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REPORT NO.3
AQUATIC HABITAT AND INSTREAM FLOW
INVESTIGATIONS (MAY-OCTOBER 1983)
Chapter 10:Evaluations of the Effectiveness of
Applying Infrared Therma!Imagery
Techniques to Detect Upwelling Groundwater
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
SUSITNA HYDRO AQUATIC STUDIES REPORT SERIES
/
Prepared for:
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 W.FIFTH AVE.
ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99501
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ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
SUSITNA HYDRO AQUATIC STUDIES
REPORT NO.3
AQUATIC HABITAT AND INSTREAM FLOW
INVESTIGATIONS (MAY-OCTOBER 1983)
Chapter 10:Evaluations of the Effectiveness of
Applying Infrared Thermal Imagery
Techniques to Detect Upwelling Groundwater
Edited by:
Christopher C.Estes
and
Douglas S.Vincent-Lang
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &Information Services
Anchorage.Aiaska
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PREFACE
This report is one of a series of reports prepared for the Alaska Power
Authority (APA)by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G)to
provide information to be used in evaluating the feasibility of the
proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project.The ADF&G Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies program was initiated in November 1980.The five year study
program was divided into three study sections:Adult Anadromous Fish
Studies (AA),Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Studies (RJ),and Aquatic
Habitat and Instream Flow Studies (AH).Reports prepared by the ADF&G
prior to 1983 on this subject are available from the APA.
The information in this report summarizes the findings of the 1983 open
water field season investigations.Beginning with the 1983 reports,all
reports were sequentially numbered as part of the Alaska Department of
Fish and Game Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies Report Series.
TITLES IN THE 1983 SERIES
Report Publication
Number Ti tle Date
1 Adult Anadromous Fish Investigations:April 1984
May -October 1983
2 Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Fish July 1984
Investigations:May -October 1983
3 Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow 1984
Investigations:May -October 1983
4 Access and Transmission Corridor Aquatic 1984
Investigations:May -October 1983
This report,"Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow Investigations"is
divided into two parts.Part I,the "Hydrologic and Water Qual i ty
Investigations",is a compilation of the physical and chemical data
collected by th ADF&G Su Hydro Aquatic Studies team during 1983.These
data are arranged by individual variables and geographic location for
ease of access to user agencies.The combined data set represents the
available physical habitat of the study area within the Cook Inlet to
Oshetna River reach of the Susitna River.Part II,the "Adult Anadro-
mous Fish Habitat Investigations".describes the subset of available
habitat compiled in Part 1 that is utilized by adult anadromous fish
studied in the middle and lower Susitna River (Cook Inlet to Devil
Canyon)study area.The studies primarily emphasize the utilization of
side slough and side channel habitats of the middle reach of the Susitna
River for spawning (Figure A).It represents the first stage of
development for an instream flow relationships analysis report which
will be prepared by LW.Trihey and Associates.
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &Informatton 5etvlces
Anchorage.Alaska
MIDDLE REACH
ADF 6G FIELD CAMPS
OVERALL STUDY AREA
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Figure A.Susitna River drainage basin.
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CONTENTS OF REPORT NO.3
Part.One
Chapter
1 Stage and Discharge Investigations.
2 Channel Geometry Investigations.
3 Continuous Water Temperature Investigations.
4 Water Quality Investigations.
Part Two
Chapter
5 Eulachon Spawning in the Lower Susitna River.
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6
7
8
9
10
An Evaluation of Passage Conditions for Adult Salmon in
Sloughs and Side Channels of the Middle Susitna River .
.
An Evaluation of Chum and Sockeye Salmon Spawning Habitat in
Sloughs and Side Channels of the Middle Susitna River.
An Evaluation of Salmon Spawning Habitat in Selected Tributary
Mouth Habitats of the Middle Susitna River.
Habitat Suitability Criteria for Chinook,Coho,and Pink
Salmon Spawning.
The Effectiveness of Infrared Therma 1 Imagery Techniques for
Detecting Upwelling Groundwater.
Questions concerning this and prior reports should be directed to:
Alaska Power Authority
334 W.5th Avenue
Anchorage,Alaska 99501
Telephone (907)276-0001
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EVALUATIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF APPLYING INFRARED THERMAL IMAGERY
TECHNIQUES TO DETECT UPWELLING GROUNDWATER
1984 Report No.3,Chapter 10
By:
Gene Sandone
and
Christopher Estes
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies
Anchorage,Alaska 99503
ABSTRACT
Studies by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Susitna Hydroelectric
Aquatic Studies Team suggest that upwell ing groundwater is one of the
principal variables influencing the suitability of habitat for chum
salmon spawning in the middle reach of the Susitna River (ADF&G 1983).
Three infrared heat sensing devices (Hughes Probeye,Xedar Pyroscan,and
AGA Thermovision)were tested to evaluate the feasibility of using
infrared thermal imagery as a remote sensing technique for detecting and
quantifyi ng the amount of upwell i ng groundwater ins 1ough habitats of
the Susitna River.Results of these investigations indicate that the
application of infrared heat sensing devices for locating upwelling is
contingent on a host of environmental conditions and the level of detail
desi red.Areas of upwell ing groundwater and thei r relative magnitude
were identified using these techniques;however,some areas known to
have upwelling based on ground truthing surveys were not detected.This
inconsistency is due to the wide variety of environmental conditions
that occur within the Susitna River combined with the physical
limitations of the technology.For these reasons,it is doubtful
whether this technique can be applied on a large scale for the detection
and quantification of upwelling areas.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .
TABLE OF CONTENTS..••••••••••••••••••••••.••.••••••••••••••••.•••ii
LIST OF FIGURES.......•.....•..iii
LIST OF TABL·ES.............................................................................iv
LIST OF PLATES...................................................................................................v
1.0 INTRODUCTION •..••••••••.•.•••.•.•••••••••••••••••••.••••••••10-1
2.0 METHODS.....................................................10-6
2.1 Site Selection .••.••.••••••.••••••.••..••.••••.•••.•.•.10-6
2.2 Analytical Approach and Field Data Collection ••••..•.••10-6
3.0 RESULTS '10-12
4.0 DISCUSSION 10-20
5.0 GLOSSARy 10-22
6.0 CONTRIBUTORS •••.••••••.••.••••••••••••.•••.••.•••.•••••••...10-23
7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ••••••.••••••.•••••••••••••.••.•••••.•..•.•.10-24
8.0 LITERATURE CITED 10-25
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum......10-5
Infrared thermal imagery study sites..................10-7
Isothermal map of a portion of Slough 9A corresponding
to the.thermal scan in Pl ate 10-2 developed from ground-
truthing data collected Nov.17,1983................10-17
Isothermal map of a portion of Slough 9A corresponding
to the thermal scan in Plate 10-3 developed from
ground-truthing data collected Nov.17,1983.........10-18
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
10-1 Technical specifications of the thermal images
tested... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .•. . . . . . . . . . . .10-8
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10-2 Field testing conditions and locations ...•............10-10
iv
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
Thermal scan of a portion of Slough 9A (see Plate 1
10-1):November 15,1983 10-16
Aerial photo of Slough 9A:November 15,1983.Thermal
scans of outlined areas are presented in Plates 10-2
through 10-3............................................10-14
10-2 Thermal scan of a portion of Slough 9A (see Plate
10-1):November 15,1983 .......................•........10-15
10-1
10-3
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents an evaluation of whether thermal infrared imagery
techniques can be employed to successfully detect and quantify
upwelling groundwater in slough habitats of the Susitna River.
Upwelling groundwater is a principal variable influencing the
suitability of slough habitats for spawning by chum salmon in the
Talkeetna to Devil Canyon reach of the Susitna River system (ADF&G 1983;
Chapter 7 of thi s report).Other i nvesti gators have also associ ated
chum salmon spawning habitat with upwelling groundwater elsewhere in
Alaska (Kogl 1965;Francisco 1977;Wilson et ala 1981).
Preliminary evaluations of upwelling groundwater areas in the sloL(ghs
and side channels of the Susitna River to date have been conducted by
visual inspections of slough substrate (ADF&G 1983:Appendix C).
Upwell i ng groundwater was detected by observing the movement of small
streambed pa rti c1es as the groundwater was vented from the streambed.
Often times,the vented groundwater was expelled under pressure so that,
in relatively shallow water,a disturbance was visible at the surface of
the substrate.Success of visual detection of upwelling 9roundwater in
Susitna River sloughs,however,was found to vary with the particle size
of the streambed substrate.Groundwater upwelling vents were easily
discernible in silt and sand streambed substrates but were difficult to
detect when larger streambed substrate particle sizes predominated.
10-1
Infrared thermal imagery was considered as a possible tool for improving
the detection of upwelling groundwater since previous applications of
this technique have allowed hydrologists to identify numerous hydrologic
phenomena such as natural dispersion and circulation patters (Whipple
1972),dispersion of heated effluent (Whipple 1972;Pluhowski 1972),
dispersion of sewage outfall,ice cover (Pluhowski 1972),and
groundwater discharge into large bodies of water (Robinove 1965;
Pluhowski 1972;Boettcher et ale 1976;Boettcher and Haralick 1977).
Boettcher et.ale (1976)and Boettcher and Haralick (1977)in their
groundwater investigations along the Kootenai and Clarkfork Rivers
quantified surface water infrared radiation using thermal infrared
imagery.With the aid of computer techniques,the infrared imagery was
transformed into a spatial-temperature map having an isotherm spacing of
0.5°C.This computer generated isothermal map allowed the investigators
to pi n-poi nt porti ons of these rivers di rectly i nfl uenced groundwater
inflows,and to detect circulation and dispersion patterns of the ground
water into the larger body of water at the surface.
Because of the success of the technique of using thermal imagery for
detecting ground water upwelling in these river systems,this technique
was evaluated as a potential quick,sensitive,and accurate method to
detect areas of upwelling groundwater venting into sloughs of the
Susitna River system
Infrared radiation is created by atomic or molecular energy and is
10-2
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radiated from all matter (Shields 1977).Thermal infrared imagery uses
electronic devices (imagers)which are sensitive to emitted infrared
radiation.The imagers convert the radiant energy received to an
electrical signal which is amplified and either recorded on magnetic
tape or,transmi tted to a glow tube.Si gna 1 strength (radi ant energy
from the object)determines the brightness of the images which appears
on a viewing screen.The resulting gray tones represent the thermal
emissions of the object (Robinove and Anderson 1969).
The amount of infrared radiation emitted from a body is related to the
temperature and emissivity of the object.Emissivity is the ratio of
actual energy radiated from the body to the maximum possible energy
radiated from a black-body radiator at a given temperature.The
emissivity of water is independent of temperature and concentration of
dissolved solids and is estimated to be 0.97.Therefore,differences in
the amount of infrared radiation emitted at various places from a water
body are directly related to differences in the surface water
temperature (Pluhowski 1977;Robinove 1965).Infrared imagery only
detects energy radi ated from the surface of a body of water.Thermal
radiation below the surface cannot be detected (Boettcher et al.1976).
The full infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (Figure 10-1)
ranges from 0.7 to 300 urn.Thi s range can be further broken down to
include reflected infrared radiation (from 0.7 -3 urn)and emissive or
thermal infrared radiation (3.0 urn -14.0 urn).Water vapor,carbon
dioxide,ozone,and particulates in the atmosphere attenuates the amount
10-3
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of infrared energy received by absorpti on or scatteri ng.There exi sts
areas or "windows"in the spectrum however,where attenuation
minimized (Figure 10-1).These "windows",which occur in the regions
3 to 5111 and 8 to 13 m,are used by infrared imagers (Pluhowski 1972).
Systems which operate in the 8 to 13 urn region of the spectrum are best
suited for detailed terrain analyses because natural earth emissions of
infrared radiation occurs within this region (Shield 1977).Since
infrared radiation exists in the absence of visible light,detecting
operations in this spectrum region can be performed day or night.
Imagers operating in the 3 to 5 um region provide excellent
discrimination at the sacrifice of background detail;but,
solar-reflected energy can interfere with the images on bright,sunny
days.Generally,as systems move into the longer wave length portions
of the spectrum (earth temperatures),sophistication and price increase,
performance and resolution is improved,and versatility is
(Shields 1977).
gained
Upwelling groundwater vented into the sloughs and side channels of the
Sus itna Ri ver generally tend to be more.dense than the surface water.
The temperature-density relationship of water dictates that water is
most dense at 4°C and warmer waters (greater than 4°C)will rise to the
surface.Vented groundwater is usually warmer in winter and cooler in
summer than slough surface water temperatures and therefore tends to
remain near the bottom of the slough.Occasionally,during the fall and
spring when atmospheric conditions are right,the temperature related
density gradient diminishes allowing free mixing of the groundwater and
slough water.It is during these periods when upwelling groundwaters
can be detected using thermal infrared scanning techniques.
10-4
Wavelength
~,(c m )
3 x 10.10 GAMMA RAYS
3 x 10-9 X-RAYS (HARD)
3 x 10-8 CJ
X-RAYS (SOFT)1.0 ILl
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3 xlO u
ILl
i~3]1 10-6 ULTRA-VIOLET ....Ju..
.3 x 10-15 UJ
0::
3 It 10-4
3.0 ],.....
3 x 10-3 4.0
~O >.03 6.0 ATTENUATfON
EHF 8.oJ WINDOWS ....J
.3 oct
10.0 ::f!:
3 SHF 0::
15.0 ILl
30 UHF :J:
I-
300 VHF
3 It 10 3 HF .0
3 It 10 4 LF AND MF
Figure 10-1.Infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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2.0 METHODS
2.1 Site Selection
Four sloughs (SA,9A,10,and 11)in the Talkeetna to Devil Canyon reach
of the Susitna River were selected for evaluation in this pilot study
(Figure 10-2).These sloughs were selected as study sites based on the
presence of strong upwell ing groundwater in each slough and because of
their proximity for study.
2.2 Analytical Approach and Field Data Collection
Three infrared thermal imagers (Hughes Probeye,Xedar Pyroscan,and AGA
Thermovision 750)were tested to evaluate their capabilities as remote
sensing devices for locating the surface water areas known to be
influenced by upwelling groundwater.The AGA Thermovision 750 and the
Xedar Pyroscan units are infrared camera systems capable of being
interfaced with video recording equipment.The Hughes Probeye is an
infrared imager which presents a thermal picture in the eyepiece of the
observer.The Hughes Probeye does not have recording capabilities.Only
the AGA Thermovision 750 can magnify the thermogram by the use of
i nterchangeabl e camera lenses having different focal 1engths.Camera
lenses are fixed in the other two systems.All systems are portable and
lightweight and can be operated by one person.Because of the
magnification capabilities of the AGA Thermovision 750,this system must
be operated from a stable platform to insure camera stability.Table
10-1 summarizes the technical specifications of each system.
10-6
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0 10
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Figure 1p-2.Infrared thermal imagery study sites.
10-7
Table 10-1.Technical specifications of the thermal imagers evaluated.
Lens Focal Display
System Spectral Region Resolution Length Type Support
AGA Thermovision 2.5-6 um 0.2 0 C at 100 mm CRT or Battery Pack and
30 0 C Video Liquid Nitrogen for
cooling
Hughes Probeye 3-5.4 um 0.1 0 C at 38 mm 60 line Battery;Bottled
22 0 C LED display Argon for coding
Xedar Pyroscan 8-14 um 0.2 0 C1 33 mm 525 line Battery
at ?video screen
or video
~~l/no temperature specified.
00
Weight
21 1bs.
7 1 bs.
10 1bs.
How used
portable
hand-operated
hand-operated
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Three separate field trips were conducted under varied environmental and
experimental conditions to evaluate the thermal infrared imagers used in
this study (Table 10-2).Each imager was operated by a trained operator
acco~ding to procedures outlined in the respective operating manuals.
Infrared scanning operations were conducted conducted primarily from a
helicopter hovering low over the study area.Altitude ranged from 100
to 300 feet above the water surface.During the initial field
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evaluation,thermal scans were also conducted on foot.
The Hughes Probeye and the Xedar Pyroscan were evaluated on August 8,
1983.These evaluations were conducted during bright daylight
conditions and a Susitna River discharge of 26,000 cfs.Infrared scans
of known upwelling groundwater areas in Slough 8A and Slough 11 were
conducted from a he 1i copter and on the ground.The ground survey in
Slough 8A centered around a visible upwelling groundwater vent.
On October 24,1983,the Hughes Probeye and the AGA Thermovision were
evaluated.These evaluations were conducted during the evening hours in
order to minimize the thermal interference of sunlight reflecting off
the water.Slough 10 and 11 were scanned during this field trip at a
Susitna River discharge of 5,800 cfs.All infrared scans on October 24,
1983 were conducted from a helicopter platform.
A final field trip was undertaken on November 15,1983 for evaluating
the AGA Thermovision system exclusively.Infrared scans were conducted,
at night at Susitna River discharge of approximately 4,000 cfs.Water
levels in the study sloughs were very low with some ice cover.Infrared
10-9
Table 10-2.Field testing conditions and locations.
DATE SYSTEMS FIELD CONDITIONS STUDY SITES
830809 Hughes Probeye Bright;dayl i ght Slough 11 and
Xedar Pyroscan Susitna River Q =29,900 cfs.Slough 8A
831024 Hughes Probeye Bright;dusk Slough 10 and
AGA Thermovision 750 Susitna River Q =3,000 cfs.Slough 9A
(approx.)
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scans were conducted from a helicopter capable of night flyin9.Sloughs
10 and 9A were scanned during this period.
Initially,the approach to this study appeared to be simple.Thermal
infrared imagers were to be evaluated under field conditions to assess
their capability in detecting thermally different upwelling
groundwaters.After becoming familiar with the capabilities and
limitations of the equipment tested it was found that a more complex
methodology was needed.It was determined that site specific
measurements of surface water temperature of areas surveyed wi th the
imagers were needed in order to compare infrared detected upwell ing
areas recorded on video tape to in site surface water temperatures of
the sloughs.
Because of the evolutionary nature of the methodology,surface water
temperatures of slough areas surveyed were only ground truthed on the
last evaluation field trip.Surface water temperatures of Slough 10
were determined jmmediately prior to the thermal infrared scan.Surface
water temperatures of Slough 9A cou 1d not be ground truthed until two
days after the infrared scanni ng fl i ght.Surface water temperature
measurements were recorded at two foot i nterva 1sal ong transects ina
1500 foot reach of the slough divided into 100 transects.Temperatures
were measured using a Digi-sense temperature probe at a depth of
approximately 10 inches using procedures 1 isted in the manufacturers
operating manual.These data were then reduced into isothermal maps to
facilitate analysis of data collected.
10-11
3.0 RESULTS
Three field trips were conducted under varied environmental and
experimental conditions to evaluate whether thermal infrared imagers
could be used to successfully detect and quantify the amount of
upwelling groundwater in slough habitats of the Susitna River.During
these field trips,three thermal infrared imagers were tested and
evaluated (Hughes Probeye,Xedar Pryoscan,AGA Thermovision 750).
Because specific gear types were not tested under the same conditions,
the relative ability of specific gear types tested could only be
evaluated under the specific conditions that each gear type was tested
under.For this reason,statements made in this report concerning the
relative abilities of specific gear types tested must be viewed with
caution and not taken as any type of product endorsement.
The Hughes Probeye was tested on the August 9th and October 24th field
trips under different light (i.e.bright sunshine vs.dark)and mainstem
discharge conditions (26,000 vs.5,800 cfs)at three different sloughs
(Sloughs 8A,10 and 11).Based on the results from these tests,the
Hughes Probeye could not detect thermal differences between upwell i ng
and surface water when used from an aerial platform,but could detect a
thermal difference when used on the ground.Resolution of visual images
were poor;and the outline of water bodies were not readily
distinguishable from the adjacent shoreline.Based on these findings,
it was decided to suspend further testing of this equipment after the
October 24th field trip.
10-12
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The Xedar Pyroscan was only evaluated on the August 9th field trip.For
this reason,it was difficult to ascertain the relative performance of
this gear type under a varied range of environmental conditions.Under
the limited conditions evaluated,the Xedar Pyroscan provided a
relatively clear resolution of visually different images such as
vegetation,shoreline,and surface water.The different shades of gray
on the viewing screen,indicating differences in surface water
temperatures,however,were extremely difficult to distinguish.Based
on these findings,it was decided to suspend further testing of this
equipment after the August 9th field trip.
The AGA Thermovision 750 was tested during the October 24th and November
15th field trips.Bright sky conditions were present at dusk during the
October field trip.This hampered the effectiveness of this infrared
scanner to detect subtl e surface water temperature differences.In
spite of thi s,upwell i ng groundwater areas were detected re 1ati ve ly
easily using this system in the two sloughs evaluated (10 and 9A).On
the November 15th trip,numerous areas of suspected groundwater
upwelling in Slough 9A were identified using the AGA system (Plates 10-1
through 10-3).Based on ground-truthi ng measurements of surface water
temperatures obtained at this slough two days after the scanning of the
slough l ,it was found that the areas of suspected groundwater upwelling
had higher surface water temperatures than nearby areas without
suspected groundwater upwelling,indicating that upwelling was occuring
(Figures 10-3 and 10-4).It was further found that a surface water
IGround trouthing could not be performed on the day of survey due
to logistic problems.
10-13
November 15,1983.Thermal
in Plates 10-2
Aerial photo of Slough 9A:
scans of outlined areas are presented
through 10-3.
Plate 10-1.
10-14
Plate 10-2.Thermal scan of a portion of Slough
9A (see Plate 10·1):November 15,1983.
10-15
Plate 10-3.Thermal scan of a portion of Slough 9A (See Plate 10-1):
November 15,1983.
:0-16
ISOTHERM INTERVAL:0.5 °c
SLOUGH 9A
ISOTHERMAL MAP
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4.5
5.0
A
B
Figure 10-3.Isothermal map of a portion of Slough 9A corresponding
to the thermal scan in Plate 10-2 developed from ground-
truthing data collected November 17,1983.
10-17
ISOTHERM INTERVAL=0.50C
SLOUGH 9A
ISOTHERMAL MA P
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10
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I~I+-fl--B
/35-H-f:'!---C
Figure 10-4.Isothermal map of a portion of Slough 9A
corresponding to the thermal scan in Plate
10-3 developed fro~ground-truthing data
collected Nov.17,1983.
10-18
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temperature difference ranging from 1.5 to 2.0°C was necessary for
differentiating between areas with and without upwelling groundwater.
The thermal infrared imagery of the AGA system,however,failed to
locate numerous known upwelling groundwater vents in Slough 10.This
was due to the fact that upwelling temperatures at many of these known
vents in this slough were not detectable on the surface of the slough at
the time of scanning as verified by ground truthed measurements.Based
on ground truthed temperature measurements at groundwater upwell ing
areas located by the infrared imagery at this slough,it was determined
that a temperature difference of 1.S o C in slough surface water
temperature was necessary for detection of upwelling areas.It was also
determined that the depth of flow or water velocity over the vent had to
be small in order to make a detectable temperature difference in surface
water temperatures caused by upwelling.
10-19
4.0 DISCUSSION
In order to maximize the efficiency of the thermal infrared imagery for
detecting upwelling groundwater,environmental conditions must be ideal
for detecti on.Based on the fi ndi ng of thi s study.infrared thermal
fmagery can best be used to detect surface water temperature anomalies
caused"by upwelling groundwater within sloughs when the following
environmental conditions are met:
(1)Infrared thermal scanning of the water body are conducted
during the dark night hours in order to minimize any
interference from the sun or bright skies;
(2)Infrared thermal scanning is conducted during the lowest
possible,ice free,water levels in order to maximize the
chances that upwelling groundwaters will reach the surface of
the water body without significant deviation from their point
source (i .e.,shallow water depths and lower velocities are
present);and,
(3)Surface water temperatures and groundwater temperatures must
vary sufficiently to cause a surface water temperature anomaly
of at least 1.5°-2.0°C.
Based on findings of these studies,however,even when these conditions
are optimal,the use of thermal infrared imagery techniques to detect
areas of upwelling groundwater probably will not provide a quantitative
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assessment of upwelling locations in sloughs and side channels.For
reasons previously stated,upwelling ground~ater may not reach the
surface in all cases or may not cause a decernable thermal difference in
the surface waters.Thermal imagery,however,is a useful tool in
determing the locations of upwelling groundwater vents in the vicinity
of detectable surface water temperature anomalies in sloughs.Because
of water depth and velocities in the Susitna River mainstem,side
channels,and tributaries,it is very unlikely that small to moderate
upwelling groundwater areas could be detected in these habitats using
infrared thermal scanning.
In summary,infrared imagery has been used successfully in this study to
detect upwelling groundwater vents in selected sloughs;however,it is
doubtful whether this technique can be employed on a large scale for
site specific evaluations of upwelling source in the variety of habitats
and conditions present in the Susitna River.As a result,other types
of evaluations providing more detailed and precise measurements will be
required for determining the presence of upwelling as a function of flow
and mainstem discharge in sloughs and side channels.
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5.0 GLOSSARY
Emissitivity -The ratio of actual energy of thermal radiation emitted
from an object to the actual energy of thermal radiation emitted
from a black-box radiator at the same temperature.
Glow Tube - A viewing screen (i.e.,cathode ray tube).
Ground-Truthing -The process of obtaining corroborating measurements of
a variable at the site.
Imager -An electronic device which ;s sensitive to emitted thermal
infrared radiation and produces and electric signal proportional to
the incident infrared radiation received.
Infrared Radiation -Electromagnetic radiation just beyond the red end
of the visible spectrum which is radiated from all objects whose
temperature is above absolute zero.
Micron (urn)- A millionth of a meter.
Thermal Infrared Imagery -The process by which thermal images are
obtained through the use of thermal infrared sensors (imagers);the
tone of the image or picture is directly related to the infrared
radiation emitted from the object imaged.
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.,..
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~,
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6.0 CONTRIBUTORS
Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow Studies
(AH)Project Leader and Principal Contact
AH Fish Habitat Utilization Subproject
Leader and Report Coordinator,Part 2
Graphics
Typing Staff"
Editors
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Text
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Christopher Estes
Andrew Hoffmann
Sally Donovan
Carol Kerkvliet
Ann Rei lly
Vicki Cunningham
Mary Gressett
Christopher Estes
Andrew Hoffmann
Doug Vincent-Lang
Christopher Estes
Isaac Queral
Gene Sandone
Sheryl Salasky
Kathy Sheehan
Gene Sandone
Gene Sandone
Christopher Estes
7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express their appreciation to the following for their
assistance in preparing this report.
The other ADF&G Su Hydro Aquatic Studies Program staff who
provided their support to this report.
Richard Town of Infrared Technology,Inc.who provided the AGA
Thermovision equipment and the time and expertise to operate
it.
Kathy Barker of United States Department of Interior,Bureau
of Land Management,who provided and operated the Hughes
Probeye.
Alaska Department of Natural Resources who provided the
Pyroscan.
E.Woody Trihey of E.Woody Trihey Consultants,for hIs review
of this document.
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""",
-
-
8.0 LITERATURE CrTED
Alaska Department of Fish and Game.1983.Susitna Hydro aquatic
studies phase II report.Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic studies and
analysis of fish and habitat relationships (2 parts).Alaska
Department of Fish and Game.Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Anchorage,Alaska.
Anderson,E.R.1954.Energy budget studies,IN:Water-loss investiga-
tions -Lake Hefner Studies Technical Report:U.S.Geological
Survey Prof.Paper 269:71-119.
Boettcher,A.J.and R.M.Haralick,1977.Use of Thermal-infrared
imagery in groundwater investigations,Montana:Proceedings of the
Eleventh International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment.
1161-1170.
Boettcher,A.J.,R.M.Hara 1i ck,C.A.Paul and N.Smothers.1976.
Use of 1976 Thermal-infrared imagery in groundwater investigations.
Northwestern Montana.Jour.Research U.S.Geological Survey.
4(6)727-732.
Francisco K.1977.Second interim report of the Commercial Fish -
Technical Evaluation Study.Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife
Advisory Team.Special Report No.9,Anchorage.Alaska.
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DRAFT
........~"!I'"-.......--".,...............
August 22,1984
Kogl,D.R.1965.Springs and groundwater as factors affecting survival
of chum salmon spawn in a subarctic stream.M.S.thesis.Univer-
sity of Alaska.Fairbanks,Alaska.
Pluhowski,Eo J.1972.Hydrologic interpretations based on infrared
imagery of Long Island,New York.U.S.Geological Survey.Water
Supply Paper 2009-8.Washington,D.C.
Robi nove,C.J.1965.
sources research:
834-840.
Infrared photography and imagery in water re-
American Water Works Association Journal 57(7):
Robinove,C.J.and D.G.Anderson 1969.Some guidelines for remote
sensing in hydrology:Water Resources Bulletin,5(2):10-19.
Shields,H.J.1977.Infrared systems and their selection.Paper
presented at the National Fire Generalship School,Marana,Arizona.
December 7,1977.Marana,Arizona.
Whipple,J.M.1972.Remote sensing of New York lakes.U.S.Geolog-
ical Survey Professional Paper 800-C:243-247.Washington,D.C.
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.~
,
,-
Wilson,W.Jot W.W.Trihey,J.E.Baldrige,C.D.Evans,J.G.Thiele
and D.E.Triedgen.1981.An assessment of environmental effects
of construction and operati on of the proposed Terror Lake hydro-
electric facil ity,Kodiak,Alaska.Instream Flow Studies final
report.Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center.Univer-
sity of Alaska.Anchorage,Alaska •
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