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Home My WebLink About1983 field season cultural resources investigation Vol 1 final report 1984·._.....-._.-------._----,r- SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION PROJECiT No.7114 LJII Ali Y ALASKA DE"~~~I& tS,..Wb.......: Mdloo.A I" 1983 FIELD SEASON CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION VOLUME I UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA MUSEUM Ui'DER CONTRACT TO [}f]~OO~~~~®~®OO SUSITNA JOINT VENTURE ~·~ALASKA ~OWER FINAL nEPORT JANUARY 1984 DOCUMENT No.482 AUTHORITY __---' - Alaska Reg1Gnal Off1c(£ 252&G<mibeH Street,Room 107 Meflt)r'age/J Alaska 99503-2892 Mr.t10tl S.Fertv.$,;n . Alaska Po_rJ\uthority 334 ~$·tith Av~~ Mi:borag6l 11 Al askia i::JSOl DearMr..fergiliOit:'. e~eltl$a of the snort t1me &'Ifd lable.I am uMble to ~i~w f~4R1 depth t~t1"aft fillal ~t ef tb.cultiiral Nti~~S lilY~stigatien of t~ 1.ta3 'illds..R f~r tt~Susiua Hyd.rooleetl"fe Project.My aS$~tiGrl f'li t~t the r~$curCQ iilaalyilS a~r.e~rt al"~t~the bfliJtl $ta~anis of prfitvtou$SfJSitM ,r(lject r-$.tPCrts.~,Ute lmiv~"1ty of Alaska _saum pers_nel. As I ba,a iftd1(:a~ti 1~p-reVitillU writte~anlii,erbal cOtTaspondertCe,. iilvolv...t of ttJe State Wiswr1ePreseNi.'itioA Gffiee,r dfl4 Mvis~y·. Couac11 on W1stor1¢'ra$~f'vati~ill ~&"*",1.1 stages of ,tanning ~ld tl'lve faciUta.tooaeOiliJW~i1~approadl to lnw.tory.~YaltJatiQJlt and l~Qt af_mitfgatiO:fi plaB..Cartabtly.,the Adv1sQl'1 touflCU ,'_ilWi'~b)volv_as upe4it1ously .5 pO$s1~1~," Floyd ii.$~rrt.lek FWSha rrock:1e :1/4/83 . ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY 334 WEST 5th AVENUE·ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99501 Phone:(907)277·7641 (907)276-0001 February 15,1984 Susitna File 4.4.1 Attention:Dr.Floyd W.Sharrock Archeologist 1- liLt Susitna Hydroelectric Project Final Report "1983 Fie ld Season, Cultural Resources Investigation" Subject: National Park Service 2525 Gambell Street Anchorage,Alaska 99503 Dear Dr.Sharrock: Enclosed for your files is a copy of Volumes I and II of the subject report.Please be advised that substantial changes were made in Chapters 4 and 5. Sincerely, ~1.~U;~jee:r;u:;~; gj t Ene:as noted cc w/o Ene: N.Hernandez,HE J.Thall,HE -- Document'~o • SOSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT 1983 FIELD SEASON CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION Volume 1 Report by University of Alaska Museum 462 ik: 'L{Z 5 .$g rY72 h&<~'J, ..... - E.James Dixon,Ph.D Principal Investigator William Andrefsky,Jr.,Ph.D. Archeologist Charles J.Utermohle,M.A. Archeologist George S.Smith,M.A. Assistant Principal Investigator Becky M.Saleeby,Ph.D. Archeologist Maureen L.King,B.A. Archeologist """i ! ~ r ! Under Contract to Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture Prepared for Alaska Power Authority -r Final Report January 1984 ARLIS Alaska Resources Library &Information Services A;Anchorage,Alaska ,~, ,.,., - - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The success of the 1983 field season,laboratory analysis and the resulting report is directly attributable to the archeological personnel associated wi th the project:Paul Buck,Martha Case,Joan Dale,Thomas Di 11 ey,Thomas Gill i spi e,Polly Haess ig,Cl audi a Hemphi 11,Anne Jensen, Charles Hoffman,Elizabeth Horvath,William Johnson,Maureen King, Stefani e Ludwig,Howard Maxwell,Jeanne Ni jhowne,Herbert Maschner,Owen Mason,Nena Powell,Bruce Ream,Robert Sattler,Steven Shelley,Dixon Sims and Allison Young.A note of thanks to Jay Romick and Thomas Dilley for the tephra analysis and Dr.David Murray for identifying floral specimens.'We would like to thank the staff at the Watana Base Camp for the excellent job they did.Through their efforts,in particular Jack Matthewman,the Watana Base Camp was a home away from home.A special note of thanks to Granville Couey for the excellent job of scheduling helicopter support.vJe would also like to express our .appreciation to all the Air Logistics personnel who hel ped make our field season productive and safe.A special thanks to Ty Dilliplane, Tim Smith and Dr.Floyd Sharrock for their valuable input throughout the project.Secretarial support was provided by Sharon Olive and Shelley Carlson.The various drafts of the manuscript were typed by Vickie Ivester.The excellent graphics were done by James Jordan and Dixon Sims.Thomas Gillispie drafted the systematic site report for TlJ<!069. To the numerous other scientists,who through their own research provided valuable information to cultural resource studies,we express our appreciation. .... o LO...-r-- LO "'d' ooo LO LOr-- C'1 C'1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . LIST OF FIGURES . 1 -INTRODUCTION 2 -METHODOLOGY . 2.1 -Archeology and History .... (a)Research Design and Strategy (b)Data Collection and Field Procedures (i)Reconnaissance Testing. (;i)Systematic Testing . 2.1-Areas Examined 1983 ..o •••0 •••• 3 -HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES DOCUMENTED 1983 3.1 -Introduction . 3.2 -Reconnaissance Level Sites TLM 153 . TU1 155 . TLM 159 TlJI1 160 TLM 164 TLM 165 TLM 166 TLJ.1 167 . TLM 168 . TLM 169 TLM 170 TU~171 TLM 172 TLM 173 ., TLM 174 . TLM 175 i i ; i; vi ix 1-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-3 2-3 2-5 2-8 3-1 3-1 3-9 3-9 3-12 3-15 3-18 3-21 3-24 3-27 3-30 3-33 3-36 3-39 3-42 3-45 3-48 3-51 3-54 TLM 176 . TLM 177 . TLM 178 .. TLM 179 Tllv'180 . TLM 181 TLJ1 182 . TLM 183 . TLM 184 . TLM 185,Locus A TLM 185,Locus B TLM 186 . TLM 187 TLM 188 . TU4 189 TLM 190 TLM 191 TLM 192 TLM 193 . . TLM 194 . TLM 195 . . TLM 196 • TLM 197 TLM 198 . TU4 199 TLM 200 TLM 201 TLM 202 TLM 203 . TLM 204 TU~205 • TLM 206 .• TLM 207 . iii 3-57 3-60 3-63 3-67 3-70 3-73 3-76 3-79 3-82 3-86 3-88 3-92 3-95 3-98 3-101 3-104 3-107 3-110 3-113 3-116 3-119 3-122 3-125 3-128 3-131 3-134 3-137 3-140 3-143 3-146 3-150 3-153 3-156 - -, !'!""'. - ..... -. ..... TLM 208 .. TLM 209 • TlM 210 TLM 211 • TLM 212 TLM 213 . . TLM 214 • . TlM 215 . TLM 218 . . TL~l 219 • . . . HEA 211 • KEY TO FIGURES 3.65-3.68 3.3 -Systematic Testing TLM 016 . TlJvl 030 • TI.1'I 069 • TLM 097 . . . . . TlM 128 TI.1'1 180 . TLM 184 . TU~215 . . KEY FOR FIGURES 3.96-3.105 4 -IMPACT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES:A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SITES KNOWN TO DATE 1980-1983 4.1 -Introduction 0 ••••••••••••••• 4.2 -Significance ~0 •• 5 -MITIGATION OF IMPACT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF SITES KNOWN TO DATE 1980-1983 5.1 -Mitigation Policy and Approach (a)Avoidance .. (b)Preservation .... (c)Data Recovery . iv 3-160 3-167 3-170 3-173 3-176 3-181 3-184 3-187 3-190 3-193 3-196 . 3-199 3-203 3-203 3-223 3-298 3-320 3-336 3-368 3-392 3-455 3-469 4-1 4-1 4-2 5-1 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-2 5.2 -Mitigation Plan . 6 -BIBLIOGRAPHY . APPENDIX -MAPS OF SITE LOCATIONS AND SURVEY LOCALES (Confi- dential Information,Figures A.1-A.129,Bound Separately in Volume 2.Full size USGS maps for Figures A.I-A.48 are in Volume 3.) v 5-2 6-1 - - - - -I LIST OF TABLES TABLE 3.1 TABLE 3.2 TABLE 3.3 TABLE 3.4 TABLE 3.5 TABLE 3.6 SURVEY LOCALES AND BORROW AREAS EXAMINED IN 1983 - SITES FOUND.. . RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY SITES 1983 . . . . . SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTION FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE, TLM 016 ........ ARTIF ACT SUMr~ARY,TLM 016 ... . FAUNAL MATER IAL,TLM 016 .... TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 3-3 3-6 3-208 3-216 3-217 016 ..... . ...0lil • • •..•..I •..• • •••0lil 3-218 .... - TABLE 3.7 TABLE 3.8 TABLE 3.9 TABLE 3.10 TABLE 3.11 TABLE 3.12 TABLE 3.13 TABLE 3.14 TABLE 3.15 TABLE 3.16 .TABLE 3.17 TABLE 3.18 TABLE 3.19 TABLE 3.20 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLMOI6 . ARTIFACT SUMMARY -SYSTEt4ATIC TES,TING,TLM 030 . ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 030 .. SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE, TLM 030 . FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 030 ,.. . CHARCOAL S#1PLES SUBMITTED FOR RADIOCARBON DATING, TLM 030 ..... . ... ...... ARTIFACT SUMMARY -RECONNAISSANCE TESTING (1983), TLM 030 . . . . .......... ART IFACT SUMMARY -GRI D SHOVEL TESTING BY SHOVEL TEST,TLM 030 ..... SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE, TUM 069 (1983). .... . ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TU1 069 (1983).... FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 069 (1983). ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UN IT,TUM 069 (1983). . ..... TOOLS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 069 (1983). SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE, TJJ.1 097 (1983). . .......... vi 3-219 3-254 3-260 3-280 3-287 3-290 3-294 3-296 3-303 3-311 3-312 3-314 3-317 3-325 TABLE 3.21 TABLE 3.22 TABLE 3.23 TABLE 3.24 TABLE 3.25 TABLE 3.26 TABLE 3.27 TABLE 3.28 TABLE 3.29 TABLE 3.30 TABLE 3.31 TABLE 3.32 TABLE 3.33 TABLE 3.34 TABLE 3.35 TABLE 3.36 TABLE 3.37 TABLE 3.38 TABLE 3.39 TABLE 3.40 TABLE 3.41 ARTIFACT SUM~1ARY t TLH 097 (1983).. FAUNAL MATERIAL t TLM 097 (1983).. TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT, TLM 097 (1983). . . . . . . ..... ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 097 (1983)........... SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR Ca~POSITE PROFILE,. TLM 128 (1983). . . . . . . . . . .... ART IFACT SUMMARY,TlJv1 128 (1983).... ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 128 (1983). . . . . ..... ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 128 (l983). TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT, TLM 128 (1983). . . . . . . . . . . ... SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE, T-~180 . . . . . . .....". ARTIF ACT SUMMARY,TLM 180 . . . . . . ...... ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 180 . ARTIFACT SUMr~ARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATI GRAPH IC UNIT,Tl..M180 . TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT, TlJv1 180 . . . ........... SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE, TLM 184 . ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TLM 184 ......... FAUNAL MATERIAL,TU'-1 184 . . . . . ... .. .. ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 184 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 184.......... TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATI GRAPH IC UN IT, TLM 184 . . . ...... RADIOCARBON DATES FOR TU~184.. vii 3-330 3-331 3-333 3-334 3-340 3-350 3-351 3-354 3-362 3-377 3-381 3-382 3-384 3-389 3-396 3-408 3-410 3-419 3-423 3-444 3-453 - - .... - - - TABLE 3.42 SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE, 4-6 3-458 3-466 3-467 3-468 TLM 215 . . . . . ...Ga.a ..• • • ••• • • ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATI GRAPH IC UN IT,TLM 215 FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 215 . ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TLM 215 . . . . . . . . ... IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES 1980-1983:DIRECT I~IPACT IMPACT OF THE SUS ITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES 1980-1983:INDIRECT IfilPACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .4-8 TABLE 4.2 TABLE 3.43 TABLE 3.44 TABLE 3.45 TABLE 4.1 TABLE 4.3 TABLE 4.4 TABLE 4.5 TABLE 5.1 TABLE 5.2 IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES 1980-1983:POTENTIAL INPACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-9 IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES 1980-1983:.NO INPACT 4-12 IMPACT SUMMARY BY LOCATION.• . . . . . . . .4-13 SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT -CULTURAL RESOURCE EVAL UA TI ON 1980-1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5-5 OBSERVED AND ESTIMATED SIZE OF SITES INVESTIGATED BETWEEN 1980 AND 1983 • . . . . . . . . . . . ...5-23 1~• viii <LIST OF FIGURES ~ Page ~Figure 3.1 Site Map TLJ.1 153 3-11.... Fig ure 3.2 Site Map TLM 155 3-14 ~~Figure 3.3 Site ~1ap T1.}1 159 3-17 Figure 3.4 Site t·1ap TLM 160 .3-20 ~Figure 3.5 Site Map TLM 164 3-23 Figure 3.6 Site Map Tl}1 165 .3-26 Figure 3.7 Site Map TUM 166 3-29 ~; Figure 3.8 Site Map TUM 167 •.3-32 Figure 3.9 Site Map TLM 168 3-35 Figure 3.10 Site Map TLM 169 3-38 Figure 3.11 Site Map TI.}1 170 3-41 !li~Figure 3.12 Site Map TLM 171 .3-44 Figure 3.13 Site Map TLM 172 3-47 Figure 3.14 Site t-1ap TLM 173 3-50 Figure 3.15 Site Map TLJ.1 174 3-53 Fig ure 3.16 Si te ~1ap TLM 175 3-56 Figure 3.17 Site Map TUM 176 ....3-59 Figure 3.18 Si te Map l'LM 177 3-62 Figure 3.19 Si te Map Tl}1 178 .3-66 Figure 3.20 Site Map TLM 179 .3-69 Figure 3.21 Si te Map TU~180 .3-72 Figure 3.22 Site Map TUM 181 3-75 Figure 3.23 Site Map Tl}1 182 .3-78 Fig ure 3.24 Site ~1a p TlJ.1 183 3-81 .-Figure 3.25 Site Map TlJ.1 184 3-85 Figure 3.26 Si te ~-1ap TLM 185,Locus A 3-90 ~Figure 3.27 Si te Map TU4 185,Locus B 3-91 Figure 3.28 SHe r'1a p TLM 186 .3-94 Figure 3.29 Si te ~1ap TLM 187 .3-97 Figure 3.30 Site Map TLM 188 3-100 Figure 3.31 Si te Map TU1 189 3-103 ix ,"'" Page Figure 3.32 Si te Map TlJt1 190 3-106 Figure 3.33 Site Map TLM 191 3-109 Figure 3.34 Si te Map TLM 192 3-112 ~, Figure 3.35 Site Map TLM 193 3-115 Figure 3.36 Site Map TU~194 ·...3-118 Fig ure 3.37 Site r1ap TLM 195 .3-121 Figure 3.38 Site Map TLM 196 3-124 Figure 3.39 Site Map TLM 197 .·3-127 Figure 3.40 Si te Map TlJ.1 198 .3-130 Figure 3.41 Site Map TUM 199 ...·3-133 Figure 3.42 Site Map TlJiI 200 3-136 Figure 3.43 Site Map TLM 201 .3-139 Figure 3.44 Site Map T1J'I 202 3-142 Figure 3.45 Site Map TLM 203 3-145 Figure 3.46 Site Map T1J'I 204,North Half.3-148 Figure 3.47 Site Map TLM 204,South Half 3-149 Figure 3.48 Si te Map TlJ.1 205 .·...3-152 Figure 3.49 Site Map TLM 206 .···3-155 Figure 3.50 Site Map TUM 207 .·.·.3-159 Fig ure 3.51 Site Map TUM 208,Locus A 3-164 -Figure 3.52 Site Map TU~208,Locus A 3-165 Figure 3.53 Site ~1ap TUM 208,Locus C 3-166 Figure 3.54 Si te Map TLM 209 .3-169 Figure 3.55 Site Map TLM 210 .3-172 Figure 3.56 Si te Map T\J;1 211 .3-175 Figure 3.57 Site t~a p A T\J;1 212 ·.·.3-179 Figure 3.58 Site Map B Tl)l 212 3-180 Figure 3.59 Site Map TU~213 3-183 Figure 3.60 Site Map TU<1 214 3-186 Figure 3.61 Site Map TLM 215 .3-189 Figure 3.62 Si te ~1ap TLM 218 3~192 """Fig ure 3.63 Site Map TUM 219 .·3-195 Figure 3.64 Site Map HEA 211 3-198 x ,..... Figure 3.65 Figure 3.66 Figure 3.67 Figure 3.68 Figure 3.69 Fig ure 3.70 Figure 3.71 Figure 3.72 Figure 3.73 Figure 3.74 Figure 3.75 Figure 3.76 Figure 3.77 Figure 3.78 Figure 3.79 Figure 3.80 Figure 3.81 Figure 3.82 Figure 3.83 Figure 3.84 Figure 3.85 Figure 3.86 Figure 3.87 Figure 3.88 Figure 3.89 Figure 3.90 Figure 3.91 Arti facts From Si tes TLM 159,TLM 168,TU"169, TLM 172,TLM 175,TLM 180 . . . Artifacts From Sites TLM 185,TLM 186,TU~201, TLM 205,TLM 207 . . . . . . . . . . . Artifacts From Sites TLM 208,TLM 219 Moose Mandible Fragments TLM 196 . Site Map TLM 016 .. .. Site Map TLM 016 . . . . Composite Profile TLM 016 Site Ma p TLM 030.... Square Pl acement TLJ.1 030 . Reconnaissance Level Testing North ~TLM 030 Reconnaissance Level Testing South ~TLM 030 . Grid Shovel Testing TLM 030 Composite Profile TLM 030 .... Artifact Frequencies by Test Square:Upper Component TLM 030 . Ar,ti fact Frequencies by Test Square:r~iddl e Un i ts Tl}1 030 . . . . . . .... Artifact and Bone Frequencies by Test Square: Lower Component TU~030 . . . . . . . . . Site Map TLM 069 (1983).... Composite Profile TLM 069 (1983). Site Map TLM 097 (1983).... Composite Profile TLM 097 (1981 and 1983) Site Map TLM 128 (1983).. Composite Profile TLM 128 (1983) Site Map TLM 180 ...• Composite Profile TLM 180 Site Ma p TLM 184.. Composite Profile TU~184 Artifact Frequency by Test Square,Upper Component,TLM 184 xi 3-201 3-201 3-202 3-202 3-204 3-205 3-207 3-224 3-225 3-227 3-228 3-229 3-232 3-241 3-242 3-243 3-299 3-302 3-321 3-324 3-337 3-339 3..369 3-371 3-393 3-395 3-450 Figure 3.92 Figure 3.93 Figure 3.94 Figure 3.95 Figure 3.96 Figure 3.97 Figure 3.98 Figure 3.99 Figure 3.100 Figure 3.101 Figure 3.102 Figure 3.103 Figure 3.104 Figure 3.105 Artifact Frequency by Test Square,Middle Component,TLM 184 . . . Artifact Frequency by Test Square,Lower Component,TLI'-1 184.. Site Map TLM 215 ... Composite Profile TUM 215 Artifacts from Sites TLM 016 (a-d),TLM 069 (e), and TLM 097 (f-h).. Artifacts from Site TUM 030 Artifacts from Site TUM 030 Artifacts from Site TUM 030 Artifacts from Site TLM 030 Artifacts from Site TLM 030 Artifacts from Site TLM 030 Artifacts from Site TLM 128 Artifacts from Site TLM 180 Artifacts from Site TLM 184 3-451 3-452 3-456 3-457 3-473 3-474 3-475 3-476 3-477 3-478 3-479 3-480 3-481 3-482 "'" APPENDIX (Volumes 2 and 3) Figure A.1.Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna ~1ts.0-5.......A-I0 Fi gure A.2. Figure A.3. Figure A.4. Figure A.5. Figure A.6. Figure A.7. Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna Mts.0-4... . . . . Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna Mts.0-3....... ... Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna ~'ts.0-2..... Location of Sites,Talkeetn~aMts.C-4. Location of Site.Talkeetna Mts.C-3. Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna Mts.C-2.... .... . xii A-ll A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 Figure A.8. Figure A.9. Figure A.10. Figure A.ll. Figure A.12. Fi gure A.13. Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Tal keetna Mts.C-l.. Location of Site,Talkeetna Mts.B-2. Location of Site,Talkeetna Mts.B-1 Location of Sites,Healy A-3... Location of Sites,Healy A-2... Location of Sites Along Railroad Route,Tal keetna Mts.0-6.. A-17 A-18 A-19 A-20 A-21 A-22 Figure A.14.Location of Sites Along Railroad and Access Routes,Tal keetna i1ts.0-5....A-23 Figure A.15.Location of Sites Along Access Route,Talkeetna,- r~ts.0-4. Figure A.16.Location of Sites Along Access Route,Tal keetna A-24 ""'"I Figure A.17. Figure A.18. Fi gure A.19. Figure A.20. Figure A.2l. Figure A.22. Figure A.23. Figure A.24. Figure A.25. Figure A.26. Figure A.27. Figure A.28. Fi gure A.29. Figure A.30. Figure A.3l. Figure A.32. Mts.0-3.... Location of Sites Along Access Route,Healy A-3. Access Route and Phase I Recreation Areas,Healy B-3. Site Adjacent to Phas"e I Recreation Area, Tal keetna Mts.C-l........ Phase I Recreation Area,Healy B-5. Phase I Recreation Area,Healy B-4. Phase I Recreation Area,Healy A-4. Phase I Recreation Area,Healy A-2. Sites Along Transmission Route,Fairbanks D-4. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Fairbanks 0-3. Site Along Transmission Routes,Fairbanks 0-2. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Fairbanks C-5 .. Site Along Transmission Routes,Fairbanks C-4. Transmission Routes,Fairbanks C-3. Transmission Routes,Fairbanks C-2 ... Site Along Transmission Routes,Fairbanks B-5. Transmission Routes,Fairbanks 8-4.. xiii A-25 A-26 A-27 A-28 A-29 A-30 A-31 A-32 A-33 A-34 A-35 A-36 A-37 A-38 A-39 A-40 A-41 Figure A.33. Figure A.34. Figure A.35. Figure A.36. Figure A.37. Figure A.38. Figure A.39. Figure A.40. Fi gure A.41- Figure A.42. Figure A.43. Figure A.44. Figure A.45. Figure A.46. Fig ure A.47. Fi gure A.48. Figure A.49. Figure A.50. Figure A.5l. Figure A.52. Figure A.53. Fig,~re A.54. Figure A.55. Fi gure A.56. Figure A.57. Figure A.58. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Fairbanks A-5. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Healy 0-5 .. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Healy 0-4 .. Sites Along Transmission Route,Tal keetna r'lts.0-6 Sites Along Transmission Route,Talkeetna Mts.0-5 Sites Along Transmission Route.Tal keetna Mts.0-4 Sites Along Transmission Routes.Tyonek 0-1. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Tyonek C-l. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Tyonek B-1. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Anchorage C-8. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Anchorage C-7. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Anchorage C-6. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Anchorage B-8 .. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Anchorage B-7. Sites Along Transmission Routes,Anchorage B-6. Transmission Routes,Anchorage A-8 .. Site Location Map TUM 153. Site Location Map TLM 155 and TLM 168. Site Location Map TLM 205. Site Location Map TLM 208. Site Location Map HEA 211. Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 8 (1983).. . ....... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 9 (1983)..... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 13 (1983)..... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 14 (1983)....... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Su rvey Locale 15 (19-83).... xiv A-42 A-43 A-44 A-45 A-46 A-47 A-48 A-49 A-50 A-51 A-52 A-53 A-54 A-55 A-56 A-57 A-58 A-59 A-60 A-61 A-62 A-63 A-64 A-65 A-66 A-67 - ..... - - ~, ~i Fig ure A.59 . Fi gure A.60. Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 18 (1983). Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in A-68 A-79 A-SO '"4 i I Survey Locale 22 (1983).,..A-69 Figure A.61.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Su rvey Locale 27 (1983)......A-70 Figure A.62.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Su rvey Loca 1e 35 (1983)...,'"A-71 Figure A.63.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Su rvey Locale 49 (1983).........A-72 Figure A.64.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Su rvey Locale 50 (1983)........A-73 Figure A.65.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 57 (1983).....A-74 Figure A.56.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey locale 80/32 (1983).. . . .A-75 Figure A.57.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 80/32 (1983).......A-75 Figure A.58.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 114....A-77 Figure A.59.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 115.... "A-78 Figure A.70.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 117..... Figure A.71.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Su rvey Locale 120... . . . Figure A.72.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 122...A-81 Figure A.73.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 123..... .A-82 Figure A.74.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 124. xv A-83 Survey Locale 124..... Figure A.76.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local es 128 and 129..., Figure A.77.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locales 128 and 129.. . Figure A.78.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locales 128 and 129... Figure A.79.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Figure A.75. Fi gure A.80. Figure A.8!. Figure A.82. Fig ure A.83 . Figure A.84. Figure A.85. Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 129....... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 132.. . Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 132.. ... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 133........ Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 134... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 134.... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in A-84 A-85 A-86 A-87 A-88 A-89 A-90 A-91 A-92 A-93 - - -~ Figure A.86. Figure A.87. Figure A.88. Survey Locale 135.. Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Survey Locale 135.... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Survey Locale 136..... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Testing in Testing in A-94 A-95 A-96 Survey Local e 136.. . Figure A.89.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 137....... Figure A.90.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 138.. .... xvi A-97 A-98 A-99 - ""., Fig ure A.91. Fi gure A.92. Figure A.93. Figure A.94. Figure A.95. Fi gure A.96. Surface R~connaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 138.... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 139.. . Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 140.......,. Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 140........ Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 141........ Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in A-100 A-10l A-102 A-103 A-104 Figure A.97. Figure A.98. Survey Locale 141.... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Survey Locale 142...... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Testing in A-lOS A-106 ,."..,, Figure A.99. Survey Local e 142... . Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in A-107 Survey Local e 143........ Figure A.lOO.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 143..... Figure A.lOl.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e l44A...... Figure A.102.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in A-108 A-109 A-110 Figure A.103. Fi gure A.104. Survey Locale l44A.. ...,. Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Su rvey Locale 1448.. ... Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Survey Locale 145. Testi ng in Testing in A-11l A-112 A-113 Figure A.lOS.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 145..... . Figure A.106.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 146....... xvi i A-114 A-11S Figure A.107.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 146...... Figure A.10S.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 146..... Figure A.109.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 147........... Figure A.110.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 147......... Figure A.111.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 148..... Figure A.112.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 149.... Figure A.113.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 150... Figure A.114.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 150.. ...... Figure A.115.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 151....... Figure A.116.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 152... Figure A.117.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 152...... Figure A.lIS.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 153...... . Figure A.119.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 153.. . . . . . Figure A.120.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 154.... Figure A.121.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Locale 155.... . Figure A.122.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing in Survey Local e 156.. . xvi i i .E![e A-116 A-117 A-lIS A-119 A-120 A-121 A-122 A-123 A-124 A-125 A-126 A-127 A-128 A-129 A-l30 A-131 - - - !""I I xix ~ , 1 -INTRODUCTION This document presents the results of the reconnaissance level survey and systematic testing conducted during the 1983 field season and is bound in three volumes.Volume 1 contains the results of the 1983 field season.Volume 2 (Appendix)contains site location and survey locale maps,Figures A.I-A.129.Volume 3 contains full size USGS maps of Figures A.I-A.48.Results of the previous field seasons (1980,1981, 1982)are presented in Final Report Subtask 7.06 Cultural Resources Investigation for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project (Dixon et ale 1982a),and Final Report 1982 Field Season Subtask 7.06 Cultural Resources Investigation for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project (Dixon et ale 1982b). For the 1983 field season the research design and strategy developed for the overall cultural resource program was applied,a summary of which is presented in Chapter 2.Surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing were conducted in 38 survey locales and in proposed borrow areas F and the addition to C.Borrow K was observed to be steep and wet and considered of low archeological potential,therefore no on-the-ground survey was conducted.In addition 13 survey locales received additional testing based on an evaluation of survey locale forms completed between 1980 and 1982.Sensitivity maps depicting the archeological potential of the transmission routes,access route and railroad were also prepared.The sensitivity (archeological potential)maps and report were submitted to Harza-Ebasco in September 1983 and are therefore not included in this document.Criteria for evaluating archeological potential are discussed in the research design developed for this program (Dixon et ale 1981,1982a,1982b).A total of 78 sites were documented in these areas considered during the 1983 field season, bringing the total number of sites documented to date to 245.Of the sites documented during the 1983 field season 56 were located during field investigations and 22 were documented in the files of the Alaska Office of History and Archaeology.Three sites located at the end of the 1982 field season were also recorded. 1-1 In addition to reconnaissance level survey five sites were system- atically tested.Two sites tested in 1981 and one site tested in 1982 received further testing in 1983 to assist in determination of site specific and overall program significance.Sites recorded during recon- naissance level testing during the 1983 field season,the three sites found in 1982 (but recorded in 1983),the five systematically tested sites and the three sites that received additional testing are discussed in Chapter 3.The 22 sites documented in the files of the Office of History and Archaeology are considered in Chapters 4 and 5 under impact and mitigation.A total of 26 sites have received systematic testing to date. Preliminary impact analysis for all sites known to date is presented in Chapter 4.Based on information provided in the FERC license applica- tion including supplemental information and various project maps,the following impact areas have been addressed:Watana Reservoir,Watana Construction Area,Devil Canyo~Reservoir,Devil Canyon Construction Area,Borrow Area,Access Route,Railroad,Recreation Area,Transmission Route (Healy to Fairbanks,Willow to Anchorage,Watana Dam to Intertie), Geotechnical Area,and Other Portions.of the Study Area.Tables 4.1-4.5 address Di rect Impact,Indi rect Impact,Potential Impact and No Impact for the 245 sites presently known.Preliminary evaluation of this impact indicates that 109 sites will receive direct impact,28 will be indirectly impacted and 133 could be potentially impacted.Based on present data it appears that 10 sites will not be impacted by the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.For the 45 sites presently in proposed borrow areas reevaluation will be necessary if the borrow area is not actually selected as a borrow source. A preliminary mitigation plan is presented in Chapter 5.Options .con-. sidered include:avoidance,preservation,and data recovery.A detailed mitigation plan will be developed following completion of the su rvey prog ram. 1-2 -, I .- -- Because not all surveyable portions of the study area have been examined,continued archeological investigation is necessary in order to complete the cultural resource inventory.Given the hydroelectric project as described in the FERC license application approximately 90% of the surveyable portion of the study area,in the Susitna River Basin, has been examined to date.The transmission lines,access road and railroad still remain to be surveyed at the reconnaissance level.In addition,continued systematic testing is required to evaluate site significance and eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places. Chapter 6 is a current bibliography for the cultural resource studies. The Appendix includes maps of site locations and survey locales.Due to the sensitive nature of this information,distribution of the Appendix is 1i mited. In the proposed plan for full basin development,two major reservoirs will be formed.The larger reservoir extends 48 miles upstream of the Watana site and has an average width of about 1 mile and a maximum width of 5 miles.The Watana reservoir has a surface area of 38,000 acres and a maximum depth of about 680 feet at nonla1 operating level. The Devil Canyon reservoir is about 26 miles long and one-half mile wide at,·its widest point.A surface area of 7800 acres and a maximum depth of about 550 feet represent conditions at normal operating level. Staged development is planned.An initial installation of 680-MW of capacity at Watana will be available to the system in 1993 and 340 MW will be added in 1994.If the mid-range forecast in growth in energy derr~nd is realized,Devil Canyon will be completed by 2002 with an installed capacity of 600 MW. The Watana dam will be an earthfi11 structure with a maximum height of 885 feet,a crest length of 4,100 feet,and a total volume of about 62,000,000 cubic yards.During construction,the river will be diverted through two concrete-lined diversion tunnels,each 38 feet in diameter, 1-3 in the north bank of the river.Upstream and downstream cofferdams will protect the dam construction area.The power intake includes an approach channel in rock on the north bank.A multi-level,reinforced concrete,gated intake structure capable of operating over a full 140-foot drawdown range will be constructed. The Devil Danyon dam will be a double-curved arch structure with a maximum height of about 645 feet and a crest elevation of 1463 feet. The crest will be a uniform 20-foot width and the maximum pase width will be 90 feet.A rock-fill saddle dam on the south bank of the river will be constructed to a maximum hei9ht of about 245 feet above founda- tion level.The power intake on the north bank will include an approach channel in rock leading to a reinforced concrete gate structure which will accommodate a maximum drawdown of 55 feet.Flow construction will be diverted through a single 3D-foot diameter concrete-lined pressure tunnel.in the south bank.Cofferdams and the diversion tunnel provide protection during construction against floods. About 2~years of average streamflow is required to fill the Watana reservoir.Filling will commence after dam construction proceeds to a point where impoundment concurrent with continued construction can be accommodated.Post-project flows will be lower in summer and higher in winter than current conditions.As one proceeds downstream of the project,differences between pre-and post-project flow conditions become less pronounced,as the entire upper basin contributes less than 20%of the total discharge into Cook Inlet. The selected access plan consists of a road from a railhead at Gold Creek to Devil Canyon on the south side of the river.At Devil Canyon the road crosses.the Susitna and proceeds east to the Watana site on the north side of the river.The plan also includes access by road connect- ing Gold Creek to the Parks Highway.Road access from the Parks Highway will be deferred until after award of a federal license for the project, and the pioneer road will be rendered impassable if the project does not proceed. 1-4 - - - - .- .- .... The selected transmission line route associated with the Susitna project roughly parallels,but is not adjacent to,the access route between Gold Creek and the Watana dam site.At Gold Creek,it connects into the Railbelt Intertie.Between Willow and Anchorage,the route extends in a southerly direction to a point west of Anchorage,where undersea cables will cross Knik Arm.Between Willow and Healy,the route would utilize the transmission corridor previously selected by the Power Authority for the Railbelt Intertie. To avoid confusion, the meaning of certain terms as used in this report are discussed below: Site:Any location with detectable physical evidence of pre- historic and early historic human activity in the Susitna Valley within the confines of a defined topographic setting.Physical evidence deposited as a result of human activity includes but is not limited to tools,lithic debitage,animal bones,and features (including hearths, house pits,cairns,etc.). Locus: Scatter: One of two or more concentrations of cultural material within a site which is spacially discrete from other con- centrations of cultural material. A concentration or cluster of cultural material at a site or within a locus. Shovel Test:A subsurface testing method using a shovel.For this project shovel tests are excavated in each survey locale in 5 cm arbitrary levels and are excavated to at least 50 cm when possible. Feature:Cultural manifestations which are neither artifacts nor structures;nonportable artifacts,e.g.,hearths,storage pits,etc.(Hester and Grady 1982:36). 1-5 Test Pit: cmbs: asl: Survey Local e: Fl ake : Retouch: Component: Level: Horizon: A systematic excavation conducted with a trowel.Test pits varied in size depending on the terrain.In some cases shovel tests are turned into test pits when cultural material is encountered. Centimeters below the surface. Above sea 1evel • A preselected area within which surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing are conducted. A fragment of rock culturally removed from a parent rock by percussion or pressure flaking.The remains of lithic tool manufacturing or repair,usually characterized by a bulb of percussion,a striking platform,and radiating ripples or force lines from the point of impact or pressure on the ventral surface. The occurrence of small flake scars along the edge of a lithic artifact. The manifestation of a given archeological phase at a site (Willey and Phillips 1970).Sites may be single component (representing only one cultural period)or multicomponent (representing two or more distinct cultural periods). The vertical subdivision of an excavation unit,generally a naturally deposited stratigraphic unit. In soil science,a natural developmental zone in a soil profil e. 1-6 1IFt'l. ,.".., ..,., ..... - ~ I ! UA80-XX: TLM XXX: Each site is represented by a University of Alaska accession number.All artifacts from a given site are numbered with this site number.Individual specimens receive consecutive numbering,i.e.,UA80-68-1,UA80-68-2, etc.The first two digits refer to year of accession,in these examples,1980. State Heritage Resource Survey site numbers are also assigned to sites discussed in this report.The first three letters reflect the USGS quadrangle in which the site is located;in this case TUM represents Talkeetna Mts.The following three digit number represents the specific site. 1-7 - """!,, 2 -METHODOLOGY 2.1 -Archeology and History (a)Research Design and Strategy For 1983 field studies the research design and strategy developed for the overall cultural resource program were applied,a summary of which is provided here.The research design integrates the current archeo- logical,historical,ethnological,and geological data into a cultural chronological framework.A research strategy is then developed that is structured to predict site occurrence in relation to physical and topo- graphic features within the limits of contemporary archeological method and theory ..For a more detailed discussjon of the research design and strategy see Dixon et al.(1981,1982a,1982b). Based on the delineated cultural chronology,documented site locales for each culture period,and geoarcheologic evaluations,survey locales were identified as exhibiting potential for site occurrence.These locales are then subject to on-the-ground reconnaissance level survey aimed at locating cultural resources representing various periods of Alaskan prehistory and history and determining their size.In addition to preselected survey locales,areas subject to ground disturbing activi- ties associated with the project are also examined,such as bore holes, seismic lines,test trenches,etc. Based on an analysis of site locational data from regions adjacent to and within the study area,the features characteristically associated with site occurrence are overlooks (areas of higher topographic relief than much of the surrounding terrain),lake margins,stream and river margins,and natural constrictions (areas where the topographic setting and surrounding terrain form constrictions which tend to funnel game animals using the area)(Dixon et ala 1982a). In addition to identifying areas having archeological potential (survey locales),areas that have no or very low potential for containing cultural resources and/or are not surveyable given present testing 2-1 methods were also identified.These areas include steep canyon walls, areas of standing water,and exposed gravel bars."These areas were eliminated from survey unless they were subject to specific activities associated with the hydroelectric project such as:auger holes,bore holes,seismic lines,test trenches,helicopter landing pads,or other ground disturbing activities.In these cases the area was examined using standard reconnaissance level survey techniques,when possible,as a means of documenting their low archeological potential.Survey locales will be defined until all surveyable portions of the study area have been examined. It can easily be noted in the review of site locational data that many sites have been subject to reoccupation and share more than one of the defined physical,topographic,or ecological features characteristic of archeological site locales.It would appear that there may be a com- pounding effect in human utilization of a locale,if more than one of these major variables occur,thus possibly increasing the probability of its use and subsequent reuse.It is also recognized that this analysis is limited because it does not address known chronological and settle- ment pattern gaps in the archeological record. A problem in the delineation of the topographic,physical and ecological features listed above is that a variety of specific settings are sub- sumed under these general categories.One objective of the research design is to attempt to obtain more precise data relevant to prehistoric settlement patterns and the juxtaposition of individual sites in rela- ti on to the natural envi ronment.Survey local e forms were completed for each locale examined to assist in refining site location information. This form is presented in Appendix C of the 1982 report (Dixon et al . 1982a).Data collected during the 1980,.1981 and 1982 field season were incorporated into survey locale selection in 1983. Detailed site specific information,such as geomorphic features on which sites were located,topographic position and elevation,slope,exposure, view,stratigraphy,as well as details about the surrounding terrain and environment,and site size,was gathered during field studies.This 2-2 - .... .""" specific kind of information may enable an analysis of settlement patterns.in relation to ecological variables and human response to changes in these variables through time.A site survey form was used on this project which outlines the specific kinds of information mentioned above (Dixon et al.1982a:Appendix C).Similar information was also collected at locales where testing did not yield cultural evidence to facilitate analysis of areas where sites do not occur. The research design and strategy developed was based on a plan designed to provide feedback data throughout the project that could be used to modify,refine and further develop the cultural resource investigation. A two-fold increase (25%~980-1981 to 53%)in the number of survey locales producing sites during the 1982 and 1983 field seasons is directly attributable to the refinement of site locational data made possible by the analysis of data collected during the 1980,1981 and 1982 field seasons. (b)Data Collection and Field Procedures (i)Reconnaissance Testing To insure consistent data collection in the field and provide a system- atic format for data retrieval,a Site Survey Form was used for this project (Dixon et al.1982a:Appendix C).The form served as a basis for recording specific information on each site located during the reconnaissance level survey,providing baseline data such as estimated site size,soil profile and location of artifacts for systematic testing conducted during the 1983 field season by the 27-person field crew . The form is organized into major categories including:site location, environment,site description and condition,photographic records and additional information such as a site map and location of test pits. Subcategories within each of these headings provide specific data (Dixon et al.1981,1982a,1982b). 2-3 Daily field notes were kept by each crew member.Field notebooks for reconnaissance survey recorded much of the same information found on the Site Survey Forms,such as site location,topography,vegetation,soils, extent of site,and photographs taken.Field notebooks for systematic testing also recorded a detailed description of soils,stratification of soils,drawings of significant features or artifacts in situ,horizontal and vertical placement of artifacts and features excavated at the site, '1 site maps,methods of excavation and collection of non-archeological samples (soil,pollen,radiocarbon).Crew leaders kept a continuous log of all areas surveyed,noting both the location of all test pits and natural exposures,and the presence or absence of cultural material. Once an archeological site was located,additional shovel tests were excavated,when possible,to the north,south,east,and west of the test pit which first documented the site.This testing was designed to assist in determining the extent of the site as well as to locate additional cultural material.In an effort to keep site disturbance to a minimum,preliminary testing at each site was limited,and the number of tests made at each site varied with the nature of the specific site. All test pits were numbered,mapped,and backfilled. The location of all excavated and surface collected artifacts was recorded.Specimens recovered during reconnaissance level survey were bagged by arbitrary 5 cm levels,unless natural stratification was encountered.Radiometric samples collected were double wrapped in aluminum foil and placed in ziplock bags.All individual bags from each test were placed in a larger bag with site number,name,date,and' location on the outside.All test pit bags were placed in a site bag with the site number and date on the outside.All site bags were organized by survey locale. Site specific and regional maps were made for each site.Site maps included horizontal and vertical datum points,site grid,location of test pits,surface artifacts,features (such as hearths,cabin remains, house pits),distance and direction to other sites or major land features,a scale,date,name of person drawing map,name of person 2-4 -. """' -. ... - ~, -,~ recording data,and reference to pages in field notebooks in which additional information was recorded.Regional maps show the site in relation to a larger portion of the study area including nearby rivers, lakes,topographic features,vegetation communities,and other sites in the immediate area. Photographs were taken of each site.The first picture at each site was an identification frame indicating site number,date,and crew.Other photographs recorded the environment around the site,features at the site,soil profiles exposed in test pits,and artifacts or features in situ before removal by excavation.Photographs are on file at the University of Alaska Museum. Detailed soil profiles were drawn of soil deposits exposed during test- ing.These included a description of color,grain size and consistency. Measurements documenting depth and thickness for each unit were also recorded.Soil profiles are on file at the University of Alaska Museum. A catalog of all specimens collected in the field during surveyor excavation was prepared.Pertinent data was recorded for each specimen. The reconnaissance level survey was directed toward on-the-ground eval- uation of preselected survey locales that have been identified for the study area.Along with this evaluation an attempt was made in the field to identify areas that potentially may be eliminated from further survey and to locate additional locales warranting survey. (ii)Systematic Testing Prior to systematic testing,horizontal and vertical site datums were established and a topographic map prepared (Dixon et al.1981,1982a, 1982b).To facilitate recording data,the systematic testing datum was located,when possible;so that the entire site area would fall north and east of the datum point.A 12-inch spike was placed at the datum location with an aluminum tag containing site information. 2-5 A Sokkisha 8T 20 transit,metric tape and metric stadia rod were used to establish a base line oriented to conform to local site topography in an effort to facilitate excavation.The northern end of this baseline was establ i shed as "Grid North ll and all subsequent hori lontal measurements referenced to it. Placement of test squares was determined by the crew leader in charge in consultation with the project supervisor and principal investigator. Selection was based on the results of preliminary reconnaissance testing.site topography.surface cultural and noncultural features.and additional shovel testing.Coordinates of test squares located off the initial grid system were determined by triangulation from the nearest two grid stakes.Individual test square elevations were established from the closest grid stake elevation by use of a string and line level. After completion of systematic testing.all reconnaissance level test pits.systematic test squares,and shovel test locations were recorded on the site map. After the site was mapped and gridded.systematic testing began.Fre- quently systematic testing was initiated adjacent to the test which produced cultural material during reconnaissance level testing.Subse- quent 1 111 by 1 m squares were laid out to assist in determining the spatial extent of the site and to collect information for evaluating and dating the site.Systematic testing was designed to efficiently collect enough data with which to address site significance.Weighted against this consideration was the question of how much testing is necessary to adequately fulfill this goal.An attempt was made to excavate the minimum number of tests needed to address site significance.The average number of tests placed on a site was four.However,in a few cases additional tests were necessary because of the low frequency or the lack of cultural material in the initial tests. Excavation of 1 m by 1 m squares was conducted by natural stratigraphic levels when possible.However,in a few cases soil stratigraphy was not conducive to this method and excavation by arbitrary levels was employed.Careful attention was paid to the identification of tephras 2-6 - - I""'" I i "'",," .... - '""" in relation to cultural remains because their relationship provided relative dating and intersite correlation.Test squares were excavated with trowels and all dirt was screened through ~-inch screen unless the soil was too wet,in which case it was examined by hand.Artifacts were measured from the south and west walls of each test,and vertical measurements were made with string and line level tied to the square datum.When possible,tephra samples and organic material for C14 dating were collected.C14 samples were wrapped in two layers of aluminum foil,placed in plastic bags,and oven dried at the University Museum1s archeology lab as soon as possible. Soil/sediment profiles for test squares that produced cultural material were drawn.Soil colors were determined using a Munsell color chart on dry samples.Composite soil/sediment profiles were also drawn summariz- ing soil/sediment stratigraphy at the site.Composite soil/sediment profiles are included with each individual systematic test report.All artifacts collected were cataloged and accessioned into the University of Alaska Museum.All test squares were backfilled upon completion of testing,and each site was restored as much as possible to the condi~ion in which it was originally found. The thickness of soil/sediment units sometimes varies greatly even between adjacent squares,as does the occasional presence or absence of specific soil units.The composite soil/sediment profile is a general- ized profile.Elevation above or below datum and provenience of arti- facts from individual test squares cannot be directly correlated with the composite site profiles.However,in a broad sense,associated soil/sediment units and contact between units are accurate for each site. Three distinct tephra have been identified in the study area.These units were given regional names for purposes of field identification and nomenclature.The names given the tephra in order of increasing age are as follows:Devil (1800-2300 B.P.,A.D.150-350 B.C.),Watana (2300- 3200 B.P.,350 B.C.-1250 B.C.)and Oshetna (greater than 4700 B.P., 2750 B.C.and possibly as old as 5000-7000 B.P.,3050 B.C.-5050 B.C.). 2-7 These ash fall s have not yet been correlated to tephra from other regions known to date to the last 7000 years.Munsell color designa- tions were used to describe tephra color.Whenever possible color matching was done using dry samples.For a more detailed discussion of tephra see Chapter 5 (Dixon et al.1982a)and Chapter 4 (Dixon et al . 1982b). 2.2 -Areas Exami ned 1983 During the 1983 field season surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing was conducted in 38 survey locales (114,115,117,122,123, 124,128,129,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142, 143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156, 157,158,159.150)while 13 survey locales received reexamination based on an analysis of survey locale forms completed during previous field seasons (8,9,13, 14,15,18,22,27,35,49,50,57,80/32 (see Appendi x for survey 1oca 1e maps).In addi ti on proposed borrow areas F, K and the extension of C were also examined.Sensitivity maps of the proposed transmission lines,access road and railroad,depicting the archeol ogi ca 1 potenti al ,were al so prepared.The sensi tivity report was submitted in September of 1983 and is therefore not included in this document. 2-8 - - - ...... .- 3 -HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES DOC~lENTED IN 1983 3.1 -Introduction Surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing in 38 survey locales, reexamination of 13 (8%)of the 164 survey locales examined to date, testing in proposed borrow area F and the addition to borrow area C (Table 3.1),and a review of the files in the Office of History and Archaeology resulted in the documentation of 78 sites.Fifty-six sites were located in the field,and 22 sites were noted in the Office of History and Archaeology files.Three sites found at the end of the 1982 field season were also recorded,bringing the total number of sites documented to date for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project to 245.In addition to reconnaissance level testing,five sites were systematically tested.Two sites tested in 1981 and one site tested in 1982 received further testing in 1983 to assist in site specific and overall program significance. Sites recorded during reconnaissance level testing during the 1983 field season and the three found in 1982 (but recorded in 1983 due to the fact they were found on the last day of the field season)are discussed in this chapter.The 22 sites documented in the files of the Office of History and Archeology (TLM 005,TLM 006,HEA 012,HEA 038,HEA 128,HEA 139,HEA 141,HEA 142,FAI 141,FAI 142,FAI 143,FAI 144,·FAI 145,ANC 052,ANC 077,ANC 079,ANC 082,ANC 096,ANC 099,ANC 118,ANC 245 and TYO 014)are considered in chapters 4 and 5 under impact and mitigation. Of the 56 sites located and documented during the 1983 fiel d season 53 are prehistoric and three are historic. Fifty-three percent of the 1983 survey locales (38)examined (Table 3.1) and 23%of the survey locales reexamined (13)produced sites.Borrow area K was observed to be overly steep and wet and considered an area of low archeol ogica 1 potenti al,therefore,no surface reconna i ssance or subsurface testing was undertaken. 3-1 Reconnaissance level site reports contained in this chapter are arranged in numerical order by their Alaska Heritage Resources Survey number (i.e.,TLM 153,TLM 155).Sites recorded during the 1983 field season are presented in section 3.2.Sites receiving systematic testing or additional testing in 1983 are presented in section 3.3 and are also arranged numerically by AHRS number. 3-2 - - - - TABLE 3.1 SURVEY LOCALES AND BORROW AREAS EXAMINED IN 1983 -SITES FOUND Survey Figure Number Locale Reference of Sites AHRS Number(s) in Appendi x ~~ 114 A.3 0 115 A.3 0 117 A.3 0 120 A.3 0 122 A.7 1 TlJt1 183 123 A.8 1 TLM 196 124 A.8 5 TLM 185,TLM 189,TLM 190,TU1 206,TLM 207 128 A.7 2 TLM 182,TLM 187 129 A.7 &A.4 2 TLM 179,TLM 186 132 A.3 0 133 A.3 1 Tll-l 177 134 A.3 1 TUvl 171 135 A.3 0 136 A.3 1 TL~1 159 137 A.3 0 138 A.3 2 TLM 184,TLM 215 139 A.3 0 140 A.3 0 141 A.3 1 TLM 198 142 A.3 1 TU~195 143 A.3 2 Tll-I 218,TLM 219 144A A.3 2 TLt>-l 174 -1448 A.3 1 TU~169 145 A.3 0 ~ 3-3 TABLE 3.1 (Continued) Survey Locale Figure Reference in Appendix Number of Sites AHRS Number(s) 146 A.3 a 147 A.3 a 148 A.3 a 149 A.3 0 150 A.2 &A.3 5 TLM 170,TLM 181,TLM 191,TLM 193,TLM 197 151 A.2 2 TLM 160,TLM 164 152 A.2 1 TLM 172 153 A.2 4 T~1 165,TLM 166, TLM 167,TLM 180 154 A.1 0 155 A.2 1 TLM 178 156 A.2 0 157 A.7 1 TLM 204 158 A.S 0 159 A.S 2 TLM 173 160 A.S 0 - Survey Local es Reexamined in 1983 (based on the evaluation of survey locale forms for locales examined between 1980 and 1982) 8 A.2 0 9 A.2 0 13 A.2 0 14 A.2 0 -15 A.2 a 18 A.3 0 22 A.3 2 TL~l 199,TLtvI 200 27 A.3 1 TLM 175 3-4 .- TABLE 3.1 (Continued) ,~ Survey Figure Number Locale Reference of Sites AHRS Number(s) in Appendix ,or;;;;q 35 A.7 0 49 A.8 0 50 A.8 0 57 A.l 0 80/32 (combined for 1983 investigations) ~~A.4 1 TLM 194 Borrow Areas r-C A.2 3 TLM 201,TLM 211, TLM 213 F A.2 8 TLM 176,TLM 188,TLI~ ,.". 202,TLM 203,TLM 209, TLM 210,TLM 212,TLM 214 K A.l 0 - ""'"'3-5 TABLE 3.2 RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY SITES 1983* '"'" - AHRS #Figure Reference in Appendix -TLM 153 (P)A.3 TLM 155 (P)A.3 TU·j 159 (P)A.3 TLM 160 (P)A.2 TLM 164 (P)A.2 ""'" TLM 165 (P)A.2 TUwt 166 (P)A.2 TLM 167 (P)A.2 TLM 168 (P)A.3 TlJ1169 (P)A.3 TLM 170 (P)A.3 -, TLM 171 (P)A.3 TLM 172 (P)A.2 TLM 173 (P)A.8 TLM 174 (P)A.3 TLfv1 175 (P)A.3 ~ TLM 176 (P)A.2 TLM 177 (P)A.3 - TLM 178 (H)A.2 TLM 179 (P)A.7 - T1)1 180 (P)A.2 T\JI1 181 (P)A.3 1WIIii!'h. TLM 182 (P)A.7 Tlf'tl 183 (P)A.7 -TUvl 184 (P)A.3 TLM 185 (P)A.8 TLM 186 (P)A.7 TLM 187 (P)A.7 TlJ'it 188 (P)A.2 ~ 3-6 TABLE 3.2 (Continued) AHRS #Figure Reference in Appendix -TU-1 189 (P)A.8 TLM 190 (P)A.8 TLN 191 (P)A.3 TLM 192 (P)A.2 TLM 193 {P}A.3 TLM 194 (P)A.4 TLN 195 (P)A.3 TLM 196 (P)A.8 TLJw1 197 {P}A.2 1""\TLM 198 {P}A.3 TLJ;I 199 (P)A.3 TLM 200 {P}A.3 TLJv1 201 {P}A.2 TLM 202 (P)A.2 TU-1 203 (P)A.2 TLM 204 {H}A.7 TLJvl 205 {P}A.4 TLN 206 {P}A.8 F~TLN 207 {P}A.8 TLJvl 208 {P}A.6-TLJv1 209 (P)A.2 TLM 210 {P}A.2 .-TLM 211 {P}A.2 TLJvI 212 (H)A.2 .-.TLM 213 {P}A.2 TLM 214 {P}A.2 3-7 TABLE 3.2 (Continued) AHRS #Figure Reference in Appendix TLM 215 (P)A.3 """ TLM 218 (P)A.3 TLM 219 (P)A.3 HEA 211 (P)A.11 TOTAL 59 (P)=Prehistoric Site (H)=Historic Site *For the locations of sites by area see Table 5.1 3-8 3.2 -Reconnaissance Level Sites AHRS Number T~1 153,Accession Number UA83-85 Area:Ca.9.4 km North of Deadman Creek Mouth,Proposed Access Route Area Map:Figure A.3;Site Location Map:Figure A.49 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:'UTM Zone 6 Easting 426650 Northing 6976810 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward r~eridian Sec.26,S~S~S~ Site Map:Figure 3.1 Setting:The site is situated on a small bluff along the west bank of Deadman Cr,eek approximately 9.4 km from the confluence of Deadman Creek and Susitna River.The bluff is one of several glacial kames in an area dotted with kettle-kame topography.It is located on the top of the kame at an elevation of ca.792 m as1 (1600 feet).The glacial kame is approximately 90 m x 35 m in size at the top and is oriented east- northeast to west-southwest.The site is located on the eastern side of the kame overlooking Deadman Creek.To the north and west there is a gradually rising lacustrine plain.Looking southward from the site a panoramic view of Deadman Creek and its valley is afforded.The soil in the site area is 'Nell drained and supports flora canposed of lichen, dwarf birch,dwarf alder,dogwood and some grasses.No spruce are growing on the kame top.The highland areas surrounding the site contain similar kinds of flora with some scattered spruce.The lowland areas are wet and contain more concentrated stands of spruce and dwarf shrubs. 3-9 Reconnaissance Testing:The site was initially identified by a surface flake exposed on a blowout area.A 40 em x 40 cm test pit (test pit 1) was excavated adjacent the blowout area and produced an additional flake.Five shovel tests were excavated on the top of the kame and one of those five produced addi tional artifactual material.Thi s shovel test was expanded into a 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 2)and produced fl a kes.All artifacts from test pi t 2 were recovered from either the Watana/Oshetna contact or the Oshetna tephra.One additional surface flake of basalt was located on the kame surface but not coll ected . Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Basal t fl ake Subsu rface: 21 Quartzite flakes 4 Basal t fl akes 1 Argillite flake 3-10 creek 0 15 30 Test Pit 0 I I I Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X contour Interval:1.5 m Spruce Tree * Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. Surface Artifact -:-SE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec,26 Deflated Area ,--....,__I Figure 3.1.Site Map TLM 153. 3-11 AHRS Number TLM 155,Accession Number UA83-86 Area:Ca.1.1 km Northwest of the Confluence of Deadman Creek and Tributary from the North,5.5 km West of Big Lake,Survey Locale:Proposed Northern Access Route Area Map:Figure A.3;Site Location Map:Figure A.50 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 432900 Northing 6985500 Latitude 62°59'44"N.,Longitude 148°19'22"W. T.22 S.,R.4 W.,Fairbanks Meridian Sec.21,SW~SW~NE~ Site Ma p:Fig ure 3.2 Setting:TLM 155 is located approximately 1.1 km northwest of the confluence of Deadman Creek with its first major northern tributary below Deadman Lake.The site is on a relatively flat terrace at an elevation of ca.995 m asl (3200 feet)with a ridge to the west attain- ing ca.1067 m asl (3500 feet).The terrace is oriented north-south on the east slope of the valley of a northern tributary of Deadman Creek. The site is located on the southern edge of the terrace and is ca.750 m west of the southward flowing Deadman Creek tributary.A small stream bisects the ca.600 m long by 200 m wide terrace ca.200 m north of TLM 155.Another site,TLM 168,is located approximately 100 m north of TLM 155 on the same terrace.The valley floor is ca.35 m below the terrace east of the sites.To the east below the site are a series of terraces bordering the tributary of Deadman Creek on which sites TLM 098,TLM 099,TUM 117,and HEA 180 are found.To the north,the tributary meanders through a valley flanked by irregularly spaced terraces. Vegetation on TLM 155 is limited to dry alpine tundra consisting of mosses,lichens,berries,and dwarf birch among exposed areas of shattered rock and drift.The surrounding terrain is similarly vegetated wi th high brush occurring adjacent to the confl uence Of Deadman Creek and its northern tributary south of TLM 155. 3-12 - - -Reconnaissance Testing:Surface reconnaissance resulted in the recovery of three argillite flakes from the exposed rocky ~urface of the site. No subsurface cul tural material was found in test pit 1 adjacent to the fi rst di scovered fl ake or in si x shovel tests pl aced to the east,south, and west.The su rface fl ake scatter extended for 16 m north-south.The subsurface tests showed little soil development with no tephras di scernable. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 3 Argillite flakes 3-13 - - ...., - o -- o + + o o oo ,. / / I I / / / / / I I 1 I I I l \ I J I I \ J, \ '\ "- "- '\ '\ ", "'\, ........ '\ '\ ".... ""....... Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.22 5.,R.4 W.,F.H. SW 1/4 SW 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.21 contour Interval:1 m Test Pit Shovel Test Site Datum Surface Artifact Deflated Area o o -:- ,-..., I......._, o 1 5 I METERS 10 I Figure 3.2.Si te Map TLM 155, 3-14 AHRS NUr.1ber TLM 159,Accession Number UA83-88 Area:Ca.5 km Northwest of the Confluence of Watana Creek and Delusion Creek,Survey Locale 136 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.87 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 434450 Northing 6972600 To 32 N.,R.6 E.,Seward t1eridian Sec.11,S~SW~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.3 Setting:The site is located on a discrete knoll approximately 670 m asl (2200 feet).The knoll is situated ca.700 m east of an unnamed creek which flows southward for ca.5 km to the confluence of Susitna River.The unnamed creek lies approximately 8 km east of Deadman Creek and 3.2 km west of Watana Creek.The knoll itself is oval in shape and contains a flat area at the top which is 20 mx 10 m in size.The top slopes off at about a 30 to 35 degree angle to a basal circumference of approximately 125 m x 50 m.The long axis of the knoll is oriented in a northeast to southwest direction.The site appears to be confined to the portion at the top of the knoll.The site setting affords a panoramic view of the creek valley to the west,the mountain ranges abutting the southern edge of the Susitna River,and the ridges surrounding the creek valley in all cardinal points for approximately 5 km.Surface vegetation at the site is characteristic of a well- drained upland spruce hardwood ecosystem.Flora present at the site are:white spruce,dwarf birch,dwarf willow,low bush cranberry, reindeer moss,dwarf Labrador tea and some grasses.The area surround- ing the site contains similar vegetation on the knoll tops and high ridges.The lowland areas surrounding the site are composed of mo·ist tundra vegetation and lowland spruce-hardwood forests. 3-15 Reconnaissance Testing:No artifactual material was recovered from the surface of the site.Five shovel tests were excavated into the site area and one of those five produced artifacts.Shovel test 1 produced 31 flakes and then was expanded into test pit 1.Test pit 1 produced 114 flakes of numerous lithologies and a single nodule vlhich appears to be a core.In addi tion to chi pped stone artifacts,a 1arge grani te cobble (20 cm x 22 em)was found within the Oshetna tephra stratum and upon the glacial drift stratum.Because of its position,and the associated artifacts,the cobble vias regarded as a possible feature.As such,test pit 1 was expanded in the northeast corner to isolate the suspected feature.Upon expansion,another large cobble was located in association with the original cobble along with more chipped stone artifacts.To follow up the feature,test pit 1 and its associated extension was expanded into a 1 mx 1 m test square.Approximately 300 flakes were collected from the Watana/Oshetna contact and the Oshetna tephra.In addition,one microblade was recovered (UA83-88-27,Figure 3.65a).The stone feature was non-diagnostic but possibly cultural in origin. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Rhyolite cobble/core 1 Granite pebble 1 Chert microblade 1 Quartzite biface frag~ent 42 Quartzite flakes 177 Chert flakes 27 Rhyolite flakes 76 Argil lite flakes 4 Basalt flakes 2 Chal cedony fl akes 31 Very weathered fl akes 3-16 - - - - -------15 ! -N- I .- 0 0 10 20 Test pit I I I Shovel Test 0 METERS site Datum X Contour Interval:loS In Spruce Tree '*Talkeetna Mts.D-3 Fallen Spruce ~ T.32 N.,R.6 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 SW l/4 NW 1/4 Sec.II Figure 3.3.Site Map TLM 159 . 3-17 AHRS Number TLM 160,Accession Number UA83-89 Area:Ca.1.8 km Eas t of Tsusena Creek and Approxima tel y 2 km North of Sus itna River,Survey Local e 151 Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.115 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 422800 Northing 6969210 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.21,S~N84S£1-4 Site Map:Figure 3.4 Setting:The site is located on the west end of a discrete knoll which ri ses to approximately 701 m asl (2300 feet).The knoll is about 80 m along its east to west axis and about 15 m wide.The site is situated about 2 km north of the Susitna River and approximately 1.8 km east of Tsusena Creek.Neither the creek nor the Susi tna River can be seen from the site because of the deeply incised valley walls.The site is associated with a lake system.There are four lakes within 200 ~of the site.The largest lake is approximately 13 hectares and the smallest is about 0.5 hectares.All of the lakes appear not to have a clear drainage path into the Tsusena Creek or the Susitna River.In addition to the surrounding lake system,the site affords a panoramic view of the region for 360 degrees.The ecosystan for the site area is generally characterized as low shrub.Species of flora consist mostly of dwarf birch,Labrador tea,reindeer lichen,moss,blueberry,and a few small spruce.The center of the knoll has the densest patch of birch.The surrounding terrain,except along the lakeshore ;s characterized as upland spruce-hardwood,with dwarf birch,mosses and lichens predominat- ing.The area along the lake can be characterized as lowland spruce with grasses and tussocks. 3-18 - Reconnaissance Testing:No surface artifacts were found at the site.A total of six shovel tests were excavated into the site area.One of these shovel tests was expanded into a 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1)after a flake was discovered.The flake removed from this shovel test was collected without stratigraphic provience.Two subsequently exCd.vated flakes from test pi t 1 were found wi thin the Oshetna tephra 1evel.All fl akes were small,and heavil y weathered. Collected Artifact Inventory: Su bsu rface: 3 Heavily weathered flakes 3-19 ..... Contour Interval:1 ill Test Pit Shovel Test Site Datum o o X o I 15 I METERS 30 I Spruce Tree Dwarf Birch Deflated Area r--''--' Talkeetna Mts.0-4 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 NE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.21 ...... •5 ill Contour •....•. Figure 3 4 Site Map TLM 160 3-20 - -- AHRS Number TUM 164,Accession Number UA83-90 Area:Ca.8 km Upstream From the Confluence of Tsusena Creek and Sus i tna River,Survey Local e 151 Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.1l5 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 422780 Northing 6971400 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward ~1eridian Sec.16,NE~S~NE~ Site Map:Figure 3.5 Setting:Thle site is located on a long,narrow,sinuous ridge over- looking Tsusena Creek to the east.It is approximately 8 km upstream from the confluence of Tsusena Creek and the Susitna River,at an elevation of about 670 m asl (2200 feet).The ridge on which the site is situated is northeast to southwest trending and is approximately 80 m long and 3 m wide at the crest.The ridge slopes from the crest towards the creek at a very steep angle of 40 degrees.It slopes away from the creek at an angle of 20-25 degrees.The ridge is truncated and defined on its upstream and downstream ends by gullies.These gullies have steep walls and drain the east bank of Tsusena Creek.The creek is approximately 110 m west of the site.Access to the creek is difficult but possible by direct descent from the ridge crest.The si te location commands a view up and down Tsusena Creek for about 2 km in either direction.The west bank of the creek,complete with three terrace levels,is easily viewed from the site.To the east and south the terrain is characterized as kame/kettle topography and the site affords a panoramic view of this setting.Vegetation on the site area has two distinct floral populations.The crest and slope facing Tsusena Creek contains a growth of reindeer moss,blueberry,Labrador tea,and spaghnum.The slope away from the creek contains thick stands of dwarf 3-21 birch with an understory similar to the opposing slope.The only extens ive soil exposure on the ridge crest is a very well travel ed game tra il . Reconnaissance Testing:A single flake was initially discovered in a shovel test on the crest of the ridge.This shovel test was expanded into a 40 cm x 40 cm test (test pit 1)and two additional flakes were recovered.All flakes were made of argillite and were weathered.These flakes were found in the contact zone defined by the Devil/Watana tephras.Five additional shovel tests were excavated into the site area to define the spatial limits of the site and all were sterile~No artifactual material was found on the surface of the site area. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rfac e: 3 Argillite flakes 3-22 - - - - - - -- Test pit 0 0 10 20 t t I Shovel Test 0 METERS site Datum X contour Interval:1 m .-~Spruce Tree Talkeetna Hts.D-4 Dwarf Birch C)T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S .H. NE 1/4 SE 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.16 Marsh ':LJl Boulder r;3 ~- Figure 3.5.Site Map TLM 164 3-23 Area:Ca.1.5 km Northeast of the Confluence of Tsusena Creek and Susitna River,Survey Locale 153 Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.119 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 420730 Northing 6967310 Latitude 62°49'45"N.,Longitude 148°33 1 16"W. T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.29,S~~SW~SE~ Site Map:Figure 3.6 ~etting:The site is located on a knoll approximately 701 m asl (2300 feet)and is situated ca.1.5 km from the confluence of Tsusena Cre~k and the Susitna River.The knoll is oblong in shape with its long axis oriented east to west.The knoll slopes steeply southward towards the river.No view of the river is possible from the site location.A panoramic view beginning in the west and sweeping clockwise to the east is afforded from the knoll top.A gentle northward downhill slope allows observations of the surrounding terrain for over 10 km.The vegetation for the site area is generally characterized as low shrub. Species include dwarf birch,Labrador tea,lowbush cranberry,moss, lichen,and black spruce.The floral growth in the surrounding area is composed of the same species as are present on the site and addition- ally,blueberry,white spruce and grasses.Areas within drainages tend to have more densely packed stands of spruce and dwarf birch. Reconnaissance Testing:The site was initially identified with the discovery of a single basalt flake found on the surface.A 40 em x 40 cm test pit (test pit 1)and six shovel tests were excavated to define the site size.No artifacts were recovered from subsurface 3-24 ..... -- testing.The single basalt flake was found lying on top of the vegeta- tion mat.It is possible that the flake was disturbed by frost activity and/or animal activ i ty. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Basal t fl ake 3-25 '""'" - - pit 0 0 10 20 Test I I I Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X contour Interval:1.5 m R&M Survey Marker ~Talkeetna Mts.D-4 (Vertical BM 22C 1980)T.32 N.I R.5 E.,S.M. Boulder @ SE 1/4 SW 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.29 ~ Figure 3 6.Site Map TLM 165. 3-26 - .... AHRS Number TUM 166,Accession Number UA83-92 Area:Ca.2.5 km Northeast of the Susitna River and Tsusena Creek confluence,Survey Locale 153 Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.lI9 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 420550 Northing 6967510 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.29,~J~SW~S~~ Site Map:Figure 3.7 ,~ .- Setting:The site is located on the top of one of the most prominent knolls in the surrounding area at an elevation of ca.704 m asl (2310 feet).It is approximately 2.5 km northeast of the confluence of Tsusena Creek and the Susitna River.The knoll is elongated in shape, approximately 25 m in a northwest to southeast direction and 10 m in a northeast to southwest direction.To the north and the west the knoll grades into a sloping plain.Two lakes occur approximately 1.3 km north of the site.The larger of the two lakes is about 1.5 hectares in size. To the south and to the southwest the terrain is composed of kettle lakes and kames.This rugged terrain culminates as a ridge overlooking the Susitna River,which is approximately 1 km south of the site.The soil in the s.ite area is well drained and supports an upland tundra ecosys.tem.Vegetation consists primarily of lichens,bearberry,dwarf Labrador tea,blueberry,lowbush cranberry and dwarf birch.The area surrounding the site contains similar kinds of vegetation.Black and white spruce occur regularly in the low-lying areas but are infrequent at higher elevations • 3-27 Reconnaissance Testing:No artifacts were found on the surface of the site.A total of nine shovel tests were excavated at the site.One of these shovel tests was expanded into a 40 em x 40 cm test pit (test pit 1).A single basalt flake was recovered from the shovel test excavation.No other artifacts were found from subsequent tests. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Basalt flake 3-28 -. -. - - ~I .- o o o Test 1 D o "1 "~ ""1 0 5 10-Test Pit 0 I Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X Contour Interval:.5 In Drainage _.........Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. ~m'J 1/4 SW 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.29 Figure 3.7.Site Map TLM 166. ~, 3-29 AHRS Number TLM 167,Accession Number UA83-93 Area:Ca.3.5 km East of the Susitna River and Tsusena Creek Con- fluence,Survey Locale 153 Area Map:Figure A.2;Su rvey Locale Map:Figure A.118 USGS Map:Talkeetna r~ts.D-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 420310 Northing 6967430 Latitude 62°49'48 11 N.,Longitude 148°33 1 49 11 W. T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward r'1eridian Sec.29,NE~SE~SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.8 Setting:The site is located above and to the north of the Susitna River.It is on the top of a small knoll approximately 3.5 km east of the confluence of Tsusena Creek and the Susitna River.The site elevation is ca.694 m asl (2280 feet).The knoll on which the site lies is roughly circular in shape and measures ca.5 m by 7 m in diameter at the top.Frcm the site location,the view to the south and east consists of a series of small kames and kettle lakes.The Susitna River cannot be seen from the site area.To the north and west,the site overlooks low open country.A dry lake bed is within 150 m of the site.The vegetation on the site consists primarily of low shrub flora. It is covered with lichens and small amounts of Labrador tea,dwarf birch,lowbush cranberry,bearberry,wild rose,and blueberry.The surrounding area has similar kinds of vegetation with the addition of dwarf willow and spruce.The dried lake contains a thick growth of grasses.Bedrock exposures occur throughout the site area and the surrounding terrain. Reconnaissance Testing:The site was initially discovered when a flake was recovered from a shovel test.This shovel test was then expanded into a 40 cm x 40 cm test pit (test pit 1).An additional 8 shovel 3-30 ""'", - - - '"""I tests were addi tional artifacts. si te. excavated to determine the limits of the site area.All shovel tests and the 40 em x 40 cm test pit were sterile of No artifactual material was found on the surface of the - - Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface : 1 Quartzi te fl ake (retouched) 3-31 - - o o ..~~--N- ~,,----...---- 0 0 ~ \\ Test pit Shovel Test o o a I 5 1 METERS 10 I Site Datum X contour Interval--:".5 In Drainage ,-_.- Boulder,Cobble ~o Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. NE 1/4 SE 1/4 SW 1/4 Sec.29 Figure 3 8.Site Map TLM 167. 3-32 - - AHRS Number TLM 168,Accession Number UA83-94 Area:Ca.3 km West-southwest of the Outlet of Deadman Lake,Proposed Northern Access Route Area Map:Figure A.3;Site Location Map:Figure A.50 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 432900 Northing 6985600 Latitude 62°59'45 11 N.,Longitude 148°19 1 20 11 W. T.22 S.,R.4 W.,Fairbanks Meridian Sec.21,SW~SW~NE~ Site Map:Figure 3.9 Setting:TLM 168 is located at ca.945 m asl (3100 feet)on an east slope overlooking the confluence of Deadman Creek and a northern tributary ca.3 km west-southwest of the outlet of Deadman Lake.The slope is part of a glacial terrace on the west side of the valley through which Deadman Creek flows southwestward.The valley floor is ca.35 m below the site.An unnamed stream,the first tributary of Deadman Creek after it leaves Deadman Lake,flows southward ca.1.1 km east of the site.The terrace on which the site is located trends north-south for ca.600 m and is 200 m wide.The site is located at the northern end of the terrace with another site,TUM 155,located ca. 100 m to the south on the same terrace.~Jest of the si tes,the slope rises sharply to summits in excess of 1524 m asl (5000 feet).To the east are a series of terraces overlooking the northern tributary of Deadman Creek.Deadman Lake and the southernmost ridge of Deadman Mountain are in view across the valley of the tributary.Sites TLM 098, TLM 099,TUM 117,and HEA 180 are in view to the east on both sides of the tributary.To the north,the tributary and its meanderings are flanked by iY'regularly spaced terraces.Vegetation on the site is limited to intermittant patches of mosses,lichens,lowbush cranberries, blueberries,and dwarf willow on a pavement of shattered rock.Dry 3-33 alpine tundra and exposed rock characterize the surrounding region with dense brush along the margins of Deadman Creek and its tributary south of the site. Reconnaissance Testing:A single banded gray chert b,urinated flake (UA83-94-1;Figure 3.65b)was found on the surface.Subsurface testing at test pit 1 and in eight shovel tests provided no additional cultural material.No tephras were apparent. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Burinated banded gray chert flake 3-34 ..... ..... - ..... """,,, ~ -N- ....-,---'".,.,...----, /\ I I \ \ \\, \ J I \ ./\ ./\ I 0 \I 0 I 0 0 \ J Test 1 ,..\ I \ I 0 0 \ I 0 \ 0 \ I \ \t \I \I \f \I \I,I,I,I "I "./ r-......""...../....""--------_..... 0 20 40 Test pit 0 ,I I Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X Contour Interval:5 ill Surface Artifact _1- Talkeetna Mts.D-3 1 T.22 S.,R.4 w.,F.r-!. Deflated Area ,,-'"SW 1/4 SW 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.21 ~ '-...) Figure 3.9.Site Map TLM 168. 3-35 AHRS Number TLM 169,Accession Number UA83-9S Area:Ca.3.7 km Northeast of the Confluence of Watana Creek with the Susitna River,Survey Locale 1448 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.103 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:U-rn Zone 6 Easting 438600 Northing 6969600 T.32 N.,R.7 E.,Seward r'1eridian Sec.19,SW~E1~NE~ Site Map:Figure 3.10 Setting:TLM 169 is located on a high point on a ridge ca.3.7 km northeast of the confluence of Watana Creek with the Susitna River and 1 kmeast of Watana Creek.The ridge is oriented north-northeast by south-southwest with the site situated on a knolltop in the middle of an "Su-shaped curve.The site occurs on the highest point of the ridge after its separation from a plain ca.400 m east of the site.The ridge slopes downward to the ltlest before tenninating ca.700 m west of the site at the edge of the Watana Creek valley.The south side of the ridge slopes downward at 30 degrees to a 25 m deep "V"-shaped vall ey. Opposite the valley,the plain is approximately 10 m below the level of the site at ca.640 m asl (2100 feet).To the north,the terrain slopes gently toward the l~atana Creek valley.The surrounding terrain is a gently sloping plain of ca.640 m asl (2100 feet)covered ~"Yith low bushes of dwarf birch and a soil cover of moss,lichens,and berry plants.Spruce trees are evenly distributed in the region,limiting the view from the site to the neighboring 50 m area despite the site's prominence on the ridge line.Vegetation on the site is more open, consisting of moss,lichens,and berry plants with birch and spruce trees on the site periphery. 3-36 - - """1 ! - - - ..... ..... Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of a single gray quartzite biface (UA83-95-1;Figure 3.65c)found in test pit 1,located 2 m west of the knol1 top.Eight additional shovel tests around test pit 1 were sterile.The biface was recovered from a charcoal horizon located at the contact of the Watana and Oshetna tephras. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Gray quartzi te bi face 3-37 ~ o~~ 0 ,*0 .... Test 1 9 (;1 80 ~0 - - Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.32 N.,R.7 E.,S.M. SW 1/4 NE 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.19 Contour Interval:1 ro. Test pit 0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum X Spruce Tree ~ Dwarf Birch 0 o I 5 I METERS 10 I ~, Figure 3.10.Site M TLM 169ap . 3-38 .- AHRS Number TLM 170,Accession Number UA83-96 Area:Ca.3.5 km North-northeast of the Mouth of Deadman Creek and 150 m West of Deadman Creek,Survey Locale 150 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.114 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-3,Scal e 1:63 ,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 426150 Northing 6970500 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.14,N~~SE~S~~ Site Map:Figure 3.11 Setting:TLM 170 is located on a small knoll ca.150 m west of Deadman Creek and approximately 3.5 km upstream of its mouth.The site is located at an elevation of ca.731 m asl (2400 feet)on a knoll forming the southern end of a 3 m wide kame ridge.The ridge is approximately 200 m long in a general north-south direction.At the site,the ridge slopes down to the south,west,and east at an angle of over 25 degrees. Down the steep slope to the west 25 m distant is a small pond of less than 1 hectare in area.To the east and south is an unobstructed view of Deadman Creek and the high plateau to the east of Deadman Creek.The view to the north encQ'npasses the ridge on which the site is located and a distant view of Tsusena Butte.Site TLM 181 is visible ca.500 m due north of the site,while approximately 300 m beyond TU1 181 is TLM 191. The view of TLM 191 is blocked by the ridge on which TLM 181 rests.The ridge line on which TU~170 is located is the first high ground to the west of Deadman Creek.The knoll wi th TLM 170 has several large granitic boulders,probably glacial erratics,and has only a thin veneer of soil mantling the glacial drift.Vegetation consists of dwarf birch shrub,dwarf willow,blueberry,lichens,and mosses.One small spruce is located on top of the ridge at the site.Several more spruce are found south of the site near the base of the ridge and along Deadman Creek. 3-39 Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of an erosional surface of approximate1y 5 m east-west and 4 m north-south on a 30 degree slope at the southeast termi nus of a ridge.Two cores and twenty-five fl akes of several lithologies were found on the surface.A test pit (test pit 1) and ten shove1 tests failed to show any subsurface cu1tural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 01ive rhyolite core 1 Gray chert core 9 Gr ay a rg ill i te fl a ke s 5 Very light brown argillite flakes 3 Gray rhyolite flakes 3 Light green argillite flakes 1 Light brown rhyolite flake 1 Light green rhyolite flake 1 Basal t fl ake 1 Quartzite flake 1 Black chert flake 3-40 - Contour Interval:1 m. Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.1-1- NE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.14 5 I 2.5 t-1ETERS o o X Test.Pit Shovel Test Site Datum Surface Artifact Spruce Tree Dwarf Birch Boulder Deflated Area Test 1 Figure 3.11.Site Map TLM 170. 3-41 AHRS Number TLM 171,Accession Number UA83-97 Area:Ca.4.3 km ~Jest-northwest of the Confluence of Ilatana Creek with the Susitna River,Survey Locale 134 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.84 USGS Map:Talkeetna P1ts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 431900 Northing 6968600 T.32 N.,R.6 E.,Seward Neridian Sec.21,se~SW~SE~ Si te Map:Figure 3.12 Setting:TLM 171 is located on top of a northwest-southeast trending ridge ca.700 m north of the Susitna River and 4.3 km northwest of the mouth of Watana Creek.The site is at an elevation of approximately 655 m asl (2150 feet)on a 10 m wide ridge.The sides of the ridge slope down at approximately 20 degrees to the surrounding terrain 15-30 m lower in elevation.The ridge rises ca.30 m in elevation approximately 100 m northwest of the site.The ridge's southern tenninus is marked by a knoll which is 1.5 m higher than the level of the site and lies 15 m to the southwest of the site.Visibility from the site is limited by its location in a saddle of the ridge and the occurrence of dense stands of spruce in the region.A pond of approxi- mately 1 hectare in extent can be seen from the site ca.200 ITl to the east.The pond is surrounded by swampy ground.The ridge with the site is one of a number of northwest-southeast trending ridges sloping down toward the pond from the higher terrain in the west.The area around the site is thickly vegetated with spruce with a ground cover of sphagnum moss,Labrador tea,blueberries,dwarf birch,and dwarf willow. The surrounding vegetation is composed of thick spruce stands in the low-lying areas between the ridges with a plant regime similar to that of the site occurring on the ridge tops. 3-42 - '""" ,..,. ,~ - Reconnaissance Testing:A possible proximal microblade fragment of gray translucent chert was found in a shovel test.Expansion of the shovel test into a 40 cm by 40 cm test (test pi t 1)resul ted in the fi ndi ng of a chert flake in situ on top of the Devil tephra.A feature was located in the east profile of test pit 1 consisting of a thin lens of reddish silty clay,perhaps fire-reddened,in association with possible thennally al tered rock.This possible feature is bounded by thin layers of charcoal 'which set it off from the adjacent Watana and Oshetna tephras.Ten shovel tests around test pit 1 were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsurface: 1 Translucent gray chert proximal microblade fragment 1 Chert fl a ke 3-43 - - - 0 10 20 -; 0 1 I ITestl;'it l-1ETERSShovelTest0 ~Contour Interval:1 mSiteDatumX *Talkeetna Mts.D~3.., Spruce Tree T.32 N.,R.6 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 SVJ 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.21 Figure 3.12 Site Map TLM 171. 3-44 ,- AHRS Number TLM 172,Accession Number UA83-98 Area:Ca.4.5 km Northeast of the Confluence of Tsusena Creek with the Sus i tna River,Survey Local e 152 Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.117 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.D-4,Scal e 1:63,360 Site Location:un~Zone 6 Easting 421550 Northing 6969100 Latitude 62°50'44"N.,Longitude 148°32 1 23"W. T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward r'1eridian Sec.21,SS4N~J~SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.13 Setti n9:ThE~si te is 1oea ted on a 1evel bench on the west slope of a ridge ca.600 m east of Tsusena Creek and 2.6 km north of the Susitna River.The site is located at an elevation of ca.670 m asl (2200 feet) while higher knolls on the ridge occur to the north-northwest and south- southeast.The region around the site is marked by kettle lakes and kames with drainages trending to the viest and northwest toward Tsusena Creek.West of the site the ridge drops 10 m at a slope of greater than 25 degrees to a drainage running to the northwest.This drainage separates the ridge with the site from a lower,parallel ridge to the west.Numerous small 1akes and ponds occur to the north and northeast. The closest lake is ca.2 hectares in size and situated out of view ca. 500 m to the northeast.Approximately one quarter kilometer south of the site the ridges drop into an area of marshes and low knolls. Approximately one kilometer south of the site is a stream separating the region of the site fram a large ridge of ca.729 m asl (2391 feet) bordering the Susitna River.Site TLM 018 is visible near the ridge crest.TLM 172 is marked by a 1.5 m high granite boulder surrounded by moss,lichen,Labrador tea,and dwarf birch.Vegetation in the surrounding area consists of thinly distributed black spruce and bushes of dwarf birch.Northeast of the site,the wet tundra has few 3-45 trees and low shrub cover.South of the site dense stands of spruce and birch occur in the drainage and extend from this drainage half way up the north slope of the high ridge overlooking the Susitna.Moss, lichen,and berries dominate the upper half of this ridge.The primary view from the site is over the ridges to the south and west. Reconnaissance Testing:The site contains subsurface cultural material from test pit 1 consisting of a light brown argillite,unifacially retouched blade (UA83-98-1,Figure 3.65d)and five argillite flakes. The cultural material was recovered from the charcoal-bearing level that is either at the contact between the Oshetna and Watana tephras or in the upper portion of the Oshetna tephra.No features were found.All three tephra were present and a carbon layer was occasionally present· between the Watana and Oshetna tephras.Nine shovel tests within 10 m of test pit 1 were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface : 1 Light brown argillite unifacially retouched blade 5 Light brown argillite flakes 3-46 - .... - - Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 l~~1/4 SW 1/4 Sec.21 Contour Interval:.5 m o *'~OTest 1 o f)0 0 Test pit 0 Shovel Test 0 site Datum )( Spruce Tree ~ Boulder ~ ~ o I 20 I METERS 40 I Figure 3.13.Site Map TLM 172. 3-47 AHRS Number TLM 173,Accession Number UA83-99 Area:Ca.700 m East-southeast of the Confluence of Goose Creek with the Susitna River,Survey Locale 159 Area Map:Figure A.8;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.125 USGS Map:Tal keetna ~1ts.C-l,Seal e 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 478350 Northing 6945500 Latitude 62°38 1 28 11 N.,Longitude 147°25 1 18"W. T.30 N.,R.11 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.32,S~SE~SE~ Site Map:Figure 3.14 Setting:TUM 173 is located on an undulating terrace ca.700 m east- southeast of the mouth of Goose Creek.The terrace is the lowest of three terraces \'lhich begin ca.75 m south of the Susitna River.The terrace with the site is transected by small streams resulting in the formation of many isolated promontories that overlook the Susitna River and adjacent floodplain.The promontory with the site is located at ca. 625 m asl (2050 feet)and is 10 m above the Susitna River floodplain. North of the Susitna River is an old river terrace of ca.670 m asl (2200 feet)on which sites TLM 026 and TLM 042 are found.South of TLM 173 are higher terraces below a plain of approximately 762 m asl (2500 feet)elevation a kilometer distant.The floodplain and.terraces in the vicinity of the site are bounded by the Oshetna River ca.2 km to the east and Goose Creek ca.700 m to the west.The location of the site provides an excellent view of the floodplain and Susitna River to the north.The surface of the site is vegetated with black spruce and white spruce among high brush of dwarf birch.The surrounding area is predominantly high brush with scatter spruce trees.Except for the terraces the region is poorly drained. 3-48 ""'" - - - - Reconnaissance Testing:A single basalt flake was found in a shovel test and may have originated in or below the Watana tephra.Expansion of the initial shovel test (test pit 1)and eight additional subsurface tests failed to uncover additional cultural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Basalt flake 3-49 .~ - Talkeetna Mts.C-l T.30 N.,R.11 E.,S.H. SE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.32 Contour Interval:1 m Test pit 0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum X Spruce Tree * o,10 I METERS 20,- '""'" Figure 3 .14.Site Map TLM 173. 3-50 AHRS Number TLM 174,Accession Number UA83-100 Area:Ca.2.6 km Northeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 144A Area t4ap:Figure A.3;Survey Local e Map:Figure A.101 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 438200 Northing 6968450 T.32 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.19,SW~SW~S E~ Site Map:Figure 3.15 Setting:The site is located at ca.625 m asl (2050 feet)on a low ci rcul ar knoll approximately 2.6 km northeast of the \~atana Creek and Susitna River confluence.The knoll is one of a series of knolls and ridges that are of a similar elevation and are distributed around the immediate site area.Surface morphology varies from low poorly drained areas on gentle sloping drainage bottoms,to lichen-covered knolls, isolated ridges and interlying ponds.The knoll on which TLM 174 is located is a glacial drift kame feature.It is approximately 50 m in diameter at the base and 15 m in diameter at the apex.The site is about 5 m higher than the surrounding terrain and gradually slopes into poorly drained areas to the north,south and east.To the west the knoll tapers slightly upward into a low broad ridge.The view from the site is panoramic,only occasionally obstructed by a moderately dense mixed white spruce and birch forest.Approximately 250 m to the northwest is a small pond,less than 1 hectare,clearly visible and accessible.The upper portion of the Duck Embryo Lake (IIS all y Lake ll ) outlet valley is visible to the east,and the Susitna River valley walls and south plateau can be seen across the valley.Vegetation on the knoll consists of a continuous heath ground cover and includes reindeer lichen,moss,lowbush berries,Labrador tea,dwarf birch and occasional spruce.Vegetation is denser on the slopes,along drainages,and in lower intervening areas. 3-51 Reconnaissance Testing:The site inventory consists of subsurface lithic material.Two chalcedony flakes were recovered from a shovel test extending below the brownish Watana tephra unit overlying glacial drift material.The exact stratigraphic position for these flakes is uncertain.One of the flakes has bifacial retouch along two lateral margins that converge to fom a point.The shovel test was expanded into a 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1).One additional flake was located in situ at the contact between the Watana tephra unit and a reworked Oshetna unit.An additional eight shovel tests placed about the upper extent of the knoll produced no additional cul tural material. Col 1ected Arti fact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Chalcedony flake 1 Chalcedony flake with bifacial retouch on margins (biface tip?) 1 Weathered argillite flake 3-52 - - ..... - 'x j -N- ~ J .-i* 0 ~~* ~ *~,....... •......•Go III ....0 Test 1 :0 fJ ~ ~ 0 ~ pit 0 0 5 10TestII, Site Datum X METERS Shovel Test 0 Contour Interval:• 5 m Spruce *Talkeetna Hts.D-3 c=4 T.32 N.,R.7 E.,S.M. l:eadfal1 SW 1/4 SW 1/4 SE 1/4,Sec.19 Dwarf Birch eO .25 rn Contour .'',' "... Figure 3.15.Site Map TLM 174. 3-53 AHRS Number TLM 175,Accession Number UA83-101 Area:~Jest Side Northern Outlet of Duck Embryo Lake (t'Sally Lake"), Survey Locale 27 Area f4ap:Figure A.3;Location Map:Figure A.61 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 439350 Northing 6967950 T.32 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.29,SW~NE~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.16 Setting:TLM 175 is located at approximately 625 m as1 (2050 feet)on a discrete knoll overlooking the northwestern end of Duck Embryo Lake ("Sally Lake")and ca.50 m from its upper outlet stream.The knoll is roughly circular and rises about 4 m above,and to the west of,the lake and outlet stream.Knolls of similar size are present to the west and northwest of the site.The view to the east is somewhat obscured by the knoll on which TLM 048 is located,at a distance of approximately 200 m and approximately 25 m higher than TUM 175.Views to the southeast and south are unobscured for about 1 km,across the ca.30 hectare lake and low rolling terrain beyond it.The prominent knoll on which'TLI>1 039 is located can be seen to the southeast across the lake at a distance of ca.700 m.Site vegetation consists of low shrubs,scattered spruce, and a thin moss-lichen mat across the relatively flat top of the site knoll.Surrounding vegetation is composed of birch-willow shrub and woodland black spruce forest.Scattered birch and poplar occur on more well drained slope surfaces,knolls and low ridges,and along breaks in slope. 3-54 .- Reconnaissance Testing:No surface artifacts were present at this site. A shovel test placed in the north central part of the knoll top un- covered a weathered argill i te elongate projectil e point (UA83-101-1; Figure 3.65e).Provenience is uncertain although the artifact was covered wi th a brownish gray matrix suggesting its placement near the Devil tephra unit.One pale green chert flake was recovered during excavation of a 40 cm x 40 cm test pit (test pit 1),from the contact of the Devil and Watana units at a depth of 7 cm below surface.Four additional shovel tests to the north,south,east,and west of the test pit were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface : 1 Argillite projectile point 1 Pale green chert flake 3-55 o Talkeetna Hts.D-3 R.32 N.,R.7 E.,S.H. SW 1/4 NE 1/4 ~w l/4,Sec.29 HETERS Contour Interval:.5 m o Test pit [] Site Datum ~ Shovel Test 0 Dwarf Birch or Black 0 Poplar Thicket Spruce ~ Harsh JJc.s Game Trail Test 1 0 ~O~**Vo a,4 I ~ ca.50 m 8 I - - - .." - Figure 3.16.Site Map TLM 175. 3-56 ~- AHRS Number TLM 176,Accession Number UA83-102 Area:Ca.100 m North of Clark Creek and ca.700 m west of Tsusena Creek,Proposed Borrow F Area Map:Figure A.2;Location Map:Figure A.128 USGS Map:Tal keetna Hts.D-4,Scale 1:63,360 Si te Loca ti on:UTM Zone 6 Easti n'g 420250 Northi n9 6976700 Latitude 62°54 1 45"N.,Longitude 148°34'10 11 ~J. T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward ~1eridian Sec.31,N~N~NE~ Site Map:Figure 3.17 Setting:TLM 176 is located at an elevation of ca.732 m asl (2400' feet)approximately 100 m north of Clark Creek and 700 m west of Tsusena Creek.The site is on a knoll which is one of a series occurring in a west-east trending ridge system north of Clark Creek.The ridge system trends downwards to the confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek, which is located ca.750 m to the east-southeast.To the south the knoll slopes down 4 m to a terrace like feature overlooking Clark Creek, approximately 20 m below the terrace.To the west is Clark Creek and the hills beyond it.To the east is the 1.3 kill wide Tsusena Creek valley and beyond that is the west slope of Tsusena Butte.The site is located on the west central portion of the knoll,which is approximately 27 m east-west and 20 m north-south.The knoll is covered with mosses, lichens,dwarf dogwood,crowberries,blueberries,Labrador tea,dwarf birch and scattered spruce trees.The areas surrounding the knoll have similar vegetation,although lower lying areas have thicker moss cover- ings.There is a large boulder field,approximately 35 III east-west by 20 m north-south,located in a rav ine ca.25 m north of the si te. 3-57 Reconnaissance Testing:Two large black basalt flakes were found in a shovel test.The flakes may have originated in the lower portion of the ~ja tana tephra.No other arti facts were recovered from the su bsequent 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1)nor the eight surrounding shovel tests. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 2 Black basalt flakes 3-58 '"'"'I - -. ------4 0 10 20 0 I I ITestPit r-METERSSiteDatumX Contour Interval:1 In Shovel Test 0 Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,S.M.Spruce ~NE 1/4 NE 1/4 NE 1/4,Sec.39 ,..... Figure 3,17,Si te Map TLM 176 3-59 AHRS Number TLM 177,Accession Number UA83-103 Area:Ca.2.5 km East of Deadman Creek,Survey Locale 133 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.82 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.D-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 427710 Northing 6967550 Latitude 62°49 1 55"N.,Longitude 148°25 1 5"W. T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward t~eridian Sec.25,SW~NE1-4SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.18 Setting:Situated at an elevation of ca.640 m asl (2100 feet),TLM 177 is located along the southern edge of an east-west trending bedrock terrace,ca.2.5 km east of the mouth of Deadman Creek.Overlooking a terrace approximately 15 m lower in altitude,the site is mantled with approximately 50 0]of glacial drift silt and tephra above the bedrock terrace edge.The bedrock terrace is aligned along a northwest- southeast axis ca.30 m long.The east end curves north slightly before curving back along a north-south axis then disappearing into the landscape ca.50 m east of test pit 1.Beyond the western terrace edge is a small drainage north-northwest -south-southeast ca.5 m from test pit 1 that separates it from a small tongue of land 2 m lower in elevation.Terrain·to the south abruptly descends down to the Susitna River approximately 6 km due south.Along the descending slope (10 degree gradient)is a series of similar bedrock terraces.A freshwater stream that drains the upland glaciolacustrine plain and ca.7 hectare lake ca.2.5 km north of the site trends northeast-southwest,ultimately discharging into the Susitna River ca.0.3 km east of the confluence of Deadman Creek.A ca.3 hectare lake ca.2 km north-northeast drains into the Susitna River approximately 2 km east of TLM 177.An open view of the lower terrace and the south valley wall of the Susitna River is available,but the Susitna River is below and out of view fr~n TLM 177. 3-60 - ~. .... - - The view north is blocked by a gradually ascending slope.The view east is blocked by an open mixed hardwood forest consisting of predominantly white spruce interspersed with birch.Brush and herbaceous plants represented are dwarf birch,rose,willow,Labrador tea,blueberry, lowbush cranberry,fireweed,miniature dogwood,mosses and white lichen. In absence of the trees to the east,a view of the surrounding landscape would open.A cotton grass mesic muskeg community characterizes the next lower terrace south. Reconnaissance Testing:One gray chert retouched flake was recovered from a shovel test.The shovel test was expanded into a 40 em by 40 em test (test pit 1).A gray chert chunk was found approximately 20 cm below surface in the glacial drift.This piece has probably been mixed into the drift and thus in secondary context.The terrace edge indicates that slumping of the stratigraphic mantle is ongoing and has probably disturbed part of the site downslope and displaced artifacts still present.Surface reconnaissance and systematic shovel tests 5 In and 10 m from the test pit resulted in no additional cultural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsurface: 1 Gray chert retouched flake 1 Gray chert chunk 3-61 - - Test pit 0 0 10 20 I I I Shovel Test 0 !,1ETERS Site Datum X Contour r'nterval:1 m Spruce Tree *Talkeetna Hts.D-3 - Birch Tree @ T.32 1-1.,R.5 E.,S.M. SW 1/4 NE 1/4 Sit 1/4 Sec.25 Dead Spruce 'F-~ .5 m Contour ....... Figure 3.18.Site Map TLM 177. 3-62 ~-~._-- AHRS Number TLM 178,Accession Number UA83-104 Area:Ca.1.9 km Downriver from Mouth of Fog Creek,on Point Bar of Susitna River,Survey Locale 155 Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.121 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.D-4,Sca1 e 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 411850 Northing 6959900 T.31 N.,R.4 Eo,Seward Meridian Sec.21,S84NW~SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.19 Setting:TLM 178 is located at a major bend in the Susitna River -approximately 1.9 km southwest of the mouth of Fog Creek.The site, consisting of the remains of a cabin and other historic features,lies at ca.411 m asl (1350 feet)near the tip of a point bar on the north bank of the river.This gravel bar offers excellent river access to the low-lying,thickly-forested floodplain (not more than 2 m above present ~'iater level)in the site vicinity.Five hundred meters north of the site,the flat floodplain is truncated by a steep razorback ridge.To the northwest,however,the floodplain extends for approximately 2 km. To the west 1ies an abandoned si1 ted-in river channel.On the opposi te side of the river,particularly to the south and southeast of the site, there is a steep bluff disected by two small streams.The site -vegetation is lowland spruce-hardwood forest,with the predominant vegetation being spruce,dwarf birch,alder,grasses and sphagnum moss. The area within approximately 10 m around the cabin has been cleared of many of the trees,leaving sawn stumps,and a number of tree falls. Approximately 70 m north of the site is another clearing that is approximately 50 m x 70 m in size.Because of the dense vegetation, vi s;bi 1i ty is restricted,wi th on1 y a 1 imi ted vi ew of the gravel bar, ~ river,and cut bank to the south,and the river bank to the east.The 3-63 dense vegetation has been a factor in site destruction as a tree-fall appears to have caused the collapse of the cabin roof and walls.Moss, lichens and grasses have grown over much of the site as well Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of four surface features and a wolverine (Gul..Q...9.':!l2..)burial.Feature 1 isa small (4m x 5 m), one-room log cabin.The cabin is constructed primarily of hand-hewn spruce logs,which still retain the adze marks,and a few birch logs. The corner notching is nUll-shaped,cut on the down-facing side of the log.The notch rests on the next lower log,which has had little preparation for fitting.The door jambs are made from squared boards, probably milled lumber.These are attached to the logs by machined round steel nails.The cabin is collapsed inward by a large spruce which apparently fell across the roof.Presently a white spruce (approximately 8 m in height)is growing from the interior of the cabin. Feature 2 is a large pit (4.5 mx 1.4 m,40 cm deep).The pit is located adjacent to the northeast wall of the log cabin.Test pit 1 was placed in the bottom of the pit,a.long the northwest wall.A partially complete,mostly articulated male wolverine skeleton (Feature 5,Figure 3.19)was recovered in test pit 1.The skeleton was partially covered, and partially surrounded by bark (probably spruce).The head was not recovered,and may not have been present.The presence of the bark,and the position of the skeleton relative to it,suggests that the skeleton may have been intentionally buried in IIceremonialll fashion.This IIceremonial"burial may indicate Athapaskan use of the cabin. Feature 3 is a small pit (80 cm x 50 cm,15 cm deep),that is located 5 m west of the log cabin.It appears to be very regular in shape,and carefully dug.It may be a cache pit or latrine. Feature 4 is a dog sled.The sled is constructed with hand-hewn wood slats that are held together with wire and steel nails.The runners are IIU II -shaped wooden slats.The sled is 100 cm x 50 cm in size.It is sitting near the edge of the river bank in an area of fallen timber about 5 m south of the log cabin~ 3-64 - .... - Collected Artifact Inventory: 1 Steel nail Collected Faunal t1aterial Inventory: 1 Partial male wolverine (Gulo~)skeleton including: 1 Sacrum 7 Lumbar vertebrae 14 Thoracic vertebrae 4 Cervical vertebrae 2 Caudal vertebrae 1 Epistropheus 1 Metacarpal 2 Phal anges 1 Calcaneus 1 Sternum 1 Baculum 1 Humerus 1 Radius 1 Ul na 1 Scapula 1 Right pelvis 1 Left pelvis 23 Ri bs Miscellaneous Collected Material: Bark fragments (probably spruce) Artifacts Observed,Not Collected: Steel nails (wire) Cut logs Dog sled Steel wi re 3-65 Test 1 Cabin Susltna River ca 10 D Feature 3 "*2 0.p,•••'on8 ~F••t""• '#; Susltna River ca.12 m o _~Feature 4 9"dog sled * Talkeetna Mts.D-4 - T.31 N.,R.4 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 N'tl 1/4 SVl 1/4 Sec.21 Contour Interval:.5 m Site Map TLM 178. Test pit 0 site Datum X Cabin Post 0 Cabin Log c:::::=t Cut Stump ~ Spruce Tree *Deadfall ~ Figure 3.19. o I 5 t METERS 10 I - -3-66 """ - ..- AHRS Number TLM 179,Accession Number UA83-103 Area:Ca.7.4 km South of the Confluence of Kosina Creek and the Susitna River,Survey Locale 129 Area Map:Figure A.7;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.79 USGS Map:Tal keetna t1ts.C-2,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 449950 Northing 6954700 T.30 N.,R.8 E.,Seward r,1eridi an Sec.4,SW~SW!.iNW~ Site Map:Figure 3.20 Setting:TLM 179 is si tua'ted at an el evati on of ca.793 m asl (2600 feet)on the rim of a discrete ridge top approximately 1.3 km southwest of the confl uence of an unnamed creek and Kosina Creek.Fran the mouth of Kosina Creek TUv1 179 is ca.7.4 km directly south.The valley wall of the unnamed creek descends north along a 10 degree gradient below the slightly less than 1 degree sloping crest where the site rests.A small saddle trending north-south separates TLM 179 from a similar geologic fea ture approxima tel y 50 m ~st.Northward approxima tel y 31 m (100 feet)lower in el evation is another terrace.Massive downcutting is evident by both the terrace below and steep cut banks that are upstream and visible northwest fran the site.The unnamed creek trends east-west and is ca.1 m wide below the site.Above the site at a higher eleva- tion in a south-southwest direction is a large flat plateau approxi- mately 100 m wide between the ampitheater-shaped valley rim on the east and the descending creek valley slope to the west.The drainage creek bifurcates west of the mentioned plateau ca.1 km upstre~n from the confluence.One branch trends north-south which appears to be dry. However,the other branch,trending east-west is the active channel exhibiting slightly higher magnitude of downcutting plus a longer river cut channel that extends west approximately 3.5 km.The glacio- lacustrine plain to the west encompasses the river catchment. 3-67 There is a series of six lakes on the north side of the unnamed drainage and one isolated lake,500 m directly west)slightly over 1 hectare in size.The lake to the west has an outlet stream that discharges into the unnamed drainage mentioned above.The series of six lakes is situated approximately 800 m northwest of TLM 179,the largest of which is approximately 3 hectares in size.Only the largest lake is visible from the site.From aerial reconnaissance,the lakes appear not to drain into the unnamed creek,but do appear to be receding.A command- ing view of the surrounding terrain is available except south southwest which is blocked by the slightly higher plateau.TLM 186 can easily be seen to the north across the drainage on a lower knoll;Mt.Watana is easily seen to the west.The opposite valley wall and a series of knolls is visible to the north,Gilbert Creek,Kosina Creek and the bifurcated point between Gilbert and Kosina Creeks is in view to the south.Also south and southwest,the ampitheater-shaped valley rim is clearly visible.On site vegetations include dwarf birch,alder clusters,bearberry,crowberry,white and yellow lichens,blueberry, dwarf willow,mosses and grasses on the northern tip of the site rim. Approximately 50%of the site surface has been wind scoured. Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 179 consists of two surface artifacts,a large black basalt flake and a light gray chert flake.One 40 cm x 40 em test pit (test pit 1)was placed upslope from the wind scoured surface to reveal stratigraphy.No additional artifacts were recovered in test pit 1.Four shovel tests were systematically placed and care- fully examined but were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Basalt flake 1 Light gray chert flake 3-68 - ..... ,"""- Test Pit Shovel Test Site Datum Surface Artifact Spruce Dwarf Birch Rock Surface Exposure 50 em Contour o o x-:- ~o t8-...l_'" 0 6 12 I I I METERS Contour Interval:1 In Talkeetna Hts.C-2 T.30 N.,R.8 E.,S.M. S'/J 1/4 SW 1/4 NN 1/4,Sec.4 I~ Figure 3.20.Site Map TLM 179. 3-69 AHRS Number TUM 180,Accession Number UA83-106 Area:Ca.1.7 km Northeast of the Confluence of Tsusena Creek and Susitna River,Survey Locale 153 Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.118 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 419230 Northing 6967790 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.30,S~NW~SE~ Site Map:Figure 3.21 Setting:The site is located on the top of a knoll at an elevation of ca.549 m asl (1800 feet).It is approximately 300 m east of Tsusena Creek and about 1.7 km northeast of the confluence at Tsusena Creek and Susitna River.The knoll is one of many in an area dotted with kames. To the west of the site at approximately 75 m lies a prominent ridge that runs along the east bank of Tsusena Creek.The ridge has a sharp narrow crest and is probably an esker formation which is heavily used by contemporary game as evidenced by the deeply incised game trail.'South of the knoll at ca.150 m is a small lake.The site itself is situated just off the crest of the knoll on the southern sloping side.The knoll is oblong in shape and runs for ca.50 m in an east to west direction and 20 m in a north to south direction.Visibility from the site area is minimal because of the rugged local terrain and thick stands of spruce.The game trails along the esker ridge overlooking Tsusena Creek are visible from the site but the lake cannot be seen.The view in all directions is obstructed by current vegetation.The vegetation in the local area is generally characterized as lowland spruce-hardwood. Vegetation on the site include black spruce,white spruce,birch,dwarf birch,dwarf willow,blueberry,Labrador tea,mosses,and lichens.The 3-70 - ...,. ~. ..... ~1 ,,,,,,", - -- -- vegetation in surrounding areas is virtually identical to that found on the site with the exception of thicker stands of dwarf birch in areas off of knoll s. Reconnaissance Testing:The site was initially discovered in a shov~l test.This shovel test was expanded into a 40 em x 40 cm test pit (test pit 1).In addition,nine shovel tests were excavated on the knoll to determine the size of the site area.Artifactual material was only found in test pit 1.Over 600 argillite flakes,3 chert microblades and 1 argillite microblade were recovered from test pit 1 (UA83-106-15, UA83-106-16,UA83-106-17,UA83-106-90,Figure 3.65 f,g,h,i).All artifacts were found in the contact zone between the gray sandy silt and the glacial drift.No artifacts were found on the surface. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subs.u rface: 609 Argillite flakes 3 Gray chert microblades 1 Argillite microblade 3-71 - - 0 5 10 Test pit 0 I I I ~ Shovel Test 0 HETERS Site Datum )(Contour Interval:.5 In Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.32 N.,R.5 E"S.M. SE 1/4 NW 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.30 - - Figure 3.21.Site Map TLM 180. 3-72 ,..., AHRS Number TLM 181,Access i on Number UA83-107 Area:Ca.4 km North-northeast of the Confluence of Deadman Creek with the Sus i tna River,Survey Local e 150 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.114 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.D-3,Seal e 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 426300 Northing 6970900 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.13,NW~NW~SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.22 Setting:TLM 181 is located at ca.732 m asl (2400 feet)at the south- east side of a small knoll ca.200 m west of Deadman Creek and approxi- mately 4 km north-northeast of the creek's confluence with the Susitna River.A lake extending ca.700 III north of TU1 181 but is not visible from the site.The site is located on a 5 to 15 degree slope on the southeast side of a knoll and is approximately 10 m below the summit. The site is about 80 m higher than Deadman Creek as it flows southward to the east.The knoll slopes abruptly (ca.30 degrees)down to the east and west but more gradually to the northwest and south.The knoll may be considered to be in the saddle of two higher kame features to the north and south.The area to the west of TLM 181 consists of north- south trending kame ridges and kettle-type lakes and ponds.The view to the north and northwest is obstructed by the knoll on which the site sits,but an unobstructed view is available to the east showing Deadman Creek and the plateau above the Deadman Creek floodplain.To the south, Deadman Creek is visible as is TU~170 on another kame ridge about 500 m distant.TLM 193 is located about 150 m to the northwest,but is not visible from TUM 181 because of the shoulder of the knoll on which TLM 1131 is located.TLM 181 is heavily vegetated with white and black spruce,dwarf birch,blueberry,bearberry,Labrador tea,mosses,and 3-73 lichens.East of the site,towards Deadman Creek,the vegetation becomes more dense,consisting of willow thickets and black spruce.To the south,moist tundra appears in a drainage separating the site from TLM 170 some 500 m away. Reconnaissance Testing:A single basalt flake,probably derived from a tan silty sand layer thought to be the Watana tephra,constitutes the cultural assemblage from the site.Six shovel tests to the north,west, and south did not reveal additional cultural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Basalt flake 3-74 - - ..... ~i ..- - pit a 0 10 20.-Test ,!I Shovel Test 0 l>lI,.ETERS ~Site Datum X Contour Interval:1 m spruce '$-Talkeetna Mts.D-3 Birch 0 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,s.M. NW 1/4 NVJ 1/4 St'J 1/4,Sec.13 Figure 3.22.Site Map TLM 181. 3-75 AHRS Number TLM 182 t Accession Number UA83-108 Area:East side of Kosina Creek ca.5 km South of Confluence with Susitna River,Survey Locale 128 Area Map:Figure A.7;Location Map:Figure A.78 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.C-2,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:un~Zone 6 Easting 450650 Northing 6956610 La ti tude 62°44'15 11 N.t Longi tude 147°57 1 49 11 W. T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.33,SW~NW~NE~ Site Map:Figure 3.23 Setting:TLM 182 is situated on the edge of a terrace above the east side of Kosina Creek approximately 5 krn south of its confluence with the Susitna River.This fairly flat terrace is ca.50 m north-south by 20 m east-west at approximately 655 m asl (2150 feet).The southern end of the terrace is defined by a bluff characterized by a cut bank which extends approximatel y 12 mat a ca.40 degree slope fran the terrace edge down to Kosina Creek.The view to the south overlooks a wide bend in Kosina Creek flowing north and curving to the west which forms a point bar situated west of the site.The site is situated on the western edge of the terrace which steeply slopes down to a lower river terrace fanned by the po int bar.Several rel i ct channel s are present on this lower terrace.The mouth of an unnamed upland drainage stream trending east-west is ca.700 m north of TLM 182.The terrain to the east and northeast of the site is low and boggy for approximately 100 m before ascending to higher terraces and knoll s which fonn the valley rim.The view to the west is limited to the high terraces and western slopes of Kosina Creek.Rugged foothills ca.13 km to the north are partly obscured by lowland spruce stands.Although not visible from the site,TLM 179 and TLM 186 are ca.2 km upstream to the south.Alder, paper birch,and white spruce are found along the terrace edge.The top 3-76 - - - ~ I I - - - - - of the terrace is dense1y vegetated with small spruce,low dwarf birch, a few alder thickets,sparse willows,with a dense mat of Labrador tea, blueberry,low bush cranberry,crowberry,wild rose,grass,white lichen and spaghnum moss. Reconnaissance Testing:No surface artifacts were observed at TLM 182. One chert flake with a pot 1id fracture was recovered in a shovel test which was expanded into a 40 cm x 40 cm test pit (test pit 1),revealing three additional chert flakes 1yin9 within the Oshetna tephra.Three of the four flakes articulated wi th one another;all four showed evidence of thermal fracturing.A second test pit (test pit 2)excavated on the southern end of the terrace and the 19 shove1 tests dug prior to site discovery provided no additional cultural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface : 4 Chert fl a kes 3-77 ...... - o o o o "JJ II II 0 IJ IJ II JI 0 II II 0 0 II If)0 Test 1 /0,\0 II IJ II II II ,\ \\ "~~........:-.,.,\\ \\ \\ "\\ \\ \\ \\0 ,\ \\ "~~~a Test 2 0""o~00 ~0~~----..~~ '~~',........-----.......~~ .......::::--:: Talkeetna Mts.C-2 T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M. SI'l 1/4 Nvl 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.33 Contour Interval:1 rn 16 I 8 1 METERS o tTestpit0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum X Spruce Tree *Game Trail -::;..-==.:::- - Figure 3.23.Site Map TLM 182. 3-78 AHRS Number TLM 183~Accession Number UA83-109 Area:Ca.5.5 km West-southwest of Vee Canyon and 500 m South of the Susitna River,Survey Locale 122 Area Map:Figure A.7;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.72 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.C-2~Scale 1:63~360 Site Location:UlM Zone 6 Easting 467700 Northing 6951600 Lati tude 62°41 1 4.1"N.~Longi tude 147°37 145 11 ~J. T.30 N.~R.10 E.~Seward Meridian Sec.17,SW!.iN E!4N~/!.i Site Map:Figure 3.24 Setting:TLM 183 is located on a ridge ca.5.5 km west-southwest of Vee Canyon.The ridge is approximately 500 m south of the Susitna River and ca.2 km southeast of the stream draining the region east of Clarence Lake.Another steep drainage is located approximately 500 m to the east of the site.The site is on a narrow 20 m wide ridge paralleling the Susitna River at an elevation of approximately 762 m asl (2500 feet). The ridge is si tuated perpendicul ar between two other ridges wh i ch extend north towards the Susitna River.The ridge to the west of the site is approximately 20 m higher than the one on which the site is located.A small grassy depression~ca.50 m east-west by 10 m north- south,is located immediately south of the site and is 10 m below the level of the site.From the site the terrain slopes north at approxi- "'''''mately 30 degrees toward the Susitna River allowing an unobstructed view of the river flowing fran east to west.South of the site'~'the terrain general 1y ri ses sharpl y to a height of 1090 m asl (3575 feet).Vegeta- tion on the site consists of dwarf birch~spruce~Labrador tea,mosses, and lichens.The surrounding vegetation is similar except for a higher density of spruce trees to the north and south. 3-79 Reconnaissance Testing:One obsidian flake was located on the surface of a game trail following the ridge top.A 40 cm x 40 cm test pit (test 1)excavated near the surface find produced three basalt flakes fran between the Watana and Oshetna tephra.Eight additional subsurface tests pl aced around test 1 did not reveal any addi ti anal cul tu ral materi al • Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Obsidian flake Subsu rface: 3 Basa 1t fl akes 3-80 - ---- 2 ----- - - Test pit c 0 10 20 t I , Shovel Test 0 HETERS Site Datum X Contour Interval:.5 m Surface Artifact I Talkeetna Hts.C-2-1- Spruce *T.30 N.,R.10 E.,S.M. SW 1/4 NE 1/4 NW 1/4,Sec.17 Game Trail ..--...- Figure 3.24.Site Map TLM 183. 3-81 AHRS Number TLM 184,Accession Number UA83-110 Area:Ca.2.2 km North-northeast of the Confluence of Watana Creek with the Susi tna River,Survey Local e 138 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.91 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 436300 Northing 6969300 T.32 N.,R.6 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.24,S~S~~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.25 .. Setting:TLM 184 is located on a knoll ca.2.2 km north-northeast of the confluence of Watana Creek with the Susitna River.The knoll is ca.50 m wide and is at an elevation of approximately 600 m asl (2000 feet).The site is located on the south half of the knoll overlooking black spruce bogs and adjacent knolls.The knoll is situated ca.1.3 km west of Watana Creek in a region of spruce bogs with widely separated kame knolls.Knolls of similar elevation as the one on which TLM 184 is situated occur to the east,south and southwest of the site.A small pond of less than 1 hectare in extent is located out of view some 300 m southeast of the site.The knoll with the site has an open vegetative cover of scattered spruce and birch trees.The ground cover consists of mosses,1 ichens,d~"arf birch,Labrador tea,and blueberries.~1oist spruce bogs of black spruce characterize the intervening regions between the higher knolls which share the open,dry vegetation of TU1 184. Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 184 was represented by lithics,one probable hearth and one possible hearth found below the ground surface across an area of 20 m east-~~st and ca.13 m north-south.Test pit 1 yielded numerous argillite and chert flakes,most from the Sod/Devil contact and the remainder fran the Devil and \Jatana tephras.Test 3-82 - ~I ""'" pit 2,1oca ted 10m to the west of tes t pi t 1,produced fl a kes from the Sod/Devil contact and the Watana tephra.The upper portion of the Watana tephra contained the rSTInants of a possible hearth,which consisted of burnt and unburnt bone fragments,flakes and charcoal fragments.Test pit 3,located 10 m west of test pit 2,showed evidence of a possible hearth in the Watana tephra,which consisted of thermally altered rocks and scattered charcoal fragments.Test pit 4,approxi- mately 13 m south of test pit 2,was placed in ground exposed by a toppl ed spruce tree.Chert and arg ill i te f1 akes \'lere found in the Wa tana hori zons of thi s test.Seven shovel tests in i ti ated to detennine the extent of the site were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: Test Pit 4: 1 Arg ill i te fl ake 1 White chert flake Su bsu rface: Test Pit 1: 108 Argillite flakes 2 Black chert flakes,1 retouched Test Pit 2: 311 Burnt and unburnt bone fragments 5 Argillite flakes 1 Qua rtzi te fl ake 2 Basalt fl a kes 1 Gray chert flake 3-83 Test Pit 3: 3 Thermally altered rocks 1 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke Test Pit 4: 1 Arg illite fl a ke 1 Black chert flake 3-84 - ~, - .... 3 o Test 2 o o ~*~...Test 1 )t.l .0 * a 10 20Testpit0I!I Shovel Test 0 METERSSiteDatumX.- Surface Artifact I Contour Interval:1 m-1- Spruce *Talkeetna Hts.D-3DownSpruce~T.32 N.,R.6 E.,S.H.~)ilo Birch @ SE 1/4 SE 1/4 NN 1/4,Sec.24 Figure 3.25.Site Map TLM 184 . .- 3-85 AHRS Number TLM 185,Accession Number UA83-111 Area:Ca.1.8 km South of the Oshetna and Susitna River Confluence, Survey Locale 124 (Locus A) Area Map:Figure A.8;Survey Local~Map:Figure A.74 USGS Map:Tal keetna ~1ts.C-l,Scal e 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 480220 Northing 6943600 Latitude 62°37 1 2]1'N.,Longitude 147°23 1 06"W. T.29 N.,R.11 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.10,NW~NW~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.26 Setting:TLM 185 locus A is located on a ridge overlooking the Oshetna River at an elevation of ca.762 m asl (2500 feet).The site is on the west bank of the Oshetna River approximately 90 m above the valley floor and about 1.5 km southwest of the Oshetna and Susitna River confluence. The site is positioned on a slight rise within the ridge which runs parallel to the Oshetna River.The ridge gradually slopes upward towards the north.Visibility in that direction is blocked by the rising ridge.To the south,the ridge drops in elevation but continues to parallel the valley floor.A small lake approximately 2 hectares in size is just out of view from the site at a distance of 1 km to the northwest.The view from the site area to the east affords an overlook of the Oshetna River,its valley,and the eastern bank.To the south and to the west the valley opens into a panoramic view of the high tundra for a distance of over 10 km.The vegetation in the site area is generally characterized as upland spruce-hardwood.Species found on the site area include scattered stands of spruce,dwarf birch,dwarf willow, Labrador tea,fireweed,lowbush cranberry,blueberry,some lichens and grasses.The vegetation in the surrounding area is the same as that found on the site.except that the spruce stands are thicker on the valley floor.Additionally to the west of the site.a dried pond contains a muskeg bog and grasses. 3-86 ~. - - Reconnaissance Testing:A single chert flake was found on the surface of the ground at the site of an exposure.A 40 em x 40 cm test pit (test pit 1)and eight shovel tests were excavated in the vicinity of the surface artifact and all were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Chert flake 3-87 AHRS Number TLM 185,Accession Number UA83-111 Area:Ca.1.8 km South of the Oshetna and Susitna River Confluence, Survey Locale 124 (Locus B) Area Map:Figure A.8;Survey Locale ~1ap:Figure A.74 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-l,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 480200 Northing 6943610 T.29 N.,R.11 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.10,NWJ,;NW:;N~IJ,; Site r~ap:Figure 3.27 Setting:TLM 185 locus B is located on a ridge overlooking the Oshetna River to the east at an elevation of approximately 777 m asl (2550 feet).The site is located 1.5 km from the Oshetna and Susitna River confluence.It;s situated on a flat section of an ascending ridge. The flat site area is approximately 40 m in a northeast to southwest direction and 30 m in a northwest to southeast direction.TUM 185 locus B is located on the same ridge with TLM 185 locus A,but positioned approximately 45 m to the north on a higher portion of the ridge.The site itself sits on a flat area of the ridge about 40 m long on the northeast to southwest axis and 20 m wide on the northwest to southeast axis.The view from the site is very similar to the view afforded from TUM 185 locus A.The Oshetna River valley and the upland tundra are visible when looking eastward and southward from the site.To the west and northwest the view is composed of roll ing upland tundra.The visibility to the north is obscured by the gently rising ridge on which the site is situated.The vegetation in the site area is characterized as upland spruce-hardwood.Floral growth in the site area is composed of scattered stands of spruce,dwarf birch,dwarf willow,lowbush cranberry,blueberry,Labrador tea,and lichens.The vegetation in the surrounding area is similar to that found on the site,except heavier 3-88 - - - .... .... - stands of spruce in the low-lying valley floor and a muskeg bog in the upland marshes to the west of the site. Reconnaissance Testing:A lithic scatter and a side notched point (UA83-111-1,Figure 3.66a)were found exposed on the surface of a wind deflated area on the southeast margin of the site on the slope facing the Oshetna River.Bone chips were also found on the site surface but appear to be of recent origin.Six shovel tests and a single 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1)were excavated to determine the spatial extent of the site and vertical provenience of cultural material.Three basalt fl akes were found in test pit 1,all were recovered from a s n ty sand matrix sitting upon an oxidized sandy matrix.No artifacts were recovered from the shovel tests. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Chert side notched point 1 Chert fl a ke 1 Basal t fl ake Subsurface: 3 Basal t fl akes 3-89 - Test Pit 0 0 10 20 ~ Shovel Test 0 I I I Site Datum X !1ETERS Surface Artifact -:-Interval:1.5 Spruce *"Contour ca.m Down Spruce ~Talkeetna llJts.C-l Dwarf Birch 0 T.29 N.,R.11 E.,S.11. Surface Exposure C"")NH 1/4 NH 1/4 mq 1/4,Sec.10 ~ Figure'3.26.Site ~1ap TLM 185,Locus A. 3-90 20 J 10 1 METERS o 1 Contour Interval:ca.1.5 m Talkeetna Mts.C-l T.29 N.,R.11 E.,S.H. Nt"l 1/4 NVl·1/4 1M 1/4,Sec.10 a o 1-1- .:.....- Test pit Shovel Test Surface Artifact Spruce Down Spruce Th·/arf Birch Surface Exposure 75 cm Contour o~ () Q o - - Figure 3.27.Site Map TUM 185,Locus B. 3-91 AHRS Number TLM 186~Accession Number UA83-112 Area:~Jest Side of Kosina Creek ca.1 km North of the Confluence with Gil bert Creek,Survey Local e 129 Area Map:Figure A.7;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.77 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-2,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:U~1 Zone 6 Easting 450050 Northing 6954990 Latitude 62°43 1 21 11 N.,Longitude 147°58'30"~L T.30 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.4,S2~NW~W~ Site Map:Figure 3.28 Setting:TLM 186 is located on a discrete elongated knoll ca.1 km northwest of the confluence of Kosina Creek with Gilbert Creek at an elevation of ca.730 m asl (2400 feet).The northwest-southeast trending knoll is approximately 30 m long and 20 m wide.It has a prominent south-facing,7 to 8 degree slope approximately 30 m above the unnamed east-west dra inage to the south.The juncti on of thi s dra inage and Kosina Creek is ca.350 m southeast of the site.The discontinuous knoll descends north along a 4 degree slope for 10 m,then ascends up to a series of higher knolls approximately 12 m above the site.Visibility to the north is abruptly obstructed by the higher series of knolls. There is a clear view of TLM 179 across the unnamed drainage ca.350 m to the south.The higher peaks of the Talkeetna Mts.are visible located ca.24 km to the south.Mt.Watana is visible to the west~and the eastern valley wall of Kosina Creek is clearly visible.There are a series of freshwater lakes located to the northwest~west,and southwest of the site which vary in size.These lakes are in close proximity,but are not visible from the site.There are a series of six lakes clustered together approximately 800 m to the northwest.The largest of this cluster measures ca.2.5 hectares.Another lake is located ca.100 m west-southwest of the site measuring approximately 1 hectare. 3-92 - - - This lake is drained by the unnamed drainage below the site.Another series of five lakes are located ca.1.7 kIn south-southwest of the site. The largest of these lakes measures 1 hectare.The top of the knoll is relatively flat with a game trail along the crest.On its southwest slope is an exposed erosion surface.Surface vegetation includes scattered white spruce with a ground cover of dwarf birch,lowbush cranberry,Labrador tea,blueberry and lichen.Birch is scattered along the south-facing slopes.The area surrounding the site is relatively well drained. Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of both surface and sub- surface cultural material.An obsidian biface (UA83-112-1;Figure 3.6Gb)was recovered from the surface of the game trail.Five basalt fl akes were found on the exposed eroded slope on the southwest end of the knoll.A 40 cm x 40 cm test (test pi t 1)was placed over the area where the obsidian biface was recovered.One obsidian fragment was recovered from the lichen-spruce needle mat in test pit 1.Four shovel tests were placed on the level area of the site to the east and west, all with negative results. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Obsidian biface 5 Basalt fl a kes Subsu rface: 1 Obsi dian ~fragmen t 3-93 .... - '""" Talkeetna l1ts.C-2 T.30N.,R.BE.,S.M. SE 1/4 l~l 1/4 M1 1/4 Sec.4 Contour Interval:1 m Test pit 0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum X Surface Artifact -:- Deflated Area --... (I--- Spruce Tree ~ o I 10 J METERS 20 I Figure 3.28.Site Map TLM 186. 3-94 ..... ,- ...., AHRS Number TLM 187,Accession Number UA83-ll3 Area:Ca.200 m Southeast of Confluence of Kosina Creek and Gilbert Creek,Survey Locale 128 Area Map:Figure A.7;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.76 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-2,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 450410 Northing 6952800 T.30 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.9,NE1~N 84S\Jlzi Site Map:Figure 3.29 Setting:The site is located on the crest of a small knoll ca.200 m southeast of the confluence of K9sina and Gfl bert creeks.Surrounding the site,situated at ca.762 m asl (2500 feet),are three other small knolls of approximately the same elevation.A small creek,approxi- mately 6 m below the site,drains the uplands to the north and east.To the south,west,and northwest,the terrain drops steeply to Gilbert Creek.Across Gilbert Creek to the west is a large rock outcrop that forms the divide between Kosina and Gilbert creeks.The site's location provides an excellent panoramic view for several kilometers.Three nearby sites that are visible are TUM 071,an historic cabin ca.100 m to the southeast,as well as TLM 179 and TUM 186,two prehistoric sites located approximately 2 km northwest,across Kosina Creek.Vegetation around the site consists of open spruce woodlands,including black spruce,dwarf birch,Labrador tea,lowbush cranberry,crowberry, bearberry,grasses,lichen,and moss.The site has been partially deflated over one-half of its surface,leaving the underlying glacial drift exposed. 3-95 Reconnaissance Testing:Six flakes were recovered from a surface context in a deflated area on the.northwest edge of the knoll.One bone fragment of doubtful association with the flakes was also recovered.In addition,a chalcedony flake was found in test pit 1 at the contact of the organic mat and the light gray fine sandy silt (Devil tephra). E1 even shovel tests p1 aced on the knoll,p1 us 3 an the adjacent knoll produced no add;t;anal cu1 tura1 rna ter;a1 . Collected Artifact Inventory: Su rface: 1 Basalt flake 5 Arg ill ;te f1 a ke s 1 Unidentifiable bone fragment Subsu rface: 1 Chalcedony flake 3-96 - :p. i="r :'Test 1 .... ~.0 .0 ·cP.·.·0.·· '.. a 8 16 Test pit C ,I I Shovel Test 0 l1ETERS Site Datmn X Contour Interval:1 m Surface Artifact _1-Talkeetna Mts.C-2 I Spruce T.30 N.,R.8 E.,S.M. 1#J.NE 1/4 HE 1/4 SW 1/4,Sec.9 50 cm Contour ..........: Figure 3.29.Site Map TLM 187. 3-97 AHRS NUr.1ber TLM 188,Accession Number UA83-228 Area:Ca.7 km Northeast of the Confluence of Tsusena Creek and the Sus i tna Area Map: USGS Map: River,Proposed Borrow F Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.129 Tal keetna ~1ts.D-4.Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:un~Zone 6 Easting 422350 Northing 6971625 T.32 N.•R.5 E.,Seward r,1eridian Sec.16,SW~NW~NE~ Site Map:Figure 3.30 Setting:TLM 188 is located on the west side of a small lake about 300 m west of Tsusena Creek and about 7 km northeast of the confluence of Tsusena Creek and the Susitna River.The site is on a small,flat knoll about 2 m above the lake surface at an elevation of ca.640 m asl (2100 feet).The 50 m diameter lake was formed in a small depression between a series of kames and ridges near a bend in Tsusena Creek. Between the lake and Tsusena Creek are three or four gravel terraces with little soil development.Southwest of the site is a larger and higher ridge which overlooks Tsusena Creek to the north,south,and west.TLM 188 is located about 20 m west of the lake and 10 m southeast of a small stream draining into the pond.Both the lake and inlet stream are visible from the site,but Tsusena Creek is out of view.The knoll on which TLM 188 sits is relatively small and level.being approx- imately 20 m northwest-southeast by 20 m northeast-southwest.Vegeta- tion on the site consists of black spruce,dwarf birch,blueberry, crowberry,bearberry,lichens,and mosses.The surrounding vegetation is more dense,particularly near the lake,and includes cottonwood. willow,dwarf birch,birch,mosses,and lichens. 3-98 - - - - 1"". Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 188 produced two green argillite flakes, one found in the initial shovel test and the other in the subsequent 40 cm x 40 cm test pi t (test pi t 1).The excavated fl ake was found on top of the Devil tephra at the humus contact and the flake found in the shovel test was al so probably associated with this level.Six shovel tests in the vicinity failed to reveal any additional cul tural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 2 Green argillite flakes 3-99 ~ ~~* Test ·Pit 0 10.20 0 I I , Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X contour Interval:1 m Spruce '$Talkeetna Hts.D-4 Birch C T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.H. SH 1/4 Nv1 1/4 HE 1/4,Sec.16 Marsh X Figure 3.30.Site Map TLM 188 3-100 -- - - AHRS Number TLM 189,Accession Number UA83-115 Area:Ca.1.4 km South-southwest of Oshetna River Mouth,Survey Locale 124 Area Map:Figure A.8;Survey Locale ~1ap:·Figure A.75 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-l,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:.UTM Zone 6 Easting 480300,Northing 6944200 T.29 N.,R.11 E.,Sewa rd Heridi an Sec.3,SW'4NW'4SW'4 Site Map:Figure 3.31 Setting:The site is located on a discrete elongate knoll ca.1.4 km south-southeast of the mouth of the Oshetna River.The site occurs as three lithic scatters on the broad relatively flat summit of the knoll which is about 777 m asl (2550 feet)in elevation and 80 m east-west by 40 m north-south in area.Scatter 3 occurs near the highest point of the knoll on the east end of the summit.The two other lithic scatters occur ca.30 m west,on the southwestern margin of the knoll. Scatters 1 and 2 appear to be oriented toward a 2-hectare lake located ca.200 m southwest of the site and the surrounding marsh,with slopes to the west of the 1a ke and ridges and knoll s to the east of the 1ake at the top of the Oshetna valley west wall.Also in view to the west is terrain of similar elevation for a distance of approximately 2.0 km. Fran the summit of the knoll,the slopes to the north,east,and south are steep (ca.30~egrees),allowing a clear view of the Oshetna/S~sitna confluence,slopes descending continuously to the Oshetna/Susitna flood- plain,and areas across the rivers to the north and east.The south and southwest slopes descend more gradually (15 degrees)toward the lake and the surrounding marshy flats,while to the west,a broad saddle joins the site knoll to a north-south oriented ridge ca.1 km distant.The Oshetna River flows approximately 122 m (400 feet)below the site and 3-101 approaches to ca.600 m to the east.Site vegetation consists of birch shrub with scattered spruce.Surface exposures resulting from wind deflation and animal burrowing are evident. Reconnaissance Testing:Three lithic scatters were observed on the surface.Scatter 1 consisted of two basalt flakes.Scatter 2 consisted of three basalt flakes clustered approximately 5 m southeast of scatter 1.Scatter 3 consisted of a single red chert flake,located approximately 30 m east.A test pit (test pit 1)was placed between scatters 1 and 2,which produced a single basalt flake from the Watana/drift contact.A shovel test 5 m north of test pit 1 produced a basalt flake from the root mat,and was expanded into a second test pit (test pit 2);however no additional lithic material was found.Eight additi anal shovel tests failed to reveal fu rther subsu rface cul tu ral remains. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 3 Basalt fl a kes 1 Red chert fl ake Subsurface: 2 Basal t fl akes 3-102 - .~ I~ _---9-_ ---~-----_.-' Contour Interval:1.5 m Talkeetna l»tts.C-l T.29 N.,R.11 E.,S.M. SVl 1/4 HW 1/4 SH 1/4,Sec.3 ,.'". Test Pit Shovel·Test (1981) Shovel Test (1983) Site Datum Spruce Surface Lithic Scatter R&M Survey Marker possible Auger Hole Surface Exposure Burrow Entrance o e o )( :II -l-•6 l'J o o I 20 I HETERS 40 I Figure 3.31.Site r'1ap TLM 189 3-103 AHRS Number TLM 190,Accession Number UA83-116 Area:Ca.1 km South of the Oshetna River Mouth,Survey Locale 124 Area Map:Figure A.a;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.75 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-1,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 480390 Northing 6944630 T.29 N.,R.11 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.3,SW~SW~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.32 Setting:The site is located on a discrete knoll which fonns part of a low ridge descending from the TLM 189 site toward the Oshetna River mouth,at an elevation of approximately 716 m asl (2550 feet).The knoll is about 10 m north to south and 15 m east to west,with a height above surrounding terrain of approximately 5 m and 1.5 m to the north and south respectively.The site appears to be locationally oriented toward the following features;the lower 1 km of the Oshetna River and its floodplain,the confluence of the two rivers,the Susitna River,and intervening slopes descending about 91 m to the river.Terrain of similar elevation is in view to the west,as are some areas across both the Susitna and Oshetna rivers.The break in slope at the top of the Oshetna valley wall obstructs the view of the Oshetna River above 1 km upstream.The site knoll is extensively deflated with sparse vegetation including birch and willow shrubs,fire~veed,and a thin lichen mat. Reconnaissance Testing:A surface lithic scatter composed of six basalt flakes and one rhyolite flake was observed on the summit and north side of the knoll.A test pit was placed in the vegetation mat on the top of the knoll (test pit I),which produced four rhyolite flakes from the ~Ja tana tephra.One shovel test on the knoll fa il ed to reveal fu rther cul tural rna teri al . 3-104 - - Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Basalt flake 1 Rhyo 1 i te fl a ke Subsurface: 4 Rhyol i te flakes 3-105 - _0 ! -N- J ~ Talkeetna Mts.C-1 T.29 N.I R.11 E.IS.M. SH 1/4 51"1 1/4 NH 1/4 Sec.3 contour Interval:l.S m Test pit 0 Shover Test 0 Site Datum )( Surface Artifact -:- Deflated Area ,..-, "-, Spruce Tree ~ Deadfall ~ o,5 J HETERS 10 Figure 3.32.Site Map TLM 190. 3-106 ..... AHRS Number TLM 191,Accession Number UA83-117 Area:Ca.4 km North-northeast of Deadman Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 150 ..... .... Area Map: USGS Map: Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.114 Tal keetna Mts.D-3,Scal e 1:63,360 - ..- Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 426350 Northing 6971150 Latitude 62°51 1 53 11 N.,Longitude 148°26 1 44 11 W. T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.13,SW!,;SW!,;NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.33 Setting:TLM 191 is located at an elevation of ca.747 m asl (2450 feet)about 200 m west of Deadman Creek and 4 km north of its confluence with the Susitna River.The site is located on a ridge which runs parallel to Deadman Creek and borders a long,narrow lake (ca.600 m northwest-southeast by 40 m wide)of about 5 hectares in area.The ridge is ca.5 m to 10 m higher in el eva ti on than the 1ak.e to the west. TLM 191 is located on the ridge about 300 m north of the southern end of the lake.The region west of the site consists of elongated kames interspersed with kettle lakes and bogs.The site canmands an excellent view in all directions,with Deadman Creek to the north and east,the lake immediately west of the site,and the rolling kettle and kame topography further west.TLM 191 is situated on a relatively broad, flat region of the ridge,being approximately 40 m north-south by 30 m east-west,with slopes of approximately 20 degrees angle to the west and east.The site is approximately 2 m higher than the rest of the ridge. Surface vegetation at TU1 191 consists of a thick lichen mat,dwarf birch,blueberry,bearberry,Labrador tea,and grasses.The density of vegetation increases to the east,especially along Deadman Creek where birch,spruce,and dense willow thickets are found . 3-107 Reconnaissance Testing:A single tan argillite flake was found in a shovel test.The exact stratigraphic provenience is unknown but probably originated in or below the Watana tephra.Excavation of eight more shovel tests and a 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1)failed to reveal any other arti facts. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Tan argillite flake 3-108 ~, - - - - - """ Test 1 0 (} ~o~ ..~:0 0lake mGJ~PJ-0 Test Pit 0 0 20 40 I I I Shovel Test 0 l'1ETERS site Datum X Contour Interval:•Srn Spruce Tree ~Talkeetna Hts.D-3 Boulder <t!>T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. SW 1/4 SW 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec.13 Figure 3.33.Site Map TLM 191. 3-109 AHRS Number TLM 192,Accession Number UA83-1l8 Area:Ca.sao m East-southeast of Tsusena Creek and 2 km r~orth of the Sus itna River,Survey Local e 152 Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.117 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-4,Scal e 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 421650 Northing 6968700 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.28,NE~NW~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.34 Setting:TLM 192 is located at the edge of a plain at an elevation of ca.670 m asl (2200 feet)approximately SOD m east-southeast of Tsusena Creek and approximately 2 km north of the Susitna River.The plain on which the site is located slopes downward from the west before being truncated by a 30 m wide trough of possible glacial origin.The trough is located immediately west of the site and is about 3 m below the level of the site.The trough slopes downward from its north end approxi- mately 100 m north of the site and about 50 m south of the site it changes its orientation from north-south to a southwesterly direction, sloping more rapidly down toward Tsusena Creek.The terrain on the opposite side of the trough is about 2 m higher than the site.The surrounding terrain is characterized by sinuous kames on a rolling plain.A ridge system originates in the east from the higher portion of the sloping plain.The northwest-southeast trending ridges terminate at their western end above Tsusena Creek.South of the site ca.1.2 km distant is a high ridge forming the north slope of the Susitna River canyon.Site TLM 018 is located on the crest of the ridge to the south. A series of kettle lakes occur to the northeast,with the closest of them being ca.500 m distant.Tsusena Creek flows southwestward passing the site at the closest point about 500 m to the west-northwest.The 3-110 - ~, - ~: """'1 - - .- - view from the site is restricted to the sloping plain to the east and the trough to the west.Ridges to the north,east,and west limit visibility to the adjacent few hundred meters.Vegetation on the site consists of dwarf birch,Labrador tea,and scattered black spruce. Equisetum is prevalent in the trough.Open stands of spruce charac- terize the terrain to the east,while more dense stands of spruce occur to the south and the higher elevations to the north.The east-west trending ridge to the south overlooking the Susitna River is vegetated with mosses and berries. Reconnaissance Testing:A possible scraper of tan argillite was found in ~shovel test,probably from within or below the Oshetna tephra.A 40 cm x 40 cm test (test pit 1)and six shovel tests did not reveal any additional cultural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Possib1e argillite scraper 3-111 Test pit Shovel Test Site Datum Spruce c o x o ~Test 1 o o o o o 10 20 ...'....L!.JI HETERS Contour Interval:.5 m Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. NE 1/4 NW 1/4 mJ 1/4,Sec.28 Figure 3.34.Site Map TLM 192. 3-112 '! - ..... AHRS Number TLM 193,Access ion Number UA83-119 Area:Ca.4 km North-northeast of the ~1olJth of Deadman Creek,Su rvey Local e 150 Area ~1ap:Figure A.3;Survey Local e Map:Figure A.114 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 426250 Northing 6970950 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.13,NW~NW~SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.35 Setting:TUM 193 is located on the southwest slope of a northwest- southeast trending ridge approximately 200 m west of Deadman Creek and 4 km north-northeast of the confluence of Deadman Creek and the Susitna River.The ridge runs parallel to Deadman Creek and divides two long, narrow lakes.The lake to the west measures about 250 m north-south and 30 m east-west,while the lake to the east is about 600 m north-south and 40 m east-west.The ridge begins about 150 m south of the north end of the western lake and continues for approximately another 150 m south of the end of the lake.TLM 193 is about 75 m southeast of the western lake and 20 m northeast of a small pond of less than 1 hectare in size. The site is located at an elevati·on of ca.732 m asl (2400 feet)on a greater than 30 degree eroded or deflated surface facing the pond.The site is ca.10 m higher than the level of the pond but is about 2 m lower than the ridge crest.The view from the site is restricted to the northwest.Vegetation on the site consists of dwarf birch,white spruce,lichens,blueberries,crowberries,and grasses.The surrounding vegetation is more variable with the addition of water lilies and sedges in the pond,black spruce in the bogs.and willow thickets along stream channel s. 3-113 Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 193 consists of two chert flakes on the surface of a slope exposure of approximately 2 m north-south by 2 m east-\'/est.No additional artifacts were found in the nine shovel tests and a 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1). Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 2 Chert fl a kes 3-114 ..... - MJI, - - -, - o o o o ---.5 Test pit 0 10 20 a ,,, :"'~Shovel Test 0 HETERS Site Datum X Contour Interval:.5 rn Surface Artifact -1-Talkeetna.Mts.D-3 Spruce * T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. NW 1/4 NW 1/4 SIV 1/4,Sec.13 Harsh x.. ,-.. Surface Exposure .')-- I'"""Figure 3.35.Site Map TLM 193. 3-115 AHRS Number TLM 194,Accession Number UA83-120 Area:Ca.2.8 km West of Mouth of Kosina Creek on South Side of Susitna River,Survey Locale 80/32 Area Map:Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.66 USGS Map:Tal ke~tna ~·1ts.D-2,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTN Zone 6 Easting 449250 Northing 6961400 La ti tude 62°46'54"N.,Longitude 14]059 1 40 11 W. T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward ~1eridian Sec.17,SW~NW~NE~ Site Ma p:Fig ure 3.36 Setting:TLM 194 is located approximately 2.8 km west of the confluence of the Susitna River and Kosina Creek.The site is situated on a relatively flat,dry terrace edge of a dense,boggy black spruce forest ca.200 m south of the Susitna River.The topographic setting in the vicinity of the site,lying at ca.564 m asl (1850 feet),is charac- terized by a mosaic of small rounded knolls and linear ridge terraces separated by depressions and low saddles.The terrain to the south of the site is a muskeg bog,which is relatively level for approximately 50 m before it steeply slopes to a higher east-west trending ridge terrace.The terrain to the north steeply slopes down approximately 20 degrees for 4 m,and to the west,the terrain descends along a game tra il into a saddle and then up onto a rounded knoll.Further west,a drainage flowing from ~Jatana Lake (approximately 5.5 km southwest of TLM 194)empties into the Susi tna at a bend in the river ca.800 m from the site.To the east,the terrain is level along the game trail and connects the site to another dry terrace edge 15 m distant.A fresh- water lake,measuring ca.5 hectares is located ca.800 m northeast of the site on the opposite side of the Susitna River.The view of the surrounding terrain is limited by a dense black spruce forest in all directions.The steeply ascending slope to the south also obstructs the 3-116 - - - - - ,.... ""'" ~, view.Site vegetation is characterized as a mixed upland spruce- hardwood forest.Black spruce,dwarf birch,alder,Labrador tea, lowbush cranberry,blueberry,and crowberry form the predominant site vegetation.White lichen,moss,grasses and horsetail occur in a few locations along the game trail.Birch trees form a north-south alignment along a drainage on the steep ascending slope south of the site and the low boggy area supports an abundance of tussocks,willow, and horseta i1. Reconnaissance Testing:All artifactual material collected at TLM 194 was recovered from test pit 1.From an initial shovel test,one argillite flake,broken into two pieces,was recovered.This test was expanded to a 40 cm by 40 cm test pit (test pit 1),excavated to a depth of 30 cm.Recovered from test pit 1 were two additional argillite flakes (one was in two pieces)found in the drift (23 em below surface). It appears that oxidized drift gravels are mixed with gray fine grained particles of the above contact unit (Oshetna)suggesting that these flakes are displaced from the unit above the drift.Four shovel tests dug 5 m to the east,south,west and north of test pit 1,plus 19 other shovel tests dug previous to discovery of the site,yielded no additional artifacts.No surface artifacts were found. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsurface: 3 Argillite flakes (5 flake fragments) 3-117 - - - 0 10 20 Test pit 0 I I I Shovel Test 0 HETERS site Datum x Contour Interval:1 m Spruce *Talkeetna Mts.D-2 T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M. SH 1/4 NVJ 1/4 NE 1/4,Sec.17 - Figure 3.36.Site Map TLM 194. 3-118 - AHRS Number TL~195,Accession Number UA83-121 Area:Ca.300 m East of Watana Creek,13 km Northeast of Confluence of Ha tana Creek and the Sus i tna River,Survey Local e 142 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.9a USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.D-3,Scal e 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 444900 Northing 6976510 Latitude 62°54'5]11 N.,Longitude 148°05'00 11 w. T.33 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.26,S~SW~SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.37 Setting:The site is situated on the gradual slope of a northeast to southwest oriented ridge approximately 300 m east of ~Jatana Creek and 150 m north of a narrow drainage at an elevation of ca.750 m asl (2500 feet).The clearwater drainage to the south serves as an outlet for several small lakes (2 hectares or less)located within a 300-400 m radius to the north and east of the site.The surrounding undulating kettle-kame topography is visible in all directions except to the northeast where the ridge gradually slopes up and broadens out into a flat,boggy muskeg area.The view to the south overlooks the sweeping north-facing slope of the unnamed drainage and the terrace ridge beyond. The drainage itself is blocked by the sloping,undulating terrain.High knolls and the west terrace rim of Watana Creek1s deep valley is visible to the west.Also visible is the west valley wall,approximately 60 m in height and characterized by slumping and mass wasting.The site vegetation is comprised of an upland spruce-hardwood forest consisting of white spruce,alder,willow,dwarf birch,lowbush cranberry,Labrador tea,blueberry,bearberry,crowberry,dwarf dogwood,white lichen and moss.The spruce and alder become more common do\mslope and less common upslope fram the site. 3-119 Reconnaissance Testing:The site contains both surface and subsurface cul tural rna teri al.A basal t fl a ke was located on the edge of a southwest oriented elongated ridge with a ca.4 to 5 degree downslope. A 40 em x 40 em test (test pit 1)was placed 1.3 m southwest of the surface find.A thennally altered red'chert flake was recovered from the contact of the organic mat and a yellowish-brown sandy silt 5 on below the surface.Eight shovel tests were placed 10 m and 5 m respectively in each cardinal direction from test pit 1,all with nega tive resul ts. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 8 asa1t fl a ke Subsu rface: 1 Thennall y al tered red chert flake 3-120 """'I - ..... - 0 0 •\~ \~ 0 4 8 Test pit 0 I I I ~Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X Contour Interval 1 m Surface Artifact -:-Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.33 N.,R.7 E.,S.M. Spruce ~SE 1/4 S~'1 1/4 SW 1/4,Sec.26 Birch or Alder 0 Figure 3.37.Site Map TLM 195 . .~ 3-121 AHRS Number TLM 196,Accession Number UA83-122 Area:Ca.1.6 km up Goose Creek fran its Cenfl uence with the Susi tna River,Survey Locale 123 Area Map:Figure A.S;Survey Locale ~~p:Figure A.73 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-l,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 477050 Northing 6944800 Latitude 62°38'06"N.,Longitude 147°26 1 49"~1. T.29 N.,R.11 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.5,NW~SW~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.38 Setting:TLM 196 is located on the east bank of Goose Creek about 1.6 km upstream from its confluence with the Susitna River.The site is located in a soil exposure resulting from soil slumping or sol ifluction flow.The site is 7 m east of Goose Creek and about 3 m above stream level.TIJI1 196 is at an elevation of approximately 671 m asl (2200 feet)and is near the bottom of the small valley containing Goose Creek. The terrain feature in which TLM 196 is found is a low stream terrace with infrequent erosional slumps.The view from the site is restricted to the immediate vicinity of Goose Creek for approximately 400 m up- stream to the south and for 200 m downstream to north-northeast.Heavy vegetation and slopes of greater than 20 degrees prevent views to the west and east.Vegetation on the site is of the lm'lland spruce hardwood type.It consists of equisetum,shrub willow,grasses,Labrador tea, firel;~eed,birch,and dwarf birch.Immediately adjacent to Goose Creek are moister lowlands with sphagnum moss and other wet tundra vegetation. The steep slopes confining Goose Creek maintain dense willow thickets and heavy stand~of black spruce. 3-122 - - - - - Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 196 was found when a large mandibular fragment with molar was found on an eroded surface below an erosional slump.The slumped area was cut back and another bone fragment was found in situ in massive silty clay deposits.In addition two possible lithic artifacts were recovered.A 2 m wide excavation 50 cm into the bank uncovered three additional bone fragments of the mandible.Two radiocarbon samples from above the bone unit produced dates of 2040 ±70 years:90 B.C.(Beta-7292)and 2120 ±60 years:170 B.C.(Beta-7293). The dates likely'refer to the redeposition of the faunal remains and not to the age of the specimen which appears to be late pleistocene in origin based on molar size.The complete molar associated with this specimen is approximately 1/3 larger than similar molars found in modern moose,but compares well in size to Pleistocene age specimens (Dale Guthrie,personal communication).All bone fragments seem to be derived from organic lenses in massive,clayey solifluction or mud flow deposits.The five bone fragments articulate together representing the molar row and ramus of a large moose {Figure 3.68}. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Moose mandible fragment with tooth Subsurface: 4 Moose mandible fragments 2 Possible basalt flakes 3-123 0 10 20 Test J I I I ~ Site Datum )C HETERS Spruce *Contour Interval:1 m ~ Rock f!;)Talkeetna Hts.C-1 T.29 N"R.11 E.,S.M. NW 1/4 SW 1/4 NW 1/4,Sec.S Figure 3.38.Site Map TLM 196.' ~, 3-124 AHRS Number TLM 197,Accession Number UA83-123 Figure A.113 1:63,360 Area:Ca.3.0 km North of the Confluence of Sus itna River,Survey Local e 150 Area Map:Figure A.3;Location Map: USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.D-3,Scal e Deadman Creek with the Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 425400 Northing 6970550 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.14,NW~SW~S84 Site Map:Figure 3.39 Setting:TLM 197 is located at an elevation of just over 730 m asl (2400 feet)ca.1.2 km west of Deadman Creek and approximately 3 km north of the confluence of Deadman Creek and the Susitna River.The site is on a 15 to 20 degree southwest-facing slope of a low ridge.The ridge occurs on a gently rolling plain that slopes gradually southward toward the Susitna River.The plain is generally boggy,characterized by fairly level,moist muskeg areas and shallow ponds among occasional low,flat ridges.Two small ponds,each less than 1 hectare in area, lie south of the site;the nearer of which is about 45 m away.Another, larger pond is located about 200 m southeast of the site.The ridge on which T~1 197 is located curves around the northwest,north,and north- east margins of the nearest pond to the south.The ridge is about 6 m above the pond and adjacent swampy area.The south slope of the ridge has intermittent gravel exposures,with TJJ.1 197 located on one of them, about 3 m above and overlooking the swamp.The view to the northeast is obstructed by the ridge and the thick dwarf birch stands,up to 2 m in height,that cover it.Toward the northwest,Tsusena Butte is visible across higher,more pronounced ridges.Other ridges covered with dwarf birch and scattered black spruce obstruct the view to the east and south.To the southwest the large bare knoll on which TLM 016 lies is 3-125 prominent ca.1.3 km away.The view over the plain extends in this direction to the ridges just north of the Susitna River.The vegetation of the slope on which TLM 197 lies consists of sparse Labrador tea, blueberry,bearberry,and crowberry,with lichens and grasses.Dense d\'lCl.rf birch and occasional black spruce cover the low ridges in the vicinity,the boggy plain is largely moss with grasses and infrequent black spruce,and the swamp and pond-edge flora include moss,sedges, and water lilies. Reconnaissance Testing:A single gray chert pebble from which two flakes had been removed was found on a slope exposure about 20 ~ northwest-southeast by 5 m southwest-northeast.No additional artifacts were found in any of the ten shovel tests or in the 40 cm x 40 em test pit 1. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Gray chert core wi th two f1 ake scars 3-126 - - ± .%..1 -*- -*-~small pond....i ....x.ca.45 m :i::r.:i.i:.Jk. ~~x ~%£~~ iii *~x z i ~ o 0 10 20 Test pit 0 1 r I Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X contour Interval:1 m Surface Artifact -l-Talkeetna Mts.D-3 Spruce * T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. NW 1/4 SvI 1/4 SE 1/4,Sec.14 Marsh *- Surface Exposure '-)l_ -Fi gure 3.39.Site Map TLM 197. 3-127 AHRS Number TLM 198,Accession Number UA83-124 Area:Ca.12 km Northeast of the Confluence of Watana Creek and Susitna River,Survey Locale 141 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.95 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 443600 Northing 6975900 Latitude 62°54'35 11 N.,Longitude 148°06 1 25 11 W. T.33 N.,R.7 E.,Seward 11eridian Sec.34,NE1~S El;;NW\ Site Map:Figure 3.40 Setting:TLM 198 is on a high plateau ca.732 m asl (2400 feet)and approximately 12 kmnortheast of the confluence of Watana Creek and the Susitna River.The site is at the extreme southern end of the plateau where it begins a steep descent to \.[atana Creek approximately 400 m to the south.The plateau is dissected by numerous stream channels Which drain the plateau and give its margins a scalloped appearance.The plateau is bordered on the east by IJatana Creek and on the west by a major tributary of Watana Creek.The two streams converge approximately 900 rn southwest of the site.North from TLM 198 the plateau extends for several kilometers and is relatively level.The region is poorly drained with numerous,shallow,water-filled depressions.Due to its location at the edge of the plateau.the site has unobstructed views of \Ja tana Creek to the soufh and east.A small stream occu rs about 10 m west of the site.The stream's course is steep and heavily vegetated. Vegetation on the site consists of open stands of dwarf birch,mosses, lichens,blueberries,and several small white spruce.Vegetation on the remainder of the plateau is similar to the above. 3-128 ..... - - - .- - - Reconnaissance Testing:The site contained a single patinated argillite flake found in a shovel test.The exact stratigraphic provenience of the flake is unknown,but it may have originated from a root zone between the Devil and \Jatana tephras.A test pit (test pit 1)and six additional shovel tests in the vicinity of the find were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Li 9ht br own pa tin a ted a rg ill i te fl a ke 3-129 o o Teat 1 ~0 ""'" 0 10 20 Test Pit 0 I I I Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datlllll X Contour Interval:1 m Spruce Tree *Talkeetna Mts.D-3 @ T.33 N.,R.7 E.,S.M.Birch Tree NE 1/4 SE 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec.34 Figure 3.40.Site Map TLM 198. 3-130 """ - ,... AHRS Number TUM 199,Accession Number UA83-125 Area:Ca.500 m Northwes t of the Con fl uence of \Ja tana Creek and the Sus itna River,Survey Local e 22 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.60 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.D-3,Scal e 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 435900 Northing 6967700 T.32 N.,R.6 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.25,S~SW~W~ Site Map:Figure 3.41 Setting:TLM 199 is on a relatively minor forested ridge approximately 500 m northwest of the confluence of Watana Creek and the Susitna River. This ridge is the first ridge north of the Susitna River terrace and the lowest in a series of east-west trending ridges.TU~199 is on the lowest end of the ridge at an elevation of ca.488 m asl (1600 feet), with higher ridges and knolls to the east.There is a prominent terrace to the south,Watana Creek approximately 200 m to the southeast,and the Susi tna River approximately 500 m to the south.To the north and west are ridges rising up about 50 m above TLM 199.Approximately 150 m to the northwest is a small stream,apparently following a remnant stream channel and disappearing into a small depression ca.100 m southwest of the site.Visibility from TLM 199 is virtually blocked in all directions.To the south and west,dense stands of birch and spruce obstruct the view,while to the north and east higher ridges and knolls are found.Vegetation on the site consists of black spruce,birch, dwarf birch,Labrador tea,blueberry,various other berries,mosses,and lichens.The off-site vegetation is very similar with birch dominating the south facing slopes and spruce on the north facing slopes. 3-131 Reconnaissance Testing:A total of eight basalt flakes were recovered-- one from the initial shovel test and seven from the subsequent 40 cm x 40 cm test pit 1.All of the artifacts were derived from immediately on top of the Oshetna tephra layer.No artifacts were recovered from any of the seven shovel tests intended to define the limits of the site. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 8 Basalt flakes 3-132 - - - *1 *0 () *0 @ *~0 Ck~;--0 ** @ @{ij.-0 *"0 e ~@ *~@ 0 10 20 Test Pit 0 I I I ..-0ShovelTest ~1ETERS Site Datum )(.Contour Interval:1 m .....Spruce Tree 1&Talkeetna Mts.D-3 Birch Tree @ T 32 N.,R.6 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 SW 1/4 ~]1/4 Sec.25-Dwarf Birch 0 Figure 3.41.Site Map TLM 199 3-133 AHRS I~umber TLM 200,Accession Number UA83-126 Area:Ca.600 m Northwest of the Confluence of Watana Creek and the Sus i tna River,Survey Local e 22 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.50 USGS Map:Talkeetna t~ts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTI4 Zone 6 Easting 435700 Northing 6967750 T.32 N.,R.6 E.,Se\'/ard ~1eridian Sec.25,SW~SW~rJ~ Site Map:Figure 3.42 Setting:TLM 200 is located at ca.549 m asl (1800 feet)about 500 m west of Watana Creek and ca.300 m north of the Susitna River.The site is located ca.5 m below the summit of a northeast trending ridge on a 10-15 degree slope.The site is on the highest terrain feature immediately northwest of the confluence of ~Jatana Creek and the Susitna River.TLM 200 is situated 30 m northeast of the summit of the knoll, with views to the north,west,and east.Open ground is found immediately west of the site on the west slope.The south facing slopes,approximately 750 m north of the site,are obscurred by mixed spruce-hardwood forests.The closest water source ;s ca.150 m to the northeast.To the southeast of TLM 200 is an old river terrace 70-100 m below the level of the site.A remnant stream channel is present to the northwest.Vegetation on the site consists of birch and scattered white spruce.Ground cover is composed of Labrador tea,berries,1 ichens,and moss.The surrounding vegetation is thick birch forest on the tops of ridges and slopes,with spruce and dense stands of dwarf bi rch in lowland areas. 3-134 _. - - - ",.. .- Reconnaissance Testing:Testing at TLM 200 consisted of one test pit and eight shovel tests.A single basalt flake was recovered frOCl the initial shovel test and no additional material was found in the sub- sequent 40 em x 40 cm test pit 1.The eight shovel tests around the site were steril e. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 1 Ba sal t fl a ke 3-135 - ~ I Contour Interval:1 m Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.32 N.R.6 E.,So.H. SW 1/4 SH 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec.25 Test Pit 0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum )( Spruce Tree *Birch Tree @ Dwarf Birch 0 o I 10 I1ETERS 20 Figure 3.42.Site Map.TU1 200. 3-136 -- - - AHRS Number TLM 201,Access i on Number UA83-127 Area:Ca.50 m East of Tsusena Creek and 2.8 km North of the Confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek,Proposed Borrow C Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.127 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 420800 Northing 6979200 To 33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward r1eridian Sec.20,N~NW~SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.43 Setting:TLM 201 is located ca.50 m east of Tsusena Creek and 2.8 km north of the confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek.The site is on an elongated northeast-southwest trending knoll (ca.20 m long by 5 m wide),which is part of first terrace above Tsusena Creek.The knoll is ca.10 m above Tsusena Creek,at approximately 732 m as1 (2400 feet). The site is located on the first knoll north of a swampy area, consisting of patches of grasses with standing cwater and patches of black spruce bog,which extends along the western margins of Tsusena Creek almost to its confluence with Clark Creek.The terrace system slopes gently westward to the flanks of the hills that separate the Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek drainages.A small stream,less than 2 m wide,separates the knoll with site from the remainder of the terrace system to the north and northwest.The knoll and associated terraces to the north and west are covered by mosses (some in hummocky patches), lichens,blueberries,crowberries,Labrador tea and dwarf birch. Scatter.ed spruce trees are present around the perimeter of the knoll and on the terraces.The site has an excellent view of the northwestern spur of Tsusena Butte and the butte itself as well as the Tsusena Creek Valley to the south and southeast. 3-137 Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 201 was represented by subsurface and surface flakes.Test pit 1 produced one flake at the Sod/Devil contact and one flake in the Devil tephra.Test pit 2,10 m southwest of test pit 1,yielded numerous basalt flakes.One flake was recovered from an exposure 2 m south of test pit 2.Four shovel tests initiated to determine the extent of the site were sterile. Collected Arti fact Inventory: Surface: 1 Basalt flake Su bSIJ rface : Test pit 1: 2 Basalt flakes Test pit 2: 201 Basal t fl akes 3-138 - ... - f()• / Tsusena Creek ca.50 m .. .---..-'""'-... -----3 o .- Contour Interval:1 m Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,S.Zi. NE 1/4 NW 1/4 SW 1/4 Sec.20 10 ITestpit0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum )( Surface Artifact _I- I Deflated Area ,-..,,.....__<1' Spruce Tree '* o I 5 I METERS - Figure 3.43 Site Map.TLM 201. 3-139 AHRS Number TLM 202,Accession Number UA83-128 Area:Ca.100 m West of Tsusena Creek and ca.200 m North of Clark Creek,Proposed Borrow F Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.128 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 420700 Northing 6976800 Latitude 62°54 1 50 11 N.,Longitude 148°33 1 38 11 W. T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward r~eridian Sec.32,NE~NW~NWJa Site Map:Figure 3.44 Setting:TLM 202 is located on one of a series of terraces ca.100 m west of Tsusena Creek and 200 m north of Clark Creek,at an elevation of ca.717 m asl (2350 feet).The site is on the eastern portion of a ca.100 m square flat terrace,which parallels Tsusena Creek.A 2 m break in slope associated with the terrace eQge is 40 m to the east. The terrace and surrounding terrain are relatively flat and heavily vegetated.Approximately 5 m south of a game trail located on the terrace is a small,dried-up pond filled with tussocks.There are no other similar features in the vicinity.The majority of the ground cover consists of thick,hummocky moss patches covered with dwarf birch. Labrador tea,blueberries and lichens are also present.Scattered spruce trees fonn the upper canopy.Just before the breaks in slope, there are a number of frost-jacked boulder patches many of which are filled with water.The view from the site is limited by the spruce trees to the upper elevation of the surrounding hills. 3-140 - - - -. - ..... ,.- ..... - Reconnaissance Testing:Cultural remains from TLM 202 consist of one basalt flake which was recovered from the lower portions of the ~atana tephra.The subsequent 40 cm x 40 crn test pit 1 and the nine shovel tests initiated to detennine the extent of the site were a11 sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsurface: 1 Sa sal t fl a ke 3-141 - ..... - - o o oo ,"',",-,......-:;:.... "/-'........, ...."'-' ~--~","/ ...:v "':'"'::lL -~",'l ~"",'/"**'~~~~~_'//"*;;~~*'\:'~'l -~ t1'*/t~0 ,{' rf'II ~II 'f'.II IIoII II Test 1 II /I,g II If II I II --~ II ,Ii'II.-./I II 0 II II II /I II ~Ii II II 0 10 20 Test Pit 0 I I Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X Contour Interval:.5 m Spruce Tree 1:Talkeetna Nts.D-4 Marsh T.33 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. )1£NE 1/4 N'"1'l 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec.32 Game Trail ~~-:.=:: - - Figure 3.44.Site Map.TLM 202. 3-142 - - AHRS Number TLM 203,Accession Number UA83-129 Area:Ca.50 m South of Clark Creek and 300 m West of the Confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek,Proposed Borrow F Area Map:Figure A.2;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.128 USGS r1ap:Tal keetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 420700 Northing 6976500 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.32,S~NW~W~ Site Map:Figure 3.45 Setting:TLM.203 is located ca.300 m west of the confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek and 50 m south of Clark Creek at an elevation of ca.732 m asl (2400 feet).The site is on a knoll which is part of an east-west trending terrace that parallels Clark Creek for approximately 1 km.The knoll on which the site is found is one of the highest in the vicinity.The knoll top is vegetated by mosses,lichens,blueberries, Labrador tea and dwarf birch.Scattered spruce trees are present off the knoll crest and in the surrounding areas.Lower elevations have thicker moss cover but otherwise the vegetation is similar.To the north the terrace slopes steeply greater than 30 degrees downward to Clark Creek,ca.30 m below the site.Clark Creek is ca.20 m wide at this point,bordered by low,flat floodplains.Oowncutting by Clark Creek has created valley wall constrictions.The terrace slopes gently eastward to the confluence of Tsusena Creek and Clark Creek,which is not visible from the site.To the south the terrace system continues, cut by a small gully.The view from the site is 1 imited by spruce trees.At present the view includes a 1 km portion of Clark Creek to the north and west and the hills beyond,as well as Tsusena Butte and portions of the Tsusena Creek valley. 3-143 Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 203 was represented by surface and sub- surface flakes.One basalt flake was found on the surface between test pits 1 and 2.Test pit 1 contained four basalt flakes in the organic layer and at the sod/Devil contact.Test pit 2 yielded one gray chert flake in the initial shovel test.Five shovel tests initiated to determine the limits of the site were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Basalt flake Subsu rface: Test pit 1: 4 Basalt flakes Test pit 2: 1 Gray chert flake 3-144 ..... - - - - - - .... C,..k C'ook r ~ca.50 m -N- ~ C 000 0 Test 2 0 10 20 Test Pit 0 I I I ~Shovel 0 HETERSTest Site Datum X Contour Interval:2 m Surface Artifact _1-Talkeetna Iltlts ..D-4 I T.33 N.,R.5 E,S.H. Spruce *SE 1/4 NH 1/4 NH 1/4,Sec.32 r"""Dwarf Birch 0 Figure 3.45 Site Map,TLM 203. 3-145 AHRS Number TLM 204,Accession Number UA83-216 Area:Ca.6 km Northeast of the Confluence at Goose Creek and Susitna River,Survey Locale 157 Area Map:Figure A.7;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.123 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-2,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 473750 Northing 6951900 Latitude 62°41 1 52"N.,Longitude 147°30 1 45"W. T.30 N.,R.10 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.11,SE~SE~SE~ Site Map:Figures 3.46,3.47 Setting:This is an historic site which was probably last occupied in the late 1950·s,likely associated with Corps of Engineer studies for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.It is located on an unnamed creek on the south side of the Susitna River.It is approximately 6 km northwest of the mouth of Goose Creek on a terrace ca.671 m as 1 (2200 feet)and about 30 m above the present level of the Susitna River.TLM 204 is on the east bank of the creek and about one-quarter of a mile from the Susitna River.The terrace on which the site is located extends approximately 60 m in an east-west direction and approximately 150 III in a north-south direction.The ecosystem for the site area is generally characterized as lowland spruce-hardwood.Vegetation on the site includes black spruce,white spruce,dwarf birch,blueberry,Labrador tea,lowbus h cranberry,bearberry ,1 i chens,and moss.Dwa rf bi rch tends to predominate on the site area.The vegetation in the surrounding area contains the same species types with the addition of birch and grasses. Reconnaissance Testing:A wide variety of historical and contemporary artifacts were observed on the ground surface over a 70 III X 70 m area. Two test pits were excavated at the site.Test Pit 1 was excavated into a large depression approximately 3.5 m wide by 4.5 m long (Figure 3.46). 3-146 - - ~, - - - - I~ - - - Test Pit 2 was excavated adjacent to an artifact concentration (Figure 3.47).Neither of the two test pits produced cultural material.No artifacts were collected from the surface of the site but many were observed.Some of the observed artifacts included a coffee pot,metal cowling for a heater,evaporated milk cans,Hills Brothers Coffee cans, Rainer Beer cans,glass Clorox bottles,a quart oil can,boards,cut logs,and 55-gallon drums. Collected Artifact Inventory: None 3-147 ..... .. * * D••r ••'IO~:8·"_/ ** * ~55 gallon drum \o I .. Test Pit Spruce o '* o l 10 I METERS 20 I Contour Interval:1 m Talkeetna Mts.C-2 T.30 N.,R.10 E.,S.H. SE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4,Sec.11 ..... - Figure 3.46.Site Map TUtl 2.04 North Half 3-148 55 gallon drum \~ ID -N- :-~ fPATJ. ¥-Ton'Q *...t \I fOO ·F.amoo r /.~*,<¥O ~I)Q £0 '~~1Joe~,\0 cOo-~'*.", ~ r'"X ~\0cz::zm *I ~ * Test pit 0 0 10 20 -Site Datum X I I I ~\)'ooden Post 0 HETERS Depression ()Contour Interval:1 rn Spruce *Talkeetna !"Its.C-2 T.30 N.,p ••1 ()E.,S.~L Cut Logs --SE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4,Sec.11 Board cz:a Figure 3.47.Site Map TLM 204 South Half. 3-149 AHRS Number TLM 205,Accession Number UA83-217 Area:Ca.25 km Area r~ap: USGS Map: Northeast of Watana Creek Mouth Figure A.4;Site Location Map:Figure Tal keetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360 A.51 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455600 Northing 6976000 Latitude 62°54 1 45 11 N.,Longitude 147°52 1 20"W. T.33 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.35,NE~NE~NE~ Site Map:Figure 3.48 Setting:The site is located ca.1000 m asl (3281 feet)on the summit of a prominent rounded knoll on the south Watana Creek valley ~'Vall in the upper porti on of the Wa tana Creek drainage ca.25 km northeast of the Watana Creek mouth.The knoll summit is ca.30 m (north-south)by 40 m (east-west)and relatively flat.The slopes of the knoll,which vary between 20 degrees and 30 degrees in steepness,descend ca.30 m to the west to a small stream,and to the north where the knoll slope merges with the general slope of the valley wall.To the south,the knoll slope descends ca.20 m before intersecting the southward rising valley wall slope.To the east,the knoll slope is more gradual and merges with the valley wall ca.15 m below and ca.50 m east.A view from the si"te includes ca.12 km of upper IJatana Creek valley from the west to the northeast,and the facing slopes of high elevation terrain on the other side of the creek up to ca.4 km to the north.In addition,views up and down the IJatana Creek valley of more than 10 km are available from the site.To the southwest,south,and east,the slopes of the south valley wall are visible within 1 km to 4 km,rlslng to ca.600 m above the site.A small ca.1.5 hectare lake is located ca.2 km southeast of the site on a break in slope of the valley wall, but it is not Visible frOOl the site. 3-150 - .- - """ raNil., A mineral lick,located ca.300 m southwest and at approximately the same elevation as the site on the other side of the small stream,on a steep (3D-degree)northeast-facing slope,is visible from the site. Very well marked game trails leading to the lick,and a number of Dall sheep \'Jere observed on the minera.l lick.Vegetation on the site is sparse alpine tundra,with patches of lichen and bearberry interspersed with barren frost-shattered rock areas.Vegetation of the surrounding slopes is similar,but includes dwarf birch and grass in nearby drainages with willow and spruce thickets present on the Watana Creek valley floor. Reconnaissance Testing:Reconnaissance testing was initiated when a game biologist observing the mineral lick found a basalt scraper fragment (UA83-217-1,Figure 3.66c).Surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing,consisting of eight shovel tests and a test pit,did not produce any further cultural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: 1 Basalt scraper fragment 3-151 '""" Test Pit Shovel Test a o 0 10 20 I I ! NETERS Contour Interval:1 m Talkeetna Hts.D-2 T.33 ~.,R.8 E.I S.~. NE 1/4 NE 1/4 SE 1/4,Sec.35 ~, Figure 3.48.Site Ma~TLM 205 3-152 ..... - AHRS Number TLM 206,Accession Number UA83-218 Area:Ca.500 m South-southeast of the Oshetna River Mouth,Survey Local e 124 Area Map:Figure A.8;Survey Locale f\1ap:Figure A.75 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-1,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 480720 Northing 6945050 Latitude 62°38'15"N.,Longitude 147°22 1 29"W. T.29 N.,R.11 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.3,SW~NE~NW~ Si te Map:Figure 3.49 Setting:TLM 206 is located at an elevation of ca.620 m asl (2040 feet)atop the southwest facing edge of a relict boulder-paved riverbank ca.500 m south-southeast of the confluence of the Oshetna and Susitna rivers,near a point of inflection where the orientation of the relict riverbank changes direction from southeast-northwest to south-southeast, north-northwest.The point of inflection is ca.6 m higher than the adjacent modern floodplain to the southwest.The site occurs ca.15 m southeast of this point.To the southeast,the relict riverbank continues ca.120 m,gradually decreasing in rel ief and definition.To the north-northwest from the point of inflection,the relict riverbank continues ca.100 m,gradually decreasing in height and merging with the modern riverbank.The relict riverbank defines the southern and western edges of a gently northward-sloping terrace which merges with the Susitna floodplain to the north.The site is located ca.100 m east and 150 m north of the present Oshetna River channel,which describes an arc around the site.The site appears to be oriented toward the Oshetna River and its floodplain to the south and southeast.The continuation of the Oshetna valley and its ca.120 m high valley walls are also visible in these directions for a distance of ca.2 km to the west,the Susitna valley wall and associated prominences are visible for a 3-153 distance of ca.1.5 km across the Oshetna River.To the east s the east Oshetna valley wall can be seen rising to the western margin of a terrace (ca ..5 km distant),which occurs about halfway up the valley wall and contains a 2"'hectare and a 6-hectare lake.Vegetation on the site is lowland spruce forest with scattered spruce,dwarf birch thickets,and lichen ground cover with spagnum and Labrador tea.The relict riverbank slope is marked by numerous exposed boulders with vegetation mat and occasional small surface exposures between them.The floodplain below the site is black spruce bog. Reconnaissance Testing:A surface lithic scatter consisting of 2 gray chert flakes was observed in a small exposure near the top of the relict riverbank.A test pit (test pit 1)was placed in the vegetation mat immediately upslope fran the surfac'e scatter.One flake of a coarse brown material was the only lithic material found in test pit 1.Ten addi tional shovel tests along the edge and in the interior of the terrace near test pit 1 failed to produce subsurface material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 2 Gray chert flakes Subsurface: 1 Flake,coarse brown material 3-154 - - ~I .... - ..... - ",* Oshetna River/'.a.,00; * *o Test pit 0 0 10 20 !"""Site DatlUn X I I I Shovel Test 0 Surface Artifact -\-METERS Spruce *Contour Interval:1.5 m Down Spruce ~ Dwarf Birch ThicketO Talkeetna Mts.C-l Boulder f1!J T.29 N.,R.11 E.,S.r-1. Surface Exposure .....SI'1 1/4 HE 1/4 Nl'J 1/4,Sec.3 ."'.....' Figure 3.49.Site Map TLM 206. 3-155 AHRS Number TLM 207,Accession Number UA83-219 Area:Ca.1.1 km South-southeast of the Mouth of the Oshetna River Mouth,Survey Locale 124 Area i~ap:Figure A.S;Survey Locale Hap:Figure A.75 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-l,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 481220 Northing 6944600 Latitude 62 0 37 1 59"N.,Longitude 147°21 1 55"W. T.29 N.,R.11 E.,Seward r~eridian Sec.3,SE~SW~N84 Site ~~ap:Figure 3.50 Setting:-The site is located ca.1.1 km south-southeast of the Oshetna River mouth at an elevation of ca.677 III asl (2220 feet)on the south- western margin of a continuous ca.400 m long north-south oriented ridge.The western margin of the ridge is defined by a ca.20 degree boulder-paved slope which descends ca.10 m to more gradual slope ~~ich merges with the Oshetna River floodplain ca.100 m west of the site. The Oshetna River desc ribes an area around the si te from the south southwest to the north northwest at a distance of ca.200 Ill,ca.30 III below.The crest of the ridge is broad and flat.The east side of the ridge descends gradually into a lacustrine relict channel which forms a major terrace between the present Oshetna River floodplain and the top of the east Oshetna valley wall.The east slope of the ridge is obscured by vegetation and barely perceptible from the site.The north end of the ridge,where TLM 075 is located ca.300 m from TU1 208,is separated by a small saddle from a continuation of the ridge to the mouth.The southern end of the ridge,beyond the site location undergoes a slight change in orientation and gradually loses elevation, ending ca.100 m south-southeast of the site with the outlet drainage of the larger of the two lakes from the rel ict channel to the Oshetna River.The two lakes in the relict channel include a ca.2 hectare lake 3-156 ---: - - - ..... .~ .~ -. to the northeast which drains into the Susitna and the ca.6 hectare lake located ca.300 m east of the site,but neither are visible from the site.The site appears to be primarily oriented to the Oshetna River which is close and easily accessible.The boulder paved west slope of the site ridge may be a re1 ict riverbank,suggesting that the river may have been closer to the site in the past.View from the site includes the Oshetna River valley walls to the south (upstream)for a distance of 1 km to 2 km to the west ca.750 m,and the continuation of the valley wall above the relict channel to the east ca.500 m distant. Adjacent sections of the Oshetna River and floodplain are also visible from the site.The Oshetna River is rapid and bending,with gravel bars,near the site.Site vegetation is woodland black spruce with dwarf birch thickets and an understory including Labrador tea and lichens.Some frost boil cracks are present,but otherwise surface exposures are limited.Vegetation in adjacent well-drained areas is similar,with black spruce bog and grassy marsh areas on the Oshetna floodplain to the west and around the lakes to the east. Reconnaissance Testing:Surface reconnaissance of the ridge revealed two basalt surface flakes on and sticking out of the lichen mat.A test pit was placed adjacent to the surface flakes (test pit 1),revealing a subsurface flake scatter in the surface organic mat and humic layer. Only one flake was recovered from the underlying Devil tephra unit,and no other cultural material was found in test pit 1.A shovel test placed 10 m north of test pit 1 produced 2 flakes and 2 microb1ade fragments.The shovel test was expanded into a test pit (test pit 2), which produced a subsurface lithic scatter with flakes,microblades,and microblade fragments (Figure 3.66d,1-26),which were all found in or in close association with a granular grayish brown matrix which was stratigraphic~lly below the Watana tephra unit.In the northeastern corner of test pit 2 the cultural unit was encountered at the base of the organic mat,clearly as a result of its extrusion through overlying stratigraphic units by frost action.However,the unit is clearly the source of the microblade component,it is continuous and has clear contacts although it is somewhat disturbed by frost action,and strati- graphically below the Watana tephra.The lithics were dispersed 3-157 throughout the cultural unit;no concentration at either upper or lower contacts was observed.The stratigraphic unit in test pit 1 correspond- ing to the cultural unit in test pit 2 did not produce cultural material,however a thin whitish-tan stringer was observed in test pit 1 at the base of the Watana tephra unit and above the unit corresponding to the cul tural uni t in test pit 2,which may be Oshetna tephra,perhaps indicating a pre-Oshetna age for the microblade component,although the stringer was not observed in test pi t 2.Five other shovel tests did not produce additional cultural material. Coll ected Artifact Inventory: Su rface: 2 Basalt flakes Subsurface: Test pit 1: 110 Basalt flakes 1 Chalcedony flake Test pit 2: 34 Chert flakes 3 ~~i crab 1ad es 40 Microblade fragments 3-158 - Talkeetna·Mts.C-1 T.29N.,R.lIE.,S.M. SE 1/4 SW 1/4 NE 1/4,Sec.3 Contour Interval:1.5 m .... ,~ % Oshetna River ca.250 m\ O~ ~ Test pit 0 Shovel Test (1981)• Shovel Test (1983)0 Site Dat~m X Surface Artifact -:- Spruce Down Spruce Dwarf Birch Rock o I 10 I METERS 20 I Figure 3.50.Site Map TLM 207. 3-159 AHRS Number TLM 208,Accession Number UA83-220 Area:Ca.150 m East of Watana Lake Area Map:Figure A.6;Site location ~lap:Figure A.52 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.C-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 446950 Northing 6956400,locus A UTM Zone 6 Easting 447480 Northing 6957350,Locus B UTM Zone 6 Easting 446940 Northing 6956200,locus C latitude 62°44 1 08"N.,longitude 148°02 1 14"W.,Locus A la titude 62°44 1 07 11 N.,longitude 148°01'36 11 W.,locus B Lati tude 62°44 1 05"N.,longi tude 148°02 '15 11 W.,locus C T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.31,NE~SW~NW~ NW~SW~NE~ SE~SW~NW}4 Site Map:Figures 3.51,.3.52,3.53 -locus A -locus B -locus C ..... Setting:The site consists of three loci,locus A,Band C,located 200 m,800 m and 160 m east of the north end of Watana Lake respec- tively.locus A is on the summit and upper slopes of a ca.105 m high knoll adjacent to the northeast margin of Watana lake,at an elevation of ca.1035 m asl (3396 feet).The knoll,which is by far the point of highest relief on the gradually eastward sloping plateau defined by Watana lake,its outlet stream,and the Susitna and Kosina valleys,has a broad,flat summit of approximately 80 m north-south x 40 m east-west. The south end of the summit is its highest point;to the north,the summit area slopes gently (ca.1-2 degrees)before reaching the relatively steep (ca.15-30 degrees)sides of the knoll.locus C is located ona benchlike break in slope on the lakeward face of the ridge forming the south end of the knoll,ca.150 m south of the locus A datum.Terrain around the knoll is dominated by Watana lake (ca.140 hectares)to the west and Watana Mountain on the west shore of the lake, 3-160 ..... ..... I~ and by relatively low-relief ea~tward sloping terJain to the south, east,and north,upon which a number of 5-10 m high knolls and ridges occur as well as several small lakes and ponds within 1.5-3 km from the site.However,locus C is primarily oriented toward Watana Lake to the east.Locus B is located on the north end of an east-west oriented low ridge which is visible from locus A at a distance of ca.600 m and an azimuth of 96°.The locus B site ridge is typical of the low-lying ridges on the plateau,with a broad rounded crest and several discrete knoll-like irregularities;the west facing slope is of much less relief than the east slope relative to surrounding terrain owing to the overall eastward slope of.the plateau.While locus A commands a panoramic view of adjacent terrain in all directions for a distance of ca.2-4 km,the view from locus B is primarily limited to an easterly and southerly view encompassing the plateau to the margins of the Kosina Creek and Susitna River canyon,with views to the west and north obstructed by rising irregular terrain within 150 m,although the summit of the locus A knoll is visible. Locus A site vegetation consists of thin tundra mat interspersed with often extensive deflated surface exposure.The side~of the knoll and the terrain adjacent to its base and the shores of Watana Lake have birch shrub vegetation.Locus C has deflated areas with sparse tundra patches and some birch shrub.The facing slope of Mount Watana is unvegetated scree above ca.200 m above the lake.In other directions beyond ca.1.5 km,spruce trees occur in drainages and around small lakes,increasing in frequency toward the lower margins of the plateau. Locus B site vegetation consists of discontinuous upland tundra inter- spersed with deflated areas,with grasses and dwarf birch thicket occurring in surrounding less exposed areas. Reconnaissance Testing:Locus A,which was located by project personnel assisting in the relocation of Alaska Fish and Game equipment,consists of an extensive but diffuse lithic scatter over the summit and upper slopes of the knoll adjacent to Watana Lake.Additional surface recon- naissance by a survey crew resulted in observation of additional lithic material during site recording.Diognostic tools and a representative 3-161 sample of flakes were collected.Due to the large quantity of diagnostic artifacts found on the surface,no subsurface testing was undertaken,although there is probably subsurface lithic material in areas with intact vegetation mat.Locus B consists of a surface lithic scatter found on a deflated area of a low ridge during a brief recon- naissance of the area to the east of locus A.A return visit to TLM 208 resulted in the discovery of the locus C scatter and the discovery of an additional surface diagnostic tool from locus A.Locus C is a lithic scatter of ca.5 m in minimum extent.A lanceolate basalt biface fragment and a representative sample of debitage were collected,again, no subsu rface testi n9 was conducted. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface:(Locus A) 1 Brown chert asymmetric side-notched knife (UA83-220-27,Figure 3.67i) 1 White chert biface (UA83-220-5,Figure 3.67e) 1 Basalt projectile point (UA83-220-6,Figure 3.67f) 1 Basalt biface fragment (UA83-220-2,Figure 3.67b) 1 Milky quartz sidescraper (UA83-220-7,Figure 3.67g) 1 Pink-gray chert thermally altered endscraper (UA83-220-13, Figure 3.67h) 3 Obsidian endscrapers (UA83-220-1,3,4;Figure 3.67a,c,d) 1 Chert possible flake core 1 Basalt modified flake 14 Flakes of varous lithologies (11 material types) Surface:(Locus B) 1 Brown chert possible flake core 1 Blue-gray argillite flake 3-162 - Surface:(Locus C) 1 Basalt point base 2 Basalt flakes 2 White argillite flakes 1 Gray chert flake 3-163 - - .~ 0 20 40 Surface Exposure 1""'')I I I'-_.... ~ Si te Datum X HETERS Surface Artifact _L Contour Interval:1.5 mI Artifact Cluster -,-Talkeetna Mts.C-3 ~- I Dwarf Birch 0 T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M. NE 1/1 SW 1/4 NW 1/4,Sec.31 Rock G Figure 3.51.Site Map TLM 208,Locus A. 3-164 o a ,,---..... I "\+\ \ 1,-¥-I I I I f I \ I I I I \I 1 I, I \//...._-..", -Locus A ca.600 m Locus C ca.650 m..,.....--------- I'lr/-..... /'" Q (\ ~'il J \, I \t:l 0 J \ J '0 I \0II I I 0 I I I J I I 0 I IIf 0 I III 0 0 I III 0t/ 0 10 20 Surface Exposure ,,-)I I f_,.; Locus B Subdatum -t METERS Surface Artifact -:-Contour Interval:2 m ~ Dwarf Birch 0 Talkeetna Hts.C-3 T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M. NH 1/4 SW 1/4,NE 1/4,Sec.31 -Figure 3.52.Si te Map TLM.208,Locus B. 3-165 - Locus A ca.150 m ,.r ..... f ---,Locus 8 )"ca.650 mr'\~ "1*'·0,.T , \\(Q'i;i"\a~U,,....; '-",-- o a 50 100 I I I Artifact _1- ~Surface I METERS Locus C Subdatum *Contour Interval:18 m Dwarf Birch a Talkeetna Mts.C-3,,--)T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.Talus Slope '---SH 1/4 Nlol 1/4,Sec.31SE1/4 Figure 3 53.Site r~p TLM 208,Locus C. 3-166 - - AHRS Number TUM 209,Accession Number UA83-221 Area:Ca.120 m East of Tsusena Creek and 700 m Northeast of the Confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek,Proposed Borrow F Area Map:Figure A.2;Location Map:Figure A.127 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 421300 Northing 6977200 Latitude 62°55 1 05 11 N.,Longitude 148°33 1 00"W. T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.29,SW~NW~SE!4 Site Map:Figure 3.54 Setting:TLM 209 is located ca.120 m east of Tsusena Creek on the western flake of Tsusena Butte at ca.732 m as1 (2400 feet).The site is situated on a small north-south oriented knob at the western end of an east-western trending ridge.There are a series of these .ridges north of TUM 209.TLM 210 and TLM 211 are ca.600 m and 700 m, respectively,northeast of 209 on a larger east-west trending bedrock ridge.To the north,between the ridge systems,is a wide valley filled with high brush,mainly dwarf birch.It also contains a small,thickly vegetated stream channel and a boulder field.To the west the ridge system slopes steepl y,approximatel y 22 degrees,downward to the Tsusena Creek valley.The site location affords an excellent view of Tsusena Creek valley,especially to the south and west.The confluence of Tsusena Creek and Clark Creek is ca.700 m southeast of the site but is obscurred by the stands of spruce trees in the valley bottan.To the east the ridge slopes upward very gently for ca.100 m to the walls of Tsusena Butte.The site itself is vegetated by mosses and lichens,with surface exposures north and east of the datum.Exposed rocks are al so apparent.Elsewhere on the knoll top and on the surrounding terrain, the vegetation consists of mosses,lichens,blueberries,dense clumps of dwarf birch and scattered spruce trees. 3-167 Reconnaissance Testing:TUM 209 was represented by surface and sub- surface flakes.Four flakes were recovered from an exposure extending north and east of the site datum.Test pit 1 yielded four argillite flakes,one from the surface and three from the Devil tephra.Five shovel tests initiated to determine the limits of the site were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Su rface: 3 Arg ill i te f1 akes 1 Quartzi te fl ake Test pi t 1: 1 Arg ill i te f1 ake Subsu rface: Test pit 1: 3 Argillite fl akes 3-168 - .- """' - o D Talkeerna Mts.D-4 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,S.H. S1iJ'1/4 NN 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.29 Contour Interval:1 m Test Pit 0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum .X Surface Artifact -:- Deflated Area C) Spruce Tree * Dwarf Birch C) Bedrock ~ a I 5 I METERS 10, Figure 3.54.Site ~lap .TLM 209. 3-169 AHRS Number TLM 210,Accession Number UA83-222 Area:Ca.100 m East of Tsusena Creek and 1.3 km Northeast of the Confluence of Tsuseha Creek and Clark Creek,Proposed Borrow F Area Map:Figure A.4;Location Map:Figure A.127 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 421050 Northing 6977800 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.29,NW~S~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.55 Setting:TLM 210 is located.on a knob,at ca.732 m asl (2400 feet), which is on the southern end of an east-west trending bedrock spur on the western side of Tsusena Butte.The knob,approximately 15 m (north- south)by 8 m (east-west),is situated on a north-south trending bedrock outcrop which continues for another 20 m,to the north-northwest.To the north lies a gully,ca.3 m deep,that separates the knob with TU~ 210 from the next knob,ca.Ida m to the north,where TLM 211 is located at approximately the same elevation.To the west and southwest the knob drops off very sharply and then continues at approximately 20 degrees to the Tsusena Creek,ca.100 m west and 30 m below.To the south,the terrain descends into a fairly deep,wide ravine system that separates TLM 210 and TLM 209,which is situated on a knob ca.600 m south- southeast.To the east,the bedrock ridge rises gently to meet the steep walls of Tsusena Butte,ca.150 m away_TLM 210 is vegetated by lichens,mosses,blueberries,crowberries,lowbush cranberries,Labrador tea,dwarf birch and scattered spruce trees.Off the site,the vegeta- tion is very similar although the moss mats and dwarf birch patches are denser.The view from the site is limited to the east by the flanks of Tsusena Butte and to the north by outcrops of the bedrock spur.The site affords an excellent view of the Tsusena Creek valley to the west 3-170 - -. .... - - ,.,.., and south.To the south,lies the southern flanks of Tsusena Butte and the Tsusena Creek valley with the Talkeetna ~10untains in the background. The confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek lies ca.1.3 km south- west of the site,but is obscured by spruce trees in the vicinity of the confl uence.To the southeast the knoll s wi th TLM 203,south of Cl ark Creek,and TUM 176,north of Clark Creek,are visible.If the vegeta- tion were reduced to shrubs,then the confluence would be visible as well as TLM 202,located northwest of the confluence. Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 210 contained one basalt flake,which was found on the lichen mat.A test pit (test pit 1)and nine shovel tests initiated to detennine the site limits were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Basal t fl ake 3-171 Talkeetna Mts.0-4 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. NW 1/4 SE 1/4 NH 1/4 Sec.29 Contour Interval:1 m - - - - 105, HETERS o I Site Map TLM 210.Figure 3.55. 0 \ Test Pit 0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum X Surface Artifact 1-1- Spruce Tree ~ Birch Tree (§) Bedrock .... -/ 3-172 - - - AHRS Number TLM 211,Accession Number UA83-223 Area:Ca.100 m East of Tsusena Creek and 1.4 km Northeast of the Confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek,Proposed Borrow C Area Map:Figure A.2;Location Map:Figure A.127 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 421050 Northing 6977900 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.29,NW~S~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.56 Setting:TLM 211 is located on a knob ca.732 m asl (2400 feet).It is one of a series of knobs located on an east-west trending bedrock spur on the west side of Tsusena Butte.The ovoid knob,approximately 6 m (north-south)by 3.5 m (east-west),is basically boulders mantled with sediments.TLM 211 is located on the northern one-third of this knob; the southern portion has very little soil deposition.To the east,the terrain rises gentlY for approximately 100 m until the spur encounters the walls of Tsusena Butte.Talus slopes of boulders are apparent upslope from the site.To the north and south are gullies which separate this outcrop from similar outcrops,which restrict.the view. TLM 210 lies on a knob of the same elevation,ca.100 m south.To the west TUM 211 affords a good view of the Tsusena Creek valley and the hills beyond it.To the southwest the upper terraces of Clark Creek are visible where TUM 203,south of Clark Creek,and TLM 176,north of Clark Creek,are located.Tsusena Creek is located ca.100 m west of the site and ca.30 m below the site.The site vegetation consists of lichens, scattered mosses,lowbush cranberries,bl ueberri es,crowberries and spruce trees in the crevices of the bedrock.At the edge of the knoll top,approximately 4 m north and east of the datum,the moss thickens and there are dense thickets of dwarf birch.The areas around the site 3-173 are covered by dense patches of dwarf birch shrubs and scattered spruce trees.There are many moss-covered boulders,at lower elevations,and lichen-covered bedrock outcrops in the vicinity.If the vegetation were reduced to shrubs,then T~1 202,located northwest of the confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek,and the confluence might be visible. Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 211 was represented by subsurface cultural rena ins.Test pi t 1 yi el ded twenty f1 akes (18 arg ill ite and 2 quartzite)from the sad and two flakes (one each of argillite and quartzite)from the \lJatana tephra.Eight shovel tests initiated to determine the perimeters of the site were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rface: 19 Argillite flakes 3 Quartz;te fl akes 3-174 ~, .... - - ...... ~, - - '~.~ -N- ~ ..- 0 10 20 Test Pit 0 I I I Shovel Test 0 Site X METERSDatum Spruce ~Contour Interval:1 In Exposed Rock CJ Talkeetna Hts.D-4-T.33 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. NW 1/4 SE 1/4 IDoT 1/4,Sec.29- Figure 3.56.Site Nap TLM 211. 3-175 AHRS Number TLM 212 Area:Ca.7 m West of Tsusena Creek,4.8 km South-southeast of the Confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek and 6.9 km Northeast of the Confluence of Tsusena Creek and the Susitna River,Proposed Borrow F Area Map:Figure A.2;Location Map:Figure A.129 USGS r~ap:Ta"lkeetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 422400 Northing 6972000 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.9,S84SW~S84 Site Map:Figures 3.57,3.58 Setting:TLM 212 is a historic log cabin located on the western bank of the Tsusena Creek,ca.4.8 km south-southeast of the confluence of Tsusena Creek and Clark Creek.The site is located on the flat,low vegetated floodplain at ca.640 m asl (2100 feet),at a bend in the Tsusena Creek.The cabin is located near the apex of this floodplain, ca.7 m southwest of the present creek channel.This location allows excellent access to the creek but provides a poor view of the area.The site is thickly vegetated.The ground cover consists of hummocky thick mosses (with a number of moss covered boulders),lichens,dwarf dogwood, fireweed,lowbush cranberries,blueberries and grasses.The lower canopy consists of rose bushes,and dwarf willows.The upper canopy consists of fairly dense stands of spruce trees.The relatively thick vegetation,especially the spruce trees,obscures the view in all directions,except to the northeast. Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of a single cabin with an associated scatter of historic debris.The cabin is a one-room,4 mx 4 m structure built of unhewn,horizontal spruce logs ~vith moss 3-176 - ,..., .... - - ..... - - - chinking.The corner joints are rounded to square notched and the logs extend past their point of intersection.The logs were saw-cut and the notches hand-hewn with an axe.The roof and upper portions of the walls have collapsed.The remaining logs stand approximately 1.25 m high. The roof planking has collapsed towards the southeast end of the cabin and consists of 28 em x 2 cm (11 inches x 3/4 inch)milled planks. Patches of the sod roofing are still clinging to these planks. Openings in the cabin include a small door,1.25 m high x 80 em wide,on the northeastern wall and a small vent,18 em high x 51 em wide,north of the door on the same wall.The door is made of three rough-hewn planks and is st"ill held shut by a single nail,which is near the upper left corner.The window or vent is located on the northern half of the northeast facing wall,next to the stove.It is approximately 25 cm above the ground surface and is held shut by a rough-hewn board which is nailed to the inside of the cabin wall. The interior furnishings are obscurred for the most part by the col- lapsed roof planks and the thick vegetation growth on the inside of the cabin.A small 63 an x 41 cm cast iron,two-lidded wood stove is located in the northeast corner of the cabin.The northeast corner of the cabin al so has a number of na i1 s placed in a shaved log.Metal bread pans,frying pan,cups and forks are visible in this corner.All the metal items were rusted. There is a small depression along the northern wall of the cabin near the northwestern corner.It is approximately 1.3 m x 1.3 m by 50 cm deep and contained one badly rusted square metal cannister.A shovel test placed in the center yielded only sand. The cabin ;s ;n poor condition.No cultural ranains were collected at this site. 3-177 Observed Artifact Inventory: 1 Rusted 8 oz.can 1 Rusted,cast iron \\Ood stove with two burner lids 1 Sl ed with metal runners and wooden frames 1 Rubber boot,poor preserved 1 Rusted 5 lbs.Wild Rose brand lard can 1 Rusted 5 lbs.Swifts and Company lard can 3 Rusted 20 lbs.square cans -no markings,presumably fuel cans 1 Wooden crate,marked "S wi fts" 1 Rusted gray-blue granite enamelware basin 1 White enamel ware basin 1 Rusted gray-blue granite enamelware coffee pot with attached lid 1 Leather boot,left foot 2 Rusted 116 Red Label Hills Bros.coffee cans 2 Rusted metal loaf pans 1 Rusted square cake pan 1 Rusted pressed metal frying pan 1 White enamelware cup 3 Rusted IIbone ll handled forks,sitting on s-tove 1 Badly rusted square cannister 3-178 - "'"' "'"' - '"" ~ 0 10 20 Shovel Test 0 I I site Datum X METERS Surface Artifact -:-Contour Interval:1 m Depression 0 Talkeetna Mts.0-4 *T.32 N.I R.5 E.I S.M. Spruce Tree SE 1/4 SW 1/4 SE l/4 Sec.9 ~~ ,~ *~ **-N- ~~* ~*.-1* *-:~~I_I -1-1 _L*0 II * -1- **~*****-7f- Figure 3 57.Site Map A TLM 212. 3-179 ,.... -_V'..--coffee A _ 2 enamel U basins---==------root planks *O~wooden crate PO'/L.-':=~~~::~:;:==7 Tsu se na Creek 11 m fuel can o \Slope brea k/4rn metal container lard cans rubber boot Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.32 N .•R.5 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 SW 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.9 Shovel Test Site Datum Verticle Post Depression Spruce Tree o X @ o ~ o I 2, ME?2 F:5 4 I Figure 3.58.Site Map B TLM 212. 3-180 - - ,~ AHRS Number TUM 213,Accession Number UA83-225 Area:Ca.50 m East of Tsusena Creek and 1.9 km Due North of the Confluence of Clark Creek and Tsusena Creek,Proposed Borrow C Area Map:Figure A.2;Location Map:Figure A.127 USGS Map:Talkeetna ~1ts.D-4,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:un~Zone 6 Easting 420800 Northing 6978400 Lati tude 62°55'42 11 N.,Longi tude 148°33 1 25"W. T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.20,NW\N8:iNW\ Site Map:Figure 3.59 Setting:TLM 213 is located at ca.716 m asl (2350 feet),on a level, terrace-like feature which lays between the two major bedrock outcrop s pu rs on the west side of Tsusena Butte.The si te is si tua ted on the southern bank of a small stream that drains the lake and marsh that lie east of the site.The site overlooks the outlet of the stream onto the vegetated floodplain of Tsusena Creek,which lies ca.8-9 m below.The stream flows out of a steeply incised gully north and northeast of the si te and then turns and flows south along the base of the bank west of the site before it joins Tsusena Creek.Across this deeply incised stream outlet are a series of esker like features that meander northward to the base of the northern bedrock spur.To the south,there are also esker like features,but these are not as well-defined.Further south, ca.400 m,there are bedrock outcrops that form the spur on which TLM 210 and TUM 211 are located.These bedrock spurs and the steeply rising walls of Tsusena Butte,ca.350 m east,define the limits of the view to the northeast,east,and southeast.This site has a good view of the northern half of the western flanks of Tsusena Butte.To the west lies Tsusena Creek which is visible across its ca.50 m wide vegetated floodplain,and beyond it are high hills.These hills form the limit of visibility to the northwest,west,and southwest.To the north and 3-181 south,the Tsusena Creek valley is visible but obscured by the presence of spruce trees.Vegetation on the site consists of lichens,mosses (with hummocky patches up to 50 em high)starting approximately 3 to 5 m away from the bank edge,blueberries,bearberries,lowbush cranberries, dwarf Labrador tea,crowberries,dwarf birch,and scattered spruce trees.In the vegetated floodplain and marshy areas grasses pre- dominate,while willow is common in the stream valley. Reconnaissance Testing:TLM 213 consisted of a single large black basalt flake recovered from the initial shovel test.This flake came from the lower portions of the Watana tephra unit.No other artifactual ma teri al wa s recovered in the su bsequent test pi t 1.The eight shovel tests initiated to determine the parameters of the site were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsu rfac e: 1 Black basalt flake 3-182 - - - - - - - - - "...0 0 *1 *?e *0 0- a 10 20 Test Pit a I I I c~, Shovel Test 0 METERS Site Datum X Contour Interval:1 m Spruce 1\'Talkeetna Hts.D-4 50 T.33 N.,R.5 E.,S.H.em Contour SE 1/4 SW 1/4 S~'1 1/4,Sec.20 Figure 3.59.Site Map T~1 213. 3-183 Figure A.2;Location Map:Figure A.128 Talkeetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360 AHRS Number TLM 214,Accession Number UA83-226 Area:Ca.9.5 km North-northeast ~1outh of Tsusena Creek,Proposed Borrow F Area Map: USGS Map: Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 421900 Northing 6975600 Latitude 62°54'12"N.,Longitude 148°32'11"W. T.33 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.32,SE~NE~SE~ Site Map:Figure 3.60 Setting:The site is situated on a relatively flat plateau top at an elevation of ca.777 m as1 (2550 feet),ca.9.5 km north-northeast of the mouth of Tsusena Creek and 2 km south of Tsusena Butte.The plateau is elbow-shaped,with one axis oriented north-south and the other northwest-southeast.At its greatest extent,the plateau surface measures ca.150 m by 75 m.Steep descending slopes aro~nd the circumference,the greatest measuring ca.7.5 m on the northwestern margin,define the character of this discrete landform.A series of five small lakes are located on the glaciolacustrine plain to the south of the site.The closest of these lakes is less than 1 km away.Of the three lakes in view from the site,only two support standing water and the other is entir~y covered with vegetation.Low undulating knolls and a lowland spruce bog surround the lake series.A rapid,bou1der- filled section of Tsusena Creek is situated 700 m west of TLM 214,and is in view to the north and west,with a mountainous vista beyond. Clark Creek,which drains this upland terrain to the northwest, discharges into Tsusena Creek ca.1.2 km northwest of the site.The mouth of Clark Creek and its lower 6-7km are obstructed from view by the northwest pl a teau edge,however,the glacial trough trendi ng northwest-southeast is still visible.Tsusena Butte limits the view to 3-184 -, - "'"' """ - .... the east and northeast.Two plateaus similar to the landform on which the site is located are in view ca.1 km southwest.Vegetation on the site includes heath,lichen,mosses,grasses,Labrador tea,dwarf birch, blueberry,crowberry,alder,and an occasional spruce. Reconnaissance Testing:A deflated exposure revealed a surface lithic scatter of four light gray argillite flakes and one white chert cortex fragment.Two of the argillite flakes articulate,forming a large modified flake.A 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1)was situated south of the artifact concentration.Neither the test pit nor subsequent surface reconnaissance of other exposures revealed additional a rti facts. Collected Art-i fact Inventory: Surface: 2 Light gray argillite flakes 2 Light gray argillite modified flakes 1 White chert cortex fragment 3-185 - - .,.,..r---")\ \)\0 J\} '---_/ /- '0 ,!{'iT ,J ~'...../-_/ -N- ~ - 0 """,", r~~0 ~ 1+~/; _,1-f\-'if-1I I,--y ,p Test 1 -, ~ 0 6 12 Test Pit 0 I I I Site Datum X METERS Surface P·.rtifact _1-Contour Interval:1 m I Spruce *Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.33 N.I R.5 E.I s.M.- Birch 0 SE 1/4 NE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.32 Rock 6) Surface Exposure 1'-'........ Figure 3.60.Site Map TLM 214. ..." 3-186 Area: AHRS Number TUM 215,Accession Number UA83-227 Ca.2.3 km North-northeast of the Confluence of Watana Creek and the Sus i tna River,Survey Local e 138 Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.91 USGS Map:Talkeetna ~tts.D-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 436500 Northing 6969400 T.32 N.,R.6 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.24,SW~SW~E~ Site Map:Figure 3.61 Setting:TUM 215,lying approximately 2.3 km north-northeast of the confluence of Watana Creek and the Susitna River,is situated on the summit of a knoll rising ca.5 m above the surrounding black spruce bog. The knoll is sl igh.tly rounded with sharp rel ief on the south and west aspects and more gentle relief on the north and east.Extending approx- imately 90 mx 45 m and resting at ca.594 m asl (1950 feet),this knoll is one of the prominent landforms on the lower Watana Creek drainage. It lies at the eastern edge of a gradually sloping plain dissected by marshy drainage channels.On its summit,the knoll is relatively flat and marked by several discrete depressions of not more than 3 m in length which contrast noticeably with the surrounding ground morphology. At its closest point,Watana Creek lies ca.600 m southeast of the site, and a small pond of 1ess than 1 hectare 1i es ca.500 m to the southwest. A commanding view of the Watana Creek drainage to the east,the south Susitna plateau,and the undulating wetlands to the north is afforded fram the site.To the west-southwest approximately 300 m distant,a similar knoll on which TUM 184 lies is clearly seen from the site. Vegetation on the knoll includes scattered white spruce,birch,clusters of dwarf birch,lowbush cranberry and blueberry.A lichen mat fonns the ground cover in open areas.The low boggy terrain off the knoll consists of muskeg and black spruce. 3-187 Reconnaissance Testing:A single calcined unidentifiable bone fragment was recovered from one of the shovel tests placed in a cultural depression,measuring 2.6 mx 2 m,at the northern end of the knoll. Several other cultlJral depressions were also noted.The additional 25 shovel tests placed on the knoll proved to be sterile.Surface reconnaissance did not prodlJce any additional cultural material. Collected Artifact Inventory: Subsurface: 2 Calcined unidentifiable bone fragment 3-188 - - Shovel Test Si l:e Datum o X o I ~,¥ 10 !-1ETERS 20 '* Depression Spruce Tree Birch Tree Deadfall Contour Interval:.5 m Talkeetna Hts.D-3 T . 32 N.,R. 6 E.,S .l-t. SH 1/4 SW 1/4 HE 1/4,Sec.24 i1o.rsh -Huskeg "lIII. Boulder ~ Figure 3.61.Site Map TLM 215. 3-189 AHRS Number TUM 218,Accession Number UA83-240 Area:Ca.7.2 km Northeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 143 Area r1ap:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Hap:Figure A.100 USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 441150 Northing 6971950 r.32 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.9,S84S 84SWl.i Site Map:Figure 3.62 Setting:The site,lying at ca.670 m asl (2200 feet),is on the northern terminus of a small plateau which marks the upper valley rim of Watana Creek and the edge of a glaciolacustrine plain extending to the west.Cultural material was located on two small discrete knolls ca.50 m apart along the east-west trending plateau edge.Locus A is restricted to the eastern knoll,and Locus B restricted to the western knoll.To the north,the terrain descends gradually for approximately 50 m before the gradient increases to a ca.45 degree slope down to an unnamed creek 300 m north.This creek,which drains the high plain to the east,joins Watana Creek ca.700 In northwest of the site.The closest of three lakes in the site vicinity is situated approximately 1.5 km southeast and is ca.0.5 hectares in size.Two other lakes are situated 800 m and 500 m south southwest,both approximately 1 hectare in size.The lake situated to the southeast has no apparent inlet stream,and the shorel ine is overgrown by grasses and sedges.From either of the loci the west valley rim of Watana Creek is visible to the north,west,and southwest.A prominent downcut valley is in view northwest.To the east,the view from locus B encompasses the broad glaciolacustrine plain.The view of the lake to the southeast is slightly obstructed by the plateau edge,and a higher knoll ca.150 m south obstructs the view in this direction.Vegetation on the site 3-190 - - ..... - - - ,- consists of dwarf birch,black and white spruce,willow,and an occasional small alder,but primarily of lichen,heath,and blueberry. Reconnaissance Testing:Cul tural material froo the site is cCJ11posed of two large chert prefonns recovered from a surface exposure at locus A, and an arg ill i te bi face fragment and argill i te fl ake found during sUb- surface testing at locus B.A 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1) placed at locus A produced no additional cultural material.The argillite biface fragment was recovered from the ~Jatana tephra unit of test pit 2 (locus B),and the flake from the original shovel test at the location of test pit 2.Thirteen shovel tests scattered across the knoll top at locus B produced no cul tural material,nor did the shovel tests placed at 5 m and 10 m intervals to the north,south,east,and west of test pit 1. Collected Artifact Inventory: Locus A Surface: 2 Large,1 ight gray chert prefonns Locus B Subsu rface: 1 Light gray argillite biface fragment 1 Light gray argill ite flake 3-191 o - ....~....."\ o \T -Ii '-'" XJ 01~o o 0 Test 0--- __------6 -------- ~---- o Oif6r:P };a Test 2 00'0 ---2 _ ---- contour Interval:1 m Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.32N.,R.7E.,S.M . SE 1/4 SE 1/4 SW 1/4 Sec.9 METERS ""'" Test Pit 0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum X Surface Artifact _I_ I Deflated Area ,.,, I I -.~ Spruce Tree ¥ o I 16 I 32 I Figure 3.62.Site Map TLM 218. 3-192 ..... AHRS Number TLM 219,Accession Number UA83-241 Area:Ca.8 km Northeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 143 Area Map:Figure A.3;Location Map:Figure A.100 USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Locati on:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 44250 Northi ng 6971450 T.32 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian Sec.15,NE1~NW~NW~ Site Map:Figure 3.63 Setting:TLM 219 is located at the top of a discrete conical knoll at an elevation of ca.716 m asl (2350 feet),approximately 8 km northeast of the mouth of Watana Creek.The knoll top is ca.8 m higher than the surrounding terrain and is the highest in an isolated series of five knolls.A small unnamed creek.,easily accessible from the site,is situated ca.80 m north and northeast of the knoll,and eventually joins a northern branch before emptying into Watana Creek.A lowland wet bog extends approximately 20 m on either side of the rocky creek channel which is partially covered by vegetative overgrowth.This creek drains theupland glaciolacustrine plain east of Watana Creek and west of foothills ca.6 km in the distance.Directly north,opposite the creek, is a terrace and undulating ridges that gradually ascend to the foothills toward the northeast.Similar topography extends southward. A panoramic vantage point would be available in the absence of two large spruce trees on the southeastern slope.The kame and kettl e 1ake topography is in clear view in all directions except to the southeast . The western valley rim of Watana Creek is in view to the west as is the western part of survey locale 143.On-site vegetation includes lowbush cranberry,crowberries,lichens,bearberries,blueberry,Labrador tea, mosses,dwarf birch,occasional willow and fireweed,dwarf dogwood, 3-193 small balsam poplar,white spruce and mushrooms.Black spruce becomes the dominant tree at the base of the knoll and into the surrounding wet bog. Reconnaissance Testing:Three artifacts,a gray chert flake,gray chert side-scraper,and a yellowish brown chert burin {UA83-241-1,Figure 3.67k},were collected fran a defl ated exposure near the knoll crest.A 40 em x 40 em test pit (test pit 1)was placed upslope on a non-deflated area.Excavation of the test pit and subsequent surface reconnaissance produced negative results.Shovel tests placed at 5-m and lO-m intervals north and west of test pit 1 and one shovel test placed 5 m south were sterile. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 1 Gray chert flake 1 Gray chert side-scraper 1 Yellowi sh brown chert burin 3-194 - \,, ~__....J a 8 16 Test pit 0 I Shovel Test 0 ~.ETERS Site Datum X Contour Interval:1 m Surface Artifact _L I Talkeetna Mts .0-3........ Deflated Area '...T.32 N.,R.7 E.,S .H.I \ Boulder &NE 1/4 NW 1/4 Ni-J 1/4,Sec.15 Spruce Tree * Figure 3.63.Site Map.TLM 219. 3-195 AHRS Number HEA 211,Accession Number UA83-87 Area:Ca.5.5 km Northwest of Northern Shore of Deadman Lake Area Map:Figure A.11;Site Location Map:Figure A.53 USGS Map:Healy A-3,Scale 1:63,360 Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 432550 Northing 6991500 Latitude 63°2'55"N.,Longitude 148°20'00"U. T.21 S.,R.4 W.,Fairbanks Meridian Sec.33,N84SWl.;SW~ Site Map:Figure 3.64 Setting:The site is situated on the southeast edge of the lower portion of a two-tiered relict river terrace ca.5.5 km northwest of the northern shore of Deadman Lake,and ca.500 m northwest of the con- fluence of two unnamed tributaries of Deadman Creek.Lying at ca.945 m asl (3100 feet),the terrace parallels the northwest-southeast axis of the glacial valley,and rises approximately 25 m from the valley floor. The lower lobe of the terrace extends 35 m east-west and 25 m north- south,and provides a canmanding view of the valley floor and barren. steep slopes mantled in glacial outwash to the east and west.Approxi- mately 1.5 km to the northeast is a chain of 8 small lakes,each of them less than 1 hectare,and not visible from the site.The site itself is located on the deflated summit of the terrace lobe.The highbrusb/ alpine vegetation includes dwarf birch,lowbush cranberry,bearberry, Labrador tea,and lichen.Alder and willow are present in the drainage to the south of the site. Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of a small surface lithic scatter concentrated in a deflated area of 7 m x 6 m on the terrace summit.A total of 6 light gray chert flakes (4 clustered in a 10 em x 10 em area)were observed and collected,plus one unidentified bone fragment of doubtful association with the lithic scatter.A 40 em x 3-196 - - - - - - 40 01'test pi t (test pi t 1)was pl aced in an area of so i1 depos i ti on 1 m northwest of the flake cluster.In addition to the test pit,8 shovel tests were dug 5 m and 10 m to the north,south,east,and west of site datum.No cultural material was found in any of the subsurface tests. Collected Artifact Inventory: Surface: 6 Light gray chert fl akes 1 Unidentifiable bone fragment 3-197 ~----\-- - - - Surface Artifact + Deflated Area C) Boulder ~ Healy A-3 T.21S.,R.4W.,S.M. NE 1/4 SW 1/4 SW 1/4,Sec.33 Contour Interval:1 m Test pit Shovel Test Site Datum o o X o 10 HETERS 20 - Figure 3.64.Site Map HEA 211. 3-198 KEY TO FIGURES 3.65 -3.68 Figure Site Accession Number,Description - ""'" - 3.65 a TLM 159 b TLM 168 c TLM 169 d TLM 172 e TLM 175 f TLM 180 g TlJt1 180 h TLM 180 i TU~180 3.66 a TLM 185,Locus B b T~186 c TLM 205 d TLM 207 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 UA83-88-27,microblade UA83-94-1,burinated fl ake UA83-95-1,biface UA83-98-1,retouched bl ade UA83-101-1,projectile point UA83-106-15,mi crobl ade,proximal porti on UA83-106-16,microblade,medial portion UA83-106-17,mi crobl ade,proximal portion UA83-106-90,microblade,medial portion UA83-111-1,side notched point or knife UA83-112-1,biface UA83-217-1,scraper UA83-219-7,microblade,proximal portion UA83-219-10,microblade,proximal portion UA83-219-11,microblade,proximal portion UA83-219-12,mi crobl ade,proximal porti on UA83-219-13,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-15,microbl ade,proximal portion UA83-219-17,mi crobl ade,proximal portion UA83-219-19,microblade,proximal portion UA83-219-23,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-24,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-25,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-26,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-28,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-29,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-30,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-31,microblade,medial portion UA83-219-32,microblade,medial portion 3-199 KEY TO FIGURES 3.65 -3.68 (Continued) Fig ure Site Accession Number,Description - 18 UA83-219-37,microblade,medial portion '""" 19 UA83-219-40,microblade,proximal portion 20 UA83-219-42,microblade,medial portion 21 UA83-219-44,microblade,medial portion 22 UA83-219-4S,microblade,medial portion 23 UA83-219-46,microblade,medial porti on 24 UA83-219-47,microblade,medial portion -, 25 UA83-219-49,microblade,medial portion 26 UA83-219-S0,ll1icroblade,proximal portion ~ 3.67 a TUVl 208,Locus A UA83-220-1,end scraper b TLM 208,Locus A UA83-220-2,bi face ..... c TLM 108,Locus A UA83-220-3,end scraper d TLM 208,Locus A UA83-220-4,end scraper - e TLM 208,Locus A UA83 -220-5,bi face f TLM208,Locus A UA83-220-6,possible kni fe ..... 9 TU~208,Locus A UA83-220-7,end scraper h TLM 208,Locus A UA83-220-13,end scraper -;TLM 208,Locus A UA83-220-27,notched kni fe j TLM 143 UA83-216-28,biface k TLN 219 UA83-241-1,burin 3.68 TLM 196 UA83-122-1,UA83-122-9,UA83-122-10, ~1oose mandible fragments ..... - -3-200 I - - d o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 em ~--~ Figure 3.65.Artifacts from Sites TLM 159 (a),TLM 168 (b),TLM 169 (c), TlJ>1172 (d),TU~175 (e),TU'1180 (f-i). ••I 11 12 13 c I Ji 9 1085674 a 3 I- ,I ,a ,•II 14 15 16 7 18 19 2.0 21 22 23 24 25 26 --,I 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 eln !--j Figure 3.66.Artifacts from Sites TL~'185 (a),TLM 186 (b),TLM 205 (c), TU~207 (d,1-26). 3-201 a •• 9 b h c t d e k - o I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 em......,....--_-_---""""'1 Figure 3.67.Artifacts fran Sites TLM 208 (a-i),TLM 143 (j),TLM219 (k) o I 2 __3 4 -5 6 7 8 9 IOml ~------~ Figure 3.68.Moose Mandibl~,TLM 196. 3-202 - - .... - - - 3.3 -Systematic Testing Systematic Testing TUM 016--North Arrow Site Location:See Dixon et ale 1982a:3-9;Appendix Figure A.3 Testing: Systematic testing at TLM 016 during the 1983 field season consisted of the excavation of four 1 m by 1 m test squares.Three of the squares were located in the immediate vicinity ofa surface erosional feature where a series of tests were excavated in 1978 (Bacon 1978).The 1983 squares were positioned in a checkerboard pattern in order to intersect Test A and Test B (Figures 3.69,3.70)located in 1981 (Dixon et al. 1982a:3-9 -3-11).This configuration also provided a 3 m continuous profile from N99 to N102.An additional square was positioned 4 ~ southeast of the three contiguous squares.Excavation of this square was intended to address questions regarding site extent.The goals of systematic testing at TUM 016 were to determine stratigraphic position, content,and extent of the occupation reported by Bacon (1978),and to obtain additional information regarding the occupation thought to be associated with the Watana/Oshetna tephra contact.A Corps of Engineers survey monument (WA 16 1978)was used as the site datum and given the grid reference N100/E100.Additional testing at the site included four shovel tests placed north and east of the excavation area (Figures 3.69, 3.70). Discussion: In 1978,archeol 09;cal cl earance work was conducted under a contract with the Corps of Engineers (Bacon 1978).TLM 016 was located as a result of this investigation of the Upper Susitna study area.The site was identified by the presence of six flakes in a surface exposure. Material types included basalt and argillite;1 of the argillite flakes has continuous retouch or edge damage along one of the margins. Subsurface testing was conducted in the immediate vicinity of 3-203 o o *GI:AO!~ o - 0 5 10 Systematic Test Square D Site Datum (0.0 Ill}X METERS .... G.Bacon,1978,Test pit ;~u~;Contour Interval:. 5 m Shovel Test 0 Talkeetna Hts.0-3 Deflated ~~,T.32 N"R.5 E.,S.H.Area ,,,~-~SW 1/4 NE 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.22 Figure 3.69.Site Map TLM 016. 3-204 - ..... .- ..... ,,, ,-',........ ", •1 o GV~o Corps of Engineers Monument WA16/1978 .......0 o Systematic Test Square Site Datum (0.0 m) D X o I 2.5 llETERS 5 G.Bacon,1978,Test pit Re-excavated Area Shovel Test Deflated Area rIIiiiI ---~ o Cant-our Intervai:-.5 m Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.H. SW 1/4 NE 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.22 ,.,... Figure 3.70.Site Map TLM 016 3-205 the surface exposure.The results of subsurface testing indicated that a single component was present at the site.This component was charac- terized by lithic and bone material within a dark brown to black matrix with charcoal and in a gray/black loess unit overlying the charcoal layer.A total of five tests were excavated,three of which contained artifactual material.The inventory of material from surface and subsurface testing included 18 flakes,1 flaked pebble,and 40 bone fragments.Three charcoal samples were collected from the level associated with artifacts.One sample was submitted for radiocarbon age determination and yielded a data of 3675 ±160 years:1725 B.C. (GX-5630)(Bacon 1978). The site was revisited in 1980 by University of Alaska Museum personnel while conducting reconnaissance level survey.Site locational data and environmental infonnation were checked,but no further testing was initiated.Two of the five tests excavated in 1978 were relocated and designated tests A and B. The results of excavation during the 1983 season confirmed the presence of a single cOO1ponent at the site.All four of the test squares contained artifactual material at the stratigraphic level associated with charcoal and charcoal-stained matrix (unit 4,Figure 3.71).The 1983 inventory included 4 tools or tool fragments,130 pieces of lithic debitage,and 341 bone fragments.The collection of artifacts is summarized in Table 3.4,and their distribution by test square and stratigraphic unit appears in Table 3.7. It was not until the upper units had been excavated in three of the test squares that the outlines of the three remaining tests excavated in 1978 could be defined.The position of the 1 m by 1 m test squares was such that all three of the contiguous squares incorporated tests from subsurface testing conducted in 1978.These tests were designated tests C,0,and E (Figure 3.70).The subsurface outlines of these tests were easily defined due to the mixed appearance of backfill matrix within the tests.The backfill matrix was excavated and screened separately from the undisturbed area.The provenience of the 3-206 ..... - 30 DEPTH (em)PROFILE UNIT Mom 0 1a 1b5 2 10 3a 3b 15 4 CULTURAL 5 20 68 6b 25 -Unit 4 UA83-132-128a:4950 +120 years:3000 B.C.(Beta 7298) UA83-132-128b:3220 +90 years:1270 B.C.(Beta 7299) Figure 3.71.Composite Profile TU1 016 . ..... 3-207 TABLE 3.3 SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTION FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE,TLM 016.- Unit la 1b 2 Description Surface organic layer:roots and plant material from Labrador tea,lowbush cranberry,crowberry,dwarf birch, and lichen at the surface.Varies in thickness from 1-10 cm but is generally 1-3 cm thick.Lower boundary is clear and wavy.Non-mineral 01 horizon.Continuous except at the location,and in the vicinity,of 1978 tests. Fine sil ty sand wi th partially decanposed pl ant fragments and finely divided organic material;black (2.5 YR 0/0). Usually very thin,less than 2 cm.Lower boundary is abrupt to clear and wavy.Unit is not always easily distinguishable from the overlying organic mat.02,or humus,horizon.Very rare bone fragments,possibly derived fran back dirt of previously excavated test pits. Fine grained silt-sized particles;pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2).Ranges from 1-9 em,generally 2-4 em.Abrupt, wavy and irregular lo~~r contact with unit 3.Tephra (Devil);eluvial A horizon.Discontinuous,although present in each of the test squares.Dries quickly to a fine powder.Leaching of organic material at the upper extent of the unit is evident.Root penetration.Basalt fl ake and rare bone fragments possibl y derived from testing disturbance. 3-208 - -- - TABLE 3.3 (Continued) Unit Description - - 3a 3b 4 Fine to medium grained particles,granular structure, friable;dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4).Ranges from 1-6 em,usually 1-3 an.Cl ear to di ffuse and wavy to i rregul ar lower boundary.Tephra (Wa tana);ill uvi al 82 horizon.Continuous across the grid squares. Oxidized,particularly at the contact with unit 2.Roots common. Very fine silt-sized particles;yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6)to a very pale brown (10 YR 7/4)(Dry).Varies from 1-9 an in thickness,usually 2-5 an.Abrupt and smooth boundary with underlying unit.Tephra (Watana).Con- tinuous unit in the three contiguous test squares and present in N98/E105.Dries to a fine powder.Gravel s and root penetrati on.Basal t fl ake possibl y derived from unit 4. Very fine silt-sized particles with charcoal staining, flecks and pi.eces;black (10 YR 2/1).Varies in thick- ness from 1-9 an,usually 2-4 cm.Boundary varies from clear to diffuse and from smooth to wavy.Tephra (Oshetna)mixed wi th charcoal.Located in the NE corner of N98/E105,and is generally continuous in the three contiguous test squares wi th the exception of NID1/E100 where the unit lacks continuity.Charcoal may be cultural and/or associated with a paleosol that fonned after the deposition of unit 5 (Oshetna tephra).Basalt flakes and small bone fragments are common.Two radio- carbon dates:3220 ±90 B.P.and 4950 ±120 B.P. 3-209 TABLE 3.3 (Continued) Unit De sc ri pti on 5 6a 6b Fine silt to sand-sized particles with occasional gravels and pebbles;grayish brown (10 YR 5/2).Varies from 1-10 cm in thickness.Lower boundary is clear to diffuse,and wavy to broken.Tephra (Oshetna);buried eluvial A horizon.Present in each of the test squares but lacks continuity.Unit is poorly sorted and appears to be mixed with unit 6.Two basalt flakes,probably derived from unit 4. Sand and silt with gravels,pebbles,and cobbles;usually strong brown (7.5 YR_4/6)although variable in color depending on degree of weathering.Gradational lower boundary.Glacial drift.Poorly sorted.Rare flakes and bone fragments poss i bl y due to post depositional disturbance or mixing with unit 4 during excavation. Scme fine silt,sand,gravels,pebbles and cobbles;light olive brown (2.5 Y 5/4).Glacial drift.Poorly or very poorly sorted.Majority of cobbles were rounded,with glacial striations observed.Cobbles were usually 8-15 cm in diameter reaching a maximum of 30 em.Excava- tion into this unit determined limit of excavation. Basalt flake probably intrusive from unit 4. 3-210 ..... - ...... - - artifactua1 material recovered during testing in 1978 to the individual tests is unknown. Stratigraphy at the site consisted of ca.12-22 em of soil/sediments underlain by glacial material (Table 3.3).Six different units were defined.Three units represent at least three sedimentary sequences of volcanic tephra deposition.The tephras have been defined at other sites in the project area on the basis of petrographic laboratory work (Dixon et a1.1982b:4-1 -4-25).The identification of these tephras in the field was based primarily on color distinctions between the stratigraphic units.The tephra designations are as follows:Devil (unit 2),Watana (unit 3),and Oshetna (unit 5).Some of the observed variation in color between units,and within units,may also be the result of soil fonning processes.Unit 2 may represent an e1 uvial horizon,and unit 3a,which is the Upper Watana tephra is stained a dark reddish-brown color. Disturbance of the stratigraphic units as a result of natural processes such as cryoturbation,rodent burrowing,and root invasion was apparent. Rodent disturbance was particularly common in the area of the 1978 tests suggesting that this disturbance took place after the excavation of these tests. The surface of the site is covered with a well-established organic layer,unit la,with a well-fonned and networked root mat underlain by finely sorted organic material,unit lb.In the area of the 1978 tests some surface 'di sturbance was evident,as well as in an erosional area. Between the Watana and Oshetna tephras a layer of charcoal-stained matrix with charcoal pieces was identified (unit 4).The charcoal does not form a discrete layer,but rather appears to be partially mixed with the Oshetna tephra (unit 5).The charcoal layer may represent a paleosol that formed after the deposition of the Oshetna tephra.Due to the acidic nature of boreal soils,leaching of the finely sorted organic fraction of the paleosol may have occurred leaving the charcoal,which is chemically inert,as all that remains of the surface.Lack of 3-211 continuity of the unit 4 surface may be the result of erosion after occupa ti on. The cultural component at TLM 016 can be correlated to the charcoal- stained matrix (unit 4)with artifactual material being frequently found at the upper contact of and within the unit.Lithic artifacts consist- ing primarily of basalt flakes were recovered from all four of the test squares in association with this stratigraphic level.Small bone frag- ments were also collected,but these occurred in only two of the test squares,NIOO/E99 and NlOI/ElOO. A total of 109 lithics were collected from unit 4.The size range of the lithic material varies from cobble fragments of 4-7 cm to small, less than 1 cm flakes.With the exception of I quartz flake and 2 argillite flakes,the lithic material in unit 4 is basalt.Variation was evident in the spatial distribution of lithic debitage in terms of both quantity and size range.While N98/El05 had the highest flake count,43 flakes,the lithic debitage,with the exception of one flake, is 2.5 ern or less along the longest axis.In contrast,only 12 lithics were recovered from N99/EIOO,consisting primarily of basalt cobble fragments and flakes in the 2.5 to 5 em size range.The cobble frag- ments suggest that the cobble(s)was subangular to rounded with a weathered cortex.One of the flakes was unifacially retouched (UA83- 132-50).Basal t flakes collected from NIOO/E99 and NlDl/ElOO include a size range from 0.5 to 5 cm. Four tools were recovered during systematic testing (Table 3.6).Two of these tools were found while re-excavating the portion of Test B inter- sected during systematic testing.Even though these two artifacts were not found in situ,it is probable that they are from the single com- ponent identified at the site.The tools from the disturbed context consist of a black chert endscraper (UA83-l32-6)and a modified piece of argillite (UA83-I32-I27)(Figure 3.96a,c).Two tools werefound in unit 4 during the excavation of the test squares,including a uni- facially worked basalt flake (UA83-132-50)and a basalt flake with a bifacial edge (UA83-I32-73)(Figure 3.96d,b). 3-212 - ~, - ,""" ~!ll!l Additional lithic artifacts collected during systematic testing include 7 flakes from various stratigraphic levels,2 flakes located on the surface,5 flakes collected during re-excavation of the 1978 tests,and 19 flakes in disturbed contexts.The raw material type is character- istically basalt with the exception of an arg"illite flake and a chert flake.Artifactual material located on the surface and in stratigraphic 1 evel s other than unit 4 appears to have been di spl aced from uni t 4 due to natural processes,testing conducted in 1978,or excavation during 1983.The distribution of material in other levels does not provide sufficient evidence for defining an additional component at the site. Faunal material collected during systematic testing included 341 specimens,4 of which were identifiable (Table 3.5).Identified bone material included an ulna,sternum fragment and tarsometatarsus of ptannigan (Lagopus sp.),and an ulna(?)fragment which is probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus).The remaining material consisted of burned bone fragments of medium-large mamma1.All of the faunal material was burned wi th the exception of the ptannigan bone. Faunal material was collected from two of the test squares,NIOO/E99 and NIOI/E100.Almost hal f of the material,146 specimens,was located in di sturbed contexts,i.e.,in rodent burrows and the backfill of Test E. The renaining material,with the exception of 9 fragments,was located within unit 4 and unit 6a.Bone located in unit 6a may be due to post- deposi ti onal di stu rbance.The stratig raph ic po si ti on of the three ptarmigan bones (unit la,unit 2 and backfill of Test E)suggests that this material is unrelated to the component associated with unit 4. Five charcoal samples were collected from the site.All were collected fran unit 4.Two of the samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating. These two samples were collected from a concentration of charcoal in N99/E100 and produced dates of 4950 ±120 years:3000 B.C.(Beta 7298), and 3220 ±90 years:1270 B.C.(Beta 7299).In addition to these dates is the date of 3675 ±160 years:1725 B.C.(GX-5630;Bacon 1978)which came from the sample submitted in 1978.The dates provide a range of 1730 years for the charcoal level.The range could possibly support the 3-213 idea that the charcoal is not necessarily cultural in origin,but associated with a surface that was exposed during the interim between the Oshetna and Uatana tephra depositions.While cultural charcoal r:1ay be included with the charcoal within unit 4,it may be impossible to di stingui sh from charcoal resulting frcm noncultural events.Although the charcoal samples do not provide radiocarbon determinations for the cultu ral component,they more probabl y date the geologic su rface associated with the occupation. Eval uation: TUM 016 is located on a kame in an area of ice stagnation topography. While the kame is not readily distinguished from others in the vicinity, it is the highest point of topographic relief in the immediate area and provides a panoramic view,including portions of four lakes to the north and west.The location of the site,in conjunction with the artifact assanblage,suggests that the site functioned as a hunting overlook and/or a campsite. A single component is suggested at the site based on the homogeneity of lithic material and because the cultural material is situated strati- graphically in a charcoal layer between the Watana and Oshetna tephras. During excavation,most of the cultural material was found at the upper contact of and within the charcoal level.The level may represent a paleosol that developed during the interim between the tephra deposi- tions.Absence of finely sorted organic material may be the result of leaching leaving only the chemically inert charcoal. Evidence that this surface was exposed for a long period of time is reflected in the range of radiocarbon dates.Three dates from 1978 and 1983 field seasons ranged from 3000 B.C.to 1725 B.C.,with an inclusive range of 1730 years.The range supports the idea that the charcoal may not necessarily be cul tural in origin but may have accumulated as the result of natural processes during the interval between the ~latana and Oshetna ashfalls. 3-214 "'"", - - .. - Artifacts consisting primarily of basalt debitage and faunal material were recovered.Argillite,chert,and quartz are present,but occur infrequently,representing only 5%of the total lithic assemblage.The distribution and types of lithic debitage at the site suggest that various stages of lithic reduction occurred in different areas of the site ..The spatial differences in lithic distribution are equally as likely to be the result of different occupations at the site. Results of systematic testing and additional subsurface testing indicate that the site is confined to the upper extent of the kame for an area of ca.8 m east-west by 4 m north-south.Because excavation during 1983 was largely in an area where testing had already been conducted,a large portion of the site area remains undisturbed. While only a single prehistoric component is represented at the site, further excavation should address more accurately the question of spatial variation.One of the tools collected,a black chert endscraper (UA83-132-6),in conjunction with the dating of the stratigraphic position of the artifactual material,suggests that the component be ascribed to the Northern Archaic tradition of ca.3000 B.C.to 1500 B.C. Collection of additional diagnostic artifacts,such as side notched projectile points,is necessary to substantiate this affiliation. 3-215 TABLE 3.4 ARTIFACT S~1MARY,TUM 016. Li thic Material - - - - 1 1 1 1 3 114 7 4 1 _1_ 134 Total Faunal ~1a teri al Modified argillite piece (UA83-132-127) Basalt flake with bifacial edge (UA83-132-73) Unifacially retouched basalt flake (UA83-132-S0) Black chert endscraper (UA83-132-6) Argill i te fl akes Basalt fl akes Basal t fl akes wi th cortex Basalt cobble fragments Chert fl ake Quartz fl ake - .." 341 Bone fragments 3-216 -TABLE 3.5 FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 016. Unit 4 la 2 6a Backfill Test E Rodent Burrow Fill Test Square NI00/E99 N101/ElOO Description 98 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Ulna,unburned,ptannigan (Lagopus sp.) 1 Long bone fragment,calcined,medium- 1arge mammal 1 Sternum fragment,unburned,ptannigan (Lagopus sp.) 6 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 22 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Ulna (7)fragment,proximal shaft, calcined,probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Tarsometatarsus,unburned,ptarmigan (Lagopus sp.) 98 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 46 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 3-217 TABLE 3.6 TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 016. Unit Test Square 4 Charcoal N99/EIOO layer at upper extent of the Oshetna tephra NI00/E99 Description UA83-132-50.Basalt fl ake with uni faci al retouch along the length of the distal edge on the ventral surface of the flake. Flake is triangular in shape. UA83-132-73.Basalt flake with hinge fracture.Flake has a bifacial edge. Di stu rbed c on- text (found during re- excavation of 1978 test pits) Tes t Pit B UA83-132-6.Black chert endscraper. Steep unifacial retouch on the dorsal face of the flake.Retouch does not extend onto the lateral margins.Worked end is convex with bevel formed by uni faei a1 worki n9 . UA83-132-127.Tabular piece of argillite approximately rhomboidal in cross-section. Original bedding planes or fracture lines. Continuous unifacial retouch along one of the edges. 3-218 - - J J 1 )J 1 ]])i i j 1 J 1 i TABLE 3.7 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 016. Test Squares W I N......, lD Unit Surface la(surface organic layer) 2 (Dev i1 tephra;A horizon) 3b (Watana tephra) N99/ElOO InOO/E99 2 Basal t fl akes NlOl/ElOO 2 Bone fragments 1 Basal t fl ake 7 Bone fragments N98/E105 1 Basal t fl ake TABLE 3.7 (Continued) Unit N99/EIOO NIOO/E99 Test Squares NIOI/ElOO N98/E105 4 Basalt cobble 4 Basalt flakes fragments with cortex with cortex W I N No 4 (Charcoal layer;Oshetna tephra) 1 Basalt flake with cortex 4 Basalt flakes 1 Basalt flake wi th unifacial retouch (UA83-I32-50) 14 Basal t flakes 2 Argillite flakes 1 Quartz fl ake 1 Basalt flake with bifacial edge (UA83-I32-73 ) 98 Bone fragments 24 Basal t fl akes 66 Bone fragments 41 Basal t fl akes 2 Basal t flakes with cortex I ..I J I I J I ,.J J :I J J J I .1 J J 1 1 ~1 )]i 1 ]~l i W I ..."N I'-' TABLE 3.7 (Continued) Unit 5 (Oshetna tephra) 6a (Gl acial drift) 6b (Gl acial drift) Rodent bu rrow Unknown (~Iall sc rapi ngs) N99/ElOO 1 Basal t fl ake 1 Basal t fl ake Test Squares NIOO/E99 NIOI/EIOO 1 Basal t fl ake 22 Bone fragments 14 Basal t fl akes 46 Bone fragments 5 Basal t fl akes N98/El05 2 Basal t fl akes TABLE 3.7 (Continued) Material Collected frun Re-excavation of 1978 Tests W I N N N Test B Test D Test E Black chert endscraper (UA83-132-6),modified argillite piece (UA83-132-127). 3 basal t fl akes 1 Ba salt fl a ke 100 Bone fragments,1 arglll He flake )I !.J J J .1 J I I !j I J J ]I 1 -- Systematic Testing TUM 030--Fog Creek Site Location:See Dixon et ala 1982a:3-110;Appendix Figure A.2 Testing: Testing at TLM 030,the Fog Creek Site,during the 1983 field season included systematic testing,testing during reconnaissance level survey, and grid shovel testing.Figure 3.72 illustrates the topography of the site area and the portions of the terrace that were examined during systematic and reconnaissance testing. Twelve 1 m by 1 m test squares were excavated during systematic testing. The test squares were placed adjacent to one another and located on the northern edge of the terrace.At this location the terrace edge is oriented east to west paralleling Fog Creek.A series of 10 test squares were placed between two of the 1980 test pits (test p~ts 1 and 4).Square placement was designed such that one test square was super- imposed over Test Pit 1 and another test square intersected Test Pit 4. An additional eight squares were placed between these squares in a configuration that would provide a continuous series of profiles between the two test pits.The objective of this square placement strategy was to clarify the relationship between two radiocarbon dates obtained from the two test pits in 1980 and to ascertain the number,content,and stratigraphic position of the prehistoric component(s)reported at that time.Once excavation of the ten initial test squares was completed, two additional squares (N105/E107 and N105/E109)were excavated. Excavation of these two squares was undertaken to resolve questions regarding the relationship of artifactual material to the stratigraphic sequence in this area of the site.Refer to Figure 3.73 for the location of the test squares and their relationship to the 1980 test pits. Reconnaissance testing conducted in 1983 as part of the resurvey of survey locale 13 consisted of a number of random shovel tests placed in the southern portion of the terrace from ca.75 to 180 meters south of the main excavation area.The three shovel tests that 3-223 - - E 1 SO ".... ".' ...... .. E 160 ....... .. ". 4 •••~.4 . E 140 " o .....~. ,,"........ : E 120 " 3.73 x (0.0 ml El00 ", " " E 80 , I:.., ,. ,', " .. Figure 3.74 E 60 '. " Contour Interval:1m 50 em Contour 5 i Ie 0 a tum (N 100 E 100)x E 40 N 90 N 70 5 gO N 30 N 50 550 5 10 530 N 10 S 70 N 110 Fi gu re 3.72.Site Map TLM 030.- 3-224 Systematic Test Square 11 Reconnaissance Test pit _ (1981) 'Site Daturn (0.0 m)X w w w w w w w w w w w .. ~... ~~ ~~ •Test 5 I N M ~~0 ~=m 0o0000 0 0 0 ~------- X Nl00 E100 '. 0 5 10 1f I I I G~28° HETERS-,Contour Interval:-1 m Talkeetna Hts .D~4 T.31 N ••R.4 E.,S.H. S~1 1/4 NW 1/4 SW 1/4, Sec.15 .' •,.4 •••50 em Contour •Test 2 .. - - l~ - Figure 3.73.Square Placement TLM 030. 3-225 produced subsurface artifactual material were expanded into 40 cm by 40 cm test pits.Additional shovel tests were placed along the western terrace edge,four of which produced art i factual material (Figures 3.74 and 3.75). A grid shovel testing program was implemented to determine the areal extent of the Fog Creek site,and to clarify the relationship between the artifactual material in the main excavation area and subsurface material located during reconnaissance testing (1983).A 10 m by 10 m grid was established Over the terrace using the systematic testing site grid,and shovel testing was conducted at 10 meter intervals.Two hundred twenty-four shovel tests were excavated,ten of which contained artifactual materi al (Figure 3.76). Discussion: The Fog Creek Site is located on a kame terrace on the east side of the Susitna River.The terrace parallels the river and is bisected by a number of drainages.The terrace is deeply incised north of the site by Fog Creek,a major tributary of the Susitna River,and is bisected to the south by a small,clear,moderately incised stream. The site was initially located in 1980.At that time testing was confined to the northern edge of the terrace overlooking the broad flat delta of Fog Creek and its confluence with the Susitna River.A high density of artifactual material was found in four of five test pits lo~ated along the terrace edge (Dixon et al.1982a;Betts,Phippen and Dixon 1982).Surface artifactual material,including a side-notched projectile point (UA80-77-520),was located on a game trail.The game trail crosses the site and traverses the moderately steep slope of the western terrace edge to an alluvial plain of Fog Creek.The surface material is confined to the sloping portion of the trail suggesting that these artifacts are undergoing downslope movement.Except for the projectile point the surface material was not collected. 3-226 - - ~ i E90E80E70 S.T.5e o 0 :5.T.6 o I 0 E60 o S.T.4 0:,0 o .···0 ••Test 2 E 50 w ·S.T.7 /I, e...orr.~'".CQ ~N20-/. 0 '" N 0 - 510 - N 10 - ""'" Test pit (1983) Shovel Test (1983) Artifacts Reeover~d o o I 10 METERS 20 Shovel Test (1983) Sterile 50 ern Contour o ...... Contour Interval:1 rn Talkeetna I1ts.0-4 T.31N.,R.4 E.,5.14. NW 1/4 SW 1/4 SW 1/4 Sec.15 Figure 3.74.Reconnaissance Level Testing North ~TLM 030. 3-227 - - - - .,....' .......~ .5 ..1 ..../ EgO o "...." E 80 o "..,. :0 ,"0 '... o o o o o ," o Test 3 o I ..··..·E60··········E70 o o o ',0 ESO S 80- S 50- S 70- Talkeetna Mt~.D-4 T .31 N,.R. 4 E.,S.t·1 • NW 1/4 s"'~1/4 S\'l 1/4 Sec.15 Contollr Interval:1 m Test pit (1'J83) Shovel Test (1983) Steri le 50 em Contour o o o I HI I METERS 20· I Figure 3.75.Reconnaissance Level Testing South ~TLM 030. - 3-228 Gr id Shovel Tes I:Arti facls Rltcovered •Reconnaissa nce Tesl Pi t (19831 C Tesl Sterile 0 Reconnaissance Shovel Test (19831 o S.T. S i"te Datum (N100 E1001--N110 0 ~·x •0 0 0 0 -N- N 90 -•0 0 0 0 ~,....••0 0• • 0 0 0 N 70 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 50 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,,-·0 •0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 30 -0 0 •0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ..-S.T.7 0 ·0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --0 •0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0N10- S.T,S0 ·0 0 O·0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~~S.T.5G) 5 10 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -S.T.4G) C TUI1 ·aTesl20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 530 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ·0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0- S 50 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ C Test 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 70 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ·0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 90 0.I I I I ,., E 40 E SO E 80 El00 E120 E140 EIBO E180 '"'"' Figure 3.76.Grid Shovel Testing TLM 030. ~ 3-229 The four test pits that contained artifactual material (test pits 1,3, 4,and 5)were located on top of the terrace.No artifacts were located in an additional test pit (Test Pit 2)which was situated on a bench ca. 2 meters below the main terrace area.The 1980 artifact inventory from the test pi ts incl udes 519 fl akes and 3 tool s.Fl akes are primaril y basalt with a number of other material types represented.Tools consist of a chert projectile point base (Test Pit 1;UA80-77-89),a side- notched basalt biface (Test Pit 1;UA80-77-327),and a retouched basalt flake (Test Pit 5;UA80-77-517).Artifactual material was recovered from within the Watana andOshetna tephras and from the contact between these tephra units. Charcoal sampl es coll ected from two of the test pi ts were submi tted for radiocarbon dating in 1980.Dates of 2310 ±220 years:360 B.C.(Test Pit 1;DIG-1877),and 4720 ±130 ye~rs:2770 B.G.(Test Pit 4; DIG-IBBO)were obtained.The recent sample was collected from what was interpreted to bea charcoal lens at the upper portion of the unoxidized Watana and the older date was from a charcoal lens between the Watana and Oshetna tephras.The site was revisited during the 1981 field season.Test pits 1,3 and 4 were opened in order to re-evaluate site stratigraphy particularly in reference to the radiocarbon dates.Thirty basalt flakes were collected. Systematic testing:All twelve of the test squares excavated during systematic testing contained artifactual material.High densities of material were recovered fran the northernmost squares ~'/hich are si tuated on the terrace edge,with the greatest number of artifacts recovered from N105/E109.Surface art;facts that were located on a game trail in 1980 were relocat~,and an argillite biface fragment or point prefonn (UA83-130-1956)near the base of the terrace was collected.A total of ca.86,000 lithics,ca.10,500 bone fragments,ca.3,500 miscellaneous i terns (rock fragments,ochre,seeds,and floral and faunal specimens), and 104 tools or tool fragments were recovered.The inventory of artifacts is summarized on Table 3.8,and distribution by stratigraphic unit is summarized on Table 3.9. 3-230 - - ,.,.. - ..- .- Site stratigraphy at TLM 030 includes six major soil/sediment units and a paleosol.With the exception of unit 2,each of the units is ~ivided into two or more subunits that are distinguished by variations in color and/or texture.-The subunits probably result fran postdepositional alterations of the original sediment.With few exceptions the vertical placement of stratigraphic units is consistent between test squares. Figure 3.77 illustrates the stratigraphic relationship between the various units,and Table 3.10 provides descriptive information on the units and subunits defined at the site. The stratigraphic sequence at TUM 030 consists of ca.30 em of fluvial and volcanic sediments overlying glacial deposits.Glacial deposits of sandy drift,gravels,pebbles,and cobbles form the basal unit (unit 6). The upper 10 to 20 cm of the glacial material is weathered and oxidized (unit 6a).The unit is moderately developed as indicated by concretions and cenentation of the sand particles.The glacial material is overl ain by a very fine silt to clay-sized sediment that contains sand grains and small pebbles (unit 5).This sediment is probably fluvial in origin and is related to the nature of kame terrace formation. Sediments that are volcanic in origin form the bulk of the sedimentary material.These tephra sediments are superimposed over the fluvial sediment.The matrix contains s11 t-sized particles wi th glass shards and particles with glass mantles.At least four tephra events have been substantiated by petrographic analysis of samples collected from the site.Only three of the tephras are identifiable in the field,and the divisions between these tephra units are based on distinctive color and texture variations.Characteristics of color and texture may be a ttri buted to so 11 fonni ng processes.The tephra designati ons, according to their order of deposition,are as follows:Oshetna (unit 4b),\~atana (unit 3),and Devil (unit 2). Unit 4 refers to all of the sediments between the paleosol,or the Watana tephra (unit 3)in places where the paleosol is absent,and the fluvial deposits (unit 5).While the Oshetna tephra (unit 4b)is the predominant unit in this stratigraphic position,a number of localized 3-231 DEPTH (em) o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 UNIT '1a 1b 2 3a 3b 3e 4a 4b 5 68 6b PROFILE ~~~~il~I~!!~~~-----170 years B.P. years B.P. to years B.P. 5130 years B.P. A.D.1780 1210 B.C. 1340 B.C. 3180 B.C. -. - - CULTURAL F;9 ure 3.77 •Compos;te Profil e TLM 030. 3-232 ,.,.. - - subunits are also identified (units 4a, 4c,4d,4e,4f and 4g).Unit 4a is a very fine silt sediment that is sometimes present in isolated thin lenses between the paleosol and unit 4b,the Oshetna tephra.Units 4c, 4d,and 4e occur at the same relative stratigraphic position as the Oshetna tephra.Units 4f and 4g are located within the Oshetna tephra. These additional subunits are sporadic in occurrence and are probably the result of prehistoric cultural modification of the original sed iment. A paleosol is located between the Watana (unit 3)and Oshetna (unit 4b) tephras.The paleosol appears as a discrete discontinuous lens that is characterized by small to medium-sized charcoal pieces and carbonized organics.Although the paleosol lacks continuity,it is located in all twelve of the test squares. The Watana tephra (unit 3)has the.greatest depth of any of the tephra uni ts defined at the site.The uni t may actually represent the accumulation of more than one episode of volcanic ash deposition.The subunits of unit 3 (units 3a,3b and 3c)are probably related to variations in the accumulation of iron oxides and organics in the volcanic sediment.Distinctions between subunits are based on color and texture with variation fran a fine yellowish brown matrix (unit 3c)at the lower extent of the unit to a granular dark reddish brown or reddish black matrix with concretions (unit 3a)at the upper extent of the unit. Organic material is also often associated with the occurrence of both current and abandoned ant nests ..During excavation these ant nests were sterile discrete areas distinguished by a waxy texture and consolidated sediment.These disturbed areas are also included under the unit 3a designation.The Devil tephra (unit 2)overlies the Watana tephra and is the uppermost unit in the tephra sequence. The present site surface is comprised of a living,fibrous vegetation mat (unit la)and a thin lens of decayed plant material (unit Ib).The predominant species is sphagnum moss averaging 15 cm in thickness.The moss is interspersed wi th roots and stems of herbaceous species. Decayed tree limbs and stumps are incorporated into the organic layer. 3-233 The insulating properties of the vegetation mat promotes frozen soil conditions as noted in sediments in peripheral areas of the site. Variation in the thickness of the unit in the excavation area may be correlated with differential cryoturbation of the sediments between test squares. Disturbance of the stratigraphic units as a result of natural processes of cryoturbation,bioturbation,and root invasion is apparent. Cryoturbation is the primary source of disturbance of the volcanic sediments as indicated by the convoluted appearance of contacts between these units,and the mottled appearance of the Watana tephra subunits. In the Oshetna tephra artifacts followed the undulating surface of the upper contact,and while artifacts would frequently appear vertical in orientation they would in actuality be following the contours of the unit 4b surface.Cryoturbation has probably resulted in the displace- ment of artifacts from their original depositional context. During systematic testing ca.86,000 lithic specimens were recovered, and later classified according to their morphological attributes and raw material type.The use of a generalized classification scheme,as described below,in the initial analysis allows for more specific research on raw material preferences or availability,stages of lithic reduction,spatial distribution of artifact classes,and comparison between cultural cooponents to be conducted in the future. Two major categories were considered in the morphological analysis of lithic material.The first,tools,is discussed separately below. Tools are defined as artifacts that show signs of secondary modifica- tion,use modification or manufacture for a specific purpose.The second category,lithic debitage,comprised the far greater percentage of artifacts at the Fog Creek Site.Relevant classes of debitage include flakes,angular shatter or exhausted flake cores,cobble fragments and cobbles.Flakes retaining attributes of manufacture, flake fragments and small pieces of shatter that are thin in cross section are combined \'Iithin the flake class,constituting 99.9%of all artifacts at TU1 030.A further subdivision of the flake class by size 3-234 _. - - .- - - .... was made during laboratory screening of all flakes recovered from the field.Flakes separated from the matrix in the field plus the bulk samples (unseparated matrix and flakes)were passed through 1/811 mesh screen,while other selected samples were only fine screened,or passed through 1/16 11 mesh.Regardless of screening procedure,all flakes of less than 1/8 11 in size are listed as a group in Table 3.8. Also included with the debitage category of lithics were angular shatter or exhausted flake cores,which consist of lithics that have been worked on all surfaces but often lack bul bs of force or other characteristics that are diagnostic of flakes.Cobble fragments,some of which contain negative bulbs of force,are pieces that have cortex on the dorsal surface and have a rounded dorsal contour.Cobbles were deemed artifactual if they had been modified and/or were exotic to the stratigraphic unit in which they were found. Nine general cl asses of raw material were identi fied and incl ude argillite,basalt,chalcedony,chert,chert/chalcedony,granite, obsid i an,quartzi te,and rhyol i te.The cl asses represent four broad groups related to rock genesi s,and can be descri bed as extrus ive igneous rocks and glass (basalt,rhyolite,and obsidian),intrusive igneous rock (grani te),s 11 iceous sed imentary rna teri al (a rg ill i te, chal cedony,chert,and chert/chal cedony),and metamorphic rock (quartzi te). While the four major groupings based on rock genesis are mutually exclusive,gradations of mineral composition occur within each group, sometimes making it visually difficult to discriminate between raw material classes.Distinctions were made,however,on the basis of grain size,gross mineral composition,and light transmission.For example,both chalcedonies and cherts are cryptocrystalline silicas,but a distinction between the two can be made on the basis of translucency, i.e.,chert is opaque whereas chalcedony is translucent.Materials were further subdivided on the basis of color,using a Munsell Soil Color Chart to standardize color categories.The trait of color generated 13 subclasses for chalcedony and 20 subclasses for chert. 3-235 The majority of debitage is composed of basalt,representing 92%of the total lithic assemblage.It is the only material that consistently has cortex present,and is represented in the full range of morphological classes (i.e.,flakes,exhausted flake cores,cobble fragments,and cobbles).The cortex of the basalt has a distinctive weathered appearance and its contour indicates that the source was fluvial cobbles.Argillite is the second most conmon material,representing 6% of the collection.With the exception of one piece of angular shatter and one cobble fragment,all of the argillite debitage are classified as flakes.Chalcedony and chert debitage conprises over 1.5%of the lithics.The remaining raw materials of rhyolite,obsidian and quartzite are rare and collectively do not account for more than 0.5%of the total.In addition to the above items,blocky pumice fragments, thermally fractured rocks and rock fragments,and shale fragments were al so coll ected . One hundred four tools or tool fragments,classified as projectile points,preforms,bifaces,core tools,endscrapers/scrapers,retouched flakes,modifi.ed pebbles,and cobbles were recovered.Examples are illustrated in Figures 3.97 through 3.102.The vast majority of the artifacts were recovered fram the 3/4b contact and unit 4b.Two retouched flakes and a biface fragment were recovered from the contacts of 2/3,3b/c,wi th four tool fragments being found at the contact of 1/2 and within unit 2.One interesting find which demonstrates that vertical displacement has occurred between the upper and lower levels of the site is an argillite biface fragment (UA83-130-1939)from the Devil tephra (unit 2)which was found to articulate with a fragment (UA83- 130-1950)from the Oshetna tephra (unit 4b).The atypical v~athering on the fragment from the upper level exceeds that of other a~tifacts fr~n unit 2.and thus is indicative of an increased length of exposure.The three tools from middle stratigraphic contexts may also have their origins in other levels but have subsequently been displaced. Included within the tool inventory are 14 relatively complete projectile points,7 point bases,1 medial point fragment,and 3 point tips.All 3-236 ""'" - - ...., I - - - pieces but one tip were recovered from the upper contact of the Oshetna tephra or within the Oshetna tephra.Basalt and argillite are the primary lithic materials employed in projectile point manufacture t with chert and rhyolite being used infrequently.Varying from triangular to 1anceol ate in outl ine t the length of complete points ranges from 26 to 63 mm t width from 18 to 30 mm t and thickness from 3.9 to 10.3 mm.Most frequentlYt however t points measured between 43 and 49 mm in length and 6.4 to 6.9 mm in thickness.The majority of the complete points and point bases have side notches t con~ave to straight basest and normally basal thinning and/or grinding.The mode of flaking varies from non- patterned to coll a teral t wi th secondary fl aki ng or retouch present on the margins of three of the projectile points.Bifacial retouch forms the hafting elements of a point made on a flake. The three preforms recovered from the si te can all be descri bed as bifaces and may possibly represent one stage in projectile point manufacture.Ranging in shape from tear-shaped to lanceolate t the preforms exhibit bi-convex to slightly flattened cross sections.The two complete specimens are approximately 65 rom in length.Primary flaking is apparent on both faces of the preforms and varies from irregular flakes terminating in step and hinge fractures to collateral flakes. A total of 31 bifaces t 16 complete and 15 fragmentarYt were collected from Ttl1 030.In general t these basal t and arg ill i te tool s can be described as roughly ovate in shape t with irregular flaking t and lacking secondary modification.This may indicate that they had been discarded during manufactu re.The 19 basal t bi faces and fragments contrast wi th those made from argillite in size t variability of shape t and amount of retouch.The basalt specimens are generally smaller than the argillite specimens t ranging from 50 to 85 mm compared to the 60 to 113 mm length of the argillite pieces.Ranging from round to triangular to elongated in shape t the basalt bifaces also vary from bi-plano to bi-convex in cross section t and exhibit irregular to continuous and from partially unifacial to mostly bifacial retouch.In contrast t the argillite bifaces have irregular to bi-convex cross sections and exhibit relatively continuous bifacial retouch. 3-237 Two basalt core tools,roughly ovate to tear-shaped,with multiple retouched edges and with some cortex present,were present in the lower site stratigraphy (unit 4b).The tear-shaped specimen has two edges that converge to form a point.This specimen measures 80 mm in length ca"pared to the 65 mm length of the more ovate specimen. Systematic testing produced 10 end scrapers of argillite,basalt,chert, and rhyolite,plus one argillite scraper.All of the endscrapers have convex working margins with moderate to steep unifacial retouch, typically on the dorsal surface.The largest endscraper is the single one of argillite,made on an irregular flake measuring 62 mm.The four basal t endscrapers,ranging fran thumbnail to tear-shaped,measure 21 to 40 ~in length,while the three complete chert endscrapers,roughly tear-shaped,vary from 38 to 47 mm.The working edges of the four chert specimens encompass more than the end and continue onto one of the adjacent margins.The one rhyolite (?)endscraper,tear-shaped and measuring 45 mm in length,also has unifacial retouch along part of one lateral margin.The one argillite scraper,measuring 54 mm and exhibiting a straight to convex working edge,has steep unifacial retouch on the dorsal surface of one'of the lateral margins and on the di stal end. Of the 28 retouched flakes recovered 4 are made of argillite,21 of basalt,2 of chert,and 1 of obsidian.Ranging in size from 45 to 68 mm,the argillite retouched flakes are irregular to roughly ovate in shape,with unifacial and bifacial retouch of varying intensity on the margins.The basalt flakes range in size from 23 to 74 mm,have retouch generally 1 imited to the margins,and comprise the full spectrum of shapes from circular to ovate to triangular to elongate.Three of the basalt specimens have bifacial retouch along at least one margi~,and 18 have unifacial retouch,with the majority exhibiting retouch on their dorsal surface.The chert flakes,one irregularly shaped and measuring 49 mm,the other ovate and measuring 42 mm,both have marginal unifacial retouch on their dorsal surfaces.The single retouched obsidian flake 3-238 ~l - - - - .-. ,.".. - is roughly square,measures 23 mm in length,and has unifacial retouch on both dorsal lateral margins.An interesting observation is that in each of the nine cases in which flakes have been retouched on the distal margin,it is this margin that is the longest. The final category of tools is modified pebbles and cobbles.One cobble,measuring 108 mm,is ovate with bifacial retouch on opposing margins.The other cobble,measuring 110 mm,has battering present at one end and is heavily modified on the opposite end as well as on an adjacent portion of one side.Battering is present on opposing ends of both pebbles,one a round quartz hammerstone measuring 42 mm and the other a 75 mm ovate-shaped possible hammerstone. The faunal remains from TLM 030 are comprised of ca.10,500 calcined to heavily burned bone and tooth fragments,generally ranging from 5-15 mm in length (Table 3.11).Much of the bone has a dark brown mottled appearance.The fragments,almost entirely attributable to medium-large mammal,are unidentifiable below the class level,except in the case of three burned molar fragments and one vertebral facet that could be classified as Artiodactyl,and one phalanx fragment probably of caribou. The order of Artiodactyla is represented in Interior Alaska primarily by caribou (Rangifer tarandus),moose (Alces alces)and Dall sheep (Ovis dalli).In tenns of recognizable skeletal elements,medium-large mammal long bones and possible rib fragments are identified.Only three fragments are recognized as small-medium mammal,and onl y one fragment possi bl y belonged to a bi rei • Bone occurred in nine of the 12 test squares at the Fog Creek Site (no bone was found in NI04/E104,NI03/EI05,or NI04/EI06).In five of these squares,however,the fuanal assemblage totaled less than 10 fragments for the entire square.Only in N105/E109 and N104jE110 did the square total exceed 1000 bone fragments.Stratigraphically,bone occurred from unit 3 through the contact between units 4b and 6.By far the heaviest concentration was found in stratigraphic unit 4b,particularly in NI05jE109.Although bone was recovered from each quadrant in this test square from 4b,the greatest density occurred in the southwest quadrant 3-239 where over 1000 finely comminuted bone fragments of 1-5 mm and ca.1700 fragments ranging from 5-23 lffiI were lying. In addition to lithic and faunal ranains,ochre pieces,thermally altered rock,and small angular rock shatter were accessioned.Floral specimens consist of 37 seeds and one equisetum macrofossil.A single beetle carapace was recovered from the sediments. Artifactual material was found in association wi th all six of the soil/sediment units,but was pr~dominantly recovered either from the contacts with the tephra units or within tephra sediments.The location of artifacts in sediments other than the defined tephra units may be the result of displacement. Criteria used to define components at the site in order of praninence are:1)ability to delineate a surface of level associated with artifactual material,2)presence of sterile strata separating one level of artifacts from another,3)the recovery of diagnostic artifacts that would suggest a cultural horizon not represented in other levels,and 4)the presence of raw material or artifact types absent in other levels.The ability to establish at least one of these relationships was considered sufficient to define a canponent.Using the criteria two distinct components can be identified at the Fog Creek Site.Arti- factual material from the middle stratigraphic units and contacts (2/3, 3,3a,b,3b/c,and 3c)was not assigned to either the upper or lower component and did not meet the previously mentioned criteria.Parsimony dictates that a distinction can not be made between the middle units and the defined components.A third or middle component may exist at the site,but the available information does not allow definitive statements to be made concerning the origin of this artifactual material.The distribution of artifacts by test square for the various levels is illustrated in Figures 3.78,3.79,and 3.80. The upper canponent is positioned stratigraphically at the contact between the finely sorted organic layer (unit 1b)and the Devil tephra (unit 2).Artifacts located within units Ib and 2,and at the contacts 3-240 - ~, - 1 I }I 1 1 I j 1 i J ]1 J ) TEST SQUARES Includes units and Contacts lb,1/2,1/3,and 2. UPPER COMPONENT (0.9%of Total Lithic Assemblage)' Nl03 Elll Nl04 EllO Nl05 El09 Nl03 El09 Nl04 El08 NI05 EI07 NI03 EI07 N104 E106 N103 EI05 N104 EI04 NI05 EI03 NI06 EI02 o 100 200 300 400 500 600 "..... lO c "'1 (I) W....... ex:>. );>0 "'1 rt..... -+, ~n rt ""'1en .0 I ARTIFAcrc (I)FREQUENCY~n..... enwVI I N ~-t>o...... -ien VI rt Ul .0 C ~ "'1 (I).. c: "0 "'C (I) "'1 n ~ "'C 0 ::::i (I) ~ rt -ir 3: awa NI03 EIIl NI04 EllO NIOS EID9 NI03 EI09 NI04 EI08 NIOS EID? NI03 ElO? Nl04 EI06 N103 El05 (1.4%of Total Lithic Assemblage) Nl04 El04 TEST SQUARES Includes units and contacts 2/3,3,3a,b,3b/c,3c. NI05 EI03 NI06 El02 o 100 200 300 .,.,...... I.C C, CD W. -.l 1.0. »-, c+...... --n PIn c+ .", CD .0 C CD I ARTIFACT::::In FREQUENCY...... CD W III I N cr ~"<N -I CD III c+ Ul .Ds:: PI, CD.. :::s:...... e. 0.. --' CD c:: ::::I...... c+ III -Ir 3: 0w 0 ~._-~j I J ,I I J ,J J l I I J ,J I 1 ..~]1 1 1 ]1 D I I I TEST SQUARES Includes units and contacts 3/4,4 (all subunits),4/5,and 4/6. NI03 Elll NI04 EllO NI05 EI09 NI03 EI09 ~11:"~~l:;1: I NI04 EIOB NI05 EI07 NI03 EI07 NI04 EI06 LOWER COHPONENT (97.7%Of Total Lithic Assemblage) IlliJ NI04 .NI03 EI04 EI05 I BONE NI05 EI03 ARTIFACTS II NI06 EI02 o 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 ARTIFACT FREQUENCY "Tl...... ID C -S ell W. coa. n )::0 £-S M- "'0 ...... 0 -t, ::l s:u ell n ::l M- M-s:u --i ::lr;0- t:O C)0 W ::laell "Tl W -sIell N .0 +:0-C W ell ::ln...... ell (/) 0- t.< -i ell (/) M- en .0cs:u-s ell.. r 0 ~ro-s between 1/2 and 1/3 were assigned to this canponent.Over 700 1ithic artifacts were recovered from this stratigraphic context and,with the exception of four tools/tool fragments and fourteen ochre pieces,all of the material consisted of unmodified flakes of a variety of material types.Three tools recovered from the 1/2 contact and unit 2 consist"of a chert endscraper (UA83-130-1124),a retouched basalt flake (UA83-130- 820),and a basalt projectile point tip (UA83-130-1477).The fourth tool (UA83-130-1939)articulates with a fragment (UA83-130-1950)from the Oshetna tephras (unit 4b),to form a complete argillite biface.The location of these two fragments in temporally distinct sediments indicates that displacement has occurred and that there was mixing of artifacts from different components.The distribution of artifacts between the test squares was disproportionate with nearly three-quarters of the artifacts located in NI05/EI07 (Figure 3.78). The highest density of artifactual material is associated with the lower component,representing nearly 98%of the systematic testing inventory. The lower canponent is associated wi th all aspects of the Oshetna tephra unit.Artifacts found within the tephra (unit 4b).at the contacts of the tephra with other units (contacts 3/4.4/5,and 4/6),and in units at the same relative stratigraphic position (units 4c and 4d)were assigned to the lower cOO1ponent.Three addi tional stratigraphic units are also associated with the lower component.However,these latter units \\ere not defined until after excavation and artifactual material associated with the units had been recorded as belonging with unit 4b. Artifacts were found in all squares ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands in the 1 m by 1 m test squares (Figure 3.80). The upper contact of the artifact level was irregular but easily defined due to the quantity of lithic debitage on its surface.The lower boundary was coincident wi th a rapid decl ine in artifact concentration. Consequently.the Oshetna tephra could be isolated as a cultural level. In some areas of the si te,the unit was cl earl y separated fran the sterile upper stratigraphic level of unit 3c.The artifact level is capped by a thin,discontinuous charcoal lens that represents the 3-244 - - - - - - .- .... paleosol.Equisetum was al so observed at this contact and a sample was call ected (UA83-I30-3423).The paleosol developed in the interval between the depositions of the Oshetna and ~atana tephras.The location of artifacts throughout the Oshetna tephra unit may be related to the unconsolidated nature of the sediment during the period of occupation. Lichen was found on the upper surface of a number of artifacts indicating that these artifacts were exposed for a period of time prior to the development of the paleosol. Lack of consistency in the vertical placement of stratigraphic units was evident within unit 4 in the eastern portion of NI05/EIO?,the northern hal f of NI04/EI08,and wi thin NI05/EI09.In NI05/EIO?and NI04/EI08 the Oshetna tephra appeared truncated and in NI05/EI09 the artifactual units were not the uniform gray color of the artifact level in other test squares.A number of subunits of unit 4 that occur at the same relative stratigraphic position were defined in these three squares (units 4c, 4d,4e,4f,and 49).The three test squares that lack consistency with the general ized canposi te prof"il e al so have much hig her arti fact frequencies,with the greatest concentration in NI05/EI09 which represents a third of the artifacts from the lower component. Artifactual material from N105/EI09 included ca.28,000 lithic and 8,000 bone fragments in conjuncti on wi th concentrations of red ochre of which nearly 1,000 pieces were collected,and hundreds of small,angular rock fragments.The base of the larger rocks rested in the lower extent of unit 4.Bone fragments,ochre,and lithic material were exposed when the rocks were removed.In the northeast quadrant of the test square the lithic concentration formed a pavement interspersed with matrix.In some areas of the square,particularly in the southwest quadrant, artifacts were wi thin·an ochre-sta ined matri x.The density of rna teri al in this square and the truncated nature of the sediments suggest that cultural material may be concentrated around a feature,such as a hearth or a more canplex structural feature. Ninety-four of the 104 tools and diagnostic artifacts recovered during systematic testing are in association with the lower component.These 3-245 arti facts are representative of several material types,stages of manu- facture,and functions.The ~ajority of tools consist of flakes with unifacial or bifacial retouch along one or more margins.In addition,a number of side-notched projectile points,endscrapers,bifaces and biface fragments,and modified cobbles were recovered.This material was summarized above.In N103/Elll a cluster of argillite bifaces was associated with a subangular cobble.Six canplete bifaces and one fragment,which articulates with a fragment from unit 2,are associated wi th thi s cl uster. All but five of the ca.10,500 bone fragments recovered during system- atic testing originate from the lower component and most of this material was recovered fran four of the twelve test squares (NI05/EI07, NI04/EI08,N105/EI09,and N104/E110).A discussion of these remains appeared above. Ten charcoal samples were.submitted from the site for radiocarbon dating.Table 3.12 summarizes relevant information concerning the individual samples.Nine of the samples were collected from either the paleosol between the Watana (unit 3)and Oshetna (unit 4b)tephras or in associ a ti on wi th the Oshetna tephra.The tenth sampl e wa s call ected from the lower extent of the finely divided organic layer (unit Ib)to its contact with the Devil tephra (unit 2). The sample from the finely divided organic layer (unit Ib)provided a date of 170 ±90 years:A.D.1780 (Beta-7684).The sample was sub- mitted to provide an upper limiting date for the deposition of the Devil tephra (unit 2)and for the upper canponent associated with the contact between the organic layer and the Dev"il tephra.Given its stratigraphic position,it is possible for the sample to incorporate carbon fran the more recent organic material with which it is in close association. Therefore the date may not provide an accurate limiting date for the upper component or the deposition of the Devil tephra. A suite of seven dates was obtained for the pal eosol between the Hatana (unit 3)and Oshetna (unit 4b)tephras.Multiple samples were dated in order to:(1)prov ide an upper 1imi ti ng date for the extens ive lower component and the deposition of the Oshetna tephra,(2)assess spatial 3-246 - .... - ..... ..... - variation across the test squares in dating the paleosol,and (3)deter- mine the duration of time represented by the paleosol. The dates from the paleosol range from 1730 B.P.to 3290 B.P.for an inclusive span of 1560 years.Two of the dates,1730 ±120 years:A.D. 220 (Beta-7689)and 2690 ±70 years:740 B.C.(Beta-7301),are more recent than would be expected given the stratigraphic position of the samples rel ative to other dates from the site for the pal eosol . Excl us ive of the above blO sampl es dates for the paleosol range from 3160 ±70 years:1210 B.C.(Beta-7687)to 3290 ±130 years:1340 B.C. (Beta-7686)a time span of only 130 years.This reduced temporal interval should represent a reasonable upper limiting date for the lower component and the deposition of the Oshetna tephra. Although the two youngest dates for the paleosol are from the eastern- most test squares of N104/EllO (Beta-7689)and N103jE111 (Beta-7301), there does not appear to be any spatial patterning in the dates.An additional date for N103/E111 of 3270 ±90 years:1320 B.C.(Beta-7690) precludes the establishment of an east to west cline in dates for the pal eosol . The formation of the paleosol may span the 1560 years between 1730 B.P. and 3290 B.P.represented by the seven dates from the unit,but sampling difficulties are inherent in attempting to bracket the fonnation of a unit only a centimeter thick.Mixing of charcoal pieces from different periods of the paleosol in sampling the thin unit will normally generate a range of dates narrower than the true duration.Potential sources of contamination exist in the organic accumulation present in units 3a and 3b of the Watana tephra and in the downward displacement of carbon through cryoturbation.Such contamination could explain the two early dates for the paleosol. ,The oldest date from the site,5130 ±140 years:3180 B.C.(Beta-7302), was derived from radiocarbon dating of a large piece of charcoal.The base of the charcoal piece was within the Oshetna tephra (unit 4b), althouch the upper extent of it was associated with the paleosol.The assignment of the date to a stratigraphic level is problematic.The 3-247 sample di ffers fran other charcoal samples collected from the pal eosol in that it is a single large piece as opposed to a concentration of smaller charcoal pieces.The sample may provide a fortuitous lower limiting date for the paleosol or may be cultural in origin and date the lower component directly. The final sample,1870 ±120 years:A.D.80 (Beta-7691),was collected fran unit 4e in a wall of NI06/El02.It was intended to date the lower canponent.Unit 4e is a cultural unit at the same rel ative strati- graphic position as unit 4b which contained carbonized matrix in direct association with artifacts.Unit 4e is positioned between the Devil tephra (unit 2)and a fine silt level (unit 5).The disconformity represented by the absence of the Watana tephra (unit 3)increases the potential for illuviation and transport of carbon fran the upper levels. The contextual difficulties surrounding the sample preclude its use as a date for the lower canponent. Reconnaissance testing.Due to the density of material recovered,the presence of multiple canponents,and the advantageous setting of the Fog Creek Site based upon initial testing of survey locale 13 in 1980,the vicinity around the confluence of Fog Creek and the Susitna River was selected as a high archeological potential area deserving of reinvesti- gation.In conjunction with renewed reconnaissance level testing of survey locale 13 in 1983,the remainder of the terrace south of the original find of TLM 030 was tested. Subsurface testing was conducted on the terrace from 75 m south of the main excavation area to the stream which fonns the southern boundary of this terrace segment.Seven productive shovel tests were located between 75 m and 180 m south of the main excavation area.Three of the shovel tests were expanded into 40 cm by 40 cm test pits.Figures 3.74 and 3.75 show the location of the test pits,four productive shovel tests,and negative shovel tests in the vicinity.Table 3.13 lists the artifacts fran each of the productive subsurface tests.Test Pit 1, located approximately 115 m south of the systematic tests and ca.25,m fran the terrace edge,produced 32 argillite flakes.Test Pit 2, 3-248 - - ~I located ca.15 m west-southwest of Test Pit 1 and ca.15 m from the terrace edge,yielded 357 flakes of five different materials.Test Pit 3,situated ca.40 m south of Test Pit 2 and immediately adjacent to the western terrace edge,had 13 flakes of basalt and argillite.A dusky red,1 cm thick,lens of ochre was located within the Oshetna tephra.Material from all three test pits came from Watana and Oshetna tephra units,extending down to on top of the drift in Test Pit 2.The shovel tests,numbered consecutively with the test pits,yielded a total of 8 flakes of argillite with a single specimen of basalt.Shovel tests 4 through 7 are distributed from 50 m north of test pits 1 and 2 and 10 m to 30 m from the western edge of the terrace. Reconnaissance testing on the Fog Creek terrace served to recover artifacts along the western edge of the terrace in stratigraphic units that may be correlated to the lower component located during systematic excavations to the north.The distribution of artifacts along the western terrace edge,thought to be contiguous with the archeological finds at the north edge of the terrace,prompted the shift from recon- na i ssance 1evel survey procedures to a control 1ed grid testi ng program. Grid shovel testing.Grid testing was initiated to define the spatial extent of the site and to determine whether artifactual material recorded during 1983 reconnaissance testing on the western terrace margin represented a separate site or an extension of the main site locus.The entire terrace was mapped and gridded as an extension of the established grid with the site datum at N100/E100.Points were established and elevations recorded at even 10 m intervals across the terrace.Shovel testing began with the easternmost grid line,E170,and continued westward to E50.Testing commenced at the southern extent of each easting grid 1ine and proceeded to the northern terminous of the line unless cultural material was encountered.Subsurface tests were placed in the southwest corner of each 10 m grid square.Testing interval was selected to minimize site disturbance while defining site size.The matrix was screened through a ~II mesh and all artifacts collected by stratigraphic unit.Ten of the 224 shove1 tests produced cultural material (Figure 3.76). 3-249 The artifact inventory from the ten positive grid shovel tests includes 235 lithic artifacts and 5 bone fragments.Table 3.14 provides a summary of artifacts by shovel test.The majority of lithic material consists of basalt flakes,accounting for 91%of the total inventory.A modified basalt flake (UA83-130-2119)was recovered from N80/E100.The flake is triangular in outline with continuous bifacial retouch along one side. Artifacts were recovered from a number of stratigraphic contexts corresponding to both components defined during systematic testing. Overall,the stratigraphic sequence of the shovel tests is represented by the stratigraphic section from systematic testing.All positive shovel tests were located in well-drained areas.Several negative shovel tests represented areas of very poor drainage as indicated by water-saturated sediments.A number of tests placed in low areas in the central portion of the terrace contained gravels and silts interbedded between the Watana tephra (8 horizon)and the Devil tephra (eluvial horizon).The sediment may represent an episode of stream transport across the terrace. The vicissitudes of artifact distributions are shown by the results of reconnaissance level survey in 1983 and the subsequent grid shovel testing program over the same area.Grid shovel tests placed between productive reconnaissance tests were often sterile.The discontinuous distribution of artifacts is exemplified by the sterile grid shovel tests at S10/E70 and S20/E70 despite their proximity to test pits 1 and 2,and shovel tests 4 and 5 (Figure 3.76).The artifact density and the limited shovel testing program result in a very conservative appraisal of site limits. Reconnaissance level testing in 1980 and 1983 in conjunction with controlled grid shovel testing provides for the delineation of the Fog Creek Site boundaries.Discussion of the site boundaries is facilitated by dividing the site into two segments.The northern segment of the site in which systematic testing was conducted extends as a ca.40 m wide strip (N70 to Nll0)for approximately 60 m (ESO and E140)along the 3-250 ...... ..... - - - northern terrace edge.This portion of the site occupies the relatively open,well-drained region at the northwest corner of the terrace between the black spruce forest to the south and east,and the steep terrace slopes to the north and west.Clusters of large birch trees adjacent to the northern terrace edge,make this portion of TLM 030 easily discern- able from the air.The western segment is contiguous with the northern segment.It starts as a ca.20 m wide strip along the western terrace edge,expanding to approximately 40 m back from the edge in the middle of the terrace.In the southern half of the terrace,the distribution of artifacts appears to taper back to the terrace edge ca.170 m south of the systematic tests.The western segment of the site is heavily ,vegetated with black spruce and lacks the distinctive features of the northern segment which might concentrate prehistoric activity.The flood plain of the Susitna River west of the terrace currently supports a thick forest cover negating the beneficial vantage which the western terrace edge would convey under a more open vegetation regime. Eval uation: The Fog Creek Site is located on a kame terrace 900 m upstream from the confluence of Fog Creek and the Susitna River.Testing conducted during the 1983 field season indicates that the site area is expansive and encompasses the northern terrace edge which overlooks Fog Creek and the western edge paralleling the Susitna River.Lithic artifacts were' recovered fran shovel tests and test pits extending ca.180 m along the western terrace edge and ca.60 m along the northern terrace edge.The abundance of artifactual material in conjunction with the ca.7000 square meter areal extent of the site indicates that the terrace was used intensively by prehistoric peoples. The two conponents defined during systematic testing occur at the upper contact of the Devil tephra and within the Oshetna tephra.Interpreta- tion of the number and stratigraphic position of components is in only partial agreement with the results of reconnaissance testing in 1980. Support for the upper component in the Watana tephra defined during ,ini tial reconnai ssance testing was not provided by systematic testing. 3-251 However,an additional canponent was defined at the Devil contact.The hearth features defined in 1980 may represent a well-developed A horizon and the charcoal lens which constitutes the paleosol rather than cultural activity. A suite of radiocarbon samples collected from a paleosol which overlies the lower component provides upper limiting dates of 3290 ±130 years: 1340 B.C.(Beta-7686)and possibly as early as 5130 ±140 years:3180 B.C.(Beta-7302).The upper component can be tentatively dated based upon its stratigraphic pasi tion rel ative to the Devil tephra.The maximum limiting date of this component is the ca.2300 B.P.date for the deposition of the Devil tephra. The majority of the artifactual material was recovered fran the lower canpanent.The inventory includes lithics,floral and faunal remains and red ochre.Tool s and tool fragments cover a bro~d spectrum.These include diagnostic artifacts of side-notched projectile points, endscrapers,and a variety of bifaces.Basalt lithic debitage, including primary reduction flakes and secondary flakes,along with a large number of bifaces and biface fragments suggests that tools of this material \\ere manufactured at the site.Artifacts of argillite,the next most frequent material,may also have been reduced at the site, although the lack of decortication flakes may indicate initial prepara- tion off the site.Numerous other material types constitute only a small fraction of the lithic assemblage and may not be readily available in the vicinity of the site.The generally small size of these flakes may be related to the modification of existing artifacts. Faunal remains from the lower component indicate that the processing of small to large mam~als (possibly caribou)and also birds was taking place at the site.The processing or disposal of bone ;s concentrated in the eastern portion of the systematic excavation.The concentration is correlated with a hearth feature and the calcined to heavily burned nature of the faunal material may have contributed to its preservation. Skeletal completeness does not allow for assessment of specific species or proximity of the kill site.Floral renains include seeds and an equi setum macro foss i1 . 3-252 .... - .... High artifact density,in association with red ochre,and the concentra- tion of bone in three of the 1 m by 1 m test squares indicate a feature. A hearth or more complex structural feature would explain the artifact concentration and sediment disturbance in this area of the site.A program of further excavation,microstratigraphic analysis,and spatial analysis is required to ascertain the nature of the feature. The site may have functioned in a variety of capacities as suggested by: 1)the advantageous ecological setting,2)proximity to water sources, 3)access between the Susitna River and the upland plateau including Fog Lakes,and 4)the generalized nature of artifact types.The multiple components indicate repeated use of the terrace for at least 3000 years. Based on its relative stratigraphic position,the upper component may possibly be related to the Athapaskan Tradition (ca.A.D.300 -A.D. 1900),although it is important to note that there are no diagnostic artifact types to confirm this assumption.The lower component can be attributed to the Northern Archaic Tradition (ca.1500 B.C.-ca.3000 B.C.),based on the diagnostic elements of the artifact assemblage, stratigraphic position,and radiocarbon dating.The Fog Creek Site holds high potential for a more complete delineation of the Northern Archaic Tradition and the ecological setting and extremely high frequency of arti factual rena ins suggest the si te may have functioned as a seasonally reoccupied camp or possibly a more permanent type of settlement.Presently less than one-third of a percent of the site area has been tested. 3-253 TABLE 3.8 ARTIFACT SUMMARY -SYSTEMATIC TESTING,TLM 030. Tool s .... 13 7 1 3 1 1 2 16 Projectile points 5 argillite (UA83-130-127,130,1923,1932,1949 and 1951) 8 basalt (UA83-130-48,349,351,867,1005,1915, 1931,1935) Projectile point bases 2 argil1ite (UA83-130-126,1952) 4 basalt (UA83-130-350,441, 442,1917) 1 white chert (UA83-130-1937) Projectile point medial section (argillite)(UA83-130- 1930) Projectile point tips 1 basalt (UA83-130-1477) 1 black chert (UA83-130-880) 1 rhyolite (?)(UA83-130-1957) Projectile point on a flake (basalt)(UA83-130-124) Projectile point or point preform (basal t)(UA83-130-353) Biface or point prefonns 1 argillite (UA83-130-1956) 1 basalt (UA83-130-1958) Bifaces 9 argillite (UA83-130-128 and 129,621,1257,1939 and 1950, 1942, 1943,1945 and 1946,1947,1948) 7 basalt (UA83-130-618,1027, 1260, 1575,1576,1925, 1933) 3-254 - TABLE 3.8 (Continued) -- -- .- 13 2 2 10 1 28 2 1 1 Li thic Material· Bi face fragments 3 argillite (UA83-130-620,1523,1927) 10 basalt (UA83-130-619,669, 787,1578,1725,1916, 1940,2116,2874,3192) Bi face end fragments 2 basalt (UA83-130-1936,1954) Core tools (basalt)(UA83-130-536,1573) Endsc rapers 1 argillite (UA83-130-2873) 4 basalt (UA83-130-1263,1380,1922,1941) 4 chert (UA83-130-1124,1421,1921,1938) 1 rhyolite (UA83-130-1262) Scraper (argillite)(UA83-130-1920) Retouched fl a kes 4 argillite (UA83-130-1259,1924,1929,1944) 21 basalt (UA83-130-125,352,540,820,1253,1254, 1256,1261, 1524, 1572,1621, 1934,1953,1990a,b, 2872,2875, 2876,2877, 2878,2879,2880) 2 chert (UA83-130-1258,1577) 1 obsidian (UA83-130-1955) Modified cobbles (UA83-130-1464,1926) Pebble with battering (possible hammerstone)(UA83-130- 1892 ) Hamme rstone (quartz)(UA83-130-969) 3 ,949 Arg ill i te fl a ke s 1 Argillite piece (angular Shatter)(UA83-130-1912) 1 Argillite (?)cobble fragment (UA83-130-3365) 3-255 TABLE 3.8 (Continued) 52,673 3,153 12 18 6 24 1 1 263 Basal t fl akes Basal t f1 akes wi th cortex Basalt pieces (angular shatter or exhausted flake core fragments) Basalt pieces with cortex (angular shatter or flake core fragments) Basalt cobbles Basal t cobble fragments Basalt core (?)(UA83-130-1919) Basalt core fragment ~th cortex (UA83-130-2170) Chalcedony flakes 8 dark red 28 pal e brown 91 brown 18 da rk brown 1 brown banded 15 1ight gray 2 gray 6 dark gray 19 white to gray 1 white to gray banded 54 white to clear 8 clear 12 mul tical ared 3-256 - -. TABLE 3.8 (Continued) - 830 2 1 11 37 1 Chert flakes 4 pal e red 2 weak red 46 dus ky red 12 dark red 5 reddi sh brown lOIs trong brown 1 speckled brown 89 brown 82 da rk br own 1 grayi sh brown 40 gray 101 dark gray 54 very dark gray 8 gray banded 1 gray and wh i te 101 black 2 white and weak red 5 white to gray 172 wh i te 3 multicolored Chert pieces (angular shatter) 1 brown 1 very dark gray Chert flake (speckled brown,crazed)(UA83-130-1632) Chert/chalcedony flakes (multicolored) Obsidian flakes 12 gray 8 black 9 cl ear to gray 8 clear Obsidian piece (angular shatter)(black)(UA83-130-2623) 3-257 TABLE 3.8 (Continued) ..... 3 48 372 1 24,553 1,413 46 9 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 16 2 43 2 Quartz fl a kes 1 whi te 2 clear Quartzi te fl akes 46 gray 2 white Rhyol ite flakes Rhyolite cobble fragment (UA83-130-788) Fl akes 1ess than 1/8"mesh: 1,220 argill i te 23,067 basal t 227 chert and chal cedony 4 obsidian 24 rhyol i te 11 unknown Rock fragments (less than 5 cm -thermally al tered?). Thermally altered rocks (greater than 5 cm) Rock fragments wi th clla reoal sta in Cobbles (one with battering,UA83-130-3366) Cracked cobble (UA83-130-2719) Subangular cobbles Subangular cobble (anvil?)(UA83-130-2073) Ovate,bi-plano pebble (UA83-130-2889) Subrounded cobble (UA83-130-3096) Ochre-stained pebble (UA83-130-550) Blocky pumice fragments Shal e fragments Flakes of unknown material Pieces of unidentified material (UA83-130-3085) - - TABLE 3.8 (Continued) Faunal Material ca.9,500 1 1,000+ 3 Other 1,928 37 1 1 Bone fragments Bone fragments with cut marks*(UA83-130-2678) Bone fragments/meal less than 1/8"mesh Tooth fragments Ochre pi eces Seeds Beetle carapace (UA83-130-3271) Equisetum sample (UA83-130-3423) ,.... - *Observed under SOx magnification 3-259 TABLE 3.9 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 030. 1IJS'l. - Uni t 1b Within finely sorted organic horizon 1/2 Contact between organic horizon and Devil tephra (eluvial horizon) 1/3 Contact between organic horizon and Watana tephra (B horizon) Description 1 Ba sa 1t fl a ke 2 Basalt flakes with cortex Tools: 1 Endscraper (brown chert)(UA83- 130-1124 ) 1 Retouched flake (basal t)UA83- 130-820) 5 Argillite flakes 112 Basal t fl akes 17 Basalt flakes with cortex 4 Chert fl a kes 1 speckl ed brown 1 gray 2 whi te 1 Flake less than 1/8"mesh (basal t) 8 Sa sa1t fl a ke s 1 Basalt flake with cortex 3-260 ..... - TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 2 Within Devil tephra (el uvial horizon) Oescri pti on Tools: 1 Projectile point tip (basalt) (UA83-130-1477 ) 1 Bi face fragment (arg ill i te) (UA83-130-1939)(articulates with UA83-130-1950) 39 Arg i 11 ite fl a ke s 400 Basalt flakes 42 Basalt flakes with cortex 2 Chal cedony fl akes 1 brown 1 dark gray 6 Chert flakes 3 strong brown 3 dark gray 3 Obsidian flakes 2 gray 1 clear to gray 5 Rhyolite flakes 77 Flakes less than 1/8"mesh: 2 arg ill i te 68 basal t 7 chert and chalcedony 14 Ochre pi eces 3-261 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 2/3 Contact between Devil tephra (eluvial horizon)and Watana tephra (B horizon) 3 Within Watana tephra (8 horizon) De sc ri pt i on Tool: 1 Retouched flake (basalt)(UA83- 130-1953 ) 9 Argill ite fl akes 141 Basalt flakes 21 Basal t fl akes wi th cortex 2 Chalcedony flakes 1 dark brown 1 dark gray 5 Chert fl akes 1 grayi sh brown 2 dark gray 1 very dark gray 1 bl ack 2 Rhyolite flakes 1 Rock fragment (less than 5 cm - thermally altered?) 1 Arg ill ite fl ake 30 Basal t fl akes 8 Basalt flakes with cortex 1 Chert flake (strong brown) 3-262 - - ,- -- TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 3a t b Within oxidized Watana tephra (illuvial horizon) Description 55 Arg ill i te fl a ke s 589 Basal t fl akes 42 Basalt flakes with cortex 4 Chal cedony fl akes 1 brown 1 gray 1 whi te to gray 1 multicolored 8 Chert f1 akes 1 dark red 2 strong brown 1 brown 1 dark gray 3 very dark gray 1 Obsidian flake (clear to gray) 1 Rhyo 1i te fl a ke 10 Rock fragments (1 ess than 5 cm - thermally altered?) 3 Bone fragments 2 Ochre pieces 3-263 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description 3b/c Within Watana tephra (contact between illuvial and lower zone of B horizon) 3c Within Wa tana tephra (unoxidized,lower extent of tephra unit) 3/4b Contact between ~Jatana tephra (B horizon)and Oshetna tephra Tools: 1 Biface fragment (argillite)(UA83- 130-1523) 1 Retouched f1 ake (basal t)(UA83- 130-1990) 30 Argillite flakes 258 Basalt flakes 16 Basalt flakes with cortex 1 Chalcedony flake (strong brown) 5 Chert fl akes 3 dark brown 2 dark gray 1 Bone fragmen t 1 Ochre piece 7 Basal t flakes Tool s: 4 Projectile points (basalt)(UA83- 130-48,349,351,1005) 1 Projectile point or point preform (basalt)(UA83-130-353) 1 Projectile point base (argillite) (UA83-130-1952 ) 1 Projectile point base (?)(basalt) (UA83-130-350) 1 Bi face end fragment (basal t) (UA83-130-1954) 1 Endscraper (basal t)(UA83-130-1941) 3-264 - - TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description 3 blc (continued) 1 Retouched fl ake (basal t)(UA83- 130-2878) 592 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke s 7,285 Basalt flakes 320 Basal t f1 akes wi th cortex 1 Basalt piece with cortex (angular sha tter or fl ake core fragment) 1 Basalt core fragment with cortex (UA83-130-2170) 49 Chalcedony flakes 3 dark red 2 pale brown 16 brown 1 brown banded 1 gray 17 whi te to cl ear 4 clear 5 mul ti colored 3-265 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description 3 blc (continued) 115 Chert fl akes 10 dusky red 1 dark red 1 reddi sh brown 19 strong brown 18 brown 17 dark brown 5 gray 10 dark gray 17 very dark gray 1 gray banded 11 bl ack 2 whi te to gray 3 white 11 Obsid ian fl akes 6 gray 2 bl ack 1 cl ear to gray 2 clear 55 Rhyo 1 i te fl akes 1,400 Flakes less than 1/811 mesh: 63 argill ite 1298 basalt 29 chert and chalcedony 1 obsidian 7 rhyol i te 2 unknown 197 Rock fragments (less than 5 cm - thermally altered?) 3-266 - - ..... - - -- - TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 3 blc (continued) 4b Within Oshetna tephra De scr"j pti on 1 Thennally altered rock (greater than 5 cm) 9 Rock fragments with charcoal stain 3 Blocky pumice fragments 257 Bone fragments 171 Ochre pieces 1 Equisetum sample (UA83-130-3423) Tools: 9 Projectile points 5 a rg ill i te (UA 83 -13 0-127,13 a, 1923, 1932,1949 and 1951) 4 basalt (UA83-130-867,1915, 1931,1935) 1 Projectile point on a flake (basal t)(IJA83-130-124) 5 Projectile point bases 1 argillite (UA83-130-126) 3 basalt (UA83-130-441,442,1917) 1 white chert (UA83-130-1937) 1 Projectile point medial section (argillite)(UA83-130-1930) 1 Projectile point tip (basalt) (UA83-130-880) 1 Biface or point prefonn (basalt) (UA83-130-1958) 3-267 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 4 b (continued) Oescri pti on 15 Bi faces 8 argillite (UA83-130-128 and 129, 621,1257, 1942,1943,1945 and 1946,1947,1948) 7 basalt (UA83-130-618,1027, 1260,1575, 1576, 1925,1933) 10 Biface fragments 3 argillite (UA83-130-620,1027, 1950)(1950 articulates with 1939) 7 basalt (UA83-130-619,1578, 1916,1940,2216,2874,3192) 1 Biface end fragment (basalt) (UA83-130-1936) 1 Biface end fragment or core fragment (basalt)(UA83-130-1725) 2 Core tool s (basal t)(UA83-130-536, 1573) 7 Endsc rapers 1 argillite (UA83-130-1873) 3 basalt (UA83-130-1263,1380, 1922) 2 chert (UA83-130-1938,1921) 1 rhyolite (?)(UA83-130-1262) 1 Scraper (argillite)(UA83-130-1920) 20 Retouched fl akes 3 argillite (UA83-130-1259,1929, 1944) 3-268 .... I'I'JIiIIJ, ~, - - ~ I - TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 4 b (continued) Description 15 basalt (UA83-130-125,1253, 1254, 1256, 1261, 1524,1572, 1621, 1934,2872,2875,2876, 2877, 2879,2880) 2 chert (UA83-130-1258,1577) 2 Modified cobbles (UA83-130-1464, 1926) 1 Hammerstone (quartz)(UA83-130- 969) 2,329 Argillite flakes 30,122 Basalt flakes 1,779 Basalt flakes with cortex 10 Basalt pieces (angular shatter or exhausted flake core fragments) 14 Basalt pieces with cortex (angular shatter or flake core fragments) 4 Basalt cobbles 14 Cobble fragments 1 Basal t core (?)(UA83-130-1919) 3-269 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 4 b (continued) Description 156 Chalcedony flakes 3 dark red 19 pal e brown 48 brown 16 dark brown 12 light gray 4 dark gray 12 white to gray 32 white to clear 4 clear 6 multicolored 595 Chert flakes 4 pale red 2 weak red 27 dus ky red 9 dark red 3 reddi sh brown 64 strong brown 66 brown 54 dark brown 13 gray 68 dark gray 28 very dark gray 5 gray banded 81 black 3 whi te to gray 165 white 3 mul ticolored 3-270 ""'" -- TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description 4 b (conti nued) 2 Chert pieces (angular shatter) 1 brown 1 very dark gray 1 Chert fl ake (speckl ed brown,crazed) (UA83-130-1632) 6 Chert/chalcedony flakes (multi- colored) 17 Obsidian flakes 3 gray 4 black 5 clear to gray 5 clear 1 Obsidian piece (black)(angular shatter)(UA83-130-2623) 3 Quartz fl akes 1 white 2 clear 14 Qu ar tz i te fl a ke s 12 gray 2 whi te 247 Rhyolite flakes 4 Flakes of unknown material 16,594 Flakes less than 1/8u mesh: 840 argiii i te 15,617 basalt 130 chert and chalcedony 3 obsidian 6 rhyoli te 3-271 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 4 b (conti nued) 4b/c Within Oshetna tephra (includes tephra and tephra with ochre) .Description 973 Rock fragments (1 ess than 5 cm - thermally altered?) 39 Thennally al tered rocks (greater than 5 cm) 1 Cobble 2 Subangular cobbles 1 Subangular cobble (anvil?) (UA83-130-2073) 1 Ovate,bi-plano pebble (UA83-130- 2889) 1 Subrounded cobble (UA83-130-3096) 4 Blocky pumice fragments 2 Shale fragments 2 Pieces of unidentified material (UA83-130-3085 ) 6,989 Bone fragments 1,000+Bone fragments/meal less than 1/811 mesh 3 Tooth fragments 1,429 Ochre pieces 37 Seeds 1 Beetle carapace (UA83-130-3271) 3 Basalt flakes 2 Basalt flakes with cortex 3-272 ~, - - - - - ,.... - - TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description ,~ 4b/d Contact between Oshetna tephra and dark silty matrix 4c Within Oshetna tephra (tephra wi th ochre) 52 Argillite flakes 272 Basal t fl akes 21 Basal t fl akes with cortex· 7 Chal cedony f1 akes (brown) 2 Chert fl a kes 1 dark gray 1 white and weak red 2 Rhyo 1i te f1 a ke s 39 Flakes of unknown material 194 Fl akes 1ess than 1/811 mesh: 25 arg ill ite 152 basal t 8 chert and chalcedony 9 unknown 175 Bone fragments 18 Ochre pieces 16 Argillite flakes 105 Basal t f1 akes 15 Basalt flakes with cortex 1 Basalt piece with cortex (angular shatter or flake core fragment) 2 Chert f1 akes (gray) 1 Rhyol ite f1 a ke 429 Flakes less than 1/811 mesh: 27 argillite 392 basal t 10 chert and chalcedony 8 Rock fragments (less than 5 cm - thermally al tered?) 1,031 Bone fragments 3-273 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description 4c (continued) 1 Bone fragment wi th cut marks (UA83-130-2678) 89 Ochre pieces 4d Dark silty matrix wi th arti facts 4b/5 Contact between Oshetna tephra and very fine silt horizon 9 Arg ill ite fl a ke s 120 Basal t fl akes 4 Basalt flakes with cortex 8 Bone fragments Tools: 2 Bi face fragments (basal t)(UA83- 130-669,787) 1 Endscraper (chert)(UA83-130-1421) 3 Retouched flakes 1 argillite (UA83-130-1924) 2 basalt (UA83-130-352,540) 617 Arg ill i te fl a ke s 11,361 Basalt flakes 765 Basalt flakes with cortex 1 Basalt piece (angular shatter or exhausted flake core fragment) 2 Basalt pieces with cortex (angular shatter or fl ake core fragments) 2 Basalt cobbles 9 Basal t cobble fragments 3-274 - - - - TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description 4b/5 (continued) 39 Chal cedony fl akes 2 dark red 7 pal e brown 15 brown 1 dark brown 3 gray 1 dark gray 3 white to gray 1 white to gray banded 6 clear 76 Chert fl akes 8 dusky red 1 reddi sh brown 11 strong brown 5 brown 12 dark brown 19 gray 6 dark gray 3 very dark gray 2 gray banded 6 black 2 wh ite and weak red 1 whi te 5 Chert/chalcedony flakes (multi- colored) 3-275 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description 4b/5 (continued) 4 Obsidian flakes 1 gray 1 black 1 clear to gray 1 clear 3 Quartz;te f1 akes (gray) 30 Rhyolite flakes 1 Rhyol ite cobble fragment (UA83-. 130-788) 5,303 Flakes les~than 1/8"mesh: 224 a rg i 11 ite 5,037 basal t 42 chert and chalcedony 206 Rock fragments (less than 5 cm - thermally altered?) 7 Thennally altered rocks (greater than 5 cm) 9 Blocky pumice fragments 1 Ochre-stained pebble (UA83-130-550) 1 Cracked cobble (UA83-130-2719) 1,017 Bone fragments 194 Ochre pieces 3-276 - - TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Description 4b/6 Contact between Oshetna tephra and glacial drift Tool: 1 Pebble with battering (possible hammerstone)(UA83-130-1892) 143 Argillite flakes 1 Argillite piece (angular shatter) (UA83-130-1912) 1,083 Basalt flakes 63 Basal t fl akes wi th cortex 1 Chalcedony flake (dark brown) 8 Chert fl akes 1 dusky red 3 dark brown 1 dark gray 2 very dark gray 1 black 30 Qu ar tz i te fl a ke s (g ray) 23 Rhyolite flakes 514 Fl akes 1ess than 1/811 mesh: 37 a rg ill ite 465 basal t 6 chert and chalcedony 6 rhyolite 7 Rock fragments (less than 5 cm - thermally altered?) 42 Bone fragments 3-277 TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit 5 Within very fine sil t horizon 6 Within glacial drift Miscellaneous (no provenience, surface artifacts and re-excavated test pits) Description 18 Argillite flakes 291 Basal t fl akes 10 Basalt flakes with cortex 2 Chert flakes 1 strong bro\'tn 1 bl ack 39 Flakes less than 1/8"mesh: 2 argill i te 37 basal t 11 Rock fragments (less than 5 cm - thermally altered?) 1 Bone fragment 2 Ochre pieces 1 Arg ill i te fl ake 47 Basal t fl akes 8 Basalt flakes with cortex 1 Qu ar tz i te fl a ke (g ray) 1 Rhyolite flake Tools: 1 Biface or point preform (argillite) (UA83-130-1956) 1 Projectile point tip (rhyolite) (UA83-130-1957) 1 Retouched flake (obsidian) (UA83-130-1955) 33 Argillite flakes 1 Argillite (?)cobble fragment (UA83-130-3365 ) 438 Basalt fl a kes 3-278 - - - - - - TABLE 3.9 (Continued) Unit Miscellaneous (continued) Description 17 Basalt flakes with cortex 1 Basalt cobble fragment 1 Chalcedony flake (white to gray) 1 Chert fl a ke (whi te) 1 Obsidian flake (black) 5 Rhyol ite fl a kes 1 Cobble with battering (UA83-130- 3366) 8 Ochre pieces 3-279 TABLE 3.10 SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE SOIL PROFILE,TLM 030. Unit 1a Ib 2 Description Surface organic layer:fibrous root mat with living and partially decayed plant material from sphagnum moss, dwarf birch,Labrador tea,lowbush cranberry,and other herbaceous woody shrub vegetation at the surface.Varies in thickness from 1-29 em,but is usually 8-12 cm.The lower boundary is clear and smooth to wavy.Non-mineral 01 horizon.Continuous surface cover across the excava- tion area.Layer is thickest in areas of sphagnum moss ground cover.Contains decayed wood and roots up to 5 cm in diameter. Fine sil ty sand wi th finely divided organic material, macroplant fragments,and rootlets;black (5 YR 2.5/1). Varies in thickness from less than 1 cm to a maximum of 4 em.Sharp and smooth to wavy lower contact.02 horizon;peat layer with charcoal.In places unit lb is undifferentiated from unit la,but the unit is generally continuous.Fibrous root material follows the contact between 1b and 2.Three basal t fl akes were found wi thin the unit,additional ~rtifacts were recovered at the base of the unit along the contact with unit 2.A radiocarbon date of 170 ±90 B.P.was obtained from the unit. Very fine silt-sized particle;varies in color from very dark gray (10 YR 3/1)to brown (10 YR 4/3)to pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2).Variation in color may be due to down- ward leaching or organic material.Varies in thickness from 2-11 em,but is usually 3-5 cm.Lower contact ranges from clear to indistinct and is very wavy and 3-280 - TABLE 3.10 (Continued) Unit Description .... - "... 3 3a irregular.Tephra (Devil);eluvial A horizon.Unit is generally conti nuous and is present in all of the test squares.Unit is dense and compact.Artifacts are found at the contacts and within this unit . Very fine silt-sized particles;reddish black (10 R 2.5/1)to yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6).Massive unit that includes three subunits (3a,3b,3c)and varies in thickness from 3-27 em with considerable variation occurring in individual test squares.The lower contact is sharp and wavy.Tephra (Watana);B horizon.Forms a continuous unit in all of the test squares with the exception of NI06/E102.Absence of unit 3 in the northern portion of that square suggests that post- depositional erosion was active at the site.The unit frequentl y appears very mottl ed wi th 3a occurri ng predominantly at the upper extent and 3c at the lower extent.Variation between subunits may represent a continuulll based on organic and iron accumulation and is rel ated to so il fonni ng processes.Arti facts occur at the upper and lower contacts and within unit 3.Only 7 fl a kes are recorded from 3c. Very fine silt-sized particles with granular structure and some cemented concretions;reddish black (10 R 2.5/1) to dark reddish brown (5 YR 2.5/2).Very irregular and wavy boundaries.Tephra (Hatana);il1lJvial B horizon. Organic and iron accumulation.Often described as being mixed with unit 3b and 3c.Bioturbation observed in the form of ant colonies measuring up to 25 crn in diameter. 3-281 TABLE 3.10 (Continued) Unit Description - - 3b 3c Charcoal Lens (Pal eosel ) 4a Very fine silt-sized particles with granular structure; dark reddish brewn (5 Y 3/4 to 5 Y 3/3).Contacts vary from sharp to diffuse.Tephra (Watana);illuvial B horizon.The sediment has a coarse texture,but peds will break apart and dry into a fine powder.Often occurs as large irregular mottles.Predominant subunit of unit 3. Very fine silt-sized particles that lack granular struc tu re;yell owi sh brown (10 YR 5/6).Very wavy and irregular contacts with subunits 3a and 3b,sharp undulating contact with charcoal lens and unit 4b. Tephra (Watana);B horizon.Generally occurs at the lower extent of unit 3.Dries to a very fine powder. Small to medium-sized pieces of charcoal and carbonized p1ant material;b1ack (10 YR 2/1).Occurs as a lens less than 1 cm in thickness.Paleosol.Lens is discontinuous but found in all of the test squares.Bifurcates in some places.Appears as isolated charcoal concentrations at the upper contact of units 4a and 4b.Radiocarbon dates cluster between 3160 B.P.to 3290 B.P.for an inclusive range of 130 years. Very fine silt-sized particles;light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4).Unit is no more than 1 cm thick.Contacts are sharp and smooth.Occurs in isolated pockets directly beneath charcoal concentrations associated with the paleosol.Identified in six of the test squares.Greasy in texture when wet and dries to a fine powder.It is lighter in color although similar in texture to unit 4b beneath it.Unit does not contain artifacts. 3-282 - TABLE 3.10 (Continued) Unit Oescri pti on - ..- 4b Very fine silt-sized particles;grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) to very dark gray (10 YR 3/1).Varies in thickness from 1-10 em and is usually 3-5 em.Extremes of thickness occur within individual test squares.The lower contact with unit 5 is clear and smooth.Tephra (Oshetna); buried eluvial horizon.Unit is present in all of the test squares,although,in some places it lacks continuity.In NI04/EI08 unit 4b is possibly truncated. Matrix is greasy in texture.Variation in color appears to be the result of downward staining or leaching of charcoal fran the paleosol.Contains some rounded pebbles at the lower boundary.Unit is at times subnonna1 to the surface and does not vary wi th surface slope.Abundant artifacts are located along undulating upper contact,at the lower contact and throughout the uni t. Th e fo 11 owi ng su bu nit s 0 fun it 4 are res t ric ted spa ti all y and are not included in the composite profile . 4c Very fine silt-sized particles,greasy in texture when wet;in situ matrix is dusky red in color (10 R 3/4),but dries to a brown (10 YR 5/3).Varies from 1-8 cm in thickness.Contacts are diffuse.Tephra (Oshetna);buried el uvial horizon'wi th red ochre staining.Isolated unit that was defined in three of the test squares (NI0S/EI0?,NI04/EI08 and NI05/EI09).Located at the same stratigraphic position as unit 4b and represents cultural modification of that matrix.Artifacts are found throughout unit. 3-283 TABLE 3.10 (Continued) Unit Description 4d Fine silty matrix that is somewhat grainy in texture;when moist,matrix is reddish black in color (10 R 2.5/1),dries to a dark reddish brown (5 YR 2.5/2).Ranges fran 1-8 cm in thickness.Upper contact is with unit 2 and lower contact is with unit 5,contacts vary from clear to difnJse. Isolated unit that was defined only in NW corner of N104jEI08 and SE corner of NI05/E10?Associated with small charcoal fragments,lithics and small bone fragments.Located at the same relative stratigraphic position as unit 3 and 4b. 4e Fine silty matrix with granular structure;black (5 YR 2.5/1).Ranges from 1-3 em in thickness. Contacts are clear.Upper contact is with unit 2 and lower contact is with unit 5.Tephra (Oshetna)? Located at the same relative stratigraphic position as unit 4b and is confined to a 1 imi ted section of the north and east walls of N106jEI02.Contains artifacts and small charcoal flecks. 4f Fine silty matrix,greasy in texture;dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 2.5/4).Thickness of 1-3 cm.Upper contact is with units 4g and 4b,lower contact with 4b/5a.Isolated unit positioned stratigraphically wi thin unit 4b that was defined only in N105/E109. Associated with artifactual material. 3-284 - - TABLE 3.10 (Continued) Un it De scri pt ion 4g Fine silt-sized particles.Dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4).Less than 1-2 cm in thickness.Upper contact is with unit 4b and lower contact is with unit 4f.Discontinuous lens positioned strati- graphically within unit 4b that occurs in an isolated area of N105/E109.Associated with artifactual material. - 5 6a Very fine silt to clay-sized particles (plastic and sticky when wet)with small sand grains and occasional rounded pebbl es;varies in color from grayi sh brown (10 YR 5/2 -unit 5a)to dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6 - unit 5b).Unit ranges in thickness fran 1-16 em al though it is usually 4-6 an.Contacts are clear and smooth,and are generally less irregular than the overlying units. Cobbles and rounded pebbles frequently protrude into this unit fran the underlying unit (unit 6).Differentiation between units Sa and Sb is based on color only.Unit 5a occurs at the upper portion of unit 5.Artifacts recovered from this unit were probably derived from unit 4. Very coarse sand.gravels.pebbles and cobbles;dark reddish brown (5 YR 2.5/2).Upper extent of glacial drift deposit;weathered.Poorly or very poorly sorted. The majority of the cobbles are rounded.Frost-shattered cobbles are present.The cobbles are usually 5 to 10 cm in diameter,reaching a maximum of 18 cm.~1oderately developed unit wi th concretions and canentation of sand particles.Artifacts recovered from this unit probably de rived fr em unit 4. 3-285 TABLE 3.10 (Continued) Unit 6b Description Very coarse sand,gravels,pebbles and cobbles;olive brown (2.5 Y 4/4).Glacial drift.Similar to unit 5a but lacks concretions and is loosely consolidated. Excavation into this unit determined limit of excavation. 3-286 - ..... -, TABLE 3.11 FAUNAL MATERIAL BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 030. -" Unit 3a,b Within oxidized Watana tephra (illuvial horizon) 3b/c Within Uatana tephra (contact between illuvial and lower zone of B horizon) 3c/4b Contact be twe en Wa tana tephra (unoxidized,lower extent of tephra unit)and Oshetna tephra 3/4b Contact between Wa tana tephra (B horizon)and Oshetna tephra Description 2 Possible rib fragments,calcined, medium-large mammal 1 Fragment,51 ightly burned,medium- 1arge mammal 1 Fragment,calcined,medium-large mamma 1 14 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 208 Fragments,cal cined to heavily bu rned medium-l a rge mammal 1 Fragment,heavily burned,taxon un identi fi ed 3-287 TABLE 3.11 (Continued) Unit 4b Within Oshetna tephra 4b/d Contact between Oshetna tephra and dark silty matrix 4c Within Oshetna tephra (tephra wi th ochre) Description 1 Possible vertebral facet, calcined,Artiodactyl 2 ~1ol ar fragments,heav ily burned, Artiodactyl 3 Possible rib fragments,calcined, medium-large mammal 24 Long bone fragments,calcined, medium-large mammal 1 Possible rib fragment,calcined, small-medium mammal 1 Fragment,calcined,small ma~mal 1 Fragment,calcined,bird 6,824 Fragments,cal cined to heav i1 y burned,medium-large mammal 1,000+Bone meal fragments (ca. 1-5 mm),calcined to heavily burned,taxon unidentified 1 Fragment,calcined,small-medium mammal 174 Fragments,calcined to heavily bu rned,med i um-l a rge mammal 3 Long bone fragments,calcined, medium-large mammal 1,029 Fragments,calcined to heavily burned,medium-large mammal 3-288 - - - - .. ,~ .... .- TABLE 3.11 (Continued) Unit 4d Dark silty matrix with 4b/5 Contact between Oshetna tephra and very fine silt horizon 4b/6 Contact between Oshetna tephra and glacial drift 5 Within very fine silt horizo n Description 6 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammals 2 Long bone fragments,calcined, medium-large mammal 1 Phalanx fragment,calcined, probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Molar fragment,burned,Artioda~tyl 1 Fragment,calcined,small-medium mammal 64 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 950 Fragments,calcined to heavily burned,medium-large mammals 39 Fragments,calcined to heavily burned,medium-large mammals 1 Fragment,calcined,medium-large mammal 3-289 TABLE 3.12 CHARCOAL SAMPLES SUBMITTED FOR RADIOCARBON DATING,TLM 030. Sampl e 10 Description Stratigraphic Unit 14 C Years B.P.Comments UA83-130-1 Sma 11 charcoal Charcoal lens (paleosol)3290 ±60 Upper limiting date for the (Beta-7300)pieces between the Watana (unit (1340 B.C.)lower component and Oshetna 3)and Oshetna (unit 4b)tephra.Dates surface w tephras.associated with charcoal I N from paleosol.I.D 0 UA83-130-2 Sma 11 cha rcoa 1 Charcoal lens (paleosol)2690 ±70 Upper limiting date for the (Beta-7301)pieces between the Watana (unit {740 B.C.)lower component and Oshetna 3)and Oshetna (unit 4b)tephra.Da tes su rface tephras.associated with charcoal. UA83-130-3 Large piece The base of the charcoal 5130 ±140 Sample dates either the (Beta-7302)of charcoal piece was within the (3180 B.C.)lower component or pro- Oshetna tephra (unit 4b).vides an upper limiting Possibly associated with date for the lower com- paleosol (unit 3/4).ponent and Oshetna tephra • J J ]1 J )~).J J I ]J I J j --1 1 J J I 1 J 1 1 !j I 1 TABLE 3.12 (Continued) Sample ID Description Stratigraphic Unit 14 C Years B.P.Comments UA83-130-4 Carbonized matrix,Finely sorted organic 170 ±90 Upper limiting date for the (Beta-7684 )small charcoal (unit 1b)and Devil (A.D.1780)upper component and Devil pieces tephra (unit 2)contact.tephra.Possible contamina- tion from leaching and organic material. w I N UA83-130-6 Charcoal pieces Charcoal lens (paleosol)3180 ±170 Upper limiting date for the1.0 ~ (Beta-7685 )between the Ua tana (unit (1230 B.C.)lower component and Oshetna 3)and Oshetna (unit 4b)tephra.Da tes su rface tephras.associated wi th charcoal. UA83-130-B Numerous small Charcoal lens (paleosol)3290 ±130 Upper limiting date for the (Beta-7686 )cha rcoa 1 pi eces between the Watana (unit (1340 B.C.)lower component and Oshetna 3)and Oshetna (unit 4b)tephra.Dates surface tephras.associated wi th charcoal. TABLE 3.12 (Continued) Sample 10 Oeseri ption Stratigraphic Unit 14 C Years B.P.Comments UA83-130-14 Charcoal pieces Charcoal was si tuated on 3160 ±70 Upper limiting date for the (Beta-7687)a thin lens of silty (1210 B.C.)'lower component and Oshetna matrix (unit 4a),between tephra.Oates surface the (unit 3)and Oshetna associated wi th charcoal. (unit 4b)tephras. w I N UA83-130-22 Charcoal pi eces Charcoal wa s si tuated on 1730 ±120 Upper limiting date for the\.0 N (Beta-7689)a thin lens of silty (A.D.220)lower component and Oshetna matrix (unit 4a),between tephra.Oa tes su rface the Watana (unit 3)and associated with charcoal. Oshetna (unit 4b)tephras. UA83-130-26 Charcoal pi eces Charcoal lens (paleosol)3270 ±90 The s~nple was collected (Beta-7690)between the Ha tana (unit (1320 B.C.)from the wall of the test 3)and Oshetna (unit 4b)square for comparison to the tephras.floor sample (UA83-130-2). J ...1 J 1 I I J I B oJ I I )1 I )1 ]1 I )))I j )]1 1 TABLE 3.12 {Continued} W I N 1.0 W Sampl e ID UA83-130-28 {Beta-7691 } Descri ption Small charcoal pieces Stratigraphic Unit Sample collected from carbonized matrix {unit 4e}possibly the Oshetna tephra {unit 4b}. 14 C Years B.P. 1870 ±120 {A.D.80} COOlments Unit 4e is positioned between the Devil tephra {unit 2}and the fine silt horizon {unit 5}.A disconformity is represented by the absence of the Watana tephra suggest- ing possible contamination. TABLE 3.13 ARTIFACT SUMMARY -RECONNAISSANCE TESTING (1983),T~l 030. Oeser;pt;on 3-294 - - .... .... TABLE 3.13 (Continued) Shovel Tes t 6 Shovel Test 7 Deseri ption 2 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke s 1 Basalt flake 3-295 TABLE 3.14 ARTIFACT SUMMARY -GRID SHOVEL TESTING BY SHOVEL TEST,TLM 030 . .Description Shovel Test NIO/E60 N30/E90 N40/E80 N60/E70 N80/E80 N80/EIOO 1 Chert f1 ake (dus ky red) 1 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke 83 Basal t fl akes 46 Basalt flakes with cortex 5 Bone fragments 1 Basalt flake with cortex 4 Basal t fl akes 59 Basalt flakes 6 Chert fl akes 1 dark red 3 gray 1 very dark gray 1 multicolored 1 Quartzi te fl ake (brown) 1 Retouched basalt flake (possible biface end fragment)(UA83-130-2119) 5 Arg i 11 ite fl a ke s 11 Basal t fl akes 9 Basalt flakes with cortex 3-296 ~I TABLE 3.14 (Continued) N80/E120 N80/E130 N90/E130 N100/E130 Oescri ption 1 Ba sa 1t fl a ke 3 Basal t fl akes 2 Arg i 11 ;te fl a ke s 1 Basalt flake with cortex 1 Basalt flake 3-297 Systematic Testing TLM 069--Left Fork Site (1983) Location:See Dixon et al.1982a:4-164;Appendix Figure A.4 Testing: Additional testing was conducted at the Left Fork Site in 1983 becaus~ analysis of artifacts recovered there during the 1981 field season indicated that the site may represent a Choris/Norton Tradition occupa- tion.Choris/Norton age sites are either rare in the project area or the current reconnaissance strategy has been unsuccessful in locating them.A further difficulty is that in situ cultural components dating to this interval in the project area have yielded few diagnostic artifacts.Given these conditions,reinvestigation of a suspected Choris/Norton site presented itself as the most effective means of investigating this period.Additional testing at the Left Fork site was also intended to clarify the site stratigraphy and the extent of disturbances due to cryoturbation and slope processes. During the 1983 field season an additional three 1 mx 1 m test squar.es were excavated at the Left Fork site.Placement of the test squares was intended to:1)maximize the recovery of diagnostic cultural material in clear stratigraphic context (N99/EI09),and 2)to assess both down- slope reworking of sediment units with associated cultural material,and 3)to further assess extent of the site (N99/E87 and N109/EI20). Di scussion: In 1981 three 1 m by 1 m test squares (N99/EI0l.N99/EI12.and NIGOI EI08)placed at the summit of the site knoll revealed subsurface cultural material consisting of both lithic artifacts and faunal remains (Dixon et al.1982a:4-164 -4-174).Only one of four 50 cm by 50 cm tests (test pit 4,at N94/EI23)excavated to the east of the knoll summit produced cultural material.Both lithic and faunal material were found in dense concentrations during systematic testing.Lithic material recovered included 9 tools or tool fragments and 1067 waste flakes 3-298 - - - D Nl09E120 o Test 4 rgJ N99 El12 <>Test 1 N100El0~ N99 El09 <> Test 2 Test 3 Ox I:8J N99 E101 ~1.5 o N99 E87 ~lj'ill]1< 0 5 10 Systematic Test Square 0 I 1 1983 r-1ETERS Systematic Test SCluare ~Contour Interval:.:;m....1981 Talk~ptna r1ts.D-2 Site Datum (0.0 I:1)X T.31 N.I R.9 E.I S.M. Reconnaissance Test Pit 0 NW 1/4 Nt:1/-1 mv-1/4 Sec.17 -- Figure 3.81.Site Map TLM 069 (1983). 3-299 (Dixon et al.1982a:Table 54). subsurface tests which produce~ 900 bu rned bone fragments. Faunal rena ins were found in all lithic material and consisted of over The majority of cultural material recovered in 1981 was associated with the lower Watana tephra (unit 4)contact with either the glacial drift (unit 6)or the Oshetna tephra (unit 5)where it was present.In 1981 it appeared that in all test squares except NI00/E108 the Oshetna tephra had been eroded away 1eav i ng the cul tural material behind as a 1ag deposit at the contact between the drift and the \Jatana tephra.The concentration of cul tural rna terial at the Oshetna/Ha tana contact in test square NI00/EI08 strongly indicated that this was the original context for the 1i thic and faunal rna terial found at the unconfonnabl e WatanajDrift contact.All of the cultural material recovered in 1981 was tentatively regarded as being from a single ccxnponent.Typological analysis of this material suggested.but did not confirm.that this was.. a Chari sjNorton canponent. Considerable mixing of stratigraphic units and cultural material was evident in the 1981 tests.Although both lithic and faunal material was recovered from wi thin the Watana tephra in all three test squares and fran the Devil tephra in NIOO/E108.in 1981 it appeared that only one canponent was present at Left Fork.This component was interpreted as being confined to the contact between the \Jatana and Oshetna tephras. Cultural material recovered fran other units was interpreted as having been di spl aced by frozen ground processes. The results of excavations during the 1983 season require modification of interpretations tentatively formulated in 1981 regarding the number and stratigraphic pasi tion of cul tural canponents at the Left Fork site. Cul tural rna teri al in primary context was di scovered at the 02jDevil tephra (unit 2junit 3)contact.indicating human occupation of the site sometime after ca.1400 B.P.A small lens of artifacts and bone fragments.including a discoidal biface (UA83-I31-42).was found at what appeared to be a contact between an undi sturbed pod of Oshetna tephra (unit 5)and the oxidized surface of the glacial drift (unit 6).If 3-300 - - """" - .... this interpretation is correct,it may possibly indicate the presence of a tllird component at the site predating the Oshetna ash fall (ca-.5000 B.P.). Excavation of two 1 m by 1 m tests on the slopes adjacent to the site knoll demonstrated that these areas did not serve as catchments for either redeposited Oshetna tephra or cultural material.This observa- tion suggests that the Oshetna was removed from the site through deflation rather than colluviation. Systematic testing in 1983 failed to locate typologically distinctive artifacts or identifiable faunal remains in the suspected Choris/Norton level.As a result,the 1983 excavations do not contribute directly to solution of either the cultural-historical or settlement-subsistence problems surrounding this interval.However,reinvestigation of the Left Fork site did provide contextual data critical to reinterpretation of the 1981 field results. The soil/sediment stratigraphy at the Left Fork site can be categorized on the basis of topographic situation and depositional mechanisms (Figure 3.82).The soil/sediment units on the relatively flat top of the site knoll are primarily glacial and eolian in origin and are sharply defined stratigraphically except where modified by frozen ground processes and bioturbation.Eolian deposition above an unknown thick- ness of glacial drift consists of approximately 10 to 15 cm of silts and sandy silts identified as tephras on the basis of clast appearance. Color and stratigraphic position were used as fiel d criteria for identi- fying these units within the regional tephra sequence.The lower-most silt (unit 5)occurs as discontinuous lenses in only two test squares (N100/E1Da and N99/E109),and is identified as the Oshetna tephra.The Oshetna tephra may be mixed with other units . Watana tephra (unit 4)overlies the Oshetna tephra,or where the Oshetna tephra is absent,glacial drift.The Watana tephra was subdivided in the field into an upper oxidized zone (unit 4a)and a lower unaltered zone (unit 4b).Watana tephra was present in all tests excavated on the knoll top in both 1981 and 1983. 3-301 DEPTH (em)PROFILE UNIT - 0- 1 2 5 3 - 4a 10 ~ 4b15 CULTURAL 5 20 ~ 25 6 30 35 Figure 3.82.Composite Profile TLM 069 (1983).,.... 3-302 - -.-TABLE 3.15 SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR CO~1POSITE PROFILE,TLM 069 (1983). Unit 1 2 3 4a Description Surface organic accumulation:roots and plant material from dwarf birch,cranberry,crowberry,lichen,and moss. Varies in thickness from 2-15 em,model thickness is 2-3 cm.Lower boundary is abrupt.An 01 horizon. Generally continuous.This unit is frequently truncated under tussocks by bioturbated sediments.Peat-like on wet slopes. Silt with finely divided organics;black (7.5 YR 2/0). 1-6 cm in thickness.Gradational contacts with under- lying units.An 02 horizon.A thin horizon conforming to the present surface.This unit is frequently truncated under tussocks by bioturbated sediments. Thicker and peat-like on slopes. Silt;-light brown to gray (10 YR 6/2),pink tinged in fresh exposures.1-3 cm in thickness.Abrupt upper and lower contacts.Devil tephra.This unit is thin and discontinuous on the site kame,and occurs as pockets and stringers in colluvium on slopes.This unit is frequen tly trunca ted under tussocks by bio turba ted sediments.Some staining by illuvial organics. Sandy silt;dark red orange to red brown (5 YR 3/3). 2-4 cm in thickness,wi th a gradational contact wi th the underlying unit.Altered Watana tephra.Absent on slopes,variably expressed on the kame top. 3-303 TABLE 3.15 (Continued} Unit 4b 5 6 Description Compact silty sand to silt;yellow brown (10 YR 6/4). 2-8 an in thickness.Generally abrupt contact wi th underlying units,some mixing evident.Watana tephra. Generally a continuous unit,absent or mixed by colluvia- tion on slopes.Some pebbles or cobbles in the lower one-third of the unit. Silty sand;gray (5 Y 7/1).1-3 em in thickness,with abrupt upper and lower contacts where unmixed.Oshetna tephra.This unit is discontinuous,occurring as lenses and pockets.r"1ay be mi xed wi th units 4b and 6 by cryoturbation processes.Absent on slopes. Coarse silty sand with pebbles,cobbles and boulders; grading from reddish brown to olive at depth (2.5 YR"4/4 to 5 Y 5/3).Un it not total 1y exposed.Contact wi th overlying unit 4b is gradational to abrupt,with localized mixing.Glacial drift.Clasts are subrounded to angular.May be mi xed with overl y"i ng units by col- luviation on slopes. 3-304 - Also present in all the knoll top tests was the Devil tephra (unit 3). The Devil tephra is the uppermost silt,which appears as a discontinuous light brown to gray,pink tinged unit. Capping the silts are two soil units.The first consists of finely divided organic matter mixed with silt (unit 2,an 02 horizon).The second is the modern surface organic accumulation (unit 1,an 01 horizon).These are thin units with a combined average thickness of ca. 5 cm,and occurred in all the knoll top tests excavated in both 1981 and 1983.In test square N99/E109 a black sil t lens wi th fine1 y divided organic material and associated cul tura1 debris separated the Devil tephra {unit 3}from the 02 horizon (unit 2).The cultural material in this lens included charcoal granules,lithic debitage and bone fragments (Tables 3.17,3.18).This contact unit was not recognized during the 1981 excavations. On the relatively steep (ca.1B-20 degree)slopes bordering the knoll top to the north and west,silt units reworked as colluvium overlie glacial drift in thicknesses ranging from approximately 5 to 10 em.The gray silt identified as Oshetna tephra was absent from the knoll slope test squares (N99/EB7 and NI0l/E120).The silts identified as the Watana and Devil tephras appeared as stringers in colluvium in both tests. Over1 yi ng the tephra uni ts were uni ts 2 and 1,respective1 y;both horizons of variable thickness.The combined maximum thickness of these organic units on the knoll slopes exceeded that found on the knoll top, reaching 24 em in NI09/E102. Three 1 m by 1 m test squares examined in 1983 produced a total of 195 lithic artifacts.Ten of these were tools (Table 3.16).The most distinctive of these tools was an argillite discoidal biface (UA83-131-42)(Figure 3.96e).Also found were seven blade-like flakes, a basalt modified flake and a gray chert flake core fragment.The remaining 185 lithic artifacts are waste flakes (Table 3.16).Among the waste flakes basalt (N=99),argillite (N=24),and rhyolite (N=21)are 3-305 the numerically dominant material types.Only test square N99/E109, which falls within the previously defined site area,produced signifi- cant numbers of lithic artifacts.Test square N99/E87,down slope and to the west of the previously known site boundary,produced a single basalt flake.A test square placed on the northeast slope of the site knoll beyond the recognized site boundary (N99/E120)proved to be cul tu rally steril e. Subsurface testing in 1983 also produced 685 bone fragments.This faunal material was restricted to test square N99/E109.Tests N99/87 and N109/E120 were devoid of faunal remains. Systematic testing in 1983 produced cultural material from all strati- graphic units from the 02/Devil contact through the glacial drift (units 2/3 contact through unit 6).Several factors complicate the organiza- tion of this material into cultural components.There are no sterile units separating components,and all stratigraphic units have been subjected to post-depositional disturbance.Bioturbation through root action under tussocks has created significant disturbance in units 2 through 4a.Frozen ground processes are evident in all stratigraphic units except the organic horizons (units 1 and 2).Erosion of the Oshetna tephra has obscured stratigraphic relationships in the lower half of the section.Together these processes have locally erased stratigraphy and displaced many artifacts and bone fragments. Interpretation of the cultural horizons has been made possible only by discovery of what appear to be undisturbed zones within the site. Component 3 was isolated through the discovery of a dark organic lens at the contact between the 02 horizon (unit 2)and the Devil tephra (unit 3).Cultural material found in this lens included lithic debris, bone fragments,and charcoal (Table 3.18).The lens was restricted to the east one-half of test square N99/EI09. A second component (c~nponent 2)is inferred based on a review of field notes from 1981 and from a small concentration of waste flakes and bone fragments found sandwi ched between the Watana (unit 4b)and the Oshetna 3-306 - (unit 5)tephras in 1981.Material in this stratigraphic position was found in all quadrants of N100/E108.In addition to waste flakes, N100/E108 produced a large (length =122 mm)cordifonn biface (UA81-215-290)and the base of a smaller biface (UA81-215-246)from this contact.In the more limited 1983 testing no cultural material from thi s 1evel was i sol ated . The lowermost canponent,canponent 1,was identi fied in 1983 when a discoidal biface (UA83-131-42)(Figure 3.96e)was discovered at the contact between a small pod of undisturbed Oshetna tephra (unit 5)and the oxidized surface of the glacial drift (unit 6).Accompanying the bi face were a few small waste fl akes and bone fragments.These were collected as part of a sediment sample,and do not appear in Table 3.18. Most of the artifacts and bone fragments cannot be correlated to a cul tural canponent. The faunal assemblage at TUM 069 consists of 604 bone fragments stratigraphically situated from unit 2/3 through unit 6 (Table 3.17). Many of the bones had a brownish mottled appearance as the result of weathering.In general,the fragments were small,ranging in size from less than 5-34 mm,calcined,and attributable to medium-large mammals. Two vertebral elements and a probable phalanx fragment could be identified as Artiodactyl (caribou,moose,or sheep),and 2 vertebral !"~ and 1 metapodial fragment were recognized as belonging to caribou (Rangifer tarandus).In addition,1 fragment was attributable to a small mammal or bird. The bone density in N99/E109 appears to be greater than in any of the test squares "excavated during the 1981 field season at TLM 069.Despite this fact,the small percentage of identifiable bone at the site,makes it difficult to assess the skeletal completeness of the animals being killed,and thus the proximity of the kill site.vJe do have some of the major skeletal CQllpOnents -long bones,axial skeleton (ribs and vertebrae)and extremities (phalanx and metapodial)represented at the """site,particularly in the lower cultural component. 3-307 Evaluation: In 1983 systematic testing at the Left Fork site had expansion of the cultural inventory as its primary goal;however only a small cultural sample was recovered.The chief value of the 1983 systematic testing lies in the contextual data it provided.New data on site stratigraphy and natural processes of site disturbance were collected.With these data,interpretation of the 1981 field results was improved. By combining data from the 1981 and 1983 field seasons three cultural components were identified at the Left Fork Site.The uppermost component,component 3,consists of a restricted concentration of debitage,charcoal,and bone fragments in an organic stained matrix.No typologically diagnostic artifacts were recovered from this component. However,based on the stratigraphic position of component 3 above the Devil tephra (unit 3)it may be reasonable to assign it to the Athapaskan tradition or pos~ibly extrapolate it from the Choris/Norton tradition.This designation is consistent with the regional prehistory proposed by Oi xon et al.(l982a:7-3 -7-6). The lower components at the Left Fork site,component 1 and component 2, are difficult to interpret due to natural site disturbance.A pentagonal projectile point found in the site suggests that at least one of these components is related to the Arctic Small Tool Tradition as defined by Dumond (1977).This point (UA81-215-49)was excavated from the Watana/drift contact (unit 4b/6 contact)in 1981.Similar Arctic Small Tool specimens are illustrated by Giddings (1964:p1ate 47-5,plate 48-17),Larsen and Rainey (1948:p1ate 14-16,plate 46-10)and,Dumond (1981:plate VII-9,h). Additional testing conducted in 1983 demonstrated that the site boundaries defined in 1981 are correct,with the major locus confined to the flat top of the site knoll.The extent of colluvial activity was made evident in excavating test squares on the flanks of the site knoll. Colluviation at the site has moved significant quantities of the Devil and Watana tephras (units 3 and 4)downslope,and has probably displaced 3-308 - .... - - .... a small amount of cultural material as well.A single waste flake was found in colluvium in test square N99/E87. Testing on the knoll slopes also indicates that the Oshetna tephra (unit 5)was stripped from the site by deflation.This interpretation reinforces the conclusion that cultural material from the Watana/Oshetna contact (unit 4/5 contact)was let down to the drift surface as a lag deposit. Combined data from 1981 and 1983 suggest several inferences regarding site function and season of use at TLM 069.The Left Fork site probably functioned primarily as a big game hunting station,and secondarily as a temporary habitation site and manufacturing area.The site knoll is a dry area elevated over much of the surrounding wet terrain.The knoll provides an unobstructed view of the highlands to the north and east, and the bench land to the west.The Jay Creek mineral lick,which is heavily used by Dall sheep,is also visible 3.2 km to the northeast. Modern big game use of the site area is heavy,and is concentrated in the early summer.Skoog (1968:451)reports that this highland area is important as escape terrain for elements of the Nelchina caribou herd at the peak of the fly season in June.Use of mineral licks in the Alaska Range by Dall sheep (Heimer 1973:38-39)and moose (Tankersley, 1981:22-26)also peaks in June.If game in the site area followed a similar pattern in the past,prehistoric occupations at TLM 069 may have been timed to coincide with early summer prey concentrations. Recovery of a projectile point and bone from the site reinforces the interpretation that TU~069 site functioned as a hunting station.The abundant debitage at the site indicates that manufacture or maintenance of stone tools was an important activity during all three occupations. Examination of the tools found at the Left Fork site during 1981 and 1983 suggests that maintenance or construction of non-lithic manu- factures occurred during at least one occupation.Omitting the projectile point,the major tool categories are scrapers (N=3),bifaces 3-309 (N=5),and utilized flakes (N=5)(Dixon et al.1982a:Table 55,Table 3.19).Macroscopic wear patterns are vi~ible on several of these tools. Four tools have areas of edge polish indicating use on some yielding material.Edge crushing is visible on four tools,pointing toward use on a resistant material.One tool,a large biface (UA81-215-290),shows both types of edge wear.An obsidian flake (UA81-215-4),which appears to be a dihedral burin,is unworn.These tools and their wear patterns suggest that wood or bone working,and hide processing may have been important activities at the Left Fork site. 3-310 - - TABLE 3.16 ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TLM 069 (1983). Lithic Material - - - 24 99 1 6 7 4 2 2 1 4 21 8 6 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 195 Total Faunal Material 604 Arg ill i te fl a ke s Basalt flakes Chal cedony fl ake Banded chert fl akes Gray chert fl akes Red chert fl a kes Gray speckled chert fl akes White chert flakes Obsidian flake Gray obsidian-like flakes Rhyol i te fl akes Quartzite fl a kes Fl a ke s ,un kn own ma te ria1 Argillite discoidal biface (UA83-131-42) Argillite blade-like flake (UA83-131-51,56) Basalt blade-like flakes (UA83-131-57,12) Banded chert blade-like flake (UA83-131-10) Red chert blade-like flakes (UA83-131-50,54) Basal t modified flake (UA83-131-15) Gray chert core fragment (UA83-131-14) Small bone fragments 3-311 TABLE 3.17 FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 069 (1983). Unit 2/3 2/3-4a 3 3/4a' 4a 4b Test Square N99/E109 Description 1 Long bone fragment,calcined,medium- large mammal 5 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 6 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 2 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Fragment,calcined,small mammal or bird 8 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Vertebral facet,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Possible rib,calcined medium-large mammal 3 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium- large mammal 106 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Probable phalanx fragment,calcined, Artiodactyl 4 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium- 1arge mammal 80 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 3-312 """' - - I~ TABLE 3.17 (Continued) Unit 4b/6 5/6 6 Test Square Total Description 1 Vertebral centrum fragment,calcined, medium-large mammal 40 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Fragment,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Facet of cervical vertebra,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Facet of lumbar vertebra,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Metapodial shaft fragment,cal cined, probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 2 Possible centra of cervical vertebrae, calcined,Artiodactyl 1 Spinous process of thoracic vertebra, calcined,Artiodactyl 2 Possible rib fragments,calcined, medium-large mammal 12 Long bone fragments,cal cined,medium- 1arge mammal 322 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 604 3-313 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 069 (1983). TABLE 3.18 4b 1 Argill ite flake (Watana Tephra)35 Basal t fl akes 2 Banded chert fl a kes 2 Gray chert fl akes 1 Red chert fl a ke 1 Wh ite chert fl ake 1 Clear chalcedony flake 1 Gray obsidian-like flake 3-314 Unit Surface 2/3 Contact (02/0evil Tephra) 3 (Devil Tephra) 4a (Oxidized Watana Tephra) N99/E109 1 Ba sal t fl a ke 1 Bl ack chert fl ake 2 Arg ill ite fl akes 5 Basal t fl akes 1 Obsidian fl ake 2 Rhyol i te fl akes 1 Basalt blade-like (UA83-131-57 1 Argillite flake 2 Basal t f1 akes 1 Rhyol ite fl ake 8 Argillite flakes 19 Basalt flakes 3 Gray chert fl akes 1 Red chert flake 1 White chert flake flake N99/E87 1 Basalt flake - - TABLE 3.18 (Continued) - Unit 2/3 Contact through 4a (Bioturbated) 2 through 4a .(B i 0 tu rba ted) 3 through 4a (Cryo tu rba ted) 4b-6 Contact N99/E109 3 Rhyolite flakes 2 Quartzi te fl akes 4 Flakes,material unknown 1 Banded chert blade-like flake (UA83-131-10) 1 Basal t blade-l ike flake (UA83-131-12) 2 Argillite flakes 6 Basal t fl akes 2 Argillite flakes 1 Basalt fl ake 1 Banded chert fl a ke 2 Rhyolite fl a kes 1 Ba salt fl a ke 1 Argillite blade-like flake (UA83-131-51) N99/E87 -(Watana Tephra/IRed chert blade-like flake Glacial Drift)(UA83-131-50) 7 Arg i 11 i te f1 a ke s 1 Basalt flake 3-315 TABLE 3.18 (Continued) .... - Unit N99/E109 1 Modified basalt flake (UA83-131-15 ) 1 Gray chert core fragment (UA83-131-14 ) 1 Gray chert fl a ke 3 Banded chert fl akes 1 Gray obsidian-like flake 4 Rhyo 1 i te f1 a ke s 1 Quartzite flake 1 Flake,material unknown N99/E87 5/6 Contact 1 Argillite discoidal biface (UA83-131-42) (Oshetna Tephra/ Glacial Drift).... 6 1 Argillite blade-like fl ake (Gl ac i a1 Drift)1 Red chert blade-like flake 20 Arg i 11 ite f1 akes ~ 27 Basalt flakes 1 Gray chert fl ake 1 Lt.gray speckled chert flake l'O!O!\ 2 Red chert fl akes 2 Obsidian-like flakes 2 Rhyol i te fl akes 5 Quartzite flakes """" 1 Flake,unknown material ~ Unknown 1 Basalt flake ~ 3-316 TABLE 3.19 TOOLS .B Y STRATI GRAPH IC UN IT,TLM 069 (l983). -Unit Test Square Description 2/3 Contact between 02 hori zan and Dev i 1 tephra 4b Wa tana tephra N99/El09 N99/E109 UA83-131-5 7.Basa 1t bl ade-l i ke fl ake. Complete.Triangular cross-section,two arrises.Platform preparation by edge grinding.Distal end terminates in a feather fracture.Pass i bl e uni fac i al retouch on ventral surface of right lateral edge.36.7 x 13.0 x 3.3 mm. UA83-131-10.Banded chert blade-like flake.Medial segment.Triangular cross- sec t i on .15 .8 x 6.9 x 1.6 rrm. UA83-131-12.Basalt blade-like flake. Proximal segment.Triangular cross- section,one arris.Distal end terminates in a hinge fracture.Step fractures from platform collapse visible on the dorsal surface of the proximal end.8.7 x 13.6 x 3.0 mm. - - 4b/6 Contact of N99/E109 Hatana tephra wi th the gl aci al drift UA83-131~14.Gray chert core fragment. Angular with primary percussion flaking. Triangular cross-section.Plano-convex longitudinal section.43.5 x 6.2 x 18.7 rrrn. 3-317 TABLE 3.19 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description UA83-131-15.Basalt modified flake.Bi- facially flaked.Fine scalar retouch on lateral edges of dorsal face.Sub- rectangular in plan-view with excurvate edges.Plano-convex in cross-section. Lichen encrustation.43.5 x 36.1 x 7.7 mm. ~, UA83-131-50.Dark red chert blade-like fl ake.Proximal segment. cross-section,one arris. Triangular Pot-l id - 5/6 Contact of Oshetna tephra wi th glacial drift N99/E109 fracture on bul b of percussion.Lichen crust.21.0 x 27.7 x 4.5 mm. UA83-131-51.Gray argillite blade-like flake.Proximal segment.Possible section of a bifacial edge preserved on the proximal end.Triangular in cross- section,one arris.25.4 x 11.5 x 3.2 mm. UA83-131-42.Gray argillite discoidal biface.The piece is biconvex in trans- verse and longitudinal profile,subovate in plan view.Flaking is bifacial and bilateral.The flake scars are irregular and contracting,and ~any terminate in step fractures.The base is formed by unifacial thinning along a hinge fracture. The nose of the piece is straight sub- parallel to the base.It has been bi- facially thinned by broad short flakes 3-318 - - TABLE 3.19 (Continued) .... Unit 6 Glacial drift Test Square Description terminating in step fractures.The lateral edges of the piece are excurvate and contract toward the base.This bi- face resembles artifacts illustrated by Larsen and Rainey (1948:plate 15), Giddings (1964:plate 56),and Clark (1977: plate 5-k-l~,plate 6-h). UA83-131-54.Red chert blade-like flake. Triangular cross-section,one arris. Platfonn unmodified.Incipient pot-lid frac ture on dorsal face.19.1 x 19.4 x 3.3 mm. UA83-13l-26.Basalt blade-like flake. Proximal segment.Two arrises.Edge grinding on the dorsal face of the plat- fonn.Distal fracture is a clean snap. 10.5 x 8.8 x 1.7 mTI • 3-319 Systematic Testing TLM 097--Borrow C Site (1983) Location:See Dixon et al.1982a:4-174;Appendix Figure A.2 Testing: During the 1983 field season additional testing was performed at TLM 097.Three 1 rn by 1 m test squares were positioned in a checkerboard fashion along the E104 grid line adjacent to test squares N104/E108 and N103/E105 excavated in 1981 (Dixon et a1.1982a:4-174 -4-187)(Figure 3.83).As a result of this testing 194 lithic artifacts and 19 bone fragments were recovered (Tables 3.21,3.22,3.24).The goals of additional testing were to elucidate through continued testing the poorly represented recent component (component I)dated ca.1400 B.P., and to resolve the existence of components II and III associated with the Devil/Watana tephra contact. Di scussion: Systematic testing in 1981 indicated the presence of four components at TLM 097.The uppermost component (component I)was found in the 02,or humic,horizon,between the surface root mat and the Devil tephra.This component was characterized by abundant basalt flakes,thermally altered rock,charcoal,burned soil,and several hundred II ca l c ined ll bone frag- ments.Component II was found within the Devil tephra and in close proximity to its lower contact with the l~atana tephra.A brown chert endscraper (UA81-252-360)and two brown chert flakes were found in addition to ca.50 flakes of various other raw materials.It was argued that these artifacts represented a separate component because brown chert wa s not found in any other stratigraphi cpos iti on.Component II I was defined on the presence of artifacts in two of the test squares at the contact of the Devil tephra with the Watana tephra.It is repre- sented by light green argillite (previously classified as IItuff ll ), thermally altered rock,charcoal,and burned soil.Many of the flakes and several of the thermally altered rocks were resting on top of the Watana tephra.Component IV was found at the contact between the Watana 3-320 ".,. II II N92.S/E60.5 • o o o *G N Talkeetna Mts.D-4 T.33 N.,R.5 E.;S.M. SE 1/4 NE 1/4 SW 1/4 Sec.17 Contour Interval;.5 ~ Systematic Test Square (1983) Systematic Test Square (1981 ) Test Pit (1981) Site Datum o II • x o ! 5 t METERS 10, .- Shovel Test (1981); ArLif~~t~Recovered • Steril~0 Figure 3.83.Site Map TU~097 (1983). 3-321 and Oshetna tephra units and consisted of predominately basalt flakes and a dense concentration of charcoal. The excavation of three additional test squares in 1983 did not fulfill the intended goals of expanding the cultural content of the recent component (component 1)nor substantiate the exi stence and independence of components II and 111.Component I was identi fi ed in two of the squares --N102/E103 and rn03/E104.It was found in the same strati- graphic context as the 1981 test squares --within the 02,or humic, layer (unit 2)--but lithics,particularly diagnostic lithic artifacts, were not recovered.The 1983 tests did confirm the presence of component IV at the contact of the unoxidized Watana tephra (unit 5)and the Oshetna tephra (unit 6). The excavation of additional test squares in 1983 failed to either confirm or deny the presence of either components II and III as defined in 1981.No lithic artifacts,bone,thermally altered rock,or charcoal could be unambiguously associated with the Devil tephra (unit 3),the stratigraphic location of component II.This component was believed to be present in all five test squares excavated in 1981.Similarly,no lithic,bone,thermally altered rock,or charcoal were noted at the Devil tephra (unit 3)and oxidized Watana tephra (unit 4)contact,the stratigraphic location of component III. Stratigraphy at TLM 097 consisted of 22-36 cm of soil/sediments over- lying glacial deposits.Eight units were defined.Four of the units (units 3-6)relate to soil/sediments containing distinct tephra components.The units and their tephra designations are:unit 3 for the Devil tephra,unit 4 for the oxidized component of the Watana tephra,unit 5 for the unoxidized component of the Watana tephra,and unit 6 for the Oshetna tephra.Although there are two sequences of deposition classified jointly under the term of Watana tephra,the distinctions between the two episodes cannot be made under field condi- tions.The distinction between the oxidized (unit 4)and unoxidized (unit 5)components of the Watana tephra is based upon soil character- istics and not upon the volcanic sediments. 3-322 - - - ~ I Descriptions of the soil/sediments differ between the 1981 and 1983 field seasons.These differences are due in part to the wider testing area encompassed in the composite profile and soil descriptions of 1981 (Di xon et a1.1982a:Figure 144,Tab1 e 57).The composite profile included here has a comparison of the classifications for the two years (Figure 3.84).Units 1,2,and 3 relate to the same soil/sediment levels for both field seasons.Unit 4 (Watana tephra)of the 1981 field season has been separated into two units.Unit 4 herein corresponds to the oxidized portion of the Hatana tephra"and unit 5,with its variants, relates to the unoxidized portion of the Watana tephra.Uni.t 4a of 1981 relating to the rodent burrows (krotovina)is designated unit 8 in the present descriptions to indicate the wider occurrence of these phenomena throughout the stratigraphy.The Oshetna tephra is designated unit 5 in 1981 and unit 6 in 1983.Glacial drift is unit 6 in 1981 and unit 7 in 1983.The coarse to medium sand underlying unit 6 of 1981 was not encountered in the 1983 test squares as they were excavated only 2 to 10 cm into the glacial drift. Two cultural components \\ere found during the 1983 systematic excava- tion.The first,component I,was present in two squares (N102/E103 and N103/EI04)in unit 2,the 02 layer.Two features were present in component 1.Feature 1 consists of a concentration of 19 bones and bone fragments belonging to caribou (Rangifer tarandus)and a single basalt flake found in N103/E104.This feature may be a continuation of faunal material found in NI04/E105 in 1981.Feature 2,at the same level in the adjacent square (N102/E103),is composed of pieces of thermally altered rock,two questionable granitic cobble spall scrapers (UA83- 224-60,UA83-224-61)and a bone fragment of caribou.Charcoal was abundant in both features.A radiocarbon date of 1400 ±55 years:A.D. 550 (DIC-2245)was obtained for this component in 1981.A canparable date of 1260 ±80 years:A.D.690 (Beta-7845)was obtained from Fea ture 1. The faunal material from TLM 097 found in 1983 consists of 20 unburned bones and bone fragments from Feature 1 in NI03/El04 and a single fragment from N102/EI03 (Figure 3.22).With the exception of 3 bones 3-323 - DEPTH (em)PROFILE UNIT 0 1983 1981 1 .., 1 5 2 2 3 3 10 4 CULTURAL 15 Sa 5 4 20 5b 6 5 25 7 6 ~. 30 ! 8 4a Unit 2 UA83-224-129:1260 +80 years:A.D.690 (Beta-7845) Unit 6 UA83-224-126:4570 +100 years:2620 B.C.(Beta-7844) Figure 3.84.Composite Profile TLM 097 (1981 and 1983). 3-324 - TABLE 3.20 SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE,TLM 097 (1983). Unit 1 2 3 4 Description Surface organic layer/vegetation mat consisting of sphagnum moss,dwarf birch roots,and peat.Varies from 3 cm to 15 cm in thickness.Lower contact is abrupt and regular to wavy.Non-mineral 01 horizon.No cultural material. Fine silty sand or silt loam with some clay;very dark gray (10 YR 3/1).Generally very thin,between 0.5 cm and 6 cm thick.Possible 02,or humus,horizon.Unit is well sorted with abundant humus and charcoal.Glass shards observed under 10 power magnification.Artifacts consist of sparse flakes,abundant charcoal,identifiable bone,and thermally altered rock. Fine and to coarse silt;pinkish gray (7.5 YR 6/2). Ranges from 1 cm to 11 cm in thickness.Lower contact is abrupt but often wavy and irregular.Tephra (Devil). Continuous across test squares.Unit is well sorted and very friable.Contains many fine rootlets.Abundant glass shards;dries to a white powder.No cultural materi al . Fine sand and silt;very dusky red (2.5 YR 2.5/2). Thickness varies from 2 cm to 12 cm,generally being 4 cm.Lower contact is diffuse and gradational.Tephra (oxidized Watana);possibly a B2hir horizon.Unit is of finn consistency with platy or granular structure. Moderately to well sorted,heavily oxidized.Glass 3-325 TABLE 3.20 (Continued) Unit Description 5 5a 5b 6 shards observed.Rare basalt and chert flakes,possibly due to postdepositional movement from other strata. Fine sand and silt,but with occasional granules; yellowish red (5 YR 4/6).Thickness varies from 0.1 cm to 10 cm and is often interrupted by numerous rodent and root disturbances.Lower boundary is often clear and non-wavy.Tephra (unoxidized Watana).Discontinuous. Unit is generally well sorted but may contain coarse sand or granule-size clasts.Very friable and dries rapidly to a fine powder.Gl ass shards observed.Rare basal t, argillite or gray chert flakes,possibly derived from other strata. Sandy silt with charcoal flecking and rootlets;dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4).Discontinuous stringers of 1 cm to 2 em thickness in NIOl/EI04 and NI02/EI03.Contacts are poorly defined.Possibly the result of oxidation stain- ing or rodent activ ity.Gl ass shards observed.Rare basalt flakes,probably derived from other strata. Fine silt lenses;red (2.5 YR 4/8).Generally 1 crn thick,ranging up to 5 an.Present at or near the base of unit 5 in NIOl/EI04,and as diffuse staining in NI03/EI04.Glass shards observed.No cultural material. Sandy silt containing occasional granules and pebbles; grayish brown (10 YR 5/2).Thickness of 2 cm to 10 crn, being generally 5 crn.Contact with unit 5 is usually abrupt and wavy;contact with unit 7 is abrupt to diffuse 3-326 - TABLE 3.20 (Continued) Unit Description - .- -- - 7 7a 8 arid regular to wavy.Often seems to be mixed with unit 7.Tephra (Oshetna)unit is discontinuous.Unit is friable;poorly or very poorly sorted.Glass shards observed.Charcoal,abundant basal t fl akes,project i1 e point (UA83-224-71),and two endscrapers (UA83-224-11, UA83-224-73)found on or in this unit. Gravelly sand and silts with numerous granules,pebbles, and cobbles;strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6).Contact with unit 6 is usually clear and regular,contact with unit 7a is gradational.Glacial drift.Unit is poorly sorted and friable.Excavation into unit marked limit of excavation.No cultural material . Same as unit 7,but often highJy weathered and/or oxidized;very dusky red (2.5 YR 2.5/4).Gradational upper contact,base of unit unexposed.Present in NI02/EI03 and NI02/EI04.Weathered and/or oxidized glaci al drift.No cul tural materi al . Sandy silt containing granules,pebbles,some charcoal flecking,and organic debris;strong brown (7.5 YR 4/6). Most contacts are sharp and clear.Occurs as isolated pockets,probably the result of rodent activity: krotoyina.Sparse cultural material present,probably derived from other strata. 3-327 identifiable only as belonging to a medium-large mammal,all of the bones are attributable to caribou (Rangifer tarandus)and in all likeli- hood belonged to a rather large adult.Included within the assemblage are bones from the forelimb,hindlimb,pelvis,and axial skeleton.Both the left and right sides of the body are represented.Except for the skull,portions of all major skeletal components are present suggesting that the animal was killed in close proximity to the site.Both butchering and gnawing marks are present. Component IV,at the contact of the unoxidized Watana tephra (unit 5) and the Oshetna tephra (unit 6),was present in the three test squares. A total of 114 basalt flakes,1 chalcedony flake,1 gray chert flake, 2 chert endscrapers (UA83-224-11,UA83-224-73)(Figure 3.96,g,h),and a burinated argillite,concave-based,corner-notched projectile point (UA83-224-71)(Table 3.23,Figure 3.96,f)were found in situ on top of unit 6,the Oshetna tephra.A radiocarbon date of 4020 ±65 years: 2070 B.C.(OIC-2283)was obtained for component IV in 1981 and one of 4570 ±100 years:2620 B.C.(Beta-7844)in 1983. Evaluation: Component I,as identified during 1982 testing,was present in two of the three test squares excavated at TUM 097 in 1983.Two features were found in component I,one of faunal material identified as belonging to cadbou and the other of a concentration of thermally altered rock.The absence of components II and III (identified during 1982 testing)in the 1983 tests restricts their evaluation. Although no artifacts were found at the levels of components II and III, arguments can be made for and against the reality of the two components. In most cases,units 3 and 4,the Devil and oxidized Watana tephra levels,are heavily disturbed through cryoturbation and rodent activity making the assignment of artifacts to these units questionable. Additionally,the argument that component II can be distinguished from other components at TUM 097 rests in part on the recovery of brown chert 3-328 - ,.... - artifacts only in this stratigraphic location in 1981.However,a brown chert flake was recovered from the top of unit 6 (Oshetna tephra)in N103/E104 suggesting that this material is not an acceptable "mar ker u of component II.The inability to find component II in any of the 1983 tests despite its presence in all 1981 tests must make its identifica- tion suspect.Evidence from N98/E105,excavated in 1981,suggests that component III does exist in some areas of TUM 097.The distinction between components II and III,which both occur at the contact of the Devil tephra (unit 4)with the Watana tephra (unit 5),cannot be resolved without further testing. Contributions of the 1983 fieldwork at TLM 097 consist of the recovery of butchered faunal remains of caribou in component I and the addition to component IV of three tool s (a burinated corner-notched projectil e point and two endscrapers).These data support the use of the site as a hunting overlook and/or a temporary campsite adjacent to a natural constriction of the Tsusena Creek valley during the Northern Archaic (ca.1500 B.C.-ca.3000 B.C.)and Athapaskan (ca.A.D.500 -A.D. 1900)traditions. 3-329 TABLE 3.21 ARTIF ACT Sll~1MARY,TlJwI 097 (1983). Li thic Materi al 145 35 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 194 Total Faunal Material Basal t fl akes Thennally altered rocks Argillite flakes Gray chert flakes Chal cedony fl ake Obsidian flake Granitic spall scrapers (?)(UA83-224-60,UA83-224-61) Gray chert endscrapers (UA83-224-11,UA83-224-73) Green argillite,concave-based,corner-notched p~ojectile point which has been subsequently burinated (UA83-224-71) 20 Bone and be ne fragments 3-330 ~, TABLE 3.22 FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 097 (1983). .- .... .... Unit Unit 2 Featu re 1 Test Square N103/E104 Description 1 Proximal phalanx (in 2 fragments),un- burned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Distal fragment proximal phalanx,un- burned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 2 Proximal fragments middle phalanx,un- burned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Distal phalanx fragment,unburned, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Left cuneiform,unburned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Left unciform,unburned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Left magnLDTl,unburned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Left proximal metapodial fragment (forel imb),unburned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Metapodial shaft fragment (forel imb), unburned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Left radius/ulna shaft fragment,un- burned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Possible right radius shaft fragment, unburned,cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus) 1 Right patella,unburned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Left innominate (ischium)fragment, unburned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 3-331 TABLE 3.22 (Continued) 3-332 - - - ... ..... .- TABLE 3.23 TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 097 (1983). Unit 6 Oshetna tephra Test Square Description NI03/E104 UA83-224-71.Green argillite corner notched projectil e point.Concave base with basal thinning.Non-patterned flaking.Point tip has been removed with burin blow which has al so removed one entire edge of the blade.Platform pre- paration for burin present (Figure 3.96f). UA83-224-73.Gray chert endscraper.On short side of a rectangular flake fragment.Steep unifacial retouch varies from 80 degrees to 60 degrees decreasing with thickness of face (Figure 3.96h). NI02/EI03 UA83-224-11.Gray chert end scraper.Made on small flake.One margin unifacially flaked.Edge is the result of the removal of three primary flakes with smaller secondary flakes.Edge angle is steep. Tool is plano-convex in cross-section Figure 3.969). 3-333 ~~~._._---------------------~--------~~--~------------- TABLE 3.24 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 097 (1983). Test Squares Unit IHOl/E104 .N102/El03 NI03/EI04 2 33 Thermally altered 2 Thermally altered rock rock w 2 Granitic spall 1 Basal t fl ake Iw scrapers (1)w ~ (UA83-224-60, UA83-224-61) 4 1 Gray chert flake 5 Ba salt fl a kes 2 Argillite flakes 1 Basal t fl ake 2 Ba sa 1 t fl a ke s 4 &5 4 Basalt flakes (mixed)1 Obsidian flake 5 9 Basal t fl akes 7 Basal t fl akes 1 Arg i 11 He fl ake 1 Gray chert flake I .1 I J I J J ·1 I I I J I )I I J ) I l 1 ]1 I 'I 1 )J I )j 1 .~ W I W W U'1 TABLE 3.24 (Continued) Unit 6 4,5,&6 (mi xed) NIOl/EI04 11 Basal t fl akes 1 Gray chert flake 2 Basalt flakes Test Squares rH02/El03 100 Basal t fl akes 1 Gray chert endscrpaer (UA83-224-11 ) NI03/EI04 3 Ba sa 1t fl a ke s 1 Chalcedony flake 1 Gray chert endscraper (UA83-224-73 ) 1 Green argillite, concaved-based,corner- notched projecti 1e point subsequently burinated Systematic Testing TLM 128--Jay Creek Ridge Site (1983) Location:See Dixon et ala 1982a:3-50;Appendix Figure A.4 Testi n9: Five 1 m x 1 m test squares were excavated at the site during systematic testing.All test squares were excavated adjacent to one another to form a continuous five meter profile along the North 89 grid line.They were placed in this location to obtain information on the effects of slope erosion to stratigraphy.Figure 3.85 illustrates the position of the five test squares in relation to its geographic contour.The five meter excavation essentially truncates the ridge crest and reveals the sequence of sediment build-up and subsequent deflation. Discussion: The 1983 field season represented the second year of systematic excavation at TUM 128.During the 1982 field season,three test squares were excavated and over 4600 lithic specimens were recovered (see Dixon et ala 1982b).The initial excavation identified two prehistoric components. One of the two components represented an occupation below the Oshetna tephra,a rare situation for the Susitna Valley..Unfortunately,the 1982 excavation only obtained a very small amount of organic matter for radiocarbon dating for the pre-Oshetna occupation.The resulting date (4580 ±780 years:2630 S.C.)did not appear reliable given the strati- graphic context and the large error factor (780 C-14 years).The goal of the 1983 testing program was to obtain more organic material for radiocarbon dating.Five systematic test squares were excavated in 1983 and produced 3123 flakes and 19 tools or tool fragments (Figure 3.85). Four of the five test squares produced artifactual material during systematic testing.Most of the artifactual material was recovered from the center three squares.Test square Nag/E99 contained the greatest number of artifacts (2110 lithic specimens).Test squares N89/E100 and N89/E101 also contained a high frequency of artifacts,510 and 470 respectively.The total number and distribution of lithic tools is 3-336 - - ~. '""'I "'"' - ..N100E100 Systematic 0 0 5 10TestSquare,,I (1983) Systematic Test Square ~lETERS (1982)Reopened .rg] Not Reopened ISJ Contour Interval:.5 m ,.-site Datum (0.0 m)Talkeetna Mts.0-2x I m 31 N.,R.8 E.I S.M.Surface Lithic Scatter ~.-1- SW 1/4 NE 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec .1 Test pit (1982 )• Figure 3.85.Site Map TLM 128 (1983). 3-337 listed in Table 3.29.The distribution of materials by stratigraphic unit is listed in Table 3.27 and the distribution of lithic material by stratigraphic unit and test square is listed in Table 3.28. A total of seven classes of lithic raw materials were identified in the collected assemblage.One of these classes,chert,contained four variants.The lithic material types include basalt,argillite, chalcedoney,brown chert,black chert,gray chert and gray green chert. The gray green chert is grainy and resembles a fine grained quartzite or argillite with a high percentage of silica.But because of its conchoidal fracturing properties and the silica content it has been classed as a chert.It is also the most abundant kind of lithic raw material found at the site.Basalt is the second most abundant type of lithic raw material represented by 426 flakes,1 microblade,1 projectile point fragment,and 1 biface fragment.The third most abundant type of lithic raw material is chalcedony.Only 31 flakes were manufactured from this type of material.All other types of lithic raw material together account for a total of one percent of the lithics recovered.These include brown chert,black chert,red chert,and argillite.Although this last group of lithic raw material is minimally represented at the site,tools and tool fragments were manufactured from these materials. Eleven soil/sediment units were identified at TLM 128.Figure 3.86 shows the vertical superposition of these units and Table 3.25 describes the various unit characteristics.Only one of the five test squares N89/E99 contained all eleven of the soil/sediment units.Three of the test squares had traces of ten units and one test square N89/E97 contained evidence for nine of the eleven soil/sediment units.The vertical placement of the soil/sediment units was fairly consistent throughout the site.But specific units were missing in some squares and in some squares erosion caused mixing of units. 3-338 - ..... - - - ~. - ~, .- - ..- - Unit 7 (1983) UA83-230-2,9,7-1,8-3,6,12: 6970 ~210 years:5020 B.C.(Beta-7304) UA83-230-4: 7240 +110 years:5290 B.C.(:B,eta-7306) unit 6 (1982) UA82-68-320: 4580 +780 years:2630 B.C.(Beta-5362) Figure 3.86.COOIposite Profile TLM 128 (1983). 3-339 TABLE 3.25 SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE,TLM 128 (1983). Unit 1 2 Desc ri pt ion Surface organic peat layer consisting of humus,roots, and plant debris mixed with fine silt and some aeolian sandy silt;dark brown (10 YR 3/3 moist;10 YR 4/3 dry). Thickness varies from 0-12 em with a modal value of 4 em. Lower contact is generally distinct and regular to wavy. The unit is discontinuous as a result of two game trails and other surface disturbances.The unit is often mixed with unit 2 and in one case with both units 2 and 3. These mixed units are discontinuous and appear as pockets.Two of the five squares yielded three gray green chert flakes and a scraper fragment. Fine silt with finely divided organics,fine charcoal pieces,carbon-staining,and some root debris;very dark gray to dark grayi sh brown (10 YR 3/1 moi st;10 YR 4/2 dry).Thickness is 0-6 em with an average of 3 cm. Contacts are distinct to diffuse.02 horizon.The unit is discontinuous and appears most often as a mixed unit with units 1,3,or both 3 and 4.Disturbance is present and is due to the game trains,root turbation and surface erosion,especially past the break in slope.Cultural remains consisting of a biface tip (UA83-230-245),a possible graver (UA83-230-229)and flakes. 3-340 - - - TABLE 3.25 (Continued) Unit Description ,.... 3 4 5a Very fine silt with small charcoal flecks and some roots; light pinkish gray to gray (5 YR 7/2 moist;10 YR 4/2 dry).Thickness varies from 0-5 cm with a modal value of 3 cm.The contacts are distinct to diffuse.Devil tephra.Unit is intermittant and is found mostly in pockets or as a mixed unit with units 1 and 2,unit 2,or with 2 and 4.Unit powders readily.Disturbance present due to game trails,root turbation and surface erosion, especially past the breaks in slope.No cultural remains. Very fine-grained silt with light oxidation and even coloration;strong brown to yellowish brown (7.5 YR 4/6 moist;10 YR 5/8 dry).Thickness varies from 0-12 cm with a modal value of 4 cm.Contacts are gradual. Watana tephra.This unit is discontinuous and typically occurs as pockets.May be mixed with units 2 and/or 3. Some roots are present in this unit.Disturbances are present due to root turbation and surface erosion, especially over the breaks in slope.Cultural renains encountered in square N89/E98 are likely derived from other strata. Very fine silt with carbon-staining and decomposing organics;dark grayish brown to pale brown (10 YR 5/2 to 10 YR 4/2 moist;10 YR 6/3 dry).Very thin,ranging from 1-2 em.Lower contact is vague.Paleosol.Found in the west wall of N89/E99 as well as the north wall of N90/E99 (1982 excavation).No cultural remains encountered. 3-341 -------,~,-~--_.-~.......--------------- TABLE 3.25 (Continued) Unit Description - 5b 6a 6b Fine to medium silt,powdery with no carbon;light brownish gray to pinkish gray (2.5 YR 6/2 moist;7.5 YR 7/2 dry). Thickness varies from 1-3 cm.Contacts are generally distinct.Oshetna tephra.This unit is discontinuous and typically occurs as stringers or small,isolated pockets.It also occurs as a mixed unit,with unit 4 and 5b.This unit appears in all but N89/EIOO.No cultural remains were encountered. Fine sandy silt matrix,oxidized in upper portions;dark yellowish brown to brownish yellow (10 YR 4/4 moist;10 YR 6/6 dry).Thickness varies from 2-15 em with a modal value of 4-6 crn.Lower contacts are gradual to indistinct. Oxidized aeolian deposit.This unit is fairly continuous throughout the site.Contains pockets of unit 5a in N89/E99.It is disturbed by a mixed unit (units 6c,7 and 8)and roots,especially noticeable in the south wall of N89/E100.Cultural remains were rare and were likely derived from other strata. Fine sandy silt matrix,aeolian deposit;olive brown to very pale brown (2.5 YR 4/4 moist;10 YR 7/4 dry). Thickness varies considerably from 0-18 cm with a modal value of 6-10 em.Lower contacts are gradual.This unit is discontinuous and does not occur in the steepest portions of the slopes in N89/E97 and N89/E101.This unit is more consistent in color than units 6a or 6c.It is a mottled brown in some areas,which may indicate decomposed organics.Cultural material is rare,con- sisting of 3 chert flakes,and is likely derived from other strata. 3-342 ~- - TABLE 3.25 (Continued) Unit Description - 6c 7 l3 -Very fine sandy silt matrix with prominent reddish yellow (orange)oxidized mottling throughout;dark brown to light yellowish brown (10 YR 3/3 moist;10 YR 6/4 dry). Thickness varies from 0-14 cm with a modal value of 6 cm. Contacts are generally distinct.Unit is fairly con- tinuous across site even over the breaks in slope.Unit 6c contains the major occupation unit of the site, unit 7.All squares yielded cultural material. Very fine silt,mottled in color which occurs within unit 6c;mottled dark to light brown (IO YR 3/4 to 3/36 moist; 10 YR 6/4 dry).Thickness is between 1-2 cm.Contacts are generally distinct.Paleosol.This unit appears as discontinuous units of decomposed organics and·fine charcoal pieces (unit 7a)and as oxidized lenses (unit 7b)which are red to strong brown (2.5 YR 5/8 moist;7.5 YR 5/8 dry).This unit is the major cul tural unit of the site.Yielded several radiocarbon dates (Figure 3.86). Fine to coarse subangular gravels,poorly sorted pebbles and rocks;olive brown to light yellowish brown (2.5 YR 4/4 moist;2.5 YR 6/4 dry).Typically 10 em into this unit is the limits of the excavation.Glacial drift.No cul tu ral rena ins. 3-343 Three broad kinds of soil/sediment units were found at TLM 128.These include natural depositional units,the contacts between these units and cultural units.A general stratigraphic section consi sts of glaci al drift at the bottom of the sequence overlain by a sequence of aeolian deposits.The lowest aeolian deposit,a loess,contains a cultural unit (lower paleosol)capped by a sequence of four tephras.The oldest tephra is the Oshetna,which is covered by the Upper and Lower Watana tephras.Above the Watana tephra lies the Devil tephra.Between the Oshetna and Watana tephras is a thin lens of charcoal and carbonized organics.This lens is discontinuous across the site but is identified as the Paleosol above Oshetna,found over the entire project area. Above the volcanic sediments is a lens of carbonated organics and charcoal.This lens is probably the 02 horizon of the contemporary root mat which caps the sequence.The root mat is sparse and contains plant debris and rootlets from Labrador tea,blueberry,and dwarf birch. Seven of the eleven soil/sediment units have associated cultural material within or at their contact and two separate occupations have been defined.The first is associated with units 1 and 2.A total of 21 lithic artifacts and one bone fragment were recovered from this occupation.Units 3,4,5a,and 5b were sterile and separate the upper occupation from the lower occupation.Lithic specimens associated with the lower component are found in the aeolian deposits,the lower pal eosol,and two fl akes were found in the glaci al drift. Upper Component:The upper component is concentrated in the decayed organic horizon (unit 2).A basalt biface fragment (UA83-230-245)and 15 flakes were recovered from this unit.Additionally,five flakes were found on the surface of the s;te,two from N89/E98,one from N89/ElOl a nd two from outs i de of the gr id sys tem.Also found ou ts ide 0 f the gr id system to the northeast was the fragment of a red chert scraper (UA83- 230-18).Although few artifacts were recovered from the upper component,there is a variety of raw material.Six types of lithic raw material was recovered from the upper component including gray green chert,gray chert,basalt,chalcedony,brown chert and red chert.The artifactual material recovered from the upper component during the 1983 3-344 -~ - - .- - field season is not uhlike the kind of material recovered from the same component the previous field season.No radiocarbon samples were found for this component. Lower Component:The lower component is concentrated in the lower paleosol (unit 7)~hich is contained within the aeolian deposit. Artifacts associated wi th this component are a1 so found wi thin the aeolian sediments and in the contact zones associated with the lower paleosol.The soil/sediment units which contain artifacts and which are associated with this component include 6a,6b,6c,7 and 8.Artifacts are also found in the contacts between the aeolian sediments and the lower paleosol 6b/7,7/6c and the contacts between the lower paleosol, glacial drift and aeolian sediments 7/8,6c/S,6c/7/8.Two gray green chert flakes were also found within the glacial drift and are associated with the lower component.Test square N89/E98 produced 7 flakes that were associated with unit 4.Units 5a and 5b are not present in this square.There is strong evidence,particularly with regard to strati- graphy,that suggests these seven flakes are more accurately attri- buted to the aeol ian/pal eoso1 contact. The lower component produced 99.3%of the lithic artifacts collected from the si te.A total of 3121 1i thic arti facts were found in thi s occupation.Table 3.27 provides a summary by stratigraphic unit.All seven of the raw material types found at the site were represented in the lower component assenb1age.The majority of artifacts from this assemblage were composed of gray green chert.Gray green chert represents 84%of the 1i thic raw ma teri a1 . Of the 3121 lithic artifacts found associated with this occupation,17 were tools or tool fragments.Table 3.29 describes each of these tool types in morpho1 ogi cal deta i1.One end sc raper wa s found in the assanb1 age (UA83-230-41)(Figure 3.103g).It was made of vi treous fine grained brown chert.This same kind of chert was found in the previous. summer's excavation and associated with the lower component.Two tools were made of argillite,a projectile point tip (UA83-230-128)(Figure 3.103k)and a blade fragment (UA83-230-155).Basalt was also used to 3-345 make tools.A microblade fragment (UA83-230-33)(Figure 3.103b)and a biface (UA83-230-190)(Figure 3.1030)were manufactured from basalt. Also included within this component is a black chert projectile point .(UA83-230-97)(Figure 3.103m).The remaining tools were made of gray green chert.These tools include modified flakes,microblade fragments and projectile point fragments. There appears to be two different kinds of manUfacturing technologies employed to make the project"ile points.The first one is a more traditional technique to reduce bifaces down to projectile point size and shape.It employs percussion flaking to remove large flakes which are carried across the entire face of the point.The basalt biface (UA83-230-190)illustrates this type of flaking (Figure 3.1030).The second technique used is more striking and may represent a technology of biface production that has never been documented for interior Alaska. This bifacial production method uses very thin original flakes as the bifacial core.These flakes are then shaped by edge retouch along the margins of the original flake.This retouching is produced by hard hammer percussion,abrading and probably some pressure flaking.The retouch flakes are characteristically small and tend to step fracture. They do not carry well and in no circumstances do they meet in the center of the biface,except possibly at the projectile point tip,which is narrow.There are three projectile point tips found in the assemblage (UA83-230-42,43,128)which contain bifacial flaking that carries to the center of the tool but it is not clear if these projectile point tips are associated with the first type of technology or the edge retouch technology.The edge retouching technique leaves much of the original flake surfaces intact on the finished tool because the flakes are only removed along the edges.Consequently the original dorsal and ventral surfaces are identifiable (Figure 3.103i,J,k). The modified flakes and unifacial tools recovered from the lower com- ponent look very similar to the finished projectile points manufactured with the edge retouch technique.The modified flakes are about the same size as the bifaces and are equal in thickness.The type of modifica- tion on the flakes is produced by hard hammer percussion and abrading. 3-346 - .... - - """ .-' This is the same technique used for making the bifaces.Flake scars are characteristically the same also,with many step fractures and flaking only along the edges.The two different bifacial production techniques may not be entirely disimilar.Most of the projectile point fragments which exhibit the edge retouch technique are made from gray green chert.The basalt biface eXhi~its flaking that carries across the surface of the tool. In addition,there is one black chert projectile point (UA83-230-97)which exemplifies both technologies,one for each face.The projectile points made using both of these technologies also produce very morphologically similar tools.The projectile points tend to be triangular in shape and are very thin. An important discovery was the fitting of fragments recovered from the two different field seasons.An artifact identified as a modified flake from the 1982 field season (UA83-230-226)can be fitted to a bifacial fragment recovered from the 1983 field season (UA83-230-25).These two artifacts, ~'Ihen combined represent the remains of another projectile point manu- factured with the edge retouching technique (Figure 3.103 1).The rearti- culation of specimens from different seasons verifies the lower cultural component and strengthens chronological interpretations. Evaluation: TUM 128 is located on a prominent ridge on the west side of Jay Creek approximately 3.9 km northeast of the Jay Creek and Susitna River con- fluence.The site area provides a panoramic view in all directions and is only obstructed by higher terrain to the northwest about 250 meters away. The view to the south affords observations down to the rim of the Jay Creek ,......Valley in the vicinity of a mineral lick.The mineral lick is approxi- rna tel y 1.2 km to the southwest and is frequented by Da 11 sheep and ca ri bou . Systematic testing during the 1983 field season at T~l 128 has defined two prehistoric components.The first component occurs on the surface and into unit 2.No diagnostic artifacts were found which might suggest the type of activity which had taken place at the site during its first--occupatioh.The second component occurred below the deposition of the Oshetna tephra and is separated from the Oshetna tephra by approximately.... 3-347 /' 40 em of aeolian sediments.The prehistoric living surface occurs as a paleosol composed of carbonized organics,charcoal ~nd artifacts.A radiocarbon sample taken during the 1982 field season provided a date of 4580 ±780 years:2630 B.C.(Beta-5362).This date is questionable because of its stratigraphic position and the size of the sample taken. The Oshetna tephra which has been consistently dated at approximately 3200-4700 years ago overl i es this pal eoso 1 by about 40 em.The error factor of ±780 years is large and is probably the result of a small or contaminated sample.Additional radiocarbon samples were procured during the 1983 field season and produced dates which conform with the regi onal s tratigraphi cpos i ti on of the pal eosol.These samples yi el ded dates of 6970 ±210 years:5020 B.C.(Beta-7304)and 7240 ±110 years: 5290 B.C.(Beta-7306).Two additional radiocarbon samples were submitted.These samples contained a high percentage of soil matrix and little clean charcoal.Because of the small amount of charcoal, both were analyzed as bu"lk samples and produced dates of 5780 ±100 years:3830 B.C.(Beta-7847)and 1260 ±80 years:A.D.690 (Beta-7845) which do not represent the age of the paleosol. In addition to the unique stratigraphic position of the lower component, the artifacts recovered from this component reveal a previously unreported and possibly diagnostic assemblage for this time period.The most distinctive characteristic of this assemblage is bifacial edge retouched concave-based projectile points.exhibiting basal edge grinding,which have been manufactured on thin flakes.Some of the II mo dified flakes ll recovered from the 1982 season articulate wi th projectile point fragments recovered from the 1983 field season. Additional artifacts associated with this assemblage include modified bifacial thinning flakes and a microblade industry. The site appears to have had an extensive early occupation during which primary tool manufacturing occurred.Large bifacial reduction flakes were either produced on the site or transported onto the site and then reduced to projectile points.The later component contains evidence of a minor occupation,with no indication of the type of activity which may have taken place.This site is important because of its stratigraphic 3-348 ""'" ~, - position below the Oshetna tephra,its potential for defining the early chronology in the Sus;tna River Val1ey,and for defini tion of a new diagnostic artifact assemblage for the interior of Alaska. 3-349 TABLE 3.26 ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TLM 128 (1983). Li thic Material - 2625 23 2 4 31 12 426 4 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gray green chert flakes Brown chert flakes Black chert flakes Gray chert flakes Chalcedony fl akes Arg'illite flakes Basal t fl akes Microblade fragments~gray green chert (UA83-230-23,31,44,86) Microblade,basalt (UA83-230-33) Blade fragment,brown argillite (UA83-230-155) Unifacial tool,gray green chert (UA83-230-104) Projectil e point "fragments,gray green chert (UA83-230-24,25, 36,42,43) Projectile point,black chert (UAB3-230-97) Projectile point tip,argillite (UA83-230-128) Projectile point fragment,basalt (UA83-230-190) Biface fragment,basalt (UA83-230-245) End scraper,brown chert (UAB3-230-41) Modified flake,gray green chert (UA83-230-236) Scraper fragment,red chert (UA83-230-18) 3-350 ...", ) TABLE 3.27 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 128 (1983). - - Unit Surface Unit 2:Within decayed organi c hori zan Unit 6a:Within oxidized aeol ian deposi t Un it 6b:Wi thi n 01 ive brown aeol i an deposit Un i t 6b/7:Contact between and lower paleosol Oescri pti on 4 Gray green chert flakes 1 Gray chert flake 1 Scraper fragment,red chert (UA83-230-18) 4 Gray green chert flakes 3 Basal t fl akes 1 Chalcedony flake 4 Brown chert fl akes 2 Gray chert flakes 1 Biface fragment,basalt (UA83-230-245) 3 Gray green chert flake 1 Gray green chert flake 1 Black chert flake 148 Gray green chert fl akes 4 Brown chert flakes 11 Arg;11 i te fl a kes 3-351 TABLE 3.27 (Continued) Unit Unit 7:Lower paleosol Un;t 7j6c:Contact between lower paleosol and reddish yellow aeolian deposit Oescri pti on 2118 Gray green chert flakes 8 Brown chert flakes 1 Gray chert flake 29 Chal cedony fl akes 1 Argillite flake 380 Basalt flakes 1 Unifacial tool,gray green chert (UA83-2 30-1 04 ) 1 Blade fragment,argillite (UA83-230-155) 3 Microblade fragments,gray green chert (UA83-230-23,31,44) 1 Microblade,basalt (UA83-230-33) 1 End scraper fragment,brown chert (UA83-230-41 ) 1 Modified flake,gray green chert (UA83-230-236) 5 Projectile point fragments,gray green chert (UA83-230-24,25,36, 42,43) 37 Gray green chert flakes 4 Brown chert flakes 7 Basalt flakes 1 B1 ack chert fl ake 1 Projectile point,black chert (UA83-230-97 ) 1 Projectile point,basalt (UA83- 230-190). 3-352 - - - ""'" .... TABLE 3.27 (Continued) Unit Uni t 7/8:Contact between lower paleosol and glacial drift Unit 6c:Within reddish yellow aeol ian deposit Unit 6c/8:Contact between reddish yellow aeolian deposit and glacial drift Unit 6c/7/8:Contact between aeolian deposits lower paleosol and glacial drift Uni t 8:Within gl aci al dri ft Description ·9 Gray green chert fl a kes 86 Gray green chert flakes 1 Brown chert f1 ake 12 Basal t f1 akes 1 Gray green chert flake 212 Gray green chert fl akes 2 Brown chert flakes 1 Chal cedony fl ake 24 Basalt fl akes 1 Projectile point tip,argillite (UA83-230-128) 1 Microblade fragment,gray green chert (UA83-230-86) 2 Gray green chert flakes 3-353 TABLE 3.28 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 128 (1983). Unit Test Square Oescri ption 1 N89/E97 None """l 2 N89/E97 1 Basalt Flake 1 Biface ti p,ba sal t (UA83-230-245 ) 4 N89/E97 None - 6a NS9/E97 1 Gray green chert fl ake 6b N89/E97 ·1 Gray green chert flake 6b/7 N89/E97 None 7 N89/E97 None 7/6c N89/E97 2 Gray green chert flakes 7/8 N89/E97 None ~ 6c N89/E97 3 Gray green chert fl akes 6c/8 N89/E97 1 Gray green chert fl ake -. 8 N89/E97 None 6c/7/8 N89/E97 None 3-354 TABLE 3.28 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description Surface N89/E98 1 Gray green chert flake 2 N89/E98 4 Gray green chert fl akes 2 Basalt flakes 1 Chal cedony 4 Brown chert flakes 2 Gray chert f1 akes 4 N89/E98 None 6a N89/E98 2 Gray green chert.flakes 6b N89/E98 None 7 N89/E98 4 Gray green chert flakes 1 Gray green chert modified flake (UA83-230-236) 7/6c N89/E98 12 Gray green chert flakes 3 Brown chert f1 akes 1 Black chert flake 7/8 N8g/Ega None 6c N89/E98 None 6c/8 Nag/Eg8 None 3-355 TABLE 3.28 (Continued) 3-356 TABLE 3.28 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description 1 Gray green chert projectile point fragment (UA83-230-43) 1 Gray green chert projectile po int fragment (UA83-230-24) 1 Brown chert end scraper (UA83-230-4l) 1 Gray green chert projectile tip (UA83 -230-25) 1 Gray green chert projectile tip (UA83 -230-36) 1 Gray green chert microblade fragment (UA83-230-23) ,"'"7/6c N89/E99 None """"7/8 N89/E99 None 6c N89/E99 3 Basalt flakes I ..... 6c/8 N89/E99 None 8 N89/E99 None ..... 6c/7/8 N89/E99 None J:(~ Surface Na9/ElOO None - 3-357 TABLE 3.28 (Continued) "Rfi!j Unit 2 4 6a 6b 6b/7 7 7/6c 7/8 6c Test Square N89/EIDO N89/EIDO N89/EIDD N89/EIDO N89/ElOO N89/E1DO N89/ElOO N89/ElOO N89/ElOO Oescri ption None None None None 148 Gray green chert flakes 11 Argillite flakes 4 Brown chert flakes 49 Gray green chert flakes 186 Basal t fl akes 1 Cha 1c edony 5 Brown chert flakes 1 Gray green chert unifacial tool (UA83-230-l04 ) 1 Blade fragment,argillite (UA83-2 30-155) 9 Gray green chert flakes 8 Gray green chert f1 akes 4 Gray green chert flakes 3 Basalt flakes 1 Brown chert flake 3-358 Mil TABLE 3.28 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description -6c/8 N89/E100 None 8 N89/E100 1 Gray green chert flake 6c/7/S N89/E100 75 Gray green chert fl a kes 1 Chal cedony ,,,,e;,1 Gray green chert microblade fragment (UA83-230-86) 1 Argillite projectile point (UA83-230-128) Surface N89/E101 1 Gray green chert fl ake 2 N89/E101 None ~.Ii>'ll<l 4 N89/E10l None ,-6a N89/E101 None 6b N89/ElOl None r- 6b/7 N89/ElO1 None 7 N89/ElOI 185 Gray green chert flakes 8 Basal t fl akes I Argill i te ,f'"#i"'"2 Brown chert flakes 3-359 - TABLE 3.28 (Continued) - Unit Test Square Description - 7/6c Na9/ElOl 14 Gray green chert fl akes -7 Basal t fl akes 1 Brown chert flake 1 Projectile point,blade chert (UA83-230-97) 1 Projectile point,basal t (UA83-230-190) 7/8 N89/ElOl 1 Gray green chert flake 6c N89/ElOl 79 Gray green chert fl akes 6 Basal t fl a kes - 6c/8 Na9/ElOl None a N89/ElOI 1 Gray green chert flake 6c/7 /8 N89/ElOI 136 Gray green chert fl akes 24 Basal t fl akes ~, Surface .N89/ElO2 None '""'" 2 N89/ElO2 None ~ 4 N89/EI02 None 6a N89/EI02 None !""i: 3-360 TABLE 3.28 (Continued) Unit Test Square Oeseri pti on "'"'"6b N89/EI02 None 6b/7 N89/EI02 None 7 N89/EI02 None 7/6e N89/EI02 None-- 7/8 N89/EI02 None ~ 6e N89/EI02 None,- 6c/8 N89/EI02 None 8 N89/EI02 None ,- 6e/7 /8 N89/EI02 None 3-361 TABLE 3.29 TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 128 (1983). - - - Unit 2 With decayed organic horizon 7 Within lower paleosol Test Square N89/E97 Na9/Eg8 N89/E99 Description UA83-230-245.Biface fragment,basalt: Only the tip of a biface or possibly a projectile point remains.Primary flaking is evident on one side of the tool and secondary retouch appears on the opposite face. UA83-230-236.Modified flake,gray green chert:A flake r-enoved during bifacial thinning which still contains the platform and bulb of force.The distal end is missing ..It is oval in shape with retouched la teral edges.Both the dorsal and ventral surfaces have been worked and ventral surfaces have been worked (Figure 3.103e). UA83-230-23.Mi crobl ade fragment,gray green chert:The proximal portion of a micro blade which contains a flat platfonn with an acute platform angle.The ventral surface is smooth except for evidence of the bulb of force.The dorsal surface contains three dorsal ridges and the step fractured remains of previous blade removal attempts (Figure 3 .103d). 3-362 - - - - - - - TABLE 3.29 (Continued) -. Unit Test Square Description UA83-230-31.Microblade fragment,gray green chert:Distal section of microblade with one dorsal ridge.Contains a smooth ventral su rface and cortex on the dorsal surface.The platform is not attached. UA83-230-33.Microblade fragment,basalt: Di stal section of a microbl ade.No bu"1 b of force or platform remains.The dorsal surface contains a single medial ridge (Figure 3 .103b). UA83-230-44.Microblade fragment,gray green chert:The proximal section of a microblade.It is very thick and triangular in cross section.A single medial ridge is present on the dorsal surface.The platform is flat and makes a right angle with the ventral surface. UA83-230-24.Projectile point fragment, gray green chert:A possible projectile point base which was manufactured by edge retouch along the margins of a flake.The flaking does not extend across the surface of the point.The original dorsal and ventral flake surfaces can still be identified.The point contains a concave base and shows evidence of basal grinding (Figure 3.103n). 3-363 TABLE 3.29 (Continued) Unit Test Square Descr"j ption UAB3-230-25.Projectile point fragment, gray green chert:A possible projectile point fragment manufactured by edge retouch.The flaking only occurs at the margins of the point and does not extend across the surface.It was manufactured on a very thin original flake (Figure 3.103 1). UA83-230-36.Projectile point fragment, gray green chert:A possible projectile point fragment.The shaping of the point was done with marginal retouching of an original fl ake.The Dorsal and ventral surfaces of the original flake can still be identified.The dorsal surface conta ins negative flake scars from four previously renoved flakes. UAB3-230-4Z.Projectile point fragment, gray green chert:Tip of projectile point on biface.Flaking on both surfaces is taken across the face of the point. Appears to be secondary flaking on one edge of point (Figure 3.1031). 3-364 - - ""'" - - TABLE 3.29 (Continued) - -- ..- -- - Unit Test Square N89/E100 Description UA83-230-43.Projectile point fragment, gray green chert:Tip of projectile point on biface.Good flaking which is taken across the both faces of the point.Step fractures occur on one of the two faces. The second face contains parallel flake scars (Figure 3.103j). UA83-230-41.End scraper,brown chert: The scraper is prepared from a thick blade shaped fl ake.A scraping edge is manu- factured on the distal end of the flake. The worked edge contains an acute angle which may suggest a function other than scraping (Figure 3.103g). UA83-230-104.Unifacial tool,gray green chert:A flake removed during bifacial thinning which still contains the platform and bulb of force.It is triangular in shape.All three edges have been worked with edge retouch on the dorsal side. This tool resembles the flake like pro- jectil e points found in this stratum but is not shaped into a fini shed form (Figure 3.103f). 3-365 TABLE 3.29 (Continued) - - Unit Test Square Description UA83-230-155.Blade fragment,argillite: Medial section of a possible blade.The ventral surface is smooth and contains no evidence of the bulb of force.The dorsal surface contains a single medial ridge. - ~- 7/6c Contact N89/ElOO between layer pa 1 eoso 1 and reddi sh yellow aeol ian deposi t N89/ElOl UA83-230-97.Projectile point,black chert:A projectile point made from a thin fl ake by edge retouchi ng .Evidence still remains for original dorsal and ventral su rfaces.The ventral su rface has flaking going across the width of the point.It contains a concave base with a shape tang.One tang is missing and the tip is broken (Figure 3.103m). UA83-230-190.Projectile point fragment, basalt:A triangular biface with the tip end missing.It is 'very thin with flaking that is taken completely across the point. There is evidence of end thinning but no basal grinding or haft wear.It was probably broken in manufacture (Figure 3.1030). 3-366 - - TABLE 3.29 (Continued) Unit 6/7/8 Contact between aeolian deposi t, lower pal eosol and glacial drift Test Square N89/EIOO Description UA83-230-86.Microblade fragment,gray green chert:A small medial section of a microblade.It is very thin and contains a smooth ventral surface.The dorsal surface has two medial ridges.Neither the pl a tfoml or bu 1b of force are present. UA83-230-128.Projectile point fragment, basalt:A triangular shaped projectile point tip.Contains good parallel flaking on one face and has many step fractures on the opposite face.It is very thin and appears to have been broken in manu- facture (Figure 3.103k). 3-367 Systematic Testing TLM 180--Tsusena Kame Site Location:See Section 3.2 Testing:~ The systematic phase of testing at TLM 180 involved excavating five 1 m by 1 m test squares.Four of the squares were placed on the south sloping side of the kame summit where reconnaissance testing revealed a dense artifact cluster.The four squares were arranged in a V-shaped pattern (Figure 3.87),the two southern squares being superimposed over reconnaissance test pit 1.The arrangement of the squares provided 3 continuous profiles,each of 3 m in length,running along the E98 and E99 gridlines from N97 to NI00,and along the N99 gridline from E97 to EIOO.The fifth test square was placed 9 m to the east along the N99 gridline. Di scussion: Over 600 argillite flakes,1 argillite microblade,and 3 chert micro- blades (UA83-106-15,16,17)were uncovered in a shovel test expanded to a 40 em by 40 em test pit (test pit 1)during reconnaissance testing at the Tsusena Kame site.It appeared that the site was possibly very localized because eight of the nine shovel tests placed on the kame were culturally sterile.One cultural component,lying at the contact between a grayish sandy silt stratigraphic unit and glacial drift,was represented in the single,productive test pit.Besides yielding an additional 784 lithic artifacts from all five of the test squares,the systematic phase of excavation also revealed that the site extended upslope and eastward at least 12 m across the summit of the kame,and that an upper cultural component was also present at TIJ<I 180.A summary of the artifacts collected is presented in Table 3.31;artifact distri- bution by stratigraphic unit and by stratigraphic unit within each test square are presented respectively in Table 3.32 and Table 3.33. 3-368 - - - - Contour Interval:.5 m - .- Systematic Test Syuare Site Datum (0.0 m) Reconnaissance Test pit o x • o -'5~ D o 5 ~tETERS 10 Shovel Test o Talkeetna tits.D-4 T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 NW 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.30 Figure 3.87.Site Map TLM 180. 3-369 By far the predominant lithic material encountered at TUM 180 was argillite,all artifacts of which had a characteristic weathered light brown patina.The other four types of lithic material was sparsely represented.Basalt was present only in the easternmost square, N99/E109,and a single quartzite flake was found in N99/E99.With the exception of a small gray chert piece of angular shatter,the only chert artifacts at the site were microblades,ranging in color from white to gray and to dark brown.A single black obsidian proximal microblade segment was encountered in N98/E98. Six major stratigraphic units and numerous subunits were recognized at the Tsusena Kame Site (Figure 3.88,Table 3.30).In each square,the organic unit is underlain by Devil tephra (unit 2),Watana tephra (unit 3),sandy silt (unit 5),and finally glacial drift (unit 6). Although all the major stratigraphic units,except unit 4,are present in each of the squares,three of the subunits (Ie,2b,and 6c)are restricted to N99/E97.Unit 4 is a fine-grained silt with decomposed organics and some charcoal flecks.A great deal of variability in color,mixing,and continuity of strata within each test square is evident at the site.In general,the stratigraphy at TLM 180 is characterized by much post-depositional disturbance.Downslope movement in the form of solifluction and frost creep is apparent.Frost heaving and deflation were also responsible for further disturbing the stratigraphy. A distinct contrast in the amount of non-cultural disturbance between the three western squares (N99/E99,N98/E98,and N97/E98)and the two eastern squares (N99/E99 and N99/EI09)was noted early in the excavation.Despite the fact that N99/E99 and N99/EI09 are separated by 9 m,their stratigraphy is similar in ten11S of relative continuity of the Devil tephra (unit 2),Watana tephra (unit 3),and the grayish sandy silt (unit 5).Similarity also exists in the depth,up to 25 cm,of the soils/sediments overlying the drift.The western squares,on the other hand,exhibit very shallow (usually not greater than 10 em)deposition over the drift.Because the tephra units in these squares are represented by discrete lenses,the surface being excavated usually had 3-370 - - - -. ." DEPTH (em)PROFILE UNIT o 5 10 15 !~20 25 30.- 35 Unit 4 18 1b 1e ~------==}CULTURAL ~S~~3b 4 5 -CUL TURA 88 8b 8e UA83-106-402: 2800 +90 years:850 B.C.(Beta-7297) Figure 3.88.Composite Profile TUM 180. 3-371 a very mottled appearance.Mottling and mlxlng was particularly evident in N99/E97 where subunit lc,comprised of organics,Devil and Watana tephras,and glacial drift,and subunit 2b,a color gradation of Devil tephra,were identified. A cultural unit of sandy silt varying in color from grayish brown to dark yellowish brown (unit 5),and containing lithic material particu- larly abundant in N99/E99,was encountered immediately above the glacial drift in all the test squares.A sample of this stratum from N99/E109 was submitted for petrographic analysis,and although not found to be a tephra,did have some tephra components in it.Its stratigraphic position above the drift suggests that it may represent a reworked Oshetna tephra mixed with aeolian sediments.A thin charcoal lens directly above unit 5 on the west wall of N99/EI09,submitted for radiocarbon analysis,provided an upper bracketing date for this unit of 2800 ±90 years:850 B.C.(Beta-7297). Cultural material at the Tsusena Kame site is associated with strati- graphic units 2,3,5,and 6,and the zones of contact between these units.A marked contrast can be seen in the stratigraphic distribution of artifacts between the contiguous squares on the one hand,and the isolated easternmost square,N99/EI09,on the other.Whereas only five artifacts were found above unit 5 in two of the contiguous squares (N98/E98 and N99/E97),the majority of artifacts (54 of the total 61)were situated above this unit in the isolated square.The presence of basalt flakes only in this isolated square further contrasts it with the other squares on the kame. Although not stratigraphically well-defined in all test squares,the upper component is clearly evident in N99/EI09.Whether the seven 1ithics lying at the contact between units 5 and 6 in this square are representative of a lower site component or merely indicate displacement from the upper component as a result of cryoturbation is still unclear. Artifacts from N99/EI09 consist primarily of small basalt and argillite waste flakes.One basalt cortex flake and one basalt blade-like flake (UA83-106-140)were also found in the square. 3-372 - - Association of the two argillite flakes and three microblades found above the cultural unit in N98/E98 and N99/E97 with the upper component is problematical.The disturbed nature of the stratigraphy and the difficulty in positively identifying tephra units while excavating the highly mottled surface prevented their positive association with either of the cultural components.Two factors strongly suggest that they are actually representative of an upper component on the western end of the kame.First,a variety in lithic material--obsidian,white chert,and brown chert--is obvious among the three microblades in the upper strata. In contrast,the lithology of the four microblades definitely associated with the lower component is identical--gray chert with a patinated surface.Secondly,argillite flakes occur in the upper component in N99/EI09,and so may likewise be represented in this component in the western squares. The lower component at TLN 180,stratigraphically situated in the sandy silt cultural unit (unit 5),at the contact between this unit and glacial drift (unit 5/6),and lying immediately on top of the drift (unit 6),is well-represented in the four contiguous test squares.In two squares where unit 5 is discontinuous,N98/E98 and N99/E97, artifacts were also found at the contact of Watana tephra and the drift (unit 3/6).A total of 718 lithics comprise the artifact assemblage from the lower component in these four squares.Included within this total are 698 argillite flakes,ranging in length fr~TI 5 mm to 70 mm,1 quartzite flake,2 argillite pieces of angular shatter,1 chert piece of angular shatter,4 argillite blade-like flakes (UA83-106,230,288,313, 379),2 argillite retouched flakes (UA83-106-303,304),3 argillite primary reduction flakes (UA83-106-204,297,336;Figure 3.104 k),3 argillite blocky cores (UA83-106-390,400,401;Figure 3.104 h,i,j) and 4 chert microblades (UA83-106-310,312, 359,396;Figure 3.104 g,c, a,d).Descriptions of the tools are summarized in Table 3.34. Although the densest concentration of lower component artifacts is situated directly on top of the glacial drift,it appears that their primary association might actually be with the overlying sandy silt cultural unit (unit 5).This is best exemplified in N99/E99 where a heavy concentration of argillite flakes was found within thick pockets 3-373 of sandy silt (unit 5)in the northern half of the square.This square, lying slightly upslope from the other three contiguous squares, exhibited the least post-depositional disturbance and greatest continuity of unit 5.In the two downslope squares,N98/E98 and N97/E98,where an abundance of artifacts was found lying on the drift, unit 5 appears to have been eroded to such an extent that it occurred only as a thin layer or as discrete lenses. Dating of the lower component at Tl11 180 has proven to be difficult because of the scarcity of charcoal or other organic remains in the test squares.The only charcoal sample taken at the site was radiocarbon dated at 2800 ±90 years:850 B.C.This sample,however,does not date the cultural component itself,but a thin charcoal lens lying between the Watana tephra (unit 3)and the sandy silt (unit 5)in N99/E109.The date,falling within the range of dates for Watana tephra,i.e.,2300- 3200 B.P.(Dixon et al.1982b),chronologically separates the upper and lower cultural components at TU~180.At present,the actual date for the lower component at TUM 180 can only be approximated by typological comparison with assemblages from other sites. Evaluation: The Tsusena Kame Site,located on one of several kames just east of Tsusena Creek,lies within close proximity to a potentially good source of lithic material along the stream course.Argillite cobbles were collected by one of the field crew during reconnaissance around the mouth of the creek,less than 2 km from the site.Although the view from the site is presently obstructed by thick stands of spruce,in the past it may have afforded a good vantage point for spotting game while f1intknapping.Tool manufacture appears to have been the primary cultural activity at the site as indicated by the abundance of lithic debitage,plus discarded primary reduction flakes and cores.The complete absence of bone or stone features coupled with the scarcity of charcoal usually associated with temporary camps or habitation sites, also support the interpretation that the site was used mainly as a tool manufacturing station during at least two different time periods, probably separated by several thousand years. 3-374 - - ..- Two cultural components have been recognized at TLM 180,but have proven to be problematical in terms of dating.Based on the stratigraphic position within the Devil and Watana tephras,potential dates for the upper component s pan a t ill1e peri od from 1800-3200 yea rs B.P.:A.D. 150-1250 B.C.The radiocarbon analysis derived from charcoal just below the Watana tephra in N99/E109 provides a more specific lower limiting date of 2800 ±90 B.P.:850 B.C.(Beta-7297)for the upper component. The only diagnostic tools probably associated with this component are three microblades with raw materials that differ from the microblades occurring stratigraphically lower in the site.Placing these upper component artifacts within a particular Interior Alaska tool tradition is difficult at present,but we do know that microblades occur in Arctic Small Tool assemblages from coastal Alaskan sites dating as recently as 1000 B.C. Much better represented at TLM 180 is the lower cultural component lying on glacial drift and within an overlying sandy silt stratum possibly contai ni ng reworked tephras.The assembl age from thi s component, comprised of frequently very large argillite flakes,blade-like flakes, primary reduction flakes,blocky cores,and chert microblades,greatly resembles the assemblage from the oldest component at TLM 027,the Tuff Creek North site (Dixon et ale 1982a),situated approximately 3 km to the southwest on the opposite side of the Susitna River.The similari- ties between these two sites includes not only artifact type,i.e., blocky rotated cores,large flakes,etc.,but also lithic material used in tool manufacture.The weathered chert identified at TLM 027 is visually identical to what has been called heavily patinated argillite at TLM 180.The stratigraphic context of artifacts found lying just above the drift is also quite similar for both sites.Like the Tuff Creek North site,TLM 180 is most appropriately placed within the American Paleoarctic Tradition,postulated as occurring in the Interior from ca.3000-9000 B.C. The Tsusena Kame Site has proven to be a valuable addition to the inventory of sites within the project area.Few sites of such antiquity are known along the Susitna River and deserve considerable attention. 3-375 The goals of future excavation at TU1 180 are to more precisely detennine the spatial extent of the site,further clarify the strati- graphic position of the lower cultural cOOlponent,and obtain additional samples suitable for radioca'rbon analysis so dates for both upper and lower canponents can be more firmly pinned down. 3-376 - - ....., - TABLE 3.30 SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTIONS FOR CO~1paSITE PROFILE,TLM 180. .- - Unit 1a 1b 1c De sc rip t ion Surface organic layer:roots and plant material from lichen,moss,crowberry,blueberry,lowbush cranberry, Labrador tea,dwarf birch,and white spruce underlain by consolidated sandy silt;dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3). Generally 2-6 em in thickness,but varies from not present on north wall of N99/E97 to 17 cm in thickness in eastern squares.Lower boundary is clear and wavy. Continuous except where deflated in N99/E97. Fine sandy silt humus layer;black (5 YR 2.5/1).Varies fran .5-6 em in thickness.Clear and wavy upper contact; lower contact clear to diffuse.Leaching of organic material and mixing wi th underlying unit evident. Generally continuous,but also occurs as lenses. Sandy silt mixed with pebbles;mottled (5 YR 3/3,7.5 YR 2/0,10 YR 6/2,7.5 YR 3/4,7.5 YR 4/6).Thickness varies fran .5-3 em.Indistinct lower boundary.~'ixed unit containing sediments from la,1b,2a,3a,and 6a~ Occurs only in a slight surface depression or gully in the northern half of N99/E97 . 3-377 TABLE 3.30 (Continued) Unit Description 2a 2b 3a Fine-grained silt;color varies from pinkish-gray (7.5 YR 7/2)to pale brown~light brownish-gray,dark gray and light reddish brown (10 YR 6/3,10 YR 6/2~10 YR 4/1~5 YR 6/3)depending upon degree of leaching from overlying unit.Thickness varies from .5-5 em.Clear to diffuse contacts.Tephra (Devil).Consolidation of unit by roots and rootlets.Discontinuous;occurs as lenses or intennixed with adjacent units.Basalt and argillite flakes plus chert microblades derived from this unit. Additional flakes &obsidianmicroblade at contact with un;t 3. Silt mixed with finely-sorted organics;dark grayish brown (to YR 4/2).Variation in thickness from .5-5 cm. el ear to di ffu se contacts.Tephra (Dev i1 );ill uvi al B horizon.Discontinuous;occurs only in N99/E97 as lenses. Fine-grained silt,mixed with grus;dark brown to dark reddish brown (7.5YR 3/4~5 YR 3/4).Thickness varies fran 1-3 em.Diffuse contacts and mixing with underlying unit.Tephra (Watana).Root penetration.Discon- tinuous,appears as oxidized lenses. 3-378 - ~, TABLE 3.30 (Continued) Unit Description 3b 4 5 Fine-grained silt mixed with grus;varies from yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6)in 2 eastern squares to dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2 to 7.5 YR 4/4)in 3 western squares.Thickness varies from 1-2 cm pockets in the 3 western squares to 4-8 cm in the 2 eastern squares.Undulating surfaces; gradational upper boundary and mixing with underlying unit.Discontinuous,occurs frequently as lenses. Basalt flakes within unit.Basalt and argillite flakes at upper and lower contacts. Fine silt with decomposed organic material;black (5 YR 2.5/1 to 7.5 YR 2/0).Very thin (.5 cm)layer.Clear to di ffuse contacts wi th undu1 ating boundaries.Occurrence only in N98/E98 N99/E99 &N99/EI09 as discrete lenses. Charcoal flecks and chunks occur only on west wall of N99/EI09.One radiocarbon date:2800 ±90 years B.P. Sandy silt with grus and pebbles;color varies fraTI grayish brown (10 YR 5/2)to brown (IO YR 5/3)in eastern squares and from dark brown through yellowish brown (IO YR 3/3,10 YR 5/4,10 YR 3/4)in western squares. Thickness varies from 1-2 cm in western squares to 3-10 cm in eastern squares.Clear to diffuse contacts with adjacent unit.Some tephra components in unit present in all squares but discontinuous in each. Argillite flakes are common,particularly at the contact with unit 6.where chert microblades occur. 3-379 TABLE 3.30 (Continued) Unit Description - 6a 6b 6c Sandy silt,with pebbles,and cobbles;strong brown {7.5 YR 4/6}to dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4)in all squares except N99/E109 where color graded from yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6)into yellowish red (5 YR 4/6).Thickness generally ranged from 10-20 cm.Undulating surfaces.Gradational lower boundary.Glacial drift with cobbles reaching a maximum of 40 cm.Poorly sorted.Argillite flakes very common;also occurrence of argillite cores and chert microblades.Material is likely displaced from level 5. Sandy silt with pebbles and cobbles;generally dark grayish brown (2.5 YR 4/2).~lacial drift.Poorly sorted.Excavation into this unit determined the limit of excavation except in N99/E97. Clayey sandy silt mixed with pebbles and cobbles;dark grayish brown (2.5 YR 4/2).Glacial drift.Poorly sorted.Excavation into this unit determined limit of excavation of N99/E97. 3-380 - - - - - '""'" TABLE 3.31 ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TLM 180. Lithic Material 730 26 1 1 5 1 4 1 ~2 3 3 6 1 784 I~ Weathered 1ight brown argillite flakes Black basalt flakes Black basalt flake with cortex Gray quartzi te fl a ke Weathered light brown argillite pieces of angular shatter Gray chert piece of angular shatter Weathered 1ight brown arg "ill i te bl ade-l ike fl akes (UA83-106- 230,288,313,379) Black basalt blade-like flake (UA83-106-140) Weathered light brown argillite retouched flakes (UA83-106- 303,304) \leathered 1ight brown argill i te primary reduction fl akes (UA83-106-204,297,336) Weathered light brown argillite blocky cores (UA83-106-390, 400,401) Chert microblade segments (white,gray,dark brown) (UA83-106-168,290,310,312,359,396) Black obsidjan microblade segment (UA83-106-169) Total 3-381 TABLE 3.32 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT.TLM 180. ..... .... Dev il tephra (unit 2) Devil tephra/Watana tephra (unit 2/3) \-Jatana tephra (unit 3) Watana tephra/Sandy s i1 t cul tu ral unit (unit 3/5) Sandy sil t cul tural unit (unit 5) Watana tephra/Glacial drift (unit 3/6) Sandy s il t cul tu ral unit/Glacial drift (unit 5/6) 2 Arg illite fl a ke s 2 Basal t fl akes 2 Chert microblades (UA83-106-168.290) 7 Arg illite fl a ke s 3 Basal t fl akes 2 Argillite pieces of angular shatter 1 Obsidian microblade (UA83-106-169) 3 Ba sa 1t fl a kes 1 Basalt flake with cortex 18 Argillite flakes 17 Basal t fl akes 1 Basalt blade-like flake (UA83-106-140) 130 Argill i te fl akes 1 Quartzite flake 1 Argillite blade-like flake (UA83-106-230) 32 Argillite flakes 131 Argill i te fl akes 1 Basalt flake 1 Argillite piece of angular shatter 1 Chert piece of angular shatter 3 Chert microblades (UA83-106-310.359. 396) .3-382 - 0".,. - TABLE 3.32 (Continued) Glacial drift (uni t 6) Uni t Unknown (test pit backfill) 403 Argill ite flakes 2 Argillite pieces of angular shatter 2 Argillite retouched flakes (UA83-106- 303,304) 3 Argillite blade-like flakes (UA83-106- 204, 297,336) 3 Argillite primary reduction flakes (UA83-106-204,297,336) 3 Argillite blocky cores (UA83-106-390, 400,401) 1 Chert microblade (UA83-106-312) 7 Arg;11 i te fl a kes 3-383 TABLE 3.33 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 180. Test Squares Soil Unit N97/E98 N98/E98 N99/E97 N99/E99 N99/E109 2 (Dev il --I Chert micro-2 Arg ill ite --2 Basalt tephra)blade (UA83-fl akes;1 flakes w 106-168)chert micro- Iw blade (UA83-co .,J::>. 106-290) 2/3 (Contact --I Obsidian ----7 Arg ill i te between Devil microblade fl akes and ~Ja tana (UA83-106-169)3 Basalt flakes tephras)2 Argill He pieces of angular shatter 3 OJatana --------3 Basalt fl akes tephra)1 Ba sa1t cortex flake J I I J J J I J J J I ]J !.1 1 1 1 ]1 1 ]1 1 TABLE 3.33 (Continued) Soil Uni t N97/E98 N98/E98 Test Squares N99/E97 N99/E99 N99/EI09 W I Wcoc.n 3/5 (Contact between Watana tephra and sandy silt cultural uni t) 5 (sandy silt cultu ra1 unit) 2 Argi11 ite f1 akes 2 Argi11 ite f1 akes 18 Arg i 11 i te f1 akes 17 basal t f1 akes 1 Basal t b1ade- 1 ike f1 ake (UA83-106-140) 119 Arg ill i te f1 akes 1 Quartzi te f1 ake 1 Argill ite b1ade- 1i ke f1 ake (UAB3-1 06-2 30) TABLE 3.33 (Continued) Soil Un i t 3/6 (Contact between Watana tephra and glacial drift) N97/E98 N9B/E98 22 Argi11 i te f1 akes Test Squares N99/E97 10 Arg ill i te f1 akes N99/E99 N99/El09 W I W 0:> O"l 5/6 (Contact between sandy si1 t cultural unit and glacial drift) 60 Arg ill ite f1 a kes 1 Chert piece of angu1 ar shatter 2 Chert micro- blades (UA83- 106-359,396) 59 Arg ill i te f1 akes 2 Arg ill i te f1 a kes 1 Chert micro- blade (UA83- 106-310) 5 Argi11 He f1 akes 5 Argi11 i te fl akes 1 Basal t f1 ake 1 Argill ite piece of angu1 ar shatter J J I I I J ,I .1 I _..J J ..I I I I I I J i t TABLE 3.33 (Continued) 1 j j j 1 1 1 ]]I W I W OJ -..,J So 11 Un it 6 (glacial drift N97/E98 293 Argillite fl akes 1 Argillite piece of angular shatter 1 Arg illite bl ade-l ike fl a ke (UA83- 106-379) 1 Argill He primary reduc- tion fl ake (UA83-106-336) 2 Argillite blocky cores (UA83-106-400, 401) N98/E98 100 Argillite fl akes 1 Argillite blade-like flake (UAB3- 106-288) 1 Arg ill i te· primary reduc- tion flake (UA83-106- 204) Test Squares N99/E97 10 Arg i 11 i te fl akes 1 Argillite piece of angul ar shatter 1 Argillite blade-like fl a ke (UA83- 106-313) 2 Argillite retouched fl akes (UA83-106-303,304) 1 Argillite primary reduc- tion flake (UA83-106-197) N99/E99 N99/El09 W I W coco TABLE 3.33 (Continued) Soil Unit N97/E98 N98/E98 Test Squares N99/E97 1 Arg i 11 i te blocky core' (UA83-1 06-390) 1 Chert micro- blade (UA83- 106-312) N99/E99 N99/El09 .1 1 ,'..'I I i 1 J !J !I ,I 1 J I J 1 - TABLE 3.34 TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TUM 180. ,-""'"'Ill'l Unit Test Square Description - 2 Dev·n tephra 2/3 Contact between Devil and Watana tephras N98/E98 N99/E97 N98/E98 UA83-106-168.Dark reddish gray micro- blade,medial section,with possible re- touch along straight-sided lateral margins;22 mm in length. UA83-106-290.White chert microb1ade, distal section;dorsal surface formed by 4 blade facets,one of which terminates in a hinge fracture;27 mm in length. UA83-106-169.Obsidian microb1ade, proximal section;bu1 b of percussion preserved;12.5 mm in length. 5/6 Contact N97/E98 between sandy s i1 t and gl acia1 drift N99/E97 UA83-106-359.Gray chert microb1ade, distal section;irregular lateral margins wi th weathering on ventral surface;14 mm in length. UA83-106-396.Grey chert microb1ade, proximal section;weathering on dorsal surface;13 mm in length. UA83-106-310.Gray chert microb1 ade, canp1ete except for distal tip;bulb of percussion intact with platform we11- defined;irregular lateral margins with weathering on dorsal surface;19.5 mm in 1ength. 3-389 TABLE 3.34 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description ~-' 6 Glacial drift N97/E98 N98/E98 N99/E97 UA83-106-336.Argillite primary core reduction flake;dorsal surface consists of bifacial edge with distinct ridge; triangular in cross section;75 rnm i~ 1ength. UA83-106-400.Argillite blocky rotated core with large flat platform;heavily patinated;measures 62 mm by 57 mm. UA83-106-401.Argillite blocky core with heavy step fracturing,subrectangular in shape;no facet appears to have been used consistently as a platform;heavy patina- tion;measures 55 mm by 65 mm. UA83-106-204.Argillite primary core reduction flake (in 2 articulating pieces); dorsal surface consists of bifacial edge with steep-sided,heavily patinated ridge; platform present;53 mm in length. UA83-106-297.Argillite primary core reduction flake;dorsal surface consists of bifacial edge;platform present;62 mm in length. UA83-106-303.Argillite unifacially retouched flake;retouching occurs on both lateral margins;many small step fractures occur at platform edge;63 mm in length. 3-390 - -- TABLE 3.34 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description UA83-106-304.Arg;l1;te retouched fl ake; bifacial retouch along one lateral margin; platfonn present;59 11111 in length. UA83-105-312.Gray chert microblade, proximal section;patination on dorsal surface;12 mm in length. UA83-105-390.Argillite blocky rotated core;exh i bi ts several facets,one of which appears to be the dominant platform; patination heavy on one surface of core with heavy weathering evident on opposite face;measu res 64 mm by 54 rrun. 3-391 Systematic Testing TLM 184--Flat Knoll Site ~, Loca ti on: Testing: See Sec t ion 3.3 Four 40 cm by 40 em reconnaissance test pits were excavated on the site knoll and subsequently ten 1 m by 1 m test squares were systematically excava ted in a checkerboard pattern between the two most productive test pits.The squares were placed near the summit of the knoll which is circular and approximately 50 m in diameter.The ten test squares were juxtaposed to produce a continuous nine meter east-west profile and a three meter north-south profile (Figure 3.89). Discussion: During reconnaissance level testing the first shovel test excavated into the site encountered artifactual material.This shovel test was expanded to a 40 cm by 40 em test pi t (test pi t 1)and yi el ded approxi- mately 110 flakes.Another shovel test placed 10 meters to the west was expanded into a test pit (test pit 2)and over 300 burnt and unburnt bone fragments and nine fl akes were found.Two other test pi ts were opened on the knoll.Test pit 3 was located approximately 13 meters to the south of test pit 2 and test pit 4 was located about ten meters to the west of test pit 2 (Figure 3.89).These additional test pits produced six artifacts.Ten systematic test squares were placed on the site between the two most productive test pits,1 and 2 respectively. These squares call ectivel y produced approxima tely 26689 bone fragments, 2218 flakes and 26 various tool forms. All ten of the test sq~ares produced artifactual material during systematic testing.Six of the ten squares produced over 100 lithic specimens.Of these squares,test square NIOO/EI02 has the greatest amount of cul tural material,836 1ithic specimens and 26,032 pieces of bone were collected from the square.From all the squares combined,a total of 2,247 lithic artifacts and 26,689 bone fragments were 3-392 - - - ~- -- o ',0 *GI~v· Test 3 C / .~...~....~.... . Test 4 [J '.. """'------------_"\ . "·9 N 101 :Test 1 NtOO :0 N99 N 98 0 ;;N '"~It)co ....C!I A!'Ji,di~'"~0 0 0 0 0 ~0 '"~~~~~~.. w w w w w w w w w w 0 - Contour Interval:1 ill Talkeetna Mts.D-3 T.32 N.,R.6 E.,S.M. SE 1/4 SE 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec.24 Systematic Test Square [£]::?« Test Pit 0 Shovel Test 0 Site Datum (0.0 m)X 50 em Contour .,......r- o I 5 I METERS 10, Figure 3.89.Site Map TLM 184. 3-393 recovered.The total number and spatial distribution of tools is listed in Table 3.40.The distribution of materials by stratigraphic unit is listed in Table 3.38 and the distribution of material by stratigraphic unit and test square is listed in Table 3.39. Seven broad classes of lithic raw materials were identified in the collected assemblage of lithic specimens.One of these classes,chert, was subdivided into groups based on color.Further subdivision of the lithic material produced a total of ten types of lithic raw materials, basalt,obsidian,argillite,quartzite,dark gray to black chert,white chert,red chert,brown chert,chalcedoney,and shale.This classifi- cation is based on two principal attributes derived from the genesis of rock,particle size or texture and composition.The classes are kept broad enough to reduce the amount of overlap between groups while at the same time providing the greatest amount of internal cohesion.Even when using a broad classification scheme the possibility of overlap in groups is great when dealing with rocks in the same family (sedimentary, igneous,metamorphic).For instance,the argillites and cherts can be very similar morphologically because both are produced in the same manner,but only differ in the amount of silica (5i02)present.In situations where artifacts undergo great amounts of weathering the chemical canposi tinn of the rock is easil y masked.The 1ithic groups used in this study provide a base fran which later kinds of analysis can be conducted vilile at the same time providing a rel iable indication of the amount of variability within our assemblage. Eleven soil/sediment units were identified at TLM 184.Figure 3.90 shows the vertical superposition of these units and Table 3.38 provides a verbal description of the various unit characteristics.Seven of the ten test squares contained traces of nine soil/sediment units and three of the test squares contained all ten of the units.The vertical place- mentof the soil/sediment units is consistent throughout the site.In some squares the units were mottled or slightly mixed,but in general, the superposition of units was not contradictory from individual square to individual square. 3-394 - ~, DEPTH (em) o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 PROFILE rl~fl"IIII!i~__84o B.P. .~ " UNIT 1 2 3 4a 4e 4b Sa 5b 6a 6b CULTURAL Figure 3.90.Composite Profile TLM 184. 3-395 TABLE 3.35 SOIL/SEDIMENT DESCRIPTION FOR COMPOSITE PROFILE,TLM 184. ~\ Unit 1 2 3 Oescri pti on Unit_1 is the organic root mat.The vegetation includes birch,dwarf birch,lichen,sphagnum moss,Labrador tea, blueberry and cranberry.This unit varies from a dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 3/4)to dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4). Unit 1 varies between ca.1 em and 15 cm in thickness, and variable across the site.Artifacts were recovered at the base of this unit along the contact with unit 2. Unit 2 is a fine grained sediment with finely divided organics,decomposed organics,and rootlets.Carbon sta ining occurs throughout the unit.The sediment color ranges from a very dark brown (10 YR 2/2)to black (10 YR 2/1).This unit is as thick as 10 cm in some squares and narrows to a small stringer in other squares.It is almost al ways found between the upper organic mat and the lower Dev·il tephra.It is al so continuous over the entire site area and is only missing in very small and few patches in some squares.Artifacts are found in association with this unit,usually along the upper contact and the lower contact.The lower contact has been radiocarbon dated at 840 ±60 B.P.and 1060 ±70 B.P. Light gray to pinkish gray fine silt.It is fairly clean and powders in the hand (5 YR 6/1 to 7.5 YR 7/2).The thickn ess vari es from .5 cm to 8 cm.It is usuall y in contact with unit 2 and with unit 4a.In some squares it wi 11 be in contact wi th uni t 4c.Un it 3 is a vol canic 3-396 - .- TABLE 3.35 (Continued) Unit Descri pti on ,- - 4a 4b sediment identified as the Devil tephra unit.It is continuous over the entire site except in the northeast corner of test square N100-E102.Artifacts are found at the upper contact,the lower contact,and within the gray uni t. The matrix is canposed of canpacted heavily to lightly oxidized fine silt which powder in the hand.Pea gravels occur regularly throughout this unit.The color tends to be a dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4).The upper contact is most often with the Devil tephra (unit 3),but the lower contact is variable and may be with units:4b,4c,Sa or 5b.In many places across the site this unit will appear as a mottled matrix.Unit 4a is a volcanic sediment identified as the Upper Watana tephra.This unit is continuous across the site but is occasionally mixed with units 4b and 4c.Artifacts occur throughout this unit. This unit is identified as the Lower Watana tephra and is continuous throughout the site.The unit varies in color from a brownish yellow (10 YR 6/6)to a light brown (7.5 YR 6/4).It usually appears as a mottled matrix or in patches.It is almost always associated with the Oxidized Watana tephra but is very discontinuous across the site and across individual squares.Generally this unit is sterile but a total of four flakes were found within the unit. 3-397 TABLE 3.35 (Continued) Unit Description 4c Sa 5b The matrix is composed of loose loamy silt which contains great amounts of decomposed organics,carbon,charcoal flecks,roots and small burnt and unburnt bone fragments. The silt is very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2)to a dark brown (10 YR 3/3)in color.The unit varies in thickness frOO1 2 em to 13 em.In some places it is over1aid by unit 4a and unit 3.Its lower contact is variable and may be with unit 4b,5a,Sb or 6a.The matrix is an altered Watana tephra.This unit is restricted to a small portion of the exposed site and is discontinuous over the entire site area.Artifacts are found along each of the contacts and throughout the unit. A loamy silt with decomposed organics,carbon staining and small pieces of charcoal.It is black in color (10 YR 2/1)and occurs as a lens which undulates in thickness fran .5 em to 2 em.It is always in contact with the 10wer Sb unit and its upper contact is variable.Tradi- tionally this unit has been recognized as the paleosol above the Oshetna tephra.It is di scontinuous over the enti re site bu tis found in every square.Artifacts are found associated with this unit as well as its contacts. The matrix is a light gray very fine matrix which powders and streaks in the hand (10 YR 5/1).The unit varies in thickness.At places it is as thin as .5 em and may get as thick as 12 em.The unit is usually overlaid by the black paleosol (Sa)and is underlaid by glacial drift. Because of its stratigraphic position,this unit has been recognized as the Oshetna tephra.Particle analysis of 3-398 - TABLE 3.35 (Continued) Unit Description .- 6a 6b three samples taken from this unit all indicate that these sediments are not volcanic in origin.There is a high probabil ity that if these sediments are Oshetna tephra,they have been mixed with other non-volcanic sediments.This unit is found in all of the test squares but is disturbed and discontinues in each square.Nine artifacts have been found within this sediment unit . This matrix is canposedof approximately 50%compacted silts and 50%gravels which range in size from pear to cobbles.The matrix tends to be oxidized and ranges in color fran a strong brown (7.4 YR 4/6)to a yellowish red (5 YR 4/6).The thickness undulates fran patches approximated 2 em to layers that extend to the base of the excavation.It is almost always found directly below the Oshetna tephra and above the unoxidized glacial drift.This unit has traditionally been recognized as the oxidized glacial drift.It is found in all the test squares at the site but is not always continuous across an individual square.Artifacts are not usually found in this unit although one flake made of shale was recovered. The flake is questionable because much of the drift material is also composed of shale fragments. The matrix is composed of 50%gravels and 50%silts.The gravel consistency is the same as that found in unit 6a, but the silts are less compacted due to no oxidation. The color is a light olive brown (2.5 Y 5/4).This unit usually occurs at the base of unit 6a or 5b and extends to the bottom of the excavation.It is known as the 3-399 TABLE 3.35 (Continued) Unit De sc rip t ion 6c unoxidized glacial drift and is found in every test square on the site and is continuous over the entire site area.This unit contains no cultural material. The matrix is a crumbly mud or siltstone which resembles decomposing shale.It is a very dark grayish brown (2.5 Y 3/2).It only occurs as a patch in one square and is always within the glacial drift.No artifacts are associated with this unit. 3-400 - - - ..... .- - As with most sites in the project area there are three broad kinds of soil/sediment units found at TUM 184.These include,natural deposi- tional units,the contacts between them,and cultural units.A general stratigraphic section from the site would consist of glacial drift as the lower most unit.The drift contains two sections,with the upper being heavily oxidized.There is no difference in constituent parts between the two except for the oxidized nature of the upper portion.A volcanic sediment zone,the Oshetna tephra,caps the glacial drift. Above the Oshetna tephra is a paleosol characterized by a black lens of charcoal and carbonized organics.Above the paleosol is the upper oxidized Watana and lower unoxidized Watana tephras.80th of these deposits have been recognized as the Watana tephra.In three of the squares a cultural deposit (unit 4c)is found at the same vertical position as the Upper Watana tephra and the Upper Watana is not present at these squares.Above the Watana tephra is found a third volcanic, the Devil tephra.Above the Devil tephra is found a lens of organics and charcoal,usually associated with cultural material.This entire sequence is capped by a contemporary root mat. The cultural deposit found within the Watana tephra (4c)occurs in three of the ten test squares.It is found in all parts of the northern most square (N100/E102)and only in the northeast corner of (N94/E101)and the northwest corner of (N99/E103).This unit averages approximately 8 cm in thickness but varies from 2 cm to 13 cm.The matrix appears to be composed of an altered Upper Watana tephra mixed with burned and unburned bone fragments.80th bone and chipped stone artifacts are found throughout the matrix. Nine of the eleven soil/sediment units have associated cultural material within or at its contact.The site is multicomponent in character with at least two and most probably three separate components.The lower most component is fairly distinct stratigraphically and occurs at the paleosol above the Oshetna tephra.The two uppermost components are more difficult to isolate stratigraphically because of the continuous nature of the artifacts represented in the soil/sediment units beginning 3-401 at uni t 2 and conti nui ng through units 4a and 4c.The greatest concen- tration of artifacts is found at the unit 2/3 contact.This contact is probably where the first component is concentrated.The middle component occurs at the 3/4a contact and continues into the Watana tephras.This middle component probably includes units 4a and 4c. Bone from TLM 184 was found predomina tel y in uni ts 4a and 4c of test square N100/E102 (Table 3.37).Most specimens were small calcined unidentifiable fragments,usually with a maximum dimension of less than 5-10 millimeters.Of the 26,689 bone fragments,115 pieces were identified to skeletal element,and 83 of these were determined to be caribou (Rangi fer tarandus).The rena ining identi fi ed fragments coul d be classified as either caribou or Dall Sheep (Ovis dalli)or,in some cases only as medium to large mammal.The ecological setting suggests these remaining bones probably represent caribou rather than sheep. Eight bones were identified as the remains of small mammals or birds, although the s kel etal el ement coul d not be determi ned.It shaul d be noted that the specific small mammal or bird bones were calcined suggesting they represent the remains of subsistence activities.The small mammal or bird bones were only associated with the middle component at the site. Although long bone,rib,vertebra,skull and tooth fragments were collected,foot bones--metapodial,tarsal,phalanx and sesamoid fragments--cOOlprise the highest percentage of identified el ements.The higher incidence of these bones can be accounted for either by their actual higher frequency in the assemblage or by processing practices in which bones were less fragmented than other skeletal elements.The foot bones are fragmentary,and therefore difficult to use in determining the r1inimum Number of Individuals represented at the site.The fact that both completely ossified and unossified (epiphyses)articular surfaces of certain phalanges were present does suggest that at least two individual caribou can be identified in the faunal assemblage.Unl ike the small mammal or bird bones,the foot fragments of caribou were recovered fran all three of the components at TLM 184. 3-402 - ""'" - - - - ""'" .- ...... Upper Canponent: The uppermost canponent is concentrated in the unit 2/3 contact.A tota 1 585 1 i thic spec imens were recovered from thi s contact.In addition,150 lithic specimens were found in unit 2 and 377 lithic specimens were found in unit 3.Most of the artifactual material recovered from the uni t 2/3 contact were unmodi fi ed f1 akes.Seven different kinds of lithic raw materials were identified in the collection of flakes.Three tool s were al so recovered fran this contact.The tools recovered from the unit 2/3 contact are listed in Table 3.40 and include,one modified flake (UA83-110-306),and two microblades (UA83-110-264 and 490).Three bifacial rejuvenation flakes were also recovered from this contact (UA83-110-332,356,105).Two radiocarbon samples composed of large charcoal chunks were submitted fran the unit 2/3 contact and produced dates of 840 ±60 years:A.D. 1110 (Beta 7692)and 1060 ±70 years:A.D.890 (Beta 7693). Middl e Canponent: When the arti facts from all test squares are canbined and ordered by strata,all strata contain artifacts and there is no sterile stratum separating the upper and middle canponents.A number of factors indicate that these two components are separated between the Devil and Watana tephras.For instance,five of the ten test squares which have a high concentration of artifacts in units 3 and above are sterile or contain one flake in units 4a,4b and 4c.Also in test squares which contain artifacts in all units there tends to be a change in the relative frequency of raw material type.In the upper units (2,2/3 and 3)both a rgill ite and whi te chert tend to predominate as the most frequent kinds of lithic raw materials.In units 4a,4b and 4c the frequency of argillite occurrence drops considerably.Another phenome- non which indicates the canponent separation at the unit 3 and unit 4 contact is the highly significant change in the amount of faunal material recovered.For instance,in units 2,2/3 and 3 the total of bone fragments collected is significantly less than the bone fragments coll ected from uni ts 4a,4b and 4c (Table 3.37). 3-403 The contact between units 3 and 4 produced a total of 334 lithic artifacts (Table 3.38,Figure 3.92).With further analysis these artifacts may be ascribed to the upper or middle component.No tools or tool fragments were recovered from this contact zone,only flakes and bone fragments.A total of 608 lithic artifacts were collected from the strata representing the middle component.Eleven lithic tools were recovered from these strata and include five microblades (UA83~110-42l, 422,478,525,776),one scraper fragment (UA83-1l0-402),two unifacial tools (UA83-110-799.800),one hammerstone (UA83-1l0-792),one modified flake (UA83-ll0-802)and one biface fragment (UA83-ll0-808)(Figure 3.105).Of the 608 chipped stone artifacts found in these strata,unit 4b produced only 4 artifacts. Lower Component: The lower component was concentrated in unit 5a (pal eosol above Oshetna tephra).Again this component was not isolated with a sterile stratum but the decline in artifact frequency at the upper and lower contact suggests unit Sa is a separate'period of occupation.The upper contact of the paleosol with the Devil tephra produced 8 artifacts.The lower contact,with the Oshetna tephra.also produced only 8 artifacts.The paleosol produced 97 artifacts.95 of which were manufactured from argillite (Table 3.38,Figure 3.93).None of the artifacts recovered frll11 this lower component were tool s or tool fragments.The artifacts from this component tend to cluster near the eastern end of the site. Table 3.39 provides a summary of the artifact distribution for each test square and each unit.Two radiocarbon samples were submitted for unit 5a.These samples produced dates of 5230 ±140 years:3280 B.C.(Beta 965)and 6480 ±370:4530 B.C.(Beta 962). The lower cll11ponent is bounded above by the Watana tephra and below by the Oshetna tephra.These two tephra are separate volcanic ash falls which are usually free of non-ash deposits such as aeolion sands, glacial gravels and rocks,unless reworked by natural agents including man.In three of the test squares 1arge boul ders approximately 40 cm by 30 cm by 20 em in size were found above the Oshetna tephra.Each of the 3-404 - - ""'I - !!NlCII I ~i - '""" - - ,.... .... ,...., boulders were intrusive into the upper units but were resting directly on the top of the Oshetna tephra.Because of their stratigraphic position,they appear to be associated with the paleosol above the Oshetna tephra and as such,with the lowest cultural component.The three boulders fom an arc which,if canplete,would produce a circle approximately four meters in diameter.~'ore testing is needed before a reliable interpretation can be made of the IIboulder feature"but it may represent the remains of some kind of wind screen or tent ring.If this were the case,it VtUuld be highly significant because there are few known features fran this time period. Eval uation: T~'184 is located on a knoll approximately 2.2 km north of the con- fluence of Watana Creek and Susitna River.It is approximately 1.3 km west of Hatana Creek in a region of spruce bogs.Only one other knoll of similar size is located in the immediate vicinity,approximately 200 m to the east.At first inspection,the site location appears to have little significance but it is the highest land feature within a 3 km radius.A clear view of the surrounding lowland to the south,west and north is available for nearly 10 kms.The high frequency of large mammal bones,mostly caribou,is evidence to support assumptions of caribou consumption by prehistoric inhabitants at the site.Whether caribou were procured,processed or consumed directly at the site still rema i ns to be tested archeologically.Arti fact cl asses recovered from the site imply traditional sorts of activities associated with a hunting and gathering economy based on large mammal consumption.For instance, the scrapers recovered fran the si te may indicate hide \\Qrking activities.The unifacial tools and retouched flakes which have acute edge angl es suggest butchering and ski nning activ;ti es.Other sorts of maintenance work associated with woodworking is indicated by the recovery of the adze prefonn (UA83-110-478). Whatever the site may have "functioned"as through time can only be interpreted with more archeological exploration.The reasons pre- historic populations had for visiting the site must have been important 3-405 because the site was occupied on at least three different occasions. Any of these three occasions may have constituted a single episode for a short period of time (one year or one season)or they may represent many very short-term camps over the course of a few hundred years.The site was continually visited and must have continually supplied access to resources for the people who occupied it over the course of 5000 years. Another important aspect of this site is its relationship to TLM 215. TLN 215 is located approximately 200 m to the east on another knoll of similar size.It contains two archeological components which correspond to two of the three archeological components found at TLM 184.Both sites contain the same upper component.That is,the site was occupied at the same time during their last prehistoric use.No radiocarbon dates were determined for the lower component at TLM 215 but strati- graphically,this component corresponds to the first occupation of TLM 184.The close proximity of these two sites and their contemporaneity during at least two time periods require further investigation. Six radiocarbon samples were analyzed from TLM 184.Table 3.41 summarizes the information derived frbm these samples.The samples taken from the Upper and Lower Watana tephras produced ages which were not expected given the stratigraphic position of the units dated.The Lower Watana tephra (4c)contained a great amount of soil,burned bone and unburned bone.The volume of charcoal found in this sample was too small for an adequate date even after being combined with additional samples taken from the 4c matrix.As a resul t,the sample was run as a bulk sample and produced an age of 1060 ±70 years:A.D.890 (Beta- 7843).Given the stratigraphic position of the sample,this date probably does not represent the age of the Lower Watana tephra.This assumption is further supported by the tephrochronological analysis which conclusively identified this unit as the Lower Watana tephra, which has been dated at a much earlier age.The sample taken from the Upper Watana tephra (4a)produced an age of 3920 ±100 years:1970 B.C. (Beta-7842).This sample may not represent organic material initially deposited in the Upper Watana tephra because of stratigraphic distur- bance.This sample was collected from the southwest quad of N98/E106. 3-406 - ~I - - - ~. - - The stratigraphy was truncated in this quad by the intrusion of glacial pebbles.Therefore,it is reasonable to expect that the radiocarbon sample represents redistributed material and may not be dating the Upper Wa tana tephra. At this time,TLM 184 represents one of the most valuable sites for obtaining information on the little known time period between ca.A.D. 500 and 1500 B.C.in Interior Alaska.In addition,because it is a multicomponent site,a good understanding of the relationship between earl ier and later occupations may be obtained by further testing at TLM 184. 3-407 TABLE 3.36 ARTIFACT SUMMARY t TUM 184. 856 228 1048 5 9 12 1 19 38 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 Argillite flakes (light brown to greenish brown) Dark gray to black chert flakes Wh i te chert fl akes Red chert fl akes Brown chert fl akes Chalcedony flakes Shal e fl ake Basalt fl ake s Obsidian flakes Quartzite flakes Modified flake t argillite (UA83-110-780) Modified flake t red chert (UA83-110-306) Modified flakes,white chert (UA83-110-449 t 575,578) Modified flake,gray chert (UA83-110-802) Modified flake,basalt (UA83-110-329) Split pebble,gray chert (UA83-110-104) Rejuvenation flake,gray chert (UA83-110-332) Rejuvenation flake,argillite (UA83-110-505) Rejuvenation flake,obsidian (UA83-110-356) Scraper fragment t gray chert (UA83-110-402) End scraper,white chert (UA83-110-448) Biface tip,white chert (UA83-110-451) Biface fragment,white chert (UA83-110-808) Projectile point base,white chert (UA83-110-549) Microblade t argillite (UA83-110-525) Microblades t white chert (UA83-110-264,373 t 478 t 421) Microblades t gray chert (UA83-110-490,776) Microblades t brown chert (UA83-110-422 t 615) Unifac;al taoIst white chert (UA83-110-799 t 800) Adze preform (UA83-110-474) Hammerstone (UA83-110-792) 3-408 - TABLE 3.36 (Continued) Faunal I~ateri al 26,689 Bone fragments 3-409 TABLE 3.37 FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 184. - Unit 4a/5a 4a 4c 2/3 4/4c Test Square N98/El06 N99/EIOl N99/E 103 Description 1 Fragment,heavily burned,medium-l arge mammal 1 Possible proximal tibia fragment,lightly burned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Oall sheep (Ovis dalli) 53 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Distal fragment proximal phalanx, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal fragment distal phalanx, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Distal fragment phalanx,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovis dall i) 4 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium- 1arge mammal 203 Fragments,cal ci ned,med ium-l arge mamlTlal 1 Possible proximal fragment of proximal vestigial phalanx,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 21 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 2 Fragments,lightly burned,medium-large mammal 3 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 3-410 - - TABLE 3.37 (Continued) .... i Unit 4c 3/4a 2 2/3 3 Test Square NI00/E99 NI00/El02 Description 1 Possible distal phalanx fragment, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) 1 Distal fragment proximal phalanx, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Cuneiform fragment,cal cined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 4 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium- 1arge mammal 42 Fragments,calcined,medium-large.mammal 1 Long bone fragment,calcined,large mammal 1 Proximal fragment distal phalanx, cal cined,caribou (Rang;fer tarandus) 1 Left navicula-cuboid fragment,heavily burned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Long bone fragment,calcined,medium- large mammal 4 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal \10 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal s 11 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammals 3-411 TABLE 3.37 (Continued) ""'"I Unit 3/4a Test Square Description 1 Possible proximal fragment proximal phalanx,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (avis dalli) 1 Distal fragment middle phalanx,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal fragment distal phalanx, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (avis dalli) 2 Proximal fragments distal phalanges, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Di stal metapodial fragment,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Sesamoid fragment,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovis dani) 1 Possible transverse process of lumbar vertebra,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (avis dalli) 1 Possible facet fragment of lumbar vertebra,calcined probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Tooth fragment,calcined,probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 15 Long bone fragments,calcined.medium- 1a rge mammal 22 Fragments,heavily burned.medium-large mammal 5352 Fragments,calcined.medium-large mammal 3-412 ""'"' - - TABLE 3.37 (Continued) - Uni t 4a Test Square Description 1 Proximal fragment proximal phalanx, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 4 Distal fragments proximal phalanges, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal fragment middle phalanx, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Distal fragment middle phalanx,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal epi physi s fragment middl e phalanx,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal fragment distal phalanx, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal phal anx fragment,cal cined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 2 Distal phalanx fragments,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal phal anx fragment,cal cined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovi s dall i) 2 Distal metapodial fragments,calcined caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Po s sib1e dis ta1 me ta pod;a1 fr agme nt, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) 2 Sesamoids,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Possible sesamoid,calcined,medium-large mammal 3-413 TABLE 3.37 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description 4a (conti nued) 4b 1 Right navicula-cuboid fragment,heavily burned,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Astragalus fragment,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovi s dall i) 1 Possible proximal tibia epiphysis, calcined,probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Possible spinolJs process fragment of thoracic vertebra,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Antler fragment,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Possible basicranial fragment,calcined, medium-large mammal 50 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium- 1a rg e mamma 1 3 Fragments,charred,taxon unknown 3 Fragments,calcined,small mammal 39 Fragments,heavily burned,medium-large mammal 6521 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 12 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 3-414 - .... - TABLE 3.37 (Continued) .".. Unit 4c Test Square Description 8 Distal fragments proximal phalanges, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal epi physi sproximal phalanx, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal fragment proximal vestigial phalanx,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal phalanx fragment,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovi s dall 1) 6 Proximal fragments middle phalanges, calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Distal fragment middle phalanx,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal fragment middle vestigial phalanx,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 4 Proximal fragments di stal phal anges, cal cined,cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus) 1 Di s tal phal anx,cal ci ned,cari bou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Proximal fragment di stal vestig ial phalanx,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Distal phal anx fragment,cal cined, caribou (Rangi fer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovi s dan 1) 2 Proximal fragments middle or distal phalanges,calcined,probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 3-415 TABLE 3.37 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description 4c (continued) 4 Di stal phal anx fragments,cal cined , caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovi s dall i) 7 Sesamoids,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 7 Sesamoid fragments,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 2 Sesamoid fragments,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovis -dall i) 2 Metapodia1 shaft fragments calcined, probably caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 3 Distal metapodial fragments,calcined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Distal metapodial fragment,cal cined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovi s dall i) 1 Right navicu1o-cuboid fragment,cal cined, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Calcaneous fragment,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovis dall i) 1 Poss i bl e proximal ti bi a fragment, calcined,large mamma1 2 Lumbar vertebra facet fragments, calcined,probably caribou (Rangifer .tarandus) 1 Vertebral fragment,calcined,medium- 1arge mammal 3-416 - - - .... - TABLE 3.37 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description 4c (c on t i nu ed ) 4b/5a 2 Rib fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Rib fragment,cal cined,small mammal 1 Possi b1e skull fragment,cal cined, medium-large mammal 1 Tooth fragment,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 1 Tooth fragment,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Dall sheep (Ovis dall i) 1 Tooth fragment,heavily burned,medium- 1arge mammal 2 Long bone fragments,calcined,small mammal or bird 112 Long bone fragments,cal ci ned,med ium- large mammal 1 Fragment,cal cined small mammal or bi rd 2 Fragments,calcined,small-medium mammal 17 Fragments,heav i1 y burned,med ium-1 arge mammal 13,722 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 1 Long bone fragment,cal ci ned,med ium- 1arge mammal 3-417 TABLE 3.37 (Continued) ..... .... Unit 5a/5b Test Square Test Pit 2 Description 3 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium- 1a rge mammal 24 Fragments,calcined t medium-large mammal 24 Fragments,heavily burned,medium-large mammal 287 Fragments,ca1cined,medium-large mammal 3-418 TABLE 3.38 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 184. ,..., i -- Contact between organic mat and decayed organic horizon (unit 1/2) Within decayed organic horizon (unit 2) Contact between decayed organic mat and Devil tephra (unit 2/3) 5 Argillite flakes 18 White chert flakes 1 Brown chert f1 ake 1 Dark gray to black obsidian flake 1 Basal t fl ake 28 Dark gray to black chert flakes 2 Arg ill i te f1 a ke s 104 White chert flakes 3 Brown chert fl akes 3 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 2 Chal cedony fl akes 1 Ba sal t fl a ke 1 Modified basal t flake (UA83-110-329) 3 Modified white chert flakes (UA83~110- 575,578,449) 1 Projectile point base (UA83-110-549) 1 Biface tip (UA83-110-451) 1 End scraper,white chert (UA83-110-448) 43 Dark gray to black chert flakes 257 Arg ill i te fl akes 262 White chert flakes 1 Quartzi te fl ake 7 Dark gray to black obsidian fi akes 6 Chalcedony flakes 3 Basal t fl akes 1 Rejuvenation flake,gray chert (UA83- 110-332) 1 ~~odified flake,red chert (UA83-110-306) 3-419 \, \ TABLE 3.38 (Continued) Within Devil tephra (un it 3) Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized Watana tephra (unit 3/4a) Wi thi n oxi di zed \Ja tana tephra (unit 4a) 1 Rejuvenation flake,obsidian (UA83-110- 356) 1 Rejuvenation flake,argillite (UA83-110- 505) 1 Microb1ade,gray chert (UA83-110-490) 1 r~icrob1ade,white chert (UA83-110-264) 24 Dark gray to black chert flakes 190 Argillite flakes 150 White chert flakes 2 Red chert fl a kes 2 Chal cedony fl akes 1 Brown chert flake 6 Dark gray to bl ack obsidian fl akes 1 Microblade fragment,white chert (UA83- 110-373 ) 1 Microblade fragment,brown chert (UA83- 110-615) 15 Dark gray to black chert flakes 137 Arg ill i te fl akes 174 vJhite chert flakes 2 Red chert fl akes 1 Brown chert fl a ke 4 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 1 Basal t flake 29 Dark gray to bl ack chert fl akes 13 5 Arg ill i te fl a ke s 123 Uhite chert flakes 1 Red chert flake 1 Brown chert fl ake 3-420 .~ - ,~.. TABLE 3.38 (Continued) Within light brown colored Watana tephra (unit 4b) Wi thin brown cul tu ral horizon (unit 4c) 2 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 1 Chalcedony flake 5 Sa sal t fl a ke s 1 Scraper fragment,gray chert (UA83-110-402) 1 Microblade,argillite (UA83-110-525) 2 Arg ill ite fl a kes 1 ~Jhi te chert fl ake 1 Dark gray to black obsidian flake 83 Dark gray to bl ack chert fl akes 2 Argillite flakes 198 Whi te chert fl akes 1 Quartzi te fl a ke 8 Dark gray to black obsidian flake 1 Chalcedony fl a ke 4 Basal t fl akes 2 Microblades,white chert (UA83-110-421, 478) 1 Microblade,gray chert (UA83-110-776) 1 Hammerstone (UA83-110-792) 2 Unifacial tools,gray chert (UA83-110- 799,800) 1 Modified flake,gray chert (UA83-110- 802) 1 Biface fragment,white chert (UA83-110- 808) 3-421 TABLE 3.38 (Continued) Mixed Watana tephras (unit 4a.b,c) Contact between Watana tephra and paleosol (unit 4/5a) Contact between Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra (unit 4/5b) Paleosol above Oshetna tephra (unit 5a) Contact between paleosol and Oshetna tephra (unit 5a/5b) Within Oshetna tephra (unit 5b) Within oxidized drift (un;t 6a) 5 Dark gray to black chert flakes 16 Argill i te f1 akes 16 White chert flakes 4 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 1 Microb1ade fragment,brown chert (UA83- 110-422) 4 Arg ill ite f1 a kes 1 Wh i te chert fl ake 1 Brown chert flake 1 Modified flake,argillite (UA83-110-780) 1 Adze prefonn (UA83-110-474) 2 Arg ill i te f1 a ke s 1 Dark gray to black chert flake 95 Argillite flakes 1 Wh i te chert fl ake 3 Argillite flakes 2 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 3 Basal t f1 akes 6 Argill i te 1 Brown chert flake 1 Basal t f1 ake 1 Split pebble,brown chert (UA83-110-104) 1 Shale flake 3-422 ... - - ~- -. - TABLE 3.39 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 184. .... -- Test Square N99/E99 Unit 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organic horizon 2 Within decayed organic horizon 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Devil tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized Wa tan a tephra 4a Within oxidized ~~a tana tephra 3-423 Description 1 Argillite flake 1 Basal t fl ake 1 Modified flake,basalt (UA83-110-329) 1 Arg ill i te fl a ke 1 Whi te chert f1 ake 1 Dark gray to black obs id ian f1 ake 1 Rejuvena ti on fl a ke,gray chert (UA83-110-332) 1 Modified flake,red chert (UA83-110-306 ) 6 Arg ill i te fl akes 1 White chert flake 2 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 5 Arg ill i te fl akes 1 Basal t fl ake TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description 4b Withi n 1 ight brown col ored I~a tana tephra 4c Within brown cultural horizon 4a,b,c Mixed Watana tephras 2 Arg ill i te fl a ke s 1 Dark gray to black obsidian flake None 3 Argillite flakes _. - 4/5a Contact between None Watana tephra and paleosol 4/5b Contact between 2 Arg i 11;te fl a kes Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra Sa Paleosol above Oshetna 3 Argillite flakes tephra Sa,b Contact between 1 Argillite flake paleosol and Oshetna tephra """ ~, .... - Sb Wi thin Oshetna tephra S Arg i 11 ite f1 akes 6a Within oxidized drift None -N98/ElOO 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organ ic horizon 3-424 None TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description 2 Within decayed organic horizon 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Devil tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized Watana tephra 1 Dark gray to black chert flake 1 Arg ill i te fl ake 14 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 2 Arg ill i te fl a ke 5 1 Qu artzi te fl ake 1 Dark gray to black chert fl ake 9 Argill i te fl akes 1 White chert flake 2 Red chert fl a ke 5 3 Arg ill i te fl a ke s 1 White chert flake - 4a ~Ji thi n oxi di zed ~Ja tana 5 Arg ill i te fl akes tephra 4b ~li thin 1ight brown None ..col ored ~~atana tephra 4c Within brown cultural None horizon 4a,b,c Mixed Watana tephras 3-425 3 Dark gray to black obs id ian fl akes TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Oescri pti on 4/5a Contact between Watana tephra and paleosol 1 Mod ifi ed fl a ke , a rg ill i te (UA83-110-780)-4/5b Contact between None Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra N99/EIOl 5a Paleosol above Oshetna tephra 5a,b Contact between paleosol and Oshetna tephra 5b Wi thin Oshetna tephra 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organ ic horizon 2 Within decayed organic horizon 3-426 None 2 Argill ite fl akes 1 Brown chert fl ake 2 White chert flakes 1 Dark gray to black obs id ian fl ake None - ,~ TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Descri ption - ,~ - - 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Devil tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized \~a tana tephra 4a Within oxidized ~~a tana tephra 3-427 7 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke s 16 Whi te chert fl akes 5 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 1 Rejuvenation flake, obsidian (UA83-110-356) 6 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 5 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke s 37 White chert flakes 2 Chal cedony fl akes 3 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 1 Microblade fragment,white chert (UA83-110-373) 2 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 10 White chert flakes 1 Red chert flake 3 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 3 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 1 Arg ill i te fl ake 7 White chert flakes TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description 1 Red chert flake 1 Scraper fragment,gray chert (UA83-110-402) - 4b Within light brown colored Watana tephra 4c Wi thi n brown cul tural hori zon 4a,b,c Mi xed ~Ja tana tephras 4/5a Contact between Wa tana tephra and pal easal 4/5b Contact between Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra 5a Paleosol above Oshetna tephra 3-428 None 1 Dark gray to black chert flake 7 White chert flakes 2 Dark gray to black obsid ian fl akes 1 Microblade fragment, white chert (UA83-110- 421) 1 Microbl ade fragmen t, brown chert (UA83-110-422) 1 Brown chert flake None 1 Dark gray to black chert fl ake 1 Uhi te chert fl ake ""'", - - - TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description _. - N98/EI02 5a,b Contact between paleosol and Oshetna tephra 5b Wi thin Oshetna tephra 6a Within oxidized drift 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organic horizon 2 Within decayed organic hori zon 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Devil tephra 3 Within Dev"il tephra 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized LJa tana tephra 3-429 None None 1 Shale fl ake None 1 Dark gray ~o black chert flake 15 White chert flakes 1 Dark gray to black obsidian flake 2 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 3 White chert flakes 1 Dark gray to black obsidian flake 1 Chancelony flake 6 Hhite chert flakes 27 Argillite flakes 4 ~Jhite chert flakes TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description 4a Within oxidized Watana None tephra 4b \~ithin light brown None colored Wa tana tephra 4c Wi thin brown cul tural None horizon 4a,b,c Mi xed Wa ta na tephras None - 4/5a Contact between None Watana tephra and pal eosol 4/5b Contact between None Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra Sa Paleosol above Oshetna None tephra Sa,b Contact between paleosol and Oshetna tephra 3-430 1 Dark gray to black obs id ian fl ake ft1'Ui'Rl" '"'" TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description ..- .- N100/E102 5b Wi thin Oshetna tephra 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organic horizon 2 Within decayed organic horizon 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Dev il tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3-431 1 Basalt flake 1 Split pebble,brown chert (UA83-110-104 ) None 24 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 1 Argill i te fl ake 85 White chert flakes 3 Brown chert fl akes 2 Dark gray to black obs id ian fl akes 2 Chal cedony fl a kes 1 Projectile point base (UA83-110-549) 2 Modi fied fl akes,whi te chert (UA83-110-575,578) 1 Dark gray to black chert fl ake 88 ~Jh i te chert fl a ke s 14 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 4 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke s TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description 1 Microblade fragment,brown chert (UA83-110-615) 1 Brown chert fl a ke 1 Dark gray to black obsidian flake - - 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized Watana tephra 4a Within oxidized Wa tana tephra 12 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 2 Arg ill i te fl a ke s 159 White chert flakes 1 Red chert fl a ke 1 Brown chert f1 ake 1 Dark gray to black obsidian flake 1 Ba sa1t fl a ke 26 Dark gray to black chert f1 akes 116 White chert flakes 1 Brown chert flake 2 Dark gray to black obs idi an fl akes 1 Chal cedony fl ake 4 Basalt flakes - - 4b Within light brown None colored Ha tana tephra 3-432 lIill'le, TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description -.4c Within brown cultural horizon 80 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 1 Arg ill i te fl a ke 177 White chert flakes 1 Quartzi te fl a ke 6 Dark gray to black obsidian flakes 4 Basal t fl akes 1 Hammerstove (UA83-110-792) 1 Microblade,gray chert (UA83-110-776) 2 Unifacial tools,white chert (UA83-110-799,800) 1 Modified flake,gray chert (UA83-110-802) 1 Biface fragment,white chert (UA83-110-808) 4a,b,c Mi xed Wa tana Non e tephras 4/5a Contact between None Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra - - 4/5b Contact between Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra 3-433 None TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square N99/E103 Unit Sa Paleosol above Oshetna tephra Sa,b Contact between paleosol and Oshetna tephra 5b Within Oshetna tephra 6a ~li thin oxidized drift 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organ ic hori zon 2 Within decayed organic horizon 3-434 Description None 1 Dark gray to black obs idi an fl a ke 3 Basal t fl akes None None 14 White chert flakes 1 Brown cher't fl a ke 1 Ba salt fl a ke 2 Dark gray to black chert fl a kes 4 White chert flakes 1 End scraper,white chert (UA83-110-448) 1 Modified flake,white chert (UA83-110-449) 1 Biface tip,white chert (UA83-110-451 ) - TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description - 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Devil tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized via tana tephra 20 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 2 Argillite flakes 223 White chert flakes 4 Chalcedony f1 a kes 8 White chert flakes None 4a Wi thi n oxi di zed Wa tana None tephra .- 4b Wi thin 1 ight brown colored Watana tephra 4c Within brown cultural horizon 3-435 1 Whi te chert f1 ake 2 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 1 Arg i 11 i te f1 a ke 14 White chert flakes 1 Chal cedony f1 ake 1 Microblade fragment.white chert (UA83-110-478) TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Oescri ption 4a,b,c Mixed Watana tephras 4/5a Contact between Wa tana tephra and paleosol 4/Sb Contact between Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra 5 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 1 Argillite flake 16 White chert flakes 1 Dark gray to black obsidi an fl a kes 1 White chert flake 1 Adze prefonn (US83-110- 474) None .... - - Sa Paleosol above Oshetna None tephra Sa,b Contact between None paleosol and Oshetna tephra - N98/EI04 5b Within Oshetna tephra 6a Within oxidized drift 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organic horizon 3-436 None None 2 Whi te chert fl akes .... TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description ~\2 Within decayed organic horizon 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Devil tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized Wa tana tephra None 1 Dark gray to black chert flake 58 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke s 8 White chert flakes 1 Dark gray to black chert fl ake 50 Argillite flakes 1 Dark gray to black chert fl ake 29 Arg ill i te fl a kes 4a \~i thin oxidized Watana None tephra 4b ~Ji thin 1 ight brown None colored Wa tana tephra 4c Wi thin brown cul tural None horizon 4a,b,c Mixed Watana tephras 4/5a Contact between Watana tephra and paleosol 3-437 11 Argillite flakes 3 Arg ill i te fl a ke s TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description ..." - '"'" 4/5b Contact between None Wa tana tephra and Oshe tna tephra 5a Pal eo sol above Oshetna None tephra 5a,b Contact between None paleosol and Oshetna tephra - N99/EI05 5b Within Oshetna tephra 6a Within oxidized drift 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organic horizon 2 Wi thin decayed organic horizon 2/3 Contact between decayed organic hori.zon and Devil tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3-438 None None 4 Argill ite fl akes None 19 Argillite flakes 6 White chert flakes 1Mi crobl ade fragment,gray chert (UA83-110-490) 27 Arg ill i te fl a ke s - TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description .- 3/4a Contact between None Devil tephra and oxidized Wa tana tephra 4a Wi thi n oxi di zed None Wa tana tephra 4b Wi thi n 1 ig ht brown None colored Watana tephra 4c Wi thi n brown cul tural None hori zon .- - 4a,b,c Mixed Watana, tephra 1 Arg ill i te fl a ke 4/5a Contact between None Watana tephra and paleosol ,.-. ,~ 4/5b Contact between Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra None - Sa Paleosol above Oshetna 5 Argillite flakes tephra 5a,b Contact between None Paleosol and Oshetna tephra 3-439 TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description 5b Within Oshetna tephra None N98/EI06 6a Within oxidized drift 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organic horizon None None 2 Within decayed organic None hori zon 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Devil tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized Watana tephra 4a Ui thi n oxi di zed Wa tana tephra 3-440 5 Dark gray to black chert flakes 74 Arg ill ite fl akes 5 White chert flakes 3 Basalt flakes 1 Microblade,white chert (UA83-110-264 ) 41 Argillite flakes 9 White chert flakes None None ~I ~I TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Oeseri pti on (~ 4b Within light brown None colored Wa tana tephra 4c Within brown cultural None horizon 4a,b,c Mixed Watana None tephra -4/5a Contact between 1 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke Watana tephra and paleosol 4/5b Contact between None Watana tephra and Oshetna tephra 5a Pal eosol above Oshetna 1 Arg i 11 i te fl a ke tephra 5b Wi thi n Oshetna tephra 1 Argil1 i te fl ake 6a Within oxidized drift None ..- N99/E107 1/2 Contact between organic mat and decayed organic horizon None 2 Within decayed organic None horizon 3-441 TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description ....., - 2/3 Contact between decayed organic horizon and Devil tephra 3 Within Devil tephra 3/4a Contact between Devil tephra and oxidized Watana tephra 4a Wi thin oxidized VJatana tephra 4b Within light brown col ored ~~a tana tephra 4c ~li thi n brown cul tural horizon 4a,b,c Mi xed \Ja tana tephra 4/5a Contact between Watana tephra and paleosol 3-442 94 Arg ill i te fl a kes 1 Chalcedony flake 1 Rejuvenation flake, argillite (UA83-110-505) 5 Dark gray to black chert fl akes 48 Argill ite flakes 71 Arg ill ite fl akes 129 Argillite flakes 1 Microblade,argillite (UA83-110-525 ) None None None None - ...., -, - - - TABLE 3.39 (Continued) Test Square Unit Description .- 4/5a Contact between Wa tana tephra and Oshetna tephra 5a Within paleosol above Oshetna tephra None 86 Arg i 11 i te f1 a ke s 5b Within Oshetna tephra None 6a Within oxidized drift None 3-443 TABLE 3.40 TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 184. Wt1I:!!1 I Unit 2 Within decayed organic horizon Test Square N99/E99 NIOO/EI02 Description UA83-110-329.Modified flake,basalt: Flake terminates with a hinge fracture. Fine retouch is present along lateral edges and probably represents use wear. The platform and bulb of force are still intact. UA83-110-549.Projectile point base, white chert:Point appears to have been broken during manufacture.Only one face has fine diagonal flake scars.It appears to be a side notched point wi th shallow notches and a convex base (Figure 3.105e). UA83-110-575.Modified flake,white chert:Platform and bulb of force are intact.There is only a slight amount of retouch located near the platform which ;s probably use wear related. UA83-110-578.Modified flake,white chert:Flake;s rectangular in shape with a concave ventral surface.Retouch occurs on two very straight edges.No platform or bulb of force. 3-444 TABLE 3.40 (Continued) ,~ -- Unit Test Square N99/EI03 Description UA83-110-448.End scraper,white chert: Triangular in shape with dorsal chipping on all three edges.All edges meet to form sharp tangs or ears.The ventral surface is smooth and slightly convex with a single flake scar which contains a hi nge frac ture (Figure 3.105j). UA83-110-449.Mod i fi ed fl a ke,wh i te chert:Very fine retouch occurs on lateral edges and is probably use wear related.Bulb of force is intact but platform has hinged off. UA83-110-451.Biface tip,white chert: Di stal end of fl ake wh ich has been bifacially worked.Both dorsal and ventral sides have fl akes renoved from edges only.No chipping is carried across the entire length of biface (Figure 3.105d). 1'".. ..- 2/3 Contact N99/E99 between organ ic horizon and Devil tephra UA83-110-306.~1odified flake,red chert: Flake is circular in shape and has evidence of post depositional thetTIal alteration.It is fire reddened and contains thermal spalls.Retouch along lateral edges is probably intentional modification and use wear.No platform is intact . 3-445 TABLE 3.40 (Continued)- - Unit Test Square N99/E105 Description UA83-110-490.Microblade fragment,gray chert:A possible microblade proximal end.Platfonn is flat and at a right angle to the ventral surface.The dorsal surface has in irregular flake pattern. N98/EI06 3 Wi thin N99/EIOl Devil tephra NIOO/EI02 UA83-110-264.Microblade,white chert:A very small platform is still intact.The dorsal surface contains a single medial ridge and the distal end is twisted and plunging. UA83-110-373.Microblade fragment,white chert:Proximal end of microblade.The platfonn is intact and flat,at a right angl e to the ventral su rface.The dorsal surface is irregular with no medial ridges. UA83-110-615.Microblade fragment,brown chert:Medial section of a possible microblade.Contains a smooth ventr~ surface.The dorsal surface has a single medial ridge. - -4a Wi thin Oxidized Watana Tephra N99/EIOl UA83-110-402.Scraper fragment,gray chert:Dorsal retouch is present on only one edge of scraper.The working edge ;s characteristic of a scraper blade but somewhat acute.Only a fragment of the scraper renains (Figure 3.105k). 3-446 TABLE 3.40 (Continued) -- ,- - - Unit 4c Wi thin Brown Cul tural Horizon Test Square N99/E107 N99/EIOl N100/EI02 Description UL\83-110-525.t4icroblade,argillite: Almost canplete microblade with distal end missing.The platfonn is flat and is at a right angle to the ventral surface.The dorsal surface has a single medial ridge and contains some cortex (Figure 3.105g). UA83-110-421.Microblade fragment,white chert:Proximal end of a possible micro- bl ade fragment.The pl atfonn is very small;smooth and beveled.The ventral surface is smooth and the dorsal surface has no medial ridge. UA83-110-792.Hammerstone:River worn pebble with battering on three places. ~~ade of fine grained brown quartzite. UA83-110-776.Microblade,gray chert: The dorsal surface contains a single med ia1 rid ge.It i sal mo st can p1e te bu t is missing the distal tip.Contains a flat platfonn which is at a right angle to the ventral surface (Figure 3.105;). UA83-110-799.Unifacial tool,white chert:Large flake tool,rectangular in shape wi th intenti onal retouch on the dorsal surface.The ventral surface is smooth with no retouch (Figure 3.105b). 3-447 TABLE 3.40 (Continued)- Unit Test Square N99/EI03 Descri ption UA83-110-800.Unifacial tool,white chert:One face looks very much like a projectile point tip with diagonal and parallel flakes taken hal fway across the dorsal surface.The ventral surface is not fl aked (Figure 3 .105c). UA83-1l0-802.Modified flake,gray chert: Chunky flake with cortex on the dorsal surface.Some retouch occurs along one edge and is probably use wear. UA83-1l0-808.Biface fragment,white chert:Medial section of-a biface from near the base.The fragment appears to be contracting toward the base but is inter- rupted by a basal frac ture (Figure 3.l05f). UA83-1l0-4l8.Microblade fragment,white chert:Proximal end of a possible micro- blade.The platfonn is intact and flat across the top at a right angle to the ventral surface. ~, la,b,c N99/ElOl UA83-11 0-422.t1icrobl ade fragment,brown ~ Mixed chert:Only the proximal section is Watana rema 101 ng.The dorsal ridge contains a -tephra single medial ri'dge.The pl a tfonn is fl at and at an 80 0 angl e to the ventral surface ..... (Figure 3.105h). 3-448 TABLE 3.40 (Continued) Unit Test Square Description 4/5a Contact N98/EIOO Between the Wa tana Tephra and Pal eosol N99/EI03 UA83-110-780.~10d i fi ed fl a ke,a rg i 11 i te : The flake is rectangular in shape with one modified edge.The retouch appears to be use wear.All other edges have been fractured at right angles.The ventral side is smooth and the dorsal side contains flake scars. UA83-110-474.Adze preform:A river worn basalt pebble which is flat and oval in shape.Crude chipping occurs on both lateral margins.It appears to be in the early stages of adze/eel t reduction sequence.There is no evidence of pecking or grinding (Figure 3.105a). 5b Within Oshetna tephra N98/EI02 UA83-110-104.Split pebble,brown chert: Shows evidence of two impact areas. Ini ti ally spl it and subsequently had a flake removed.The pebble is rounded and contains cortex over more than half the surface area. 3-449 - Upper Compnent - N99 £107 N()S E106 N99 El05 N98 El04 N99 El03 Nl00 El02 TEST SQUARES N93 El02 Stratigraphic units 1/2,2,2/3,3. N99 El0l N98 El00 N9'J E99 500 300 400 200 100 LITHIC ARTIFACT FREQUENCY Figure 3.91.Artifact Frequency by Test Square,Upper Component,TLM 184. 3-450 500 400 300 LITHIC ARTIFACT FREQUENCY 200 100 NJ9 E9CJ N90 EIOO N99 ElOl N98 El02 N:.OO N99 El02 EI03 N98 El04 N99 EIOS N98 EIOG N99 ElO? Ii iddle Component TEST SQm·.HES Stratigraphic units 4a,4b,4c. - Figure 3.92.Artifact Frequency by Test Square,Middle Component,TLM 184. 3-451 500 400 300 LITHIC ARTIFACT FREQUENCY 200 100 - 1I -~~-- 1'199 N98 1'199 E99 EIOO BIOI N98 E102 NlOO EI02 :J'l'J n98 t19'J EIOJ NI04 EIOS N'J8 EI06 N99 E107 Lower Component TEST SQUAP.ES Stratigraphic units 5a,5a/5b,~;b. Figure 3.93.Artifact Frequency by Test Square,Lower Component,TLM 184. 3-452 TABLE 3.41 RADIOCARBON DATES FOR TLM 184. - Sampl e Material Stratigraphic Dated Unit 14C Years B.P.Comments UA83-110-945 Large Decayed 840±60 Large sample with Beta-7692 charcoal organic no contamination, chunks horizon associa ted wi th (unit 2)artifacts. UA83-110-949 Large.02/Devil 1060±70 Large sampl e wi th Beta-7693 pieces of tephra no contamination, charcoal contact associated wi th (unit 2/3)arti facts • ..... UA83-110-962 Small Paleosol 6490±370 Sample was col- Beta-7694 pieces of above 1ected fran one charcoal Oshetna quad of the (unit 5a)stratigraphic unit as sma 11 pieces and fl ecks. ""'"I UA83-110-965 Small Paleosol .5230±140 Sample collected Il!llil!llII Beta-7695 pieces of above from small iso- charcoal Oshetna lated area within (unit Sa)stratigraphic unit.Soil r-matrix was in- cl uded wi th charcoal. ,... 3-453 TABLE 3.41 (continued) Sample Material Dated Stratigraphic Unit 14C Years B.P.Comments ..... UA83-110-9SS Beta-7842 UA83-110-961 Beta-7843 Small pieces of charcoal Very small pieces of charcoal and carbon sta i ned rna tri x Upper Watana tephra (unit 4a) Lower Watana (unit 4c) 3-454 3920±100 1060±70 Sampl e coll ected from Watana tephra Th i s wa s a bu 1k sampl e composed of charcoal, fl akes and so i1 matrix.Root penetration into the matrix pro bab 1y cau sed contamination. .... - ..... ~, - ..... ...... - Systematic Testing TUM 215--Watana Depression Site Location:See Section 3.2 Testing: A single 1 m by 1 m test square was excavated during the systematic testing phase at TUM 215.Since discovery of this site was made very late in the field season,the site map was made using only a compass and tape measure.The square,arbitrarily designated as N100/E50,was superimposed over three previous shovel tests in an oval-shaped depression near the north end of the knoll summit (Figure 3.94). Situated at the southeastern edge of the depression,the square was placed so as to maximize information about this feature by intersecting both its base and berm. Di scussion: During reconnaissance testing,the knoll on which TLM 215 is located was extensively shovel tested.One of the shovel tests placed in a depression on the knoll produced two small calcined bone fragments. Expansion of subsurface testing in this vicinity during the systematic phase revealed an additional 44 bone fragments and 41 basalt or argillite flakes.Table 3.45 summarizes the artifacts collected at the site,and Table 3.44 describes the faunal assemblage. Ten major stratigraphic units,three of which had discernable substrata, were identified at TUM 215 (Figure 3.95,Table 3.42).The distribution of artifacts and faunal remains within these units is depicted in Table 3.43.The bimodal distribution of this material and association with two culturally deposited strata separated by a stringer of Devil tephra suggest that 2 components are represented at the site.The upper component has been radiocarbon dated at 1580 ±110 years:A.D.370 (Beta-7846).In addition to lithics and bone,2 features were identified.The oval-shaped surface depression was designated as Feature 1;a subsurface rock feature was designated as Feature 2. 3-455 - - systematic Test Square o o I 10 I 20 I Shovel Test (Artifacts Recovered) Shovel Test (Sterile) Site Datum Depression Boulder • o x o @ t·1ETERS Contour Interval:.5 ~ Talkeetna Mts.0-3 T.32 N.,R.6 E.,S.M. SW 1/4 SW 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.24 - Figure 3.94.Site Map TLM 215. 3-456 10 9b 50 30 40 60 DEPTH (em)PROFILE UNIT 0 1a 1b 23J3:b CULTURAL-10 6 7 20 8 -CULTURAL 9a - unit 3 .....UA83-227-25:1580 +110 years:370 A.D.(Beta-7846) Figure 3.95.Composite Profile TLM 215. 3-457 lb la Unit - - I!III!!\ ! .... TABLE 3.42 (Continued) Unit Description - - 3b 4 5 Sandy silt with gravels,pebbles and some cobbles;.olive (5 Y 5/4).Overburden drift.Poorly sorted.Cobbles reach a maximum dimension of 46 em and are generally associated with Feature 2 on the north and west walls. Unit ranges from 4-26 cm in thickness on north and west walls,2-8 cm on south and east walls.Indistinct boundary with upper unit;distinct but undulating contact with underlying unit.Root penetration.Continuous throughout square.Isolated charred wood fragments recovered.Basalt and argillite flakes and bone fragments occur in unit and at contact with underlying unit.One radiocarbon date:1580 ±110 years B.P. Fine silt with decomposed organic material and charcoal staining;black (7.5 YR 2/0).Very thin,less than 1 cm in thickness.Discontinuous,at times appearing as lenses.Basalt flakes occur at the contact of this unit and the units above and below. Very fine-grained silt;very pale brown (10 YR 7/3). Varies in thickness from .5 -5.5 em.Undulating contact with lower unit,with mixing of these units on south wall.Tephra (Devil).Discontinuous;appearing at times as leAses.An isolated basalt flake and a bone fragment occurred in unit,with a higher concentration of flakes and bone occurring at the contact with overburden drift (unit 3b). 3-459 TABLE 3.42 (Continued) Unit Description 6 7 8 9a Very fine-grained s"ilt;strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)to light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4).Varies in thickness from .5 -18.5 em.Undulating contacts with adjacent units.Mixing occurs with overlying unit on south wall, upper boundary is generally gradational.Tephra (Watana).Discontinuous on east wall;appearing as lenses on north and west walls.Root penetration. Basalt flakes occur at contact with unit 5 above and likely belong to that unit. Fine-grained silt;gray (10 YR 5/1).Ranges from .5 - 9 cm in thickness.Undulating,but generally clear contacts with adjacent units.Tephra (Oshetna).Discon- tinuous,frequently occurring as lenses.Root penetra- tion. Sand and silt mixed with gravel and pebbles;strong brown (7.5 YR 5/8)to olive (5 Y 5/3)with mottled appearance. Varies from 4-30 crn in thickness.Generally unclear contacts with adjacent units.Glacial drift mixed with tephra:Cultural fill.Restricted distribution on north and west walls.Root penetration. Sand and silt mixed with pebbles and cobbles;strong brown (7.5 YR S/B).Varies from 2 -12.5 cm in thick- ness.Lower boundary unclear and grades into underlying .unit.Glacial drift;oxidized poorly sorted.Truncated on the north and west walls by presence of cultural fill (unit 8). 3-460 - TABLE 3.42 (Continued) Unit Description -. - 9b 10 Sand and silt mixed with pebbles and cobbles;olive (5 Y 5/3).Thickness varies from 1-14 01'on north and west walls to 9-30 011 on south and east walls.Upper boundary unclear and grades into overlying unit.Glacial drift poorly sorted.Truncated on north and west wall s by presence of cultural fin (unit 8). Sand mixed with 1arge percentage of pebbles and cobbles; grayish brown (2.5 Y 5/2).Glacial drift.Poorly sorted.Upper boundary ranges fran clear to indistinct with overlying units.Excavation into this unit defined limit of excavation.Truncated on north and west walls by presence of cul tu ral fi 11 (uni t 8). 3-461 The stratigraphy at Tl}1 215 is best illustrated as a series of events, both natural and cultural.Briefly,the events consisted of the deposition of glacial drift (units 9a,9b,and 10),and a series of volcanic ash falls in the fono of the Oshetna (unit 7),Watana (unit 6), and Devil (unit 5)tephras,which serve to chronologically bracket two cultural pit-filling events.At some point in time after the deposition of Watana tephra,but prior to the Devil tephra fall,the first cultural event,excavation of a pit through the tephras into the drift,took place.The pit was then utilized,and presumably shortly thereafter, refilled with drift that had become mixed with tephras and other sediments.This cultural fill (unit 8)was easily discernable on the north and west walls of the test square by its mottled appearance and outline on the wall profiles.The outline of unit 8 clearly shows that the glacial drift and both the Oshetna and Watana tephras had been truncated during the pit refilling event,and thus indicates that the event occurred in post-Watana times.The Devil tephra,however,forms a continuous band above unit 8,demonstrating that unit 8 was already in place before the site was mantled with this volcanic ash. Following the Devil tephra fall and the formation of a thin,black organic layer (unit 4),another cultural event took place.Once again, the shallow depression appears to have been utilized and later covered over by a 4-10 em thick unit of overburden drift (unit 3a,b).Whereas the lower cultural fill (unit 8)is only apparent on the north and west walls,the overburden drift appears on all four walls of the test square. The stratigraphic sequence is capped by 3-4 em of organics,soil,and sediment designated at units la,1b,and 2. A discrete lens,not appearing on wall profiles,was identified between units 8 and lOin the northwest quadrant of the square.It was composed of brown (7.5 YR 5/2)fine-grained silt,organic matter,and brown lithic material resembling siltstone.Also included in this lens were charcoal flecks and bone fragments. The upper cornponent at TLM 215 can be correlated with the contact between the overburden drift and Devil tephra,where cultural material 3-462 - - - - ..... included 23 basalt flakes,5 argillite flakes,plus 25 calcined bone fragments.Although sparse lithics and bone did occur in strata above and below this contact,their occurrence can probably be attributed to vertical displacement resulting from frost heaving.Size range of the flakes,none of which had been modified,varied from less than 1 cm to 5 cm in diameter.The largest piece of lithic debitage was a basalt cortex flake.The bone fragments averaged approximately 1.5 cm in diameter,and with the exception of 1 fragment possibly from a small mammal,could all be identified as belonging to medium-large mammals. One of the two long bone fragments had distinct cut marks along its lateral margin. The lower component is evident in the northwest quadrant of the test square lying in the deepest portion of the depression (Feature 1). Stratigraphically it is located in a discrete lens of silt mixed with organics at the contact between the cultural fill (unit 8)and glacial drift (unit 10).As discussed above,the occurrence of unit 8 seems to have been a post-Watana tephra,but pre-Devil tephra,pit-filling episode,and therefore the lower component can be given an upper bracketing date correlating to the broad range of dates for these tephras (1800-3200 years B.P.).Cultural material from this component was limited to 17 bone fragments,all but one of which were small (less than 1 cm)and generally calcined or heavily burned.These fragments were also attributable to a medium-large mammal.The one exception was an unburned long bone fragment (6 cm by 4 cm)of a large mammal. As mentioned previously,1 surface feature and 1 subsurface feature were recorded at TLM 215.Feature 1,the depression where N100/E50 was placed,is 1 of 8 surface depressions noted on the knoll summit.The oval-shaped depress i on,ori ented east-northeast to west-southwest, measures 2.6 m by 2 m including the berm which surrounds it.At the surface,the depth from the highest point on the berm to the depression floor is 22 cm.This feature can be said to encompass both the upper and lower site components . 3-463 Feature 2,a steep-sided rock feature comprised of sub-rounded cobbles and boulders lying primarily in the northwest quadrant of"the test square,also appears to be associated with both site components.The largest boulder in the feature,measuring 46 cm by 25 cm,lies in the overburden drift but juts upward through the overlying strata and is visible at the surface.At least five other cobbles,cascading toward the northwest corner of the square,also rest within the overburden drift,and are clearly associated with the upper component.Underlying cobbles are mantled by a sediment appearing visually to be Devil tephra, but identified through petrographic analysis to be either upper or lower Watana tephra.Lenses of tephra and charcoal are interbedded between the Feature 2 cobbles which plunge to a depth of ca.60 cm below site datum.Mixing of these lenses probably accounted for the difference between the field and laboratory identification of the tephra samples. The stratigraphic context of these tephra-mantled cobbles suggest that they are more likely correlated with the lower component,or possibly another component which has not been adequately represented because of limited site testing.None of the cobbles within Feature 2 had been fire-cracked,nor were any fire-cracked spalls observed in the fill. Only one basalt flake was recovered from this feature. A total of five radiocarbon samples were collected from the site.Two of these were taken from Feature 2,and because of the mixed strati- graphic context were not submitted for dating.Another two samples of very $,mall charcoal pieces mixed with the matrix from the lens at the contact of units 8 and 10 proved to be too small for dating.Only one sample,collected from the overburden drift (unit 3)was submitted for dating.The resulting date for the upper site component was 1580 ±no years:A.D.370. Evaluation:""" The limited testing done at TLM 215 has shown that the knoll on which the site is located has had sustained prehistoric use during at least two different time periods.The more recent time period,radiocarbon dated 3-464 I~ - - to 1580 ±110 years B.P.(A.D.370)falls within the early prehistoric Athapaskan occupation of Interior Alaska.Stratigraphic context suggests that the lower component predates the Devil tephra while post- dating Watana tephra,placing it in a time frame of ca.1800-3200 years B.P.(A.D.150-1250 B.C.).The small assemblage of lithic debitage and bone fragments indicate that tool manufacture or modification and processing of medium to large mammals was occurring at the site.At present there is insufficient data with which to determine the actual function of the depression (Feature 1)and the subsurface rock feature (Feature 2)which it encompasses at Tll-t 215.The archeological litera- ture for prehistoric Athapaskan sites does,however,document frequent use of depressions or pits for a variety of purposes.Although the dimensions of Feature 1 conform most closely to what have previously been identified as cache pits (Workman 1977a),the presence of small calC"ined bone fragments,such as found at TLM 215,are not usually associated with such pits.Whatever its function during the Athapaskan period,the depression certainly may have been used differently during the earlier period of site occupation. Several factors warrant that further testing be done at TLM 215.First, the single 1 m by 1 m test square permitted only a glimpse of one of several depressions on a prominent knoll,likely to have been used extensively in prehistoric times.Testing of the other depressions would answer questions about site extent and may provide additional information for dating the lower site component.Secondly,the inter- relationship between TLM 215 and TLM 184,only 300 m distant,needs to be further explored as the upper two site components at TLM 184 seem to correlate with the components at TLM 215.Another factor to consider is that only a handful of sites with cultural depressions have been dis- covered and tested in the project area to date.The rarity of these sites justifies that close attention be paid to them.Finally,the transition between the lower component at T~1 215,a time period associated with the Arctic Small Tool Tradition,and the lower com- ponent,associated with the Athapaskan tradition,is little known in the archaeological record for Interior Alaska and should be further explored. 3-465 TABLE 3.43 ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 215. Unit Organic to gray sandy 5il t (unit 1b/2) Gray sandy silt (unit 2) Overburden drift (unit 3) Overburden drift to Devil tephra (unit 3/5,3/4/5,4/5) Devil tephra (unit 5) Cultural unit mottled drift to Glacial drift (unit 8/10) Fea ture 2 (mi xed units 3-8) Unit unknown (unit 1,2,or 3) Description 2 Basalt flakes 3 Basal t fl akes 1 Basalt flake with cortex 23 Basalt flakes 5 Arg ill ite fl a kes 25 Bone fragments 1 Basalt flake 1 Bone fragment 17 Bone fragments 1 Basal t fl ake 1 Arg ;11 i te fl a ke 3 Bone fragments 3-466 ~.- - TABLE 3.44 FAUNAL MATERIAL,TUM 215. ",... So il Unit 3/5 5 8/10 Test Square N100/E50 Shovel Test lA/IS Description 2 Long bone fragments,calcined, med ium-l arge mammal 1 Fragment,calcined,small-large mammal 22 Fragments,cal ci ned,med ium-l arge mammal I Fragment,calcined,medium-large mammal I Long bone fragment,un burned, large mammal 1 Fragment,unburned,medium-large mammal 2 Fragments,heavily burned,medium- 1arge mammal 13 Fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal 2 Long bone fragments,cal cined, medium-large mammal I Fragment,calcined,medium-large mammal 3-467 TABLE 3.45 ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TLM 215. Lithic Materi al 34 1 6 41 Total Faunal Material 46 Basal t fl akes Basalt flake with cortex Arg ill i te f1 akes Bone fragments 3-468 - - ~, - - - KEY TO FIGURES 3.96 -3.105 Figure Site Accession Number,Description 3.96 a TU1 016 UA83-132-6,end scraper b TLM 016 UA83-132-73,biface fragment c TLM 016 UA83-132-127,retouched tabular fragment d TLM 016 UA83-132-50,retouched flake e TLM 069 UA83-131-42,biface.- f TLM 097 UA83-224-71,bu ri na ted corner notched pro j ec tile po int .-TU1 097 UA83-224-11,endscraperg h TLM 097 UA83-224-73,endscraper 3.97 a TLM 030 UA83-130-1949,1951,articulating •I"~fragments;projectile point b TU1 030 UA83-130-127,projectile point c TLM 030 UA83-130-1923,projectile point d TLfl1 030 UA83-130-130,projectile point e TL~1 030 UA83-130-48,projectile point.- f TLM 030 UA83-130-1931,projectile point g TLM 030 UA83-130-1932,projectile point h TLM 030 UA83-130-351,projectile point i TLM 030 UA83-130-1005,projectile point j TLM 030 UA83-130-867,projectile point k TLM 030 UA83-130-1915,projectile point 1 TLM 030 UA83-130-349,projectile point m TLM 030 UA83-130-1935,projectile point n TLM 030 UA83-130-124,projectile point .... ,.".. 3-469 KEY TO FIGURES 3.96 -3.105 (Continued)-, Fig ure Site Accession Number,Description 3.98 a TLM 030 UA83-130-1933,biface b TLM 030 UA83-130-1958,biface or point preform c TLM 030 UA83-130-353,projectile point or point prefonn d TLM 030 UA83-130-1956,biface or point preform fragment -e TLM 030 UA83-130-128,129,articulating fragments; elongate biface f TU1 030 UA83-130-619,biface ~ 3.99 a TLM 030 UA83-130-1263,endscraper b TLM 030 UA83-130-1380,end scraper c TLM 030 UA83-130-1941,endscraper ~ d TLM 030 UA83-130-1938,endscraper e TLM 030 UA83-130-1922,endscraper f TLM 030 UA83-130-1421,endscraper 9 TLM 030 UA83-130-12G2,endscraper ~ h TLM 030 UA83-130-1921,endscraper i TLM 030 UA83-130-1124,endscraper 3.100 a TLfl1 030 UA83-130-820,modified flake -b TLM 030 UA83-130-2~09,ochre c TLM 030 UA83-130-1924,modified flake d TLM 030 UA83-130-1261,modified flake - e TLM 030 UA83-130-352,modified flake f TLM 030 UA83-130-1955,modified flake 3-470 KEY TO FIGURES 3.96 -3.105 (Continued) Figure 3.101 a b c d e f g 3.102 a b c d e 3.103 a b c d e f g h i j k 1 m n o Site TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 030 TLM 128 TLM 128 TLM 128 TLM 128 TLM 128 TLM 128 TLM 128 Tu-t 128 TLM 128 TLM 128 TLM 128 TU~128 Tu-t 128 TLM 128 TLM 128 Accession Number,Description UA83-130-1943,biface UA83-130-1945,1946,articulating pieces; bi face UA83-130-1939,1950,articulating pieces; bi face UA83-130-1947,biface UA83-130-1942,biface UA83-130-1948,biface UA83-130-1944,modified flake UA83-130-1464,modified cobble UA83-130-969,hammerstone UA83-130-1892,hammers tone UA83-130-621,biface UA83-130-1926,modified cobble UA83-230-44,microblade fragment UA83-230-33,microblade fragment UA82-68-15,microblade fragment UA83-230-23,microblade fragment UA83-230-236,modified flake UA83-230-104,unifacial tool UA83-230-41,endscraper UA82-68-85,projectile point fragment UA83-230-42,projecti 1e point fragmen t UA83-230-43,projectile point fragment UA83-230-128,projectile point fragment UA83-230-25,UA82-68-226,projectile point fragments UA83-230-97,projectile point UA83-230-24,projectil e point fragment UA83-230-190,projectile point fragment 3-471 KEY TO FIGURES 3.96 -3.105 (Continued) Figure Site Accession Number,Description 3.104 a TLM 180 UA83-106-359,microblade b TLM 180 UA83-106-169,microblade c TLM 180 UA83-106-312,microblade d TU~180 UA83-106-396,microblade e TLM 180 UA83-106-168,microblade f TLM 180 UA83-106-290,microblade 9 TLM 180 UA83-106-310,microblade h TLJ.1 180 UA83-106-401,blocky core i TLM 180 UA83-106-390,blocky core ~ j TU4 180 UA83-106-400,blocky core k TLM 180 UA83-106-297,primary reduction fl ake - 3.105 a TLM 184 UA83-110-474,adze preform ~, b TLM 184 UA83-110-799,unifacial tool c TLM 184 UA83~110-800,unifacial tool JlIlIil'!' d TLM 184 UA83-110-451,biface fragment e TLM 184 UA83-110-549,projectile point base f TU1 184 UA83-110-808,bi face fragment 9 TLM 184 UA83-110-525,microbl ade fragment TLM 184 UA83-110-422,microblade fragment ~h TLM 184 UA83-11o-776,microblade fragment j .TLM 184 UA83-11o-448,endscraper k TLM 184 UA83-110-402,scraper fragment 3-472 ... a b c d e 9 h ...., o 2 3 1~~ 4 5 6 7 8 9 IOcm-~\~..~~~ Figure 3.96.Artifacts from Sites TLM 016 (a-d), TLM 069 (e),and TLM 097 (f-h) 3-473 a b 9 c h d e - k m n 0 2 -3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IOem !i ~ Figure 3.97.Artifacts from Site TLM 030. 3-474 a b c ..... - - - o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 em !I Figure 3.98.Artifacts from Site TLM 030. 3-475 a d 9 b e h c - - o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 em 'Ii'iiiiiiiil~_~~~~~~~~~~i Figure 3.99.Artifacts from Site TL~1 030. 3-476 - - - - - c d • e "'~ 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IOcm ,.....i Figure 3.100.Artifacts from Site TLM 030. -3-477 a b c d ., -I I - e 9 o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 em !i Figure 3.101.Artifacts from Site TLM 030. 3-478 - ..... ..... a c d e 0, ! 2 3 4 <;6 H 9 10 f rn Fig ure 3.102.Arti facts from Site TLM 030. 3-479 - a b c d e 9 ~ I h • ~ """'! m n 0 ~ 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IOem - Figure 3.103.Artifacts from Site TLM 128. 3-480 I ,I I:' ,~ a b c d e 9 r i r l ..... h k o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 em !I Figure 3.104.Artifacts from Site TLM 180. 3-481 - a b c •d e f I I ., 9 h 'J k o I 2 3 4r;;;lS~~6_.7~~IiiiiiiiiiiI~. 8 9 IOem I Figure 3.105.Artifacts from Site TLM 184. 3-482 ~, r-\ r ",... I [ - 4 -IMPACT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES:A PRELIMINARY EVALUA- TION OF ALL SITES KNOWN TO DATE 1980-1983 4.1 -Introduction This impact analysis is preliminary and may require reevaluation depend- ing on reviseq engineering plans regarding reservoir height,borrow area selection,data concerning expected erosion along the margins of the impoundments,proposed recreational development,and other project changes that may affect cultural resources. The magnitude and nature of adverse impact the Susitna Hydroelectric Project will have on specific sites or groups of sites depends on the location of these cultural resources in relation to areas affected by construction,operation,maintenance,overall land modification,and ancillary development of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project and the type of activities which will occur in these areas (Tables 4.1-4.5).Three major types of adverse impact to cultural resources have been defined; they are 1)direct,2)indirect,and 3)potential.Sites directly impacted are those sites which are immediately affected by ground disturbing activities associated with preconstruction,construction or operation of the project.Areas where direct impact would occur include,but are not limited to,the Watana and Devil Canyon Reservoirs, Watana and Devil Canyon construction areas including construction camps and villages,borrow areas,transportation corridors including access roads and railroads,recreation areas,transmission lines,areas associated with geotechnical testing and any other area subject to subsurface disturbing activities associated with the Susitna Hydro- electric Project. Indirect impact will result from adverse effects that are secondary but clearly brought about by the project and which would not occur if the project were not undertaken.Indi rect impact will occur on si tes affected by altered and/or accelerated erosional processes associated with filling and regulating of the reservoirs.Secondary land modifica- tions such as altered drainage,accelerated erosional processes and 4-1 slope failure associated with dam and spillway construction,greater access to remote areas,increased number of project personnel in the area during and after construction,activities related to project main- tenance,and erosion of the impoundment margins resulting from fluctuat- ing water levels,all pose very real,though secondary,threats to cultural resources. Potential impact is connected with ancillary development which can be predicted to occur as a result of the project,but which depends on other variables which are unknown at this time.Such variables include future engineering modifications,future recreational use of the area, and increased development along access corridors and impoundment margins. Although the specific impact agent(s)that could impact sites in the po tent ia1 category are not presentl y known,impact to sites or groups of sites can be predicted to occur as a result of expected recreational use of the area and increased development associated with this activity. Potential impact could become direct impact,indirect impact or no impact depending on how these activities affect the areas containing cultural resources.When the location of all project facilities and recreational developments are known and the cultural resource inventory complete,it will then be possible to identify sites in the potential category that will receive direct,indirect,or no impact.This process will be incorporated into the 1985 mitigation plan. 4.2 -Significance To comply with federal regulations,impact analysis of cultural re- sources is legally required for those sites either listed in,or deter- mined as eligible for,the National Register of Historic Places.The eligibility of a site,or group of sites,for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places is based on the significance of the site{s). Therefore it is first necessary to determine if the site or group of sites is significant.Detennination of significance is based on National Register of Historic Places criteria which define significance "in American history,architecture,archeology,and culture present in districts,sites,buildings,structures,and objects of state and local 4-2 - - "'1 - - - - importance that possess integrity of location,design,setting, materials,workmanship,feeling,and a~sociation and/or that are asso- ciated with events that have made significant contributions to the broad patterns of history;or are associated with the lives of persons signi- ficant in our past;or that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period,or method of construction,or that represents the work of a master,or that possess high artistic values,or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack indi- vidual distinction;or have yielded or may likely yield information important in prehistory and historyll (36 CFR 60). A determination of significance must be based on adequate information. For this project a program of reconnaissance level testing was imple- mented to locate and document sites.In order to generate sufficient data on which to base an evaluation of significance,systematic testing J was employed.In most cases (a notable exception being historic cabins),systematic testing is necessary to assess significance.The 26 sites systematically tested all prOVided sufficient data to address the question of significance and 25 of these sites appear to be eligible for inc1usion in the National Register (Table 5.1 Chapter 5). Significance itself is a relative term which is used in an historic context dependent on the current state of knowledge,method and theory employed,and research questions asked.New techniques and methods have enabled archeologists to collect new and different types of data which allow new questions to be formulated and addressed.Although National J Register Criteria are subject to ongoing modification,significance pertaining to archeological sites genera11y emphasizes research poten- tial or suitability for public interpretation.Site integrity is generally a necessary prerequisite,but is not itself sufficient. Although all the sites located as a result of this study are related geographically and many temporally,the exact relationships await further study.Most of the sites were found associated with one or more of four tephra units which provide limiting dates in a restricted geo- graphic context and provide a unique and scientifically important oppor- tunity to construct the first cultural chronology for the Upper Susitna 4-3 River Valley.Armed with this information it is possible to state that all sites (with the exception of TLM 033)found to date in the study .area are likely significant and collectively hold the potential for defining the prehistory for this region of Alaska and,therefore,may be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Based on all data collected to date,a preliminary cultural chronology has been developed (Dixon et al.1982a:2-4). Significance must be assessed on adequate data.Only 26 of the sites located and documented during the four field seasons have been system- atically tested (due to time and budgetary constraints)and adequate data are available from these sites.Evaluation of specific site significance for the remaining sites must await systematic testing. However,because a majority of the sites occur in relation to four tephra units,it is possible to consider the collective significance of all sites for delineating the prehistory and history of the Upper Susitna River Valley. Given this level of significance it may be appropriate to evaluate these sites in terms of a potential archeological district because of the unique opportunity the known sites in this area (as well as yet undiscovered sites)have for addressing questions concerning the pre- history of a large portion of Interior Alaska which is presently not well defined. The impact of the Sus i tna Hydroel ectri c Project on the 245 sites documented to date is considered in Tables 4.1-4.5.The type of impact (direct,indirect,potential or no impact)are discussed by the following areas:Watana Reservoir,Watana Construction Area,Devil Canyon Reservoir,Devil Canyon Construction Area,Borrow Area,Access Route,Access Route Borrow Area,Railroad,Recreation Area,Transmission Route,.Geotechnical and Other areas associated vlith the project. 4-4 - ""'" Impact analysis,using the infonnation submitted in the FERC license application including supplemental information,indicates that of the 245 sites documented 109 will be directly impacted,28 indirectly--,--- impacted,133 could potentially be impacted and it appears that 10 will not be impacted.Infonnation regarding proposed access road borrow areas was taken fran two maps prepared by R&M Consul tants dated 9/1/84 (R&M number 252210). Thirty-five sites in the impact tables occur in two areas and are listed under each appropri a te area.For si tes in borrow areas not actuall y selected as borrow sources,and for recreation sites that may be ammended to avoid cultural resources it will be necessary to reevaluate impact. Although 133 sites in the potential category are presently located outside expected direct and indirect areas,they could be impacted depending on future developments associated with the Susitna Hydro- electric Project.At present,they should be avoided.However,if and when it is determ"ined that these sites will be either directly or indirectly impacted,it will then be necessary to mitigate this impact. When final plans for the project,including recreational activities,are available it may then be possible to detennine specific sites which will not be impacted by the Susitna Hydroelectric Project. 4-5 TABLE 4.1 IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES 1980 -1983:DIRECT IMPACT Devi 1 Access Wa tana Devil Canyon Route lola tan a Cons tructi on Canyon Cons truction Borrow Access Borrow Recrea t ion Transmission Reservo i r Area Reservoir Area Area Route Area Ra il road Area Route Geotechn ical Other + --_._. TLM 026 TLM 016 TLM 022 TLM 022 TLM 153 TLM 103 TLM 009 TLM 018 TLM 033 TI11 017 TI11 023 TLM 023 TLM 106 TLM 101 +::0 TLM 039 TLM 018 TI11 024 TLM 024 TI11 107 TLM 103 I TLM 137 TLM 027 TLM 054 TLM 108enTLM040 TLM 042 TLM 165 TLM 029 TLM 055 TLM 109 TLM 043 TLM 166 TLM 030 TLM 056 TLM 110 TLM 048 TLM 167 TLM 034 TLM 078 TLM 111 TLM 050 TLM 172 TLM 178 TLM 081 TLM 113 TLM 058 TLM 083 TLM 114 TLM 059 TLM 084 TLM 153 TLM 060 TLM 085 HEA 181 TLM 061 TLM 086 HEA 182 TLM 062 T1J.l 087 HEA 211 TLM 063 TI11 088 TLM 064 TLM 089 TLM 065 TLM 090 TLM072 TLM 091 TLM 073 TLM 094 TLM 075 TLM 095 TLM 077 TLM 096 TLM 079 TLM 097 +Sites outside defined impact areas,i.e.,Watana Reservior,Borrow Areas,etc.,but within Project Area. ]J I .1 )1 ,I I .1 J ~I .J J I I ]1 T~bLE 4.1 (Continued) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 Devil Access lIatana Dev 11 Canyon Route lid tana Construction Canyon Cons truc tion Borrow Access Borrow Recreation Transmission Reservo i r Area Reservoir Area Area Route Area Rail road Area Route Geotechn kal Other ..j:::. I -.J TLI1 080 TU·\102 TlM 104 TLM 115 TLM 119 TLM 126 TlM 169 TLM 171 Tlll 173 TLM 174 TLM 175 WI 177 TLM 182 TLM 184 WI 194 WI 196 TLM 199 TU1 200 TLM 204 TLM 206 TLM 207 TLM 215 TLH 176 TLM 188 TLM 201 TLM 202 TLM 203 TLM 209 TLM 210 TLM 211 TLM 212 TLM 213 TLM 214 TABLE 4.2 IMPACT OF THE ~USITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES 1980 -1983:INDIRECT IMPACT Devil Access Watana Dev il Canyon Route Wa tana Cons truction Canyon Construction Borrow Access Borrow Recrea tion Transmission Reservoir Area Reservoir Area Area Route Area Ra i1 road Area Route Geotechnical Other .J::> I co TLM 160 TLM 164 TLM 180 TLM 192 *Associated wi th areas of projected slope instabil ity. TLM 109 TLM 110 TLM 111 TLM 113 TLM 071 HEA 174 HEA 176 TLM 015 TLM 03B TLM 120 TLM 121 TLM 122* .TLM 123* TLM 124* TLM 125* TLM 127* TLM 129" TLM 130 TLM 131* TLM 132* TLM 133 TLM 143 TLM 145 HEA 175 J :I .').1 I I I J I I 1 )I I -1 I I I »1 TABLE 4.3 i 1 E 1 J 1 I 1 I J I 1 IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON ~IOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES 1980 -1983:POTENTIAL IMPACT Devil Access Wa tana Dev 11 Canyon Route Wa tana Construction Canyon Construction Borrow Access Borrow Recreation Transmission Reservoir Area Reservoi r Area Area Route Area Ra il road Area Route Geotechnical Other TlM 051 TU1 112 TLM 005 TLM 021 TLM 112 TlM 020 TLM 116 TLM 006 TLM 054 HEA 012 .TlM 025 TLM 117 TLM 055 HEA 026 TlI1 028 ~TlM 155 TlM 056 HEA 030 TlM 031 I lD TU1 168 TUI 057 HEA 035 TU'\032 TlM 214 TLM 078 HEA 037 TLM 035 HEA 180 TLM 081 HEA 038 Tl~1 036 HEA 181 TlM 083 HEA 080 TlM 037 HEA 102 TlM 084 HEA 083 TLM 041 TlM 085 HEA 119 TLM 044 TLM 086 HEA 128 TLM 045 TlM 087 HEA 137 TLM 046 TlM 088 HEA 139 TLM 047 TlM 089 HEA 141 TLM 049 TlM 090 HEA 142 TLM 052 TlM 091 HEA 143 TlM 053 TlM 094 HEA 210 TUI 066 TlM 095 FAI 141 TLM 069 TLM 096 FAI 142 TlM 074 TLM 097 FAI 144 TlM 076 TLM 098 FAI 145 TU·I 092 TABLE 4.3 (Continued) Devil Access ~Ia tana Devil Canyon Route lJa tana Construction Canyon Construction Borrow Access Borrow Recrea tion Transmission Reservoir Area Reservoir Area Area Route Area Ra il road Area Route'.Geotechnical Other TLM 099 FA!213 TLM 093 Tl}\100 FAI 214 TLM 118 TLM 105 ANC 052 TLM 128 TLM 116 MCOn TLM 134 TlM 117 ANC 079 TlM 135 TLM 179 ANC 082 TU1 136 TlM 182 ANC 096 TLM 138 .J:>o Tl}\186 ANC 099 TLM 139 I --'TlM 187 ANC 118 WI 140a Tl}\208 ANC 245 TLM 141 HEA 183 TVO 014 TLM 142 HEA 184 TU1 144 HEA 185 TLM 146 TLM 147 lLM 148 TU1 149 TLM 150 TLM 151 TLM 152 Tl1'l 15~ TlII 159 lUI l~J Ti n 1'11 .1 J ).1 )......J 1 .1 I I ~I J .1 J I 1 TABLE 4.3 (Continued) 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 .~i j .f::o I -' -' Devil Access lIa tana Devil Canyon Route lIa tana Cons truc t i on'Canyon Construction Borrow Access Borrow Recreation Transmission Reservoir Area Reservoir Area Area Route Area Rail road Area Route Geotechnical Other TLM 183 TLM 185 TLM 189 TU1 190 TLM 191 TLM 193 TLM 195 TU1 197 TLM 198 TLM 218 TLM 219 -Po I --..J TABLE 4.4 IMPACT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ON KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES 1980 -1983:riO 1I1PI\CT -~-- Devil Access lUI tana Dev 11 Canyon Route \.Ia tana Construction Canyon Construction Borrow Access Borrow Recrea ti on Transmission Reservoir Area Reservoir Area Area Route Area Ra i1road Area Route Geotechnical Other N J J -I -I J J J I 1 TLM 068 TLM,070 TLM 082 HEA 177 HEA 178 HEA 179 J 1 TLM 007 TLM 067 TLM 205 HEA 181i I _I 1 I 1 1 }1 J i 1 j i TABLE 4.5 IMPACT SUMMARY BY LOCATION RA T WR WC DR DC B AR ARB RR 1 2 Phase 3 4 5 H-F W-A 101-1 GT o TOTAL 5 -MITIGATION OF IMPACT ON HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES:A PRE- LIMINARY EVALUATION OF ALL SITES KNOWN TO DATE 1980-1983 5.1 -Mitigation Policy and Approach Federal agencies are required to assess the effects of these proposed undertakings on properties on or nominated to the National Register of Historic Places.When such properties will be adversely affected,the agency must determine whether there are feasible and prudent alterna- tives which would avoid or satisfactorily mitigate the adverse effect. Mitigation may include preservation or data recovery. (a)Avoidance Avoidance consists of any measures that avoid adverse effects of a project on cultural resources.Avoidance in and of itself may not be totally effective if provisions are not made to insure that an historic or archeological site protected from the immediate adverse effect(s) (direct and indirect impact)of a project is not inadvertently damaged in the future as a result of the project (potential impact).For the Susitna Hydroelectric Project,potential damage may result from,but is not limited to,operation of the facilities,increased access to remote areas,recreational activities,private development,and the transfer of lands from federal and state governments to corporate or private parties.Therefore,avoidance must be considered in terms of long range and short range goals aimed at protecting cultural resources beyond the immediate construction phase of the dam and its ancillary facil ities. (b)Preservation Preservation is any measure that results in the reduction or avoidance of impact on cultural resources through physical maintenance or protec- tion aimed at preventing further deterioration or destruction.Preser- vation,as with avoidance,implies both short term and long term measures.Preservation may consist of stabilization,reconstruction,as 5-1 well as preservation of a site by constructing a barrier around the site,patrolling and monitoring the site,public education,or the establishment of an archeological preserve. (c)Data Recovery Data recovery refers to a problem orientated excavation program aimed at collecting and conserving archeological data in a scientific manner.A program of this type means that data recovery procedures are developed for each site or group of sites,analysis of materials is undertaken, and the results are disseminated to professional and public audiences. 5.2 -Mitigation Plan Any mitigation plan must be based on an evaluation of project impact on the total resource,including known and undiscovered sites.Therefore, because porti ons of the area to be impacted by the Sus i tna Hydroel ectric Project remain to be surveyed and investigated,a detailed mitigation plan must await completion of the survey program.The access corridor and associated borrow pits and haul road,the railroad,as well as the transmission corridors between Healy and Fairbanks,Anchorage and Willow,the Watana Dam site to the intertie and recreation areas (phases 2-5),have not been subject to thorough on-the-ground survey and sub- surface testing.Therefore,continued.survey is necessary.As sites are documented during the course of the survey,they can be classified into one of the impact categories:1)direct impact,2)indirect impact,3)potential impact,and 4)no impact (see Chapter 5 for defini- ti ons ). All sites subject to either direct or indirect impact should be system- atically tested to assess their eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (Table 5.1).To accomplish this goal these sites will require systematic testing (for a thorough dis- cussion of systematic testing procedures see chapter 2 of the April 1982 cultural resource report).The objective of systematic testing is to obtain sufficient data to assess the spatial limits,stratigraphy, 5-2 """I , - - - ""'" - .- relative age and possible cultural affiliation of a specific archeo- logical site.These data are essential to assess the ability of a site to yield significant scientific information,which is a necessary criteria for determining the significance of cultural resources. Following systematic testing,sites and potential site districts will need to be evaluated in terms of National Register criteria (36 CFR 60.4)• Those sites found to hold potential to address important humanistic, historical and/or local-interest research questions should be determined significant and thus be considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.This determination should be made in concert with the SHPO.At those sites at which data recovery is the type of mitigation selected excavation should be prioritized based upon the immediacy of the threat of adverse impact to each specific site, e.g.,within the impoundment areas,sites at lower elevations would receive priority above those at higher elevations and sites associated with project facilities scheduled for construction prior to filling the impoundment would receive priority over sites located in the impound- ment.Such a prioritization should minimize potential conflicts between cultural resources and construction schedules. The mitigation measure recommended for all sites falling within the potential impact category is avoidance.For those sites subject to potential adverse impact (Table 5.1)a monitoring plan should be developed in concert with the appropriate land managing agencies (state and federal).The monitoring program should,at minimum,establish a photographic record of each site on an annual basis and should any adverse impact resulting from activities of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project occur,it shoul~be documented.Should any particular site or group of sites experience adverse impact as a result of the project,the approp~iate mitigation measure for that particular circumstance should be applied.The monitoring program should be continued throughout the course of the project on an annual basis until the hydroelectric facility is operational.At such time,the monitoring program should \ become the responsibility of the appropriate land managing agency. 5-3 Coupled with the monitoring program should be an educational program for all construction and other project personnel,which emphasizes the necessity to avoid cultural resources in and adjacent to the project area.Such a program should stress the importance of the scientific information the sites contain and should discourage looting and artifact collecting. Evaluation of the sites located between 1980 and 1983 as well as sites on record in the Alaska Office of History and Archeology are tabulated in Tables 4.1-4.5 (Chapter 4)and Table 5.1.To assist in detennining the type and cost of mitigation Table 5.2 provides the observed and estimated sizes of sites investigated between 1980 and 1983.Of the known.sites,137 will be directly or indirectly impacted and 133 have the potential of being impacted.Based on available data,it appears that 10 sites will not be impacted by the project.However,this is a preliminary evaluation based on the fact that these sites are some distance from expected impact areas.Of the 245 sites presently known, 26 (lO.6%)have already been systematically tested.Systematic testing is recommended for those sites that have been determined to be directly or indirectly impacted by the project (Table 5.1).For those sites on federal or state lands which will not be directly or indirectly impacted by the project,the cultu ral resource pol i ci es of the appropri ate agency should be applied.Land status was taken from maps provided by Acres American and maps included in the FERC license application. Of the 26 sites systematically tested to date,in the opinion of University of Alaska personnel,25 are likely eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.Of these,22 are in direct and indirect impact areas while three are outside direct and indirect impact areas. 5-4 - J!II!Ilil, - - 1 )j 1 )I ))-E )j TABLE 5.1 5USITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT -PRELIMINARY CULTURAL RESOURCE EVALUATION 1980 -1983a Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHR5 #Location Testing Level Further Tes ti ng Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land 5ta tus TLM 005*RR PI A F U1 TLM 006*RR PI A F I U1 TLM 007*0 NI None Required PR TLM 009*RA-D X 01 TLM 015 0 R X II 55 TU~016 WC 5 X 01 I 55 TL~1 017 WC R X 01 55 TL~l 018 WC/T ~J-I 5 X 01/01 I Kn TLM 020 0 R X PI A Kn TL~1 021 RA-J R PI A 5P TLM 022 DR/B-E S X 01/01 I Ty TLN 023 DR/B-E R X 01/01 Ty TLM 024 DR/B-E X 01/01 Ty TLN 025 0 R PI A V5 alnfomlation presented in this table represents the opinions and views of the University of Alaska Museum. TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHR5 #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land 5ta tus TLM 026 WR R X 01 555 TLN 027 OR 5 X 01 I Kn <.n TLM 028 0 oR PI A F I (J')TL~1 029 DR R X 01 Kn TLM 030 DR 5 X 01 I Kn TLM 031 0 R PI A VS TL~I 032 0 R PI A VS TLH 033 WR 5 X 01 None Requ ired VS TLM 034 OR R X 01 Kn TLM 035 0 R PI A V5 TLM 036 0 R PI A 555 TLJvI 037 0 R PI A V5 TLM 038 0 S X II I 55 TLM 039 WR 5 X 01 I 55 TLM 040 ~JR 5 X 01 I V5 I J J I ,I J I J ]I J I !I ~.JI I ~..j 1 )1 1 J )1 1 J i ] TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended ~1it i ga ti on Land Sta tus TLM 041 0 R PI A VS TLM 042 WR S X DI I SSS Ul TLM 043 WR S X DI I VS I......,TLM 044 0 R PI A SSS TLM 045 0 R PI A SP TLM 046 0 S X PI A SP TLM 047 0 R PI A SSS TLt-'1 048 WR S X DI I SS TLM 049 0 R PI A SSS TLfYI 050 WR S X DI I VS TLM 051 WC R PI A SS TLN 052 0 R PI A SSS TLH 053 0 R PI A SSS TLM 054 B-E/RA~H X DI/PI 5S TLM 055 B-C/RA,~H R X DI/PI SS TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHR5 #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mit i gation Land Status TLM 056 B-C/RA-H R X OI/PI I 55 TLN 057 RA-L R PI A 5S t.n TLM 058 WR R X 01 V5 I ():l TL~l 059 WR S X 01 I SS TLM 060 WR.R X 01 5S TLM 061 WR.R X 01 55 TLM 062 WR S X 01 I VS TLN 063 WR R X 01 VS TLM 064 WR R X 01 VS TL~1 065 WR S X 01 I 5SS TLM 066 0 R PI A 55 Tl}l 067 0 R NI None Requ ired V5 TLM 068 GT R NI None Required 55 TLM 069 0 5 X PI A 555 TLM 070 GT R NI None Required 55 ,.l I !J J I .)--J --]I I I 1 1 ))..~1 1 I 1 i )]1 ) TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended t4itigation Land Status TLM 071 RA-,J R X II I SSS TLM 072 WR R X 01 SSS U1 TLM 073 WR R 01 SSS I I.D TLM 074 0 R PI A SSS TLM 075 WR R X 01 SSS TLfvl 076 0 R PI A SSS TLM 077 WR.R X 01 SSS TLM 078 B-C/R.I\-H R X DI/PI SP TLM 079 WR .R X 01 I SSS TLfvl 080 WR R X 01 I VS TLM 081 B-C/RA-H R X OI/PI SS TLN 082 GT R NI None Required SS TLH 083 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI SP TLM 084 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI SP TLH 085 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI SP TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHR5 #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land 5ta tus TLM 086 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI 55 TLM 087 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI 5P (Jl TLM 088 R-C/RA-H R X DI/PI 55 I.......TLM 089 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI 550 TLfvl 090 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI 55 TLM 091 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI 55 TU~092 0 R PI A 55 TlJil 093 a R PI A 55 or PR TLM 094 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI 55 TLM 095 B-C/RA-H R X Dr/PI 55 TLM 096 B-C/RA-H R X DI/PI 55 TLM 097 13-C/RA-H S X DI/PI I 55 TLM 098 RA-L R PI A 5P TLM 099 RA-L R PI A 5P TU1 100 RA-J R PI A 555 J )..1 .1 I yJ !~)I I J J I I ) I1.] TABLE 5.1 (Continued) i 1 I J i -1 I 1 1 .~'i AHR5 #Location Testing Level Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land 5ta tus TLM 101 RA-Q R X 01 55 TLM 102 WR R X 01 V5 Ul TLM 103 ARB/RA-Q R X 01/01 55, ~TLN 104 WR R X 01 VS~ TLM 105 RA-,]R PI A 55 TLM 106 ARB R X 01 55 TL~l 107 ARB R X 01 55 TL~1 108 ARB R X 01 55 TLM 109 ARB/AR R X DI/II 55 TLM 110 ARB/AR R X 01/II 55 TLH 111 ARB/AR R X DI/II S5 TLM 112 T W-I/AR R PI/PI A S5 TLM 113 ARB/AR R X 01/11 55 TLM 114 ARB R X 01 55 TL~1 115 WR R X 01 555 TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land Status TLM 116 AR/RA-I R PI/PI A SS TLM 117 AR/RA-L R PIIPI A SP tn TLM 118 0 R PI A Ty I......TLM 119 HR R X DI IlSI'\,) TLM 120 0 R X II VS TL~l 121 0 R X II VS TLN 122 0 R II VS TLJvI 123 0 R II VS TLN 124 0 R II VS TLN 125 0 R II A VS T~j 126 WR R X DI VS TL~I 127 0 R II VS TLM 128 0 S X PI SSS T~I 129 0 R II VS TLM 130 0 S X II I VS .1 ..J I l )I jl .1 1 i I I I ;1 J ) I ..~J ·1 ]1 1 J 1 1 I I i J 1 n 1 TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land Status TLM 131 O·R II A VS TLM 132 O·R II VS c.n TLM 133 0 R X II VS I t-'TLM 134 0 R PI A SSSw TLM 135 o .R PI A SSS TLM 136 0 R PI A SSS TLN 137 we R X DI SSS TLM 138 0 R PI A SSS TLfvJ 139 0 R PI A SSS TLtvl 140 0 R PI A SSS TL~1 141 0 R PI A SSS TLM 142 0 R PI A SSS TLtvl 143 0 S X II I SSS TLN 144 0 R PI A SSS TLM 145 0 R X II SSS TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Requi red Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land Status TLM 146 0 R PI A SSS TLM 147 0 R PI A SSS U1 TLM 148 0 R PI A SSSI.....TLM 149 0 R PI A SSS+:0 TLf>1 150 0 R PI A SSS TLM 151 0 R PI A SSS. TLM 152 0 R PI A SSS TLN 153 ARB/AR X 01/01 SS TLfvI 154 0 R PI A SSS TLN 155 AR R PI A SP TLfvI 159+0 R PI A S5 TLM 160+WC R X II S5 TlJIl 164+we R X II 55 TL~1 165+~JC R X 01 5S TLM 166+we R X 01 SS ~I I I 1 I cJ J )I )J I I ~~I J ,I 1 J ,'11 J TABLE 5.1 (Continued) 1 ]1 1 .1 I AHRS #Location Testing Level Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land Sta tus TL~I 167+WC R X 01 SS TLM 168+AR R PI A SS <.n TLM 169+WR R X 01 55 I......TLM 170+a R PI A S5Ul TL~I 171+WR R X 01 Ty TL~I 172+WC R X 01 S5 TLM 173+WR R X 01 55S TLM 174+WR R X 01 S5 TL~l 175+WR R X 01 55 TLM 176+B-F R X 01 S5 TLI·1 177+WR R X 01 55 TLM 178+DR R X 01 Kn TL~1 179+RA-K R PI A 55S TLM 180+we S X II I Ty TlJvl 181+0 R PI A 55 TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land Status TLN 182+WR/RA-J R X DI/PI SSS TLH 183+0 R PI A SSS Ul TLM 184+WR S X 01 I SSI.......TLM 185+0 R PI A SSSQ') TLM 186+RA-K R PI A SSS TL~I 187+RA-J R PI A SSS TL~1 188+B-F R X DI SS TLM 189+0 R PI A SSS TLM 190+0 R PI A SSS TL~1 191+0 R PI A SS TLM 192+WC R X II Kn TU'l 193+0 R PI A SS TLM 194+WR R X DI SSS TL~l 195+0 R PI A SS TU~196+WR R X DI SSS J I J I J ,I _J I I I I J J I "I )1 J 1 1 .))J )I i 1 J ]~ TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHR5 #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land 5ta tus TLM 197+0 R PI A 55 TLM 198+0 R PI A 55 Ul TU~199+WR R X 01 V5 I I-'TL~l 200+WR R X 01 V5'-J TLM 201+B-C R X 01 55 TLM 202+B-F R X 01 55 TLM 203+B-F R X 01 55 TL~l 204+WR R X 01 555 TL~1 205+0 R NI None Required 555 TL~1 206+WR R X 01 555 TLN 207+WR R X 01 555 TLM 208+RA-K R PI A 555 TLM 209+B-F R X 01 55 TLM 210+B-F R X 01 55 TU4 211+B-C R X 01 55 TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Requi red Expected Impact Recommended Mit i gation Land 5ta tus TLN 212+B-F R X 01 55 TL~1 213+B-C R X 01 55 U1 TLM 214+B-F /AR R X DI/PI 5S I f--'TLN 215+WR 5 X 01 I 55co TL~1 218+0 R PI A S5 TLN 219+0 R PI A 55 HEA 012*T-2 H-F PI A SP HEA 026*T-1 H-F PI A SP HEA 030*T-2 H-F PI A SP HEA 035*T-2 H-F PI A SP HEA 037*T-2 H-F PI A SP HEA 038*T-2 H-F .PI A SP HEA 080*T-1 H-F PI A F HEA 083*T-l H-F PI A F I J J ]I I I ].~].J ..J •J I )I J -J I j 1 )-1 I 1 J I 1 1 J J .~I 1 TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mitigation Land Status HEA 119*T-1 H-F PI A F HEA 128*T-3 H-F PI A SP 01 HEA 137*T-2 H-F PI A SP I......HEA 139*T-3 H-F PI A SPlD HEA 141*T-3 B-F PI A SP ·HEA 142*T-3 H-F PI A SP HEA 174 RA-L R X II F HEA 175 0 S X II (1981) NI (1982)None Requ ired F HEA 176 RA-L R X II F HEA 177 GT R NI None Requ ired F BEA 178 GT R NI None Required F HEA 179 GT R NI None Requ ired F BEA 180 AR R PI A F HEA 181 ARB/AR R OI/PI F TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Required Expected Impact Recommended Mit i ga t ion Land Status HEA 182 ARB/AR R DI/PI F HEA 183 RA-L R PI A F 01 HEA 184 RA-L R PI A F I N HEA 185 RA-L R PI A FC> HEA 186 0 R NI None Requi red F HEA 210 T-1 H-F R PI A SP HEA 211 ARB R X 01 F FAI 141*T-3 H-F PI A PR FAI 142*T-3 H-F PI A PR FA!143*T-4 H-F PI A PR FA!144*T-4 H-F PI A PR FA!145*T-4 H-F PI A PR FAI 213 T-9 H-F R PI A SP FAI 214 T-I0 H-F R PI A PR J ,••J .1 I I t )I j I ,J I 1')1 1 1 ~'I 1 J J 1 1 j J i J )I TABLE 5.1 (Continued) Appears to be Eligible For Inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places AHRS #Location Testing Level Further Testing Yes No Requi red Expected Impact Recommended Mit i gation Land Sta tus ANC 052*T-7 W-A PI A PR ANC 077*T-17 W-A PI A F U1 ANC 079*T-17 W-A PI A F I N ANC 082*T-10,11,15 W-A PI A F..... ANC 096*T-15 W-A PI A F ANC 099*T-17 W-A PI A F ANC 118*T-16 W-A PI A PR ANC 245*T-3,4,6 W-A PI A SP Tya 014*T-1 W-A PI A BA *Sites reported in the files of the Alaska Office of History and Archeology. +Sites located during the 1983 field season. Abbreviations for Table 5.1 Location: AR ARB B DR DC GT o T 01 I N N RA WR WC Expected 01 II PI NI Testing R S -Access Route -Access Route Borrow Area -Borrow Area -Devil Canyon Dam Reservoir -Devil Canyon Construction Area -Geotechnical Area -Other Portion of the Study Area -Transmission Route H-F -Healy to Fairbanks W-A -Willow to Anchorage W-I -Watana Dam to Intertie -Recreation Area -Watana Dam Reservoir -Watana Dam Construction Area Impact: -Di rect Impact Indirect Impact Potential Impact No impact by the project as presently known Level: -Reconnaissance Level -Systematic Testing Signi ficance: X -The site has received testing and determined to be significant and is likely eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Recommended Mitigation: A -Avoidance I -Investigation P -Preservation Land Sta tus : BA -Borough Approved or Patented SS -State Selected SSS -State Selected Suspended SP -State Patented VS -Village Selection;abbreviations for village selections: Ch -Chickaloon Kn -Knik Ty -Tyone F -Federal PR -Private U -Unknown I J I J I _J I I I I ]I J TABLE 5.2 OBSERVED AND ESTIMATED SITE SIZE OF SITES INVESTIGATED BETWEEN 1980-1983 AHRS #a TLM 005* TLM 006* TLM 007* T1l1 009* TLM 015 TLM 016 TLM 017 Observed Site Size 2 b(Ill ) <1 32 <1 Estimated Site Si ze (m 2)c 4 120 25 Remarks Go 1d Creek Ra i1road Station Alaska Railroad Bridge across Sus i tna River House pit site,no size information re- corded on AHRS survey form Reported Tyone Village site aAn *after the AHRS #denotes a site reported in the files of the Alaska Office of History and Archaeology and not field checked. bObserved site size based on surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing. CEstimated site size based on relationship of site to immediate topography. 5-23 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) 5-24 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Site Size (m 2 )b Estimated Site Size (m 2)c Remarks TLM 029 <1 8 TLN 030 7000 8500 Observed size based on shovel testing program TLM 031 1 25 TtY!032 54 3000 TLM 033 <1 <1 TlJvl 034 <1 1000 TLM 035 42 200 ..- TLM .036 <1 96 TLM 037 <1 <1 TLM 038 62.5 62.5.- TLM 039 60 60 TLM 040 10 120 I""'"TLM 041 <1 <1 I""'" 5-25 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Site Size (m 2 )b Estimated Site Size (m 2 )c Remarks - TlJvi 042 -Locus A 12 32 Locus B 82 100 - TLM 043 144 144 - TLM 044 7700 15,000 Estimate includes area between flake scatters TLM 045 1050 10,500 Estimate includes area between flake scatters .... TLM 046 4400 4400 TLM 047 30 65 -, TLM 048 50 140 - TLM 049 <1 9 TLM 050 75 75 ~- TLM 051 <1 63 TLM 052 8000 20,000 Sizes include area between loci -, - 5-26 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) AHRS #a Observed Site Size (m 2 )b Estimated Site Size (m 2 )c Remarks TLM 053 Locus A 48 Estimate includes area Locus B <1 5000 between loci TLM 054 <1 200 TLM 055 <1 225 TLM 056 225 1600 """.TLM 057 30 3200 .-TLM 058 <1 1 TLM 059 25 400 TLM 060 75 500 r-~TLM 061 <1 150 TLM 062 384 384 ,~ TLM 063 <1 140 TLJ.1 064 6 1400 ~ ,~ 5-27 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) - Observed Site Size (m 2 )b Estimated Site Size (m 2)c Remarks TLM 065 Locus A 84 Estimate does not Locus B <1 84 include area between loci TLM 066 300 900 TLM 067 2625 7500 Estimate includes area """" between lithic scatters ""'"TLM 068 1350 3000 -TLM 069 225 600 ~TLM 070 16 64 TLM 071 960 960 ~ TLM 072 25 25 TLM 073 <1 3 -, TLM 074 10 400 TLM 075 432 2500 ,- - 5-28 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) 5-29 ..."TABLE 5.2 (Continued) - Observed Estimated Site Size Site Size AHRS #a (m 2 )b (m 2)c Remarks ~ TLH 087 <1 48 ""'" TLM 088 3 60 TI}1 089 375 375 ~ TLM 090 3.25 25 TLM 091 Locus A <1 425 Estimate does not ~ Locus B <1 include area between loci TLM 092 <1 240 TLM 093 30 800 TLM 094 6 100 -TLM 095 68 2400 ~, TLM 096 <1 315 TLM 097 500 900 TLM 098 <1 <1 """ 5-30 5-31 TABLE 5.2 (ContinIJed) - Observed Estimated Site Size Site Size AHRS #a (m 2)b (m 2)c Remarks ""'" TLM 110 25 1050 TLM 111 2 5000 TLM 112 15 600 TlJvl 113 1800 1900 TLM 114 16 1500 TLM 115 <1 200 TLM 116 1 1 TLM 117 200 400 TLM 118 <1 1 TLM 119 1200 1200 TLM 120 9 25 TLM 121 <1 1 ~, I TLM 122 3 3 _c 5-32 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Estimated Site Size Site Size AHRS #a (m 2)b (m 2)c Remarks .- TLM 123 75 400 TLM 124 2250 27,000 Observed size includes area between loci TLN 125 <1 25 TLM 126 <1 1600 TlJil 127 2.5 6 TLJ.l 128 600 1050 TLM 129 Locus A 150 12,500 Estimate includes area Locus B 4 between loci ".... TIJil 130 12 300 ~ TLM 131 <1 600 / ~ TLM 132 1 1 .....TIJil 133 <1 <1 TLM 134 2.25 2.25 5-33 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) ~ Observed Estimated Site Size Site Size AHRS #a (m 2)b (m 2)c Rema rks - TlJ.l 135 32 32 TlJvl 136 6 42 - TLM 137 <1 700 -TLM 138 <1 250 """' TLM 139 <1 900 TlJ.1 140 800 800 TlJv1 141 25 100 TLM 142 <1 4 TLM 143 3000 3000 TLM 144 288 576 - TlJ.1 145 12 33 TLM 146 <1 <1 - TlJ.'l 147 <1 <1 lL'\!I'ffl. 5-34 r I TABLE 5.2 (Continued) AHRS #a Observed Site Size (m 2 )b Estimated Site Size (m 2)c Remarks TLM 148 <1 25 TLN 149 <1 160.... TLM 150 <1 50 r= TLM 151 <1 75 TLM 152 <1 <1 .- TLM 153 130 3150 i"'"TLM 154 400 1500 TLM 155 16 16 J?'1I'V;TLM 159 1 200 Tt1>'l 160 <1 50 TLM 164 <1 50r""" Tt1>'1 165 <1 1 TlJv1 166 <1 250 -5-35 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Estimated Site Size Site Size AHRS #a (m 2)b (m 2 )c Remarks ~ TtJrl 167 <1 25 ..... TLM 168 <1 <1 TLM 169 <1 100 TLN 170 20 100 -TlJ\1 171 <1 50 ~ TLM 172 <1 50 T1J.1 173 <1 50 TLM 174 <1 25 TLM 175 <1 12 TLM 176 <1 50 ~ TI.Jvl 177 <1 75 TLM 178 150 600 TLM 179 6 270 5-36 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Site Size (m 2 )b Estimated Site Size (m 2)c Remarks TLM 180 42 150 Tl1'l 181 <1 50 T1J.1 182 <1 100 TlM 183 <1 50 TLN 184 260 2500 TU~185 100 300 Tl1'1 186 35 600 .-T1J.1 187 16 16 T1J.1 188 <1 50 TLM 189 300 1600 i""'"TU'!190 12 50 TlM 191 <1 50 TUw1 192 <1 50,- 5-37 5-38 - TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Site Size (m2)b Estimated Site Size (m 2 )c Remarks TLM 206 1 50 TLM 207 10 160 .:- TLM 208 Locus A 4200 7200 Locus B 6 6 A~ TLJ.'l 209 4 25 TLM 210 <1 150 ,~ TLM 211 <1 9 TLM 212 96 1440 TLM 213 <1 50 TLM 214 1.6 1.6 TLM 215 5.2 4050 TLM 218 Locus A 12.24 100 Locus B <1 289 5-39 Remarks Estimated Site Size (m 2 )c Observed Site Size (m 2 )b TLM 219 20 40 HEA 012*Surface scatter,no size information re--; corded on AHRS su rvey form "..., HEA 026*Surface scatter,no size infonnation re- corded on AHRS survey fonn HEA 030*No size information recorded on AHRS survey fonn HEA 035*4 4 Extent of excavation HEA 037*25 25 Surface sca tter '"'" HEA 038*25 25 Surface sea tter HE.A.080*Unknown size,historic site - HEA 083*Unknown size,Nenana R.Bridge TABLE 5.2 (Continued) AHRS #a 5-40 - e-TABLE 5.2 (Continued) ~ Observed Estimated (~Site Size Site Size AHRS #a (m 2)b (m 2)c Rema rks - HEA 119*No size info rma ti on recorded on AHRS survey form HEA 128*No size information recorded on AHRS survey form -,,~ HEA 137*No size information recorded on AHRS survey form ,tiil'=ll HEA 139*No size information recorded on AHRS survey form HEA 141*No size i nforma ti on recorded on AHRS survey form f6'l~ HEA 142*No size information recorded on AHRS. survey form HEA 174 2000 2000 5-41 TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Site Size (m2)b Estimated Site Size (m 2)c 5-42 Remarks TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Site Size (m2)b Estimated Si te Size (m 2 )c Remarks HEA 210 400 10,000 ~ HEA 211 25 875 """ FAI 141*Surface scatter,no ,.,..size infonnation available on AHRS su rvey form FAI 142*300 Surface scatter FAI 143*Surface scatter,no size information re- corded on AHRS su rvey '"'"form -FAI 144*300 Surface scatter FAI 145*10 Su rface sca tter FAI 213 100 100.- FAI 214 <1 800 .- ANC 052*No size informa t ion recorded on AHRS su rvey fonn 5-43 TABLE 5.2 (Continued)- AHRS #a ANC 077* ANC 079* ANC 082* ANC 096* ANC 099* Observed Site Si ze (m 2)b Estima ted Site Si ze (m 2)c 5-44 Remarks No size information recorded on AHRS survey fonn Peters Creek Bridge, no size information recorded on AHRS su rvey fo rm Large historic camp, no size information recorded on AHRS survey form Knik R.Bridge,no size information re- corded on AHRS survey form Eagle R.Bridge plus cabin,no size infor- mation recorded on AHRS su rvey form 1IIlSil, - - ~, - ,,"'" TABLE 5.2 (Continued) Observed Site Size (m 2)b Estimated Site Size (m2)c Rema rks ANC 118*Ekl utna Power Pl ant and camp,no size information recorded F"on AHRS survey form ANC 245*No size i nformati on,- recorded on AHRS survey form .1f'il/iJiiIIIt TYO 014*No size information r""'"recorded on AHRS survey form ",... -5-45 - - - 6 -BIBLIOGRAPHY Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.1980.Treatment of archeo- logical properties:A handbook. 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