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WATER QUAL~TY INTERPRETATION
1981
FEBRUARY 1982
PREPARED BY I
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TASK 3 -HYDROLOGY
WATER QUALITY INTERPRETATION -1981
FEBRUARY 1982
Prepared for:
ACRES AMERICAN INCORPORATED
1000 Liberty Bank Building
Main at Court
Buffalo,New York 14202
Telephone:(716)853-7525
Prepared by:
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.
P.o.Box 6087
5024 Cordova
Anchorage,Alaska 99503
Telephone:(907)279-0483
L.A.PETERSON &ASSOCIATES
118 Slater Drive
Fairbanks,Alaska 99701
Telephone:(907)456-6392
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &Infonnation ServIces
AnChOfll£le,Alaska
-ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
TASK 3 -HYDROLOGY
WATER QUALITY INTERPRETATION -1981
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES IN ATTACHMENT A
1 -INTRODUCTION
2 -SUMMARY
3 -DATA COMPI LATION Af\ID SYNTHESIS
PAGE
ii
iii
1-1
2-1
3-1
3.1 Water Quality Criteria 3-1
3.2 Identification of Data Gaps 3-3
3.3 Parameters Exceeding Criteria,Aberrant Data,3-7
and Parameters Exhibiting Values Less Than
Their Respective Detection Limits
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4 -PRE-PROJECT WATER QUALITY
5 -RIVER REGIME EFFECTS OF IMPOUNDMENT
6 -WATER QUALITY IMPACTS
6.1 Impoundment Characteristics
6.2 Impoundment Processes and Interactions
6.3 Impoundment Impacts on Water Quality
7 .,.REFERENCES
ATTACHMENT A -GRAPHICAL SUMMARIES OF WATER
QUALITY DATA
ATTACHMENT B -REVI EW OF A METHOD FOR
PREDICTING THE POTENTIAL FOR
EUTROPHICATION IN IMPOUNDMENTS
- i -
4-1
5-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-4
7-1
LlST OF TABLES
Number Title
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
Detection Limits for Water Quality Parameters.
Numbers of Data Points by Parameter I
Station and Season.
Organic Parameters Recommended for Analysis
Parameters Exceeding Criteria -by Station and
Season.
Susitna River Basin and Runoff Characteristics
-ii -
3-9
3-12
3-16
3-17
4-3
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LtST OF FIGURES IN APPENDIX A
Number Title
1 Color
2 Conductivity
3 Hardness
4 pH
5 Temperature
.-6 Total Dissolved Solids
7 Total Suspended Solids
8 Turbidity
INORGANIC,NON-METALLICS
9 Alkalinity
~10 Chloride
11 Nitrogen,Ammonia (dissolved )
12 Nitrogen,Kjeldahl (d)....13 Nitrogen,Nitrate (d)
14 Nitrogen,Organic (d)
15 Nitrogen,Total (d)
16 Oxygen,Dissolved.-17 D.O.,%Saturation
18 Phosphate,Ortho (d)
19 Phosphorus,Total (d)
20 Sulphate
21 Total I norganic Carbon
22 Free Carbon Dioxide
RADIOACTIVE PARAMETERS
23 Gross Alpha
24 Uranium
METALS AND ICAP SCAN
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25 Aluminum (dissolved)
26 Aluminum (!otal)
27 Antimony (d)
28 Arsenic (d)
29 Arsenic (t)
30 Barium (d)....31 Barium (t)
32 Bismuth (d)
33 Boron (d)
34 Cadmium (d)-35 Cadmium (t)
36 Calcium (d)
37 Chromium Cd)
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-iv -
3.
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1 -INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to present a clear and concise
summary of water quality data collected by the U.S.Geological
Survey (USGS)and R&M Consultants,Inc.(R&M)in the mainstem
and major tributaries of the Susitna River.
The objectives of the water quality baseline compilation were:
1.compile existing USGS data and data collected by R&M,
2.report seasonal (summer,winter,and breakup)ranges,
means,and numbers of observations for all sample sites
at which a sufficient data base exist,
reference the existing ranges of selected parameters to
the State Water Quality Standards,and,
4.identify data gaps.
This report addresses each of the above objectives and also
presents information regarding parameters exceeding criteria,
aberrant data,and parameters exhibiting values less than their
respective detection limits.
This report also presents a discussion of the probable post-project
effects of the Watana and Devil Canyon Reservoi rs on the water
quality within the reservoirs and on the Susitna River downstream
from these reservoirs.The discussion is written as if only one
impoundment is on the Susitna River because the water quality
impacts will be similar in both reservoirs.However,it is pointed
out when impacts differ or are cumulative because of two
impoundments.
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2 -SUMMARY
Impoundment of the Susitna River will change its water quality.
The following parameters will exhibit reductions in values in the
reservoirs and downstream reaches as compared to the pre-project
levels:suspended solids,turbidity,color,nutrients,iron,
manganese,and some trace el ements.Both reservoi rs wi II be heat
exporters,and the downstream reaches of the river will exhibit a
reduced magnitude of seasonal temperature variation.
Dissolved-oxygen concentrations will remain high,at or near
saturation ,in the epiJimnion of both reservoirs and downstream in
the river.Dissolved-oxygen concentrations will likely be reduced
in the hypolimnion if a -stable stratification develops.The
potential for eutrophication to develop in either reservoir is low.
Although water quality changes will be effected by the project,
none of these changes will be significantly adverse,and many
changes may be beneficial.One possible exception to this is the
change in downstream temperature .
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3 -DATA COMPI LATION AND SYNTHESIS
3.1 -Water Quality Criteria
Objectives 1 through 3 were met by synthesizing the data and
graphically presenting it.These figures,appearing subsequent to
the text,are organized in the following classifications:1)physical
properties,2)inorganic,non-metal/ics,3)radioactive parameters,
4)metals and ICAP Scan,and 5)organics.Each figure applies to
one parameter and presents the maximum,mean,and minimum
values recorded during the period of record,by season,for each
water quality sampling station.The numbers of observations used
to calculate the ranges and means are also presented.Data have
been compiled for the mainstem Susitna River from stations located
at Denali,Vee Canyon,Gold Creek,Sunshine,and Susitna
Station.Data from twa Susitna River tributaries,Chufitna and
Talkeetna Rivers,have also been compiled.The periods of record
for each station are presented below:
Data have been compiled according to three seasons:breakup,
summer,and winter.Breakup is usual1y short and extends from
the time rce begins to break up until recession of spring runoff.
Summer extends from the end of breakup until the water
temperature drops to essentially OOC in the fall,and winter is the
period from the end of summer to brea kUp.
1'-'
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Station
Denali (D)
Vee Canyon (V)
Gold Creek (G)
Chulitna (C)
Tal keetna (T)
Sunshine (S)
Susitna Station (SS)
Period of Record
Apr.9,1957 -May 19,1981
JuJ.6,1962 -May 11,1981
Jun.19,1980 -Oct.8,1981
Jun.22,1949 -Jul.21,1981
Aug.8,1980 -Oct.8,1981
Apr.5,1958 -Mar.25,1981
Apr.29,1954 -Oct.4,1977
Jul.2,1971 -Jut.23,1981
Aug.17,1955 -Aug.12,1981
Agency
USGS
USGS
R&M
USGS
R&M
USGS
USGS
USGS
USGS
.....
Reference is made to water quality guidelines and criteria on each
figure.The original intent for this project was to use only the
Alaska Water Quality Standards for guidelines and criteria.
However,these standards do not present criteria for all
parameters and they also specify the criteria for toxic and other
deleterious organic and inorganic substances "shall nat individually
or in combination exceed 0.01 times the lowest measured 96-hour
LC_sO ....for life stages of species identified by the department
[or Environmental Conservation]as being the most sensitive,
biologically important to the location,or exceed criteria cited in
EPA,Quality Criteria for Water or Alaska Drinking Water
s13/r 3 - 1
Standards,...whichever concentration is less.II These criteria
are somewhat confusing to the average reader who has little
appreciation for a concentration expressed as 0.01 of the 96-hour
LC SO (lethal concentration for half the population of test
organisms)as determined through bioassay using a sensitive
resident species.Consequently,the water quality guidelines and
criteria as used herein were established from the following
references.
ADEC,1979.Water quality standards.Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation,Juneau,AK,334 pp.
EPA,1976.Quality criteria for water.U.S.Environmental
Protection Agency,Washington,D.C.,255 pp.
McNeely,R.N.,V.P.Neimanis,and L.Dwyer,1979.Water
quality sourcebook--a guide to water quality parameters.
Environment Canada,Inland Waters Directorate,Water Quality
Branch,Ottawa,Canada,88 pp.
Sitting,Marshall,1981.Handbook of toxic and hazardous
chemicals.Noyes Publications,Park Ridge,NJ,729 pp.
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EPA,1980.Water quality criteria
Environmental Protection Agency,
79318-79379 (November 28,1980).
documents;availability.
Federal Register,45,
The guidelines or criteria presented for the parameters were
chosen based on a priority system.Alaska Water Quality
Standards were the first choice,followed by criteria presented in
EPA1s Quality Criteria for Water.If a criterion expressed as a
specific concentration was not presented in the above two
references,the other cited references were consulted.Two
criteria are presented for some parameters.Copper,for example,
has:A)0.01 of the 96-hour LC so determined through bioassay
(EPA,1976),and B)5.0 ug/I (Mcl'ileely et aI,1979).Also,some
parameters have no criterion,which is stated on the respective
figures.Some conversions between milligrams per liter (mg/I)and
micrograms per liter (ug/I)were made so that the concentrations
presented in the figures were the same as the criteria or vice
versa.For example,the criteria of many metals are presented in
ug/I in the references.These were converted to mg/I in many
cases.It should be noted that all criteria,unless otherwise
noted,apply to the total fraction rather than to the dissolved
fraction.The R&M and USGS detection limits for each parameter
are presented in Table 3.1.
A second priority system was used for selecting the guidelines or
criteria presented for each parameter.This was required because
the various references presented above cite levels of parameters
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that provide for the protection of identified water uses,such as
(1)the propagation of fish and other aquatic organisms,(2)water
supply for drinking,food preparation,industrial processes,and
agriculture,and (3)water recreation.The first priority,
therefore,was to present the guidelines or criteria that apply to
the protection of freshwater aquatic organisms.The second
priority was to present levels of parameters that are acceptable for
water supply,and the third priority was to present other
guidelines or criteria,if available.Statements pertaining to the
selection of criteria are included on the figures.These statements
are to inform the reader whether the criteria apply to the
protection of aquatic organisms or water supply.It should be
noted that water quality standards set criteria which limit
man-induced pollution to protect identified water uses.Although
the Susitna River Hydroelectric Project is in a pristine area,some
parameters exceeded their respective criterion.The implications of
such are discussed below in Section 3.3 .
.3.2 - Identification of Data Gaps
Compilation of the existing water quality data was useful in
meeting the fourth objective,the identification of data gaps.
Table 3.1 presents the number of data points by parameter,
station,and season.As is typical in Alaska,the summer period is
the most heavily sampled,followed by winter,and then breakup.
No data exist for any parameters at the Denali,Chulitna,and
Sunshine Stations during breakup,and the remaining stations have
relatively small data bases during this season.The Denali,Vee
Canyon,Chulitna,and Sunshine Stations have small winter data
bases,typically 0 to 6 observations per parameter.The Gold
Creek,Talkeetna,and Susitna Station stations generally have
large winter data bases for the physical properties and for some of
the inorganic,non-metallic parameters,but there are little or no
data in the remaining classes of parameters:radioactive,metals
and J CAP Scan,and organic parameters.There are a few
exceptions to this statement,.namely calcium,iron,magnesium,
potassium,and sodium,which have been measured a large number
of times at most stations.The summer data bases of physical and
inorganic,non-metallic parameters are relatively large,except at
Sunshine and for some parameters at Denali.
The data gaps identified above pertain only to the historical water
quality data collected by the USGS and to data collected by USGS
and R&M during Phase 1 of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.The
following comments/recommendations pertain to data gaps in a
broader context.That is,the comments refer to information that
may be required in addition to the existing data base to meet the
major objectives of the water quality portion of this project,which
are to provide sufficient baseline data to:(1)determine the normal
and seasonal variability in water quality on a local and regional
s13/r 3 - 3
basis,and (2)predict and quantify the anticipated impacts that
will occur during construction and operation.The following
recommendations,many of which are predicated on FERC licensing
requirements,are divided into station locations,parameters and
frequency of analysis,reservoir processes,and groundwater.
The existing sample stations located at Denali,Vee Canyon,
Watana,Gold Creek,Talkeetna,Sunshine,and Susitna Station are
sufficient for describing the regional water quality.As stated
above in the first paragraph of this section,seasonal data
collection is the most complete for summer,followed by winter,and
then breakup.The local water quality between the Devil Canyon
Dam and Talkeetna will be important because of the distribution of
spawning areas.Essentially,spawning occurs upstream on the
Susitna River to the outlet of Devil Canyon (Portage Creek).
Water quality impacts in the river are anticipated to be greatest
immediately below Devil Canyon Dam.However,many impacts are
expected to be attenuated in this reach,due to the extreme
turbulence through Devil Canyon./t is recommended that a water
quality sample station be located on the river near Portage Creek.
It is important to obtain baseline water quality information within
the productive fish area and as close as possible to the dam
outlet.It is further recommended that trace element,nutrient,
and major cation and anion parameters be collected at the Watana
station during the winter low-flow period,at breakup,and at least
once during the summer.Additionally,the major impoundment
tributaries should be screened for trace elements during the winter
low-flow period.
The frequency of sample collection should,at the least,remain the
same as the past two years.That is,samples should be collected
during spring breakup,summer low flow,summer after a heavy
rainstorm,immediately prior to freeze-up,and during winter low
flow.This statement does not apply to the Watana station,where
a continuous record of field parameters is being made and where it
is recommended that trace element,nutrient,and major cation and
anion parameters be measured three times per year.
All field parameters should continue to be measured along with all
of the nitrogen and phosphorus forms,chloride,color,hardness,
sulfate,total dissolved solids,total suspended solids,turbidity,
and chemical oxygen demand.Bacteria counts,such as total
coliform,fecal coliform,and fecal streptococci,should be added to
the list of parameters to be measured.Consideration should also
be given to the addition of chlorophyll a and vertical illumination
(as measured by a Secchi disk).The latter will be difficult to
measure in the turbulent Susitna River.A possible alternative to
measuring chlorophyll a and vertical illumination is to predict them
through the use of an eutrophication equation.However,the
predicted levels will only apply to the reservoirs.
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Uranium and gross alpha radioactivity levels have consistently been
low,so these parameters could be eliminated from the list of
parameters to be measured .Also·,organic concentrations have
been tow.However,only a few parameters have been measured.
Table 3.3 lists the parameters and their detection limits
recommended for future sampling.One sample for the analyses of
PCB's,organo-chloride pesticides,and phenoxy acid herbicides
should be collected from each station,and these samples should be
collected during the summer low-flow period or immediately prior to
freeze-up.The parameters listed in Table 3.3 can be analyzed for
essentially the same price as the organics analyzed the past
2 years.Total organic carbon should also be included in the list
of organ ics .
Measurement of many of the elements analyzed by the ICAP Scan
method can be discontinued because they were consistently at or
below their respective detection limits.The leAP Scan should be
used for the following parameters:aluminum,calcium,iron,
potassium,magnesium,manganese,sodium,and silicon.Also,the
ICAP Scan does not provide sufficiently low detection limits for
arsenic,cadmium ,-chromium,copper,lead,mercury,nickel,
silver,and zinc.These parameters should be analyzed with
methods capable of detecting the levels (or less than the levels)
cited as criteria for freshwater aquatic organisms,presented in the
figures appearing at the end of this report.
The potential impacts of reservoir processes should be assessed in
light of the existing information.This assessment would be
beneficial because it will,for each process,either (1)show the
total predicted impact and whether this impact is adverse or
beneficial,or (2)delineate the information that will need to be
developed before impacts can be predicted.I mpacts within and
downstream from the reservoirs need to be considered.Comments
pertaining to each process appear below .
Stratification.Although it is predicted that stratification will
occur during both summer and winter,the stability of.stratification
is un kown.Consequently,mixing within the reservoirs will be
important to assess.One of the most important questions that
should be addressed regards the oxygen resource:will dissolved
oxygen be depleted in the hypolimnion?
Leaching.Leaching is directly related to aerobic/anaerobic
conditions in reservoirs.Consequently,an estimate of the
potential for leaching,the leaching rate,and the characteristics of
leachate needs to be assessed.Some methods for accomplishing
this are presented in the literature,and these methods should be
reviewed for their applicability to the Susitna Hydroelectric
Project.
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Eutrophication.The potential for eutrophication needs to be
assessed for each reservoir.Although this has already been
done,some of the assumptions may be inappropriate.
Consequently,the existing predictions should be reviewed and
refined if necessary.Characteristics that should be included in
this discussion include phosphorus,nitrogen,and organic loading,
lack of light during winter,and cold water conditions.
Consideration should also be given to using the eutrophication
prediction equation for the assessment of chlorophyll a and vertical
illumination (Secchi disc depth)in both reservoirs.It may also be
enlightening to use this equation to predict the population
equivalent that would have to live along the shores of each
reservoir to have eutrophic conditions develop.
Sedimentation.It has been predicted that 70 to 100 percent of the
suspended material entering Watana Reservoir will settle to the
bottom.The implications of this situation on water quality need to
be assessed.For example,will clear water in the reservoir
promote the growth of algae,eventually leading to eutrophic
conditions?Also,the characteristics of the sediment may be
important.If the sediment is organic,leaching may be enhanced
because organic material has an oxygen demand and usually
reduces the pH.Both of these characteristics promote leaching.
Conversely,if the sediment is inorganic,as suspected,leaching
would be reduced because the inorganic sediment will form a layer
on the reservoir bottom.The effects of sedimentation are likely to
be different at Devil Canyon because it is predicted that most
sediment will be retained in the Watana Reservoir.The effect of
little or no sedimentation in the Devil Canyon Reservoir on water
quality needs to be considered.
Evaporation.Evaporation was predicted to have little effect on
water quality in the reservoirs.Calculation of the potential
effects of evaporation should be reviewed and refined with a
consideration for stratification.A quantification of the effects of
sublimation on water quality may also be in order.
Ice Cover.A review of the potential effects that ice cover may
have on water quality should be included.
Superimposed on each process are the interactions between these
processes and potential water quality impacts resulting from these
interactions.Each potential interaction should be assessed.
A baseline description of groundwater conditions and potential
impacts on groundwater resulting from the project are required.
Information should be included regarding the groundwater table,
artesian conditions,the hydraulic gradient,and hydraulic
connections between surface and groundwater.A short discussion
about permafrost may be worthy because any permafrost existing
in the reservoir areas will likely melt subsequent to impoundment
closure.
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3.3 -Parameters Exceeding Criteria,Aberrant Data,and
Parameters Exhibiting Values Less Than Their Respective
Detection Limits
Although not a part of the original scope of this project,this
report presents a summary of the parameters that have exceeded
their criteria (Table 3.4),a discussion of aberrant data,and a list
of parameters that exhibited values less than their respective
detection limits.
The identification of aberrant data was considered because of the
extreme values manifested by some parameters.The following
parameters were suspected of having aberrant data.
D.O.%Saturation.The high values measured at Gold Creek
during summer exceeded the criterion.The four highest values
measured by R&M,116,115, 114,and 113 percent saturation,are
probably in error because of a faulty barometer and should be
eliminated from the data set.R&M's fifth highest value was similar
to the USGS·s highest values of 106,104, 103,and 102 percent
satu ration.
Free Carbon Dioxide.The five highest values measured by R&M
at Gold Creek during summer were 36,35,20,16,and 16 mg/I.
The two highest values may be aberrant,but there are no
acceptable reasons to eliminate them.
Ortho-Phosphate.One high value,0.49 mg/I,measured at Vee
Canyon during summer appears unrealistic and should be
eliminated.The next highest value was 0.1 mg/1.The high value
measured at Tal keetna during breakup may also be unrealistic,but
there are no data with which to compare this value so it should
stand.
Phosphorus.The high value of 0.49 mg/f measured at Vee Canyon
during summer is Ii kely to be aberrant because the next highest is
0.1 mg/I.Likewise,a high value of 0.36 mg/J is significantly
different from the next highest value of 0.05 mg/I measured at
Susitna Station during winter.It is recommended that both of the
high values be eliminated.
Turbidity.The five highest turbidity values measured at Susitna
Station during summer were 790,590,430,430,and 260 NTU.
There is no reason to eliminate any of these values.
Total Organic Carbon.The four concentrations measured at Gold
Creek during winter are 39, 34,27,and 5.5 mg/I,and one
measurement at Vee Canyon during winter was 23 mg/J.Although
the four high values appear unrealistic,there is no apparent
reason to eliminate them.
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The following parameters exhibited levels that were Jess than their
respective detection limits at all stations and times they were
analyzed:endrin;lindane;methoxychlor;toxaphene;2,4-0;
2,4,S-TP (Silvex);and the dissolved fractions of antimony,boron,
gold,molybdenum,platinum,tin,vanadium,and zirconium.
A number of parameters,listed in Table 3.4,exceeded their
respective criteria.The implications of this to freshwater aquatic
organisms are related to the rationale behind the criteria and to
the fact that the Susitna River is largely unaffected by man's
activity.
As noted in Table 3.4,three parameters have criteria that have
been suggested but are not law,or the criteria are set at a level
which natural waters usually do not exceed.The criteria for
aluminum and bismuth have been suggested on the basis of human
health effects.The criterion for total organic carbon (TOC)was
established at 3 mg/l because waters containing less than this
concentration have been observed to be relatively clean.However,
streams in Alaska receiving tundra runoff commonly exceed this
level.The maximum TOC concentration reported herein,20 mg/I,
is likely the result of natural conditions.The criterion for
manganese was established to protect water supplies.The criteria
presented for the remaining parameters appearing in Table 3.4 are
established by law for the protection of freshwater aquatic
organisms.The water quality standards apply to man-made
alterations and constitute the degree of degradation which may not
be exceeded.Because there are no industries,no significant
agricultural areas,and no major cities adjacent to the Susitna,
Talkeetna,and Chulitna rivers,the measured levels of these
parameters are considered to be a natural condition.Also,these
rivers support diverse populations of fish and other aquatic life.
Consequently,it is concluded that the parameters exceeding their
criteria have little,if any,detrimental effect on aquatic organisms.
It is worthy to note that the range displayed in the figures for pH
and color are typical for streams in Alaska receiving tundra
runoff.It is not uncommon for pH to be 6.5 (the criterion)or
slightly less and color to be as high as 100 color units (the
maximum reported herein).It should also be noted that the four
highest levels of percentage saturation of dissolved oxygen are
probably in error (see statement on Page 3-7).If these data are
eliminated,all the dissolved oxygen percentage saturation values
are less than the criterion of 110 percent.
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TABLE 3.1
DETECTION LIMITS FOR
WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
.....
R&M U.S.G.S.
Detection Detection
Limit(1 )Limit(5)
F'Field Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen 0.1
~Percent Saturation 1
pH,pH Units to.01
Conductivity,umhos/cm @ 25°C 1
Temp eratu re ,°C 0.1
f"""Free Carbon Dioxide 1
Alkalinity,as CaCO 2
Settleable Solids,mr/I 0.1
Laboratory Parameters
Ammonia Nitrogen 0.05 .01
Organic Nitrogen 0.1
Kjeldahl Nitrogen 0.1 .1
Nitrate Nitrogen 0.1 .01
Nitrite Nitrogen 0.01 .01
T ota I Nitrogen 0.1 .01
Ortho-Phosphate 0.01 .01
Total Phosphorus 0.01 .01
Chemical Oxygen Demand 1
Chloride 0.2 .01
Color 1 1
Hardness,1
Sulfate 2 1 .05
Total Dissolved Solids ((1)1 1
Total Suspended Sonds 1 1
Turbidity 0.05 1
Uranium 0.075--Gross Alpha,picocurie/liter 3
Total Organic Carbon 1.0
Total Inorganic Carbon 1.0
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TABLE 3.1 -CONTINUED
R&M U.S.G.S.
Detection Detection
Limit(1 )Limit(5)
Laboratory Parameters (Cont/d)
Organic Chemicals
Endrin 0.0002 .00001
Lindane 0.004 .00001 -Methoxychlor 0.1 .00001
Toxaphene 0.005 .001
2,4-D 0.1 .00001
2,4,5-TP Silvex 0.01 .00001
ICAP Scan(4)
Ag,Silver 0.05 .001
AI,Aluminum 0.05 .01
As,Arsenic 0.10 .001
Au,Gold 0.05
8,Boron 0.05 .01
Sa,Barium 0.05 .1
Bi,Bismuth 0.05
Ca,Calcium 0.05 .01 '"""
Cd,Cadmium 0.01 .001
Co,Cobalt 0.05 .001
Cr,Chromium 0.05 .001 1IlII'!lf!J.
CUI Copper 0.05 .001
Fe,Iron 0.05 .01
Hg,Mercury 0.1 .0001 -K,Potassium 0.05 .1
Mg,Magnesium 0.05 .1
Mn,Manganese 0.05 .001
Mo,Molybdenum 0.05 .001
Na l Sodium 0.05 .1
Ni,Nickel 0.05 .001
Pb,Lead 0.05 .001
Pt,Platinum 0.05
Sb,Antimony 0.10 .001
Se,Selenium 0.10 .001
Si I Silicon 0.05
Sn,Tin 0.10 .1
Sr,Strontium 0.05 .01
Ti,Titanium 0.05 ~W,Tungsten 1.0
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TABLE 3.1 -CONTINUED
R&M
Detection
L ·'t(1 )Iml
Laboratory Parameters (Cont'd)
U.S.G.S.
Detection
Limit(5)
V I Vanadium
Zn,Zinc
Zr,Zirconium
0.05
0.05
0.05
.01
(1)All values are expressed in mg/l unless otherwise noted.
(2)TDS -(filterable)material that passes through a standard glass fiber
filter and remains after evaporation (SM p 93).
(3)TSS -(nonfilterable)material retained on a standard glass fiber
filter after filtration of a well-mixed sample.
(4)lCAP SCAN -thirty two (32)element computerized scan in parts/million
(Ag,AI,As,Au,B,Ba,Bi,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Hg,K,Mg,Mn,Mo,
Na,Ni,Pb,Pt,Sb,Se,Si,So,Sr,Ti,V,W,Zn,Zr).
(5)U.S.G.S.detection limits are taken from "1982 Water Quality
Laboratory Services Catalog"U.S.G.S.Open-File Report 81-1016.The
limits used are the limits for the most precise test available.
s13/r 3 -11
513/s1
TABLE 3.2
NUMBER OF DATA POINTS BY PARAMETER,STATION,AND SEASON
Summer Winter Break-up
D V G C T S SS 0 V G C T S SS D V G C T S SS--------------------
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Color 0 9 52 6 30 3 4 0 0 20 4 14 1 4 0 0 6 0 7 0 0
Conductivity 18 34 70 19 108 5 21 4 3 30 6 52 2 20 0 1 9 0 22 0 6
Hardness 11 20 67 6 59 5 20 4 3 27 4 30 2 20 0 1 5 0 17 0 6
PH 15 20 41 6 71 3 62 4 3 26 4 41 1 45 0 1 11 0 16 0 18
Temperature 50 48 20 18 102 5 109 0 3 41 5 41 1 47 0 1 9 0 20 0 33
w Total Dissolved Solids 11 20 68 6 56 0 24 4 3 29 4 30 0 20 0 1 5 0 16 0 4
~Total Suspended Solids 58 48 60 19 54 0 67 0 3 11 6 24 0 22 0 1 12 0 12 0 5
N Turbidity 8 10 7 0 0 2 13 0 3 3 0 0 1 10 0 1 2 0 0 0 4
INORGANIC,NON-METALLICS
Alkalinity 11 7 71 6 59 3 52 4 3 26 4 30 2 30 0 0 3 0 15 0 6
Chloride 11 20 69 6 59 5 23 4 3 28 4 30 2 21 0 1 6 0 17 0 6
Nitrogen,ammonia (d)0 9 10 0 2 2 15 0 3 6 0 4 2 7 0 1 6 0 1 0 3
Nitrogen,Kjeldahl (d)0 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Nitrogen,Nitrate (d)15 20 67 6 45 0 1 0 3 25 4 19 0 2 0 1 5 0
12 0 0
Nitrogen,Organic (d)0 9 10 0 3 2 12 0 3 6 0 2 2 9 0 1 2 0 1 0 2
Nitrogen,Total (d)0 9 10 0 2 2 22 0 3 6 0 3 2 17 0 1 2 0 1 0 5
Oxygen,Dissolved 0 8 11 0 38 3 12 0 3 5 0 24 1 12 0 1 2 0 5 0 4
D.O.,%Saturation 0 8 11 0 19 0 53 0 3 5 0 14 1 19 0 1 2 0 0 0 11
Phosphate,Ortho (d)0 9 16 0 11 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 1
0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1
Phosphate,Total (d)0 9 10 0 3 2 12 0 3 4 0 3 2 10 0 1 2 0 1 0 3
Sulfate 11 20 72 6 59 5 23 4 3 25 4 30 2 21 0 1 4 0 17 0 6
Total Inorganic Carbon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Free Carbon Dioxide 11 17 66 1 1 3 1 4 3 25 1 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 1
I ,I J I I I .1 J J J J J
J
513/52
J l )I J s I j 1 1--i i
TABLE 3.2 (Continued)
RADIOACTIVE PARAMETERS
Summer
D Y-~.f.-.....I.-s ss o V
Winter
GeT S---SS
Break-up .__~
D V ~£......L 2....ss
Gross Alpha
Uranium
METALS AND ICAP SCAN
o 1 3 0o5 4 0
2 0
4 0
o
o
o 1 2 0
022 0
2 0
4 0
o
o
000
000
o
o
1 0
2 0
o
o
Aluminum (d)
w Aluminum (t)
~Antimony (d)
w Arsenic (d)
Arsenic (t)
Barium (d)
Barium (t)
Bismuth (d)
Boron (d)
Cadmium (d)
Cadmium (t)
Calcium (d)
Chromium (d)
Chromium (t)
Cobalt (d)
Cobalt (t)
Copper (d)
Copper (t)
Gold (d)
I ron (d)
Iron (t)
Lead (d)
Lead (t)
Magnesium (d)
o 10 6 0
o 0 3 0
o 10 7 0
o 10 7 0
o 000
o 10 9 0
o 0 5 0
o 10 7 0
o 10 7 0
o 10 2 0
o 0 4 0
11 20 67 6
o 10 2 0o0 5 0
o 0 2 0
o 0 2 0o102 0
005 0
o 10 7 0
11 10 30 6
o 0 5 0
o 10 9 0
o 0 5 0
11 20 64 6
o 0
1 3
o 0o2
o 5
5 2
9 5
o 0
o 0
5 2
8 4
58 5
5 2
10 5
4 2
o 2
4 2
10 5o0
25 2
11 5
5 2
8 5
58 5
o
o
o
10
12
7
8
o
o
8
11
23
8
11
12
7
10
11o
12
12
12
12
23
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
oo
o
o
4
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4
o
o
o
4
3 3
o 0
3 3
3 3
o 0
3 3
o 0
3 3
3 3
3 3o0
3 29
3 3
o 0
o 0
o 0
3 3
o 0
3 3o21
o 0
3 3
o 0
3 30
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4o
o
o
4
o 0
o 0
o 0
o 1
o 1
5 1
4 0
o 0
o 0
5 1
o 4
30 2
4 1
4 1
2 1
o 1
5 1
4 1
o 0
9 1
4 1
5 1
4 1
30 2
o
o
o
8
8
5
4
o
o
4
o
21
4
3
8
3
9
3
o
8
9
8
8
21
o
o
o
o
o
o
10
o
o
o
7
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1
o
1
1
o
1
o
1
1
1
o
1
1
o
o
o
1
o
1
o
o
1
o
1
2o
2
2
o
2
o
2
2
2
o
2
2
o
o
o
2
o
2
o
o
2
o
6
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
oo
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o.
o 0
o 0
o 0
o 0
1 0
4 0
o 0o0
1 0
4 0
17 0
o 0
5 0
o 0
o 0
1 0
4 0
o 0
7 0
5 0
1 0
3 0
17 0
o
o
o
5
5
2
2
o
o
2
4
6
2
3
o
3
4
5
o
5
5
4
5
5
513/53
TABLE 3.2 (Continued)
Summer Winter Break-up
0 V G C T 5 SS ~Y-~f...-T S 5S D V G C T 5 55
Manganese (d)10 10 35 3 11 4 12 3 3
29 3 8 2 8 0 1 2 0 1 0 5
Manganese (t)0 0 5 0 9 5 12 0 0 0 0 4 1 8 0 0 0 0 5 0 5
Mercury (d)0 0 2 0 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Mercury (t)0 0 5 0 8 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 1
Molybdenum (d)0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0
Molybdenum (t)0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nickel (d)0 0 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nickel (t)0 0 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Platinum (d)0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
w Potassium (d)11 20 58 6 58 5 23 4 3 20 4 30 2 21 0 1 5 0 18 0 6
!....Selenium (d)0 10 9 0 5 2 11 0 3 3 0 5 1 8 0 1 2 0 1 0 5
+:0 Selenium (t)0 0 5 0 9 5 12 0 0 0 0 5 1 8 0 0 0 0 4 0 5
Silver (d)0 10 2 0 6 2 6 0 3 3 0 5 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 0
Silver (t)0 0 5 0 8 5 6 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 2
Sodium (d)11 20 55 6 58 5 23 4 3 22 4 30 2 21 0 1 4 0 17 0 6
Silicon (d)0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Strontium (d)0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0
Tin (d)0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Titanium (d)0 10 7 0 0 0 0
0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Tungsten (d)0 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Vanadium (d)0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Zinc (d)0 10 9 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Zinc (t)0 0 5 0 9 5 10 0 0 0 0 5 1 7 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
Zironium (d)0 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
I I I I J I )I )~,1 j J -)
]
513/54
,)J E I 'j ~1 1 )]II
TABLE 3.2 (Continued)
Summer Winter Break-up
D V G C T S SS !L ".L Q...L ...L ~SS D V G C T S 55-----------
ORGANICIS
Chemical Oxygen Demand 0 8 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
Total Organic Carbon 0 0 6 0 1 0 8 0 1 4 0 2 0 10 0 0 3 0 1 0 4
Endrin 0 5 3 0 4 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Lindane 0 3 3 0 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
Methoxychlor 0 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Toxaphene 0 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
2,4-D 0 3 3 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
w 2,4,S-TP Silvex 0 3 3 0 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
I
-..I
tTl
Note:
Cd)is dissolved
(t)is total
Sample Stations
D -Denali
V -Vee Canyon
G -Gold Creek
C -Chulitna
T -Talkeetna
5 -Sunshine
S5 -Susitna Station
TABLE 3.3
ORGANIC PARAMETERS RECOMMENDED FOR ANALYSIS
Parameters·Detection Limits Parameters Detection Limits
PCB's
Aroch1or
Aroch1or
Aroch1or
Aroch1or
Aroch1or
Aroch1or·
Aroch1or
1016
1221
1232
1242
1248
1254
1260
(\1g/1)0.05
II
II..
II
II
II
PHENOXY ACID HERBICIDES
2,4 D (\.Ig/1)
2 I 4,5 T .(lJ g/l)
2,4 ,'5 TP (\.Ig/1)
1.
0.5
0.5
0"1
·w
~ORGANOCHLORIDES
Aldrin (\19/1 )
a BHC (\.19/1)
15 BHC (\19/1)
a BHC (119/1)
Y BRC (119/1)
«Chlordane (\19/1)
Y Chlordane (\19/1)
p,p1 ODD h.lg/1)
0.003
0.002
0.004
0.004
0.002
'0.005
0.005
0.012
PIP1 DDE (11g/1 )
p/P1 DDT (\.19/1 )
«Endosu1fan (\.19/1 )
a Endosu1fan (\.19/1)
Endrin (v9/1 )
.Heptachlor (\1 9/1)
Heptachlor Epoxide (\.19/1)
Toxaphene (v9/1 )
Methoxychlor (1.19/1 ).
0.006
0.016
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.002
0.004
0.40
0.01
J I I 1 J )J J I J
~>Ji'
TABLE 3.4
PARAMETERS EXCEEDING CRITERIA BY STATION AND SEASON
Parameter Station Season Criteria
D.O.%Saturation G S L
pH T S,W(B L
G B
.....Color T,5 5 L
Phosphorus,Total (d)V,G,T,S,SS S,W,B L
Total Organic Carbon G,SS S 5
V,G,SS W
SS B
~
Aluminum (d)V,G S,W S
Aluminum (t)G,S,SS 5
~Bismuth (d)V,G S S
G W
~Cadmium (d)T,SS 5,W L
5S B
Cadmium (t)G,T,5,S5 S.-T,SS W,B
Copper (d)T,S5 5 A
T W
5S B
Copper (t)G,T,5,SS S
T,S,SS W
.....T,SS
Iron (d)0,V,C S L
Iron (t)G,T,S,SS S.....T B
Lead (t)G,T,S,SS S A
T,S5 W,B
Manganese (d)D,V,G,C S L
Manganese (t)G,T,S S
T,SS B
s13/r 3 -17
TABLE 3.4 (Continued)
Parameter Station Season Criteria
Mercury (d)G,S,S L
S W
Mercury (t)G,T,S,SS S
T,S,SS W -T,SS B 'I
Nickel (t)G,S,SS S A -
Zinc (d)V S A
Zinc (t)G,S,SS S
T,S,SS W ~,
SS B
Stations
D -Denali
V -Vee Canyon
G -Gold Creek
C -Chulitna
T -Tal keetna
S -Sunshine
SS -Susitna Station
Seasons
S -Summer
W -Winter
B -Breakup
Criteria
L -Established by law as per Alaska Water Quality Standards
S -Criteria that have been suggested but are not law,or levels
which natural waters usually do not exceed.
A -Alternate level to 0.01 of the 96-hour LC SO determined
through bioassay.
-
~,
s13/r 3 -18
-
-
--
4 -PRE-PROJECT WATER QUALITY AND HYDROLOGY
Wide seasonal fluctuations in discharge are characteristic of the
Susitna River.Discharge declines during the fall and winter,
typically reaching a minimum in March.Breakup occurs in late
April or early May;discharge sharply increases then and varies
throughout the summer,depending on temperature and rainfall.
The maximum average monthly flow usually occurs in June,and the
minimum usually occurs in March.Table 4.1 presents basin and
runoff characteristics for the Watana and Devil Canyon damsites
and for Gold Creek.The U.S.Geological Survey (USGS)has
maintained a gaging station at Gold Creek for the past 31 years
and has also sampled water quality and suspended sediment during
that time.Analysis of regional flow characterstics has been done
by the USGS and by R&M Consultants,Incorporated (R&M),and is
contained in II Flood Characteristics of Alaskan Streams ll (Lamke,
1979),"Regional Flood Peak Studies ll (R&M,1981);and "River
Morphology Studies ll ,(R&M,1982b).The average annual runoff at
the two proposed damsites is 1.5 cubic feet per second per square
mile of drainage basin (cfspsm),and at Gold Creek it is 1.6
cfspsm.The maximum recorded discharge at Gold Creek is
90,700 cfs (USGS,1981),which amounts to 15 cfspsm.
The wide seasonal fluctuations in discharge have a significant
effect on water quality.The glacial character of the river also
affects water quality.Suspended sediment concentrations and
turbidity levels are low during late fall and winter,but sharply
increase at breakup and remain high throughout summer during
the glacial melt period.Dissolved solids concentrations and
conductivity values are high during low-flow periods and low
during the summer during high flows.
The Susitna River is a fast-flowing,cold-water stream of the
calcium bicarbonate type containing soft to moderately hard water
during breakup and in the summer and moderately hard water in
the winter.Nutrient concentrations,namely nitrate and ortho-
phosphate,exist in low to moderate concentrations.Dissolved-
oxygen concentrations typically remain high,averaging about
12 mg/I during the summer and 13 mg/I during winter.Percentage
saturation of dissolved oxygen always exceeds 80 percent but
averages near 100 percent in the summer;in the winter,saturation
levels decline slightly from the summer levels.pH values typically
range between 7 and 8 and exhibit a wider range in the summer as
compared to the winter.During summer,pH occasionally drops
below 7,which is attributed to tundra runoff.True color,also
resulting from tundra runoff,displays a wider range during
summer than winter.Color levels in the vicinity of the damsites
have been measured as high as 40 color units.Temperature
remains at or near DoC during winter,and the summer maximum is
13°C.Alkalinity concentrations,with bicarbonate as the dominant
s14/i 4 - 1
anion/are low to moderate during summer and moderate to high
during winter.The buffering capacity of the river is relatively
low on occasion.
The concentrations of many trace elements monitored in the river
were low or within the range characteristic of natural waters.
However /the concentrations of some trace elements exceeded water
quality guidelines for the protection of freshwater aquatic
organisms.These concentrations are the result of natural
processes because there are no man-induced sources of these
elements in the Susitna River basin.
Concentrations of organic pesticides and herbicides/uranium,and
gross alpha radioactivity were either less than their respective
detection limits or were below levels considered to be potentially
harmful.
-
"""
-
.....
-
s14/i 4 - 2
.....
TABLE 4.1
SUSITNA RIVER,BASIN AND RUNOFF CHARACTERiSTICS
Devil Gold (1)
Watana Canyon Creek
Damsite Damsite Gage Site
Drainage Area,Mi 2 5,180 5,810 6,160
Average Annual Flow,cfs 7,860 8,960 9,647
Maximum Average Monthly Flow,cfs 23,100 26,200 27,900
Minimum Average Monthly Flow,cfs 890 1,030 1,100
,,~
(1 )USGS,1981.
s14/i 4 - 3
-
!"'"
,~,
5 -RIVER REGIME EFFECTS OF IMPOUNDMENT
Construction of hydroelectric dams and their reservoirs has a
profound effect on the water regime of downstream river reaches.
The effects are summarized here;more detailed discussion is
presented in II River Morphology Studies ll (R&IVI/1982c).Since the
rate of reservoir water outflow is controlled,the downstream reach
is no longer subject to the fluctuations of a normal river regime,
with the consequence that the flow becomes more seasonally
uniform throughout the year (Kellerhals and Gilt /1973;Turkheim/
1975).The minimum flow rate is significantly increased,and peak
flows are decreased.The decrease in spring flood magnitude/
especially during the initial impoundment,may result in negative
effects on the downstream environment.It is reasonable to expect
that the interference with natural Susitna River flows will cause a
change in stream levels and bank storage levels for some distance
downstream from the dams.
The number of upstream hydrologic effects are few compared to
at-reservoir and downstream effects.Due to an aggradation
process whereby reservoir water levels are increased in an
upstream direction,the reservoir can increase the amount of
evaporation from a river (Turkheim/1975).However,the amount
of evaporation from the river will be a small percentage of the
total evaporation from the Watana and Devi I Canyon reservoi rs,
and evaporation at these reservoirs will be insignificant.
s12/L 5 - 1
,.,...,
-
6 -WATER QUALITY IMPACTS
6.1 -Impoundment Characteristics
The Watana Dam will be 860 feet high and will retain 9.6 million
acre-feet of water at full storage.The area of the reservoir at
the maximum operating level will be 38,000 acres.The Devil
Canyon Reservoir·will be smaller,covering 7,800 acres at the
maximum operating level,with 1.1 million acre-feet at full storage.
The Devil Canyon Dam will be 650 feet high.Either multi-level
outlets or single outlets at a depth no greater than 200 feet will be
used.Consequently,neither dam wi II have an outlet near the
reservoir bottom.
The environmental conditions in an impoundment differ from those
in a flowing stream in many ways,including change in water
depth,increased detention time,and the possibility of
stratification,eutroph ication,evaporation,sedimentation,and
leaching.Each of these has an influence on the normal physical,
chemical,and biologic processes that cause changes in water
quality.Additional detention time allows natural processes to
proceed far beyond the extent feasible in a flowing stream.If
stratification exists,the bottom portion of the water (hypolimnion)
is trapped and does not contact aerated water or the atmosphere,
thereby having a marked effect on the natural processes that
occur in water and leading to creation of poor-quality water.
Leaching also results in poor quality of the hypolimnion.
Eutrophication leads to algal blooms and nuisance conditions
throughout an impoundment,and evaporation concentrates the
dissolved fractions in water.
6.2 -Impoundment Processes and Interactions
The impoundment processes (stratification,eutrophication,
evaporation,sedimentation,leaching,and ice cover)are defined in
this section,and a summary of their interactions is presented.
Stratification.Stratification is a layering of water because of
density differences,which can be caused by temperature or
sediment load.Stratification occurs in the summer -due to the
warming of the surface water by short and long-wave radiation,
conduction,and advection (Roesner,1971),and winter
stratification can occur in cold regions because O°C water at the
surface is lighter than the warmer water below (Kittrel,1965).·
Winter stratification is not as stable as summer stratification,which
is stable with dense water at the bottom and lighter water at the
top and very little vertical mixing.The top layer of the reservoir
(the epilimnion)is of nearly uniform temperature,the region of
changing temperature below the epilimnion is the thermocline,and
the bottom layer is the hypolimnion (Symons,1969).Only weak
thermal stratification has been observed in glacial lakes (R&M,
1982a).
s14/a 6 - 1
Eutrophication.Eutrophication is a term meaning enrichment of
waters by nutrients,either man-induced or through natural means
(Mackenthun,1969).Phosphorus and nitrogen are the fertilizing
elements most responsible for lake eutrophication,but iron and
other trace elements are also important.
Evaporation.The major effect of evaporation on water quality is
the resulting higher concentration of dissolved substances
(Symons,1969;Love,1961).In Alaska,cool temperatures and
abundant water indicate that evaporation may not be critical.
Sublimation from ice and snow,however,may cause significant
water loss (Smith and Justice,1976).
Sedimentation.The quiescent conditions in impoundments indicate
that sedimentation will occur,and the type of material that will
settle is dependent on upstream conditions.The rate of settling is
.a function of particle size,shape,and density (Weiss et al.,
1973).
Leaching.Leaching is the exchange of chemicals from an
impoundment bottom to the water mass,and the process of
exchange is more rapid under reducing conditions than under
oxidizing conditions (Mortimer;1941,1942).
Ice Cover.An ice cover has one direct effect on impoundment
water quality and some indirect effects.The direct effect was
noted by Mortimer (1941,1942),who discussed the increased
concentration of solutes just below the ice.As water freezes,the
dissolved solids are exuded from the ice and concentrated.The
indirect effects include (1)the prevention of atmospheric
reaeration,(2)stratification,and (3)a reduction in light
penetration after snow covers the ice.
Each of the six processes defined above interact with one another
in impoundments.The cumulative effect of these interactions on
water quality is usually to further degrade it.The process
interactions described below are from Smith and Justice (1976).
Stratification-Leaching.In a stratified reservoir,no vertical
mixing occurs between the epiJimnion and the hypolimnion;thus no
oxygen is transferred to the lower water.If anaerobic conditions
result,the redox potential will decrease,and leaching rates will
increase.
Stratification-Sedimentation.Stratification causes inffowing water
to enter at a depth with equal density,thereby controlling the
distance the sediment load has to fall before being effectively
removed from the incoming water.I n some cases,stratification
determines whether or not the suspended material will be removed
at all.Also,loss of sediment reduces the water density,which
can affect stratification.
~I
-
-
-
'~
s14/a 6 - 2
..-
Stratification-Evaporation.Stratification increases evaporation
because the warm,less dense water remains near the su rface.On
the other hand,surface cooling by evaporation and heat loss can
cause convective currents if the heat loss is greater than the
energy added by the sun1s radiation.The convective cu rrents
keep the epilimnion isothermal and mixed.
Stratification-Eutrophication.Nutrient-rich hypolimnion water is
prevented from mIxing with surface water,thus controlling algae
growth if the concentration of the limiting nutrient is controlled.
Eutrophication-Leaching.The dying and settling of algae adds
organic matter to the bottom.Upon degradation,the organic
matter depletes oxygen and releases chemicals.Nutrients are
released by the leaching of detritus material.If the nutrients are
transported to the surface,algae growth may be stimulated.
Eutrophication-Sedimentation.Dead algae settle to the bottom.
Settling of dead algae and of some precipitates removes nutrients
from the zone of algae growth.Increased light penetration due to
turbidity removal can stimulate algae growth.
Eutrophication-Evaporation.Active algae growths at a water
surface cause an increase in evaporation rates.
Sedimentation-Leaching.Settling of inorganic material will reduce
leaching by covering or diluting organic deposits.If the settled
material is high in organic content,anoxic conditions,and thus
leaching,will be favored.
Ice Cover-Evaporation.Water loss by evaporation will be reduced
if an ice cover exists,but sublimation·will still occur and will
remove some of the ice and snow cover.
Ice Cover-Eutrophication.The decreased light penetration due to
snow and ice cover will slow the growth of algae.However,rapid
algae growth has been observed under ice cover.
Ice Cover-Stratification.Winter stratification is protected from
wind mixing by an ice cover.
Ice Cover-Leaching.Winter reaeration can only come from
advection of oxygen-rich water or through cracks in the ice cover.
If anaerobic conditions develop,leaching will increase.
Evaporation-Sedimentation.Loss of water by evaporation leaves
the dissolved solids more concentrated,thus forcing precipitation
reactions to the solid phase with possible settling of reaction
products.
s14/a 6 - 3
.-_._-------------------------------
6.3 -Impoundment Impacts on Water Quality
When a turbulent,sediment-laden stream such as the Susitna River
enters a reservoir,the quiescent conditions wIll allow much of the
material to settle to the bottom.Weiss et al.(1973),Simmons
(1972),and Love (1961)substantiate the reduction of turbidity by
impoundment of sediment-laden waters in reservoirs.According to
reservoir sedimentation studies,70-97 percent of sediment entering
Watana Reservoir would settle (most likely on the high end of this
range),even shortly after filling of the reservoir starts (R&M,
1982a).The Devil Canyon Reservoir would have a slightly lower
trap efficiency than Watana due to its smaller volume.However,
most sediment will be deposited in Watana,the upstream reservoir.
Turbidity levels and suspended solids concentrations downstream
from the reservoir will decrease sharply from natural levels during
the summer months due to the sediment trapping characteristics of
the reservoirs.The turbidity of water released during winter will
be substantially reduced from summer conditions,as suspended
sediment in near-surface waters should rapidly settle once the
reservoir ice cover forms and essentially quiescent conditions
occur.However,it is possible that glacial flour that entered the
reservoir during summer will pass through and out the reservoir
during winter.If this occurs,the turbidity of water released
during winter,although low,will be higher than pre-project
levels.
Sedimentation affects other water quality parameters besides
turbidity and suspended solids.Color (Drachev,1962),
pa rticu late phosphorus (Wright and Soltero,1973),dead
microorganisms such as plankton and algae (Erickson and
Reynolds,1969),and precipitated chemicals (Mortimer;1941,1942)
are removed in the sedimentation process.Consequently,color
levels and total phosphorus concentrations ought to be reduced in
and downstream from the reservoir.Metal concentrations,such as
iron,manganese,and some of the trace elements,will also be
reduced as they are precipitated and settle to the bottom.
Leaching under anaerobic conditions will cause some of these
characteristics to redissolve into the water near the reservoir
bottom.However,if the deposited material is inorganic,it can
form a mat on the reservoir bottom,thereby effectively blocking
leachate from entering the water column (Neal,1967).This is
expected to occur in the Watana Reservoir but is likely to be a
minor factor in the Devil Canyon Reservoir.
The range and seasonal variation in temperature of the Susitna
River will change after impoundment.Boike and Waddell (1975)
noted in an impoundment study that the resevoir not only reduced
the magnitude of variation in temperature but also changed the
time period of the high and low temperature.This will also be the
case for the Susitna River,where pre-project temperatures
generally range from O°C to 13°C with the lows occurring in
s14/a 6 - 4
,-
-
October/November through March/April and the highs in July or
August.After closure of the dam gates,the temperature range
will be reduced and low temperatures will occur in November
through March.The period of highest temperature will be July
and August,as is the pre-project case.Reservoirs releasing
water from the surface are IIheat exporter ll reservoirs (Turkheim,
1975),and both Susitna River reservoirs fall into this category.
Thermal stratification is likely to occur in both reservoirs during
summer and winter as a result of density differences within the
water column,although stratification is often relatively weak.
Winter stratification would be less stable than summer stratification
because the maximum temperature difference would be 4°C,the
temperature of water at its maximum density.It is expected that
vertical mixing will occur in the spring as a result of the large
input of water,wind effects,and surface-water warming.During
stratified conditions,vertical mixing is inhibited or eliminated.
Thus,the transport of oxygen from the surface,where reaeration
occurs,to the bottom,where biologic and chemical processes use
oxygen,is severely inhibited.
Anaerobic bottom conditions can harm aquatic life and cause the
reduction and release of undesirable chemicals into the water
(Fish,1959).The leaching process,which is more efficient under
anaerobic conditions,.degrades bottom water quality by releasing
such chemicals as al kalinity,iron,manganese (Symons et al.,
1965L hydrogen sulfide,and nutrients (Turkheim,1975).Also,
leaching problems become more severe as the organic content in
the soils increases.The potential for leaching at the Watana
Reservoir should decline over time as the inorganic glacial sediment
carried in by the river settles and blankets the reservoir bottom.
The products of leaching are not anticipated to be abundant
enough to affect more than a small layer of water near the
reservoir bottoms.Also,leaching products will not degrade
downstream water quality over the long term because water will be
released from the reservoir surface.A short-term increase in
dissolved solids,conductivity,and most of the major ions may be
evident immediately after closure of the dam.The magnitude of
increase cannot be quantified with available data,but it is
anticipated that the increase will not result in detrimental effects
to freshwater aquatic organisms.Boike and Waddell (1975)
reported that the highest concentration of all major ions,except
magnesium,occurred immediately after closure of the dam they
were studying.They attributed the increase in concentration to
the initial inundation and leaching of rocks and soils in the
reservoir area.However,effects such as these are temporary and
diminish as the reservoir matures (Baxter and Glaude,1980).
s14/a 6 - 5
Although evaporation has been noted to cause the dissolved solids
concentra.tions to increase (Symon!1969;Love,1961),this
potential effect on water quality at the Watana and Devlt Canyon
Reservoirs is not significant.The average annual evaporation
predicted for May through September at Watana is 10.0 inches,and
at Devil Canyon is '11.1 inches.There is no evaporation during
the period of ice cover which will be October through April.The
percentage of the reservoirs lost to evaporation during summer will
be 0.3 percent at Watana and 0.6 percent at Devil Canyon.A
less-than 1 percent increase in concentration of most water quality
parameters is not significant.Local effects may be noted from
evaporation,and sublimation may cause some water loss,creating
local effects.These are not anticipated to be significant.
Eutrophication occurs when nutrients accumulate in the photic zone
of lakes and reservoirs.If water is released from a reservoir
surface,the reservoir is a "nu trient trapJl (Turkheim,1975),much
like a lake.Both Susitna River reservoirs will release water from
at or near the surface.Hence,they can be expected to become
nutrient traps.However,the probability of eutrophic conditions
developing in these reservoirs is not necessarily high because they
are nutrient traps.The major criteria that influence
eutrophication include nutrient concentrations,algal populations,
solar radiation!and the effects of reservoir processes.More
detailed discussion on assessment of eutrophication potential is
presented in Attachment B.
The critical concentration cif nitrogen in a lake at the beginning of
the growing season above which excessive algae blooms may be
expected to occur is 0.2 0.3 mg/I when phosphorus
concentrations are from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/I (Mackenthun,1960).
Symons (1969)reports that phosphorus is the controlling nutrient
and blooms could be expected if the level exceeded 0.01 mg/I.
The pre-project concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus
measured at Vee Canyon,upstream from the proposed reservoir
locations,have exceeded the critical concentration levels cited
above.These critical concentration levels were developed from
work done in temperate regions,and may not be applicable in the
subarctic.LaPerriere et al.(1978),in their study of the nutrient
chemistry of a large,deep subarctic fake,reported nitrogen and
phosphorus concentrations similar to those measured at Vee
Canyon.,The lake they studied was not eutrophic,and the peak
algal biomass and productivity occurred under the spring ice
rather than in the summer.They also predicted that a large
number of cottages could be added around the lake without
eutrophic conditions developing.Based on this work,it seems
reasonable to expect that eutrophic conditions will not develop in
the Watana and Devil Canyon Reservoirs.
-
","""
s14/a 6 - 6
-
-
Turkheim (1975)reports that nitrogen supersaturation of water
below a dam is possible in certain seasons,extending an unknown
distance downstream.This is certainly a possibility below both
Susitna dams.However,the ultimate impact of nitrogen
supersaturation is its effect on fish.Nitrogen supersaturation
problems will be solved structurally through the use of
Howell-Bunger valves,eliminating plunging spIlls up to the 1:50
year flood.Portage Creek,just below Devil Canyon,is essentially
the upstream limit for spawning salmon.Consequently,water
supersaturated with nitrogen leaving the dams must travel through
Devil Canyon before reaching an important fisheries area.It is
reasonable to expect that,with the natural plunging and
turbulence of the canyon,post-project nitrogen super-saturation
levels will be the same as the pre-project levels at the downstream
end of Devi I Canyon.
s14/a 6 - 7
-
-
7 -REFERENCES
Baxter,R.M.;and P.Glaude,1980.Environmental effects of
dams and impoundments in Canada:experience and prospects.
Bulletin 205,Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences,Department of Fisheries and Oceans,Ottawa,
Canada,34 pp.
Boike,E.L.,and K.M.Waddell,1975.Chemical quality and
temperature in Flaming Gorge Reservoir,Wyoming and Utah,
and the effect of the reservoir on the Green River.U.S.
Geological Survey,Water-Supply Paper 2039-A,814 pp.
Drachev,S.M.,1962.The oxygen regime and the processes of
self-purification in reservoirs with retarded discharge.In:
Advances in Water Pollution Research,B.A.Southgate,
editor,Pergamon Press,New York.
Erickson,P.A.,and J.T.Reynolds,1969.The ecology of a
reservoir.Natural History,83:11:48-53.
Fish,F.F.,1959.Effect of impoundment on downstream water
quality.Journal American Water Works Association,Vol.51,
pp.47-50.
Kittrel,F.W.,1965.Thermal stratification in reservoirs.In:
Symposium on Streamflow Regulation for Quality Control,U.
S.Department of Health,Education and Welfare,Washington,
D.C.,279 pp.
Lamke,R.D.1979.Flood Characteristics of Alaskan Streams.
U.S.Department of the Interior,Geological Survey,Water
Resources Investigations 78-129.Anchorage,Alaska.
LaPerriere,J.D.;T.Tilsworth;and L.A.Casper,1978.
Nutrient chemistry of a large,deep lake in subarctic Alaska.
EPA-600/78-088,U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory,Corvallis,Oregon,
129 pp.
Kellerhals,R.;and D.Gill,1973.Observed and potential
downstream effects of large storage projects in northern
Canada.In:Proceedings,11th International Congress on
Large Dams,Madrid,Spain,pp.731-754.
Love,K.S.,1961.Relationship of impoundment to water quality.
Journal American Water Works Association I Vol.53,pp.
559-568.
Mackenthun,
control.
s14/b
K.M.,1960.What you should know about algal
Public Works,91 :9:114-116.
7 - 1
__...",..._,1969.The practice of water pollution biology.U.S.
Department of the Interior,Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration,Division of Technical Support,281 pp.
Mortimer,C.H.,1941.The exchange of dissolved substances
between mud and water in lakes,Parts 1 and 2.Journal of
Ecology,Vol.29,pp.280-329.
,1942.The exchange of dissolved substances between---"'""":"mud and water in lakes,Parts 3 and 4.Journal of Ecology,
Vol.30,pp.147-201.
Neal,J.K.,1967.Reservoir eutrophication and dystrophication
following impoundment.In:Reservoir Fish Resources
Symposium,Georgia University,Athens,pp.322-332.
R&M Consultants,Inc.,1981.Regional flood peak studies.
Susitna Hydroelectric Project Feasibility Report,Anchorage,
Alaska.December.
R&M Consultants,Inc.,1982a.
HydroeJectric Feasibility
January.
Reservoir sedimentation.
Report,Anchorage,
Susitna
Alaska.-R&M Consultants,Inc.,1982b.River morphology studies.
Susitna Hydroelectric Project Feasibility Report,Anchorage,
Alaska.January.
Roesner,L.A.;W.R.Norton;and G.T.Orlob,1971.
Jnternational symposium on mathematical models in hydrology.
Warsaw,Poland,19 pp.
Simmons,G.M.,1972.
River,Virginia.
Universtiy,Water
Virginia.
Pre-impoundment study of the North Anna
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
Resources Research Center,Blacksburg,
Smith,D.W.;and S.R.
supply impoundments:
Institute of Water
Fairbanks,96 pp.
Justice,1976.Clearing Alaskan water
literature review.Report IWR-67-A,
Resources,University of Alaska,
Symons,J.M.,1969.Water quality behavior in reservoirs.U.S.
Public Health Service,Bureau of Water Hygiene,Cincinnati,
Ohio,200 pp.
s14/b 7 - 2
__...,....~,S.R.Weibel,and G.G.Robeck,1965.Impoundment
influences on water quality.Journal American Water Works
Association,Vol ~57,No.1,pp.51-75.
Turkheim,R.A.,1975.Biophysical impacts of arctic
hydroelectric developments.In:Impacts of Mining and
Hydroelectric Projects and Associated Developments on Arctic
Renewable Resources and the Inuit,J.C.Day,editor,
University of Waterloo,199 pp.
Weiss,C.M.;D.E.Francisco;and D.R.Lenat,1973.
Preimpoundment studies,Howard Mills,Project.Department
of Enviornmental Sciences and Engineering and the University
of North Carolina Wastewater Research Center,Chapel Hill,
North Carolina,190 pp.
-
USGS,1981.
Survey,
373 pp.
Water resources data for Alaska.U.S.Geological
Water~Data Report AK-80~1,Water Year 1980,
-
-
-
,.....
Wright,J.C.;and R.A.Soltero,1973.Limnology of Yellowtail
Reservoir and the Bighorn River.Re~73-002,U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,Washington,D.C.,105 pp.
s14/b 7 - 3
-
-
-
s14/c1
ATT ACHMENT A
GRAPHICAL SUMMARIES OF
WATER QUALITY DATA
Ji l })1 )1 1 )1 -)..')t -}l "I
,
PARAMETER I TRUE COLOR,PLATINUM COBALT UNIT
160
100 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN
~50
•.MINIMUM
0 --._--.
#:OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
.D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON"0'"GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION·
Shall not excee.d50 units (ADEC,1979),,,
Established to prevent ,the reduction of photosynthetic activity w¥ch may have deleteriouq '.
effects on aquatic life..
,.[IllI~DATA SUMMARY -COLOR
R&M CONSULTANTS.INC..FIGURE I 1
.",ul,"'."".dI_O,-Oa .•".~..",....r.......~u..v.,.aR•
.--~'.-
,.
1 J )}.1 J I ))l )~}1 '~.,I I j
PARAMETER:CONDUCTIVITY,~mhos/cm @ 25°C
400
300 •MAXIMUM
,.
-MEAN
200
•MINIMUM
100 ,
·OBSERVATION
SUMMER .WINTER BREAKUP .
P-DENALI.V-VEE CANYON"G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULtTNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established
lin~01 DATA SUMMARY -CONDUCT I VI TVR&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 2
.....g,IN......a.Dt.DI:J'.T.~LaN""."'••~IIII\I ....0_.
)1 1 1 .~J 1 )'J }I i 1
,
PARAMETER:HARDNESS.as Ca C03'(mg./I.)
170
120 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
-
70
•MINIMUM
20
#OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D'"DENALI·y ...VEe CANYON.G~GOLD CREEK c-CHUUTNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established ',-
Some metals have variable synergistic effects with hardness,depen~ent on the prevailing.,
hardness in the water ..The criteria for cadium,for example,is 0.0012 mg/l in hard water
and 0.0004 mg/l in soft water.
t lIm~".,;:.rl'{f DATA SUMMARY -HARDNESSt-'~FIGURE 13R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.
•NII'''''.....a.OLco,_T.~L.NN••••U"V.l"O".
,.
1 )1 1 1 i )1 -1 1 )1 I 1
PARAMETER:-.EH
.
-
'"
8A MAXIMUM•
,
-MEAN
~-
7
,-•MINIMUM
6
j
*OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.G~GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION"
A,~ot less than 6.5 ot greater than 9.0.Shall not vary more than 0.5 pH unit
from natural condition (ADEC,1979).
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
[!I]~'YI ·I:IATA"SUMMARV -PHR&M ~ONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 4
•"'al""'.....GIlOl,.gOI.T._L.ANNW •••UIIIV.VCA.
)I )\1 1 1 l ·1 1 )l -)1 1 1
PARAMETER I TEMPERATURE,°c
,A
~15
~
10 MAXIMUM•
-MEAN
...
5
•MINIMUM
0 ,
*'OBSERVATIONI(J ...(J
SUMMER ·WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI.V-VEe CANYON,a ...aOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Shall not exceed 20°C at any time.The following maximum temperature shall not be
exceeded where applicable:migration routes and rearing areas--150C,spawning areas
and egg and fry incubation--130 C (ADEC,1979)
Established to protect sensitive important fish species,and for the successful migration,
spawning,egg-incubation,fry-rearing,and other reproductive functions of important species.
~DATA SUMMARY -TEMPERATURE [Ij]R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 5
•"',UII ......I:...a.OLgOI.",••1....,..,.......u.v .....o ...
]l 1 j i l J 'J 1 ~t I -...)~l J I
,
PARAMETER'.TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS,(mg./l.)
300
200 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
-
100 -
•.MINIMUM
0
...
#OBSERVATIONIn"
.J..
..'P .--
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEe CANYON,G"GOlD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHIN~SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.1,500 rng/1 '(ADEb,1979).'.
J
Established to protect natural condition ~f f,reshwater ecosystems (500 mg/l is the cri£erion
for water supplies).'.
I -[Ill~DATA SUMMARY -TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDSR&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 16
........lIW ••".GeOLDO ••,••"'..."',.,.IIt ••u"......,cu,.
'-
1 1 )'J I 1 }I )J -1>
J '>J l l J 1
,
PARAMETER I TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS,(mg./I.)
6000
-
4000 •MAXIMUM
.
-MEAN'.
2000
•.MINIMUM
_.
0 .
#OBSERVATIONu:
--:.---
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
.D-DENALI·V-VEe CANYON,,'O'"OoLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No measurable increase above natural conditions (ADEC,1979)., I
Established to prevent deleterious effects on aquatic animal and'plant life,their reprqduction
"".'.and habitat..,
I
,
[(Ill~\U DATA SUMMARY -TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
R&M CONSUL.TANTS,INC.FIGURE I 7
•,..11'......"'.GI.OI..QII"."."\'''N''''.~••u_v."allli.
I •
1 1 l J J t 1 }1 t 1 ]l )J )
I
PARAMETER:.~.TURBIDITY!NTU
.
600
400 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
200
•MINIMUM
0 -.
#:OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON,Ow GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINl£SS-SUSITNA STATION
Shall not exceed 25 NTU above natural conditions (ADEC,1979), I
Established to prevent .the reduction of the compensation point f~r;photosynthetic activity,'which
may have adverse effects on aquatic life.,
r [[II]~DATA SUMMARY -TURB'I D1TY
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE Ie
•NQIN......G.DLgOI.T......NN.IIl.eu.",."'o••
)J 1 ~i 1 1 })J !1 }1 I
PARAMETER:ALKALINITY,as CAC03'(mg.11.)
175
125 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
75
~
•MINIMUM
25~,
.OBSERVAT ION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI.V-VEE CANYON,a-GOl.D CREEK 0-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
20mg/l or more except where natural condition~are less.(EPA,1976),
Established to protect treshwater aquatic organisms.
mmJ~DATA SUMMARY -ALKALINITY
!=I&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 9
•Nell""••••a.DLDI3 ••T.~L""'N••••UlllV.TC....
])I "j j J .1 ))1 1 )
,
PARAMETER I CHLORIDE,(rng ./1.)
t
A 30
20 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN.-..
10
•MINIMUM
0
#:OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.G-GOLD CREEK c-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S -SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
Less than 200 rng/1 x (ADEC,1979),,
J
Established to protect water supplies..
,
r [(jI]~DATA SUMMARY -CHLOR I DE
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 10
•""G1II\o1 .....OeOLOQlllloTIIo _..ANNeil'll ••U.V.YQIIt.
I.
)J 1 »1 1 )11 1 ]1]1 ]
I
l
,,
PARAMETER:AMMONIA NITROGEN ,as N,(mg ./l.)
tA
·
0.3
-
....
0.2
•MAXIMUM.-
-MEAN
0.1
-
-•MINIMUM
.•
0.0 .
*OBSERVATION.
-
.SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
,p ..DENALI.V-VEE CANYON"O"GOI.D CREEK.C-CHULITNA T ..TALKEErN.A.~..SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than O.02mg/1 as un-ionized annnonia (EPA,1976).Data appearing above are total
dissolved annnonia.The concentration of un-ionized ammonia is pH and temperature
dependant.The maximum ammonia nitrogen concentration·appearing in this figure is
less than the stated criterion.
;
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.'
~'D"l m!DR&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -AMMON IA NITROGEN FIGURE I II
•""","'••••GI"OlQI»'.T."'LANN••••""'_V."'O••
]1 1 I ..J -J "J 1 1 '"]}J -I )1
/
PARAMETER:KJELDAHL NITROGEN,as N,(mg./1.)
...~
..
0.80 •MAXIMUM
.,
-MEAN
0.40
•MINIMUM
-
0.00
*OBSERVATIONIJ
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON"G~GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $'"SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established ,I
,
.
r
[1m.~DATA SUMMARY -KJELDAHL NITROGENR&M CONSULTANTS,INC.~FIGURE I 1,2
.NQiIN....(I.a~OQlI.T•..L .......N ••••Ullltv."0••
J.
~j C)]J 1 )]1 J ]j ]
I
PARAMETER:NITRATE NITROGEN.as N,(mg./1.)
3
2 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
I
•MINIMUM
..
.."
r-
0
*OBSERVATION~I'f
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON G~GOlD CREEK C-CHUUTNA T-TALKEETNA $"SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
Less than 10 mg/1 (water supply).(EPA,1976).',-
-
Established tp protect water supplies.
.
,
r rnm~'\J J
DATA SUMMARY ~.NITRATE NITROGEN
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE 113
•""Cll ......~...D.DLQQI.,..taLA"""".___.u...v.YQ....
,.
1 ])I 1 1 1 J -1 J
,
.PARAMETER:ORGANIC NITROGEN,as N,(mg./1.)
1.5
1.0 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.5
-
•MINIMUM
0.0 ..
#OBSERVATION-I (
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.G~GoLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established ,,
:
,
.
r [g]~OATA SUMMARY -ORGAN Ie.NITROGENR&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 114
.NIlIIN._""_a_DLOa ••,.._LAN""_""_.UIllr"'....OA.
J,
»1 1 1 1 ]1 1 1 1 )J J
,
PARAMETER'TOTAL NITROGEN,as N,(mg./1.)
3 I
2 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
1
•MINIMUM
0
*OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D"'DENALI·y ...VEE CANYON.G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established ,,
,
.
r ~~L DATA SUMMARY -TOTAL NITROGENR&M CONSULTANTS.INC.FIGURE I 15
.NOIN••lIIIl.1II.0LDQlI.T.~L.""N."'••u"v.YOIlll.
I,
J 1 1 1 I 1 .1 1 )1 1 J
PARAMETER:DISSOLVED OXYGEN,(mg,/1.)
17
t 14A
:.
12 •MAXIMUM,
-MEAN
10
•MINIMUM
8
I
#OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
.D-DENALI ..V-VEE CANYON"Go.GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A,Greater than 7mg/1,but 1m no case shall D,O,exceed 17mg/1 (ADEC,'1979),
Established for the protection of anadromous and resident fish.
[(jI]Q~~JWlI--'~
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC,DATA SUMMARY -OXYGEN)DISSOLVED FIGURE I 16
.NQlI""••••GI'OLQO'."....L ....NN."'••u""v.vc ...
].)I .---1 1 -J J ]1 1 I 1 )1 1
PARAMETER:D.O ..PERCENT SATURATION
120
A ;a.-
100 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
..
eo
•MINIMUM
60 ,
#OBSERVATION~.3 I
.h........1 'I-"
SUMMER 'WINTER BREAKUP
.D-DENALI.:V-VEE CANYON"G-GOLD CREEK C"CHULITNA T-TALKEETN.A $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.mhe concentration of total disolved gas sh~ll not exceed 110%saturation at
any point.(ADEC,1979).
Established for the protection of anadromous and resident fish.
[lID]~DATA SUMMARY -D.O.}%SATURATIONR&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 17
•.·,11111'11.....a_OLC:U:lI.Ta _LANN ••••UIIIV.VC••
]1 I ]]i J i B I )I -1 1
,
PARAMETER I ORTHO PHOSPHATE,as P,(mg./1.)
0.6
_.
0.4 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.2 _.
•MINIMUM
.0.0
*OBSERVATION
-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON,0-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEErNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion estab~ished ,.-..
,[g]~
~&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -ORTHO PHOSPHATE FIGURE I 18
•,..,QIN.W ••a.cu..Otll,,"••1.,"''''''''••••r.J.V ....ICII1111.
,.
]1 I 1 1 ~I 1 j 1 ~I ]
PARAMETER:DIS.PHOSPHORUS (P),(mg./1.)
0.4 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.2
--•MINIMUM
A O.~-.
#OBSERVATIONI)I)
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
0-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULlTNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.01 mg/l for elemental phosphorus (EPA,1976)
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
[j!jJ~DATA SUMMARY -PHOSPHORUSR&M CONSULTANTS.INC•FIGURE t 19
•""0'""......GIOI.Oa'.T.PLANNI".aUlltlJ."OA.
••
J 1 ·'--1 ]'I •••J ---I .1 I ]I 1 1
,
PARAMETER:SULFATE.(mg./1.)
t
A
40 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
20
•MINIMUM
0
#OBSERVATION
SUMMER 'WINTER BREAKUP
,D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON,Go;o GOLD CREEK COO CHULITNA Too TALKEETNA $..SUNSHIN~SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Shall not exceed 200 mg/l.(ADEC.1979).•I-.-Established to protect water supplies..
r mw~OATA SUMMARY -SULFATER&M CcNSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 120
•Nell,.,.......D.n~I:IOI.T•.,L.NN .....•LI."'....Q ...
>•
J '))J I )-1 }I ))1
,
PARAMETER:TOTAL INORGANIC CARBON,(mg./1.)
100
75 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
-
50
•MINIMUM
25
#OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
p-DENALI V-VEE CANYON"Gu GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
,'
No criterion established.,,-.
".
r ~"
~OATA SUMMARY -TOTAL I NORGAN IC CARBON
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 21
.""Oll'\iI.It'••A.aa.O~'.T.~L"''''N.lII••U"''''.l'CU'••
I,
1 )'1 I i -.J 1 "1 ~)1 1 1 1 J J ]j
PARAMETER I FREE CARBON DIOXIDE,(mg./1.)
30
.."
20 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
10
-F-
..
•MINIMUM
...
0
I
-
*OBSERVATIONIJ
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI.,V-VEe CANYON"G-GOLD cReEK,c-CHULITNA T-TALKEETN,A ~..SUNSHINE ss-SUS.TNA STATION
No criterion established (
.
OJ[C"I",~[11]~VY.DATA SUMMARY -FREE CARBON DIOXIDER&M CONSUL.TANTS.INC•FIGURE I 22
• N ••""..........cn.QlJIl.T ........NN ••••u .."....c ...
l 1 }I ))1 1 -J ]1 --]-_.]J 1
,
PARAMETER:RADIOACTIVITY.GROSS ALPHA,(pCi/1)
60
40 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
-
20
A~
_.•MINIMUM
8----7-
0
*OBSERVATION
,-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.Go.GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~...SUNSHINE SS'"SUSITNA STATION
A.15 pCi/l (ADEC,1979),
"
B.5 pCi/l (McNeely,1979).,
Established to prevent detrimental radionuclide concentratiQns inaqu~tic orga,nisms.
,~~DATA SUMMARY -GROSS ALPHAR&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 823
•1'\11:111'1I.....l:I.g~DQI.T._L,ANN••••Ulltv.TO ••
I •
)l )1 1 I J ~i 1 i 1 1 I 1 E
,
PARAMETER:URANIUM.(mg.11.)
ta
0.0003
0.0002 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.0001
•MINIMUM
0.0000
*OBSERVATION,51 4 r1 n II n
.1.',-,
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON.G"""GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S.-SUNSHIN~SS-SUSITNA STATION
..
A.No criterion established.',
.'
B.EPA has suggeste~a possible ambient goal of 0.003 ~g/l,(Sittig,1981),
.This goal is based on the effect of uranium on human health.'
r [(I]~\y1 DATA SUMMARY -URANIUMF1&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE 124
•""GlI"'••"".0.0\.4:1111 •.,.••1...""1\1 .....uM!'W.'I'O ••
I,
~I '~,,~1 1 ~l ~~-~l "]"J J J
,
PARAMETER I ALuMINUM (AL)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
3
2 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
I
~•MINIMUM
B --->0 ,
,
#OBSERVATION)
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYO~.Q-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S -SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION, ,
A.No criterion established ,,
B.A limit of 0.073 mg/1 h~s been suggested by EPA (Sittig,1981).
'.,
This suggested limit is ba,sed on the effects of aluminum on human health.
~DATA'SUMMARY -ALUMINUM (d)[jj]R&M CONSULTANTS.INC.FIGURE /25
•NIIIN ••IIIl.~.aLDIIII.'t•...A""....."'••""lIIIv.yo....
J 1 l )C ---l -,,1 1 1
1\
i
J i j
t
"
PARAMETER I ALUMINUM (AI)Total Recoverable (mg./1.)
.
.
-
-c_.
20 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
10 .-
•.MINIMUM
~O .-
:tI=08SERVATION
--~-..-.•
SUMMER :WINTER BREAICUP
D-DENALI V-VEe CANYON"0 ...GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~..SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.No criterion established ".',"..
B.A limit of 0.073,m.g/l ·has been suggested by EPA (Sittig,1981).'.I,'
This suggested U,ffiit is based on the effects 0:1;aluminum,~:m human health.
I .~~q~J\1l
~~let)FIGURE I 26R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.DATA SUMMARY -ALUMINUM
......tI'III ••".0_0,,-001."••Io...,..r.,.....U.V."IC"'.
..
)1 1 1
'I.'•,
1 1 1 1 1 I ...1
,
PARAMETER:ANTIMONY (Sb)DISSOLVED,(mg.11.)
-
---.•.._....
.-
17 nl7:o •MAXIMUM
.
..-MEAN
I··
~".~
•MINIMUM
#OBSERVATION..If II
-.._..,.-._.
----
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYO,..G"GOLD CREEK 0-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 9mg/1 on an acute basis,and less than 1.6 mg/1 on a chronic ,
basis.(EPA,1980;.Sittig,1981)..
'..,
,
Established to protect freshwqte~aguatic organis~s..
r [Ill~DATA SUMMARY -ANTI'MONY (d)
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 27
.""'gll"",••••aeOI.Oql.T.~""'''''N••••uJllwa ...o ••
"
J l 1 -1 1 )J 1 I J }1 J l J J I J
,
tA8B
PARAMETER I ARSENIC (As)DISSOLVED,(mg.11.)
0.003
0.002 •.MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.001
•.MINIMUM
-
0.000 ,
*OBSERVATIONuJ:
SUMMER 'WINTER .BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.Q ...GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHIN~SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than.440 mg/1.(EPA,1980;Sittig 1981).,,
B..050 mg/1 for domestic water supplies (EPA,1976).'.
..j •
Established for the J?rotection o~freshwater aquatic life (l\,)r and (B)fOl;"the J?rotection of drinking water.
I [II]Dllc-'II\\/Jl DATA SUMMARY -ARSENIC (d)~\./
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE '28
•NIIIN.....O_CllIo Og ••T.......l'lIfIilI ••••'-'IIIV.yailllle
J,
---~-J J 1
·1····
J 1 J 1 I,'j,~
1 -J --1 1 J
,
,'
PARAMETER:ARSENIC (As)Total Recoverab1e(llg/1)
taB·,-
---
20 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
'.
10
•.MINIMUM
0 ,
#:OBSERVATION
11 )J
---~-o;l
SUMMER :WINTER BREAJCUP
,D-DENALI-V-VEE CANYON,Q ...GOLD CREEK C-CHuLITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 440~g/1 (EPA,1980;Sittig,1981),.
,
B.5011g/1 for domestic water supplies (EPA,1976),'.
"
~~$~~lished for the protection of freshwater aquatic lU'e'CAl:,and (B)for the protec~ion of drinking
I ~~'U FIGURE I 29
R&M CONSULTANTS.INC•DATA SUMMARY ~ARSENIC (t)
•""..........DIOLOCll'.".~L ..."""".I'III .u......Wglll..
"
J J ]1 1 "-1 J 1 )1 1 I J 1
I
PARAMETER I BARIUM (Ba)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
t
A
0.2 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.1
-"•MINIMUM
0.0
#:OBSERVATIONuu
_.-.
SUMMER ;WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON 0"OOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 1.0 mg/1.(EPA,1976;Sittig,1981).',
'...
Established to protect wate~supplies.
,
r rnm~DATA SUMMARY ...BARIUM (d)
~&M CONSUL.TANTS,INC.FIGURE 130
....01,.,........a.o...PQlI.T •.,.......N."'••~..\,I •.,Q••
I,
-]J )
,
"
J _1 _J J
",
,'.
fA
PARAMETER I'BARIUM (Ba)Total Recoverab1e(mg./1.)
_0
-0.6
0.4 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0
0.2
..,
---
•.MINIMUM
0.0 .
:tFOBSERVATION
-...--
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON"a ..aOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TM.KEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATIO,N
A.Less than 1:6 mgjl (EPA,1976;Sittig,1981)..
J
Established to prot~ctwater supplies..'.
,.
~I rnmR&M CONSULTANTS,INC.DATA SUMMARY -BARIUM (t)FIGURE I 31•N.'''''.....o.at"aOI.T ......NN.....UIIIV.,.O".
I •
-==J ]J 1 I---_II j ]]-;)J -1 I i
,
PARAMETER:BISMUTH (Bi)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
._-.
--,-
0.20 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.10
-,_.,.-
•MINIMUM
--..
~O.OO --
---..
-,
*OBSERVATIONIIIIIIIT1-.'lIT
"-----
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
0"DENALI v-VEE CANYON,G-GOlD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION,
A.No criterion established .,-
B.EPA has suggested an ambient limit of 0.0035 mg/l.(Sittig,-1981)..
This suggested limit for bismuth is b~sed on human health effects,
r [II]~'V DATA SUMMARY -BI SMUT~Cd)
R&M CONSULTANTS.,NC.FIGURE 132
•I\lIaIN ......Q.OL-DO .•"-....1o....NN ......"".1.1."'0"'.
J_
-]_."J -"I J 1 ].·1 1 I ··1 ."1 1 J J 1 J
,
PARAMETER I BORON (B)DISSOLVED,(rng./1.)
.
.
-
•MAXIMUM
IA
-MEAN
•MINIMUM
*OBSERVATION
Il II If
-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEe CANYOf:l!.G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S -SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
43 ~g/l,(Sittig,1981).i-
Established to prote¢t water supplies.
-.
,
~DATA'SUMMARY -BORON (d)rnwR&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 133
•",,11I ........1lI.0,"ODI.T ••L....NN ••••Ulllv •."a••
J.
-----=1 ~-~J j J )1 1 J 1 I 1 J J J 1
I
PARAMETER:CADMIUM (Cd)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
0.003
0.002 •MAXIMUM
-MEANA....
0.001
•.MINIMUMA--:;-
B ---->
0.000
#:OBSERVATIONu
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON,0'"OOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~.;.SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.0.0012 mg/1 in hard water and 0.0004 in soft water.(~PA,1976),,
B.Less than 0.0002 :mg/1.(McNeely,1979),'.
Established to protect freshwater ~quatic organisms..
OATAI SUMMARY -CADM I UM .
.rm~Cd)
R&M CONSUL.TANTS,INC•FIGURE 134
•,..1111'11 ....".O*O...Qml.T.,"",ANN.llI ••UIIIV."OIll.
I.
J 1 J ]
1.-'·
J ]]J J j 1 ]J J J 1 j
,
..
CADHIUM (Cd)Total Recoverable (mg.11.)PARAMETER I
-
-
0.02 •MAXIMUM
-
-MEAN
"
O.OL
-.,MINIMUM
~O ,
#OBSERVATION
:1 J-
...~...--._.
SUMMER :WINTER BREAI(UP
D-DENALI.v-VEE CANYON..G"GOlD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S.-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
.'
A.0.0012 in hard 'vater and 0.0004 rilg./1 in soft 'Water (EPA",1976).,,
J
B.Less than 0.0002,mg/1 (M~Nee1y et a1,1979).'...
'.
,
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms..
.mmy&J
,
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY ~CADMIUM (t)FIGURE I 35
•,.,..1 ........a_o ..aD'.1'".""NNW •••u ..........a ....
I.
.J J .]~_J J ]J 1 i 1 1 1 -··-1 l
,
PARAMETER:'CALCIUM (Ca)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
60
..
40 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
20
-•MINIMUM
0
#=OBSERVATION
-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
0-DENALI V-VEE CANYON,G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established ,,-
'.,.
,
r rnm~OATA SUMMARY -CALC I UM Cd)
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 36
.....laIN .....aeDLDo ••T."LAN........LJ.\I."OIll.
J •
~I -".i J _.]"---1i1
J 1 J )]J )J D
,
fA
PARAMETER I CHROMIUM (Cr)DISSOLVED,(mg.11.)
.-..
0.03
-..
0.02 •MAXIMUM
.
-MEAN
0.01
-•MINIMUM
0.00 ,..
..
:M=OBSERVATION
..
-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAt<UP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYO,..G'"GOLD CREEK C-CHUUTNA T"TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.0.1 mg/1 (EPA,1976).,,
B.Less than 0.29 ~g/l as a 24-hour average,not to exceed 2L pe/1 at any time.
(EPA,1980;Sittig,1981)~.
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organi~ms.
~»~Ir\:1 DATA'SUMMARY -CHRO'MI uM (d)[j[]~~FIGURE a 37R&M CONSULTANTS,'NC.
•"'.1,.,.111111111 m.OL.Odl.T ••L,....NI'.l ••••U"",,"OIll.
~4 I
"j.',.
-j i -1 1 1 -1 l
.
PARAMETER'CHROMIUM (Cr)Total Recoverable (mg./1.)
--
.060
.040 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN
"
.020
.,MINIMUM
0
,
,..
#:OBSERVATION
-
-_.
SUMMER :WINTER BREAt<UP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON"G-GOlD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.0.1 mg/1,(EPA,1976).' I
J
B.Less than 0.29 ~g/l as a 24 -hour average,not to e~ceed 21 ,~g/l at any;.t'ime
(EPA,1980;Sittig,1981)..
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
~
I [II].(t)FIGURE 138
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -CHROMIUM
.....1""'••l1li.gIDLIUI'.".~L"'NN."'••...,.~•.,D ••
,.
~I )1 j i .j fi ·1 I i i
PARAMETER:.COBALT!(Co)DISSOLVED,(mg.!l.)
0.6
0.4 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
..
0.2
.-•MINIMUM
.
0.0
*OBSERVATIONI)I)(
-----
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON ..G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHIN£:SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established
,
nw~~DATA SUMMARY -COBALT (d)~&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 39
•"'QI""I!......a_CLglJll.T."'LA,.",."."••U.V ....OA.
t•
=-----,1 J
'I ,,'.
j 1 j i j ))j J I I j
,.
PARAMETER:COBALT (Co)Total Recoverable(mg./1J
0.010 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
-
0.005
•MINIMUM
a
*OBSERVATION
---
SUMMER 'WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON,G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No Criterion Established
"'
;
[Am~~
R&M CONSULTANTS.INC.DATA SUMMARY -COBALT (t)FIGURE I 40aNGI.""I!.IllI.OI'OLca ••T."'LA ....N.IlIl••U."".TOA-.
'---i ~-t 1 )J i j 1 J 1 1 j J T~
,,
PARAMETER 1 COPPER (Cu)DISSOLVED (mg./1.)
0.02 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN
I
0.01
B---?o-'•.MINIMUM
0.00 ,
*OBSERVATION
--
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON..0"OOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S'"SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION,'.
A.0.01 of the 96-hour LC sO determined through bioassay ~EPA,1976)., I
:
B.0.005 mg/1,(McNeely et aI,1979).'.
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms..
I -[1W~DATA SUMMARY -COPP'ER (d)
R&M CCNSUL.TANTS,INC•FIGURE 141
•P\jIO.P\jI ••••a.OLDDI.T.~L&"'l"lI'JI••ullllllv.,.O ....
I,
·,1,
":,
"t.':"
I }
-i I~
,.',.
-I I 1 I
..~"
i
,
PARAMETER I COPPER (Cu)(mg./1.)Total Recoverable
.-
-
0.2 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN
"
0.1
-.,MINIMUM
B.~O
,.'
*OBSERVATION-
-~--+-\-'-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAI<UP
D-DENALI.V-VEE CANYON"G-GOLD CREEK Coo CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~..SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.O.01 of the,'96 .:.;hour LC50 determined through bioassay (EPA,1976)., I
,
B.0.005 mgl1 (McNeely et a1,1979)..'.
,"
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms,
.
I
.mn~l'
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -COPPER (t)FIGURE I 42
•"".U'III ••••a.DL.aa ••T.~,,"NN."'••UIllY.1'O....
,.
-1 J ')1 I -J I t )-}1
,
PARAMETER I GOLD (Au)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
.-
•MAXIMUM:7 f:tl-o ,.,fr,~~
.
-MEAN
•MINIMUM
#:OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
0-DENALI v-VeE CANYON,G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T"TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION·
No criterion established.' I.
",
t [I[]~DATA SUMMARY -GOLD (d)R&M caNSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 43.""mll-",."..a.Ch.pm ••T••L....NN ......U.V.YO".
I,
-~---"1 ~1>
-,1-"J 1 }i l 1 l 't
I
PARAMETER I IRON (Fe)DISSOLVED.(mg.11.)
I
3
-
2 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN
---->1
•.MINIMUM
-'
0 ,
:N=OBSERVATION-1
"I"
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYO~G ...GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 1.0 mg/1(EPA.1976;Sittig,1981)., I
Established to prot~ct freshwater aquatic organisms.
.'.
.
,.,mw011-,DATA SUMMARY -I RON (d)~'\./
R&M CCNSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE 144
•HIIIIN••"'.d.aLOd'••,....,Al"4'......u ......yd ....
I,
-}
/.
1-----
-1,))-1 }1 l l I
i '~
1\
,,
PARAMETER I IRON (Fe)Total Recoverable (rng./l.)
.-
--
.---
-
40 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN
20 -.-
--•_MINIMUM
A·~O--
,
*OBSERVATION
1 IT
-"--- ---~..
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI-V-VEE CANYON._0"OOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S.-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 1:0 rngll (EPA,1976;Sittig,1981),,
J
Established to protect-freshwater aquatic organisms....
,.
,ramcg~
I
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -IRON (t).FIGURE'45
•"'11'''''••••a_Dl,.Qo,.T.~L."""'N••••"".""."'0 ....
'.
1 ~~~c},'.C~'1
,
PARAMETER I LEAD (Pb)DISSOLVED,(mg.11.)
~0.03
-
,-',---
-
-
0.02 •MAXIMUM
_.
-MEAN
-
0.01
-•MINIMUM
--.
0.00
-
#:OBSERVATION
-.If!1 'III
---
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SU$ITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.03mg/1,(McNeely et aI,1979).-
B.0.01 of the 96-h~ur LC SO determined through bioassay.(EPA,1976)..
Established to protect freshwater aquatic orgqnisms.
r
OOWDlrc=r.:\fIt DATA SUMMARY -LEAD (d)~\(/'
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 46
•N13IN."IlI.O.OLI30 ••"••\-.NN ......UIIIlV.l"Q••
~=i ----l
·'·'i
"I ",
1 }1 ~t J l 1 1
.
PARAMETER I LEAD (Pb)(mg.L1.)Total Recoverable
-0.3
0.2
•MAXIMUM.-
,
-MEAN'.
0.1
-
•.MINIMUMA>-
a
,
*OBSERVATION
-
.-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON"0 ...GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.'03 mg/1 (~cNee1y et a1,1979)., ,,
B.0.01 of the 96 -,hour LC SO determined through bioass~y (EPA,.1976).'....
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms..
,
OO!U]~
~.~~.C:E~~a~!:l;T~~..r~..!~cC:~DATA SUMMARY -LEAD (t).FIGURE '47
l C~-~~l -1
I
PARAMETER I MAGNESIUM (Mg)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
15
,
10 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN
5
•.MINIMUM
0 ,
#OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON"G"GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA 1-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established., I
.'.
.
DATA'SUMMARY -MAGNESIUM (d)
,[Ii]~
R&M CCNSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 48
•"'.''''••••O_O..OGlI.T ......NN.....u .......,.O••
I.
l
,'.
PARAMETER I MANGANESE (Mn)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
0.3
0.2 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.1
~.,MINIMUM
.,
0.0
,
*OBSERVATJON
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALIV-VEE CANYON.,0'"GCH.D CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHIN~SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.05 mg/1 for water supp1y.(EPA,1976).,,,
:
I,..
Established to protept water supplies.'.
.
I ,[II]~L DATA SUMMARY -MANGANESE (d)
R&M CONSULTANTS.INC•FIGURE I 49
•"..,,,,.....CI.DLDDI'.T ••L ..N",.....U"'V.YQ"'.
"
j
"-
-~-i '-jQ,)1 -1 -~
'.J },l }I 1------:-i
,.,.,..
PARAMETER I MANGANESE (Mn)(rng./l.)Total Recoverable
..
,-
.-
1.5 ..-...'-...
.-
..,..~-.........
._-....
.-
0.1
•MAXIMUM
- -
-MEAN
O....
.-...---..~..•.MINIMUM
A·--;....O -..
...
#OBSERVATION
...--..-.-..."..----.-.-_.
SUMMER :WINTER BREAI·CUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON.a ..aOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $'"SUNSHINE::SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.'05 rng/l for water supply (EPA,1976)
.1,
Established to protect·water supplies..,.
,...
,.
I .[[jDo1Ic-'1 IAr---~'V
~&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -MANGANESE·(t)FIGURE I 50
•"'.""••,..O.O,"OO'I.t.~"A"'l1'''.I'I••L.I_"'.'W'cu,.
I.
-]..----4 J )-1 -,I 1 }.1 }))l i i
PARAMETER:MERCURY (Hg)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
0.0002 •MAXIMUM-
-
-MEAN
0.0001
A ---.:;;-•MINIMUM
0.0000
*OBSERVATION
SUMMER 'WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI v-VeE CANYON,G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.00005 mg/1.(EPA,1976).
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
,
00l[]o Ilc-'l I\\/A DATA SUMMARY -MERCURY (d)~\.J
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 51
•",nall'•••"'.ClIOL.OOI.T ••1....""N.FllII .u.......,.cnll.
••
~j -)~--]--)),t',
I'"
)j I .1 I -l )}1 )I
'j
II
,.....
1',.1
1
",
PARAMETER:MERCURY eRg)Total Recoverable (pgjl)
....
0.6
.---_.- -
..
0.4
•MAXIMUM
..
-MEAN
,.
0.2 - -
,-
,---,•MINIMUM
A.-----o:-
_.-_.0
#OBSERVATIONr
1-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON,G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.05 pg;/l (EPA J 1976)
Established to prot~ct freshwater aquatic organisms.
,,
rum~~(t)FIGURE I 52Fl&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -MERCURY
....a1IN ••IIII.a.OI.OD'.T."LANN."••UIIIV."O".
••
C-~1 }1 -I 1 '1 j J
,
PARAMETER I MOLYBDENUM (Mo)DISSOLVED,(mg.11.)
.-
•MAXIMUM
-MEAN
•MINIMUM
*OBSERVATIONDlIDII
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
0-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
Less than 0.07 mg/~.(Sittig,1981).' I-
Established on the basis of hum~n health effects,.
'.
.
,-
r [[jll~DATA SUMMARY -MOLYBDENUM Cd)
Fl&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 153
•NUIN ......a.a~pal.T.",..&NN.IIII ••'w.""....Q ••
I.
1 1 J
,r"
"
I,'·
1 I ..')1 I
I
1 }I .1 1 1
,
PARAMETER I MOLYBENUM (Mo)Total Recoverable (mg./1.)
fA
..
0.010
•MAXIMUM
.
-MEAN"
0.005
.,MINIMUM..
0
,
#:OBSERVATIONl
"-
-'..-.--
SUMMER :WINTER BREAICUP
.D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON"G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.'07 mg/l (Sittig,1981)..,,
'.Established on thepasis of human health:effects..
I [IU]011 C"'I"./11~\.J
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -MOLYBENUM·(t)FIGURE I 54
.....liII'......III.a.aLaal.'••"....."'...........\,1 .."''''••
I.
-1 -).-I •.-\I 1 -l l t r 1 .'c'·'···li j 1
PARAMETER I NICKEL (Ni)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
fA
-
0.004 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.002
-•MINIMUM
0.000
*OBSERVATIONlJIlJII)
-
SUMMER 'WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than O.02Smg/1.(McNeely et 'ja1,1979).
B.0.01 of the 96-h?ur LC SO determined through bioassay.(EPA,1976).
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
~DATA SUMMARY -NICKEL (d)[AI]J=l &M CONSUL.TANTS,INC.FIGURE l55
•NGIN".IIII.d.OL.DOI.T."'...ANN."••UI'I.."."I'O".
,•
_J_)=----l •1
",I
1 J l 1 -1 )1 -1 1
,.,.
.,
PARAMETER:.NICKEL (Ni)Total Recoverable (mg./l;)
I
-
0.1 •MAXIMUM
-·MEAN
0.05
A ....MINIMUM_.•-
a
*OBSERVATION
r..
-----
SUMMER WINTER BREAKUP
D.DENALI V-VEE CANYON.G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.025 mg/l (McNeely et aI,1979).
B.0.01 of the 96 -,hour LC 50 determined through bioassay (EPA,1976)
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
Rlf£;'.l [[jDI--'"'-----"-'(t)FIGURE I 56R&M CONSUL.TANTS,INC•DATA SUMMARY -NICKEL•,..,u'""......dIlClLDDI.".Pl..AN"'.....U .......,.OA.
}
i ..··
1 1 1 )1 I -1 l J
,
PARAMETER:PLATINUM (Pt)DISSOLVED (mg.II.)
'.
--.--
•MAXIMUM
1M
-MEAN
•MINIMUM
#:OBSERVATION
))
I--
~.
f.:;J
-
-I-.-_.
...
SUMMER ·WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION·
No criterion established..
J
".,
,,
r [Ill~DATA SUMMARY -PLATI NUM Cd)
R&M CClNSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 57
• '..."'IN••••aca...ool."'....ANN ......u ....,."I'c••
I ~]J 1 -~l -J ])-I ~)')j
I 1 1 '1
,,
PARAMETER I POTASSIu~(K)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
10 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN
5
-•.MINIMUM
-
0
"."
#08SERVATIONI:~)I
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON"G"GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA,T-TALKEETNA S -SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established.I',"
:..
'.
'..,.
,.[m]~DATA SUMMARY POTASSIUM (d)R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 158•"".''''''••l1li.0.1O...01l1.t.~"'AN"'."••Ullll .......C..I.
-
,.
i 1 1 ])1 1 )1 -1 ----1 1 1
,
PARAMETER I SELENIUM (Se)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
0.006
-
.--
0.004 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.002
.-
-•MINIMUM
0.000 -.
*OBSERVATION
Ie !
-
- -
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.01 mg/1,(McNeely et a1,'1979).' I
,
B.0.01 of the 96-h?ur Le SO determined through bioassay;(EPA,1976).
..,
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
r [jW~DATA SUMMARY -SELE'NIUM (d)
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 59
•NGIIN ••III.",_OIoODI.T.III"ANNM.-_.U.V."OIlll •.
I,
-,-l
,..
','
I -J ,1 1 j }1
i I
,,
PARAMETER I SELENIUM (Se)Total Recoverable .(m,g./1.)
tA
0.006
0.004 .--
•MAXIMUM-
,
-MEAN
0.002
.,MINIMUM
0
-,
#:OBSERVATION
.----
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI,V-VEE CANYON,,.O-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.'01 mg/l (McNeely et a1,1979).,,,
B.0.01 of the 96 -:hour LCsodetermined through bioass~y (EPA,,1976).'.
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms..
::If:'.,.~8"~1\:'l1 DATA SUMMARY -SE LEN I UM (t)~
FIGURE I 60R&M CONSUL.TANTS,INC.
aI'lolD''''''••J'IIa a.Ol..,galat.~L"'''''N•••aUlllv...cJ'II.
I.
-1 'J 1 1 '1 1 •1 1 J l --J -I
,
tA
PARAMETER I SILVER (Ag)DISSOLVED,(mg.11.)
0.015
0.010 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN -
0.005
•.MINIMUM
0.000 ,
*OBSERVATIONn
SUMMER ;WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYO~..0"OOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $"SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than .050 mgl1 for drinking water.(EPA,1976),,
J
B.0.01 of the 96-h?ur LCSO determined through bioassay"(EPA,1976).'.
.
Established to protect water sypplies.
DATA'SUMMARV -SILVER Cd)-[jill~\':Il
R&M cONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE t 61
."'llll''''I ••••O_OLDilJ'.".IlL,a,,,,,,,,,._••",,_\1."0_.
I-
---)1 -1-1
I'"
)1 J 1 1 ---J
\
~
1 j
I
PARAMETER I SILVER Ag Total Recoverable (mg./1.)
tA
--
-
-
0.010 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
0.005
.
•.MINIMUM
0
I
#OBSERVATION
J
-----
SUMMER :WINTER BREAJCUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYO,N_,G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA.~...SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less thau'O.05:'mg/l for drinking water (EPA,1976)• I
,
B.0.01 of the 96-;:-hour LC SO determined through bioas'S~y (EPA,1976)"
•,\1 ;
Established to protect water supplies.
..
I
.rum~~&M CONSULTANTS.INC•DATA SUMMARY -SILVER (t)FIGURE I 62
•~.I""••fIII.CUICt..IJIClif.f._"",,,,,,,,..•.UIIIW.YC'-.
I,
~--J }1 --1 1 1 .]])J ]
,
PARAMETER I SODIUM (Na)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
---
30
-
20 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
10
•MINIMUM
I·~
0
#=OBSERVATION
!2
1-
-.
I'"
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEe CANYON.0-OOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION r-
Na criterion established.• i-..
;
r ~~DATA SUMMARY -sonfUM .(d)
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE 163
•""..IN ••••a_CIoE".I."."~"'NN.....u.v.'I'O....
I,
----1 ---l J 1 J I 'i 1 1 1 J J J j j
,
PARAMETER:SILICON (Si),DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
6
..
-
-
4 •MAXIMUM
..
-MEAN..
2
.••MINIMUM
0
#:OBSERVATION.n
-
SUMMER .WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENA.LI v-veE CANYON G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established.',-
,.,.
,
r 00ij]o lr<,,-,I "'.OAT A SUMMARY -SIL I CON'(d)='c.,-...r 1\':'/1f--'...........
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 164
•"""IN••"'.aaOIt"OQI.T.*1,.."",.......u."'....O ••
I.
--=j --]
,
.'
1 ]J 1 1 i ·1 J I ]
,
PARAMETER I STRONTIUM (Sr)DISSOLVED (mg./1.)
.-
.-
0.3 I
.
0.2 •MAXIMUM
.--
-MEAN
0.1
--•MINIMUM
0
*OBSERVATION
--_.-
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S,-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established.,;.
,,,
I rnm~DATA SUMMARY -STRONTI UM (d)
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 165
."'GIN.....o_aLlJu ••"'."'LAN""."'••L.I .."'....Q ••
"
--i 1 1 1 1 i J J J i
,
PARAMETER:TIN (Sn)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
-
•MAXIMUM:.fI\t\l
-MEAN
~
,--~•MINIMUM
-
*OBSERVATION
-
SUMMER •WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON,G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
, I
No criterion established.-
,,,-.,
DATA'SUMMARY -TIN '(d)[!W]~L
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 166
•NaIlN......':'.OLQQlaTa ~I.ANNII"'.aU.V.TO"'.
,.
--1 J 1 ---1 1 J ]J 1 'I 1 ]
,
PARAMETER I TITANIUM (Ti)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
~
-
0.2 •MAXIMUM
,.
-MEAN
0.1
~•MINIMUM
0
#OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON ..0-GOlD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S -SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION,.
No criterion established.• I
,
!'.,
I [AI]~DATA SUMMARY -TITANI UM (d)
!=I&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE ~67
.""GIN........*OL OO ••T ••L ..N""'......u.v ....c ...
I,
I 1 I
I.""
I 1 l J I )-)I ..J
I
PARAMETER:TUNGSTEN (W)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
-
0.2 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
O.I
•MINIMUM
0
#:OBSERVATIONII
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion established.·,-
j,',
,
r [lmQIf:.c:::;J DATA SUMMARY -TUNGSTEN Cd)I---'...FIGURE •68~&M CONSULTANTS,INC•
•NmIN.....O.Ol.OU'.l'."LAN,.,••••u",,,,."'O••
I,
_.~
I.'"
J J I I 1 1 -I ]I
I
PARAMETER:VANADIUM (V),DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
-
-
---..'.-.
•MAXIMUM
IA
-MEAN
•MINIMUM
#:OBSERVATION
llJ il []-
-.
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYO~,G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No cri~erion established,however,EPA has suggested 0.Op7 mg/I,(Sittig,I981)~
.
The suggested limit is.~ased on human health effects.
,
I [AI]~~~f\VI1 DATA SUMMARY -VANADI UM (d)
~&M CONSULTANTS,INC,FIGURE I 69
.,.,.121..........GIOLO~I.T••L.NN ....auIltV.VQIII*
I,
==--J =--l '_.-)j J I 1 'I 1 1 1 J 1 I j--
I
,
PARAMETER:ZINC (Zn)DISSOLVED,(mg.11.)
-
',--,
-
0.2 •MAXIMUM
-MEAN
O.J
.,
•MINIMUM
A---7i-
0
*OBSERVATION
(IJ
-
-_.,-
SUMMER .WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEt;:CANYON G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.03 mg/1 (McNeely,1979), i-
B.0.01 of the 96-hour LC SO determined through bioassay:(EPA,1976)...
,.
The suggested limit is based on human health effects •.,
,[I[]~PATA SUMMARY -ZINC Cd)
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 70
.......ml........II.OL£lOI.T._...ANN ••••UIIIV.YO-.
I.
-=j 1 I 1 1 )-).I 1 '.)1 I I )---J
,I"
"{
,.,
PARAMETER I'ZINC (Zn)Total Recoverable (mg./1.)
.-
..
0.20
•MAXIMUM
-,
-MEAN
-
0.10
•.MINIMUM
A >-
-0 .
-#OBSERVATION(!f
.----.-"---
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON.;0'"OOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.Less than 0.'03 mg/l (McNeely,1979).,,,
B.0.01 of the 96 -,hour LC SO determi~ed through bioas~ay (EPA,1976).'.
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
I
,rnm011-I~fA
;::=..,"'--1\:1~~DATA SUMMARY -ZINC (t).FIGURE I 71R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.
......,,.,......iII,o...oole,......."....",."'••"'_v."o".
"
-~'J --,.'.-1 .,'])';')I ,I 1 --]j J 1 1 1 )
I
PARAMETER I ZIRCONIUM (Zr)DISSOLVED,(mg./1.)
,-.
•MAXIMUM--
.-
-MEAN
..
•MINIMUM
----._.
#=OBSERVATIONJ
.---_..,.
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D"DENALI V-VEE CANYON,a-OOLD CREEK C-CHULI,TNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
No criterion Established.'I-
"'.,
.
I [Ill~'Vi DATA SUMMARY -ZIRCONIUM (d)
~&M CONSUL.TANTS,INC•FIGURE 172•""fiI'''''••••a.aLOUI."~_LAN",•.,.au..vayc••
---1 --j 'J J J 1 J •
.,J ~l 1 -)
,
PARAMETER:CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND,(mg./1.)
60
40 •MAXIMUM,
-MEAN
20
•MINIMUM
0
*OBSERVATION
-
\
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON G"GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
..
No criterion established ',.
;
,
r [jI]~DATA SUMMARY -CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 73
.....GIN ......oaOI.,Oo,.TW .I.,.NN.IIII••U.II"VC".
I,
-,~i -1 J J )J )1 )))J J
/
PARAMETER I TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON,(mg./1.)
30
20 •MAXIMUM
,
-MEAN-
10
•.MINIMUM
B -.;;-
0 ,
#:OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON.0"OOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $"SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
A.No criterion established ,,
J
B.Waters containing less than 3.0 mg/l have.been observed to b~relatively..
clean,(McNe.ely etal,1979)..
,.[illW~\':IL OATA SUMMARY TOTAL ORGAN I C CARBONR&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE 174.,,'u.,""......D.OLQClI."."LAN""."'••U.""."O_.
.,
-]'~-1 ]I }1 J 1 J -1 1 1 -l 1 ]
,
PARAMETER I ENDRIN,(rg/1 )
•MAXIMUM
-MEAN
•MINIMUM
,
#OBSERVATION
I I
..l.
-'Ii'
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
.D'"DENALI V-VEE CANYON,G~GOlD CREEK C-CHULITNA 1-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
Less than 0.004 ~g/l.(EPA,1976;McNeely,1979.),,.
,
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms.
,
,.mm!2~~1Wl DATA SUMMARY -ENDRIN~~FIGURE 175R&M CONSULTANTS,INC•
•NQI'N!I.I'I'.G.OL.C1QI."-.~L"''''N.''••u .......'JCI".
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PARAMETER I LINDANE,(J.lg/1)
•MAXIMUM
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#OBSERVATION
I til lID
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI·V-VEE CANYON G~GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETN_A ~-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
Less than 0.01 J.lg/1.(EPA,1976;Sittig,1979).II-
Established to protect ~reshwater aquatic organisms.
,
.
r [10I-'~'{jl DAT A SUMMARY -LINDANE.R&M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 76
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*OBSERVATIONIIII
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON.,G"GOLD CREEK c-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA $-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
Less than 0.03 pg/1~(EPA,1976;Sittig,1981).',-
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms..
'.
,
r [!I]cg~DATA SUMMARY -METHOXYCHLOR
J=l &M CONSULTANTS,INC.FIGURE I 77
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PARAMETER:TOXAPHENE,(llg/l)
•MAXIMUM.
-MEAN
•MINIMUM
#OBSERVATION
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUp·
D-DENALI·v-VEE CANYON.G-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETN_A $-SUNSHINE:SS-SUSITNA STATION
Less than 0.013 as a 24-hour average,never to exceed 1..6 llg/1.(EPA,1980;Sittig,1981).
Established to protect freshwater aquatic organisms •...
r [!j]~DATA SUMMARY'"TOXAPHENER&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 78
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PARAMETER:2,4-D,(j.\g/l)
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#OBSERVATIONcJC~
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUP
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON ..0-GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA S -SUNSHIN~SS-SUSITNA STATION·..". .-.....
Less than 100 llg/l (water supply)(EPA,1976;Sittig,19-8.1).' I
,..
Established to protect water supplies.
,[In~~~DATA SUMMARY -2,,4-DR&M CONSULTANTS,INC•FIGURE I 79
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3
2 •MAXIMUM
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0 ,
=It=OBSERVATION
IJ jIl-l}
SUMMER :WINTER BREAKUJ»
D-DENALI V-VEE CANYON"G'"GOLD CREEK C-CHULITNA T-TALKEETNA ~-SUNSHINE SS-SUSITNA STATION
Less than 10 }lg/l (water supply),(EPA,1976),,
,
\.-.
Established to protect~ater su~plies..
I
,~~DATA SUMMARY -2)4)5-T~SILVEX
R&M CONSULTANTS.INC•FIGURE'80
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ATTACHMENT B
A REVIE.W OF A METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE POTENTIAL
FOR EUTROPHICATION IN IMPOUNDMENTS
The information contained herein was synthesized from the
following reports:Dillon and Rigler (1975),Dillon and Kirchner
(1975),Kirchner and Dillon (1975),Reckhow (1979),and
Utturmark and Hutchins (1978).
All of these authors cite the work of R.A.Vollenweider,who,in
1968,authored,"Scientific Fundamentals of the Eutrophication of
Lakes and Flowing Waters,with Particular Reference to Nitrogen
and Phosphorus as Factors in Eutrophication.II Vollenweider's
work appears to be the basis for the techniques for predicting
eutrophication presented in the following pages.
Phosphorus is usually considered to be the important nutrient
controlling algal growth in lakes.Phosphorus loading,the amount
of phosphorus added to a lake per unit area per unit time,is
recognized as the best measure of the degree of eutrophication
that may be predicted ina lake.A technique for predicting the
spring total phosphorus concentration in a lake appears below.
The phosphorus imported to a lake in runoff,when combined with
input directly to the lake's surface through precipitation and dry
fallout,gives a measure of the natural total phosphorus load.The
total natural phosphorus load can be combined with the total
artificial phosphorus load,the mean depth of the fake,the lake's
water budget expressed as the flushing rate,and the phosphorus
retention coefficient of the lake,to predict spring total phosphorus
concentration in the lake.The predicted spring total phosphorus
concentration can then be used to predict trophic status expressed
as a summer chlorophyll "a"concentration,and this,in turn,can
be used to estimate the secchi disc transparency.The equation to
predict the total,steady-state phosphorus concentration is
expressed by:
[P]:;L(1-R)
z p
where:[P]=steady-state phosphorus concentration,
L :;total loading (natural and artificial),
z =mean depth of the lake (lake morphometry),
s14/d B-1
p =flushing rate (water budget of the lake),
R =retention coefficient (the fraction of the loading
that is not lost via the outflow).
The total phosphorus concentration is equal to phosphorus loading
(phosphorus from each drainage basin multiplied by the
phosphorus coefficient)multiplied by (1 -the phosphorus retention
coefficient);divided by [the mean depth multiplied by the flushing
rate (the total outflow divided by the Jake volume)].
According to the predictive model,the total concentration of
phosphorus may be predicted for a lake.Theoretically,this may
be used to predict the trophic status of a reservoir following the
impoundment of a stream or river.
Loading.Total phosphorus loading is calculated by totalling the
phosphorus load from the land (runoff),the phosphorus load from
precipitation,and the artifical phosphorus load (from human
development).Total phosphorus load from the land·is equal to the
total area of each watershed or drainage basin contributing runoff
to the lake.Multiplied by the phosphorus export coefficiznt,this
coefficient is the phosphorus exported from soil in g/m of the
land drainage per year.Dillon and Kirchner (1975)measured the
total phosphorus export for 34 southern Ontario watersheds.The
annual total phosphorus export for each watershed was obtained by
dividing the total phosphorus carried by each stream (kg/yr)by
the areas of the watershed.The total phosphorus export for all
watersheds was tabulated along with additional information on the
geology,land use,and population density of each watershed.
Upon inspection of these data,it was apparent that the watersheds
could be grouped according to whether they were forested or
consisted of pasture as well as forest,and according to whether
they were on igneous or sedimentary fo~ations.The range and
mean phosphorus export values (mg/m /yr)obtained for each
two-way (land use-geology)classification were:
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.-
s14/d
Land Use
Forest
Range
Mean
Forest &Pasture
Range
Mean
Igneous
2.5 -7.7
4.8
8.1 -16.0
11.7
B-2
Sedimentary
6.7 -14.5
10.7
20.5 -37.0
28.8
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Changing land use from lIforestll to lIforest and pasture ll in
watersheds on igneous rock apparently doubles the phosphorus
export.Similarly,the export from a sedimentary forested
watershed is about double that from an igneous forested
watershed.The total phosphorus load from the land is combined
with the total phosphorus load from precipitation to calculate the
total phosphorus load.The total phosphorus load 2 from
precipitation applicable to southern Ontario is 75 mg/m /year
(Dillion and Rigler,1975).This value may be expected to vary
according to geographical location.
~Depth.The mean depth of a lake or a measure of the lake's
morphometry is required in using the predictive model for
phosphorus concentrations.
Flushing Rate.The flushing rate is equivalent to the Jake's
annual water bUdget and is expressed as the total outflow volume
per year divided by the lake volume.
Retention Coefficient.Successful use of this equation is
dependent on an accurate estimate of the phosphorus retention in
the lake in question.Phosphorus retention in the lake is a
function of sedimentation -specifically,the amount of phosphorous
that is retained by sedimentation.This amount is difficult to
calculate,but a model was used relating the areal water load (qs)
to phosphorus retention.The phosphorus retention coefficient is:
Rp =0.426 exp (-0.271 qs)+0.574 exp (-0.00949qs).Areal
loading (qs)in m/yr is the surface overflow rate and is calculated
as the lake outflow volume divided by the lake surface area.
Values for phosphorus retention in 15 Ontario lakes,using the
measurement model and the values derived from the theoretical
model were in close agreement (r =0.94).liThe fact that the
retention coefficient of phosphQrus is more closely related to the
areal water load (qs)than the volumetric water load (ie.water
renewal time)is not readily explainable,but in light of the above
advantages we feel that this model warrants acceptance on purely
empirical grounds,J'(Dillon and Rigler,1975).
Application of Method to Susitna Project.
Application of the equation,
[P]=L(1-R)
z p
to the Susitna Hydroelectric Project was made using the following
rationale.
~
I s14/d B-3
Natural Land Loading.The annual average phosphorus loading in
runoff was assumed to equal 0.01 mg/I (the mean level measu§ed at
Vee Canyon).This concentration was 3 converted to mg/m and
multiplied by the average annual flow (m /yr)at e2ch dam site and
the product divided by the dr~inage area in m.Natural land
loading at Watana is 5.2 mg/m /yr and at Devil Canyon it is
4.7 mg/m /yr.These levels appear reasonable and in the same
range as the Ontario study discussed earlier.Comparable values
were seen in Ontario in the forest (undeveloped)areas.
Natural Precipitation Loading.The phosphorus concentration in
precipitation was taken as 0.03 mg/I --the maximum phosphorus
concentration reported in snow and rain samples collected at
Fairbanks,Alaska by Peterson (1973).Conversion of the area
used to collect samples and the volume of sample collected,and
using the normal annual precipitation at Ialkeetna indicates that
natural precipitation loading will be 22 mg/m /yr.
Artificial Loading.This is assumed to be zero since there are no
man-induced sources of phosphorus in the study area.
&Retention Coefficient.R was assumed to be zero,a worst case
situation.
h ~Depth.The mean depth at Watana is 34 m,and at Devi I
Canyon it is 25 m.The mean depth was assumed to be 1/8 the
dam height.The mean depth at the dam would be \the dam
height if the side slopes were 45 degrees and the depth is zero at
the upper end of the reservoir.Therefore,the mean depth
should not be less than 1/8 the dam height.This assumption is
expected to be cOii'Servative and increases the value of [P}.
.p.,Flushing Rate.The flushing rate at Watana is 1.64 yr,and at
Devil Canyon it is 0.16 yr (R&M Consultants,1982).
Use of the above values indjcates that the spring p~osphorus
concentration [P}is 0.5 mg/m at Watana and 3.7 mg/m at Devil
Canyon if only one reservoir is in place.The concentration at
Devil Canyon will be reduced if the Watana Reservoir is in place
because it will act as a nutrient trap,thereby reducing the
natural land loading.These values of [PJ indicate the rese.fvoirs
will be oligotrophic.Levels between 10 and 20 mg/m are
indicative of mesotr~phic conditions,and eutrophic conditions
appear above 20 mg/m .
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-
-
-
-
....
s14/d B - 4
-
pID!\
I
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References
Dillon,P.J.;and F.H.Rigler,1975.A simple method for
predicting the capacity of a lake for development based on
lake trophic status.Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada,Vol.32.,No.9,1519-1531.
Dillon,P.J.;and W.B.Kirchner,1975.The effects of geology
and land use on the export of phosphorus from watersheds.
Water Research,Vol.9,pp.135-148.
Kirchner,W.8.;and P.J.Dillon,1975.An empirical method of
estimating the retention of phosphorus in lakes.Water
Resources Research,Vol.11,No.1,182-183.
Peterson,L.A.,1973.An investigation of selected physical and
chemical characteristics of two subarctic streams.M.S.
Thesis,University of Alaska,Fairbanks,185 pp.
R&M Consultants,Inc.,1982.Reservoir sedimentation.Susitna
Hydroelectric Feasibility Report,Appendix B.8.Anchorage,
Alaska.January.
Reckhow,K.H.,1979.Quantitative techniques for the assessment
of lake quality.Department of Resources Development,
Michigan State University,Prepared for U.S.EPA,Office of
Water Planning and Standards,146 pp.
Utturmark,P.O.;and M.L.Hutchins,1978.Input/output models
as decision criteria for lake restoration.Technical Completion
Report Project C-7232,U.S.Dept.of the Interior,Office of
Water Research and Technology,62 pp.
s14/d 8 - 5
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Alaska Resources
Library &Information ServIces
Anchorage,Alaska
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