for NEG credit. Option 3 — Grid Connected with Secondary Load Control: As mentioned in Option 1, the AVCP RHA Campus power system would need to be reconfigured so that all existing and new building loads would be fed from the new power equipment building. An additional secondary load controller would be installed to divert any excess electricity from the wind turbines to a dump load (most likely a boiler or other heating load). All power generated by the wind turbines would be utilized within the AVCP RHA Campus in the form of electricity or heat. Conclusions and Recommendations The wind speed measurements in Bethel indicate a Class 4 wind resource offering a good potential for a wind power system. The viability utilizing this wind resource depends on a number of factors including the installed cost of the wind project and the operation and maintenance costs of the system. The Off -Grid System is more expensive, and less stable than the Grid -Connected System. We recommend to installing a grid -connected system. It is our understanding, Federal regulations (specially, the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, or PURPA) requires utilities to connect with and purchase power from small wind energy systems; therefore, we would recommend AVCP RHA Representative continuing to persuade Bethel Utilities Corporation (BUC) to support any wind power project to be undertaken by the city or private sector or any other person because grid -connected small wind turbines can provide many benefits to utilities as well as wind turbine owners. In rural areas with long power lines, they can improve power quality (by boosting voltage) and reduce line losses. They can also provide extra generating capacity, reduce power plant emission, and reduce the power plant's fuel usage as well. Most utilities can provide a list of requirements for connecting your system to their grids. If the Owner prefers the Off -Grid System we would like to point out the following items that will be required: ➢ The NW 100 wind turbine is a 480Vthvee-phase, four -wire system. Step-down transformers and distribution panels will be required to accommodate 120/240V single-phase, three -wire and 120/208V, three-phase, four -wire existing AVCP RHA Campus loads. ➢ The existing AVCP RHA Campus power distribution system will be reconfigured. ➢ Two generators are recommended to provide power when wind power is insufficient. If the batteries run low, the engine -generator will start to provide power and recharge the batteries. ➢ A power plant will be needed to house electrical and mechanical equipment. The power plant will consist of generator, battery, electrical, and mechanical rooms. ➢ Electrical equipment consists of batteries, chargers, inverter, automatic transfer switch, electronic load controller, etc. AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Stud✓ Bethel, Alaska Appendix A — System Cash Flow Installation costs vary greatly depending on local zoning, permitting, and utility connection costs, An estimate of $1,700,000 to provide a small wind power project for the AVCP RHA complex as shown on the enclosed system report from the Homer model, it appears two NW 100 wind turbines will pay for themselves in about five years. .AVCP wnilFt mndnt t4M14rnl en manlwy Assua�pttma 378.023net lFd,97Ryxoduscz9bppind 50.09 6omrurcia: a".=cttiWy Rare 50M pertmowktY 4,00% lrj; ',»a Rule >fmmfad P�geG YaL�IC: 1 5 i,72t'J,nnd 1M1'txa�Si�G'h Hate: d.00X N u,Ilti CW15$311Y4 Saviirpt SamYpt 1 5335316:&5 5 335.917 13.Tda„ S(3,'�4,d$tj FNLO39:8o S U4,S6'J Sa.'fiv �tt,¢75,fitZ} 8 S352,091.15 5 1'041,35u G1.01'n 5 1f2.6?-} 4 5377,dmm $ l,d24,707 83$tn L f275 -a'1} t:,i9?,59,4:fie S IMVt2la 1uj.48`!. S 117,7,7R & 53081209.98 S2:225,-88 1#8.91m: 5 525.LS£ 7 $474,b3+1-3.9 F 2,SWI,tn7 !"c5 i16% $ 95A.t1Y7 0 W1 v1992 5 3,fr91.Gl7 701.D4°e S 1,331,517 5 Fa5ilmue71 5 3.550:Y27 :09:87Ri'i 1,85t1,Y?7 iq b4 MI7.9.° $ i,:RR 7YK ')i59F'.5 S'*ax8?la 11 $49"0_66 S A,52d.S2G 25u.17it $ 2,021.92i. 7:? Sfilfi,51h S4 S 3iFlt,4.! .'4D'M. S33i.1,4#1 13 Su37,t7GA5 .L 6,v 0,417 320.16X 11,070SAII 14 555$.r ?S5 5 fi?37 0? 161.02% S 4A37,201 15 $=Et,et!F:US F fi7lR�J1 35.4.19% ff 6tue,291 1, :iO4a^;:O.dS & 7,327.572 430,744V, L K622,542 1r M$4420751 $ 71h391962 467,70% S QS0,9a= 7? FS53,$$i 33 � e.Yi'-%.1,!i1$ fn'•i,.15e.. v F.�,�19 19 S'`7904_41 S 9,6@d,219 545J34, SJ,551,2* M !<7t3P.;Avst S 9<y11.'tei ",film S ri l'ityY Appendix B -Historical Demand Load Data The historical demand load data for existing buildings are presented in the attached tables as follows: AVCP RHA kWh Demand History -Building A 11119107 12t1T107 1Mti06 2119t08 3119f08 4f21108 5l19J08 61t9l08 7I21108 8119/08 9M8708 10M0108 Remarks mart#t 966 1,t57 - 1,752 7,021 855 940 557 457 624 68J 659 599 A02rl#2 3891i 3901 6561i 4831 3521 3791 2871 3761 37DI 27011 270 142 A4art#3 1 2171 2071 1871 1751 2011 2451 1901 2461 2461 33DI 201 ;.!,.:; ".'306 Aoan#4 1 2261 243 61321 3771 2051 28BI 1261 371 591 351 21 18 ata Mont See Note3 Ave. kWhfmonth 450 499 >-:.-�819 514 Ji 403 Ji 4631i 2SOJi 2821i 325 Ji 331 Ji 306. 291 Ji Total kWh/year 19890 Notes: 1. Minimum demand usage highlighted In blue, 2. Maximum demand usage highlighted In yellow. 3. Building :4' demand usage experienced #4r each month. RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 17 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska AVGP RHA kWh Demand History - Bung B 11119107 12/17/07 1121/08 2119108 3119/08 4121108 5119108 6/19108171211081 81191081 9/18108 10/20/08 Remarks Oart#17 371 436 543 425 3621 3971 326 298 289 293 301 349 Apart#18 1 24-3 220 316 296 311 --..,.327 224 285 231 238 272 202 Apan#19 1 2961 3131 3961 3231 3091 3331 2621 331 3241 2731 2681 3'.,4 Ap^srt#20 1 20DI 1921 342 3241 1901 1841 1491 1631 1531 1431 1511 213 otal kWhImonth6 5368 11172 19241 961 19077i 991i 11041 9921 1,188 l8ee Nate 3 Ave. kWh/month I 277 Ii 2901i 3991i 3421i 2931i 3101i 2401 i 2691 2491 262 Ii 248 1 297 Total kWhlyear 1 13,908 Notes: 1. Minimum demand usage highlghted in blue. 2. Maximum demand usage highlighted in yellow' 3. Building B's total demand usage experienced each month. AVCP RHA kWh Demand Histaty - i3uifding G 11/19/07 12117/07 1121106 2119108 3119108 4121108 5/19108 6119108 7121108 8120108 9118/08 110120108 Remarks Apart i9a 381 399 -457 384 299 344 250 294 274 275 302 420 %part#6 210 223 230 154 219 187 92 146 18"0 174 146 156 Apart#7 2D0 228 231 193 118 166 223 --. _ -.260 237 211 .64 108 Apart#8 20 30 6-0 50 30 40 4Q 260 310 320 3301480 Apart#^ - 416 400 431 331 362 40`11 306 3401 3601 299 441 64 Apart#10 54DI 474 587',-...-. 725 492 4751 399 401 4461 4351 513 o1al kWhImonth. b 1 0 See Note Ave. kWh/month 2951 2921 3331 3061 2531 2691 2181 2841 302 Ii 2861i 2361 290 Total kWhlyear 1 2%184 Notes: 1. Minimum demand usage highlighted in blue. 2. Maximum demand usage high8ghted in yellow. 3_ Building Cs total demand usage experienced each month_ AVGP RHA kWh Demand History -Building D 11t19107 12l97107 1121100 2M9t08 3119f08 4121lOB 5119t08 6119l08 7t21f08 8F19108 9198108 10120f08 Remarks Apart 911 3281 3821 6561 5171 3321 3291 2531 27131 2721 2281 2241 322 Apart #12 383 392 470 371 330 357 210 27d 217 201 238 273 Apart#13 62 <-..:15D 123 99 89 89 71 59 56 17 6 30 Apart#14 400 430 --:: 530 410 390 43fl 330 350 320 350 340 370 A4art#15 41d - --416 350 328 293 372 236 170 121 130 151 121 Fwart#16 448 d86 ;,-642 d31 361 372 293 Z'd 363 242 357 350 otal kWhImonth.1 20 See Note3 Ave. kWh/month 3361 374 4621 3591 2991 3251 2321 2271 2251 1951 2191 246 Total kWh!year 1 20,990 Notes: 1, kfmimum demand usage highlighted in blue. 2. tiaximum demand usage hiyhlighted in yelfovr. 7_ Building D's total demand usage expe enced each month. AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska AVCP RHA kWh Demand History - Building E 1 111910TI I 2JI71071 1121108 21191081 3119108141211081 51191081 6119108 7121108 8119108 19118108110120108 lRemarks Apan#A 160 130 1431 179 171 236 153 102 441 801 119 -.: :c, 348 Apart#22 47 43 481 37 391 108 130 130 1031 63 99 ':'-`:';:.I:105 Apart923 155 184 2521 200 1481 1&3 191 210 2221 209 225 c,-,278 ApartV4 288 271 318 319 227 279 230 _<,_.;346 1511 165 214 276 Apartk25 23D 205 185 i67 164 173 163 167 1531 113 154 228 ApartlW 166 179: ,.221 180 163 191 169 159 195 139 139 150 Apart#27 334 36i - 396 289 296 378 278 297 343 300 321 364 Apart#28 147 114 --„,.187 155 150 187 157 163 165 144 144 143 Apart#29 181) 154 -.201 167 192 178 134 139 179 116 1661 196 Apart#30 180 245 -.:.: 346 315 280 2691 236 246 256 228 239 265 Apaart#31 63 59 78 56 51 97 1£4 183 187 162 177 -:=:-.::190 Apart#32 -=:333 307 337 248 249 279 235 221 293 222 265 373 €sundry Rm 1,196 72090 >,-.,1,274 1,033 975 1,i2fi 938 97d 995 997 1,D62 1,248 Plech Rm Z741 25560 '.:3,407 Z626 Z5511 Z8921 25308 Z2371 Z0451 7,863 1,907 2,532 otal WhImont V393 • gee Note 3 Ave. kWh/month 444 422 528 426 404 470 393 398 3$t 343 314 480 Total kWhlyear 1 70,891 Notes: 1. Itihinimum demand usage highiighted in blue. 2. Maximum demand usage highlighted in yellow. 3. Building E's total demand usaged for each month. AVCP RHA kNlh Demand History -Lulu Heron Building 11/20/07 IM81071 112310812120/081 3130108 4121108 5119108161`191081 7122108 812D108 9119/08 1Di21106 Remarks Apart#1 -;.,:.:370 3601 250 170 2201 260 240 120 1501 100 80 60 Apart 92 206 176 - '234 186 184 205 172 192 1961 166 168 174 Apart#3 128 117 321 :_>=_.342 179 311 235 228 1391 100 82 76 Apart#4 330 303 :-'363 285 278 313 256 284 335 303 282 298 Apart#5 370 279 168 130 138 129 110 90 84 77 -:59 65 Apart#6 122 236 226 22D 237 185 202 277 282 272 255 299 Apart#7 448 410-..-.-. 569 397 400 472 386 438 430 351 370 353 APad#8 289 275 307 270 278 326 283 310 320 283 335 342 APan#g 3201 4801 470 360 370 3201 470 410 480 410 450 :.--;:-':,:'510 AParl#10 116 151 182 66 651 176 2021 208 169 223 225-,-:-: ;;:-::260 Apartgll 286 251 ---:-347 248 116 164 144 248 2091 153 167 288 Apad#12 342 336 352 295 286 307 296 ;...375 247 269 365 Apad c13 123 123 148 112. 127 165 231 411 :-560 2 428 529 321 Apart#14 125 111 147 110 251 239 19d 254 2621 225 225 262 Apari#15 128 214 -, ::304 247 276 228 173 187 1941 177 190 201 Apart#15 83 72 97 76 80 86 79 138 292 272 279 -:: : -298 Baler Room 5,880 5,920 67080 57840 5,640 5,880 5,720 6,400 6,280 6,000 6,640 ----.'6.600 TotalkWhlmonth 1 95666 91814 10,565 %3541 91125 91768 95393 109570 10,746 %7871 10,605 10,712 See Note 3 we.kWhlmonth 15691 5771 6211 5501 5371 5751 5531 6221 6321 5761 6241 634 Total kWh/year 1 120,165 Nafes: 1. Minimum demand usage highlighted in blue. 2 MarJmum demand usage ht9hlklhtedln Ye7oa. 3. Lulu Herat Buiddingdertcand usag=_exPeren+�d for each nran"3r. AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska Appendix C — Recommended Practices RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 20 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska Glossaries Ampere - hour — A unit for the quantity of electricity obtained by integrating current flow in amperes over the time in hours for its flow; used as a measure of battery capacity. Anemometer — A device to measure the wind speed. Average wind speed —The mean wind speed over a specified period of time. Blades — The aerodynamic surface that catches the wind. Cut -in wind speed — The wind speed at which a wind turbine begins to generate electricity. Cut-out wind speed —The wind speed at which a wind turbine ceases to generate electricity. Grid —The utility distribution system. The network that connects electricity generators to electricity users. Interconnection — A process of linking a generator, like some types of small wind system, to the electric grid. Interconnection requires permission from the local utility, and rules for doing so often differ on a case -by -case basis. Inverter — A device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). kW — Kilowatt, a measure of power for electrical current (1,000 watts). kWh —Kilowatt-hour, a measure of energy equal to the use of one kilowatt in one hour. O P. M Cost —Operation and maintenance costs. Power coefficient —The ratio of the power extracted by a wind turbine to the power available in the wind stream. PUC —Public Utility Commission, a state agency which regulates utilities. In some areas know as Public Services Commission (PSC). PURPA —Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (1978), 16 U.S.C. §2601.18 CFR§292 that refers to small generator utility connection rules. Net Metering — A policy implemented by some state or local governments to ensure that any extra electricity produced by a generator, such as a small wind system, can be sent back into the grid for credit. Rated Output capacity —The output power of a wind machine operating at the rated wind speed. Rated wind speed —The lowest wind speed at which the rated output power of a wind turbine is produced. RSA Engineering, Inc. Page 22 AVCP RHA Campus - Wind Energy Study Bethel, Alaska Rotor — The rotating part of a wind turbine, including either the blades and blades assembly or the rotating portion of a generator. Rotor diameter — The diameter of the circle swept by the rotor. Rotor speed — The revolutions per minute of the wind turbine rotor. Start-up wind speed —The wind speed at which a wind turbine rotor will begin to spin. See also Cut -in wind speed.