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Home My WebLink AboutAPA159j j I I I I I I I I I PROPERTY Of I'It- 39~• Ancho......AI ...9911"'" SUSITNA HYDr-lOELECTRIC PROJECT FERC LICENSE APPLICATION EXHIBIT E CHAPTERS 4,5 AND 6 DRAFT NOVEMBER 'is,1982 Prepared by". iIiJ ,---,__ALASK.A POWER AUTHOR IT'y'__---' I,=---~~ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY~_---! NOVEMBER 15,1982 CHAPTERS 4,5 AND 6 DRAFT eXHIBIT E ",., .d:~;t~::\ C. \..-J ARLIS Alaska Resources Library &Informatton Services AnchJragc.AJdska FERC LICENSE APPlICAT10N SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT r---------~--~~-~--___.:,4=r( o IS~ l Ln ..- '<t 0)Prepared by:'¢ M '.0 0 0 It) Ln,...... M M 4 -HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ARLIS Alaska Resources '.lbrary &Informatton Services Anch~ragc.AJdaka ~, SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT EXHIBIT E VOLUME 3 CHAPTER 4 REPORT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES PAGE 1 -INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY .•.•••.•.•••.•.•...••.•.•.•.•"... •••E-4-1 1.1 -Program Objectlve •..•••••...••.....•.•.•...••••.•.•.•E-4-5 1.2 -Program Specifics E-4-6 2 -BASELINE DESCRIPTION .,.•••.••••.••••••••.•.•.•.•••..••..•..E-4-9 2.1 -The Study Area .•.•.•.•....•.••••.••••••••.•••...•••••E-4-9 2.2 -Methods -Archeology and Hi story E-4-10 2.3 -Methods -Geoarcheology 1980 .•.•.•.••..••••••.•...•..E-4-24 2.4 -Methods -Paleontology •.•.•.•••••••..•.•.•••.••••••••E-4-28 2.5 -Known Hlstoric and Archeological Sites in the Project Area •.....•••.••••••••.•.•••...•••.•••.••••••E-4-29 2.6 -Geo archeo logy •.•.•.•.•••.•••.•.•.•.••••••.•••.•.•.••.E-4-91 2.7 -Paleontology •••.•.•••••••••••.••••••••••••••.•.•..•.•E-4-95 3 -E"vALUATION OF AND IMPACT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES .•.•••••••..••••.•.•.•.•.••.••.•••.••.•••••..•••••.•••E-4-96 3.1 -Evaluation of Selected Sites Found:Prehistory and Hi story of the Upper Su si tna Ri ver Regi on •••••••.£-4-96 3.2 -Impact on Historic and Archeological Sites .•.•..•••••E-4-106 4 -MITIGATION OF IMPACT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES •••E-4-111 4.1 -Mitigation Polley and Approach ••••••••••..••.••••••••E-4-111 4.2 -Mitlgation Plan £-4-112 4.3 -Agency Consultation E-4-118 BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES Table E.4.1 -Impact on Cultural Resources by Area Table E.4.2 -Susitna Hydroelectric Project -Cultural Resources Table E.4.3 -Summary of Impact by Location LIST OF FIGURES Figure\E.4.1 -Location ofSusitna Hydroelectric Project Figure E.4.2 -Location of Upper Susitna River Basin Figure E.4.3 -Study Area for Cultural Resources and Associated Activities -Susitna River Figure E.4.4 -Study Area for Cultural Resources -Transmission Corridors Figure E.4.5 -Upper Susitna River Stratigraphic Units and Tephrochronology 4 -REPORT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 1 -INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY To d ate three fi el d seasons of reconnai ssance 1evel survey and two field seasons of systematic testing have been conducted in association with the Susitna Hydroelectric Project (1980,1981 and 1982).The results of the first two years of the project are presented in IICul- tural Resources Investigation for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project:A Prel iminary Cultural Resource Survey in the Upper Susitna River Valleyll (Dixon et al.1982),copies of which are submitted with this appl ica- tion.lFierinal results of the field work conducted in 1982 are not avail able at this time,but wi 11 be submitted to FERC in January of 1983;however,prel iminary results on the 52 sites documented in 1982 are presented. The University of Alaska Museum developed a five-step cultural resource program to assist the Al aska Power Authority and Acres .American in com- plying with federal and state laws and regulations concerning protec- tion of cultural resources for the proposed Susitna Hydroel ectric Proj- ect.The five steps,listed in Section 1.1,were aimed toward locating and documenting archeological and historical resources within presel- ected survey locales (areas affected by preconstruction activities were also examined)and testing and evaluating these resources to determine their eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places and pro- posing mitigation measures to avoid or lessen the adverse impact which may result from the proposed project.This appl ication presents the results of a three-year prel iminary cultural resource survey in the Upper Susitna River Region,an impact analysis,and a proposed mitiga- tion pl an to mitigate the adverse effects of the proposed project on significant cultural resources. In preparat i on for fi el d stud ies,all necessary permits were obtai ned, literature pertaining to the archeology,ethnology,history,geology, paleoecology,paleontology,flora and fauna in and near the study area was reviewed,and available aerial photographs were examined.These data were used to develop a tentative cultural chronology for the study area and focused effort toward defining types of archeological site locales for each culture period within the geochronologic units.These data,coupled with paleoecological information,were used to select survey loca.les,126 of which were surveyed during the 1980,1981 and 1982 field seasons.Review of paleontological literature and prefield aerial reconnaissance of the Upper Susitna River valley delineated the area suitable for paleontological investigations.Paleontological studies were designed to determine the types of paleontological speci- mens that could possibly occur in an archeological context. E-4-1 The methods and defined study area varied for each aspect of study, i.e.,archeology,geology,and paleontology (Figure E.4.3).The arch- eological and historical reconnaissance implemented surface and subsur- face testing within the preselected survey locales in an effort to locate historic and archeologic sites.Survey data were consistently recorded on Site Survey forms which enabled systematic recording of infomation for each site and survey locale. For each site located during reconnaissance level testing,regional maps,.site maps,so i1 profi 1 es,photographs,and other data were recorded.All specimens collected were accessioned into the University of Alaska MuselJTI.Sites were given both University of Alaska Museum access i on n1#'1bers and Alaska Heri tage Resources Survey numbers. Geological studies generated data that were used in selecting archeo- logical survey locales.Data concerning surficial geological deposits and glacial events of the last glaciation as well as more recent vol- canic ashes were compiled and provided 1 imiting dates for human occupa- tion of the Upper SusitnaRiver Valley.This information was collected by literature review and field studies.Geological data collected dur- ing 1980 were incorporated into the 1981 and 1982 archeological programs. Archeological reconnaissance in 1980,1981 and 1982 located and docu- mented 6 historic and 161 prehistoric sites,5 of which were originally located by other investigators during brief surveys in 1971 and 1978 and 6 sites were documented in the fi 1 es of the Al aska Office of History and Archeology,bringing the total known to date to 167.It is expected that continued survey will locate additional sites.Sites are also known adjacent to the study area near Stephan Lake,Fog Lakes, Lakes Susitna,Tyone and Louise,and along the Tyone River. Systematic testing was designed to collect data on which to base the evaluation of significance for cultural resources discovered,which will assist in determining the el igibil ity of sites for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places,and to assess impact in order to develop mitigation measures and a general mitigation plan for sig- nificant sites located to date.Although in most cases systematic testing is necessary to address significance,the fact that many of the sites can be placed stratigraphically in relation to three distinct volcanic ashes makes it is possible to consider the collective signifi- cance of all the sites because of the potent i al they ho 1d for del ine- ating the first cultural chronology for the Upper Susitna Region. Due to the large size of the study area,number of sites located, available field time and fiscal constraints,it was possible to syste- matically test only 21 sites to date.Because of the minimal amount of data available pertaining to the culture history of southcentral Alaska and the Upper Susitna River in particular,the primary reason for sel- ecting these 21 sites was that they appeared to have the potential for providing data that could be used to document the cultural chronologi- cal sequence for this region of Alaska. E-4-2 - - - - - Both reconnaissance and systematically tested sites were eval uated to del ineate the prev iousl y undocumented prehi story and hi story of the Upper Susitna River Region.These data enabled a cultural chronology to be developed which includes the following periods:Contemporary (1945 -present)~Trapping (1920-1945),Exploration/Goldrush (1897 - 1920),Athapaskan Tradition (A.D.1900 -A.D.500)~Choris/Norton Tradition (ca.A.D.500 -ca.1500 B.C.),Northern Archaic Tradition (ca.1500 B.C.-ca.3000 B.C.)and the Jlmerican Paleoarctic Tradition (ca.3000 B.C.?-ca.9000 B.C.?). Impact on cultural resources will vary in relation to the type of act iv it i es that occur on or near them.Based on the present two-dam proposal (Devil Canyon and Watana)and the resultant increase in publ ic access,73 of the sites known to date within the study area will be dire~tly or indirectly impacted~and 86 could potentially be impacted~ during construction and subsequent use and operation of the facil ity. Because of their loctaion away from impact areas,it appears that 8 sites will not be impacted by the project. The impact of recreational activities,upriver and downriver changes in hydrology,1 and access and use,and the proposed transmission corri- dors cannot be assessed at this time due to the lack of "information concerning the amount,type and location of disturbances associated with these activities.Once all of the development pl ans are final- ized,those sites in the potential category can be designated as likely to'receive direct,indirect,or no impacts by project rel ated activ- ities. Thirty sites were located and documented in areas that will be affected by the Watana Dam and its impoundment.All 30 sites will be directl y impacted. Seven sites are presently known within the area to be affected by the Devil Canyon dam and its impoundment.All seven sites will be directly impacted by the project. Seven archeo log ;Cal sites were found and documented in proposed borrow areas,associated facil ities,and areas disturbed by geotechnical test- ing.One will be directly impacted and two have the potential of being impacted.It appears that four sites wi 11 not be impacted by the proj ect. Ni neteen sites were located and documented along the proposed access route andassoc i ated proposed borrow areas.Fifteen of these sites will be directly impacted,three will receive indirect impact and one has the potential of being impacted. Twelve sites have been recorded within the proposed transmission corridors.At this time all could be potentially impacted.Impact assessment must await detail ed information on these corridors.The E-4-3 transmission corridor from the Watana Dam site was selected after the 1982 field season and remains to be surveyed at the reconnaissance level.Ninety-two sites are presently documented in areas outside the above categories but within the project area.Seventeen sites will be directly impacted and 71 could potentially be impacted.It appears that four sites will not be impacted by the hydroelectric project. No sites on the National Register of Hi storie Pl aces were known in the study area pri or to thi s study.Based on the results of the reconna i s- sance survey and the limited systematic testing of the selected archeo- logical sites,the project area holds excellent potential for addres- sing many long-standing anthropological questions.Three tephras permit stratigraphic correl ation between many sites and site compon- ents.This presents a uniquely significant opportunity to define the development of these archeological traditions which has not been pos- sible elsewhere in interior or southcentral Alaska. No single site has been found which preserves the cultural development to be traced through time based on comparisons of a series of sites which can be clearly documented to be temporally discrete.With all this information it is possible to state that most of the sites found to date in the study area are likely significant and could collectively hold the potential for defining the prehistory for this region of Alaska and,therefore,may be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Given this level of significance it may be appropriate to nominate these sites to the National Register as an archeological district because of the unique opportunity the known sites in this area (as well as the yet undiscovered sites)have for addressing questions concerning the prehistory and history of a large portion of interior Alaska which is presently not well defined.If a nomination of this type is made, it should be done in concert with the State Historic Preservation Offi cer. Continued reconnaissance and systematic testing is necessary to locate and document as many sites as possible,given the present level of technology,to assist in the mitigation of impacts.A mitigation plan to lessen project impacts on cultural resources is a basic management tool providing options to be considered during the overall decision making and planning process.Although the concept has and is presently undergoing refinement,it clearly consists of three options:avoid- ance,preservation,and investigation.For all sites to be adversely impacted by the Sus itna Hydroel ectric Proj ect,either d irectl y or indirectly,systematic testing is currently recommended in order to determine significance and eligiblity to the National Register of Historic Places.Based on this testing level,a decision on the level of investigation required can be made through consultation with the SHPO and the Advisory Council.For all sites that could be potentially damaged,avoidance with an accompanying monitoring plan is currently E-4-4 ~, - - recommended.This monitoring pl an should be developed in concert with the appropri ate 1 and managing agency.When all the activities asso- ciated with construction and use of the project are identified,it will then be possible to determine whether sites in this category will receive direct impact,indirect impact,or no impact.The appropri ate mitigation measures can then be developed. It is presently estimated that it will take two (2)years to complete the archeological and historical inventory and the necessary systematic testing.The duration of any mitigation program must await evaluation of systematic testing.However,a preliminary estimate for an investi- gation program to mitigate adverse effect is 5 to 7 years.The esti- mated cost of completing the cultural resource inventory and the neces- sary systematic testing is $1,391,152.The cost estimate for mitigat- ing adverse effects to cultural resources can only be made after the cultural resource inventory and systematic testing are completed and the number of sites requiring invest ig at ion and/or preserv at ion deter- mi ned. 1.1 -Program Objectives In order to comply with cultural resource laws and regulations,and to meet the criterion for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission license appl ication,a five-step program was developed to document,eval uate, and recommend mitigation measures for these resources.These steps include: -Step 1:Field Study Preparation -Step 2:Reconnaissance Level Survey -Step 3:Systematic Testing -Step 4:Analysis and Report Preparation -Step 5:Curation The five steps outl ined above are aimed at fulfill ing the two objec- tives of the project: (a)Identification of archeological,historical,and paleontological resources found in an archeological context in the defined study area (see Methodology section for definition of study area).This process was implemented during the 1980 field season and continued through the 1981 and 1982 field seasons.However,only a portion of the project area has been examined to date and additional survey is requi red to compl ete the cul tural resource inventory. E-4-5 (b)Systematic testing and evaluation of these resources in order to evaluate significance and make recommendations for mitigating potential adverse effects that preconstruction studies,dam con- struction,and/or dam operation may have on them.Systematic testing conducted in 1981 and 1982 tested 21 sites.Continued systematic testing is required to determine National Register eligibil ity of the remaining sites that will be adversely impacted by the proj ect. 1.2 -Program Specifics (a)Archeology (i)Step 1:Field Study Preparation Prior to implementing the field program it was necessary to complete the following tasks: -Federal and state archeological permits were appl ied for and received. -Literature pertaining to the archeology,ethnology, history,geology,paleontology,flora and fauna of the study area as well as adjacent regions was reviewed prior to preparing the research design. -Archeological,ethnological and historical data were syn- thesized into a regional and local chronology in an effort to predict the types and ages of sites that could be expected to occur within the study area.In addition to cultural data,geological data concerning the 1 ast glaciation were also examined in order to establish 1 imiting dates for human occupation of specific areas within the upper Susitna River basin.Objectives of the geoarcheology portion of the cultural resource studies are discussed in this section.Results of 1980,1981 and 1982 field studies indicate that prefield season projec- tions of site locations and temporal placement provided reliable estimates of what has been subsequently docu- mented. -Aeri al photographs of the study area were ex amined,the interpretation of which focused on identifying probable areas containing cultural resources as well as supple- menting geoarcheological data. E-4-6 - ~i - - - .... ".,., -All previously recorded cultural resources in the study area were plotted on 1:63,360 USGS maps in order to docu- ment the location of sites within and adjacent to the study area. -Areas that had no or very low potent i al of cultural resources such as steep canyon walls,areas of stand-ing water and exposed gravel bars were identified.These areas were eliminated from reconnaissnce level testing. (ii)Step 2:Reconnaissance Level Testing The purpose of this step was to identify,locate and inven- tory archeological and hi storical sites within the study area,which can then be systematically tested.Data syn- thesi zed and generated about the study area were used to select survey locales for testing.Maps of each survey local e examined in 1980 and 1981 can be found in Appendix E of the 1982 report.Survey locales examined in 1982 will be included in the report documenting this field season. During the 1980,1981 and 1982 field seasons 126 survey lac al es were ex amined usi ng surface and subsurface test ing procedures.In addition reconnaissance testing was con- ducted as needed at boreholes,auger holes,proposed borrow areas,helicopter landing zones,the proposed Watana air- strip,along -seismic 1 ines,and along proposed access routes.The proposed transmission corridors from Fairbanks to Healy and Willow to Anchorage,and the proposed access route have received preliminary reconnaissance survey. (iii)Step 3:Systematic Testing The purpose of this step was to test sites located during the reconnai ssance 1evel survey in order to co 11 ect suf- ficient data to address site significance,el igibil ity to the National Register,and impact,in order to develop mit- igation measures and a general mitigation pl an.Systematic testing,which began in 1982 and continued in 1982,re- quires transit surveys of sites,topographic mapping,and excavation of selected units using standard archeological methods.In addition,site maps and soil profil es of exca- vation units producing cul tural materi al were drawn and photographs taken. (iv)Step 4:Analysis and Report Preparation Th4s step was an integral part of each step of the project. It entailed compil ation of the individual reports for the other steps of the project as well as synthesi zing all data E-4-7 recovered and making recommendations for mitigating adverse effects on cul tural resources when sufficient data were available to make recommendations. (v)Step 5:Curation Recording of recovered artifactual material and associated contextual data was and wi 11 be an ongoing program through- out the duration of and after the project.As specified by the Federal Antiquity Permit obtained for this project, material s and supporting documentation must be stored and maintained in a suitable repository.The designated repos- itory is the University of Al aska Museum. Artifacts and paleontological specimens recovered to date have been accessioned into their appropriate collections at the University of Al aska Museum in accordance with state and federal requirements pertinent to the preservation of antiquities. (b)Geoarcheology In order to accompl ish the archeological objectives it was neces- sary to conduct geoarcheological studies to generate baseline data on the surficial geological deposits and glacial events in the study area which provided one of several criteria subsequently applied to the selection of survey locales during 1980,1981,and 1982.Additionally,geoarcheological studies provide limiting dates for the earliest possible human occupation of specific areas within the region as well as baseline data on volcanic ashes (tephras)within the study area which can be used to provide rel a- tive dates for many of the archeological sites. (c)Paleontology In connection with cultural resource studies it was necessary to develop baseline paleontological data aimed at defining the type and range of paleontological specimens that could possibly occur in an archeological context within the study area. The results of archeological,geoarcheological and paleontological studies are discussed in Chapters 3,4,5,and 6 in the 1982 report. E-4-8 - - - """ -- - ~, - .... 2 -BASELINE DESCRIPTION 2.1 -The Study Area (a)Archeo logy The cultural resource study area was defined as those 1ands within approximately 3 km of the Susitna River from just below Devil Canyon to the mouth of the Tyone River (Figures E.4.1,E.4.2, E.4.3 and E.4.4).Al so incl uded were the proposed access corridor and transmi ss i on corri'dors from Fairbanks to Heal y and Anchorage to Willow.Areas outside the defined study area were examined when it was necessary to obtain data essential to the cultural resource study,as well as to examine areas that could be impacted by changes in the proj ect and those that woul d 1 ike 1y be affected by recreational use of the area. The study area del ineated for cultural resource studies included both direct,indirect and potential impact areas.Direct impact is the immediately demonstrable effect of a land modification project on the resource base.Indirect impact rel ates to adverse effects that are secondary but clearly brought out by the 1 and modification project which would not have occurred without the project.Potential impact is connected with ancillary development which can be predicted to occur as ~result of the project. Direct impact areas include the proposed reservoirs of the Devil Canyon and Watana dams,proposed dam construction sites and asso- ci ated fac i lit i es,proposed borrow areas,proposed access and transmission corridors,and any other areas subject to subsurface disturbance during preconstruction,construction,or operation of the Su s itna Hydroel ectri c Proj ect.Ind irect impact areas are those outside the above areas but nonethel ess affected by the project due to such activities as increased access to remote areas afforded by roads into the project area,downcutting and erosion caused by changes in stream and river flow resulting from fluctua- tion of water levels of the reservoir.Potential impact can be expected to occur as a result of recreational development.The exact nature of this impact remains to be demonstrated. The study area is not static.It has changed and will continue to change in response to modifications in the engineering of the hydroelectric project,as well as to new data provided by ongoing stud ies assoc i ated with the overall proj ect,such as 1 and use analysis and recreation planning . E-4-9 (b)Geoarcheology The study area for geoarcheological studies supporting cultural resource analysis was approximately 16 km wide on each side of the Susitna River extending from the Portage Creek area to the mouth of the Maclaren River (Figure E.4.3).When necessary,contiguous areas were ex am i ned. (c)Paleontology The study area for paleontological studies as they apply to cul- tural resources was confined to the Watana Creek vicinity.This locale was selected because it was the only area identified within the entire Susitna basin that provided suitable large deposits for pre-Pleistocene paleontological studies (Figure E.4.3). 2.2 -Methods -Archeology and History In preparation for field studies,a research design based on current data was developed.The research design integrated the current data (Appendices A,B in 1982 report)into a cultural chronological frame- work,and developed a research strategy that was structured to predict archeological site locations in relation to physical and topographic features within the 1 imits of contemporary archeological method and theory.Based on the del ineated cultural chronology,documented site local es for each culture period,geoarcheo logic ev al uation,and pal eo- ecological data of the project area,survey locales were identified as exhibiting relatively high potential for archeological site occurrence. These locales were subject to preliminary examination for cultural resources representing various periods of Al aska prehistory.Addi- tional high potential areas remain as well as areas that have varying degrees of site potenti al which must al so be examined.The data used in selecting the survey locales are presented below. (a)Application of Data Base (i)Cultural Chronology.A tentative cultural chronology was constructed utilizing archeological data from known sites in or adjacent to the study area.Archeological sites of several cultural periods spanning the past ca.10,000 years and several cultural/historical periods are known.These data assisted in selecting survey locales. Archeological sites which were expected to occur in the Upper Susitna region were not expected to exceed 9000 B.C. in age,based on the sequence of deglaciation that occurred E-4-10 - - - ..... ,..... - in the area.The earliest sites that were expected in the study area were those representing the ,American Paleoarctic Tradition,specifically the Denal i Complex for which West (1975)ascribes a date of ca.10,000 B.C.to 4,500 B.C. This distinctive and long-lasting stone tool industry is characterized by wedge-shaped microblade cores,micro- blades,core tablets,bifacial knives,burins,burin spalls and end scrapers.Incorporation of Denali into the American Paleoarctic Tradition follows Dumond (1977)who suggests that the Denal i Complex is a regional variant of the Ameri can Pal eoarcti c Tr ad it i on as defi ned by Anderson (1968a). The Denali Complex has been dated to between 8,600 B.C.and 4,000 B.C.in Interior Alaska.There appears to be a hiatus of Denali sites in the interior archeological record after 4,000 B.C.;however,several sites in the Tanana Valley which contain elements thought to be distinctive of the Denali Complex date to between 2,400 B.C.and A.D.1,000.This may suggest a late persistence of this stone industry.Sites representative of the Denali Complex are located in areas adj acent to the study area.The 01 dest dated Denal i Compl ex site in the Al aska Range area is Component II,at the Dry Creek site which dates to ca.8,600 B.C.(Powers and Hamilton 1978:76). Other sites containing the Denal i Compl ex in surrounding regions are Teklanika 1 and 2 near Mt.McKinley,MMK-004 at Lake Minchumina,the Campus site,the Village site at Healy Lake,site FAI-062 (central Tanana Valley),the Donelly Ridge site,several undated Denal i sites on the Ft.Wain- wright Reservation in the central Tanana Valley,several sites at Tangle Lakes,two sites near Lake Susitna and upper Cook Inlet,the Beluga Point site,and the Long Lake site in the Talkeetna Mountains.These suggest that the Denal i peopl es were extremely widespread and occupied both inland and coastal zones.If a continuum beween early and late Denali proves to be real,a time span of over 9,000 years would exist for Denal i peoples.The avail able infor- mation suggested that sites representing the Denali period existed within the study area.Sites containing el ements associ ated with the Denal i compl ex were found as a result of surface and subsurface testing in the study area (see Chapters 3,4,and 7 in the 1982 report). The question of the late duration of the Denali Complex is not settled.Several sites in regions adjacent to the study area have yielded materials simil ar to those of the Denal i Complex,i.e.,microblades,microblade cores,and burins,which have late dates.These are the Village site E-4-ll at Healy Lake with a date of ca.500 A.D.(Cook 1969),and MMK-004 at Lake Minchumina dated to ca.800-1000 A.D. (Holmes 1978).At the Dixthada site,similar material has been dated to ca.470 B.C.Several as yet undated sites contai ning Denal i-l ike materi al were al so located during a 1979 survey in the central Tanana Valley (Dixon et al.)and could represent late Denali occupation.---- Sites potentially of late Denal i age in areas near the Upper Susitna study area suggest that 1 ate Denal i sites could al so exist in the study area.Several sites docu- mented during the 1980 and 1981 field seasons may represent this period;however,further testing and evluation are necessary in order to support this hypothesis. Areas surrounding the study area have produced sites repre- sentative of the Northern Archaic Tradition as defined by Anderson (l968b)which date from ca.4,500 B.C.Northern Archaic sites include Lake Minchumina,Dry Creek,the Campus site,the Village site at Healy Lake,several sites found at Ft.Wainwright in 1979,Tangle Lakes,Lake Susitna,Beluga Point,and the Ratekin site.The distribu- tion of these sites is similar to that for the Denali Com- plex sites.This tradition is characterized by notched projectile points,notched pebbles,a variety of bifaces, end scrapers,and notched boulder chip scrapers.A site on Stephan Lake (TLM 007)dating to ca.4000 B.C.suggested the presence of the Northern Archaic Tradition in the study area.Several projectile point types indicative of this tradition were found during the 1980,1981 and 1982 field seasons and,along with several radiocarbon dates that cor- respond to the time span for this culture period,indicate that this tradition is present in the Upper Susitna Valley (Section 4.9 and Chapters 3,4,and 7 in the 1982 report). The Arctic Small Tool Tradition is characterized by assem- blages containing microblade cores,microblades,burins, burin spall artifacts,flake knives,and bifacial end blades.This tradition is represented by coastal and non-coastal sites,several of the 1 atter being known from the Al aska Interior.Dumond (1977)suggests that the Arctic Small Tool Tradition can broadly encompass a Denbigh-Choris-Norton continuum,and this is how the tradi- tion is used here.One site adjacent to the study area, Lake Susitna Site 9,has been suggested as a possible Arctic Small Tool Tradition (Irving 1957).A date of 2200 to 2800 B.C.has been documented for the Artic Small Tool occupation at Onion Portage (Anderson 1968)but may be somewhat 1 ater in the southern interior. E-4-12 - - - - - - - Norton period sites,the late end of the Arctic Small Tool Tradition continuum,first appear on the Bering Sea coast about ca.500 B.C.Norton does not predate 400 B.C.in the upper portion of the Naknek drainage,and 1 asts to ca.1000 A.D.around much of the Bering Sea area (Dumond 1977:106-108).Shortly after its appearance (ca.SOD B.C.) Norton may be represented in Interior Alaska archeological sites.Th is.is suggested by art if acts from Lake Minchumina,the Beluga Point site in upper Cook Inlet and possibly one site in the Upper Susitna River Valley. It shoul d al so be noted that Norton peri od sites in the Bristol Bay region tend to occur well up major salmon streams,presumably exploiting this rich resource (Dumond 1977:113).Inland Norton period sites demonstrate the importance of caribou in the Norton subsi stence strategy (Dumond 1977:113).The Beluga Point site in upper Cook Inlet may represent the maritime portion of the Norton sub- sistence cycle.Norton populations employed a subsistence pattern that included the seasonal exploitation of both coastal resources (sea mammals,shell fish,and fish)and interior resources (caribou,moose,salmon,etc.).This shift in subsistence strategy may have been a response to climatic amelioration which occurred after 1000 B.C.and preceded the "Little Ice Age"(ca.A.D.l600-A.D.1800). This change in resource exploitation may be reflected by the occurrence of a possi b1e Norton peri od archeo log ic al ~ite in the Susitna study area. Late prehi storic Athapaskan and historic period sites have al so been docLrnented in areas adj acent to the study area. Late prehistoric Athapaskan sites are presented at Lake Minchumina,the upper component at the Healy Lake Village site,the upper component at Dixthada,several sites at Tangle Lakes,other sites on Lakes Susitna,Louise and Tyone,a eported site on the Tyone River,and another site in the vicinity of upper Cook Inlet.These late prehis- toric Athapaskan sites indicate widespread.occupation of several regions in Al aska by these groups.Dumond and Mace (1968)have suggested,based on archeological and histor- ical data,that Tanaina Athapaskans may have repl aced the Pac ifi c Eskimo in upper Cook In 1 et somet ime between 1650 A.D.and 1780 A.D.Possibly this replacement occurred somewhat earl ier in the study area.Several sites repre- senting this period were documented in the Upper Susitna River Valley during this study (see Chapters 3,4,and 7 in 1982 report). E-4-l3 The chronology presented here is specul ative and was intended to provide a basel ine from which archeological sites of different periods in the project area could be expected.This chronology is presently being tested and refined using data from archeological sites located in the study area.The relationship of this chronology to actual sites found is discussed in Chapter 7 of the 1982 report. In order to ev al uate the si gnifi cance of archeo log ic al sites located during survey and testing (with respect to National Register criteria),as well as aid in the analysis of archeological materials collected,it was necessary to expl kate hypotheses which could be tested and eval uated util izing the project data. A fundanental hypothesis examined in this study was the validity of the cultural chronology which was proposed.To test the cultural chronology,each period must be examined separately against archeological data from sites located during survey.To evaluate a site against a proposed period in the chronology,it is necessary that the full range of artifactual material from the site,not just sel- ected types,and non-artifactual contexts be compared against the known range of artifactual material from sites of the period and the attempt made to expl ain the range of variability and the anomalies.This should lead to a fuller understanding of periods involved,or the elimina- tion of invalid periods for the study area and possibly the delineation of others presently unknown. (ii)Geoarcheological Data.Geoarcheological data was reviewed, aeri al photographs exam ined and a prel iminary data base developed which provided information on glacial events and surficial geological deposits within and adjacent to the study area (see Chapter 5 in 1982 report).These data were used in conjunction with archeologicl data to select survey locales for testing.Updated geoarcheological data were incorporated into ongoing cul tural resource studies during the course of the project. During the 1980 field season,aerial reconnaissance was conducted in order to outline more specifically the distri- bution and range of surface landforms and deposits as well as to examine the potenti al for stratigraphic work.Strat- igraphic reconnaissance was conducted in a number of areas in order to generate data on major valley-forming geologic events.Geoarcheol og ic al reconnai ssance was conducted in order to examine land forms specifically associated with glacial events in the area such as moraines,deltas,lake plains and eskers,in order to suggest limiting data for cultural resources in specific areas. E-4-14 - -. p.:" - - - - _. - .- (b)Permits Based on the analysis of the above data,a preliminary geo- archeological terrain map was developed to assist cultural resource field studies.This map is on file at the Uni- versity of Alaska,Fairbanks.In addition,organic samples co 11 ectedand submitted for radiocarbon analysis were used to provide keys to stratigraphic units within the study area,information which was appl ied to site age whenever possible.Tephra samples were also collected in order to identify ash horizons noted in archeological sites and stratigraphic sections.As with the other geoarcheological data,thi s information was used to date cultural resources wh en po s sib 1e• Federal Anti quit i es permits (#80AK-23,#81AK-209)and St ate of Al aska Permits (#80-1,#81-11,#82-4)were obtained for the project.Federal permit 81AK-209 is val id through June 1984. (c)Literature Review Literature pertaining to the archeology,history,geology,flora and fauna of the study area and surround"ing areas was reviewed and incorporated into the research design. (d)Cultural Chronology The data resulting from the review of the archeological and his- torical literature was used to construct a tentative cultural chrono logy for cultur a 1 resources expected in the study area,pro- vide data for the del ineation of a predictive model for archeolog- ical potential of various project areas,and expl icate hypotheses that could aid in the evaluation of sites located during survey and testing.A tentative chronology suggested that sites spanning the past ca.10,000 years would be found in the study area.Pre- liminary analysis of cultural resources located during the three field seasons of this project indicates that sites representing all culture periods outl ined in the research design occur in the study area. (e)Research Design and Strategy An analysis of the data derived from the 1 iterature search focus- ing on site locales has established that archeological sites occur in a non-random pattern in rel ation to associated physical,topo- graphic,and ecological features.Based on the analysis of site locational data from regions adjacent to the study area,the fea- tures characteristically associated with archeological site occur- rence are discussed below.All sites located during this study can effectively be pl aced in one or more of these categories. E-4-l5 (i)Overlooks -Overlooks are areas of higher topograhic relief than much of the surrounding terrain.These areas are characteristically well drained and command a view of the surrounding region.It is generally inferred that over- looks served as hunting locales and/or possibly short term camp sites.Because these sites occur in elevated areas, soil deposition is generally thin and they are frequently easily discovered through subsurface testing or examination of natural exposures.Examples of sites ascribed to the Denali Complex which occur in this setting are the Campus Site,Donnelly Ridge,Susitna Lake,and the Teklanika sites.Northern Archaic Tradition sites also known to occur on overlooks are the Campus Site,some sites in the Tangle Lakes area,Susitna Lake,the Ratekin Site,and a site near the Watana Dam project area.Archeological sites ascribed to the Arctic Small Tool Tradition frequently occur on overlooks;however,no positively identified Arctic Small Tool sites situated on overlooks have yet been reported from the study area or regions immediately adja- cent to it.The Nenana River Gorge site,some of the Tangle Lakes sites,and Lake Susitna are all Athapaskan period sites which occur on overlooks.. (ii)Lake Margins -Sites ascribed to all defined traditions have been discovered on the margins of major lakes.It is generally inferred that they are frequently more permanent seasonal camps and that fishing,the exploitation of fresh water aquatic resources,and 1arge mammal hunting were the primary economic activities associated with these sites. These inferences are primarily based on the location of these sites rather than an analysis of faunal and arti- factual material.Sites on 1 ake margins may exhibit greater soil deposition than overlooks because of their lower topographic position.Sites in this setting are fre- quently discovered through subsurface testing,the observa- tion of surface features,or through the examination of natural exposures.Athapaskan sites on 1 ake margins include those at Lake Minchumina,Healy Lake,Tangle Lakes, Lake Susitna,Lake Louise,and Lake Tyone.Archeological sites ascribed to the Arctic Small Tool Tradition are reported to occur on lake margins,and an example is the Norton component reported at Lake Minchumina,Healy Lake, Tangle Lakes,Susitna Lake and Stephen Lake,sites which may be ascribed to the Northern Archaic Tradition are known to occur on lake margins.Denali Complex sites which have been found near lakes include the Tangle Lake sites,Lake Minchumina,Healy Lake,Long Lake,and Lake Susitna. E-4-16 ~, ""'" - ....., - (iv) ""'", (iii)Stream and River Margins -Numerous sites have been reported along the banks of abandoned channel s of streams and rivers.They vary from large semi-permanent seasonal camps to what appear to be brief transient camps.So i1 deposition at such locales may be greater than either lake or overlook sites because of the low topographic setting of streams and an active agent (the stream or river)for soil deposition.Sites may be discovered through the examina- tion of natural exposures,subsurface testing,and visual observation of cultural features.Denali Complex sites reported along stream and r iv er marg in s or ab andoned chan.;. nels include Dry Creek,Carlo Creek,a.nd the Campus site. Northern Archaic Tradition sites found in this type of locale are Dry Creek and the Campus site.The Merrill site,which is ascribed to the Norton period of the Arctic Small Tool Tradition,is a former meander of the Kenai River.Athapaskan sites on stream and river margins include Dixthada,Dakah De'nin's Village and the Nenana· River Gorge site. Natural Constructions -Areas where the topographic setting and surrounding terrain form natural constrictions tend to funnel game animals using the area.Lakes,rivers, streams,incised abandoned channels,as well as mountains and hills can produce,either singularly or in combination, natural funnel s,concentrating game animal s (especially herd animal s)into areas that afford more efficient and effect ive expl oitat i on of thi s resource by hum an popul a- tions.Sites in the form of Ill oo kouts ll or actual kill sites could be associated with these areas.In the Upper Susitna River Valley extant caribou herds presently use the area for summer and cal v ing ranges and are subject to thi s funneling.Presumably this was the case in the past. ..... (v)Areas Eliminated from Testing Pro~ram -In addition to those areas mentioned above,areas ~hat appeared to have no or very low archeological potential were also identified. These include areas of steep slopes (greater than 15 degrees)such as the wall s of Devil Canyon;areas of standing water including the Susitna River itself,lakes and low swampy areas;and exposed gravel bars on the Susitna River.These areas were eliminated from survey except when slated for ground-disturbing activities such as auger and boreholes,seismic testing and the proposed Watana airstrip.In these cases,low-level helicopter reconnaissance,surface reconnaissance and subsurface test- ing were conducted where possi b1e.Numerous reconnai ssance surveys were conducted in these types of areas,all wi th negative results. E-4-17 It can easily be noted in the review of site locational data that many sites have been subject to reoccupation and share more than one of the defined physical,topographic, or ecological features characteristic of archeological site local es.It waul d appear that there may be a compound ing effect in human utilization of a locale,if more than one of these major variables occur,thus possibly increasing the probabil ity of its use and subsequent reuse.It is also recognized that this analysis is limited because it does not address known chronological and settlement pattern gaps in the archeological record.Additionally,sites such as caves,rock shelters,quarry sites,etc.,are not reported immediately adjacent to the study area,although they may occur in the Susitna region.By focusing initial survey efforts in these locales,as well as natural ex- posures,it was -anticipated that most of the archeological sites which can be easily discovered would be found during initial stages of the project,thus providing maximum time for evaluation and planning to ensure their protection. One hundred and sixty-seven archeological!historic sites were recorded during the 1980,1981 and 1982 field seasons through impl anentati on of thi s research design and strategy. However,a problem in the delineation of the topograhic, physical,and ecological features 1 isted above is that a variety of specific settings are subsumed under these gen- eral categories and 1 ittle precise detail about individual sites is available.One objective of the research design was to attempt to obtain more precise data relevant to pre- historic settlement patterns and the juxtaposition of indi- vidual sites in relation to the natural environment.Forms used to compile this data are discussed below and presented in Appendix C in the 1982 report.It is anticipated that anal ys is of thi s data wi 11 increase pred ictab il ity for locating archeological sites.Additionally,this examina- tion may permit detailed analysis of shifting subsistence patterns during various cultural historical periods which in turn may enable correlation of changing settlement pat- terns with environmental change(s). Field data recording gathered detailed site-specific infor- mation such as the geomorphic feature on which sites were located,topographic position and elevation,slope,expos- ure,view stratigraphy,as well as detail s about the sur- rounding terrain and environment.This specific kind of information may enable an analysis of settlement patterns in relation to ecological variables and human response to changes in these variables through time.A Site Survey Form was developed which outl ines the specific kinds of information that field personnel were required to record. This form is presented in Appendix C of the 1982 report. E-4-18 - - - (f) Similar information was also collected at locales where test pits did not yield cultural evidence to facilitate analysis of areas where sites do not occur. The research design and strategy developed for this project were based on a pl an designed to provide feedback data throughout the proj ect so that new data coul d be used to mod ify,refine and further develop the cultural resources investigation.Primary objectives of the fi.eld research program were:1)examination of areas which would be im- mediately affected by the Susitna Hydropower Project.(pro- posed airstrips,borrow areas,drilling locales,etc.); 2)survey and testing of the documented archeological site locales;3)anon-the-ground survey of preselected survey locales within the study area;and 4)systematic testing of sites discovered to determine spatial limits,depth of deposits,stratigraphic pl acement of cultural materi al s, probable age and function of sites,etc. Data Collection and Field Procedures (i)Reconnaissance Testing -To insure consistent data collec- tion in the field an~provide a systematic format for data retri ev al,a Site Survey Form was used for thi s proj ect (Form 1,Append ix C in 1982 report).The form served as a basis for recording specific information on each site located during the reconnaissance level survey as well as a basis for systematic testing.The form is organized into major categories including:site location,environment, site description and condition,photographic records and additional information such as a site map and location of test pits.Subcategories within each of these headings provide specific data on these topics. Da il y fi e1d notes were kept by each crew member.Each page was numbered in the upper right hand corner along with the date or dates incl uded on that page.Each site was noted by bold or underlined numbers (i.e.,TLM 027)at the begin- ning of the notes associated with that site.Field note- books for survey recorded much of the same informati on found on the Site Survey Forms,such as site location, topography,vegetation,soils,extent of site,and photo- graphs taken.Field notebooks for systematic testing also recorded a detailed description of soils,drawings strati- fication of soil s,drawings of significant features or artifacts in situ,horizontal and vertical placement of artifacts and features excavated at the site,site maps, methods of excavation and collection of non-archeological samples (soil,po1len,radiocarbon).A space was left on each page for additional notes and corrections.Crew leaders kept a continuous log of all areas surveyed,noting both the location of all test pits and natural exposures and the presence and absence of cultural material. E-4-l9 ",nce an archeological site was located,additional shovel tests were excavated,when possible,to the north,south, east and west of the test pit wh i ch fi rst documented the site.This testing was designed to assist in determining extent of the site as well as to locate additional cul- tural material.In an effort to keep site disturbance to a minimum,preliminary testing at each site was limited,and the number of tests made at each site varied with the nature of the specific site.All test pits were numbered, mapped and backfilled. The location of all excavated and surface collected arti- facts were recorded.Spec imens recovered dur i ng reconna i s- sance level survey were bagged by arbitrary 5-cm levels, unless natural stratification was encountered.Each bag contained the following information:location (i.e.,Devil Canyon,Survey Locale 15),date,University of Alaska Site Number or AHRS number (i.e.,UA80-23 or TLM 123),name of excavator,test number (as recorded on site map,i.e.,Test #1),depth,and specimen(s)in bag.Radiometric samples collected were double wrapped in alum"inum foil and placed in ziplock bags with the following data recorded on each: location,date,site number,collector's name,test number, depth,spec imen.All ind iv idual bags from each test were placed in a larger bag with site number,name,date and location on the outside.All test pit bags were pl aced in a site bag with the site number and date on the outside. All site bags were organized by survey locale. A site-specific and regional map was made for each site. Site maps included horizontal and vertical datum points, site grid,all test pits made,location of surface arti- facts,features (such as hearths,cabin remains,house pits),distance and direction to other sites or major 1 and features,a scale,date,name of person drawing map,name of person record ing data,and reference to pages in fi el d notebooks on wh i ch add it ional informat ion was recorded. Regional maps showed the site in relation to a larger por- tion of the study area including nearby rivers,lakes, topographic features,vegetation communities,and other sites in the immediate area. Photographs were taken of each site located.The first picture at each site was an identification shot indicating site number,date and crew.Other photographs recorded the environment around the site,features at the site,soil profiles exposed in test pits,and artifacts or features in situ before removal by excavation.Each photograph was recorded by roll and frame and recorded on the survey form. Direction of view,if applicable,was noted for each photo- graph taken along with a short statement of content and any E-4-20 ~\ - - - other data pertinent to the photograph.When practical,a metric scale or other reference object was included. Photographs are on file at the University of Alaska Museun . Detailed soil profiles were drawn of soil deposits exposed during excavation.These included a description of color, grain size and consistency.Measurements documenting depth and thickness for each unit were al so recorded.So il pro- files are on file at the University of Alaska Museum. A catalog of all specimens collected in the field during surveyor excavation was prepared during Step 5,Curation. Pertinent data was recorded for each specimen,including its Museun accession and catalog number,description of specimen,excavation or collection unit,level or depth fr.om which it was collected,date of collection,and col- lector or excavator.Site information collected and recorded during survey and testing was recorded on Alaska Heritage Resource Site Survey long forms;a sample of which is presented as Form 3 in Append ix C of the 1982 report. These become a permanent publ ic record of the State of Al aska. The reconnaissance level survey was directed toward on-the-ground evaluation of preselected survey locales that have been identified for the project area.Along with the evaluation an attempt was made in the field to identify areas that potenti ally may be el iminated from further sur- vey and the location of as many site locales as possible. Form 2 in Appendix C of the 1982 report was developed to aid this evaluation. (ii)Systematic Testing -Prior to systematic testing,a mapping crew established horizontal and vertical site datums,topo- graphi call y mapped each site and super imposed a hori zonta 1 grid on each.site.To facil itate recording data,the datum was located,when possible,so that the entire site area woul d fall north and east of the datum po int.A 12-inch spike was pl aced at the datum location with an al uminum tag containing site information including the state AHRS number,the date and "University of Al aska Museum."Two methods were used to establish a site datum elevation. Where it was possible to tie the datum into the elevation of the Susitna River,the datum elevation was determined by its elevation above the Susitna at the closest point of the river to the site.If this was not practical due to the distance from or elevation above the river,half the eleva- tion between the contour line above and below the site was added to the lower contour elevation and this elevation used to establish elevation. E-4-21 A $okkisha BT 20 transit,50 m tape and metric stadia rod were used to establ ish a base line oriented to conform to local site topography in an effort to facilitate excava- tion.The northern end of this basel ine was estbl ished as IlGrid North";all subsequent hori zontal measurements refer- enced to grid north.A survey notebook was kept by the mapping crew with all mapping nformation which included magnetic declination,angles between grid north and true north,and triangulation data necessary to relocate datums in the event of disturbance.Wherever topographic consid- erations-allowed,True North was used as Grid North;how- ever,iA most cases this was not possible. Working from the baseline,the mapping crew used the tran- sit and tape to establish a site grid,placing wooden stakes at 5-m or 10-m intervals.An east-west project baseline was established along a line at right angles to the baseline at the datum location.At larger sites addi- tional east/west placed lines at right angles to the base- line were established.All stakes were placed directly at i ntersecti ng po ints of the grid system with the except ion of a stake to insure relocation of site datum which was offset 10 em from the datum spike.Grid coordinates north and east of datum were written on a.ll wooden stakes and elevations in relation to datum recorded for the top of the stake and the ground elevation at the stake location. Additional elevation measurements off the grid were recorded using a stadia rod so that a topographic map with 50-em or I-m countour intervals could be drawn. The mapping crew ·provided the systematic testing crew with a topographic map of the site vicinity,a grid layout dia- gram and elevation of all stakes prior to testing of the site. Placement of test squares was determined by the crew leader in charge in consultation with the project supervisor and principal investigator and was based on the results of pre- 1im in ar y reconnai ssance test i ng,site topography,surface cultural and noncultural features,and add it i onal shovel esting.Coordinates of test squares located off the initial grid system were determined by triangul ation from the nearest two grid stakes.Individual test square eleva- tions were established from the closest grid stake eleva- tion by use of a string and line level.After completion of systematic testing,all reconnaissance level test pits, systematic test squares,and shovel test locations were recorded on the site map. After the site was mapped and gridded a three-person crew began systematic testing.Frequently systematic testing was initiated adjacent to the test which produced cultural E-4-22 - - - ~- - -- - material during reconnaissance level testing.Subsequent 1-m by 1-m squares were laid out to assist in determining the spatial extent of the site and to collect information for evaluating and dating the site.Systematic testing was designed to efficiently collect enough data with which to address site significance.Weighted against this consider- ation was the question of how much testing is necessary to adequately address this problem.An attempt was made to excavate the minimum number of tests needed to address this problem.The average number of tests pl aced on a site was four.However,in a few cases,additional tests were necessary because of the low frequency,or in some cases the lack of,cultural material in-the initial tests. Excavation of 1-m by 1-m squares was conducted by natural stratigraphic levels when possible.However,in a few cases soil stratigraphy was not conducive to this method and excavation by arbitrary levels was employed.Careful attention ws paid to the identification of tephras in re1a- ti on to cul tura1remains because their re 1 at i onshi p pro- vided relative dating and intersite correlation.Test squares were excavated with trowels and all dirt was screened through 1/4-inch screen unl ess the soil was too wet,in which case it was examined by hand.Artifacts were measured from the south and east wall s of each test and vertical measurements were made with string and 1 ine level tied to the square datum.When possible,tephra samples and organic material for C14 dating were collected.C14 samples were wrapped in two layers of aluminum foil,p1 aced in pl astic bags,and oven dried at the University Museum l s archeology lab as soon as possible. Soil prof"es for test squares that produced cultural· material were drawn.Soil colors were determined using a Munsell color chart on dry samples.Composite soil pro- fi 1 es were a1 so drawnsummari zi ng so il strat igraphy at the site.Composite soil profiles are included with each indi- vidual systematic test report (Chapter 4,1982 report). All artifacts collected were cataloged and accessioned into the University of A1 aska Museum.All test squares were backfilled upon completion of testing,and each site was restored as much as possible to the condition in which it was originally found. During systematic testing,soil profiles were drawn to scale for all four walls of 1 m test squares which produced cultural material.These profiles are on file at the Uni- versity of A1 aska Museum.For the purpose of the 1982 report,however,only a single composite soil profile was included for each site,or site locus,systematically tested.The composite soil profile is schematic and does not necessarily represent any individual test square at the E-4-23 site.Its intent is to graphically represent the sequences of all soil/sediment units which occur at the site because individual tests often do not contain the full range of soil units at a given site. No standard tectmique for drawing a composite soil profile was used because test pit p1 acement and soil deposition at each site varied considerably.The method most often util- ized to abstract individual test square soil profiles into a composite site profile was to draw a diagram correlating profiles from all individual test squares.This was usually done by selecting the proft1e from each test square which revealed the greatest number of distinct soil units, which were drawn to scale with similar sections from pro- files of all other test squares.Correlations of soil units between test squares were then matched and a com- posite site profi1 e drawn by determining the average thick- ness of each soil unit which occurred at the site and draw- ing all soil units in their correct stratigraphic sequence. The thickness of soil units sometimes varies greatly even between adj acent squares,as does the occas i anal presence or absence of specific soil units.The composite soil pro- file is a generalized profile.Elevation above or below datum and provenience of artifacts from individual test squares cannot be directly correlated with the composite site profil es.However,ina broad sense,associ ated so il units and contact between soil units are accurate for each site. Three distinct tephra have been identified in the study area.These units were given regional names for purposes of field identification and nomenclature.The names given the tephra in order of increasing age are as follows: Devil (1800 -2300 B.P.,A.D.150 -350 B.C.),Watana (2300 -3200 B.P.,350 B.C.-1250 B.C.)and Oshetna (greater than 4700 B.P.,2750 B.C.and possibly as old as 5000 -7000 B.P.,3050 B.C.-5050 B.C.).These ash falls have not yet been carrel ated to tephra from other reg ions known to date to the last 7000 years.Munsell color desig- nations were used to describe tephra color.Whenever pos- sible,color matching was done using dry samples.For a more detailed discussion of tephra,see Chapter 5 in the 1982 report.The re1 at ionship of cultural components to the tephra are indicated in Chapter 7 of the 1982 report. 2.3 -Methods - Geoarcheo logy 1980 (a)Literature Review Prior to the 1980 field season,all publ ished geologic reports were collected and reviewed for information relevant to the study. E-4-24 - - - - ""'" '""" , (b) (c) This literature survey was updated during 1981.Because specific glacial/climatic studies are not available for the immediate study area,1 iterature for the adjacent regions was heavily rel ied on. The review concentrated on those areas for which radiocarbon dates were available from meaningful stratigraphic contexts.Because of the rel atively high qual ity of cl imatic sequences from the Gl acier Bay-Boundary Ranges region,southeast Al aska,and Brooks Range, these areas were also reviewed.No attempt was made to review the geologic literature for northern and southeast Al aska. Geoarcheologic Terrain Unit Mapping During May of 1980,a prel iminary regional map of the Susitna Valley was prepared for a first-order interpretation of the geo- logic history and terrain-units·to be studied by the archeo- logists.The map extended to at least 10 km and usually 15 - 20 km from the Susitna River.Units,which were defined com- pletely from air-photo interpretation,using 1:20,000 false color infrared U-2 flight lines,were subdivided on the basis of age and surface characteristics.This preliminary map,though not detailed in the immediate vicinity of the Susitna Canyon,was used in the archeologic research design.This map is on file at the University of Al aska Museum. Fi el d Study Field studies were carried out during June and August,and relied almost completely on helicopters for logistical support.Four major objectives of the field program were to ascertain ground truth and reinterpret the prel iminary regional geoarcheologic map, to carry out a regional stratigraphic reconnaissance,to help interpret and describe significant archeologic sites,and to examine some of the more critical glacial-geomorphologic features in the region near the proposed impoundment area. ( i )Aeri a 1 Reconnai ssance The first field objective was to get a regional overview of the Susitna Valley in order to become famil iar with the distribution and range in surface 1 andforms and deposits, and to examine the potenti al for stratigraphic work.In addition,this overview was necessary to examine the map- ping done from air-photos in order to test its rel iabil ity and accuracy.This reconnaissance was done in conjunction with project archeologists in order to provide collective agreement on the basis for revised mapping.This joint examination allowed the geologist and archeologists to define the map units that best accommodate both needs. E-4-25 (ii)Stratigraphic Reconnaissance A second objective was to determine the number and quality of river bluff exposures that might provide stratigraphic information needed to interpret and date the major valley- forming geologic events.After a IIfly-by ll look at all river bluffs along the Susitna and all of the tributaries from the Chul itna River to the Tyone River,25 exposures were selected for further study.Tho se not selected for further study were observed from the hel icopters,and only briefly described.At each sel ected exposure,the entire bluff face was examined and a selected stratigraphic sec- tion measured.The sediments were divided into significant natural units,and the chara"cter and height of each unit was described above "recent high water ll which was used as an altitude datum.Study of each exposure resulted in a detailed sketch and description of units,including the character of the surface above the exposure.In addition to measuring and describing all units,as many as possible were sampled for various reasons.Organic matter in key units was sampled whenever possible for radiocarbon dating. Organic horizons with well-preserved plant macrofossils were sampled for paleobotanical analysis.Some sediment units were sampled to obtain a representative sample of the unit 1 ithology.In addition,many exposures contained one or more volcanic ash layers,which were 'also sampled (see Chapter 5 in the 1982 report). (iii)Archeologic Sites During the 1980,1981 and 1982 field seasons,the geologi- cal examination of archeologic sites was conducted,partic- ul arly those that were well stratified.Geologic descrip- tions of the sediment units and regional relationships at the sites greatly aided in site interpretation. (iv)Geomorphic Reconnaissance A final field objective was to examine the landforms within the study area.Major glacial moraines,deltas,lake pl ains,eskers,and terraces were described and their heights and gradients measured.Most examination was done from the air,but many glacial-geologic features were studied on the ground.Al so the geomorphic character of each of the geoarcheologic terrain units within the im- poundment area were briefly described from the air. (v)Revised Geoarcheologic Terrain Unit Mapping A week was spent refining the earl ier prel iminary map to make it more detail ed and,therefore,more useful for archeologica.l purposes.Twenty-six units were defined and E-4-26 (vi) mapped directly on the U-2 images.These photographs are on file at the University of Alaska Museum.During map revision,much more attention was focused on surface relief and drainage characteristics of each unit than on its esti- mated age.This mapping was done during the field season because the archeologists needed to have the best possible data avail able for the remainder of the season. Data Organization and Compilation Field data was organized,clarified and tabulated where possible.All short written descriptions were transferred to the 1:63,360 scale base maps.All stratigraphic dia- grams and descriptions were redrawn and edited.All samples were double-checked and curated,and a detailed sample list was prepared.All photographs were labeled and keyed to geologic steps and exposures. (d)Investigation and Dating of Samples Nine organic samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating,and all have provided good dates for key stratigraphic horizons.One faunal sample of a fossil mammoth(?)was examined and identified by University of Alaska scientists.One paleobotanical sample has been tentatively identified by the herbarium staff at the Univer- sity of Al aska Muse1Jl1.One tephra sample has been submitted to Pullman,Washington,for bulk-and trace-element analysis,the results of which are not available at this time. (e)Methods -Geoarcheology 1981 ~ I (i )Geoarcheologic Terrain Considerable effort was expended to revise the geoarcheolo- gical terrain unit mapping during the 1981 field season. This mapping proved very useful for the selection of arch- eological survey locales. (ii)Glacial-Stratigraphic Mapping Portions of the 1981 field season were devoted to contin- uing investigations of the distribution and extent of past glaciers during late Wisconsin time.To assess this,it was necessary to map older glacial sequences as well.This mapping effort consisted of reconnaissance mapping of glac- ial limits by helicopter,with numerous ground trips during which the surficial character of the glacial landforms was assessed. (iii)Archeological Stratigraphy The major effort of the 1981 field season was devoted to interpreting the geological context of the cultural E-4-27 horizons at numerous archeological sites.All important sites were vi sited and interpreted in the fi e1d by the geologist.Sites that were not visited in the field were interpreted by the geologist on the basis of field drawings and descriptions made by the archeologists. As part of the archeo 1ogi cal stratigraphy effort,a major portion of the geologists'time was spent informing and educating the excavators about the landforms,soils and vo 1cani cash 1ayers found throughout the study area.The standardization of techniques and descriptions which resulted from numerous instructional situations greatly. improved the quality of the resulting data collected by all investigators during the field season. Following the field season,a final interpretation of the archeological stratigraphy was made by synthesizing over 250 stratigraphic drawings made during the field season. This interpretation was supported by some laboratory investigations.Samples for radiocarbon dating were se 1ected,prepared and sent by the geo 1ogi st on the basi s of their stratigraphic importance,the results and i nterpretat i on of wh i ch are di scussed inCh apter 5 of the 1982 report. 2.4 -Methods -Paleontology As part of the Cultural Resource Inventory,the paleontology of a non-marine tertiary sedimentary basin exposed along Watana Creek was investigated in order to develop baseline data on paleontological specimens,other than faunal remains,that could possibly occur in an archeological context.The deposits crop out locally along the Susitna River near the mouth of Watana Creek and along the course of Watana Creek and adjacent areas for approximately seven mi les upstream.The primary focus of the investigation was to identify and collect a representative assemblage of plant fossils from the exposed stratigraphic section and determine the age of the deposits. Field study consisted qf mapping and sampling of the units comprising the sedimentary deposits. (a)Fossi 1 Leaves Many bedding horizons exposed along Watana Creek were noted to contain plant material.A number of these units were not suitable for collection of samples (friable siltstones,etc.);however, units which were considered to be of a nature to yield specimens useful for biostratigraphic studies were extensively sampled. These specimens were accessioned to the University of Alaska Museum,Fairbanks. E-4-28 - - (b)Pollen Coal seams throughout the section were sampled for later laboratory preparation to determine the existence of pollen grains which could be used for further biostratigraphic control.Samples of 200 -300-g were taken normal to bedding within coal seams greater than 0.5 foot thick.Approximately 30 seams were sampled throughout the section (see Chapter 6 in the 1982 report). Coal samples were prepared for microscopic examination to determine pollen content at the University of A1 aska.Specimens considered to be of quality likely to be of aid in biostratigraphic correlation were photographed and identified. 2.5 -Known Historic and Archeological Sites in the Project Area (a)Introduction In addition to archeological investigations,geoarcheo10gica1 and paleontological studies were conducted in order to provide data which would enhance the location and evaluation of cultural resources within the study area.Prior to and during field studies geoarcheological studies were conducted to provide data that would define the ages of surficial deposits and provide limiting dates for human occupation of the area.Paleontological studies were conducted in order to define the types and range of paleontological specimens that could possibly be found in an arch eo 1ogi ca 1 context.The results of the cultural resources studies are included in this section.Federal law mandates that site locational data not be released if it may create a risk of harm to the site.Therefore,site location maps are not provided with this application but can be found in Appendix E of the 1982 Report. Surface reconna.issance,subsurface testing and review of records at the State Office of Hi story and Archeology documented 6 historic and 161 prehistoric sites during the three field seasons of the project.One hundred and one hi stori c peri od cabins were located and recorded by the land use analysis team (subtask 7.07) under the di rect i on of Dr.Alan Jubenvi 11 e and are descri bed in that report.Of the 101 historic cabins recorded by the land use study only 12 fell within the archeological study area.Of this number only four were older than the 1950s.These sites were recorded by the cultural resource study team. Cutural resources were located in 36 (29%)of the 126 survey locales examined.A total of 73 sites were documented for these locales.The remaining 94 sites were located in proposed borrow areas,areas di sturbed by geotechni ca 1 test i ng,along proposed access routes and transmission corridors and in other portions of the study area.Si tes reported to the archeo logy study team by E-4-29 other project personnel were subsequently documented even if they were outside the study area for cultural resources.Four sites were originally recorded during a 1978 survey (TLM 015, 016, 017, 018)and one during a survey in 1970 (TLM 007),an additional 9 sites (HEA 026,HEA 030,HEA 035,HEA 037,HEA 038,HEA 080, HEA 083,HEA 119,HEA 137)were reported in the files of the State Office of History and Archeology. The fact that no sites were located during reconnaissance testing in 90 (71%)of the survey locales could be due to the testing level employed,sampling bi as,or the fact that site locational data used for selecting survey locales need to be further refined to reflect specific topographic settings in the Upper Susitna River region.Although it is possible that no sites exist within the limits of these selected survey locales,the fact that testing in 29%of the areas did locate cultural resources suggests otherwise.This is also supplemented by the fact that in 1981 archeological sites were found in three survey locales that were reconnai ssance tested in 1980 with negat i ve results.Th is suggest s th at increased test i ng 1eve 1s wi 11 i ncre ase the number of sites located and documented. Survey locales examined were selected based on the application of archeologic,ethnographic,historic,and geologic data compiled and refi ned pri or to and duri ng the 1980,1981 and 1982 fi e 1d seasons.Maps depicting these locales are presented in Appendix E of the 1982 report.Specific criteria used for defining and selecting survey locales are discussed in Section 4.4. The sites document,ed in 1980,1981 and 1982,as well as the sites located in 1971 and 1978 are discussed below.Each site summary contains information concerning the setting and the results of reconnaissance testing and systematic testing.Detailed site reports can be found in the 1982 report.Maps showi ng the location of each site on USGS 1:63,360 scale maps are located in Appendi x E of the 1982 report.Artifacts speci fi cally di scussed in the text are presented in Art ifact Photos A through T at the end of Chapter 3 in the 1982 report. - To avoid confusion,the meaning of certain terms as used in this application are discussed below: Site:Any location with detectable physical evidence of prehistoric and early historic human activity in th~Susitna Valley within the confines of a defined topographic setting.Physical evidence deposited as a result of human activity includes but is not limited to tools,lithic debitage, animal bones,and features (including hearths, house pits,cairns,etc~). E-4-30 - - Locus:One of two or more materi al with ina discrete from other materi a 1. concentrations of cultural site which is spacially concentrations of cultural For each were Scatter:,"-, Shovel Test: Test Pit: A concentration or cluster of cultural material at a site or within a locus. A subsurf ace test 1ng method 'usi ng a shovel. this project shovel tests were excavated in survey locale ln 5 cm arbitrary levels and excavated to at least 50 cm where possible. A systematic excavatlon conducted 'with a trowel. Tests varied in size depending on the terrain but were usually 1ess than 50 cm x 50 cm.In some cases shovel tests were turned into test pits when cultural material was encountered. 1m Test Square:The standard excavation unit used during systematic testing. .- cmbs: asl: I.L.: Survey Locale: Fl ake: Retouch: Component: Centimeters below the surface. Above sea level. Impoundment limit.Used on survey locale maps. One of the 119 areas selected for testing during the 1980 and 1981 field seasons based on the application of archeologic~ethnologic~historic~ and geologic data. A fragment of rock culturally removed from a parent rock by·percussion or pressure flaking. The remains of lithic tool manufacturing or repair~usually characterized by a bulb of percussion~a striking platform~and radlating ripples or force lines from the pOlnt of impact or pressure on the ventral surface. The occurrence of small fl ake scars along the edge of a lithic artifact. The manifestatlon of a given archeological phase at a site (Willey and Phillps 1958:21).Sites may be single component (representing only one cultural perl0d)or multicomponent (representing two or more distinct cultural periods). E-4-3l Leve 1: Hori zon: Tephra: The vertical subdivision of an excavated unit, generally a naturally deposited stratigraphic unit. In soil science,a natural developmental zone in a soil profile. Solid material ejected during the eruption of a volcano and transported through the air.Three tephras have been identified in the Upper Susitna River Valley. -" Sites in this section are listed by area:Watana Dam and impound- ment;Devil Canyon Dam and impoundment;proposed borrow areas;and areas disturbed by geotechni cal test i ng,access route and associated borrow areas,transmission lines,and other areas outside the above categories but within the study area. (b)Watana Dam and Impoundment (i)Archeological Sites TLM 017.The site is located east of Tsusena Creek north of the Susitna River.It is situated on a level bench near the top ofa northwest slope which descends to Tsusena Creek.A 180 0 fi el d of vi ew from the southwest to the northwest encompasses the Tsusena Creek drainage although the creek itself is not visible. The site was identified during a brief 1978 survey.No surface artifacts were observed at the site but a single subsurface test produced 372 basalt flakes,a large portion of which were cortex flakes.No diagnostic artifacts were recovered from this test and eight additional shovel tests excavated in 1980 failed to produce additional subsurface cultural materi al.The 1978 test was reopened in 1980 and an additional 285 basalt flakes were recovered during wall preparation for profiling.Cultural material is associated with the contact between the Watana and Oshetna tephra. -TLM 018.The site is located east of Tsusena Creek north of the Susitna River near the 1978 Corps of Engineers Camp. Situated on an east-west trending ridge,the site is located on a low knoll which forms one of the highest points of relief along this ridge and affords an expansive view of a broad kettle and kame plain extending northeast of the site.Artifacts have been exposed in large blowouts which occur on the northern slope of this knoll. The site was identified in 1978 and 29 flakes and a bifacially flaked triangular basalt projectile point were surface collected.An additional 138 flakes were recovered E-4-32 - ~- - ,~ from the single test at the site.In 1980 the site was revisited and three additional artifacts were surface collected.These included a basalt biface,a chert flake with a blade facet and a chert burin spall.Two distinct lithologies were noted among surface artifacts at the site; basalt fl akes concentrated on the southwest si de of the knoll and chert flakes on the northwest side. This site was systematically tested in 1981 and all surface artifacts were collected in 1 m square units.Three 1 m by 1 m test squares were excavated at the site.A total of 1414 surface artifats and 570 subsurface aritifacts were collected.The 1981 surface collection,with the exception of a boulder chi p scraper and a chert fl ake core,is composed totally 'of .flakes,consisting of 1078 chert flakes,332 basalt flakes,2 rhyolite flakes and 2 flakes of unidentified material. Subsurface material found in two of the three test squares consisted of 2 basalt biface fragments,an obsidi an core fragement,3 obsidian flakes,1 chert blade-like flake,62 chert flakes and 503 basalt flakes.No diagnostic arti- facts were recovered from the test squares.Cr yoturbat ion and poor stratigraphy do not allow the clear division of artifacts into separate components although it appears that an upper compQnent,above the Devi 1 tephra,and a lower component,below the Devil tephra,may be present. -TLM 026.The site is located north of the mouth of Goose Creek on the north side of the Susitna River.The site is situated at the southwestern poi nt of a peni nsul a around which the Susitna River forms a tight bend.The view both downriver and upriver from the site is excellent for a distance of 3 to 4 km. The site consists of both surf ace and subsurface cu ltura 1 material.Surface artifacts exposed at the top of an eroded'bank overlooking the Susitna River consisted of a chert end-scraper,2 chert flakes and a rhyolite flake. Three test pits and seven shovel tests excavated duri ng initial reconnaissance testing in 1980 did not reveal subsurface cultural materi a1.Continued reconnaissance testing in 1981 involved systematic shovel testing along east-west transects.Ei ghty-fi ve add it i on a 1 shove 1 test s were dug,only one of which revealed cultural materi al consisting of 134 burned bone fragments.This shovel test was not expanded into a test pit and consequently the stratigraphic position of the faunal material is uncertain,although it appeared to be associated with the A horizon directly below the organic mat. £-4-33 -TLM 033.The site is located downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek on the north side of the Susitna River near the outlet of a small lake.Situated on the point of a flat terrace,the site overlooks the lake outlet stream. The vi ew from the si te is best to the west and northwest overlooking a lower terrace and the stream drainage.The stream itself and its confluence with the Susitna River is not visible. There is no surface indication of a site at this location. A total of three test pits and one shovel test were dug during reconnaissance level testing.The only artifact recovered was a brown chert bi face fragment of uncertai n provienence stratigraphically since it was found during shove testing.Systematic testing at the site included the excavation of six 1 m by 1 m test squares and five shovel tests.No additional cultural materi al was recovered. Extensive soil movement due to solifluction was noted during systematic testing. TLM 039.The site is located on the western margin of a lake east of the mouth of Watana Creek on the north side of the Susitna River.It is situated at the highest elevation of a knoll at the southwestern end of the lake and is the highest point on the perimeter of the lake.The view from the knoll is panoramic,encompassing the entire lake margi n. No cultural materi al was observed on the surface. Reconnaissance level testing involved the excavation of three test pits,only one of which revealed subsurface cultural materi ale A burin spall and 14 quartzite fl akes were recovered from this test.Subsequent systematic testing consisted of three 1 m by 1 m test squares all of which produced cultural material.One obsidian and two black chert microblade fragments,along with a tuffaceous flake core fragment and 45 waste fl akes were recovered during systematic testing.Lithologies present include basalt,quartzite,chert,tuff and rhyolite.A single fire cracked rock was recovered.Charcoal was present in associ ation with the cultural materi al.The site appears to be mu It i -component wi th a component above the Devi 1 tephra and another component at the contact between the Watana and Oshetna tephra. -TLM 040.The site is located downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek on the southern margin of the Susitna River. It is situated on an old river terrace approximately 30 m from the river margin.The view is obstructed in all directions by vegetation although the river is visible through the trees. E-4-34 ..... - - - - - ..... There is no surface indication of a site at this location. A shove 1 test produced a jasper b1ade-1ike fl ake wi th retouch along two margins and a tuffacious flake.This shovel test was enlarged into a test pit and an additional test pit was also excavated.No additional artifacts were recovered during reconnai ssance testing although charcoal was noted in one of the test pits. Systematic testing of this site included the excavation of fi ve 1 m by 1 m test squares and 10 shovel tests.Li thi c material of obsidian,basalt,chert and rhyolite was re- covered from three of these five test squares.None of the shovel tests produced cultlJral materi al.A total of 182 lithic artifacts were recovered during systematic testing. Artifacts recovered included 22 obsidi an microbalde frag- ments,4 obsidian blade-like flakes,one chert blade frag- ments,a possible chert graver,a chert scraper,a rhyolite boulder chip scraper,a chert flake core fragment,a chert core/chopper tool,29 obsidian flakes and 130 additional flakes of basalt and chert.More than one component appears to be present at this site;however,frost action has mixed the cultural material stratigraphically.Osidian and basalt lithic material including microblades are dis- t ri buted through seven of the thi rteen soi 1 unit s recog- nized at the site;whereas the gray-banded chert appears to be associated within or below the Oshetna tephra.Cultural material was recovered from below,within and at the upper contact of the Oshetna tephra and above the Devil tephra. -TLM 042.This site comprises two loci (A,B)and is located on the north side of the Susitna River on a penin- sul a across from the mouth of Goose Creek.Both loci are situated on the southeastern crest of a high river terrace whi ch forms the peni nsul a around whi ch the Susitna Ri ver makes a tight bend.Eroded bluffs form the northwest and southeast banks of this terrace;however,the top is relatively level and varies between 100 m and 300 m in width. Both surface and subsurface cultural material was recovered from this locus.One basalt and one siltstone biface frag- ment were surface collected,along with two siltstone blade-like flakes and 25 siltstone and basalt flakes. Approximately half of the surface lithic material observed exposed in the eroding bluff edge was collected during the reconnaissance level testing.Two test pits were excavated at the top of the slope,one of which produced five addi- tional siltstone flakes and two siltstone blade-like flake fragments just below the organic horizon. E-4-35 Three of five test squares and one of four shovel tests dug during systematic testing of this locus yielded cultural materi al.A total of 151 1ithic artifacts and three bone fragments were collected from both surface and subsurface areas of the locus.So-j 1 strat i graphy was domi nated by solifluction features and the bulk of the artifacts was collected from the eroding bluff face.Systematic testing yielded three retouched siltstone flakes and one possible si ltstone graver in addition to 130 si ltstone,15 basalt and 2 rhyolite flakes ..Lithic and faunal material,both in the test squares and in the surface flakes scatters was uncovered in the upper organic-rich layers or an underlying yellow-brown oxidized zone.No diagnostic artifacts were found and the recovered faunal remains were to fragmentary for identification. Locus B also consists of both surface and subsurface cultural material.Surface artifacts collected during the reconnaissance testing of the site included a side-notched basalt point base,a retouched chert flake,a basalt flake core fragment and a chert flake.Of two test pits excavated at the edge of the eroding fluff face,one produced a basalt endscraper fragment. Systematic testing at Locus B consisted of excavating six 1 m test squares and one test pit.Fi ve of the six test squares yielded cultural material consisting of 109 fJakes, 1 point base,4 fire-cracked rocks and 5 unidentified bone fragments.Cultural material was recovered from the organic horizon and above the Watana tephra.A radiocarbon determination on charcoal from above the Watana tephra resulted in a modern date (OIC-2282). -TLM 043.The site is located downriver from the mouth of Watana Creek on the north side of the Susitna River.It is situated west of a tributary creek that joins the Susitna River from the north.Located approximately 400 m north of the river margin,the site sits on a river terrace in a relatively flat open area.The view is restricted to approximately 30 m in all directions by trees which limit visibility to the immediate clearing in which the site is located. No cultural materi al was observed on the surface.Recon- naissance level testing consisted of three test pits,two of which revealed subsurface faunal material.A dense concentration of bone fragments directly below the organic horizon yielded 48 long bone fragments,1 rib fragment,3 phalanges identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus)and approximately 380 ver.y small bone fragments too small to identify.No lithic artifacts were recovered during reconnaissance testing. E-4-36 - .- - - - - - fiFPJll,' Systematic testing included the excavation of six 1 m by 1 m test squares and eleven shovel tests.Cultural materi al was recovered from the upper two organic soi 1 uni ts above the Devi 1 tephra,and cons i sted of 17 chert flakes,36 fire-cracked rocks,and burned and unburned bone including 32 large fragments and a large quantity of very small fragments.All cultural material appears to be from a single occupation of the site.None of the shovel tests produced cultural material and no diagnostic artifacts were recovered. -TLM 048.The site is located at the northern end of a lake east of Watana Creek and north of the Susitna River.Situ- ated at the top of a 20 m hi gh rounded kno 11,the sHe overlooks the lake outlet stream.The view encompasses the outlet stream,the entire northern margin of the lake and a low marshy area to the northeast where the 1ake out 1et stream joins a small slow-moving creek. No cultural materi al was observed on the surface at the site location.Three shovel tests and two test pits were dug during reconnaissance testing with only one of the test pits producing cultural material.A gray chert biface fragment was found in one of the initial shovel tests associ ated with the lower tephra.Th is shove 1 test was expanded to a test pit but no additional cultural material was recovered. Systematic testing included the excavation of five 1 m by 1 m test squares four of which contained cultural materi al. Two components were recogni zed duri ng systemat ic test i ng. The one component above the Devi 1 tephra was represented primari ly by a hearth feature containing over 1000 bone fragments and more than 300 fire-cracked rocks.Nine flakes of chert,basalt and quartzite,showing evidence of heat spall i ng,and a fl ake core were associ ated wi th thi s hearth.The.second component associ ated wi th the Oshetna tephra was represented by a single microblade fragment of tuffaceous rock and 12 flakes of chert,rhyolite and tuffaceous rock.The second component is definitely associ ated wi th the Oshetna tephra but because of cryoturbation it is not clear whether it is associated with the upper or lower contact of this tephra. -TLM 050.The site is located upriver from the mouth of Watana Creek near the mouth of an unnamed creek which joins the Susitna Ri ver from the northeast.The site is situated on a small alllJvi al bench on the east bank of the creek approximately 40 m upstream from the creek mouth.The view is limited to the immediate vicinity of the site by dense vegetation,although the Susitna River is visible through the trees. E-4-37 No cultural material was observed on the surface at this site.Only one of three test pits excavated during reconnaissance level testing revealed cultural material.A concentration of charcoal associ ated with burned bone and 34 therma 11 y fractured rocks was found between 14 and 30 cms below the surf ace between the organi c mat and a yellow sand.Over 200 burned bone fragments were recovered including three phal anges and two metatarsal fragments identified as caribou (Ran~ifer tarandus).One tibia fragment identified as possi le caribou (Rangifer tarandus) was also recovered.One of the unidentified bone fragments recovered exhibits a distinct butchering mark.No lithic material other than fire-cracked rock was recovered during reconnai ssance test i ng-.A rad i ocarbon determi nat i on of 280 +no years:A.D.1670 (DIC-1905)was obtai ned on a charcoal sample. Systematic testing of this site included the excavation of six 1 m by 1 m test squares and five shovel tests.All five test squares produced cultural material with faunal material,thermally fractured rock and lithic material recovered from two levels of the site.Nineteen flakes and 105 fire-cracked rocks were recovered.Cultural materi al was associated with a dark brown silt and a very dark brown si It.These two units are separated by a dark grayi sh brown poorly sorted sand.No diagnostic lithic artifacts were recovered. -TLM 058.The site is located on a terrace north of the Susitna River downriver from the mouth of Watana Creek and 100 m east of an unnamed creek. No surface artifact"s were observed.A shovel test subse- quently widened into Test Pit 1 revealed a black chert flake,two brown chert flakes (one with bifacial end retouch),and a white chalcedony fl ake.The 1ithi c mate- rial is associated with the contact of the humic zone and the Devil tephra.Six additional shovel tests and an addi- tional test pit failed to reveal further cultural material at the site. -TLM 059.The site is located east of an unnamed creek between the Watana and Deadman Creek drai nages,north of the Susitna River.The site is situated on a low rounded knoll which is part of a series of kame ridges which line the eastern boundary of the creek drainage to the west. The site,discovered during reconnaissance testing and later systematically tested,consists of a rectangular depression at the top of the low rounded knoll.The dimen- sions of this depression are 2 x 1.8 m across and 35 cm deep.Around the depression is a diffuse berm which is E-4-38 - - - - ,~ - ...., - slightly higher than the surface of the knoll top.Test Pit 1 was placed along the southern interior edge of the depression;and decayed logs,charcoal,burned and unburned bone fragment s,and some possi b1e fi re-cracked rock were observed.Test Pit 2 placed 7.5 m to the northeast of the feature but was sterile,and Test Pit 3 placed 2.1 m west of the feature revealed one small burned bone fragment at the contact of the humic zone and the Devil tephra.Eleven additional shovel tests were duq around the base of the knoll but all were steri leo - Systematic testing of the site involved excavating three 1 m by 1 m test squares,as well as further testing in Test Pit 1.A radiocarbon date on charcoal collected from the charcoal and burned bone level produced a date of 440 +70 years:A.D.1510 (DIC-2253).The depression truncates all three tephra units as indicated by the test- ing of the berm during systematic testing.The cultural debri s outside the depression is characteri zed by a gra- velly sand unit above the Devil tephra which contains some burned bone fragments and a single chert fl ake.The identifiable faunal material within the feature has been identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus). -TLM 060.The site is located on the northern shoulder of the Susitna River canyon west of the mouth of Watana Creek and west of a major unnamed tributary.It is situated on the highest end of a 100 m long ridge. The site consists of both surface and subsurface material. A black chert biface fragment was surface collected from an exposed soi 1 slump but no other surface materi al was ob- served.Eight shovel tests were placed along the ridge top;one of which revealed a subsurface artifact.This shovel test was expanded into a test pit but no additional artifacts were found.The subsurface artifact was a light olive brown tuff flake with possible retouch along one margi n.The fl ake was found in associ at i on wi th the Devi 1 tephra.Two additional test pits fai led to reveal further cultural material. -TLM 061.The site is located west of Watana Creek on the northern shoulder of the Susitna River canyon.The site is situated at the top of a 20 m high kame knoll which is the highest point of land for 300 m in the vicinity of the site.To the east of the site is a clearwater stream and to the west lies a 1 hectare kettle lake. No cultural materi al was observed on the surface of the kno 11 but a shovel test near the center revea led charcoal and burned bone during reconnaissance testing.The expanded test revealed a total of 300 burned mammal bone E-4-39 fragments,15 pi eces of fi re-cracked rock,and a Quant ity of charcoal.The material was present in two distinct soil horizons any may represent a multi-component site.A total of 9 shovel tests,one of whi ch was expanded into a test pit,were excavated at the site.Seven of these produced cultural material including the test pit.One soil sample containing bone"fragments,15 fire-cracked rock fragments, 1 basalt fl ake,and 3 pi eces of red ochre were co 11 ected during reconnaissance testing.Identified faunal material co 11 ected from Test 1 represented cari bou (Rangifer tarandus).Cultural materi al was found above the Devi 1 tephra. TLM 062.The site is located on the south margin of the Susitna Ri ver west of the mouth of Kos ina Creek,on a relatively flat river terrace 50 m above the level of the Susitna.The terrace point is the highest and most prominent landform in the immediate vicinity of the site. Eight shovel tests were dug at the site during reconnais- sance testing,one of which was expanded into Test Pit 1 when a chert core was recovered.Test Pi t 1 revealed two red jasper end scraper fragments which articulated to form a complete tool.These artifacts were associated with the Devil tephra and appear to be from the same stratigraphic context. The site was chosen for systematic testing and a total of six 1 m by 1 m test squares were excavated.An additional 49 shovel tests were dug to delineate site boundaries.Two and possibly three archeological components are present at the site.Chert and basalt fl akes and burned bone frag- ments were associ ated with the Devi 1 tephra"and basalt flakes and burned bone fragments were associ ated wi th the Oshetna tephra.A third component may be present in the Watana tephra,but the cultural materi al recovered from this tephra unit may represent mixing due to cryoturbation. A total of 180 basalt flakes,1 basalt biface,and 4 basalt retouched flakes were recovered during systematic testing. Twenty-fi ve shert fl akes and over 1600 burned bone frag- ments were also recovered. -TLM 063.The site is located southeast of the Susitna River and southeast of Watana Creek mouth.It is situated on top of a 20 m high,steep-sided,isolated kame knoll. The kame knoll is part of a low glacial outwash terrace. Numerous small streams and a one-hectare kett 1e 1ake are located within 300 m of the site. No cultural materi al was observed on the surface of the knoll and only one of eleven shovel tests revealed cultural E-4-40 - - material during reconnaissance testing.This test was expanded into a test pit,and ca.700 small burned bone fragments and one jasper flake were collected. -TLM 064.The site is located on the south side of the Susitna River southeast of the mouth of Watana Creek.Two site loci (A,B)are located on two knolls ca.90 m apart on a northeast-southwest axi s.A small 1ake and a clear- water tributary are located within 500 m of the site. The site contains both a surface lithic scatter and subsur- face lithic material.A total of 5 shovel tests and 2 tes~ pits were excavated at the site.Artifacts collected fro.m the surface of the site consisted of 12 basalt flakes and 1 quartz fl ake.Addit ional basalt fl akes were observed but not collected.Test Pit 2 revealed one -brown rhyolite flake and a basalt projectile point base associated with the contact between a black humic soil and the Devil tephra. -TLM 065.The site consists of two loci (A,B)located on a broad terrace south of the confl uence of Kosi na Creek and the Susitna Ri ver.The terrace is demarcated by a creek drainage to the east. The site was discovered during reconnaissance testing and was later systematically tested.Locus A is characterized by a rectangular depression 2.3 m by 2.7 m by 30 cm oriented north-south,a circular depression 1 m in diameter,and an area 2 m by 5 m of sedges,moss and grass comprising a discontinuity in the general site vegetation. None of the features were tested duri ng reconnai ssance testi ng but a 40 by 40 cm test withi n 6 m of the mai n feature revealed bone and fire cracked rock located beneath the vegetal mat.Locus 8 consists of a single circular depressi on 43 cm in di ameter and 20 cm deep whi ch was tested during reconnaissance survey and two unburned i nnomi nate fragements of cari bou (Rangi er tarandus)were collected. Systematic testing of the site included excavating four 1 m by 1 m test squares.One test bisects the circular depression at locus A where six bone fragments,one piece of wood,one blue gl ass bead,three fi re-cracked rock fragments,and a sheet of birch bark were recovered. Another test square was positioned to bi sect an apparent wall of the rectangul ar feature.Heavi ly decayed wooded logs ran para 11 e 1 to the embankment whi ch may represent wall structures of a house depression.Eight glass beads and four fire-cracked rocks were collected from this unit. Other test squares at the site revealed additional glass E-4-4l beads,flakes,bone fragments,and fire-cracked rocks. Cultural material was found above the Devil tephra. -TLM 072.The site,a large circular depression,is located northwest of the mouth of Jay Creek.The site is situated at the southwestern end of an i so 1ated low rounded ri dge which parallels the general slope of the "valJey wall. The circular depression is 90 cm deep and measures 4.2 m by 4.5 m across.Seven shovel tests were excavated around the outside of the pit,only one of which produced cultural material:large pieces of burned wood and charcoal.An eighth shovel test was begun near the center of the" depression and a complete unburned moose metacarpal was exposed in the vegetative mat at the bottom of the pit. This was left in place and the test was discontinued so that that integrity of the feature would be intact unti 1 further testing could be carried out.The depression truncates the Devil tephra. -TLM 073.The site is located east of the Oshetna River and south of the Susitna River on a northwest-southeast oriented river terrace. No surf ace art if acts were observed at the si te,but two test pits and one shovel test revealed subsurface lithics during reconnaissance testing.Twelve basalt flakes,2 brown chert flakes,2 rhyolite flakes,1 cryptocrystalline flake,and 1 flake of undetermined lithology were recovered from as many as fi ve soi 1 units.These are:the cont act of the Oshetna tephra and the glacial drift;within the Oshetna tephra;at the contact of the Watana and Oshetna tephra;within the Watana tephra;and at the contact of the decomposed organic layer and the Devil tephra. -TLM 075.The site is located on the south side of the Susitna River southwest of the mouth of Jay Creek.It is situated on a knoll which is part of a ridge system on the north facing slope of the river valley. The site comprises two areas of subsurface lithic artifacts;no surface indications were observed at the site during reconnaissance testing.Test Pit 1 produced a black chert flake and a possible black chert core tablet from the contact of the humic mat and the Devil tephra.Test Pit 2 produced two pale brown pyrolite flakes from the Watana tephra. -TLM 077.The site is located south of the confluence of Kosina Creek and the Susitna River.It is situated on the southern end of an esker which runs north-south across the present Susitna floodplain.The site is located on the highest point of the esker,5 m above the floodplain. E-4-42 - - - - - - - - No surface artifacts were observed at the site duri ng reconnaissance testing.Test Pit 1 produced one basalt flake below the Oshetna tephra at the contact with the glacial drift.Another flake was discovered in the backdirt of the initial shovel test.Five additional shovel tests were excavated but failed to produce further cultural material. -TLM 102.The site is located on the western end of a ridge crest on the northern side of the Susitna River, downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek~ No surface artifacts were observed at the site.A black chert waste flake was found in the backdirt of a shovel test which was then expanded to become Test Pi t l. Three additional waste flakes were located in Test Pit 1.One black chert waste flake was located just beneath the humi c mat at the cont act of the Devi 1 tephra uni t. Two additional flakes were recovered from the Watana tephra unit. TLM 104.The site is located northwest of the confl uence of Watana Creek and the Susitna Ri ver.The site is situated on the south slope of an esker ridge whi ch curves around the northern edge of a 2-hectare 1 ake. The site consists of a rectangular depression (Feature 1)of horizontal dimensions 1.4 m by 1.2 m and 65 cm deep.A diffuse berm is visible around the perimeter of the depressi on.Test Pit 1 was placed 70 cm from the feature and revealed charcoal and partially burned wood ina sand and gravelly matri x beneath the moss cover. Two ri b fragments from a 1arge mammal were recovered from the charcoal-woad-sand unit above the Devil tephra. Four additional shovel tests were placed within 20 m of Feature 1 but all were sterile. -TLM 115.The site is located on a flat bench which occurs on a sinuous finger ridge which descends to the north side of the Susitna canyon northwest of the Kosina Creek mouth.The sides of the bench slope steeply into a tributary ravine to the east and the Susitna canyon to the south.The site is at a point of high relief which overlooks adjacent irregular and deeply incised canyon slopes,the south side of the river valley,and the river bottom,despite some obstruction by present veget at ion. No surface cultural materi al was observed at the site. One black basalt projectile point biface was found in place in the sad plug of a shove 1 test in the Oshetna E-4-43 tephra near its lower contact with glacial drift.Five other shovel tests on the bench failed to produce further artifactual material. -rLM 119.The site is located on the north side of the Susitna canyon southeast of Watana Creek mouth on a finger ridge which is roughly perpendicular to the river.The east side of the ridge is defined by a deep r avi ne.Th e site 0 ccur sat are 1at 1vel y f 1at poi nt 0 f high relief on the ridge crest.Present vegetation obscures the field of view from the site. A diffuse surf ace 1i thi c scatter was observed at the site on a def1 ated surface and on a nearby game trai 1. Three chert fl akes were surface collected,and two ba- salt flakes were observed on a game trail but not col- lected.One shovel test produced a single subsurface chert flake occurring in a silty-sandy matrix with fine- ly divided organics immediately below the vegetation mat and above a discontinous layer of pure charcoal over- lying the Devil tephra.Two test pits,one superimposed on the positive shovel test,were excavated but no additional artifactual material was found. -TLM 126.The site is located north of the Susitna River and northeast of the Watana Creek mouth of a ridge crest.To the south,east and west,the sides of the ridge drop moderately steeply to marshy ground.To the north,the ridge merges into high ground with further ri dge systems.With some obstruct i on due to present vegetation,the field of view from the site is panoramic,including boggy ground to the edge of the Watana Creek canyon to the west,kame terrain to the south and east,and rising terrain to the north. No surface indication of the site was observed.One white rhyolite and one light gray cryptocrystalline flake were found in a test pit,but their stratigraphic provenience is uncertain.They appear to have come from below the Devil tephra and above the glacial drift.No additional artifactual material was found during the excavation of two shovel tests and the examination of soil exposures on the ridge. -TLM 137.The site is located northeast of the Tsusena Creek mouth near the southeastern end of Sei smi c Line 82-A on the summit of a di screte kame whi ch is the highest of the small set of kame ridges and knolls which abut the eastern slope of the Tsusena Creek drainage in the vicinity.Fi eld of view from the site encompasses nei ghbori ng ri dges and kno 11 sand gradua 11 y westward descending terrain to the north and northwest,as well as gradual north-facing slopes to the south. E-4-44 '"'"'" - - No surface indication of the site was observed.A brown chert flake was found in a shovel test,which was expanded into a test pit which produced a small basalt flake from a lens of coarse sand in a disturbed strat i graphi c context.Si x other shovel tests on the kame produced no further art ifactua1 materi a1. (ii)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion -TLM 079.The site,a trapper's line cabin complex built by Elmer Simo in the mid-1930s is located on a low alluvial plain east of the confluence of Jay Creek and the Susitna River. The site consists of a cabin,three outbuildings,a tree cache structure,a garbage dump and associ ated historic debris.The cabin is a one room (13 by 9 ft.) structure bui lt of hori zont a11 y st acked spruce logs.A few supplies present inside the cabin are probably from the late 1950s-1960s and consist of cooking utensils and cans.The cabin is sparsely furnished but is in relatively good condition overall.Outbuilding #1 is an outhouse;Outbuilding #2 is a storage shed but is collapsed and overgrown with vegetation.Outbuilding #3 is probably a dog kennel but has been destroyed by flooding.The tree cache is dilapidated but consisted of two II-foot vertical beams and a 7-foot long horizontal crossbeam.A deposit of historic debris was found northeast of the cabi n inc 1udi ng such items as plastic,a sleeping bag,cans,as well as a sheet metal stove and oven. -TLM 080.The site is a historic trapper's line cabin located on the south side of the Susitna River,east of the mouth of Watana Creek.The cabin is situated on a low flat,poorly drained alluvial terrace 40 m east of a small braided stream.The cabin has one room (7 x 10 feet)and a dirt floor.The structure is built of horizontal moss-chinked spruce logs.Interior furnishings are sparse.A built-in bunk,a low bench, two shelves,a table made of wooden boxes,a rusted stove and pipe make up the furnishings.No outbuildings or historic debris were observed outside the cabin. (c)Devi 1 Canyon Dam and Impoundment (i)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion -TLM 022.The site is situated east of the confluence of Tsusena Creek with the Susitna Ri ver.Located on an alluvial terrace overlooking the creek,the site affords a view of both the north and south banks of the Susitna River for approximately 800 m to the west. E-4-45 There are no surface indications of a site at this location.Reconnaissance testing consisted of one test pit and four shovel tests which revealed charcoal and burned bone associ ated with a hearth and fire-cracked rock.Fi fty-one burned bone and tooth fragments were collected.Two phalanx fragments were identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus)and one canine tooth fragment as possibly bear (Ursus spp.).Radiocarbon determinations on charcoal produced modern dates (DIC 1879,DIC-2252). Systematic testing included the excavation of five 1 m by 1 m test squares and five additional shovel tests. Two components,both represented by hearth features with associated faunal material,were identified.Most of the faunal material (487 pieces)was too fragmentary for identification;however,five phalanges and a portion of a mandible were identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus).Si xty-two fragments of fire-cracked rock were recovered.No 1ith i cart if act s were recovered. Deposition at the site is fluvial and tephras are not present in the stratigraphy. -TLM 024.The site is located in proposed Borrow Area E and within the Devil impoundment,northwest of the mouth of Tsusena Creek.It is si tuated at the end of a ri dge overlooking an alluvial terrace to the south.The view from the site is presently restricted by a dense stand of mixed spruce and birch. There is no surface indiction of a site at this location;however,a shovel test produced a single basalt cortex flake.Three additional shovel tests and two test pits failed to reveal cultural material.The site is restricted topographically to a small bench below the point of the ridge.The provenience of the basalt flake was uncertain and it is not possible to relate this artifact to the tephra deposits which are present at the site. -TLM 027.The site is located on the south shore of the Susitna Ri ver at the mouth of an unnamed stream whi ch joi ns the Su sitna Ri ver upri ver from the mouth of Fog Creek.Because the site is situated on the summit of a discrete knoll the view from the site is excellent in all di rect ions except to the south where it is obstructed by dense tree growth.Be low the site there is evidence of terracing by the Susitna River. Testing at this site included both reconnaissance and systematic testing.No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Three test pits excavated during E-4-46 - - ...., .- ..... reconnaissance testing produced 29 light green tuffacious flakes (7 with retouch),1 tuffacious core and 5 basalt flakes.Systematic testing,consisting of three 1 m by 1 m squares,produced 199 basalt flakes,5 basalt flakes with cortex,2 basalt biface fragments,1 retouched basalt flakes,1 basalt fragment,196 tuffacious flakes,7 tuffacius blades,5 possible tuffacious blades,5 tuffacious microblades,3 tuffacious uniface fragments,1 tuffacious cnre,1 possible tuffacious core tablet,-40 chert flakes,1 obsidian flake,1 cobble and 12 flakes of undetermined material type.The site contains several components with art i facts occurri ng below the Oshetna tephra,at the contact between theOshetna and Watana.tephra,and above the Devil tephra.- A radiocarbon determination of 3210 +80 years:1260 B.C.(DIC 2286)was obtained on charcoal associated with artifacts at the contact between the Watana and Oshetna tephra deposi ts. -TLM 029.The site is located upriver from the mouth of Fog Creek at the mouth of an unnamed stream which joins the Susitna River from the east.The site is situated at the edge of an alluvial terrace on the south side of this stream ~nd overlooks the mouth of the stream.Both the Susitna River and the stream are visible and easily accessible from the site.The view is blocked to the east by topography and somewhat restricted in other directions by fairly dense black spruce. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.Four shovel tests and one test pit were excavated.Only the test pit revealed cultural material.A total of 224 flakes were recovered from this test pit and included 213 basalt flakes,10 chert flakes and 1 chalcedony flake.No diagnostic artifacts were recovered.The site appears to be single components with cultural material occurring at the contact between the Devil and Watana tephra . -TLM 030.The site is located on the south margin of Fog Creek upstream from the confluence of Fog Creek and the Susitna Ri ver.It iss ituated on the poi nt of an alluvial terrace overlooking Fog Creek.The view is primarily northeast up Fog Creek and west down Fog Creek to the mouth,encompassing a distance of approximately 1.5 km.Visibility in other directions is limited by topography and dense spruce forest. The site contains both surface and subsurface cultural materi al.A si de-notched basalt poi nt was surf ace E-4-47 collected from a game trai 1 that traverses the site. Other observed surface flakes exposed in the game trail were left in place.A total of five test pits were excavated,four of which produced cultural material. Over 500 flakes and 6 tools are included in the assemblage from the site.Diagnostic artifacts associ ated wi th charcoal concentrat ions inc 1ude a side-notched basalt biface (backed knife),a side-notched point base of chert,3 basalt blade-like flakes,a basalt blade core fragment and a large argillite blade-like flake.Artifacts occur above the Devil tephra,withi n the\~at ana tephra,at the contact between the Wat ana and Oshetna tephra and below the Oshetna tephra.A radiocarbon determination of 2310 + 220 years:B.C.(DIC-IB77)was obtained on charcoal associated with flakes in Test 1.Charcoal from Test 4, also associated with flakes produced a radiocarbon determi nati on of 4730 +130 years:2700 B.C. (DIC-laBO). -TLM 034.The site is located downriver from the mouth of Fog Creek on the west side of the Susitna River on the crest of a low ridge 30 m northwest of a small pond. Scattered spruce and birch cover the slopes of the ridge restricting the view to the immediate vicinity of the site. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.Two test pits were excavated,one of which produced 2 rhyolite flakes,including the proximal end of a b1ade-l ike fl ake.Both fl akes were excavated from the same soil unit,a brown mottled silt directly under the humus.Additional shovel testing along the ridge away from the immedi ate vicinity of the site did not produce additional artifacts. (ii)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion \ -TLM 023.The site,a collapsed trapper's cabin,is located in proposed Borrow Area E,west of the mouth of Tsusena Creek,at the mouth of an unnamed creek whi ch joins the Susitna River from the north.The cabin remains,not visible from the river,are located on a relatively flat alluvial terrace 50 m east of the braided mouth of the creek. The fallen wall logs are partially decomposed and covered with soil and vegetation.The ground in the immediate vicinity of the cabin 1S littered with historic cultural debris including the remains of a dog sled.One glass jar was collected and all other historic artifacts were left in place.There is no E-4-4B - Cd) evidence of outbuildings or a cache in the area.None of the four shovel tests excavated at the site produced cultural materi al.This cabin may be a line cabin used by Oscar Vogel in the 1930s and 1940s. Proposed Borrow Areas,Associated Facilities,and Areas Disturbed by Geotechnical Testing - (i)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion -TLM 035.The site is located upstream from the mouth of Tsusena Creek on the west side of the creek.It is situated on the point of an older river terrace west of Tsusena Creek.Except for isolated openings in the tree cover,the view in all directions is severely restricted by the existing vegetation and obstructed to the north by intervening topography. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.Two of three test pits excavated at this site produced cultural materi al.Two waste fl akes,one of rhyolite and one of basalt,were recovered from these test pits.The cultural materi al was associ ated with the contact between a dark brown si lt and a gray si lt (Devil tephra).No diagnostic artifacts were recovered. -TLM 068.The site is located on the southeastern slope of a low kno 11 on the crest of a di scont i nuous end morai ne -at the northern termi nus of a 2 km wi de U-shaped valley east of Stephan Lake. The site consists of a surface lithic scatter exposed on the defl ated slope of the morai ne as we 11 as i so 1ated surface lithics located a long the moraine crest to the north of the main lithic concentration.Artifacts that were collected during reconnasissance testing include 1 black chert projectile point,1 burinated gray chert flake,1 gray chert biface,1 black chert knife,1 black chert flake and 1 whitish-gray flake. -TLM 070.The site is located east of Stephan Lake at the northern end of a2 km wide glacial valley which is ori ented north-south.It is situated on the defl ated summit of a low knoll which is part of a lateral moraine system on the eastern side of the glacial valley. The site consists of a surface lithic scatter exposed at the summit of the knoll.A gray chert endscraper,two light gray rhyolite flakes,and a black chert flake were surface co 11 ected from the exposure duri ng E-4-49 reconnaissance testing.Subsurface testing at the site failed to reveal any additional cultural material. -TLM 082.The Black River Moraine site consists of two loci (A,B)located on top of a moraine north and para 11 e1 to the Bl ack Ri ver,upstream from its confluence with the Oshetna River. Surface reconnai ssance of the morai ne resulted in the collection of four out of a total of the seven flakes observed.The materi al was found in two concentrat ions located 171 m apart along the axis of the northeast- southwest oriented moraine.A test pit was excavated at each of the two loci but no subsurface cultural material was observed. -HEA 177.The site consisting of three loci (A,B,C) is located on the east side of a northeast-southwest trending lateral moraine east of where Butte Creek leaves Butte Lake.The top of the moraine offers an un- obstructed panoramic view of the large lake plain to the north,Butte Lake to the west and upland hill s to the south and southwest. Of the two test pits excavated at the site during recon- n ai ssance testing on 1y Test Pit 1 produced cu ltura 1 materi al,1 chert fl ake.Surface cultural materi al was present at all three loci and collectively consisted of 1 dark gray chert fl ake,25 gray chert fl akes,2 gray chert rocks,and 1 gray chert tabular core. -HEA 178.The site is located on a moraine running east- west along the north edge of a kett 1e 1ake located northeast of the north end of Butte Lake and consists of two loci (A,B).The view from bnt h loci is panoramic. The one test pit at locus A excavated at the site during reconnai ssance testing di d not produce any cu ltura 1 materi al.All cultural materi al collected at the site was collected on the surface and collectively consisted of 4 rhyolite flakes,23 chert flakes,and 1 basalt blade-like flake with retouch. -HEA 179.The site is located north of the Denali High- way southeast of the intersection of Canyon Creek and the highway.The view from the site is unobstructed to the northwest,north,and east overlooking the extensive southern drainage of the Alaska Range. The one test pi t excavated at the site duri ng recon- naissance testing did not produce any cultural material. The only artifact collected at the site was a black chert flake recovered in a blowout. E-4-50 "'"" .- - .- (ii)Historic Sites -Results and Discussions None located to date. (e)Proposed Access Routes and Associated Borrow Areas (i)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion -TLM 051.The site is located near the southeastern boundary of proposed Borrow Area F,east of Tsusena Creek.It is located in kettle and kame topography near the top of the hi ghest knoll in an area of numerous knolls and ridges.Approximately 17 lakes and ponds are located within 1 km radius of the site.The site loca- tion provides a view of many of the kettle lakes in the area but the principal view is of a 7 hectare lake with a long finger extending to the northwest. No cultural materi al was observed on the surface.Only one of five reconnaissance level test pits excavated at the site produced cultural material.Five tuffascious rhyolite flakes,one of which exhibits retouch along one margin,were recovered from this test. -TLM 098.The site is located near the center of an elongated knoll east of a major northern tributary of Deadman Creek and north of the confluence of two streams. The site is a surface lithic scatter consisting of two patinated gray chert flakes,one of which was collected. Additional surface reconnaissance and the excavation of a test pit in the vicinity of the surface artifacts failed to reveal cultural material. -TLM 099.This two loci (A,B)site is located on two adj acent knolls southwest of Deadman Lake and north of the confluence of Deadman Creek and one of its northern tributaries. Fourteen black flecked gray rhyolite flakes were located on the surface of locus A,three of which were col- lected.Two flakes were found at locus B:a white pa- tinated chert flake and a black basalt flake;both were collected.A test pit at each locus fai led to produce subsurface cultural materi al. -TLM 101.The site is located on the southern edge of a 1 arge terrace,north of Devi 1 Creek mouth on the east side of the creek. E-4-51 The site consists of a single banded chert flake located on the surface of a gravel exposure on the southern end of the terrace.Test Pi t 1 revealed no sub surf ace cultural materi al and further reconnai ssance survey of the exposures fai led to reveal any further cultural material. -TLM 106.The site is located on a prominent knoll lo- cated centrally along an esker overlooking the valley of a creek which flows southeast into the Susitna River, east-southeast of Swimming Bear Lake.The site location affords a panoramic view of the creek valley to the east,south and southwest.To the north the uplands are clearly visible. One test pit was excavated during reconnaissance testing at the site.However,the only artifact recovered was a gray chert bi face fragment recovered on the surf ace of the 1arge exposure on the southeastern port i on of the site. -TLM 107.The si te is located northwest on the con- fl uence of Tsusena Creek and the Susitna Ri ver on a west-northwest trend i ng esker.The vi ew from the site is extensive in all directions. The site consists of a surface lithic scatter on a de- flated surface.Recovered artifacts included 3 chert flakes,5 rhyolite flakes,1 basalt flake,1 quartzite flake,1 cobble spall (with possible retouch),1 biface fragment,and 1 chert point fragment (midsection). Additional flakes were observed but were not collected. A test pit was excavated on the knoll top where the vegetation mat provided soil deposition.No subsurface materi al was located. -TLM 108.The site is located on a prominent esker fea- ture southeast of Swimming Bear Lake along an unnamed stream drainage.The site itself is located on the flat,oval-shaped exposed top of the high southern end of the esker overlooking the creek and associated marsh areas to the south and west.The gradually ro 11 i ng and steep uplands to the north,east and west are visible from the site. One test pit was excavated at the site during reconnais- sance testing,but no subsurface cultural materi al was found.A surface lithic scatter consisting of more than 100 flakes was noted at the site,but only 16 black basalt flakes and 2 gray chert flakes were collected. E-4-52 - .... - I~ -TLM 109.The site is located on a peninsula at the east end of Swimming Bear Lake north of the narrowest point in the lake.The view from the site includes all of the 1ake as well as the uplands to the north,south,east and west. One test pit and 13 shovel tests were excavated on the site during reconnaissance testing;however,all cultural material recovered was collected on the surface and cons 1sted of 2 gray chert flakes and 2 brown chert fl akes. -TLM 110.The site is located on the top of an east-west ori ented ri dge northwest of Swi mmi ng Bear Lake and is about 30 m above the 1ake.The vi ew from the site is panoramic with total visibility of the lake and surrounding terrain for approximately 2 km. The one test pit excavated during reconnaissance testing,at the ~ighest point of the ridge,produced 20 black basalt flakes,4 black chert flakes,2 gray chalcedony flakes and 1 black basalt bif ace fragment. Surface materi al collected from the site included 11 black basalt flakes,2 gray chert flakes,1 gray rhyolite flake,1 white rhyolite flake,and 1 chert biface fragment.Subsurface cultural materi al was fround on the contact between the·Watana and Devi 1 tephra,in the Devi 1 tephra,and above the Devi 1 tephra. -TLM 111.The site is located at the northwest end of Swimming Bear Lake.The site is approximately 10 m above the present lake level on a spit protruding southeast into the 1ake.The vi ew is extensive ina 11 directions.The site consists of a 1.3 m x 1.5 x 45 cm rectangular depression. The one test pi t excavated and the nine shovel reconnaissance testing did materia 1. adj acent to the depression tests excavated duri ng not reveal any cultural -TLM 112.The site,an irregular circle of stones,is located on a dicontlnuous ridge overlooking Devil Creek and a major l.mnamed creek,northeast of the confl uence of Devi 1 Creek and the Susitna Ri ver,and north of Swimming Bear Lake.The view from the site is good and includes portions of the glacial valley to the north and south.However,a portion of the view to the south is obstructed by slightly higher terrain. E-4-53 ,--_.------ excavated on However,all surface and The one test pit placed on the site during reconnais- sance testing did not reveal any cultural material.The site consists of 30 stones forming an irregular circle which ranged in size from cobbles to small boulders. The stones were part i ally embedded in the surroundi ng soi 1. -TLM 113.The site is located along a southeast facing bluff northwest of Devi 1 Creek and northeast of Hi gh Lake.From the site a panoramic view of the Devil Creek drai nage and associ ated lower terraces to the east, southeast and south is available. The one test pit and eleven shovel tests excavated on the site during reconnai ssance test i ng di d not revea.l any cultural materi ala All artifacts were collected on the surface.Artifacts collected included 1 gray rhyolite projectile point,1 white rhyolite stemmed point~1 white rhyolite flake and 1 black basalt flake with possible retouch. -TLM 114.The site is located on the northeastern end of a north-south oriented terrace overlooking Devil Creek~ due north of the confl uence of Devi 1 Creek and the Susitna River.The site commands a view of Devi.l Creek and its valley to the east~north,and northwest. One test pit and three shovel tests were the site during reconnaissance testing. cultural material was recovered on the consisted of 5 white rhyolite flakes. -TLM 153.The site is located in a borrow area along the proposed access route.The site was field vi sited but has not been recorded. TLM 155.The site is located along the proposed access route.It was field visited but has not been recorded. -HEA 181.The site is located northwest of Deadman Lake outlet at the outlet of a small lake at the southern end of a glacial valley.The view from the site is most extensive to the north~encompassing a small nearby lake and the valley walls. The one test pit excavated at the site during reconnais- sance testing revealed one chert flake.Three shovel tests in the area did not reveal any additional ma- terial.Seven surface flakes were noted at the site four of which were collected:3 basalt ffakes and 1 chert flake.The one subsurface flake was recovered from the contact between the Devil and Watana tephra. E-4-54 - "'", -HEA 182.The site is located northwest of Deadman Lake on the western tip of a glacially formed knoll east of a wide meandering south-flowing creek.The site is located in a deflated area which extends along the western edge of the kno 11.The kno 11 is one of the highest spots in the area affording an excellent panoramic view from the site. The one test pit placed on the site during reconnaissance testing did not produce any cultural material.The artifacts collected from the site were recovered from the surface and consi sted .of 1 rhyo 1ite side-notched point fragment,2 basalt flakes,and 1 quartz biface fragment. -HEA 211.The site is located along the proposed access route.The si te was fi eld vi sited but has not been recorded. (ii)Historic Sites -Results and Discussions None recorded to date. (f)Transmission Corridors Preliminary aeri al reconnaissance was conducted of the proposed transmission line routes from Fairbanks to Healy and Willow to Anchorage.The transmission corridor from the Watana Dam to the intertie was selected after the 1982 field season and remains to be surveyed. (i)Archeological Sites -HEA 026,HEA 030,HEA 035,HEA 037,HEA 038,HEA 080, HEA 083.The above sites are reported in the fi 1es of .the Al aska Office of Hi story and Archeology.The sites were not visited by the personnel of the Susitna Archeological Project. -HEA 119,HEA 137.These sites are reported in the files of the Alaska Office of History and Archeology.The sites were not visited by the personnel of the Susitna Archeological Project. HEA 120.The site is located southeast of the confluence of Healy Creek with the Nenana River on the middle terrace of a series of at least three alluvial terraces.View from the site includes hilly uplands north of Healy Creek,the Nenana River valley to the west,and the southward conti nuat i on of the terrace system to its terminus against the north facing slope of Healy Creek valley. E-4-55 During surface reconnaissance,a brown agate flake (Locus A)was found 40 m south of a gray chert retouched f1 ake (Locus B).Locus Bin contrast to Locus A is situated on the terrace margin,overlooking Healy Creek. The terrace surface was largely wind-scoured and no subsurface testing was conducted,but extensive additional surface reconnaissance failed to reveal further artifactual material. FAI 213.The site is located northeast of the confl uence of Bi rch Creek wi th the Nenana Ri ver.The site is situated on the top of a steep south-facing bluff.At the base of the bluff is a 300 m wide abandoned stream channel which is presently well vegetated.Visibility from the site is excellent to the northwest,where the channel begins to open out onto the Tanana Flats outwash plain.Mountainous uplands are visible to the south and southeast.Visibility in other directions is restricted by brushy ground along the level bluff top. Both surface and subsurface cultural material was co 11 ected duri ng reconnai ssance testi ng.Twenty-ni ne flakes were recovered from a deflated area on the edge of the bluff.An additional flake was observed but not' collected ca.50 m to the northeast.Three shovel tests were dug,one of which produced a basalt flake.A test pit was excavated on the north edge of the surface exposure and an addit lona1 gray chert fl ake was recovered.A massive charcoal lens with oxidized soil was observed within this test pit. -FAI 214.The site is located on the eastern end of a ridge in the hi lly uplands forming the west Nenana valley wall southwest of the confluence of Birch Creek and the Nenanan River.The field of view from the site is obstructed to the west by the forested ridge,but is panoramic in other directions encompassing a section of the Tanana Flats,the constricted river valley east of the site,and the widening valley to the south. No surface indication of the site was noted.An obsidian flake was found in a shovel test.A test pit superimposed on the shovel test produced 4 basalt flakes from a red-brown si It unit.A second shovel test near the test pit produced 6 basalt fl akes from the same strat i graphi c unit. E-4-56 "'1 - (i i )Historic Sites None located to date. (g)Other Areas During the course of the cultural resource study a number of sites were located outside the areas already addressed in this application by project personnel (helicopter pilots,land use planning team,geologist,etc.).Although no subsurface disturbance was scheduled for these areas,location and documentation of these sites were very important because little is known about the hi story and prehi story of the Upper SusHna region and each site studied increases the data base.In addition,since these sites were located and could potentially be impacted by future recreation use,it is in the best interest of any cultural resource management plan to include them as part of this study. (i)Archeological Sites TLM 007.The site is reported in the files of the Al aska Office of Hi story and Archeology.The site was not field visited by the personnel of the Susitna Archeological Project. -TLM 015.The site is located east of Tsusena Creek north of the Susitna River in kettle and kame topography.Located at the top of a kame,the site offers an unrestricted view of numerous knolls,ridges <and kettle lakes. Th is site was tested in 1978 and revi si ted in 1980 without additional testing.In 1978 a single test produced two waste fl akes from di fferent soi 1 uni t s suggesting that the site may be multicomponent.No tephra deposits were noted in descriptions of the soi 1 units at the site.No surface artifacts were observed at the site. -TLM 016.The site is located in an area of kettle and kame topography bordered to the west and east by Tsusena and Deadman Creeks and to the south by the Susi tna River.It is situated at the highest elevation of a low rounded kame knoll which is the highest point of relief withi n a 600 m radi us.The vi ew from the site is panoramic but the principal view is to the west and north encompassing portions of four lakes. E-4-57 Both surface and subsurface cultural material was found at this site in 1978.The site was revisited in 1980 but no additional testing was done.During testing in 1978 six basalt and rhyolite flakes were recovered from a blowout,and five test pits were excavated at the site.Forty bone fragments and six waste flakes associ ated with charcoal were recovered from Test 1.A radiocarbon date of 3675 +160 years:1725 (B.C. (GX-5630)was obtained from-this charcoal.Two other tests produced subsurface cultural material,including a unifacially retouched rhyolite pebble from Test 2 and six waste flakes from Test 5. -TLM 021.The site,consisting of three loci (A,B,C), is situated on an east-west trending ridge northwest of the confluence of Kosina Creek and Gi lbert Creek.The easternmost locus,Locus A,overlooks Kosina Creek which is not visible from the other loci.All three loci are exposed in deflated areas along the crest of the ridge. Test i ng was concentrated at Locus A where four surface flake scatters were identified.Two scrapers (chert and rhyo 1it e)and a retouched rhyo 1ite fl ake were found spacially isolated from the flake scatters.A total of 570 rhyo 1ite f1 akes,9 chert fl akes and 1 basa 1t f1 ake were surface collected from thi s locus,approximately half of the surface flakes observed.Four test pits were excavated,only ·one of which produced subsurface material consisting entirely of waste flakes. Locus B consists of six flake scatters from which all observed surface artifacts were collected.Di agnostic surface artifacts included the medial section of a projectile point,a scraper,and a biface,all of rhyolite.A single test pit excavated at this locus produced one chert flake associated with burned bone and charcoal.A radiocarbon detemination of 1160 +100:A. D.790 (DIG-1878)was obtained from this charcoal.One hundred and fourteen rhyolite,4 chert and 2 basalt flakes were surface collected.Four of the rhyolite flakes showed retouch. Locus C consists ofa single flake scatter containing 21 brown chert flakes,6 basalt flakes and 2 rhyolite flakes all of which were collected.One test pit was dug which produced a single gray chert flake directly below the vegetative mat. E-4-58 .... F'", -TLM 025.The site is located south of the Susitna River and southwest of the mouth of Watana Creek.It is situated at the highest elevation of a glacial crag and tail feature which exhibits sharp relief in relation to the surround ing terrai n.The view from the si te is excellent in all directons for a distance of over 10 km. The site contains both surface and subsurface cultural material.A surface flake scatter is exposed in a blowout coveri ng an area 4 m by 35 m.Di agnost ic artifacts collected from the surface include a chert core tablet,a rhyolite bipolar-flaked cylindrical core, a rhyolite core tablet,two rhyolite microblade midsections,a basalt point base,a possible cobble hammerstone,and a chert scraper.In addition 14 waste flakes were surface collected including two obsidian flakes.Three test pits were excavated,two of which produced cultural materi al.Test 1 produced a si ngl e rhyolite flake and Test 2 produced two basalt flakes. No tephra deposits were noted during reconnaissance testing. -TLM 028.The site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is situated on an esker located west of the mouth of the TyoneRiver on the north margin of the Susitna River. This esker parallels a bend of the Susitna River for approximately 1 km.Locus A is situated at the highest elevation on the extreme northeast end of the esker and Locus B is·located approximately 750 m southwest of Locus A on the level crest,of the esker.The view from both loci is good in all directions although limited by the relatively low elevation of the esker. The site is surficial,limited to a single isolated flake collected at each locus.At Locus A,a rhyolite flake was found in a blowout.Two test pits and a shovel test did not reveal any subsurface cultural material at this locus.A basalt waste flake was surface collected at Locus B from a game trai 1 which follows the crest of the esker.A single test pit at this locus failed to reveal any additional cultural material.Intensive surface reconnaissance along the enti re 1ength of the esker di d not produce any additional surface artifacts. -TLM 031.The site is located on a high plateau on the north side of the Susitna River downriver from the mouth of Kosi na Creek.The site is situated ina sytem of hills and ridges surrounding several small lakes. E-4-S9 The site consists of a single isolated surface artifact, a black chert endscraper on a blade.Three test pits excavated at the site failed to reveal additional cultural material.The site is located on an extens i vel y defl ated ridge and intens ive surface reconnaissance did not produce any further surface artifacts. TLM 032.The site is located on a high pl ateau on the north side of the Susitna River downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek.It is located south of the southermost point of the largest of three kettle lakes at the eastern end of the pl ateau.The view from the site is panoramic but somewhat restricted to the south by topography. A total of 10 artifacts were surface collected during reconnaissance testing,including 2 quartzite endscrapers,a retouched rhyolite fl ake,a notched cobble exhibiting battering at one end,and a chalcedony core fragment.In addition 5 flakes were collected with lithologies including basalt,chert and quartzite.A single test pit in the immediate vicinity of the surface scatter did not reveal subsurface artifacts.The entire area around the concentration of surface artifacts consisted of bedrock and defl ated ground.All observed artifacts were collected. -TLM 036.The site is located on a high pl ateau on the north side of the Susitna River downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek.It is situated on a small knoll overlooking a south-facing slope leading down to the Susi.tna River.The knoll and ridge upon which the site is located is part of a system of discontinuous ridges exhibiting nllTlerous bedrock and drift exposures.The view from the site is panoramic ranging from 1 km to 5 km. The site consists of a surface 1 ithic scatter exposed in a blowout approximately 8 m by 12 m in size.A unifacially worked chert endscraper was surface collected from this blowout along with a single gray chert flake.No other cultural material was observed on the surface.A single test pit at the site did not reveal any subsurface cultural materi al and encountered bedrock within 10 cm. -TLM 037.The site is located on a high pl ateau on the north side of the Susitna River downriver from the mouth of Kosi na Creek.It is situated on one the numerous E-4-60 - ..... east-west trending glacially scoured ridges.Exposed bedrock and drift characterize this plateau.The view is panoramic and includes two kettle lakes to the southwest of the site. This is a surface site consisting of four waste flakes exposed in a blowout measuring approximately 40 m by 50 m.Two of these fl akes,one of gray chert and one of basalt,were surface collected and two gray chert flakes were left in place.No diagnostic artifacts were observed.A si ngl e test pit did not reveal any subsurface .cultural material.Soil deposition in the vicinity of the site is shallow and bedrock was encountered within 10 cmbs. -TLM 038.The site is located upstream from the mouth of Watana Creek on the eastern edge of a plain overlooking the creek from the west.It is situated on a small discrete lobe of the continuous edge of the pl ain.Access to Watana Creek is difficult or impossible in place where downcutting has resulted in cl iffs and steep bedrock exposures.The view encompasses the relatively level plain west of the site and a lower alluvial terrace along with portions of Watana Creek to the north and northeast. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.Reconnaissance level testing included two test pits and three shovel tests.Burned bone associated with charcoal was revealed in one test pit and two shovel tests.Several hundred cal cined bone fragments were recovered.Mo st bone fr agments were too small to ident ify but 12 long bone fragments,1 carpal, 1 metacarpal and 1 tooth were identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Systematic testing of this site included the excavation of five 1 m by 1 m test square and a si ng 1e 40 cm by 40 cm test pit.An additional 22 bone fragments and 9 thermally fractured rocks were recovered and attributed to a single occupation.Four of the test squares produced cultural material although concentration of faunal materi al was much 1ess dense that in the rconnaissance test pits.No cultural lithic material other than fire-cracked rock was recovered.The cultural unit is within and above the Devil tephra. -TLM 041.The site is located on a high fl at pl ain south of the Sus itna Ri ver,southwest of the conf'uence of a large tributary of Fog Creek.The site is situated on a E-4-6l low knob on a broad northeast-southwest sl opi ng grassy plain.Despite low topographic relief,the site location affords an unobstructed panoramic view of an open pl ain 300 m to 400 m wide and approximately 1 km long. The site was identified by an R&M geologist who collected a tuffacious rhyol ite fl ake from the surface. Subsequent intensive surface reconnaissance and two subsurface tests fail ed to reveal additlona1 cul tural material.The exact location at which the flake was collected was never identified. -TLM 044.The sitei s located west of Jay Creek and .north of the Susitna.River on a high pl ateau comprising glacially scoured hills and ridges.It is situated on the deflated top of a discrete knoll which affords a panoramic view of the surround ing terrain and a vall ey to the north which contains several lakes. Both surface and subsurface cultural material were present at this site.Surface material consisted of five lithic scatters exposed in blowouts near the highest elevation of the knoll.A complete 1anceolate point,a biface fragment,a retouched flake,a uniface fragment,22 waste flakes and 19 bone fragments were surface collected during reconnaissance level testing. A single test pit produced 15 basalt flakes and 69 bone fragments associated with charcoal.No tephra deposits were encountered.Flake lithologies present at this site include basalt,rhyolite,chert and chalcedony. TLM 045.This site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is situated on the south and east facing slopes of a knoll northeast of TLM 044.The view from Locus A is 1 imited by intervening topography to less than 100 m.Locus B is situated on an east facing slope overlooking a small valley and the view from this locus includes both the valley to the north,low marshy areas,and kettle lakes to the southwest. Reconnai ssance 1evel test ing reveal ed both surface and subsurface cul tural materi al •Surface materi al was found in three fl ake scatters comprising two loci (A,B) located 104 m apart..A complete chert point,a chal cedony microbl ade,a chal cedony microb 1ade fragment, a retouched fl ake and 62 bone fragments were surface collected along with 63 waste flakes.Approximately 126 surface flakes were left in place.A single test pit produced two basalt flakes and one rhyolite flake,ca. 290 bone fragments and 25 fl akes and 16 possible fire- cracked rocks.Faunal material included a phalanx E-4-62 - - ".." - - - identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus),a tarsal fragment identified as possibly caribou (Rangifer tarandus)and a right and left maxilla identified as arcflc ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryi).Litholo- giesrepresented at the site included basalt,rhyolite, chert,chalcedony and obsidian.Subsurface cultural material appeared to be associated with the contact between the Devil and Watana tephra deposits. -TLM 046.The general location and topographic setting of TLM 046 is similar to that of TlIVl 044 and TLM 045. TLM 046 is situated on the.easternmost and highest of three knolls,the western knolls containing the other two sites.All three knoll s are part of the same 1and- form and the western slope of the highest knoll joins the ridge upon which the two lower knolls are situated. TLM 046 is located at the northern end of a north-south oriented knoll which affords the most commanding panor- amic view of any of the surrounding terrain features. The view encompasses both the vall ey to the north wi th its series of interconnected lakes and lower elevations to the east and southeast with kettle lakes. Both surface and subsurface cul tural materi al was re- covered from four fl ake scatters during reconniassance testing.Two projectile point bases,one of chert and one of basalt,were surface collected along with a basal t endscraper,a chert endscraper,48 waste fl akes and ca.200 bone fragments.Some surface bone and 43 observed fl akes were 1eft in pl ace.On 1y one of three test pits produced cul tural materi al :30 flakes (1 ithologies incl uding basalt,rhyol ite,chert and obsidian)and 8 burned bone fragments associated ·with charcoal.Subsurface cultural material was associated with the Watana tephra and the contact between the Watana and Oshetna tephra.A radiocarbon determination of 2340 +145 years:390 B.C.(DIC-1903)was obtained from charcoal assoc i ated wi th subsurface cultural materi al • Systematic testing included the excavation of five 1 m by 1 m test square,three of which produced cultural material.Two additional surface 1 ithic scatters were identified at the site during systematic testing.Addi- tional surface collection at the site included one point base,75 fl akes and 8 bone fr agments.A total of 180 fl akes were recovered from the three test squares which produced cultural materi al • A charcoal concentrat ion interpreted as a hearth feature was encountered 5 cm to 10 em below the surface in one of the test squares. E-4-63 -TLM 047.The site is located downriver from Vee Canyon on the west side of the Susitna River.It is situated 800 m west of the river at the north end of a north- south oriented bedrock ridge.The Susitna River v~ley and the river itself are visible to the north,east and south but the view to the west is blocked by bedrock cliffs and higher terrain. The site consists of a 3 m by 10 m surface 1 ithic scatter·exposed on the defl ated crest of a bedrock ridge.Surface collected artifacts include a chert biface fragment,a chert mircob 1 ade fragment and a re- t.ouched chert fl ake in addition to 24 rhyol ite and basalt flakes.Approximately 70 rhyolite flakes were left in place.Two test pits excavated during recon- naissance level testing failed to reveal subsurface cul tural materi al and the site appears to be 1 imited to the extreme northern end of the ridge. -TLM 049.The site is located east of the mouth of the Oshetna River on the south side of the Susitna River. It is situated on the summit of a discrete knoll located on a north-south trending continuous ridge overlooking the Susitna River.The site overlooks a broad alluvial terrace to the west,north and east which contains two lakes,only one of which is visible from the site. Both surface and subsurface cul tural materi al is present at this site.A total of four test pits were excavated on the knoll,one of which produced a single basalt flake within the organic mat.Two additional surface flakes were observed,but not collected,in a blowout on the ridge top approximately 500 m south of the knoll. -TLM 052.The site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is located northwest of the mouth of Jay Creek on a southeast-northwest trending ridge.This ridge is the highest of numerous defl ated ridges and knoll s in thi s vicinity and affords an excellent vantage point over- looking the largest kettle lake in the area,an 8 hectare lake (Laha Lake)southeast of the site.Locus A is situated at the edge of the defl ated crest of the ridge on the southern slope overl ooki ng Laha Lake,and Locus 8 is located on the northeastern rounded crest of the ridge. Both surface and subsurface cul tural materi al was found at this site.Artifacts surface collected from the site include one basalt and two chert point bases and seven basalt and chert waste fl akes.Thirty-four basalt and chert fl akes were 1eftunco 11 ected •Most of the surface lithic material was observed at Locus A where a single £-4-64 "'"" R!JlI, - test pit excavated immed i ate 1y so uthwest of the 1 argest concentration of flakes produced a black bashalt flake 7 cms below the surface at the contact between the org anic horizon and a gray silt (Devil tephra). -TLM 053.The site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is located northeast of the mouth of Jay Creek.Situated on a deflated ridge,the two site loci are 240 m apart on opposite ends of the ridge. Locus A contains both surface and subsurface materi al . A surface 1 ithic scatter includes a chert fl ake bifa- ci ally retouched on the 'right lateral margin with a graver spur at the distal end,'a whitish-gray chert flake with retouch on the left and right margins and the distal end,a large tuffacious rhyolite flake,a basalt flake and a chalcedony flake.Test Pit 1 revealed a 1 ight brown tuffacious rhyol ite fl ake on the contact of the glacial drift and the Devil tephra unit.Locus B consists of a single gray chert flake retouched on the dorsal surface (possibly a scraper).Locus Blacked any soil other than gl acial drift and bedrock,and therefore,no subsurface test ing was conducted. -TLM 054.The site is located on a kame or esker remnant east of Tsusena Creek. No surface material was observed at the site.Two dark gray chal cedony fl akes were recovered from beneath the organic mat during an initial shovel test.This shovel test was expanded into Test Pit 1 and one small bone fragment was recovered.A second test pit 5 m northeast of the first was negative. -TLM 055.The site is located north of the northwest tip of Tsusena Butte,and west of Tsusena Creek.It is situated on a low knoll which rises approximately 2 m above the surrounding terrain.Tsusena Creek is visible from the site through present vegetation.A very wet area consisting of muskeg and marsh is present between the site and Tsusena Creek,although the immediate vicinity of the site is better drai ned and covered with spruce forest. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Two shovel tests were placed on this knoll,one of which produced a chert scraper.Th is shovel test was expanded into a test pit from which four additional chert fl akes were recovered.Cul tural materi al occurred above the Devil tephra in a zone of finely divided organics. During the systematic testing of site TLM 097,TLM 055 E-4-65 as revisited and a single 1m test square was excavated at the site in an attempt to obtain additional diagnos- tic lithic material.Four burned bone graments and five fire-cracked rocks were found associ ated with a dense concentration of charcoal within the same finely divided organic horizon above the Devil tephra.Three very small chert f1 akes were the only 1 ithic material recovered from this test square. -TLM 057.The site is located east of Big Lake over- looking an outlet creek to the north and the 1 ake itself to the west. The surface lithic scatter at the site included a chert microb1ade fragment,two chert flakes,and a quartzite fragment all of which were collected.Several basalt flakes were left uncollected from the surface.Five shovel tests and a single test pit were pl aced on the f1 at knoll top but all fail ed to reveal subsurface material. -TLM 066.The site is ·located on the east-southeast slope of a ridgetop pl ateau east of Watana Creek and northeast of the mouth of Watana Creek.The site overlooks a sm all unnamed creek to the southeast,moun- tainous slopes to the northeast,and surrounding low- lying terrain in other directions.Three bifacia11y chipped tools were recovered from an exposed blowout surface during reconnaissance testing.These include a gray chert 1 anceol ate proj ect;1e po i nt found in two pi eces,the base of a black chert proj ect il e po int with a reworked tip,and a gray chert ovate biface found in two pieces.One test pit excavated near the ovate biface failed to reveal subsurface cultural material. -TLM 067.The Sonona Creek site is situated on top of a knoll along the east side of Big Bones Ridge,west of Sonona Creek.The knoll is a prominent topographic feature,and the eastern slope drops continuously to the 1evel of Sonona Creek.The site is above treel ine and commands a view in all directions. The site consists of three surface 1 ithic concentrations and three rock features.The bu1 k of the cul tural ma- terial is exposed on the surface but in one of the two test pits excavated at the site a jasper flake was recovered from a dark organic zone.No tephra were associated with the artifact. Feature 1 is a 3.3.m by 1 m linear rock pile showing definite stacking and p1 acement of local bedrock E-4-66 - - - - -. - boulders.The height of the finished wall is approximately 50 cm.Feature 2 is a smaller "windbreak,"50 cm wide by 50 cm high.A "window" formed by two uprights and a cap stone affords a view to the east. Cluster 1 consists of 2 chalcedony projectile points,1 red jasper point,1 quartz crystal,2 chert flakes,1 chalcedony flake,and 1 possible tool.Cluster 2 consists of 5 black basalt flakes.Miscellaneous surface finds included 1 black basalt biface fragment,2 rhyolite flakes,2 chalcedony flakes,1 chert flake,1 polished green pebble and 1 cobble chopper. -TLM 069.The site is located east of Jay Creek and north of the Susitna River at the top of an elongated knoll.The knoll is part of a series of glacially scoured bedrock knolls which characterize the topography in the general vicinity of the site.A small pond is located 50 m northeast of the site. The site was discovered during reconnaissance testing and was 1ater systematically tested.During reconnaisssance testing 741 flakes of various materials including chert,rhyolite,basalt and obsidian were recovered.Two util ized obsidian fl akes and 1 util ized chert flake were also collected.Five pieces of fire- cracked rock and 1539 burned bone fragments were collected.All but three flakes were recovered from three test pits.All bone and fire-cracked rock fragments were collected. Systematic testing of the site included the excavation of three 1 m by 1 m test square,three 50 by 50 cm test squares,and a series of shovel tests to help delineate the 1 imits of the site.The cultural material recovered from this testing consisted of 1232 flakes,4 tool fragments,3 scrapers,1 biface,1 biface fragment, 1 core,1 point,and numerous burned bone fragments. The cultural material was associated with the contact of the Oshetna tephra and the glacial drift,the contact of the Watana tephra and the Oshetna tephra within the Watana tephra,and on the contact with the decomposed organic 1 ayer and the Devil tephra.The site has at least three archeological components,and possibly four. -TLM 074.The site is located on the rim of the southern upland terrace overlooking the Susitna River on a bend in the river northeast of the mouth of the Oshetna Ri v er. E..-4-67 A total of eight shovel tests were dug at the site,one of which was expanded into a test pit after recovering a large quartize flake from the contact of the Devil and Watana tephra.Another test pit was excavated on the site which revealed a concentration of charcoal. -TLM 076.The site,consisting of three loci (A,B,C), is located on the south side of the Sus itna Ri ver east-northeast of the confluence of the Oshetna and the Susitna Rivers.The three loci are located on kame knolls and are higher than the surrounding terrain. Locus A consists of a 1 ithic·scatter and a partially exposed hearth.The hearth contains charcoal,burned bone 'and fire-cracked rock.An obsidian flake was collected 50 cm north of the hearth.Four chert fl akes were collected from a blowout and the two test pits excavated during reconnaissance testing were sterile. Locus B consists of an obsidian point fragment and a flake,both found on the surface.No subsurface materi al was recovered from the test pi t at Locus B. Locus C consi sts of one basal t fl ake found on the surface.No subsurface material was observed in the test pit excavated at Locus C. -TLM 078.The site is located on a small kame knoll 8 m above and east of Tsusena Creek,and north of Tsusena Butte. Both surface and subsurface materi al were present at the site.A single basalt flake was observed on the surface.Additional 1 ithic material was recovered in two subsurface tests.One gray chert fl ake assoc i ated with the humic mat was recovered in Test Pit 1 during reconnaissance testing.Test Pit 2 revealed four black basalt and two gray chert fl akes associated with the Watana tephra. -TLM 081.The site is located on a kame knoll southeast of Tsusena Creek and north of Tsusena Butte. No surface artificats were observed at the site.An initial shovel test near the center of the kame revealed two brown rhyol ite fl akes.The shovel test was expanded into a test pit and thirty additional flakes of the same materi al were recovered.The artifacts appear to be assoc i ated with the Watana tephr a but cryotlJrbat i on has occurred and only a tentative correl ation may be made at this time. E-4-68 ""'" - - - - - - -TLM 083.The site is located on a kame knoll east of Tsusena Creek and north of Tsusena Butte.The site is located on a feature of sufficient re1 ative rel ief to afford a panoramic view of the surrounding region. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.A single gray rhyolite flake with retouch was recovered in a shovel test which was expanded into Test Pit 1.No exact provenience is available for the flake and no further subsurface materi al was observed in Test Pit 1 or in the second shovel test located 2 m to the southeast. -TLM 084.Th e site is situated on top of a kame east of Tsusena Creek and north of Tsusena Butte.The site rests on the most northerly tip of a 30 m long by 22 m wide northeast-southwest oriented kame 6 m above the f1 oodpl ain of Ts usena Creek. One hundred eighty black basal t f1 akes were recovered 4-7 cm below the suface at the contact between the humus and the Oev i1 tephr a in Te st Pit 1.No surf ace art i- facts were observed.Test Pit 2,8 m southeast of Test Pit 1,was sterile. -TLM 085.The site is located on a small kame or esker remnant east of Ts usena Creek and north of Tsusena Butte.The site is situated on the southern end of the kame and commands an extensive view of the creek and its course to the north,and downstream to the south. No surface art ifacts were observed at the site.Test Pit 1 revealed 69 gray chert flakes from a depth of 2-11 cm below the surface.The f1 akes were found in a zone of gray to 1ight brown tephra immediately above the gl a- cial drift.Mixing of the soil units was present due to cryoturbation and tentatively the cultural material can be associated with the Watana tephra.Test Pit 2 and two additional shovel tests failed to reveal further cul tura1 materi a1 . -TLM 086.The site is located on the top of a small kame which is 15 m above the level of Tsusena Creek to the west and immediately north of one of its clearwater tributari es. A single b1 ack chert f1 ake was discovered in a surface exposure on the south slope of the kame.Subsurface testing failed to reveal any cultural material. E-4-69 A single bl ack chert fl ake was discovered'in a surface exposure on the south slope of the kame.Subsurface testing failed to reveal any cultural material. -TLM 087.The site is located on the south half of a northeast-southwest oriented kame in the kettl e and kame topography which borders Tsusena Creek north of Tsusena Butte.' No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Test Pit"1,located at the highest point on the kame,pro- duced two gray chert fl akes.The context of the fl akes appears to be in the Dev il tephra un it.A second test pit failed to reveal further cultural material. -TLM 088.The site is situated on an esker southeast of Tsusena Creek within an area where the creek makes a sharp bend around the northern slopes of Tsusena Butte. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Test Pit 1 revealed 22 black basalt flakes associated with the Oshetna tephra.A small depression,1 m by 80 cm by 15 em deep was present at the site and a test pit was excavated in its center.This test revealed evidence of subsurface disturbance in that the strata were mixed and considerably different from the strata present in a test pit outside the depression.No cultural materi al was encountered in this test pit. -TLM 089.The site is located on the northern ridge of Tsusena Butte east of Tsusena Creek. The site consists of six soil exposures which contain over a hundred basalt fl akes,the majority of which were left uncollected.Collected artifacts included a brown chert biface fragment and numerous rhyol ite and chert flakes.Test Pit 1 revealed a hearth consisting of a thick charcoal unit with numerous faunal and 1 ithic specimens.Identifiable faunal remains consisted of one calcined caribou 3rd phal anx (Rangifer tarandus),one calcined metatarsal/carpal fragment (possibly caribou), and four tooth fragments (possibly caribou).Lithic materi al from Test Pi t 1 consi sts of 1 transl ucent fl ake,6 green-gray chert fl akes,10 dark gray chert flakes,19 tan-gray chert flakes,36 black basalt flakes,and 498 brown chert flakes.The cultural material from Test Pit 1 is from above the Devil tephra. -TLM 090.The site is located on a level bench of a north ridge of Tsusena Butte overlooking the Tsusena Creek valley. E-4-70 - ,- - ,...,. - - - Five black basalt flakes,one of which was collected, were found on the surface of a small exposure.Seven shovel tests p1 aced in the vicinity of the exposure were steri 1e as was Test Pi t l. -TLM 091.The site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is located on the southern end of a north-south trending narrow bedrock ridge,north of the highest point of Tsusena Butte.The site is located on two sides of a dip which separates the ridge from Tsusena Butte. Locus A consisted of ten b1 ack basalt f1 akes located on the surface of a bedrock-soil exposure,in a 30-em square area.Three of the flakes were collected.Test Pit 1 at Locus A failed to reveal any subsurface artifacts.Locus B consisted of a bl ack basalt point tip.No further testing was conducted at this locus. -TLM 092.The site is located on a north-south ori ented bedrock ridge on the west side of the northern arm of Tsusena Lake. The site consists of a surface lithic scatter in a soil exposure measuring 90 cm by 40 cm,on a bedrock outcrop. A total of 3 bl ack fine grained basalt fl akes were collected from this exposure.Test Pit 1 failed to produce any subsurface cu1 tural materi al . -TLM 093.The site is located southwest of the northern arm of Tsusena Lake and is situated on an exposed bedrock knob occupyi ng an area 20 m by 35 m on the top of this outcrop. Both surface and subsurface cu1 tural materi a1 are present with three clusters of surface flakes observed in blowouts which occur among the bedrock exposures. C1 uster 1 contained 15 fl akes of which 7 were collected. Cluster 2 contained 4 flakes,3 of which (including a retouched basalt flake)were collected.Cluster 3 contained 51 flakes of which 12 were collected. Lithologies represented on the surface were basalt, chert and rhyol ite. Subsurface testing at the site included one test pit and eight shovel tests.Test Pit 1 was excavated 2 m from Cl uster 2 and reveal ed a total of 33 dark gray basalt fl akes associated with the Watana tephra.An additional fl ake of simil ar materi al was recovered from the Oshetna tephra. E-4-71 ----------_.------ -TLM 094.The site is located west of Tsusena Creek and north of Tsusena Butte.It is situated on the southern end of a kame wh ich ri ses about 5 m above the surrounding marshy floodpl ain. Twelve fl akes (six of which were collected)located in a gravel expo sure on the southwest end of the kame com- prise the surface artifacts at the site and are of chert and basalt.Two articul ating fragments of a gray basalt biface fragment were also collected from the exposure. A test pit was excavated 1.5 m'northeast of the sc~tter which produced four transl ucent fl akes from the contact of the humic zone and the Devil tephra,two 1 ight chert fl akes from the Watana tephra,and one black chert fl ake from the contact of the Watana tephra and a gray-brown silt at 11 cm below surface.The site may be multi- component but mix ing of the so i1 un its was ev ident due to cryoturbation,and correlations of cultural material to stratigraphic units is tentative. -TLM 095.The site is located on the west side of Tsusena Creek north of Tsusena Butte.The site is situ- ated on a 6 m high fame knoll which is part of the gen- eral kettl e and kame topography of the upper Tsusena Creek drainage. No surface artifacts were observed at the site;however, two of seven shovel tests pl aced at the two areas of highest elevation on the knoll revealed cultural mater- i al.Test Pi t 1 at the northwest end of the knoll re- vealed 50 fine grained basalt fl akes from within the Oshetna tepha.Test Pit 2 at the southeast end of the knoll revealed 23 fine grained basalt fl akes from the Watana tephra.The site may be multi component. -TLM 096.The site is located north of Tsusena Butte and west of Tsusena Creek at the western edge of a marshy alluvial plain.It is situated on the top of a low narrow ridge which trends east to west. No surface art ifacts were observed at the site.Ei ght shovel tests were dug at the site,two of which were ex- panded into test pits,1 and 2.Test Pit 1 reveal ed three wh it ish-gray chert fl akes from the Dev il tephra. Test Pit 2 was sterile as were the remaining six shovel tests. -TLM 097.The site is located northwest of Tsusena Butte on the west side of Tsusena Creek.It is situated at the top of an east facing bluff which overlooks Tsusena Creek and passes approximately 50 m east of the site. The field of view is panoramic with the depth of view greatest to the northeast overlooking a broad alluvial plain. E-4-72 - - - - - - Both surface and subsurface cultural materi a1 were col- lected during reconnaissance level testing of the site. A gray chert 1anceo1ate point was surface collected from the site along with a basalt flake.Twelve shovel tests were dug along the top of the bl uff,two of wh i ch re- veal ed subsurface cul tura1 materi a1 .These two shovel tests were expanded into test pits,one of which pro- duced additional cultural material.This test pit pro- duced a total of 55 fl akes,one bone fragment and one fire-cracked rock,all associated with a concentration of charcoal at the contact of the Dev il tephra with the zone of finely divided organics (A horizon).Flake 1 ithologies from this test pit include basalt and both black and gray chert. Systematic testing of the site included the excavation of five 1 m by 1 m test squares and 24 shovel tests. All five of the test squares and four·of the shovel tests produced cultural materi al.Di agnostic 1 ithic materi al produced by sub surface test ing i ncl uded a basalt side..notched point base,a basalt endscraper,4 basalt blade-like flakes,a chert endscraper,a possible backed scraper of tuffaceous material,4 retouched flakes and 2 flake core fragments.In addition, 120 fire-cracked rocks were collected along with more than 400 burned bone fragments.Flake lithologies in- clude basalt,chert,·rhyol ite,tuff,sil tstone, chalcedony and obsidian.Cultural material is present at the contact between the Os hetna tepha and the Watan a tephra and above the Devil tephra with a minimum of two components present at this site.A side-notched point base was excavated from the Oshetna tephra in associa- tion with charcoal and a dense concentration of basalt fl akes.A rad iocarbon determination on charcoal from the same stratigraphic level at a nearby test,which was also associated with basalt flakes,produced a date of 3720 +60 C14 years B.P.:1770 B.C.(DIC 2283). -TLM 100.The site,consisting of two loci (A,S),is located at the western end of Clarence Lake,near Gilbert Creek.The site consists of 13 rectangular, square,or round depressions on terrain features slightly elevated above the lake level and lake margin of the area. Locus A consists of 11 depressions of variable shape and size on the western shore of Clarence Lake.The largest of these depressions,Feature 1,measures 6 m by 6.5 m. Seven depress i on features,none 1arger than 3 m in di a- meter,are cl ustered 40 m northeast of Feature 1.All features are between 20 cm and 110 em deep with fairl y ver tic a 1 wa 11s• E-4-73 Locus B consists of two depression features;the larger of the two measures 4 m by 4 m and the small er measures 1.3 m by 1.1 m and is rectangul ar.No subsurface testing was conducted due to the number and integrity of the extant features. -TLM 105.The site is located on the top of a broad fl attened hi 11 on the north shore of Cl arence Lake. Cl arence Lake and adj acent 1ow-l yi ng swampland are vis i- ble to the south,east and west.Uplands dominate the view to the .north. Two test pits and one shovel test were excavated at the site during reconnaissance testing.The two test pits collectively produced 1 black basalt and 30 white rhyo- lite flakes.No additional cultural material was found in the shovel test.Surface materi al recovered in an area of disturbed sod consisted of 12 black basalt flakes,1 blue-gray cryptocrystalline flake,2 white rhyolite flakes,9 brown chert flakes,1 quartz flake, 2 gray rhyol ite fl akes and 3 gray-white chert fl akes. It appears that some of the 1 ithic material was recovered from between the Oshetna and Watana tephras. -TLM 116.The site consists of a rock cairn located on top of a h"i11 southeast of Tsusena Lake.The 1.3-m high cairn rests on an area of exposed bedrock.A panoramiC view is avail able from the site with the greatest depth of view to the south and west. No subsurface tests were pl aced on the site due to the rocky nature of the terrain.The rocks used in con- struction were generally 50 cm long and there was no evidence of small stones being employed for chinking or level ing.The rocks were stacked into a pyramid arrangement with an open framework.A IS-em long bone fragment was the only object found at the site. -TLM 117.The site is located on a north-south oriented ridge which overlooks the confl uence of Deadman Creek and one of its tributaries.The ridge is one of several low rolling ridges which border the north side of Deadman Creek and have been truncated by it.A pano- ramic view is available from the site. The one test pit excavated during reconnaissance testing. did not produce any cultural material.Surface lithic materi al consi sti ng of 4 fl akes was located on the nor- thern half of the ridge 1 m below the centrally located hi gh po int.One black basal t fl ake and one gray chert flake were collected. E-4-74 - .,..: - - - -TLM 118.The site is located north of the Susitna River and west of Devil Creek in an area with kettle and kame topography and deeply incised ravines.The site is situated on the summit of a knoll near a small lake and appears to be primarily oriented toward the lake, because the v iew to the south is obstructed by the continuation of the knoll and present vegetation. No surface materi al was observed at the site,but a shovel test produced 5 fl akes and 3 fire-cracked rocks. A test pit excavated next to the positive shovel test produced 26 chert flakes,1 microblade-like flake, 1 1 ight gray chert biface and 4 fire-cracked rocks.The cultural layer occurs between the vegetation mat and an underlying pinki sh gray fine matrix whictl may represent the Devil tephra or an ash.Nine other shovel tests failed to reveal further artifactual material. -TLM 120.The site is located south of the Susitna River,sOIJtheast of Watana Creek mouth,on the eastern portion of a glaciolacustrine plane in a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on a low,rounded knoll which is situated between 2 small streams.The fi e 1d of view from the site encompas ses nearby fl at ground,facing ridge and knoll slopes,hilly uplands to the south and the Susitna valley to the north. A surface lithic scatter composed of 16 basalt flakes in a 3-m by 1.5-m area was observed and collected.A test pit excavated on the northeast edge of the scatter pro- duced 7 basalt flakes from the organic mat.Six shovel tests pl aced on the summit and sid es of the knoll were neg at ive. -TLM 121.The site is located south of the Susitna River,southeast of the Watana Creek mouth,on the eas- tern portion of a glaciolacustrine plain in a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs in a large flat area.A small drainage is located to the west.The field of view from the site includes surrounding ridges and knolls,intervening drainages and boggy areas,hilly upl ands to the south and the Susitna valley to the north. No surface cultural materi al was observed.A test pit produced 14 cal cined bone fr agments,8 fr agments of fire-cracked rock and charcoal from a cultural 1ayer immediately beneath the organic mat and above the Devil tephra.Two shovel tests were negative. -TLM 122.The site is located south of the Susitna River,southeast of Watana Creek mouth,on the eastern E-4-75 portion of a glaciolacustrine plane in a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on the southeastern end of a low ridge at a point where the side of the ridge drops abruptly to adjacent ground to the south and east.Surrounding ridges and knolls,intervening low ground,hilly uplands to the south and the Susitna valley to the north are visible from the site. A single surface basalt fl ake was observed in a small defl ated area.A test pit pl aced adj acent to the defl ated area was neg at ive.Seven shovel tests were dug on the ridge end and other deflated areas were examined, but no additiona.1 cultural material was found. -TLM 123.The site is located south of the Susitna Ri ver,southeast of Watana Creek mouth,on the eastern portion of a gl aciol acustrine pl ain in a low-lying ridge and knoll system on the crest of a ridge.View from the site is panoramic,encompassing southern upl ands,sur- rounding ridges and knolls,and the Susitna valley,as we 11 as boggy areas and drai nages around the ridge. Examination of a 1 arge 10-m by 15-m def1 ated area reveal ed a surface scatter of weathered bone and char- coal.In addition,2 small rounded depressions were found.Pit 1,3 m southwest of site datum,is about 1.5 m in diameter and 35 m deep.A test pit placed in the vegetation mat on the margin of the defl ated area near the bone and charcoal surface scatter did not yield artifactual material.A shovel test in Pit 2 produced 2 possible birch bark fragments.Seven other shovel tests along the ridge were negative. -TLM 124.The site is located south of the Susitna River,southeast of Watana Creek mouth,on the eastern portion of a glaciolacustrine plain in a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on a low ridge with a small stream nearby to the east.The field of view from the ridge crest includes surrounding ridges and knolls, adjacent low ground,hilly uplands to the south and the Susitna valley to the north. Two surface artifacts were collected from the ridge, including 1 basalt projectile point from a deflated area on the ridge crest and 1 mod ifi ed brown chert fl ake found on the surface on an undefl ated frost boi 1 on the east face of the ri dge near its base and approx imatel y 90 m northwest of the proj ectil e point.A test pit was excavated in the vegetation mat on the margin of the deflated area near the projectile point with negative results.Sixteen shovel tests on the ridge and examina- tion of other soil exposure failed to reveal further artifactual material. E-4-76 ~, - - -TLM 125.The site is located south of the Susitna River~southeast of Watana Creek mouth~on the eastern portion of a glaciolacustrine plain in a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on the southwestern end of the summit of a knoll.Field of view from the site includes surrounding ridges and knoll s~extensive intervening low ground~hi lly upl ands to the south and the Susitna valley to the north.Present vegetation causes some local obstruction. No surface indications of a site were observed.Of 7 shovel tests~one produced a single basalt flake.Two additional basalt fl akesand charcoal were found in a sandy silt with pebbles below the surface organic in a test pit pl aced adjacent to the positive shovel test. -TLM 127.The site is located south of the Sus itna Ri ver,southeast of Watana Creek mouth ~on the eastern portion of a glaciolacustrine plain on a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on the east end of an elongated knoll.The sides of the knoll are steep to the north and east~but merge with ground of only sl ightly lower elevation to the south.Field of view from the site is good though 1 imited by·present fore- station and encompasses other ridges and knolls~inter- vening low ground~hilly upl ands to the south and the Susitna valley to the north. No surface indication of the site was observed.Of 11 shovel tests,2 were positive~1 producing a single basalt fl ake and the other reveal ing 3 basalt fl akes. The 1 atterwas expanded into a test pit from which 4 additional basal t fl akes were recovered from the surface organic mat. Two sm all circul ar depress ions were noted at the site, but no stratigraphic disturbance was noted in the test pit~which was pl aced on the margin of one of the de- press i ons ~and for thi s reason they are presumed to be of noncultural origin. -TLM 128.The site is located on the west side of Jay Creek on a distinctive topographic feature formed by the intersection of a major ridge and a minor transverse ridge.In the zone of intersection~the crests combine to form a rel atively fl at area which is a local point of high relief.Field of view from the site is panoramic~ including hilly upland slopes to the north and west, continuing ridge systems to the east and lower Jay Creek valley to the south. Both reconnai ssance and systemat ic testing were con- ducted at this site.The site was initially identified by the presence of artifactual material in association E-4-77 with an erosional feature.This material included rhyolite and chert flakes,and a pentagonal point frag- ment.A test pit was pl aced adj acent to the erosi anal feature and artifactual material was recovered from 2 different stratigraphic levels.This included 6 rhyo- 1ite and 5 basal t fl akes from the humic 1 ayer above the Devil tephra,in addition to an obsidian microblade fragment from a brownish silty matrix well below the Oshetna tephra.Systematic testing included the excava- .tion of four 1-m by 1-m test squares in the vicinity of the test pit.A total of 4,613 1ithics and 12 bone fragments were coll ected and 2 cul tural components were defined.Forty-two flakes were recovered in association with the Devil tephra.The remaining artifactual mater- ial was located in association with a buried soil below the Oshetna tephra within a fine olive brown silty sedi- ment.The majority of the 1 ithic material from the lower component was of a green chert although black basal t and a brown transl ucent chert were al so repre- sented.Only 11 of the 4,571-lithics from the lower component showed evidence of retouch.Most of these can be described as flakes with either unifacial or bifacial retouch on the flake margins.A biface tip of brown transl ucent chert and a basal t biface fr agment were the only 2 artifacts where modification was not restricted to the margins. On the western slope of the site,there is a rectangular feature which appears to be the result of a recent exca- vation.During initial reconnaissance,5 shovel tests were pl aced on the 1evel central area of the topographi c feature the site is located on,but no further artifac- tual material was found. -TLM 129.·The site is located south of the Susitna Ri ver,southeast of Watana Creek mouth,on the eastern portion of a glaciolacustrine plain in a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site consists of 2 loci on 2 points of high relief on a ridge.Locus A is near the northern end of the ridge,while Locus B is ca.200 m south of Locus A.The fields of view from both loci are panoramic,since they are among the points of highest relief in the vicinity. At Locus A,a test pit pl aced adj acent to a surface 1 ithic scatter produced fl akes from within and above the Devil tephra.Thirty-eight basalt fl akes were collec- ted.A small circular depression ca.80 cm in diameter and ca.15 cm deep was noted 26 m to the east near the base of the slope but was not tested. E-4-78 ~, - - - - - Locus 8 consists of a circul ar depression ca.1.4 m in diameter and ca.30 cm deep which was not tested. Al though 27 shovel tests were pl aced on the ridge around and between Locus A and B,and soil exposures on the ridge were examined,no additional artifactual material was found. -TLM 130.The site is located on the south side of the Susitna River,southeast of Watana Creek mouth,on the eastern portion of a gl aciol acustrine pl ain in a low- lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on the south end of a rel atively small elongated knoll between 2 drainages.Field of view from the site is limited to the east by higher ridges and knolls,but includes kno 11 s,ri dges and boggy low ground to the west,the hilly uplands to the south and the Susitna valley to the north. No surface artifacts were found.An initial shovel test produced 6 flakes of 5 materi al types and 15 bone frag- ments.A test pit superimposed on this shovel test pro- duced 3flakes of 3 material types from the Devil tephra.One brown chert end scraper , 2 fl akes,4 un- burned and 56 burned bone fragments were recovered from the contact between the Dev i 1 and Watan a tephras,and 2 fl akes and 85 burned bone fragments from the Watana tephra.A second shovel test on the northern end of the knoll·produced no artifactual materi al . Systematic testing of the site included the excavation of four 1-m by 1-m test squares.Although site strati- graphy has been affected by frost activity,the contras- ting vertical distribution of lithic and faunal remains suggests that more than one component is present.The postulated upper component at the site is represented by 96 flakes of various material types and 27 small bone fragments'from above the contact between.the Devil and Watana tephras.The lower component is distinguished by its stratigraphic position in the Watana tephra and by the predominance of faunal remains.One thousand eighty-two bone fragments,mostly small burned pieces, and 47 fl akes of simi 1 ar materi al types as those of the upper component were recovered from the lower compo- nent. -TLM 131.The site is located south of the Susitna River,southeast of Watana Creek mouth,in the eastern portion of a glaciolacustrine plain in a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on a low rise in a boggy field.The view from the site includes higher ridges and knolls,intervening boggy ground and hilly upl ands to the south. E-4-79 One brown chert fl ake was surface collected from a deflated frost boil feature.A test pit was excavated in the vegetation mat at the margin of the frost boil near the location of the flake,but no subsurface arti- factual material was found. -TLM 132.The site is located south of the Sus itna River,southeast of Watana Creek mouth,in the eastern portion of a glaciolacustrine plain in a low-lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on the south end of a knoll.Field of view from the site includes adjacent drainages,knolls to the west and northeast,and terrain rising to hilly uplands to the south,as well as Susitna _valley to the north. One gray chert flake was found in a soil exposure on the knoll,but 13 shovel tests and inspection of other soil exposures nearby failed to reveal further artifactual material. -TLM 133.The site is located on the south side of the Susitna River,southeast of Watana Creek mouth,in the eastern portion of a gl aciol acustrine pl ain in a low- lying ridge and knoll system.The site occurs on a ridge crest in a sl ight saddle formed by the rel atively higher ends of the ridge.Immediately to the north of the site,the ground beg ins to slope steepl y down into the Susitna canyon.A small stream flows east of the site.Field of view from the site,which is located on one of the most prominent landforms in the vicinity,is panoramic. A single surface brown chert projectile point was found on the surface of a 1 ichen mat on a game trail.A test pit placed adjacent to the location of the point, 12 shovel tests on and around the ridge,and examination of soil exposures on the ridge failed to reveal further artifactual material. .... ....I , .... - -TLM 134.The site is located on the southern end of a discontinuous ridge west of Jay Creek.The ridge crest descends in an irregul ar fashion,alternating between sloping and relatively flat areas.The southern end of the ridge is bifurcated by a small swale,and the site ... occurs on the east facing side of the eastern half of the bifurcation.While the field of view to the west and northwest is obstructed by forested slopes,to the north rising hilly terrain is visible,as are the lower Jay Creek valley and mineral 1 ick area to the south and east. E-4-80 - - - A compact surface scatter consisting of 3 articulating fragments of a green chert tool was found in a deflated area.Additional surface reconnaissance produced a pos- sible edge-modified gravel.A shovel test near the pos- sible modified gravel and a test pit near the location of the 1 ithic scatter fail ed to reveal subsurface arti- factual mater i al • -TLM 135.The site is located on a discrete small-linear rise associated with the southeastern terminus of a ridge which descends toward the west edge of the Jay Creek canyon.The site appears to be primarily oriented toward the south and southwest,overlooking the Jay Creek mineral lick and its approaches.In other direc- tions,the east side of the Jay Creek valley and rising upl and topography to the west and northwest are visible. A surface lithic scatter composed of a basalt corner- notched point and 5 basalt flakes was collected from a defl ated area on the crest of the 1 inear ri se.A test pit pl aced in the vegetation mat adj acent to the defl a- ted area~and 5 shovel tests on the feature,fail ed to produce further artifactual material. -TLM 136.The site is located on a small knoll west of the Jay Creek canyon.Field of view from the site is limited to the north bya large hill.The east side of the Jay Creek valley is visible from the site,as are the slopes descend ing into Jay 'Creek canyon from the west. During surface reconnaissance,a 2.5-m by 2.5-m lithic scatter was observed in a cryoturbated soil exposure on the summit of the knoll,from which 1 basal t tool frag- ment,1 possibly modified rhyol ite fl ake,1 basalt flake,2 rhyolite flakes an.d 3 bone fragments were col- 1ected.A test pit excavated northeast of the scatter produced cultural material from 3 stratigraphic units, incl ud ing 21 fl akes and 65 cal cined bone fragments from the Devil tephra lower contact and the underlying silt, 22 fl akes and 5 bone fr agments from the Watana tephra, and 6 flakes from a clayey.silt located below the Oshetna tephra. -TLM 138.The site is located on a short kame ridge on the west side of Jay Creek.The sides of the ridge are defined by deep drainage ravines along the south and west sides,while the Jay Creek canyon is -immediately west of the site.Beyond a sl ight 1Y lower terrace to the north,the terrain rises and merges with hilly E-4-81 upl ands.The site is on a local point of high rel ief with a panoramic field of view. A single surface basalt flake was recovered from the surface of a frost boil feature.A test pit excavated next to the location of the flake,5 shovel tests placed on the ridge,and examination of other soil exposures produced no add it ional art i factual materi al . -TLM 139.Th e site is located on a broad,fl at-topped ridge which parall el s the west side of the Jay Creek canyon.The sides of the ridge are defined by the can- yon and on the west by the ravine of a small creek. Field of view from the site includes the east side of the Jay Creek valley,the lower portion of the valley to the south and rising irregul ar terrain grading into hilly uplands to the north and west. No surface indication of the site was observed.A test pit produced 46 basalt,chert and rhyol ite fl akes and 7 calcined bone fragments from a charcoal horizon below the organic mat and above (though sl ightly mixed with) the Devil tephra.In addition,48 basalt,chert and rhyolite flakes,and a quantity of faunal remains were recovered from the upper portion of a si 1ty matrix underlying the Devil tephra.No other artifactual material was found in 2 shovel tests pl aced in the vicinity of the test pit. -TLM 140.The site is located on the southern end of a ridge-l i ke erosional feature formed by the west wall of the Jay Creek canyon and a deeply incised tributary ravine which converges with the canyon from the west. The north end of the ridge-like feature widens and merges with gradually northward rising undulating ter- rain.The southern portion becomes constricted to a sharp crest.The site is located in an area extend-ing from the south end to 100 m north on the feature. Surface material consisting of 2 flakes were found within 50 m of site datum on game trail s.At site datum,a basalt biface and 4 fl akes of 3 material types were recovered,al so occurring on a game trail.A test pit at datum produced a basalt biface and 11 fl akes of 3 material types from beneath the organic mat and above the Devil tephra.No further artifactual material was found on the surface or in 8 shovel tests in the site vicinity. -TLM 141.The site is located on a kame terrace on the west side of Jay Creek.To the east a tributary ravine defines the margin of the kame and subsequently joins E-4-82 -. - ..,.. - southeast end of a small kame.A dense 1ayer of cultural materi al was encountered in this test pit including 2 projectile points,1 a complete side-notched point and a lanceolate-shaped point tip.Over 1,300 waste flakes,composed of basalt,rhyolite and chert, and over 800 fragments of calcined bone were recovered from the test pit as well. Systematic testing of the site included the excavation of five 1-m by 1-m test·squares.All 5 of the test squares produced cul tural materi al .Three of the test squares were pl aced in the location of the reconnais- sance test pit.These test squares produced numerous diagnostic artifacts including side-notched projectile points,endscrapers and retouched flakes.Thousands of waste flakes and small calcined bone fragments were also recovered.In addition,large fire-cracked rocks, charcoal and oxidized matrix suggested the presence of a hearth feature.While an exact enumeration of artifacts is not available at this time,at least 2 different components have been identified at the site.The upper component is stratigraphically positioned between a layer of finely sorted organics and an underlying fine gray silty matrix (Devel tephra)and the lower is below a yellowish brown silty unit (Watana tephra). -TLM 144.The site is located northeast of the mouth of Jay Creek on th west side of the creek.The site includes a prominent elongated knoll and 2 smaller cir- cular knolls.The elongate knoll is the highest point of topographic rel ief between its location and Jay Creek,and is an excellent vantage point for observing the uplands down to the Jay Creek rim in the area of a min er all ick. Both surface and subsurface cul tural materi al was recovered during reconnaissance testing.Three flakes were found on an exposure on the knoll crest.Addi- tional surface reconnaissance located a basal t corner notched projectile point on the southern slope of the kno 11.A test pit was pl aced adjacent to the surface exposure,and 2 flakes and 1 bone fragment were collec- ted from different stratigraphic levels.Artifactual materi al was al so found in 2 of 5 shovel tests pl aced in the site area with 8 additional flakes recovered. -TLM 145.The site is located northeast of the con- fluence of Jay Creek and the Susitna River,on the west side of the creek.It is situated on a ridge which extends eastward from a 91 aciol acustrine pl ain toward Jay Creek,with the end of the ridge ca.100 m east of the site.The ridge is characteri zed by steep slopes, E-4-83 making the creek relatively inaccessible from the site. In the site vicinity,the ridge slopes ata 4-to 5-deg angle for a distance of 15 m.Visibility is obscured by present vegetation. Both surface and subsurface material was present at this site.Surface material consisted of a lithic scatter located on a game trail.This game trail follows the ridge crest with the surface materi al confined to an 8-m segment.Seven waste fl akes were surface coll ected. Additional surface material was observed but not collec- ted.A single test pit placed adjacent to the game trail produced 107 fl akes of basal t,rhyol ite and chert in addition to 93 calcined bone fragments.Subsurface artifacts were found within a dark brown surface organic 1 ayer. -TLM 146.The site is located north of the confluence of Jay Creek with the Susitna River on the west side of the creek.It is situated on a broad sloping hill that des- cends to a glaciolacustrine plain.Neither Jay Creek or the Susitna River are visible from the site;however, their valleys can be seen.A narrow,shallow clear water stream,which originates at a kettle lake west of the site,passes south of the site and is easily acces- sible. No surface cultural materi al was observed at the site. Seven shovel tests were dug during reconnaissance test- ing with 1 of the shovel tests producing a single basalt flake with retouch along one of its margins.This shovel test was expanded into a test pit,but no add i- tional artifactual material was found. -TLM 147.The site is located north of the mouth of Jay Creek on the west side of the creek.It is situated on the eastern port i on of a broad fl at terrace wh i ch extends ca.200 m to the northwest and west,where it merges with undul ating kame topography.The view from the site is only limited in a westward direction where it is partially obscured by a small kame feature. No cul tural materi al was observed on the surface of thi s site.Five shovel tests were dug,1 of which contained a single rhyolite flake.Further surface reconnaissance and the excavation of a test pit,superimposed over the shovel test which contained the rhyol ite fl ake,fail ed to locate any additional artifactual material.Two dis- tinct tephras were identified at this site although the stratigraphic position of the single fl ake in rel ation- ship to these tephra is unknown. E-4-84 -. - ""'"'i - .... -TLM 148.This site is located northeast of Jay Creek mouth on the west side of the creek.It is situated on the northwest corner of a rough1 y tri angu1 ar,broad, flat terrace,which is part of a gradually sloping undu- 1 ating gl acio1 acustrine p1 ain north of the Susitna River.Jay Creek canyon,a tributary valley,and uplands to the north are visible from the site.The view to the west is obscured by spruce forest and intervening hills.A marsh and small creek 100 m to the west of the site provide the nearest easily accessih1e water. Eight shovel tests were dug at the site during recon- naissance testing,lof which contained 20 rhyo1 ite fl akes.Th is shovel test was expanded into a test pi t and 11 add it i ona1 rhyo 1 ite f1 akes were recovered.These f1 akes were stratigraphically positioned in a charcoal unit beneath the organic mat,in a pinki sh-gray fine silt un i t (Dev i1 tephra),and at the contact between them. -TLM 149.The site is 1oc ated north of Jay Creek mouth on the west side of the creek.It is ·situated on a low crescent-shaped kame knoll which is one of a series of simi1 ar kame features on an undu1 ating terrace between Jay Creek and Laha Lake.The knoll is east of Laha Lake and north of a small unnamed creek whi ch prov ides an easily accessible source of water.Visibility from the site inc1 udes simil ar kame features and upland topo- graphy. No cultural material was observed on the surface of the knoll and only 1 of 4 shovel tests p1 aced on the knoll revealed cultural material.This shovel test was expanded into a test pit which reveal ed 990 small burned bone fragments and 2 small rhyolite flakes.A C-14 sam- ple was collected from this test in association with the contact between the Watana and Oshetna tephras. -TLM 150.The site is·1oc ated north of the conf1 uence of Jay Creek with the SusitnaRiver in an area of kame ridges and knolls on an undulating terrace between Jay Creek and Laha Lake.The site is situated on a fairly 1 inear ridge,just southwest of the central high point of the ridge.A small c1 ear water creek,the out1 et stream from a small pond northeast of Laha Lake,flows 100 m to the north.From the site,there is good visi- bi1 ity of the rolling kames to the east and north.The view south and west is obscured by open spruce woodland and intervening topography. E-4-85 -------_._----~---~-------- No surface artifacts were located at this site during resonnaissance testing.Four basalt flakes were found in a shovel test which was expanded into a test pit. Four additional basalt fl akes were encountered beneath the organic layer and protruding into the underlying Devil tephra.In addition,5 fragments of calcined bone were found within or at the contact of the Watana tephra.The spatial distribution of material in the test pit suggests that the site contains more than one component.Eight additional shovel tests pl aced in the site area were negative. -TLM 151.The site is located north of Jay Creek mouth in an area characteri zed by kettl e and kame topography on an undul at i ng terrace between Jay Creek and Laha Lake.The kame feature on which this site is situated is approximately 100 m in length with the site located on a circul ar rise on the southwest end.A narrow clear water stream,which originates at a kettle lake north- west of the site,borders the west s ide of the kame ridge,and provides an easily access·ible source of water.Visibility from the site is partially obscured in all directions by open spruce woodland forest. No cultural material was observed on the surface of the kame ridge.Fifteen calcined bone fragments were found in a shovel test which was then expanded into a test pit.Five hundred and twenty-one bone fragments and 13 fl akes representing 4 different material types were recovered from thi s test pit.The cultural materi al was found beneath a soil unit of dark brown finely sorted organics.It is possible that a pit feature is -represented within this test pit.No additional subsur- face testing was conducted in the 15-m by 6-m level area on which the site is situated. -TLlVJ 152.The site is located northwest of the Jay Creek and Susitna River confluence,and east of Laha Lake.It is in an area that is characterized by kettle and kame topography.The site is situated on a prominent elong- ate kame feature overlooking 2 kettle lakes.An addi- tional 1 hecture kettle lake is located northeast of the site,but is obscured from view by intervening terrain. The view from the site encompasses the entire margin of the 1 ake south of the site in add it ion to portions of the lake to the west. Six shovel tests ·were dug on the kame feature.One gray chert fl ake was found in one of the shovel tests wh i ch was then expanded into a test pit.The stratigraphy of the test pit revealed 3 distinct tephra units although E-4-86 - ..'" .-. ~'"1 i I - no other artifacts were present.Surface reconnaissance of the site area failed to locate any additional arti- factual material. -TLM 154.The site is located north of the mouth of Jay Creek and south of Laha Lake.It is in an area of kett 1e and kame topography with the si te located on a kame ridge which is bordered to the south-southeast by a 2-hecture lake.The site is situated on the broad flat crest of a kame ridge.Vi sib il ity from the site is obscured by intervening terrain;however,a panoramic view is available from the top of the ridge ca.5 m higher in elevation than the site. An initial shovel test reveal ed 12 fl akes of 2 different materi al types.Th i s shovel test was expanded into a test pit and 150 additional fl akes were recovered.The majority of the fl akes were of a gray rhyol ite but material also included quartzite.Six subsequent shovel tests were placed in the vicinity of the test pit.A rhyolite lanceolate projectile point was found in one of these shovel tests.In addition,surface reconnaissance revealed 3 rhyolite flakes on the surface of the lichen mat. -HEA 174.The site is located on top of a 30-m high knoll in glacially scoured terrain at the northeastern end of Deadman Lake,northeast of the point where Deadman Creek enters the 1 ake.The view from the site is extensive and panoramic overlooking Deadman Lake to the west and Deadman Creek to the south. The one test pit excavated at the site during reconnais- sance testing did not produce any cultural materi al . The artifacts recovered were collected from the surface of the top,western and southeastern slopes of the deflated knoll on which the site is located.Cultural material collected included:1 basalt sidescraper, 1 basalt blade-like flake,1 gray quartzite lanceolate point,2 black chert endscrapers,1 black chert scraper fr agment , 1 r ed-brown jasper end sc raper fr agment , 2 brown jasper retouched fl akes,2 gray chert retouched fl akes ,2 gray rhyo 1 ite retouc hed fl akes,1 gray rhyo- 1 ite fl ake,1 gray chert fl ake and 2 quartz fl akes. -HEA 175.The site is located at the southwest end of Butte Lake and consists of 2 loci (A and B)focused around 2 knolls within 200 m of the Butte Creek outlet and on a ridgel ine running along the west shore of the 1 ake.The view from the site includes all of Butte Lake and the uplands to the south,east and west. E-4-87 --------------.~-------- Reconnaissance testing and systematic testing were conducted at the site.Six shovel tests and 2 test pits were excavated during reconnaissance testing and collec- tively produced 1 side-notched point,1 burinated flake, 1 point base,2 possible microblades,3 blade fragments, 25 chert flakes,13 rhyolite flakes,6 basalt flakes and -3 microblades.Five I-m by 1-m squares were excavated at Locus A during systematic testing and collectively produced 2 microblade fragments,1 basalt microblade, 1 possible basalt core tablet,1 uniface fragment, 1 possible core chopper,2 side-notched points,1 chert biface fragment,1 siltstone retouched flake,2 re- touched basalt flakes,1 blade-like flake,1 burinated fl ake,109 chert fl akes,76 basalt fl akes,9 siltstone flakes,4 rhyolite flakes,2 obsidian flakes,5 quart- zite fl akes,94 flakes of undetermined material type and 4 bone fragments.Surface artifacts included 1 projec- tile point base,1 basalt biface fragment,1 gray chert flake core,1 rhyolite uniface fragment and 1 cryptocry- s tal 1 ine cor e (po s sib 1 e)• -HEA 176.The site consists of 2 loci (A and B)on 2 kame knoll s at the eastern end of Deadman Lake south- east of the po int where Deadman Cr eek enters the 1 ake. The view from either locus is panoramic encompassing the eastern end of De adman Lake and the surround ing low relief terrain for 2 to 3 km in all directions. The one test pit excavated at Locus A during reconnais- sance testing produced a single red chert flake.No subsurface testing was conducted at Locus B where 1 chalcedony fl ake and 2 bl ack basalt fl akes were cal- l ected from the surface.Surface materi al call ected at Locus A was recovered from 2 different clusters and col- lectively consisted of 1 gray rhyol ite fl ake,4 gray chert fl akes,1 bl ack basalt fl ake and 1 white chert fl ake.The red chert fl ake from Test Pi t 1 at Locus A was recovered from below the Watana tephra which in this test was located directly on top of glacial drift with no intervening lower tephra. -HEA 180.The site is situated on top of a knoll south- east of the De adman La ke outlet and north of the con- fluence of Deadman Creek and a northern tributary.The knoll on which the site is located is a dominant high landform in the region providing a panoramic view from the site. The only test pit excavated on the site during recon- naissance testing produced 2 chal cedony fl akes.The remainder of the cultural material from the site was call ected on the surface at 2 different scatters and E-4-88 - - consisted of the following:Scatter 1--1 gray chert flake,2 white chert flakes,1 black basalt flake, 2 light gray chalcedony flakes and 1 black chert flake; Scatter 2--1 jasper microblade,1 chert microblade, 1 dark gray chert microblade fragment,1 brown obsidian burin spall,1 white chert point base,1 brown jasper fl ake,1 r ed-brown j as per fl ake,1 wh ite chert fl ake , 1 pale red chert fl ake with retouch,1 1 ight red-brown chert flake,1 red streaked gray chert fl ake,1 bl ack speckled white chert flake,1 pale red rhyolite flake, 1 1 ight red rhyol ite fl ake,1 gray-wh ite rhyo 1 ite fl ake, 1 black flecked chalcedony flake,2 brown chalcedony fl akes,1 white-brown chalcedony flak~,1 white-gray chalcedony flake,1 clear quartz flake,1 black basalt fl ake and 1 1 ig ht brown siltstone fl ake. -HEA 183.The site is located on a small low knoll northwest of the outlet stream which drains Deadman Lake.The site is located on a deflated portion of the knoll.The view from the site consists of most of Deadman Lake,as well as the outlet stream. The only artifact recovered from the site was 1 gray chert fl ake coll ected from the surface of the defl ated portion of the low knoll.Due to the rocky nature of the area no subsurface testing was possible. -HEA 184.The site is located on a blowout northwest of the outlet stream which drains Deadman Lake,on the eastern shore of a sm all 1 ake west of De adman Lake.The view from the site includes all of the small lake west of the site,two-thirds of Deadman Lake and a portion of its outlet stream to the south. The one test pit excavated at the site during reconnais- sance testing did not produce any cultural material. The only artifacts revealed from the site were 2 yellow- brown chert fl akes whi ch exhib ited retouc hand articul ated to form a 1 arge scraper. -HEA 185.The site is located on an east-west trending ridge on the west side of Deadman Lake approximately 70 m above the 1 ake.In addition to Deadman Lake, 3 smaller lakes,Big Lake,and an unnamed stream are visible from the site. Due to the rocky nature of the site,no subsurface test- ing was possible.Artifacts were collected from 2 loci (A and B)and collectively consisted of 2 gray chert flakes,4 basalt flakes,1 possible scraper preform and 1 brown chert thumbnail scraper. E-4-89 -HEA 186.The site is located on a knoll east of Deadman Lake.The site is situated primarily on the eastern half of the east-west oriented knoll.The view from the site includes the braided section of Deadman Creek,and several Sil1alll akes. The one test pit pl aced on the site during reconnais- sance testing produced 1 black basalt flake.Surface artifacts collected at the site consisted of 1 patinated gray chert biface,1 gray chert projectile point frag- ment,2 gray chert blade fragments,1 gray chert biface fragment,9 gray chert flakes,1 white .chert flake, 1 black chert flake and 3 black basalt flakes. (ii)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion -TLM 020.The site is located on Portage Creek.The site consists of a historic inscription dating to 1897, located on a bedrock exposure overlooking the creek. Four names and the date of July 2,1897,are included in the inscri pt i on.~ at her than the inscri pt i on itself,no hi stori c or pre- historic cultural material was observed in the vicinity and no subsurface testing was conducted at the site . .-TLM 056.The site,a partly collapsed log cabin,is near the base on Tsusena Butte.The cabin is situated on a gently sloping terrace 4 m above the level of the creek west of the creek margin. The site consists of a dirt floored,1 room log cabin constructed of unpeeled spruce logs with moss chinking~ The west wall of the cabin is collapsed.A door opening is present in the south wa1 1 but the door itself is missing.Few interior furnishings were noted;however, a third of the cabin interior is visible due to the co 11 apsed sod-covered roof.The general cond it i on of the cabin is poor with the majority of the log members extensively rotted.There was no collection of cultural material at the site.No associated outbuildings were noted;however,a rectangular 1.3-m by 1.8-m depression is located southwest of the cabin.A recent tool cache was found 2 m east of the cabin under a stand of spruce trees. -TLM 071.The site was the trapping headquarters of Elmer Simco and was buil t in the early 1930s.The site complex is located east of Gilbert Creek,a small tributary of Kosina Creek.The cabin is situated on a low,gently sloping shoreline terrace less than 5 m above the creek. E-4-90 ..... """I I - The cabin consists of one room (12 feet by 15 feet)and has a dirt floor.General condition of the cabin is fair to poor.The cabin contains the remains of the original furnishings and suppl ies used during the period between 1930 and 1950.Leakage from the roof is causing destruction of many interior items.There are 3 asso- ciated outbuildings at the site:an outhouse,a dog kennel and a grass-covered structure of unknown func- tion.Other associated features at the site include a garbage dump and a woodpile.No cultural material was collected at the site,nor was any subsurface testing conducted. 2.6 -Geoarcheology (a)Introduction Geoarcheology data were used for selecting survey locales,and provided 1 imiting dates for cul tural resources on various terrain units associated with the last glaciation.Evaluation of various stratigraphic soil and sediment units,including three volcanic ashes,provided a basis for evaluating cultural resources found in relationship to these units.The various aspects of the geoarcheological studies are presented below. (b)Geoarcheologic Terrain Unit Mapping A preliminary terrain unit map of the project area was prepared in 1980 and has undergone two revisions incorporating the results of field studies.Areas of similar geomorphologic character and sur- ficial age are delineated,information which was useful in the selection and evaluation of survey locales. (c)Stratigraphic Framework Regional stratigraphic investigation was undertaken with the se- lection and description of 25 river bluff exposures.Organic samples were collected from four exposures and used to establish a general valley chronology including glacial and depositional his- tory.The stratigraphy of the project area indicates a compl i- cated glacial history with episodes of advance,stagnation and retreat,formation and drainage of proglacial lakes,and fluvial reworking of glacial sediments.Alluvial deposition,soil developnent and tephra fall s are al so evident. (d)Preliminary Gl acial-Geomorphologic Mapping General Comments The investigation and mapping glacial geomorphology in the project area has assisted in the interpretation of the complex glacial history of the project area,which is characterized by the E-4-91 the interaction of a number of valley glaciers.The valley gla- ciers were variable in their patterns of advance,stagnation and retreat,as evidenced by the location,orientation,altitude and state of development of moraines,ice marginal meltwater channels, lake shorelines,kame-deltas,eskers and ice flow indicators;the variation is attributed to particular characteristics of the largely independent source areas.During periods of intense·g1a:- ciation,merging of valley glaciers occurred,resulting in the extension onto the valley bottom of ice lobes.Their subsequent wastage has produced extensive ice stagnation terrain in the proj ect area. (e)The Last Glaciation G1 aciers are interpreted to have covered muc·h of the low1 and region of the study area during the last major glaciation (late Wisconsin time)which occurred over much of Alaska between 32,000 and 13,000 years BP.The Susitna Canyon area was covered by a comp1 ex gl ac i er system that resulted from conf1 uent ice tongues and lobes which behaved as individual units.The distribution of glacial terrain features indicates that following the glacial max- imum lobes withdrew at different rates.Moraine morphology gives evidence for glacial retreat followed by a series of glacial re- advances.Large areas of stagnant ice were present in most of the broad lowland regions during deglaciation.The stagnant ice may have inf1 uenced human movanents as 1 ate as 8-10,000 years BP. (f)Archeological Stratigraphy Sixteen major stratigraphic units can be recognized throughout the project area.No individual archeological site contains all re- cognized units but many have at least ten.In general,the stra- tigraphy consists of glacially scoured bedrock overlain by a series of volcanic tephra horizons interbedded with weathering horizons and buried soils.A surface organic mat overlies the older sediments.Nonvo1canic eolian sediments occur both as part of the tephra units and as separate subunits between tephra and organic horizons.In the archeological stratigraphy of the pro- j ect area the contact un its are just as,if not more,important as the lithologic units.Sixteen significant intervals of time can be isolated and correlated on the basis of these contact units (Figure E.4.5). (g)Cultural Horizons Nine discrete cultural horizons can be identified at the present time from the regional archeological stratigraphy (Figure E.4.5). These can all be correlated throughout the region.Each horizon can be dated within 1 imits,but the time span represented by components varies from a few hundred years to as much as 7-8,000 years.Although a horizon can be identified and corre1 ated and E-4-92 - -. - ~. ~, ~.. ."""" (h) (i) can be dated within 1 imits,there is no proof that cultural materi a1 s from the same hori zan at different sites are exact1 y equivalent in age.The volcanic ash/soil sequence provides the framework for this relatively excellent chronology. Cultural horizons were assigned only where there was demonstrable evidence of human occupation that can be re1 ated to the regional stratigraphy.Although artifacts were found in all of the units except bedrock,only 9 horizons could be firmly documented.Down- slope reworking,cryoturbation,human alteration and root distur- bances all serve collectively to disp1 ace artifacts from their orgina1 contexts. Evidence for human occupation in subunits associated with the con- tact units are present.Within any given site these can be ar- ranged in stratigraphic succession,but they were not isolated as horizons,or even formal subhorizons because they cannot be corre- lated regionally.It is probable that many more than 9 cultural hori zons ex ist.No one site contains more than 4 regional cultur- al horizons,with the exception of site TLM 030 which contains 5 horizons,one of which occurs in a subunit.Most sites contain 1 or 2 regional archeo1ogic horizons. Chronology and History The evolution of the stratigraphic record presented in Figure E.4.5 can be broken into 4 major intervals which have different implications for archeology:(1)the time prior to the last glaciation,represented by Unit 15,(2)the time during the last glaciation,represented by Unit 14,(3)the time following deglaciation but prior to deposition of the first recognized tephra,represented by Un it 13,and (4)the time represent i ng recurrent volcanic ash deposition and soil formation,represented by Units 1 to 12.Eight radiocarbon dates from regional stratigraphic studies and 12 dates associated with the volcanic ash stratigraphy permit the estab1 ishment of a reasonably good chronology for the depositional history of the project area. Deposition of the tephra sequence probably occurred within the last 5,000 to 7,000 years.Three distinct tephra have been identified in the study area.These units were given regional names for purposes of field identification and nomenc1 ature. Tentative 1 imiting dates and names given the tephra in order of increasing age are as follows:Devil (1800-2300 BP,AD 150-350 BC),Watana (2300-3200 BP,350-1250 BC)and Oshetna (greater than 4700 BP,2750 Be). Mammoth/Mastodon Fossil Discovery A mammoth/mastodon fossil was found in situ in f1 uvi a1 gravel s at Tyone B1 uff.The fossil,representing the shaft portion of a right femur,was identified by R.D.Guthrie and George S.Smith of the University of Al aska,and is the first documented occurrence £-4-93 for any terrestia1 Pleistocene megafauna in southern Alaska.It yielded a radiocarbon date of 29,450 +610 BP,and clearly implies nong1 acia1 conditions at the time (Thorson et a1.in press).This discovery indicates that the range of mammothshou1d be extended about 200 km south of its present 1 imit.It a1 so suggests that mountain passes in the Alaska Range may have been deg1aciated during mid-Wisconsinan time,and that portions of southern Alaska may have been suitable for human habitation during this time. (j)Summary of Geologic History (i)The Susitna Valley has been repeatedly inundated with extensive valley glacier systems that coalesced to form a minor mountain ice sheet.One or more pre-Wisconsinan glaciations have been recognized. (ii)Much of the present valley was carved to the present river level prior to middle Wisconsinan time (31,000 yr BP).The direction of drainage at that time is presently unknown. (iii)·The valley bottom was extensively modified during the last glaciation which began some time after about 31,000 yr BP in the Fog Creek area,and some time after about 2,000 yr B.P.in the Tyone River region. (iv)During deglaciation large areas were covered with stagnant ice,and meltwater drained freely below the surface, forming complex esker systems.The direction of meltwater flow and the presence of till at river level suggests that Devil Canyon was carved prior to Holocene time.Gl aciers retreated systematically over many areas leaving a number of periodically spaced massive recessional moraines. (v)Deglaciation of the Tyone River region was complete by at least 11,500 yr BP.Because this area was covered by a large piedmont ice lobe,other areas may have been ice free even earlier.Thus,much of the Susitna Valley may have been degl aciated prior to about 12,000 yr BP.Stagnant ice may have persisted for several thousand years over much of the valley floor. (vi)During Holocene time,the Susitna River has not greatly deepened its valley in most areas;rather it has widened the valley bottom slightly by lateral planation.Low-level alluvial terraces and tributary mouth alluvial fans have fonned in widened portions of the valley.Many small sites tributary to the Susitna have greatly incised their channels during Holocene time,resulting in steep irregular profiles characterized by waterfalls and rapids. E-4-94 - ..... - ~I - (vii)During the last half of Holocene time,intervals of volcanic ash deposition from distant sources alternated with intervals of weathering,soil formation and erosion. 2.7 -Paleontology (a)I nt roduct i on Paleontological studies were implemented as part of the cultural resource program in order to identify the types of paleontological specimens that might occur in association with archeological and/or historic sites,and therefore,assist in recognizing them should they occur at a site.·Because paleontological specimens representing animal bones (particuarly Pleistocene megafauna)are readily recongizable,emphasis for paleontological investigations were centered on fossil plants and pollen.A preliminary aerial reconnaissance of the study area and a review of the 1 iterature indicated that the area within the project study area that had the greatest potenti a1 for reveal ing pl ant fossil s was the Watana Creek area.The infonnation provided by this baseline study was incorporated into cultural resource investigations. (b) (c) Plant Foss i 1s The assembl age of fossil leaves collected from the deposits along Watana Creek were chiefly in calcareous concretionary horizons of sil tstone to fine sandstone.The assembl age from the sequence is extensive,but is characterized by an extremely low species diversity.The flora from the Watana Creek deposits include: Metasequoia sp.,Alnus evidens (Hollo)Wolfe,Salis sp. Pollen Pollen grains were extremely depauperate "in both quantity and species.Many slides prepared for pollen analysis were found to be totally 1 acking in grains.A point counting technique was not considered justified to characterize the pollen assemblage of the deposits.The predominant pollen are Betula,conifer-type grains, and trilete spores. E-4-95 3 -EVA LUA nON OF AI~D IIVl PACT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES 3.1 -Ev al uat i on of Se 1ected Si tes Fo und: Prehistory and History of the Upper Susitna River Region (a)Introduction Based on the results of this survey,it is probable that no single archeological site in the Upper Susitna River area will provide the basis for defining the Holocene-cultural chronology for the region.Because no single site preserves the cultural spectra since late Wisconsin deglaciation,it is necessary to base the culture chronology on a series of individual sites and site compo- nents throughout the study area.The 167 archeological sites doc- umented during the course of this survey are primarily single component sites.For the purposes of this presentation,only those sites in which the age of the site,or a component,can be documented with certainty will be used for analysis.The chrono- logical documentation of sites and components are primarily based on two methods:1)radiocarbon determinations and 2)relative stratigraphic placement in relationship to the three tephra. Typological considerations relating to the chronology (not site functi on)have been cons id ered secondari 1y,because of the uncer- tainty associated with this kind of dating and the differing age determinations proposed by many archeologists. The sites discussed in this application provide only brief glimpses of prehistoric cultural development in what are,in many cases,very diverse ecological settings.In all probabil ity the sites and their various components represent different facets of the prehi storic sub si stence cyc 1e.Consequentl y,what are pre- sented as "type sites and components for particul ar cultural periods,may in fact not ntypifi'the material cultural remains during specific cultural historical periods.While these limita- tions are recognized~it is still possible to begin to define the basic cultural chronological skeleton while realizing that during some periods it may contain a considerable amount of "flesh ll and during others major llanatomical"elements are missing. ,~ (b)Contemporary Sites:1945 to Present A number of contemporary cabins are scattered throughout the study area representing modern recreational use of the project area, primarily for sports hunting and fishing.Because of the con- temporary nature of these structures,they have not been incl uded, discussed or analyzed in this report.Suffice it to say that contemporary use of the area will ultimately be documented in the archeological record. E-4-96 (c)Trapping Period:1920 -1945 Four cabins which have been documented as trappers'cabins have been reported in the project area.These cultural remains docu- ment economic use of the area for fur trapping during the 1930s, and in this respect the Susitna area reflects many other areas of rural Alaska in that this was a time of relatively high fur prices during a period of international depression.The remains of four .cabins dating to this period were located in the project area. However,the cabin of Elmer Simco (TLM 071)may be one of the best remaining eXffilples from this period,because most of the household and trapping equipment are preserved intact. (d)Exploration/Gold Rush:1897 -1920 Gold was discovered in the Cook Inlet region in 1895,shortly after which the first major western popul ation expansion into the Upper Susitna occurred.No historic sites dating to the gold rush in the Upper Susitna have been discovered in the project area to date.Because Devil Canyon is not navigable,early explorers/ prospectors may have been discouraged in their attempts to pro- spect the UpperSusitna.However,an inscription near the mouth of Portage Creek documents that Will iam Dickey and three other travel ers ascended the river as far as Devil Canyon in 1897 (TLM 020)• (e)Athapaskan Tradition: A.D.1900 -A.D.500 The Upper Susitno drainage was occupied by Western Ahtna Athapaskans at the time of hi storie contact.Through impl ementa- tion of the direct historic approach,it is possible to trace through time Athapaskan occupation of the study area.Several sites in addition to those discussed below may document various periods of cultural historical development throughout this period. However,the subsequent discussion only includes sites subject to systematic testing from which age determinations can be made with certai nty. The Kosina Depression Site (TLM 065)was systematically tested and best exempl ifies the 1 ater phase of thi s period.The site consisted of the remains of at least one house and several associ- ated cache pits.Stratigraphic profiles from this site clearly indicate that the house postdates the Devil tephra,and the glass trade beads and bottl e glass fragments cl early document the structure's comparatively recent age.While precise dating of the structure is not possible at this time,western trade goods may have penetrated the area as early as the 1ate 1700s and the site may be reasonably estimated to range in age between the 1 ate 1700s and 1900. E-4-97 - - ""'" ~\ I~ '"'" ,~ A pronounced material cultural trait which occurs at TLM 065 is the high frequency of fire-cracked rock and fractured and burned caribou bone.The rock is characteristically uniform in that it originates from fist and slightly smaller-sized,smooth,water- worn cobbles.It is most probable that these cobbles were del iberate1y selected for stone boil ing;a technique commonly employed by Native North Americans in the absence of ceramic cooking vessels.This material cultural trait coupled with abundant fractured long bone fragments suggests preparation of marrow "soup"and possibly bone grease in birch bark cooking containers.These site attributes are commonly associated with archeological sites throughout the A1 askan Interior and through the direct hi storie approach have been identified as the remains of prehi stori c At hapaskan cu1 ture (Pl askett,1977). This common association is characteristic of·a number of sites located throughout the course of the archeological survey.All sites and site components which exhibit this association in a clear stratigraphic context occur above the Devil tephra and consequently are younger than A.D.200.In addition to the Kosina Depression Site (TLM 065)discussed above,these sites are:1) Component I,Permafrost Creek (TLM 050)ca.A.D.1670;2)two and poss ib1 y three components at the Tsusens Creek Si te (TLM 022) which date sl igh1y prior to and subsequent to A.D.1500;3)a feature at the Little Bones Ridge Site (TLM 059)ca.A.D.740;4) Component I at the Red Scraper Site (TLM 062)ca.A.D.570;5) Component I at the Ts usena site (TLM 097)ca.A.D.550;and 6) TLM 130 which produced a radiocarbon date on charcoal of A.D.530 +70.Three additional sites which have not been subject to radio- metric dating but which exhibit the pronounced association of fire-cracked cobbles and fractured mammal bone,all occur strati- graphically above the Devil tephra.These are:1)the Upper Watana Creek Site (TLM 038);2)the No Name Creek site (TLM 043); and 3)Component I at the Duck Embryo North Site (TLM 048).At two of these sites,No Name Creek and Duck Embryo North,evidence for heat treatment of 1 ithi cs has been recogni zed based on the vitreous character of the lithic debitage. While it may appear dubious to define a cultural period primarily on the basis of the association of only two cultural traits,these sites are strikingly simil ar when viewed collectively and all are restricted temporally.Another striking simil arity shared by these sites is the lack of diagnostic artifact types.However, this may partially reflect the comparatively small samples recovered during testing.The sites suggest intensivere1 iance on caribou hunting,occasionally moose hunting,intensive use of stone boil ing for food preparation,and heat treatment of 1 ithics used for tool manufacture.. The sites occur in a variety of eco10gica.1 locales.Permafrost Creek,Tsusena Creek and No Name all occur adjacent to the junc- tion of clear water tributaries to the Susitna and are situated in E-4-98 the valley bottom.The Upper Watana Creek site occupies an overlook with a panoramic view to the north suggestive of fall caribou hunting.Duck Embryo North is situated adjacent to a lake outlet possibly indicating exploitation of fish and waterfowl. The Tsusena site (TLM 097)is adjacent to Tsusena Creek where constricting topographic features funnel 1 arge mammal movements past the site.Sites which contain structural remains;Little Bones Ridge,Kosina Depression,and probably Jay Creek (although this site was not subject to systematic testing)are located in el evated areas whi ch seem to 1 ack attractive ecol og ical factors (such as proximity to significant bodies of fresh water,panoramic views,constricting land forms,etc.).It is possible that these more substantial sites containing features may reflect prehistoric distribution of caribou rather than other ecological variables traditionally associated with site occurrence.Such obscure site locales may also reflect social variables such as defense or ostracism. Testing and surface features suggest that all sites dating to this time peri od are comparativel y small and probab 1y represent groups of not more than one or two nuclear families or a few hunters. Collectively these sites represent a variety of functions and seasonal occupations,which cannot be accurately defined based on the limited results derived from the systemat ic test i ng conducted to date.It is important to reemphasize that this discussion has been 1 imited to only those sites which can be firmly dated,and undoubtedly nlJTlerous other sites dating to the Prehistoric Athapaskan -Period exist in the project area. All the sites dating to this period contain faunal remains,and thus present the possibil ity for documenting the organic component of prehistoric Athapaskan material culture,which is currently poorly understood and represented at only a few archeological sites."The diverse types of sites situated in a variety of ecol og ical local es may enab 1e further research to document shift ing sub si stence and settl ement patterns through time. Collectively these sites are extremely significant,for they hold the potent i al to defi ne At hapaskan cultural dev el opment during the past 1,500 years.Thi s has not been accompl i shed in Al aska or the Yukon and Northwest Territories,1 argel y because prev ious research programs have not been able to locate sites conducive to answering these quest ions,and have 1 acked the chronological contro 1s essential for defining cultural developnent through time. (f)Choris/Norton Tradition: ca.A.D.500 -ca.1500 B.C. Three arrheological sites have yielded artifactual material from stratigraphic contexts which suggest that they may be ascribed to the Chori s/Norton trad it ion.These are Component II I at the Tsusena site (TLM 097)and the upper component at the Fog Creek E-4-99 - - .- .- site (TLM 030)which has been radiocarbon dated to 360 B.C.+220 (DIC-IBn),and the Left Fork Site (TLM 069)which was probably occupied immediately prior to deposition of the Watana tephra. The fl akes from the upper component at Fog Creek were unfortu- nately bagged in the field with those from the lower component, thus rendering definition of the lithologic types associated with this component impossible.However,fine grained sil icious rock types are represented in this sample and were probably derived from the upper component,while the remainder of the sample is basalt and is probably derived from the lower,Northern Archaic, component.No diagnostic artifacts were recovered from Component I. Component I II at the Ts usen a site (TLM 097)was not subj ect to radiometric dating,but is clearly associated with the contact between the Watana and Devil tephras.This component contained 9 fire-cracked rock fragments,15 waste fl akes of rhyol ite and tuff,and 65 tuffacious flakes.Although the assemblage does not provide sufficient data to define the Choris/Norton tradition within the project area,it does,when coupled with data from a number of other sites,provide data which strongly indicate the occurrence of this tradition within the Upper Susitna region between ca.A.D.500 and ca.1500 B.C. The period of occupation of the Left Fork Site (TLM 069)remains problematic,but the preliminary data suggest that it probably occurred immediately prior to the deposition of the Watana tephra. Several artifact types suggest that the material cultural remains from this site are similar to artifacts typologically associated with Choris/Norton period in other regions of Al aska.Bone pre- servation at th"is site suggests that it was occupied shortly be- fore deposition of the Watana tephra,because bone preservation is comparatively rare in archeological components predating the Devil tephra in the Upper Susitna region. Three additional sites (TLM 033,TLM 034,and TLM 053),which have only been subject to reconnaissance testing,indicate cultural components between the Watana and Devil tephras and this suggests that these sites may also be ascribed to this temporal period.In all three sites,no diagnostic artifacts were recovered,and the cultural components were defined on the basis of 1 ithic debitage alone.It is important to note that the deb itage in all three cases is fine grained cherts or rhyol ite,which may be an indicator of this tradition in the Upper Susitna region. While it has not yet been possible to unquestionably document diagnostic artifacts dating to this period,several sites in addi- t i on to the Left Fork site (TLM 069)in the proj ect area have yielded artifacts characteristic of this tradition.Bacon (1978a:32)suggested possible Norton influence at TLI\1 018,based on the occurrence of a tri angul ar trend ing to pentagonal end blade.Irving (1957:43,47)reported the discovery of three E-4-100 obl iquely pressure fl aked side bl ades on an overlook near the Tyone River.The artifacts reported by Irving still represent the best typological indication of the Norton/Choris tradition in the Up per Su s it na. This critical interval in non-coastal Al askan prehistory is poorly understood,and the Upper Susitna River holds excellent potential for reso 1v ing the myr i ad of prob 1ems assoc i ated with it.Exten- sive field investigation of archeological components·dating to this·interval is essential to:1)document the material cultural remains dating to this period;2)elucidate settlement and subsis- tance patterns;and 3)resolve the problems associated with the postul ated 1ate Denal i compl ex. (g)Northern Archaic Tr ad it i on: ca.1500 B.C.-ca 3000 B.C. Component IV at the Ts us en a site (TLM 097)best documents the stratigraphic placement of the Northern Archaic Tradition within the project area.The stratigraphic position of this component is clear and is supported by a radiocarbon determination of 2070 +65 B.C.(OIC-2283).This component contained the base of a black basalt side-notched projectile point and black siltstone flake core along with 312 fl akes of basalt and 16 of rhyol ite and tuff. Because side-notched projectile points are the hallmark of the Northern Archaic Tradition,it is reasonable to ascribe it to the Northern Archaic Tradition in spite of the small sample size. The Fog Creek Site (TLM 030)was not subject to systematic test- ing,but did yield reliable data pertinent to defining the Northern Archaic Tradition in the project area.Two components were recognized during reconnaissance testing of the site.The lower component contained a side-notched projectile point along with lithic debitage consisting primarily of black basalt.A rad iocarbon determinat ion for thi s component,wh i ch al so occurs between the Watana and Oshetna tephra,is 2770 +130 B.C. (OIC-1880).While systematic testing is required to further define and clarify this site,the preliminary data is strikingly similar to that recovered from Component IV at the Tsusena Borrow C site.The Fog Creek site is significant because it not only confirms the stratigraphic pl acement of the Northern Archaic Tradition in the project area,but further defines the temporal span of the tradition. Component II,which occurs between the Watana and Oshetna tephras, at Tuff Creek North (TLM 027),proably reflects a Northern Archaic use of this site.Alhtough no diagnostic artifacts were re- covered,the lithic debitage is black basalt,the most common lithologic type associated with the Northern Archaic occupation at both Fog Creek and the Tsusena site (TLM 097).The stratigraphic pl acement of thi s component between the Watana and Oshetna tephra. strongly supports this interpretation. E-4-101 '""" The lower component at TLM 143 produced side-notched points and a radiocarbon determination on charcoal of 2150 B.C.+60 and is clearly associated with the Northern Archaic Tradition:-Although no diagnostic artifacts were found in the lower component at TLM 128,a radiocarbon date (on charcoal from the·paleosol on which the artifacts were recovered)of 2630 B.C.+780 suggests that this component may also represent the Northern Archaic Tr ad it i on. Although a number of sites in the project area have yielded side- notched projectile·points and other artifact types commonly asso- ciated with the Northern Archaic Tradition,only Fog Creek,the Tsusena site,Tuff Creek North,and Jay Creek have yielded cultur- al horizons that can be dated with a high degree of certainty.It is probable that Component IV at the Tsusena site is not the 1 atest occurrence of thi s trad it ion withi n the proj ect area and .that the lowest component at Fog Creek is probably not the earl i- est.Additionally,no artifacts characteristic of the Northern Archaic Tradition have been found either above the Watana or below the Oshetna tephra.These data suggest a temporal span between 1500 to 3000 B.C.for this tradition in the Upper Susitna region. These data concur with archeological data from other Al askan arch- eological sites.The upper Northern Archaic component at the Dry Creek Site located near Healy,Al aska,ranges in age between 2400 and 1400 B.C.(Powers and Hamilton,1978)and data from the Tangle Lakes area suggest a simil ar temporal span for this tradition (West 1975)."These and other sites in the Al askan interior support Wor.kman's (1978)hypothesis that Northern Archaic Tradi- t ion spread through the Yukon Territory and northward along the Brooks Range to the On ion Portage site by 4000 B.C.and 1ater spread into southern Interior Al aska. As demonstrated by the Fog Creek,Ts usena,and Jay Creek sites, the study area holds high potential for addressing critical ques- tions pertinent to understanding the Northern Archaic Tradition. These are:1)closely bracketing the temporal span during which the Upper Susitna was occupied by peoples bearing this tradition, 2)the subsi stance strateg i es and settl ement patterns impl emented by Northern Archaic Peopl es;3)the nature of house forms and other structures assoc i ated with thi s trad it i on;and most impor- tantly,4)data essential to expl ain the rather dramatic appear- ance and disappearance of this technological tradition in the archeological records.The Upper Susitna is an extremely critical region for addressing these problems,because various manifesta- tions of this tradition,which may lack diagnostic artifacts (such as side-notched projectile points)can be recognized with clarity based on their expected occurrence between the Watana and Oshetna tephras. E-4-l02 (h)American Paleoarctic Tradition: ca.3000 B.C.?-ca.9000 B.C.? The lowest component at Tuff Creek North (TLM 027)best documents the stratigraphic p1 acement of this tradition in the project area. At thi s site,Component II I c1earl y rests on top of 91 ac i al drift and is capped by the Oshetna tephra.The Oshetna tephra was deposited prior to approximately 2700 B.C.and probably during the interval between 3000 to 5000 B.•C.Although no organic material suitable for radiometric dating was recovered from this component, the artifactua1 material is considerably older than the Oshetna tephra.The 1 ithics rest on and are intermixed with the upper portion of the glacial drift,and exhibit considerable weathering. Both these factors suggest that they were exposed on the surface for an extended period,possibly several thousand years,prior to the deposition of the Oshetna tephra. The assemblage contains several blocky cores which result from the manufacture of blades,microb1ades and blade-like flakes.Core rotation is common,and no II type II core has been identified in the assemb1 age.In addition to the cores,the assemb1 age contains blade-like flakes,blades,microblades,and waste flakes.Some of the blades and fl akes exhib it edge retouch along their marg ins, which is generally restricted to one surface of the specimens.No bifacial stone tools were recovered from Component III. Admittedly,the sample is small when compared to the estimated spatial extent of the site,but it does suggest striking technolo-. gical similarities to the Ugashik Narrows Phase (Dumond 1977)on the Alaska Peninsula,Locality 1 at the Gallagher Flint Station (Dixon 1975),and possibly the Anangu1a site located on an islet (Ananuliak Is.)off Umnak Island in the Aleutians (Aigner,1978). Although radiocarbon determinations are not avail able from this component,it is not unreasonable to estimate the period of occupation between approximately 4000 to 5000 B.C.based on its stratigraphic occurrence below the Oshetna tephra,the advanced degree of weathering exhibited by the 1 ithics,and typological comparison with other A1 askan archeological sites which exhibit simil ar technological characteristics. Two additional sites (TLM 040 and TLM 048)appear to contain microblade components which occur below the Oshetna tephra,but the results of systematic testing at these sites are not conclu- sive.It appears a microbl ade component is represented in Component II at the Duck Embryo North site (TLM 048)which is probably derived from the contact of the glacial drift and the Oshetna tephra.However,only a single microb1ade was recovered along with the 1 ithic debitage,and further work is required to c1 arify the age,nature and extent of thi s component.At TLM 040, the Tephra Site,nUlierous obsidian microbl ades and microb1 ade fragments were recovered.Al though their strat igraphi c posit i on could not be defined with certainty,there is some indication that they may have been deposited below the Oshetna tephra.Although no radiocarbon determinations are available from either of these E-4-i 03 - -. ~, - ,~, -- sites,future work will probably succeed in defining their strati- graphic position and hopefully provide organics suitable for radiometric dating. The microbl ades from the Duck Embryo North and Tephra sites appear to be struck from prepared cores and exhibit a uniformity not refl ected in the spec imens from Component II I at Tuff Creek.The morphological characteristics of these microblades (from TlM 040 and 048)suggest greater technological simil arity with specimens commonly associated with the Denali Complex and may be of the same age.It is not unreasonable to postul ate that all these compo- nents may be ascribed to th-e American Paleoarctic Tradition and probably date to the interval between 3000 and 9000 B.C.It is probable that the blockier rotated blade microblade cores postdate the prepared cores of the Denal i complex,and both assembl ages appear to deemphasize the manufacture of bifacial stone tools, particularly projectile points. The potential of the project area to yield data essential to un- raveling many of the complex problems associated with the American Paleoarctic Tradition is excellent.The potential of the Upper Susitna Basin to yield data essential to understanding the complex cultural developnents associated with thi~tradition between the time of deglaciation (12,000 to 9000 B.C.)and ca.3000 B.C.is excellent. (i)Early Period:ca.30,000 B.C. to ca.20,000 B.C. The midsection,or shaft,of the right femur of a proboscidean (probably Mammuthus sp.)was recovered from an exposure near the junction of the Tyone and Susitna River~.A single radiocarbon date run on bone collagen from the femur yielded a date of 27,500 +610 B.C.(DIC-1819).This age determination coupled with addi- tional dates from the same stratigraphic section demonstrates that at least some portions of the Upper Susitna were deglaciated during mid-Wi sconsin times.The occurrence of the probosc idean fossil also documents that at least one of the passes through the Al aska Range was degl aciated during this time.These data indi- cate potential for the discovery of archeological sites in the study area,dating to this period have been recogni zed in the proj ect area. - (j)Summary Five major cultural traditions have been documented within the study area which span the past 11,000 years.These are:1) Historic 1897 to present;2)the Athapaskan Tradition ca.500 A.D. to 1900 A.D.;3)Choris/Norton Trandition A.D.500 to 1500 B.C.; 4)Northern Archaic Tradition ca.1500 B.C.to ca.3000 B.C.;and 5)the American Paleoarctic Tradition ca.1500 B.C.to ca. 3000 B.C.;and 5)the American Paleoarctic Tradition ca.3000 B.C. E-4-l04 to 9000 B.C.?The project area was glaciated between approxi- mately 9000 B.C and 20,000 B.C.and at least partially deglaciated between 30,000 and 20,000 B.C. Based on the results of the reconnaissance survey and the limited systematic testing of the select archeological sites,the project area holds excellent potential for addressing many long-standing anthropological questions.Three tephras permit stratigraphic correlation between many sites and site components.This presents a uniquely significant opportunity to define the developrrient of these archeological traditions which has not been possible else- where in interior or southcentral Al aska.No single archeological' site has been found which preserves the cultural chronology from deglaciation to historic times,but the tephra enable cultural developnent to be traced throug h time based on compari sons of a series of sites which can be clearly documented to be temporally discrete. Because the first goal of archeology is to define cultural chronology,the IMJrk conducted thus far has been focused primarily toward thi s obj ective.Sub stant i al progress has been made,but clearly considerable additional work is essential if this goal is to be fully real ized,particul arly during the Choris/Norton and American Pal eoarcti c Tr ad it ion per i ods.Systematic excav at ion will not only resolve many of the problems relevant to defining cultural chronology,but concurrently will provide extremely valu- able data essential to interpreting the past lifeways of the cul- tural groups which occupied the region prior to historic contact. Better understand ing of subsi stence,settl ement patterns,and social/cultural phenomena will result as a compl imentary product of devel opi ng the cultural chronology,and future research strateg ies shoul d attempt to address these problems. It is already possible to glimpse some of the larger questions which may be addressed as mitigation of adverse impact to cultural resources progresses throughout the proj ect area.Some are:1) defining and expl aining the interrel ationship between cultural succession,vulcanism and environmental change;2)resolution of as yet unresolved questions relevant to firmly documenting,or rejecting,the occurrence of a Late Denali phase;and 3)defini- tion and interpretation of the nature of cultural contacts,or rapid technological change,which occurred during the periods of transition between cultural trad it ions.Fut ure mit ig at i on of adverse impact to cul tural resources must address these and other problems.The legal requirement mandating the preservation of sites is founded on the knowledge that they hold data which may enable potential explanation of such problems.The Upper Susitna River region may be one of the best local es known in Al aska to preserve such information and address these significant scientific and humanistic questions. E-4-105 ~, - 3.2 -Impact on Hi storic and Archeological Sites ,~ ..... \ (a)Introduction The level of adverse impact posed by the Sustina Hydroelectric Project on cultural resources is substantial.Consequently,a mitigation effort corresponding to this level of adverse impact is needed to meet mandates of federal and state cul tural resource legislation.Mitigation is discussed further in Section 4.1. The magnitude and nature of adverse impact the Susitna Hydro- electric Project will have on specific sites or groups of sites depend on the location of these cultural resources in relation to areas affected by construction,operation,maintenance,overall land modification and ancillary development of the Sustina Hydro- electric Project and the type of activities which will occur in these areas (TableE.4.1).Three major types of adverse impacts to cultural resources have been defined;they are direct,indirect and potential.Sites directly impacted are those sites which are immediately affected by ground-disturbing activities associated with preconstructi on,construct i on or operat i on of the proj ect. These include,but are not limited to,dam construction,access roads,borrow areas,camps,transmission lines,staging areas, airstrips,and reservoirs behind the Devil Canyon and Watana dams. Indirect impact will resul t from adverse effects that are secon- dary but clearly brought about by the project and which WJuld not occur if the proj ect were not undertaken.Ind irect impact wi 11 occur on sites affected by altered and/or accelerated erosional processes associ ated with fill ing of the reservoirs.Second ary land modifications such as altered drainage and accelerated ero- sional processes associated with dam and spillway construction, greater access to remote areas,increased number of project per- sonnel in the area during and after construction,activities rel ated to project maintenance and erosion of the impoundment margins resulting from fluctuating water levels all pose very real,though secondary,threats to cultural resources.Potenti al impact is connected with ancillary development which can be pre- dicted to occur as a result of the project,but which depend on other variables which are unknown at this time.Such variables include future engineering modifications,future recreational use of the area and increased development along access corridors and impoundment margins.Although the specific.impact agent(s)that coul d impact sites in the potent i al category are not presentl y known,impact to sites or groups of sites can be pred icted to occur as a resul t of expected recreat i onal use of the area and increased development assoc i ated with thi s act iv ity.Potential impact coul d become direct impact,i nd irect impact or no impact depending on how these activities affect the areas containing cultural resources.When the location E-4-l06 -----_._._...._----,._-~----,---_.__._------- of all project facil ities and recreational developnent are known and the cultural resource inventory compl ete,it will then be poss"ible to identify sites in the potential category that will receive direct,indirect or no impact. (b) Signif ic an ce To comply with federal regulations,impact analysis of cultural resources is required for those sites either listed in,or recommended as el igible for the National Register of Hi storic Places.·The eligibility of a site,or group of sites,for in- clusion in the National Register of Historic Places is based on the site(s)significance.Therefore,it is first necessary to determine if the site or group of sites is significant.Deter- mination of signifance is based on the appl ication of National Register of Historic Places criteria which define significance "in American history,architecture,archeology,and culture present in districts,sites,buildings,structures,and objects of state and local importance that possess integrity of location,design, setting,materials,workmanship,feeling,and association and/or that at'e associated with events that have made significant contri- butions to the broad patterns of history;or are associated with the 1 ives of persons significant in our past;or that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period,or method of con- struction,or that represent the work of a master,or that possess high artistic values or that represent a significant and distin- guishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or have yielded or may likely yield information important in prehistory and history"(36 CFR 60). A determination of significance must be based on adequate informa- tion.For this project,a program of reconnaissance level testing was implemented to locate and document sites.In order to gen- erate sufficient data on which to base an evaluation of signifi- cance,systematic testing was employed.In most cases (a notable exception being historic cabins),systematic testing is necessary to assess significance.The 21 sites systematically tested all provided sufficient data to address the question of significance and 20 of these·sites appear to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register. Significance itself is a relative term which is used in a historic context dependent on the current state of knowl edge,method and theory employed,and research questions asked.New techniques and methods have enabled archeologists to collect new and different types of data which allow new questions to be formul ated and addressed.Although National Register Criteria are subject to ongoing modification,significance pertaining to archeological sites generally emphasize research potential,site integrity and/or public appreciation. E-4-l07 - - - - .- .- (c) (d) Although all the sites located as a result of this study are related geographically and temporally,the exact relationships awa it further study.Mo st of the sites were found assoc i ated wi th one or more of three tephra which provide 1 imiting dates in a restricted geographic context and provide a unique and scientifi- cally important opportunity to construct the first cultural chro- nology for the Upper Sustina River Valley.Armed with this infor- mation,it is possible to state that all sites (with the exception of TLM 033)found to date in the study area are likely significant and collectively hold the potential for defining the prehistory for this region of Al aska and,therefore,may be el igible for inclusion in the National Register of Hi storic Pl aces.Based on all data collected to date,a preliminary cultural chronology has been developed (see Section 3.1). Significance must be assessed in adequate data.Only 231 of the sites located and documented during the three field seasons have been system at i call y tested (due to time and budgetary constraints) and adequate data are available from these 21.Evaluation of specific site significance for the remaining sites must await sys- tematic testing.However,because a majority of the sites occur in relation to three tephra,it is possible to consider the col- lective significance of all sites for del ineating the prehistory and history of the Upper Susitna River Valley.From this perspec- tive,all sites located to date (with theexecption of TLM 033) appear to qual ify for the National Register of Historic Places. Given this level of significance,it may be appropriate to nominate these sites to the National Register as an archeological district because of the unique opportunity the known sites in this area (as well as yet undiscovered sites)have for addressing ques- tions concerning the prehistory of a large portion of Interior Al aska which is presently not well defined.If a nomination of this type is made,it should be done in concert with the State Hi storic Preserv at ion Offi cer. Watana Dam and Impoundment Two historic sites and 28 archeological sites were located and doclJ11ented in areas to be impacted by the Watana Dam and its impoundment.The tr.o hi storic sites (TLM 079,TLM 080)will be directly impacted as will the 28 archeological sites (TLM 017, 018,026,033,039,040,042,043,038,050, 058, 059,060, 061, 062, 063,064, 065,072,073,075,077,102,104, 115,119,126 and 137). Devil Canyon Dam and Impoundment One historic site and six archeological sites are presently known in areas to be impacted by the Devil Canyon Dam and its E-4-l08 -"impoundment.The one known historic site (TLM 023)and the six archeological sites (TLM 022,TLM 024,TLM 027,TLM 029,TLM 030, TLM 034)will all be directly impacted. (e)Proposed Borrow Areas,As soci ated Facilities,and Areas Disturbed by Geotechnical Testing Seven archeological sites are presently known in the portions of the proposed borrow areas examined to date (A,B,D,E,F,G),and areas disturbed by geotechnical testing.One site will be directly impacted (TLM 035),two sites have the potential of being impacted (TLM 068,TLM 070),and it appears that four sites will not be impacted due to their distance from expected impact areas (TLM 082,HEA 177,HEA 178,HEA 179).Additional potential borrow areas have been ident ifed (H,I,J,K)and another expanded (F) which remain to be examined for cul tura1 resources.Si tes that fall within both an impoundment area and a potential borrow source are inc 1ud ed und er the appropr i ate impo undment sect i on.Proposed borrow Areas I and J are located within expected impoundment """'" areas. (f)Proposed Access Routes Survey of the proposed access route was cursory and additional survey of the proposed route and associated borrow areas is re- quired to adquately cover the area.It is 1 ike1y that numerous additional sites will be located during continued survey. Nineteen archeological sites are presently known along the se- lected access corridor and/or associated with proposed borrow areas assoc i ated with thi s corridor.Seven are assoc i ated with the proposed right-of-way.Three of these sites will receive direct impact (TLM 051,TLM 155,HEA 211),three ind irect impact (TLM 101,103 and 114)and one has the potential of being impacted (TLM 112).Twelve sites are associated with proposed borrow areas for the access corridor and all wi 11 be directly impacted if the borrow areas are actually sel ected (TLM 098, 099,106,107,108, 109, 110, 111,113,153,HEA 181 and 182). (g)Proposed Transmission Corridors Transmission 1 ine corridors were selected very late in the pro- ject.The section from the proposed Watana Dam was selected after the 1982 field season and consequently has not been surveyed. Segments of the transmission corridors from Anchorage to Willow and Healy to Fairbanks were exanined at the pre1 iminary reconnais- sance level.However continued survey is required to adequately cover these proposed corridors as well as the newly selected portion. E-4-109 - ~l ,~ i~ No sites are presently known for the portion of the transmission corridor from Anchorage to Willow.Reconnaissance level survey of the Healy to Fairbanks portion of the corridor and exanination of the files in the Alaska Office of History and Archeology document twelve sites within the proposed corridor.Until the exact loca- tion of the route is known,including access roads,two place- ments,etc,all of these sites have the potential of being impacted (FA!213,214,HEA 026, 030,035,037, 038, 080,083, 119,137,and 210).When p1 ans for the transmission corridors are ffna1 i zed and the cultural inventory complete,it will then be possible to determine the effect of this portion of the project on cult ur a1.reso urces. (h)Other Areas (areas outside the above categories but within the study area) Three historic sites and 89 archeological sites are known in this area.One historic site (TLM 020)and 16 archeological sites (TLM 015, 016,021,038,047,049,074,076,120,121,128,130, 133,143,144 and 145)will be indirectly impacted.Two historic sites (TLM 056,TLM 071)and 71 of the archeological sites have the potential of being adversely impacted by the project (TLM 025, 028,031,032,036,037,041,044, 045,046,052,053,054, 055, 057,066,069,078,081, 083, 084,085,086, 087,088,089, 090, 091, 092,093,094,095,096, 097,100, 105, 116, 117,118,122, 123, 124,125,127,129,131,132,134,135,136,138,139,140, 141, 142,146, 147,148, 149, 150,151, 152, 154,HEA 174,176, 180,183,184 and 185).The renaining four sites will not be impacted by the project (TLM 007,TLM 067,HEA 175,HEA 186). Although 75 sites in this category are presently located outside expected direct and indirect areas,they could be impacted depending on future deve10pnents associated with the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.At present,they should be avoided with the exception of the four sites which appear not to have been adversely impacted by the project due to their distance from expected impact areas.However,if and when it is determined that these sites will be either directly or indirectly impacted,it will then be necessary to mitigate this impact.When final plans for the project,including recreational activities are available, it may then be possible to determine specific sites which will not be impacted by the Sust ina Hydroe1 ectri c Proj ect. E-4-110 - 4 -MITIGATION OF IMPACT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES 4.1 -Mitigation Policy and Approach It is mandated by federal 1 aw that the effect of any federal proj ect or federally 1 icensed project on cultural resources must be assessed and mitigation measures developed to lessen or avoid the impact on those resources on,or determined to be eligible for inclusion in,the National Register of Historic Places.Mitigationmedsures are manage- ment tools which provide options when making decisions regarding the preservation or reduction of impact to cultural resources.Although the concept has,and is presently,undergoing refinement,it clearly consists of three options:avoidance,preservation,and investigation (preserv at i on through excav at ion). ..-i (a) (b) Avoidance Avoidance consists of any measures that avoid adverse effects of a project on cultural resources.Avoidance in and of itself may not be totally effective if not coupled with a monitoring program that will insure that a historic or archeological site protected from the immed i ate adverse effect (d irect and ind irect impact)of the project is not inadvertently damaged in the future as a result of the project (potential impact).For the Susitna Hydroelectric Project,potential damage may result from, but is not limited to, operation of the facilities,increased access to remote areas, recreat ional activ it i es,pr iv ate devel opTIent,and the transfer of 1 ands from federal and state governments to corporate or private parties.Therefore,avoidance must be considered in terms of long range and short range goal s aimed at protecting cultural resources beyond the immediate construction phase of the dam and its ancill ary facil Hies. Preservat ion Preservat i on is any measure that results in the reduction or avoidance of impact on cultural resources through physical mainte- nance or protection a.imed at preventing further deterioration or destruction.Preservation,as with avoidance,impl ies both short-term and long-term measures.Preservation may consist of stabilization,reconstruction,as well as preservation of a site by constructing a barrier around the site,patrolling and monitor- ing the site,publ ic education,or the establ ishment of an archeo- logical preserve.Of all the preservation options avail able for the Susitna Proj ect,monitoring may have the greatest potenti al for long-term preservation of not only a particular site or group of sites but for cultural resources in general . £-4-111 (c)Investigation Invest ig at ion refers to a prob 1em-orientated data recovery program aimed at collecting and conserving archeological data in a scientific manner.A program of this type means that data recovery procedures are developed for each site or group of sites, analysis of materials is undertaken,and the results are disseminated to professional and public audiences.In addition to investigation as a method of avoiding adverse impact,a site(s) could be investigated (excavated),either partially or in whole; if a site(s)appears to fit the research needs of the overall cultural resource managenent program;if a site(s)may contain information critical to the larger mitigation program;or if a 0 site(s)cannot be protected from indirect or potenti al impact such as increased off-the-road traffic,increased recreational use,an increase in the nunber of peopl e in the area or increased site visibil ity.It is recommended that sites actually investigated on this project be selected on the basis of systematic testing and the recommendations of the SHPO and the NPS. 4.2 -Mitigation Plan Any mitigation plan must be based on an evaluation of project impact on the total resource,including known and undiscovered sites.Therefore, because only a portion of the area to be impacted by the Susitna Hydroelectric Project has been surveyed and investigated,any mitigation plan must include a program to examine the entire surveyable area and mitigate adverse effects on all sites on,or eligible for,the National Register of Historic Places.This program is designed to be complete in two years allowing submittal at this date to FERC prior to final review of the application.Mitigation prop,osed here will apply to sites located and tested during this two-year period as well as the sites presently known. (a)Details of Plan The highest priority toward mitigating adverse impact to cultural res()urces associated with the Susitna Hydroelectric Project is to complete the archeological and historical survey and thus provide a compl ete inventory of cul tural resources.Port ions of the impoundment areas,all of the access corridor and associ ated borrow pits and haul roads,as well as the transmission corridors between Healy and Fairbanks and Anchorage and Willow have not been subject to thorough on-the-ground survey and subsurface testing. Therefore,continued survey is necessary.As sites are docLmented during the course of the survey they will be cl assified into one of the three impact categories:1)direct impact,2)indirect impact,and 3)potential impact (see section 3.2 for definitions). E-4-112 ~, ~, - .... - - - All sites subject to direct impact should be investigated to assess their eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (Table E.4.2).To accomplish this goal these sites will require systematic testing (for a thorough discussion of systematic testing procedures see Chapter 2 of the 1982 cultural resource report).The objective of systematic testing is to obtain sufficient data to assess the spatial limits,strati- graphy,rel ative age and possibl e cultural affil iation of a specific archeological site.These data are essential to assess the ability of a site to yield significant scientific information, which is a necessary criterion for determining the signficance of cultural resources under the Advisory Council guidelines as stated in llProcedures of the Adv i sory Co unci 1 on Hi stori c Preserv at i on, 36 CFR 800.Following systematic testing,each site will need to be evaluated to determine whether it can provide data relevant to the three major goal s of North Pmerican archeology:1)establ ish- ment of cultural chronologies;2)definition of past lifeways;and 3)expl anation of cultural process.If,following systematic testing,a specific site is found to hold no potential to address any of these three fund a-nental sc ient ifi c quest ions or research topics addressed in Appendix B of lITreatment of Archeological Properties:A Handbook ll (1980)published by the Advisory Council on Hi storic Preservation,it wi 11 be determined not significant and thus not el igible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.Should a determination of nonsignificance be made,no further mitigation efforts should be required.This has already proven to be the case with one site,TLM 033. Those sites found to hold potential to address humanisti.c, historical and/or local-interest research questions should be determined significant and thus be considered eligible for inclu- sion in the National Register of Historic Places.The mitigation measure recommended for these sites should be.preservation of information through systematic scientific excavation.The preser- vation of these sites through investigation (excavation)should be prioritized based upon the immediacy of the threat of adverse impact to each specific site.Thus,in general terms,those which occur in locales slated for construction should be removed through excavation prior to those within the impoundment areas.Within the impoundment areas sites at lower elevations would receive priority above those at higher elevations.Such a prioritization shaul d minim i ze potential confl icts beteen cultur al resources and construction schedule. The mitigation measure recommended for all sites fall ing within the ind irect impact or potent i al impact category is avoid ance. For those sites subject to potential adverse impact (Table E.4.2) a monitoring pl an should be developed in concert with the appropriate and managing agencies (state and federal).The E-4-113 monitoring program should establ ish a photographic record of each site on an annual basis and should any adverse impact resulting from activities of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project occur,it should be documented.Should any particul ar site or group of sites experience adverse impact as a result of the project,the appropriate mitigation measure for that particul ar circumstance should be appl ied.The monitoring program should be continued throughout the course of the project on an annual basis until the hydroelectric facil ity is operational.At such time,the monitoring program should become the responsibility of the appropriate land managing agency. Coupl ed with the monitoring program shoud be an educational program for all construction and other project personnel,which emphasi zes the necess i ty to avoid cul tur al resources in and adj acent to the proj ect area.Suc h a program shoul d stress the importance of the scientific information the sites contain and should discourage looting and artifact collecting. Analysis of the sites found in 1980 and 1981 and preliminary analysis of the sites located during the 1982 field season as well as sites on record in the Alaska Office of History and Archeology are tabulated in Tables E.4.2 and E.4.3.Of the known sites,53 will be directly,20 may be indirectly impacted,and 86 have the potential of being impacted.Based on available data,it appears that 8 sites will not be impacted by the project.However,this is a preliminary evaluation based on the fact that these sites are some distance from expected impact areas.Of the 167 sites presently known 21 have already been systematically tested. Thirty-eight additional sites will require systematic testing to determine their el igibil ity for incl usion in the National Register.Systematic testing is recommended for only those sites that have been determined to be directly impacted by the project. For those sites on federal or state 1 ands which will not be directly impacted by the project,the cultural resource policies of the appropr i ate agency shoul d be appl i ed.Of the 21 sites systematically tested to date,15 have been determined significant and are likely eligible for the National Register,and investigation is recommended after approval of the 1 icense appl ication and construction.Five additional sites have been determined to be significant and are likely eligible for the National Register but are outside.direct or indirect impact areas and avoidance and monitoring is recommended.One systematically tested site did not produce any cultural materi al during testing and has been determined to be not significant.No further testing or investigation is recommended for this site. E-4-114 - .- I~ (b)Schedule Both state and federal regulations mandate that all cultural resources within the immediate project boundary be considered. Since only a portion of the total project area,the configuration of whi ch is st ill undergoi ng modi fi cat i on,has been examined for archeological and historical sites,it is essential that reconnaissance level testing continue in order to document II all II cultural resources in the immediate project area given the present level of technology.In addition,systematic testing is required to address the significance of these sites that will be directly inspected and to determine their eligibility to the National Register.Systematic testing should,therefore,also continue for sites that will be directly impacted. Based on the field work completed to date,the large number of sites known (167)and the portion of the study area actually surveyed,it is anticipated tht many additional sites remain to be discovered.Most of these sites will likely be subsurface in nature and found by subsurface testing techniques.Based on this information it is anticipated that two (2)additional field seasons of reconnai ssance 1eve 1 survey are needed to adequate 1y examine the entire surveyable portion of the study area for cultural resources.In addition to locating and documenting cultural resources,it will be necessary in most cases to conduct systemat ic testing in order to generate suffi ci ent data on whi ch to determine site size and content and to evaluate significance. Systematic testing-requires that a grid be surveyed over the site, maps prepared,'and testing units systematically excavated using standard archeological methods.To date only 21 of the sites have been systematically tested.Thirty-eight remain to be systematically tested.Systematic testing of these sites,and an estimated 25 additional ones,located as a result of continued survey,is estimated to take two (2)field seasons.The time actually necessary to test "new "sites can only be estimated following completion of the cultural resource inventory.In order to complete the inventory and systematic testing prior to completion of the license application review period it is recommended that this work take place in 1983 and 1984.Continued reconnaissnce level testing and systematic testing can take place during the same two-year period. In addition to a program to find and evaluate additional sites in the project area,mitigation measures must be implemented for those sites determined to be eligible for the National Register that will be adversely affected by the project if it is approved and a decision to bui ld the dam is made by the State of Al aska. It is estimated that mitigation will take approximately five (5) to nine (9)field seasons to complete,depending on the number of additional sites discovered and the number that will require investigation or preservation ..The amount of time the entire E-4-115 process would take depends on several factors:(1)the number of additional sites found,(2)the number of personnel involved with the project,and (3)the funding level.It is possible to shorten the time frame by increasing the number of people involved.How- ever,it should be stated that the cost of increasing personnel 1eve 1s 1ncreases exponent ia 11 y as 1ogi st i c,supp 1y,equi pment,and additional management levels increase.If clear cutting of the impoundment areas or other subsurface disturbing activities take place,the above schedule wi 11 have to be adJusted to accommodate the expected timetable of these activities. In summary,it isanti ci pated that reconnai ssance testing needed to complete the inventory will take two (2)field seasons;system- atic testing needed to determine significance and elig-ibility to the National Register of Historic Places two (2)field seasons; and mitigatlon five (5)to nine (9)field seasons,all of which could run concurrently.All estimates depend on the number of additional sites found in the untested portions of the project area. (c)Cost Based on available information,the preliminary cost estimates for the cultural resource program previously di scussed are presented below.It should be mentioned that original estimates (1981)for completing the cultural resource inventory and the necessary systematic testing were four (4)years and five (5)years,respec- tively.The following cost estimate is based on rearranging these programs into a two-year format in order to comp lete the work during the license application review period and a modification of the systematic testing program based on more recent data con- cerning impact of the hydroelectric project on cultural resources. It is estimated that continued reconnaissance aimed at completing the cultural resource inventory and systematic testing aimed at determining significance and eligibility to the National Register will cost $The systematic testing portion of this amount is ba'sea on the 53 sites presently requiring testing and an estimated 25 "new u sites that would likely result from continued survey.This estimate is exclusive of a.ir logistics,food,and camp faciities for archeological personnel.It is anticipated that for the two years of continued reconnaissance and systematic testing 38 field and office personnel wi 11 be required.The determination of actual costs of any mitigation program for the project must await completion of the cultural resources inventory systematic testing to determine which sites are in direct impact areas and eligible for the National Register of Historic Places and the recommendations of the State Historic Preservation Officer,which will indicate how many sites will actually require investigation or preservation. E-4-1l6 - - I~ (d) However,a preliminary estimate based on number of sites documented to date (167),the known sites which fall within present direct impact areas (38),the number of sites which appear to qualify for inclusion on the national register based on systematic testing to date (20 of the 21 sites tested),an estimated 26 additional sites that could be located as a result of continuing surveys and assuming it will be possible to group the sites is8 million dollars.This figure can be adjusted accordingly when the above-mentioned information becomes avai 1ab 1e. Statement of Sources and Extent of Financing Funding for cultural resource studies.is the responsibi lity of the Alaska Power Authority.The Archeological Conservation Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-291)authori zes that up to one per centum of the total amount of adam project may be spent on cultural resource studies,including analysis and publication. E-4-117 -~ - 4.3 -Agency Consultation (a)Consultation Methods For all federally funded or licensed projects,or projects on federal lands,the latter two which apply to the Susitna Hydroelectric Project,it is necessary to obtain a federal antiquities permit.Formal application,including vitas of individuals in general and direct charge,was made to the National Park Service and the necessary permits obtained for 1980,1981 and 1982.In addition to federal permits,state antiquity permits were obtained for state selected land within the study area. The State Historic Preservation Office,the State Archeologist and I archeologists with the National Park Service (Al aska)have been consulted concerning the research design and the mitigation plan.!i Consultation was both written and oral.Copies of the report on the 1980 and 1981 field seasons were reviewed by the Alaska SHPO and the National Park Service. (b)Summary of Comments Comments concerning the federal antiquities permit applications were in the form of stipulations to the permits by the National Park Service,Bureau of Land Management,and the U.S.Fi sh and Wildlife Service.These comments specified the conditions of the permit. (i)Research Design -The research design and strategy were reviewed by the Alaska SHPO,the State Archeologist and the National Park Service and found to meet project needs and professional standards.It is their opinion that the research conducted to date is thorough and well documented and constitutes an excellent preliminary cultural resource program,but that continued reconnai ssance test i ng of areas not covered during 1980,1981 and 1982 must be undertaken to locate as many sites as possible given present technology and that systematic testing should continue to further evaluate sites and provide data on which to base si gnifi cance,determi ne eli gi bil ity to the Nat i ona 1 Register,assess effect and determine the appropriate mitigation measures.In addition,they recommended that archeological clearance continue for any activities that may impact cultural resources in the study area throughout the project.Letters addressing the research design are included at the end of this section of the application. E-4-1l8 BIRLIOGRAPHY Ager,T.A.1975.Late quaternary envi ronmental hi story of the Tanana Vall ey, Ala.ska.Ohio State University Institute of Polar Studies Report 54, Columbus,Ohio.117pp. - Alaska Department of Fish and Game.1973. LeResche,R.,and R.A.Hinman,eds. and Game.144pp. Al aska I s wi 1dl i fe and habi tat. State of Alaska,Department of Fi sh Alaska Department of Fish and Game.1975.Plant community studies in the Blair Lakes Range,Map.Alaska Division of Parks. Alaska Division of Parks.1978.Alaska heritage resource survey index. Alaska Division of Parks,Anchorage,Alaska. Alaska Native Language Center.1974.Native peoples and languages of Alaska. Map.Center for Northern Educational Research,University of Alaska, Fairbanks,Alaska. Allen,H.T.1887.Report of an expedition to the Copper,Tanana,and Koyukuk Rivers in the Territory of Alaska,in the year 1885.U.S.Army,Depart- ment of the Columbia,U.S.Government Printing Office,Washington,D.C. -Anderson,D.O.1968a.A Stone age campsite at the gateway to America. Scientific Jlmerican 218(6):2433. Anderson,D.O.1968b.Early notched point and related assemblages in the western American Arctic.Manuscript on file in the University of Alaska Museum,Fairbanks,Alaska. Anderson,D.O.1968c.Archeology of the Northwestern Arctic.Manuscript, Brown University,Providence,Rhode Island. Anderson,D.O.1970.~1icroblade traditions in Northwest Alaska.Arctic Anthropology 7(2):2-16. Andrews,E.F.1975.Salcha:An Athapaskan band of the Tanana River and its culture.M.A.Thesi s,Department of Anthropology,University of Alaska, Fairbanks,Alaska. Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center.1975.Alaska regional profiles:southcentral region.L.Selkregg,ed.University of Alaska, Anchorage,Alaska.pp.122-131 Arndt,K.1977.Structure of cache pits at GUL-007,·a late prehistoric archeological site near Gulkana,Alaska.M.A.Thesis,Department of Anthropology,University of Alaska,Fairbanks,Alaska. E-4-119 Bacon,G.Personal communication. ~- Bacon,G.,ed.1975a.Heritage resources along the Upper Susitna River. Miscellaneous Publications History and Archeology Series,No.14,Alaska Division of Parks,Anchorage,Alaska.pp.6l. Bacon,G.1975b.Preliminary testing at the Long Lake archeological site. Manuscri pt on file Uni versity of Al aska Museum,Fai rbanks,Al aska. 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E-4-l29 --I });})l .~')l .c )-1 {1 '.J'.J )"j ."Cf r TABLE E.4.1 IMPACT ON CULTURAL RESOURCES BY AREA rn I .(:> I --' Wo Di rect Impact Watana Dam and Impoundment TL~\017 TLM 018 TLM 026 TLM 033 TLM 039 TL~l 040 TLM 042 TLM 043 TLM 048 TLM 050 TLM 058 TLM 059 TLM 060 TLM 061 TLM 062 TL~l 063 TLM 064 TLM 065 TLM 072 TU1 073 TLM 075 TLM 077 TLM 079 (h) TLM 080 (h) TLM 102 TLM 104 TLM 115* TLM 119* TLM 126* TLM 137* Devil Canyon Dam and Impoundment TLM 022 TLM 023 (h) TLM 024 TLM 027 TLM 029 TLM 030 TLM 034 Borrow and Geotechni cal Areas TLM 035 Access Route TLM 155* HEA 211* Access Route Borrow Transmission Areas Corridors TLM 051 TLM 098 TLM 099 TLM 106 TLM 107 TLM 108 TLM 109 TLM 110 TLM 111 TLM 113 TLM 153* HEA 181 HEA 182 Other Areas TLM 015 TLM 016 TOTAL 53 TABLE E.4.1 (Continued) Watana Dam Devi 1 Canyon Borrow and Access Route and Dam and Geotechni cal Access Borrow Transm;55;on Other Impoundment Impoundment Areas Route Areas Corridors Areas TOTAL Ind;rect TLM 101 TLM 020 (h) Impact TLM 103 TLM 021 TLM 114 TLM 038 TLM 047 TLM 049 TLM 074 TLM 076 TLM 120* TLM 121* TLM 128* TLM 130* r11 TLM 133*I TLM 143*~ I --'TLM 144*w --'TLM 145*20 Potent;al TLM 068 TLM 112 FAI 213*TLM 025 Impact TLM 070 FA!214*TLM 028 HEA 026+TLM 031 HEA 030+TLM 032 HEA 035+TLM 036 HEA 037+TLM 037 HEA 038+TLM 041 HEA 080+TLM 044 HEA 083+TLM 045 HEA 119+TLM 046 HEA 137+TLM 052 HEA 210*TLM 053 J I,.1 ).J i>))••I ~'It i ,i I.; 1 J .~)-l ,"}11 f '1'>,J 3.}.--')-"-""I~J Dl f TABLE E.4.1 (Continued) Watana Dam and Impoundment Devi 1 Canyon Dam and Impoundment Borrow and Geotechnical Areas Access Route Access Route Borrow Transmission Areas Corridors Other Areas TOTAL rn I+:> I..... W N Potential ,mpact Conti nued) TLM 054 TLM 055 TLM 056 (h) TLM 057 TLM 066 TLM 069 TLM 071 (h) TLM 078 TLM 081 TU1 083 TLM 084 TLM 085 TLM 086 TL~1 087 TLM 088 TLM 089 TLM 090 TLM 091 TLM 092 TLM 093 TLM 094 TLM 095 TLM 096 TLM 097 TLM 100 TLM 105 TLM 116 TLM 117 TLM 118* TABLE £.4.1 (Continued) lTl I.p- I --' (,.oJ (,.oJ Watana Dam and Impoundment Potenti al _tmpact Conti nued) Devil Canyon Dam and Impoundment Borrow and Geotec hni cal Areas Access Route Access Route Borrow Transmission Areas Corridors Other Areas TLM 122* TLM 123* TLM 124* TLM 125* TLM 127* TLM 129* TLM 131* TLM 132* TLM 134* TLM 135* TLM 136* TLM 138* TLM 139* TLM 140* TLM 141* TLM 142* TLM 146* TLM 147* TLM 148* TLM 149* TLM 150* TLM 151* TLM 152* TLM 154* HEA 174 HEA 176 HEA 180 HEA 183 HEA 184 HEA 185 TOTAL 86 J i>)••)~.l ,J I ,t f!t J }}})I !\;))1 )~'"\!J ,1 I r TABLE E.4.1 (Continued) Watana Dam Devi 1 Canyon Borrow and Access Route and Dam and Geotechni cal Access Borrow Transmission Other Impoundment Impoundment Areas Route Areas Corridors Areas TOTAL No TLM 082 TLM 007+ 1ii1Q~ct HEA 177 TLM 067 HEA 178 HEA 175 HEA 179 HEA 186 8 TOTALS 30 7 7 6 13 12 92 167 (h)-Historic Site * -Site located during 1982 field season rn + -On record in the Alaska Office of Hi story and Archeology I.p- I --' W.p- TABLE E,4.2 SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT -CULTURAL RESOURCES Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places --~.----_..--~.-Proposed Test i ng Furt her Test i ng Test i ng Expected Recommended Land AHRS #Locat ion Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Mitigation Status TLM 007*0 Nl None Requi red PR TLM 015 0 R II SS TLM 016 0 R II SS TLM 017 W R X 1983-1984 DI SS TLM 018 W S X DI I Knrn I TLM 020 0 R X II I Kn.f:::> I .-I w TLM 021 0 R II SPCJl TLM 022 D S X Dl I Ty TLM 023 D R X 1983-1984 DI Ty TLM 024 D R X 1983-1984 01 Ty TLM 025 0 R PI A VS TLM 026 W R X 1983-1984 01 SSS TLM 027 0 S X Dl I Kn TLM 028 0 R PI A F TLM 029 0 R X 1983-1984 DI Kn TLM 030 D R X 1983-1984 01 Kn TLM 031 0 R PI A VS }I ~t l J t t J J I .,t •• ,1 I }}\.~P }1 J -.~».'")'....I )j }' TA RI1='1='4 2 (rnnHnIlQrl',__I.........vu ."',IU'-'\AJ Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Proposed RecommendedTestingFurtherTestingTestingExpected Land AHRS #Location Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Miti gati on Status TLM 032 0 R PI A VS TLM033 W S X D1 None Requi red VS TLM 034 D R X 1983-1984 DI Kn TLM 035 B R X 1983-1984 DI VS TLM 036 0 R PI A SSS rn TLM 037 0 R PI A VS I -Po TLM 038 0 S X II I SSI...... w TLM 039 W S X DI I SSO"l TLM 040 W 5 X DI I VS TLM 041 0 R PI A VS TLM 042 W S X DI I SSS TLM 043 W S X DI I VS TLM 044 0 R PI A SSS TLM 045 0 R PI A SP TLM 046 0 S X PI A SP TLM 047,0 R II SSS TLM 048 W S X DI I SS TABLE E.4.2 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Proposed Testing Further Testi n9 Test i ng Expected Recommended Land AHRS #Location Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Mitigation Status TLM 049 0 R II SSS TLM 050 W S X 01 I VS TLM 051 B/AR R X 1983-1984 01 S5 TLM 052 0 R PI A SSS TLM 053 0 R PI A SSS \Tl TLM 054 0 R PI A SS I ~TLM 055 0 R PI A SSI -'w TLM 056 0 R X PI A SS"'-J TLM 057 0 R PI A SS TLM 058 W R X 1983-1984 or VS TL~\059 W S X OJ I SS TLM 060 W R X 1983-1984 01 SS TLN 061 W R X 1983-1984 DI SS TLM 062 W S X or J VS TLM 063 W R X 1983-1984 01 VS TLM 064 W R X 1983-1984 01 VS TLM 065 W S .X 01 I SSS t f J }J t ;1 ))!» '1l J ~i I I fl 1 1-';1 n )]1 '}~,1 ] 'J !if .J It' } TABLE E.4.2 (Continued) Appears to be El i gi ble For Inclusion in the National Regi ster of Hi storie Pl aces Proposed Test i ng Further Testing Testi ng Expected Recommended Land AHRS #Location Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Mitigati on Status TLM 066 0 R PI A SS TLM 067 0 R NI None Requi red V5 TLM 068 B R PI A 5S TLM 069 0 S X PI A SS5 TLM 070 B R PI A SS TLM 071 0 R X PI A SS5rn I TLM 072 W R X 1983-1984 01 SS5-Po I -' w TLM 073 W R X 1983-1984 01 SSSco TLM 074 a R II SSS TLM 075 W R X 1983-1984 01 SSS TL~1 076 0 R II SSS TLM 077 W R X 1983-1984 01 SSS TLM 078 0 R PI A SP TLM 079 W R X 01 I SSS TLM 080 W R X 01 I VS TLM 081 0 R PI A SS TLM 082 B R NI None Requi red SS TABLE £.4.2 (Continued) Appears to be E1 i gi b1 e For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Proposed Testing Further Testi ng Test i ng Expected Rec ommend ed Land AHR5 #Locati on Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Mitigation Status TLM 083 a R PI A SP TLM 084 0 R PI A SP TLM 085 0 R PI A SP TLM 086 0 R PI A S5 TLM 087 0 R PI A SP rn TLM 088 0 R PI A S5 I ~TLM 089 0 R PI A S5I --'w TLM 090 0 R PI A S51.0 TLM 091 0 R PI A S5 TLM 092 0 R PI A S5 TLM 093 0 R PI A 55 or PR TLM 094 0 R PI A S5 TLM 095 0 R PI A 55 TLM 096 0 R PI A S5 TLM 097 a s x PI A S5 TLM 098 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 SP TLM 099 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 SP I t "J J J .....}l ~f J J j J J J \¥1 »I J .1 I I'1 1 1 }i 1 ~..j } TABLE E.4.2 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Proposed Testi ng Further Testing Test i ng Expected Recommended Land AHRS #Location Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Mitigation Status TLM 100 0 R PI A SSS TLM 101 AR R II SS TLM 102 W R X 1983-1984 01 VS TLM 103 AR R II 55 TLM 104 W R X 1983-1984 01 VS rTJ TLM 105 0 R PI A SS I.po TLM 106 AR8 R X 1983-1984 01 SSI --' +:>TLM 107 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 SSa TLM 108 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 S5 TLM 109 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 55 TLM 110 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 S5 TLM III ARB R X 1983-1984 01 55 TLM 112 AR R PI A 55 TLM 113 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 55 TLM 114 AR R·II S5 TLM 115 W R X 1983-1984 01 55S TLM 116 a R PI A 55 TABLE E.4.2 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Proposed Test i ng Further Testing Testi ng Expected Recommended Land AHRS #Location Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Mi ti gati on Status TLM 117 0 R PI A SP TLM 118 0 R PI A Ty TLM 119 W R X 1983-1984 01 VS TLM 120 0 R II VS TU1 121 0 R II VS rTJ TLM 122 0 R PI A VS I """TU1 123 0 R PI A VSI -' +::0 TLM 124 0 R PI A VS TLM 125 0 R PI A VS TLM 126 W R X 1983-1984 01 VS TLM 127 0 R PI A VS TLM 128 0 S X II I SSS TLM 129 0 R PI A VS TLM 130 0 S X II I VS TLM 131 0 R PI A VS TLM 132 0 R PI A VS TLM 133 0 R II VS I l i 1 !j .~J -.'k J i I )!)1 TABLE E.4.2 (ron+;n"erl \\v .....IHAUI Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Regi ster of Hi storie Places Proposed Testing Further Testing Testing Expected Recommended Land AHRS #Locat ion Level Yes No Required Schedule Impact Mitigation Status TLM 134 0 R PI A SSS TLM 135 0 R PI A SSS TLM 136 0 R PI A SSS TLM 137 W R X 1983-1984 01 SSS TLM 138 0 R PI A SSS rt1 TLM 139 0 R PI A SSS I.po TLM 140 0 R PI A SSSI....... .po TLM 141 0 R PI A SSSN TLM 142 0 R PI A SSS TLM 143 0 S X II I SSS TLM 144 0 R II SSS TLM 145 0 R II SSS TLM 146 0 R PI A SSS TLM 147 0 R PI A SSS TLM 148 0 R PI A SSS TLM 149 0 R PI A SSS TLM 150 0 R PI A SSS TABLE E.4.2 (Continued) Appears to be Eli gi bl e For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Proposed Test i n9 Further Testing Test i ng Expected Recommended Land AHRS #Locat ion Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Mitigation Statu s TLM 151 0 R PI A 5SS TLM 152 0 R PI A SSS TLM 153 ARB X 1983-1984 DI S5 TLM 154 0 R PI A S5S TLM 155 AR X 1983-1984 Dl SP IT1 I +::0 HEA 026*T PI A UI --'.po HEA 030*T PI A U(.oJ HEA 035*T PI A U HEA 037*T PI A U HEA 038*T PI A U HEA 080*T PI A U HEA 083*T PI A U HEA 119*T PI A U HEA 137*T PI A U HEA 174 0 R PI A F HEA 175 0 S X II (1981)None Requi red F NI (1982) I i I I J J I I ;1 J J •I J I I B i 1 J !J J 1 1 I 1 1 B j J 1 i i j TABLE E.4.2 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Proposed Testing Further Testing Testi ng Expected Recommended Land AHRS #Locati on Level Yes No Requi red Schedule Impact Mitigation Status HEA 176 0 R PI A F HEA 177 B R NI None Requi red F HEA 178 B R NI None Requi red F HEA 179 B R NI None Requi red F HEA 180 0 R PI A F rrI HEA 181 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 F I.p.HEA 182 ARB R X 1983-1984 01 FI --'.p.0 R PI A F.p.HEA 183 HEA 184 0 R PI A F HEA 185 0 R PI 'A F HEA 186 0 R NI None Requi red F HEA 210 T R PI A U HEA 211 AR R X 1983-1984 01 F FAI 213 T R PI A U FAI 214 T R PI A U *Reported in the files of the Alaska Office of History and Archeology. Test i ng Level: R-Reconnaissance S -5yst emat i c Test i ng Significance: X-The site has received testing and determined to be signifi- cant and is likely to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register. rr1 I..p. I -' ..,::.. <.n Abbreviations for Table £.4.2 Location: AR -Access Route ARB -Access Route Borrow B -Borrow and geotechnical areas o -Devil Canyon Dam and Impoundment o -Ot her area T -Transmission Route W -Watana Dam and Impoundment Expected Impact: 01 -Direct Impact II -Indirect Impact PI -Potential Impact NI -No Impact by the project as presently known Recommended Mit i gat ion: A-Avoi dance I -Investigation P -Preservation Land Status: SS -State Selected SSS -State Selected Suspended SP -State Patented VS -Village Selection Abbreviations for village selections: Ch -Chi ckal oon Kn -Knik Ty -Tyonek F -Federal PR -Pri vate U -Unknown I J :.J I I I I J J I J I .) TABLE E.4.3 SUMMARY OF IMPACT BY LOCATION DI II PI NT TOTAL w 30 o o o 30 D 7 o o o 7 B 1 o 2 4 7 AR 2 3 1 a 6 ARB 13 a a o 13 T a a 12 o 12 o a 17 71 4 92 TOTAL 53 20 86 8 167 Abbreviations: 01 -Di rect Impact II -Indi rect Impact PI -Potential Impact NI -No Impact by the project as pre sent 1y kn own W -Watana Dam and Impoundment D -Devil Canyon Dam and Impoundment B -Borrow and geotechnical areas AR -Access Route ARB -Access Route Borrow T -Transmission Route o -Ot her area E-4-l46 ] ,.,... lQ C -sro rn·~·......· I 0 (") PJ M"... 0 ::l 0 -h l/) c VI...rn M"I ::l~PJI --':I:oj:::>I..<-.....J 0..-s 0ro --' III (") M" -s... (") "'0-s 0c...... III (") M" r j l CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES 3,022,387 SQUARE MILES 7,858,206 SQUARE KILOMETERS ~ \ r 1 ) o' SCALE 160 ]j ]11~~1 ~r:-N- '\..---:::::=;:::-..c-.....J BIG DEL TA ~ UPPER SUSITNA BASIN LOCATION MAP o 50 100MI~p"~--_.~-~-~-~.~====~Io80160KM"*PROPOSED F' E 4 2 Locat,'on of Upper Susitna River Basin, 9 ure . . . E-4-148 .------------ i i -~]]]~)-I j I J B j ~J .J ])-.~ ~ -/oj- ~(J BUr"TE LA KE ,*"propo ••d SCALE DENALI HIGHWAY WATANA * DAMSITE !ill ~ Wt8 --- Archeology Study Area. Paleontology Study Area Pleistocene Geology/ Paleontology Study Area Impoundment Limit r--""",- I ----I .~~....--....._-_-....._-_..._....'.............. 11..... l..Cl C "'1ro ITI»• l/).p. l/)- OW (1 •..... PIrt-(/')mrt- O-C 0- »t.< (1 rt-»......."'1 <m......·PI rt- ....-h m 0 rr1 lIl"'1 1 I+:-I nIc--'Vl --'+:-crt-U)l/)C ......."'1 rt-PI ~--' III ;;0;;om .......l/) <0mc "'1 ri m l/) OJ :::I 0. 50 f 25 I MILES o I .'-.-..\._....0 P a I mer.......',' ~_~ ,......... ./ ~.A-~~J ,••, Anchorage i \0 He a Iy ,.-----\ J '~ (\IJ~...--Cantwell:~ ~;~",.......,,/Q..,~ -.,,/"'''C' Mt.McKinley .,,//.....0), Nat Ion a I Par ~."....,••i ~~ .,,//...* /:q,'lf /r---;{,,/J ...•.I Den a II -,......~,7R'!:$~~~~~~~ S tat ePa ~kJ(.SUS I T N A L-( ;OTalkeetna !\{ -/. , .' ~ """ Archeology Study Area Figure E.4.4.Study Area for Cultural Resources- Transmission Corridors E-4-l50 ~..J ]j 1 ]1 1 1 »]j ~B .~i }~»~ I SUSiTNA RiVER TEPHROCHRONOLOGY I YEARS 14 C DATES ICORRELATIONI STRATIGRAPHIC UNITSB.P.AGE (LAB.No.) 0 MODERN (OIC-1879)• LITHOLOGIC ~ICON - I STRAT'I .."140:t 45 (ole·2244)•GENERALIZED CULTURAL....... (,0 280*110 (OIC-1905)STRAT.SECT ION UNIT I TACT'UNIT HORIZONSc T-S l1> -I\.A 1 1/Tl ORGAN IC I 2 2+:>K B 3 3 . 1000(Jl 1030~60 (0IC-2200 I •."'n __lit_ II ;m::;~I~:r::::i :~C 5 I 5ic:"!'U DEVILIAI'U III 6~l1>TEPHRAo..-s ::::'::.'::C:::::'·t _."~K 0~7 I 6I-4(,1) l1>c:2000'U VI I ~~r~~~I IV Ii:::r .......I ~I 8i-Sri".... o ~2310 1220(0IC-18771nAI,,.,,''''.'C·19D'l ~~,~~ I\.E 9 I 7::r 11 .;;;:1 L.WATANA V 10(Tl 0 ......· ...1""I :J <K 11 I 8./:::0 o l1>2750:!:215(0IC·2285).....FI--'.--'0 3000 OSHETNA 12(Jl (,0(,1)VI--'~rl" -S 3200!195(0IC.1860)•AI 3210t 80 (OIC -2286)•/1 ~fiR'FT ~I ;~I 9rI"....... (,0 -S AI 15-0:::r....... ()I 4000 I r /f'-/',-,f'·".f-'-/~'\'1'"1 IBEDROCK I VIII I I 164020t65(0IC-2283)•~G!'":_'-\J\~"~J~~~\~:""...',-,V·,..\.c:: ~....... rI" VI I I",·",·,·,c,,...)· 5000 DIVISIOH OF PARKS December 4,1981 Re:1130-13 John D.Lawrence Project Manager -Acres American,Inc. The Liberty Bank Building,Main at Court Buffalo,Ne~York 14202 Dear Hr.Lawrence: JAY S.HAMMOND.GOVERNOR 619 WAREHOUSE DR.•SUITE 210· ANCHORAGE.ALA~KA 99501 PHONE:274-4616 - We have reviewed the 1980 repoxts by the University of Alaska Museum dealing with th~cultural resources of the Susitna Hydroelectric project area.The. report documents the survey activities conducted during 1980 which adequately accomplish the tasks outlined in the proposed work plan.The sampling plan designed on the basis·of geomorphic features and known use areas seems to have surpassed oUF expectations of si te incidence in the are;!•.The report shows that the first .level inventory was very competently conducted and recorded. The second year activities as outlined in the procedures manual was accom- plished in the 1981 field season according to information gained through verbal coinmunication with the principle archaeological investigators.We understand that the field research strategy was changed slightly from that expected due to information gained during 1980.These changes appear to have more directly addressed problems which surfaced during the CDurse of analysis· of the 1980 data.A final review ·of the 1981 results and reports will have to awai1:receipt Df that document. We feel that the steps taken thus far in the cultural resource management of the project have been excellent and one of the few instances of adequate lead time.We would like to make the observation that the work thus far is only preliminary to the work yet needed for the Susitna Hydroelectric project. Recon.naissaoce and testing Df yet tD be examined areas should continue.The clearances of specific areas of disturbance provided as additional survey by the Huseum should indicate the continued Deed for clearances of ancillary projects which could affect cultural resources.Also,a formal mitigation· plan for those sites to be affected by tbe project must be formulated.Once definite decisions on the route of access to the project area from existing road systems are made,those access routes and material sites must be examined for conflicts and needs for mitigation.Issuance of a permi t by the Federal Energy Regulatory Co~ission should and probably will include provisions specifying under federal law the need for such protection. ~-------------------------- John D.La~rcoce December 4,1981 Page 2 - If you have any questions regarding our comments contained here)please call us.We look forward to receiving the report on 1981 field work. Sincerely, Chip Dennelein Director J,~.S"'h?r Preservation Officer cc:Dr.E.James Dixon Curator of Archaeology University of Alaska Museum University of Alaska Fairbanks,Alaska 99701 Eric Yould Executive Director Alaska Power Authority 333 W.4th Avenue Anchorage,Alaska 99501 I '1 DR:clk .. _0 ..... .... IN ~.EI'LYREFl':R TO: L7621 (ARO-PCR) Unj tcd Sta tcs .Dcpartrnent of the Interior NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Alaska Regional Office 540 West Fifth Avenue Anchorage,Alaska 99501 OCT 2 2 1982 r Dr.E.James Dixon~Jr. Curator of Archeology University of Alaska Museum University of Alaska Fairbanks~Alaska 99701 Dear Dr.Dixon: Our staff has exami ned the Sus itna Hydroel ectric Project cul tural resources final report,in particular the identification and testing program elements of the research design,and find these and their field application to be very adequate methods and procedures for the discovery and evaluation of archeologi- cal and historical resources in the project area.Consultation between our staff archeologists and project personnel from the University of Alaska Museum and Acres American,as you well know,have occurred several times since the project's inception,and we have thus been kept abreast of most developments relating to cultural resources management matters.We hope that the level of identification~testing,and evaluation conducted to date continues as the project proceeds,to assure the highest levels of resource protection and compliance with Federal and State historic preservation law. We "look forward to evaluclting your mitigation plan for cultural resources occurfing in the project area. Si ncerely, Regional Director Alaska Region - cc: Floyd Sharrock,Alaska Regional Office DIVISION OF PARKS October 15,1982 Re:1130-13 Hr.Eric P.Yould Executive Director Alaska Power Authority 334 W.5th Avenue Anchorage,Alaska 99501 Dear Mr.Yould: / /; / JAY S.HAMMOND,GOVERNOR 619 WAREHOUSE DR.,SUITE 210 ANCHORAGE.ALASKA 99507 PHONE:2144616 .- .... Thank you for your letter of September 2 soliciting our recommendations on Susitna Hydro Project impacts and mitigation measures with respect to cultural resources. First of all,we wish to commend archaeologists Dr.E.James Dixon of the University Museum and Hr.Glenn Bacon of the Alaska Heritage Research Group, Inc.,for the excellent job they have been doing in locating cultural re- sources prior to ground disturbing activities . Preconstruction survey is,of course,the first step in impact mitigation - the location and boundaries of cultural resource sites must be known.While this work is fairly far along,more needs to be done as plans become more concrete • Secondly,these cultural resource sites must be evaluated in terms of eligi- bility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.For eval- uation,each site within the project area must be sufficiently investigated such that their boundaries,stratigraphy,relative age,cultural affiliation and potential to yield signiiicant scientific information are known.Many of the currently known sites require fu!ther,more intensive,investigation for eligibility determinations to be made.Since so little is known about the prehistory of the area,each site discovered takes on added significance.In addition,groups of sites within a river drainage have been classic study areas throughout the history of anthropological archaeology.It would appear that a high percentage of the discovered sites may be eligible for the Na- tional Register. Thirdly,each eligible site must be examined in terms of ·"Effect."Will the proposed action have "no effect,II "no adverse effect,tr or an "adverse effect"? This would have to be done on a case by case basis.The criteria for deter- minations of effect may be found under Title 36,Code of Federal Regulations, Part 800. Mr.Eric P.Yould October 15,1982 Page 2 - Please note that every effort must.be made to mitigate future uadverse effect" activities to National Register or eligible properties.In t.he few expected cases where very large,complex sites will be adversely effected,it may be more economical to build a barrier around the sites.In many cases,substan- tive investigation may be necessary.If so,this will us'ually mean relatively complete excavation of t.he site in order"to recover as much scientific infor- mation as possible. These recommendations are essentially those suggested by Dixon,et al,in the Cultural Resources Investigation Phase I Report (April 1982). We are confident that impacts to significant cultural resources will be fully mitigated throughout the course of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project. Sincerely, cc:Ms.Leila Wise,DNR,A-95 Coordinator Dr.'Edward Slatter,FERC Archaeologist Mr.Lou Wall,Advisory Council on Historic Preservation --Dr.E_James Dixon,Lea,d Archaeologist,Susitna Hydro Project Mr.Glenn Bacon,Lead Archaeologist,Alaska Heritage Research Group TS:clk ..... -. - """ .... 5 -SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS I~ SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT EXHIBIT E VOLUME 3 CHAPTER 5 r~ SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 -INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••..••••.••••••••••••••••••.•••~••E-5-1 2 -BASELINE DESCRIPTION •••~••..••••••.•••.••••..•••••••••.•E-5-2 2.1 -Identification of Socioeconomic Impact Areas ••••••E-5-2 2.2 -Description of Employment,Population,Personal Income,and Other Trends in the Impact Areas ••••••E-5-4· 3 -EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF PROJECT •••••.•.•••••.•.•••••E-5-19 3.1 -Impact on In-migration of People on Governmental Facilities and Services ••.••••••••••••••••••••••••E-5-19 3.2 -On-site Manpower Requirements and Payroll,by Year E-5-37 3.3 -Residency and Movement of Project Construction Personnel £-5-39 3.4 -Adequacy of Available Housing in Impact Areas •••••E-5-47 3.5 -Displacement and Influences on Residences and Business •••••••••••••••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••••E-5-54 3.6 -Fiscal Impact Analysis:Evaluation of Incremental Local Government Expenditures and Revenues........E-5-58 3.7 -Local and Regional Impacts on Fish and Wildlife User Groups E-5-68 4 -MITIGATION •.••••.•.•••.•••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••. 4.1 -Local Attributes Toward Change and Preferences •••• 4.2 -Mitigation Alternatives •.•.•••.••••.•••••.•••••••• 4.3 -Impact Managanent Program •.••.•••••••••••••....••• LIST OF REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES E-5-87 £-5-88 E-5-89 E-5-95 E-5 -97 LIST OF TABLES Page Tabl e Titl e E-5-121 E-5-119 E-5-12~ E-5-120 E-5-118 E-5-114 E-5-122 E-5-123 E-5-1H E-5-112 E-5-113 E-5-117 E-5-115 E-5-107 E-5-109 E-5-110 E-5-102 E-5-103 E-5-104 E-5-105 E-5-106 E-5-116 School District . Matanuska-Susitna Borough Annual Nonagricultural Ernployment by Sector .. Community Population:Matanuska-Susitna Borough,· 1939, 1950,1960,1970, 1976, 1980,1981 .•.•..... Per Capita Personal Income in the Mat-Su Borough in Current and 1970 Dollars ..•....••.............. Housing Stock Estimates and Vacancy Rates in the Local Impact Area . Community Facilities Summary Characteristics of Public Schools:Matanuska-Susitna Impact Area 3 Nonagricultural Employment .....••••..•. 1981 Civilian Housing Stock in the Municipality of Anchorage"by Type -... Housing Stock in Fairbanks and the,Fairbanks-North Star Borough,by Type,October 1978 ....•.......... State Annual Nonagri cu1 tural Employment by Sector ..•.. Summarized Impact off the Susitna Hydroelectric Project on Matanuska-Susitna Borough •....•......•. Summarized Impact of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project on the City of Palmer . Summarized Impact of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project on Wasilla - . Summarized Impact of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project on Houston - ·. Summarized Impact of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project on Trapper Creek •..•........•••.....•.••... Summarized Impact of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project on Tal keetna .. Summarized Impact of the Susitna Hydroelectric Proj ect on Cantwel'.. Summarized Impact of the Susitna Hydroelectric Proj ect on The Regi on ..••...•......•......•.••....• On-Site Construction and Operations Manpower Requirement,1985-2005 ...•.•...•..••.........•••... On-Site Construction Work Force:Regional, Alaska Non-Regional,and Out-Of-State,1985-2002 .• Operations Work Force:1993-2005 ...•••...••......••.. Total Payroll for On-Site Construction and Operations Manpower,1985-2005 .••.........•.•.••.•. On-Site Construction Work Force:Project Employment and Residence of Individuals Currently Residing in the Region E~5-125 On-Site Construction Work Force Inmigration and Place of Relocation in the Region ...........•.•....E-5-126 Non-Relocating On-Site Construction ...•...............E-5-127 Total Regional Employment:On-Site Construction, Indi rect and Induced.}.....•..!•••••••••••••••••••E-5-128 Total Inmigration and Outmigration in the Region:On-Site Construction,Indirect and Induced ..•.•...............................•..•E-5-129 E.5.12 E.5.13 E.5.23 E.5.10 E.5.11 E.5.27 E.5.24 E.5.25 E.5.26 E.5.4 E.5.1 E.5.2 E.5.3 E.5.14 E.5.5 E.5.6 E.!5.9 E.5.15 E.5.16 E.5.17 E.5.18 E.5.19 E.5.20 E.5.21 E.5.22 E.5.7 E.5.8 - ..- LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd) - ~, Table E.5.28 E.5.29 E.5.30 E.5.31 E.5.32 E.5.33 E.5.34 E.5.35 E.5.36 E.5.37 E.5.38 E.5.39 E.5.40 E.5.41 E.5.42 Titl e Total Population Influx Into the Region:Direct, Indi rect·and Induced ~.. Total Population Influx Into the Region Associated With the Direct Construction Work Fore e .. Employment and Population Effects in Cantwell ......•.. Impact of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project on Housing demand in the Local Impact Area During the Watana Construction Phase ..............• Impact of the susitna hydroelectric Project on Housing demand in the Local Impact Area During the Watana Operation and Devel Canyon Construct;on Phase .. Secondary Jobs Created in the Region and Mat-Su Borough by the Project,1985-2002 •.....•....•..... Employment Inpacts in the Region and Mat-Su Borough,1985-2005 . Mat-Su Borough Workers Service Area Revenue Forecasts .. Mat-Su Borough Service Areas Revenue Forecast . Upper Cook Inlet Annual Commercial Catch and Value . Cook Inlet Commercial Salmon Permit Use ..........•.... Estimated Potential Losses to the Upper Cook Inlet Commercial Fishing FromSusitna Dams Construction .. Sport Fish Catch for Major Species in the East Susitna Drainage -West Cook Inlet -West Susitna Drainage .. Upper Cook Inlet Subsistence Salmon Catch ...•...•..... Moose Harvest and Hunting Pressure in GMU 13 ......•... E-5-130 E-5-131 E-5-132 ~ E-5-133 - E-5-134 E-5-135 E-5-136 E-5-137 E-5-138 E-5-139 E-5-14·0 E-S-1 L1·1 - E-5-142 E-5-143 E-5-144 • LIST OF FIGURES L 5.1 E.5.2 E..5.3 E..5.4 E..5.5 E.5.6 Ti t1 e Soci oeconomi c Impact Areas . Emp1oyement,Population and Per Capita Personal Income in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough,1970-1980 . Employment,Population and Per Capita Personal .Income in the Railbe1t Region . Employment,Population and Per Capita Personal Income in the State of Alaska,1940-1980 . On-Site Construction and Operations Work Force Requi rements . Seasonal Labor Curve . Page E-5-145 E-5-146 E-5-147 E-5-·148 E-5-149 E-5-150 r". 1 -INTRODUCTION The approach of this analysis was to define impact areas,describe and analyze baseline socioeconomic conditions,develop and compare forecasts of socioeconomic conditions with and without development of the dams,and to develop a foundati on for an impact management program.Considerable effort was devoted during the baseline analy- sis to the identification and analysis of factors that will signifi- .cantly influence the magnitude and geographic distribution of project-induced changes.A socioeconomic impact model was developed and computerized to produce forecasts and analyze the effects of changing key factors. The key factors include the project and \'iOrk schedules,the supply of labor within easy traveling distance to the construction sites, and housing and related facilities at the construction sites.The estimated project-induced changes provided in the following sections are based on one of several possible specifications for these key factors.With this specification,it is projected that socio- economi c impacts wi 11 be mi ni illa 1 for the Rail be 1t Regi on of Alaska. On the whole,the project-induced changes will probably be vie\lJed as positive by most of the parties-at-interest. There will,however,be project-induced changes in communities lo- cated near the constructi on sites that are not in al i gnment wi th these communities'attitudes toward changes.For example,the popu- lation of Cant\-'fell is projected to more than double by 1990,the peak year of constructi on activi ty,and the popul ati on of Trapper Creek is proj ected to about double by 1990.The potenti a1 changes associ ated wi th these rapi d popul ati on increases are not generally desired in Cantwell nor Trapper Creek. Some of these project-i nduced changes coul d be brought into better al i gnment by a1 teri ng three of the key factors,but these factors have limited flexiblity.Several mitigation alternatives could be used to reduce the cost or disruption of project-induced changes to the communities. An impact management program is recommended as a vehicle to hel p optimi ze the project-i nduced changes for the small communi ti es or other bodi es located near the constructi on si tes.It i nvol ves usi ng the results of an impact assessment,in combination with a monitor- ing program and 'tiith the input of parties-at-interest~to develop, impl ement and eval uate the resul ts of an anti ci patory mi ti gation program. This report on socioeconomic impacts was prepared in accordance with the Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionJs rules and regulations for prep(".ration of Chapter 5 of Exhibit E.At the direction of the Alaska Po't,er Authority,supplementary information not required by these rules and regulations was developed.Some of this supplement- ary information is provided in several sections of this report to provide for a better understanding of the socioeconomic impacts. Additional information is provided in Frank Orth &Associates,Inc., 1982 ·(1 ). E-5-1 2 -BASELINE DESCRIPTION 2.1 -Identification of Socioeconomic Impact Areas The selection of impact areas was heavily influenced by the follow- i ng factors:anti ci pated worker transportati on time,mode and route; physical barriers;population concentrations and the indigenous labor force;and amenities in communities.The identification and rationale for selection of impact areas are described below. Ca)Local After consi deri ng the above factors,it was tentati vely con- cl uded that most of the si gni fi cant permanent and temporary project-induced population changes and associated impacts would occur.in the tv'latanuska-Susitna (Mat-Su)Borough and nearby com- muni ti es such as Cantwell and Paxson.Accordi ngly,the ~1at-Su Borough,including the lands in and around the project site, and nearby communi ti es are desi gnated as the Local Impact Area for the purposes of this analysis. The Mat-Su Borough is the smallest statistical area for which relevant time-series economic and socioeconomic data are avail- able and rJhiCh is large enough for the organization of social life for the pursuit of one or several cornmon interests and to provide for necessary infrastructure.Hence,the most reliable quanti tati ve estimates of impacts are for the borougtl rather than communities in or near the borough. (b) Proj ect-i nduced popul ati on changes coul d be 1arge rel ati ve to future population levels without the project in several com- muni ti es in and near the ~~at-Su Borough.These si gni fi cant changes are addressed quantitatively to the extent all O\'1ed by avai'l ab 1e data.A strong effort was made to provi de as much geographical detail for impacts as possible because it is the small communities and clusters of population that will be af- fected most by the project. Regional The Regional Impact Area,referred to as the Railbelt,was con- ceived to include most of the impacts that \'Jould spill out of the Local Impact Area.It includes the Anchorage,Kenai-Cook Inlet,Seward,Valdez-Chitina-Whittier,Mat-Su Borough,South- east Fairbanks,and Fairbanks-North Star Census Di vi si ons (see Figure E.5.l).Project-induced population changes could be significant in the six Census Divisions that surround the Mat-Su Borough,parti cul arly Anchorage and Fai rbanks.Some of the physical inputs and many of the labor inputs will be drawn from the Anchorage and Fairbanks Census Divisions. E-5-2 For analytical purposes,the Regional Impact Area is divided into three subareas:Anchorage,Fairbanks and Valdez.The Anchorage,Kenai-Cook Inlet,Seward and Mat-Su Census Divisions .compri se the Anchorage subarea; the Fairbanks North Star and Southeast Fairbanks Census Divisions comprise the Fairbanks subarea;and the Val dez-Chi ti na-Whi tti er Census Divi si on com- prises the Valdez subarea. (c)State Soci oeconomi c changes that caul d occur outsi de of the Regional Impact Area and within the State of Alaska,combined with changes that could occur in the Regional Impact Area,provide an approximation of statewide changes.Because there are like- ly to be few significant statewide impacts,sections of this report pertaining to statewide impacts are intentionally brief. E-5-3 """ - - ,~ 2.2 -Description of Employment,Population,Personal Income and Other Trends in the Impact Areas (a)Local Recent trends in the popul ati on,employment,and per capi ta income of the Mat-Su Borough are displayed in Figure E.5.2.In general,the Local Impact Area can be described as a rural area with limited public facilities and services and a limited role for local government.The southern part of the area is growing rapidly and becoming more suburban as a result of its proximity to Anchorage.The northern part of the Local Impact Area is comprised of very small communities which have also been grO\'1- ing in the past few years,but at a more modest pace. (i)Employment Virtually all employment in the t"1at-Su Borough,as re- fl ected in Table E.5.1,is in the government,ser'vi ces and support sectors.Total employment by place of em- ployment has risen steadily from 1,145 in 1970 to 3,078 in 1979,an increase of 169 percent.Employment in the fi rst three quarters of 1980 averaged 3,224.The bor- ough has consistently had high unemployment rates (20 percent ill 1970 and 13.8 percent in 1979)because em- ployment opportunities have not kept pace with the growth of the labor force.The rate is often the high- est in the state;in addition,the borough is more dependent on seasonal employment than are larger popula- tion centers,such as Anchorage (2). Employment opportuni ti es in the communiti es closest to the dam sites (Talkeetna,Trapper Creek,the railroad communi ti es north of Tal keetna,and Cantwell)are 1 imi t- ed.Lack of local jobs force many resi dents to 1eave the area for periods of time to work on the North Slope, in Wasilla or Anchorage and Fairbanks.Retail business- es associ ated wi th touri sts,some government agenci es, guiding and arts/crafts businesses provide the majority of available jobs in these co~nun;ties. (i i)Population Population in the Mat-Su Borough has grown rapidly since 1970,largely reflecting construction of the trans- Al aska pi pel i ne and the eval uti on of borough areas into bedroom communities for the Municipality of Anchorage. From 1970 to 1980 the population of the borough grew by 175 percent.Table E.5.2 shows population in the bor- ough by communi ty as well as the popul ati on of some com- munities just outside of the borough's borders.Palmer and Wasilla stand out as the largest communities,vlith 1981 populations of approximately 2,567 and 2,168,res- pectively (3). E-5-4 Approximately 90 percent of the borough's estimated 1981 population of 22,339 resides within a 20-mile radius of Wasilla.The bulk of the remainder is distributed along the Parks Highway and railroad corridor.Several hun- dred inhabitants are scattered throughout the borough's wilderness regi-ons accessible primarily by water or air; these inhabitants include a few borough residents of the Upper Susitna basin in the vicinity of the impoundments. The Mat-Su Borough,1ike other areas of the -state,is expected to experi ence growth in the mi d-1980 IS.As a resul t of the tendency of Anchorage employees to move -into the Mat-Su area,strong growth is also projected to continue into the 1990·s,with the borough population growing at an average annual rate of six -percent.In the Base Case (which describes conditions without the Susitna project),population of the borough is expected to reach almost 43,000 in 1990,over 69,000 in the year 2000 and 88,000 by 2005. The incorporated communities of Palmer,Wasilla and Houston are expected to grow many times over thei r pre- sent levels to populations in 2005 (\'lithout the Susitna project)of 7,581,12,053,and 5,909,respectively. Houston,Big Lake and Wasilla are expected to receive a large increase in population after 1990 as completion of the Knik Arm crossing brings these communities ~/ithin a half-houris drive of Anchorage. Trapper Creek,presently a communi ty of about 225,is projected to double in population size by the year 2000 to approximately 475 peop1 e,grO\vi ng at a four percent average annual rate.In the Base Case,its population is expected to reach 577 by 2005.Growth in Trapper Creel<,in absence of the Sus i tna proj ect,\'/i 11 be con- strained by the amount of private land available and, more importantly,by the 1ack of employment opportuni- ties.The Talkeetna area,currently containing about 640 inhabitants,is expected to grow at an annual rate of five percent a year and reach population levels of around 1,000 in 1990,1,642 in 2000 and 2,106 in 2005. The U.S.Census Bureau listed the population of Cantwell at 62 in 1970 and 95 in 1980.However,a recent census conducted by a local group of residents in conjunction wi th the post office 1i sted the popul ati on of Cantwell in 1980 and 1982 as 182 and 183,respectively (4).Res- idents have indicated that the population of Cantwell grew rapi dly after constructi on of the Parks Hi ghway in the 1970's and has now levelled off.Based upon an as- sumpti on of two percent average annual growth,it is expected that Cantwel1 l s population will equal approxi- mately 214 in 1990 and 260 in the year 2000. E-5-5 - ...... - ,~ I (iii) (iv) Income Trends in per capi ta personal income are shown in Table E.5.3.Personal income rose substantially in the Mat-Su Borough in the 1970 1 sand stabi li zed as the trans-Al aska pi pel i ne was compl eted.Personal income.rose from $3,957 per capita in 1970 to $9,032 per capita in 1977 and decl i ned to $8,878 in 1979.The increase bet'f/een 1970 and 1979 \'Ias therefore 124 percent.However,usi ng the Anchorage Consumer Price Index ~Urban as a measure of inflation,personal·income in 1979 was 19 percent higher than that of 1970 in real terms.The mean house- hold income for Matanuska-Susitna Borough in 1980 was $30,627,despite one of the hi ghest unemployment rates in the state (5). Housing Table E.5.4 shm'/s 1981 housing stock estimates and va- cancy rates for major areas of the Mat-Su Borough.A recent survey by the borough shO\'Ied total housi ng stock of 8,582 units,of which 79.4 percent (6,814 units)were occupied (3).Most of the units I'/ere in the Palmer- Wasilla area.An earlier survey showed that single fam- ily houses predominate in the borough,representi ng 83 percent of the total;mobile homes and multifamily units accounted for 11 percent and five percent,respectively (6).Population per household for selected communities in the borough averaged 3.07 according to 1980 Census data.This is considerably higher than the national and state averages. Housing vacancy rates fluctuate rapidly,with a five percent rate seen by local authorities to be healthy and growth-promoti n9.Duri ng the summer of 1981,vacancy rates in the incorporated cities ranged from 6.7 percent to 10 percent;more remote communities such as Talkeetna and Trapper Creek experi enced very low vacancy rates of between one and two percent (3). In 1981,there were 78,962 acres of unimproved subdivid- ed land in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough (7).Based upon "a rough average of one acre per home,this amount of private land \'/i11 be more than sufficient to provide for the increased number of househol ds,under the Base Case.Currently,zoning efforts are under way in the incorporated communi ti es in the borough.There are no zoning regulations that would affect settlement in the areas around Talkeetna and Trapper Creek.The project sites lie in a large area termed the Talkeetna Mountain Special Use District,which is affected by borough regu- lations that restrict settlement to recreational use. E-5-6 In 1982,there were 96 housi ng uni ts in the Cantwell area,of which 69 were occupied (4).Some of the vacant units in Cantwell do not have dependabl e sources of water or electricity,and thus could be termed marginal year-round housi ng.To an extent,settl ement in Cant- well has been 1 imited by the avail abil i ty of 1and for development.Non-native private land is scarce in Cant- \'/ell and the plots that are available are relatively expensive.Approximately 25 plots of subdivided land are currently available for sale.In addition,Ahtna, Inc.,the Native Corporation which represents the In- dians living in Cantwell,owns almost 54,000 acres of 1and in and around the communi ty.Of thi s amount,ap- proximately 10,000 is already patented;the remainder is in in teri m conveyence (8). (v)Public Facilities and Services This section describes existing pUblic services at the community and borough level,to the detail appropriate to the degree of probabl e impact of the Susitna pro- ject.The services addressed include water supply, sewage treatTilent,sol id waste di sposal,transportati on, police and fire protection,health care services,educa- tion and recreational facilities.Table E.5.5 summar- izes the facilities available by community. fv10st of the communities in the Local Impact Area have little in the way of public services.Almost all public facil i ti es and servi ces wi thi n the Mat-Su Borough I;/i 11 need to be expanded considerably to provide current per capita levels of service to a population that will be growing rapidly over the next twenty years,independent of the Susitna project.In several areas,expansion is already being planned to accommodate this anticipated grm"th. -Water Supply and Sewage Treatment The cities of Palmer and Wasilla have water supply and chl ori nati on treatment systems wi th peak capabil iti es of 1,368,000 9a 11 ons per day (gpd)and 864,000 gpd, respectively.Other areas are provided with water on an individual basis,by wells,or by a community water system that serves a specific subdivision. Palmer has a city-\'/ide sewage facility in the form of a two-cell lagoon.It currently processes 300,000 9a 11 ons per day of se\'lage wi th an average 3D-day de- tention time.City officials estimate that the pre- sent facilities can handle up to 500,000 gallons per day (9).It is estimated that this level \....i11 be reached by 1989.At that point,the system's capacity E-5-7 - - - ..,.. ,-' ~- - \'/il1 need to be augmented by adding at least a third cell.In the Base Case,it is expected that growth in Wasilla will result in a requirement for construction of a centralized sewage treatment facility. Residents of other areas rely on septi c tanks.Si nce in most parts of the Local Impact Area inhabitants live on plots of one acre or more,it is probable that residents will continue to rely on individual septic tanks.Community sewage systems become feasible only in areas of greater population density.Currently, the waste from septi c tanks is trucked to Anchorage for disposal by private companies.Mat~Su Borough voters have authorized construction of a treatment plant in the borough.Some subdivisions and trailer parks are served by small pUblic sevJage systems. -Soli d \~aste The Mat-Su Borough has non-areaVJl ae sol id waste man- agement authority (i .e.outside of "incorporated com- munities)and operates nine landfills comprised of 217 acres.In 1981,landfill capacity equalled about 1600 acre-feet.Each of the incorporated communi ti es con- tracts wi th the borough for use of the closest 1 and- fi 11 s . The borough intends to close most of these sites by 1987 and set up transfer stati ons.F"i na 1 di sposa1 ~Jill then take place at an BO-acre central site,near Palmer (10). Residents of the Cantwell area use a landfill site that is not maintained by any pUblic authority and that is on privately owned land. The city of Palmer operates a collection and disposal system for city resi dents.In Cantwell and the rest of the Mat-Su Borough,it is the responsi bi'iy of i n- dividua1s to transport their waste to the various landfills. -Transportation .Road and Highway The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities is responsible for maintenance of the highways that run through the Local Impact Area. The department currently operates year-round ma"j n- tenance stations at Cantwell,Chulitna,Talkeetna and Willo\,l.Road equipment \'lOrks to the north and south of each stati on,twenty four hours a day (11). E-5-8 The Parks Highway is the principal surface transport route for the Local Impact Area,linking it to both Fairbanks and Anchorage.The Parks Highway was built with a large amount of excess capacity rela- tive to the traffic levels at the time of construc- tion.Present levels constitute approximately ten percent-of capacity,and \'iithout the Susitna project the hi ghway shoul d have excess capaci ty through the year 2000 (12).Two bottlenecks exist to the north- bound traffic on the Parks hi ghway at Anchorage and at Wasilla.A five lane expansion of the Parks Highway in thei~asilla area (currently in the design stage wi th constructi on schedul ed for 1983)by the Al aska Department of Transportation and Publ ic Facil i ti es is expected to rel i eve congesti on there (13). During the summer months the 160-mile class 2 gravel Denali highway connects the Parks and Richardson Highways.In the winter,snow is not plowed on the Dena 1i Hi ghway and it is therefore closed to tra f- fico Cant\'iell is located at the junction of the Denal i and Parks hi gh\'iays.Many of the homes in Cant\iell are adjacent to the Denal i Hi ghway. Most local roads in the area are not paved.In the Mat-Su Borough,there is currently a high demand for improved road mai ntenance of exi sti ng roads and ex- pansi on of mai ntenance to rural roads not currently maintained by the borough.In Cantwell,which is not part of an incorporated borough,local roads are largely unmaintained. As the Mat-Su Borough population grows (with or without the Susitna project),the skeletal framework of the transport system wi 11 need to be fi 11 ed in and buil t up to meet the increased demands.Incre- mentally,as new subdivisions are created,addition- al roads will be required.In addition,upgrading of some roads wi 11 be necessary and collector roads will be required to allow traffic to go to and from co~nunities without entering Wasilla (14). .Rail The Al aska Rail road runs 470 mil es from Se\'iard and Anchorage to Fairbanks.It is federally-owned and operated,but transfer of the railroad to State own- ershi pis now bei ng di scussed.Many maj or communi- ti es in the impact area are connected by the E-5-9 ~- - ~, - - - ~, Alaska Railroad,which also provides access to a number of small communities which have no road ac- cess.Annual freight traffic volume varies between 1.8 and 2.3 mi 11 i on tons and it is estimated that the system is \oJorking at only 20 percent capacity (15).Da i 1y Anchorage-Fairbanks and Anchorage- Whittier passenger service i sprovi ded during the summer months wi th service bei ng reduced to twi ce weekly,during the winter.The passenger train \'1111 stop at any location for embarking or disembarking passengers • •Air As sho\'Jn in Table E.5.5,many communities have ac- tive airstrips designed for light propeller air- craft.Float planes are also cOlnmon in areas with lakes.Most pub1 ic airports in the lVlat-Su Borough and Cantwell are expected to be sufficient in their present or p1 anned capaci ty to accommodate the ad- ditional needs of a grmY'ing population.There is, however,need for a new air facility to serve Wasil- la.The existing facility is not easily expanded due to the terrain and lack of available land. -Police Police protection in the r~at-Su Borough and Cantwell is provided by the Alaska State Troopers.There are 17 Troopers stationed in Palmer,three in Trapper Creek,one in Cantv/ell and two in Paxson.In addi- tion,five other Troopers are responsible for fish and wi 1dl i fe protecti on and enforcement.The ci ty of Pa 1- mer has police powers and maintains a force of eight officers and several civil ian support personnel. There are three detention anel correction facilities in the t4at-Su Borough and another prison is currently pl anned.Borough correcti on faci 1i ti es serve the whole Anchorage region. -Fire There are nine operating fire service areas in the f4a t-Su Borough.Costs of fi re protecti on are funded by special millage rates on assessed valuations within the service areas.With the goal of achieving a rat- ing of eight from the Insurance Service Organization (ISO),the maximum rating for areas without community water systems,the borough I s fi re chi efs in 1981 pre- pared a fire protection plan which proposes 12 addi- tional stations and the purchase of new equipment for existing stations.All of the fire service areas within the borough rely on volunteer staffing. E-5-10 Resi dents of the ~1at-Su Borough not wi thi n the boun- daries of a fire service area rely on their own re- sources and nei ghbor I s vol unteer assi stance for fi re protecti on . .Cantwell has recently fonned a fire service area and is in the process of procuri ng equi pment and con- structing a fire hall.This station will rely on volunteer firefighters.Financial arrangements per- taining to the fire service area are discussed in Section 2.2 (a)(vi}·Fiscal Conditions of Local Gov- ernments.>. -Health Care The 23-bed Valley Hospital,built in Palmer in 1954, provi des acute and long-term care to resi dents of the t4at-Su Borough.The hospital is staffed by eight doc- tors.There is a satellite facility in Wasilla.An expans'ion of the hospital is currently underway;it will add seven beds and additional space for equipment to the Valley faci 1i ty and \'Ii 11 enable the hospi ta1 to serve a borough population of up to 30,000.Another addi ti on of 30 beds coul d be bui 1t at a 1 ater date (16).The majority of the funds for this project were obtained directly or indirectly from the state. Ambul ance servi ce in the borough is provi ded through the Palmer Fire Center on a 24-hour basis.Each fire hall in the Mat-Su Borough,including the ones at Trapper Creek and Talkeetna,·has an ambulance for emergency service and individuals trained in Emergency Medical Training (EMT). Public health centers are located in Palmer and Wasil- la.There are also facilities in Wasilla which pro- vide individual and group therapy,family and marital counselling and alcohol and drug consultation.The Palmer Pioneer Horne provides long-term nursing and non-nursing care for the elderly. There are two mental health facilities located in the Mat-Su Borough,both located in Wasilla.These facil- ities provide the following types of care:individual and group therapy;family and marital counsell ing;and alcohol and drug consultation. Cantwell has no medical care available in the communi- ty,with the exception of an ambulance and several EMTls.The closest medical expertise is a doctor1s assi stant in Healy;most resi dents go to Anchorage or Fairbanks for medical care (17).n,ere is a local chapter of Alcoholics Anonymous in Cantwell,as well. E-5-ll - - - - .... - - - - r -Education The Mat-Su Borough operates 17 schools:12 elementary schools,t\"/O junior high schools and three high school s.At the begi nning of the 1981 -1982 school year,enrollment totalled 4,515 students.Plans call for expansion of existing facilities and construction of three new school s:an el ementary school servi ng 400 pupils in Wasilla,a permanent elementary school in Trapper Creek for up to 150 students and a secondary school initially acconIDlOdating 300 in the Houston area. The communi ti es of Trapper Creek and Tal keetna each have elementary schools.Junior and senior high school students from both communi ti es·attend Susi tna Vall ey Hi gh School.The capaci ti es and current en- rollments of these schools are displayed in Table E.5.6~ The school at Cantwell is part of the Rai 1 bel t School District.It provides education for students in kin- dergarten through 12th grade.Current enrollment is 33 students.The school has capaci ty for about 60 students. -Recreational Facilities opportunities for outdoor recreatl0n abound in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough and in the Cantwell area. The largest attraction in the region is Mount McKinley National Park and the surrounding Denali National Park and Preserve.Entrance to the Park is off the Parks Highway,26 miles north of Cantwell. Denal i State Park,located wi thi n the t4at-Su Borough, \'Ii 11 eventually offer a vari ety of summer and wi nter recreational activities.Nancy Lake Recreation area south of Willow,the Lake Louise area in the south- eastern part of the borough and the Big Lake area be- tween ~~i 11 ow and Wasi 11 ai ncl ude other popul ar recrea- tional site-so There are relatively few local public recreational facil i ti es in the borough,but pl ans call for future development of pl aygrounds and nei ghborhood parks in conjunction with school complexes (18). (vi)Fiscal Conditions of Local Governments Information on current levels of revenues and expendi- tures \'Iere deri ved from exami nati on of the budgets of the Mat-Su Borough and the incorporated communi ti es and conversations with key public officials (19 through 25). E-5-12 -1"lat-Su Borough The fiscal responsibilities of Mat-Su Borough stem from the borough I s area·wi de and non-area wi de (i.e. outside the incorporated communities)powers of taxa- tion.These powers are granted by the Alaska state consti ti tuti on and statutes.Wi th these powers come the responsibilities to provide both area wide and non-area wi de servi ces.In 1981 the area wi de powers and responsibil ities inc1 uded: Taxation; Planning and zoning; Parks and recreation;and Education. The non-area wide responsibilities were solid waste disposal and libraries.In addition,there are sever- al service areas established for the purpose of deliv- ering services such as fire service,road service and others. •Revenues There are generally four major fund categories in the budget: The General Fund The general fund constititutes about 36 percent of total revenues and has several fund sources.Prop- erty taxes contribute approximately 37 percent of general fund revenues and are rai sed by a mi 11 rate of 6.7 per $1,000 assessed eva1 uati on.Another 20 percent of the borough general fund revenues is con- tributed by municipal assistance funds from the state.Other major sources of general fund revenues are state shared and-federal shared revenues. Service Areas Fund. According to the 1981-82 annual budget there are six fi re servi ce areas,16 road servi ce areas,and trIO special service areas.The borough has the power to levy taxes in these areas to raise revenues to pro- vide the services.About 30 percent of the service areas fund comes from property taxes.The bal ance, or 70 percent,is provided by state shared funds and municipal assistance revenues.In total,the ser- vi ce areas fund accounts for only three percent of total borough revenues. E-5-13 - 8J!!!!R. - - ,- Land Management Fund Li ke the servi ce areas fund,the 1and management fund contri butes only three percent to the borough budget.The sources of these funds include state grants,recording and land management fees and oth- ers. Education Operating Fund This fund constitutes we 11 overha1f the borough budget.It is estimated that as much as 58 percent of the total budget is made up of the educati on fund.The state is the major contributor primariry through the Foundation Program.In 1981/82 the Foundati on Program was estimated to provi de $14.37 million to the school district. .Expendi tures. Expenditures for 1981 were estimated at $16.7 mil- lion in the general fund area,$4.4 million for the service areas fund and 1.1 million for land manage- ment.The bi ggest expendi ture item for the borough is the school di stri ct fund.In turn the 1 argest expenditure items for the school district are regu- lar instruction,which accounts for 33 percent,sup- port services (18 percent)and operations and main- tainance (l9 percent).The balance of expenditures is divided among vocational education,special edu- cation and miscellaneous services. The 1981 bUdget fi gures for the borough show unequal revenues and expendi tures.Accordi ng to Vern Roberts,the borough IS budget director,deficits have not been a problem,especially in the recent past (Personal communication).Apparently,state grants have been responsible for bridging the gap. Whether or not deficits become a problem in the future may very well depend on whether the state conti nues to provi de thi s cushi on whenever the want or need arises. -Talkeetna Tal keetna is currently uni ncorporated and has no PO~I ers to 1evy taxes •Tal keetna recei ves servi ces from the borough based on three service areas.These in- clude a fire service area,Talkeetna flood control area,and the greater Talkeetna road service area. Total revenues in 1981 for the three service areas E-5-14 \'Jere respectively $26,142,$1,106 and $45,820.The major sources were local taxes except in the case of road service where the enti re $45,820 came from state general revenues.Expenditures were $20,176 for fire servi ce.$576 for fl ood control and $45,820 for road service. -Trapper Creek. Trapper Creek,as an unincorporated community,has no direct fiscal responsibilities and depends entirely on the borough for services. -Cantwell Cantwell is an unincorporated community in an unorgan- ized borough and as such has no local government. Recently,resi dents of the communi ty formed a non- profit corporation called Community of Cantwell,Inc. It was set up as an entity suitable for receipt of state grants for the communi ty.Currently,the Com- .munity of Canb/e11,Inc.has applied for three grants for 1982:a one-time per capi ta grant of $89,000;a grant for estab1 i shment of a fi re hall for $87,000 from the Depart~ent of Community and Regional Affairs; and a Public Safe Water grant from the Department of Environmental Conservation (17).The only revenue upon vlhi ch the communi ty can depend on an annual basi s is state shared revenue;thi s usually amounts to be- tween $25,000 to $32,000 per community (26).It is expected that about $3,000 to $5,000 will be needed on an annual basis for operations and maintenance of the fi re hall,and the communi ty is p1 anni ng a vari ety of fundraising measures to raise that revenue. In addition,there is a Native village council in Canble11 which is part of the regional corporation, Ahtna.Inc.In the past,this council has also served as a vehicle for accepting per capita and other state grants for the comnunity. Resi dents of Cantwell belong to the Rai 1bel t School District,which is a Rural Education Attendance Area that has no taxing authority and is responsible di- rectly to the state legislature.The school district budget for the 1982-83 school year was estimated at $3,786,770,of which approximately seven percent is earmarked for operating expenses of the school at Cantwell.Approximately 87 percent of the school dis- tri ct I s revenue comes from the s tate government;four percent from 1oca 1 sources and ei ght percent from the federal government (27). E-5-15 - ,~ - (i i) - """" (b)Regional Recent trends in the populati on,employment and per capi ta i n- come of the Regional Impact Area are di spl ayed graphically in Fi gure E.5.3. (i)Employment Table E.5.7 presents data on non-agricultural employment for the Railbelt.Employment increased by 39 percent between 1970 and 1975,and by an additional 14 percent between 1975 and 1979.Constructi on,servi ce and sup- port sectors represent 1 arge percentages of employment in the regi on.Employment in the Anchorage Regi on ac- counted for 69 percent of Railbelt employment in 1979. Population Population in the Regional Impact Area rose from 204,523 in 1970 to 284,166 in 1980.The Ra,ilbelt contains over 70 percent of the·Statels population.The majority is centered in the greater Anchorage area.Within the Greater Anchorage area,there has been a gradual shift in the relative shares of population that live within the municipality and in nearby areas.The Kenai and Mat-Su Borough census divisions have grovm more rapidly than the city itself,and nm'l account for 10.3 and 8.2 percent of the Anchorage region,respectively. Population in tile Railbelt is expected to rise from 284,166 in 1980 to 483,686 in 2000.The population growth rate is projected to be greater during the 1980 l s than the 1990 1 s.This growth is expected to result from natural resource development projects in various parts of the state. The popul ati on in the Fa i rbanksregi on is projected to be about 77,600 in 1988.Population growth after 1988 will average about 1.5 percent. The Anchorage region will experience a pattern similar to the Rail bel t as a whol e --rel atively rapi d growth du ri ng the mi d 1980 I S and then an average annual growth rate of about two percent duri ng the 1990 IS.The An- chorage region population of 375,000 in the year 2000 will account for 75 percent of the Railbelt's population. E-5-16 (iii)Income In the Railbelt,personal income on a per capita basis rose from $4,940 in 1970 to $11,243 in 1976 and has re- mained close to that level since.In 1978,average per capita income in the region equalled $11,522.In real terms,per capita income rose by 36 percent between 1970 and 1978. (i v) (c)State Housing The Railbe1t contained.approximately 98,350 households and 119,555 housing units in 1981.Anchorage and Fair- banks represented the 1argest concentrati ons of housi 09 in the region. As shown in Table £.5.8,the Municipality of Anchorage contained 65,771 civilian housing units,of which 46 percent were single family units,12 percent ~obi1e homes and 42 percent·were in mu1 ti -fami 1y buil di ngs. Between 1975 and 1981,the civilian housing stock in the city increased by 35 percent.t40st of thi s growth oc- curred duri ng the constructi on boom associ ated wi th the TAPS pipeline.The vacancy rate in Anchorage has in recent years f1 uctuated from a low of one percent in 1975 to a hi gh of about 11 percent in 1980.In July of 1982,a survey done for the ~'unicipality indicated a census-defined vacancy rate of 5.8 percent. In the Municipality of Fairbanks,housing stock in 1978 stood at 7,351 (see Table E.5.9L ftlultifarni1y units accounted for 43 percent of the total.Vacancy rates have risen in the post-pipeline period,but not as dra- mati cally as in Anchorage..The overall vacancy rate rose from a low of 0.4 percent in 1976 to 9.1 percent in 1980. - Recent trends in the popu1 ati on,employment and per capi ta i n- come of the state are displayed graphically in Figure E.5.4. (1)Emp1 Dyment Alaska1s economy has historically been dependent upon development of its natural resources,primarily fi sher- ies,minerals and timber.As a result,employment has been ori ented towards these consumpti ve and extracti ve industries.The military has played a major role since Worl d War 11.In recent years,employment instate and local government has increased dramatically.In addi- ti on,employment in servi ce and support sectors of the Al aska economy is i ncreasi og,refl ecting the maturation of the State's economy. £-5-17 - .- Impact of the trans-Alaska pipeline is evident i nthe employment figures shown in Table E.5.10.Between 1970 and 1975,a pipeline-induced growth spurt caused employ- ment to increase by 75 percent.From 1975 to 1980,how- ever,total employment increased by only 2.9 percent. In 1981,Al askan employment equall ed 194,000;the annual average unemployment rate in that year was 9.2 percent. (ii)Population The popul ation of Al aska has ri sen steadi ly si nce the 1940's yet this largest state of the United States is still the least populous with an estimated 1980 popula- tion of 400,031.Alaska1s population grew by 32 percent between 1970 and 1980,jumping by 50,000 between 1975 and 1976 alone.Most of the population is in the Southcentra1 -Fairbanks region (the Railbelt),and half of the state1s citizens reside in Anchorage. (i i i )Income The average per capita personal income in the state rose from $4,638 in 1970 to $10,254 in 1976.Since comple- tion of the pipeline,however,the pace of increase has slowed.Per capita income in Alaska averaged $11,150 in 1979.The real increase in per capita personal income during the nine year period was 27 percent. E-5-18 - - 3 -EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF PROJECT Tables E.5.ll through E.5.18 present an overvievi of impacts of the project on the Mat-Su Borough as a \'1ho1e,on particular communities in the Local Impact Area,and on the region.Emphasis is placed on 1990 and 1999,the two peak years of construction on the project. As these tables show,it is anticipated that the impacts of the project on socioeconomic conditions will be greatest in the communi- ti es of Trapper Creek,Tal keetna and Cantwell,due to thei r proxi- mity to the site and their relatively small size. 3.1 -Impact of In-migration of People on Governmental Facilities and Services In the secti ons below,the expected impacts of the project on key public facilities and services in the Local Impact Area are dis- cussed.Informati on is gi ven on the impacts of both the popu1 ati on i nf1 ux associ ated wi th the di rect constructi on work force and the in-m~grating population associated with support workers (i.e.work- ers employed by private suppliers of equipment or materials for the project and vlOrkers employed by a service industry whose increase in business is related to increased demands for goods and services by construction workers). In general,the impacts of the project on local facilities and ser- vices will be limited,as a result of the provision of worker hous- ing and extensive facilities and services at the work sites.Thus, the impacts on the nearby communities will be 1 imited in the main to the effects re 1a ted to the di rect and secondary workers that choose to relocate their permanent"residence,and families,to these com- munities.In addition,there will be a limited economic contraction on most parts of the Local Impact Area as construction of each phase of the proj ect termi na tes,due to the bufferi ng effect of the ex- pected conti nued increase of the popu1 ati on that wi 11 occur as re- su1 t of other proj ects and conti nued suburbani zati on of the Mat-Su Borough. The projections of population influx associated with the project re1 y greatly on several important assumpti ons regardi ng work force characteri stics and pol icy deci sions related to the proj ect.Fur- ther explanation of the methodology used can be found in Section 3.3 and Appendix E.5A. Public facility and service impacts have been estimated using the following approach:(1)Appro~riate per capita standards were devel- oped,based upon an extensive literature review and the input of local officials;(2)the adequacy of existing facilities and ser- vi ces were assessed;and (3)estimates of future needs re1 ated to natural growth and to project-i nduced popu1 ati on i nf1 ux have been compared \"ith present and planned capacity.Details of the method- ology used can be found in AppendiX E.5B.Important items of meth- odological literature reviewed in the course of this work are listed in the List of References (28 through 31). E-5-19 (a)Watana -Construction Phase (i)Local -r'1at-Su Borough In most areas of the Mat-Su Borough,the population in- fl ux rel ated to the project wi 11 only add sl i ghtly to the substantial increases in need for public facilities andservi ces that .../i 11 be resul ti ng from the popul ati on growth projected under the Base Case.In contrast,the large proportional increase of population into the bor- ough communities of Trapper Creek and Talkeetna will have larger impacts on the needs for pUblic facilities and services.These impacts are discussed in detail in the sections that follow . .Magnitude of Population Influx As a result of construction of the project,the popu- 1 ati on of the Mat-Su Borough is expected to increase by a cumul ati ve total of up to 4,700 in 1990,i ncl ud- ing both new on-site and off-site residents.It is fo\"ecast that about 1,110 will resettle in communities in the borough (off-site).Of this off-site inmigrant population,approximately 835 people (75 percent)will be di rect workers and thei r fami 1i es and about 275 (25 percent)will be support workers and their depen- dents.The new off-site population would represent an increase of 2.6 percent over Base Case projection of popul ati on in 1990,and \'/oul d resu1 tin a total bor- ough population of 44,076 in that year {excluding the ~'iork camp/work vi 11 age}.Over 90 percent of the proj ect-i nduced popu1 ati on i nfl ux wi 11 occur between 1986 and 1990,and over 40 percent in 1987,alone. The Susitna project will be only one of several factors contributing to the borough's projected rapid rate of growth between 1985 and 1990.With construc- tion of the project,population in the borough will increase by about 12,770 bet'r"een 1985 and 1990,of which approximately 11,760 will be related to baseline growth and 1,110 will be project-related.Spillover gro\'/th from Anchorage is expected to be one of the most important factors behind this growth. The population influx into the incorporated communi- ties is expected to be small;between 1985 and 1990, the project will result in an increase of approximate- ly 40 people in Palmer and Houston,each,and £-5-20 about 50 in Wasilla.Over 50 percent of the inmigrant population in the borough is expected to settle in the Trapper Creek-Tal keetna area,and the remai nder wi 11 probably establish homes in the area around Willow and fJlontana creeks and the suburban area surroundi ng Pa 1- mer and Wasilla. Between 1990 and 1993,the popul ati on in the borough related to the project will decline along with the decline in work force at the \iJatana site.Overall, however,the population of the borough is expected to continue to increase during this period • .Water Supply The water supply and sewage treatment needs of the project and of the work force and families living·at the Watana site \"ill be provided for by the project contractors.There will be no impact on public facil- ities in Mat-Su Borough. The population influx associated with in-migrant work- ers who establish residences in the borough \."ill have only a slight impact on the public water and sewage systems.In Palmer,water consumption at the peak of construction at the Watana site (1990)would rise by one percent over the Base Case projection of 608,000 gallons per day.Water usage requi rements were pro- jected using an average daily water consumption of 120 gallons per day per capita in 1981,rising to 150 gal- lons per day in 2000. Population influx into Palmer will result in an aver- age increase in sewage treatment requirements of 5,000 gallons per day (0.9 percent)above the 1990 baseline projection level.The population influx during 1985-1990 wi 11 occur at a time when exi sti ng facil i- ties are already reaching their limits,and a third sewage treatment cell will be required (with or \1ith- out the project).These projections were based upon a standard of 120 gallons per day per capita • •Solid Waste The sol id waste requi rements of personnel and depen- dents living at the construction work sites will be taken care of at the camp and vi 11 age,and will have no significant impacts on public facilities in the Mat.,.Su Borough. It is estimated that the population influx into the borough communities associated with the project will increase the annual 1 andfi 11 needs of the borough by E-5-21 a cumul ati ve amount of .5 acres between 1985 and 1990.This represents a 2.5 percent increase over the baseline projection for that period.This population increase may contribute to a slight advance in re- quirements for additional landfill acreage,which is expected to be needed under Base Case conditions around 1994-1995. .Law Enforcement The project con~truction contractors will provide for police protection around the dam sites,but it is pos- s;bl e that the State Trooper force in Trapper Creek may be enl arged somewhat to refl ect the growi ng popu- lation in the northern part of the borough.The popul ati on at the work camps pl us the popul ati on i n- flux into Mat-Su Borough communities associated with the project INill increase the requirements of State Troopers by about four officers over the projected baseline need of 38 in 1990,the year of peak con- struction activity at Watana.An average rural stan- dard of one officer per thousand popul ati on was used to project law enforcement requirements . .Fire Protection The project faci1ities and work camp/family village wi 11 be protected by·fi refi ghti ng equ i pment and per- sonnel at the work sites;there will be little impact on existing service areas. Fire protection planning in rural areas such as the fvlat-Su Borough is more dependent on the di stance of facilities from population centers than on the size of population.Since in-migrants are expected to settle into existing housing or housing on land that is al- ready subdivided,there will be little impact on fire protection facilities in most communities.Fire- fighters will continue to be,for the most part,vol- unteers . .Health Care The work camp/family village at the construction site will provide facilities for health care,including a 20-bed hospital.It is expected that there will be 1 ittle impact by the construction-site population on the Mat-Su Borough I s heal th facil iti es,with the ex- ception of cases of major illness or accidents which cannot adequately be handled by the site hospital. E-5-22 - ~. ,.~. The population influx into l~at-Su Borough communities associ ated wi th the proj ect is expected to raise tile number of hospital beds neededi n 1990 by about one bed.This population influx may contribute to a slightly accelerated need for a new hospital,a devel- opment which is projected,under the Base Case,to be required around 1990.Appendix E.5B contains a full explanation of the formula used to project hospital requirements in rural areas of Alaska. There has been some soci al impact research conducted whi ch suggests that rapi d gro\'/th ina communi ty and the stress associated with rapid change can result in increases in the incidence of many Ilpeople problems" such as divorce,alcoholism,child abuse,and sui- cide.In most parts of the borough,growth related to the Susitna project will only represent a fraction of the growth and change that are expected to take change.Thus,impacts of the project on social ser- vices in the southern part of the borough are expected to be minimal.In the areas surrounding Trapper Creek and Talkeetna,the need·for social services may become more pronounced. .Educati on School-age children at the construction site will be educated at project facilities and hence will not have an effect on the Mat-Su Borough School District. There will be an approximate increase of 159 primary school children and 133 secondary school children ac- companyi ng i nmi grants into communi ti es in the Mat-Su Borough between 1985 and 1990.It is estimated that there will be a need for seven additional primary SChool classrooms and te~chers and seven secondary cl assrooms and teachers,in addi ti on to the 216 pri- mary school and 230 secondary school cl assrooms whi ch will be needed to accommodate growth between now and 1990,under the Base Case.Projections of enrollment used an estimated ratio of school children to popula- ti on of 22.8 percent through 1987,ri si ng to 25 per- cent of population in 2000.These ratios are based upon the Mat-Su Borough's short-term and long-term planning standards • .Public Recreation Facilities Recreational facilities will be provided at the con- struction site for use by project employees and their families.Thus,residents of the work camp are not expected to have much of an impact on pUbl ic recrea- E:"'5-23 tional facilities,although some increase in visits to the national and state parks near Mt.McKinley and to other parks can be expected.Resi dents can al so be expected to engage in outdoor recreation activities in portions of the Upper Susitna basin where no public facilities now exist. The project-induced population influx into borough communities will represent 2.6 percent of borough pop- ulation in 1990.This additional population will have a slight impact on the requirements for pUblic recrea- tional facilities • •Transportation The Susitna hydroelectric project includes the con- struction of a road into an area that currently has no auto access.Ifa policy decision is made to a11O\'J public access to this road upon completion of the pro- ject,the result will be a major addition to the local transportation system.The ultimate status of the road is unsettled at this point. Almost all of the project-related supplies and equip- ment will be transported by rail to Cantwell,and then by truck to the Watana work si teo The rail system is currently underutilized and the increased revenues are expected to benefit the railroad. An increase in vehicular traffic on the Parks Highway, the Denali Highway and nearby roads will result to the extent that workers commuti ng to and from the si te drive to pick-up points.In general,the Parks High- way is currently only 10 percent utilized,and this increase.in traffic is not expected to have any ad- verse impacts.The current congested porti on of the highv/ay near \~asilla should be relieved by expansion of the highway in that area.The project could add to congesti on on weekends duri ng the summer,un1 ess the scheduling of commuting workers is conducted so as to avoid those periods. Projected increases in vehicular traffic on the Parks Highway and Denali Highway will entail additional maintenance requirements by the Maintenance and Opera- tions Division of the Alaska State Department of Transportati on,especi ally duri n9 the months of heavy snowfall.Additionally,if and when the state assumes respons i bi 1i ty for rna intenance of the proj ect access road,the Division \'li11 be required to service it as well. E-5-24 """"'.. ,~ ,..,. .- ft""', -Trapper Creek The small,remote and uni ncorporated nature of the com- munity contributes to a low current level of available public facilities and services.A major impact of the i ncreasei n population in Trapper Creek may be an i n-. creased need for services that are currently not avail- able,such as fire protection and closer proximity to medical care.. .Magnitude of Population Influx Trapper Creek will experience the largest relative population impacts of all the communities -in the Local Impact Area. Between 1985 and 1990,i t is projected that under the Base Case the population of this small community will increase by about 75 people,bringing the 1990 popula- tion to 320.With construction of the Watana portion of the project,Trapper Creek's population is expected to reach 660 by 1990,more than doub1 ing the commu- nity's projected population in that year.Direct workers and thei r fami 1i es wi 11 account for about 60 percent of the in-migrant population related to the project. Trapper Creek wi 11 experi ence a 1 u11 peri od beb/een 1991 and 1993,during which time some project-related families are expected to leave.Growth expected under the baseline projections \'Iillon1y partially compen- sate for this decline . .Water,Sewage and Solid Waste In Trapper Creek,water and se,;/age needs are met by individual wells and septic tanks,and solid waste is disposed at a nearby landfill run by the borough.To the extent that new housi n9 is bui 1t on plots wi th suitable soil,few impacts from the increased popula- tion are expected.It is possible that the added pop- ulation will exacerbate present problems of insuffi- cient groundwater during dry spell s. Rapid.growth can have the potential for hastily built housi ng developments that do not meet heal th standards for well s,septi c tanks and/or sol id waste di sposa1 . It is anticipated that borough and state oversight of grm'ith in the Trapper Creek area cou1 d prevent such problems from occurring. E-5-25 ·Transportation Increased vehi cl e traffi c on the Parks Hi ghway is ex- pected.The addition of housing units may result in the need for additional roads to serve them;in the Mat-Su Borough,this is the responsibility of sub- division developers. ·Police Protection The Susi tna proj ect and the accompanyi ng increase in the popul ati on of the nortl1ern part of the borough may induce an enl argement of the State Trooper slJb- station at Trapper Creek,thus resulting in increased police presence in the community. ·Fire Protection Trapper Creek currently has no acti ve fi re protecti on facilities.The present small size of the community has limited its abi1ity to support a fire service area.There is an existing building that could be used if a new service area were developed. The population influx into Trapper Creek will exacer- bate the need for active fire facilities in the com- munity.It is possible that the additional popu1ation added to the natura 1 grO\'/th over the 1983-1990 peri od could result in additional ability of the residents to support a fire service area. ·Heal th Care With the exception of an ambulance,no formal health care facilities are currently available in Trapper Creek.Residents of the area with medical training he1p out on an informal basis (without pay)when need- ed,and health care facilities in Wasilla and Palmer are utilized. Growth of the community,due to both baseline forecast growth and to project-related in-migration,is expect- ed to put a strain on this infonnal system of medical care.The communi ty may \'lant to request the estab- lishment of a Public Health Service office in the future. In addi ti on,the stress associ ated wi th rapi d change may result in increased need for provision of some social services in Trapper Creek and surrounding areas. E-5-26 ""'l'll - .- ,~ J!~ ,,.... - - .Education The six-classroom elementary school currently under construction in Trapper Creek will have an initial capaci ty of 100 students,and coul d be expanded.to accommodate up to 200 students. The project-related population increase willi nclude an increase in student enrollment at the el ementary school of about 60 students by 1990,over the Base Case projection of about 80 in that year.The result wi 11 be a need for expansi on of the school in the 1ate 1980 IS andaddi ti on of b/O or three teachers. In addi ti on,about 35 j uni or and seni or hi gil school students living with project related families in Trap- per Creek are expected to be added to the enrollment of Susitna Valley High School by 1990. -Talkeetna Magnitude of population influx Between 1983 and 1990,an estimated population influx into Talkeetna of 263 people is expected to occur as a resul t of the project.Thi s will represent a 26 per- cent increase over the baseline forecast level of 1,000.Of these 263 ne\"residents,80 percent are projected to be comprised of direct construction work- ers and thei r fami 1i es,and 20 percent wi 11 be secon- dary workers and their dependents. .Water and Sewage Tal keetna is served by independent well sand septi c tanks;there is a potential for problems in the "down- town ll area due to the small size of the lots on \"hich houses are built and the proximity of \\fells to septic tanks.This would not be a problem in the outlying areas around Talkeetna due to the larger sizes of plots of land. It is not possible to predict with certainty \'1here ne\'I residents in Talkeetna will settle.To the extent that project-related in-migrant population settles in the totm itself,this group of people will contribute to the need for central water and sewage systems. As in Trapper Creek,there are no community water or sewage systems in Talkeetna,and thus no direct impact on water and sewage are expected.It is possi bl e that quickly constructed housing will need to be closely supervised to ensure compliance with health standards regarding wells and septic tanks. E-5-27 ·Solid Waste The peak population influx into Talkeetna associated with the project will occur just around the time that the borough1s landfill near Talkeetna is scheduled to be closed (1987-1989).A new 1andfi 11 or a transfer station \'/i11 be needed at that time.The additional population is not expected to have any adverse impacts. ·Transportation A large amount of the supplies and equipment for con- structi on of the dams wi 11 be transported by ra i 1- road.This is not expected to have any adverse effects on rail service for Talkeetna residents. As·the population increases and new housing is con- structed,there will be increased need for construc- ti on and mai ntenance of roads in Tal keetna and the surroundi n9 area.However,basel i ne forecast growth is expected to cause a large part of this increased need.Construction of ne\>J roads to service subdivi- sions will be the responsibility of individual devel- opers,and maintenance of local roads will be adminis- tered by the borough through the Talkeetna Road Ser- vice Area. ·Police Protection As Talkeetna grows,there may be a communi ty desi re for a pol ice presence closer than the Trapper Creek stati on.The addi ti ona 1 26 percent popul ati on i nfl ux associated with the project between 1985 and 1990 and the proximi ty of the work camp to the communi ty may further rei nforce thi s tendency.Incorporati on of the community would be a prerequisite to the establishment of a local police force . •Fire Protection Increased popul ati on is not expected to affect the firefighting facilities in the area;these are planned on the basis of distance between the station and popu- lation centers,and on the availability of pumped water.The planned addition of equipment to the Tal- keetna fire station should be sufficient to serve the communi ty until such time as a·communi ty water system is put in place. E-5-28 ,~ J~ ·Heal th Care Residents of Talkeetna currently use the health care faci 1i ti es in Anchorage and the southern part of the borough.The population·influx related to the pro- ject 3 along with Base Case projected growth 3 may resul tin suffi ci ent demand to warrant some provi sion of medical care in the community by a private doctor. In addition,the stress associated with rapid change may resul ti n increased need for provi sion of some social services in and around Talkeetna. •Education The population influx associated with the project will i ncl ude approximately 38 primary school-age chil dren by 1990,just as the enrollment in the elementary schoo 1 in Talkeetna is proj ected to exceed its capa- city of 120.Additional classroom space and approxi- mately one to two teachers will be required. There will be an additional 30 secondary students from Talkeetna attending Susitna Valley High School by 1990 as a resul t of the project.Together with the addi- tional enrollment at that school of students of Trap- per Creek fami 1i es,thi s may contri bute to a need for expansion by 1988 or 1989. -Cantwell •Magnitude of Population Influx The si ze of the popul ati on i nfl ux into Cantwell wi 11 be heavily influenced by the development of housing in the community by private individuals and by mitigation measures that coul d be developed and impl emented.To the extent that housi ng and 1and for housi ng is not sufficient,it is probable that many of these people will settle in other areas.This is an especially important consideration in the Cantwell area,due to the limited amount of non-native private land and the question surrounding future plans for native-owned land (see Section 3.4).Due to this uncertainty,two scenarios of impacts have been projected. The moderate impact scenario projections of population inf1 ux were based upon a housi ng supply constraint model,in which it was assumed that the influx of pop- ulation would be limited to the number that could be accommodated by existing vacant housing and land that will most probably be available for U$e by housing 3 E-5-29 mobile homes or trai 1ers.The hi gh impact scenari 0 projections assume that entrepreneurial activity will produce housing for all in-migrant workers that desire to settle in Cantwell.It is thus a demand-side model \'/hi ch uses assumpti ons on worker acti vi ty based upon the experi ence of communi ti es near other 1arge pro- jects in remote areas. Under both scenari os,it is expected that there wi 11 be a large influx of population into Cantwell during 1985 and 1986 ..Under the high impact scenario,the population of the community·would triple;under the moderate impact scenari 0,the popul ati on of Cantwell \'JOul d be doubl e the popul ati on 1evel expected wi thout the project.. Under the high impact scenario,approximately 395 peopl e are expected to desi re to settl e into the com- muni ty duri ng thi s peri od.Of thi s total,about 240 (61 percent)will be related in the main to the direct construction work force working at the railhead and to a small number of workers at the Watana site who choose to settl e thei r fami 1 i es at Cant\'/e11.The re- mainder will be comprised of secondary workers and thei r fami 1i es.The i nfl ux ...,oul d represent an i n- crease of almost 200 percent over the size of popula- tion that was projected for Cantwell in 1986 under the Base Case (200). After 1986,there will be a sharp decline in the num- ber of workers needed at the rail head.However,as the work force at the Watana site increases,there wi 11 be an i nf1 ux of fami 1 i es of a porti on of those workers that w"i 11 parti ally offset the dec1 ine rel ated to the railhead.It is projected that there \<lill be between 250 and 330 project-related people remaining in Cantwell in 1987 and that thi s fi gure wi 11 ri se to a peak 1evel of between 255 (low case)and 485 (hi gh case)in 1990.Approximately 75 percent of this cumu- lative in-migrant population will be related to the di rect \'Iork force in the hi gl1 case.Under the hi gh case projections,population in Cantwell in 1990 (640) will be approximately three times as large as would be the case without the project. The popul ati on proj ecti ons upon whi ch the impacts of the project are based assume that the communi ty will obtain some form of power supply by 1985 (residents of the community currently rely on individual generators) and that the lack of power will thus not be a deter- rent to future i n-mi grant settl ement.Pm'Jer may be provided by purchase of a community generator,or pos- sibly by provision of a substation related to the planned Anchorage-Fairbanks transmission intertie. E-5-30 -- - I:~ ( Water Supply,Sewage Treatment and Solid Waste Disposal The residents of Cantwell rely upon individual wells and septic tanks for their water supply and sewage treatment needs.The population influx related to the project will therefore not affect water and sewage in Cantwell.The additional population in Cantwell can be expected to intensi fy the need for a new community landfill . .Transportation The traffic on the Parks High\1ay and Denali Highway will increase substantially as a result of the com- muti ng of proj ect workers and the transport of sup- plies from the railhead to the Watana site.This will require an increase in maintenance and maintenance staff by the state to conti nue current 1evel s of ser- vice.In addition,local roads will need to be built to serve .any additional subdivisions.This \I/ill be the responsibility of individual developers. The Denal i Hi ghway W"j 11 need to be upgraded to handl e the increased traffic from an estimated 30-35 trucks a day,and possibl e use by commuti ng workers.The ad- ditional traffic will exacerbate the dust problems that nearby residents experience in the summer,unless that portion of the highway is paved. Additional snow clearing equipment and manpower will be reqUired to service the Denali HighY/ay and project access road during this period of the year.Also, Highway Maintenance Division equipment will be main- tai ni 09 these b/o road surfaces during the spri ng and summer months.The access road gravel surface will requi re near constant gradi ng due to heavy truck traf- fic.The extent of mai ntenance impacts of servi ci ng the Denali Highway section of the route will depend on the nature of road surface ul ti mately determi ned for this portion. A substantial increase in traffic due to the Susitna project is expected at the Cantwell intersection of the Parks and Denali Highways.Anticipated traffic patterns in this area will need to be studied to de- termine necessary navigational and traffic control aids. £-5-31 •Police Protection There are currently one State Trooper and one Fish and Game officer stationed at the Canb/ell station.The increased popul ati on at the communi ty and the increase in traffic going through the area will result in an increased need for police protection by at least one officer (based upon rural standards of about one of- fi cer per thousand popul ati on and the remote character area of the community). ·Fire Protection Increased population is not expected to affect the firefighting facilities in Cantwell;these are planned on the basis of distance between the station and popu- lation centers,and on the availability of pumped water.The planned fire hall and equipment should be suffi ci ent to serve the communi ty unti 1 .such time as a community water system is put in place. ·Heal th Care With the exception of an ambulance,no formal health care facil iti es or soci al service organi zations are currently avail abl e in or near Cantwell.Growth of the communi ty may resul tin an increased need for emergency medical care. In additi on,the stress associ ated wi th rapi d change may resul tin increased need for provi si on of some types of social services within the community . •Educati on It is estimated that between 50 and 70 school chil dren woul d be added to the enroll ment of the school in Cantwell asresul t of the project between 1985 and 1986.By the peak of construction at the Watana site in 1990,the project-related number of schoolchildren in Cant"'iell is expected to equal between 70 and 95, depending upon the number of workers at the camp site who have their families settle at Cantwell.Of this peak total,approximately 70 children will be part of di rect work force famil i es and about 25 wi'll be re- 1ated to the secondary i n-mi grati ng work force. Total enrollment at the Cantwell school (including both enrollment expected under the Base Case and the addition induced by the project)will thus equal about 105 in 1986 and between 11 0 and 135 in 1990.Ttl is E-5-32 - - ..-. - 'wou1d be beyond the capabilities of the existing school and an addition to the school would need to be constructed to accommodate the increase in enroll- ment.The present school at Cantwell has capaci ty for about 55 to 60 children and can handle as many as 75 on a short term basis.The increase in enrollment wou1 d a1 so resu1 tin requi rements for approximately seven to nine additional teachers,based upon an aver- age teacher-to-student ratio of 15:1. (in Regional The popu 1ati on 0 f the Ra i1 be 1 tis expected to increase to approximately 400,320 by 1990,of whi ch only 2,325 peop1 e (or 0.6 percent)will be related to the project.This represents such a small percent of current and projected population in the region,that impacts on facilities and services outside of the Local Impact Area are expected to be negligible. (b)~~atana -Operation Phase and Devi 1 Canyon -Constructi on Phase (i)Local -Nat-Su Borough •Magnitude of Population Influx Project-induced population is not expected to increase significantly in the late 1990's as the construction activity at Devil Canyon intensifies.It is probable that the available work force in the Rai1be1t,includ- ing those who worked on the construction of the Watana dam,will be able to fill the new direct jobs.Some secondary population influx will occur as income from this portion of the project is spent. Si nce the popu1 ati on of the borough \'li 11 conti nue to grow as a result of natural growth factors implicit in the Base Case population projections,the relative impact of the project-induced off-site population will be sma 11 er.In 1999,the proj ect-induced popu 1at ion (including many people who moved into the area during the earl ier Watana period and stayed)of 866 people wi 11 account for only one percent of total borough population • .Water Supply and Sewage Treatment No further impacts on the \'Iater or sewage systems in the Mat-Su Borough are expected. E-5-33 ·Solid Waste Disposal The curnu1 ati ve 1andfi 11 acreage need of the borough will increase by about 1.4 acres during the 1994-2002 peri od,or 1.2 percent as a resu1 t of the proj ect- related population living off-site in borough com- muni ti es.The borough may need to provi de addi ti ona1 acreage for its central landfill around 1994-1995, with or without the Susitna project. ·Police Protection The need for police protection has been calculated by usi ng a·rural standard of one officer per thousand population.The need for State Troopers in the Mat-Su Borough is expected to conti nue to increase in the 1990's under the Base Case,as the population con- ti nues to grow.At the peak of Devi 1 Canyon construc- tion in 1999,it is expected that there will be need for about 62 officers,compared to a projected need for 60 Troopers under the Base Case. Fi re Protecti on The project facilities and work campj\vork village will be protected by firefighting equipment and services at the \'JOrk site;there \'Iill be little impact on existing fire service areas during this period. ·Heal th Care No adverse impact on the borough's health care facili- ties are expected during this period as result of the project. •Educati on There will be limited additions in enrollment in the Mat-Su Borough School District as result of the Devil Canyon portion of the project.Between 1993 and 1999, enrollment in the school district is expected to in- crease from about 12,065 to 16,685.Of this total enrollment in 1999,project-related in-migrant house- ho1 ds are expected to account for 233 students,or just 1.4 percent. ·Transportation The Devi 1 Canyon phase of the project \1/i 11 i nc1 ude construction of a rail spur from Go1 d Creek to the dam site.No additional impacts on the transportation systems in the borough are expected during this period. E-5-34 - - - ~.- - -Trapper Creek ·Magnitude of Population Influx In Trapper Creek,it is expected tha:t as acti vi ty at Devil Canyon begi ns,populati on wi 11 increase from about 590 in 1994 to 710 in 1999.This represents an average annual growth rate of four percent.Project- rel ated popul ati on wi 11 represent about 40 percent of total population in Trapper Creek in 1999. Impacts on Public Facilities and Services No further important impacts on public facilities and services in the community are expected.Any increases in infrastructure whi ch occiJr duri ng the Hatana peri od as a result of the population influx related to the project are expected to be suffi ci ent to accommodate the community's population during the Devil Canyon phase. -Talkeetna •Magnitude of Population Influx Project-related population in Talkeetna \'l/ill rise gradually from about 190 in 1995 to 210 in 1999.t·10st of the population growth in Talkeetna during this per- iod will be unrelated to the Susitna project.At the peak of constructi on at Devi 1 Canyon it is expected that project-rel ated popul ati on wi 11 account for 12 percent of population in the community. ·Impact on Public Facilities and Services While it is likely that infrastructure needs in Tal- keetna wi 11 conti nue to increase in the 1990's,these requirements will be related to the continued increase in population unrelated to the project. Cantwell ·Magnitude of Population Influx Upon compl eti on of the ~Jatana porti on of the Susi tna project,between 90 (low impact scenario)and 140 (high impact scenario)people are expected to move out of the Cantwell area.No further in-migration of project-related population is expected during the Devil Canyon construction phase. E-5-35 ·Impact on Public Facilities and Services The decline in population in Cantwell associated with the completion of Watana construction will have most rel evance to capaci ty util i zati on of the school.It is expected that the number of project-rel ated stu- dents enrolled in the school will decl ine by about 30 upon completion of the Watana portion of the project. To the extent that the school was enl arged to accom- modate the peak number of students,there may be some overcapacity.It is expected that potential problems can be avoi ded through careful pl anni ng and communi- cation about the project (see Section 4 on mitigation measures). (ii)Regional Due to the limited population influx into the Railbelt and tile 1arge projected Base Case popul ati on base,no measur- able impacts on public facilities and services in the Region outside of the Local Impact Area are expected dur- ing the Devil Canyon phase. (c)Watana and Devil Canyon -Operation Phase There wi 11 be some expected departure of popul ati on from the Local Impact Area as construction of the second dam is com- pleted.However,the effects of this decline in population on pUblic facilities are expected to be minimal,with the possible excepti on of school sin Trapper Creek and Cantwell.Pl anni ng, communication with local authorities and other mitigation ,neasures are expected to prevent overcapaci ty probl ems.Due to the limited public facilities currently in place in the commu- ni ti es closest to the project and the small si ze of these com- munities even with the projected peak amount of project-related population influx,it is not expected that excess capacity will have been built. Duri ng the operati on phase of the project,all project workers and their families will be living at the on-site village,where housing and other community facilities will be available.~Jo impacts on public facilities and services in the Local and Regional Impact Areas are expected during this period. E-5-36 3.2 -On-site I""anpower Reguirements and Payroll,by Year (a) (b) Manpower Requirements Tab1es.E.5.19 -E.5.21 show the projected total number and ori- gi n of on-si te constructi on and operations manpower for the ~~atana and Devil Canyon dams from 1985 -2005.These estimates inc1 ude all construction manpower requi red for access camps, power facilities,and transmission facilities work,and manage- ment and camp manpower.Manpower for off-site activities such as engineerin~,procurement,manufacturing,and shipping to Cant\'iell are not inc1 uded in these estimates. For the construction work force,manpower is divided into laborers,semi-skilled/skilled,and engineering/administra- tive.As shown in Table E.5.19,the peak demand for labor oc- curs in 1990 with an estimated construction work force of 3,498. The Watand dam will be constructed in two phases with an u1ti- IIlate generating capacity of 1,020 t.1W.The first installment of 680 MW s wi 11 be comp1 eted by January,1994,at It/hi ch time operations manpower will total 70 persons.The additional gen- erating capacity will be available in July,1994 and will re- sult in a total operations \'/Ork force of 145 workers.Analysis of construction manpower requirements for the 600 MW Devil Canyon dam is based on rna in access constructi on begi nni ng in 1992 and site facilities construction beginning in 1994.This dam \'iou1d come on-line in 2002.The total on-site operations work force for both dams will equal 170 during 2002 and there- after.Duri ng part of 1992 and all of 1993,constructi on ac- tivities related to both dams would be occurring. It is apparent from Figure E.5.5 that the first phase of the Watana dam requi res a si gni fi cant1y greater number of workers than both the second phase of Watana and Devil Canyon com- bined.This difference can be attributed to the additional labor requirements in the initial years for the construction of the work camp and vi'11 age,the access road,and to the more labor intensive nature of a gravel fill dam (Watana)than a concrete thin arch darn (Devil Canyon).Significant decreases in work force requirements (relative to the preceding years)will occur between 1991 and 1996. Seasonality of Manpower Reguirements The demand for manpower will vary during any given year.As Figure E.5.6 shows,at least 80 percent of the peak demand for labor in a given year will be required during mid-March to mid- September.Labor requi rements ri se from about 30 percent of the peak to 80 percent of the peak duri n9 February to m;d- March,and fall from 80 percent of the peak to about 30 percent of the peak duri ng mi d-September to the begi nn;n9 of December. Labor requirements are about 30 percent of the peak during De- cember and January. E-5-37 The seasonal manpower requirements of the project are consis- tent with the seasonal pattern of demand for labor in Alaska. During January and February,the total number of jobs available in Alaska is less than during the summer months.The construc- tion sector has historically been particularly seasonal. The influence of this project on the number of jobs available in any given month is predictable.However,this information would have little value because it is not solelY the number of jobs a.vailable that determines unemployment;the number of job seekers relative to the number of jobs available is the main determinant of unemployment. Each summer,thousands of job seekers have come to Alaska look- ing for work in construction,professional and technical,and other occupations.While one would expect the unemployment rate to decline considerably during the summer months as more jobs become available,the decline has been limited to 2.5 - 4.0 percent compared.to the maximum unemployment rates during the wi nter months.In addi ti on,economi c expansi on has recent- ly tended to exacerbate unemployment.During recent peri ods when more jobs have been available,unemployment rates have been higher than previous similar periods of job expansion,and the total number of unemployed persons has increased rather than decreased. It is clear that the number of persons looking for work in Alaska is capable of growing faster than the rate of job growth.This condition is probably more prevalent when the economy in the 10wer-48 states is in a downturn. The influence of the timing of manpower demand for this project is uncertain,but it is probable that the project will tend to exacerbate rather than ameliorate the seasonal differences be- tween unemployment rates and the seasonal di fferences between the number of persons unemployed in Alaska.This phenomenon shoul d be moni tored and consi dered .i n the Impact ~~anagement Program {see Section 4}. (c)Payroll Payroll is important because it is the source of impacts re- SUlting from direct on-site construction and operations work force expenditures.Based on the on-site construction and op- erations requirements outlined above,the total yearly project payroll from 1983 -2005 were deri ved and are shown in Tabl e E.5.22.These totals were deri ved by match;ng wages to the respective trades,assuming that for construction workers there are 1 ,825 worker hours per year (54 hours per week and an aver- age of 29 weeks per year)and for the operati ons work force there are 2,496 working hours per year (48 hours per week and 52 weeks per year).The payroll in 1990,the peak year of con- struction,totals $97.8 million (in 1981 dollars). E-5-38 3.3 -Residency and Movement of Project Construction Personnel The magnitude and geographic distribution of project-induced changes in communities are related to the size of the in-migrant work force.Thi s work force creates the extra demand for housing and public facilities and services,and sometimes incremental local tax revenues obtained from this work force are insufficient to cover incremental expenditures. The si ze of the i n-mi grant work force depends on the extent of the primary local labor supply,that is,the availability of craft and professional labor currently residing in the area from which the labor force would be drawn (for this project,this would be the Local and Regional Impact Areas,i.e •.the region).Some of these in-migrating workers will choose to maintain their residences outside of the Region and others will choose to relocate their resi dences to the regi on.The number of \'lOrkers that choose to relocate their residences to the region will depend in large part upon the types and quality of housing and related facilities provid- ed at the construction sites,and the work schedule. For this project.it is assumed that:a single status camp is pro- vided for the laborers and most of the semi-skilled/skilled workers; a village with family housing facilities is provided for some of the semi-skilled/skilled workers and all of the engineering/adrninistra- ti ve workers that des ire it;the workers work for four weeks and then have one week off;there are recreational and other facilities at the work camp and village that will help provide for a pleasant environment for the workers during their four-week periods at the construction si te;and that most of the work force travel s to the construction sites by a combination of private and organized ground transoortati on and some of the work force travel s to the construc- tion 'sites by organized air service from Anchorage and,possibly, Fairbanks.During construction of the Devil Canyon dam,it is assumed that some workers will travel to the Dev;1 Canyon si te by rai 1. Gi ven these assumpti ons,estimati ons for three el ements of the \'1ork force are made:(i)number of workers that would reside in the region at the beginning of construction at Watana;(ii)number of workers that woul d relocate thei r res i dences to the regi on;and (iii)number of workers that will maintain their residences outside of the region.Estimates of population influxes are also included. Estimates of numbers of workers and population influx are also pro- vi ded separately for Cantwell because di fferent estimati on proced- ures were used.Different procedures were used because a rail head will be constructed and operated at Cantwell.Estimates for Cantwe 11 fo 11 ow those for the regi on. Assumptions and methods are discussed to a limited extent in sec- tions (a)(d).Important communications with knowledgeable persons are referenced where appropriate in these sections. E-S-39 literature that was revie\1ed and that contributed substantially to the development of assumptions and methods is listed in the List of References at the end of thi s chapter (45 through 50).Further elaborati on of methods and assumpti ons,parti cul arly those about the relationship between housing facilities at the construction sites and work schedules,and the proportion of in-migrating workers that will choose to settle in the region,is available in AppendiX E.5A. (a)Regi on (i)Regional Work Force Labor supply is highly idiosyncratic,and the amount of labor available from a labor pool at a poi"nt in time depends upon tfle projected size and craft mix of the labor force,job opportunities available to this force from other projects,and the match of craft labor available to craft labor required by the Susitna Pro- ject,and the differi ng pol i ci es and geographi c spheres of each craft.In addition,the supply and demand condi ti ons wi 11 vary from craft to craft.All of these vari abl es make it di ffi cul t to project the number of available construction trade workers in the Local and Reg;onal Impact Areas (the regi on),and other workers who will become employed on the project. As noted earl i er,peak manpower requi rements wi 11 occur during the construction of the Watana dam in 1990. Requirements for operations and maintenance manpower wi 11 start in 1993 at Watana (70 workers)and \~i 11 i n- crease to 170 workers in 2002 when the Devi 1 Canyon dam comes on-line. The regional availability of construction labor was analyzed according to total manpower requirements,which have been divided into the categories of laborers,semi- skilled/skilled,and engineering/administrative.The percentage of jobs that coul d be fi 11 ed by the regionally available work force varies with each clas- sification.In general,a greater portion of laborers than engineers and administrators will be supplied from the region. The basi c assumpti ons for the on-site constructi on work force shown in Table 5.20 are:for laborers,85 percent will be supplied from the region,five percent from other areas of the state,and 10 percent will originate from out-of-state;80 percent of semi-skilled/skilled workers will be supplied from the region,five percent from other areas of the state,and 15 percent from outof-state;and for the engineering/administrative category,65 percent will come from the region,5 percent E-5-40 -, -- (ii) will come from other areas of the state,and 30 percent will be from out-of-state.-Insights obtained from dis- cuss ions wi th persons referenced in the Li st of Ref~rences (32 through 44)contri buted to the develop- ment of these assumptions. These assumptions were applied to the total manpower re- qui rements for the proj ect.The resul ts of th is app 1 i- cation are shown in the first row of Table E.5.23.Here it can be seen that by 1990,the peak year,about 2842 residents of the region will be employed as on-site con- struction workers. The projected distribution of this construction work force1s residences among the various Census Divisions of the Regi ona 1 Impact Area and cormnuni ties of the Loca 1 Impact Area is shown in the remaining rows of Table E.5.23.These figures represent the cumulative number' of residents of a particular Census Division or city/ communi ty pri or to the start of constructi on \'1ho wi 11 become on-site construction workers. Several of the figures in Table E.5.23 are relatively small,particularly for the smaller cities and com- muni ti es.Thi sis a resul t of some of the assumpti ons that were made regarding the labor pool.In particular, it is consi dered 1i kely that the 1arge number of con- struction workers in Anchorage and Fairbanks and the presence of the union hiring halls in those cities will resul t in a majority of workers on the Susitna project being residents of the large cities.This could result in 1i mi ted employment of peop 1e from the smaller com- muni ti es closer to the project,in the absence of mi ti- gation measures.It is possible that more persons in the small cormnunities than indicated will obtain on-site construction jobs,especially if there is an effective local hire program. Relocating Workers Labor not available from the region will come from other areas in Alaska or from out-of state.Using the assump- tions outlined above,Table E.5.24 shO\'1s the cumulative number of construction workers,by labor category,year and,implicitly,project phase,that would come from areas outsi de of the region to work on the project and relocate their residences in the region.Table E.5.24 also includes relocations of workers who resided in the Regional Impact Area at the start of the project and re- located their residences to the Local Impact Area during the project. E-5-41 It is assumed in Table E.5.24 that workers who resided in the region at the start of the project and relocated their residences to the Local Impact Area during the project will remain at their ne\'J residences once their employment on the project is terminated.Further,it is assumed that one-half of the workers that come from outside of the region and settle in theregi on will leave after their employment on the project is ter- minated.It is implicitly assumed that the workers that remain will be able to obtain adequate employment. (iii)Non-Relocating Workers Table E.5.25 shows the cumulative number of construction workers,by project phase,that would not relocate to the region.These workers would live at the work camp or village and travel to and from their residences, located outside of the region,during their time off of work. (iv)Relocating Workers and Associated Population Influx Table E.5.26 shows similar information to that illus- trated in Table E.5.23,but added to direct on-site con- struction employment are indirect and induced (secondary)workers by place of residence in the region.Estimates for secondary employment were made by applying location-specific employment multipliers to the inmigrating (relocating)direct on-site construction work force.These percentages were estimated by analyz- ing labor availability in each of the Census Divisions. Table E.5.27 shows total in-migration (and outmigration) and place of relocation for the direct and secondary vlork forces.For the i ndi rect and induced manpower requi rements,it is assumed that the percentage of jobs that will be filled by in-migrants to the region ranges from zero percent in the Seward Census Di vi si on to 45 percent in the Mat-Su Borough.Thus,the number of in- mi grants requi red to fill the avail abl e secondary jobs is 1ess than the total number of secondary jobs avail- able. In-migration into the region at the peak of construction activi ty in 1990 wi 11 represent about 13 percent of the total di rect constructi on and secondary work force of 6 ,365 (this includes all direct and secondary jobs created by the project).When considering only the di rect on-si te construction work force of about 3500 ; n 1990,the percentage of i n-mi grants to th is total is even lower,represent;ng about five percent.Thi s 10\'1 percentage of in-migration of on-site construction work E-5-42 ers is attributable to the large indigenous labor force in the region ,the provision of work camps and a village at the project sites,and the \'/ork schedule of four weeks on and one week off,among other things. During the peak of construction activities,1990,828 in-migrant direct and secondary workers will reside in the region.Of this total,170 will be direct on-site construction workers and the remainder,658,will be secondary workers.As manpower requirements fall during 1991 -1995,it is assumed about one-hal f of these i n- mi grants wi 11 remai n in the area.Some of these persons. wi 11 become employed duri n9 the constructi on of the Devil Canyon dam. During 1996 -1999,workers will again in-migrate to the region.This is shown in Table E.5.27.This in-- migration will halt in 1999 and after 1999 there will be some out-migration. As constructi on acti vi ty is compl eted in 2002,the per- centage of i n-mi grant workers that remai n after con- structi on ends in 2002 is 12 percent.Th is is because most of the in-migrant workers originate from outside of the region and it ;s assumed that most of these workers will not choose to remain in the region after their employment on the project ends.about 12 percent of the workers that i n-mi grated to the regi on are expected to remain.For the Mat-Su Borough,this figure is much higher:60 percent.This is because the majority of the i n-mi gration to the borough consi sts of workers originating from the Anchorage,Fairbanks,and KenaiCook In1 et Census Di vi si ons;it is assumed that 100 percent of these workers that move to the borough from these Census Di vi sions wi 11 vi ew thei r moves as permanent and will remain in the borough after their employment on the project has ended. Wi thi n the r~at-Su Borough,the sett1 ement of i n-mi grants is expected to be different than the population dis- tribution of the existing population.It is expected that more than one-hal f of the i n-mi grants wi 11 estab- 1 ish thei r resi dences in the area around the communi ti es of Talkeetna and Trapper Creek.A significant amount of settlement will also occur in "o ther Jl areas of the borough;this corresponds to areas outside of incorpo- rated ci ti es,such as Montana Creek,Caswell and Willow.By the peak of construction activity,it is ex- pected that about 90 on-site construction and secondary workers will have settled in Talkeetna,117 in Trapper Creek,and 128 in the incorporated ci ti es and other areas of the borough.Migration estimates for all years E-5-43 are shown in Table E.5.27. Table E.5.28 shows estimates of the total population in- flux into the region,by Census Division and for selected Mat-Su Borough communities.These projections are based on the assumptions that,for the direct con- struction work force,95 percent of the in-migrants that relocate in the regi on wi 11 be accoll1pani ed by dependents and that an average of 2.11 dependents wi 11 come wi th each i n-mi grant worker that is accompani ed (see Tabl e E.5.29 for estimates of population influx associated solely with the in-migrant onsite construction \'/ork force).For estimati ng the popul ati on i nfl ux associ ated wi th the secondary work force,the Al aska State average number of persons per household figure was used.Total popul ation i nf1 ux into the regi on duri ng the two peak periods equals 2,324 and 1228,respectively.Of the total population influx associated with the direct on- site construction and.secondary work forces in 1990, 2,214 or 95 percent,will relocate to the Anchorage sub- area of the regi on (the Mat-Su Borough,and the Anchorage,Kenai-Cook Inlet,and Seward Census Divisions).The remainder will relocate to other parts of the region,particularly the City of Fairbanks. It is expected that the Kenai-Cook Inlet,Anchorage,and Fairbanks Census Divisions will experience slight out- mi grati ons of popul ati on duri ng vari ous stages of con- structi on acti vi ty as out-mi grati on to the Mat-Su Borough exceeds in-migration from other areas.The totals increase as the construction activities end because a portion of the in-migrant families workers and their families are expected to return to areas outside of the regi on. During the peak construction year at Watana,the total project-induced population increase to the Mat-Su Borough total s 1,112.Thi s accounts for 48 percent of the total to the region.Of this total,694 are ex- pected to remain in the borough after 2002. In 1990,Tal keetna,Trapper Creek and "other"areas of the borough will experience 89 percent of the total pop- ul ati on i nf1 ux to the borough:Trapper Creek 31 per- cent;Tal keetna 24 percent;and lI other ll areas 34 per- cent.These projections represent considerable pop- ulation increases relative to the baseline forecasts for each of these areas.Conversely,Palmer,Was"illa and Houston will experience only moderate increases in pop- ulation.At the end of construction,total population increases to Trapper Creek,Tal keetna and "o ther ll areas are 175,173 and 257,respectively. E-5-44 - (i ) (i i ) ,""" Numbers and categories of school-age children accompany- i ng in -mi grant \'iorkers were also proj ected.The imp 1i- cations of these projections were discussed above in Section 3.1. (b)Cantwell Project-i nduced employment and popul ati on effects in Cantwell were estimated for two cases !the high and moderate impact cases.In the high case it is assumed that in-migrating con- structi on workers who work on the rail head and or the dams!as well as in-migrating indirect and induced workers are able to successfully settle in Cantwell.In the moderate case it is assumed that lack of land and/or housing limits the number of workers at the dam si tes and secondary workers who can settl e in Cantwell. The foll owing sections provi de estimates of empl oymentand pop- ul ati on effects for sel ected el ements of the work force.A discussion of assumptions and methods used in developing these estimates is provided in Appendix E.5A. Resident Employment On The Project The first col urnn of Tabl e E.5.30 shows the estimated. total number of residents who now live in Cantwell that will become employed on the project.These figures rep- resent about 11 percent of Cantwell·s current population. Relocating Workers The second col umn of Tabl e E.5.30 shows the estimated total number of construction workers that will relocate to Cantwell during 1985 -2005!for the high and moderate cases (these fi gures are cumul ati ve).In the first two years most of the in-migrating workers will be employed at the railhead and in later years most will be employed at the dam sites. (iii)Population Influx Associated With In-migrant Construction workers The total cumulative population influx that is estimated to be caused by in-migrating construction workers is shown in the third column of Table £.5.30.The total i nfl ux starts at 240 persons and reaches 336 persons after a dip to 241 persons in 1987.From 1990 onward, the number of people related to the project generally declines and reaches a low of 237 persons in 2003.From 2003 onward the project-rel ated popul ati on in Cantwell is estimated to remain at 237 persons.Ouri ng most years between 1985 -2002 the total population influx is projected to more than double the Base Case population. E-5-45 It is apparent from the third column of Table £.5.30 that the total population influx in the moderate case follows the same pattern as the high case.The influx values in the moderate case are generally about one-half to two-thirds those of the high case.The moderate case population influxes represent a little more than a doubling of the Base Case population in the first two years,a little less than the Base Case population during 1987 -1993 and about half or a little less than half of the Base-Case population during 1994 -2005. The total population influx (which includes secondary in-migrant population as well as direct population)into Cantwell ;s shown in the last column of Table E.5.30. Numbers and categories of school-age children accompany- ing in-migrant workers were also projected.The impli- cati ons of these proj ecti ons \'lere di scussed above in Section 3.1. E-5-46 / - 3.4 -ADEQUACY OF AVAILABLE HOUSING It~IMPACT AREAS (a)Watana -Construction Phase \'/ (i)Local In the sections below~the adequacy of available housing is analyzed by comparing projected future housing avail- ability in the local and regional impact areas \'1ith the demand for housi ng rel ated to the proj ect.Housi ng facilities will be provided at the work camps and family vi 11 ages for all workers desi ri ng housi ng and for the families of administrative/engineering personnel (\'JOrk- ers will not be allowed to bring in their own housing, in the form of trai 1ers or mobile homes,to the work site).In·addition~there will be housing provided for construction and operation workers at the railhead in Cantwell.Thus,the probable impacts of the project on housing conditions in the Local Impact Area will be lim- i ted to di rect and support workers who choose to move their permanent place of residence into the communities. Projections of future housing stocki n the Local Impact Area were developed based upon the"following methodol- ogy:The projected growth in the number of househol ds ~ under the Base Case,was calculated by dividing popula- ti on projecti ons of each communi ty by popul a tion-per- household measures which were assumed to decline gradu- ally over time to converge with national and state averages.For Cantwell and most areas of the borough, housi ng stock was assumed to increase in di rect propor- ti on to growth in the number of househol ds.The excep- ti on was the area in the t4at-Su Borough outsi de of the incorporated cormnunities,for which it was assumed that the vacancy rate ( a very high 25 percent in 19B1)would fall over time and therefore that the housing stock would increase at a slower rate than the number of households. -Matanuska-Susitna Borough As indicated above~housing will be provided at the project site for all construction workers and for the families of administrative/engineering personnel. The majority of construction workers on the project are expected to use the on-site housing facil ities. These workers \'1ill not be in-migrating into estab- lished communities and therefore will have no impact on the housing market in the Mat-Su Borough. E-5-47 There will be an impact on the availability of housing in the borough to the extent that workers deci de to establish permanent residence in any of the nearby communities.The impact of the in-migrating workers (including support "larkeY's as well as direct employ- ees)on the housing market in the borough is displayed in Table E.5.3l.The t~atana construction period will be characteri zed by an i nfl ux of workers and thei r families between 1983 and 1990~and a gradual emigra- tion of people from the area after 1990. A total of approximately 374 project-induced house- hol ds are expected to settl e in the Mat-Su Borough .bet\'Jeen 1983 and 1990~the hei ght of constructi on ac- tivity at the Watana site.Of this number~it is es- timated that 285 will be households of direct workers on the project and that 89 will be indirectly related to the project.There"will be a projected 2,336 va- cant housing units in the borough in 1990,or about six times as many units as in-migrant households. Thus the i n-mi grati on is not 1i kely to cause any di s- 1 ocati ons in the borough I s Ilousi n9 market as a whole.The number of in-migrating \vorkers and their famil i es may be 1arger than the above fi gures i ndi- cate if a substanti al number of constructi on workers from outsi de the state i n-mi grate in the hope of ob- taining employment soon after they arrive. The period between 1990 and 1993 will see an estimated 11 percent decl i ne in the overall demand fot'housi ng by project-rel ated househol ds ~as the number of \'Jork- ers needed at the Watana site declines and some leave the area.However,due to basel ine forecast growth (i.e.growth unrelated to the project)the overall number of househol ds wi 11 conti nue to increase duri ng this period.The decline in Susitna projectrelated households could be somewhat larger during this period if it appears that the Devtl Canyon dam is going to be postponed. The fi gures above represent an overvi e\'1 of the i'1at-Su Borough housing market.Specific impacts can be judged best by looking at the community level.The majority of housing demand by project-related in- mi grants wi 11 be concentrated in the northern part of the borough.Vacancy rates in that area have hi s- tori cally been very low and demand is expected to ex- ceed supply,causing rapid construction and some inflation in land and housing prices.This will be discussed in greater detail in the sections below. E-5-48 { - - -Trapper Creek The availability of vacant housing in Trapper Creek has been extremely limited.For instance,in 1981, Trapper Creek contai ned roughly 68 househol ds and 69 housing units.Very low vacancy rates are expected to be the norm in the future,as well,as additional housing is .built only to satisfy definite needs.As Table E.5.31 shows,it is projected that the number of households and housing units in Trapper Creek will reach about 107 and 108,respectively,in 1990 tv/ithout the Susitna project). In contrast,it is expected that an additional 114 \'iorkers related to the project (71 direct and 43 sup- port)woul d be desi rous of settl i ng thei r househol ds in Trapper Creek,if the housing were available.This figure could be somewhat higher if a ldrge number of unemployed \'%rkers come into the area in the hope of .obtaining employment on the project. It is possible that speculative activity prior to the construction peak period will result in additional housing units being available to meet part of the in- crease in demand.Some families may reside temporar- ily in cabins or rooms owned by lodges in the area, and part of the housi ng needs may be met qui ckly by purchase of mobile homes and trail ers to be used on individual lots or in trailer parks.While there is not a 1 arge quanti ty of pri vate 1and in the Trapper Creek a rea,there is a suffi ci ent amount to support the expected population influx.It is probable that this large increase in demand for housing will lead to increases in land and housing prices. (iii)-Talkeetna As in Trapper Creek,the availability of vacant hous- ing in the area of Talkeetna has been extremely limit-· ed.In 1981,the housing stock consisted of 196 units,of \'ihich only tvlO were vacant.It is expected that this trend of low vacancy rates will continue. The population influx related to the Watana construc- tion phase will result in additional demand for hous- ing by about 71 direct and 16 support households (more if there is a large influx of job-seekers)coming into the area beb/een 1983 and 1990.Under basel i ne fore- cast conditions,only about six vacant housing units are expected to be available to accommodate these ne\'i famil i es. E-5-49 The expected shortfall in housing supply may be made up by specu1 ati ve advance constructi on,temporary res- idence in local lodges/hotels,the use of mobile homes and trailers,and rapid construction.There appears to be sufficient private land to accommodate this in- f1 ux.To the extent that the housi ng supply cannot meet demand,it is likely that some in-migrant fami- lies will find housing elsewhere in the northern part of the borough. -Cantwell In 1982,there were 27 vacant housing units in Cant- well.Many of these were somewhat remote or could be considered marginal as year-round housing.The number of vacant housi ng uni ts is not expected to increase under the Base Case. Housing \r~ill be provided for workers at the railhead, but not for famil ies of those workers.The demand for housi ng is expected to increase by approximately 115 househo1 ds between 1984 and 1986,as resu1 t of the project.Under the High Impact scenario,it is ex- pected that housing for all of these households ~/il1 be avai 1ab 1e,due to entrepreneuri a1 acti vity .Under the moderate impact scenario,it is projected that housing will be available for less than half of these households (55).The high case scenario will be com- prised of approximately 53 households of railhead con- structi on workers,seven other di rect househol ds and an estimated 55 families of secondary workers. Upon completion of the railhead,the number of con- struction workers living in Cantwell will decline,but this decline will be partially offset by the incoming families of additional workers stationed at the Watana site.By 1990,approximately 125 project-re1 ated households are expected to be living in Cantwell under the High Impact scenario (95 direct households and 30 remaining secondary households). Housing shortages in the first few months of 1985 are likely.It is possible that speculative activity pri or to the constructi on peak peri od will resu1 tin additional housing units being available to meet a portion of the increase in demand.Part of the hous- i ng needs may be met qui ck1y by purchase of mobil e homes and trailers to be used upon individual lots or trailer parks.The railhead construction workers will be more likely to seek rental housing or mobile homes/trailers due to their shorter stay in the area. E-5-50 - - ~,(i i) Entrepreneurial capabilities and attitudes toward risk \Iii 11 be important factors i nfl uenci n9 the amount and rate at whi ch housi ng becomes avai 1abl e.Some fami- lies may reside temporarily in rooms O\'ined by the lodges in the area though in the summer these fami 1i es wi 11 be competi ng for room wi th the touri sts to whom these lodges currently cater.It is likely that this 1arge increase in demand for housi ng wi 11 1ead to i n- creases in land and housing prices. Land availability could be a significant constraint to growth in Cantwell.Most of the pri vately owned 1 and in the Canbie11 area is owned by the Ahtna Native Cor- porati on.Development of thi s 1and for hous i ng for i n-mi grant hOlJsehol ds rel ated to the Susi tna project will be subject to Ahtna,Inc.IS appraisal of the economic feasibility of this development (51). Regional n,~, No si gni fi cant impacts are expected on housi ng condi- tions in the Railbelt,outside of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough.At the peak of construction of the Watana por- tion of the project (1990),the cumulative number of in-migrant households into the region is expected to total approximately 855,of which 170 will be households of direct workers on the project and 685 will be secon- dary househol ds.Thi s represents only 0.6 percent of the projected nlimber of households in the Railbelt in 1990.Based upon the assumptions that (1)the housing stock keeps pace \',i th basel i ne forecast hous i n9 demand and (2)vacancy rates average around 5 percent,the es- timated number of vacant housing units in the Railbelt in 1990 of 8,600 will be far more than sufficient to accommodate the in-migrants. (b)Watana -Operation Phase and Devil Canyon -Construction Phase (i)Local Table E.5.32 displays the impact of the project on hous- ing demand in the Local Impact Area during the Devil Canyon construction phase. -Mat-Su Borough As during the first phase of construction,direct \~orkers on the project wi 11 have on-si te housi ng pro- vided by the contractor and there will be housing available for the families of the administrative/en- gi neeri ng personnnel.To the extent that di rect or support workers choose to establish residences in bor- ough communities,local housing will be affected. E-5-51 As constructi on acti vi ty on the Devi 1 Canyon porti on of the project begins,another 50 project-related househol ds are expected to move into the tiiat-Su Bor- ough between 1995 and 1999.t40st of these househol ds will be related to in-migrant support workers,as it is probable that there will be enough direct \'Jorkers for the project among local resi dents and the workers who had stayed after construction on the Watana facil- ity was completed.Existing housing is expected to be more than adequate to accommodate these workers. -Trapper Creek Duri ng the Devi 1 Canyon constructi on phase,approxi,.. mately 13 additional families are expected to move into Trapper Creek between 1995 and 1999,reachi ng a cumulative number of 92 households in 1999 (about 33 percent of all households in the communi ty in that year).As this will be below the earlier Watana peak number of households,adequate housing is expected to be avai 1abl e.After 1999,project.-rel ated househol ds are agai n expected to move out of the area.Approxi- mately 63 of these families will remain in the commu- nity at the completion of construction. -Talkeetna Between 1995 and 1999,approximately 10 househol ds rel ated to the project are expected to move into Tal- keetna,bringing the cumulative number of families living in the community (related to the project)in 1999 to 77,and the total number of househol ds to 658.Adequate housing is expected to be available. At the end of construction of the project,about 64 project-rel ated househol as are expected to remai n in Talkeetna. -Cantwell Upon completion of the Watana portion of the project, it is expected that approximately 40 project-rel ated households will gradually move out of the area,and this could result in an oversupply of housing in the corrununity,along with a decline in the value of homes and real estate.The projected decline in housing demand woul d equal 20 percent of total househol ds oj n the community.No additional households are expected to move into Cantwell during the Devil Canyon phase of the project.By 1999,approximately 85 project- re1a ted households wi 11 be 1i vi ng in the communi ty , representing an increase of 91 percent over the number of househol ds projected to be in the communi ty under the Base Case. E-5-52 (c) (ii)Regional No measurable impacts on housing in the Railbelt are expected duri ng thi s phase of constructi on.In 1999, the peak year of Devil Canyon constructi on,a cumul ati ve total of 489 project-related households will have moved into the region,representing 0.3 percent of the total number of households in the area.Adequate housing is expected to be available. Watana and Dev"il Canyon Operati on Phases As construction of the Devil Canyon facilities is completed,it is expected that some househol ds of project-rel ated \'1orkers wi 111 eave the area.Trapper Creek and Cantwell \'/i 11 be most affected by thi s decl i ne in housi ng demand.In botll communi- ti es,approximately 30 househol ds are expected to 1eave the area between 1999 and 2003.An oversupply of housing could resul t. The combined operation phase of the project will require a di rect \'Iork force of about 170.All of these workers and thei r families will have housing at the site.There will be no im- pacts on housing conditions in communities in the area. About 254 of the original 374 households which moved into com- muni ti es in the ~1a t-Su Borough are expected to rema in in the region.The decline in number of households is not expected to have any impact,as the popul ati on of the borough is growi ng rapi dly anyway and the modest decl i ne will occur over a 13 year period (1990-2003). E-5-53 3.5 -Displacement and Influences on Residences and Businesses .The potenti al for di spl acement of resi dences and busi nesses by pro- ject facilities and for changing business activity are discussed in tilis section.As can be seen from the follO\iingdiscussion,dis- placement impacts will be very small,due to the rural nature of the impact area and the pl anni ng i nvol ved in the routi ng of the pro- ject.Other influences on business activity as result of the pro- ject \'/ill be far more important. (a)Residences Al though some cabi ns used intermittently by hunters,trappers and recreationists will be displaced by the project,no per- manent resi dences are expected to be inundated or other\<d se di spl aced.Some resi dents of the upper basi n may vol untarily leave the area for other wilderness regions in response to in- creased construction and recreational activities. The transmission line is currently routed to avoid all knovm resi dences and other improvements;however,there are a few privately owned parcel s of 1 and that may have improvements on them.The status of these 1ands and potenti al improvements on them wi 11 .be updated by ongoi ng studies.If there were any displaced residences,displacement would occur during the con- struction phase of Watana. (b)Businesses There are no known busi nesses that wi 11 be di spl aced by the reservoirs,the transmission lines or other project-related structures or acti vi ti es.However,there are busi nesses that will be indirectly influenced by the project. ~lost busi ness in the upper basi n are dependent upon abundance of fish,pig game and furbearer species.These activities in- clude guiding,lodging,trapping,river and lake fishing and other recreation.Partial short term displ acement of such en- terprises by construction activity may occur,but as each dam becomes operational,increased access to the area will probably increase business opportunities. During the construction phase of each darn,gUides are expected to adjust to changes in abundance and location of fish and game species.When both dams are in operation,guides may benefit from increased access to wilderness areas. Lodges cateri ng to hunters and fi shennen wi 11 be affected by the same factors as the gui des,and coul d fi nd new opportuni- ties to offer access to activities such as cross country skiing or to provide facilities for business conferences. Trappers vlill be affected by loss of habitat for furbearers. The amount and location of harvestable salmon could change,but long term impacts on the activities of Cook Inlet commercial· E-5-54 - - ,.,.,., ,~ fi shermen,recreati onal fi shermen,and other user groups are expected to be small rel ati ve to recent acti vi ty 1evel s of these groups.Some estimations of economic and related impacts on commercial,recreational,and subsistence users of fish,big game and furbearer speci es are bei ng conducted in an ongoi ng study.Some preliminary results from this ongoing study are reported in Section 3.7.This ongoing ~"ork may be included as part of 1ater studies if the projected impacts on harvestabl e stocks suggest that the user groups could be significantly im- pacted. Impacts on other types .of recreati on\'1i 11 include the loss of secti ons of the Susitna River to whi te-waterkayaking,but gen- eral recreational use is expected to increase as a result of improved access when both dams are in operation .. One active mining site,#1 Moose Creek,will be totally inun- dated.The project may be beneficial to other mining activi- ties by improving access,hence allowing existing claims to be worked more profitably and facilitating discovery of new depos- its.Most of these·benefi ts woul d begi n to accrue when both dams are in operation and if miners are permitted to use access routes created by construction and operation activities. Business activity will increase along the Parks Highway between Anchorage and Fairbanks during the mid to late 1980 l s as a re- sul t of rail head constructi on and operation at Cantwell,con- struction of the access road and camp,and construction of the dam and related facilities at Watana.In general,it is ex- pected that the construction,transportation,wholesale and retail trade,real estate and services sectors \"/ill benefit. Busi nesses that are contracted to provi de speci fi c goods or services such as fuel,communications,housekeeping,trucking, helicopter or airplane support will benefit.Existing support sector businesses such as restaurants,service stations,lodg- i ng establ i shments,reta;1 food stores,etc.,wi 11 expand and new businesses \'/i11 be started.Table E.5.33 shows the esti- mated number of secondary (support)jobs that wi 11 be created by the project in the region (along the Parks High\"/ay between and including Anchorage and Fairbanks). The project is expected to have a significant impact on busi- ness activity in Cantwell,a significant but lesser impact on Trapper Creek,and still less of an impact on Talkeetna,Hous- ton,Wasilla,Fairbanks,Anchorage,and Palmer.Cantwell IS businesses will have increased sales because a relatively large population will relocate there and because it is the community along the access route located nearest to the construction site.The new residents will have spending patterns similar to those residents now living in Cantwell and the \'1orkers ...,ho pass through Cantwell are expected to concentrate their expenditures E-5-55 on food,beverages,1 odgi ng and rel ated i terns.Each of the other cities or communities mentioned above,except for Palmer, wi 11 experi ence the same types of impacts as CanbJell but the impacts will be less pronounced.Because Palmer is not on the Parks Highway and,therefore,not subject to pass-through work- ers,it will not receive business stimulus from this source. During 1985 -1990,there could be temporary shortages of goods and services in some of the smaller communities where workers pass-through and/or settl e.For exampl e,the communi ty of Cantwell will experience significant pass-through and settle- ment in 1985 -1986.Currently,most residents get their food and household items in Anchorage.Unless businesspersons plan and prepare for providing considerably more products in their stores in Cantwell,there could be frequent temporary shortages of these products. Another possibility is that the smaller communities could have excess retail capacity in the early to mid-1990s and from 2000 onward.This would be the case if these communities make per- manent rather than temporary business adjustments to the de- mands of the peak work force and associated relocating workers. The estimated number of secondary jobs created by the project in the ~lat-Su Borough is sho\'m in Table E.5.33.Most of these jobs \'Iill be created in Ta,lkeetna,Trapper Creek and unincor- porated areas of the borough.It is estimated that about 55 percent of these jobs will be filled by current residents of the borough.These jobs will have a significant impact on the unincorporated communities and areas because employment is sea- sonal or sporadic and the unemployment rate at any time of the year is probably quite high.Because most of these jobs \'Jill be filled by second job holders (spouses and young people)in the base population and dependents of in-migrating workers, they will create very beneficial economic impacts because they \'Jill add to family income without adding significantly to the population. The Susitna project will create a significant number of jobs for the regi on and the Mat-Su Borough.These are shown in Table E.5.34 along with forecasts of jobs in the Base Case for the region and the Mat-Su Borough.It is apparent from this tabl e that duri ng the constructi on phases,the number of jobs created in the region by the project is small yet significant when compared to the Base Case forecast of jobs for the re- gion.During construction,the project will increase the total number of jobs available in the region by two to three percent. It is also apparent from Table E.5.34 that during the construc- tion phases,the number of jobs created in the t,lat-Su Borough by the project is large and significant \'Ihen compared to the E-5-56 - Base Case forecast of jobs for the borough.The ratio of jobs created to jobs forecast ranges fromS7 percent in the peak constructi on year.1990,to seven percent in the 1ull between the end of construction at Watana and the start of construction at Devil Canyon. Competition for labor in the region will increase as construc- tion workers are recruited for the project.Not only will con- struction workers leave their existing jobs,but some secondary workers will also leave their jobs.This will create more com- petition for labor and will result in higher wages and salaries for several types of 1abor in the regi on.Thi s wi 11 tend to increase the pri ces of 1oca lly produced goods and servi ces. E-5-57 3.6 -Fiscal Impact Analysis:Evaluation of Incremental Local Government Expenditures and Revenues (a)Watana -Construction Phase (i)Local -Mat-Su Borough The expendi tures by the Ma t-Su Borough wi th and \<li thout the proj ect have been proj ected on a per capi ta bas is, in 1981 real doll ars.It was assumed that current per capita expenditures would be applicable to the future. Other major assumptions regarding revenue projections include:(l)that there will be real growth in property values,(2)future increases will be realized in the mill rates,and that (3)certain per capita receipts of s tate shared funds,federal shared funds and muni ci pa 1 assistance funds will be forthcoming. Currently,and in recent hi story,the borough has man- aged to spend more than has been raised conventionally. Thus the per capi ta spendi ng 1 evel s used in these pro- jections imply that the borough is able to continue meeting local needs/wants through state grants.To the extent that the borough may be unable to obtain state grants at the same levels as in the past,the projected level of disparity between revenues and expenditures may not be realized. In the follO\'1ing discussion,analysis of projected rev- enues and expenditures is made.Comparisons between the future with the project and a future without the project (Base Case)are hi ghl i ghted as are compari sons between expenditures and revenues.Four different funds are di scussed.It must be pointed out that di scussi ng i n- dividual funds is used here as a means of identifying the impact items only.General fund revenues contain some funds that are collected as non-area wide taxes and which therefore contribute to the service areas fund. Likewise,some property taxes are collected into the general fund for education.Thus,an attempt to aggre- gate over the four funds di scussed below \'/oul d 1ead to some double counting of revenues and is,therefore, avoided. The figures used in in the following discussion may be found in or can be derived from Table E.5.35.All the impacts mentioned are based on total population influx estimates including the population associated with both the di rect constructi on workers and secondary workers. Di rect impacts are proporti onal to the di rect con E-5-58 structi on workers and associ ated popul ati ons.In 1985 and 1990,the direct population influx \'/ill account for 78 percent of total population influx.This proportion wi 11 i ncreaseto 93 percent in 1994 as some of the sec- ondary workers leave after completion of Watana.At the hei gilt of Devi 1 Canyon constructi on,thi s proportion is expected to drop again to 86 percent as some indirect and induced populations are attracted by the ne\'I level of activity.Direct impacts can therefore be inferred from Table E.5.35 by applying these percentages. Projected impacts on revenues and expenditures as a result of the project will be small.Most of the growth in the borough budget will be related to Base Case popu- lation growth.The service areas fund \'Iill experience higher relative impacts than any other fund..This im- pact will be felt mainly in the revenues.According to Tables £.5.35 and £.5.36,service areas fund revenues will be increased by the project by more than 20 percent during each of the key years.The highest impacts rel a- ti ve to the basel i ne wi 11 occur in 1990 at 30.7 per- cent.Although the absolute magnitudes involved are small,the service areas revenues are important since they represent the abi 1i ty to provi de servi ces in those communi ti es 1 ike Tal keetna and Trapper Creek where pro- ject impacts will be most apparent.. Revenues According to the projections,all the four major reve- nue funds of the borough,including general funds, service areas funds,land management,and school dis- tri ct funds wi 11 grow between no\'I and the end of the Watana dam constructi on peri ad.All the four funds will approximately double from current levels by the year 1990 and will have more than doubled by 1994. This growth will occur with or without the project. During this period,the greatest project impact in terms of deviation from tile baseline projections will occur in the service areas fund.It is projected that the 1990 service areas revenues ($3.3 million)will exceed the baseline revenue projections ($2.6 million) by about 30 percent as result of the population influx during construction at Watana.Even as early as 1985, the serv;ce areas fund wi 11 have an incremental impact over the Base Case of 21 percent,\O,hil e the other .funds will be relatively unaffected by construction acti vi ty. E-5-59 The education fund,which in absolute magnitude is greater than the other three funds combined,will ex- peri ence incremental impacts of the project amounti ng to 1ess than one percentage poi nt in the years 1985 and 1990.In 1994 the educati on fund revenues wi th the project exceed the education fund Base Case by 1.3 percent (approximately $800,000).The general fund revenues and 1and management fund revenues wi 11 re- ceive relatively little impact . .Expenditures In percentage tenns,expenditures are expected to rise less than revenues,as result of the project.In ab- solute terms,however,revenues and expenditures will ri se by approximately the same amount for two of the funds (the general fund and the land management fund). The education fund and the service areas funds experi- ence revenue impacts that are of different magnitude from expenditure impacts.In 1990 the education rev- enues impacts are $1.2 million while the corresponding expenditure incremental impact is expected to be $1.7 mi 11 ion.On the other lland,servi ce at·eas funds ex- peri ence more project re1 ated incremental growth in revenues than in expenditures. It must be pointed out,·however,that in all four major fund categori es,expendi tures are expected to be hi gher than revenues.Wi th the excepti on of the edu- cation fund,the incremental expenditures due to the project generally do not exceed $200,000 in 1985 or 1990 for any fund.Expendi tures of the educati on fund in 1990 are projected to increase by $1.7 million,for a 2.8 percent increase over a Base Case estimate of $59.4 million.This is the highest absolute impact on any fund expenditure or revenue item that year . .Comparing Expenditures to Revenues With or without the project,expenditures are project- ed to exceed revenues in tlle Ma t-Su Borough budget. Thus,there will be deficits with or without the project.In 1990 the deficit situation will not be a ffected by the proj ect in the general nor the 1and management funds,but will \"Iorsen by $0.5 million in the educati on fund and improve by $0.6 mi 11 ion in the service areas funds. It is expected that the borough will have to increase service substantially in the service areas such as Talkeetna and Trapper Creek due to the project activi- E-5-60 - - ties.A substantial portion of the service area rev- enues comes from the state shared funds and muni ci pal assi stance funds.Consequently,there are 1i kely to be time 1ags between the time these servi ces are i ni- tially required and the arrival of funds.A portion of the borough general fund comes from the state i 11 form of school debt servi ce reimbusement.Recent 1eg- islation has increased this funding level to cover 90 percent of the school bond debt servi ce and has re- duced the reimbursement lag so that state funds can be available within the same fiscal year as the expendi- tures.This should provide some relief. Implicit in the projections is the assumption that the property taxes wi 11 grm'J both due to an expand;ng tax .base and al so from increased mi 11 rates and may con- stitute more than the current 30 percent ~hare of the servi ce areas fund revenues.If thi s \flere to happen, the problem of ti me 1ags coul d become even more a- cute.There is usually a time lag bet,,/een the time property is assessed and put on tax roll s and the re- ceipt of tax dollars.In the mean time,new services may be required but face a funds shortfall.Al though this has not been a big problem according to the bor- ough budget di rector,it coul d be in the future when the spending levels get larger with increased popula- tions.(52) -Tal keetna Talkeetna is not incorporated and therefore cannot col- lect taxes.As a result,the fiscal pressures and bene- fits of the project will be felt in the borough budget. In 1981 the borough coll ected $71 ,000 on behal f of the communi ty of Tal keetna.It is proj ected that in 1985 this collection will have grown to $98,000 without the project.Wi th the project,an addi ti onal $900 is ex- pected.In 1990,revenue collections without the project could amount to $164,200.With the project,the corresponding figure would be $178,900,or $14,700 more. -Cantwell Cantwell has no local .government and is located in an unorganized borough.Thus,the only local entities that will experience fiscal impacts from the project will include the non-profit group,Community of Cantwell, Inc.and the Railbelt School District . . E-5-61 The orlly revenue source upon \'ihi cll the Communi ty of Cantwell,Inc.can depend on an annual basi sis state revenue sharing;this usually averages between $25,000-32,000 per year for uni ncorporated communiti es, and is not based upon the size of population.Thus,it is not expected that the increase in population in Cant- \'iell will be reflected in 'an increase in revenues. Due to the uni ncorporated nature of the communi ty,ex- penditures \'/ill not necessarily need to increase either.The population influx is not expected to have a large impact on the planned fire station,with the ex- cepti on of an increased need for vol unteer fi re- fighters.However,if the community felt that addition- al expenditures were needed for community facilities (such as a new sol i d waste di sposal area)due to the population influx related to the project,it is probable that the addi ti anal revenue waul d be sought by way of state grants.At some point in the future,Cant\'lellmay deci de to incorporate in order to wi den its revenue base and provide more facilities and services for the resi- dents there. The Rail bel t school di stri ct wi 11 be faced wi th an i n- crease in both expenditures and revenues as a result of the population influx associated with the project. It is estimated that expansi on of the Cantwell school will be needed,and the financing for this expansion woul d need to be requested from the state 1egi sl ature. The school di stri ct expects there \'ioul d be a one year 1ag bebteen a request for revenue for a capital project of this type and the receipt of authorization.Another two years \'Joul d be requi red for pl anni ng and construc- tion.Present construction costs average around $140-$240 per square foot. Operati ng expenses at the school woul d also increase to refl ect the 250 percent increase i n enroll ment.The additi on of between seven and ni ne teachers woul d resul t in an increase in expendi tures for teachers sal ari es, alone,of $245,000 to $315,000 in real dollars.Other operati ng expenses coul d al so be expected to increase proportionately.Total expenses coul d be expected to reach approximately $875,000 by 1990. The increase in enrollment will also result in addi- tional revenues for the school district.Based upon the present average revenue of $8,683 per school child,1990 revenues for the school di strict coul d be expected to rise by approximately $825,000 under the high impact scenario. E-5-62 - - - - F"" , .... (b) (ii)Regional The project is not expected to have significant regional ililpacts duri ng thi s or sUbsequent phases of deve10pement. For further discussion of this refer to Frank Orth &Asso- ciates,Inc.,April 1982 (1). Watana -Operation Phase Devil Canyon -Construction Phase (i)Local -~lat-Su Overall the borough revenues and expenditures will con- tinue to grow during this period,\'lhich is expected to last from 1994 to 2002.The foll owi ng is an ana1ysi s of at revenues and expenditures at selected intervals dur- ing this period . . /Revenues General Fund By 1994 general fund revenues wi 11 have grown from a 1981 level of $15.3 million to a baseline projection of $32.2 million.These revenues could,however, reach a higher level at $32.9 million in the presence of Susitna project activities.The incremental impact is an approximate 2.2 percent increase over the base- line forecast.In 1999 the correspondi ng forecast for the general fund revenues are $39.9 mi 11 i on and $40.7 million and shO\'I an incremental impact over the Base Case of 2 percent.This trend of diminishing relative impacts continues and is reflected in the projections for the year 2002 when the project impact over and beyond the Base Case forecast wi 11 be 1.8 percent. The dollar amount is estimated at $0.8 mill ion. Service Area Fund At the start of the Watana operati on phase and the early stages of Devil Canyon construction (1994),the service areas fund revenues will have grO\'In to $3.8 million compared to a baseline forecast of $3.0 mil- lion.The incremental impact relative to the Base Case will equal about 26.6 percent (compared to the 1990 impact of close to 30 percent).The absolute magnitude of the impact itself would be $0.8 million. By 1999 the abso1 ute magni tude of the impact is pro- jected to equal one million dollars.Relative to the baseline forecast for that year,this translates to a E-5-63 27.8 percent increment.At the completion of the Devi 1 Canyon constructi on phase in 2002,the i ncre- mental impact of the proj ect \'Ioul d be 24.4 percent based on a Base Case forecast of $4.1 million 1n rev- enues and a project scenario revenue level of $5.1 million. Land Management Fund Land management fund revenues are the smallest of the four funds consi dered.Ouri ng thi s phase of develop- ment'the greatest impact on land management revenues is projected to occur in 2002.This will be a 3 per- cent impact but will be negligible ($0.1 million)in absolute magnitude. School District Fund The baseline forecast for this phase shows that school funds grow from $60.4 million in 1994 to.$78.7 million in 1999 and $90.8 million in 2002.The corresponding incremental impacts of the project are estimated at respectively 1.3 percent,1.4 percent,and 0.9 per- cent.In no case does the absolute increment exceed a mill i on doll ars. .Expenditures General Fund Incremental impacts in the general fund expenditures are projected to be no hi gher than 1.5 percent of the Base Case in 1994.The baseline expenditure for that year is $39 million.In 1999,expenditures will have grown to $49.8 million in the Base Case and $50.4 mil- l ion,assumi ng the project scenari 0 thus resul ti ng in an incremental impact of 1.2 percent.The reduction in relative incremental impacts is also shown in the 2002 projections where the impacts amount to 0.8 per- cent. Service Areas Fund With the project,the service areas fund expenditures are projected to experience somewhat higher percentage incrementa1 impacts than wi 11 the general fund expen- di tures.Servi ce areas expenditures wi 11 be increased by $0.2 million in each of the years 1994,1999,and 2002 1ead;n9 to correspondi ng percentage impacts of 1.8 percent,1.3 percent,and 1.1 percent.These es- timates are based on baseline projections of $11.4 million,$15.5 million,and $18.7 million,respective- ly. E-5-64 - ~. ~. Land management fund Actual changes in the Base Case expenditures due to the project are forecast to be small. School District Expenditures Relative to the Base Case and also in absolute terms, the incremental impacts in the school district expen- di tures are forecast to be greater than those of the other borough funds.In 1994,impacts on expendi tures are projected to be 1.8 percent of the $74.0 million baseline.The corresponding impact levels for the years 1999 and 2002 are respecti vely 1.4 percent and 1.9 percent.Of the three years considered,1999 will experience the largest absolute impact at $1.4 million . .Comparing expenditures to revenues As in the Watana constructi on phase,revenues and ex- pendi tures wi 11 grow duri ng the second phase of de- velopment.This grO\'/th is depicted in the projections that assume construction and operation of the project as well as in the Base Case.Over time,a wi deni ng gap between expenditures and revenues is forecast and wi 11 occur with or wi thout the project.In general, the growing deficit situation is not forecast to be worsened nor alleviated by development of the pro- ject.However,examination of individual funds re- veals that school district deficits get slightly worse whi 1e general funds and servi ce areas funds tend to experience some improvement with the project.The amount of relief or additional burden,hO\'.Jever,is dwarfed by the overall size of the deficits involved. -Talkeetna Revenue collections on behalf of Talkeetna are projected to grow in the Base Case from $164,200 in 1990 to $226,600 in 1994 and to $355,100 in 1999.The corres- pondi ng growth 'I,i th the project is forecast to be from $178,900 in 1990 to $237,600 in 1994 and again to $368,600 by the year 1999.The incremental project im- pacts in 1994 and 1999 are therefore $11,000 and $13,500 compared to $14,700 in 1990.These increments will con- tribute to growth of the service areas fund. -Cantwell As the Watana construction phase is completed,it is expected that between 100 and 125 project-rel ated resi- dents will leave CantrJell (though the population and E-5-65 scl1001 enrollment in Cantwell are expected to remain al most twi ce as 1arge as \'Iou1 d be the case under the Base Case).This would be reflected in a decline in any per capita state revenues that the community receives. The school district will also be faced with a decline in both revenues and expenditures as the enrollment in the school declines by about 30-children.Over-capacity in the school,and any resul ti ng fi nanci a1 burden,may be avoided by careful planning. (c)Watana and Devil Canyon -Operation Phases (i)Local -Mat-Su Borough In 2002 the construction of Devil Canyon is expected to be comp1 ete.The fi seal impacts on the borough for the period after 2002 are discussed below . .Revenues To the general funds the project presence \'1il1 add $0.8 million to a Base Case revenue of $45.2 million or 1.8 percent in 2002.The same dollar amount will be added in 2005 to a baseline projection of $51.4 million thus causing an impact of 1.6 percent.One million dollars will be added by the project to the servi ce areas fund in 2002 for an impact of 24 per- cent.In 2005 $1.2 mill i on Vii 11 be added"to a Base Case revenue of $4.6 mi 11 i 011 to produce an impact of 26.1 percent in the servi ce areas revenues. The land management fund will,both in 2002 and 2005, experience a project impact of $0.1 million.In rela- ti ve terms the percentage impact on the Base Case \'/i 11 be 3 percent and 2 percent.School di stri ct funds will be increased by $0.8 million in 2002 and by $0.7 million in 2005 because of the project.Since the Base Case revenues for these years are respectively $90.8 and $104.5 million,the percentage increments due to the project are 0.9 percent and 0.7 percent . .Expenditures In terms of individual funds,the least likely to be influenced by the project is the land management fund.The impact on the general fund will be $0.5 million in both 2002 and 2005.Compared to the Base E-5-66 - ..... ..... ..... Case expendi tures these impacts are respecti vely 0.9 percent and 0.8 percent.The servi ce areas fund is expected to increase by $0.2 million in 2002 and $0.1 million in 2005 due to the project.Landmanagement funds will be unaffected in both years while the edu- cation funds will experience a project impact of $1.1 mill i on as incremental expenditures in each of the two years considered.School district expenditures in the Base Case will grow from $113.2 million in 2002 to $130.6 million in 2005 while the project scenario shows growth from $114.3 to $131.7 million during this period.Thus the impacts of the project are estimated at 0.9 percent and 0.8 percent,identical to the gen- eral fund expenditures. -Tal keetna In the Base Case the borough is projected to collect $355,100 on behalf of Talkeetna in 2002 and this will grow to $549,600 by 2005.Wi th the project the corres- ponding collections are expected to be $466,600 and $560,500.The incremental impacts due to the project in each of these years will therefore be lower both in ab- solute magnitude and also relative to the baseline than the 1990 forecasts. E-5-67 3.7 -LOCAL AND REGIONAL IMPACTS ON FISH AND WILDLIFE USER GROUPS (a)Fi sh (i)Methodology The impacts to Al aska IS fi shery resources whi ch \'1oul d resu1 t from constructi on of the Susitna dams depends upon loss of habitat rather than specific loss of fish. The river habitat is viewed as a production ground cap- able of producing a number of fish each year.The exact numbers produced depend upon many aquati c and envi ron- mental conditions which vary over time. The data avail abl e to eval uate the potenti al impact of the proposed dams,particularly for the salmon resource, consi st of poi nt estimates of the river system}s produc- ti on capabil i ty.These data are for the 1981 salmon runs.Si nce the research necessary to eval uate poten- tial impacts on the river habitat has not been complet- ed,the point estimates for the 1981 level o"f resource production is used in this section.This methodology requi res the qual Hi cati on that potenti al impacts mayor may not be accurate,dependi ng on \'1hether 1981 was a representative year. Specific impacts on fishery resources are discussed,to the extent possi bl e in the secti on immedi ately follow- ing.In later sections,users of the resources are dis- cussed by the categories of commercial,sport and sub- sistence use. (ii)The Commercial Fishery A basi c assumpti on has been made that the commerci al fishery for salmon produced in the Susitna system occurs only in Upper Cook Inlet.The Upper Cook Inlet is divided into tv/o management divisions;the Central Dis- trict and the Northern District.The most important distinction between the two is that both set and drift gillnets are allowed in the Central District whereas set gillnets only are allowed in the Northern District. Table £.5.37 shows the average annual commercial catch and val ue from the fi shery in the Upper Cook In1 et.The most important species,from the standpoint of economic value,is sockeye salmon.The average annual sockeye ex-vessel val ue for the ten-year peri od from 1972 to E-5-68 1981 was $8,499,102.The average annual catch was 8,854,263 pounds.The second most important species in terms of value is chum salmon.The average annual chum catch was 4,900,471 pounds,giving an average annual exvessel value of $2,619,546.The other species in des-· cendi ng 9rder ofeconomi c importance in the Upper Cook Inlet are coho,pinks and chinooks.The actual catch and value fluctuates for each species from year to year, but the ten-year average provi des a reasonabl e i ndi ca- tion of recent trends (53 and 54). The number of participants in the commercial salmon fishery are limited to the number of permits issued. The numbers of drift gill net and set gillnet permits for Cook Inlet for the years 1975 to 1981 are shown in Table E.5.38.It shoul d be noted that a small number of the set net permi ts,perhaps 10 percent,a re from outs ide the Upper Cook Inlet.The total number of permits used in 1981 \'ias 1,161 (55).With an average of two people per boat for the dri ft gill net boats and an average of 2.5 people per set net site,the total number of fisher- .men in Upper Cook Inlet woul d be approximately 2,468 people (data on the average number of persons fishing are from ADF&G,February 1982 (56)).The catch distri- buti on between the di fferent gear types vari es by spe- cies due to the different areas fished.Chinooks are taken mostly in the set net fishery whereas chum salmon are taken mostly in the dri ft net fi shery.The other speci es are taken on a more even bas is.In general the set net fi shery takes more of the coho and pi nk catch whi 1e the drift net fi shery takes more of the sockeye catch. -Specific Impacts The specific impacts which would result from construc- tion of the Susitna dams have not been determined in a manner whi ch allows accurate quanti fi cati on.For the salmon resources,for example,there are ·point es- timates for the 1981 and 1982 escapements of fi sh passing upriver from Talkeetna.This upstream stretch of the river,from Talkeetna to Devil Canyon,is where many of the impacts would occur.It would be errone- ous to assume that two point estimates provide an ac- curate representation of the actual productive capa- city of the river.Similarly,it could be misleading to assign values to potential losses to the fishery resource based only on these estimates since the bio- logical impacts of construction of the Susitna dams have not been resolved. E-5-69 Gi ven these qual ifi ca t ions,the fo 11 O\'ii ng di scuss ion 'may be useful as an example of order of magni tude of potential project impacts on the commercial fisher- ies.The largest potential impact above Talkeetna wou1 d be to chum sa1hlOn si nce thi s speci es ut"ll i ze sloughs in addi ti on to the mainstream Sus itna Ri ver for spawning.In 1981,an estimated 20,835 chums passed upriver past the Talkeetna Station.Using this fi gure of 20,835 fi sh and assumi ng a worst case that the dams would result in a 100 percent loss,a loss to the total Cook Inlet chum run of 45,837 fish would be indicated.This assumes a catch:escapement ratio of 2.2:1.By these assumptions,then,a potential ex-vessel value of $214,517 could'have been lost to 'the commerc ia1 fi shery in 1981. This estimate shou1 d not be interpreted as a preci se figure since it is based upon incomplete biological data.It does,however,provide a point estimate for the potential post-project loss to the Upper Cook Inlet commercial fishery for chum salmon based on a number of assumpti ons.Tab1 e E-5-39 shows a simi 1ar set of calculations for SOCkeye,pink,chum and coho losses which could have occurred during 1981 and 1982, assuming as a worst case there would be a post- project loss of 100 percent above Talkeetna (54 and 58).There is insufficient biological impact data to ascertai n whether or not thi sis a reasonabl e assump- tion. The potential losses estimated for chum salmon are the highest of the four species inclUded,being $214,517 for 1981 and $428,604 for 1982.Similar estimates for coho,pi nk and sockeye can be seen in Table E-5-39. Chinook salmon were not included in estimates of po- tential losses since Susitna chinook are not caught in significant quantities by the commercial fishery. It shoul d al so be carefully noted that the cal cul a- tions are based upon a catch:escapement ratio of 2.2:1 for coho,chum and sockeye;and a catch:escapement ratio of 3.8:1 for pink.These ratios are statewide averages used by AOF&G and mayor may not be accurate in this application.They are,however,the best data available for use at the time of this writing. E-5-70 - - ..... (iii)The Sport Fishery Discussions with sport fish biologists have indicated that potenti al impacts to the sport fi shery \'Ihi ch \\'oul d occur if the Susi tna dams were constructed woul d be in three main areas.One area would be the impoundment area of the proposed dams and the areas downstream.A second area of potential impact would be upstream of the impoundment areas in the main stream Susitna and pos- sibly into some of the tributaries such as the Lake Loui se -Lake Susitna -Tyone Lake areas.The thi rd woul d consi st of areas \'/hi ch caul d be reached from the access route,between the Denal i Hi gh\'1ay and the Watana site. The area and 1evel of impact to resi dent and mi gratory fi shery resources whi cll waul d resul t from the Sus itna dams construction has not been determined.This makes the task of evaluating the potential impact of the dam construction difficult.Data on specific angler use of the Susitna and tributaries above the Talkeetna con- fluence are virtually nonexistent.There are data des- cribing use patterns on the lower Susitna and main trib- utaries which will be presented in summary. The East Susi tna Drai nage -West Cook Inl et -West Su- sitna Drainage areas consist of some of the major sport fishing areas of the state,such as:the Deshka River, Alexander Creek,Talachulitna River,Willo\'I Creek,~10n tana Creek,Cl ear Creek,Sheep Creek and others.In these two areas,there was over 97 thousand angler days fi shed in 1981 (57). A summary of the sport fi sh catch by major speci es and total number of angler days expended in the lower Susitna Drainage is shown in Table E.5.40.Many of the areas included in this table may be out of the area of impact from the Susi tna dams,but they do i ndi cate 1evel s of angl er acti vi ty.Research is currentl y underway to more fully define the level of impacts to the sport fishery and place a value to sport fishermen of the fishery resources which would potentially be lost as a resul t of constructi on of the Susi tna dams.These necessary data and analyses \'/ill be available in the future. (iv)Subsistence Fishing The subsi stence catch of fi sh produced by the Susi tna system di scussed in thi s section refers only to the catch from Cook Inlet.Subsistence fishing does occur in the Susitna system,but there are no data available wi th \'/hi ch to eval uate the magni tude of the catch of that fishery. E-5-7l The subsistence catch of salmon by species and year for the period 1969 to 1981 is shown in Table E.5.41.Dur- i ng that peri ad,the number of permi ts increased from 330 to 1178,wi th most of the i ncreaseoccurri ng from 1979 to 1981.The catch of salmon has followed the same pattern as the number of permits,increasing rapidly after 1978 to the largest catch in 1980 of 16,973. Overall,sockeye and coho contribute most to the total catch.In the last two years shown,hm'lever,1980 and 1981,the chinook catch was very significant with over 2,000 fi sh taken each year,representi ng 13 to 14 per- cent of the total catch (58). The value of the subsi stence catch shaul d be determi ned using a shadow price.The ex-vessel price of the salmon is not an appropriate measure since it can be assumed that subsi stence fi sh are food rather than producti on input to a processing plant.A more appropriate measure of value would be the retail cost of salmon delivered to the poi nt of subsi stence capture,or the pri ce of an equally desirable alternative food source.These valua- ti on estimates (shadow pri ces)have not yet been made, but will be made as part of an ongoing project on fish- ery resource valuation by user category. E-5-72 - """" -- ~: - (b)Game (i)Con~ercial Strictly speaking there is no commercial'use of big game.fVlost game animal s are hunted for recreation and not for commercial purposes.In the following discus- s;on,a descr"iption of indirect commercial use by var- i ous secondary i ndustri es that to some degree depend on big game resources is presented~ -Guides and Guide Services GUiding is a common part of hunting in Alaska.Non- resi dents have been requi red to hi re guides if they are hunting certain species.Recent legislation makes it mandatory for nonresi dents to use gui des for all species in the future.Since the services offered by some gui des cover the whol e spectrum of the hunter support activities,this section describes the support industry as a whole.. Gui des who make at 1 east part of thei r annual income from big game hunting activity may be divided into three groups -assi stant gui des,regi stered gui des, and master gui des.Assi stant gui des cannot execute contracts with clients,but must work for a registered guide. Registered guides are fUlly licensed operators and may own exclusive guide areas or operate in joint areas \'Jhere they can gui de cl i ents and ful fi 11 thei r con- tractual obl i gati ons.Excl usi ve gui de areas are recogni zed as assets and may be transferred for a fee from one gui de to another as long as the transfer is recorded at the Game Li cens i ng and Co ntro 1 Board. A master gui de is a regi stered gui de who has been in busi ness for along time and is nomi nated by t\'IO of his contemporaries. Servi ces offered by gui des vary from person to person and so do the servi ce charges.In some cases a full range of services may include,but not be limited to: -Transportation; -Lodging; -Guides,including assistant guides of which each registered guide is by law limited to three; -Cooks; Boat transportation; -Equipment for camping. E-5-73 To provide this range of services requires con- siderable investment. Impacts on the gui di ng industry are expected to be of an i ndi rect nature.Were the proj ect to reduce the number of avail-abl e harvestabl e animal s,it is con- ceivable that this would reduce hunting opportuni- ties.This would in turn reduce the number of hunters that can hunt each year.Reduced numbers of hunters translate into reduced business for the guiding indus- try.Further analysis of this impact possibility is pending. -Lodge Operators. The land use study report of April,1982 (59)identi- fi ed three di fferent lodges in the project area.They i ncl ude the Stephan Lake lodge,the Hi gh Lake lodge, and the Tsusena Lake lodge.All are currently \iell maintained and are used either year-round or on a sea- sonal basis.Current use ranges from private fishing and hunting to guided fishing and hunting to com- mercial lease. The lodge on Tsusena Lake is now used for pri vate hunting,fishing and recreation.The High Lake lodge is 1eased to Acres Ameri can Incorporated for work on the Susitna Hydro project studies.In the past this has been a seasonal rather than a year~round operation. The Stephan Lake lodge which is operated on a commercial basis as a base for guided hunting and fishing,is re-ported to have 10 structures.The current operator also maintains seven cabins which are used as outreach bases ·for hunting and fishing in the more remote areas.The Lodge offers full servi ces, including guided hunting and fishing,and handles six to ei ght hunters and about 30 fi shi ng recreati oni sts each year (60). The services for the most part are package deals. These include: -Air transportation to and from the lodge and hunt- i ng grounds" -Lodging during the hunt.The lodge itself is used and so are the cabi ns.When necessary,tent camps are set up if hunting is to be done in areas too far away from the lodge and the cabin locations. -Guided hunting and fishing.For hunting,available species include bear,moose,and sheep.This par- ticular operation does not provide gUided hunting for caribou or goat. E-5-74 - - F'"' I (i i 1 Charges for the hunts vary wi th speci es hunted.A bear hunt \tJill cost $5,000,a moose hunt $4,000,a combination hunt for moose and bear $7,500. The impact of the proposed project on the lodge opera- tors would be indirect and of the same nature as that on the guiding industry.Data collection is now in 'progress and intervie\-/s are planned to more defini- tively address this question.. Recreational -The Hunter Big game hunters in Alaska may be classified into three groups:Alaska resi dents who hunt for recrea- tion;nonresidents,both U.S.citizens from other states and forei gners from other countri es;research- ers who for experimental purposes may from time to time remove 1 imi ted numbers of game animal s from the area.This group of users is neither recreational in nature nor commercial and for the most part represent re1 a-tive1y small removal s.The foll owi ng di scussion therefore focuses on the first two groups. Resi dent hunters hunt for trophy and meat;nonresi- dents and foreigners primarily for trophies. -Resources The bi g game resources \'1l1i ch have been i denti fi ed as havi ng the potenti al to be impacted by the proposed project include caribou,moose,bears,sheep,wolf, and \'/01 verine.The following section is devoted to describing the use patterns relating to these re- sources.At the present time some detailed informa- tion regarding caribou and moose is available and pre- sented below.In depth analysis of the other species will be provided at a later date when more detailed stati sti cs are recei ved from other contractors to the Alaska Power Authority . .Caribou The Ne1china herd is highly migratory.It is knO\'/n to have utilized the Ne1china Basin ranging from the Wrangell and [·1entasta Mountains in the east through tile Lake Loui se f1 ats .to Ta"1 keetna Mountai ns and Chun;1 na hi 11 sin the west.For purposes of di s- cussing posib1e impacts of the Susitna Hydro pro- E-5-75 ject,avai1able data on this herd as a whole will be treated as bei ng rel evant.However,speci al atten- ti on will be gi yen at a 1 ater date to game manage- ment subunits 13A,13B,13£,14A,148,16A and 168. Subunit 13£contai ns most of the proposed impound- ment area while 13A and 13B are immediately neigh- boring to the area.Areas 14A,148,16A and 168 are to the southwest,but nevertheless constitute areas which,in the past,have been used by the herd. Resource Status Popul ati on estimates over t',e past 20 years show that the herd numbers were greatest in the early 1960 I s.The 1962 popul ati on estimate \ill'as recorded at some 71,000 animal s.The herd decl i ned to a re- corded low of 7,693 animals in 1972;since that time,the herd has partially recovered,although not to the resource status depi cted in the early 1960 1 s.Preliminary estimates showed a 1981 prehar- vest population of 20,730 caribou. The Experience Sought by Hunters Hunting for caribou provides both recreation and al so food meat.The Nelchina herd is conveniently located near the largest population concentration in the state and has attracted proporti onately greater participants from Anchorage,Fairbanks and the other popul ati on centers in the Southcentra1 regi on. Anchorage resi dents usually account for 50 percent or more of resident participants. Transportation To and From Hunting Grounds Access to the hunting areas is by various means. However,the three most frequently reported trans- port means are off-the-road vehicles (ORVs),a com- bination of highway and foot access,and air trans- portation.Available statistics for the period 1972-73 to 1980 show an evol uti on of access means preference.In the very early 1970 I s hi g!wJay vehi cl es \'iere the most frequently reported means of access closely followed by ORV transport \-/ith air transportation being a close third.Later,ORVs took over the lead and air transport followed.More recently,air transport has been most frequently reported whil e ORVs and hi ghway vehi cl es foll ow. £-5-76 - - - -Hunti n9 Pressure Hunting pressure on the Nelchina herd has histori- cally been greater than that of recent years.By 1980 hunting pressure as measured by number of hunt- ers had dropped to under 30 percent of the 1970-71 1evel.In 1980 an estimated 982,hunters·compared to 3,710 in 1970-71,were involved in hunting for Nelchina caribou.The reduction is even greater because in many areas of game management unit 13 the bag limit is currently one caribou whereas in the early 1970 I S and before,some hunters took as many as three animals during each regulatory year. Supply and Demand For Hunting Opportunity There has been a wi deni ng gap between the supply of drawing permits issued and the total number of ap- plicants for this hunting opportunity.As shm-m below the number of app1 i cants for these permi ts doubled beb/een 1978 and 1979 and and conti nued to grow during the following year while the number of available permits grew from 1,000 to 1,300 over the same peri od.Demand for hunti ng opportuni ty out- stri pped the supply by a factor of 3 to 1 in 1978 and 5 to 1 in 1980. Caribou Permit Hunt In G.M.U.s 13 &14 Year No.Permits Applicants Harvest 1978 1,000 2,775 529 I-"1979 1,300 5,600 630 1980 1,300 6,841 621 Controlled hunting pressure in the form of a limited number of hunters each year and a bag limit,have apparently hel ped the recovery of the resource whi 1e at the same time ensuri ng a steady success rate for individual hunters. Success Rate. Success rate as measured by reported number of ani- mals taken per participating hunter fluctuated rath- erwidely during the period 1970-71 to 1980.In the 1970-71 season ,when a total of some 3,71 0 hunters E-5-77 took 3,790 animals,the success rate \'Ias 1.02 ani- mals per hunter.Yet as many as 1,415 hunters were unsuccessful that year.This apparent contradiction is expl ained by the fact that some hunters took as many as three animals each.In 1973,the-rate dropped to 32 percent indicating one kill for every 3 hunters.Success,however,has improved and stayed above 60 percent since the institution of permi t hunts in 1977 and \'las approximately 63 per- cent in 1980.The institution of permit hunts through limits on the number of hunters is at,least in part,responsible for stabilization of the suc- cess rates . .~100se For purposes of impact analysis,moose popul ati ons in the Susitna River Basin have been divided into two groups and studi ed as upstream and-downstream moose.Bi ggame studies conducted by ADF&G revealed that upstream moose are made up of some 13 subpopu- 1ati ons that conduct a si gni fi cant amount of thei r year-round activities in and around the proposed impoundment area.They are associated with the num- erous creeks and ri vers that are tri butari es and subtributaries of the Susitna River (61). DO\'lnstream moose i ncl ude those subpoplJl ati ons that have their home ranges to the south of the proposed Devi 1 Canyon dam si teo They traverse areas to the north and south of Talkeetna uti 1 i zi n9 both sides (east and west)of the Susitna.These areas con- stitute one of the most important wintering habitats for moose in the state (62). Resource Status A history of moose population estimates in the study area does not exist.During the fall of 1980,ADF&G sampled portions of the study area in game unit 13 and made a gross estimate of 4,027 animals as the population of upstream moose in parts of subunits 13A,13B and 13E.There appears to be no population information for the whole of game unit 13,nor for 14 and 16.It is therefore di ffi cu1 t to state what the resource condi ti on is nO\'1 compared to what it may have been in the past .. Experience Sought Moose are hunted for recreation and trophies as well as for meat.t40st nonresidents take moose for ant- 1 er trophi es whi le resi dents take moose for meat in addition to the recreation activity involved. E-5-78 - - - -.~ r~ Resident hunters who seek moose in game unit 13 are most frequently resi dents of Anchorage,Fai rbanks, Palmer and Whittier.The rank order of participa- tion in game.unit 14 is Anchorage,Palmer,Wasilla, Whittier and others.Anchorage,Whittier,Fairbanks and Eagle River residents are prominent in moose. hunting in game unit 16.In each case,Anthorage res i dents account for 50 percent or more of total participation. Transportation To and From Hunting Grounds The most frequently used transport means for moose hunters in game unit 13 are:high\'iay vehicle,off- the-road vehicles,air transport and boat.The data,hO\'Jever,is derived from harvest ticket re- ports which allow for reporting of a combination of travel means.Frequently,these methods are used in combination with one another and with others such as snow machines.These statistics,however,can be viewed as indicators of the most popular transport foleans. Hunting Pressure Hunting pressure in terms of number of hunters par- ticipating in game unit 13 has varied over the past 12 years and so has the success rate.In 1971, 4,881 hunters participated to take a total of 1,814 moose for a success rate of 37 percent.The corres- ponding activity for 1981 was 2,859 hunters who experi enced a success rate of 25.6 percent.Tabl e E-5-42 contai ns hunti ng pressure and total harvest of moose in GMU 13 since 1970. Success Rate The reported success rate of hunters has fiuctuated between 19 percent and 36 percent si nee 1972.The average success rate from 1972 through 1981 waS 26.8 percent and ranged from a low of 19 percent in 1980 to a high of 36 percent in 1979.The 1981 success ra te \vas,therefore,about average for the past 10 years.It is,however,in contrast to the rates depicted during the late 1960·s,\vhen success was generally above 30 percent.In 1960,the success rate approached 50 percent. E-5-79 Other species The other big game species found in the project area include black and brown beart Dall sheept wolf and wol verfne.Currently efforts are bei ng made to ob- tain detailed data for all big game species on total harvest t 1ocati on t method of access t and resi dence of the hunters.Once acquired t these data will be used together ...Ii th esti mated impacts on i ndi vi dua 1 speci es to assess the economi c impacts on the rec- reational user .. •Importance of Regulations Current regul ati ons and changes in these prompted by the Susitna project will determine the level of im- pact on the opportun;ty to hunt in the area.For some species t the regUlations are already very strict compared to years past.In such cases,the project would cause little or no additional reduction in hunting oppotunity.In other cases t current regul ati ons may have to be ti ghtened further,thus leading to impacts on the hunter. Some idea of the current supply of hunti ng oppor- tuni ty ; n the project area may be gai ned by exami n- i ng the hunti ng regul ati ons pertai ni ng to GI4U IS 13, 14,and 16.For example,there are more opportuni- ties to hunt for black bear than brown bear.This is reflected in the bag limit of three black bears each year compared to one brown bear every four years per hunter.Simil arly,whereas there is no bag limit for wolf in Gr~u 13 nor for wolverine in GMU's 13 and 14,there are rather stringent rules on the hunti ng of cari bou,moose,and Da 11 sheep for the 1982-83 hunting season.This pattern reflects both the condi ti on of the resource and the regul a- tory phil osophy.Thus the impacts of the proj ect on the hunter \1i 11 depend in part,on the changes in hunting regulations of individual species. .Impacts on the hunter There are several factors that i nfl uence the number of hunters who will visit any given site.One of the most important is the quality of hunting to be expected at the site.As stated above,the regula- tory regime governing the taking of game is also important.Both of these factors could be affected by changes in animal populations.Changes in animal populations directly affect the quality of hunting recreation \-Jhile creating a need to alter hunting E-5-80 - - - ~- -, - ~, -r- (iii) regulations to protect the resource.The impacts of tile Susitna project on the bunter are therefore ex- pected to stem from both regulatory 1 imi tati ons on participation and alterations in the quality of available sites.Work is continuing to develop methodology and obtain data that will facilitate quantification of economic effects of the project on the recreationist. Subsistence Hunting Subsistence users have the -main goal of bringingll home food meat.In the majority of cases,subsistence users are A1 aska residents that qualify under certai n crl'i ter- i a.In some -cases and for some speci es and hLnti ng areas,a nonresi dent \'/ho has an A1 aska resi dent I as a relative may qualify to hunt as a -subsistence luser.- Qual i fyi ng as a resi dent subsi stence user i s basil~d on specific standards such as: -Long-term,consistent pattern of use -Recurring seasonal use - A use pattern involving methods re1atea to local conditlons.• -Accessibil ity and nearness of the reSOUl~ce I In addition,however,an application must be subnl'itted stating that the applicant is at least 12 year's of age, is of Alaska rural residence and lives in a household which obtains more than (usually)50 percent of its fish and meat from other than commerci a1 sources.Curr'ent1y (October,1982)subsistence use has pri ori ty over other uses with the provision that it shall not interfere with resource conservati on efforts.For the 1982-83 season no nonresident will be allowed to qual ify as a subsis- tence hunter for caribou in game units 13 and 14.It may be poi nted out here that the questi on of siJbsi stence use pri ori ty has been and wi 11 conti nue to be under review. The extent of subsi stence uti 1i zati on of the resources in the project area will be investigated in 1!:he future as a first step in determining the likely impacts on the subsistence user. (c)Furbearers The major furbearer species in the impact area include lynx, beaver,mink,muskrat,pine marten,red fox,river otters, short-tail weasels (ermine)and least weasels.Wolves and wolverine are al so often trapped for their fur,but for pur- poses of this study these species have been classified as game. E-5-81 (i)Commercial Users Trappi ng,and some hunti ng,of furbearers for the pur- pose of the sal e of pel ts is the major human use of these species.The commercial trapping of specific species increases and decreases in cycles,in accordance \-1ith the abundance of the species and,to some extent, the price of pelts. Available data on the activity of trappers operating'in the impact area and the size of harvests is of limited useful ness,due to several factors which are expl ai ned below.Thus,this section will focus on a general des- cri pti on of the trappers operating in the vi ci ni ty of the project and the economic val ue of the speci es they harvest.. -Data limitations The impact area of the project as it rel ates to game and furbearers (see Chapter 3 -Fi sh,Uil dl i fe,and Botani cal Wil dl i fe)crosses the boundari es of several Game fv1anagement Uni ts,as defi ned by the Al aska De- partment of Fi sh and Game.Thus,it is diffi cul t to rel ate estimates of harvests in parti cul ar game uni ts wi th harvests in the impact area.Furthermore,it is difficult to determine harvests of furbearers within a particular game management unit from available statis- tlcs,due to the types of data collected and the dif- ficulty of obtaining data by the origin of the fur. Records are kept by the state on 1)trapper exports of furs,2)dealer purchases of furs and 3)dealer ex- ports.In addition,sealing reports,vlhich include all pelts obtained from a particular locale,are com- piled for three furbearer species:lynx,river otter and beaver.The basis for the first three types of records is the residence of individual trapper or dealer reporting,not the actual origin of the furs. In the case of Game Unit 13,many of the trappers who actually operate there are residents of other areas, such as Anchorage and the surrounding suburbs.In addition,export data is likely to underestimate ac- tual harvests significantly,since a certain per- centage of pelts are used in-state or sold to tourists in the form of garments and thus are not i ncl uded in the statistics.Finally,it is believed that com- pliance of trappers to reporting procedures is not hi gh. E-5-82 .-. - - - - Another severe data 1 irni tati on whi ch acts as a con- straint to an analysis of the impacts of the project on trappers operating in the area is the lack of in- formation on the population of furbearer species. Without information on population size,it is dif- fi cu1 t to estimate the vari ous i nterre1 ati onshi ps be- t\'leen species population,amount of habitat,harvest effort and harvest success. -Trapping Activity In general,it appears that there are not currently a large number of trappers operating in the areas in which furbearer populations are expected to be affect- ed.This seems to be due to the relative inaccessi- .bil ity of the area. The 1980-1981 trapper questionnaire prepared by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game estimated that five individuals trapped in the Cantwell-Denali area and six trappers operated around Ta1keetna-Petersvi11e (this includes an area far larger than the impact at'ea).Approximately 35 percent of the trapper's res- ponding to the overall survey (which included all game management units in the Southcentra1 Region)indicated that they had not trapped duri ng the 1980-81 season and many of these i ndi cated they had not done so be- cause of the mild winter and lack of snow (63).Oral interviev/s with residents of the Local Impact Area as part of the land use portion of this study indicated that early trappers were also few in number but covered far more extensi ve areas in thei r trappi ng. In the 1940·5 and 1950 1 s,many long-time trappers swi tcl1ed over to the more 1ucrati ve acti vi ty of gui d- ing big game hunts (64). Winter trapping currently is focused in areas near Stephan Lake,Tsusena Creek,and C1 arence Lake.Trap 1i nes average 25 mil es in 1 ength,and are usually travelled by snowmobile.There are also some traps set by trappers working out of aircraft in the eastern portions of the Susitna valley.These have become economically feasible as result of the value of lynx, wolves,wolverine and other high-priced pelts. -Aquatic Species .Baseline Beaver and muskrat are present in some lakes in the .project area,with beaver being increasingly more abundant downstream from Devil Canyon.There is E-5-83 also a relatively large quantity of beaver along Deadman Creek,which is located near the proposed access road from the Denal i hi gh\'1ay to the vJatana site. The value of beaver pelts in 1982 were in the range of $10-$55~Muskrat pelts \'Jere valued at between $1.00 and $4.50 for pelts"of animals that were trapped {65},and beb/een $.50 and $2.00 for slight shot pel ts·(at breakup,muskrats are harvested by hunters shooting from boats).Historically,beaver and muskrat in alpine areas,such as the project si tes,are sel dom pursued by trapper~due to the relative cost of obtaining the furs ve"rsus their market value.Exports of beaver pelts are not cur- rently high,reflecting the relatively low price. It is bel i eved that trappi ng of beavers·dO\1/nstream of Devi 1 Canyon has not decl i ned as much as ex- ports.Often,trappers continue to operate but de- lay sale of the pelts until the price rises (66). The meat of both muskrat and beaver is used as well as the fur.The meat is used for bait,for dog food,and for human consumption. River otter and mink are common in areas of the up- per basi n of the Sus i tna,but trappi ng effort of these species has not been great.Mink are abundant near some lakes and streams and all major tributary creeks;otters are common in the Upper Susi tna Ri ver basin.1982 market prices per pelt ranged from $20.00 to $70.00 dollars for otter,and $10.00 to $50.00 for mink (65). .Impacts of the Project It is expected that trappers of aquati c furbearers \'1"j 11,on balance,benefi t from the increased access to the Upper Susitna Basin which will result from the construction of the access road and transmission lines.From the perspective of economic "impacts to commercial trappers,this increase in access is"ex- pected to more than compensate for the decl i nes in furbearer popul ati ons that are expected to resul t from the destructi on of habi tat by the impoundments and borrm'l'si tes.Downstream of Devil Canyon,the improved habi tat for beaver resul ti n9 from the al- terati on in stream flO\'1s can be expected to resul t in more profitable trapping by users. E-5-84 - - - - -- -Pine Marten .Basel i ne Pine marten (sable)are abundant in the vicinity of the proposed impoundments and have been historically important to trappers.It is esti mated that there are 150 pine marten present in the area to be flood~ ed by the Watana impoundment and 55 in the Devi 1 Canyon area.The val ue of marten from Southcentral and Interi or Al aska in 1982 ranged from $10 to $50 per pelt (65). .Impacts The impacts of the proj ect on the pi ne marten are expected to be of the greatest magnitude of all fur- bearers,due to this species'high dependence upon forested habi tats along the Sus itna Ri ver and its tributaries and the inundation of habitat of that type by the·impoundments.In those areas,the har- vest of marten by trappers coul d decl i ne accordi ng- ly.It is expected that the increased access to areas supporti ng marten wi 11 be benefi ci al to trap- pers,to the extent.that this access is allowed. The impacts of the project on the pine marten are expected to be of the greatest magnitude of all fur- bearers,due to thi s speci es I hi gh dependence upon forested habitats along the Susitna Ri ver and its tributaries and the inundation·of habitat of that type by the impoundments.It is expected that the harvest of marten by trappers woul d decl ine accord- ingly. -Lynx Lynx have been scarce in Southcentral Al aska in recent years but there are indications that the population of this species \.,rill be increasing over the next couple of years.The population of lynx generally is prone to large fluctuations which are related to the size of the snowshoe hare population,a major food source. Lynx are very uncommon in the Upper Susitna Basin. The wholesale value of a lynx pelt in the spring of 1982 ranged from $100 to $500,depending upon the size and quality of the fur (65).It is believed this high value has induced additional trapping pressure of lynx in the region,and has increased the economic feasi- bility of running trap lines with aircraft (67). E-5-85 -------~-,-_._---_.--..---- Until 1980,there were prohibitions against the export of lynx pel ts that were part of an international ef- fort to preserve this species.No such control s cur- rently exi st.The present scarci ty and hi gh val ue of lynx in Soutncentra1 A1 aska may be l~esu1 ti ng in an underreporti ng of the harvest of thi s speci es by trap- pers due both to concerns about future rei nstatement of controls and to sensitivity regarding their current income. -Fox The fox population in the impact area has been low since the 1970's.Project research indicated that only one trapper operated in the Tyone-Susi tna and Devil Canyon areas in 1979-1980,and that in 1980-1981 and 1981-1982 there were two and three trappers,res- pectively,seeking fox pelts.Very few fox were actu- ally taken in each of these years.Thus,impacts of the project on trappers of fox will be minimal. Secondary Industries There are several categori es of busi nesses that are directly or indirectly affected by the fortunes of the trapping industry in Alaska.These include enter- prises which sell equipment,clothing and food to trappers,individuals V/ho build and/or lease cabins, tanning establishments,fur dealers,and garment manu- facturers,among others Due to the rel ati vely small percentage of Alaskan trappers who operate in the im- pact area,impacts of the project on these secondary industries are not expected to be significant. (ii)Recreational It is estimated that there are a large number of resi- dents of the Local Impact Area who do some trapping on a part-time basis and keep the pelts for their own use or sell a few to supplement their income in the winter months.There are no data available on the size of this user group.Land use investigations of the project area showed that several recreati onal trappers work out of cabins along Clarence Lake,Deadman Lake,Portage Creek, Indi an Ri ver and some other 1arge 1akes in the Upper Susitna basin (64). E-5-86 - - - - - 4 -MITIGATIOIJ This section uses a broad definition of mitigation that includes both the objectives of (l)decreasing the rate,magnitude and/or geographic distribution of a project-induced change,or avoiding a project-i nduced change that is percei ved by a party (s)-at-i nterest to be costly,disruptive or both (negative change);and (2)enhanc- i ng a proj ect-i nduced change that is percei ved to be benefi ci a1 (positive change).Mitigation measures are to be developed and impl emented only when the private sector (market mechani sm), existing local and state government mechanisms,and social assimila- tion mechanisms (social service organizations,churches,etc.)do not have the capaci ty nor capabi 1 ity to adequately perform (1)and (2)above. In addition,it is important to acknowledge that the labeling'of a change as costly and/or disruptive,or beneficial,is a normative action and is typically done by recipients of change.Each individ- ual within a community or other body \'/ill have his own opinion of the effect of a change,and the individual might change this opinion with the passage of time.Likewise,the community or other body could develop a label (an opinion regarding the positive or negative character of a change)by consensus or other means,and thi s 1 abel is also subject to change with time. The approach util ized here is to examine recent attitudes toward changes in potenti ally impacted communi ti es (parti es-at-i nterest), and identify tools to decrease the rate,magnitude and/or geographic distribution of the negative project-induced changes,or avoid the negati ve proj ect-i nduced changes.Opportuni ti es to use sel ected tools to enhance positive project-induced changes are also identi- fied. This project has been designed with several major mitigation meas- ures already in place,most notably housing and community facilities at the site,the scheduling of work and a flexible transportation program.However,no attempts are made to prescribe a complete set of specific mitigation measures. Duri ng the next two years,several thi ngs ~'Jill or coul d occur to make currently prescribed mitigation measures inappropriate.These are:(1)Attitudes toward changes might not be the same.Current resi dents I percepti ons mi ght change or new resi dents coul d move in and significantly influence the community consensus.With the rapid gro\'/th recently experi enced by many of the potenti ally impacted com- munities,and the high probability of this trend continuing for several years,the need to base mitigation measures on future rather than current attitudes to\'Iard change is even greater;(2)Some in- formation about project-induced changes has been made available to pote,.-t.ial1y impacted communities.Little of this information has b- een fully absorbed and reflected upon.Therefore,few citizens are E-5-87 really prepared to label the project-induced changes as negative or positive;and (3)Information about project-induced changes \'/ill improve as construction drarJs nearer.Residents need to make their judgements based on the best information available.Erroneous or incomplete information could lead residents to label project-induced changes improperly and thi seoul d 1ead to i nappropri ate miti gati on measures. The last element of the approach is to recommend the development and implementation of an impact management program.An impact manage- ment program i ncl udes impact assessment,moni tori ng and miti gati on. It t~~es account of the time element and serves as a vehicle to help ensure that the-most appropriate and cost-effective mitigation measures are impl emented.It eval uates the performance of mi ti ga- tion measures and makes adjustments to,or additions or deletions -of measures where indicated. This section is divided into three parts.The first part presents recent attitudes toward changes in potentially impacted communities; the second part presents alternative tools that could help bring project-induced changes into al ignment with attitudes towards changes;and the third part is a discussion of an impact management program for thi s project.Selected reports and papers on mi ti gati on measures that were revi ewed are 1i sted in the List of References at the end of this chapter (68 through 72). 4.1 -Attitudes Toward Changes The pub 1i CiS recent responses to potenti a1 proj ect-i nduced changes \lJere mixed.Persons in Palmer,Wasi-l1a,Houston,and Cantwell were generally in favor of the project-induced changes discussed in Sections 3.1 and 3.5.These cities and communities want more economic development (particularly jobs)and a more diversified and stable economic base.However,these indications should be taken as tentative because these persons probably had not fully absorbed the information made available to them when they expressed their views. Persons in Cantwell were more guarded than the other communities in thei ~.general_support for the potenti a1 proj ect-i nduced changes. Several of these persons wanted more jobs for residents of Cantwell and more sales for local businesses,but were concerned about project-induced traffic,price increases for goods,services, housing and land,needs for additional education facil ities and services,and impacts on the environment.Ahtna,Inc.(a Regional Native corporation)has indicated that it is willing to lease or sell 1 and in and near Cantwell if it is in its economi c interest. Resi dents of Trapper Creek and Tal keetna have i ndi cated that rapi d and uncontrolled change is not desired.Some of the residents of each community would 1 ike no changes and others in each community would like to have controlled economic development.Those in favor of controlled development want to proceed \'Jith caution and learn E-5-88 - - more about what could happen to their communities as a result of the project before committing to a growth plan.Additional information regarding small communities·attitudes to\'/ard changes is provided in Stephen R.Braund &Associates,1982. Project-i nduced changes in Anchorage and Fai rbanks are expected to be sl i ght.Resi dents of these ci ti es atti tudes to\'/ard change are, therefore,not relevant here. 4.2 -Mitigation Alternatives The goal of mitigation is to bring project-induced changes into alignment with attitudes toward change,subject to cost constraints and after the exi sti I1g capaci ti es and capabil iti es of the private sector,local and government mechanisms,and social assimilation mechanisms have been evaluated. Two categories of mitigation tools will be considered.The first category contains mitigation tools that significantly influence the magnitude and geographic distribution of project-induced changes. The second category contai ns tool s that hel p communi ti es or other bodies cope \'1ith residual disruptions and budget deficits.Only if the private sector,local and state government mechanisms,and social assimilation mechanisms cannot adequately reduce project-- induced di srupti ons and costs shoul d the second category of mi ti ga- ti on tool s be consi dered.Each of these categori es is di scussed below. (a)Tool s That Infl uence the ~tagnitude and Geographi c Oi stri buti on of Project-Induced Changes Project schedul e,work schedul e,housi ng and rel ated facil i ti es at constructi on and other sites,and a transportation program for workers can be specifi ed to produce di fferent magni tudes and geographi c di stri buti ons of project-i nduced changes.Each specification will produce unique magnitudes and geographic distributions.Associated \'iith each specification will be a set of costs that will be borne by the Al aska Power Authori ty through the Contractor (for example,costs of constructing and operating housing and related facilities at the construction sites),and a set of costs that coul d be borne by the Al aska Power Authority.This latter set of costs includes the cost of reduci ng di srupti ons and budget defi ci ts in communi ti es \'1here the private sector,local and state government mechani sms and social organizations would not have the capacity nor the capa- bi 1 ity to reduce di srupti ons or budget defi cits to acceptabl e levels.It will be desirable to select a specification that minimizes the sum of the first and second sets of costs. It is difficult to identify and quantify all of these costs, especi ally some of the impl i ci t costs in the second set..Some costs,such as disrupting or permanently changing individuals' E-5-89 ways of life,are not readily quantified.Because of this inherent problem,the following discussion and partial specification of mitigation tools is to be regarded as an ap- proximation for minimizing the sum of the first and second sets of costs.One task of the Impact Management Program di scussed below will be to refine this specification. The project schedule can be used as a tool to smooth out work force peaks and to 1engthen the constructi on peri od of the project.Both of these actions have tended to reduce magni- tudes and rates of project-i nduced changes in nearby com- muni ti es impacted by other 1 arge projects.Al though the schedule for this project is rather inflexible,it will be con- sidered as a mitigation tool where possible. The work schedul e can be used to i nfl uence the frequency of .workers commuti ng or travel i ng to and from the constructi on site.A schedule that includes frequent periods of one or more days off encourages workers to relocate temporarily or per- manently near the construction site.This will be avoided for thi s project.The four week on,one ~Ieek off schedul e that is planned for this project appears to be appropriate (that is,·it wi 11 hel p bri ng project-i nduced changes in nearby communi ti es into alignment with these communities attitudes I toward change). The availability,type and quality of housing and related faci 1i ti es has a tremendous i nfl uence on where \'iorkers I res- i dences are located.It has been observed in other projects that if adequate housing and related facilities are available at the construction site of a rurally/remotely located project, and that if the work schedule is appropriate,workers will tend to maintain their existing residences.TIlis has the effect of minimizing settlement by workers in communities near the construction sites. This project plans to provide single status accommodations for most workers and family accommodations and related facilties for some workers at the constructi on si tes.These arrange- ments,together wi th the pl anned work schedul e,will serve to minimize settlement of workers in nearby communities.This \'/i11 help bring project-induced changes in nearby corrnnunities into alignment with these communities attitudes toward change. A transportation program for workers can infl uence both the ge- ographic distribution and magnitude of project-induced changes.In general,the proj ect schedul e,work schedul e,and housing and related facilities generally tend to have a much larger influence than does the transportation program.This would not be true,however,if most workers traveled by organized air transportation. E-5-90 - - - - - - - - - For this project,there will be no daily commuting due to the distances involved and workers will not have the opportunity to drive personal vehicles to the camp/village or construction site.For these and other reasons,a multi-mode and flexible transporta ti on program will best serve the interests of the communi ti es and the workers.A program that i ncl udes a com- bination of private and organized ground (bus and,possibly,van)transportation will allow those workers living in communities along the Parks Highway,including the cities of Fairbanks and Anchorage,to more eas;ly access the constructi on si tes.Workers coul d be encouraged through i ncentivesto use organized transportation; it has been observed on other projects that more local workers are hired and that workers are less tired,more alert and punctual,and miss fewer work hours and days if organized tran- sportation is used.This will be particularly true for this project because buses can cope better wi th the weather than most private (personal)vehicles and reduced traffic will result in fewer accidents. The ground transportation can be structured to i nfl uence the geographi c di stri buti on of proj ect-i nduced change s.The con- figuration and location of park-and-ride lots as well as bus stops are key variables.These will be considered in the mitigation plan. Organized air service will also influence the geographic dis- tributi on and magni tude of project-i nduced changes.Ai r trans- portati on from Anchorage and Fairbanks 'wi 11 encourage workers who want to relocate to settle near or .in these cities.These cities are the most able cities in Alaska to absorb population i nf1 uxes.Anchorage is currently experi enci ng an i nfl ux of about 1000 persons per month.It is projected that a total of approximately about 1000 persons will relocate to Anchorage during 1985 -1990 as result of this project. Research to date indicates that air service should be limited to a portion of the work force.Some level of air service (to be determined)will help bring project-induced changes into alignment with communities·attitudes toward changes.Air service levels should be flexible because it might be desirable to change the limitations if projectinduced changes do not occur as anticipated.For example,during the peak construc- ti on years,it mi ght be appropri ate to cons i der changi ng the air service 1 imitations if the projectinduced changes become inconsistent with the communities·attitudes towards changes. This could occur if traffic and,perhaps,settlement becomes too great during the peak periods.The air service will route workers,particularly workers that arrive from out of the regi on and do not want to settl e temporari ly or permanently in the region,away from the smaller communities. E-5-9l Further research must be done before organized air and/or ground transportation programs are decided upon.Key areas for research incl ude issues such as:recruitment and competi ti on for workers;state or other regulations;union and worker demands;-and potential employee problems.These areas of research-will be included in later studies. In summary,the Al aska Power Authori ty,through the current work schedule,housing and related facilities plans at the con- struction sites,and flexible transportation program,a number of potentially negative projectinduced changes in the local communiti es have al ready been avoi ded or parti ally reduced. Specifications for these mitigation tools will be further refined in the Impact Management Program (see Section c). (b)Tools That Help Communities and Other Bodies Cope With Dis- ruptions and Budget Deficits Given that the mitigation tools discussed above have been con- sidered and designeo for implementation,as appropriate,it is then time to:(l)evaluate whether the private sector,local and state government mechanisms,and social assimilation mechanisms can adequately reduce any remaining disruptions and bUdget deficits;(2)consider mitigation tools that can be used to further reduce project-induced changes that are not ad- equately reduced:and (3)consider mitigation tools that will enhance positive project-induced changes. The approach to considering mitigation tools and designing and implementing mitigation measures will be systematic.Once it is determined that the private sector,local and state govern- ment mechanisms and social assimilation mechanisms are not likely to have the capacity nor capability of providing for sufficient reduction of disruptions and costs,mitigation tools will be identified and mitigation measures will be developed. These tools and measures will be site-specific and the probable effects of each measure will be estimated.The cost of im- plementing each measure \'Ii11 be estimated and each measure will be evaluated for cost-effectiveness.This process will all ow the Authority to select from a Ilmenu "of mitigation measures, with knowledge of the probable effects and costs of the selected measures. There are several means by which the private sector,local and state governments,social service organizations and,if appro- pri ate,the Contractor/Al ask a Power Authori ty can reduce di s- ruptions and budget deficits.These include:subdivision development;temporary off-site housing;house financing; provision of additional community facilities and/or services; community planning;and project-community communication. ~iithin each of these categories,technical and/or financial as- sistance can be provided.Each category is discussed briefly below. E-5-92 - ..... - - .~, - Subdivision developments can be located in or near a com- munity that is likely to receive unwanted project-induced changes.The development can accommodate a few or many families and include few or many facilities and services.The extent of the Power Authori ty I s/Contractor lsi nvo 1vement coul d be a di rect payment,a subsi di zed or unsubsi di zed loan,front end financing,lot clearing and/or development,development planning assistance,etc.This tool should not be considered by the Contractor/Power Authori ty unl ess other enti ti es do not come forth or unless other tools are inadequate. -Temporary housing can be located in or near a community that is likely to receive unwanted project-induced changes.This type of development is less substantial than a subdivision de velopment:it typically has pads or hookups for recreational vehicles.or trailers,and sewer,water,laundry,shower,or re- creational facilities might be available.Since this type of development is not sui tabl e for famil i es,and because it woul d work at cross purposes to the work camp,it will not be con- sidered by the Power Authority/Contractor asa mitigation tool. -House financing assistance could be provided to stimulate de- velopers or to assi st rel ocati ng employees.It is recommen.ded that the Authority/Contractor not use this tool because it will tend to encourage rather than di scourage rel ocati on by workers.One excepti on to thi s mi ght be at Cantwell.If the Contractor does not provide family housing to senior rail head construction workers and there is a shortage·of housing in Cantwell,this tool could be considered. -Additional community facilities and/or services could be provi ded or fi nanced by the local or state government,or the Power Authori ty /Contractor in areas where there are temporary or permanent shortages or bUdget deficits caused by in-- migrating construction workers and their dependents.This assistance could be relevant for Cantwell and to a lesser extent the smaller communities of the Mat-Su Borough,if sup- port is not sufficient through existing government mechanisms. It should be noted that the majority of revenues used for com- munity facilities and services in communities in the Local Impact Area currently are deri ved directly or i ndi rectly from the state. -At the request of communities,limited corrmunity planning assi stance coul d be provi ded by government agencies and/or the Authority/Contractor to communities lacking planning bodies and those with small or newly created planning bodies.This assis- tance could include mitigation planning as well as helping to coordinate mitigation planning and overall planning. E-5-93 -Communication among the Alaska Power Authority/Contractor, local and state agencies,and impacted communities through a public participation program and other means is a necessity. Informati on about anti ci pated project-i nduced changes must be communicated to communities in a timely manner and community attitudes toward these changes must be communicated back to the Contractor in a timely manner.Timing is important because the goal of the mitigation program will be to anticipate and pre scribe mitigation measures in advance of the predicted impacts rather than to react to impacts.Communication between enti ties is discussed further in the presentation of the Impact Management Program below. -Social impacts of the project \~ill be monitored closely.If it appears that the rapid growth of the communities most affected by the project is resulting in an increase in social problems and that existing social assimilation mechanisms such as communi ty groups and human servi ce organi zati ons are not adequate,the Alaska Power Authority/Contractor will consider providing assistance.Forms that this assistance could take are partial funding of a counselling clinic or community school coordinator position in communities 1 ike Cantwell and Trapper Creek.These communities do not have human service organiza- tions available at present and it might be desirable to provide for more communi ty development through the efforts of a coomunity schoool coordinator. To influence the geographic distribution of worker settl ement,i ncenti ves coul d be provi ded to i nfl uence workers I settlement decisions.These include various types of land acquisition and housing subsidies.Some examples are:pre- paring lots for or providing recreational vehicle,trailer or mobile home pads;guarante~ing occupancy rates for local motel, lodge,or mobile home/tra i1 er park o\'Iners;and he 1 pi ng to fi nance housi ng developments.To be effecti ve at a1 teri ng the geographic distribution of project-induced changes,careful consideration must be given to where and under what conditions these subsidies would be available.These types o'f incentives will be considered at a later time if other mitigation tools do not result in a desirable geographic distribution of project-induced changes. - A tool for enhanci ng posi ti ve project-i nduced changes is to actively encourage through incentives the hire of residents in locally impacted communities and,more generally,Alaska.Ways to increase employment of local labor will be investigated. There are at least a couple of reasons to believe that local labor might have a difficult time obtaining construction jobs. One reason is that Al aska 1 aw currently states that 95%of the work force must be Alaska residents.Eligibilitiy requirements E-5-94 - - - ~, .... - - for res i dency are such tha t newcomers to Al aska do not ha ve difficulty meeting the resident requirement.If this con- tinues,it will tend to make it more difficult for local labor to obtain employment on the project. A second deterrent to the hi re of 1abor from the communi ti es most impacted by the project is rel at,ed to the fact that a sub- stanti a1 amount of uni on 1abor will be used for the proj ect. Local workers who do not belong to unions will have a more dif ficult time trying to obtain employment on the project,and in rna nyof the small communities near the dam sites,fewer pote n- tial workers belong to unions than in the larger metropolitan areas. 4.3 -Impact Management Program The goal of the impact management progam is to ensure that impacted communities or other bodies adequately handle project-induced changes.The challenge in meeting this goal lies in (l)creating and maintaining a balance between the capacity of the community or other body to handle project-induced changes,and the combined capa- bilities of the market mechanism (private sector),local and state government mechani sms,and soci al assimi 1ati on mechani sms to handl e these changes;(2)i denti fyi ng appropri ate mi ti gati on tool sand designing and implementing cost-effective mitigation measures to achieve the balance if the balance is not obtained in (l);and (3) anticipating and responding to project-induced imbalances in a pos- itive and timely manner. For example,it is probable that there will be an imbalance will be created in Cantwell in 1985.There coul d be a shortage of educati on services and housing.One of the first tasks of this Program will be to address such potential imbalances and to consider and select ways to avoid or ameliorate them. To lIelp create the balance through existing mechanisms the Authority/Contractor will have to work closely with the communities, the private sector,government institutions such as the Alaska Department of Communi ty and Regi onal Affai rs,and human servi ce or- ganizations.Where an appropriate balance cannot be created and/or maintained through existing mechanisms,the Authority/Contractor wi 11 systemati cally develop and impl ement the most cost-effective mitigation measures possible. For this project,the socioeconomic impact management program will be composed of the following elements: 1.A continued upddte and a possible expansion of the socio- economi c forecasts to ensure that the Base Case is adequately defined so that projectinduced changes can be more accurately predicted prior to the start of the construction.This will include monitoring of state and local economic and social in- dicators.If substantial uncertainty exists in key assumptions or perameters,a multiple scenario model will be considered. E-5-95 2.A conti nued moni tori ng and surveyi ng of the construction work force to enabl e the contractor to i denti fy s assess and handl e problems that may arise.This monitoring program will also assist in separating project-induced changes from other changes. 3.A program will be created to develops implement and evaluate mitigation strategies s plans s and measures.The mi ti gati on tool s di scussed above woul d be consi dered in the mitigation strategizing and planning processes.It is antici- pated that representatives from impacted communities s the Power Authority and the Contractor should participate in the creation and implementation of this program. 4.The Power Authority should develops with the assistance of the Contractors a public participation program.The purpose of this program would be to communicate forecasted project-ineuced changes to parties-at-interest (communities and other bodies) and to communi cate cornmuniti es I atti tudes towards these changes iJack to the Contractor.It would also be used to assist with the developement and evaluation of mitigation strategies s plans s and measures. In summary s the impact management program i ncl udes impact assess- ments public participations and impact mitigation and monitoring. It isanti ci patory rather than reactionary and provi des the best available means for aligning project-induced changes with the com- muni ty I S or other body I s a tti tudes toward change.Th i sis accomp- lished by creating and maintaining a balance between the capacity of the communi ty or other body to handl e proj ect-i nduced changes sand the combined capabilities of the market mechanisms local and state government mechanisms s and social assimilation mechanisms to handle these changes.The Authority/Contractor will first work through existing mechanisms to mitigate project-induced changes.Where this effort is considered to be inadequate s the Authority/Contractor will review and select cost-effective mitigation measures. E-5-96 - - LIST OF REFERENCES (l )Frank Orth &Associates,Inc.SusitnaHydroelectric Project Environmental Studies,Subtask 7.05:Socioeconomic Analysis Phase!.Report,prepared for Acres Amer;can,Inc.ana the Alaska Power Authority,April,1982. (2)Alaska Department of Labor,Statistical Quarterly,vadous issues. (3)Matanuska-Susitna Borough Pl anning Department,rtJatanuska- Susana Borough Population Survey,Palmer,AK,1981. (4)Community of Cantwell,Inc.,1982 Population Census,conducted in coordination with the U.S.Postal Service,Cantwell,AK. (5)U.S.Department of Commerce,Bureau of Economic Analysis, Personal Income Statistics. (6)Policy Analysts,Limited and Dr.Richard Ender,Mat~Su ~ousing and Economi c Development Study:Survey Fi ndi ngs,Anchorage, AK,May 1980. (7)Matanuska-Susitna Borough Land Management Division,personal communication,December 22,1982. (8)Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs,personal communication,October 22,1982. (9 )Palmer City Manager,personal communication,October 15,1981. (10)Arctic Environmental Engineers,Solid Waste Disposal Study, prepared for the Matanuska-Susitna Borough,1977 and 1978. (11)Alaska State Department of Transportation and Public Facilities,Maintenance and Operations Division,personal communication,September 23,1982. (12)Alaska State Department of Transportation and Public Facilities,Planning and Research Division,personal communication,September 22,1982. (13)Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Traffic Division,personal communication,September 21,1982. (14)Matanuska-Susitna Borough Service Area Coordinator,personal communication,December,1981. (15)Alaska Railroad,personal communication,January,1981. E-5-97 (16)Valley Hospital,personal communication,October 14,1982. (l n Community of Cantwell,Inc.,personal communication,September 28,1982. (18)Matanuska-Susitna Borough School District,Prioritized Capital Project List,October,1981. (l9)Matanuska-Susi tna Borough Fi nance Department,t4atanuska- Susitna Borough 1981-1982 Annual Budget,Palmer AK,June 1981 . (20)Matanuska-Susitna Borough School District,Matanuska-Susitna Borough School District Proposed Budget Fiscal Year 1981-82, Palmer AK,June 1981 . (21)City of Houston,Office of the Mayor,Ordinance 80-Z-l, Establishment and Adoption of tile 0Eeratin g and Capital Budget for FY8l/82,WasillaAK,June 19 1. (22)City of Palmer,Office of the Mayor,Budget Preparation Worksheet for Fiscal Year 1982,Palmer AK,November 1981. (23)City of Wasilla,Office of the Mayor,City of l~asilla:Budget FY /81,Wasi 11 a AK,June 1981.; (24)Matanuska-Susitna Borough Finance Director,personal communication,December,1981. (25)Matanuska-Susitna Borough School District Business Manager, personal communication,December 1981. (26)Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs,Local Government Assistance Division,personal communication, November 1,1982. (27)Railbelt School District Superintendent,personal communication,September 30,1982. (28)Anderson,E.and J.Chalmers,Economic/Demographic Assessment Manual:Current Practices,Procedural Recommendations,and a Test Case,~lountain West Research,Tempe,AZ,1977. (29)Burchell,R.W.and D.Listokin,The Fiscal Impact Handbook, The Center for Urban Policy Research,Princeton,NJ,1978. (30)Leistritz,F.L.and S.Murdock,The Socioeconomic Impact of Resource .Development:Methods for Assessment,vlestvi eVI Press,Soul der,CO,1981. (31)Stenehjem,LJ.and J.E.Metzger,A Frame\'wrk for Projecting Employment and Popul ation Changes Accompanyi 119 Energy Development,Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne,IL,1980. E-5-98 - - ,-.. - - - Morrison-Knudsen Company,Inc .•W.J.Renauld,personal communication,December 16.1981. Pl as terersand Cement t;1asons Local 867 ,personal communi- cation.Januat'y 18,1982.. Plumbers and Steamfitters Local 367,personal communication, January 18,1982. Quebec Hydro Center.personal communication,November 20,1981. N.W.Alaskan Pipeline Company.personal communication,December 14,1981. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union Local 1547,personal communication,January 18,1982. (38)Ironworkers Local 751,personal communication.January 18, 1982. (39)Laborers and Hod Carriers Local 341,personal communication, January 18,1982. (40)Dow Chemical U.S.A .•personal communication,November 24, 1981. (41)Frank t~oolin &Associates,personal communication,November 19,1981. (42)CCC Architects and Planners,personal communication,November 24,1981. (43)Alaska Department of Labor,Division of Research and Analysis. personal co~nunication,January 30,1981. (44)Alaska Department of Labor,Division of Research and Analysis, personal communication,December 15,198f. (45)U.S.Army Corps of Engineers.Engineer Institute for Water Resources,Constuction Workforce,Fort Belvoir,Virginia. June.1981. (46)Denver Research Institute.Socioeconomic Impacts of Power Plants.prepared for Electric Power Research Institute. February.1982. (47)Metz W.C."Worker/Vehicle Ratios at Major Eastern Power Plant Construction Sites:A Time of Change.II Traffic Quarterly. Vol.35.No.3.July 1981. (48)Metz w.C.•Construction Workforce Management:Worker Transportation and Temporary Rousing Techniques.prepared for the Western Rural Development Center.September,1981. E-5-99 - (49)Holmes &Naver,Inc.,Life Support Facility Planning and Evaluation Concept Study for Construction and Deployment Personnel M-X Weapons System,prepared for the U.S.Army Corps of Engeneers,January 19,1981. (50)University of Alberta,Faculty of Extension,Computer Model sand Forecasti ng Soci o-Economi c Impacts of Growth and Development,Proceedings of a Conference Held in Jasper Park Lodge,April 20-23,1980. (51)Ahtna,Inc.,personal communication,October 4,1982. personalDirector,(52)Natanuska-Susitna Borough Finance communication,October 20,1982. (53)Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Catch and Average Size Per Fish Statistics,1982. (54)Commercial Fisheries Entry Commisssion,personal communication, October,1982. (55)Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Cook Inlet Regional Enhancement Plan,February 1982.~, (56)Commercial Fisheries Entry Commisssion,personal cOll1munication, Permit Use,1975-1981. (57)Mills,M.J.,Statewide Harvest Survey,Alaska Department of Fish and Game,1979-1981. (58)Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Soldotna Regional Office, personal communication,May 1982. (59)Terrestrial Environmental Specialists,Inc.Susitna Hydroelectric Project Phase I Environmental Studies Final Report,Subtask 7.07:Land Use Analysis,prepared for Acres American,Inc.and the Alaska Power Authority,April,1982. (60)Jim Bailey,personal communication,October 1,1982. (61)Alaska Department of Fish and Game Ballard,Susitna Hydroe 1ectri c Proj ect Phase I Fi na 1 Report,Big Game Studles,Volume III Moose -Upstream,submltted to the Alaska Power Authority,March 1982. (62)Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Susitna Hydroelectric Project Phase I Final Report,Big Game Studies,Volume II Moose -Downstream,submitted to the Alaska Power Authority, Illarch 1982. - (63)Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Results of the 1980;.81 Southcentral Alaska Trapper Questionnaire. £-5-100 f""" (65) (66) ""'" (67) .~ ~, (64)Jubenville,A.,T.Gasbarro,and S.Regan,Susitna Hydroelectric Project Annual Report on Land-Use Analysis, prepared by the Agricultural Experiment Station,School of. Agriculture and Land Resources Management,University of Al aska -Fai rbanks,for the Al aska Power Authori ty,January 1981. H.E.Goldberg &Co.,The Goldberg Report Fur Price List, Seattle,WA,Spring 1982 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Biologist Herb Melchior, personal communication,June '1982. Agricultural Experiment Station,School of Agriculture and Land Resources Management,University of Alaska -Fairbanks, Susitna Hydroelectric Study Project r'1anager Philip Gipson, personal communication,September 1982. (68)Metz,W.C.,Industry Initiatives in Impact Mitigation, Prepared for the Proceedings of the Alaska Symposium on Social,Economic,and Cultural Impacts of Natural Resource Development,Anchorage AK,August 25,1982. (69)~1etz,W.C.,liThe Mitigation of Socioeconomic Impacts by Electric Utilities ll ,Public Utilities Fortnightly,September 11,1980. (70)Metz,\~.C.,IIEnergy Industry Involvement in Worker Transportation,1I Submitted to Transportation Quarterly, October 1981. (71)State ,of Alaska,Office of the Governor,Division of Policy Development and Planning,Human Impact of Large-Scale Development Projects,Policy Analysis Paper No.82-7. (72)Mountain West Research North,Inc.,Guide to Social Assessment,Prepared for the Bureau of Land Management Social Effects Project,Billings MT,July 1982. E-5-101 1.-1 l 1 I }1 j 1 j )-.f ~c, ~}]•j •Data unaval1able due to dIsclosure polley. {a)Figures may not total correctly because of averagIng and disclosure lImitatIons on data. Source:Alaska Department of Labor.StatIstIcal Quarterly.Juneau.4 AK.(various Issues) - TABLE E.5.2 -Cor,lI~UN ITY POPULATION;MATANUSKA-SUS ITNA BOROUGH,~ 1939,1950,1960,1970, 1976,1980,1981 Community 1939 1950·1960 1970 1976(a)1980 (b)1981 (a) """"Talkeetna 136 106 76 182 328 265 640 vii 11 ow N.A.(c)N.A.78 38 (323)134 N.A. Wasilla 96 97 112 300 1566 1548 2168 Palmer 150 890 1181 1140 1643 2143 2567 - ~tontana N.A.N.A.39 33 76 40 N.A. Big Lake N.A.N.A.74 36 721 412 2408 Chickaloon N.A.N.A.43 22 62 20 N.A.'""'"Eska Sutton 14 54 215 89 496 N.A N.A. Houston N.A. N.A.N.A.69 375 325 600 ~ COHf'1UNITY POPULATION:OTHER COMMUNITIES NOT IN MATANUSKA-SUSITNA BOROUGH ~ Community 1950 1960 1970 1976 1980(b}1982(d} Nenana 242 286 382 493 471 N.A. Healy tJ.A.N.A.79 503 333 N.A. Cantwell N.A.85 62 N.A.182 183 Paxson N.A.N.A.20 N.A.30 N.A. Gl ennall en 142 169 363 N.A.488 N.A. Copper Center 90 151 206 N.A.213 N.A. Gakona 50 33 88 N.A.85 N.A. Gulkana 65 51 53 N.A.111 N.A. ~ (a)Mat-Su Borough Survey.The methodology for these surveys differs from U.S.Census data and hence the 1976 and 1981 figures are not comparable to Census data. (b)Alaska Department of Labor,Administrative Services Division.January ~ 1,1981.Alaska 1980 Population:A Preliminary Overview.Juneau,AK. (c)N.A.=Not Available. (d)Community Census,September 1982. Source:For all other data,U.S.Department of Commerce,Bureau of the Census. E-5-103 ~I ,""" - (a)Discounted using the Anchorage Consumer Price Index -Urban (CPI-U) as a measure of inflation. Source:U.S.Department of Commerce,Bureau of Economic Analysis. E-5-104 (a)Includes an area that is outside of Palmer and Wasilla's city 1 imi ts and extends west to Houston and east to Sutton. (b)Includes an estimated 69 housing units in Trapper Creek. Sources:Matanuska-Susitna Borough Planning Department,Population and Housing Survey,October 1981;and Cantwell Population and Housing Census, September,1982. E-5-105 J 1 ]~i }}})1 1 i I l ..~I ]JTABLEE.5.5 COMMUNITY FACILITIES SUMMARY fT1 I Ul I f-'o 0"1 >, 4J l::Governmentr-.....a ttl r-.....eo VI .j.J U .....+>CJ)..... a lJl ttl U eo l::(1)"D (1) 0.0 Lo-ro r-+.I .....U (1)r- Scho-o 15 l/l 0...L0-co t.."'0 .....=;::J.....(1)-iJ 0 r->........"'0 0:I::)t..t..t....c:'r-0......t..l::(1) (1)(1)E (1)ttl -iJ 0.VI :J (1)0 VI .j.J (1) (1)Q.U (1).j.J U r-l/l l::ca (1)E V1 .....Vl VI co EC+J a .....+-'t:co 0 ro u (1)4J VI ro t..a>,l/l 0 ~lJl r-(1)E (1):c t->,.....4J (1)eo (1)co ~0 :I:co t..ro s....0 >,~u s....::I:-0 I-0..j.J 4-Vl t:U ~~U 0..j.J eo 3:I-0...V1 co (1)r-eo .....>-,.....4->,0 'r-:J U s...."0l::"D s....:c ..c:I-~ro 0 u t..s....t:a VI .c:'t:0::"'0 0 (1) (1)t:(1)s....s...."'0 (1)~-iJ +.I ro s....l/l s.........+-'ro :::J t-o.:J +J t:U ..... E 0 .c:OJ (1).....+-'eo s....(1)~CJ)+-'(1)"0 r-~l/l s....~+.I .l>o::(1)(1)E (1)VI 0 r::4- (1)u CJ).j.J 3:~eo u :J s....co C t:t:eo .....-D s......Q l/l s....~.~E E s....u ..........;. ~(1).....co (1)0 +J 0 0 'r-'(1)0 (1)(1)0 eo :J 'r-.....0 0 ttl 0 (1)0 0 .....(1)t:t:LLJ VI :c 3:V1 V1 V1 ...J U Lo-...,.......J ~(!l C':-0::0...0::(--l U 0... 0...D..I-U ::r:LJ...V1 ::::>::>a Nenana ***'****** *** *** * 'k * Cantwell * * * ***'*** ***Trapper Creek ** **** ***Talkeetna **** ****** * *** Hi 11 ow ***;.* **'*****. Houston ***** * **Palmer ** * ** *'*:'r *'*'**'**** * ******** \·Jas ill a ..*'*** *'* '* *** ** * * * *** Paxson ** ** *** Glennallen ** **'***1,* * * *****1,* Copper Center * **********-k * Gakona *** ****** Healy *** *******1,**..* Gulkana **** ****** Valdez **** * * ******....*** ** ***** Anchorage ** *****'** * *-I<******* ******* Fairbanks ******* **********'***1,*** * * rr1 I fJl I I--'o -....J TABLE E.5.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS: MATANUSKA-SUSITNA SCHOOL DISTRICT 1981 School Conditi onl School Type Grade Capacity Enrollment Plans for Expansion Big Lake E 1-6 350 177 No pl ans. Butte E 1-6 500 300 No plans. Glacier View E/J 1-8 60 50 Currently consists of port- ables.Plan to build two classrooms. Iditarod E Pre-6 550 460 Recently burned down.Plan to have back in operation by 1/82. Sherrod E Pre l 3-6 450 454 No plans. Skwentna E/J/S 4-12 15 16 No plans. Snowshoe E 1-6 500 409 New facility. Swanson E l l 2 350 231 No plans. Talkeetna E 1-6 120 65 No plans. Trappers Creek E 1-6 30 40 Presently four portable facilities Have submitted a grant proposal for facility consisting of 4 class rooms and a gym/multipurpose room . ~I I t ~J ••J J J J J J ]J I )J I }I ]1 TABLE E.5.6 (cont.) 1 1 .~.})J ~]1 rn I C,J1 I I--'oco School Condit i onl School Type Grade Capacity Enrollment Plans for Expansion Wasilla Elem.E 1 120 90 Very old facility with half of building condemned.Have plans for a new facility in 1984. Willow E1 em.E 1-6 91 96 Expansion considered in the five year building plan. Pa lmer J 7-8 500 332 No plans. Wasilla J 7-8 600 353 Recently completed addi- t i on to facil ity. Palmer S 9-12 900 619 No plans. Sus itna Va 11 ey J/S 7-12 180 122 Plans for additions for the band and vocational studies. Wasilla S 9-12 1,200 715 Recently completed addition to the facility. Matanuska- Susitan Com-CC N/A N/A 1.500 N/A munity College E =Eremenfary;J =Junior;S =Senior;CC =COll1nunity College Source:Matamuska-Susitna Borough School District. TABLE E.5.7 -REGIONAL NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT PERCENT OF STATE 1970 1975 1979 1970 1975 1979 Total ..L Total ..L Total ...!...J..._1 _% TOTAl l •Nonagricultural Industries 62,690 100.0 113,818 100.0 113,204 100.0 67.8 70.4 68.0 Mining 1,610 2.6 2,243 2.0 2,822 2.5 53.7 59.2 48.9 Construction 5,264 8.4 16,359 14.4 8,257 7.3 76.3 63.6 81.8 rt1 Manufacturing 1,850 3.0 2,596 2.3 3.705 3.3 23.7 26.9 28.9 I tTl Transportation -Communication &I l-'Ut 11 it i es 6,021 9.6 12.094 10.6 12.062 10.7 r 66.2 73.4 72.2a 1.0 Wholesale Trade 5,366 4.7 5.083 4.5 90.8 92.2 12,111 19.3 79.2 Retail Trade 15.965 14.0 18.309 16.2 78.6 76.7 finance-Insurance and Real Estate 2,520 4.0 4.696 4.1 6.139 5.4 81.3 17.9 76.4 Services 8.868 14.1 20.995 18.4 19,674 17.4 17.8 83.5 69.4 Federal Government 12,372 19.7 13,022 11.4 12.728 11.2 72.4 71.2 71.0 State and local Government 11,585 18.5 17,799 15.6 21.130 18.7 62.6 60.9 57.7 Mi scell aneous 52 .1 217 .2 712 .6 26 19.0 98.9 lS ums of individual entries may not equal totals due to averaging and disclosure limitations on data. Source:Alaska Department of labor.Statistical Quarterly.Juneau,AK.(various issues) !.I !J 1 .~I ,I 1 I ,t J ,I ] TABLI:E.5.8 1981 CIVILIAN HOUSING STOCK IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ANCHORAGE,BY TYPE ~1! Type of NUfTlber of Percent of....Unit Units Total Single Family 30,OQ7 4S.A p5!f Tc Duplex fi,040 q.2 3-4 Un its 1i,211 9.4 ~ 5-19 Units 9,3!16 14.2 20+Units li,036 g.? Mobil e Homes A,031 12.2 ~d!>: In Parks fi,140 9.3 On Lots 1,885 2.q Total liS,771 1On.n ,~ Source:Municipality of Anchorage Planning nepartment. E-5-110 TABLE E.5.9 HOUSING STOCK IN FAIRBANKS AND THE FAIRBANKS-NORTH STAR BOROUGH,RY TYPE, OCTOBER lq7R "'"'" - Source:Fairbanks North Star Borough Community Information r.p-nter. Community Information Ouarterly:Summer lqRO.Volume III,Number _ 2.p.70. - E-5-111 i )i )I 1 t 1 ))}~I j TABLE E.5.10 STATE ANNUAL NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR 1970 1975 .1979 Total %Total %Total % TOTAL1~Nonagricultural Industries 92,400 100.0 161,689 100.0 166,406 100.0 Mining 3,000 3.2 3,790 2.3 5,773 3.5 Construction 6,900 7.5 25,735 15.9 10,092 6.1 Manufacturing 7,800 8.4 9,639 6.0 12,818 7.7 Transportation -Communication & rr1 Util Hies 9,100 9.8 16,473 .10.2 16,704 10.0r ui, ......Wholesale Trade 3,200 3.5 5,908 3.7 5,511 3.3I-' N Retail Trade 12,100 13.1 20,300 12.6 23,877 14.3 Finance-Insurance and Real Estate 3,100 3.3 6,030 3.7 8,035·4.8 Services 11,400 12.3 25,136 15.5 28,345 17.0 Federal Government 17,100 18.5 18,288 11.3 17,915 10.8 St~teand Local Government 18,500 20.0 29,247 18.1 36,617 22.0 Miscellaneous 200 .2 1,143 .7 720 .4 1 Figures may not total correctly because of averaging. Source:Alaska Department of Labor.Statistical Quarterly.Juneau,AK. (various issues). TABLE E.5.11:SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON MATANUSKA-SUSITNA BOROUGH Present Conditions Watana Construction Peak Oevil ~anyon Peak Socioeconomic Variable 1981 Capacity 1981 Amount/ Usage 1990 Baseline Forecast 1990 Forecast with Project Impact of Project Percent Increase Over Baseline Forecast 1999 Baseline Forecast 1999 Forecast With Project Impact of Project Percent Increase Over Baseline Forecast Police Population (b)Employment Housing Demand (no.of units) Water (gallons per day) Solid Waste Disposal (acres per year) ~ I UM Sewage Treatment ~(gallona per day) ~ LV Education (primary students) (secondary students) Hospital Beds (c) COIrmunity Parks (acres) N.A.-Not Applicable N.A. N.A. 8,582 N.A. 617 N.A. 20 3,136 3,380 23 o 22,285 4,002 6,810 N.A. 2.5 N.A. 20 2,388 2,141 20 42,964 6,914 14,417 N.A. 6.7 N.A. 38 5,406 4,605 60 80 44,076(a) 10,842 14,791 N.A. 6.9 N.A. 42 5,565 4,738 61 82 1,112(a) 3,928 374 N.A. 0.2 N.A. 4 159 133 2 2.6(a) 56.8 2.6 N.A. 2.5 N.A. 10.5 2.9 2.9 1.7 2.4 66,338 9,505 24,670 N.A. 13.6 N.A. 60 8,884 7,568 109 133 67,204(a) 11,554 24,992 N.A. 13.8 N.A. 62 9,011 7,674 110 135 866(a) 2,049 322 N.A. 0.2 N.A. 2 127 106 2 1.3 (a) 21.6 1.3 N.A. 1.3 N.A. 3.3 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.5 (a) (b) (c) Population increase reFers to population inFlux in Mat-Su Borough communities,and does not include population residing only at work camp/vi 11age. By place of employment. Community parks generally contain facilities such as tennis courts,ball diamonds,play apparatus,basketball courts,nature walks,and swimming pools. Source:Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc. I ~J -)I J I "D J .J ~.~J .1 I J j ]-1 I 1 ]]I -I 1• TABLE E.5.12;SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON THE CITY OF PALMER Present Conditions Watana Construction Peak Devil Canyon Peak Percent Percent 1990 Increase Increase 1981 1990 Forecast Impact Over 1999 1999 Impact Over Socioeconomic 1981 Amount/Baseline with of Baseline Baseline Forecast of Baseline Variable Capacity Usage Forecast Project Project Forecast Forecast With Project Project Forecast Population N.A.2,567 4,525 4,567 42 0.9 6,167 6,200 33 0.5 (a)N.A.(b) (b)(b)27 (b)(b)(b) 13 (b) Employment - ----- Housing Demand 872 783 1,551 1.563 12 0.8 2,299 2.311 12 0.5 (no.of units) Water 1.368,000 300,000 608,000 614,000 6.000 1.0 918,000 923,000 5,000 0.5 (gallons per day) .."Sewage Treatment 500,000 300,000 543,000 548,000 5,000 0.9 740,000 744,000 4,000 0.5I tJ1 (gallons per day) I I--'Police B 8 8 8 0 0 9 9 0 0.0I--' -Po Education BOO(c)685 (c)(primary students)569 580 11 1.9 826 830 4 0.5 (c)951 (c)485 490 5 1.0 704 708 4 0.6(secondary atudents)1,400 Hospital Beds N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A. N.A.-Not Applicable (a)By place of employment (b)Data not available (c)School service areas do not correspond exactly to city limits.1981 enrollment may include a service area that extends beyond city boundaries,whereas projections for 1990 and 1999 refer only to school children living in Palmer Source:Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc. TABLE E.5.13:SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON WASILLA Present Conditions Watana Construction Peak Devil Canyon Peak N.A.N.A. N.A.N.A. 1,170 959(c) 1,800_(c)1,068_(c) Socioeconomic Variable Population (a)Employment Housing Demand (no.of units) Water (gallons per day) Sewage Treatment ~(gallons per day) I U1 I Police............ U1 Education (primary st (secondary students) Hospit al Beds 1981 Capacity N.A. N.A. 718 364,000 N.A. 1981 Amount/ Usage 2,168 (b) 670 (b) N.A. 1990 Baseline forecast 4,157 (b) 1,404 559,000 N.A. N.A • S2J 446 N~A. 1990 forecast with Project 4,207 (b) 1,421 S65,ooO N.A. N.A. 5JO 452 N.A. Impact of Project 50 (b) 17 6,000 N.A. N.A. 7 6 N.A. Percent Increase Over Baseline forecast 1.2 (b) 1.2 1.1 N.A. N.A. 1.3 1.3 N.A. 1999 Baseline Forecast 7,969 (b) 2,965 1,186,000 N.A. N.A. 1,067 909 N.A. 1999 forecast With Project 8,010 (b) 2,980 1,192,000 N.A. N.A. 1,073 914 N.A. Impact of Project 41 n 1S 6,000 N.A. N.A. 6 5 N.A. Percent Increase Over Baseline forecast 0.5 (b) 0.5 0.5 N.I\. N.A. 0.6 0.6 N.A. N.A.-Not Applicable (a)By place of employment (b)Data not available (c)School service areas do not correspond exactly to city limits.1981 enrollment may include a service area that extends beyond city boundaries,whereas projections for 1990 and 1999 refer only to school children living in Wasilla. Source:Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc. I B J I .J !j ~..1 m ]m 1 J J J )1 ~I 1 J j 1 1 1 ~j ]1 TABLE E.5.14:SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON HOUSTON Present Conditions Watana Construction Peak Devil Canyon Peak Percent Percent 1990 Increase Increase 1981 1990 Forecast Impact Over 1999 1999 Impact Over Socioeconomic 1981 Amount!Baseline with of Baseline Baseline Forecast of Baseline Variable Ca[l~~!t}'LJ~f1gl!Forecast Project Project Forecast Forecast With Project Project Forecast Population N.A.600 1,415 1,453 3B 2.7 3,335 J,367 32 1.0 (a)N.A.(b)(b) (b)15 (b)(b) (b)7 (b)Employment -- ---- Housing Demand 229 207 508 522 14 2.8 1,249 1,261 12 1.0 (no.of units) Water N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. (gallons per day) Sewage Treatment N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.rn (gallons per day)I (Jl I Police N.A.N.A. N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.>-' >-' (J')Education O(c)O(c)(primary students)178 184 6 3.4 447 451 4 0.9 (secondary students)O(c)O(c)152 156 4 2.6 JBO 384 4 1.1 Hospital Beds N.A. N.A.N.A. N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. -- N.A.-Not Applicable (a)By place of employment (b)Data not available (c)School service areas do not correapond to city limits.Children in Houston currehtly attend schools outside of the city. A aecondary school initially accommodating 300 students is planned. Source:Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc. TABLE E.5.15:SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON TRAPPER CREEK Present Conditions Watana Construction Peak Devil Canyon Peak Percent Percent 1990 Increase Increase 1981 1990 Forecast Impact Over 1999 1999 Impact Over Socioeconomic 1981 Amount!Baseline with of Baseline Baseline Forecast of Baseline Variable Capacity Usage Forecast Project Project Forecast Forecast With Project Project forecast Population N.A.225 320 661 341 106.6 456 101 245 49.8 (a)N~A. (b)(b)(b)66 (b)(b)(b)31 (b) Employment ------ Housing Demand 69 68 101 221 114 106.5 169 261 92 54.4 (no.of unite) fTl Water N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A.N.A. N.A. N.A.N.A. I (gallons per day) (J) I t--'Sewage Treatment N.A. N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A.N.A.N.A.t--' '-.l (gallons per day) Police N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. Education 30(c)40(d)(primary students)18 128-148 50-10 64.1 116 151 ...111 35-55 30.1 (secondary students)oed) oed)34 14 40 111.6 52 82 30 51.1 Hospital Beds N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A.-Not Applicable (a)By place of employment (b)Data not available (c)Planned capacity of 100,with room for expansion to 200. (d)School service areas do not correspond exactly to community delineations.The Trapper Creek elementary school serves a wide area outside of the community.Secondary school-age children from Trapper Creek attend Susitna Valley High School. Source:Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc. ..J I J .J J I J J J .J ..J j J J .I J I i 1 J !]J i ]j I )1 1 ]]1 TABLE E.5.16:SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON TALKEETNA Present Conditions Watana Construction Peak Devil Canyon Peak Percent Percent 1990 Increase Increase 1981 1990 Forecast Impact Over 1999 1999 Impact Over Socioeconomic 1981 Amount/Baseline with of Baseline Baseline Forecast of Baseline Variable C_apacity Usage Forecast Project Project Forecast Forecast With Project Project Forecast Population N.A.640 1,000 1,263 263 26.3 1,563 1,773 210 13.4 (a)N.A.(b)(b) (b)(b)(b)(b)(b) Employment ---71 ---34 Housing Demand 196 194 334 421 87 26.0 581 658 77 13.3 (no.of units) \~at er N.A.N.A. N.A.N.A. N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A. N.A.N.A. (gallons per day) --Sewage Treatment N.A.N.A."l.A.N.A. N.A. N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A."l.A. m (gsllons per day) I Ul Police N.A.N.A. N.A."l.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.I..... t-'Educationco 120(d)n(d)(primary students)126 164 38 30.2 209 240 31 14.8 (secondary students)O(d)O(d)107 138 31 29.0 178 204 26 14.6 Hospital Beds N.A.N.".N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A.-Not Applicable (a)By place of employment (b)Data not available (c)School aervice areas do not correspond exactly to community delineations.Secondary school-age children attend Susitna Valley Hiqh School. Source:Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc. TABLE E.5.17 -SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA PROJECT ON CANTWELL (HIGH CASE IMPACTS) Present Conditions Watana Construction Peak Devil Canyon Construction Peak Percent Percent 1990 Increase Increase 1982 1990 Forecast Impact Over 1999 1999 Impact Over Socioeconomic 1982 Amount/Baseline With of Baseline Baseline forecast of Baseline Variable Capacity Usage Forecast Project Project Forecast forecast With Project Project forecast Population N.A.183 214 641 427 199.5 256 543 287 112.1 Housing Demand 96 69 78 205 127 162.8 93 178 85 91.4 (no.of units) JTl I (Jl Water N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.I I-'(gallons per day)I-' I.Q Sewage Treatment N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.N.A. N.A. N.A. (gallons per day) Police N.A.1 1 2 1 100.0 1 2 1 100.0 Education 60 33 39 135 96 246.2 46 108 62 134.8 N.A.-Not Applicable Source;Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc. J J ,I I J )I I J J J j J J J i J 1 1 !1 ])]j 1 1 )1 »1 1 -1\ ~ fT1 I tn I f-' No TABLE E.5.18:SUMMARIZED IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON THE REGION(a) Watana Construction Peak Devil Canyon Peak Percent Percent 1990 Increase Increase 1990.forecast Impact Over 1999 1999 Impact Over Socioeconomic 1980 Baseline with of Baseline Baseline Forecast of Baseline Variable Amount forecast Project Project forecast forecast With Project Project forecast Population 284,166 J97,999 400,J23 2,324 0.6 47"5,191 474,419 1,228 O.J Employment 114,112(b)200,112 206,477 6,365 J.2 232,J11 235,668 3,357 1.4 Households 96,899 138,938 139,794 856 0.6 171,895 172,J84 489 O.J (0)Includes the following census divisions:Anchorage,Kenai Peninsula,Mat-Su Borouqh,fairbanks-North Star Borouqh,S.E.fairbanks and Valdez-Chitina-Whittier. (b)Average employment during the first nine months of 1980. Source:rorecasts by frank Orth &Associates,Inc. TA8lE U.19 -ON-5:lE CCNSTRUCIIOU AtiO OPERmOH5 MUPOWEF.REOUIPEHENT5.19B5-20~5(AI ................._....-......................--.........---....-_.......--_..........................-..--...--- ---..- ---------- ---- - -..---- 1985 19B6 19B7 198B 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 (994 1995 1m 1997 1m 1999 2001:1 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 -----_....----------_..-_...--_...-----_.._--------- ----------------------------...-_..-......-.......- CONSIPUCllON ................_....-.. lABOPERS 562 an 1m 1m 1897 2369 2202 1m 894 549 J38 m 844 1076 1144 1002 507 105 SEMI-5t IllED/SKlllED 148 1"::;55 448 502 627 5SJ 422 220 136 92 148 m m 312 308 234 24"J ADMIN IsmATI VE IENGINEEP.390 184 268 359 402 502 467 355 185 liS 71 115 I7b 229 m 187 159 22 SUB-IOIAl CONSIRUClION 1100 1350 1902 2500 281)1 me 31 £'':I 2500 1299 800 501 802 1250 1600 1699 1497 900 151.". OPERATIONS AND HAINTENAI1CE .._......_......----_.._-_..---_..._.._- rn All lA80R CATEGORIES 71)145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 170 170 170 170 I Ul I......Tom 1100 mo 1902 2500 2801 3498 32S2 2500 1169 945 646 941 1m 1m 1844 1642 1045 321 170 170 170 N...... -......----..--------....-...--... (AI 5UPPlIED BY ACRES AMERICAN,IHC. I J J J J I ,I .1 J I ;1 .1 j 1 1 -1 1 .~J 1 -])])1 -1 1 ) TABLE E.5.20 -SOURCE OF ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION WORK FORCE:REGIONAL,ALASKA NON-REGIONAL, AND OUT-OF-STATE,1985-2002 REGIONAL 1905 1906 1907 1900 1909 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 LABORERS 18m 178 717 1007 1m 1612 2014 1872 1465 760 4b7 287 458 717 915 m 852 4ll 89 SEKI-SK1LLEDi SKILLED 10011 118 258 284 359 402 S02 466 337 176 109 74 118 184 m 250 246 187 19 AD"IN1 SIRATI VE I ENGINEERING 165tJ 254 120 174 233 261 J2b J04 2JI 120 75 46 75 114 149 150 122 lOJ 14 sualOIAl REGIONAL 850 1094 1545 2031 n76 2842 2642 2m 1056 650 407 651 1016 1299 !JOO 1220 m 122 NON-REGIONAL ALASkA NON-REGIONAL fTl I (Jl I ........ N N LABORERS 1511 SE"l-SkiLLEDI SKILLED 1511 RD"INI SIRRIIVEI ENGINEERING /511 SUB-TOIH ALASKA NON-REGIONAL OUT -OF-STRTE 2B 20 55 42 16 67 64 18 lJ 95 85 22 IB 125 95 25 20 140 lIB 31 25 175 110 29 23 163 86 21 IB 125 45 II 65 27 40 17 5 25 27 40 42 11 62 54 15 II 80 57 16 12 85 50 15 75 25 12 B 45 5 LABORERS (107,)56 84 128 169 190 m 220 172 a9 55 J4 54 84 lOB 114 100 51 11 SEMI-Sr1lLEOI St.IlLED 11511 AOKlIU :mAil VEl ENGINEERING 13011 22 117 48 55 53 Bu 61 108 75 121 94 151 81 140 63 107 13 56 20 ,.". 14 21 22 35 34 5J H 69 47 7J 46 56 35 48 SUB-JUIAI OUT -OHTATE TOIAl NON-REGIONAL IOIAl m 108 262 344 306 482 448 H2 178 110 69 111 172 221 2J4 202 250 255 357 469 m 6S6 610 4b7 243 150 94 151 m 301 JI9 m 11')0 1350 1902 25'"):'601 3498 3252 2500 1299 aDo 501 802 1250 1600 1699 1497 134 179 900 21 28 151 Source:Acres American,Inc. I J I ]j I J J I J ,.•),I I j )_I I f 1 J 1 j !)1 ]1 ]1 1 l ) TABLE E.5.22 -TOTAL PAYROLL FOR ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANPOWER) 1985-2005 IN THOUSANDS OF 1981 DOLLAnS ,., .......-.........-..-...--....----------------_....-.........--------_.~---...............-------------_.....__..--------- 1995 190b 1987 1909 1989 1990 1991 1992 1m 1994 1995 1990 1997 1998 1999 ZOOO 2001 2002 2001 2004 200S -----------....----------...--..-------------------...-_.._-----.._--...._..------_...--.......-- CONSIRUCTION fAI .........-------- LAbORERS 10B47 2512J 38m 50139 500b3 709B4 b590S 51529 20000 10543 10100 1bl41 25m 12211 34255 29892 14950 1114 SE"I-SK ILLED I S~ILLED 1071 9102 9441 11750 11109 10440 15202 10041 5475 3389 23Bl 1871 5952 7725 8189 9182 0418 57t AD"INl STRATI VEl ENGINEER 9159 lBIO 5555 mo a334 10404 WI 73b2 384~mo 1405 2J74 J055 4737 S038 1940 1289 m m SUBTOTAL CONSIRUCTION 28m 38295 51115 0992S 70100 97028 9mB 09534 30121 22110 14034 22300 35040 44671 47482 42020 24m 4180I (J1 I ,t-' N DPERj,TlONS 191+>-.......------- ALL LABOR CATEGORIES 2b84 ~559 5559 5559 5559 5559 5559 5559 5559 0517 0517 0517 0517 TOTAL PAYROLL 28m JBm ml5 69925 70100 97828 90930 09534 lB007 27809 19593 27m 40599 50132 53041 47579 Jom 10m 0517 11517 11m ........------...__......--....----'-..-_....--........... (AI MSED ON 1,825 WORY-INS flOURS IN TflE 'lEAR. 191 BASED ON 2,m WORKING flOURS IN TflE YEAR. TABLE E.5.23 -ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION WORK FORCE:CUMULATIVE PROJECT EMPLOYMENT AND RESIDENCE OF INDIVIDUALS CURRENTLY RESIDING IN THE REGION_..___________________................_.....____________________...----_......-_...._........_.........._..._----------------------.....--"!-......__..oo ....._--------...-... 1~85 1~8b 1987 19BB 198~1990 1~~1 1992 1m 19~4 19~5 19~b 1~97 19~B .1999 2000 200\2002--------...._..------------_...--.........------------_......-......----..----------..---- fiEGION 850 1094 \S45 2031 2276 2842 ~642 2033 IOS6 650 407 651 1016 12~9 1380 1220 7"122.. ANCHOfiA6E SUBAREA 627 808 1141 1m 1679 2(197 1m 150\1 179 4BO 300 4BO 750 959 1019 900 5J2 90 ANCHORAGE m 612 864 1135 1m ISB8 1477 IIJ6 590 363 228 364 568 m m 682 403 68 nAT -SU 58 •74 104 m 153 191 178 IJ1 71 44 27 44 611 B7 93 82 49 8 KENAI-COO~INLET 94 121 m 225 253 m 293 226 117 n 45 72 IIJ 144 IS3 135 80 14 SEWARD 2 2 3 4 5 "5 4 2 I I I 2 3 3 2 I 0 fAIR8AN~S 202 260 368 4B3 542 676 b29 484 251 155 97 155 242 309 329 290 172 29 SE f AIR&ANYS 2 2 3 4 S ":;4 2 I I I 2 3 3 2 I 0 VALDE I-CHITIHA-WHI TT IER 18 23 32 43 48 60 55 43 22 14 9 14 21 27 29 26 15 3 nAT-SU COnnUNl1lES PAlnER 6 7 10 14 15 19 18 14 7 4 3 4 7 9 9 8 5 1 rn WASILLA :;6 8 II 12 15 14 II 6 4 2 4 5 7 7 7 4 IIHOU51ON2 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 2 I I 1 2 3 3 2 I 001 I TRAPPER CRm I I I I 2 2 2 I I (I 0 0 I I I I I 0 I-"TALHElHA 2 3 4 S "B 7 5 3 2 I 2 3 4 4 3 2 0N 01 OTHER 42 54 77 101 113 141 131 101 52 32 20 32 50 65 69 bI 36 b J J J J ....1 it J J ••J J .1 I J )1 .j ))J })]]1 B j TABLE E.5.24 -ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION WORK FORCE:CUMULATIVE INMIGRATION AND PLACE OF RELOCATION IN THE REGION --~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------~------- 1985 1966 1987 1988 1989.1990 1991 1992 199J 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 ---------- ------------------------------------ TOTAL REGION 54 67 93 122 137 170 158 140 111 96 91 91 91 100 102 98 64 65 ANCHORAGE SUBAREA 41 51 99 131 1U 184 175 160 m 128 122 .122 122 129 131 127 116 101 ANCHORAGE 17 20 -37 -51 -57 -73 -76 -80 -66 -89 -91 -91 -91 -89 -88 -89 -92 -97 MAT-sU 23 29 1"'1 202 227 285 279 269 253 247 243 243 243 248 249 246 .239 229oJ... KENAI COOK INLET I 2 -14 -18 -20 -25 -26 -26 -2]-26 -28 -26 -26 -26 -28 -28 -26 -29 SEWARD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I)O'0 0 FAIRBANKS 13 16 -8 -11 -12 -16 -19 -23 -29 -31 -33 -33 -33 -31 -30 -32 -34 -39 SE FAIRBANKS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VALDEZ-CHITINA-WHITTIER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0rn I nAT-SU COMMUNITIES<Jl I PALMER I 1 6 8 9 11 11 11 10 .10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9I-' 1'0 WASILLA 1 I 8 10 11 14 14 IJ 13 12 12 .12 12 12 12 12 12 11Cj) HOUSTON I I 6 8 9 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 TRAPPER CREEK 6 7 38 .50 57 71 70 67 63 62 61 61 61 62 62 62 60 57 TALKEETNA 6 7 38 50 57 71 70 67 63 62 61 61 61 62 62 62 60 57 OTHER 9 11 56 75 84 105 103 99 94 91 90 90 90 92 n 91 88 85 TABLE E.5.25 -CUt~ULATIVE NON-RELOCATING ON-SITE COI-JSTRUCTION HORKERS Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Number of Workers(a) 61 52 151 218 253 338 305 182 Watana Construction 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 negligible negligible negligible neg1 i gibl e 37 Devil Canyon Construction 90 106 68 negligible negl i gi bl e - (a)kesidents of Cantwell who obtain construction employment on the project and constructi on workers that sett1 e in Canb/e11 were con- sidered in these estimates.The Cant\vell IlHigh Impact Scenario ll was used in deriving these estimates.Further,it is assumed that if workers do not settle in Canty/ell.they will settle elsewhere in the region. E-5-127 - 1 1 1 1 l )]1 ]-}1 -])1 ] TABLE E.5.2b -TOTAL REGIONAL ENPLOYNENT:OU-5ITE CONS1RUCTION.INOIRECT AND INDUCED .........----_..---.....................-------_..---_.........-...--_..--....-_.............--------_....--_......-----..-_..-- 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1m 1994 199~1996 1m 19qa 1m 2000 2001 2002 ...-------..----------------------------_....----..._-----..-_..- REGION 1m 1897 2664 3609 4043 ~O49 m8 3669 1907 1175 73b 1176 181~2399 2548 2288 1356 232 ANCHORAGE SUDARE A 1156 1487 2(199 2866 32J2 4010 mJ 2886 1499 9'n 519 92~1m 1897 2016 1m 1061 181"ANCHORAGE m 1180 1608 2193 2456 3066 2851 2194 1142 705 444 706 1140 1457 1.541 1368 812 142 MHU III 142 264 m 421 526 489 :;75 193 1I7 72 117 lD5 m 254 m 131 18 HNAI-COOr.lNL£T 121 16l m 296 m 414 408 m 163 100 63 100 157 200 ..213 199 117 20 SEWARD 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 5 3 2 1 2 J J 4 J 2 (I fAIRBANKS m m 521 68!766 m m m m 233 H6 m m 464 m 460 273 H 5E fAIRiAN~S 2 3 4 5 5 7 b 5 2 2 I 2 2 J 3 3 2 0 VALOEHHIIINA-WHITT IER 22 2B 39 52 58 12 67 52 27 17 10 17 26 J1 35 33 19 3 nAT-SU CONMUNIIlES PALMER 10 13 22 1\35 4!H 31 16 10 6 10 15 20 21 19 II 2 nl WASILLA 9 II 20 28 31 19 J7 28 14 9 ~9 H 18 19 17 10 I I HOUSTON 4 5 10 14 16 20 18 14 7 4 3 4 7 9 9 8 5 I c.n TRAPPER CREEk 2 3 10 15 17 22 20 15 8 5 3 5 7 10 10 9 5 0I I-'IAUHTNA 7 9 29 n 49 61 57 n n 13 8 13 21 27 29 26 15 2 N OTHER 79 101 172 m 272 JH 317 m 1'"76 47 77 120 m 165 145 85 13co<" TABLE E.5,n -TOTAL INmRATlON hND OlllnlGRATION Itl T~E fEGIO~:ON-SITE CONSTRUCTlON,INDIRECT AND INDUCED----------...---...-................................--_.......------------------------.......-_.....----------------------------......-_...................... 1995 1986 1987 198B 1989 199(1 ml 1m 199J (9q4 1995 1996 1m m8 1999 2000 2001 2002--_....---------------....._---------.......-....------------.._........-------.........- REGION m JOll 425 m 664 BiB 783 621 361 252 108 245 m 425 448 409 269 96 ANC~ORAGE SUBAREA ~O5 261 401 562 630 787 739 594 363 267 209 261 353 m 444 406 181 m ANC~ORAGE 164 110 2lI J02 ~J7 419 392 m 98 25 -19 24 100 155 170 139 44 -72 MT-SU J4 42 196 268 301 m 365 m 287 267 255 .263 275 209 m 285 262 231 HNAI-COOl:IIUT 7 9 -5 -6 -6 -9 -6 -II -19 -23 -25 -23 -20 -10 -17 -17 -22 ·28 SEWARD (I 0 0 0 (I (I (I 0 0 0 0 0 (I 0 0 0 (I 0 FAIRBANI:S 30 37 19 25 27 33 37 20 -7 -18 -24 ·19 -II -4 -2 -2 -11 -35 SE FAIRBAN~S (I (I (I (I 0 (I 0 (I (I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (I VALDEI-CHI I INA-WHITT IER 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 4 2 I I I 2 2 J 3 2 0 MAI-SU CO""UNllIES PAlnER I 2 1 10 II 14 14 13 II 10 10 10 II II II II 10 9IT1WASillA229121311161514 13 n 1:1 Il 14 14 13 Il 12I tn HOUS1ON I 1 7 9 10 13 Il 12 II 10 10 10 10 II II II 10 9I I-'TRAPPER CRm 9 12 60 83 9J 117 112 100 80 11 67 71 77 82 84 81 11 58 N lALt.EETNA 7 9 46 63 71 89 06 80 70 65 63 65 67 1(1 11 69 64 581.0 DINER 13 16 67 90 102 128 124 115 102 96 93 95 98 102 103 101 94 85 J J J ~.1 J ~])I ~I ., 1 1 1 )j 1 )J -,»1 1 1 j ») TABLE £.5.2B:TOTAL POPULATION INFLUX INTO THE REGION:DIRECT,INDIRECT AND INDUCED......--_...----~...........--...._---- - - -_............-"''''-----------...........---------_.....-...........-..._...--_...-----_.. 19B5 19B6 19B7 19B8 19B9 1990 1991 1m 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1m 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005..--. REGION b72 BO'1203 ~bll IBb7 2324 2191 1735 HI14 714 535 690 qs]1170 1228 1122 74:;27B 179 179 179", ANCHORAGE SU8AREA 5B3 m 1139 15B9 1777 nt4 2075 16/19 1027 761 602 742 9B6 1m 1229 1122 78B l7B m 297 297 ANCHORAGE 463 590 578 8n 919 1m 1030 725 242 42 -77 35 240 3B5 425 l39 84 -225 -292 -292 -292 NAT-SU 99 123 5BO 789 BB6 1112 1074 9BB BO'796 763 7B4 BI7 856 B66 844 77B 694 676 b7b 676J, KENAI cam:INLET 21 26 -16 -20 -23 -28 -22 -37 -60 -70 -76 -71 -64 -57 -55 -54 -68 -85 -87 -87 -87 SEWARD 0 0 0 0 0 (I 0 0 0 Q (I IJ 0 0 (I 0 0 0 0 0 0 FAIRBAN~:S B5 107 52 66 72 8B 96 49 -2b -57 -75 "'62 -41 -20 -14 -15 -56 -107 -117 -117 -117 SE FAIRBAm 0 0 (I 0 I I I (I 0 0 0 (,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VALDEHHlTINA-WHI II IER 5 6 8 II 12 15 14 II 5 3 2 .3 5 7 7 B 5 1 0 0 0 MHU COMUNl1lES m PALMER 4 5 22 30 33 42 40 38 "31 JO 31 .,33 3J 33 31 28 27 27 27JJJ, I WAS!LLA 5 6 26 36 40 50 49 46 4t 39 37 3B "39 40 41 40 38 35 34 34 34(Jl I HOUSTON 3 4 20 27 31 3B 37 35 32 31 30 10 31 32 32 31 30 28 27 27 27 I-'T~APPER CREEl:27 34 175 m 272 341 m 291 m 212 19B 209 225 241 245 236 209 175 169 169 169w 0 TALKEETNA 22 27 IlB IB6 209 263 254 236 20B 196 189 m 199 207 210 205 191 173 169 169 169 OTHER 37 46 199 268 301 na 366 342 304 2BB 27B 284 291 302 305 m 280 257 250 250 250 [IiBLE £05.29 -TOllil fOPUlATlOli IftFLUl INTO THE REGlOli ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIRECT CONSTRUCT 1011 NORK FORCE --_....._..............-_..----- ----------------------_...........-_......._-----------...------- ----------.._....._........-------_..---- 1985 19B6 1987 1988 19B9 1910 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 ------...------------------------------ --- ..,....-------_.-_...----- TOTAL RE61011 1,,3 201 m 366 410 511 4)6 420 m 296 274 274 274 301 WB 293 251 194 179 179 179 ANCHORAGE SUBAREA 124 1<'299 m 442 m m 4BI m 3B4 J67 J67 367 JBB m 3B2 148 303 297 297 297J< ANCHORAGE 50 6')-112 -152 -172 -219 -227 -240 ..,259 -267 -2]2 -272 -212 -266 -265 -268 -271 -290 -292 -292 -292 MAHU 70 8b 45)606 6BI 856 8H 807 761 742 711 7JI 7JI 7H 74B )40 718 .688 m 676 676 KEliA I COOK INLET 4 6 -42 -55 -61 -76 -7)-79 -82 -B4 -85 -B5 -85 -84 -83 -84 -85 -87 -07 -87 -87 SEWARD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FAIRBANKS 40 49 -23 -33 -37 -48 -56 -68 -86 -94 -99 -99 -99 -93 -92 -95 -104·-116 -117 -111 -117 SE FA IRBAN~S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (I (I (I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VALDE/-CHI TlHA-WHI TT IER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (I 0 0 0 0 0 MT-SU CONNUNITIES PAlHER 3 3 18 24 27 14 n 32 30 30 29 29 29 30 30 30 29 28 0 27 27 rn WASILLA 3 4 21 30 34 n 42 40 38 J7 31 17 31 37 17 31 36 14 34 H 14 I HOUSTON 3 J \8 24 27 34 33 l2 30 1(1 29 29 29 30 30 30 29 28 27 27 27U1 I TRAPPER CREEK 17 22 114 152 170 214 209 202 190 185 103 183 183 186 187 185 .180 172 169 169 169 I-'TALKEETNA 17 22 114 152 170 214 209 202 190 185 IB3 183 183 186 IB7 185 180 172 169 169 169w I-'OTHER 26 J2 169 m 252 H7 310 299 282 274 270 270 270 m 277 274 266 255 .250 250 250 NOTE:THIS TABLE ASSUNES THAT 951 OF INNIGRANTS ARE ACONPANIED BY DEPENDENTS. J J )I J cJ 11 J J I J j ,..,. E-5-132 - TABLE E.5.31 -IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYIDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON HOUSING -DEMAND IN THE LOCAL IMPACT AREA DURING THE WATANA CONSTRUCTION PHASE (Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc.)- Cumulative Projected Baseline Project-Induced Total """J, Housing Projection of Inf1 ux of Housing Stock Househo1 ds Households Demand Total Mat-Su Borough 1985 11 ,730 9,927 32 9,959 1986 .12,868 10,916 40 10,956 -1987 14,095 11,986 189 12,175 1988 15,121 12,910 259 13,169 1989 16,092 13,788 294 14,082 1990 16,754 14,417 374 14,791 1991 17,728 15,354 364 15,718 1992 18,574 16,156 339 16,495 1993 19,761 17,245 295 17,540 Trapper Creek """""1985 84 83 9 92 1986 88 87 11 98 1987 93 92 56 148 -1988 98 97 79 176 1989 1 03 102 89 191 1990 108 107 114 221 1991 114 112 111 223 -1992 119 118 100 218 1993 126 124 82 205 Talkeetna 1985 251 246 7 253 1986 267 262 9 271 1987 284 278 45 323 1988 302 296 61 357 1989 320 314 69 383 1990 340 334 87 421 1991 362 355 86 441 1992 385 377 81 458 1993 409 401 72 473 Cantwell 1985 97 71 123 194 1986 99 72 125 197 1987 100 73 107 180 1988 102 75 118 193 1989 103 76 124 200 1990 105 78 137 215 1991 107 80 136 216 ~ 1992 108 81 134 215 1993 110 83 130 213 £-5-133 TABLE E.5.32 -IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON HOUSING DEMAND IN THE LOCAL IMPACT AREA DURING THE WATANA OPERATION AND DEVIL CANYON CONSTRUCTION PHASE ,-. (Forecasts by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc.) Cumulative Projected Basel i ne Project-Induced Total Housing Projection of Infl ux of,Hous;ng Stock Households Households Demand Total ~1at-Su Borough 1994 20~821 18,235 279 18,514 1995 22,043 19,371 271 19,642 1996 23,278 20,528 282 20,810 1997 24,719 21,885 297 22,182 1998 26,048 23,145 314 23,459 1999 27,672 24,670 322 24,992 2000 29,207 26,095 317 26,412 2001 30,626 27,373 271 27,644 2002 32,115 28,715 259 28,974, Trapper Creek 1994 132 131 74 206 1995 139 138 70 208-1996 147 145 75 220 1997 155 153 82 235 1998 163 161 89 250 ..-1999 171 169 92 261 2000 180 178 89 267 2001 .187 186 78 264 2002 195 193 66 259 Talkeetna ,,-,1994 435 426 68 494 1995 462 453 67 520- 1996 492 482 69 551 1997 523 513 72 585 1998 557 546 76 622 1999 592 581 77 658 2000 630 618 77 695 ,~2001 662 650 71 721 2002 696 683 65 748 ....Cantwell 1994 112 84 100 184 1995 114 86 100 186 ~1996 116 88 100 188 1997 118 89 100 189 1998 120 91 100 191 P"~1999 122 93 100 193 2000 124 95 100 195 2001 126 97 98 195 2002 128 99 96 195 E-5-134 TABLE Eo 5.•33 -SECONDARY JOBS CREATED IN THE REGION AND MAT-SU BOROUGH BY THE PROJECT,1985 -2002 ~I """'I Year Secondary Jobs:Region Secondary Jobs:Mat-Su Borough 1985 806 64 1986 1035 82 1987 1451 205 1988 2048 Watana Construction 304 . 1989 2295 342 1990 2865 428 1991 2752 398 ~1~92 2117 304 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1101 678 426 679 1114 Dev;l Canyon Construction 1424 1513 1381 819 141 E-5-135 155 93 56 93 149 193 205 180 105 13 - !""" E.5.34 -EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS IN THE REGION AND MAT-SU BOROUGH,1985 -2005 F" Regional Jobs Borough Jobs Forecast of Created as Total Jobs Forecast of Created as f?"""Total .Jobs Jobs for a Percent of Created in the Jobs in the a Percent of Created in the Region:Total Base Case the Mat-Su Mat-Su Borough:Total Base Case Year the Region(a)Base Case Regional Jobs Borough (a)Base.Case Borough Jobs ,.,... 19B5 1906 179,636 1 %1164 5,442 21 % 1986 2385 194,212 1 %1432 5,975 23 % 1987 3353 200,610 2 %2107 6,373 33 %,..., 1988 4548 200,912 2 %2804 6,641 42 % 1989 5096 202,596 3 %3143 6,858 46 % 1990 6363 200,111 3 %3926 6,914 57 % r-1991 6004 202,128 3 %3650 7,135 51 % 1992 4617 202,846 2 %2804 7,296 3B % 1993 2470 205,872 1 %1454 7,550 19 % 1994 1623 208,791 1 %893 7,B06 11% f'ml9o:1995 1072 212,050 1 %557 8,076 7 % 1996 1626 216,576 1 %895 8,403 11% 1997 2509 221,561 1 %1399 8,755 16 % 1998 3169 226,547 .1 %1793 9,107 20 % 1999 3357 232,311 1%1904 9,505 20 % 2000 3023 237,812 1 %1677 9,897 17 % ~2001 1864 243,344 1 %1005 10,308 10% 2G02 462 249,007 Negligible 164 10,733 2 % 2003 170 254,808 Negligible 170 11,176 2 % 2G04 170 260,749 Negligible 170 11,636 1 %....2005 170 266,835 Negligible 170 12,116 1 % (a)Created as a direct or indirect result of the Susitna project. E-5-136 TABLE E.5.35 -MAT-SU BOROUGH BUDGET FORECASTS (In millions of 1981 dollars) SERVICE LAN 0 S C H 0 0 L G ENE R A L FUN D S ARE A S FUN D S MAN AGE MEN T FUN D S DISTRICT FUN D S- Without the With the %Without the With the %Without the With the %Without the With the % Project Project Impact Project Project Impact Project Project Impact Project Project Impact REVENUES: 1981 15.2 15.2 --1.2 1.2 --0.9 0.9 --23.9 23.9rr1 1.3I198519.0 19.2 1.0 1.4 1.7 21.4 1.3 --34.5 34.6 0.3<Jl 30.7 1.8 1.9I199027.2 28.1 3.3 2.6 3.3 5.0 48.9 50.1 0.4....... w 1994 32.2 32.9 2.2 3.0 3.8 26.6 2.2 2.2 --60.4 61.2 1.3'-I 27.8 2.8 78.7 79.6 1999 39.9 40.7 2.0 3.6 4.6 2.8 --1.4 2002 45.2 46.0 1.8 4.1 5.1 24.4 3.2 3.3 3.0 90.8 91.6 0.9 2005 51.4 52.2 1.6 4.6 5.8 26.1 3.7 3.8 2.0 104.5 105.2 0.7 EXPENDITURES: 1981 16.7 16.7 --4.4 4.4 --1.1 1.1 --26.4 26.4 1985 23.4 23.5 0.4 6.2 6.2 --1.6 1.6 --40.2 40.3 0.2 1990 32.2 33.1 2.8 9.1 9.2 1.0 2.1 2.2 4.8 59.4 61.1 2.8 1994 39.0 39.6 1.5 11.4 11.6 1.8 2.6 2.6 --74.0 75.3 1.8 1999 49.8 50.4 1.2 15.5 15.7 1.3 3.3 3.4 3.0 97.6 99.0 1.4 2002 57.2 57.7 0.9 18.7 18.9 I • I 3.8 3.8 --113.2 114.3 0.9 2005 66.1 66;6 0.8 22.6 22.7 0.4 4.4 4.4 --130.6 131.7 0.8 Source:Frank Orth &Associates,Inc.1982 J J ~.J J ~".I J ,I I J ~J .1 J Source:Frank Orth &Associates,Inc.1982 E-5-138 TABLE E.5.37 -UPPER'COOK INLET ANNUAL COMMERCIAL CATCH AND VALUE1 Ten Year Annual Average 1972-1981 Chinook Species Sockeye Coho Pink Chum - Average Annual Catch (no.of fish)11,339 1,302,097 227,164 734,610 680,621 lUpper Cook Inlet includes catch from the Northern and Central Districts. Average Annual Catch (no.of pounds) Average Annual Ex-vessel Value (in dollars) 365,119 8,854,263 1,408,418 2,791,520 4,900,471 391,128 8,499,102 1,017,241 957,412 2,619,546 - Source:Calculated by Frank Orth &Associates,Inc.,October 1982.ADF&G provided catch statistics from their current (October 1982)IBM files and also average size per fish data.Cook Inlet ex-vessel price data was obtained from the Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission. E-5-139 /""'" TABLE E.5.38 -COOK INLET COMNERCIAL SAU~ON PERMIT USE DRIFT GILLNET SET GILLNET Permanent Permanent1 Permi ts Used Permits in Effect Permits Used Permits in Effect 1975 438 453 530 657 1976 472 514 521 712 1977 501 539 524 737 1978 537 549 581 742 1979 556 554 581 744 1980 513 554 571 744 1981 576 554 585 744 Source:Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission 1 Permanent permi ts in effect i nc1 ude both revenued and non-revenued per- mits.Discrepancies reflect interim use permits utilized in the fishery. Data for 1980 and 1981 is preliminary •.There are cases pending which may alter permit numbers in the future. E-5-140 TABLE E-5-39 -ESTIMATED POTENTIAL LOSSES TO THE UPPER COOK INLET COMMERCIAL FISHING FROM SUSITNA D~~S CONSTRUcTION - - Estimated Escapement Estimated Potential Loss Above Talkeetna (Numbers of Fish)l (In Doll ars )2 1981 1982 1981 1982 Sockeye 4,809 3,126 86,331 51,441 - Pink 2,335 73,057 12,813 210,989 Cl1uI1l 20,835 49,197 214,517 428,604 Coho 3,306 5,143 37,428 52,613 """'J, Source:Calculated by FO&A,Inc.November,1982. Potential losses are estimated using the 1981 and 1982 escapement levels above Talkeetna. 2 Potential losses are estimated under a number of assumptions,described in the text,which mayor may not be valid.One important assumption is a worst case post project loss of 100 percent above Talkeetna. E-5-141 - Source:Michael J.Mills,Statewide Harvest Survey,ADF&G,various years. E-5-142 TABLE E.5.41 -UPPER COOK INLET SUBSISTENCE SAL~10N CATCH(a) (Catch in Number of Fish) ('-No.of Chinook Sockeye Coho Pink Chum Total Permits 1969 0 1 ,509 1,259 30 94 5,892 330 1970 3 1 ,206 2,192 295 139 3,832 335 1971(b)0 7 148 0 0 155.37 1972 0 4 55 27 15 101 30 1973 0 35 332 12 37 416 123 1974 1 14 291 17 2 325 109 1975 1 4 659 8 92 764 114 1976 0 21 567 113 13 714 111 1977 2 13 327 3 14 359 83 1978 5 42 3,529 128 31 3,735 323 1979 158 5,564 3,570 359 272 9,923 1 ,161 1980(c}2,268 5,459 3,912 4,842 492 16,973 1 ,396 (d) 1981 (e)2,072 587 11 ,752 93 237 14,741 1 ,178 (f) (a)Includes the Central District and Northern District. (b)Knik Arm closed to subsistence fishing. (c)Household permits were issued starting in 1980,I'Jhereas individual permits were issued prior to 1980. (d)Includes 85 permits issued for special openings of the Central District and 65 permits issued for the special king salmon fishery at Tyonek. (e)Preliminary data. (f)There were 1,108 nOll-commercial set net permits issued in the Central District.The Tyonek fishery,with 70 permits,was the only subsistence fishery allowed in the Northern District in 1981. Source:Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Soldotna Regional Office,r,!ay 1982. E-5-143 - - - Source:Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Division of Game.March 1980.Annual Report of Survey Inventory Activities,Part II and other ADF&G files. E-5-144 .STATE OF A LASKA .. -- LOCAL IMPACT AREA REGIONAL IMPACT AREA STATEWIDE IMPACT AREA (STATE OF ALASKA) ~, SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT AREAS FIGURE E.5.1 I~ -, U) 0::: <[ ~o ...o C/)oz U1 ;:)o :J: I- PER CAPITA PERSONAL INCOME 10 9 8 7 6 541 __-~ 3 2 I YEAR 1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 EMPLOYMENT,POPULATION AND PER CAPITA PERSONAL INCOME IN THE MATANUSKA- SUSITNA BOROUGH,1970-1980 FIGURE E.5.2 ~~EMPLOYMENTQ IJJ 125>-0 ..J Q.1002i IJJ 1.L.750 F"'"en Q 50z<ten ;:)250z I- YEARS 1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 POPULATION ,~ 300 IJJ ..Ja..o ~200 1.L.o en ~100 <ten ;:)o Z I- 1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 YEARS 80 PER CAPITA PERSONAL INCOME 12 IIen10a::<t 9..J ..J 80 Q 7 lAo 60 5en Q 4z3<ten ;:)20Iz I- 1970 71 72 73 74 75 YEARS 76 77 78 79 80 '~,EMPtDYMENT,POPULATION AND PER CAPITA· PERSONAL INCOME IN THE RAILBELT REGION FIGURE E.5.3 197071 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 YEARS POPULATION 450 400 UJ ....Ja. 0 350UJa. ~3000 Cf) 0z 250<l: Cf) ~ 0 200J: I- 1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 YEARS PER CAPITA PERSONAL INCOME 12 II (J)10et:: <l:9....J ....J 80 Cl 7 u.60 5 (J)40z3<l: (J)2~ 0 IJ: I- 1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 18 79 80 YEARS ----.. /'C""- EMPLOYMENT ,~200 0 UJ,->-1500 ....Ja. :E UJ ,,,,",~ 0 100 (J) 0 z ,f,~<l: Cf) ~ 0 50 J: I- ~. EMPLOYMENT,POPULATION AND PER CAPITA PERSONAL INCOME IN THE STATE OF ALASKA,1970-1980 FIGURE £.5.4 1 J -v J !j l I I 1 f )]}"!I 3500 3000 CJ) 2500 I-z lU :::! lU ~2000::J CJ lUa: lU 0 IS 1500 I.L ~a: 0 ~1000 500 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 ON -SITE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION WORK FORCE REQUIREMENTS YEAR FIGURE E.5.5 i~ ~ It:! ~ IJJ 0::: ::> (!) i.: I J ./ ./-c ./ ",/ ",/ ./-.z ./ ./ ./ ../-0 ",/ ./ ./ ../-en ",lLI />a::IJ -ct :J (,) %:a:: \-....0-:>Z \.0 aJ:I!!« "-..I "-...., "..1 "« .......z "-:E 0 "-en......« ........lLI "-ct en ""-:E ""-\-u.. I I ]I I I )I I -:> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QQmCDl"-eo It)o:t 10 (\/ l:l"3A N31\IO "NI 03l:lJn03l:l Yce",,,,~o~~o ~N30Y3d ,~ APPENDIX E.SA -ELABORATION ON APPROACH,ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODS This appendix is intended to provide (a)an overview of the approach to conducti ng the impact assessment;(b)an overvi ew of the impact (accounting.)model;and (c)an elaboration of several assumptions made in Section 3.3.Further information can be found in 5,10,and other sections of reference (1). (a)Approach After the impact areas were defined,and as a precursor to making base case forecasts,recent and current socioeconomic condi ti ons \'/ere analyzed.These inc1 uded employment, population,income,housing,public facilities and services, local governments·budgets,land use,and other socioeconomic el ements..Base case forecasts were then made for se1 ected socioeconomic elements.A brief description of the forecasting techniques used is provided in Table E.5A.1.Forecasts were made for the years 1983 -2005. Next,impact forecasts were made.An lJaccounting model lJ was developed to handl e the several 1abor categori es and geographi c disaggregations.This model was computerized to provide for effi ci ent analysi s and to make sensi ti vi ty analysi s feasibl e. Techniques used for the impact forecasts are shown in Table E.5A.2.Forecasts were made for 1983 -2005. Base case and impact forecasts viere compared and co.ntrasted·to i denti fy proj ect-i nduced changes in the base case.Next,the significance of these changes was analyzed and discussed. (b)Impact Model A model \'ias developed that cou1 d take into account sett1 ement and travel i ng/commuti ng patterns of constructi on ~~orkers.It was specified to allow for in-migration and out-migration of vlorkers and their dependents.These elements were emphasized because they w"ill be the source of most of the project-i nduced changes. The model was computerized to make calculations more quickly and to all ow for sensi ti vi ty analysi s.There are 1ike1y to be some changes before constructi on begi ns in 1985 and it wi 11 be helpfUl to be able to quickly and efficiently determine the socioeconomic implications of these changes. (c)Elaboration of Assumptions Several assumptions in Section 3.3 require more explanation. i"i1ese assumptions are elaborated upon belm'l. (i)Sources of Labor The percent of the workforce originating from various areas ;s di scussed on page E-5-40.These percentages are con- stant throughout the project.At present there is no way to predi ct how these pel"centages are 1 ike1y to change \'1i th time.As more information about the manpO\'1er requirements becomes available,it might be possible to make this prediction. (ii)Relocating Versus Non-Relocating Workers It v-Ias assumed that about 30 percent of the workers that initially resided outside of the region \!lOuld relocate to the region,and that the remaining 70 percent would main- tain their permanent residences outside of the region. This assumption is impl icit in the figures presented in Table E.5.24. (iii)Aggregate Multipliers Total indirect and induced employment that will accrue to the region and its Census Oivisions was estimated by applying aggregate multipl iers to the direct construction and operations workforces residing in the -region.The value of each location-specific multiplier was assumed to increase with time due to import substitution,time lags in expendi tures made by the workforce and other factors that reflect a maturing economy.These multipliers are shawn on page 10-34 through 10-35 of reference (l). (iv)Settlement Patterns Compared to other 1arge resource development projects in the United States,there will be a relatively large number of workers that will choose to settle in smaller com- munities rather than larger communities or cities.For tllis project,there are t\~o reasons for this anticipated phenomenon:(1)the small er communi ti es are located closer to the constructi on si tes;and (2)Al askans,and others that move to Al aska,tend to be attracted to rural/remote areas more readily than persons who live in other parts of the country. - .. - - ELEMENT EMPLOYMENT State and Regional Census Division POPULATION State and Regional Census Division COJTTJlU nity TAe LEE.SA.1 BASELINE FORECASTING TECHNIQUES FORECASTING TECHNIQUE Time-series econometric(a) Linear regrp.ssion Time-series econometric(a) Linear regression Population Share (judgmental) INCOME State,Regional and Census Division HOUSING Regional and Census Division FACILITIES AND SERVICES Census Division and Community FISCAL Census Division and Community Trend analysis and judgment Person per hOllSp.hold trend multiplier Pp.r capita planning standards Per capita multiplier J~ i~ ,~ (a)Includes Results from Institute of Social and Economic Research's Man-in-the-Arctic Model,October,1981. ELEMENT TABLE E.5A.2 IMPACT FORECASTING TECHNIQUES FORECASTING TECHNIQUE - EMPLOYMENT State,Regional and Census Division State and Regional POPULATION State,Regional and C~nsus Division State and Regional INCOME State,Regional and Census Division HOUSING Regional and Census Division FACILITIES AND SERVICES Census Division arid Community FISCAL Census Division and Community Accounting model Time-series econometric (f(O( comparison purposes only)a) Accounting model Time-series econometric (foC compari son purposes only)(a) Accounting Model Person per household trend multiplier Per capita planning standards Per capita multiplier - (a)Includes Results from Institute of Social and Economic Researchls Man-in-the-Arctic Model,Octomber,1981. - -. APPENDIX E.5B -PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES This appendix provides additional explanation of the methodology used to project impacts of the project on public facilities and services.The general approach to forecasting pub1 ic facil ity and service requirements during 1985-2005 was (1)to develop appropriate standards,for each ser- vice category and for each relevant community,that relate service and facility requirements to the size of population.(2)to assess the ade- quacy of existing faci1 ities and services and to quantify any over-or under-capacity using these standards and (3)to estimate future needs based on·the application of these standards to the population growth forecasts with and without the Susitna project. (a)Types of Standards Standards can be di vi ded into two categori es--average and prescri p- tive.Average standards are based on recent data on exi sti ng ser- vi ce 1evel s on a per capita basi s for a gi yen area.Average stan- dards may be based on nationa1,-regional,state or local averages, or on averages for a given type or size of community;their distin- gui shi ng feature is that they are based on an average of what cur- rently exists.For some service types,there exist prescriptive standards that are set by relevant agencies or associaticns.These standards often vary by si ze,type and communi ty,and may be of a voluntary or mandatory nature.For instance,a state government may require certai n standards for heal th care and educati on;standards for fire protection based on insurance tables may be used widely. A mix of average and prescriptive standards have been used in this analysis.The objective has been to provide detailed measures of adequa te servi ce 1eve 1 s,for tho se servi ce s wh i ch the 1 oca 1 govern- ments now provide,while keeping under consideration the resource constraints that communities face.Local preferences,based upon conversati ons \~i th local,state and borough offici a1 s,have been taken into account. For some facilities and services,the required level of service var- ies among communities,depending on factors such as the size of the community and the type of community (urban,rural or suburban). In some cases,re1 evant standards may be based on vari ab1 es other than population per se--for example,the number of dwellings or the number of school-age children.These variables are related to popu- lation level s,but the actual ratios may change over time.Service categories such as education and health care are especially sensi- tive to demographic changes.Where possib1 e,forecasts of demo- graphic changes have been incorporated into the analysis. Due to the many factors that i nf1 uence the needs for pUb1 ic faci 1 i- ties and services,the uniqueness of each community,and the subjec- tivity in deciding adequate service levels,the standards listed E-5B-1 bel 0\'1 shou1 d not be consi dered abso1 utes but rather as general indicators.A summary of the standards used is displayed in Table £.58.1.In the sections below,specific considerations relating to the choice of standards are discussed. (b)Water Supply Water systems are comprised of three components --the supply source,the treatment facility and the pipe distribution network.. The most widely used standards for water service are the average and peak water consumption per capita,in terms of gallons per day .(gpd).Facility standards sometimes include pipe length per thou- sand d\'1ellings,·and treatment capacity. The standards are relevant only for communities that have or are expected to develop \'later systems.Only two communities in the Local Impact Area,Palmer and Wasilla,have city-wide water supply systems.Other residents,including inhabitants of the communities that wi 11 be most affected by the project,rely on i ndi vidual well s or "community"systems that serve a particular subdivision,trailer park or other small area. An average per capita water consumption standard of 120 gallons per day in 1981 rising to 150 gpd by the year 2000 was used.Tl1e city of Palmer currently has an average per capita wtater usage rate of 120 gpd,and this relatively low usage may be attributed to the small amount of industry in the area.It is expected that future growth will include an increase in business activity and hence a rise in per capita water consumption. (c)Sewage Treatment The amount of sewage generated is a function of the amount of water that is used dai1y.It has been estimated that an average of 65 percent of total \'iater supp1 i ed becomes se\'1age,or 100 gpd per capita,with the remainder used for miscellaneous purposes such as watering lawns and gardens,firefighting and generating steam (Sten- ehjem &rvletzger,1980).This standard may not be as appropriate for app1 ication to rural communities.Sewage treatment in Palmer is currently equal to 100 percent of average water usage,or 120 gal- lons per day per capita.For the purposes of projections of impacts,a con stant standard of 120 gpd has been used for Palmer, the only communi ty with a sewage treatment system in the Mat-Su Borough. (d)Solid Waste Disposal Sol id \'I/aste can be di sposed through i rlci nerati on or sanitary 1and- fill disposal;sanitary landfill has become the prevalent mode. Facility requirements for solid waste disposal can be measured in terms of the amount of 1 and needed per capi ta on an annual basi s. Published standards range from 0.2 to 0.3 acres per thousand people, depending on assumptions of pounds of waste per capita,depth of the site and the rate of compression of the waste. E-5B-2 - - - ,~. - - A lower standard of .11·acres per thousand popul ati on has been as- sumed initially for the Mat-Su Borough,based on the premises that waste production per capita is much lower and the fill depth of the central 1andfill sis twice as hi gh as nati ona1 averages.Thi s stan- dardis calculated to rise to 0.21 acres by 2000 and held constant at this level between 2001 and 2005. (e)Educati on The maj or determi nant of the requi rement for educati ona 1 faci 1i ti es and services is the number of school-age children per capita,modi- fied to take into.account private school attendance.Two different methodologies were used to estimate the amount of school-age child- ren associated with the (l)Base Case population and (2)in-migrant population associated with the Susitna project. Under the Base Case,for the Mat-Su Borough,the standards that the school di stri ct uses for p1 anni ng were used in thi s study as well. Short-term planning through 1987 uses an estimate of 22.8 percent. For long-range planning purposes,an estimate of 25 percent is used.For the purposes of this study,the ratio is assumed to rise gradually from 22.8 percent in 1987 to 25 percent in 2000 and then held constant at that level through 2005.In Cantwell,the present 18 percent level was assumed to remain constant over time in the Base Case. The number of school-age chil dren acoompany;ng workers on the pro- ject has been estimated using a ratio that was calculated through surveys of other 1arge proj ects of .89 school ch i1 dren per i n- mi grant worker accompani ed by dependents.The number of school-age children associated with the in-migrant secondary population was calculated on the same basis as Base Case school-age children. A major service standard for education relates the number of school- age children to the number of classes and teachers.Local pref- erences have been used as standards in this case.In the t~at-Su Borough school di stri ct,pl anni ng standards i i ncl ude an optimum of 25 students per class for primary school sand 20-22 for secondary schools.In addition,Mat-Su Borough statistics show that teachers compri se about 50 per cent of total school di stri ct personnel re- quirements.In Cant\~e11,the Railbelt School District's planning standard teacher-student ratio of 15:1 was used. Requi rements for cl assroom space can be measured in terms of number of classrooms or alternatively,the number of square feet per pupil (gO square feet for primary school students and 150 square feet for secondary school students).For the purposes of th;s study,space required has been projected in numbers of classrooms. It is assumed that the present ratios of primary school students (54 percent of total)and secondary school students (46 percent of total)will remai n constant.It is beyond the scope of thi s analy- sis to forecast changes in distribution by school and by grade. E-5B-3 (f)Heal th Care Standards for acute public health care focus on the capability of hospital facilities and staff accommodate the expected number of patients without building overcapacity that will then a.dd to hos- pital costs.While ru1e-of-thumb bed mUltipliers of between 2.1 and 5.8 beds per 1000 population are often used,it has become approp- riate to base the number of beds on a measure of the long-term daily average daily census of pati ents using the hospi tal divi ded by the desirable occupancy rate.In Alaska,the recommended occupancy rates are 80 percent for urban hospi tal sand 55 percent for rural hospitals.The formulas used are: Acute care Patient Days at Valley /Borough =Hospi tal Use Rate Hospital plus Days at Alaska and Population for Borough Provi dence for Borough Resi dents Residents ~ Hospital Use Rate for Estimated Borough Residents X Borough /365 days =Projected Average PopUlation in year Daily Census (PADC) Projected Average Proportion Minimum Dai ly Census X of Bed ~Jeed /Occupancy =Vall ey Hospital t~et at Valley for Rural Acute Care Bed Hospita 1 Hospital Need (55%) A significant aspect of the hospital system in Alaska deserves note.The i'1uni ci pal i ty of Anchorage has developed a comprehensi ve acute and long-term health care system that provides the main medi- cal care for the residents of Southcentral Alaska,as well as other areas of the state.A large percentage of people living in areas such as the Mat-Su Borough,as well as Cantwell,presently elect to use hospitals in Anchorage over the local hospital due to the larger number of doctors (especially specialists)and the more modern facilities.HO\'/ever,the percentage of patients that use the Val- ley Ho spi ta1 in Pa 1mer has been ri si ng rapi dl yin recent yea rs,and this trend is expected to be accelerated by the planned addition to and renovation of this hospital,as well as the possible addition of certain medical specialists to the staff.It is assumed that the usage of Vall ey Hospital as a percentage of total Al askan hospital use by Mat-Su Borough residents will rise from 38 percent in 1980 to 75 percent in 2000 and remain constant at that level through 2005. Age and sex distributions of the popUlation are important deter- mi nants of hospital use.For the purposes of thi s study,demo- graphic factors have been a.ssumed to remain constant. E-5B-4 .... -, (g)Law Enforcement Po 1 ice servi ce standards range from one offi cer per thousand popu- lation in unincorporated rural areas to 1.5 officers per thousand population in small communities and 2 officers per thousand in moderately large cities.For the Local Impact Area~a rural stan- dard of 1.0 officers per thousand was applied to the population pro- jections for the area outside Palmer,which has its 0\,,"police force. Alaska 'State Troopers judge the relative adequacy of their staffs in terms of the average case load (i.e.number of crimes)that each officer is charged with investigating.Six cases Qer Trooper is considered average,and eight is cqnsidered the level.at which ad- ditional staff is needed. (h)Fire Protection The major variables that are used to judge the fire protecti-on are (1)the available flow of water.(2)the frequency of response,and (3)the manpower needed. There are several standards that rel ate these vari abl es to popu1 a- ti on si ze in the 1 iterature.Water flow,response time or service radii,and the equipment capacity are of particular use.It is com- mon in communitites of less than 7,000 to rely on volunteer fire- fighters,and thus standards for manpower are not applicable to the communities under study. Fire protection planning in Alaska,as in many other states,often takes the form of tryi ng to achi eve a certain fi re rati ng as. measured by the Insurance Service Organization (ISO).The ISO is a national organization that rates fire protection on a scale from one j (best)to ten (worst);fi re insurance rates closely ref1 ect these fratings. (i) Communiti es \'Iithout a communi ty water system can at best aclli eve an ISO rati ng of 8 (whi ch is the objecti ve that the Mat-Su Borough presently hopes to achieve for its most populous fi re di stri cts·). The requirements,to achieve a rating of 8 are:that d'iJelling class property be \yithin five road miles of a fire station (on roads that are in good condition)and that the fire department has demonstrated its ability to deliver 200 gallons per minute (gpm)for a period of twenty minutes without interruption.The latter requirement implies a need for a capaci ty of 4,000 gallons of water lion \'Ihee1 s.II Recreation Projected requirements for recreation facilities,in terms of acreage for pl aygrounds,nei ghborhood parks and communi ty parks, were calculated by applying national standards for rural areas (Stenehjem &Metzger,1980).Standards for pl aygrounds and nei gh- borhood parks are most applicable to the cities of Palmer,Wasilla, and Houston,whereas community parks are planned for larger areas, and the standard pertai ni n9 to thi s category is most relevant to Mat-Su Borough as a whole. E-5B-5 _""'"'"'''''''f_''''"'"''O __ TABLE E.5B.I -SUMMARY OF PUBLIC FACILITY AND SERVICE STANDARDS FOR SELECTED COMMUNITIES IN THE LOCAL IMPACT MEA TOTal Trapper MaT-Su Palmer Wasi II a HousTon Creek TalkeeTna Borough CanTwell Water Supply Average Water Supply &120-150 120-150 Treatment (gpd per capita) Sewage TreaTmenT Sewage TreatmenT 150 (average gpd per capita) Solid Waste Disposal Landfi II Requirements .11-.21 .1 /-.21 .1 1-.21 .1 j-.21 ./1-.21 .11-.21 •I 1-.21 F" (acres per 1,000 population) Education Maximum Primary 31 31 31 31 31 15 Schoo I-Age Ch i 1dren To Teacher Ratio Maximum Secondary 35 35 35 15 School-Age Chi Idren To Teacher Ratio Teacher to Support 8:I 8:I 8:I 8:I 8:I Staff Ratio Health Care Desired Hospital Bed 55% Occupancy Rate ~ Law Enforcement Pol ice Officers 1.5 /.0 1.0 (officers per thousand population) Parks and RecreaTion Playgrounds (acres per 3.9 3.9 3.9 1000 dwelling units) Neighborhood Parks 3.3 3.3 3.3 (acres per thousand dwelling units) Community Park 4.8 (acres per thousand dwell ing units)E-5B-6 / 6 -GEOLOGICAL AND SOIL RESOURCES ---F.,JIIL ....~ SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT EXHIBIT E VOLUME 3 CHAPTER 6 GEOLOGICAL AND SOIL RESOURCES Page 1 -INTRODUCTION..............................................E-6-1 ~l ,~ 2 -BASELINE DESCRIPTION ..•••.....•............•.....•.•.•.... 2.1 -Regional Geology -. 2.2 -Quarternary Geology . 2.3 -Se i sm ic Geo logy (to ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2.4 - Wat an a Sit'e ••••••••••••••••••••••••••-••••••-••••••••• 2.5 -Devil Canyon Darnsite . 2.6 -Reservoir Geology . 3 -IMPACTS ••.••.•.••.....•••••••••...•••.•.••••..•••....••••• 3.1 -Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (RIS).. 3.2 -See pag e . 3.3 -Reservoir Slope Failures .•....•••••.•.•...••••••.•.• 3.4 -Permafrost Thaw . 3.5 -Seismically-Induced Fail ure .. 4 -MIT I GAT I -ON •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4.1 -Impacts and Hazards . 4.2 -Reservoir-Induced Seismicity •••••••••.•.•••••...•••• 4.3 -Seepage , . 4.4 -Reservoir Slope Failures ••••••••.•..•.••.••••..••••• 4.5 -Permafrost -rhaw . 4.6 -Seismically-Induced Failure •••••..••••••••.•••.•.••• 4.7 -Geologic Hazards . BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES E-6-2 E-6-2 E-6-3 E-6-4 E-6-11 E-6-15 E-6-21 E-6-24 E-6-24 E-6-26 E-6-27 E-6-33 E-6-33 E-6-34 E-6-34 E-6-34 E-6-35 E-6-35 E-6-35 E-6-36 E-6-36 ~-_.__._------- LIST OF TABLES Table E.6.1 -Geologic Time Scale Tab leE.6.2 -Watana Jo int Characteri st ics Table E.6.3 -Devil Canyon Joint Characteristics Table E.6.4 -Devil Canyon Tailrace Tunnel -Joint Characteristics LIST OF FIGURES Figure E6.1 -Regional Geology FigureE6.2 -Quaternary Study Region Time Scale Figure E6.3 -Talkeetna Terrain Model and Section Figure E6.4 -Features Selected for 1981 Studies Figure E6.5 -Watana Top of Rock and Surficial Geologic Map Figure E6.6 -Watana Geologic Map FigureE6.7 -Watana Rock Permeabil ity Figure E6.8 -Watana Relict Channel -Top of Bedrock Figure E6.9 -Watana Relict Channel -Expanded Thalweg Section Figure E6.1O -Watana Borrow Site Map Figure E6.11 -Watana Borrow Site D Material Gradation Types Sheet 1 of 2 Figure E6.12 -WatanaBorrow Site D Material Gradation Types Sheet 2 of 2 Figure E6.13 -Watana Borrow Site E Stratigraphic Unit Gradations Figure E6.14 -Watana Borrow Sites C &F Range of Gradations Figure E6.15 -Watana Borrow Site H Stratigraphic Unit Gradations Figure E6.16 -Watana Borrow Sites I &J Stratigraphic Unit Gradations Figure E6.17 -Devil Canyon Top of Bedrock and Surficial Geologic Map Figure E6.18 -Devil Canyon Geologic IVlap Figure E6.19 -Devil Canyon Tailrace Geologic Map Figure E6.20 -Devil Canyon Rock Permeability Figure E6.21 -Devil Canyon Borrow SiteG Stratigraphic Unit Gradations Figure E6.22 -Slope Models for the Watana and Devil Canyon Reservoirs Figure E6.23 -Slope Models for the Watana and Devil Canyon Reservoirs Figure E6.24 -Devil Canyon Reservoir Index Map Figure £6.25 -Devil Canyon Slope Stabil ity Map Figure E6.26 -Devil Canyon Slope Stabil ity Map Figure E6.27 -Devil Canyon Slope Stability Map Figure E6.28 -Devil Canyon Slope Stability Map Figure E6.29 -Devil Canyon Slope Stability Map Figure E6.30 -Devil Canyon Slope Stabil ity Map Figure E6.31 -Devil Canyon Slope Stability Map Figure E6.32 -Devil Canyon Slope Stability Map Figure E6.33"-Watana Reservoir Index Map Figure E6.34 -Watana Slope Stabil ity Map Figure E6.35 -Watana Slope Stability Map Figure E6.36 -Watana Slope Stabil ity Map Figure E6.37 -Watana Slope Stabil ity Map Figure E6.38 -Watana Slope Stability Map Figure E6.39 -Watana Slope Stability Map Figure E6.40 -Watana Slope Stabil ity Map Figure E6.41 -Watana Slope Stability Map Figure E6.42 -Watana Slope Stability Map Figure E6.43 -Watana Slope Stability Map Figure E6.44 -Watana Slope Stabil ity Map Figure E6.45 -Watana Slope Stability Map Figure E6.46 -Watana Slope Stabil ity Map Fi gure E6.47 -Watana Slope St ab il ity Map Figure E6.48 -Watana Slope Stability Map LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 -Section A-A Devil Canyon Reservoir Potential Minor Beaching Figure 3.2 -Section B Devil Canyon Reservoir Potential Minor Beaching Figure 3.3 -Section C Devil Canyon Reservoir Potential Large Slide Figure 4.1 -Section D-D Watana Reservoir Potential Beaching Figure 4.2 -Section E-E Watana Reservoir Potential Area of Potential Flows Figure 4.3 -Section F-F Watana Reservoir Potential Slides and Flows Figure 4.4 -Section G-G Watana Reservoir Potential Area of Flow Failures ,~ ..... - 6 -GEOLOGICAL AND SOIL RESOURCES 1 -INTRODUCTION The Devil Canyon and Watana damsites are located on the Susitna River within the Talkeetna mountains in south-central Al aska.The geologic setting of the Talkeetna mountains and the Sustina River basin is in an tectonic mosaic of separate continental structural blocks and frag- ments.The geology and soil resources,stratigraphy,structure and glacial history are described in this section as well as regional tec- tonics and seismic geology.Details of the geotechnical and seismic investigations conducted for the Susitna Hydroelectric project are included in the 111980-81 Geotechnical Report ll (1)and the IIFinal Report on Seismic Studies for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project,1I Woodward- Cl yde Consultants (2). E-6-1 2 -BASELINE DESCRIPTION 2.1 -Regional Geology (a)Stratigraphy The oldest rocks which outcrop in the region are a metamorphosed upper Paleozoic (Table E.6.1)rock .sequence which trends north- eastward along the eastern portion of the Susitna River Basin (Figure E6.1).These rocks consist chiefly of coarse to fine grained clastic flows and tuffs of basaltic to andesitic composi- tion,locally containing marble interbeds.This system of rocks .is uncomformably overlain by Triassic and Jurassic metavolcanic and sedimentary rocks.These rocks consist of a shallow marine sequence of metabasalt flows,interbedded with chert,argillite, marble,and volcaniclastic rocks.These are best expressed in the project area around Watana and Portage Creeks.The Pal eozoic and lower Mesozoic rocks are intruded by Jurassic plutonic rocks com- posed chiefly or granodiorite and quartz diorite.The Jurass ic age instrus ive rocks form a bathol ithi c complex of the Talkeetna Mountains. Thick turbidite sequence of argill ite and graywackes deposit dur- ing the cretaceous form the bedrock at the Devil Canyon site. These rocks were subsequently deformed and intruded by a series of Tertiary age plutonic rocks ranging in composition from granite to diorite in compostion and includes related felsic and mafic vol- canic extrusive rocks.The Watana site is underl ain by one of these 1 arge pl utonic bod ies.These pl utons were subsequently intruded and overlain by felsic and mafic volcanics.Mafic vol- canics,composed of andesite porphyry 1 ie downstream from the Watana site.. (b)Tectonic History At least three major episodes of deformation are recognized for the project areas: - A period of intense metamorphism,plutonism,and uplift in the Jurassic; - A simi 1 ar orogeny during the middl e to 1ate Cretaceous;and - A period of extensive uplift and denudation in the middle Terti- ar y to Quaternary. The first period (early to middle Jurassic)was the first major orogenic event in the Susitna River basin as it now exists.It was characterized by the intrusion of plutons and accompanied by crustal upl ift and regional metamorphi sm. E-6-2 - ~, - -. ~. - .- Mo st of the structur al features -j n the reg ion are the result of the Cretaceous orogeny assoc i ated with the accret i on of northwest drifting continental blocks into the North Prnerican pl ate.This pl ate convergence resulted in compl ex thrust faulting and folding which produced the pronounced northeast/southwest structural grain across the region.The argillite and graywacke beds .in the Devil Canyon area were isoclinally folded along northwest-trending folds during this orogency.The majority of the structural features,of which the Talkeetna Thrust fault is the most prominent in the Tal keetna Mountains,are a consequence of this orogeny.The Talkeetna Thrust is postul ated as representing an old suture zone, involving the thrusting of Paleozoic,Triassic and Jurassic rocks over the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (2).Other compressional structures rel ated to this orogency are evident in the intense shear zones roughly parallel to and southeast of the Ta"lkeetna Thrust. Tertiary deformations are evidenced by a complex system of normal, oblique slip,and high-angle reverse faults.The prominent tec- tonic features of this period bracket the basin area.The Denal i fault,a right-lateral,strike-slip fault 40 to 43 miles north of the damsites on the Sustina River,exhibits evidence of fault dis- pl acement during Cenozoic time.The Castle Mountain-Caribou fault system,which borders the Ta-Ikeetna Mountains approximately 70 mil es southeast of the sites,is a normal fault which has had fault displacement during the Holocene. (c)Glacial History A period of cyclic climatic cooling during the Quaternary resulted in repeated glaciation of southern Alaska.Little information is avail able regarding the glacial history in the upper Susitna River Basin.Unlike the north side of the Alaska Range,which is char- acterized by alpine type glaciation,the Susitna Basin experienced coalescing piedmont glaciers from both the A1aska Range and the Talkeetna Mountains that merged and filled the upper basin area. At 1east three periods of gl ac i at ion have been del ineated for the region based on the glacial stratigraphy.During the most recent period (Late Wisconsinian),glaciers filled the adjoining lowland basins and spread onto the continental shelf.Waning of the ice masses from the Al aska Range and Talkeetna Mountains formed ice barriers which blocked the drainage of glacial meltwater and pro- duced proglacial lakes.As a consequence of the repeated glacia- tion,the Susitna and Copper River Basins are covered by varying thicknesses of tills and lacustrine deposits. 2.2 -Quarternary Geology Quaternary geology involved the study of geological processes in recent geologic time (i.e.,the past 1.8 million years).In the site region these processes are primarily of glacial origin . E-6-3 Within the site region,the 1 ate Quaternary surfaces are of greatest interest to the seismic geology study.These surfaces include those of Holocene and Pleistocene age (including the Wisconsinian and Illinoian stages).These surfaces are present throughout the site region,and their age ranges from a few years to approximately 120,000 years before present. The Talkeetna Mountain region existed as an extensive mountainous to rolling upland at the beginning of the Quaternary Epoch,approximately 1.8 years ago.Subsequent to that time a series of climatic fluctua- tions,apparently began to affect the region.The fluctuating climate, lead to several periods of extensive glaciation during polar condi- tions.At its Quaternary maximum,glacier ice formed an ice cap over the Talkeetna Mountains.These periods of glaciation were separated by interglacial periods with relatively temperate climatic conditions generally similar to those now found in the region. Amoung the more recent glaciations that occurred in the Talkeetna Moun- tains,four were recognized during this investigation in the Quarter- nary study region (Figure £6.2).The glaciations and their respective ages are:pre-Wisconsin,Early Wisconsin,Late Wisconsin,which included four stades,each of which was less extensive than the preced- ing one;and Holocene. The ages for the four glaciations were assigned on the basis of radio- carbon age dates obtained for this study and generally accepted age assignment for similar glacial sequences elsewhere in Alaska (2). There are ten types of Quaternary gl aciogenic features that were used in part to interpret the age and extent of Quarternary surfaces.These features include:till,lacustrine deposits,outwash deposits,ice dis integration deposits,kame terrace deposits,fl uv i al deposits,fl ut- ing,trimlines,side glacial channels,and an assortment of glacially sculptured bedrock forms including whalebacks,stoss and lee,and grooves.Additional data including maps of the Quaternary surfaces are contained in the Final Report on Seismic Studies (2). 2.3 -Seismic Geology (a)Introduction A detailed seismologic study for the Susitna project was under- taken by Woodward-Clyde Consultants.The study,performed over a two year period,included: -Detailed literature research; -Interpretation of remote sensing data; -Geologic mapping of faults and linears; -Microseismic monitoring; -Ground motion studies;and -Analysis of dam stability. - Details of Woodward-Clyde1s study are presented in Reference 2. summary of their study is presented below. £-6-4 A - !~ (b)Conceptual Approach According to present understanding of plate tectonics,the earth's lithosphere,which contains the brittle 12 to 19 miles (20 to 30 KM)or so of more rigid crust,overl ies the denser and more vis- cous mantle.Observed major horizontal movenents of the crustal plates are considered to be related to,or caused by,thermal con~ vective processes within the mantle. Within this plate-tectonic framework,faults that have the poten- tial for generating earthquakes have had recent displ acement and may be subject to repeated displ acements as long as they are in the same tectonic stress regime.In regions of pl ate coll ision such as Al aska,the tectonic stress regime is the result of one pl ate being subducted,or underthrust,beneath the adjacent pl ate. Within this environment,primary rupture along fault planes can occur:within the downgoing plate where it is decoupled from the upper pl ate ;along the interface between the upper and lower pl ates where they move past each other;and within the overriding pl ate.In the site region,faults with recent displ acement are present in the overriding {upper)pl ate and at depth in the down- going pl ate where it is decQupl ed from the upper pl ate. Faults with recent displacement in the downgoing plate and in the upper pl ate can generate earthquakes which result in ground mo- tions at the surface.These earthquakes are considered for seis- mic design purposes.The faults in the downgoing plate are con- sidered not to have the potenti al for surface rupture.In the upper pl ate,if the rupture that occurs on these faults is rel a- tively small and rel atively deep,then rupture at the ground sur- face is likely not to occur.If the rupture along the fault plane is at sufficiently shallow depth and is sufficiently large,then surface rupture can occur.Criteria further study are that faults that have been subject to surface displ acement within approxi- mately the past 100,000 years are cl assified as having recent dis- pl acement. Inherent with this concept of IIfault with recent displacement"is the basic premise that faults without recent displacement will not have surface rupture nor be a source of earthquakes.Faults with- out recent displacement (as determined during this investigation) are considered to be of no additional importance to Project feasi- bil ity and dam design. {c)Tectonic Model An understanding of the regional geologic and tectonic framework is essential for:the assessment of fault activity;estimation of preliminary maximum credible earthquakes;evaluation of the poten- tial for surface fault rupture;and evaluations of the potential for reservoir-induced seismicity. £-6-5 The site region is located within a tectonic unit defined here as the Talkeetna Terrain.The Terrain boundaries are the Denal i- Totschunda fault to the north and east,the Castle fuuntain fault to the south,a broad zone of deformation with volcaes to the west,and the Benioff zone at depth (Figure E6.3).All of the boundaries are (or contain)faults with recent displ acement except for the western boundary which is primarily a zone of upl ift marked'by Cenozoic age volcanoes.The Terrain is part of the North American plate. Results of this study show that the Talkeetna Terrain is a rela- tively stable tectonic unit with major strain release occurring along its boundaries.This conclusion is based on:the evidence for recent displacement along the Denali-Totschunda and Castle Mountain faults and the Benioff zone;the absence of major historical earthquakes within the Terrain;and the absence of faults within the Terrain that cl early have evidence of recent displ acement.None of the faults and 1 ineaments observed within the Talkeetna Terrain were observed to have strong evidence of recent displacement. Strain accumul ation and resultant release appears to be occurring primarily along the margins of the Terrain.Some compression- rel ated crustal adjustment within the Terrain is probably occurr- ing as a resul t of the proposed pl ate movement and the stresses related to the subduction zone. Thfs tectonic model serves as a guide to understanding tectonic and seismologic conditi'onsin the site region. (d)1980 Approach The appl ication of the "faul t with recent displ acement ll concept for this investigation involved: -Identification of all faults and 1ineaments in the site region that had been reported in the ,iterature and/or were observ ab 1e on remotely sensed data. -5el ection of faults and 1 ineaments of potenti al significance in developing design considerations for the Project,from the standpoint of seismic source potential and/or potential surface rupture throug has ite.These faults and 1ineaments were selected using a length-distance criteria setforth in Woodward- Clyde1s report (2).These faults and lineOOlents were designated as candidate features. -Eval uation of the candidate features during the geologic field reconnaissance studies.On the basis of this field work,the microearthquake data,and appl ication of the prel iminary signi- ficance criteri a those faul ts and 1ineaments were designated as c and id ate si gnifi cant features.These features were subj ected E-6-6 - - - - to additional evaluation using refined analyses,as described below,to select those features or potential significance to Project design considerations. -Refinement of the evaluation process,using the significance criteria.On the basis of this evaluation,significant features were selected for continued studies in 1981. (e)Significant Features Of 216 candidate features identified at the outset of the study,a total of 48 candidate significant features were identified in the site region on the basis of the initial length-distance screening criteria,their proximity to the site,their classification in the field,and appl ication of prel iminary significance screening cri- ter i a. Cand id ate si gnifi cant features are those faul ts and 1 ineaments which on the basis of available data at the end of the field reconnaissance,were considered to have a potenti al effect on Project design.Subsequent evaluation,using a refined,syste- matic ranking methodology,resulted in the identification of 48 significant features. The 48 cand id ate si gnifi cant features were subsequentl y ev al uated by making detailed analyses regarding their seismic source poten- tial and surface rupture potential at either site.For the ev~u ation of seismic source potential,the analyses included:an assessment of the likelihood that a feature is a fault with recent displ acernent;an estimation of the prel iminary maximum credible earthquake that coul d be assoc i ated with the feature;and an eval- uation of the peak bedrock accelerations that would be generated by the preliminary maximum credible earthquake at either site. To evaluate the potential for surface rupture at either dam site, the analyses included:an assessment of the likelihood that a feature is a fault with recent displacement;an assessment of the likelihood that a feature passes through either site;and an eval- uation of the maximum amount of displacement that could occur along the feature during a single event (e.g.,the preliminary .max imum cred ib 1e earthquake). The evaluation of the 48 candidate significant faults,applying the judgments described above,resulted in the selection of 13 features,des i gnated signifi cant features,that shoul d have add i- tional studies to understand and more fully eval uate their signi- ficance to the Project (Figure £6.4). Of these 13 features,four are in the vicinity of the Watana site including the Talkeetna thrust fault (KC4-1),Susitna feature (KD3-3),Fins feature (K-27),and lineament KD3-7.Nine of the E-6-7 features are in the vicinity of the Devil Canyon site including an unnamed fault (designated KD5-2),and lineaments KC5-5,KD5-3, KD5-9,KD5-12,KD-5-42,KD5-43, KD5-44,and KD-45 (the al pha- numeric sjfllbol (e.c.,KC4-1)has been assigned to each fault and lineament. These significant features were del ineated for study during the 1981 program. (f)1981 Approach The 1981 study of the 13 significant features identified during 1980 involved the following objection. -Assessing the 1 ikel ihood that each of the 13 features is a fault; -Assessing the age of the sediments overlying each of the 13 features; -Selecting an excavating trenches'across topographic features that resembled topographic expression of faults in the young geologic deposits; Evaluating the likelihood that each of the 13 features is a fault with recent displ acement using the guidel ine establ ished for the project,i.e.,rupture of the ground surface during the past 100,000 years; -Assessing the detectability of faults that may have ruptured the ground surface during moderate to 1arge earthquakes in the past 100,000 years and estimating a detection level earthquake that could theoretically occur on a fault that might be below the detection level of geologic investigation; -Evaluating seismological records of moderate to large historical earthquakes in the project region to estimate focal mechanism parameters and assess the relation of the earthquakes to recognized faults with recent displacement; -Applying judgment and experience gained from the study of other faults with recent displacement in Alaska and in similar tectonic environments (e.g.,Japan and South America); -Estimating the maximum credible earthquake and recurrence interval 1)for each fault that is considered to be a seismic source 2)for the Benioff zone,and 3)for a detection level earthquake; -Estimating the potential for surface rupture on any faults with recent displacement within 6 miles (10 km)of the dam sites; and E-6-8 - "'" - ,~ ~, Est imat ing the val ues of ground-mot i on parameters for the sei s- mic sources identified in objective ( )above that are appropri- ate for seismic design.- (g)Results of Study Faults for which evidence of recent displ acement was found were considered to be potential seismic sources.Each potential seis- mic source was evaluated to estimate its potential seismic ground motions at the Watana and Devil Canyon sites and its potential for surface rupture within 6 miles (10 km)of the sites. On the basis of the 1980 study,the Talkeetna Terrain boundary faults were identified as seismic sources that need to be con- sidered as potential sources of seismic ground motion at the sites.These include:the Castle Mountain Fault,the Denali Fault,the Benioff zone interplate region,and the Benioff zone intraplate region (Figure E.6.3).These sources are considered to be or to contain faults with recent displacement that could cause seismic ground motions at the Watana and Devil Canyon sites;how- ever,because of their distance from the sites,these faults do not have the potential for rupture through the sites.The 1980 study also identified 13 features near the sites that required detailed evaluation during the 1981 study to assess their import- ance for seismic design. On the basis of the 1981 study,no evidence for faults with recent displ acement other than the Talkeetna Terrain boundary faults has been observed within 62 miles (l00 klYl)of either site and none of the 13 features near the sites are judged to be faults with recent displ acement.Therefore,when applying the guidel ine defining faults with recent displ acement to the results of the investiga- tion,the 13 features are considered not to be potential seismic sources that could cause seismic ground motions at the sites or surface rupture through the sites. Interpretations that none of the 13 features are faults with re- cent displacement is based on data collection during the investi- gation.The data are 1 imited in the sense that a continuous 100,000 year-old stratum or surace was not found along the entire length of each of the features.For this reason,the available data were analyzed and professional judgment was appl ied to reach conclusions concerning the recency of displacement of each of the 13 features. As discussed previously,earthquakes up to a given magnitude could occur on faults with recent displacement that might not be detect- able by our geologic investigation.The size of such an earth- quake,designated the detection level earthquake,varies according to the degree of natural preservation of faul t-rel ated geomorphic E-6-9 - features and from one tectonic environment to another.The detec--~ tion level earthquake has been estimated by:1)evaluating the dimensions of surface faulting associated with worldwide histori- cal earthquakes in tectonic environments similar to the Talkeetna Terrain;2)identifying the threshold of surface faulting using a group of thoroughly studied earthquakes in California;and 3) evaluating the degree of preservation of fault-related geomorphic features in the Talkeetna Terrain.For this project,it has been judged that the detection level earthquake is magnitude (MS)6. (h)Maximum Credible Earthquakes (MCEs) Max imum cred ib 1e earthquakes (MCEs)were est im ated for the bound- ary faults (in the crust and in the Benioff zone)and for the detection level earthquake.The MCEs for the crustal .faults (the Castle Mountain and Denali faults)were estimated using the magni- tude-rupture-length relationships. Sources of moderate earthquake appear to exist within'the Ta 1- keetna Terrain,although no faults with recent displ acement were detected by the investigation.Therefore,an MCE was estimated for the detection level earthquake that would be associated with a fa.ult along which no surface rupture was observed.In summary, the MCEs for the crustal and Benioff zone sei smic sources are est imated as fo 11 ows : Closest Approach to Proposed Damsites MCE Dev i 1 Canyon Watana Source ~mi1es/(km)mil esl (km) Castle Mountain fault 7-1/2 71 (115 )65 (lOS) Denali fault 8 40 (64 )43 (70 ) Benioff zone (interpl ate)8-1/2 57 (91)40 (64 ) Benioff zone (intraplate)7-1/2 38 (61 )31 (50 )"""Detection level earthquake 6 <6 (<10)<6 «10 ) -45 35 6 Si 9 nif ic an t Durat ion (sec) 0.3g 0.2g 0.5g 8.35g 0.2g 0.5g 8-1/2 8 6 Max imum Magnitude Benioff Zone Dena1 i Faul t Terrain Earthquake Earthquake Source Estimated mean peak horizontal ground accelerations and duration of strong shaking (significant duration)at the sites due to the governing maximum credible earthquake are the following. Mean Peak Accel erat i on 'Dev i' Watana Canyon Site Site The probabi1 ities of exceedance of peak ground accelerations at the sites were estimated.The Benioff Zone was found to dominate - E-6-10 the contributions to the probabil ities of exceedance.Other sources of earthquakes,including the Dena1 i Fault and the detec- tion level earthquake contributed only sl ightly to the probabi1 i- ties of exceedance. These ground motions were used as a guide1 ine in developing the engineering design criteria. (i)Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (RIS) The studies concluded that there would be a high likelihood for reserv oi r-induced earthquake as a resu1 t of impoundment.However, such an event is not expected to cause an earthquake larger than that which could occur in a given region "naturally". 2.5 -Watana Site (a)Geologic Conditions A summary of site overburden and bedrock conditions is presented in the following paragraphs.A geologic map of the damsite area is shown in Figure E6.5. (i)Overburden Overburden thickness in the damsite area ranges from 0 up to 80 feet in localized areas.On the lower slopes,the overburden consists primarily of talus.The upper areas of the abutments near the top of the slope are deposits of glacial tills,allUVium,and talus.Subsurface investiga- tions show the contact between the overburden and bedrock to be relatively unweathered. The depth of the river alluvium beneath the proposed dam averages about 80 feet and consists of sand,silt,coarse gravel sand bou1 ders. ( i i)Bedrock Lithology The damsite is primarily underlain by an intrusive dioritic body which varies in composition from granodiorite to quartz diorite to diorite.The texture is massive and the rock is hard,competent,and fresh except withi n sheared and altered zones.These rocks have been intruded by mafic and felsic dikes which are generally only a few feet thick. The contacts are heal ed and competent.The rock immed i ate- ly downstream from the damsite is an andesite porphyry. This rock is medium to dark gray to green and contains quartz diorite inc 1us ions.The contact zone of the ande- site with the diorite is generally weathered and fractured up to 10 to 15 feet above the contact. E-6-l1 (iii)Bedrock Structures -Joints" There are two major and two minor joint sets at the site. Set 1,which is the most prominent set,strikes 320·"and dips to 80 0 NE to vertical.This set is found throughout the dams ite and parall el s the general structural trend in the regions.Set 1 has a subset,which strikes 290·to 300·with a dip of 75 0 NE.This subset is local ized in the downstream area near where the di.version tunnel portals are proposed.This subset also parallels the shear zones in the downstream area of the site.Set II trends northeast to east and dips vertically.This set is best develope in the upstream portion of the damsite area,but is locally prominent in the downstream areas. Sets II I and IV are minor sets but can be locally well developed.Set III trends N-S with variable dips ranging from 40 0 east to 65 0 west,while Set IV trends 090·with subhorizontal dips.Set III forms numerous open joints on the cl iff faces near the IIFi ngerbuster,1I and several shear zones parallel this orientation.Set IV appears to have developed from stress relief from glacial unloading and/or valley erosion. Table E6.2 details the joint characteristics. -Shears and Fracture Zones Several shears,fracture zones,and al teration zones are present at the site (Figure E6.5).For the most part, they are small and discontinuous.All zones greater than 10 feet in width have been del ineated as GF on the geo- logic map (Figure E6.5). Shears are defined as having breccia,gouge,and/Or sl ickensl ides indicating rel ative movement.Two forms of shearing are found at the site.The first type is found only in the diorite and is characterized by breccia of sheared rock that has been rehealed into a matrix of very fi ne grai ned andesite/diorite.These shear zones have high RQDs and the rock is fresh and hard.The second type is common to all rock types and consists of unhealed brecca and/or gouge.These shear zones are soft,fri- able,and often have secondary mineral ization of carbon- ate and chlorite showi ng sl ickensl ides.These zones are generally less than 1 foot wide. Fr acture zones are al so common to all rock types and range from 6 inches to 30 feet wide (generally less than 10 feet).These zones are closely spaced joints that are often iron oxide stained or carbonate coated.Where exposed,the zones trend to form topographic lows. E-6-12 - !~ (b) (c) Alteration zones are areas where hydrothermal solution have caused the chemic al breakdown of the feldspars and mafic mineral s.The degree of alteration encountered is highly variable across the site.These zones are rarely seen in outcrop as they are easily eroded into gullies, but were encountered in all the boreholes.The transi- tion .between fresh and altered rock is gradational.The zones may range to 20 feet thick although·are usually less than 5 feet. Structual Features The Watana site has several significant geologic features consist- ing of shears,fractures and alteration zones described previously (Fi gur e E6..5). The two most prominent areas have been named the lIFins ll and the lIFingerbuster.lI The lIFinsll is located on the north bank of the river upstream from the diversion tunnel intake.It is an area approximately 400-feet wide,characterized by three major north- west trend ing zones of sheari ng and alterat i on that have eroded into steep gull ies.These alteration zones are separated by in- tack rock bands (ribs)5 to 50 feet wide.The 20-foot-wide up- stream zone of the series coincides with the diorite/andesite porphyry contact.The other two zones,approximately 55 and 30 feet wide,are fill ed with'sev erel y altered rock.Th is zone trends 310°with a near vertical dip.The extension of the zone has been extrapo 1ated to extend northwestward outcropping in Tsusen a Creek. The IIFingerbuster J1 is located downstream from the damsite and is exposedi n a 40-foot-wi de deep tal us-filled gully along the ande- site porphyry/diorite contact (Figure E6.5).The rock is severely weathered with closely spaced joints trending parallel to Set I (330°)and Set III (0°).Slickenslides indicate vertical dis- pl acement.The extension of thi s zone to the south is based on a strong north-south topographic 1 ineament.Because of the 1 ack of exposure,its location and extent have been approximated. A prominent al teration zone was encountered on the south bank where a dri 11 ho 1e encountered approx imatel y 200 feet of hydro- thermally altered rock.Although core recovery in this boring was good,the quality of rock was relatively poor. Ground Water Conditions The ground water reg ime in the bedrock is confi ned to movement along fractures and joints.The water table is a subdued repl ica of the surface topography.Water 1evel s on the ri ght abutment are deep,ranging from about 110 to 280 feet.Ground water conditions on the south abutment are campl icated because of the apparent con- tinuous thick permafrost resulting in a perched water table near surface and a deep table below the frost. E-6-13 (d)Permafrost Conditions Permafrost conditions exist on the north-facing slopes (left bank) of the dams ite area.Measurements ind icate that permafrost ex ists to a depth of 200 to 300 feet.Temperature measurements show the permafrost to be II warm ll (within 1°C of freezing).No permafrost was found on the north abutment but sporad ic areas of frost can be expected. (e)Permeability The rock permeability does not vary significantly within the site area;generally ranging between 1 x 10-4 em/sec to 1 10-6 em/sec. The permeability is controlled by a degree of fractures within the rock,with the higher permeabil ity occurring in the more sheared and fractured zone.Permeabil ities tend to decrease with depth (Fi gure E6.7). (f)Relict Channels (i)Watana Relict Channel A rel ict channel ex ists north of the Watana damsite.The location of this preglacial feature is shown in Figure E6.8. The max imum depth of overburden in the thal weg channel,as shown in Figure E6.8,is approximately 450 feet. The stratigraphy in the channel has been described by a number of stratigraphy units as shown in Figure E6.9 as A through K. Taking these in order these units are described as follows: Units A and B are the near surface deposits consisting of organic tundra material and a silty sand matrix.Unit C is glacial outwash.Unit 0 occurs locally as well sorted allu- vial sands,silts and gravels while Units E and F are gla- cial outwash similar to Unite.Unit G contains greater amounts of fine material with cl ay and lacustrine deposits with ice rafted cobbles and boulders.Unit H is a series of alluvial and outwash deposits.Unit I is a fill as is the underlying Unit J.Overlying the dense till of J is JI which ;s a localized clean sand and gravel deposit.The deepest deposit overlying bedrock is Unit K which is com- posed of boulders,cobbles and gravels. (ii)Fog Lakes Buried Channel In the area between the Watana damsite and the higher ground some 5 miles to the southeast,the bedrock surface dips to 350 feet below ground surface,or 174 feet below max imum pool elevation.The channel is overlain by glacial deposits. E-6-l4 I~ -- (g)Borrow Areas Several borrow areas have been identified in the Watana site area and are shown in Figure E6.10.The gradation of the materials from each of these sites as shown in Figures E6.11 through E6.16. In addition to the granular and finer grained borrow sites,Quarry Site A,which is a large diorite and andesite exposure on the left abutment may be used for rockfill. 2.6 -Devil Canyon Damsite A detailed description of the site investigations and the geologic and geotechnical conclusions at the Devil Canyon site is provided in the 1980-81 Geotechnical Report (1).The following is a brief summary and interpretation of the findings presented in the Geotechnical Report. (a)Geologic Conditions The overburden and bedrock conditions at the Devil Canyon site are summarized in the following paragraph.A geologic map of the dam- site area is shown in Figure E6.17 in thi$section. ( i ) ( i i ) Overburden The valley walls at the Devil Canyon site are very steep and are generally covered by a thin veneer of overburden consisting primarily of talus at the base.The flatter up- 1and areas are covered by 5 to 35 feet of overburden of glacial origin.A topographic depression along the elon- gated lakes on the south bank has an overburden cover in excess of 85 feet of glacial materials.The overburden on the alluvial fan or point bar deposit at the Cheechako Creek confl uence thi ckens from 100 feet to more than 300 feet over a distance of less than 400 feet. The river channel alluvium appears to be composed of cobbles,boulders,and detached blocks of rock and is inferred to be up to 30 feet thick. Bedrock Lithology The bedrock at the Devil Canyon site is a low-grade.meta- morphosed sedimentary rock consisting predominantly of argillite with interbeds of graywacke.A geologic map of the site is shown in Figure E6.17.The argill ite is a fresh,medium-to-dark gray,thinly bedded,fine grained argillaceous rock with moderately well-developed foliation parallel to the bedding.The graywacke is a fresh,light gray,mainly fine grained sandstone within an argillaceous matrix.The graywacke is well indurated and exhibits poorly developed to non-existent foliation.The graywacke is interbedded with the argi1l ite in beds generally less E-6-15 than 6 inches thick.Contacts between beds are tight and both rock types are fresh and hard.Minor quartz veins and stringers are commonly found in the arg ill ite.These are generally less than 1 foot wide and unfractured with tight contacts.Sulphide mineralization is common with pyrite occurring in as much as 5 percent of the rock. The area has also been intruded by numerous felsic and mafic dikes ranging from 1 inch to 60 feet wide (averaging 20 feet).The dikes have northwest to north orientation (Figures E6.17)with steep dips.When closely fractured they are eas il y eroded and tend to form steep tal us-fill ed gullies,some of whi~h exhibit shearing with the host rock. The felsic dikes are light gray and include aplite and rhyol ite.The mafic dikes are fine grained and appear to be of diorite to diabase composition. (iii)Bedrock Structures -Beddi ng The argillite/graywacke has been completely deformed as evidenced by refolded folds and the development of mul- tiple foliations.The primary foliation parallels the bedding at 035°to 090°,subparallel to the river,and dips 45°to 80°SE (Figure E6.17).Where exposed,the foliation planes appear slaty and phyllitic.The north canyon wall at the damsite appears to be controlled by the bedding pl anes and dips 45°to 80°SE.Where ex- posed,the foliation planes appear slaty and phyllitic. The north canyon wall at the damsite appears to be con- trolled by the bedding planes. -Joints Four joint sets have been del ineated at Devil Canyon. Set I (strike 320 0 to 355°and dips 60°to 70°NE)and Set II (strike 040 0 to 065 0 and dips 40°to 60 0 S)are the most significant.Set I joints are the most prominent with spacing of 15 feet to 2 feet,and on the upper canyon wall s of the south bank these joints are open as much as 6 inches.Set III is subparallel to the bedding/ fol iation and,when it intersects with Set I,can cause the formation of loose blocks.Set III joints (strikes 005 0 to 030 0 and dip 85 0 NW to 85°SE)are also often open on the south bank and where they dip towards the river they may create potential slip planes.This set has variable spacing and sporadic distribution.The fourth set is a minor set with low dip angles and vari- able strike orientation. Joi nt spacings measured from the borehole cores range from lesss than 1 foot to more than 10 feet.The spacing and tightness of the joints increase with depth. E-6-l6 -. ... -. ~, .~ I""", (b) Tables E6.3 and E6.4 characteri zethe joints at Devil Canyon. -Shears and Fracture Zones Shears and fracture zones were encountered in local ized areas of the site in both outcrops and boreholes (Figure E6.17).Shears are defined as areas containing breccia, gouge,and/or sl ikensl ides indicating rel ative movenent. These zones are soft and fr i ab 1e and are character ized by high permeabil ity and core loss during drill ing.Frac- ture zones,.often encountered in conjunction with the shears,are zones of very closely spaced joints.With depth,these zones become tighter and more widely spaced. Where exposed,they are eroded into deep gullies. The most common trend of these features is northwest, parallel to Joint Set 1.These zones have vertical to steep northeast d ips and are generally 1ess than 1 foot wi de.Northwest trend ing shears are al so assoc i ated with the contacts between the arg ill ite and mafi c dikes and are up to 1 foot wide. A second series of shears trend northeasterly,subparal- leling the bedding/foliation and Joint Set II,with high angle southeasterly dips.These average less than 6 inches in width . Structural Features Several structural features at the Devil Canyon site were investi- gated during the 1980-1981 program. In summary,these included the east-west trending sheared and fractured zone beneath the proposed saddle dam area;a bedrock drop-off beneath Borrow Site G;and bedrock conditions beneath the Sus itna Ri ver. Seismic refraction and drilling data confirm the existence of a hi ghl Y sheared and fractured zone on the 1eft bank beneath the proposed saddl e dam that generally trends parall el to the river. The dip on thi s feature is inferred to be parall el or subparall el to the bedding/foliation at approximately 65 0 to the south.The 1 inear extent of the feature has not been determined but may be up to 2,500 feet.No evidence was found during the 1980-81 program to suggest movenent along this feature.This conclusion was con- firmed during the seismic investigaitons (2).Further investiga- tion of this feature will be required to define its extent and to determine the type of foundation treatment that will be required beneath the sad d 1e d a1I. E-6-17 Upstream from the damsite,a several-hundred-foot drop-off in the bedrock surface under the alluvial fan was detected by seismic re- fraction surveys.Land access restrictions imposed during the study prohibited any further investigation of this area ..Possible expl anation for this apparent anamalous drop-off could be attri- buted to misinterpretation of the seismic data or else the lower velocity material could be either a highly f~acturesrock in lieu of soil or an offset of the rock surface caused by faulting.The latter interpretation in unlikely in that work performed in this area concluded that there was no compelling evidence for a fault. Future work remains to be done in this area to more clearly define thi s feature. Detailed examination of rock core and mapping in the river valley bottom showed no evidence for through going faulting in the river- bed. (c)Ground Water Conditions Ground water migration within the rock is restricted to joints and fr actures.It is inferred that the ground water 1evel is a sub- dued replica of the surface topography with the flow towards the river and lakes.Measured water levels in the boreholes varied from ground surface to 120 feet. (d)P ermafros t No permafrost was found in either the bedrock or surficial materi- al at or around the damsite. (e)Permeability Rock permeabil ity ranges from approximately 1 x 10-4 cm/sec to 1 x 10-6 em/sec with tower permeabilities generally at depth. Hi gher permeab 11 ity occur in the more weathered fractured rock zones (see Table E6.28). (f)Geology Along Proposed Long Tailrace Tunnel (i)Introduction This section discusses the lithology and structure along the proposed long tailrace tunnel for the Devil Canyon damsite.Reconnaissance mapping was done along the Susitna River from about 2,500 feet to 10,000 feet downstream from the site.Rock exposures are nearly continuous from the d amsi te to the bend in the river where the proposed portal area is located.From that point downstream,outcrops are scattered and poorly exposed. E-6-18 - - - - ,~ - (i i )Litho logy As in the area of the main dam,the lithology along the proposed tailrace consists of interbedded argillite and graywacke which have been intruded by mafic and fe1 si c dikes.The argill ite is medilJll to dark gray,very fine to fine grained argill aceous rock with occasional grains of fine to medium sand.The graywacke is medium gra-ined, 1 ight to medium gray within matrix of very fine grained argillite.The interbeds of argillite and graywacke are generally 6 inches thick.Contacts between beds are sharp and tight. Bedding is parallel to weakly developed foliation.Bedding foliation strikes generally northeast with moderate dips to the southeast.A secondary foliation (which is poorly developed at the damsite)is locally well developed near the proposed tunnel portal.The secondary foliation strikes nearly north-south with high angle d"ips to the northwest.The argill ite and graywacke have been intruded by numerous quartz veins and stringers at the damsite. Felsic and mafic dikes were mapped in outcrops along the river and to the north of the tunnel route.The lithology and structure of these dikes are simil ar to those found at the damsite.The felsic dikes consist of two varieties: rhyol ite and granodiorite.The rhyo1 ite dikes are 1 ight yellowish gray to gray.The texture is aphanitic to fine grained with fine to medium grained quartz phenocrysts. The grandodiorite dikes are primarily medium grained p1 agiocl ase phenocrysts in a fine grained groundmass of p1 agiocl ase,orthocl ase,biotite and quartz.The fel sic dikes are generally slightly to moderately weathered, medium hard,with very close to closely spaced joints. Iron oxide staining is common.Widths are generally 10 to 20 feet.Contacts with arg ill ite and graywacke are gen- erally fractured and/or sheared.Up to 3-foot-wide contact metamorphic zones are common in the adj acent argill ite and graywacke.The felsic dikes strike northwest and nort- heast. Mafic dikes are generally dark green to dark gray.These dikes are fresh to sl ight 1Y weathered and hard.Mafi c dikes are composed of feldspar in a fibrous groundmass with accessory pyroxene,biotite,hornblende,and calcite. These dikes are generally 2 to 10 feet wide and trend northwest with high angle vertical dips.Like the felsic dikes,the mafic dike contacts are generally sheared and/or fractured.Joint spacing is very close to closely spaced. E-6-19 (iii)Structures Joints sets and shear/fracture zones similar to those mapped at the damsite are likely to occur along the tail- race tunnel (see Figure E6.19). The four joint sets identified at the damsite continue downstream;however,variations in orientation and dip occur.Table E6.4 contains a list of joint characteristics for joints along the tailrace tunnel. Joint Set I is northwest trending with a moderate to high angl e dips to the northeast and southwest.The average strike and dip of this set in the tailrace area is 325°and 70°northeast,respectively,which differs sl ightly from its average orientation in the damsite of 340°and 80° northeast.Spacings are highly variable but average about 1.5 feet.The river fl ows parall el to thi s set in the vicinity of the outlet portal. Joint Set II includes joints parallel and subparallel to the bedding/foliation planes.This set strikes 065°with moderate (60°)dips to the southeast.The strike is es- sentially the same as at the dansite,although the dip is slightly steeper. Joint Set III strikes nearly north-south at an average of 022°.Dips are variable from 63°east to 84°west.The strike of Set III is similar to that found on the south bank of the damsite;but about 30°more northerly than the average strike found on the rth bank.Oi ps are generally simil ar to those at the damsite.Set III joints are well developed in the vicinity of the outlet portal. Joint Set IV consists of low-angle (dipping less than 40°) joints of various orientations. Al though no shears or fracture zones were found during the reconnaissance mapping downstream from the damsite,it is anticipated that several such features will be encountered along the tunnel.These shears and fracture zones will likely be less than 10 feet wide and spaced from 300 to 500 feet apart.Tailrace geology is shown in Figure E6.19. (g)Borrow Areas Borrow site G has been identified as a source of granular material for concrete aggregate.The range of grain sizes in borrow area G area shown in Figure E6.21. A rock quarry area designated as borrow site K has been identified approximately 5,300 feet south of the saddle dam.This area con- tains a granodiorite similar to rock found at the Watana damsite. E-6-20 ,~ - - 2.7 -Reservoir Geology (a)Watana - F'" I (i) (i i ) (iii) General The topography of the Watana Reservoir and adjacent slopes is characterized by a narrow V-shaped stream-cut valley superimposed on a broad U-shaped glacial valley.Surficial deposits mask much of the bedrock in the area,espec i ally in the lower and uppermost-reaches of the reservoir.A surficial geology map of the reservoir,prepared by the COE,and airphoto interpretation performed during this study identified tills,lacustrine and alluvial deposits, as well as predominant rock types.Details of this photo- analysis are contained in the 1980-81 Geotechnical Report (1 ) • Surficial Deposits Generally,the lower section of the Watana Reservoir and adjacent slopes are covered by a vaneer of glacial till and lacustrine deposits.Two main types of till have been identified in this area,ablation and basal tills.The basal till is predominately over-consolidated,with a fine-grain matrix (more silt and clay)and low permeabil- ity.The ablation till has less fines and a somewhat higher permeabil ity.Lacustrine deposits consist primarily of poorly-graded fine sands and si lts with lesser amounts of gravel and clay,and exhibits a crude stratification. On the south side of the Susitna River,the Fog Lake area is characteri st ic of a fl uted ground morai ne surface.Up- stream in the Watana Creek area,glaciolacustrine material forms a broad,flat plain which mantles the underlying glacial till and the partially lithified Tertiary sedi- ments.Significant disintegration features such as kames and eskers have been observed adj acent to the river vall ey. Permafrost exists in the area,as evidenced by ground ice, patterned ground stone nets and sl umpi ng of the gl ac i al till overlying permafrost.Numerous slumps have been iden- tified in the Watana Reservoir area especially in sediments comprised of basal till.In addition,numerous areas of frozen alluviwn and interstitial ice crystal s have been observed in outcrops and identified from drill hole drive sampl es. Bedrock Geology The Watana damsite is underlain by a diorite pluton. Approximately three miles upstream of the Watana damsite,a non-conformable contact between argill ite and the dioritic E-6-21 pluton crosses the Susitna River.An approximate location of this contact has also been delineated on Fog Creek,four mil es to the south of the damsite.Just downstream of the confluence of Watana Creek and the Susitna River,the bed- rock consists of semi-consolidated,Tertiary sediments and vol c an ics 0 f Tria s sic ag e•Th e seTrias sic vol c an ics con- sist of metavo1caniclastic rocks and marble.From just upstream of Watana Creek to Jay Creek,the rock consists of a metavol canogen ic sequence domin antl y composed of metamorphosed flows and tuffs of basaltic to andesitic composition.From Jay Creek to just downstream of the Oshetna River,the reservoir is underlain by a metamorphic terrain of amphibol ite and minor amounts of greenschi st and foliated diorite.To the east of the Oshetna River, gl acial deposits are predominant. The main structural feature within the Watana Reservoir is the Talkeetna Thrust fault,which trends northeast-south- west and crosses the Susitna River approximately eight mil es upstream of the Watana damsite.The southwest end of the fault is overlain by unfaulted Tertiary volcanics. (b)Devil Canyon (i)Surficial and Bedrock Geology The topography in and around the Dev il Canyon reservoir is bedrock controlled.Overburden is thin to absent,except in the upper reaches of the proposed reservoir where allu- vial deposits cover the valley floor. A large intrusive plutonic body composed predominantly.of biotite granodiorite with local areas of quartz diorite and diorite,underl ies most of the reservoir and adj acent slopes.The rock is 1 ight gray to pi nk,med ium grained and composed of quartz,feldspar,biotite and hornblende.The most common mafic mineral is biotite.Where weathered,the rock has a light yellow-gray or pinkish yellow-gray color, except where it is hi gh 1Y ox id i zed and iron st ai ned.The granodiorite is generally massive,competent,and hard with the exception of the rock exposed on the upl and north of the Susitna River where the biotite granodiorite has been badly decomposed as a result of mechanical weathering. The other principal rock types in the reservoir area are the argillite and graywacke,which are exposed at the Devil Canyon damsite.The argill ite has been intruded by the massive granodiorite and as a result,1 arge iso1 ated roof pendants of argillite and graywacke are found locally throughout the reservoir and surround ing areas.The argillite/graywacke varies locally to a phyllite of low metamorphic grade,with possible isolated schist outcrops. E-6-22 - - - - - - ("" I The rock has been isocl inally folded into steeply dipping structures which generally strike northeast-southwest.The contact between the argillite and the biotite grandodiorite crosses the Sus itna Ri ver just upstream of the Dev i1 Canyon damsite.It is non-conformable and is characterized by an aphanitic texture with a wide chilled zone.The trend of the contact is roughly northeast-southwest where it crosses the river.Several 1 arge outcrops of the arg ill ite completely surrounded by the biotite granodiorite are found within the Devil Creek area. E-6-23 ,- ~- 3 -IMPACTS 3.1 -Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (RIS) (a)Introduction The potential for the possible future occurrence of reservoir- induced seismicity (RIS)in the vicinity of the proposed reser- voirs was evaluated.Reservoir-induced seismicity is defined here as:the phenomenon earth movenent and resultant sei sm i city that has a spatial and temporal relationship to a reservoir and is triggered by nontectonic stress. Several reservoir-induced seismic events (at Kremasta,Greece; Koyna,India;Kariba,Zambia-Rhodesia;and Xinfengjiang,China) have exceeded magnitude eMs)6.Damage occurred to the dams at Koyna and Xinfengjiang,and additional property damage occurred at Koyna and Kremasta. Studies of the occurrence of RIS (2)have shown that RIS is influ- enced by the depth and volume of the reservoir,the filling his- tory of the reservoir,the state of tectonic stress in the shallow crust beneath the reservoir,and the existing pore pressures and permeabil ity of the rock under the reservoir.Although direct measurements are d iffi cul t to obtai n for some of these factors, indirect geologic and seismologic data,together with observations about the occurrence of RIS at other reservoirs,can be used to assess the potential for an the possible effects of the occurrence of RIS at the proposed Project reservoirs. The scope of this study included:a)a comparison of the depth, volume,regional stress,geologic setting,and faulting at the Devil Canyon and Watana sites with the same parameters at compar- able reservoirs worldwide;b)an assessment of the 1 ikel ihood of RIS at the sites based on the above compari son;c)a rev iew of the rel ationship between reservoir fill ing and the length of time to the onset of induced events and the length of time to the maximum earthquake;d)an evaluation of significance of these time periods for the sites;e)the development of a model to assess the impact of RIS on groundmotion parameters;f)a review of the relationship between RIS and method of reservoir filling;and g) an assessment of the potential for landslides resulting from RIS. For this study,the two proposed reservoirs were considered to be one hydrologic entity (designated the proposed Devil Canyon-Watana reservoir)because the hydrologic influence of the two proposed reservoirs is expected to overl ap in the area between the Watana site and the upstream end of the Dev il Canyon reservoir.The pro- posed Deveil Canyon-Watana reservoir wi 11 be approx imatel y 87 miles (140 km)The following parameters were used: E-6-24 Devil Canyon Watana Combined Max.Water Depth 551 ft 725 ft 725 ft Max.Water Vo 1 ume 1.09xlO 6 ac-ft 9.52x10 6 ac-ft 1O.61xlO 6 ac-ft Stress Regime Compress ional Compressional Compress i onal Bedrock Metanorphic Ingenous Ingenous The combined hydrologic body of water,as proposed,would consti- tute a very deep,very 1 arge reservoir within a primarily ignenous b~drock terrain that is undergoing compressional tectonic stress. (b)Evaluation of Potential Occurrence (i)Likelihood of Occurrence For comparative purposes,a deep reservoir has a maximum water depth of 300 feet or deeper;a very deep reservoir is 492 feet deep or deeper;a 1arge reservoir has a max imum water vol ume g}'eater than lx106 acre feet and a very 1arge reservoir has a vol ume greater than 8.1x10 6 acre feet.Twenty-one percent of all deep,very deep,or very large reservoirs have been subject to RIS.Thus,the like- lihood that any deep,very deep,or very large reservoir will experience RIS is 0.21.However,the tectonic and geologic conditions at any specific reservoir may be more or less 'conductive to RIS occurrence. Models have been developed by Baecher and Keeney in Packer and others (2)to estimate the likelihood of RIS at a reservoir~characterized by its depth,volume faulting, geology,and stress regime.The models from which the likel ihoods are calcualted are sensitive to changes in data cl assification for the geologic and stress regime.The calculations from models,however,do not significantly .infl uence the basic rel atively high 1 ikel ihood of RIS at the Devil Canyon-Watana reservoir considering its depth and volume. (ii)Location and Maximum Magnitude Woodward-Cl yde Consultants (2)among other,have discussed the concept,based on theoretical considerations and exist- ing cases of RIS,that an RIS event is a naturally occurr- ing event triggered by the impoundment of a reservoir. That is,reservoirs are bel ieved to provide an incremental increase in stress that is large enough to trigger strain rel ease in the form of an earthquake.In thi s manner, reservoirs are considered capable of triggering an earl ier E-6-25 - - - - occurrence of an earthquake (i.e.,of decreasing the recur- rence i nterv al of the event)than wo ul d have occurred if the reserovir had not been filled.In this regard,reser- voirs are not considered capable of triggering an earth- quake 1 arger than that which woul d have occurred II natu- rally.1I The portion of crust that a reservoir may infl uence is limited to the area affected by its mass and pore pressure influences.This area of influence is often referred to as a reservoir l s hydrologic regime.Documented cases of RIS (2)indicate that the RIS epicenters occur within an area that is rel ated to the surface area that the reservoir covers.For the purposes of this study,the hydrologic regime of the prosed reservoir has been described as an envelope with a 19-mile (30 km)radius that encompasses the reservoir area,as discussed in Woodward-Clyde Consultants (2)• Previous studies (2)present evidence that strongly sug- gests that moderate to 1 arge RIS events are expected only to occur along faults with recent displ acement.Among the reported cases of RIS,at least 10 have had magnitudes of (Ms)5.Field reconnaisance and information available in the literature indicate that Quaternary or late Cenozoic surface fault rupture (i.e.,rupture on faults with recent .displ acement)occurred within the hydrologic regime of eigth of these ten reservoirs (2). On the basis of this investigation,it has been concluded that there are no faults with recent displ acement within the hydrologic regime of the proposed reservoir.There- fore,the maximum earthquake which could be triggered by the reservoir is an earthquake with a magnitude below the detection level of currently available techniques (i.e., the detection level earthquake).Thus,the magnitude of the 1 argest earthquake that coul d be triggered by the proposed reservoir is judged to be (M s )6,which is the max imum magnitude of the detecti on 1evel earthquake. 3.2 -Seepage Due to construction of the Watana and Devil Canyon dams and the impoundment of the reservoirs,one of the main impacts wi 11 be the creation of a gradient through which induces seepage. Specifically,as in any dam,there will be the tendency for seepage through the foundation rock.Permeabilities in the foundation of both dams are not high and are amenable to grouting. E-6-26 Buried channels which bypass the dam present the only other seepage path of concern at either of the two dam sites.At the Dev il Canyon site the channel on the south bank does not present a problem since the saddle dam will be constructed across it with adequate foundation preparation and grouting. At the Watana site there are two channel s which will be impacted by increased seepage gradients.The channel to the south of the river in the Fog Lakes area is not expected to pose seepage problems due to the low gradient and long travel distance (approximately 4-5 miles)from the reservoir to Fog Creek.However,additional work will be required in this area to accurately determine subsurface conditions. The relict channel north of the Watana site poses the greatest poten- tial for seepage,particularly through the deepest deposits on a path from the reservoir to Tsusena Creek. In addition to loss of water from the reservoir the main impact of seepage through the buried channel area could result in piping and erosion of materials at the exist point on Tsusena Creek. A further potential impact is saturation of the various zones in the buried chann.el combined with the thawing of permafrost in this area which could lead to a condition which could culminate in liquefaction of one of the horizons.This could,most likely,occur during a strong earthquake,but could be triggered due to surface loading.The strati- graphy of the relict channel was defined during 1980-81 exploration work (1)and subsequently summer of 1982.The pre1 iminary results of that work show that there are no apparent widespread or continuous units within the relict channel that are susceptible to liquefaction. In addition it appears that multiple periods of glaciation may have resu1 ted in overconsol idating the majority of the unconsol idated sedi- ments within the relict channel thereby minimizing their potential for liquefaction. 3.3 -Reservoir Slope Failures (a)General Shorel ine erosion will occur as a result of two geologic pro- cesses:(1)beaching,and (2)mass movement.The types of mass movement expected to occur within the reservoirs will be: -Bimodal Flow; -810ck 51 ide; -Flows; -Multiple Regressive Flow; -Multiple Retrogressive Flow/51 ide; Rotational Slides; -Sk in Flows; -Sl ides;and -Solifluction Flow. E-6-27 - -, - -, - (b) Aside from the formation of beaches due to erosion,instab"il ity along the reservoir slopes can result from two principal causes: a change in the ground water regime and the thawing of permafrost. Beach erosion can give rise to general instabil ity through the s1oughi ng or failure of an over steepened backsl ope,thereby en 1 arg i ng-the beac h area. -Changes in Ground Water Regime As a reservoir fills,the ground water table in the adjacent slope also rises.This may result in a previously stable slope above the ground water table to become unstable due to increased pore pressures and seepage acting on the slope. Rapid drawdown of a reservoir may al so resul t in increased in- stability of susceptible slopes. -Thawing of Permafrost Solifluction slopes,skin flows and the lobes of bimodul flows are caused by instabil ity on low angle slopes resulting from thawing of permafrost.Mobil ity is often substantial and rapid as the movements are generally distributed throughout the mass. -Stability During Earthquakes Submerged slopes in granular materials,particularly uniform fine sands,may be susceptible to liquefaction during earth- quakes.This is one example where a small slide could occur below the reservoir level.In addition,areas have the reservoir rim in which the ground water table has re-established itself coul d have a greater potent i al for sl id ing during an earthquake due to the increased pore water pressures. Thawing permafrost could generate excess pore pressures in som soils.In cases where this situation exists in liquefiable soils,small slides on flat lying slopes could occur.The exis- tence of fine-grained sands,coarse silts and other liquefaction susceptible material is not extensive in the reservoir areas. Therefore,it is considered that the extent of fail ures due to 1 iquefaction during earthquakes wi 11 be small and primari ly 1 imited to areas of permafrost thaw.Some sl ides could occur above the reservoir level in'previously unfrozen soils due to the earthquake shaking.- Slope Stability Models for Watana and Devil Canyon Reservoirs Following a detailed evaluation of the Watana and Devil Canyon reservoir geology,four.general slope stabil ity model s were defined for this study.These model s are shown in Figures E6.22 and E6.24 and consi st of several types of beaching,flows and sl ides that could occur in the reservoir during and after E-6-28 ._------=,~-..,""'-"""'''"..''''''"''"'''*''''-----------_.--,-- impoundment.Based on aeria.l photo interpretation and limited field reconnaissance,potentially unstable slopes in the reservoir were classified by one or more of these models as to the type of failure that may occur in specific areas.In addition to identi- fying potential slope instabil ity models around the reservoir, attempts were made to delineate areas of existing slope failures, and permafrost reg ions.These maps are shown in Fi gures E6.24 through E6.48.As stated above,these maps have been constructed using photo interpretation and 1imited field reconnaissance and are intended to be prel iminary and subject to verification in subsequent studies. Further details of the,slope stabil ity of the reservoirs is presented in Appendix K of the 1980-81 Geotechnical Report (1). (c)Devil Canyon Slope Stability and Erosion The Devil Canyon reservoir will be entirely confined within the walls of the present river valley.This reservoir will be a narrow and deep with minimal seasonal drawdown.From Dev il Canyon Creek downstream to the damsite,the slopes of the reservoir and its shorel ine consist primarily of bedrock with local ized areas of thin vaneer of colluvium or till.Upstream of Devil Canyon Creek, the slopes of the reservoir are covered with increasing amounts of unconsolidated materials,especially on the south abutment.These materials are principally basal tills,coarse-grained floodplain deposits,and alluvial fan deposits. Existing slope failures in this area of the Susitna River,as defined by photogrammetry and limited field reconnaissance,are skin and bimodal flows in soil and block sl ides and rotational slides in rock.The basal tills are the primary materials sus- ceptible to mass movenents.On the south abutment there is a possibil ity of sporadic permafrost existing within the del ineated areas.Upstream of this are the basal till is nearly continuously frozen as evidenced by field infonnation in Borrow Area H. Downstream of the Dev il Creek area,instabil ity is 1argel y re- served to small rock fall s.Beaching wi 11 be the primary process acting on the shorel ine in this area.Although this 'area is mapped as a basal till,the material is coarser grained than that which is found in the Watana Reservoir and is therefore more susceptible to beaching. In areas where the shorel ine wi 11 be in contact wi th steep bedrock cl iffs,the fl uctuation of the reservoir may contribute to rock- falls.Fluctuation of the reservoir and therefore the groundwater table,accompanied by seasonal freezing and thawing,will encour- age frost heaving as an erosive agent to accelerate degradation of the slope and beaching.These rock falls will be limited in extent and wi 11 not have the capac ity to produce a 1 arge wave which could affect dam stability.In Devil Creek,a potential small block slide may occur after the reservoir is filled. E-6-29 - - - - - Above Devil Creek up to about river mile 180,beaching will be the most common erosive agent.Present slope instability above reser- voir normal pool level will continue to occur,with primary beach- ing occurring at the shorel ine.At approximate river mil e 175, there is and old landslide on the south abutment.This large rotational sl ide is composed of basal till which,for the most part,is frozen.A large bimodal flow exists within this block headed by a 1 arge block of ground ice.Yearly abl ation of the ice results in flowage of saturated material downslope.The landsl ide has an arcuate back scarp which has become completely vegetated since its 1 ast movement.However,this landsl ide,which has an estimated volume of 3.4mcy,could possibly be reactivated due to continued thaWing or change in the ground water regime brought about with reservoir filling. Since the maximum pool elevation extends only to the toe of this slide,it is unlikely that a large catastrophic slide could result from normal reservoir impoundment.However,potential for an earthquake-induced landslide is possible.A mass slide in this area could result in temporary blockage of river flow. In summary,the following conclusions can be made regarding the Devil Canyon reservoir slope stabil ity: -The lack of significant depths of unconsolidated materials along the lower slopes of the reservoir·and the existence of stable bedrock conditions is indicative of stable slope conditions after reservoir impounding. -An old large landslide in the upper reservoir has the potential for instability,which,if failed,could conceivably create a temporary blockage of the river in this area. -The probability of a landslide-induced wave in the reservoir overtopping the dam is remote. (d)Watana Slope Stability and Erosion Most of the slopes within the Watana reservoir are composed of un- consolidated materials.As a generalization,permafrost is nearly continuous in the basal tills and sporatic to continuous in the lacustrine deposits.The distribution of permafrost has been de- lineated primarily on the flatter slopes below elevation 2300 feet.Incl ined slopes may be underl ain by permafrost,but based on photogrametric characteristics,the active 1 ayer is much thicker indicating that permafrost soils are thawing,and/or that permafrost does not exist.Existing slope instability within the reservoir,(as defined by aerial photographic interpretation and 1 imited field reconnaissance),indicate that the types of mass movement are primarily solifluction,skin flows,bimodal flows, and small rotational sl ides.These types of fail ure occur pre- dominantly in the basal till or areas where the basal till is overlain by lacustrine deposits.In some cases,solifluction, which originated in the basal till has proceeded downslope over some of the floodplain terraces. E-6-30 Three major factors which will contribute significantly to slope instabil ity in the Watana Reservoir are changes in the ground water regime,1 arge seasonal fl uctuation of the reservoir level (estimated at 100 feet),and thawing of permafrost. It is estimated that fil ling of the reservoir to normal pool level will take approximately three years.Due to the relatively slow rate of impounding,the potential for slope instability occurring during flooding of the reservoir will be minimal and confined to shallow surface flows and possibly some sl iding.Slopes will be more suscept ible to slope instab il ity after impoundment when thawi ng of the permafrost so il s occurs and the ground water reg ime has reestablished tself in the frozen soils. Near the dcmsite,assuming that the present contours will remain unchanged,the north abutment will primarily be subject to beach- ing except for some small flows and slides,which may occur adja- cent to Deadman Creek.On the south abutment,thawing of the frozen basal tills will result in numerous skin and bimodal flows. There is also a potential for small rotational sl iding to occur primarily opposite Deadman Creek. On the south abutment between the Watana d amsite and Vee Canyon, the shorel ine of the reservoir has a high potential for flows and shallow rotational slides.In contrast to the north abutment,the shorel ine is almost exclusively in contact with frozen basal tills,overburden is relatively thick,and steeper slopes are present.Thermal erosion,resulting from the erosion and thawing of the ice-rich fine grained soils,will be the key factor influencing their stability.On the north abutment below Vee Canyon and on both abutments upstream of Vee Canyon,the geologi- cal and topographic conditions are more variable and therefore have a potential for varying slope conditions.In the Watana Creek drainage area,there is a thick sequence of 1 acustrine material overlying the basal till. Unlike the till,it appears that the lacustrine material is largely unfrozen.All four types of slope instability could develop here,depending on where the seasonal drawdown zone is in contact with the aforementioned stratigraphy.In addition,slope instabil ity resulting from potential 1 iquefaction of the lacustrine material during earthquakes may occur.Overall,slopes on the north abutment,in contrast with the south abutment,are less steep and slightly better drained,which may be indicative of less continuous permafrost and/or sl ightly coarse material at the surface wi th a deeper active 1 ayer. In general,the potential for beaching is high due to:(a)the wi de seasonal drawdown zone that will be in contact with a th in vaneer of col 1 uv iurn over bedrock;and,(b)the 1 arge areas around the reservoir with low slopes.In the Oshetna-Goose Creeks area, there is a thick sequence of lacustrine material. E-6-3l ..... ,..,... , I I Permafrost appears to be nearly continuous in this area based on the presence of unsorted po 1ygonal ground and potential therma- karst activity around some of the many small ponds (thaw 1 akes/ kettles).The reservoir in this area will be primarily confined within the floodplain and therefore little modification of the slopes is expected.Where the slopes are steep,there could be come thermal niche erosion resul ting in small rotational sl ides. The potential for a large block slide occuring,and generating a wave which could overtop the dam is very remote.For this to occur,a very high,steep slope with a potentially unstable block of large volume would need to exist adjacent to the reservoir. This condition was not observed within the limits of the reser- voir.In approximately the first 16 miles upstream of the dmJ, the shoreline will be in contact with the low slopes of the broad U-shaped vall eYe Between 16 and 30 mil es upstream of the dam,no potentially large landslides were observed.Beyond 30 miles upstream,the reservoir begins to meander and narrows,therefore any wave induced in this area by a large landslide would,in all likelihood,dissipate prior to reaching the dam. In general,the following conclusions can be drawn about the slope conditions of the Watana reservoir after impounding: -The principal factors infl uencing slope instabil ity are the 1 arge seasonal drawdown of the reservoir and the thawi ng of permafrost soil s.Other factors are the change in the ground- water regime,the steepness of the slopes,coarseness of the material,thermal toe erosion,and the fetch available to generate wave action; -The potential for beaching is much greater on the north abutment of the reservoir; - A large portion of the reservoir slopes are susceptible to shallow sl ides,mainly skin and bimodal flows,and shallow rotat i onal sl ides; -The potential for a 1 arge block sl ide which might generate a wave that coul d overtop the dam is remote;and -The period in which restabilization of the slopes adjacent to the reservoir will occur is 1 argely unknown. In general,most of the reservoir slopes will be toally submerged. Areas where the fill ing is above the break in slope will exhibit less stability problems than those in which the reservoir is at an intermediate or low level.Flow slides induced by thawing perma- frost can be expected to occur over very flat-lying surfaces. E-6-32 3.4 -Permafrost Thaw The effect of thawing permafrost has already been discussed in relation to reservoir slope failures and liquefaction potential above the relict channel at the Watana site. In addition to these two impacts thawing can also induce settlement to surface facilities constructed in areas of deep overburden north of the Watana damsite as well as cause increased seepage through the south abutment of the Watana dam. With regard to settlement it is anticipated that the freeboard dike, the airstrip and the camps,as well as site roads,will all encounter areas of permafrost.Al though the soil s in this area are not ice rich, some settlements will occur due to thawing of the permafrost. Si nce fractures in the rock below the south abutment of the Watana dam are ice-filled to approximately 200 feet,thawing of this permafrost may cause additional seepage even though thawi ng wi 11 be induced prior to grouting of the cutoff below the core.This thawing will be generated due to the thermal effect of the large reservoir which will remain several degrees above freezing throughout the year.It is anti- cipated that thawing in the cutoff zone can be effectively accomplished prior to grouting and that grouting the foundation below the core in this zone is feasible. 3.5 -Seismically Induced Failure Detail s of seismic induced fail ures in the reservoir are addressed in Sect i on 3.3. Seismically-induced failure in the relict channel area has been addressed and although it is possible there are mitigation measures which can be undertaken. The access route and transmission 1 ines in the immediate site area, that is between the Watana site and Gold Creek and between the Watana site and the Denal i Highway croSs areas which have the potential for 1 iquefaction or 1 andsl ides could occur during earthquakes.The same is true of the north and south transmission corridors,particularly in the area near Anchorage.Areas of high potential in the Stephan and Fog Lakes areas south of the Susitna River have been avoided. E-6-33 - - - - - """"I i~ 4 -MITIGATION 4.1 -Impacts and Hazards Section 3 identified four major impacts which area either generates due to construction of the proj ect as it affects the geo log ic env ironment and one major impact of the seismic environment on the project.These impacts are: -Reservoir-Induced Seismicity; -Seepage; -Reservoir Slope Failures; -Permafrost Thaw;and -Seismically-Induced Fail ure. The effect of these impacts on the project and mitigating measures are discussed in this section.In addition to the above mentioned impacts the avoidance of geologic hazards is also addressed. 4.2 -Reservoir-Induced Seismicity The magnitude of an earthquake generated by the effect of the reservoir will not exceed the magnitude of any earthquake which would normally occur in the Talkeetna Terrain.Therefore,the detection level eart~ quake developed for the project will provide the design criteria for any reservoir-induced earthquakes. In order to carefully monitor the effect of reservoir-induced earth- quakes a complete long-term monitoring program will be instituted in the region which will be installed prior to completion of the project. This system will provide earthquake data on all earthquakes in the region including all those induced by the effect of the reservoir.A manual for operation of the system has been prepared and is included as Reference 3.Consideration of the correl ations between fi 11 ing curves and seismicity for other cases of RIS has been reviewed and it appears that sudden changes in water levels and sudden deviations in rate of water level change can be triggers of induced seismicity.A con- trolled,smooth filling curve,with no sudden changes in filling rate, should be less likely to be accompanied by induced seismicity than rapid,highly fluctuating filling rates. The fill ing rate for the Watana reservoir covers three years which is relatively slow.Seasonal variations are steady and do not fluctuate rapidly.The Devil Canyon reservoir fills more rapidly,but is held steady with very little seasonal variation. E-6-34 4.2 -Seepage Seepage normally occurring through the foundation rock below each of the daTIs will be controlled by two means.The installation of a grout curtain and by a pattern of drain holes drilled from the gallery below the dans.The effect is to reduce.the amount of seepage as well as control the downstream internal pressures in the rock by the pressure relief affected by the drain holes. Should excessive seepage develop during impoundment,provlslons have been made in the design for the construction of underground grout ing gallaries which will provide access for remedial grouting.In addi- tion,extensive instrumentation of the dan and abutments will·be implaced during post construction for long-term monitoring of seepage. Seepage through the relict channel at the Watana site will be handled by a two-step process.Initially a more detailed drilling program will be initiated at the beginning of 1983 to investigate the materials at depth in the channel.This will provide data on grain si ze,perme- abil ity,continuity of horizons and hence the potential for seepage. Secondly,the design provides for a downstream filter to control piping should it occur.Materials would be stockpiled and used for construc- tion of filters to control exit gradients at locations where seepage is observed. 4.3 -Reservoir Slope F ai lures It is anticipated that,although instability of reservoir slopes will occur and to some extent be an ongoing·occurrence in the Watana reser- voir their impact on the project will be minimal.The magnitude of wave generated in the reservoir due to sl ides has been evaluated and found to pose no threat to the safety of the dams. Additional freeboard has al so been provided at the Watana dam so that the effect of slides into the reservoir is further minimized.Normal freeboard at nonnal maximum water surface elevation at Watana is 22 feet. The relatively small fluctuation in the reservoir levels at the Devil Canyon site will mitigate against ongoing slope failures. Monitoring of key slopes will be initiated prior to impoundment,par- ticul arly the 1 arge sl ide mass identified in the upper reaches of the Devil Canyon reservoir as well as areas haVing the tential for larger slides in the Watana reservoir. 4.4 -Permafrost Thaw Two possib 1 e impacts will be felt due to permafrost thaw,both at the Watana site.Settl ement of facil ities in areas of deep overburden and increased seepage through the dam foundation. E-6-35 ~i Adequate structural design is possible to mitigate against the hazards of sett1 ement in permafrost areas.In the case of the main construc- tion camp a 1 arge pad of granu1 ar materi a1 has been provided which wi 11 evenly distribute the load and insu1 ate the subsoil,hence retarding thaw. Regrading of the airstrip and monitoring of settlements at the free- board dike will be necessary as a maintenance program to offset the affects of differential settlement in these areas. The permanent c.amp is located in an area re1 ative1y permafrost on good soils to prevent long term problems. 4.5 -Seismically-Induced Failure If subsequent studies show the potential for liquefaction in the buried channel area,it is feasib 1e to excavate through thi s hori zon and re- build the freeboard dike foundation to a point below this layer. Seismically-induced failure of reservoir slopes,although possible will not be hazardous to the project. The main structures have been analyzed to accommodate the ground motions induced by the maximum credible earthquake.Therefore,the overall safety of the project is assured with the safety of the major structures. 4.6 -Geo 1ogi c Hazards There are only three main geologic features which can have an affect on the construction an.d operation of the power facil ities at the two sites.These are the short shear zone south of the para11 e1 to the river at Dev"il Canyon,the "Fins"feature upstream of the Watana site and the "Fingerbuster"zone downstream of the Watana site. At the Watana site all of the main proj ect features have been located between the two features,the llFins ll and the f1Fingerbuster"thus avoiding the need to tunnel through these shear zones. Since the main concrete dam does not cross potentially hazardous geo- logic features at Devil Canyon,no danger to the structure are posed. Tunnelling through such a feature could pose problems with large tunnels.However,only the small drainage gallery is planned to pass beneath the sadd 1edam. E-6-36 F"'" , ,,,",,,, TABLE E6.1 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE MiLLION OF ERA PERIOD EPOCH GLACIATION YEARS AGO Quaternary Holocene Wisconsin ian Pleistocene Illinoian Kansan Nebraskan 1.8 Cenozoic Pliocene Miocene Tert iary Oligocene Eocene Paleocene 70 Cretaceous Mesozoic Jurassic Triassic 230 Permian PennsyIv an ian Mississippian Paleozoic Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian 600 Precambrian Table E6.2 WATANA JOINT CHARACTERISTICS· JoInt Set S-lfe-5 t r ike Dip _5 I!..a c i n~5 u r f ace Con diE ion s Quadrant (Ran9!JL (Avg.)(Ra®e)("AVg.T mange)(Avg.)LL "1'.Remarks 11 III All Nf,SE NW,SW 16 NW,51'1 All NE,SI:: NW,51'1 All NE S[ NW,SW 290"-330· 045"-000" 340"-030· 320· 320· 295" 060· 050" 065° 0° 005° 350° 345° 75°NE-80"SW OO·SE-80NW 40 0 E-65·W 90" 80 0 NE 90° 75°NE 90° 05°NW 90" 60 0 E 60 0 E 65°1'1 60 0 [ 1"-15' 2"-10' 1"-15' 1"-15' 1"-5' 1 "-5' 2"-5' 0.5"-5' 2"-2' 6"-4' 0.5"-5' 2') ) 2') ) ) 2') ) ) ). 2') 2' 1.5' 2' 1.5' l' 1.5' 2' Planar,smooth lo locally rough,con- tinuous Planar,smooth to rough Planar to irregular, smooth to slightly rough Planar,sroooth to rough Planar to irregular, rOlll]h Curved,rough PI anar to irregular, smooth to rough Planar to irregular, rough Carbonate local!y Carbonate at 1'1.1-6 and 1'1.1-7 Major carbonate at 1'1.1-4 IHnor carbonate at 1'1.1-9 Carbonate locally Carbonate at 1'1.1-5 Carbonate at one out- crop Carbonate locally' Carbonate locally Parallel to major shears,fracture zones and altera- t ion zones No shears or aller- at ion zones,mina I' fr act ure zone Parallel lo minor shears md fracture zones Weakly developl~d We ak 1y deve]opec] Strongly developed IV Variable orientations Strongest Concentrations: Shallow to lIloderate NE SE NW SW 080" 090° 310° 090° 0" 090° lOON 25·5 .) 40"NE) 10°5 05°E 25°N 2"-3' 1"-3' 6"-10' l' 2' 2' Planar to irregular, smooth to rough, discontinuous Prob<tll y sl ress relief,near surface 'Surface dola only •'When set is presenl I ,t I .1 i-,;J J I I 1 ]'~1 ]]j Tab 1e E6.3:[)E VII.CANYON JDI NT CIIAI1AC 1EI1I S TICS- ·s t r ike [)i P --:;-'pac i"n CJ"Sur f ace Can diE"1 a n s (Rang~)(Avg.)(Range L-----.iAvg.)(Range)lAVl]:J Text '.lre Coating .~ Jowt SeL Il l.ocAL ion North flank Ib DCJ-4 SOllt~1 flank North Bank lib OCJ-4 South Bank lIb DCJ-l 32[]0_00 310°_350° 040°_090° 020°_100° 34So 320° 340° 065° 01So 07So 01S0 60·NE-700SW 60 0NE-75°SW 40 0 -7SoSE 30 0 -75·SE 80 0 NE SSoNE 9[]0 5S0SE 8SoSE SSoSE 7SoSE 0.5"-10' [].5"-S' 6"-3' 2"-6' 2"-S' J.5') ) ) ) 2') ) ) 2') ) ) ) ) 1' ) ) 1.S') Planar,smooth, oecas ional roulJh, cant inuolJs Planar to curved, smooth to rough ll::casional iron ox ide and caruonat e None RemLlrks Parallel to shears, fr act ure zones a.ld most dikes.Major stress relief,open joints on south bank.Itl found locally Pa r al lei and sub- parallel to bedding/ foliation.Some open to 6"near river level.Paral- lel La major and minor shears.lIb is found locally. North flAnk 045°_080°060° South Bank 01So -04So 025° Strongest Concentrations: Strongest Concentrations: Probab IY sl.re,,:, relief,near sur- face Locally open joints Occurs locally, cliff former move Elevat ion 1400 on the north bank Occas ionill iron oxide and carbonate Occas ional iron oxide and carbonate 3')Planar to irregular, )smooth to rO'jgh, )tight Lo open joints ) ) 3') 2')Plfll1ar,rDlIcJh,dis- )continuous ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2 I ) ) ) 3"-8' 4"-1[]' 1"-0' 6"-10' OOoNW 6S0NW Shalluw to moderate) ) ) ) ) ISoSE) 30 0 NW) 10°5 ) 2SoN~1 ) Shallow to moderate ) ) ) ) ) 2S0NW) 20 0 NE) 15°SW) 40·NW) 15°NE) SOoNW-700SE 6So-1I00NW 060· 060° 090° 04So OSOO 330° 330° 060° 34So Var iable or ient at ions Composite DCJ-1 North Bank Variaule or ienL at ions Suuth Bank Cumposite OCJ-2 OCJ-3 DCJ-4 IV III '~;lirface jo IIlt.S only •'Wt\(~re present TABLE [6.4 DEVIL CANYON TAILRACE TUNNEL -JOiNT CHARACTERISTlCS" JOH1E 5 E r 1 keD 1 p 5 pac 1 n g**5 u r f Bc-e------c-ona lT1 a n 5 Sel (Range)(Avg.J --rR'!~L .(Avg.~(Range)(Avg.)lex~~remn_CoaEi~_Remarks 11 I I I IV'" l04°-355°325° 05l"-085°065° DOC _030°Oll" Va,i.sh Ie 50 0 NE-55°SW 37°SE-OOOSE 63°E-04 "W less than 40° 70 0 NE 60"SE 0.5"-10' 2":"5' 4"-10' 1.5' 2' 3' Planar,smooth, occasional rough, continuous Planar to curved, smooth to rough Planar to irregular, smooth to rough Planar,rough, discont inuous Occasional iron oxide and carbonate None Occasional iron oxide md carbonate Occasional iron oxide md carbonate Parallel to shears,fracture zones and most dikes Parallel and subparallel to bedding/foliat ion.Minor shears Locally well developed Probably stress relief,near surface 'c'!< 'Surface joints only •'When p,eslmt "'See Tahle 7.l I I I ,.I n'~!"I e,1 I j I ON3~31 3015 •••6 ..•.~.~W,Ol.:lH.ldn NO RI ~~.l Irln\ij l.SnClH13-181SSOd £lNld'Q3HS 3S~31NI N O£ l N II: 1 N ?<;: 1 ® N 1£1 Nol:1 NI:£1 -~~~~o- b>" @ '0Sf) 8.(.61 '10 1~'t~;r:i1;J uJOJI P=!J~PO~ I".:----·-·--"-~-----'-_., AIJ'1LL~:ll t~l~;IG ~JJ1m]} JI55';f~nr ,...,.--r-", ~...+J l..±-J_..±f ~,~~""'-~ r_-=--=--.;..~"'"";l (~~:~=;g Sn03J1130!:J 5iiSZOS3N I :L_~_......J AH'VN!EHvno ~IOZON3J ,,9010]8 lVI\iOI93t! S~JOO!JI1IN11C!8 030iAIONn S3I\1Sf1C:LLNI :JUJ1~ 3~J'iII\A\1~9 ON';f 311T11~IJ1 311l::iOJO ZHNno '3lJb'OIOONV~9 S~)O~JILS1'JIN~:nO/\ ON';f JIN11),O/\O::J.l\111N383."IONn S>I..,'OO"J1IJNvCl9 '3.LUJ1;,,/91l"l 'LSH~JS 311~O!QON'VH9 3.lIl018 I 3.l0::!OJOON\tt1'9 3(jN318N~OH -311.l018 3lH101G '3..LI:cJCHaON'Vq~ Sll8Od30 ''1IJI~IJI)~a:;11111N383,~JONn :)iOZ031"i1d I 1'>. ~ 8311S tWO 03SOdOOd ST11...NI T,'1:JS lJ<~~ff'~'~#~~~~:;;d B l>0 1 '93 3(j(!8U ':Ulns Of/'1 .fWS"81113iV 'S~XlO!JINI1:J,OAII131'l )11<'''518 31lIJOIO a31\ll<O~'18IHJSN3:J0!~'531l<081HdW\I 3"'mJV\~j t-tUYl G3(ja3mt~l.N I Al-WJOl SJiN't:nOJ\\113W :Jl.!..IS3.JN'V'01.:)!llI1S\'9 OT1113:JNOJ 3~3H!"0311CY.l •••A ~ "EU0JJ"l13b3HM O"3H~'dO'3GIS NMOtlHu-J:n 00 H1331 lln'V~lSn~H.l ABSOLUTE AGE ERA PERIOD I EPOCH STAGE STADES (Years Before Present J HOLOCENE--9,000 - T IV --11,000 -.- -I II III -13,500 -- -I>-UJ CI:Z Late IIU<t:UJ Wiscon'sin -15,000 -0 z I u -f-N a::0 \ 0 UJ f- Z f-UJ Wisconsinian UJ « I UJ Glaciation ~-17,000 -U ::J ...J -f-a Q. I -25,000 ---t-+. Interglacial -40,000 ---f-+-f- .Early Wisconsin I -75,000 --j-t -l-i I Sangamon Interglaciation --f -- -120,000--I -f-•Pre Wisconsin -f-i •I I Illinoian Glaciation ~I • z z z w «(J')en Zw 0 Z Z U000zuU...J ...J (J')(J')0...J :i::i:J: 170 .120 75 W 40 .-i 9 0IIIIII BAR SCALE (In Thousands of Years Before Present) NOTES 1.Era through Epoch terminology and absolute ages are after Van Eysi nga \1978). 2.Stage terminology and ages are after Pew!!'(1975). 3.Stade ages are modified after Ten Brink and Way thomas (in press). QUATERNARY STUDY REGION TIME SCALE WOODWARD-CLYDE CONSULTANTS 41410A February 1982 FIGURE EG,:: j )j 1 I l 1 j -1 1 1 -1 1 1 ] ,... "\...llo.tl .. \ \ \--....'.-....\',) 'X,, \, "\\~l "t··-\ " ........-...:,~~~'''U '.....~I ....'f~ .....-......J{':1;,\."'- "r ...,,~... _...., \~":l~) '. A <" -:''':-ji) ..........-.... ';a:.-,~ -~--~-~- A,TALICEETNA TERRAIN MODEL O.SCHEMATIC TALICEETNA TERRAIN SECTION LEGEND NOTES WOOOWARD-elYD(CONsulTA~n 414l0A fltwu:.cy Hie) -=--!L -0 ~ MlpPld snih-slip '.ull.IIUOWS ,how '4flM 01 ho'ilOOhl elisplatlmlnl Mapp'(I luih·llip 'toll with dip .Iip c:ompon.n'-,t.nen Ihow ..nn o' ~.r\iclll di"pl~n-..n';U il up; Oil down. LllIIPPed I.JlI.~me 0'horilOnul diaplaclm.-nl nOI d.fiOfd Inhrr.d 1\1ilL'-llip faull Llapped rhrull 'lull,UWlulh on u~r phu ill 0.9 -2.0 em/y,Hiel<m.n .nd C.mpboll 11973\;.nd PIQI 119721. (!l 0.5 -0.8 em/y.51001 .nd Ol~."119731. (!l 3.5 emlv.Ai.~",.nd Monon 11911L @ 1.1 em/V"',no Huh>c.n.A::livitv I,nhu lUI,Riehl,r lind MUlon (1971). ®0.9 -3.3 .m/y,Rie~"••nd MlUon 119711.. ®Inl,",d conneclion with D,llOn 'iIOH;Plath,lind OUlI"119181. ill Inl,,,,d cOflneciion 'IIIilh F.il'WUlhcr '.ull;l.hr .nd Phlk.r 11980). CD Connet:lion inlltllHi tot (hi,upon. ®0.1 -1.1 .m/r'O'''01",.n ond OI~O"119HI:O,u~n 119191. G 5.8 emir'L.~,.nd P1.II<"119801.o Alluti,n lunch Ind Ponul.l.d Shill EdUl StruCluJi 'Jh,r Guplill ond "III",119811. o Slip "...cited in notu CD Ihrough 0 III'Holoclne slip tlln.o All hull IOCllioOl Incl '.me 0'moumenl obUin.d hom O.ikmln 11918;19~J. o 100 zoo wil .. ~I J==3o100200;(11(,.....11" TALKEETNA TERRAIN t.4QDEL AND SECTION ~ FIGURE E6.3 ~~~lli Figure E6.4 i I 1 )1-1 -]1 ]1 1 1 1 1 -j j .~ LT '\04"_.-.--EHALl f~~,_,-'Q.-.~-'-----'..--'--'--'--'/.--',r '--;,..c:'---"-.-..---------'-------.--~---------.-----..---,----------/-1 ___.-t----/I _--'.-':KD3'3y I .-/'I /'DENALI.: I ....J I /~I I ///t----MICAOEARTtiQUAKE I /'/I STUDY AREA I DEVIL CANYON SITE "-'/'/~ATANA ~E /: I /'/'/II./ I KO~-3-•.~KOO-2 /'/1IKD5-43 /.....-A /I '/1'KO~-12 I I K05-45y:Z~\/'_·/.,L-.-........../K03.7 II~._-,K05-9'j'\KC~'5 /'./.-.-.._,I I .//\',,/<"II./K05-42\.\.::/KC4-1 I ./,K05-44'~ I //;7 I ./. I /,/ I // 1 /, //-I /- I /.I I //0 10 ZO ~oI/(, TI\L1(JO"lNA SCALE IN MILESI •or- '.--.-------/-------..-----_._--------------.-------------------'_.------ -- .f_~_~.T~!~~~_?ElffT ED .fQR 12~l_SJ!J-R IE~. I =::..zIT...._fr:";".r;..,-------"';'-----.~~:--'---"'- rV~O 41 I EFIGUREE6.5 ZOO 400 FEET= o;.,p --"--"----'."-~FE<T -------/,'__..r-'.','~CONTOUR LINES:CONTOUR INTERVAL 100 •~./'-------TOP OF O'DROC<,"'0------~-'",---I -./"~.-_50'CON.TOURS OAS TDUA INTE:RVAL.ZO FEET~"'--~r-_.,./'-TILL ,000 .-_._TOP OF OEOROCK:C"'ftINTERVAL.O FEET~------------------....'.,------~-ToPOGRAPHY,CO"","-----.~--TILL . ----------' --- __----..:0..------- '1'1C1O '- -'l."'l:fJ'~---- ~ .3.Z25.ooo [i J LEGEND UT.HOLOGY: r-1.-DIORITE TO QUMT,{moRJTE,1)Cl!JOESL...:........;J MItiOR GRANO()IORIT~. §]'-'::5~~~c:~~P~~~T~~E5rnDIORITE.PORPHYRY -""'x ::~~.I~~T~§L.'Em,n §~R~~~~~E~~I~~L ~~SSGR~T~~= ~~~w!~r~!~~:~O~~~~~lt:CSEiTHt~ .-!?~r1O'.~~W:~~i~:~t~~~~~~ED. Mi'AU'ERATION ZONE,WIOTl1 AS SHOW~ /1r~r::J-""'''''"""", o ZOO 400 FEET ! FIGURE E6,6 ~'.----<..:::::,~,~-----I;' ~";;(WATANA '-,-:',r',\.GEOLOGIC MAP ~';/'-f~/l" ~..., ~-'f' ./ /.......-------- /"sP---~/ / ------...., ....._---_._. ~~~ ;! 51 ~ ;! ~ ~ ;!'" N~,225.,OOO ......._I ~/ , K,COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY (eM/SEC) \ J / / :/ 10-6 _.--r -.--,--..'---- I ( \I '~~- /' / ~'---MINIMUM . Ii I I PERMEABILITY o ---"\ ) / I o / / I \............. -- , BASED ON:BH-I,BH-4,BH-S,BH-8, BH-12 ,DH-I,DH-3,DH-6, OH-8,DH-11 a 100 800 700 200 600 I- lI.I lI.I...300 :I: I- Q. lI.I MA lMUMQ I£J ...J 0 400 :I: lI.I 0:: 0 ttl ...J <U-500I- 0:: I£J > """ WATANA ROCK PERMEABILITY FIGURE E6.7 -----------~---~~---~=.~=~~---------- ...'!'~': SCALE 0;....~~'~=;;;;i' ,?,-::",!:<!o<-' TOP OF BEDROCK.CONTOUR INTE:RVAL..50 FEET• 50 FOOT c:ONmURS DASHED "CO"EO.'~ 1000 2000 FEET ,<*-;:~~"~"~<"r . LEGEND l SECTION DM-A AND B SHOWN ON FIGURE &.31. a PROFILES w-16 AND W-17 SHOWN ON H6URE &.34 3.DETAILED STRATIGRAPHIC FENCE DIAGRAM SHOWN ON FlGURE 6.3'Z. DETAILED SEISMIC UNE SECTIONS SHOWN IN APPENOICES H AND:I. RELlCT CHANNEL PHOTOS SHOWN ON FIGURE 6.30. SCALE LOCATION MAP ::""w:i'-:.....: ,_;fNOTES I! ..//..Ie ~j!.fC -=- £~./} ?.~!::1· .~~.J'::'C - "'.....----...,--- i _/.[;.:._.- -.to- .'!-~ '--,.'._.----t';::,::" .......---.......t::'...:".-lO~·-- "'''' ,----; -~\..:-::".-' "-_/ -:::;;,;~- -~ '"-:,--:r - -~ , /~'-> '--.' ~-;: , RELICT ---------~.---'~--.---' " ",,/ c-J ----- ~e~ =' DM-Aae .., > 15-a ~ ", ,-' rI'- ~ '"'2:.6.OCXJ _,.. ~'~~--:~. N"-Z3-';jJOO ..lI..~OCO _"CJ]" ~, ~K CON'TACTS: =-:-;:-kNOWN.UNIT CONTACT ---INFERREO UNIT BOllNOARY LEGEND LITHOLOGY: f:22]C f&2B '.F ~. .~·,"·H-045.~AZIMUTH ';OF SECiION-------..-ZZ!5· ~BEDROCK SllRFACE WHERE ORILLED ..............,NORMAl-MAXIMllM OPERATING LEVEL EL218S BOREHOLES; 0A-Z6o.,CO€ROTARY CORE BORINGS I=r NOTED AS FROlEN DURING DRlWNG .400 0>00 0200 ..00 0000 1900 [SOO 1100 1700 SCALE BO 160 FEET VERTICAL= SCAlf 400 eoo FEET HORIZONTAL= WATANA RELICT CHANNEL-EXPANDED THALWEG SECTION e NOTE I.MAP INDEX SHOWN ON FIGURe;6.1 SCALE 0 4 --J ',ilLES BORROW I QUARRY LIMITS LEGEND E~D ~ SCALE ~~WILE"S f FIGURE E6.10. I \.."".""..l","""'"."",,;a.\,~..~l",i".•..'(,~,,:17 (..'.,.~'i~R ~.··E,co'.··0 .0"'~~"'--.'.~.'--',..".'.,',,.'..t·t'·,··'·---\"'-'.',,,4!J-~,\~_";>""",o:>.D~,~~~,,;..•...''.I «#Ii' i .f~!"ft/,;-""'...'~~',-,;.r'm 'l"I ""~)-_/~/'! I ~~.I ,'i'/~'I 0,/P'/ ,r ,d;"-/~~'E ',,'I I '<I..~i ...I @'-~'-.'ff !~,~ ,!I ', L....-.-LOCATION MAP WATANA BORROW SITE MAP ./:J~".\\1,''--.j BORROW SITE ,....-----__''-.(_-3;.,.\"~ ,~.'.......,-'',.'I,.if§·~'."o~,1'1 'J~----~I~~-16AJ/J'{r"~,~""'-,...(,-.s;;RE'~~:/.I(~~'"/;:..=.-"<;=j)';;:'~OR~OW ~ ~,;.-'SITE I C ~~~RRAY );0 ,\.~..•_o..i "~...-~7h€' '"0'""nT .'-.--~~/.~$'<'....00._o.''.y--/-----,J#'J ~.,;:~Yrf?,/..->r1 BORRI~~E.E ..'.'\/1 J\'\'.'~..JSORROW (/-)(.--------.'./r'7 !;"'''J I ..'--'"- t -r --.t ~\'\" '~ ,(~BORROW!~!siTE F \.~)] /PII\~)O;::;7s,[ 01 \ i 1 1 1 -j J J ))1 1 US Siondard SI ••e Opening.in Inch••US.Stondord SI •••Numb.r.llydrorn.l.r 1-.I .1-1.1 °1000 10 -~- 100 90 80 70 1: '"II> ~60 12 9 6 :5 2 1112 I 3/4 112 3/8 4 10 20 40 80100 200 270 I 1 r--'r~rr '~-o-~.,;.'J'.'U~";~'.":'~)';'"'1".:'~~>~.'.~••'-.:,,'---f T-"'I ------'-1'---I"---t~l-~--..-f -------,0--~;;~rt\\~~~~i'i1"'.9.~~:.':;~-.._---.-.•---1------_.•.-.-.---I f'n;\t;·I.(,.I~u.....I.?,",-,-)=,·1).,1 ~o.~llX·..'.~.':;."/I.~i~iD~~o~..\~~·r;.~9~C;:~'il;~..--------------------.".----jIO 1+-111\\''1\...~'~~h%o '\)bUO .'..~~..;~i)~~7 -~'.:.~r:;---- --.- -.. --.-_..1p ~c.~ll\i~Dcia:-:ou:~...."~"....~~,,~:~:"~17'~~-.-.-..- --20l\,'rk\};..:~..Op~t~:·D'·V.·.~.~'1If:.ll!-;.~.,.",.'.'-'•..,------.'~'·'~"'-~~~-0.."Clr\~ttr-t)·..'~~.Ir,".----".1---___.__..,.'"..~~~~~kI~.~([)t~.·~~I>.~.q:..~~r.';'~~'.':::;I~~~:";;-'---1--------.-------,._.----301~~\j~~.Q'~t .rr·?'!~~~6l:~i\~.•flt'rb:·o~·.··.'·o ',;.-,",~ --._..•.-.----+---,-----.-~~lt--!V()o'-B)()''"If I!l "1);~~~"~\J:."i-'..-"'0''.,~.'.:~:~~:O"-·-I--/-------i -.....-.-,,-.-1·-.·".o!.~'~~.~ol1:r Wt '~~<t'..~~~K·.:.~:.;-:--':··.:.=-;-!....40 j:~,)J ~~•if IJ ()I,.}c'Q . .~-.;..0 ••.1 ...."- >.I"C\.f:::i:~L !:~t N ~~'jj 0 o{}O . .~,~_"II.~I ~--~---..--...-----~-------..:;c:'b \jn lil~~I1~o~.'...~~'~~.\. :T~~.r~:~.i::'r---------------'; ~50 -...---.--. --------1-·.....--------.."U.•.--:~-~n ~-W~0\all.:b~f~l~lI~~.•I'-d\;--..--1-----.-~50 til _"'-.'"~I °VC";,,''':--.OlJf!l.!-'\f.lr.....·..•.::.:.•..~:..,,:1\.l;~---------------·Jt5(~5~o..~~~(~F.:i:~~I:.~~.tl i~':.~.::..;~:~~'~----.-'--1---.------8 ~40 -----1--....-----1-------------.....;~~D~~~~qQ n~~~6~~.•.!~.".~:~~I--i :~;u:-r:-'K-----'..------.--.--60 Cu.~...-----.-.----------.------------'~-s9J f.)~(lrO [J f{(P~,~@ .P...~o ",,:~.,:~~::...~.'-;:f~~7 .--.......--._,--~ 30 -------.----'-1--....~••--------I·-.~~-;,~l~~ri~~t\~~I~·~j !~~:.;,~.7r~:':':.-.~r...70 u. I--..-----.'---..- -----------------'--~Kl"~0('),")"",hJ!lo 'I.e;'~b'(t\1 ~....;";",'<;'.>~rsr-.... 20l-H+··--l--------.-------.--.-----....-....g~~~.I)~~(':;:.(}.::~~Jw~t.::..:.',:.~:._.~~80 .1---1---.1---_----.....-_...__.-.-----.----.•"'-I--~~~()~.~uI1.b~·r4:oP.~~~:..;~~~t·:'.~;~:~H ~~~, -I-I--l-----__~.._1-_......._~_.,--·1--....__.-.....,.':,:,'.:.':~~~:~;.c'.:,.'.'':'~.U·,[,,/90 ,:~r'r~)~~f:\'!f..~1\:·t:{h~l&',--.-~"'.". -I---.l--------I---~--.---.------.-.-----.--------.------~-..--.-----....I'A ,.:L·~.".U.·"'•.l'..'.',.'..,~ _.__..__......._.._._.....__.,....,.___...~1t,r.'L~;~t .fln~~·Q..<Il{·".'.~~~~~l'fJltJ~.J 100 500 tOO ~o 10 5 I 0.5 01 O.O~O.QI 0.005 0001 NO.OF SAMPJ-ESMATERIAL---- E~·D~R~_IcOBBLEs _Ji~~~GRAY~ine Jc~~~-;;---[--M;d~~--~~-..-·-----·~==r----·~---siil S~I~ES ='Clay s:J GRADATION TYPE l:.>:.:"~J -'I SILTY SAND WITH CLAY AND GRAVEL 41 b:;:.v~--£j 5 SILTY SAND WITH GRAVEL 8 ~·.6E1Sl 6 GRAVELLY SAND,SANOY GRAVEL 50 WATANA BORROW SITE D MATERIAL GRADATION TYPES SHEET 2 OF 2 FIGURE E6.12 l~~~[~ 1 I j 1 J J 1 J J J 1 1 ~.~)i u.s 510"d....o 51 •••Openln9'In Inch..u.S.SlondO'd 51 ...Nom"'"H~"'om.l.. 0 10 20 30 :c... i 40 :l >.. .Q 50 .... III "t. 00u i: OJ ~.. Q. 90 000,1000.00!I ,I 0.01005010.55 I_LL-l--L---L~_o I J...L.lJ-l_..L.-l_---...L------l....LLL.L I I I J...~.1000 500 100 50 D IOU._12 9 6•...:5 .2,:'''/2_,_1 ~4 1/23/~..•.4 ...10."...~..~.2rn:0}f111i1~4(f;0:::I:----r8T°,-,,'OOr-Ilr42rrOOh.!:'zrroTI-T--lTnTIIT-r-fIfTliI I t ~::'.}I:~.•~l~,.:,t~f?~!''f'.~":':..;.:.:.~!:;?t.1 til}'1.1:1 B::.,r-;--r-,..I t 111'1 I I I I I II I I I I I I I Ii-lrm·i i'.o ••,~·.~~:~I:~k:~);;·~.~·"';K<?~. .~:':'(::::::':':;:..:..t::~li·:~.r·lll~IIIII'IIIII~II I I I I IIIII9O~1-!-,I--t-·t-t~-.;f-.-:~.',..o~".:'~...•;;::;':·.,-k:.::."'.':';";;..:"::":·t··.:~;';L~';I i~;I:I II 'I I I I I~t I It,,0'.1""',,--.~.':·',··,":·.l.·:J,X·~·,............:":.":·:L~";.~."'"ll1lll1l~.-H.+-+'-t---'.'.".:....~~..""':~(i'..,.('9.""~··'.•..•.•.•."q"••,'••~.~•.••••",",.,• :;;!:;!S~~~'.~;'~:;~:{4Q~:;,;"I"0';~\~',~,0i(~{~3:~;(~::::: I '..:..·.r.c.~~·n"p,.~t.:J<"l ",.',...N...'.-.•..".o ..:~"',,,/;:1;.:.:'::v I I I.c::.:-OI""\·.U.O~I~I:'f'\"'\.")I·~i'~O,...··.."r~I """-....~~c",';'f~:'~'••••••:.:~~.:~ ~'"t ~';~i,~~;;:t1;~~\~·i :';~>""~:}01t~;~B ~:g;:Jk~ i 50 L'~>~:~9~~'...p .•..~~D:~~:o.~~;...:..~~.:~',:.'':j~..~'.);~··;·~~~~:~:t:~~~·<;)I I I I,I !: ii:I._.~\):~.':.Ii)·..rO·~1.~.,~'./..'..:.~,"."~i .....:;:.:.,.;:;:...ls•.''':l-J II I I I I I I I I _I ".J!·.·~b""o_,,~o~qa ,,0':,,'0,"':.~."..•~t>-.",,_1\'.:lli:Y·":·~:~;.!1.::;?':·i·:.:c:~\....·-'·Q,·'-.~-...,,:'\."""':L),.''0-"i·•.••..l·...-,..,..I\.:I·.'"~.:..,~,:,.!•.,,,":".•. ~40 """·l('U~IY.~,({oOO~(\"1.1~~~.:...<'?...-a "~r\\:i";;:':"";'~':'i"'~!'1t..01 ".'..~,;~...".'.'.~.•,0:-::;_':'",0",:;,,,:.~:~:;;.·7·:~:~:'~.;,),I)~o:.;"d'UIJCl,:"o ub'.~i~·r.;.'L"Q'~:.b.·'".',~\"~·..~:./.'.i;:·ir:·,·, l.I-.•!-J'~.-J ~"':iJNl.V flo~,._._.'••';.'~.'a.~\... 3O~,r-;;~(}..ItiU~'-'·Ll~h6·K~"D~~~il·6 ~;.:.;:);~.'!~~/~;,>:< i "'""l k;i;1\'orr .1:1 .•:0 ~~~~.~'.'.~.:::':.:.>:lV.~~.:.;~ 20 .I I I ""~i.:..~~'IIh:~olJ:f\':o'".)\,~~~:1 \P'l~:.~.~t.'<,)~.:"'~~Jt..:J.:.j:~-rl:+-+--+--+---I---.J..l.-+-+-+--I--I--+--I----1 !iii ~..~i ..j~~",p,l;!~;:i>J~~:..:::~I 10 I !'.'I"-:IlS <>~'fiW'~~~~~ 01 Io<::'~~.&~41 \80QDERS GR~VEL Coarse I Fine Medium SAND Fine FINES Silt Sizes NO.OF SAMPLES NO.OF SAMPLESUNIT [~~~~A [".:·::L~J B ["'-"g""...:'c ;.~.•.;C _.~Ll....:.•. MATERIAl SANDY SILT WITH TRACE CLAY SILTY SAND SILTY SAND WITH CLAY,GRAVEL,COBBLES 4 10 6 r ~~~~."'..'~' •:~<I',. r;oo---cllI\).-...:~~ UNIT o E MATERIAL SANDY GRAVEL,GRAVELLY SAND SANDY GRAVEL WITH SILT I COBBLES,BOULDERS II 19 WATANA BORROW SITE E STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT GRADATIONS FIGURE E6,13 ~~~[~ ]]J ]I 1-]1 J I )J ---1 ]1 ] ~ 90 o 30 20 10 so 00 :g u 60 ...c .~.. 0170a. -s= 0- i 40 :. aool oo 0.Q050.010.015 Hrd,arn.'., al eo 100 ZOO 21040 O.!! ZO104 15D u.S.Standard SI •••Numl>oll ~ 5 2 11/2 I 5/4 liZ 5/e 100 12 9 6 :100 u.s Standard SI •••Optnlng'in Inell •• '-~'~r----+.-!'-.'"I";r -ji-II '1--I 1 II ~"""--I---0,r,,""-~'"'"""- "f"ii:"'''''-',~~ 1"-""i~~"'~ .- ""~J".,","t'.... 'I"\...f'.."~""-~,"'~1"-1'\["-,,,~ I t'"I~~~;<'.,1"..'[",,-""-~ : ~('.,1"'..'".J".,""-I"'.."~'"~~0·."f'...~r\",\:'~"'''I 1"..'l\"'~~"'~~K ~~""-1""-'"'"'""i".~r~to ~"'~.'.t"..,~[","'"I~"'""-;.I" I L""-~'\"'-"'""'""-;. 1',,1"---,-.~ C"\..."'""'""-""l"..""t"..r\... N ~~"'~I"J"I'~'l',,"-;""'"'"""-"''''i"'.., J .""'i ~I'..i"'..l\f"~~""'~I"...i".""'"~ f---~---- ",-'"l""-"~1""-'"'"'" 1"'.."-""-"'-~"'1'\::\~ ).-~~t~"'""" ",,"-l"\...""-""-~ ~---- C".i".'\:t"..i".""-.....N ~"'""'""-'"~I"...'\:~""~-- )~!'.f"..i"'..~~:-f"\...~~-- l""",,-,\:f'..."'~ )""" r,I I""--k I"...~t"\...'\.~ '"~""'V " ! -._._.---°1000 90 80 -L:o II ~60 30 100 201 -c~40 ~a. 10 70 ~50c u. >-.Q COBBLES GRAVEL Coarse I Fine SAND Medium I Fine FINES Sill Sizes TOTAL NUMBER OF SAMPLES:10 WATANA BORROW SITES C a F RANGE OF GRADATION S FIGURE E6.14 lj~rn] )J ]1 1 ~I i )]1 1 us.Siandard 51.'lI.Openings in 'nch••US.Standard 51 •••Number.Ilyd'amolo' I---+=t==r 10 20 30 ~.,. i 40 ~ >. .Q... 50 tl ~ 0 0u 60 C "u.. "70 Il. 80 90 __~._._l_--L------'100 0.01 0.005 0001 ~r.I.-· --+-IF4-;'~~;f-~~~:l<~,.I,.~<~"'U:l·,t;'J::·::t :,::.:~~---H-++++-+-+----f II I I I I I I 1----------1 I \1 'I'-'1 C'h''l!""±:;hi--.--<--j--+I ++++"'.,'".:~~ ---I--I----1--------1"H-++-+-+--I\~ ~,I--+-J.-+-f-f-~'-<'---- -tt --'<"-'.'f"'..''.'..-....,,':,:';."""...:--::';'";'l-+--f I I III I I I 1 I I ---------l +,--~---,--~+~~B;,:;~·::~I,~~·::::,,~~:}~,,:;J~·~~i·:;~~Q::-::_+~__ . ,..._~__~:<>.~~~r::..-.;,~::<c';....~''0.'::.:'~••~.tttt---4-~-IIHII I I I 1 I~-~~-=,~>-'<l2~~~~~-"Gg:{~~~!.':, f+++1 I I I t==nnnU.t:~n-Ut·t=1·.,-~<,,:,',~..',:~\_:':I-~I I +++++-+-+-----+1---+-1--t, -+-----H-+.-~~J~'--hf-+-, :ffifJffi-12-IIftITfEJHJittti_Jttttttt=t=t!I I I I I I 1 I 1000 500 100 50 0 5 I 0.5 01 0.05 100 90 80 70 E '"'Qj ~60 >- .Q.. Q>50c: u.-c 40tJ ~ Il. 30 20 E~ERS J COBBLE S I.GRAVEL I SAND E FINES @ Coarse I Fine Coarse I Medium =r Fine Silt Sizes ICloy Siz~ UNIT MATERIAL NO.OF SAMPLES [::,(:7] r ..·.';~":71 L.:.....~ f',--;•-;-"0:-:1 ~~.'~~~_J A B C SANOY SILT WITH GRAVEL ,CLAY SILTY SAND WITH GRAVEL SANDY GRAVEL 9 30 10 WATANA BORROW SITE H STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT GRADATIONS FIGURE E6.15 [~~~~I 1 j j !I 1 1 I 1 1 j ]1 1 us.SIDodard Slev.Op.nlngt In Inch ••US.Slandard Sit••NumWr.Hvdram.l.r 0 ·--410 20 30 -s::: ""'ii 40 ~ >. .Q 50 ~ til.. 0 0u 60 i: IIIu "-III 70 Q. 80 90 0001 100 +-1---1 I ---I ~r-r-I._-----'---i I 1---- --1--+--1----.+----4 ·--H+l-H~-I--~I I 100 -t-- e.oo -l---I---+--~.._---- ..l----+__4·~·· --·······--1----··+~ / I 3/4 1/2 3/8 .._10 ",2,?~.:-.[:;0.-.-.:...'!p..~~2}ro[f2101;..---:----.~..-···1·12_+__~...._.:~.~:~~.~I ~--~r~~',c=':'Fb~;:;W;;~itj,'-,-"-.'f--_. ,---,,"",'~,,~;,';'\',.'"""'>F',,"'~,--- --l1ttttLttJtI~=~==l~~;~~~~,~~,"~~,;'--~'~'~i,~(~~~~-,'-, 1--l--t---I-~~_.1l1rNjt~~E:;7<>\."I]llItltttt~t-iilltt-. _ttl =1 ,",~:::". '~'~I-I==rn1ttt:+---+------tt _.--.:=~..j--.'I-++-+--t--t- -.==J--.-----.-~ -~0.05 00150()5 I De.o .-.- 1000 100 90 80 70.c 0- iii ~60 ,.., ..Cl.. 50IIIc: U. c 40~ ~ Q. 30 20 10 I I :ill GRAVEL ~----------SAN6 -=j=-FINES ~ BOLLDERS COBBLE S?~rse ~_~Coorse =:r=-M-;d~-lli;---'-Silt Sile$ICloy Sill !:lI'HI ~AT!:RIA!-f'.l o._QE.~AM.ebJ~ ~".~;::l1~~~:J'::'8 62'·;J I~'-=--.-:-/I~~~~.~...._':;J A B c SILTY SAND SAND GRAVEl. 6 4 25 WATANA BORROW SITES I a J STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT GRADATIONS FIGURE E6.16 I ~~~ml •FIGURE E6.17 u 2:00 olDO FEET NOTES 1.__Sll_~FIClAL DEF05lT5 MODIFIED FRd..KACHADOOAI.&N.1951. 2.BEDROCK CONTQUtiS SI10Wfll TO ELEVATION IBOO FT. a.TOP Of"BEDROCK CONTOURS ARE INFERRED BASED ON GEOLOGIC MAPPING AflID SUBSURFACE:EXPlDAATION$•.&1IO ARE SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION TI1ROUGH FUTURE DETAILED IflIVESllGATIONS. :::::~~;G::::::::::;::::"'=='~P ~;".;;~~;~,,;::(:'t~INTERVAL 100 Ff:ET, .•~----TOPOGRAPHY.CONTOUR INTERVAL,50 FEET > -c fi llLL"'" ~• . i ."Ji I.'......\.,\ -......~'t~,---=!.§OQ/I r ""''',..<~~~,T','TILL'.~"~'--"'~~~[/~' ..~---"'"---"'"(:--~',/..) ""'::~-----"'--~--""--=-~----~...r /' -.::-....")'TAL~ ,. REFERENCE' ~ W3.~;'OOO :t:··tJ!;;-_:,~~ N15,ZZ3,OOO ~FIGURE E6.18 GEOlOGIC SECTION LOCATfOH JOINT STATION GEOLOGIC FE4rURE DESCRIBED IN SECTlOH 7.1 MAfIC DIKE DESCRIBfD tN 5£CTION 7.1 FELStC,OIKEDESCRIBEO IN SECTION 7.1 .aOCJ·1 <§) WI., ZOO 400 FEET NOTES '.'I.~_cGEDlOGIC-_SECTIONS_SHOWH,."ON ,.FIGOR(.5 7.4 TMROUG"'7.10. Z.JOINT 'F'LOTS SHOWN ON FIGURE 7.1!- ~ADOITION4L GEOLOGIC DATA FROM USeR.1960. 4.CONTOUR INTERVAL 50 FEET. 5.-fX~OH LOGS 'AND SEISMIC LINE SECTlONS IN:AP'PENOICES C.E.H.,AND I. 6.El(T£NT OF SHEARS,FRACTURE ZONES AND ALTERATION ZONES ~E INFERRED BASED ON GEOLDGIC MAPPING AND SUBSURF'AC£ OI>LORATIOHS.AND ARE SUBJ£CT TO VEAIFlCAnON TI1ROUGH FUTURE DETAILED INVESTIG'AllONS. -L:lMIT -QF'-DlJTCROP .STRUCTURE' ~SHEAR,WIDTH SHOWN WHERE GREATER"THAN~10 FEET.vERTICAL UNLESS DIP SHOWN y'yl.'~=A"[~D~~~~S ':HHE*R'::l~N~~E,l'INCLIN~ ~-~:r~::TN~~:ElbW~W.S~~:~Cl'~~NELESS ~lJro+~1;:':·IIN~~~~.g:5rN)INCLINED,VER1lCAL 5°11 BEDDlNG/FOUATION.INCLINED,VERTICAL OTHER~ DC-I tot LEGEND. L1THOLOi;'Y: O·'ovERBuRDEN.~UlFFERENTuaEo ~~ARGII.UTE AND GRAYWACKE ()l1TCROP ·~~,:_~~IO~I~~~~~~,.~_~~_RE GflEATEA ..if;;-~'~I~Eti'IOTH SHOWN W"'ERE G~rATER CONTACTS' SCALE '--. 'li5Q--- ·/~~_-----. "'-"--"--'300 ..---DEVIL CANYON GEOLOGIC MAP..............---. ~.,~ ------:,~'",-''--..~ .~~",",,'~".,'.,,~"-,:','<~\\\.......\_~~'1-~._~,,_,--..:::~':::;>,),>/_.:-"c--r-')/"'.>~l%ff1Jffi;".'--..'~~.'\',',"'-,','-.j '\~70.''''.,,'Jffff ~."._'"...'-'.~r--.'=~,~,~.'"--~..,".--~\."t::~~~,~,~~----------,,'-c .,.;/',".\ ..~.,C',,!)Jf "",,\.~'-'-'"',-,-,./.1'",~ ) 'J -,,\,,,,.,(h.'\~'"--,,..''"\'.,,~-\\\.\ i '\:.<,&:S...'.~",.r--,~ce.-"~--',\~."'...""""....~. ,~'#§!'.'/_../",,,---":'1---__~-~,""k flf( ¢".'\~\:W~"'~./l"u",.:,:,i .~------...--.-------'.'.,/-----"'-:--~.'..'.................~ •.''-~,'","f.,""·----'/""''''''-•,,'il!r ,~.h''''''.~-'"'" N "'\ii~!f).•....~'.'~..1D~"'~.'t."'-"'I""··\~-----.?~';'.""".;"~".'./.'~~~"~'Y:-."'-'./'~.\.~.£o'"£f'~£o\l,f,,'!,~_'.loA I _g...,W~".0",-""'.-/,~'.,/' ".\I \+')~~.')~.~;,0 ,,~-,!!..'•"-- ,.''.", I '\"I -'\Dc-~.l~i '8 .~''\"".-¥",.:I./J..//~,/,-------s \.\,<t.....('"i'.\(.,,"'41'-' /~/I ..-;=;:~~,~~;-//~,'\"_u---,"'\\f'~.)\~-----..:..II".••'i.~~~',.~.",\."",,-". ~~DC-I ~".'/:-~~L~\~BORROW SITE G ~.po.F~ET' ...3.223,,000 -.*fi."".\~\ DC-2\'", t '"J("'""---""\"~'''------"/ "-..-/' 1 ]1 -J j -~1 1 I ]1 1 1 LEGEND -x~FELSIC DIKE -)tX-MAFIC DIKE -.-SHEAR _.,-FRACTURE ZONE 50y BEDDING/FOLIATION 70-'....JOINT ,INCLINED / NOTE I.DETAILED SITE GEOLOGY SHOWN ON FIGURE 7.3. .~8 2.CONTOUR INTERVAL 100 :-::.--....FEET. 55_L86 .7~ !sy ---~~'"83':'"j --'12 85'.\61 \"~I ".7 I ~r ~<f~ 78 }V.a sF: i )I. I {(. \',\1 I ARGILLITE AND GRAYWACKE V a 1°.i! \.'80..!!·"~\.75~an...'.~'..'.'8~i j .\I L..""..~'..'.O~ ••..54t\~r-~..~~ \i i '--By I .B~>i':.72 r·' I .~\Jr j.\7, 55 ../~+\/j~.~\\ '/64 !t a'!\.\so •ao ~,-'-"-- ; 84~ ---~ i f ! @ -- ;. 1\ I' ::'1 ;\\'\'"\ \"'i t.'\ "-".~"\\ 5~\~~\~.\\\~'/;\".\. ...\\'\.\\\: \~5 a~'\F.".....~a...6.!'.".", 80 ,"• I ~\ ARGILLITE AND GRAYWACKE o 1000 2000 r'~M eiJ SCALE FEET \" 7~ 60~ANODIORITE~-'" DEVIL CANYON TAILRACE GEOLOGIC MAP FIGURE £6.19 Ijj ! i I o 100 200 ~ l.LI l.LI l4.300 ::l: ~ a. l.LIc l.LI ..Jo 400 :I: l.LIa:: o iII ..J <t U ~500 a:: l.LI > 600 700 800 K,COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY (CM/SEC) ~I \I~t,0 \I I "\0 I'\I \f........I1----I---4-:-T------\:\;=::jICAd;V:7iE~R;LA~G~E:--t----.::...---'-.:::----i \. I PERMEABILITY "\! I \I \! I \i~I I I 1 \1IIGI ;'1--........I MAXIMUM......!................t;\J l ~/ // (0 1/ \I \I \/ / "0 1/l A---MIN1MUM I /I I I I I I 1 {I / iii "01::".1 Ii'I ""I 1 ."'-l-------:-----------f i I I : I I"1 i I I "0 I IiII l-----+------+!L1:----~I BASED ON:AAI 80 -81:BH-j-4.BH-5A-5B,8H-7 i i USSR HOLES:DH-I,DH-5,DH-7,DH-8,DH-9,!1 DH-11C,DH-12,A,DH-13,DH-14Bi i DH-15:I ,I !i DEVIL CANYON ROCK PERMEABILITY FIGURE E6.20 I II' I ~~~l~I ------------,-_.~---....,.------_._--~-,.----_.------------; 1 -)]1 J ]]1 l i ]1 1 us.~tDndard Sieve Openloos",Inche.u.S.Stondard St.ve Number s Hyd,om.'.r 60 50 40 >~- 30 20 10 o ._., 5001000 0 \0 20 30 -.c 01 'ii 40 ~ >. .4 :I IIII I I I I I 150 ... I 'II III.. 0 Qu ~60 C 'II ~ 'II70~ I 80 90 0.01 0,005 0001 100 [OOULDEHS I.COBBLE 5 UNIT * GRAVEL Coarse I Fine MATERIAL NO.OF SAMPLES Medium SAND Fine UNIT* FINES Silt Sizes MATERIAL NO.OF SAMPLES Ei::::.:;tJ D SAND WITtI TRACE SILT [2":;:-~:;··1 N SANDY GRAVEL "*SEE EXPLORATORY TRENCH GEOLOGIC SECTIONS,APPENDIX G [Ii] 3 4 24 FIGURE E6.21 SANDY GRAVELo f6'1S:ci~P GRAVELLY SAND,SANDY GRAVEL 1;,".-0 "o--;'-oJ l...:.~:J4 3 9 L~<~::.~j Z SANDY GRAVEL WITH SILT I COBBLES DEVIL CANYON BORROW SITE G STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT GRADATIONS SILT WITH SAND,GRAVELCII~I~~~~Il_Ll~J I.L~.j BEACHING (I) BEACHING (I) MINOR FLOWS (II) INITIALLY ;;ijtlfl~l[il ...,(:l':j<' 7" .,. .AI lip< -~-- AFTER SEVERAL YEARS -; ~J(€~\~ -~ FLAT SLOPES. COARSE GRAINED DEPOSITS OR UNFROZEN TILl.AND LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS. STEEP8EDROCK SLOPES. .Fl.UCTUATION OF RESERVOIR AND GROUNDWATER TABLE CAUSES FROST -WEDGING TO OCCUR CAUSING ROCKFALL • FLAT SLOPES. GENERALLY FINE GRAINED DEPOSITS. FROZEN. SLOPE AND MODELS FOR DEVIL CANYON THE WATANA RESERVOIRS FIGURE E5.22 I~~~B SLI DING mrl SLIDING <:nn IN) ,. INITIALLY ~'~'~':":-:':'.,.;'.0:.~=*..,:·'···~\:~!:i:·~t.l:~@~ff ~fllfJ,!1f') ~.,."c",~ AFTER SEVERAL YEARS ~llj~_ijItiif. J _J-:i'" r&~J'i$~\r"! SLOPE MODELS FOR THE WATANA AND DEVIL CANYON RESERVOIRS STEEP SLOPES. TWO"LAYER CASE,LOWER LAYER IS FINE GRAINED AND FROZEN.UPPER LAYER IS COARSER GRAINED,PARTLY TO COMPLETELY FROZEN.. FLOWS IN LOWER LAYER ACCOMPANY SLOPE DEGRADATION STEEP SLOPES. FINE GRAINEO AND UNFROZEN. STEEP SLOPES. FINE GRAINED AND UNFROZEN. NOTE'POSSIBLE FURTHER SLIDING IF THAW BULB EXTENDS INTO SLOPE WITH TIME. ~ FIGURE E6.23 I ~~~(~ ~ WATANA FIGURE 2.12 \.r') ),..~,,, ..~-'~~ I '/...,.... .l".i ( _,~O DEVIL CANYON RESERVOIR INDEX MAP ii LOCATION M\t'P FIGURE ".5 ~ seu..r::a 4 •MILES LEGEND -~---~-"OR~L MAX __ ClP'ERAlHI LEVa EL .... ---'OOO__COM1V\M IN nET U(JW£IIlISL SCAL.E:0 I 2 M1L..D, FIGURE E6.24 I~~~(~I I I FIGURE E6.2s1 A~~m I 1000 lOOO FEET= BEACHING FLOWS ·5I..jl:JlNG~,'lUiiFROZEHf SUDING t PERMAFROS1]_.• DENarD -ARE4 'EXTENT Arm TYPE:OF INSTABri.rrY PRiJotARV BEACHING INSTABIUTY WITH SOME POTENTtAL SLIDING BEACHING AND F1DWS POSSIBLE IH D£FlNED AR£A NORMAL MA'ltI...uM-OP£RATINCO LEVEL RIVER MILESA'At.t SEro)N lOCATlON r-II SCALE 1..,REFER.'1O FIGURES,2.2 AND 2.;'FDA £ETAiLm DESCRIPTION Of TYPE OF SlOPE INSTABILITY MODELS 2.NO teLlNEATION ~PERMAFROST ARfA ABOVE ELEVATION 2300 FEET 3.,AREAS.Of f'OICmAL.-PERIlIAFROST.8ASED PRINCIP'lt.LY ON AIR PHOTO IN'lfRPRETATlON AND WIU.R£QUIRE FUTURE \/MIFICATJON. •.\REA OF POTENTIAL PERMAFROST tjOTES LEGEtlO fillTIill"AREAS 'OF 'CURRENT 5lDPE"'INsTABIlITY TYPES·OF,SLOPE INSTAI3IUTY~ 1 _.J[.,.". II[ 10: III HNJ ~'- ·~v DEVIL CANYON SLOPE STABILITY MAP " '- + '---__,'~).J (,-'v--\--f__r:':~~~,'t \~,,:v-~,~ ~ """........"'....••..·1· .....,••,~~..·r_'OIJ 11 118 '...-1 1 ,J 1 ,k'~,l.. @ ~!.!...~'i"- , ~"".GOO I DEVIL CANYON SLOPE STABILITY MAP ........~~~.......__.~.P(lSSIBLEIN'DEFJNEOAAEA __'NQfUIAL:,',MAXJMUM'QflERATING:LEVEL _AREI&.OF'POTENTIAL PERMAFROST NOTES t A~ER 10 FlGuR£S 2.2 AND 2:.3 FOR DEtAIlED OESCRIPTION OF TYPE:OF'SlOPE INSTABILITY MOOELS 2.NO DEUl£ATION r;s:PERIlIlAFROSf AIlEA ABOVE ELEYATroN .2~'fEET ARE~,5,',Of"P9'J'EH'TAI..,p£AMAFft05T BASED PRINCIPALLY ON,A1R'pHOTO INTERPRE;TAllON AND WltL R£QlIIRE FU1lJR£\ot:RiFlc.ATION 1000 2000 FEEf SCALE ' NOTES ~AREA OF POTENTIAL PEffMAFROST 1000 ZDOO FEET=SCALE I;"REFER:TO'fiGURES l.Z -AND l.3 FOR DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF TYPE OF SlOf'£INSTA8I.ln'MODELS 2.NO DELKATION ~P£RMAFROST AREA ABOVE ELEVA11QN 2300 FEET 3.·-:-AREiS·-6F'-~L PERMAfROSt BASED 'PRINC1"'L't ON AIR PHOTO IN11::RPRETATION AND WH...L REQUIRE FUTURI:;\'E:RlfltATION LEGEND reili]''-"AREAS OF cURRENT SLOPE INST48IUf'l' TYPES OF SLOPE INSTABIUT"i~ .I.BEAci-ilNG '1t~-'FtOWS~":.-,'-~~" 1Ir s(IDING'IUNFRmfNl l!l SUIJING·]PERIiIAfftOST) II/DEN0T'E;5"AA.,EA EXTENT AND TYPE OF INSTABlurt J f:IlrJ PRiMARY.BEACHING INSTABIUT't WITH 50..(,,--.."POfEiil'TIAL·-stlDIHG'''-'.'- - -• r:-][BEADlING.AND f\DWS.POS5fBLE IN DEFINED AREA __NORMAL MAXfJlUM OP£RATIIMli LEVEL •RNEfl MIlES A At.t SECIlON LOOAT"'" 1----r + 't>i~)~, ·1.,;a,)~J',_~'J~~).i':'~/ ••":\.::"..j .,:;> 1?'!'/ -+-I I I T + ~~- + + @ r.._•••_,. t<_••••1></0 t_,~'.._()/; ~~ DEVIL CANYON SLOPE STABILITY MAP .,', ). j/ FIGURE E6.27.m I T -l- I IT + -,-,- ! I I--t-~[- ~_.. ,NOTES I.REFER 10 FIGURES Z2 AND 2.3 FOR OUAIl£D DESCRIPTIOt«01"TYPE QF SLOPf:INSTABILITY MODELS 2.NO DELl~TKlN fE PERJ,lAfRQST AR£A AIJfNl.ELEVATM)N 23QO-FEEl' 3.AREAS',OF POTENTIAL PEflllAFAOST aASED !"tINCIPALLT ON AIR f'tf01O INreRPf1ETMIOflI AHD WIU.REOlIRE fU1'URE:VERlfICATlQIiI -,. '000 SCALf. DEVIL CANYON SLOPE STABIUlY MAP FIGURE E6.28 [Ai]II i I --~'----Cl'I A'A t!0£CrI0N """'TlOH :I BEACHING ""-;'X<'"F':LOWS"- -II['SLJDlNG'IUNFROZEN) :m ,SUDlNG:,I PERlfAfROST) 71''DENcm:s AREA EXlENT AND TYPf OF IN$TABIUTY I f;!Jrl"PRIMARY"BEACHlNG._JN5TABlUTY WITH SOliE POT£lflIAL SLIDING I,~n 6E4CJiIHG M.lD flOWS-POSSiSLE Itt DEFINED AREA __.NORMAL .MAXlMUM OPEflATING LEVEL RIVER MIl:.ES J 1-i I+oL_@ NOTES •,AREA Of PQffNTIAl PERMAFROST 1000 2000 FEET=SCALE I.REF-ER 10 AGUAES 2.2:.AND 2.3 FOR DETAlLED OESCRIPTKJN OF TYPE OF SLOPE INSTABILJ1'Y IfODELS Z.NO Ea..KATlOH a:PeiMAFROST AR£A AB'r:NE ELEVATlON Z,,",FEET i.·:;-AREAsOF·~l PERMAFRosT BASED PRINCIPALLY ON,A1RPMOTOINlERPRETAnDN AND WIll..REQUIRE FUTURE VERFJtATJON I,-~.!"_c-t-+ ---l- I --1---i~ ....._...._,·n·a, ........,~~.........>'XI ~~ DEVIL CANYON SLOPE STABILITY MAP FIGURE E6.29.liooml fAilFIGUREEG.30 1000 ZOOO FEET= lEGEND NOTES tmM"AREA Of'POTENTIAL pEfU,lAFROST SCALE hh~d "AREAS OF CURRENT SL.OPE INSTABIUTT TYPES OF -SLOPE INSTABIUTY~ .i ,-.-.-,eEiCH~NG II fUlWS JIl'Sl.IDING IUNFROZEN) ::m:SUDlNG Cf[RMAI'ROST) '11 -,DEMOTES "llREA-EXTENT DID TYPEDF IH$TABIUTY I [Ill')PRlIIWn'B£«HIHG INSTABILSTT WJTM SOUE .'Pa1'DITIAL SLIDING I -JI BEACHING .AND f'I.DtWS POS$IBLE IN DEfINED AREA --NORMAL MAli:INUM OPERATING LEVEL A·A RNER "'IL~ t.t 5""","lOCATlOH l REfER 'to FtGuAES U AND 2.3 RlR [JETArLED DESCRiP11lJN OF TYPE Of'SL.Of'E ,"5Jll~MODELS ~-,N()"PEl.JrEAllON a:PERMAFROST AREA MQY[ElEVAllOH 2300FE£f 3.AREAS -,Of'mrENnAl PERW,fR(J5T BAsm PAINCIPllU..LY ON AlR PHOJO INTERPRETATION ANO WU REQURE fUTURE VDtIFICATKJN .L I " I , :,...... ((.',1 i JJ + -------._--- ~!-i I + + ~ :-0 .._..--.•~.•._ ••'.~c::-.__..__ ~'I..",·1 ,I 1Io"..-••t'....,-..-,• ......,",,,:~'"'-~,~_ox: CI:l ::AREAS.OF CURRENT'SLbPE INSTABIL.ITY TYPES ,OF,SLOP~INSTABILITY: 1.8EACl:'IINl>-_.""::n~~~"--F;piV¥S,,""_N__'~~':_ 111 SL1DlNG,tUNI'"ROZEN} I'll:SUDlNG,lPER,.AFROSTJ III DENOTES'A~EAEXTENTAND lTf'E OF INSTA8JlJTY J_I1Jl'h PRt,;..(RY,BFACtflNGINSTABlUTV,WIT"SOME POTENTIAL'SliDING I~n __&ACHINGAND,fl.OWS POSSIBLE.IN DEFINED AREA --NORMAl·MAXIMuM OF£RATING LEVEL •RlVtR-MIWA At15ECTKlNLOCATION FI GURE E6.31 I~~~f~1 1000 2000 FEET LEGEND I.'REFER 'nr':,A'GORES Z.2'AND -2.~FOR'[£TA.1Lm DESCRIPT~Of="TWl£Of SLOFE INSTABD..ITY MODELS Z.NO DEUtEATION "PERMAFROST ARfA ABOVE El~ATIOf\l 2300-~ 3'-A"iAS~OF"P:OiENTIAl-"'PE:RMArnosr'i:iAsm PRINCIPALLY ON AlA PHDTOINTERPRETATIDN AND WIll.REQUIRE FUTuRE:'\lERIFlCATlON NQTES SCALE ,-T"- _.•.1 --+."- ~ I I-1- DEVIL CANYON SLOPE STABILITY MAP _i_ _L -'- + + _1_ ---+- + ~L~~~'I'! ---- ....n'.-. ...~-~ mFIGUREE6.32 NOTES LEGEND W~~~d -AREAS Of CURRENT SLOPE I~STABlUTY TYPES OF SLOPE INSTABILITY; ;[BEACHING ][fLOWS ]I[SUDING (UNFROZEN I :m:.SUDING.(PEA",AFROst) III DENOTE$"'tEA EXTOn AND TYPE OF lNSTA.8IL1TY :I IIJCJ _PAlMAflY--DE.ll,CHlNG INSTABILITY WITH SOME PO'T!HllAl.SUOVIJ .I-JI BEACHING A~flOWS f'OSSIBL'E IN D~FINEDAREA ---NORMAL MAXIMUM OPERATING LEVEl.. ----NORMAL M1NI"U~(IPERATING LEvEL A l(-A RIYfA MILES t..t SECTIO"f LOCAT~ I.REFER 10 FIGURES 2.2 AND Z.3 FOR DETAILED OESCRIPTlON OF rrpl!:QI<SLOPE INSTABIUT'r'MODELS Z,NO onlNEATION Cf"pmNAFROST A~EA ABOVE ELEVATION 2.:300 FttT 3.AREAS Of ~T£Nll~PERlIlAFNOST BASEO ~It(CIPALLY ON AIR PHOlO :m"ERPRETATrON ANO WIU-R~IRE FuTURE \Jfl'Ilf '~ATIOI'l o 1000 2000 FEET SCALE + ! ~I-4- ~ ~.,,,.. //>J"'==«I'_~~((J/"~'-J ;>_-i I~_~'-~(~_~~I '-0 r---------J~'~.~-~...:=-,-_.<,,_~_'---------~r j,...----------,.-_:::-11\J~"",~~~.\._.I ---",-./'\_,_-~!''-A:''--'(1 tJl,--"'~-~'-J'-"~"~,.--~j;~/p---.<:.:--\....l-.;--~------lIjlf~\~.~1 ¥r ~-~...-!.-:-.~_.:-....;.......'-",.:,,-Jo ~;')0"""::~----I -~~-..J y..J ~1)~A~--J '_H'APPRO)1fMATE~ATANAr';.---::l ~//Ir-::::._...,I'-"""'"~,.J-.,.....~I :1'''(---J?AMCENTERUNE .-~~"',-'~,-,•----."~~{J --,. 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LEGEND --,,_~"'-HOAMA1.MAXIMUM OPERATING LEVEl. 21ed' __23Q()---'CONtoURS ARE IN FfET ABOVE IISl... .~-d~.GaJ)al"",,.:.:,..1---_,--"o;,:~I J {.! ~~'--"---~!·1-"-.t .§..~oJp ---/ Jf .FIGURE 2.15 LOCATION MAP ).~---. I.~!......)"'¢' --''·<!.1c.~_~7 i k, )-," WATANA RESERVOIR INDEX MAP C'IGIJRE 2.22 LEGEND ~ -......:. @ 00...,_'..,.-.,_..·., _.,",,--......« ~"..:.,,_. It II ••a ••,I + ++I WATANA SLOPE STABILITY MAP + _I-I ~.. J ! [iiliiliJ AREAS aF CURR£HT SLOPE.IN$TABIUN T'YPES OF'SLOPE'lNSTABILITY ~ .I:BEACHIH(; ][flOWS ]I[SUOlfIG _'liNfROZ(N} I(:."....__5UDl~G.JPf~M~FRO~T) fIr DENOTES AR£AfXTEHT AND TVPE'-OF MT:.i9iUrt' J:lJ:lt1 PRIMARY E1EACHttfG INSTABILITY 'My..SOME FOl[NTlAl..WDlt«; :I-JI E1EA(;HING AND FlOWS POSSiBLE II OEFlNEO "'ilEA ~-__,NORMAL -MAXIMU!lll ·QPERATltfG LEVEL _._~~NORMAL MINIMUM OPCRATI.'.G LEV£L JI;RIVER MIL£5 A Ati SECTlO'U.OCATa.! .,.AREA OF POTENTIAL PERMP.FRosT NOTES L REFER TO FIGURES Z.Z AND Z.3 fM DETAl.BI, DEScmP'J1OJi OF tyPE OF SlOPE .INSTABILITY NODElS 2.NO Q£l..INEATION OF PERMAFROST AREA ~ELevATION ~OO FEET 3.AREAS OF POTENTlAL P£Rt>4AFROST BASED P~lflAlLY ON .AIR PHOTO IHTI:RPBET4TION AND WLl..PBIl!AE . FUTURe;\,[RIFICATIQN.. o 1000 2000 FrET SCALE c:.....--.. FIGURE E6.34/~~~f~I I TcO'·".,+ I" -t- + ---~(/ '-,---~''-----...------- --L + "\\~~:>f >,rf $;:',;'K(~\\ '\~-~',., -\~~.\ ,i,$\\;.I ,./I T ~"~_, 1"-.__-,.>/4,_~~~:..~~~",.....'".f"~'~'--'-~·'<:t~! "lili§E~,~s-'oF ~E~SLOPE 1N5llU11.1TY TYPtS"liFSI1lPE INSTABILITY' BEACHING FLOWS ':Dr sUdlNG (UNfRoZEN J ,,··:·iit-:,"':-sLil)i~~iPERMAfROSfl-- ;1i.'r ._OEHO,TES AR£A,EXT£NT APlD TYPE OF IttSUBILlTY 3;Ui:l..".,PRlMAR'I'BEACHING INSTABILITY 'MYH SOME ' POTENTIAL _SI...lOIt«i _,~_.X.,;I[""".•~HlftG.Af«)FLOWS,,~SS,eLE ..~INED AREA. -,,;,~,NORMAL-MAxIMuM OPERATING LnEL"A-A-~ORM.lL MINIMUM OPERATING LEVa.. ':t'!.-'SECT1ON lDCATDf L REFER -TO fiGURES U AND 2.3 FM DE1ALED DESCRIPTION OF TYPE OF Sl..OPE:INSTABILITY MlJOeLS ~-NOOElJN£ATION OF PERIIIlAFROST ARE,..eOVE ELEVATION zaaa FEET a AREAS OF PmENTlAL PERMAFROST BASED PRINCIPALLY ON AIR 'PHOTO INl'ERPRETATION AND WILL REQUIRE .fUTI.!RE YEfI!flCATION 00<..._·'·"·1' ......,..,g!K1 ~""if ~"..•M"'~" ,.1.'os""'" ••""•.4 l...,. + I-1-' + -+ --4-- i , --L- WATANA SLOPE STABILITY MAP i T SCALE 1000 2000 FEET= FIGURE £6.35 iJj _..-_.1....11_.•••<oad _ ~....~"~.. Ill'?".... Q'II ••• •S Jo I 1;~~~..."J··~±- + + + WATANA SLOPE STABIUTY +--l- I -+- .LEGEND ~.;ME~,,_,Df",eoRREJP'",SLOPE IN5TABIUIY TYPES -OF ',SLOPE 'INSBDIUTYt r BEACHING ]l FLOWS JJt SUDI..c;~lUNFROHM' :t2"-~'---_~SUOIN'G':'(_-PE_nMAfRi)tm -III :_:OENOT~_:-'ARE_A EX1fNT AND TYP£OF .-stABILITY :I tllitJ PRlJo(AflY :BEACHlr«;:IItSTABILITY wm'l 5DM£ POTENTIAl;.SUDNi -.:I_']['_',:_,BE:~I:!~_AND,flo-sf'OSSIBU:IN D~D "'REA-~';,.oRMAL ,MAl4:IMuM OPERATING VVEl. _~_~.......'NORMAL.""INIMUM OPERATING LEVEL. A )(A'RWER ·MILES t,·j:,-sECTION lDCMIaf ·~"tEA Of'POT£NnIL PERMAFROST NOTES L REFER -TO FIGURES 2.2 AND Z.5 FOR DET-.aJ OESCRlP!l~N,OF TYPE Of'"SLOPE 'INSTA61UlY MODELS 2.NO OElINE,ITIOf\I OF PElDMFROST ...REA AEIIJIIfE EL£VAnON 23DD FEET 3,AREAS Of,ParPmAL Pa-AFROST BASED ..-cIPALLY .~_-oN_A1RPHoroINTERP!l:EUmQNAND WILl..flHdRE FUTtJRE VERIFICATION "":;:-f 1000 2DOO FEET ! FIGUn££6.36 til !:\S1/~BlLlTY: 0;:CiJ;;~i'i:Elrr s;(\-.;:l':S',M31UT'1 A Ati sECTION UX:ATION •AREA OF POTENTIAl..pERMAFROST NOTES l REFER 10 FIGURES 22 .aND 2.3 FOR DETAn..ED CESCRlP'TlON OF T'{Pf CI"SLOPE It-STABlllTT MODELS 2.NO 'Df:l.lNfCATION QF PERMAfROST AREA ABOVE ELEVATION ;i!300 FEET 3.AREAS'Of POTENTIAl..PERMAFROST BASEl)PRINCIPALLY ON AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION ANC WILL REQUIRE. FUTURE,VERIFICATION So'.e.CHIUG IfIOW!> 5,''JII\!G ,(l,;NfRoZEN) BE:~~~·I~~t~~~);Rit71)I.JJDTYPEOr 'INSTI.BILiT'l' PI,:~(ARYI:i~A(HmG 1~!.sT:"P.ILlTY wITH SOhl.£ roTI::NTIAL SLlDIWG I~l[8tACH!l\'G AND FLOWS PClESI9L£1ft DEFINED AREA ~--:-~'NORMAL ,MAXIMUM·OP[fiATII~G LEvEL ___p--'--l>IORMAL ""INIMLlM QP£AAlII'lG L ~VEL RIVER 'MILES ,-, ,-. to\......; '~/". ., ....,..... ~--~-~' r···}.'/'•....... \,,//......--.l~// --/..-:!-..;.->:;," \.,._.T~r[i "\ + _i_----+---j-o 1000 2000 FEET SCAI..E ~ 1- FIGURE E6.37 ~Jllil WATANA SLOPE STABILITY MAP :...••_'·'·1 I ~:~::..«; ~o~"S'•••4 I Ill1iOI..~ __•.•~.u....:".':•••-:-,~'·_i~z::-'~._---~ .,'..~.".'.;.. ,I FIGURE 2000 FEET1000o !:!Qill L REFER 1b flGlPlES Z.Z AND 2.3 FOR DETAI..£D DESCRIPTION OF TYPE CF'Sl.OPE INSTABI ...rrv MODELS 2.-NO DELINEATION OF PERMAFROST AREA ABOVE ELEVATION z>oo FEET 3.AREAS OF POTEN'TlAl...PERMAFROST WISED PRINCIPALLT ON AJR'F'HOTO INTfRPRETATION AND WIU REQUIRE FUTURE vmlFICATION §Eill AREAS OF CURRENT SLOPE \NSTABIUTT TYPES -Of':"SlCPE INSTABILITY: X BEACHINli n:FLOWS ]I[SLIDING·(UN':ROZEN J 1 ,,-~:nr ''''_''_'SUDlNG~{PfRMAFADST_J 17./DENOTES AREA EXTENT -.NO TYPE OF INSTABILITY :I t:m:)_PRIMARY BEACKING INSTABILITY WITH SOME f'OiENTlAl:!iU01Nli 7.-Jt gfA'c"'li AND FLOWS POSSIBLE IN DEfiNED A~EA ~:';;'~"NCiR'MAL :"r.\AXIMtlM'OPERATING LEVEl,.. --:~~-~MAI,..MINIMUM OPERATING LEYEL. ,X RIYER 'MILES A Atot 'ECnOI!<DCAT"'" ~,AREA OF POTENTIAL PfRMAFROST c.SCAl! L ... \+-1- .~~.'. ++ _........-,-..-e. _,".00«i .:-...._"'fi -t-- o 1 ~..,~,~."."..". ....I. ~-~.!Y <~Cb ..~F\~M""-e;:;"a =.:~;.-"'O'-;~-'~\'"V>~~,..-''';.~'C'""1'4-..,,,,~._._.,~.,,::!.A,...~_~"'..~ "-',I '---"'-'-'>''c>.C',"',•.~,,,c'~ ,~.~~"~.".'=,b.'~.-i k '-.~'__,""'~~'"..,."_'~,~..~~'tmr~'--.,--~...,:"~..~~.~..,.,-....__,,;..""'"0'.~'-~~"",0'".,","C...,?"...,,,,,-''''c'.,,,~.~/\~ '/'•c,."."',J'i;'•-,.;~"",,,,,,~~::('f'\\~~~.~,;;'6''>---=">;/,.•,..-Jiiw"W'~~...~~~,~,..,C' ".~-...I ". 0'_'.....,__ -,--·.,n ~ ....-.- _),,11_+ + + i-1-_I- i + ,-b'~~~~~1'ARe:A5 DF''':CU~AENT SLOPE INSTA8IWTY TYPES OF :.$t:.OPE INSTAaILITY: 1 BEAotlNG .Jl n"OWS -'"-jj;r:;~-':~---'~SUofN~"(lJ1IFRl)IEN)- XSIJDING 'PERM,AFflOSTJ,I I'I./DENOTfSAR[A EXTENT AND TYPE OF INSTABILITY I '3:IXI,:"'-PRIWAAV:SEAcHING INSTA81LITY WITH SOME -'J~:n:~,~,r-D:eEACHlNGAND FLOWS POSSI8L£ttl DEFJNED AREA --';';'·NQRMAL,MA1UMl)IlI'OPERATING LEVEL -__.NORMAL MiNIMUN OPERATING LEvEL RIVER'NILES A At!SECTION LOC...... NOTES L REI"ERTQ FIGl.JiES 2..2 AND 2.3 FtlR DETALED [)£SCftIPTlON OF TTPE CF SLOPE INSTABlLlTY ..00El.S 2.NO DDJNEATION OF PERMAfROST /llREA ABOVE ELEVAnON'.......,. 3."AR£AS O'·:PaTENT1Al -PERIoW'ROST BAsED l"RINCIFlU.LY eN AIR ,:PHlJTD INTERPRETATION AND WIU.REQUIRE FUTURE VERIF"ICATION ++-+I +~ I .........--+-_1_~~~----"--0 1000 ZDOD FEET I I I SCAl.E 1\0._-. to •••,··,=t_·._o'Ql" ,oot.'_· ~_... "",s ..... _I"•to.I • I •• WATANA SLOPE STABILITY MAP FIIiURE E6.39 lMij. ._;;..... ~:.- hS /~~~~i:;::.....tORRENT SLOPE •••,..,UTY <r'<.",<~"~.'«.:._~"<....mtSO.F.·.SLOPE INSTAB'Lm' ).i ..··-:~I BEACHING ------.....,<':-'..']I:FLOWS i--:.--_............:...."]I[SUDING (UNFROZEN) ;''''<CC'''''»'-'-_'_'--'-.-.~~'::"._".,-~?~--·~=~('::::::TO::~TYPE Of JNSTABILrTY :I (NI -PRIIIl"lI't -BfM:HlNG INSTABILITY WITH 5C*E ! POTEfrITW.Sl.IDIG I-:-X __:BEA:c~ANDFLOWSPOSSlBU:INDEf'INEO AhEA ---=-"-'NbRi.I.u.Wlll:IMUIiI tft:RATING LEvEL -;~-"_.IfOAMAL MINIMUM OP£~T1HG LEVEL RIV£R MILESAA t.~sa::noRLClt.<r... , ~:- \. ! ~!- ~ + FIGURE E6.40 IA~~(~I] L REFE.R TO FIG\IlES 2..2 AND 2Z Fa:l DE:TM.£n OESCRIP11ON Of TYPE:OF SLoPE INSTABILITY MOD£t.S 2..NO ba.INEATION OF PERMAFROST AREA ABOVE ELEYAll~ .>OIl FEET a.AREAS OF ~tf1lAl PERMAFROST BASED PRINCIA\LLT ON-AIR PHOT1J _INT~ETA110N AND WILL REQUIRE FlnURE'VERIFICA"IION NOTES /~-AREA.oF POTENTtAL PERMAFROST 1- WATANA SLOPE STABILITY + +I i "I I ----~., ]I[ /.-........ N-.L f -+<:({t;~.:..J'8j~mf'\':"""';,w'"0 1000 ZOOO FaT I ----SCALE. I ......-.._. _'.'0::::(p'_••••_0« + ~....,.,,_. 1"-••~.. 'J ••III "fl'•~ ••< "..~..... •FIGURE E6.41 IDOO 2000 nrr=SCALE BEACHINQ FLOWS SUDING (UNFRDZEN) SUDlNt;·(PERMAfRDST)I "DEHlJ'JU-'AREA--UT~-AHO TYPE--OF'"INSTABILlTY PAlMAIJV.BEACHING INSTABIl..ITT WITH SOME FOT£NTIAL SUDfNG :I-JI SEAt:tfNG AND flOWS POSSIBLE IN DEFINED ARE:A _~_,).qRNALMA1(IM~OPERATING LEVEL ___.-NORMAL MINIMLIM'OPERATING LEVEL 1("','RIVER MILESAAt,tSECOON lDCAT"," NOTES L PEFER TO FIGURES 2.2 AND 2.3 FM DETALm DESC"J;'IPTlON OF TYPE CF SLOPE INSTABILlTf MODELS 2.'.NO-DEl..INEA'hON OF PERMAFROST AREA ABDVE El,EvAnON 2300 FEET a.AREAS OF POTEN1"LAL PERIIlAFROST BASED'PflINCIF>ALLY ON AlR ptfDTO INTERPRETATION AND WILL REQUIRE FUTURE VERIFIcATION •AREA OF POTENTlAL PERMAfROST 1 "JI[ JI[ ':'7XI I{IJ[') ,---~. ~,' ;; ::'-~?Jj:-'f;""-"-_::-i,<- ---.--~-~-·~_4:.ift ',--".'.:.-.~-;:~:: .~ WATANA - SLOPE STABILITY MAP ----r- I -+-, -l--- J -'~•..,;. + -t- ......._...'.......,.&. ~<.-<;<.._...._M ......"'~. ~~il~"rEiilili j.; NOTES L REFER TO ftGmES 2.2 Atr.J 2.3 FtR DETAI.£D D£SCRlP11ON OF TYPE CJ'SLOP[INSTABIl.ITY MODElS 2.NO -DELINEAllON OF PERMAfROST AREA AaOYE ELEVATION ""'"FEET 3.AREAS OF PCF1'ENT1AL PERMAFROST 8ASEb PRINCIPALLY ON AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND WILL REQUIRE FUTUkE VERIFlC.I,TION FIGURE E6.42 1000 2000 FEET= AREAS OF CURflENT SLOPE INSTABIUTY SCALE TYPES .,OF-·SLOPE ,INSTABILITY: Z BEACHING "fLOWS:m:SUDING (UNFROZEN) rz SUDING (PERMAFROST)~ ~:'tr-;/;r:r"'_<Oc"~D£NOTES"·A:REA-EX1ENT"ANl)'-iYPE··OFtNSUBILm :I(Jlti PRII4ARYBEACHlNG INSTABILITY WITH SOME I'OTENTJAI.SUOIHG J:.;][.BEIlCHWG All)FLDWS POSSl8L..E IN DEFINED AREA ~~NMMAL.M~lMuMOP£RATING LEVEL ----,NORMAL MINIMLlM OPERATING LEVEL )I:RIVER MILESA At1 SEI:TIlNLllCA..... •-·AREA OF PDlENTlAl.PERMAFROST -,- --.! \-- -1- N WATANA SLOPE STABILITY MAP -j-- -,- T + -i- I + II ][ ......-........,..............~_.._-1(JI'j ~".,.,,_. •I~..'..,". ,••t,,.. -+ .-t- .-+ f;: FIGURE E6.43 .j~~~[~ 1000 ZOOD FEET= A At.t .a;no'LDC"",," 6CALE c ,I~~~:~~H.:~RE:~','Of'-~RE,"_,SLOPE INSTABIUTY TYPES'OF ,SLOPE INSTABILITY; I BEACHING 1I fLOW5 -_<~,:JIt.'"",.SI,..JDINJi-.::,c.UliFj:j'D_ZE~L". Jl[$UDlNG:tP'ERMAFRDST) iXI DENOTES-~EXTENT AIiD TTPE OF INSTABILITY I(llZ:)PAlMA:RY'BEACHING INSTABILITY WITH SOME ' .F'OTENTIAl·SLIDING 1;":1[';-'':BE:ACHING-'ANJ FL<M'S-POSSlBLE·'IN DEFINED AREA --NORMAL MAXiMUM OPERATINlj LEVEL ---'-''NoR'MAL MINIMUM OPERATING LEYD.. RIVER MILES .;.:- ~."REo\OFPOTE:NTiAL'P~MAFR05T NOTES l REFI:R TO FIGURES U ANO 2.3 fOR DETn.ED DESCRlPt1ONOF TYPE c:F SLOPE INSTAlilUTY MODEL5 2:NO·DELINEATION OF PERMAfROST AREA ABOvE [LEl/Al1ON 2300 FRl 3.ARU$Of POTENTIAL P£RMAfROS'T BAsED PR'INClfl61.lY ON AlRPHOTO"INTERPRETATJON'AND WILL REQUtRE FUTURE YER IF"lCATION -j- TIl ~I I ~.- , -~,- ----i- I !-:-r- I + + + + ~".,~,,- ..II II".. " •1·2 ~ 110...._'...._·,·...••• _,'~.'DOO·_.,.-'« ._+ ._+ .-t-- NOTES L RUER TO FIGJRES 2.2 AND 2.3 FOR 0E11lLED DESCRIPJ10N Of Tl'PE fE SLOPE IN$TAerLilY MODELS z.NO DE1.INEATION OF PERMAFROST AREA ABOVE EUVAncw 2300~ a AR~Of f'OTEHTlAL PERMAFROST BASED PRINCIPALLY ON AIR 'PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND WIl..l..REDUIRE FUTURE·vtRIFlCATION LEGENO §iliill :~REAS -Of QfflRENT SLopE INSTA81UTY TYPES"OF'SLO"PE"INSTABILITY; J:llEACHING ][FLOWS m SUDlNG (UNfROZEN)\' """,:Ul'-.•>-,,,SUDlNG_.lPERMAFR051'J .. 17.1 DENoTEs AREA EXTENT ,.,.D TYPE OF INSTABIUTY J:{X),'PRtMA'RY -BEACHING INSTABILITY WITH SOME POTENllAL Sl..Jt)D,IG X~J['1IEACHfiG 'ANJ flOWS POSSIBLE IN DEFINED AREA _--......·e-NORMAt.:-MAXIMUfll'OPERA'TING LEYEl. --.-'P«)RMALMINIMUM OPERATING L[VE.L X RIVER MR.ESA Atj S£CI1OH LDCAT... _AREA OF POTnmAL'PERMAFROST ! .L I , ! -t- ~ l I -+- TIl !-1- _---L. + + I -+- ! + + ~ FIGURE E6.44 KlOOo !SCAll -t- WATANA SLOPE STABILITY MAP ++ ......._...._•·..·1' ,-,,~<i l..-__.......'IlIC ~. .fp.... i I I ~~ ++'1 =1 ~ -:-I ----=1-I ....._....-..'·.-1'_,".OOt'Jd _.......as +!---r- LEGEND h~~~~~~t,AREAS of'CURRENT SLOP£INSlJl.81UTY TYPES 'Of SLOPE INSTABILITY: i X BEACHING I_~;:-"-.._..-,--,=~"."'~,r --~';--~r~;-t~"ROZEN-i' I •:l:!tSUDING -(PERMAFROST)I /11 ':.DENOTES 'AftEAEXTENT AND T1'PE OF INSTABILITY :UD:"J PRIMARY BEACtRNG INS1Jl.BIUTY WITH SOME iPQTENTW;;.',.SLIDING :I-X BEACHING lHJ FJ...WS POSSIBlE IN DEFINED,AREA ....;,;,..~.NDRJilAl."-IIlIAX"'uM OPERATING LEVEL --~-NOFfMAl MlNlMdM OPER411NG LEVEL JI:RlYm Ml'lES A "At.t SEl:TIDNlDC.<TDI ._.A11EA"Of POTENTIAL PERMAFROST 11oU'I __ ~.... U II ...... ...l;I NOTES L REFER-'1O rlG.mS 2.2 AND 2.3 Fm DETAI..BJ DESCfllPTION Of lYPE ~SLOPE INSTABILlTl'MODElS 2.NO-'DEUNEAlJON OF PERMAFROST AREA ABOVE ELEVAlJON.>00 FEET 'tf"'AQEAS'OF:"POtErii'IAL PERMAFRoST BAsED PRINCIPALLY OHAIR PHOTO "INTERPRETmON AND Wn..L.REQUIRE FUTURE"VERIFICATION "" 1000 2000 FEET= FIGURE E6.45 I~~~(~I ' :'-:'$ ":_¥,--,;,.. _I~ I + -+ -!-" ,.~-~~ ,,'~"';.:: WATANA SLOPE STABILITY MAP I-----r --+- + + + J!l. ~T I.+LEGEND .'lliill.TI1_~~As~,,~~~NT ~LOPE ,"STAElIUTY ,TYPES 'OF 'SLOPE INSTABILITY: ---r s A'At.f.SECroH """"DO -t IIEACHING J[..FLaws . '"_,"',"_,,_..,,~~<.__~_::m"._",SL101NG:~JUH"ROZENJ_ XSUOINC·CPERMAFROST) IX/-DENOT:ES'AREA'-EXT'£NT AHD TYPE DF JNSTABIUTY It;ml ',',f'RIMARY-BEACHJNG INSTABILITY WITH SOME .:1P01£N'rW..SUDIG ]:--J["B9C:tII«O Nl:)Fl.OWS POSSI8LE AN DEFINED AREA _.-,NOA"'Al 'W!XlMUM DPERATtNG LEVEL ~_..~.._'"NORMA\.".'INIMUMOf'ERATING LEvEL. RIVER MILEs NOTES L RD'IR 10 FIGURES 2.2 AND 2.3 ftR aETMiD ~PT1~'OF TYPE (F SLOPE IHSlABILITY Mooa.s 2.NO 'DELINEA11ON OF PERMAFIIOST AREA ABOVE EL£VATKIN '2~,F££T a.AREAS OF POTENTlAl PERMAFROST 8AS£O PRINCIPALLY OHArA PHOTOINtERPflETATION ,tl."O WU R£Qt.nRE FUTURE VERIFICATION }. ..I {~I J \ -;--i- ~-~SCALE 1000 2000 FEEt= -+-, Ii-_i....--'j--'+ .(~\.._-.....-.- "'...._,~t-....r,..·• h."'"""";c_-....._"'" j~I'~~';;;'..,.;:l#W •,II •,. ;LOPE ~::~TY MAP FIGURE EO."ij~irn II I -•I .+-+I 1- f J~~i "~~~'~r ::;;..,"LEGENDt',.;...."1--r TI, I 'i"~:~'·;.i [.F~~Wd.MEA5 OF'CURRI'NT SLOP[IN5TltBIUTY@\\'\.;"\TYPES OF SLOPE INSTABILITY' I BEACtlIHG J[FLOWS I~f -",~--,.m "'''--'~'''''«'UNFlIOZEN'J f III SUDlNG-IPERMAFROST) III D~AR£A EXTDCf .AlIa Tl"PE:OF lMSTA9lLnY r,'{':IIIZ)~"ARY B£ACtiNG IN5TA81LITY WITH :soME 1/•.f'OT£NnAL SlJDlI'«.; I :r-"1["'8EAl::HNf'AM)FLOWS POSSIBLE 1M DEfiNED A~A -~HOflNAL MAX"'UM OP£AATING LEvELI(JIl))l!l hI \i;---NORMAL MlNlMUII OPERATING LEVEL.RIVER im-ESAA ----t 1 .ECTlON UlC.IT... -L --, J ~~~~~I (N) I'IOTES l REFER TIl I'tGUR£S 22 AfC)Z.S FOR D£TAL£D DESCRlPTll:*OF TYPE t$SLOPE INSTABILITY MODElS 2.NO DEI..JN£.l.TIC)N OF PERMAFROST AAU AgOVE ELEVAllON •...,FEET 3..A,REAS OF POtENllAL PERMAFAOST BASED Jl'RINCIMLLY ON AIR-PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND WILl.REQ!IRE FUTURE VERIFICATiON ~;/~~~r__~'_>..,,~......_'-,~"'.l.,."~:'~..,':'. '.-.",'.«-.~,I:,"+-1---+.-,- I + SCALE ;co 2fOO FEET ~"<''''''''.-', ....'._.;~..-<-'-'~~..,. j::;:;:b-~ 1-" I-,- WATANA SLOPE STABILITY MAP FIGURE E6.47 1~~~f~J NOTES L REFER TO F"1GlJAES .z...c.ANI)2.3 FtlR D£1AI.£D D£SCRiPnoN OF TYPE CE SLOPE INST.&8JLfTY WOO£L5 t.:"NCVDE:tlNEITICIt OF fltRliltFROST AREA ABOVE El.EYA11ON 2>00 FnT !.,AAUS·QF J:'01'lN11AL PERMAFROSI'flASB)PRWC:IPALLY ONAlR PMOTO IIrfTERPftETATlON AND flU RB:lUIRE ••'0 FlJTURf.YEHlfICAT1ON. SOU! .... + + -,- IT ~ 1(][) J-~~;~~.__~:;p:-~'" .WATANA SLOPE STABILITY _~_....-_r-..··Il .......~.,llOO'_........'1fIIJ ~.J~'-' ..,r os .... ,u"•••• ,..I. ..-+-1 ~+~ I §+~!i--'-\- IF' ..-+ ~~.~'~- + &k---,/ift'J;>i . I {-\'-"'-:;!J'Y (.,,\.-S ..)---+--i-j