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Home My WebLink AboutAPA413l SusHna File Oopy File # .q .S . 3'0 S-0 ?, I SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT r PHASE II PROGRESS REPORT OJ' e BIG GAME STUDIES Volume V WOLF Warren B. Ballard Jackson S. Whitman Larry D. Aumiller Pauline Hessing ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME Submitted to the Alaska Power Authority April 1983 'J,... - I~ ..... SUSITNAHYDROELECTRIC PROJECT 1982 ANNUAL REPORT " BIG GAME STUDIES VOLUME V -WOLF Warren B.Ballard Jackson S.Whi tman Larry D.Aumiller Pauline Hessing Alaska Department of Fi sh and Game SUbmi tted to the Alaska Power Authori ty April,1983 ARLIS TI\ IY:zj I ~~ 6 S'V no,4-13 Alaska Resources Library &Information Ser/!(>. Anchorage,),\Iaska .,.. PREFACE In early 1980/the Alaska Department of Fish and Game contracted with the Alaska Power Authority to collect information useful in assessing the impacts of the proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project on moose,caribou,wolf,wolverine,black bear,brown bear and Dall sheep. The studies were broken into phases which conformed to the anticipated licensing schedule.Phase I'studies,January 1/1980 to June 30/.1982/were intended to provide information needed to support a JE'ERC license application.This'included g-eneral studies of wildlife populations to determine how each species used the area and identify potential impact mechanisms.Phase II studies continued -to provide additional information during the anticipated 2 to 3 year period b~tween application and final FERC approval of the license.Belukha whales were added to the species being studied.During Phase II/we are narrowing the focus of our studies-""to evaluate specific impact mechanisms, quantify impacts and evaluate mi tigation measures. This'is the first annual report of ongoing Phase II studies.In some cases,,objectives of Phase I were continued to provide a more complete data base.Therefore,this report is not intended as a complet1e assessment of the impacts of the Susi tna Hydro- electric Proj lect on the selected wildlife species. The informat:Lon and conclusions contained in these reports are incomplete and preliminary in nature and subject to change with further study.Therefore,information contained in these reports is not to be quoted or used in any publication without the wri tten permission of the authors. The reports are organized into the following 9 volumes: Volume I. Volume ~I. V9lume III. Volume IV. Volume V" Volume VI. Volume VII. Volume VI I I. Volume IX. Big Game Summary Report Moose -Downstream Moose -Upstream Caribou Wolf Black Bear and Brown Bear Wolverine Dall Sh~ep Belukha Whale - i ARLIS Alaska Resources Library &InfonnatlOn ServICes .Anchorage.Alaska SUMMARY In 1982,wolf studies continued in the Susi tna River Basin to '""" investigate potential impacts of the proposed Susi tna Hydro- electric Project.Between 1 November 1981 and 31 December 1982, 46 wolves were captured and outfitted with transmitter-equipped-collars to enable researchers tq document movements,denning an~ rendezvous locations,habitat use,and food habits.Throughout the period,,a total of 12 packs and 1 lone wolf were known to be using areas in or-aaj ac:ent to the Devil Canyon or Watana impoundment zones.Because 4 of these packs were not located until December 1982,they were not included in most analyses. Four hundred radio locations yielded 501 wolf sightings upon which this report is based. A population estimate of 64 wolves at the end of 1982 in the upper Susitna River Basin was made based on knowledge of 9 packs with an average of 4.9 wolves per pack,added to an estimate of- wolves in an additional 4 suspected packs. Annual fluctuations in wolf numbers were estimated based on several criteria.Recruitment to packs is due to pup production and immigration into the area.Illegal aerial hunting accounted for the highest mortality (24%)within 8 intensively monitored _packs.Sixteen dispersals accounted for an additional 18%loss of wolves from the basin. ~- .."._...r ii ..., - \1 Territory sizes of 5 intensively monitored packs ranged from 127 mi 2 to 602 mi 2 (329 km 2 to 1559 k 2 ),and averaged 344 mi 2 (891 km 2 )in 1982.Territory sizes vary considerably among packs,probably due to pack size,prey densities,frequency of moni toring,and adj acent pack boundaries. Distribution of wolf packs is suspected to be virtually complete in the basin,with elevational u~e generally restricted to less than 4,000 ft.Elevational distribution varies seasonally and is probably dependent on relative ·densi ties of maj or prey.Moose and wolves both displayed use of lowest annual elevations in February,with a general increase in elevational use until October wi th subsequent declines thereafter. Analyses of food habits of wolves in 1982 were based solely on aerial'observ'ations of wolves at kills.Moose of all age classes .represented 55%of the diet,with caribou comprising 36%.No analysis of 1982 scat collections has been done,but it was sus- pected that aerial quantification of food habits underestimates percentage of small mammals (non-ungulates)in the diet. Impacts of hydroelectric development are difficult to quantify. The most important impact will probably be loss of wintering densi ties of primary prey species (moose and c~ribou)in the impoundment zone,with resultant declines in wolf numbers. Secondly,loss of habitat through inundation and facilities development will undoubtedly force wolves to readjust territory iii I~ ..... boundaries resulting in intra-specific strife.This will affect not only wolf packs presently in the basin (especially the Watana pack)I but also packs far removed from the area . iv _.------------------------------ - TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY .ii LIST OF TABLES . ..vi LIST OF FIGURES .viii INTRODUCTION · . 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS · . 3 .21 · . 6 ·.....6 · . . . .10 · . . ....10 ·...10 · ..11 .11 .12 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 ·.17 · ..18 · . . . . . . .18 · . . . . . ..20 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . Capture and Telemetry Data ~.. . Individual Pack Descriptions Broad Pass Pack . . . . . . . . B-S Pack .;-:. . . . . Canyon Creek Wolf 406 . . . Clearwater Pack Goose Creek Pack . Jay Creek Pack . Maclaren Wolf 369 Portage Creek Pack . . Snodgrass L~ke Pack.. . . Susitna-Stephan Pack. Talkeetna R~ver I Pack Talkeetna R~ver II (Wolf 413). Watana Pack:.... Other Packsj .... Suspected P~cks in the Middle Susitna ~iver Basin ..... .- POPULATION ESTIMATE ·.23 ANNUAL FLUCTUATIONS IN WOLF NUMBERS DI STRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . Elevational Distribution FOOD HABITS IMPACTS . ..····.··.23 ·· · .26 .· · · .28 .30 ····.· · .32 PROPOSED STUDIES ..37 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·.38 LITERATURE CITED ·.39 -- v -------~----------~------------ -- Table 1. LI ST OF TABLES Wolves captured in the upper Susitna River Basin,Alaska between December 1981 and December 1982..... . . . . 7 Table 2.Telemetry data and status of wolves captured in the upper Susitna River Basin,Alaska between December 1981 and December 1982....... . . . . . . . . . . 8 Table 3.Factors which led to changes in numbers of wolves in 8 packs in the upper Susitna River Basin from November 1981 through November 1982 '25 Table 4.Pack numbers and corresponding .territory sizes of 13 wolf packs which were found in the upper Susitna River Basin during the period November 1981 through December 1982.27 vi __________----_-_-........-.-..__-.-.~-.;w~_-..,,_,"""""*'__..".."..._...,.,.,4_~_~"'_._ LIST OF TABLES - - -- Table 5.Kills at which 7 wolf packs were observed from November 1981 through December 1982 in the upper Susitna River Basin;""Alaska. vii . . . . . . . . . . . .31 ----_._-----,---------------------~-------------- - - Fig.1. LIST OF FIGURES Known and suspected pack boundaries for 13 wolf packs in the upper Susitna River Basin from December 1981 through December 1982........ . .22 .- Fig.2. Fig.3. Combined monthly numbers of wolves in 8 packs in"the upp~r Susi tna River Basin l 1982..24 Watana Pack monthly elevations and monthly elevation averages of 9 radio-collared moose within the Watana Pack territory during 1981 and 1982 in the Susitna River Basin l Alaska.. . . . ..29 Fig.4.Use and availability of various elevational strata by the Watana ·Wolf Pack from November 1981 through December 1982..3S viii :I INTRODUCTION The proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project,consisting of 2 dams and power generating facilities,is expected to impact a vast area in the upper Susi tna River Basin.A number of wildlife species occupying the inundation zones and adj acent areas will probably be affected detrimentally.Of particular importance are the effects on moose (Alces _alces)and caribou (Rangifer tarandus)populations.Subsequently,large carnivore and _••of • scavenging species will also be affected.The impacts on these carnivorous species which depend on large ungulates for food will undoubtedly be great.Wolves (Canis lupus),black bears (Ursus americanus),brown bears (Ursus arctos),and wolverine (Gulo gulo)have been identified as large carnivorous species most likely to be severely impacted (Ballard et al.1982). Wolves in the upper Susitna River Basin and adjacent areas have been the focus of study for over 30 years (Ballard et al.1981). History of Game Management Unit (GMU)13 wolves has been !-described in detail by Ballard et al.(In Review).Wolf studies of particular importance to the proposed Susi tna Proj ect were reported by Ballard et,al.(1982)and were designed to gather preliminary data on pack sizes and boundaries,denning,rendez- vous,and feeding areas,turnover rates,and feeding habits. -Reported herein·is a continuation of these studies,designed to determine the potential impacts of the Susi tna Hydroelectric Project.This report covers the time period from October 1981 through December 1982. 1 -- ,..,.. Wolf pack numbers and territory boundaries are highly dynamic.An analysis of population and territory characteristics for 1 year is valuable,but in order to better understand the dynamics involved,continuing efforts should be undertaken.Therefore, this report serves to expand the data collected during Phase I investigations,with emphasis shifting somewhat to better docu- ment spatial use of the habi tat~.Because the information con- tained in this report treats only portions of continuing studies, it should not be used in scientific technical publications with- out the written approval of the investigators. 2 '------,----------, ;~ METHODS AND MATERIALS Wolves were captured according to methods described by Ballard et ~~ al.(1982).When practical,blood and hair samples were col- lected from captured wolves,and the following body measurements were recorded:weight,body length,tail length,heart girth, .- neck circumference,chest height,shoulder height,and length of canines. Approximate ages of captured wolves were determined on the basis of tooth eruption and wear.Ages of some harvested wolves were estimated according to methods described by Goodwin and Ballard (In Press).Trappers and hunters were encouraged to provide wolf carcasses by offering them $10.00 per carcass,and an additional $25.00 for turning in radio-collars.Ages of harvested wolves were determined by tooth eruption and wear,tooth sectioning and by examination of epiphyseal cartilage of the longbone (Rausch 1967). -Captured wolves were fitted with radio-equipped collars manufac~ tured by Telonics,Inc.(Mesa,AZ.),and were located from fixed- wing aircraft on at least a biweekly basis.Radio-collared wolves were visually observed,when possible,using methods described by Mech (1974~.On each tracking flight the following data were recorded:exact location (plotted on 1:63,360 USGS maps),elevation,aspect,slope,associated wolves (color,ages), activity (bedded,feeding,etc.),kill data (species,sex,age, 3 .,... ,~ percent consumed,approximate length of time the animal had been dead),associated species,date and time of observation,and general habitat classificatio.n according to Viereck and Dyrness (1980)and Viereck et 01.(1982). The size of pack territories was outlined by plotting all radio locations on maps,and connecting the outermost observations (Mohr 1947).Radio locations of pack members in the process of dispersing were not included.A compensating polar planimeter was used to determine terri tory size. Information on wolf food habits were collected from observations of radio-collared wolves at kill sites.This method grossly underestimates the precentage of the diet made up of small prey. such as.rodents and birds,as the smaller items are consumed quickly,and are often impossible to identify from aerial obser- vations.When practical,ungulate kills were examine.d on the ground according to methods described by Stephenson and Johnson (1973)and Ballard et 01.(1979).In most cases,the mandibles and a femur or metatarsal were collected to aid in establishing the animal's age (Sergeant and Pimlott 1959,Skoog 1968)and physical condition (Neiland 1970)'. Wolf dens and rendezvous sites located through radio-tracking efforts were inspected in August or September after the wolves 4 - .... had vacated the sites.All scats were collected,and records of other food remains were made.Scats were collected and individu- ally placed in paper bags,autoclaved,and stored for later analysis.Scats collected in 1982 have not been analyzed . • 5 .... - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Capture and Telemetry Data Between 1 November 1981 and 31 December 1982,46 wolves were cap- tured and instrumented in the upper Susitna River Basin (Table 1).A total of 12 wolf packs and one lone wolf were known to be using areas bordering the Devil Canyon or Watana impound- ment zones during this reporting period,although not concur- rently.Use of the impoundment zones by these packs is dynamic, as some packs no longer exist (due to harvest and dispersal),and other packs immigrated into the area and were not located until late in 1982. ~, Four hundred radio locations were gathered from 34 wolves in 8 packs and one lone wolf.As a consequence ,of these radio- locations,501 wolf sightings were made of collared and uncol- lared wolves (Table 2).This does not include sightings of 4 wolf packs (a pack is defined as 2 or more associated wolves)in which members were not instrumented until December 1982 (and thus fewer than 4 relocations were gathered to the end of this reporting period). 6 fi'!!'"......'ll Table L Wolves captured in the upper Susitna River Basin,Alaska between December 1981 and December 1982. ACCESSION DATE OF BLOOD PARAMETERS PACK NAME NUMJ3ER CAPTURE AGE COLOR SEX'P.C.V.%Hb Broad Pass 122414 12/06/82 4 gray M 47.0 13.5 122415 12/06/82 pup gray M 40.0 15.0 122416 12/06/82 pup gray F 47.5 13.0 122417 12/06/82 2-3 gray F 54.0 20+ B-S 122367 12/07/81 2-3 gray F .NR NR 122368 12/07/81 Ad.gray M NR NR 122405 4/11/82 3 gray M 52.0 20+ ~ Canyon Creek 122406 10/14/82 1 gray F 58.0 20+ Clearwater 122323 10/15/82 2 gray .F 59.0 20+ 122424 12/12/82 Ad.gray M 55.5 20+ Goose Creek 122324 12/02/82 3 gray .F NR 20+ 122423 12/12/82 2 gray M 57.5 20+ Jay Creek 122199 12/06/81 7 gray F 55.0 20+ 122355 11/30/81 pup gray M NR NR 122356 11/30/81 pup gray F 50.5 20+ 122357 11/30/81 pup gray F NR 17.0-122358 11/30/81 M 48.0 17.4pupgray 122365 12/06/81 2-3 gray F 53.0 19.0 Maclaren 122369 12/08/81 3-4 black F NR NR Portage Creek 122361 12/02/81 Ad.gray M 44.0 18.4 122362 12/02/81 2-3 gray F 47.0 17 .8 122363 12/02/81 pup gray F 38.0 14.0 122364 12/02/81 pup gray F 44.0 16.4 122403 4/10/82 5 gray F 43.0 16.0 122404 4/10/82 pup gray F NR NR Snodgrass Lake 122330 10/15/82 Ad.gray M 60.0 20+ ~122366 12/06/81 2 gray F 59.0 20+ 122407 10/15/82 pup gray M 39.0 14.4 ....Susitna-Stephan 122349 11/13/81 2 gray M 44.0 18.5 Talkeetna R.I 122359 12/02/81 3 gray M 54.0 18.5 122360 12/02/81 2 black F NR NR- Talkeetna R.II 122413 12/03/82 2-3 gray M 53.5 20+ Watana 122308 4/10/81 4 gray F 47.0 17 .5 122346 4/11/82 3 gray F 30.0 12.3 122400 4/09/82 5+gray M 46.0 17.0 .~122401 4/09/82 2 gray M NR NR 122402-'·4/09/82 pup gray F 49.0 17.5 ~7 ---------~-------------~---~~-~-------_._-_._-,-_._~~-_._"._--- Table 2.Telemetry data and status of wolves captured in the upper Susitna River Basin,Alaska between December 1981 and December 1982. PACK NAME Broad Pass B-S Canyon Creek Clearwater Goose Creek Jay Creek ACCESSION NUMBER 414 415 416 417 ·367 368 405 406 323 424 324 423 199 355 356 357 358 365 NO.RADIO LOCATIONS 2 2 2 2 33 33 25 4 3 3 4 3 5 7 7 7 7 5 NO.WOLF SIGHTINGS 26 106 4 6 8 68 NO.PACK DAYS 2 35 4 3 4 8 FINAL STATUS Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Illegal harvest Illegal harvest Illegal harvest Illegal harvest Illegal harvest Illegal harvest (continued) .- - Maclaren 369 Portage Creek 361 362 363 364 403 404 Snodgrass Lake 330 336 407 Susitna-Stephan 331 349 Talkeetna R.I 359 360 27 12 5 16 2 6 10 25 22 3 9 4 4 4 26 70 85 9 7 27 20 27 9 5 Killed by other wolves Lost contact 7/02/82 Illegal harvest Lost contact 8/18/82 Lost contact 4/10/82 Still have contact Still have contact Still have contact Unknown Still have contact Shot by ADF&G-Unit 20 control Suspected illegal harvest Suspected illegal harvest Suspected harvest or dispersa: 8 Table 2.(Continued) Talkeetna R.II 413 2 2 2 Still have contact Watana 308 26 126 31 Still have contact 309 1 Capture mortality 323 18 Dispersed to Clearwater Pack 324 10 Dispersed to Goose Cr.Pack 325 0 Dispersed to Nelchina Pack 345 2 Suspected harvest or dispesal ,-346 18 Dispersed to Big Bend area 400 14 Still have contact 401 14 Still have contact 402 15 Still have contact TOTALS 423 543 177 .- - 9 - - - INDIVIDUAL PACK DESCRIPTIONS Broad Pass Pack An attempt was made in December 1982 to capture and instrument additional members of the Portage ·Creek Pack.Traditional move- ments within their territory often took them to the East Fork of the Chulitna River and Broad Pass areas,so an attempt was made to locate them there.On 2 December 1982,a wolf pack containing at least 12 members was located wi thin the area traditionally used by the Portage Creek Pack.Four of the pack members were captured and instrumented (wolves 414 through 417).By the end of 1982,2 more locations were.gathered on this pack,and it was determined that this was not the Portage Creek Pack.This new pack was named the Broad Pass Pack.However by the end of 1982 we had an insufficient number of relocations to accurately establi sh the boundaries of their terri tory. B-S Pack Throughout 1982,the B-S Pack was comprised of 3 adult members (numbers 367 ,368 and 405).They were successful in raising a li tter of 4 pups.Because of their differential degree of attentiveness to.the den site,it was suspected that wolf 367 was the producing female,368 was the alpha male,and 405 was a sub- ordinate member of the pack.Wolves 367 and 368 were instru- mented in December 1981,and wolf 405 was instrumented in April 1982.At the end of 1982,the pack still contained 7 members. 10 Excluding one northern exploratory foray by wolf 405,the 1982 territory size included 248 mi 2 (642 km 2 ).The wolves inhabited an area basically south of the Alphabet Hills,bounded on the west by the Susitna River,on the southwest by Tyone Creek,on the southeast by Tyone Butte,and on the east by Funnel Lake and the West Fork Gulkana River.It is interesting to note that many of the outermost points of the ~erritory were made up by loca- tions of wolf 405,indicating that this wolf was the most explor- atory member. Canyon Creek Wolf #406 Clearwater Pack Contact with the Clearwater Pack was established in December 1982 when Watana wolf 323 was relocated between Clearwater Creek and the Maclaren River.Wolf 323 was accompanied by another wolf which was captured and instrumented on 12 December 1982 (adult gray male 424).Only 3 locations were gathered on this pack to the end of the year,so territory size was not calculated.This 11 pack was apparently recolonizing the area left vacant after the death of wolf 369 (see Maclaren wolf history). Goose Creek Pack Contact with the Goose Creek Pack was established on December 1982 when Watana wolf 324 (adult gray female)was captured and radio-collared.Her lone associate was captured 12 December 1982 (adult gray male #423).They remained together until the end of 1982,apparently well establi shed in the Goose Creek -Oshetna River area.Because of the paucity of relocations,no territory size was defined. Jay Creek Pack During winter 1979-80 aerial trappers reported 10 to 11 wolves wi thin the Jay Creek pack area.Six wolves were ground shot at that time.At least four .wolves were observed on the Susi tna,.... River near Jay Creek during a mODse ~urvey in March 1980,indi- -eating that the pack area was still occupied,probably by descen- dants of wolf 199.No further information on this pack was --obtained until November 1981. -Radio contact with the Jay Creek Pack was first establi shed on ,_30 November 1981.Prior to contact,track sightings and uncol- lared wolf sightings in the area suggested the pack's presence for qui te some time.On 30 November ,r the pack contained 12 -12 members and wolves 355,356,357 and 358 were captured and instrumented (all pups;male,female,female and male,respec- tively).On 6 December,2 additional wolves were captured r~ (adult gray females 199 and 365).Wolf 199,originally from the Tsusena Pack,was the alpha female.The Jay Creek Pack inhabited the area from Coal Creek to the Susitna River and Jay Creek with- out attrition until mid-January when they were suspected to have been illegally shot by aerial hunters.Four wolf carcasses were ~ found on the Susitna River in early March,and it was suspected that the rest had also been killed.The unskinned carcass of wolf 365 was found in July and examination of the carcass revealed punctures in the pelvis which matched the size of aO-buck shotgun pellets. ,,-Maclaren Wolf 369 - In early December 1981 an adult black female (#369)was captured and radio-collared near Clearwater Creek.At capture,she was accompanied by 1 gray wolf which was apparently harvested in early January.Regular radio-contact with 369 was continued until 30 October 1982,when she was suspected to be sick or injured.Her carcass was retrieved in early 1983 and indications were that she had been attacked by other wolves,was weakened, and later starved to death.Her territory size during the period she was instrumented was 127 mi 2 (329 km 2 ). 13 It was interesting to note that during the time she was being moni tored,wolf 369 showed fidelity to a den site,a.l though no other wolves were seen at the den and no pups were known to have been produced. Portage Creek Pack The Portage Creek Pack was first located on 2 December 1981,and 4 members were captured and radio-collared (wolf 361 -adult gray malej 362 -adult gray"femalej 363 and 364 -pup gray females). At that time,there were only 5 individuals in the pack.Reloca- tion of the pack was not successful on 9 succeeding attempts,and it was not until 14 January 1982 that they were found.By then, the pack contained at least 8 members. By early March the pack had split up,with a maximum of five wolves being seen together.Wolf 362 was suspected to have been illegally shot from the air,as the collar was retrieved and had obviously been cut off and the harvest was never officially docu- mented on mandatory sealing certificates.Two additional wolves were captured and instrumented in April 1982 (403 -adult gray femalej 404 -pup gray female)bringing the Portage Creek Pack to 5 members,all of which were instrumented. 14 ---'---------_._-----------~~---~......,...-•~:;;\!l pack was comprised of 2 adults and 2 yearlings (adults 361 and 403i yearlings 363 and 404).At collaring wolf 403 was pregnant, thus was assumed to be the alpha female.The den si te was ,~ inspected on 17 September and several pup scats were collected even though no pups were ever observed. By late fall 1982,radio contact with all but two members of the pack was lost.We suspected that_several of the wolves had been shot or dispersed.Wolves 403 and 404 were the only pack members known to be still alive. Between 2 December 1981 and 4 December 1982,the Portage Creek Pack used an area of 262 mi 2 (678 km 2 ).This excludes an eastern extension of the territory by wolf 404,as this was thought to be a typical dispersing movement,not wi thin the normal terri tory boundary.• Snodgrass Lake Pack -Wolf 330 apparently colonized the Snodgrass Lake Pack in November 1981 after dispersing from the Susi tna Pack in early May.This 2-year-old gray male was accompanied by another wolf which was captured and instrumented on 6 December 1981 (2-year-old gray- black female wolf 366).They remained together through the winter and were observed at a den site near Butte Creek where at least 6 pups were produced. 15 '- - - Pups began to travel with the adults by mid-September and used an area from upper Brushkana Creek to Clearwater Creek throughout -the fall.Total area encompassed wi thin their terri tory was 602 mi 2 (1559 km 2 ).On 15 October 1982,the 7-member pack was located and an additional wolf (pup gray-brown male wolf 407)was instrumented. On 18 or 19 November,a trapper near Susi tna Lodge watched an airplane harassing the pack,and subsequently observed the occu- pant(s)aerially shooting at the pack.He reported that they illegally harvested at least three of the pack members.On sub- sequent radio-tracking flights,the pack was found to contain only·4 members,including wolves 330 and 407.It was not certain whether wolf 366 had been harvested or her transmitter had failed. Susi tna -Stephan Pack During the short time the pack existed it was comprised of 2 col- lared wolves.Wolf 331,originally from the Susi tna Pack,had a hi story of wanderings over much of the upper Susi tna Basin (Ballard ,et al.1982).They had'apparently not established a territory during the time they were monitored,as their movements were typical of dispersing wolves. Wolf 331 was recaptured along with his lone associate (wolf 349, adult gray male)in November 1981 near Stephan Lake.It was sus- 16 "i pected that wolf 349 was either another Susi tna Pack member or was from the Watana Pack (Ballard et 01.1982,.page 19). On 13 December 1981,wolf 349 was suspected to have been ill- egally shot from the air,as evidenced by airplane ski tracks and blood in the snow.This may have prompted wolf 331 to disperse out of the area. On 16 April 1982,ADF&:G personnel from'the Fairbanks office reported .the death of wolf 331.He had been harvested by Depart- ment personnel as part of control efforts in Game Management Unit 20 near'Healy.When killed he was accompanied by 6 wolves, apparently having been accepted into an existing pack. -, Talkeetna River I Pack Contact with this pack was established in early December 1981. The origin of the wolves was unknown but because only 2 wolves (359,adult gray male and 360,adult black female)were present, they probably had recently colonized the area.They were located only 3 times between collaring and 4 January 1982,and were always together.On 16 February,however,only wolf 360 was seen,and the signal from 359 was located in steep,rocky terrain not typical of wolves at this time of year.At this time,wolf 360 appeared to be shy of the airplane,leading us to assume that they had been shot at by hunters.Because the signal from 359 remained at that same location on subsequent flights,it was 17 assumed that aerial hunters had shot him,and the transmitter had been thrown out of the plane.Wolf 360 was never again located, and it was-assumed that she had either been harvested or had dis- persed.No estimate of territory size was calculated because of the minimal number of relocations. Talkeetna River I I Wolf (413) Wolf 413 (adult gray male)was captured on 3 December 1982 on the Talkeetna Riv~r upstream of Prairie Creek.Tracks in the area indicated other wolves had been present,but apparently had been harvested because 413 remained alone.Not enough data was gathered on this wolf to accurately determine terri tory boun- daries.Radio-contact wi th him continued into 1983. Watana Pack • At the beginning of 1982,the Watana Pack was comprised of at least 10 members,at least 6 of which were adults.The Watana Pack resided in a location (482 mi 2,1246 km 2 )which may have been beneficial to their survival.This area does not have a high incidence of lakes,so hunters and trappers using airplanes do not have accessible landing areas.Much of the area is heavily timbered,further limiting accessibility.In addition, the constant human habitation of Susitna Hydroelectric Project's~ Watana Camp and associated aircraft frequenting the area may deter illegal hunters from using the area.Whether these factors 18 or others are responsible,the Watana Pack has historically realized little attrition and has been responsible for production of many wolves which have dispersed to other areas. -Only one Watana wolf was suspected to have been harvested during 1982.This was a wolf found 22 March on the Susi tna River,sus- pected to have been illegally shot from the air. During 1982 at least 4 radio-collared wolves were known to dis- perse from the Watana Pack,either joining exi sting packs or starting new packs.We suspect the reason for the high incidence ~. of di spersal was is due to the low attrition wi thin the pack, resulting in high pack numbers and subsequent dispersa-ls.In I""' previous years,at least 5 other wolves from the Watana Pack were known to have di spersed to new areas. During recollaring operations in early April,wolf 309 was acci- dentally killed.When a necropsy was performed,it was learned.- that this wolf was pregnant.Beginning in early May,however,the Watana wolves were repeatedly located at the den site of 1981, indicating that a litter had been produced.This was later veri- fied.Had wolf 309 not been killed,it is suspected that the pack would have double-denned,producing 2 litters. Pups were first observed in early July.By the end of summer, the Watana Pack contained at least 18 members,when the pack was beginning to split up.By late October,there were at least 19 i ~ three groups,two of which were thought to be dispersing.Wolves 308,400,401 and 402,along with the pups,remained in the Watana terri tory.Wolf 346 and two associates moved approxi- mate1y 30 mi (48 km)to the upper Coal Creek-Big Bend of the Susi tna area.Wolf 323 and one associate had moved about 43 mi (69 km)to the Round Mountain·area,between the Clearwater and Maclaren Rivers and were probably attempting to colonize the area after the death of Maclaren 'Wolf 369.In December,the wolves remained separated and in their respective areas. Additionally,wolf 324 was captured dur:ing the December collaring I- !operation in the vicinity of Goose Creek-Oshetna River.This .".. wolf dispersed from the Watana Pack in late April 1982.Its dis- tance from the Watana den site to recapture location was approxi- mately 26 miles (42 km). other Packs In addition to the above-mentioned packs,other packs not directly associated with the impoundment zones were sporadically monitored during 1982.These packs were usually located by fo1- lowing dispersing wolves out of an existing Susitna Basin pack, and subsequently either initiating new packs or joining existing packs. As mentioned in the individual pack descriptions,many members of the Watana Pack left that terri tory and dispersed into vacant 20 - - areas or dispersed from the Watana terri tory to join existing packs.In addition to the Clearwater and Goose Creek Packs that were colonized during 1982,2 other packs have resulted from dis- persals out of the Watana Pack. The Eureka Pack,inhabiting an area from upper Tyone River to Eureka to the south of the.Susi tna Basin,was colonized by a Watana wolf (344)prior to 1982.This wolf was accompanied by 2 suspected female wolves in 1982,and they were successful in an apparent doub1e-denning attempt and rai sed a total of 13 pups. Wolf 325,another Watana wolf,dispersed to the southeast in 1980,and became integrated into the Ne1china Pack.Accompanied by at least 3 additional adults,'this pack was successful in rai sing 5 pups in 1982. Suspected Packs in the Middle Susi tna River Basin When known territories of wolves in the upper Susitna River Basin were plotted,gaps sufficient in size to accommodate additional packs were found (Fig.1).It was suspected that 4 additional wolf packs were present,as evidenced by tracks.Specific popu- lation numbers and pack composition were not known for these 4 suspected packs. 21 ---,-----,----------~-~--glZ~---------------__-..._-.--- )I .~]J J 1 J D i I ?'j 10 1,5 20,ml o NORTH, ~-I lQ't7 ~. te:"''1• "'l~~~i'''-' ~{'.-I' ~'O."<'}t-:.(f..~,.".,. •, •, I• J:::-=1 known pack,accurate boundary '.known pack,estimated boundary D suspected pack,suspected boundar.y '\.-.Paxs~-..""._- Figure t.Known and auapected pack boundar'e.for thirteen wolf pack.In the upper 81i,ltna River ea.ln from December t88t through December t882. - POPULATION ESTIMATE Forty-four wolves in 9 known packs were _present in the upper. Susitna River Basin in December,1982.The average pack size of 4.9 wolves was extrapolated to 4 additional suspected packs yielded a total population estimate of 64 wolves. ANNUAL FLUCTUAT IONS IN WOLF NUMBERS The number of wolveskriown for 8 packs within the Susitna River study area fluctuated between a high of 51 and a low of 21 from November 1981 to December 1982 (Fig.2).Annual recruitment to those packs was made up of pup production and immigration into the area (Table 3).~, The Susitna River study area is relatively rugged and remote,and as a consequence,few commercial trappers use the area.In 1982 only 5 wolves from the 8 packs were known to have been harvested by trappers or legal ground hunters.Conversely,the lack of people inhabiting the area in the winter and the proximity of the area to population centers such as .Anchorage and the lower Matanuska and Susitna Valley's affords easy use by small-aircraft wi th a relatively high number of aerial wolf hunters using the area.At least 21 wolves were known or suspected to have been illegally shot from the air.This is about 24%of the population and is by far the-single most important mortality factor in the study area.Dispersal from the 8 intensively monitored packs in 23 (JJ ~ 0 50 4( Q. CO Z-40 CO· W > ..I 0 30 ~. &&. 0 .~20 w m 2 :) Z 10 ..I-4(... 0...0 +~.,,~l( 2 M 0 N T H Figure 2.Combined monthly number.0'wolve.In eight packa In the upper aualtna River aaain.1882. ~I J ))1 J ~]1 1 i J J 1 j J '111J Table 3.Factors which led to changes in numbers of wolves in 8 packs in·the upper Susitna River Basin from November 1981 through November 1982.. 1981 1982 Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Mar.~May June July Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Total-- Highest No.of Pack Members·48 51 49 32 30 25 21 36 48 46 46 50 37 Illegal Harvest 0 -2 -15 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3 -21 Dispersals 0 0 -2 0 -1 -4 -1 0 0 0 0 -8 0 -16 Trapped or Ground Shot 0 -1 0 -1 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 , Unknown Attrition 0 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 '-2 0 0 -5 -4 -15 Innnigration +3 +3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +4 0 0 +10 Pup Production 0 0 0 0 0 0 +16 +13 0 0 0 0 0 +29 N VI I Total Change +3 -2 -17 -2 -5 -4 +15 +12 -2 0 +4 -13 -7 -18 i~ t·- the upper Susi tna River Basin was high.A m~nim~ ;"" dispersed from the area to initiate new packs o~ packs elsewhere in GMU-13 or adj acent areas;As rnf f individual pack descriptions,the Watana Pack was r many of the di spersing members. The fates of 15 wolves were unknown.Because a f aged 344 mi 2 (891 km 2 )in 1982 (Table 4). 26 DISTRIBUTION etc. also exist such as dfspersal,radio failure, t- wolves were known to have been il~egally harvested~ ..~ explains the fate of many of these.However,othe~' f} nat~... ~~ i~; f,\ !!~I Wolves currently occupy all available habi tat ~ Susi tna River Basin.Annual mapped territories gel m to some degree (Fig.1)because of differences in~, tories were plotted. patterns of individual packs and from the manner ".. Territory sizes of 5 wolf packs in the upper SUSi~ ranged from 127 mi 2 to 602 mi 2 (329 km 2 to 15591' This wi smallar than earlier estimates (Ballard et ~.19' ri tory sizes may have not yet been adequately de ell".'.:•.'.",.•..' some packs have only been located a few times. ~~. ff; I- [ ~_o r-r "'" ---~.,--.._---------------------...._.....,-----~--.;---- 27 Variation in observed teritory size for individual packs was due to adj acent pack boundaries,changes in distribution of prey, number &frequency of monitoring,and increases or decreases in pack si~e as a result of hunting mortality,dispersal,and natality.When a territory is vacant of wolves due to harvest or natural mortality,it is likely that that area will be recolon- ized by dispersing wolves within a short period of time (in most cases,less than a year)or will be_usurped by an existing pack. Elevational Distribution Generally,wolves restrict their movements to elevations less than 4,000 ft.For example,the Watana Pack had only 2 of 56 (3.6%)observations greater than 4,000 ft.elevation in 1982. Elevational distribution of·wolves varies seasonally.We suspec- ted that the changes in distribution were largely dependent on changes in prey distribution.For example,the Watana wolves rely heavily on moose (Ballard et 01.1982)as a source of prey and it was suspected that their differential elevational use was a reflection of availability of those moose.Mean monthly ele- vationsof nine radio-collared moose that had annual home ranges that overlapped portions of the Watana pack territory were com- pared with elevations of the Watana Pack (Fig.3).Lowest mean elevation for both wolves and moose was in February,with both .species exhibi'ting a general increase in elevations occupied until October,with subsequent declines thereafter.This suggests that wolves were following the movements of their principal prey. 28 '- 'I ~. 2200' 3000 p. 2900 --moose .-wolves ~ 2800 ,&\~ ",."\ /\""'/ t-2700 /\ I \w I ~w I I&./--I2800....../. ~/ / / I Z 2500 I 0 I I_. I t-,I -e 2400 ,/,/.->,./,__J W: -I:2300 'Wi -- 2100 2000 .....~-+--4--+-......-......-...........j~-+-~-...--I---+ M 0 NTH Figure 3.Watana Pack monthly elevations and monthly elevation ave''''ges of nine radio-collared moose within.the Watana Pack territory during 1881 and 1882 in the Sualtna River 8aaln.Aiaska. 29 -.__11']..•---""",.,.----.~-.--------------,-- FOOD HABITS Members of seven wolf packs in the Basin were observed at various kills during 1982.Observations of these packs resulted in 47 identified kills (Table 5).Moose of all age classes comprised 55%of the diet (26 observations).Caribou was the next most important item,being found on 17 occasions (36%). observations were made of non-unguJ-ate prey items. Only -3 Calf moose do not appear t~be preferred prey in early summer but from November through May they represent a disproportionate por- tion of the diet (Ballard et 0/.1981,1982).Wolves appeared to select adult moose during most months of the year.There were no differences in wolf selectivity between adult cow and adult bull moose.Also both adult male and female caribou were selected in proportion to their presence in the caribou population. appeared to be "no se1ectivi ty for calf caribou. There Incidence of moose and caribou in the wolf diet is probably a reflection of availability due to population numbers.The i~ Nelchina caribou herd reached a low of approximately 10,000 animals in 1973 (Pitcher,pers.corom.).By 1981,the population had increased to approximately 22,000 Cop.cit.).We suspect the increase in the caribou population has made them generally more available to wolves.If true,this would suggest that as the herd grows,caribou will probably become more important in the diet.This may be beneficial to moose populations in the Basin if caribou populations become high enough to provide the major source of food for wolves. 30 ---_._------_._-_._----- I )J -E 1 1 ~--I B j ~I J ~] Ie Table 5.Kills at which 7 wolf packs were observed from November 1981 through December 1982 in the upper Susitna River Basin,Alaska. Pack Name B-S Fish Lk.Jay Cr.'Portage Snodgrass Stephan Watana Total No.%No.%No.%No.%No.%No.%No.%No.% Moose,Adult 3 33%2 11%2 100%.33%1 20%----2 25%11 23%'I Moose,Yr1g.--0 2 11%--------I 20%--------3 6% Moose,Calf 2 22%2 11%-- -- I 33%----I 50%2 25%8 17% , Moose,Unknown 2 22%----------------..,---2 25%4 9% Total Moose 7 78%6 33%2 100%2 67%2 40%1 50%6 75%26 55% Caribou,Adult 1 11%8 44%-- ------2 40%1 50%2 25%14 30% w.....Caribou,Calf ----------------I 20%---...----I 2% Caribou,Unknown ----2 11%--------------------2 4% Total Caribou 1 11%10 56%--------3 60%1 50%2 25%17 36% Sheep,Adult ------------I 33%------------I 2% Total Ungulate 8 89%16 89%2 100%3 100%5 100%2 100%8 100%44 94% Other:Beaver ----I 6%--------------------I 2% Snowshoe ----I 6%--------------------I 2% Unknown 1 11%-- ------ -------------- -- I 2% Total Other 1 11%2 11%----------------,----3 6% Grand Total 9 100%18 100%2 100%3 100%5 100%2 100%8 100%~7 100% - ~I ,I IMPACTS Impacts of the proposed impoundments and their associated borrow pits,transmission corridors,work camps and facilities are dif- ficult to quantify at this time.However,based on earlier research and that reported herein,some impacts can be estimated. Probably the most significant impact the impoundments will have on wolves will result from a change in population density,dis- tribution,sex and age composition and/or physical condition of moose and caribou.The majority of the wolf's diet in this area is moose,and any decrease in prey numbers will probably be reflected in both wolf density and distribution.Ballard et 01. (1983)estimated that approximately 1,900-2,600 moose will be directly impacted by the impoundments.During the impoundment filling stage and for at least a year following inundation,there will probably be an increase in wolf numbers in response to higher concentrations of moose adjacent to the impoundments. There will be a high number of displaced moose which will be con~ centrated adj acent to the reservoirs due to the decreased avail- ability of usable habitat.However,the duration of this rela- tively high moose concentration will probably be short,i.e.2-3 years.After that,deterioration of the habitat will undoubtedly resul t in relatively lower moose numbers (see moose scenario table).Ultimately wolf numbers will be reduced but for a good period of time they will remain relatively high and further depress the moose population and prevent it from recovering ~ 32 -~ ,.,., ,1l\llOfiIl ~I Access roads and the proposed permanent village for project per-· sonnel will result in a significant increase in human use of the area.Correspondingly,there may be a higher incidence of man- caused mortality upon wolves.Trappers and hunters can be expected to harvest more wolves than current levels,but that harvest will probably be of minor importance to overall wolf pop- ulation numbers.Indirect effects upon wolves resulting from higher human populations will pro_bably also occur.Activity near den and rendezvous sites in early summer will certainly disrupt, and in some cases,will probably cause wolves to abandon den and feeding sites.Den site abandonment could lead to higher pup mortality. Inundation of den and rendezvous sites,travel corridors and hunting/feeding areas will eliminate portions of wolf terri- tories.Loss of this habitat will force wolves to readjust territory boundaries and will probably"result in increased inter- pack strife.·Since present wolf mortality from some of the packs adjacent to the Susitna River are low (Watana Pack in particular) with subsequent high dispersals to surrounding areas,this area acts as a reservoir in supplying wolves to adjacent areas. Should mortality within these packs increase,there will probably be less dispersal away from the area.Consequently,the reduc- tion of wolf numbers adjacent to the impoundments may well affect not only those packs immediately adjacent to the river,but also packs far removed from the area.Movements of over SO miles (80 krn)away from the Watana terri tory by wolves which ei ther joined new packs or initiated new packs have been recorded. 33 ---""""'--_.--------------~~----_.--------------r--... .,.. - ~I To better describe the effects of habitat inundation on wolves, the Watana Pack (because of the relatively high number of reloca- tions)was selected for a further analysis.As mentioned earlier,the Watana Pack occupied a terri tory of 482 mi 2 (1246 km 2 )wi thin and adj acent to both the proposed Watana and Devil Canyon impoundments in 1982.Indeed,26 out of 58 (45%)of the relocations of Watana Pack memb~rs were at or below high pool level of the impoundments (Fig.4).During the first half of the year (January through June)over half (57%)the recorded observa- tions were at or below maximum pool level.Further,it was cal- culated that of the 482 mi 2 (1248 km 2)Watana Pack terri tory, 51 mi 2 (132 km 2 )was in elevations over 4,000 ft.and thus used very little «4%)by pac;:k members.~Reducing the 482 mi 2 (1248 km 2 )territory by 51 mi 2 (132 km 2 )leaves 431 mi 2 (1116 km 2 )of usable habitat.When the area inundated at high pool level·(2200 ft.elevation for Watana,1450 ft.elevation for Devil Canyon) was p1animetered,an area of 55 mi 2 (142 km 2)would be lost to the pack.This would account for 13 percent of the land area utilized by the pack.Forty-five percent of the relocations were recorded on this 13%of the total terri tory,indicating that those elevations with their associated habitat are preferred by the Watana wolves.As mentioned in an earlier section of this report,this is undoubtedly due,at least in part,to higher concentrations of moose in this e1evationa1 stratum. 34 _____~'_..-_._,~....IiM_.~~G _ / I tfI ]~].~I J !]!), j o percent available •p~rcent used 4001142011 44011460r 42"00 4400 4600 4800 •I'L~o 1400 1600 8 2 4 8 18 18 20 22 t-14 Z w 12 o a: w 10 Q. ELEVAYfON Figure 4.U~e and aval'abillty of ve,lou.e'evatlone.atteta by the Watena Wolf Paok from November 1881 through Oeaember 1..... - At the time this report was prepared,information on exact loca- tions and extent of area covered by encampments,borrow sites and road and transmission corridors was not available.However,.pre- liminary site locations have been mapped,and their location will further limit the extent of theWatana territory.The exact per- cent of habitat loss of the Watana terri tory is not known.In particular,quarry sites A and B,and borrow sites D,E,F,I,J, and L will at least have portion~within the Watana territory and will impact the Watana wolves during and/or after construction of Watana Dam. The percent of various elevational strata available to the pack (~alculated by random selection of 482 points within the Watana terri tory)compared to the percent of radio-locations at those various elevations shows that between 1801 and 2200 ft.were sig- nificantly preferred elevations (p<0.005)(Fig.4).These ele- vational strata were available to Watana wolves in 13 percent of their territory,yet were used on 45 percent of the locations. The inundation of this zone will undoubtedly affect the shape and extent of the Watana terri tory and subsequent recruitment and mortality. 36 PROPOSED STUD IES Continuation of monitoring efforts of wolves already instrumented is important.Population and individual pack boundaries are highly dynamic and documentation of denning,rend~zvous,and hunting/traveling areas should be continued.Efforts should be ,~ made to instrument numbers of additional packs,especially in the area from Devil Canyon to Sherman.Of particular concern is a better representation of preferred habitat types when higher resolution vegetation mapping is finished. In conjunction with ongoing moose and caribou studies,investi- gations of calf consumption by wolves should be conducted.More accurate documentation of food habits could be gathered in this way. Mitigation of the losses of major prey species (moose and cari- bou)is of major importance to the continued viability of wolf populations.Evaluation of those mitigation options include their impacts on wolves. 37 _.011_~wr ~1IlI'Q m .._~tl'"~~_.........._ - o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ADF&G personnel Sterling Miller,Dennis McAllister,Enid Goodwin, John Westlund,Jim Dau and Craig Gardner participated in one or more aspects of the project. Without the help and continued cooperation of a number of pilots, this study would not have been P9ssible.Al and Jerry Lee,Lee1s Air Taxi Service,Harley and Chuck McMahan,Ken Bunch and Don Doering all contributed during collaring and/or radio-tracking efforts.Vern and Cra1.g Lofstedt,Kenai Air Service,supplied their skills during collaring operations by not only piloting the helicopters,but participating in the processing of drugged ani- mals. Special thanks go to Karl Schneider,ADF&G,for his guidance and support throughout the project and for his editorial comments on the report.Nancy Tankersley also provided valuable editorial assistance. 38 - LITERATURE CITED Alder,H.L.and E.B.Roessler.1968.Introduction to Proba- bility and Statistics.W.H.Freeman &Co.,San Francisco. 4th Ed.33 pp. Ballard,W.B.,A.W.Franzmann,K.P.Taylor,T.Spraker,C. C. Schwartz and R.O.Peterson.1979.Comparison of tech- niques utilized to determine moose calf mortality in Alaska. Proc.N.Am.Moose Conf.Workshop,Kenai,Alaska.(5):362- 387. Ballard,W.B.,R.O.Stephenson and T.H.Spraker.1981. china Basin Wolf Studies.Alaska Dept.Fish and Game. Proj.Final Report,W-17-9 and W-17-10. Nel- P-R Ballard,W.B.,C.L.Gardner,J.H.Westlund and J.R.Dau. 1982.Susi tna Hydroelectric Project Phase I Final Report. Volume V -Wolf.220 pp. Ballard,W.B.,J.S.Whitman,L.D.Aumiller and P. 1983.Susitna Hydroelectric Project Phase II Report.Vol.III Moose-Upstream.61pp. Hessing. Progress ""'"Ballard,W.B.,R.O.Stephenson,S.M.Miller and K.B. Schneider.In Review.Submi tted to Jour.Wi Idl.Manage. for Monograph Series. 39 Goodwin,E.and W.B.·Ballard.Use of tooth cementum forage determination of timber wolves.J.Wildl.Manage:in press. Mech,L.D.1974.Current techniques in the study of elusive wilderness carnivores.Proc.XI Internat.Congress of Game Bio1.P.315-322. Mohr,C.o.1947.Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals.Am.Mid1.Nat.37(1):223-249. Neiland,K.A.1970.Weight of dried marrow as indicator of fat in caribou femurs.J.Wild1.Manage.34(4):904-907. Rausch,R.A.1967.Some aspects of the population ecology of wolves,Alaska.Am.Zool.7:253-265. Sergeant,D.E.and D.H.Pimlott. moose from sectioned incisor 23(3):315-321. 1959.Age determination in teeth.J.Wildl.Manage. Skoog,R.O. granti)in California. 1968.Ecology of caribou Alaska.PhD.Thesis,Univ. 699 pp. (Rangifer of Cal., tarandus Berkeley, Stephenson,R.O.and L. ment of Fish and Game. Johnson.Wolf Report. P-R Proj.Rept.,W-17-4. 40 Alaska Depart- 52pp. ill Viereck,L.A.and C.T.Dyrness.1980.A preliminary classi- fication system for vegetation of Alaska.U.S.D.A.Forest Service. PNW-106. Pac.N.W.Forest and Range Expt.Sta.Report. Viereck,L.A.,C.T.Dyrness,and A.R.Batten.1982.1982 Revision of Preliminary Classification for·Vegetation of Alaska.Proc.of Workshop on Classificaton of Alaskan """"I Vegetation.72 pp. 41 ,'-------------,--------~------------------------