HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA392I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL PROCEDURES
DATA PROCEDURES
QUALITY CONTROL
SCHEDULE
PERSONNEL
LITERATURE CITED
LIST OF FIGURES
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41
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-FIGURE 1.Moose tagging record.
FIGURE 2.Caribou tagging record.
FIGURE 3.Wolf/wolverine tagging and necropsy
record.
FIGURE 4.Black-Brown bear tagging record.
FIGURE 5.Game biological imput.form (blood,
hair mineral and morphometric data).
FIGURE 6.Table of variable names (key to
Fig.5).
FIGURE 7.Susitna moose observation record
(frequency checklist).
FIGURE 8.Moose radio-tracking flight record.
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
FIGURE 28.Bone marrow data form.
FiGURE 12.Radioed bearobservatidh sheet.
FIGURE 9.Individual moose relocation record.P.16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
30
31
33
35
36
37
38
.39
40
42
43
45
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FIGURE 21.Codes for downstream moose browse/
pellet studies.
FIGURE 19.Goat (sheep)count form.
FIGURE 10.Radio-tagged caribou aerial survey.
FIGURE 16.Moose composition'count form •.
FIGURE 17.Moose sex and age ratios.
FIGURE 18.Moose sex and age composition.
FIGURE 14.Wolf/wolverine observation form
.(field form).
FIGURE 13.Relocation records £or black/brown
bear.
FIGURE 20.Downstream moose browse/pellet
data form.
FIGURE 15.Wolverine observation form (individual'
animal record).
FIGURE 22.Habitat classification scheme -
downstream moose.
FIGURE 23.Wolf scat analysis form.
FIGURE 25.Wolverine data form (necropsy).
FIGURE 26.Moose data collection form (necropsy).
FIGURE 27.Caribou data collection form (necropsy).
FIGURE 29.Schedule of Phase I big game study
activities.
FIGURE 30.Game Biologist IV Class Specifications.
FIGURE 31.Game Biologist III Class Specifications.
FIGURE 11.Radio-tagged caribou relocation
record.
",FIGURK24,.",Miscellaneous big game and furbearer
observation form.
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &Infonnation Servtces
Anchorage,Alaska
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I.INTRODUCTION
The primary objectives of Phase I big game studies are to determine the
probable nature and approximate magnitude of impacts of the proposed
Susitna Hydroelectric Project on moose (Alces alces),black bear (Ursus
americanus),brown bear (Ursus arctos),wolf (Canis lupus),wolverine"
(Gulo gulo),caribou (Rangifer.tarandus)and Dall sheep (Ovis dalli).
It is anticipated that estimates of the magnitude of impacts will be
refined during Phase II..
The basic study approach is to delineate "subpopulations"of each species
that use areas likely to be altered by the project,determine'the seasonal
.ranges and movement patterns of these subpopulations,determine the
,degree of dependency of each population on areas likely to be impacted
by the project and estimate the approximate number of animals likely to
be impacted.The defini·tion of "subpopulation"will vary depending on
the species.It ranges from a pack 'of wolves to the entire Nelchina
caribou herd."Generally,studies will focus initially on animals in or
"near areas likely to'beimpacted;tnenbe expanded to the -remainder "of
the subpopulation.As a result,the boundaries of the study area will
vary among species and may expand as the ranges of subpopulations become
more evident.During Phase I,studies will be confined to assessing the
impacts of proposed impoundments 'and facilities in the 'vicinity of the
impoundments.The one exception will be moose for which the possible
effects of downstream habitat alteration will be examined.Phase I
studies are not intended to address impacts on other species downstream
or along transmission corridors.
Specific study objectives for each species vary according to suspected
differences in the nature of their use of proposed impoundment areas and
.'in the likely mechanismS of iinpab'ts.TTi.e .specific obj ectives,by species'
are:
Moose (upstream)
To identify moose subpopulations using habitats that will be inundated
by proposed impoundments.
To determine the seasonal distribution,movement patterns,size and
trends of those subpopulations.
To determine the timing and degree of dependency of those subpopulations
on haoitat--tO be~iirrpacted by the Susitna.Hydroelectric Project.
Moose (downstream)
To identify moose subpopulations using habitat that will be altered
by changes in stream flow below Devils Canyon.
To determine the seasonal distribution,movement patterns,size and
trends of those subpopulations.
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To,determine the timing and degree of dependency of those subpopulations
on habitat to be impacted by altered flow regimes of the Susitna
River •
Wolf
To identify wolf packs occupying areas that will be impacted by the
Susitna Hydroelectric Project.
To delineate the terri'tories of each pack and identify den sites ~
rendezvous sites and major feeding areas.
To determine the numbers of wolves and rates of turnover for each
pack.
To determine the food habits of each pack •
Wolverine
To determine the distribution and abundance of wolverine in the
vicinity of proposed impoundments.
To determine movement patterns and home rangg size of wolverines.
Bear (black and brown)
To determine the distribution and abundance of black and brown/grizzly
bears in the vicinity of proposed impoundment areas.
To determine 'seasonal ranges,including denning areas~and movement
patterns of bears.
To determine seasonal habitat use of black and brown/grizzly bears.
Caribou
To delineate calving areas.
To determine the numbers and sex and age composition of caribou
occupying habitats on both sides of proposed impoundments at different
seasons.
Tb'determine "migration -rou'tes and'the timing of maj or moV'emeu ts in:
.the vicinity of proposed impoundmen~s.
Dall Sheep
To determine the distribution and abundance of Dall sheep adjacent
to proposed impoundments.
3
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II.TECHNICAL PROCEDURES
A.Animal Tagging
Capture Techniques
,The primarr,animal capture technique for all species will be
the use of immobilizing drugs administered with projectile syringes
shot from a helicopter.This technique was first used on moose
(Nielson and Shaw 1967)and has since beed adapted for use on other
species down'to the'size of wolverine.The basic technique involves
location of animals from a fixedwing spotter aircraft (usually a FA
18-150).Once an animal is located a helicopter (Bell 206 or
equivalent)is manuveredclose to the animal.A gunman seated
behind the pilot shoots the animal with a drug filled dart (Palmer
Cap-Chur equipment)through a specially modified door.Drugs used,
dosages,dart size and other details of the technique vary with the
species of animal~terrain and other considerations.Specifics of
the techniques are described in'more detail innumerous recent
ABF&G research'reportsandpublications (e.g.Ballard and 'Spraker
1979,Davis and Preston 1980,Franzmann etal.1974,Gasaway et al.
1978,Hebert and McFetridge 1979,Spraker etal.1980,Stephenson
1978).
Other live trapping techniques may be employed for bears or
wolverine if helicopter darting appears to result in data gaps or,
biases.If this becomes necessary,trapping techniques successfully
used in other parts of Alaska will be adapted (Magoun 1978,Modaferri
1978,Schwartz and Franzmann 1980,Wood 1976).
Numbers of animals of each species to be captured will be
determined more by practical than br'biological or statistical
considerations~The number of animals that can be 'radio-tracked in
a day or the number of frequencies that can be monitored 'on receiving
equipment are limiting factors.We will attempt to radio-collar '
enough individuals in each "subpopulation"to deterIIiine the general
movement patterns of that subpopulation.The suspected number of
subpopulations,size and range of each population,extent of movements,
suspected magnitude and nature of impacts of dam construction,and
specific study objectives will influence the number of radio collars
placed on each species.
Capture Data
The following types of data will pe collected from each
animal at the time of capture whenever practical •
.....
l.
2.
3.
Location
Sex
Age -When posSible 'a tooth will be extracted and agCe
will be estimated from counts of cementum annuli.Specific
age determination techniques are described in a manuel
maintained in the ADF&G,Game Laboratory in Anchorage.
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B.
Morphometric measurements - A variety of body and skull
.measurements will be made.See data collection forms
(Figs.1-4).
Blood samples will be collected and analyzed to indicate
relative physiologic status.See Franzmann et al.
(1976)and Franzmann"and LeResche (1978)for details of
technique and interpretation (Figs.5 and 6).
,H$li,r -Hair samples.will be cQllected for mineral level
analysis (Franzmann"et aL 1976)(Figs.5 and 6).
Reproductive status -Reproductive status will be determined
through presence of young,condition of mammae and external
genetalia and in the case of moose captured in late
winter or spring,rectal palpation (Figs.1-4).
Miscellaneous - A variety of other types of data may be
collected when available.Examples are fecal samples,
notes on pathological conditions,coloration,details of
drug reaction,etc.
Marking Data
All captured animals of suitable size will be fitted with
radio collars.All collars will be of standard manufacture.
(Those made by Telonics Inc.,Mesa,Arizona will be used at least
during the first year.)Frequencies will be in the 148.0 to 153.9
MHz range.A variety of radio configurations such as double
tran$m;i.tters,double batteries,mortalit::y:sensors etc.will be"used
depending on ·the specific use of the transmitter.
All animals captured will be ear tagged and bears will be lip
tatooed.In most cases,flagging material or numbered collars will
be used in conjunction with radio collars and ear tags to aid in
visu~recognition.,-
Radio-tracking
Radio-collared animals will be relocated from a fixed-wing
aircraft (Cessna 180 or PA 18-150)equipped with two Yagi antennas,
one.at.tached to wing struts on each side""of the plane~Antenna
leads are attached to a right/left switch box coupled to a radio
receiver/scanner (Telonics Co.,Mesa,Arizona).The radio-tracking
techniques will be similar to those described by Mech (1974).
Data recorded at each relocation of a radio-collared animal
will Vit);yamong the different,species.'Locations of caribou will
be marked on 1:250,000 scale maps.Locations of other species will·
be marked on either 1:63,360 scale USGS maps or aerial photos of
approximately the same scale.Other data describing characteristics
of the location,time of the sighting,association with other
animals,activity,etc.will be recorded on standardized forms
(Figs.."L-;l~}..,,Habitat types will be classified by'Viereck"afia"
.Dyrness (1980)system.
5
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MOOSE TAGGING RECORD
1-1oose No._
Figl.lre 1.
Location~----------
Sex~---
Collar Color"-------
Age _Date---------------
Ear Tag No(s)&Color(s)
-i
Radio
Number Frequency _
Metal Tag No.-------
Year Born Til/Calf------------
LE~_
RE .:....--_---:
Operators-----------
Blood:Yes No Tooth:Yes No Hair:Yes No
,-.,,""~·Measurements:T.L •..---H.S.".--'-'---
EKe.it.---"-Cond.---H.R.---Temp.---Amb.Temp._
f"'"\
I Ant.1er Spread_"_Antler Base:.--.----Weight-------"PG Yes No
"Retcrarks:--------------------------------------
Calf Tagged.:Yes
DARTS:
No Accession No.-------~-
-.....
0-
Time
Hit
Down
MSO-50
Up
No.1
Hour Min.
..
Sec.
No.2
Time Hour Min.Sec.----
Hit ::
Down :...
.,
MSO-50 ::
Up :
Hit Location:_
Drug!Dosage:__
6
Hit Location:----------
Drug/Dosage :_
Caribou Tagging Record Figure 2.
Caribou No.--------'-'--Location·;.......-----'----------------
Sex:.--_------------.Age _Date-----------
Collar Color--------Ear Tag No.(s)and Color(s)
Num1:>er--------LE-----------
Metal Tag.No._RE-----------
Radio Frequency------Radio No.--------_--:._------
Total Length Girth
Neck Head
Preg.yes__no unk.
Hair:yes__no
Accompanied by calf?
HR Temp.Antlers present:yes__noCopd._
yes__no
yes__no
Hind Foot---------
Operators _
Measurements:
Blood:
Excit.---
Feces:
....
....
Remarks:
DARTS
No.1
Time Hour Min.--
Hit
Down
M50-50
Up
""'"-
Hit Location:
Sec.
No.2
Time Hour Min.Sec.
Hit :
Down ··
M50-S0 ..
Up ··
Hit Location:----------
Drug/Dosage _Drug/Dosage-----------
7
WOLVERINE/WOLF TAGGING &~NECROPSY RECORD Figure 3.
ACCESSION NO.Radio II~-~---------
-Trapper.or Taggers Name Seal No;······---~----~---
-("ress ________~Sealing Date _
Ear Tag Numbers:Left__'_Right __Measured by _
Method of harvest or cap.ture Date of harvest or capture--------------:----'----,---
-Age_,__Based on:tooth wear _leg bone---tooth-----------------
Sexo..-__-C-._Color phase----------------------
Animal accompanied by how many other wolves (give color phase)----------------
SPECIMENS COLLECTED (check):
repro.tract----
-
-
skull-----tooth blood hair----
adrenal thyroid liver -----
muscle------stomach contents =I.D.weight -'--_
hind quarter __leg bone(s)femur _
,(.
,Special notes:-----------------------------------------
MEASUREMENTS:
~Weight:carcass and hide------
carcass only--------
hide only----------
Nose to base of tail--------'--------
Base of tail to last vertebrate--------
Front right hock to nail tip----------
Front right hock to tip of pad----------
Depth of rump fat-----'-------Right shoulder to nail tip _
Depth of flank fat--------'---
Depth of back fat~_
.Rear .r~g1:l.t:_l1.()_ck to nail tip .
Length of.right ear---------------
Depth of sternum fat---------
Facial fa~(trace,1,2,3)-----
r Chest height
!---------~~--
Neck circumference----------c;
Width of right front paw ~
Skull length width--------'---------
Length upper canine width u.canine-----~-Heart girth __
MISCELLANEOUS NOTES_~_'___'___
8
Figure 4.
Black-Brown Bear Tagging Record Data--Susitna Hypro Project
c,Bear No.Date Sex ____Estt~.Age _Cern.Age
Collector Recorder _______Recapture New
±~-"Tem.po Pulse Rate Resp.Rate Convulsion Tremor----.'.
Time -
Time
Were all darts checked for complete drug injection?Yes No
MEASUREMENTS:Measured Wt.T.L.Ht.She H.F.Nel'k
Girth H.L.Head:---Width Length
Length of Upper Left Canine ---Lower Left Canine
YUOTOGRAPHS:Dentition (),Collar (),Mammae (),Whole Bear (),Vulva ( )
SPECIMENS COLLECTED:Tooth (Be specific)Blood:Vol.
Blood Smear:Yes No Vag Smear:Yes No Feces:Yes No
Urine:Yes No Milk:(No less than 10 ml prefer 100-ZOO ml)Vol.
PRODUCTIVITY:Female:No.of .5 yr.Olds 1.5 yr._2.5 yr.
Hammac:Length Color Vulva:-~-Male:---Testes Descended:Yes No
Other Bears Present (Descrihe)
RECAPTURE DATA:Tattoo:No.Condition ___Ear Tags (Number.Type.Condition):
Left-.---------Right
Collar (Number,Type,Condition),-----'-------
NEW TAG DATA:Left Ear:Large Rota No.Color Small Roto No.
TypeColorCollar:Collar Color Code:~--------
,-.
!
Color Ri&ht Ear:Large Rota No.Color Small Rota No.
Collar Plate Ident.:Figure -----
Temporary Harkings:
Time Departed __Completeness of Recovery
(-Comments:
Punch Tattoo No.Here
9
Time Bear First Observed
Specific Location ---------------------
Figure 4 (cont
(
Grid No.Map Coordinates-----------------------------
4.M.50-50
DJlUGDATA:Est'd.Wt.
3.M-99
Circ1~Each Used:1.Sernalyn 2.S~arine------
5.Other
--
-
Dosage Time Darted Time Down Dart Locatioll------_.-
1st Hit ,.-
2nd Hit
3ed Hit
Total i
Cont.Comments:
(~
RESIGHTINGS:
(
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Figure 6.
(key to Fig.5)TABLE OF VARIABLE NA..t1ES
MATCHED TO Nill1BERS
l.Month 26.Bilirubin 51..H.Vol.
2.Sex'27.Alk.Phos."52.MVe·.
3.Drug 28 ..L.D.H.53.MeRC
4.Dose 29.S.G.O~T.54.%Fat
5.Down Time 30~C.P.K......55.Excitation
.....6.Location:3l.Calc/Phos.Ratio 56.Condition
7.Repro-stat 32 ..Protein 57.Heart Rate
...,8.Age 33.Albumin 58.Resp.Rate
!to Length 34.Globulin 59.Rectal Temp.
10.Hind Ft.35.Alpha I 60.Rectal Class
11.Shoulder Ht.36.Alpha 2 61.Amp.Temp
.'12.Heart Girth 37.Beta 62.Temp Class
13.Ear length 38.Gamma 63.Zinc
I,,f
14.Tail Length 39.Alb to Glob Ratio 6 i l.CV.-
1'5'.Antler Spr ..40.%Albumin 65 ..Ng
16.Antler Base 4l.%Glohp.lin 66.Mn
17.Weight 42.%Alpha-l 67.CA
rB.'Calcium 43.%Alpha-2 68.Na
19.Phosphate 44.%Beta 69.K
,20.Gluco$-e 45.%Gamma 70.Co
.~21.B.n.N ~~."
46.Wht.Blood Cells 7l.Fe -.
22.Uric 47.Seg Neutral 72.pt
23.Ch'oles terol 48.Lymph 73.A~
--
49.'jjifferential24.Protein 74.Age Class
25.Albumin 50.Hemoglobin
!-
12
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.
.Figure 7•Moose frequency checklist..'
Susitna Moose Observation Record
""'"
Date of Last Observation
LD..
Number Frequency
....617 150.172
618 '150.130 ,
."
619 150.100
622 150.180 Wl1
•623 150.160
624 150.090 Wl1
625 150.200.....626 '.,'153.120 d",
-,
627 150.190 f¥
628 11)0.140 wI?-629 153.361 W/2
630 153.400 wl2
631 1 I)~~7 1
"632 '153.34U ',]-,,,,,.r "~
633 153.330
634 153.381 Wl1
635 153.351 w/2
.:,"""636 153.501
637 153.390 W/2
638 153.480 ,,
.-639 153.460
640 153.420 Wll
641 153 440 w/2
.....642 153.470 rfS"I
!.643 153.491 i
644 153.540 Wl2 "
645 153.530 W/2
646 153.430
647 153.450
648 153.650
..-649 153.660 W/l
650 153.700 wll
651 .153.510
-.652 153.670 w/2
I 653 153.520 W/2
654 150.110
.655 .150.150 ,"_.-,...656 153.680
8583 151.770
8035 151.576
",,:oJ ,1 ,,,---~....
F""",
....
~
13
,
Figure 8.Moose radio-tracking flight record.
Date,_
Survey 'type Pilot ---,.
Observer -'----Keypunched I I
Start -----------Stop ----:----------
Du·ration ---------
,~
--
-
Frequency (153.)
•
Strong Frequency.,-,
Collar number
Sex and age
Location
j "
Visual obs.
-
Habitat .
,,,
.
Time .
Activity ,.
n-of young .
"
Group size .
-1 t
g of et1 I I
,I
C of 0 I+.
fJ of calves ,.
Elevation I,,,•.
I
Slope
Aspect ..
Antlers,r ,.
.
~.
Wind dir.I .
lUnd speed ,,,-,-,-
Cloud cover :-
.Temperature
Snow depth
~,,,:r ,,,,
~SnOt-l cover
-,-
Rem.:lrks
14
J 1 }i }1 )))]J )J'igt:JJ.J
HOOSE RRLOCA'j'ION RRCORDS
Collar No._I _Frequency ~_Sex _Year Born _Acceljsion No.,----;
bs.LocAtion Viliual HAbitAt ..,Snow Key
o.Date 'rime Tnsp Rang Sect yIN (liee code sheet).Activity ASllociation Elevation Slope Aspect Depth Picture Commentll Punch,
.'
~
.
--,
.---~,-- -
~.
I
"
I
,
"
.
,.
.
<-
-
..
•N
I-'
l.I1
,'r:'
".;)'",;i:L 1 .1,
,..F!&ure ,10 •I
Pilot/Observer _
,~d:io~tajg~:d clriboulerial'.]s~rveyJ
Weather'-----------...;..---
1].
,[r
)
"
.~
Date:-_
Freq •..(152.)
Sir.Freq.'
~.:'
Collar Number
Sex and Age .",,,~.
Last Relocated
'\
Visual Obser.
<.
Time :f,,'t
1
1\lLocation
I
;11 ,',
'",",';:
.~..:.
IVt-'
I
Elevation
Habitat
t ':~,.,
, I
,
Activity'
...'
II of young ,,'"';,'.1"'i'.',">'<'1
Antlers ,~~'.;
Group Size
1/of calves
,:..I..
II of adult r!'
If of adults
;'',,).
.'..
(I
Ji of unk.!,I I I !"_!I I
Remarks:
;,;"
)j J 1 1 1 1 I ]1 J ,1
Figure 11.
Radio-tagged Caribou Relocation Record
Frequency --:-..."....._Sex~_
Collar Number._Age
II,/I
c!
IIIIGroupIIDateObs.-
11 Mao ocation Visual Time Elevat.Habitat Activitv Yng.Ant.Size Calves Ad._--.-..---___.~._a...._
1
,,
,
I
I
,.:'.1,
.
"
,-
.
,
f.;."
.....
-.J
Radio~dt:Bear Observation Sheet,SUSITNA HYDRO PROJECT Page of
Figure 12.
Date._------------Time took off:.Time landed:Total FIt.hrs.
.Pilot/Observer,_
Weather,_Time ON survey Time OFF survey Total s~rvey 1
13.Aspen
14.Rip?rian hardwood
15.}1arsh
16.Alder
17.Rock/ice
Mod.low spruce
Dense low spruce
Riparian willow
Upland willow
Willow bfrch
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
HABITAT TYPES(include combinations):
1.Sparse tall spruce
2.Mod.tall spruce
3.Dense tall spruce(riparian)
4.Sparse med.spruce
5.Mod.Med.spruce
6.Dense Med.spruce
7.Sparse low spnuce
-
.....
Bear il ,sp.Map il-&Visual?Assoc.i;&
&(frequency)location (flag cola.r),(,ime Habitat Slope Aspect Activity sex (marked?cubs?)
,,.,
,
,,,,!i
,,,.;,
"
,:,,
..
>,,1i -,,,,-;
Include observations of non-radioed bears,pinpoint on map and first column with a 18
letter(a,b,•••Z)and date,indicate species.
Relocation Records for Black/Brown Bear #-------
1 I -~'lITN'-'"JDR(''''10JE(''''J ..]]J 1 ~Jure _.J J 1
0
Sex=,Age=t Frequency;m,
Animals with overlapping frequencies=~--__
'.
ciiA,As1b
Side of
/
Visual?
/
Oba.Quad
~tJ _.a_.._.....__------~
I
...
I I
..-
I
--
I--.-
I
.--
I
i
-I I I
--
-
-
"1,
-
I
-
-
',
-
.
..:
.,
.
.
I 1\I I .II
I
J-l
""
Page #.To continuation page #_v_,_
Figure 14.
,.•........••9'
WOLF!h'OLVERINE SUSITNA RIVER PREDATION STUDY
Date -----Observer-----Flight time
-------~
-MAP LOCATION
NID1BER
PacK &
Wolf ID·1l
Number &Oolor
in Pack
Acti,vity Species,age
&i.'Consumption
of Kill
Habitat
Type
,
!,
I
. I
Notes on wolf activity
~
.....
20
.!.
1 1 1 J }J J J J )-J i )))]']}
,Figure 15.
WOLVERINE OBSERVATION FORM
Wolverine Accession U -----
Comments &
Observati
Direction
f TravelActivi
Aspect
1
Visual
/~-----,-r ---------------,-...""....._----,.,.--...
\
"
.
N
i-'
.....
'"'"
C.
D.
Radio-Tracking schedules will not be rigidly 'set ,and will be,
varied to respond to changing conditions,however,the following
schedule will serve as a guide.
1.Moose ~'approximately once 'every 10 days,but more frequently
during spring and fall migration and calving periods.
2.Wolf -approximately weekly •
3.Wolverine -approximately weekly.
4.Bear -approximately every'lO days during most of the
non-denning period,but more frequently in spring and
fall to determine locations of dens,pre and post denning
movements and post-emergence habitat requirements.
5.Caribou -approximately one month intervals except during
calving season,the post-calving aggregation period,the
breeding season and when animals are concentrated near
the proposed impoundment when more frequent surveys will
be flown.
Aerial Distribution Surveys
Surveys will be made from fixed-wing aircraft (PA 18-150)to
determine patterns of distribution of moose and sheep.The aircraft
with a pilot and one observer will 'be flown 'at low level along
systematic but not predetermined flightlines.Flightlines will
usually be parallel,but will tend to follow elevation contours in
mountainous terrain.Spacing of tracklines will be designed to
provide almost total coverage of the area.A direct visual count
of all animals sighted will be made.Each'animal will be classified
by sex and age class to the extent'possible (Figs.16-19).
The intent of these surveys will be to determine the distribution
,of animals over an area.It is desirable to locate as many animals
as possible,but these are not censuses and consequently,sampling
procedures appropriate for population estimates will not be used.
Caribou Census and Composition Counts
A modified version of the aerial photo-direct'count-extrapolation
census procedure (Hemming and Glenn 1969,Davis et al.1979,Doerr 1979)
will be used to estimate the size of the Nelchina herd.This
technique is composed of three separate procedures:(1)a complete
count of all animals in the post-calving aggregation;(2)a composition
count of"these same animals to determine the proportion of adult
females;and (3)a representative'fallcomposition count of the
entire herd to determine the proportions of females,males and
calves (Doerr 1979).Acceptance of four assumptions are necessary
for the APDCE technique:(1)all females 'in the herd 'are present in
the post-calving aggregations;(2)adult females are randomly distributed
'throughout the post-calving aggregations;(3)the sex and age '
cohorts are randomly distributed throughout the herd during fall;
and (4)mortality of 'adult females ,from ,the time of post-calving
aggregation to the fall composition counts is zero (Davis et a1.1979).
An evaluation of these assumptions by Davis et a1.(1979)indicated
that all but assumption #3 were valid and that the collection of
representative fall composition data was the most difficult procedure.,
22
----,-
Figure 16.Moose composition count form •.
A~£::'.\:PILOT &-Oi3SERVER:DATE:_
TYPE OF PU:l.i,:E:TlHE OFF:Tfj'lE Of.!:---------.,------------
PAG E :~Ui'10En;----
I I I j ,!
.;,
,
'Time Count L?e,IO\<J I"",.~"I".lULLS CGHS ~.."Unid.Timber-
Large I Sma 11
\1110 lWIJ ,.'.J /--.'LonG Sex &Started 1 i ne &Illffioer-
Ca Ives J Ca I f .Ca'l;;s Calves :3.qe &-EndeQ AiJove 1 i ne:jhCJ'''',,\...
!
,I I I I III
"
..
I ,
1 IIfI,I11I
I I I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I I I I
I.
-I,
I I I I .I I
I I I I I I
.....
!
,
I
I
i .,I!I
i i I!
I ,II
I i
I I
I
j
j !I!
I
I I
I I
j
rI
!.I
I .;
23 ;
.I
J .J J
B.G.D.I.F.
II 11 1
Code:C-2 Sex~.AS.e Rati.o.$
J J J 1 kurt -I.
MOOSE G.M.U._Specifio::Area_~•_
19,_Submitted by:~-------
N
.p.
Date
Remarks:
Tot.c!
per
100 ~
Sm.d
per
100~
Sm.c!
Per 100
Lg.c!
Sm.c!
%in
Herd
Sm.c!
Per 100
c!calves
Calves
per
100 ~
Incidence
of twins per
100 ~w/calf
"
Calf
%in
herd
\
\
Animals
per
hour
:,
Total
sample
.~
N
U1
)J J -)--)--1 J 1 J 1 J _,1 1 -_~UrE __-:l.
B.G.O.I.F.Code:C-2 S~x a nrl A ge .CQ74"'1C51t is:!.
MOOSE G.M.U.Specific Area
19 Submitted by:
,
uriid.count
large sma 11 total 9 ~9 total tota 1 lone total --sex &total time
Date c!cf (j w/O wll w/2 S'adults calves calves age sample (hrs)
..
"
Remarks:
Figure 19.
Time Off Time Oh Total flight Time~~---------------------
AREA _
Date
GOAT COUNT FORM
~age __of __
--Observer Pilot Aircraft Type _
Weather Snow Conditions------------------------------
General Counting Conditions -----------~--------------~-
Time Start Count \Time and Count Counting Time-------------~------
Sheep·
Goats Rams
Area &Notes Adults Kids Unid.Legal Sublegal Unclas.Ewes Lambs Unid.
"-
-
-
26,.
The fall population estimate is calculated from the following
equation (Doerr 1979).
where
FP Na ~Pf x Sf x (1 +R)
....
FP =estimated fall population;
Na =number of animals in thepostcalving aggregation;
Pf proportion of ·females in post-calving aggregation;
Sf survival of females from the time of the post-calving
counts until the fall;and
R ratio of caribou other than females to females in the
fall.
.,..
...,.,
--
E.
F.
Reconnaissance flights will be made in a C....:180 to determine
when caribou are suitably aggregated to census.PA-18-l50 Supercubs
will be used to survey the·aggregations and the caribou herds will
either be photographed or directly counted.Hand-held,motor
driven,35mm cameras will be used to photograph caribou groups.
The 35 mm color slides of caribou groups will be projected on·a
paper screen and caribou im~ges marked.The number of images are
then counted •
A helicopter (Bell 206B).willbe used to sample the post-
calving aggregations and'the herd during the breeding season to
estimate proportions of females,males and ·calves.Groups of
caribou will be approached from·the rear until the sex of each
animal older than calves can be determined from the external gentalia
(presence or absence of the vulva).
Moose Census
Moose populations will be censused by quadrat sampling techniques
developed by Gasaway (1978)and Gasaway et a1.(1979).A 37 page
manual prepared by W.C.Gasaway for use by individuals applying
these techniques is on file in the Fairbanks,Anchorage and Glennallen
ADF&G offices.Some modification of the technique may be necessary
to adapt it to the upper Susitna area.Personnel currently engaged
in moose survey procedures development will assist in the final
design of the census technique.
BrowseUti.lization!PeIlet Group Studies Downstream Mpose
To determine habitat use by moose along the Susitna River,
browse-plant utilization and pellet groups will be recorded along
transects across the river.The river below the Devil's Canyon
dam site will be subdivided into three sections based on physiography,
access and moose use.These will be (1)Dam site to Talkeetna;(2)
Talkeetna to Montana Creek;and (3)Montana Creek to Delta Islands.
27
-
-
r
."c
Initially,transectewill be conducted ihupper,middle and
lower portions of each section to provide a broad picture of moose
use of the entire area.This information will provide a basis for
selection of,future sites for more comprehens'ive sampling and
determining the most appropriate sampling techniques.Transects
will follo~existing section lines.The number of browse plants'
available tQmoose and the number actually browsed by'moose (or
hare and be~¥~:r)will be recorded within a strip one meter wide
along the eniJ:te-transect.The transect will be divided into 10
meter sections and the habitat type of each 10 meter 'section will
be noted.,Pellet groups will be counted within one meter on both
sides of the tranect line within each 10 meter section.Only the
first 100 meters of upland habitat on opposite banks of the river
will be surveyed at each transect.
Five bro~se species will be considered:willow (Salix sp.),
.cottonwood (Populus balsamifera),paper birch (Betula papyrifera),
high bush cranberry (Viburnum edule)and rose (Rosa acicularis).
They will be considered "browsable"if they are---over 40 em tall
(Le.are available above or near the snowline in winter)and if
their circumference at breast height in 13 em or less (this circum-
ference has been determined to be the maximum that can be broken
over by moose while foraging).To be counted asseaparate stem
from a cluster of sterns,the plant must be surrounded by soil or if
it is a "sucker"on a cut-off stump or mature tree it must be at an
angle of 45 degrees or less from the main stem of the plant.If it
is between 45 degree's and perpendicular (90 degrees)to the trunk,
it will be classified as a branch and not a browse stem •
.Only pellet groups containing 12 or more moose droppings and
with their approximate geometric center within the -transect will be
counted.
The habitat classification will follow Viereck and Dyrness
(1980)as closely as possible.Additionally,the density and
height of plants will be recorded (see Figs.20-22 for more details).
-i
G.
Portions of the lower river will be selected for more intensive
sampling.In these areas,2 x 2 meter plots will beused'to determine'
browse availfbility/utilization.Pellet groups will be counted in
circular plots with 2 meter radius at the same locations as the
browseavailabil:ftt,y/uti1ization plots.These plots will be spaced''
every 20 meters alOng randomly selected transects.The smaller
p16.t ~ize was chosen -to better fit within given habitat types.The
number of transects will be limited by the amount of time between.
breakup and leaf"emergence.
Den Site Charac!~iiStics
Bear,wolfand,iwplverine den sites't.7il1b~marked by dropping
either with flagging or radio col~ars fAom the air.Whenthe
.animals have left,tij,e-dens will be~ted so that characteristics
of the site can be recprded.InforrfiatiJi4n be re.corded will
include::."
28
Byte
1-6
Figure 21.
Codes for Susitna Hydroelectric .
Downstream Moose Browse/Pellet Studies
Subject
Date (Day,month,year)
7-9 Transect Number (Byte,7,Section of river:1 =upper,2 =middle,
3 =lower;Bytes 8-9,number of transect)
20 m)10-11
-12
13
14
15-16
17","""24
Distance between plots (blank =continuous plots,1
Plot Size -vegetation (1 =1 x 10m,2 =2 x 2m)
Plot Size -pellets (1 =rr2 2m,2 =2 x 10m)
Section Number (Occasionally there was a break in continuity
of a transect because an island was too 1argeto do it in
its'entirety.Therefore,a section number was given to
each continuous portion of the transect.)
Plot number (numbered consecutively from east to west)
Habitat -major (17 -Density [1 =open,2 =sparse,3 =medium,
4 dense],18 -Height [1 =low,2 =medium,3 =tall,
4 climax],-19 -Level I:Viereck and Dyrness (1980),
"""
25
~
26-33
~
34
....
35-40
~
41-48
20 Level II,21 -Level III,22 and 23 -Level IV and
24 Level V.
Quarter (Number of quarters in which the major habitat was
found e.g.4 if all of one habitat was within the plot)
Habitat -minor (same as Habitat -major)
Water's edge (1 if the plot bordered a stream channel,blank
if it was an internal plot)
SCS code for the same habitat type.
Willow (41-42:number of browsable plant available,43-44:
number of plants browsed by moose,45-46:number of plants browsed
by hare,47-48:number of plants browsed by beaver.
30
-
r""I
!
49-56
57-64
65-72
73-80
81-82
83-84
Figure 21 (cont.
Subject
Cottonwood (categories'same as for willow)
Paper Birch (categories same as for willow)
High Bush Cranberry-(categories same'as for willow)
Rose (categories same'as for willow)
New Pellets (number of pellet groups dropped during the
previous wintBr that were found in the plot)
Old Pellets (number of pellet groups from 20r more winters
previous to sampling)
31
~
'""'
5:jan a d
0 5:jan a dN
<V
I$-I
~::l
bJ)
•..-i ....lzll
~,,"0 0,
~
>,
1IJ ..:
".;00 t<:1ClI""p..2i<,l>',
(.;1
"",,::'""T1"AV .It>
...."::~'-:x:asooH ;0t;l
lZi
~1-,i=
1'1:1 "T1"AV:'".....
;)::'.:tc>Avag :'"
~.ct:l .,:.."
I>l t:l.........0 :...
0 0 a.:t"H ;...
::;l :3:...:<:
ct:l 0
e-o t:
t=l Cf
0-3 (,J
~,
p..--Oil'
ct:l
~0 :3:'"I'Q 0
~l
Oil ~l....
'":l:0
'=';:<:
~C>
'"'"""'".,
'"U 1IJ~"''00 '"0 u0 .,..
I allp;r
a
'"0.r:
::>e-o .....
..0:$."ct:l e-o 0
H =:"'.,..,""a
::c~
CHOler)
(llai\)
29
-j )t J--1 -j )J J J 'J
HABITAT CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Susitna Hydro -Downstream Moose
Table 22.,
DENSITY HEIGHT
MACRO HABITAT (Visual or Nonvisual)
Dominant Species (Mixed if Other Species Understory
greater th,an 75%25-75%):less than 25%+__Species .
MICRO HABITAT
(Visual only)
/ .Species
Elderberry -Elde
Tundra -Tund
T -Tall
(20-30 ft.,2-5 in.dbh)White Spruce -WhSp
(Too thick for moose -
to break)Unid.Spruce -Spru
C -Climax .Alder -.Alde
(30 ft.or higher)
(5 in.or greater dbh)Willow -Will
(mature timber)
l Muskeg-Musk
Cow Parsnip -Hera .
Sedges -Sedg
Grasses -Gras.
Equisetum -Eq~i
Calamagr9stis -Cala
Forbs -Forb
AIde
Ferns -Fern
Will,
,Black Spruce -BISp
Aspen -Aspe
Cottonwood or -Cott
Balsam poplar
Paper Birch -Birc
M-Medium
(5-20 ft.)
(prime moose browse)
L -Low
(Young,Small)
(5 ft.or less)
M-Medium
(Open~Moderate)
(25-60%)
S -Sparse
(Woodland)
(10-25%),
o -Open
(10%or less)
~D -Dense
(Closed)
(60-100%)
EXAMPLES:MC Birc:Spru +Cala /Musk ~S M B1Sp +Forb (no micro)
SLOPE ASPECT
Flat 0-10°8 Points of
the compass
Gentle 10-30°
.Moderate 30-60°
Steep 60-90°
H.
1.
2.
3.
l,.•
5.
6.
7.
B.
9.
10.
II.
12.
Snow
Location
Elevation relative to flood line
Slope
Aspect
Habitat '
Physiography
Den size
Vegetation in den
Sex and age of animals using the den
Soil type
Proximity to water
Scats will be collected
.....
1.
Permanent snow courses,in addition to those maintained by SCS
and R&M will be established.These courses will be arranged along
lines extending 'from the Susitna River to higher elevations above
the levels of proposed impoundments to aid in the correlation of
~'big game (primarily moose)movements in and out of the impoundments·
areas with snow conditions.Additional snow depth and hardness
measurements will be made periodically in areas of animal concentrations
or recent animal movements.Techniques will be the same as those
used by R&M to ensure compatability of data.
Scat Analysis
Wolf,wolverine and bear scats will be collected whenever
available to determine food habits.Scat contents will be identified
with aid of a reference collection current1y maintained at the
Glennallen ADF&G office (Fig.23).
-
-
,.-
J.Miscellaneous
Sightings of unmarked animals made by project personnel and
sightings of both marked and unmarked animals made by non-project
personnel will be recorded when the information appears reliable
and will contribute to the objectives of the proj ecL Data fotIns
for miscellaneous sightings (Fig.24)will be distributed to individuals
in the project area.
Dead animals encountered in the coo.rseofother activities will be
recorded.When possible,carcassas will 'be visited on the ground.
Wolf and wolverine carcassas will 'be purchased from trappers.Data'
collected will provide insight on caus~s of mortality,food habits
of predators and condition of animals (Figs.3 and 25-28).
III..DATA PROCEDURES
Data gathered in the field will be recorded on maps,aerial photographs,
standardized forms and in some cases,notebooks.Data recorded on
aerial photographs will be transcribed on maps of the same approximate
scale.These maps,all field maps,all field data forms and notebooks
will be preserved as a permanent record of each field trip.
33
.,
0~E .ri=.1'1C.f:.0 ~
~601)-r.T ii=,/.k.f·,~(•
Wol..~S-CJ.\T!·
Figure 23 •.
',',/1 -,'"••.•••J
fVlI -11/<:1-D 'nq I'e..,;
_________:--'_....--+--.J-.._I:'._.
•
•.c c-
_.:A.••••__'f _..
.-.
,':'"
...
-
.,
-~--..:j---
":":'
r--.:..
::.
.'.
........-
.__.3 _--
-.
'--'---;-"-::--~:---+-'.::.
-'--'-_:.
..--
-
M'ODS E.'C fI If
_.-.,-.'--
- - -_':'r-'
------:I---J.--l.--1-
'.
_.--'.-_.-.-·--i-.:...:..jl--+---I--_.
--.--.,;_.---,-.---_.-
--
,._.-
---',.-
.,
----
'-..-
•
-.,.+-~-I _'J:"__' •.1
".._---._...,--"'"----"
--,--
~.
.:....;..;..--2._.2.
----'------'-._.-
--
,.V~~~!flr+I~tf
.,..;..
_.-
,--
.--,-.-
1-'-
'---'--
34
Figure 24.
DATA~FORH FOR MISCELLANEOUS BIG GAME AND FURBEARER OBSERVATIONS-SUSrTNA RrVER PROJECT
Use for observations of wolf ~fox,coyote,lynx~wolverine,river otter,m'ink,bear,marked
moose,marked caribou,beaver dam and den site.Please ,try to pick up a skull,jaw,long bo
r\d hair sample of al~dead animals of these species encountered,including unmarked indivi
~.~....
DATE.~_TIME pm.OBSERVER --PROJECT------
SPECIES (Check one):
/--/brown bear
/ /black bear
./--:7 wolf
.-/-/coyote
/-/fox
/--/wolve:r::.ine
-/-/river otter
-/-/mink
/--/collared moose
-/-/collared caribou
/ /beaver dam or pon
IDENTIFYING MARKS (H'any):Collar color-----------'-----
~Numeral color and nUlnber (if cany):-------------
right
Ear Flag'Color 1eft~-----~
Other marks (describe):-----------------------------------
LOCATION:
(map name,1:250,000)(Quad.~umber,1:63,360 (other map-specify)
~.,Specific Location Description:
~-
Type of Vegetation
(identifying marks?)(sex/age/size?)(number)
COMPANION ANL."'1ALS PRESENT:-----,---,--":---
,r--(.
ACTIVITY
.-
-/-;.l.Dead I-I 5.Running.-/-/2.Resting or bedded -/-/6.Fishing
-/-/3.Feeding 1 /
7.Digging
//4.Walking
/--/8.'S'Wimming
-/-1 9.Standing
//10.Obviously hunting or attacki
(species----------
Other activity -------Direction moving---------------
D~{SITE / /OR BEAVER DAM /'''/OBSERVATIONS:Animals observed at den site or beaver dam?
1 /yes,/1 no.
Description of den si.te or beaver dam and animals observed :_
-Please specify the specific location of den sites or beaver dam and attach a map if possibl
Map attached?/-1-yes,/--1 no.
,
PREY SPECIES(for predators specify if on a dead animal,species of prey,freshness of kill)
'/--1 hair./ /long bone,r Specimens collected:/1 jaw,I~skull,
I
How are specimens labeled and stored?----------------------------.....C...3ERAL COMMENTS:
,
.~
Return to:Susitna Project,ADF&G,Game Division,333 Raspberry Rd.,Anchorage 99502.
THANKS!!
3'i
Figure 25.
Wolverine Data Form
Accession IJ
.-
,...,
I
Collector's Name -------------------
Address---------------~-------------
Seal Number-----
Sealing Date __
Tag Number _Measured By -----------
Specific Location of Capture __
Method of Harvest
Age ~'--__Based on:tooth -------Skull--------
Leg Bone _Os Baculum -------
Animal accompanied by any other wolverines,and what was their activity?-----
Specimens Collected (check):-Skull-----,-Tooth -----Blood ----Hair-----
Os bacumum ---------,-
Repro.tract _Adrenal ---------
Thyroid _-Diaphram _Liver Stomach contents-----
Leg Bone(s)
I.D._
Weight (kg)
Special notes
"'"
.-.
MEASUREMENTS:
Carcass and hide --------
Carcass only
Hide only _
Depth of rump fat
Depth of flank fat:
Depth of back fat
Dept of sternum fat:
Height
Neck circumference
36
Nose to base of t~il
Base of tail to last vertebrate
....Figure 26.
l-loose Data Collection Form
Accession -''-----'---
Sex -----
Items collected:
Age _
Date --------
Physical condition
Femur Tooth Hair Other
-
,~
Suspected cause of death ------------------------------
Location ---------------------------------------
Description of kill:
.~
Date items sent in
I"""Hair"Femur Teeth Other
I"""Date data received
Femur Hair Teeth Other....I
....
37
(
Figure 27.
Caribou Data Collection Form
Sex -------
Items collected:
Age _Physical condition-------------
Femur-----Tooth -------Hair ------Other
Suspected cause of death'-------------------------------
Location'-------------------------------------'-------
Description of kill:
j.....
Date items sent in:
Femur ------
Date data received:
Fenur Hair -------
38
Teeth ------
Teeth ------
Other
Other _
-
.-
.....
.....
-
.....
-
,,Figure 28.
BONE MARROW DATA FORM
Accession No.Collector Unit
,
"-Species Age Sex (circle one):c!9 ?
..
Collection Date Collection Location'-
..-
Specimen:Femur
Metacarpus
Metatarsus
Ramus,right .
Ramus,left
Other Oven Temp =55°C
Pate Gr.Wt.Date Gr.Wt.%Fat =Net dry wt x 100·
Net wet wt
Net dry wt =gross dry wt -tare
Net wet wt =gross wet wt -tare
Tare wt =..
Gross wet wt =
Net wet wt =
Gross dry wt =
Net dry wt =
TOTAL DRYING_l:'rME (days)%FAT =
Bone Marrow Color:RED PINK WHITE
(prior to drying)
APPEARANCE OF MARROW IN CAVITY:
REMARKS:_
.....
.....
""",
I""'"
!
Another set of maps and data forms will be maintained in the office 'for
each marked animaL Data will be transcribed from field maps and forms
to these forms after each field trip.These records will be maintained
in files"or loosel'eaf notebooks along 'with any other information specific
to that individual animal such as tagging forms,sealing documents from
harvested animals and miscellaneous observations •
Tabular data will be keypunched and stored on magnetic tape (University
of Alaska equipment).
Map based data will be digitized with an Alaska Department of Natural
Resources digitizer and stored on magnetic tape.
Data on habitat type generated by University of Alaska personnel conducting
plant ecology st~dies and other pertinent variables (topography,aspect
hydrologic features,etc.)will also be digitized.The above data sets
will be analyzed to determine home ranges and correlate animal location
with environmental factors.These analyses will be done using Alaska
Department of Natural Resources geoprocessor software (ALARS)and Data
Eclipse hardwa1:'e.The extent to which these analyses will be carried
out will depend on the results of a pilot study which will be conducted
in late 1980.
IV..'··QUALITY CONTROL
All original forms and maps will be retained permanently.
on aerial photos will not be retained permanently because
photos,but will be carefully transcribed on USGS maps.
Data recorded
of the cost of
Transcriptions of data and keypunching will be verified by commonly
accepted procedures.Computer program outputs will be checked with hand
calculators and manual plots of data.
Radio relocations of animals and identification of individuals will be
confirmed through visual contact whenever possible.
Consistency in data collection will be maintained through frequent
exchange of personnel among the various big game projects.
V.SCHEDULE
See Figure 29.
VI.PERSONNEL
Key big game.project personnel are the study coordinator (Game Biologist IV)
and principal investigators of the individual projects (Game 'Biologist III).
The attached class specifications (Figs.30 and 31)describe the minimum
qualifications for these positions.Individuals currently employed in
these positions are:
40
]J J J ]]1 J J 1
.t'~gure ,t.':J.
J -1l
11
Fig.29 Schedule of Phase I Big Game Study Activities
1980 1981 1982
ACTIVITY.JFMAMJ J A SON D J F MA MJ J A SON D J F
Literature Review XXXXX
Planning and Equipment XXXX
Purchase
Animal Tagging (Major X X XX xx
Efforts)~.
Radio Tracking X X XXXXXX XXXXXX XXX XXX
Moose Survey X X XX XXXX XX
.po
Sheep SurveyI-',x X
Carib,?u Census X X
Caribou Composition X X X X
Count
Pellet Group -Browse X XX X XX
Utilization Survey
Data Analysis XX XXX
Annual Report Preparation X X X X
Figure 30.
ST ATE OF ALASKA
Class Specification
....,
6144-20
.....
'.....
Definition:
Under general direction of the Game Reseafch Chief or Regi6halSuperv1sor,
supervises and is responsible for game research or ,management projects at
the regional level.'.-...Distinguishing Characteristics:
This is the second supervisory level in the Game Biologist series and is
distinguished from the Game Biologist III class by responsibility for
general'direction of one or more first level supervisory Game Biologists,
planning and directing complex research programs and for the coordination
of activities for research projects involving the use of diverse funding.
Assignment may also be made at the regional level as a leader of an Outer
,.Continenta 1 Shelf research functi:on (marine mammals -mari ne birds}.
Examples of Duties:
Designs,plans,and supervises the implementation of game management .or
research programs,which consist of several projects;coordinates
statewide projects,such as federally-financed research and developmental
projects,special grants by industry,institutions and the federal
government for studies and other special projects.
Provides direction and assistance to subordinate biologists to achieve
optimum results in the assigned projects;designs and monitors the
-procedures for the collection and storage of biological and stat+stical
data.
Prepares technical and administrative reports for department,public or
sclentific use.
Reviews and plans and budget needs of research biologists thfough
consultation and coordination with professional staff members and their
activities.
.,.
Participates actively in public meetings as division representative.
Maintains cooperation with.other department divisions,other state
agencies and federal agencies.
May be assigned as a regional leader in the federally funded Outer
Continental Shelf research program.
Performs other related duties.
Kncwledges,Skills and Abilities:
Knowledge of:Principles and practices of vertebrate biology,habitat
requirements of game species,research techniques.supervisory principles.
42
Figure 30 (cont.:
~E ~IQLOGIST IVage
;I'
6144-20
.....
-
......
-
.....
Skill in:The use of laboratory and field equipment.
Abi 1ity to:Analyze and determi ne ecol ogica 1 and harvest vari abl es,plan,
organize and direct detaile~projects involving professional and
non-professional p~rsonnel;supervise the work of others and maintain
effective working relationships with associates,other agencies and the
public;prepare comprehensive scientific management or research reports
and records in relation to traditional and emerging concepts,findings
and techniques;speak and write effectively .
Minimum Qualifications:t.:..
(1)PhD in biology,zoology,ecology,wildlife management or a closely·
related field and two years of experience as a Game Biologist III with the
State of Alaska or the equivalent elsewhere.
OR
(2)Master's degree in one of the above fields and four years of
experience as a game biologist including two years as a Game Biologist III
with the State of Alaska or the equivalent elsewhere.
OR
(3)Bachelor's degree in one of the above fields and five years of
satisfactory experience as a game biologist including two years as a
Game Biologist III with the State of Alaska or the equivalent elsewhere .
Substitution:One year of experience as a fish biologist may be
substituted for one year of the required general experience in option #3.
Orig:7/01/69
Rev:2/16/74
Rev:6/01/75
....4 ....
43
-Figure 31.
'--.,j....."-i
Definition:
STATE OF ALASKA
Class Specification
GAME BIOLOGIST III 6143-18
....
....
-
.....
-
-
Under direction,is responsible for game management or research projects as
(1)at},area management game biologist or (2)-assistant area game biologist
in a complex management area or (3)"project leader of a research or develop-
ment project.
Di~ti~guishing Characteristics:
Positions assigned to this class may be project leaders specializing in a
federally financed study of the Outer Continental Shelf and its specific
ecosystems (marine mammals,mar.ine birds).
Examples of Duties:
Designs,budgets,plans and implements game management activities for a
management area or a research project that may be on-going in several areas
of the state.
Analyzes and evaluates statistics and reports.Make management decisions
which affect area-wide harvest by opening or closing areas,or limiting
harvest permits.Compiles data to prepare comprehensive statistical reports
and to form a basis for continuing projects.
Assists the ar~a,managementbioJogi.stin interpretation of research results
for managen~nt application.Proposes regulation changes or implements
emergency orders that change harvest regulati ons..
Designs,~upervises and conducts population (dynamics),behavior,population
identity,distribution,transplant feasibility,habitat improvement and
other stud i es as appropriate.
May supervise and direct a research project 6r jobs about which little v~lid
and reliable information is available.
Determines exploitation rates which specific game populations can'sustain
under different environmental conditions .
t·lay serve as division project manager of a statewide program having national
significance such as Hunter Safety Education..
Has frequent public contact and may represent the state in such contacts.
May act as state representative in cooperating with state and federal
agencies.
t1ay serve as a project leader with specific assignllEnt in a study of the
Outer Continental Shelf.
44
Figure 31 (cont.:
GM~E BIOLOGIST III'
Page 2 .
May supervise subordinate biologists;technicians and clerks.
Performs other related duties as required.
6143-18 (
....
Knowledges,Skills and Abilities:
Knowledge of:Principles and practices of vertebrate biology and of various
field survey and field and laboratory analysis techniques;vertebrate
pathology and nutrition,and hq~itat requirements of game species common to
or capable of culture in Alaska.
Skillin:The use of laboratory and field equipment.
Abi 1 ity to:Analyze and determi ne ecologlcal and harvest vari ables,pl an,
organize and direct detailed pf6jects invblvi~g professional and
non-professional personnel;supervise the work of others and maintain
effective working relationships with associates,other agencies and the
.publiC;'prepare comprehensive scientific management or research reports and
records in relation to traditional and emerging concepts,f.indings and
,techniques;speak and write effectively.
Minimum Qual ifi cati ons:
(l)PhD in biology,zoology,ecology,wildlife conservation or a closely
related field.
OR
(2)t1aster's degree in one of the above fields and two years of experience as
a Game Biologist II with the State of Alaska or the equivalent ~lsewhere.
OR
(
(3)Bachelor's degree in one of the above fields and three years of experience
as a game biologist including two years as a Game Biologist II with the
:-.State of Alaska or the equivalent elsewhere.
Substitution:One year of experience as a fhh biologist may be subistituted
",..for;;the required general experience in option #3..
.1IIl$
Ori g:
Rev:
Rev:
Rev:
Rev:
Rev:
Rev:
7/01/69
7/08/71
11/01/73
2/16/74
6/16/74
6/01/75
5/1/77
....
45
....
....
"""
Big Game Studies Coordinator:
Principal Investigators
Upstream Moose,Wolf and
Wolverine:
Downstream Moose Project:
Bear Project:
Karl B.Schneider
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
333 Raspberry Road
Anchorage,Alaska 99502
M.S.,18 years research experience in
Alaska,8 years as supervisor or
regional research staff.Projects
supervised have been directed at
variety of big game,marine mammal
and marine bird species and include
major elements of impact assessment
programs.
Warren Ballard
,Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
P.O.Box 47
Glennallen,Alaska 99508
M.S.,13 years experience in wildlif~
research and management programs,
7 years in Alaska.Experience includes
impact assessment on Corps of Engineers
reservoirs.Most recently,has conducted
extensive multi-species predator/prey
research in the Nelchina Basin.
Paul Arneson
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
333 Raspberry Road
Anchorage,Alaska 99502
M.S.,12 years .experience in wildllfe
research.Participated'in the development
of many of the techniques to be
employed on the Susitna Project while
stationed at'the Kenai Moose Research
Center.Also has extensive experience
in impact assessment.
Sterling Miller
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
333 Raspberry Road
Anchorage,Alaska 99502
M.S.,Ph.D.,11 years experience in
wildlife research and management in
the U.S.,Chile and New Zealand.Has
strong interest in the impacts of
various human activities on the
distribution and abundance of wildlife.
Most recently conducted a study on
brown bears in the Nelchina Basin.
46
,~
-
-
Caribou Project:
47
Kenneth Pitcher
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
333 Raspberry Road
Anchorage,Alaska 99502
M.S.,12 years experience in wildlife
research and management working
primarily with marine mammals and
moose.Most recent experience was as
principal investigator on a major
impact assessment project.
-~
-
VII.LITERATURE CITED
Ballard,W.B.and T.Spraker.1979.Unit 13 Wolf Studies.Alaska
Dept.of Fish and Game,Fed.Aid.Wild.Rest.Prog.Rept.Juneau,
90pp.Multilith.
Davis,J.L.and D.Preston.1980.Calf mortality in the Delta caribou
herd.Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game,Fed.Wildl.Rest.Prog.Rept.
30pp.Multilith.
Davis,J.L.,P.Valkenburg and S.J.Harbo.
aerial photo-direct countcextrapolation
Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game,Fed.Aid
Rept.,Juneau.23pp.Multilith.
19791 Refinement of the
caribou census technique.
Wildl.Rest.Proj.Final
-
Doerr,J.1979.Population dynamics and modeling of the Western Artie
caribou herd with comparisons to other Alaskan Rangifer populations.
M.S.Thesis,University.of Alaska,Fairbanks.341 pp.
Franzmann,A.W.,P.D.Arneson,R.E.LeResche,and J.L.Davis.1974.
Developing and testing of new techniques for moose management.
Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game,Fed.Aid Wi1dl.Rest.Final Rept.,
Juneau.54pp.Multi1ith.
Franzmann,A.W.and R.E.LeResche.1978.
with emphasis On condition evaluation.
351.
Alaskan moose blood studies
J.Wild1.Manage,42(2):334-
Franzmann,A.W.,R.E.LeResche,P.D.Arneson,and J.L.Davis.1976.
Moose productivity and physiology.Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game,
Fed.Aid.Wild1.Rest.Final Rept.,Juneau.87pp.Multilith.
Gasaway,W.C.1978.Moose survey procedures development.Alaska
Dept.of Fish and Game,Fed.Aid Wildl.Rest.Prog.Rept.,Juneau.
47pp.Mu1tilith.
Gasaway,W.C.,S.J.Harbo and S.D.DuBois.1979.Moose survey
procedures development.Alaska Dept.Fish and Game,Fed.Aid
Wildl.Rest.Prog.Rept.,Ju~eau.60pp.Multilith.
Gasaway,W.C.,A.W.Franzmannand J.B.Faro.1978.Immobilizing
.free-ranging moose with a mixture of etorphine and xy1azine hydrocho1oride.
J.Wild1.Manage.42(3):868-690.
Hebert,D.M.and R.J.McFetridge.1979 ..Chemical immobilization of
North American game animals.Alberta Energy and Nat.Res.,Edmonton.
250pp.
Hemming,J.E.and L.P.Glenn.1968.Caribou Report.Alaska Dept.of
Fish and Game,Fed.Aid Wi1d1.Rest.Prog.Rept.,Juneau.41pp.
Mu1tilith.
48
r
-
-
Magoun,A.1978.Ecology of wolverine on the North Slope of the Brooks
Range,Alaska.In Alaska Coop.WildL Res.Unit,Semi-annual Prog.
Rep.,Fairbanks.
Mech,L.D.1974.Current techniques in the study of elusive wilderness
carnivores.Proc.of XI.Internat.Congress of Game BioI.315-
322pp.
Modafferi,R.D.··1978a.Black bear management techniques development.
Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game,Fed.Aid Wildl.Rest.Final Rept.,
Juneau.76pp.Multilitho
Neilson,A.E.and W.M.Shaw.·1967.A helicopter dart technique for
capturing moose.Proc.West.Assoc.Game and Fish Comma 47:182-
199.
Rogers,L.L.1977.Social relationships,movements and population
dynamics of black bears in northeastern Minnesota.Unpubl.Ph.D.
Thesis,Univ.of Minn.,Minneapolis.194pp.
Schwartz,C.C.and A.W.Franzmann.1980.Black bear predation on
moose.Alaska 'Dept.of Fish and Game,Fed.Aid Wild.Rest.Prog.
Rept.,Juneau.82pp.
Spraker,T.H.,W.B.Ballard and S.D.Miller.1980.Brown bear
studies in Game Management'Unit 13.Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game,
Fed.Aid Wildl.Rest.Final Rept.,Juneau (in press).
Stephenson,R.O.1978.Unit l3·wolf studies.Alaska Dept.of Fish
and Game,Fed.Aid Wildl.Rest~Prog.Rept.,Juneau.75pp.Multilith.
Viereck,L.A.and C.R.Dryness.1980.A preliminary classification
system for vegetation in Alaska.U.S.Forest Service,Gen.Tech.
Rept.PNW-106.38pp.
Wood,R.E.1976.Movements and populations of brown bears in the Rood
Bay drainage of Admiralty Island.Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game,
Fed.Aid WildL Rest.Final Rept.,Juneau.10pp.Multilith.
49
-
1.
Stratified Random Census Hethod for Moose'
Selection of the census area
A.One important point to consider when selecting an area to
be censused is the economics of the census
1.It is necessary to evaluate the money and manpower
available before deciding on the size of the area to
be censused.
B.The sce 1 ect.ion of an area to be surveyed-can be based on
two major criteria:.-1.
2.
Ecological units
a.Drainages
b.Discrete moose populations
Nonecologica1 units
3.An·area that will be influenced by industrial
development
:1'"'"
II.Stratification of the census area
A.Stratification is the subdividing of the census area into
units having similar moose densities.Stratification of
-the census -area is one of the mose IMPORTANT aspects of
the census.
1.Reasons for stratification of the census area.
.....3 •Stratification divides the total population huto
subpopu1ations characterized by homogeneous -
moose density.
-
2
1)when an accurate stratification is achieved,
a precise estimate of density can be obtained
from a relatively small sample of each stratum
....
EXAMPLE:
Moose density/
sq.mi.in
S.U.'s
NONSTRATIFIED POPULATION
4,1,0,0,3,2,0,1,
1,2,4,0,0,0,1,1,2
this population estimate
will theoretically have
the highest variance
STRATIFIED POPULATION
H M L 0
4,4,4,3,4 4,3,3,3,2 1,1,1,2,0 0,0,0,0,0
this population estimate will theoretically
have the lowest variance
b.Stratification also enables the biologist to direct
greater sampling effort into those areas that have
theihighest moose density.The estimation of density
in these areas generally has the greatest variance.
The variance can be reduced by increasing the
proportion of the area sampled.
-
B.Number of strata to be used in a census area
1.Generally,3 or 4 strata will be the most practical
a.The number of strata should be influenced by
the range of moose densities in the area,and
by the ability of the biologist to subdivide
the area into subp.opulations of varying density.
b...Sllggestedstrata clas.sifications include the following:
1)high moose density
2)medi~~moose density
.-
-
3
3)low moose density
4)zero moose density
2.All strata classifications are relative to a particular
census area .~>For example thigh density strata may
contain 0.8 ~oose per square mile in one area,or it
may contain 3.2 moose per square mile in another area.
C.The process of stratification
1.Strata boundaries are subjective and the classification
may be based in part on prior knowledge for the 'census
area._Therefore,t~e biologist may have an idea of what
constitutes high or low density in the area.
a.Because strata boundaries are subjective,it is
advantageous to use a minimum of people in the
actual stratification of the census area.
2.The best airplane for stratification is probably a
C-185 because it i,s fast and will carry 2-3 observers.
a.Basis for stratification includes the following:
.....
.-
-
,
b .
1)prior knowledge of the area
2)moose density observed
3)density of moose tracks
4)quality and extent of moose habitat
It is not necessary to strictly fly standardized
transects over the entire area.Over large flat
areas of similar habitat,for example,2 mile
transects may be suitable.As the plane approaches
an ecotone or an area of dissimilar moose density
it may become necessary to intensify the flight
4
time in an area in order to define the strata
boundary.Therefore,spend the minimum flight
time required to ACCURATELY stratify the area.
c.Each observer should be equipped with I"/mile topographic
maps of the area.
1)as the flight progresses the observers should
continuously draw flight lines,the location
and number of moose observed,notes on habitat
distribution,track density,etc.
2)every attempt should~be made to draw strata
;;boundaries during the stratification flight,
and when in the vicinity of the boundaries.
3.As strata boundaries are drawn on the map,it is
,~
necessary to provide buffer zones around the higher
density strata.
a.Buffer zones consist of areas of lower moose
density that surround areas of higher moose
density..'
b.The purpose of a buffer zone is to compensate
for localized changes in moose distribution that
as high moose density,but it is surrounded
stra~a boundary for the burn should include
by a low density black spruce forest,the
may occur between the time of stratification and
the time a sample unit is actually surveyed.
1)If,for example,a burned area is stratified
I
I•I,,..,
,
,,'-.-"""
a strip of black spruce around the entire
perimeter of the burn.
5
D.Upon completion of the stratification,the strata boundaries
are transferred to mylar overlays of the composit map.
1.At this time strata boundaries may be adjusted slightly
possible.This will simplify surveying the sample units.
to correspond with as many sample unit boundaries as
L
L
L
a.When adjusting strata boundaries to follow sample
unit boundaries,generally draw the strata boundary
so that the sample unit falls into the stratum with
the highest proportion of area in the sample unit.
,,
b.If necessary,sample units may be split into halves
if a/strata boundary bisects a sample unit.However,
avoid splitting sample units whenever possible.
-E.Changes in strata boundaries during the census.
1.Boundaries may be changed if an error was made during
the initial stratification.
a •Sample units (SU)that have been counted prior to
the remainder of the new stratum designation.This
to a new stratum and sampled at a rate similar to
stratum category.The adjacent area may be moved
the change in boundaries should stay in the initial
on observed moose density.
assumes that the initial stratification was based
jeo.i>i:1lJ,s"Ji
,
1
~:
oRI",.JAt..
C!>~-m
(;o,J H DIUJ1.'/
~w ....vf I
."
1:-c.o.J 'Jt)
Meg,..;
I !
~I
~K'€"~~ArJ-
FI(~o
i30'-Jr-!O{\~y
I~
b.There will be times when stratification was based
on habitat type alone.If a homogenous moose
density did not continue into an area where it was
assumed to continue,then the area can be moved to
a new stratum.In this 'case the area to be
reclassified includes SU which have been previously
sampled.
-
6
F.Timing of stratification
.....
-
1.Stratification should be conducted just prior to the
survey.
a.Wait for ~roper survey conditions (snow~etc.),
and then-stratify the area as rapidly as possible.
When the stratification is completed immediately
begin surveying in order to minim~ze moose
movements between strata.
b.Always survey adjacent sample units consecutively,
plus any sample units that are close enough together
to allow moose movement from one to another.
-
-
III.Definition and selection of ~ample units
A.A sample unit is the smallest delineated portion of the area
to be censused which has a probability of being selected and
se~rched in its entirety for moose.
B.All possible sample units are described on the 1:63,000 scale
maps and given a unique identifying number.
1.The size of sample units should range from 12-15 mi 2 ;
however;some may be out of this range because of the
lack of sufficient natural boundaries.Avoid making
sample units less than 8 mi 2 and o~er 20mi Z
2.Boundaries of sample units are generally creeks,rivers,
and ridges;however,straight lines between two
identifiable points can be commonly utilized when
necessary topographic features are not present on
the map.Forks or bends in creeks,lakes,or
7
).
The person drawing SU boundaries should
be adequately familiar with the area and topographic
features on maps to draw easily identified boundaries.
Boundaries drawn on maps must be identifiable from
the air.
There will be occasions when boundaries become vague due
,boundary lines to emanate from (Fig.
3.
"2~I~~'""
/'---..,..)-;'''-peaks on ridges are convenient sites for straight
'-"
i /
U
I ,
H :I -,-r.:t~·j
l : \1 -~,,.
''''-:r'o-,
-
-
-
to uniform topography.At that time boundaries should-be
selected which will have a.very low probability of having
a moose along it.For example,dense spruce forest may.'
have a very low moose density,hence a poorly defined
boundary through it presents little problem because moose
will not be often encountered.A compass or visual
heading may be flown across the area while observations
are made from one side of the aircraft only.This flight
,
path establishes the boundary and subsequent flight lines
are made towards the interior of the SU (Fig.).
4.Each SU is given a unique number for identification.The
numbers are color coded for rapid relocation on the map.
Use one color for each 50 SU and keep the color in a
tight block (Fig.).
5.Sample unit area is large compared to most other sampling
method used for estimation of numbers of moose.Experiments
in Alaska have demonstrated that sampling variance and
confidence interval width can be reduced by the use of
large SU.,
8
c.Selecting Sample Units
1.SU which are potentially to be surveyed are selected
by a simple random sample.
-
.....
a.¥rom a table of random numbers (Table )select
SUby their unique identifying numbers.Sampling
is without replacement of SU selected.As SU
are selected,record in the order of selection
the SU number in the appropriate stratum column
of Table
SUin excess of estimate number need for each
stratum will be drawn and held in reserve.The
number to be drawn is described later under
optimization of sampling effort.
2.SU should be surveyed in approximately the order in
which they were selected within each stratum.
a.The order in which they are surveyed becomes
increasingly important as the census nears its
end.At the beginning of the census those SU
which will be surveyed before the final
optimization ai-sampling effort may be surveyed
in the most efficient order.
r·~
b.Some sample units which were selected for surveying
may be skipped because of localized poor weather
for flying or poor snow.Simply replace this SU
with another one from the same stratum in an area
with suitable weather conditions.
"
IV.Survey m~thods and search effort
I
A.Search effort will average approximately 4 min/mi 2 for each
SUo At this rate approximately 1 SU per hour will be
surveyed.
9
1.The minimum acceptable time is
. . 5 .I .2max1mum18m1nm1 •
3 './.2 d thm1nm1ane
r
-
-
,
a.Most moose are seen during surveys with 4 min/mi
search effort during early winter in most moose
habitat of interior Alaska.
I
~/00
iii 7~
~'>0oo
~
~
·0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1+00
~~rJ~EHOYT-(nu;Yr.li 1-)
Table 4.Percent radio-collared moose seen in quadrats as categorized
by dominant habitat type.Transect/contour data for quadrats
with snow given a "poor"rating have been excluded.
Percent Collared Hoose Seen (No.Radio-collared Hoose)
Transect/Contour Intensive Search
Dominant Habitat Oct/Nov feb/Mar Oct/Nov Febhlar
.Shrub-dominated
Recent burn 90(21)73(15)100(20)94 (l8)
Subalpine 100(8)80(10)100 (8)100(1£0)
for""t-Shrub mixture
Shrub-dominated 80(15)61(23)100{lS)97 (29)
Deciduous-dominated 83(£0)100(9)100(£0)100(10)
Spruce-dominated 8S(1J)51(51)8£0(14)86(56)
Tot41 88(64)6J{10B)97 (63)92 (130)
10
2.The appropriate search time for a SU can be
calculated by estimating its in .2 fromaream~
the map and multiplying by 4 . /.2m~n m~.
a.,Praetice will be required in gauging your
flight pattern so as to complete the SU
survey in the appropriate time.Practice
should occur prior to the census and both'
pilot and observer should be familiar with
the technique.
c 3.The search pattern flown varies with the topography.
a.Flat land:parallel transects are flown at
0.5 mi intervals.Do not exceed 0".5 mi
intervals.
1)Transects should be short.Choose a
to stay oriented,i.e.not miss areas
tu the long axis of the SUo
or overlap to~much.
compass heading that is perpendicular
Mark the approximate location of the
sure no fewer are flown (Fig.).
transects.
transect on the map while turning between
Mark the location of moose on the map
while between transects.
Short transects allow you and the pilot
should be made during the search,i.e.
2x the length of the SU in miles.Make
2)
5)
4)
3)"Estimate the number of transects that
T
I
I
!
!
~.
I
1
-11-
-l".........'ct~
\.
~
L?r
/
!
r
'1-----------..-\
-
"""
"'y;',.~~:,"•.-...,.""'1 \....C I
,.....,-\---"-"-1.I-'~-"'-----F''''''-=>l~--.:.:...:....-~.... ..1
./'I .':':;--'i\'•".!.;".--:';',';?'.'I i'\...::L'•.':~
...,•I..\ _.,:-''~ia:.J I "'.~I •'1 \,J:~..~.-r .,I ,,:f '.'...../J".:!--','..I ",t·,',..\:i-.....r ...~...~,.I'""",,.1...1 I.....
~,'o r,i :.\.)..tr '
'."':,..'\-''),.'..,,'j
g'_h ~.I ,..,->;\-. -;'':i<.~'-~;....~\~.'.1 "'.".:,y-',,~-.;jJj'L _'~..,:.....' .......'J'.~J.I~-,-~.",:"T--"'~~.'-1',",'~£'I...r-~!--'-'.); I ,--A-'C_f::'i"'-".,
I ,"'!./.J ./;.:'.:'.Vi.!~
:ll ""-f .:;.: ,
\"'J".-';..,!.
'IL/I -'
.'/-.,',~..~!,.1 -"\.,.~.-,..I~:_';"'~~--i--":~._-:-;..:~
\'!,;.--::::J L1)'"........I\~,"-.....:.,'!,",-·.l~;8~...,.~.....
11 ••:,''.~.-'i.-!<'\N'-";('
J '.,\--.........6.J '~-.,\';!j ..
/.,,;'\..---'1\:..-:'.!.
11
6)The 180 0 turn between transects will
require approximately 40 sec.Make use
of this time by recording data ,.checking
flight lines with map references and
looking for moose in the SUo
b.Hills and mountains:the flight path generally
follows topographic features and consists of
contours,routes,circles,and flights along
ridges and creeks •
1)Circles are very effective at the heads
of'valleys and at the ends of ridges
(Fig.).
2)Concentrate search effort out of one side
of the plane.This reduces the chance of
overlooking a portion of the SUo Generally
the down slope side of the plane is preferred.
However,there are many occasions when
viewing from the upslope side will be more
practical and effective.For example,
very steep slopes and the ends of gently
rounded ridges are best viewed from the
....
!"""
-
A)Ar-tounl:at bidtlltft &",uM and per.~c:t"e of toP.rralll
ehl...1....~d hy .(_Ln~~iP.do~and <hN!ul:lofH!dllll'ln_•C''"ftl~~r
r .ll~ht;II)l\b~",cr·.v-I_41l1i1'n.\Clope t 1 h ••ltrlll'ttft'.'lOp
."p..orc ..;If U'<!I'_:;-C)Ob~rv.r·.¥Ieov ...,p.l"P4 Ul"cc"...ati:n:lll:
.id....alllp.cC:of c;.,._....
3)
',.
upslope side of the aircraft.
The interval between flight lines is less
than 0.5 mi when viewing from 1 side of
the aircraft.
...
'1"'".
.....
I
v.
12
Estimating sightability of moose with 4 win!mi 2 aerial search
I .
effort •.
,
A~Sightability of moose must be estimated so that the total
number of moose present can be estimated.A high search
effort of approximately 12 min/mi 2 is repeated in portions
of the SU to estimate the total number of moose present.
We assume almost all moose are seen during the intensive
search.
1.The sightability correction factor (SCF)is estimated
as follows:
SGF ~#moose seen during high search effort..
#moose seen during low search effort
a.The SCF will be greater than 1.0 since more
moose will be seen with the intensive search.
b.The corrected total moose estimated to be
present in the census area is calculated as
follows:
corrected estimate =
of number of moose
SCF x (estimated no.moose 2seenduring4min/wi
search effort)
c.This SCF is also used to adjust .the confidence
interval (Cl).A new confidence interval isa
estimated as follows.
CI a =corrected estimated
total moose
±SCF (estimated no.m02se
during 4 min/mi
search"el'fort
lower·end of
confide'nce interval
of that estimate)
c.
.d.
This is not the correct way to adjust the confidence
interval.The method will be changed at a later date.
Details of methods of estimating the number of moose
and confidence intervals will be discussed later.
13
2.,Expermimental data demonstrate that the number of moose
seen on high intensity searches during early winter is
a good estimator of the true number of moose present
in interior Alaska.
a.97 percent radio-collared moose were seen with
an intensive search effort of approximately-: 2 I-
12 min/mi (Table ).
b.When applying this finding to other areas habitat
selection and social behavior are assumed to be
similar.If moose differe significantly in a
waY,~hat reduces their sightability from those
in the experimental area this assumption cannot
be applied.Experimental work with radio-collared
moose in many areas would be needed to verify
this assumption.
3.The high intensity search effort applied to plots used
a.
for calculating the sightability correction factor is
.approximately 12 min/mi2 .
Area of plots should be approximately 2 mi 2 so as
not to take more than 0.5 hour to search.
b.Flight path during the intensive sea~ch
flown (Fig.).
overlapping circles or ovals should be
Flat land:a series of continuous slightly
.The pilot is responsible for insuringa)
'!lSht'1'.r.r.erJI {top ...~_}u~du.rin.Inco.n..r.·'U _areb..f
fl.r.te'r1'".ln r.ttu.ll;u'.r.1n.I th.1P1on".u.d~av.rlapplnJ,
,.ral.l.,l c1tel1na ,....tern t'G ..n1Rl¥'e co-fII1.c.C'cn'l!r_w,_
of •q41ad't.t:..
all surface area has been viewed.
b)
14
The radii of circles should be 0.2-0.3 mi.
As vegetational canopy height and density
increase the turning radius should decrease.
c)Observations are made from the low wing side.
2)Hills and mountains:FlY,close contours and
make frequent circles.This search pattern is
similar to that used for the SU except contours
are closer and circling is more commonly used.
4.Selection.of high intensity search plots.
a.Approximately 20 plots should be intensively
searched.
b.Plots are located within SU from the high
and medium density strata only.
1)
2)
Select a random sample of 20 SU from
those previous selected for the census.
Divide each of these 20 sample units
into approximately 4 quarters and randomly
select 1 quarter from each SUo The plot
to be intensively searched should be
located in this quarter.
,
3)The p~ot will be identified immediately
prior to searching the sample unit.
Upon completion of the search at an
intensity of approximately 4 min/mi 2
the plot is intensively searched.
4)Moose observed in the SU must be mapped
accurately with reference to the plot
-
-
....
....
....
,...,..
5)
I,
boundaries during the low and high
intensity searches.
Do not search the plot with different
effort during the low intensity search.
15
-.
VI.Recordi~g observations on the moose census survey form
J
16
A.Routine information includes the following
1.Sample unit no.
2.Date
3.Start and stop time of the sample unit survey
4.Page
5.Location
_.
B.
6.Weather
Additional information includes
1.H~bitat description
8.The dominant habitat within the sample unit
should be classified as one of two major types,
with further subdivisions under each general
category as follows:
1)shrub-dominated
a)recent burn
b)subalpine
2)forest-shrub mixture
a)shrub-dominated forest
.....b)deciduous-dominated forest
....
I'·""
b.
c)spruce-dominated forest
Depending on moose habitat selection patterns in
a particular census area,it may be necessary to
base sightability correction factors on the
dominant habitat recorded for sample units.
.....
'.
2.
17
Snow
a.Snow conditions have a profound influence on
moose sightability and should be classified based
on the following subjective components.
1)age of the snow
a)
b)
c)
fresh
moderate
old
2)snow cover
c)
complete
distracting amounts of bare ground or
herbaceous vegetation"showing
fresh snow on trees and shrubs
3.
3)a combination of snow cover and age can
be used to rank the quality of snow conditions
in each sample unit as good,moderate,or poor
(Table ).
a)an attempt should be made to standardize
the snow conditions under which a census
is conducted
Light conditions
a.The type and intensity of light should be classified
into the following components:
1)type of light
a)bright
b)flat
.....
18
2)intensity of light
a)high
-b.
b)medium
,c)low
<
The intensity of the light is relative to the
season of the year.High intensity light during
October,for example,is not as intensive as
high intensity light during July.
c.As yet no effect of light onsightability of moose
has been documented;therefore,survey under all
conditions.
,~
,.,
However,flat/low seems most
difficult to observe'under.
d.Yellow glasses seem to improve contrast under low
light conditions.
4.Habitat selection
a.Initial habitat selection by the moose should be
recorded as one of the following:
1)herbaceous
2)low shrub--shrubs up to 6 feet in height
3),tall shrub--shrubs from 6 to 12 feet in height
4)deciduous £orest
5)sparse spruce forest
6)spruce forest.....
I
I 7)larch
5.Moose spotted during sample unit surveys should be
recorded by aggregations.
6.The activity of moose on the initial sighting should be,
recorded as lying or standing.
total no.of moose observed in all S.U.'s
-,
total surface area of all S.U.(sq.mi.)
19
VII.Calculation of the population estimate and confidence interval
!
A.Calculation of the population estimate and variance of the
population estimate for an individual stratum.The
following ca~culat1ons will,be performed for each stratum .
.1..The following symbols will be used for the calculation
of the population estimate and variance.
A ..~total surface area (square'miles)per stratum
number of in the .th sample unit (8.u.)y.=moose ~
~
number of square miles in the .th S.U.x.=~
~
x=mean size of all S.U.surveyed per stratum
n =number of S.U.selected per stratum....:
"N =total number of S.U.per stratum
T =total population estimate per stratum
2.The density of moose in a stratum is calculated with
the ratio estimator (r)as the estimated number of
moose per square mile in the stratum.
n
i:y.
.i=l ~
r .=.-----------~----------==--=--n
.l:x.
i=l ~
,.,..
-
3.The population estimate per s~ratum is calculated as:
Stx:at1UJl pop.est.=dens;i,t.y,of moose x (total surface area
of the stratum)
or
~:,
20
---....",....
.-----.::---'~
-
(,,.
4.Calculation of variance for the stratum population
estimate {VeT)}.
a.One advantage of using a simple random sample
versus other sampling types (i.e.sampling
proportional to size)is that a finite population
correction factor can be incorporated into the
calculations,thereby reducing variance.
1)The finite correction factor reduces the
variance of the estimate as the number of
S.U.surveyed increases.
,.-
t
\/(T),:N-•[t..·~l:r-~)]W}k~Cj
I
~IN'7E"PoP.<J::J~ItRno";FA<~Iii
"Y)-J
a?-D
'Y\-I
-
B.
21
Calculation of the total population estimate (T t )and variance
of the population estimate for the entire census area.
1.Total population estimate =L strata population estimates
...
where H =high density stratum,M =medium,and L =low
2.Variance of the estimate of the
number of moose in census area
=~variance of the strata
population"estimates
\J(Tk:Y~V(T~)+V(-T'f)+-V{1;.)~[A~,v(r..)]t.[A~.V (r,,)]+
"..-.-[At -Y("L)].-
C.Calculation of the confidence interval (el)for the total.
population estimate of the census area.
1 ..CI =Total population estimate±(tn -l d.f.)\Ivariance of the to
\~Vpopu1ation estimat
-CI =It ±tn -l \IveTt)where t is the Student's t value'
"for a specified probability -.Ct,09""
2.Evaluation of the confidence interval for the total population
estimate of the census area.
,-
.~..
a."
(
total population)_I lower
estimate J \of C.l.
Total population estimate
%of population estirna
=
22
%of population estimate
.....
b.We recommend striving for precision equal to or
greater than a 90%C.!.which has outer limits
of ±20%of the estimate population.Bare in mind
that precision greater than this will rarely be
obtainable because of limitations on time and money .
VIII.Optimum allocation of search effort
......
A•Optimum allocation of search effort (or how to get the most
d~ta/dollar)is the process of distributing the available
survey effort in the most efficient manner,so as to
minimize the variance of the mean estimate of moose density
per stratum.
1.Initial allocation of search intensity
a.Upon completion of stratification it is necessary
to estimate the surface area in each stratum
before calculating the allocation of sample units
among the strata
1)the easiest way to accomplish this is by
counting square mile sections and
estimating.partial sections from the
composite topographic map of the census
area.
c.b.Once the area of each stratum has been estimated
it is then possible to calculate the initial·
allocation of search effort using the formula:
23
N.=T n.
1 1
where,N.=number of sample units to
1
nZ Yl'.~oJ'"'
be surveyed in a stratum
T =total number of sample units
you can afford to survey
n.=estimated number of moose
1 in each stratum (estimate~
density x area)
n.=estimated total number of
J moose in all strata
1)EW!PLE
.u.),~o ,~q Mr.roo'6qMX '.
~o Mec.5€/f.Jr '.0 Koo~/........sq~
r t-\Ie;.H .6C\Mr
MEt:>\o~
-'
300 6~MJ:""
0.2.MOo.sc;/6q M-r o.
,:,--'LOu.:)..".
Aa =60 sq.mi.;estimated high density =3.0 moose/sq.mi.;nH =180 moose
~=100 sq.mi.;estimated medium density =1.0 moose/sq.mi.;oM =100 moose
At =300 sq.mi.;estimated low density =0.2 moose/sq.mi.;0L =60 moose
fit =340 moose
NH =60 X 180 =32 S.U.;NM =60 X 100 =18 S.U.;NL =60 X 60 =11 S.U.
340 340 340
.....
....
2.
24
2)The ratios above are only an approximation
of the required sampling scheme within the
census area.It is necessary to adjust the
search effort per stratum as the census
.progresses in order to minimize variance.
Adjustment of the search effort between stra~um is
accomplished by calculating strata population estimates
and variances as soon as enough sample units have
been surveyed to allow these computations.
a.The resulting variance estimates will allow the
biologist to determine which strata have the
largest variance and require the greatest
proportion of remaining sampling effort.
b.The process of reapportioning search effort is
influenced by the rate that the census is
.progressing and the variation in observed
moose density within strata.
1)In order to maintain optimum allocation of
search effort,reevaluation should be performed
as frequently as deemed necessary.
IX.Precision of the estimate
-'
A.No estimate of numbers of moose will be absolutely accurate.
Several sources of error exist which always cause a
discrepancy between the estimated and the true number of
moose.
1.Sampling error
a.If the entire area were searched there would be
no need for sample units and no sampling error
would exist.However,we are conducting censuses
in areas too large for total count procedures.
b.The mean density of mOose found in"the area
samplied will always differ slightly from the true
density,but it will approach the true density
as the number of sample units increases.
25
2.Error in sightability estimate
a.We see less than 100%of the moose;therefore,
a sightability correction factor must be
estimated.The estimated SCF is not exact.
Errors in calculations
:a.The area of each stratum cannot be measured
exactly,thus an erro~of several percent could
result from this source alone.
B.How accurate is the estimate?Since you can never know the
true density or number of moose you cannot directly evaluate
the quality of the estimates.
1.l{owever,a probability that the true value is within
a certain range of the estimated value can be assigned.
This is the Confidence Interval.
a)as the confidence interval decreases at a
particular probability,you have reason to
develop increasing.confidence in the accuracy
of the estimate.
Ways to improve accuracy
.....
C.~t
1.Choose a SU area which minimizes variation between SUo
2.Stratify accurately
~."
i ~.
....
3.Maintain a search effort which provides a high
sightability
4.Spend the effort to make a good estimate of
sightability of moo~e
5.Practice survey procedures prior to the census
26
6.Fly whenkhe weather and snow conditions are acceptable
so as to reduce variation in sightability of moose
x.Experience and currency of pilots and observers
(
.....
A.All personnel piloting or observing should be trained in
the methods to insure consistency among survey teams.
1.Biologist and pilots should practice surv~y methods
prior to the census so proper search effort and
search pattern can be used from the first SU counted.
Locating boundaries of SU requires a little practice.
The pilot is primarily responsible for maintaining
the flight path within the SU while searching.The
pilot must be able to read 1:63000 scale maps on a
very detailed basis.
2.Periodic breaks during the day will help reduce
fatigue and maintain good counting efficiency.Take
a short break every 2 hours or so if possible.A
census requires that you are mentally sharp during
the search of SUo Use the flight time between SU
to relax in the plane (pilot should not relax too
much)•
3.The aircraft choice is a two-place plane with tandom
seating.
Table 1.Classification of snow conditions for sightability of moose
during aerial surveys.
Age of SnoW'Coverage Classification
....Fresh Complete
Some loW'vegetation showing
.•,'"Bare or herbaceous vegetation ground sl'lowing
Moderate Complete
Some low vegetation showing
Bare or herbaceous vegetation ground shoving
Good
Moderate
Poor
Good
Moderate
Poor
-
-'
Old Complete
Some low vegetation showing
Bare or herbaceous vegetation ground showing
Moderate
Poor
Poor
14
1""'"..SAMPLE U;UT SEL'::CTION FORM
.....
.....
,,-
,.,...
NO.
LOW
1
2
J -
4
5
6
~~~
STRATUM
MEDIUM -HIGH-.-.·0THSR .
,.;:
.~',
-.,....~~-
,.....
11
Table 2.Time searched per squ~re mile during surveys conducted between
1974 and 1979 in Interior Alaska.(
Type of
Survey Flats
Mean min per mi s9 (Range)
Hills Htn.Foothills
Composition CountsS
in Came Management Units
20A 1.4(1-1.9)1.9(1.5-2.2)
....
20B
1J
Present Study
o.a.~·1.2
Transect/Contour _b 4.9(2.1-14.8)4.9(1.5-11.3)
Intensive 12.9(5.3-21.5)9.7(4.5-26.2)11.0(2.9-22.6)
a These are examples
of Fish and Came.
flights vere flown
of typical surveys conducted by the Alaska Department
Transects vere used over flat terrain while contour
in irregular terrain.
(
b The actual time spent searching vas not recorded;however,the time per
mi 2 was theoretically 1.6 min per mi 2 plus the time spent circling
moose to identify sex and age.
C ·V<tlues are mean min/mi2 for 10 surveys during November and December of
1974-1975.
20
r 1 ]1 1 1 J 1 J J !J j 1_.
"--'V
Table 9.The influence of sno~on activity,habitat ~e1ected and ~earch intensity.
::
N
'"
Percent Radio-collared Noose Seen Durin uadrat Searches
Transect Contour Search Intensive
Standing Lying Stand~
"sbitat Selected Good Hod Poor Good Nod Poor Good Mod Poor
Non_pruce s 94 93 85 82 78 44 100 100 100
(J2)(14)(13)(44 )(27)(9)(3~)(31)(13)
Spruceb 70 50 a 55 17 0 78 88 0
(lO~(8)(1)(20)(12)(4)(9)(8)(1)
•Includes herbaceous,low shrub,tall shrub,deciduous forest and larch.,
b Includes spruce forest and sparse spruce foreat.
""
T
(n".of_moose)
Search
Lying
Good Mod Poor
98 93 100
(40)(27)(9)
90 83 n
(21)(12)(4)
.....
.".'.~
.,~'r-....=.-,•.'..-.'~.~~"."".'!.
II
APPEl'DIX TARLE II.Cumulative Sludent's I distribution.The body of the
table cont~ins values of Student's t;IJ is the number
of degrees of freedom.
Probabilities for confidence ilitcn-a/s
CUMULATIVE PRDB.'l.BILlTY BET\VEEN +t AND -t
n 1·1 1.2.1~~1~1_·5'_.7 1~~1~1~1~~
I·1.1~8 1.32~11.~10!.727 :LOOO i 1.376!1.963113.078!6.314.12.706;31.821 63.6~7 1636.619
2 \42 I 289 .445 I 6\7:816'I Dol 11386 \386'~no l 4.3031'6 90~9925 I 31 ~981
3 :137 !:2771.424 i :~B4 i :76~i :978 j 1:2~0!1:63$i i:m I 3.IS2 4.541 5.841 12.94
4 .134,.271 !.414,'.~69 ;.7411 .9-lI!1.190 I U33 ;2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610
j .13~11.2671.408 .559/.7271 .920'\.\56 1.476 jr 1.0IS I 2.571 3.365 I 4.032 6.8~9
(;.131 .26j 1.4041.553 .718 .90611.D4 1.440 1.943
1
2.447 3.143 3.707 5.9~9
7 .130 !.263 .402 :549,.71 I I .89611.[19 IAI~1.895 2.36~2.998 3.499 5.405
8 .130 1 .262/.399 I .~46 .706 .889 r [.108 U97 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 ~.04[
9 .12'1 1.261 .398 i..543 I .7031 .883 1.100 U83 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.2~O 4.78\
10 .129
1
.260 t .39~ll.~421.700!.879,1.093 1.372 1.812 2.128 2.764 3.169 .,un
1\.129 ..260 1.396 :..:140 .697'.B76)1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437
12 .128 ;.2591.39~1.~39 .695 •.B73 1.083 1.3~6 1.782 2.179 2.58\3.0~~4.318
13 .128:.2~<)!.3941.m .694\'.870 1.079 t.J~O 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4,22\
14 .128 !.2~8 ..393 ,.537 .692 .868!1.076 J.34~!1.761 I'2.145 2.624 2;977 4.1401~.\28 ,..~81'.3931·~36 .691 .866\1.074 1.J41 11.7.:13 2.Dl 2.602 2.947 4.07l
16 .128 .1~8,.192 \.53~.690!.S6~1.071 1.337 1.746 I 2.120,2.~83 2.921 4.015
17 .128 J .257 i .392 I 534 .689 ••&63 1.069,'1.333 1.7~O 2.110 2.~61 2.89&3.96~
18 .127l'.2~7 t J92 !.~34 .688!.86211.067 U30.1.734 2.101 1.5.:12 2.B7S 3.922
19 .121 '2~71.391 1.533 .688:.86\1.066 1.328 11.729 2.093 2.~39 2.86(.3.8BJ
20 .127
1
.257 .391 1.~33 .6871 .860 /1.06411.32511.725 2.086 2.~28 2.845 3.8~O
21 .127 I .2~7 .391 1.532 .686:.8~9 11.063 11.3;3,1'221 I 2.080 2.~18 2.831 3.819
22 .127 1.2~I J90 i .~321'.6861 .858/1.061 l.3.i 11"'17 2.074 2.~08 2.819 3.792
23 .1271.2~6 i .390 1.532 .68~i .8~8 1.060.1.319.1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.767
24 .n7 ..2561.3901.531 .68~1.8.:17 .1.0~911..3181,.71112.064 2.492 2.797 3.7~~
25 .127 J .256 .390 .531 1.684 ~8~611.051l.1:316
1
1.708 2.060 2.48~2.787 3.725
26 .1271.2~61.390 i .~31 I .584 ..8~6 I.O~8 1.31~11.7061 2.ll~6 2.479 2.779 3.707
27 .127 1.2~6 I .J891·~31 I .6841 .8~~I.O~7 '11.314 1.703/2.0~2 2.473 2.771 3.690
28 ,1271.2.:161.389 .~30,.683 .8~~j 1.0~6 1.3D 1.701 2.048 2:467 2.763 3.674
29 .127 .2~6 .389 1.~30;.683 .854 1.0~5 111.311 J 1.699 2.04~2.462 2.n6 3.6~9
30 .127 .256 .389 .530 .683 .85411.05~UtO 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.1~0 I 3.646
40 .126
1
.255 .388 529 .681 .8~1 I.O~O,i.J03 1.684 2.ll!1 2.423 2.704 3.5~1
60 .126 .254 .387 .n7 .679 I .848 I 1.046 !1.296 1.671 2.000 I 2.390 2.660 "3.460
120 .126 .2~4 i .386 .~26 .677 .845:1.041 i 1.289 1.6~8 I 1.980 2.3~2.617 3.373
;;-.~".n,I~''r''l'"."..,,'i ..,,,1""'.1 ...00
",."'"..."',
2...de~.9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 1.3 1.2 .1 .05 .02 ~Ol .001~__------I---
··I·sided".4~1.40 .35 .30 .25 1.20 .IS .10 .OS .0251 .010 .005,.0005
Significance prohabilities for t-((!st
Appendix T;lble II is :Jdapled from Table III of Fisher :tnd Yates,Statistical Tah/c-s
lor Biological,Agricultllral,allr/,Hrtlical Rest:ordr,published by Oliver &Boyd,Llu.,
Edinburgh,by permission of the authors :Ind publishers.
Po'':.''
l~~j'ADL~'J 1-]
'1 £N TIIOUSAND RANDOM DICITS
I DO-&!I 05-09110-14115-191 2~-241~30-34 1 35-39 ~
--------------_....-"-,--_...-.~-----------.--~._---------------,--',-_...-~_..-----.----
00 88758 66605 338-13 43623 62774 25517 09560 4111110 85126 60755
01 356GI 42832 16240 77410 2061lG 26656 59691l 8(;241 13152 49187
02 26335 03771 46115 aBI33 40721 06787 95962 60MI 91708 06306
-~l 60826 74718 56527 29506 91975 13695 25215 72237 06337 73-139
9504-4-99896 13763 31764 93970 609117 14692 71039 31165 21297
05 83H6 4769·1 06143 42741 383311 9769 ..69300 i 9064 19(;41 15083
06 27998 42562 63402 10056 01660 40744 08400 3124 191196 181105
07 826B5 32323 71625 14510 (\5927 213017 805138 14756 51937 76379
08 18386 13862 1091l8 01197 16770 72757 71418 81133 69503 H037
09 21717 13141 22707 611165 50440 19187 00421 23872 03036 34208
10 '184-16 83052 31842 OU634 IIll07 86070 08164 20565 71390 3654-1
11 66(l27 75177 47398 66423 70160 16232 67313 36205 50036 59111
12 51420 96779 54309 87456 70967 79G30 60069 49062 02196 55109
13 270-15 62626 73159 91149 96509 44204 92237 29969 49315 11804
14 13094 17725 14103 00067 60813 63565 93578 247.56 10811-15185
15 92382 62518 17752 53163 63U52 44U40 02592 (J8572 03107 90169
16 16215 50809 49326 77232 9015:'69955 93892 70'145 00906 57002
17 09342 14528 64727 71403 (J41S6 340113 35613 35670 105'1-9 07460
18 38148 79001 03509 79'124-39625 73315 10BII 86230 9961lZ 112096
J9 23609 19997 72382 15247 60205 51l~90 43804 945,18 82693 22799
20 25407 37726 73099 51057 68733 75768 77991 72641 953(J6 701311
21 253·19 69156 19693 85568 93076 10661 69016 10332 831'37 00257
22 02322 77191 56095 03055 37738 lU216 0178\32245 010111 10'136
23 15072 33261 99219 43307 39239 79712 947!i3 41450 309H 53912
24 27002 31036 85278 H547 84009 36252 09373 69471 15606 77209
.25 66181 83316 40306-~4316 29505 (lG032 34563 93204 72973 90760
26 09779 01022 45537 13120 51120 112703 75350 25179 06101 40636
27 10791 07706 87161 2GI07 2·11157 271105 42710 63471 01l1l01 23455
28 74633 55767 31312 76611 673U9 0'1691 3%07 13596 80730 OG050
29 17583 24030 03701 211570 63561 00090 60701 76090 04217 34997
30 45601 46977 39325 09286 41133 34031 94067 11019 75171 57G02
31 60683 33112 65995 64203 16070 65137 I36:B 9011%110915 71907
32 29956 611G9 181ln 15296 91360 Ili317 3-1239 03G13 660BI 122-l2
33 91713 .81235 75296 G!J075 82114 05197 66596 130113 46271l -73490
34 85704 .1l6~8/j B21l37 67622 S596J 63021 90732 32661 61751 83903
35 17921 26111 35373 116494 40266 010/l1l 65735 05315 7932(1 13367
JG 13929 713·11 BO·InO U!J1l27 411277 07229 71953 1G120 65074 20702
.l7 032·18 I11I3IJO 21667 01311 611l0G 6020 I 47Ull9 8:i052 31029 OliO'll
\0 5051lJ 17972 12690 OCHS2 93766 16114 01212 27964 0276G 211706
'19 10WG 46975 0!J<J-.l9 159116 34672 46916 630UI 83117 53917 95218
-;0 4-31l9G 412711 42205 10425 Gli560 59967 90139 73563 291175 79033
It 76714 00%3 7-1907 161190 15192 2701119 06067 2:.12117 197Gl)13056
1 2:1.393 16719 (J2lJU3 6212U 45177 57;;02 49213 31748 61278 05731·
d 70'J-12 !J20·t2 2277G 477GI 1:1503 16037 301175 00754 47'191 9uOl2
;f 92011 G0326 IlG346 26738 01963 O-f1UG 4130U 03/140 70351 1'1964
:)G6l56 00126 45G1l5 G7G07 7079G 0·lfiU9 9012B 13599 93710 23974-
(,96292 4-131U 20119U 02227 7G~12 5311I5 03057 61 :J75 1071iO 261109
7 I9GCO 071016 53951 I(J!)35 23333 76233 .1370G 20502 GO-1lI5 097015
.\07317 51412 21531)WI51 OS4!!1l G1G70 U7569 050G6 177!10 55·113
J 95UCO 59255 o(ja~a 9!l137 50071 UI265 12223 O:l:103 40G!H 01953
420'
i 1 l 1 '""1 1 )t ]
••
TADLE A.I (Continued)
TEN TUOUSAND RA.NDOM DIGITS
-I 50-54 I 55-59 I 60-64 I 65-69 12~741 75-79 I 80-0-/,I U5-U9 I 90-9'1 ~
-------------------00 70096 ....520 64-720 49098 70088 76710 47460 83150 1U!l()5 5911700'1 56009 42909 25853 47624 29106 11196 158·11 00393 4~:J~)O 2·1U17026610984775075154994961413291836401268U7782U022·1975031607136263140535252644H70-1923 68100 571105 19521 15J.1504987321512091754126577467578500012-11 '19719 47035 555 J.l
05 36075 (J3967 22268 17971 31169 6858-1 21336 725·11 (i{i959 3~1708060'1110 '15061 780G2 10911 27855 09-119 56159 00li95 1U:m 015380775658585092447910202 13150 95916 550117 38:.19/J 18718 955til0887403191'12 27208 35149 340U9 27003 14101 +IUI3 11701 -11031i0900005521'1-2 65021 61138 69610 12154 9U0\22 65:J:lO 79~%019:15
10 43674 47103 40614 70823 78252 82403 93"IH 05236 5"15111l 27757II6859760874355679114639967105634-81533 47-1116 17:!:l!i -111551291874-7020B 06308 '10719 02772 695U9 79936 07511 -1-l~)50 351~Jll1373115419-110 53014 29375 62256 7HIl0 H:lIlO 53919 ·!!Jli07 1!lllHj14-65926 34117.55341 68155 36099 56009 0:1513 05!J:!6 35~UI i:!.l~ll
15 40005 35246 49·HO 40295 44390 83013 26090 BOlOI o:?nl ·19:!{iO164668629890H021697833+733 .11603 6·18-l5 32065 1·1527 3HiO:!17 02717 61518 39583 72863 50707 96115 0],(16 05011 3(,756 ';IOlij18170'18 22281 35573 289H 960U9 51823 5n61l 03Hli6 27fi:"1l 91!J:.O1975304532'18 42151 93928 173'13 811322 286B3 11252 10355 65175
20 97044 62947 62230 30500 92816 85232 27222 91701 11051 8T.!51210761171163112212206532149951496407157U952:J:1l129 Ii 1:!(J72247714046034':522 62783 393-11 72310 41460 31052 ·WH 1·1 HI:!!17235'1-293 43576 110116 67-116 3-1900 152:18 '10561 739-10 5Gll')O :lIUiO2467556939797336300300112177+t05 IIl937 79000 GllU}1 -18:.107
25 86581 73041 95009 73966 49408 53316 90041 73801l 53121 1l'H152626020116282033657.6600 11261 7435·1 209G0 60770 m·11 0!1:;:19274257832m378-10 30872 75074 79027 57813 u2S31 5-1i15 2Iili\J:!28 47290 15997 86163 10571 1l191l 9212-1 92971 aOUGO -11012 5Il1i,i(,29 2'11l56 63911 13221 77028 06573 33667 30732 -muo 129~G 6127G
30 16352 2-1836 60799 762111 63102 +1709 78930 8291;9 IlHt,1l 3G~110318906079115297054-28321 39638 86936 06702 7-1301 39H73 19-1%32 07637 30112 01921 26'171 09605 07355 20-166 '1979:1 4U5:19 2 III 7733377114770637168319631690850283808lH0025272(,55 51l!J:.!63482991-53232 58202 73318 620171 49650 J58138 73370 90748 G91111
35 31722 67268 12110 04776 15168 68862 92347 90789 filln61 III lli23693111976050193643803725706908790521500260H-I:.!6 OH:!1l137655572'1'196 0'1713 23688 26623 41356 4700\9 60l;76 722:1(j 0121·1380110019138205129360·11 10257 55558 O!J979 500GI 211957 Illilll39966-18 70303 18191 62-101 26558 9260-~15-115 020lJ5 52+49 W509
40 O·HlS 51573 59356 02426 35010 3710·1 90316 Ho02 %1/8 OIH:J:l41193172775339"131 26996 01465 69695 6137-1 06317 '12225 li:!(l:!542371829122117307611507857258111982250822UI1103:17 U!I()j:l43U2990036072956060-113 59113 75000 03806 13i-1I 7%71 251lG4ol:97294 21991 11217 911087 7912-1 52275 3106S 320115 23089 2H90
45 OG771 6950·l 1330\5 -12544 59616 07867 78717 828·10 7·11i\i9 21515462GO~6 55559 12200 95106 56·196 76662 'HSUO 89157 lJI:!O!)DID:?47 39GIl9 05999 92290 7902-1 70271 93352 90272 9-II!l5 203-12 51'177'Ill 03265 119573 Oli37 437{l6 529116 490-11 17952 35035 0119115 /lllii 14915120357911129645319063308202790U085U51·13091 30387
42!J .
r
1'.
-
r..-
F'
\
~\
37269
10553
7511111
505U2
20147
45·111
63552
49601
030:.!9
28547
1
9111211
111515
41~J23
2·19111
·Illll·}
250GI
G21i51
12323
9:1010
63395
07692
31121
5312:1
III 203
6·1077
OGUlI
36127
50li51
1iII!)53
(jG-I1!l
1'11105
ll2 1111 5
5linl~
3·1353
6'1326
611ili6
5:1127
'101211
23507
'1:1556
14:101
011103
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06217
8-12113
III 05·1
90H5
98372
811in
26195
63219
6m9
GO IOU
322G5
59939
276 Hi
OIlUOO
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17255
01-IS!l
632511
1:I02111
00!H5
18572
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50250
390 III
93,102
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57·129
52190
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91670
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6111IU
909111
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26513
95759
J
20391
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023·11
H969
83959
11·120
26220
96323
10675
09373
50799
3315ll
42283
75016
27010
41985
18·119
92965
59BU1
9012·1
20271
alllH
4G7111
31635
6169·}
77366
92000
5411:.!3
6·1670
26848
9-11112
65942
07-182
31020
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025·16
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34191
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32921 06168
30807 67231
86806 21931
20690 32653
15695 7-1216
53463
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76951
311312
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20018
12959
22162
07·126
25652
02932
116110
9-l03}
li831
60094
39429
99131
21632
19088
43416
9·1115
830+1
16200
6·1034
8·1197
1142+
16952
71051
91914
96105
7-1603
113-164
23178
61924
24002
72211
19705
38332
124-19
01211
45606
23801
25024
35231
32599
27374
80070
72052
15·194
91111
37669
40173
54099
51312
18005
61336
29753
32962
00036
1673-1
73115
13039
65B60
60706
51051
5162+
40238
40391
81944
37682
84100
95260
52117
9,1935
26024
8-1525
49574
06423
63831
46011
93524
12UI8
389110
00541
30-124
2438+
01210
51736
38704
30244
48140
36098
97601
30133
17461
69546
19304
U396
93327
32648
36232
32319
62411
061131
255·17
46585
41781
119714
00818
24582
33139
68574
14506
98011
78136
33078
16924
2980·\
14613
51219
15580
80451
41691
96386
72410
09116
14036
18991
16135
64151
29760
11227
3411 0
36~06
31333
65017 07002
130-19 {)7263
21B43 11716
3'1495 41941
46906 26052
15711
80311
4150+
11206
21795
985·16
52078
97656
/9554
35132
915'1l
40666
14500
07671
195N
11
TADLEA.I (Continued)
TEN THOUSAND RANDOM Dllm"i
41467
15960
91328
41732
22501
38902
81455
05640
48316
53801
75062
97470
31460
95210
36903
66287
440155
61302
85968
13661
49963
63495
15393
06512
92053
29543
01066
66613
12165
14524
24705
49770
16195
46372
29917
13811
891100
40907
86124
59'198 .•
97568
001136
74066
63-146
47409
56550
21404
63837
37028
711324
93070
00063
23976
61523
62153
80410
4242-1
03212
86439
26657
66193
10964
67254
03669
04338
06116
47098
20492
51079
80428
16091
69503
50489
53174
45974
64-100
12956
71628
25651
.70964
39021-
26371
31B25
28982
31H5
29954
06495
22019
78002
16618
''1•
r 50-54155-591 60-61 I 65-69 I 70-74 1 75-79 1 00-8·.I B5~09.J 9()...~~95-99
50 58649 85086 16502 91541 7661/94229 34981 86118 67200 05.126
51 97306 52449 555!l6 66739 36525 97563 29·169 31235 7!l:.!76 101131
52 09912 19341 111160 11015 55717 22047 57615 15117'3G'l3!l 36578
53 831112 23631 NIl93 479119211033181 :lO·1I6 54360 +112073031
54 73178 30395 20163 16111 13712 33H9 99221 10206 5HiO 70006
59663 61117 39716
21357 30712 81482
01106 11140 50193
37425 110032 03320
13825 16927 31545
431
55 88381
56 31044
57 00909
50 698!J2
59 26059
60 38573
61 70624
62 49806
63 05461
6+76502
65 16660
66 60166
67 28953
611 47536
69 13457
70 r 1190
71 51062
72 99624
73 97521
74 40273
75 57260
76 03451
71 62331
70 32290
19 20014
110 18950
01 17403
82 27999
83 37076
84 39044
115 93048
86 09345
117 07036
811 93128
O!l 85J31
90 32798
91 62496
92 62701
93 05500
94 79416
95 10653
96 3052+
97 69050
90 27900
99 64520
!.
.)
yofY.
·1
j
Y
·I"l',
S~"
~-l'ADL(.j (C,.Jed)--I
TEN THOUSAND .RANDOM DIGITS
par<:u 1))'
~ej'comin.Jl,fadiSllfi.\Vii.1952.
I
00-04 05-09 10-14 15-19 20-24 25~29 I 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
50 54441 6·1601 93190 00993 62130 4411H 46293 60111 50239 16319
51 08513 52937 84214 95106 89111 650-19 41356 65519 10101 5014-2
52 01061 60052 14210 19110 1l0·199 63303 13533 910U2 5\136 60028
53 39131 50091 15218 !l0046 5220·\40164-1:.!442 11U24 12900 110U6
54 34958 7GO!l0 08021 61623 31111 06952 03615 91106 29633 10294-
55 6BI1 nl24-92626 11952 69109 81259 50412 13409 04154-80648
56 99181 14H9 5HU 32268 85·124 90310 31602 41606 89295 02420
51 13130 13064 36485 40133 35319 05120 16311 10953 50023 06193
SO 65563 11831 82402 46929 91446 12031 11205 89600 590[)4 55118
59 28131 49502 06060 52100 43104 50039 22538 56160 03461 19313
60 50353 14022 59161 49921 45082 14099 10150 51510 58560 01050
61 65208 96466 29911 22062 69912 35118 32911 OUI12 06217 62195
62 21323 38HO 26696 01141 25131 20001 61152 19610 35690 50636
63 67815 29831 59330 46510 69760 3EG11 01031 95995 60+17 60G65
6·\82631 26260 86554 31881 70512 371199 38851 40560 54281 24056
65 91989 39633 59039 12526 37730 60816 71399 20513 6901ll 10239
66 12950 31410 93425 69756 34036 55091 91241 92400 49H5 12-161
67 00328 27427 95474 91217 05034 26676 49629 13591 50525·13435
GO 63936 1669[1 82001-0'1524 39919 32301 61403 05223 39537 59490
69 55775 75005 57912 20977 35722 51931 .89565'77579 93005 06461
70 24761 56877 56357 73309'40740 69727 56652 12462 40523 75269
71 43020 AO!J2fi 26795 57553 2B319 25316 51795 26123 51102 89053
72 6GGG9 02880 02907 33615 54206 20013 751112 8UmO 17726 G06'10
73 49!lH 66725 19779 50416 12800 71733 B2052 2050-\155!l3 51799
74 71003 87590 61296 95019 21560 86134 66096 65103 47166 711633
75 52715 04593 69484 93411 300'lG 13000·04293 60330 03911 75357
76 21998 31729 89963 11573 49-142 69-167 40265 56066 36024 25705
77 58970 96027 18371 31564 23555 3633B 79250 43168 96929 977317867592591494255·1 42719 13553 43560 01167 10747 92552.19367
79 10291:1 HH29 09357 96436 11237..OilO39 31020 00120 7573/37179
uO 83120 23MI 42628 8·1641 59021 52032 31251 72017 13375 40320
ill 07627 80124 23381 2%31)11027 15905 27037 22113 77073 70711
:\2 31!l11 93581 0·1979 210+1 95252 6H50 05931 31670 44394 47262Ll314733951196B·164 00726 74010 91700 05961 23551 7'1619 50510
fH 05378 326·1()(14562 15303 13160 23109 0111911 63617 58566 560·11
US 19640 96709 22017 01025 40503 99500 399119 965!l3 32254 37150
iJG 20514 11001 ,51131 56·169 339'17 71703 35679 15771 06776 61062117%763 562·19 81243 620116 310151 11696 3lll!l5 70135 159'\B 67690
dl]49439 61075 31558 597-10 52159 55323 95226 013U5 201511 54054-l!l 16291 505'18 71317 32163 06071 41314 65393 56367 46910 51269
PO 313111 91301 79273 32843 05062 36211 939110 00611 61631 23952lit90032B7203032276G0219!llj(j6 9U3GO 39222 36056 01992 201211241:1700 3182G 9·\774 113/i6 013!l1 33602 6960B 04119 93201-26325U3636!l2 660·19 29366 775·10 1'1978 06500 101124 65416 23629 63029
JI 190,47 10781-1%01 20296 31004 729111 60060 50353 23260 50909
I)U28G7 (,9266 50733 fJ2630 00956 61500 ll!l913 30049 32321 62367e'G 26528 20920 521100 12!197 1l09-13 010U1 36662 90025 1·1360 643671751166OOG071!l!l1i2 30721 111107 115-lll 25041 11336 57-1!l2 02207JiJ9124515110551112153(;0 35136 90UIl9 33712 95152 50973 911650c')51990 01Ul30 951139 1510·1 72676 211220 32576 57301 :H430 24565
..
(
T~ble 12.Tanana flats sample data and associated estimates.Table 13.foothills East sample data and associated est1~
Table 14.Foothills West sample data and associated estimates.
Seratu",
Lo"
Sample
Unit
Hoose
(no.)
Medium
Hoose Area
(no.)(..1 2 )
High
Moose Area
(no.)(mi2 )
8,503 21.366
0.79 3.36
0.016 0.545
577 655
1 14 14.1
2 13 21.S
3 18 18.7
...""4 7 13.9
S 4 9.3
6 2 20.1
7
8
9
10
11
S"mple
~~Totals 58 97.6
Estim.ute~
Hoose/mil 0.59
Variance of
lllOose/mi2 0.019
Total moose 261
Variance of
tocal moose 3.678
C
-I""-
16 19.1
3 12.3
9 26.3
20 22.4
20 11.6
14 13.7
3 15.2
26 16.3
13 18.7
17 16.7
4 10.8
t 45 183.1-,
96 12.3
63 11.4
40 13.1
28 19.1
1 7.3
17 10.0
41 11.9
286 85.1
Page_,_0£__/
l1 0o,$lE'~r;~.$n~",E.1~J~rV1$""''''''''''"tr~":_sro"., '
/Time------Piloe/Observer-~---------------------
~U-"i.+No 0 Date
Location:map
Location description--,----------------------------Habitat d.escription;,..:.t_---::-'-_
19""
I
\Jea tiler:
SL-:OW A-g-e-:-=F-r-e-s:;"h------;:C-o-v-e-r-:--=C:-"0-m-p71-e-t-e---------'L~I-G=-H:-::-:T=----'---I-N-,T-E-N-S-I-TY--
------~-Mod era te_____Some lowveg showing_____Bright_____High _
Old___Distracting amounts of Flat_____Medo _
bare ground showing Low'-------Snow on trees and shrubs---
1-1 Contour 1-1 Intensive
Intensive (min:sec)----
Type of Survey:1 I Transect
Ti~e of Search (min):Contour---,,----
Remarks--------------------------.,.--------------
r
:1
r'"
1
",
-~~.HABITAT
.,,=/.:BULLS/activ.COHS/activ.._.-0_'--.'-.....~~.-.
VJ/O 'Hll W/2 ~"....~....-..0"0'0
',.'.I Agg.Total -~,~..--<.,r';r1 I .-'..-...~."-'>~.~.,t calf -'...-.--0,
No.vrlg mad 1ge calf calf ~"1 Moose .....~.,...."0"'I.;".-
..
1 H L5 TS D S5 S L..
..
2 H LS TS D S5 5 L
3 \H LS'TS n S5 5 L-
4 ..H L5 TS D SS 5 L
5 H LS TS D 55 5 L
6 .H LS TS D SS 5 L
.-..o _•__h
?-
',
H LS TS D 55 5 L.
~H LS TS D 5S 5 L
q H L5 TS D 5S S L
.
,0 •H LS TS D S5 S L
1...'H LS TS D 55 S L
1-;.
H LS TS D SS S L
I
A?p~nci::I.Form used for recording sightability ~uring quadrat searches.v...Vr'-~-<.J711!:J
Quadrat No.352-Date II I"I 78 T:une.__-.,...~._Page I of I
Location:map quadrat .Pilot/Observer 6l4~~AJ~/~---
'Location description ~e~~e-l2~~ot:....:u.~
Habitat desc.ription J?e:---Jtfvv.4.r ~D &Lt:::;:...
s-~w?8==
Cover:Complete ~
Some low veg showing,_
Distracting amounts of
bare'ground showing __
Snow on trees and shrubs------
.C=~=:>
LIGHT
Bright t/
Flat-----
INTENSITY
High =
Hed.V",=:~
Low---
Contour 1-1 Intensive
Intensive (min:sec.)-------
.LI.f ~~.
Type of Survey:.1.:::/Transe~t
Tine of Search (min):,Contour-------Indicated Air Speed qo mph
Remarks s·mt2-r -r1Mr=--.lO.'llJ..J),=f..6.~..,13·~~.~;;;.:.J •=1;~~".....I'V:'.•'-:,:
')j'DP 17~~10;54 (,I ,p'~'
HABITAT
Crl BULLS/activ.COHS/activ.Lone Upper line =%available
Hilt Agg.\:[/0 \·1/1 W/2 wI yr1g.Total Lm-ler line ='n moose in e
Mg..No.vr1g !ile.d 1ge calf calf calf yrlg act.}loose X ='r;)diC)~moose ,M4~
(v.~.,..?~"-"'_~"-.~~..(~-:.,)<f.\
1 ~JL 3>~~ndJ SSf»S'~L.F"
IlL ,.,H@2"2-IS D S5 S L.
3 It.,"2.-H@@n 55 S ,L
.-,-
4 -IlL-H @ IS n 55 5 L'"2-
.5 /L 3 H~IS D S5 S L
-6-tie.\H@ IS D SS sQ
--'-L.••..-..
1-I VL 1 ,H@~n@s L.,
I
.
'/1-li@ ..
~2-TS D 55 5 L
-
q IlL z..HC9@D S5 5 L
-
/0 1L ·3 H (!jp TS D ss s(8
II
6 H LS TS D ss S L
~-,H .LS TS D S5 s·L
/
r
r
r"r
I
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,'
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