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Home My WebLink AboutAPA2223Right-of-Way Ecological Effects Bibliography Keywords: Ecological Effects Transmission Vegetation Rights-of-Way Wildlife Ecoregion [}{]&OO~&t:l~@&®©@ Susitna Joint Venture Document Number Please Return To _DOCUMENT CQNTRO~_i_Prepared by - Asplundh Environmental Services Willow Grove,Pennsylvania EPRI EA-1080 Project 855-1 Topical Report May 1979 - - """ -- - V 1.0 0> 1.0 C\I..........oo 1.0 ~ (I) (I) Right-of-Way Ecological Effects Bibliography =';'-,-1080 Research Project 855-1 Topical Report,May 1979 Prepared by ASPLUNDH ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES Blair Mill Road Willow Grove,Pennsylvania 19090 Principal Investigators M.T.Galvin R.D.Cupit ARLIS Alaska Rcso~rces Lib~ary &I nfonnatiOIll Services Library Building,Suite 111 321 I Providence Drive Anchorage,AK 9950S-l614 Prepared for Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto,California 94304 ,EPRI Project Manager R.A.Goldstein Energy Analysis and Environment Division TI( ,'f25 ,SS A23 no.2223 - ..... - - - .... - - ORDERING INFORMATION Requests for copies of this report should be directed to Research Reports Center (RRC),Box 10090,Palo Alto,CA 94303,(415)961-9043.There is no charge for reports requested by EPRI member utilities and affiliates,contributing nonmembers,U.S.utility associations,U.S.government agencies (federal,state,and local),media,and foreign organizations with which EPRI has an information exchange agreement.On request, RRC will send a catalog of EPRI reports . Copyright ©1979 Electric Power Research Institute.Inc EPRI authorizes the reproduction and distribution of all or any portion of this report and the preparation of any derivative work based on this report.in each case on the condition that any such reproduction. distribution.and preparation shall acknowledge this report and EPA I as the source. NOTICE This report was prepared by the organization(s)named below as an account of worKspon:."red by the Electric Power Research Institute.Inc.(EPA I).Neither EPRI.members of EPAI.the organization(s)named below.nor any person acting on their behalf:(a)makes any warranty or representation.express or ,mplied.with respect to the accuracy.completeness.or usefulness of the information contained in this report.or that the use of any information.apparatus.method.or process disclosed in this report may not _infringe privately owned rights;or (b)assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of.or tor damages resulting from the use of.any information.apparatus.method.or process disclosed in this report. Prepared by Aspl undh Environmental Services Willow Grove.Pennsylvania - - - - .... ~, - ABSTRACT This report consists of an annotated bibliography containing 824 c1tations of documents covering the published state-of-the-art through 1977 in descrining eco- logical effects of overhead transmission line rights-of-way.The citations are indexed according to author,subject and ecological region. iii - .... - .... .... - .... .... .... ..... EPRI PERSPECTIVE PROJECT DESCRIPTION This project deals with the ecological effects related to transmission and distribu- tion of electricity,a matter of considerable public and environmental concern.Other supported research includes the effects of overhead transmission line rights-of-way on forested ecosystems (RP103,EPRI EA-491),the prevention of large raptor electro- cution (RPI002),and effects of construction and maintenance of overhead transmission line rights-of-way on plant succession in the semiarid southwest (RP756).A project on the interactions between birds and power lines (RP1636)is just starting. PROJECT OBJECTIVES This project (RP855)was designed to survey the current status of information on ecological effects of rights-of-way for use in development of further research efforts and practical applications by utilities.Some of the costs in collecting and abstract~ ing the literature included in the bibliography were shared with the Power Plant Team, Office of Biological Services,U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service.In addition to the bibliography,it is expected that RP855 will produce a review of the effects of over- head trans~ission line rights-af-way on wildlife.The project also surveyed utility right-of-way personnel with respect to their perception of environmental concerns. The results indicated that effects on land use and property values were af greatest concern.Other indicated areas of major concern included effects on natural vegetation, agricultural crops,human biology and wildlife . PROJECT RESULTS This report consists of an annotated bfbliography containing 824 citations of documents covering the published state-of-the-art through 1977 in describing ecological effects of overhead transmission line rights-of-way.The citations are indexed according to author,subject and ecological region.The bibliography should be of value both to individuals involved in assessment of rights-of-way ecological effects and right-of- way managers.The Ecological Effects Program is currently exploring the possibilities v t • -"'''0 ",,"g'-".-f n"'"c'--r - - .~ ,..... .- .- ,..... :r- I of periodically updating the bibliography and making it accessible through an on- line computer retrieval system. Robert A.Goldstein,Project Manager Energy Analysis and Environment Dlvision vi t'· - - wm -n Contents Document Citations A.Construction and Maintenance Methods on Transmission Line Rights-ot-Way . B.Ecological Effects at Rights- of.Way Construction and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...49 C.Literature Related to Overhead Transmission Rights-at-Way 110 D.Environmental Assessment Methodologies 130 E.Habitat Evaluation Techniques 134 F.Research Procedures _137 App~dix ............•....•...............139 Author Index 141 Region Index .•............................149 Subject Index 163 vii .... .- Introduction This bibiiographic indexing and retrieval system was developed by Asplundh Environmental Services for the Electric Power Research Institute (IEPR I).Ecological effects of overhead transmission line right!s)-of·way is the special subject area. All pertinent available literature sources,including libraries, automated systems,and individual researchers'literature collections,were reviewed in selecting documents for use in this computerized data base.Documents were abstracted by experts in various scientific fields familiar with right(s)·of-way. Documents were evaluated in terms of content and quality for discussing ecological characteristics of rights·of·way and related effects. This bibliograph ic system provides information useful to the electric power indu!;try in maximizing ecological compati- bility of rights·of-way,based on existing knowledge.All sources of information werEl reviewed for applicability to the full scope of rights-of·way planning,construction,operation, and maintenance.Several infonnation areas associated with right(s)-of-way were excluded,and other areas known to be poorly represented required use of a number of related sub- jects.Excluded su~jects were methodologies for line routing, aesthetics of transmission lines,urban aspects of right(s)-of- way,and the effects of electrical and corona phenomena. Related subejcts were other types of right-of-way facilities (pipelines,etc.),gleneral forestry activities,management principles of vegetation and wildlife,and general environ- mental assessm ent cClncepts. Format for the prllsentation of the literature compilation was designed to best serve the needs of potential users,pri- marily utility personnel.Selected documents were identified using a comprehensive review process,then physically re- trieved and abstracted.The abstracts were entered in a com· puterized indexing ,and retrieval system.The collection con- tains 824 citations of documents determined to represent, through 1977,the published state-of-the·art in describing the ecological effects of transmission /ine right(s)-of-way. Subject indexing of the data base utilizes a wide range of terminology drawn lirom SCientific,technological and engineer- 1119 fields which are used interactively in describing ecological effects of transmission line right(s)·of-way.To permit flexi- :lility in accessing the subject matter of the collected litera· ture.abstracts included broad and narrow-term key words. Explanation of Use This bibliography report is designed as a readin9 guide to articles on the ecoh)gical effects of overhead transmission line roghlls)·of·way.This report has been produced by computer pnOlocomposition from a data base of selected article cita- t'ons.The bibliography is divided into four sections: Documenr Citation.This section contains the full display of In ..document citation:it is the body of the rights-of-way h,t>hography reporl.This section is sequenced primarily by .c.aIL'QOry"in alphabetical order and sequenced secondarily t,v "year puolishecf'in descending chronological order.The cO,"pUter has autc,matically assigned a sequential document "Ioeal,or!number"so that the alphabetic order of the cate- <pry sequence corresponds to the ascending numeric order"I II,.,location number.This facilitates the location of a docu-",<,,"ellahon whicJ~is referenced by one of the indices. [..It docum~t hilS been assigned by abstractors to at least """""C.:ltl'9O"'f."There are six major categories and 71 sub- C..U'\ICl'IP'o wtllch represent various aspects of electric trans- "'•...on lights.·of·way activities and ecological concerns.A ix listing of categories is provided in Appendix A.No index of categories is provided because the "body"of this bibliography groups abstracts in the same order shown in Appendix A.Also the top of each page shows the category to which that page's abstracts belong. Author Index.The author index is arranged in alphabetical order,by author surname.Each author for each article citation appears in this index in the appropriatEl alphabetic location. The author name is followed by the article citation location number. Region Index.Regions are based on Bailey's "Ecoregions" (19761.described in a following section.Regions were assigned to abstracts when documentation was either researched in that region or the findings could be expected to apply throughout that region,and when information either originated from a region or could be generally applied to that region.Abstracts which are very general in application are indexed under "Applicable to the entire United States"within the region index.Under each region,subject terms (keyw,ordsl are listed alphabetically with location numbers for each applicable abstract. Subiect Index.The subject index is arranged in alphabetical order by keywords.The relevant citation titles and associated location numbers are also displayed for each keyword. In order to use the rights·of-way bibliography report,the reader would typically search one of the indices (author, region,subject)and then,using the document citation location number,cross-reference to the document citation in the body of the report. Explanation of Ecoregions Each ecoregion covers a continuous geographical area and is characterized by the occurrence of one or more important ecological associations that differ,at least in proportional area covered,from the associations of adjacent regions.In general, ecoregions are characterized also by distinctive flora,fauna, climate,landform,soil,vegetation,and ecological climax. Within such a region,ecological relationships between plant species and soil and climate are essentially similar,and similar management treatments give comparable results.Thus,they are also considered biological productivity regions of specific potentials. The classification scheme used on the map is an adaptation derived mostly from Crowley (1967)and has four levels of generalization. A domain is a subcontinental area of broad climatic similarity, such as lands having the dry (B)climates of Koppen (Tre- wartha 1943)or Thornwaite (1931). A division is a subdivision of a domain determined by isolating areas of differing vegetation and regional climates,generally 'It the level of the basic climatic types of Koppen.Usually, ,he zonal soils are related. A province is a subdivision that corresponds to a broad vegeta· tion region having a uniform regional climate and the same type or types of zonal soils.For example,the Boreal Forest Province is the ecoregion characterized by the subarctic continental·boreal coniferous forest-podzol ecosystem.Gener- ally,each province is characterized by a single climax associa· tion,but two or more climaxes may be represented within a single province.This often happens on mountains where each altitudinal zone may have a different climax. A section ,is a subdivision of a province and is based on local climatic variation.The section is Characterized by a single climax association and reflects climatic nuances within the broad regional climate.Variation in potemial vegetation as mapped by Kuchler (1964)is used as the principle indicator of a section. The boundaries between adjacent ecoregions are usually difficult to locate precisely.Frequently one region merges gradually into another.Any line separ<lting the two must then be drawn more or less arbitrarily.A convenient way of roughly fixing the boundary between two adjacent regions is to draw the line where the dominant associations of the two regions cover approximately equal area. The geographic distribution of the ecoregions here is corre- lated in varying degrees with climatic types,physiographic provinces and agricultural regions and also with soil types.This correlation is not surprising when we consider that climate, physiography,and soil all affect one another,and that the distribution of plants and animals is dependent upon all these environmental factors. The names assigned to each region reta.in the names of the most obvious vegetation indicator,such as,mixed forest, broad leaf forest.and desert.As a rule,designations of the geographic situations.such as Eastern Deciduous Forest, Cal ifornia Grassland,are added. x Additional information and references cited are presented in the publication "Ecoregions of the United States,"by Robert G.Bailey,available from the U.S.Forest Service,Ogden,Utah 84401. - - - - ,EGG s - - """ Ecoregions of the United States bv Robert G.Bailey,1976. (revision) ECOREGION BOUNDS Province _______Section P'f{OV1NCE SECTION SCALE o 100 200 300 400 Miles ,..,i o 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Kilometers '110 LoJurentian Mixed Forest Z,11 Spruce·fi r Forest Z112 Nonhero Hardwoods- F,r Forest Z'1J Northern H,·'dwoods Fo,est 2114 Northern Hardwoods- SPiruce Forest ::\0 l ~I..n D.!clduous Forest 12 11 MIlled Mesophytic Fe,,.!,, ];lIZ ~.ch-Maple Forest 'n1).....01..-8a!>Swood f')(~t •Oak Savanna 2214 Appalachian Oak Forest 2215 Oak-Hickory Forest 23100uter Coastal Plain Forest 2311 Beech-Sweetgum- Magnolia-Pine-Oak Forest 2312Southern Floodplain Forest 2320 Southeastern Mixed Forest 2510 Prairie Parkland 25110ak-Hickory- Bluestem Parkland 25120ak +Bluestem xi Parkland 2520 Prairie Brushland 2521 Mesquite-Buffalo Grass 2522 Juniper-Oak-Mesquite 2523 Mesquite-Acacia 2530 Tall-grass Prairie 2531 Bluestem Pr.airie 2532 Wheatgrass-Bluestem- Needlegrass 2533 Bluestem-Grama Prairie 4110 Everglades ----------------------------------------- ~, - - - Saltbush Mosaic P3132 Grama-Galleta Steppe +Juniper-Pinyon Woodland Mosaic 3140 Mexican Highlands Shrub Steppe A3140 Wyoming Basin A3141 Wheatgrass-Needle- grass-Sagebrush A3142 Sagebrush-Wheatgrass 3210 Chihuahuan L "'Sert 3211 Grama-Tobosa 3212 Tarbush-Creosote Bush 3220American Desert (Mojave- Cplorado-Sonoran) 3221 Creosote Bush 3222 Creosote Bush-Bur Sage M4210 Hawaiian Islands 3113 Grama-Bulfalo Grass M3110 Rocky Mountain Forest M3111 Grand Fir-Douglas-fir Forest M3112 Douglas·fir Forest M3113 Ponderosa Pine- Douglas·fir Forest 3120 Palouse Grassland M3120 Upper Gila Mountains Forest 3130 Intermountain Sagebrush 3131 Sagebrush-Wheatgrass 3132 Lahontan Saltbush- Greasewood 3133 Great Basin Sagebrush 3134 Bonneville Saltbush- Greasewood 3135 Ponderosa Shrub Forest P3130 Colorado Plateau P3131 Juniper-Pinyon Wood· land +Sagebrush- M4210 Cl_<>to..()1710 Arctic Tundra ...;71 0 Brooks Range ;220 BNing Tundra lJlOYukon Parkland ...,Jl0 A,askaRange 1320 Yukon Forest '.';'110 Columbia Forest IDry Summer) 1.'2111 Douglas.fir Forest f,~2112 Cedar-Hemlock- Douglas·Fir Forest 2410 W,llamctle·Puget Forest W~410P.cit,c Forest "'2411 Sitka Spruce-Cedar- Hemlock Forest I.l24 12 Redwood Forest "'2413 Cedar-Hemlock- Douglas-fir Forest "'2414 Calilornia Mixed b'ergreen Forest .101.;;>415 Sliver Fir-Douglas· I"Forest :'OIOC..hlo,"l~Grassland V1Gl0S.erran Forest W1620 Clltlorn'a Chaparral ]''0 c....l Pt.lo,ns Shortgrass Prairie 3111 Gr.ma-Ne1ldlegrass- Wtwatqrass lll]Wl'\ulqrass- ~I"qfass PROVJNCE SECTION xiii EXPLANATORY KEY Location number Author (s) Source bibliographic identification Source title Author (s)affiliation [ category code-category -----------S1b -Community structure Title -1371 '----iA shrub community of Viburnum lentago,stable for twenty-five years. AUTHOR:EGLER FE;NIERING WA--------------...l AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CT College Botany Dept.;American Museum of Natural History.1------' SOURCE TITLE:EcOlogy----------------'------ SOURCE 10:36(2):356-360,1955.-----------------.-1 YEAR PUBLISHED:1955----------------------, ,------CATEGORY:81b:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Connecticut-----------, -KEYWORDS community structure;habitat;maintenance;successIon; vegetation ABSTRACT.(Purpose)To describe a small area of a relahvely stable type of shrub community.and to relate ItS practIcal significance to the maintenance of wildlife cover and public uhllty right·of-ways.(Time and Duration)1927-1952;25 years.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)Three temporary 5x5 meter quadrats were placed In the stUdy area.D,ameters at the trees and taller shrubs were measured at 4.5 feet.The cover transect method was used to figure out the cover of the trees and shrubs along a base line Within each 5x5 meter quadrat, twenty 1 /2x2 meter quadrats were laid out and percent cover of lower Shrubs,herbs and mosses recorded.(Results and Conclusions)A pure stand,about 15x15 meters in size,of Viburnum lentago was conSidered to have arisen fortuitously.The stand IS one-layered,and relatively pure. Small shrubs,herbs,mosses and seedllngs are unimportant.Th,s community appears relahvely stable and self-perpetuating.The species has high Wildlife values and is physically suited for right-of-way edges. Abstract Keywords Category code (see Appendix for list) Region:State Year Published ""'"xv - "... - -- A •ROW Construction/Maintenance Melhods 1001 Clamor for econoflirY may cause wasle in right of way management. AUTHOR:MIDDLETOIN JB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA.Electric Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Science Society SOURCE ID:32:27o-:!71,1978. YEAR PUBLISHED:1978 CATEGORY:A REGION:Applicable 10 entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:management;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss ROW management through the years. (Type of Research)Discussion paper.(Resuns and ConClusions) Management must look ahead to future costs and long range results for real economy. 1002 Right of way man:agement involves plants and people. AUTHOR:OLENIK C,) AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA.Electric Co. SOURCE TITLE:Pro<::eedings Northeastern Weed SCience Society. SOURCE 10:32:272-273,1978. VEAR PUBLISHED:1978 CATEGORY:A REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:managElment;right-of-way;vegetation ABSTRACT:(PUrpes'l)To describe the relati011ship between ROW management and landowners.(Type of Research)Discussion paper, (Results and ConClusions)The ROW manager sllould work With the lanaowner to keel=~him informed about herbicide use On his land. 1003 Alternative electrllcsl transmission systems and their envlronmenlal iml~act. AUTHOR:SCHIEFEl.BEIN GF Am HDR AFFILIATION:Batelle Pacific Northwest Lab. ~,()URCE 10:RIchland,WA,Battelle Pacific Northwest Lab,1977,113 p. YI AR PUBLISHED;1977 CATEGORV:A;B "I PORT NUMBER:BNWL1774 NTISI'B271652 NUREG0315 :.ONTRACT NU MBER:EY76C061830 '·'·OI<SOR US NUClear RegUlatory Comm. ...G·ON Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States •f YWOROS:constrlJClion;ecological;electrical effect;environment;impact; -.a·r;!t'nance~transmiSSion line:transmission,electric Afl'.'''ACT.(Purpose)To describe electriCal transmission systems to help in O-'~rrllnlng envlrClnmental impacts.(Type of ResearCh)Wterature review. 11>1on.:t~ana ConclUSions)Overhead alternating current.overnead direct .-j ,.~unaergrorJnd.and water crossings are the various transmission 'h"\'S Olscussed.EnVironmental aspects of each system are discussed "".,;"~-:.J...de ~eslgn.routing problems.aesthetics.land use,constructIon ......]c ~af,"g costs.ecological effects.electrostatic effects.and I""IoW'!t.N1nce ImpiClcts.References and a bibliograpn!l"are given. 1004 ~llCIn tor II construction permIt for a 500 kV EHV --...on lintl. ...."...)11 ANDERSON JH .'.ft~AF~ILIATION:MN Power and Light. ~ll-=(10 DuMII,MN,MN Power and Light,19n,74 p. •t ...I'VIlUSHED:1977 r.AI(,~y A.B -~!>Qf""..hr ~orest STATE:Minnesota at ~construction:endangered;Impact;right-ol-way;speeias ...;~•....Cl (PurOCM)To apply tor a construction permit from the -~~""""",""ntal Ouality Councl!.(Time and Duration)2 years. ,_....e Cotl<:IU$OI'lS}A typical application which includes a _._ot "'"reglOtlal enwonment and details tlle expected •••-"'I(ai.~Cia:ts and mltlgattng measures. '''-tJ 1 ••HIP .-=environmental and public policy......,..- "'-'---..._~;.!C.SMITH 'TW:STEINHART JS .........An .......TlON lr'ISl,tule for Enwonmental Studies,Univ of WI. ~I [),"-KW'I ""'1.Inst,tute for Environmental Studies,1977,155 p. .~..........~O'1917 't..~~...,A 8 ...-.............~I IES79 A •ROW Construction/Maintenance Methods 1008 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE'United States KEYWORDS:blbiiography;enVIronment;Impact;piannlng;transmiSSIon lines ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide a general diSCUSSion of the engineering and environmentai aspects of planning,building,and maintaining transmissIon lines.An annotated bibliography is Included.(Type of Research)Literature review.(ReSUlts and Conciusions)General discUSSIons are included on utility organlzalion and regulation,phys,cal features of transmission systems,environmental eH-ects,planning, alternative electrical transmissiOn.and energy conservation.A glossary of related terms and annotated bibliography of 196 entnes are also included. 1006 The land use and environmental impacts associated with the development of high,extra high,and ultra high voltage transmission lines. AUTHOR:ROWELL CH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Comell Univ. SOURCE 10:US Forest SeNice.Natural Resources Research and E~tension Series 6. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:environment;impact;land use ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To reYiew and discuss tlle potential impact of electric transmission lines.(Type of Research)Discussion paper.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)A descriptive account is given of major Impacts and their possible mitigation. 1007 Right-of-way managemant;transmission line maintenance standard no.63040-50. AUTHOR A~FlLlATION:US Dept.of the Interior SOURCE 10:Portland,OR,Bonneville Power Admin.,1976. VEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A REGION:Applicable to enttre United States. KEYWORDS:construction;mafntenance;management:right·of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose I To describe the right-of·way management of Bonneville Power Administration.(Type of Research)Policy statement. (ReSUlts and ConclUSIons"A revlse,d policy for ROW management IS described which employs a more judicious use of herbicides.stresses used by landowners,suggests Improved road deSign and maintenance.and establishes a new danger tree policy.In the laner.stable trees which tower well above the conductor may be leh.as well as hazardous tr.ees that ~ust barely miss the wIres Without allowance for future growth.Also,an 'Irregular backline will be devetoped according to swing clearance.BOfh selective and blanket herbicide sprays may be used to fit the situation.Road and river screens are left.and trees in ravines are not cut.A growth period of 15 years is allowed for trees to be left In clearing.The stated obfective of this Standard,as It re'lates to the environment.is to produce a better land use program which incorporales the conservation and protectIon of the natural resource,While maintaining the facilities to maximum reliabilir:y. 1008 NaUonal fllfeSt Iancbcape management volume 2,chapter 2, utllIlles. AUTHOR:US FOREST SERVICE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Washington,DC,US Forest Service,1975,147 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A REGION;Appl,'~ble to entire United States KEYWORDS;a"stllelics;design;forest;management;planning ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe how to plan,design.and construct utility lines to harmoniZe with the landscape.(Type of Research)A discussion and descriptive report.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The visual characteristics of electric transmission lines and methods for reducing their contrast With surroundings through adaptations of form,lone.color, and texture are described and illustrated.Vegetative manipulation is a key eiement in blending or screen,ng impacts.Soil manipulation and seeding and planting are also used.Harmonizing of structures has a major effect on reducing visual impact.An exampl..is given of biending a 115 kV transmission with natural landscape through selective cleanng, tapered ROW vegetation,removaJ or topping of danger trees,and use of helicopters In construction.Methods for iocating ROWs so as to biend witl1 topography and vegetation are illustrated.Problems in use of underground cables for distribution lines are discussed. A -ROW Construction/Maintenance Methods 1008 1009 Control 01 Vegetation succession oy means of soil fabrics. AUTHOR:GRIMe:JP;LOACH K;PECKHAM D AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CT Agricultural Experiment Station. SOURCE TiTLE:Journal of Applied Eco109Y. SOURCE 10:8:257-263.1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A;D REGION:Eastern DecidUOus Forest KEYWORDS:invasion;soil;succeSSion ABSTRACT.(Purpose)A stUdy of the effectiveness of fabric mesh on controlling tree invasion.(Time and Duration)1963·68.(Type 01 Research)Orrginal research.(Methodology)Meshes of flJsed galvanized Iron and woven fiber gJass strands were tested at 3cm depth in glasshouse plots.A field test of plastic and hardware cloth was made in an abandoned field employing eight treatments of 22 plots each in live blocks.The plots were also sown with red oak acorns to add to natural Invasion.(Results and Conclusions)Wire meshes caused SWelling and root restnetlon.but no fatalities,in glasshouse tests.In field tests.White ash invaded in numbers and constriction and dieback of shoots occurred with galvanized meshes.It appeared that larger seeds may be excluded from germrnation sUes.Herbaceous litter accumiated on the surface,and lOVing cover was reduced.In no cases were ash seedlings completely controlied. 1010 A program lor vegetation management AUTHOR:PENNSYLVANIA POWER AND LIGHT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA.Power and Ught Co. SOURCE 10:Allentown.PA.PA Power &Light Co,1971,132 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE;Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:clearing;herbiCides;main1ena"ce;management;s1as~; vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe methods tor vegetation management. (Type of Research)Manual.(Resullll and ConcllJSions)Metnods to reduce eCOlogical impacts are described.Clearing is of two types:tailored (marked trees cut).and selective with irregular margins,no clearing in ravines.Slash is piled and crus~ed;it is burned only <In order.Only selective sprays are used and these are applied at any season whenever possible.ShrUbs and low trees are preserved. 1011 Brush and slump control on new rights-ot-way. AUTHOR:WETSCH AF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Bonnevlile Power Admin. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 248-256 in symposium proceedings:herbicides and vegetation management in forests,ranges and noncrop lands. SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR.OR State Univ,1967,355 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1967 CATEGORY:A REGION:Siiver Fir·Douglas-tir Forest STATE:Oregon:Washington KEYWORDS:brush;management:rights-ai-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the management plan developed al Bonnevil1e Power AdminIstration for ROWs.(Type at Research) Descriptive paper (Results and Conclusions)Brush contrOl must be started shortly after initial clearing and continued at tour to five year inteNals.Standard techniques shoUld be used. 1012 Programed right-of-way maintenance. AUTHOR:JOHNS HR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Asplumdh Environmental Services. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 265·272 In symposium proceedings:herbicides and vegetation management in forests,ranges and noncrop lands. SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR,OR State Unlv,1967,355 p, YEAR PUBLISHED;1967 CATEGORY:A REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:maintenance;management;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe how to program right-of-way vegetation management.(Type of Research)Discussion.(Results and Conclusions) Programmln9 ROW maintenance is defined as planning the tight combinalion of chemicals and methods to insure continuity of utility service economically and aesthetically.Brush elimination is preferable to brush control.However.management is more than brush killing and involves a number of factors.Total programming calls lor reiating all factors,including management,human.and botanical. 2 1013 Special herbicide combinations for righl-of-way brush con1rol. AUTHOR:KIRCH JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Am01em PrOducts. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 273-280 in symposium proceedings:herbICides and vegetation management jn torests,ranges and noncrop I,ands. SOURCE 10:Corvallis.OR,OR State Urnv,1967,355 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:A REGION:Applicable 10 entire United Slates STATE:united States KEYWORDS:brush;herbIcides;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report studies to improve aerial and ground foliage sprays.(Type of Research)Discussion.(ReSUlts and Conclusions) Addition ot invert carriers to reduce drift improves control Proper mixtures ot herbiCIdes can be filted t<l help control hard-la-kill species.in both aerial and groumd applications. A1 •ROW Clearing 1014 The southern lief Intarconnecllon:a case slucly. AUTHOR:TillMAN RE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Cary Arberelum. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedin9s of the Firsl National Symposium on Ernrironmental Concerns in Rights-aI-Way Management.January 6-8.1976. SOURCE iD;MiSSiSsippi State,MS MS State Univ,1976,221-230 p. YEAR PUBUSHEO:1976 CATEGORY:Al REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest 5T ATE:United States KEYWORDS:construction;environment;habitat;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A case history Is described 01 the construction of a 345 kv lin!!in soulheastern New York from 1973-75.under evmronmenlal stipulations of the PSC.(Resutlll and Conclusions)A plan was developed tor environmental protection and wildlife management Selective clearing of tall-growing trees was carefully supervised to insure compliance and to permit modifications.PUblic relations with the utility,the contractor,the public.and l/le PSC staff soon become a major considerallon.The ROW was seiectively cleared,except lor lower pads and wire-pulling siles,with trees marked to be cut.A "Crop and lop"method of brush dIsposal was used.Access roads were caretully constructed to minimize impacts and for low maintenance costs over a long period.Erosion control methods kept roadS in excellent condition.Use of a "gin pole"tecn:mque to erect towers was used on the more inaccessible sites to reduce disturbance from heavy equipment.Habitat management on the ROW consisted 01 screens at roads and streams.retainIng slash on steep slopes,topping in urban areas,leaving dead den trees,sod planling,stream protection, water -impoundments.and restoration.Cost of tne latter was minimized Owing to retention 01 natural vegetation. 1015 Environmental aspects of construction on the AEP 765·kV transmission lines. AUTHOR:SAMUELSON AJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:American Electric Power Service Corporation. CATEGORY:Al REGIO/(:aeech-Maple Forest STATE:IN;CH KEYWORDS:construction;right~of~way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe enyironmentai aspects of clearing the ROWand constructing a 765 kV transmissjon line.particularly those actions taken to control erosion and in preselVing aesthetic ....alues./Time and Duranon)Five~years of observations.(Type at Research)Apphed research based on observations of policies carried out during ROW construction. {MethodologYJ In 1969 AEP promoted the beautification and preservation of this ROW by taathering the sages,screening all highway cTosslngs. preserving 'the trees and brush in ....allev bottoms.mfnimizlng c\eanng on the down-hill side of the ROW.elnd selective clearing where flowering shrubs and hardwoods were present.The results of these were observed over the ensuing years and generally e....aluated.(Results and Conclusions I When locating lines so they are not seen by the generB)pub\ic.such as the posltlonlng of towers on slopes ot hiJIs.there occurs additional concern for a....oiding land movemern and landslides.Many landsliaes occur naturally due to nature.but many occur due to changes bv man in the natural ground slope.Access roads should be so placed that heavy cuts and fills.sharp curves.steep grades.ledges.wet or swampy areas and unnecessary stream crossings can be avoided.Topographic maps and aeriai maps are of great value In selecting construction road sites.Grading of construction areas. such as materiaiyards.roads,conductor se~"up Jocatlons and crane pads.are held to a minimum and adequate drainage of these sites ~s ensured at all times.Runoff IS channeled to pre....ent accumulation. - - - - - - "'"" .- 1016 Ellects of power transmillsion lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert. AUTHOR:BRUM GO:JOHNSON HB:VASEK FC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Unlv of CA.Riverside. SOURCE TITLE:Macrono SOURCE 10:23:114·130.19i5. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A1: A5:B1 SPONSOR:Co REGION:Amencan Desert (MoJave-Co:orado-Sonoran)STATE:Arizona, California;Nevaaa KEYWORDS:clearing;e-ommunity structure;corridor;desert disturbance; ecosYstem;rmpact;resilience;right-of-way;structures:succesSJon; transmission;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this study is to describe and estimate the mpacts of ol,wer line construction and maintenance on the study area vegetation.(Tirne and Duration)33 years;1937 to 1970.(Type of Research)Origlnai field research.(Methodology)Vegetation was sampfed by transects on ;3ind near a ROW constructed in the Lucerne Valley at southeastern Caiifornla.One Une was built in 1937,the other in 1970.Four transects werlt established at each of 11 study areas. Transects were eslallliShed as:A.Control;B.Midway between pylons under the center wire,C.Edge of access road;ana D.Under pylon. Perennial shrubs were tM only ground cover evaluated.Dala collected Included species composition,"vegetation density.and ground cover. Soveral statistical analYS~1 methods are applied to interpret the data. (Results and Conclusions}Plant numbers generally increased on Ihe older power'Itne and decreased on the younger tine with tncreased' disturbance.The proportion of shortlived perennials was greater under pylons (areas of more severe disllJrbance).COmmunity quality index (Cal) vanes with the type of transect and wjth the age of the power line. Authors conclude the construction and maintenance of the lines studied have a s*ight enhancement effect on the vegetation,that is an increase In ground cover under the center wire,somewhat greater enhancement along the edge of the access road and highly variable response under llle pylons. 1017 Transmission lInes and fhe environment. AUTHOR HUTCHINSON HE AUTHOR AFALIATION:Allegheny Power Service Corporation. SOURCE TITLE:IEEE Transactions Aerospace and Electronic Systems. SOURCE 10:AE5-9(2):296-299.1973- 'EAR PUBLISHED;1973 C;,TEGORY:A1 REGION:AppliCable to entire UMed States STATE:Unitea States P<EYWOROS:aesthetics;environment:right-of...way;routing;routing selection rnemodology ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the confused and confficting state of envlror.mental cnteria for transmission lines which have been thrust t.pOn"e ..ectnc utilities llY pressure groups and legislation.and to point -out U"·,at realistiC,flex\ble N'les must be de'w'eloped to balance the need for ~.Clr,c energy with ec,ology.(Type of Research)Observations and 'terature rev.ow (oat direct results of research).(MethOOology)The .Al.,l:nor states that because of some currently una.ccepta.ble past practices ......:-trlC utilIties must include environmental corsiderahons into their OU'l'ent ROW pro/OCts.UUlities are being aided In changmg their method$ by eontllchng pressures from concerned citizens'groups and _,onmantai organizations,plus b~legislation from all levels of _n""",,1.The recornmendations of the Working Comrnittee on Utilities 100<:_,1968).preuented in the Report to the Vice Presidenl and lhe_""'5 Council on Recreation and Natural Beauty.are discussed.'-..:s and ConClusions)The guidelines in the Report are based on the e:--.t tt\at tne_form and ap~arance 0'transmission lines wm be _Dy creatIVe ,design and construction and by imaginative use of co-ort anc:f materlaJs.Furttler Improvement will be made it /jnes are ="C.~Dy natural letrain and vege1ation and by landscaping.These ~g..e me utilities the necessary criteria for the selection and ~'If'l:9 of ROW routes,location of towers and overhead tines,design of -'."""ntenance .,f ROWs,and possible secondary u~.·'of ROWs. 101. T-.0MIgn 01 e1een'lc transmission lines. ...;T><lA PACIFIC GAS ELECTRIC CO ~"Hll.IATlON:Pacir,c Gas and Electric Co. CIIJIlCl 10 S.n Ftanl:ISCO.CA,Pacific Gas and Electric Co..1972.12 p. ""-""~UlIl.lSHED:t972 (,A !'te.tlrR1'"'.AS --~Poc.""G;u,and Electric Co. jlfOl':llt ........_to "Illre United States STATE;California ..'~~-tlon:.destgn:planning;right.-of-way;siting;transmission-~t-..cT tP\.lf_)To present the concepts of electric transmission _~_c,.Paclhc Gas and Electric Co.(Time and Duration) A1a •Mechanical/Manual 1021 NOT specified.(Type of Research)Not research.(Methodology)Narrative. {ResUlts and ConClUSions)The foilowing e~ements are Olscussea In general terms:time schedule tor completion;olrect effects (or society and the land);route selection;reconnalsance of profect:reglonat anaiysis; environmental analysis;design of alternative corridors;comparisons of alternabves;lme s:ructure design;multi;:ie uses of ROW:capital cost: reliability and maintenance:conclUSions. 1Q19 Reducing damage 10 trees trom construction work. AUTHOR FOWLER ME:GRAVATI GF:THOMPSON RA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:USDA.Agncultural Research:;USDA.Agocultural Admin.Research;;USDI.Nat Park Service. SOURCE 10;Washington,DC,US Dept of Agriculture.1945.Farmer's Bulletin 1967,26 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1945 CATEGORY:A1;82d;B2g REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE;Unrted States KEYWORDS:construction;impact:rights-of-way;trees;Wlndth'ow ABSTRACT;(Purpose)Descripllve manual.(Results ana Conciuslons)The many hazards to which preserved trees are subject are intensified by mechanical injuries and environmental changes due to construction worK, though the damage is not aiways immediately evident.Recommendations are made to include tree damage precautions in construction planning, preserve natural fertility near preserved trees.treat wounds immediately. prevent soil packing and erosion,maintain proper drainage,and locate access roads to preserve trees.DiscuSSion is provided for each recommendation.The wind tunn~effect of clearcutting power lines and the benefits of selective cutting are noted.Specifications for tree work on distruoution linesa,e also included. 1020 Sunscald of eastern while pine,pinus strobUS 1. AUTHOR:HUBERMAN MA SOURCE TITLE;Ecology SOURCE 10:24(4):456-471.1943. YEAR PUBLISHED:1943 CATEGORY;A 1:B2c;82d REGION:Northern Hardwoods -Spruce Forest STATE:Connecticut; Massachusetts;New Hampshire KEYWORDS:constructiOn;edges;Impact;sunscald;trees ABSTRACT:(Punpose)To determ.ne the size.age and position of trees most susceptible to sunscald injury,the nature and extent of the injUry itself.and to obtain indications whiet>'MJUld help avcia sue";njUlY.(Time and Duration)1940-1942;2 years.(Type of Research)Origlna,research. (MethOOoiogy)One hundred forty-seven injured trees were selected and data recorded for 14 variables.PhotolTllcrographs were maae from wood samples of 15 of the trees growing in four areas.An exposure experiment used 12 natural White pines;varying degrees of shading were conducted in July and December of 1940.1941.and 1942.A cambial temperature experiment was conducted in Connecticut.using a number of soiar radiation measurement techniques.(Results and Conclusions)(1) Sunscald is a seriOus inlury to the cambium on the southwest side of tree trunks.(2)It occurs on dark-colored smooth-bark trees on the north and east edges of openings made in forest stands.(3)InjUry on the west-southwest side indicates htgh afternoon summer temperature or rapid temperature drop after sunset in winter.(4)Topography dla not tlave a significant influence.(5)Time of injury is between OctOber 1 and April.(6 Characteristics of day SIgnificantly affect cambial temperature. (7)Tree temperature on north side Ructuates less than other sides.(8) Air temperature is the most importanl factor in cambial temperature.(9) Sun scald In the north-easl appears to be a winter injury with rapid freezing as a possible cause.(10)Sunscald can be avoided by making the smallesl possibie openings consistent wittl sauna silviculture,by leaVing screen trees on southem and western bOrders of Woodlots,by not using extensive clearcuts,and by pruning young Irees in two or more steps. A1a •Mechanical/Manual 1021 The plight of tile right-of-way domain:victim 01 vandalism;part I. AUTHOR;EGLER FE AUTHOR AFALIATION:Alan Forest SOURCE 10,Mt Kisco,NY,Fulura Media SErvices,1975.294 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1975 CATEGORY:A1a;A1b;A5a;ASD;A50 REGION;Applicallle to enlire United States STATE:Unitea Stales KEYWORDS:communities;ecology.applied:ecosystem;impact; rellabilitation;right-<)f-way;spraymg,seiective;succession;weeds,ecology of 3 A1a -Mechanical/Manual 1021 ABSTRACT:(Purcose)To exp1arn the "moortance and role of sound ecologIcal Know~edge In manag:ng t~~vef;etation on ROWs.(Time and Duration)Research arld -expenence over 25 years.(Tyoe of Research) Onginal researCil and field eXDenence.(Methodology)In this VOlume the author d.lscussed five scIentific princIples:principle of vegetation zonation: principles of sIre-types:prrnclPfe of Intrinsic {natural)vegetation develooment;prrnciple of extrinSiC (man-Induced)·,{egetation oevelopment and the concept of the COlier-type.He also discusses:species roles in vegetation changes including relay Jioristlcs.initial floristic composition, and combina1ions of these.Alternative uses of ROW land are cited,and the practice 01 multiple use is explored.(Results and Conclusions)Sound ROW management policies reqUIre persons trained in ecology and familiar with the local vegetatIOn ana 5ucceSStOliai trends.Every effan must be made to establish plant communities at low shrubs and trees which wUi resist invaSIon and eventually req.uire less expenditure and uokeep that ROWs malntalred by broadcast herolclde spraying.ROW areas sI10uld b<> managed to make them useful to community,and to accommodate various multiple--use interests.Much of the poor management on ROWs can be allrlbuted npt only to lack of knowledge of line managers.but to pr-essures from many \/aried groups. 1022 The plight of the right-of-way dOmain:victim of vandalism;part It. AUTHOR:EGLER FE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Aton Forest. SOURCE 10:Mt.KISCO,Futura Media Services,1975,100 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:Ala;Alb;A5a:A5b REGION:ApplicatJe to entire Un,ted States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:corridor;ecology,applied;ecosystem:herbicides;nghl-of-way; staDility;transmission;Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To expiain the castes of social units interacting to prO<!uce tl1e present 10rms of management that we have on Our ROW domain.(Time and Duration)25 years of research and fiel<:l experience. (Type of Research)Original research and pUblic contacts.(Metnodoiogy) The author describes the three castes of social units:1.Right-of-way v-egetation science and vegetation management;2.Business influences and government Influences,SCience,conservation and Citizen groups,and the private land owners;3.The Military.neatth and food.the farm,forest. pasture and range,wUdlite habitat,nparian \/egetatjon.reservoir shores, lakes and pondS,watershed vegetation,airports.transmitter Sites,lawns, city par1<s,vacant ctty lots,gravel industry,and classical plant ecology. (Results and ConcJuslOl1S)'"The present an and science of ROW vegetatron management are reflective of the rgnoranee,JrIdifference and Impudence of the land managers,who have been mis-led by the hig~ly successful chemical industry,a nd disregarded by an ecological academia too aJoof to be concerned with such mundane matters and too encased in hardened dogma to be prac:lcal even if they Wished.On the one hand Instant Ecologists are anslng to skim off the greenbacks.and on the other hand are the environmental actiVIsts who must temper their emotional extrerrnsm with common sense and SCIentific facts. 1023 Herbicide use on electric utility rights-ol-way;a review 01 recent literature on herbicides,their safety and use. AUTHOR:CARVELL KL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WV Un/v. SOURCE 10:New York,NY,Edison Electric Institute,1973.EEl Pubiication No.72903 61 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1973 CATEGORY:Ala;A1b;A1e REPORT NUMBER:EE172903 CONTRACl'NUMBER:EEIRP103 SPONSOR:Edison Electric Institute. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Un~ed States KEYWORDS:chemicals;compositIon;ecosys1em;environmental assessment; herbicides;impact;inhibitors;maintenance;mammalS;public heaith; residues;right-of-way;succession.secondary;toxicily ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide a hanetJook for ROW managers with information on vegetation control memods.safety.and environmental Impact to allow electric personnel to do a better job managing ROW areas and protecting the environment (Time and Duration)One year. (Type of Research)Lite<ature review.(Metnodology)Over 1000 articles were reviewed in preparing this publication.Many of these are cited in the "l,iterature Review"section of this report.The most pertinent information from this literature SUNey was usea to prepare this handbook. using as a cmena tor selection ·'those queslions most frequently asked by ROW managers."(Results and Conclusions)Tooics inclUded in this publication are:importance of nerbicides ln American life;"herbicide development,chemistry,safety and pelSlstence;growth inhibitors; methods of treating vegetation;effect of season and lime of day;dolt and volatility;effects of herbicides on water quality;uses ot herbiCides by Wildlife managers;the herbicIde controversy;planl successoon:improving 4 vegetation control methods on ROWs;and effects of the herbrcJde controversy on research and development. 1024 Power line right-of-way management through selective use 01 herbicides. AUTHOR:ROSSMAN WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Electric Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industnal Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:4(3):2-6,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:A1a;Alb;Alh REGION:Eastern DecidUOUS Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:erosion;herbjcides;management,pne,noxres;right-of-way; seeding:soil;spraying,selective ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To desenb<>the vegetation management methods used on Pennsylvania Ele¢"ic Company ROWS.and also their soil erosion control and seeding practices.(Time and Duration)CoverS practices developed over two decades.(Type of Researc~)Onginal research (field).(Metnodology)The author describes transmiSSIon and distribution line ROW clearing,soil erosion controi with cross ditches for ROW maIntenance roads,specifications for seeding and mulching graded roads and tower locations,ROW vegetation control throu9h herbicides by wth selective spraymg and broadcast application,and precautions used during helicopter spraying of ROWs to protect adjacent land.(Results and Conclusions)Cross drains (waterbars)are installed on all construction roads and other disturbed areas as a part at the cleanup activity after line construction.Distance between waterbars varies with percent slope.Grass seed is applied at the rate at 100 pounds per acre with lime and commercial fertilizer added,The variety of herbicides and app"catlon methods JJSed allows selection of the most effective methO<! for each ROW area and vegetatjon problem.Their goal is to reinforce and extend the Iow-growing ground cover plant species most adaptable to the area. 1025 Experience plus ingenuity cut RlW clearing costs. AUTHOR:SHULER EB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Duke Power Co. SOURCE TITLE:Electrical World. SOURCE 10:50-51,1968 (April 1). YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY,Ala;A1b; A1d;A4c REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:brush;clearing;mowing:right-aI-way;seeding;slash disposal; 2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To out"ne initial ROW clearing policies and brush control on older ROW areas as carried out by Duke Power Company in North Carolina.(Time and Duration)Covers 20 years of experience. (Type ot Research)Original research Uield).(Methodoiogy)Cleanng new ROW areas Involved initiatly the bulldOZing of two swaths down each eage of the proposed ROW in preparation for the piling of brush and commerCial limber.These tractors work out into the ROW removing ali undergrowth that is less than 4 inches dbh.Men WIth chain saws follow the tractors and fell larger trees.Bulldozers then pHe tree lops and ali debriS in a brush line on the ouler edge of the ROW,or in guliies if the property owner desires this.Hardwood stumps are treated with 2,4,5-T in fuel oil to e"mlnate sprouting.(Results and ConclUSIons)The lesson learned through years of experience and experimenting is that minimum maintenance costs result .from proper preparation at the ROW.Seeding ROWs after clearing is done where practical.~acts as a cleanup operation on the line to prepare the ROW more ideally for luture maintenance,and to exercise good soil conservation practices. Bulldozers,machine CUlling,dlsklng and hand cutting are ali used in brush control work,eacn method used where the topographIc and brush conditions dictate. 1026 vegetation management lor rights-of-way. AUTHOR:US FOREST SERVICE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fares!Service. SOURCE ID:US Forest service,1966,38 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1986 CATEGORY:Ala;A1b:Bla;B1b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Michigan;Missouri; United States KEYWORDS:acquisitiQn;checKlist;ecosystem:flora;management;multiple use;right-of-way;spraying,selective;stability;weeds,ecology of;2.4-0; 2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To assIst forest officers and managers of uNity companies in planning,developing and maintaining rights-of-way across NationaJ Forest land,in order that this management be consistent with lhe multiple-use policy of the US Forest Service.(Time and Duration) Results of 20 y ...rs of herbicide research.(Type of Research)Literature -J - - -. - - .. - .... - --, revIew (Methoaology)Review of past research and experience In managing V'egetation,pJus a synopsIs of the fmdlOgs:reports and o"lscussion from two Forest Service training sessions In October 1965. (Results and ConcLusions)We are directed by Congress to grant the use of iand tor rigtll·of-way purposes and to manage tnem as well as the rest ot the Nattonal Forest land for the renewabte resources and in such a way as to best meet .the needs of the publiC anO make sure·the prOductlV'ty at the land IS not Impaired.All utility rigHts-of-way Special- Use Permits will contain a clause requiring the joint preparation at a management pian 10r the establishment and matntenance at vegetation.or rne application of selective maintena,nee to the rignt-of-way in accordance with a management p:lan prepared by tne Forest Supervisor,The aim of nght-of·way vegetahon management is to select vegetation requiring the least maintenance while afford~ng the maximum benefit for wildlife and sceniC values.liegetation management should begin with initial Clearing in order to avoid many of our present rigHt-of-way problems.Herbicides are being used in wildlife habitat management to change plant succession for browse production,aquatic Plant control.wildlife food patches,and to create or Improve wddlite openings, 1027 Pesticides In our ecosystem. AUTHOR EGLER FE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Aton Forest. SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:47(6):1077-1084,1966. YEAR PUBUSHED:1966 CATEGORY:A1 a:A1 b;A5;B1 SPONSOR:Ecology magazine. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ecology;ecosystem;herbIcides;impact pesticide;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To offer a particular penspectlVe regarding pest,crdes.(TIme.and Duration)Roughly 1950 to 1966.(Type of Research)Philosophical discussion;no researcH results are presented. IResults and Conclusions)THe author covers a lot of ground In this article which is biUea by ECOlogy as an essay type collecbve review of a ',me:y tOPIC.The author tirst deals witH tHe general pesticide-related proo!ems and uncertainties;WJth his own particlJlar emphasJs on the la"'J'e of pesticide advocales to appreciate the ecosystem concept.He also revIeWS the principal sources of literature and IUerature review O...!'fts tor pesnclde-retated SUbjects,finally getting into the potitics of """,cldes,pesticide bans,etc.His concluding remarks relate to ¥-egefatlon management on ROWs,He argues for an ecotogical approach. 1028 A program tor ecological rightofWay vegetation managemenL ".i 'HOR NlERING W ;.""':lR AFFILIATION:CT College. .'[,":E 10:CT Botanical SoCiety,1956.2 p, .,""°VaLlSHED:1956 ~'E30RY'A1a;A5b;B1b ~.;,";.,)N Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Connecticut • , ,,',ORDS clearing,selective;ecology;management;right-of-way; "'';''''dVlng,selective ..nS'i'lACT (Purpose]To suggest the best methods of cleanng ROWs,tHe ""-,,,I oeslrable physical structure of tne vegetation,and the roles 01 ~«:.na"lcal and ,chemical methods of brush control in ROW IoCAHAGEMENT.(Type of Research)Based on results of past researell ......:hng over a 1Q..year period.(Methodology)The authOr describes ll1e twotI methOd 01 line clearing in order to obtajn the least environmental :MtwItIatlce,and also describes tHe most desirable physical structure of ....ROW vegetation.The pros and cons of mechanicaJ and chemical llI'..."control are discussed.(Results and Conclusions)All sound "'''9'~ms of long-term brush control begin with initial clearing of the line. ~~e C1ear·cutling should be Ilmited to the narrowest possible width ~l.,.,t wrth construction.Such clear-culting is accompanied by <_able dtSturt>ance to the soil,wHicH not only destroys desirable .,._Ia"on,but produces a suitable seed-bed for additional invaston h _nled''!les.MeCl1amcaJ methods of brusH control,involving "..~saws,grlnaers.bul~dozers,serapers.diskers.and other cutting -..aNf!Ct1ng the plants andlor tHe scil are available,and have their .....an addlbon to herbicides,in special instances. '029 ..............p1anUngs on power line rights-of-Way and ....-...cf raads.""''"'OA AANER DH ....-n<)R "".ILlATlON:MD Game and Inland FisH Com. ~nne Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference. ~...(10 '6331·338,1951. T1 ~II\leLISHED ,g51 C"~OOAY "'1a.Mc:B:la OCQlOlll ~an Oal<Forest STATE:Maryland Alb -Chemical application 1031 KEYWORDS:conservation:habitat;management;revegetaliOn;ngnt-o'-way; seeding:soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To obtain Information on tHe practicality of uSing power line rights-of~way and wood\and roads as seeded areas beneficial to wildlife_Objectives inclUde:wdl grasses and legumes beneficial to wildlife grow on an untreated power line right-of-way.to what extent do they retard succession.and what establishment techniques are best. (Time and DuratIon)THree years.(Type of Research)Onginal. (MetHodology)During the growing seasons of 1948.1949 and 1950, whirlwind-type seeaers were used to distribute seed mix on open soJl atter bUlldoZing electric ROWs.THe seed mix contained sencea respedeza.Korean lespedeza.mammoth red clover,sweet clover,orchard grass,and redtop grass.Fifteen pounds were used per acre.Anottler seeding operation InclUded orcHand grass,rye grass,Alslkeclover.redtop grass.buckWheat,and ladlno clover,Periodic observattons on survival and w,dlife use were made using quadrat study plots.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)AI the end of three growing seasons Korean lespedeza, orcHard grass and mammoth red clover stoll composed a large percentage of the total ground cover.Native species tHat seeded in naturally were wild peanut.lespedeza stuve'.blackberry and blue grass. Sericea lespedeza,althougH not very palatable to wiidlife due to its hlgh tannic acid content,Has aided in the development of native blue grass.It appeared that a combination of spraying and bulldozmg would probably prove most economically feasible,Thi$would allow spraying the steep, rOCky slopes and bulldozing the more level stapes.Fertib2ing and liming will delay invasion of WOOdy species. A1b •Chemical application 1030 Response ot selected woody plants in the United States to herbicides. AUTHOR:BOVEY RW AUTHOR AFFIUATION;US Agricuitural ResearCh Service. SOURCE 10:Washington,DC,Superinlendent of Documents,,977,101 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY;Alb;A5b SPONSOR:US Agricultural Research Service.TX;Agricultural Experiment Staliono REGION:Appiicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brusH control;herbiCides;selectivity ABSTRACT:(purpose)THe purpose of this book is to report current researcH standings regarding tHe character,use and precautions of specific hert>icrdes and tHe response of many plant species to herbicides on a plant by plant,chem,calby cHemical basis.(TIme and Duration)Not specified.(Type of Research)Literature review,personal ObservatIons and synthesis from experience.(Methodology)Narrative description of methods of herbcide appllcation,Herbicide characteristics,and precautions and tabular presentalion of the effects cf specific HerbiCides on specific .species.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Autnor devotes following numbers of pages to listed topics:app'cation methods -5 pages; Characteristics of herbICides -5 pages:selection and preparation of herbicides for use -10 pages;susceptibillty of plant species to specific herbicides appro<lmately 70 pages of tables. 1031 A guide to killing woody plants in West Virginia. AUTHOR:BERTH)'HP:CARVELL KL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:West Virginia University SOURCE 10:Morgantown,'NV,'WV Univ.Agri:cultural Experiment Station, Circular '07,B p, CATEGORY:A1 b REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:MD:PA;VW KEYWORDS:brusn:brush control;checl<list;equipment:herbicides:safety: specJes;trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To outline the most effective and safest methods of controlling woody plants with herbicides,and present recommendations on the use of these herbieides and application methods 'that will give the grealest control possible.(Time and Duration)Result of 5 ..years of research. (Type of Research)Original research (field)_IMethodologv)In formulating the recommendallons included in this manual.only herbicides and appli· Catlon techniques wtnch had been tried and proven by the authors were included.Recommendations were based on tnose that were safes"t to the environment.gave the greatest degree ot contrOl,and were relatively inexpensive.Recommendations are primarily of interest to those forest managers working in the southern AppaJachians.(.ResultS and Conclusions'1 TopiCS covered in th,s pubhcation are:How to apply herbicides.When to apP'Y.equipment.mixing cnemica,'Solutfons.precautions.Recommenda- tions are separated by season of application,and by size of vegetatfon (brush,saplings.trees.and such nUisance ptants as grape.poison ivy.and lapanese honevsucl<le). 5 Alb·Chemical application 1031 1032 Plcloram basally applied lor brush control on utility rights...,f- way. AUTHOR:BYRD BC;WILLIAMS CS;WRIGHT WG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co SOURCE TITlE:Proceedings NOrtheastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:24:77-85,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b SPONSOR:Dow Chemical Co. REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:Indiana;Maryland;Michigan; Vermont;West Vlrginra KEYWORDS:application methOdS;brush;herbiCides;maintenance;picloram; right-of-way;2,4-0;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effectIVeness of picloram plus 2.4,5v T on several species at various rates.locations and trmes of applicabon wilen applied as a basal or overall dormant stem spray.(Time and Duration)1966 through 1969.(Type of Research)Original field pIal research.(Methodology)Basal or stem applicallons of herbicides were made uSIng backpack sprayers.Diesel fuel was the carner in all cases. The degree of control was rated approxrn8tely four and nine months atter application.(ResUlts and Conclusions)The use of picloram plus 2.4.[,.T applied as a basal or a dormant stem spray adequately controlled most brush species on a utilily ROW.Nearly complete control of stron9 resprouters such as aspen,locust,maple,oak.sassafras and sumac with one pound picloram plus 4 pounds 2.4.5-T per 100 9allons was ,oteworthy.Half this rate was also eftective.Basal applicallons in winter and summer produced similar resutts.The results were reasonably unIform across locations and types at application equipment.Picloram plus 2,4,5- T at 1 plus 4 pounds per 100 gallons will substitule for 16 pounds per 100 gallons. 10aa Classllleation and characteristics of herbicides. AUTHOR:WARREN GF AUTHOR AFFiliATION:Purdue Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Herbicides In Foreslry (Proceedings of the 1975 John S Wright Forestry Conference). SOURCE 10:Lafayette.IN.Purdue Urnv,1976.1-9 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1976 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b SPONSOR:Purdue Univ. REGION:Applicable to ent"e Uniled States STATE:Uniled States KEYWORDS:classification;herbicides:selectivity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to present a Classification ot herbicides based on their chemical ams biOlogical charactenstics.(Time and Duration)NOI specified.(Type of Research) Not research:a review of'state-ot~the-art but with no literature Cited. (Methodology)Narra\lve and tabular.(Results and ConclUSions)The author has compiled a list of the herbiCides which are used In foreslry and classified them according to their primary modes of action Incfuding growth regulalOlS,inhibitors 0#oxidative phosphorylation,photosynthetic inhibitors.mitotiC poisons.and a group tor whIch the modes of action are not clearly known.Each of these major groups is then described in terms of Its specific effects on plants and generalized behavior in the environment.Author also presents a brief summary of knowledge on .absorption and translocation of herbicides in plants and finally regroups herbicides on the basis of how they translocate after foliage and soil application and their mobility in SOIl. 1034 Herbicides lor rlghtll-of_ay,trails,and recreation areas. AUTHOR:BARNHART JA;BRANDT SE;MILlER CH AUTHOR AFFILJAnON:Public Service Co.of IN. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 128-135 in Herbicides in Foresti)';proceedings of the John S Wright Forestry Conference. SOURCE 10:West lafayette,IN,Purdue Univ,Dept of Forestry and Natural Resources,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A1b;ASb REGION:Applicable to enlire United Slales STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;right-of-way;spraying,basal spraying,broadcast ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe various herbicides,their method of application,and ad:1itives.whiCh,when ,USed in proper combination,can be effective in vegetatton control on rights-of~way.on trails,and in recreation areas.(Type of Research)8ased on fieJd experience. (Methodology)The authors desCribe the herbicides commonly used on woody plants:such add,bves as adjuvants,surfactants and.Odor inhibitors;applications methods.inclUding foliar applications,stem.foliage waterborne.tow volume aerial application,basal applications.The also discuss tree injection.stump treatment,and soil application of pelleted herbicides.(ResUlts and ConclUsions)The development of herbiCldes has given ROW managers Ine capability of economically manipulating plant communibes and the opportunity to estab/ish and maintain relatively stable ptant communities that are compatible with the operation at the 6 primary facilities on the ROW,For effective contro~at the lowest cost and WIth the greatest safety,certain factors must be tak.en mto consoeration when determining the type of herbIcide aM applIcation method.These factors include:species to be contrOlled,vegetallon oensity and h-eight.soil characteristics,terrain.adjacent land use. herbicide label restricttons and pubhc opinion. 1035 Vegetation management on power line rights-of-way:a state 01 tile knowledge report.. AUTHOR:CODY JB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Slate Univ of NY.College of Env ScIence and Forestry. SOURCE 10:Syracuse.NY,Applied Forestry Research Institule,1975,AFRr Research Report No.28,19 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:Alb;ASb;ASc;A5d;A5f REPORT NUMSER:AFRI28 SPONSOR:Empire Stale Electric Energy Aesearch:Corp. REGION:Applicable 10 entire Uniled States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;application methods;clearing;clearing,selective;community Structure;ecology,applted;habitat;.herbicides:management;multiple use; right-of-way;succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this state-of·lhe-art study was to bring togelher pertinent recent information by surveying Iilerature and through personal contacts with knowledgeable individuals~and to provide a reference book INIth current information on sound vegetation management practices on electric rights-of....wa.y.(Time and Duration)This survey was done between 1973 and 1975.(Type of Research)Uterature survey,inlelView and on-site inspections.(Mett1odology)The literature sunvey was supplemented by intervieWS with chemical company reoresentablVes,tree service persomel,electric power company right·of- way managers,and research workers.The results were combined into a report covering major problems,ptant community development,cnemicaJ methods.alternatrv8 approaches,wildlife.and multiple use of right&of- way.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Right-aI-way vegetation management should start with initial cleating.WMe initial clearing is important,the greatest job confronting the right-ai-way manager is maintenance of eXisting rights-of-way.The great variety of conditions existing on rights-of- way reQIuire a vartery Of treatments to achieve desired resUlts.The neec:l for mamtenance should be determined by line examinalion,and treatment should be prescribed according to species and conditions.Whiie mechanical methods of woody plant control are still needed,by far the most treatment is aone using chemrcals.Success is highly dependent on Ihe preparation of good vegelation management plans. 1036 A discussion on herbicides and a statement on 2,4,5-T and TCDD. AUTHOR:NEWTON M:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ.;US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Foreslry. SOURCE 10:7:l(7):41o-412,1975. YEAR PUBLISHEO:1975 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b;B1 SPONSOR:US Forest Service.;OR State Univ. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brush control;environmental assessment;herbicides;toxic hazard;toxicity;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)This repnnt is In two parts.Part 1 's a discussion of some current ISSUes regarding the use of herbicides in foresti)'.The second is a statement t:Jf lou,leading scientists on controversy surrounding 2.4,5-T and TCDD.The purpose of both parts is to provide a factual,rather lIlan an emolional.basis for delerminlng the propriety of using herbicides in forestry.(Results and ConClUSIons)The discussion portion of IhlS article responds to some specific questions with nearly tolai emphasis on 2,4,5-T and TCOD The origin and fate of both chemicals are discussed as are topics relalfng to toxicity.The consequences of not having herbicides available lor use are also presented.The statement a 2,4,5-T and TCDD provides an excellent summary of (a)lhe ,ole of I..rbicides in vegetation management (b)the history of the TCDD controversy;(c)the toxiCity of TCDO;and (d)the probability of slgnificanl exposure.The authors of lIle slatemen;conciude that lI1e registered use of 2.4,5 does nol present a Significant haZard to animals in the forest.or to man. 1037 Behavior and impacl of some herbicides In tile foresL AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFIliATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Herbicides in Forestry,Proceedings of John S.Wright Forestry Conference. SOURCE 10:West Lafayette,IN,Purdue Univ,1975.159-176 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 - - -- CATEGORY:Ale:A5b;S' SPONSOR:US Forest SerVice. REGION Pacific Forest STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:ammotnazole;brush control;environmental assessment herbic~des;leaching;persistence;picloram;residue;toxic hazard;toxicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide tne basis for .valuatlng the tOXIC hazarDs of chemical orush control on forest land and to present data on herbicide behavior In tne terrestnal ecosystem'and herbiCide toxicity to animals.(Time and Durallon)1962 to 1975.(Type of Research)Onglnal and literature review.(Metllodology)Concepts were developed from literature.Herbicide reSidue data was gathered using gas chromatography of held samples,except tor some data on persistence in forest floor whlch came from lab studies.Toxic~ty data are all from the nterature. (Results and Conclusiorls)HerbiCIde reSIdues seldom exceed 100 ppm per pound per acre immediately after application.Half lives of one to two weeks on vegetation is .common.Herbicides are r~attvely more mobile in soil than insec\lcides.buI on an absolute scale nerblcide mobility in terms ot potentia.for ground or stream water contamination is slight The decreasing order of persistence In forest floor is plcloram.2,4,5-T, amltrole.2,4-0.No toxic effect levels for acute and chronic exposure are identified.The author concludes normal herbicide use ~n the forests does not exceed these values. 1038 Pesllclde residue dynamics In a forest ecosystem:a compartment model. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA;SCHROEDER HJ JR:WEBB WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ.US Forest service. SOURCE TITLE:Simulatloo. SOURCE 10:161-169.H175. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b;131 SPONSOR:US Forest SeNlce.;OR State Univ. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:California;Oregon:Washington KEYWORDS:brush control;herbicides;impact:leachmg;persistence; I:lIcloram;residue;veg.~tahon;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT;(Purpose)T,e deveop a matllematical model to describe the movement and persistence ot 2.4.5-T and picloram tierblcides in two markedly different enVIronments.(Time and Duration)1972 to 1975.(Type of Researctl)Original synthesis and analysis of data obtained from the .I,terature.(Methodology)(1)Identify major compartments of forest ecosystem (terrestrial).(2)Collect available data on resIdue dynamics of two herbiCIdes In compartments of the COOl mo.st and the tlot dry enVIronments.(3)Dev..IoP a mathematical mOdel to describe the movement and persist'once of the herbicides from (2)and (4)Simulate feSll1ue dynamics from variOUS environmental parameters using (3). i Results and ConclUSions)Tile model is a mtxture of theory and empirical oDservatfons.Its maJolr contributions are a crude estimate at the rnteractlon between trle herbicides and their environment.including effects on vegetabon,herbicide movement and persistence on vegetahon,forest "~or,and SOil.The model can Serve to guide research efforts and PO'$lbly gIve crude estlmates of herbicide behavior in the environment. ~L!It IS not a strong tool for the manager to use in the decision making orocess 1039 ....nt.and hazardls of herbicides. ~UTHOR.HARVEYRG 4UTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of WI,Agronomy Depl. SOURCE TiTLE:Industrial Vegetation Management 50URCE 10;7(1):8-12,1975. Y£~R PUBLISHED:197'S CATEGORY:A1b R:£c.JON Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States "[YWOROS:hertllcides;impact;persistence;public healtll;2,4,5-T 48STRACT.(Purpose)To point out tile importance of weiglling both tile _rots and the nazards of using 2,4,5-T and 2,4,5-TP,and to illustrate ':"\At tr.e risks are ve ..)'insignificant compared to the great benefits to IcC,,"V rrllne and Duration)Contains a summary on safely and dangers '"2 4.!>-T and 2,4.5-TP based on research findings between 1969 and '975 (Type of Rese;arch)Literature review.(MethOdology)Review of""*""'"Iolera'we.(l'lesults and Conclusions)Toxicology data presently ..._,ndlCates lIlat 2,4,5-T has a relatively low acute oral toxicity _TCDO contammant .s Ilighly toXIC.TCDO has a mucl1 greater ....lO\IM1c.ty lI'Ian lite tierbicide itsell.The 2,4,5-T presently sold I\as less ....,lIOn>TCDO.At thIS concentration,dosage levels of either 2,4,5-T ""TCOD "..,,,ossary to produce either toxiCity or teratogenicity from __S4lllIlCallOOS <~re nearty impossible to achieve.2,4,5-T I\as been _to rs;lOdly break clown and thlJS does not persist or blomagnify. TCOO ..more "","",.tent but gradually breal<s clown.Plants do not .-,.,_TCOO from the soil and thlJS tile chemical does not ~rMCh 100d Chains. A1b -Chemical application 1042 1040 TOXicity of various formulations of 2,4-0 to salmonids in southeast Alaska. AUTHOR;MEEHAN WR:NORRIS LA;SEARS HS AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Forest Service.;US Nat Manne Fisheries Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canacia. SOURCE 10:31(4):480-485,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A1b;ASb;B1 SPONSOR:US Forest Service ..US Nat MaTine Fisheries Service REGION;Pacific Forest STATE:Alaska KEYWORDS:brush conlrol;environmental assessment:fish,tOXICity to; herbiCIdes;pollution,water;residue;tOlQCity;2,4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Determine toxicity charactenslics of several forms of 2,4-0 to Alaskan salmonid fishes and compare response to Oregon fish. (Time and Duration)Literature covers 1951 to 1972.Study covers 2 years.(Type of Research)Orlgmal research and laboratory bioassays. (Methodology)Coho,pink,chum and sockeye salmon and dolly varden trout were exposed to 2,4-0 purified aCId,butyl ester or isooclyl ester in static bioassays.These fish were ali from Alaska.Coho were exposed to 2,4-0 pure acid,and one of three different formulations of issooctyl ester.PGBE ester.or butyl ester in static bloassays.Similar range ot tests were run on collO salmon from Oregon.No effect levels were identified.(Results and Conclusions)Vanous specIes of fish of comparable size responded similarly to similar concentrations ot the various 2,4-0 formulations.The 2,4-0 acid had no effect at concentrations abOut 10 ppm.Isooctyl ester generally Ilad no effect around 1 ppm.The butyi ester was substantially more toxic.The PGBE ester approaclled the butyl ester in toxiCity.Oregon coho responded the same as Alaskan coho whicll means toxicity data from extenSIve tests in Oregon can generally be applied to tna Alaskan environment. 1041 Assessment 01 the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use. AUTHOR:BUFFINGTON JD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Argonne Nat Lab. SOURCE TITLE:Argonne,IL,Argonne Nat Lab,Report ANL/ES 34. SOURCE 10:Spnngfiel<l,VA,Nat TechnIcal information service,1974,44 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY;Alb;A5b;B1 SPONSOR:Argonne Nat Lab. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brush control;degradation;ecology;environmental assessment herbicides;impact leaching;persistence;pesticide:plcloram;residue: nght-of-way;spray drift;toxic hazard;toxicity;2,4-0;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(PurP<lse)The purpose of this paper is to review (1)levels of herbicide necessary to do damage,(2)the nature of the danger,(3)tile behavior of the herbcide in the environment.(4)bioaccumulation,and (5) exposure pathways.(Time and DuratIon)Approximately 100 literature citations from 1947 to 1973.(Type of Research)Lrterature review. (Methodology)Major sections of data and concepts on:(1)vegetation management practices;(2)hearth and safety Impacts,with primary emptlasis on terratogenicity and effects on man;(3)herbicide persistence, mobilily and degradation;(4)economic considerations.(Resuits and Conclusions)The author provides partial coverage of informat,on on spray drift and volatility buI does not offer a good syntllesis of his findings.His recommendations follOW those In Forest Service environmental impact statements of the periOd.After reviewing primarily the toxicity data relative to terratogenicity,inclUding discussion of TCDD, tie concludes that altllough conservatism dictates tllat herbicides be considered probable terratogens,this stlould not preclude tlleir use as long as significant human exposure does not occur.The discussion of l'Iert>icide beIlavlor is sound but treatment of TCDD behavior is out of date.Author concludes if Ilis recommendations (enumerated ,n the paper) are toll owed,impacts on fauna should be unmeasurable. 1042 Brush control studies In rights-of-way. AUTHOR;CHAPPELL WE;WIll JB AUTHOR AFFILIATION;VA Polytechnic Institute. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Sc,en~Society. SOURCE 10;27;25~26S,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A1b;ASb REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Vinginia KEYWORDS:application methods;brusll;herbicides:rigllt-of-way;spray drift ABSTRACT;(Purpose)TO presenf results on the effectiveness of a lange number of tierbicides and herbicide combinatIons When applied to many spectes of woody plants,and to evaluate Pinoline and Nu-film for evaporation control.(Time and Duralion)Tllree-year study.(Type 01 Researcll)Original researcll (field),(Methodology)In 1971 and 1972 a 7 A1b •Chemical application 1042 large number of herbic1des and combInations ot i"lerblCid.es were tested on many species of hardwood brush.These herbicides include various combtnanons ot can vel,2,4,-0.2,4.5-T,p,cloram,Tandex,Nalco.All of these herbicides and their combinations were also tested with e....aporation control chemicats as additives.Tests were made using herb\cides as foliage sprays and also With dormant appJicatons.Controt ratings for each treatmen.t were grven on a 1 to 10 scale.(Results and Conclusions) Most of the mixtures used in this study resulted in excellent control of most species of brush,which consisted mainly of oaks,red maple. sumac,pine and black locust.The results indIcate that low volumes are effective wnen applied uniformly with hand guns.The 3.ddibon of evaporation control agenfs has very little effect on overall kiil ot brush under the conditions of this experiment. 1043 Effect of 2,4-0 on composition and production of an alpine planl community in Wyoming. AUTHOR:BROWN GR;SMITH DR;THILENIUS JF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest ServIce. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Range Management SOURCE 10:27(2):140-142,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORV:A1b;ASb;e1a;B1d SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGIO"':Rocky Mountain Forest KEYWORDS:biomass;herbicides;impact;species diversity;spraying, selective:vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this study was to determine the effe<:ts of 2.4-Don species composition,above ground standing crop, and dry matter production of assocIated vegetation.(Time and Duration) 4 years,1966-70.(Type of Research)Onginal field plot researCh. (Methodology)10 randomly selected 1 foot x 1 fOOl QUailrats were selected in sl.plots.A randomized block design was usad.The treatmenfs were (1)controt;that IS,no spray and (2)2 Ib per acre 2.4-0 as low volatile ester.Standing crop,digestible dry matter,and species compos'fion were determined.Analysis 01 vaTlance was used to test for treatment effects.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Use of 2,4-0 in this alpine meadow setting in the Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming almost completely eliminated Geum rossil.The graminoid forb ratio of the vegetation was altered from approximately 3:7 to 8:2 without appreciably changing total standin9 crop or ilS digestible dry matter content. Resurgence of lorbs could not be detected up to four years after treatment. 1044 Toxicity at 2,3,7,8-Telrachlorcdlbenzo-dloxin (TCOO)in aquatic organisms. AUTHOR:HAWKES CL;MILLER RA;NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ.;US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental Health Perspectives. SOURCE 10:Experimental Issue 5:1n-186,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY,A1b:A5b;61 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Great Plains Shortgrass Prairie STATE:Alaska;California; ColoradO;Idaho;Montana;Nevada;Oregon;Utah;Washington;Wyoming KEYWORDS:brush control;enVironmental assessment;fish,toxicity to; herbicides;pollution,water;residue;toxiclly;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To establish the toxicity characteristiCS of TCDD in several aquatie organisms and the probability 01 toxic exposLre from use 01 TCDD contaminated herbicides in tile forest.(Time and Duration) Literature covers 1967 to 1973;study covers 2 years.(Type 01 Research) Oroginal researcll and laboratory bioassays.(Melhoclology)Guppies and young coho salmon were exposea to TeDD in water at various concentrations for varjous periods of exposure,static oroas&..'An aquatic worm,a snail,and mosquito larvae were exposed to single concentrations,static bioassay.Young rainbow trout were exposed to various levels 01 TCOO in their diet daily for 35 days.Mortality was measured.(ResUlts and Conclusions)(1)TCDD in food or water is toxic to fish.(2)Exposur<l in water to more ttan 23 nglg is irreversible and death reSUlts in 10 to 80 days even though tish are placed in clean water.The critical exposure periocl is less than 24 hours.(3)Small fish are more sensitive than large fish.(4)TeDO in foad at 2.3 ppm reduced growth 01 rainbow trout.Worms.snails,and mOSQuito larvae were nOI affected by exposure to 0•.2 ppb but lI1e reproductive success at lI1e worm and snail were reduced.Brush control Witll 2,4,5-T should not result in toxic exposure of aquattes to TCDD based on the respOnses noted in this paper. a 1045 Vegelalion control from plcloram-pllenoxy combinations in Invert emUlsions. AUTHOR:BYRD Be:REIMER CA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chem,cal Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Science Sociefy SOURCE 10:26:310-315.1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b SPONSOR:Monongahela Power Co.:Dow ChemIcal Co. REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:West Virg<nia KEYWORDS:brush control:herbiCides:picloram;right·ot-way:2.4-0:2,4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the effectiveness of aerial applications Of various high viscosity invert emulSIOns in controlling woody plants,and tor safety ot application and Impact on environment.(Time and Duration) August 1970 to Septemt>er 1972.(Type 01 Research) Orl9inal field plot research.(Methodology)Herbicides containing pic/oram,2.4-0 andlor 2.4,5-T in invert formulations were applied by helicopter to a ROW and resUlts compared to those obtained with a commercial Tordon 101 mixture containing Noroak particulating agent as a driff control agent Percent estimates of top kill were made several times after application. Observations for signs of various types of wildlife were also made but no numerical data on the /alter 's offered.(Results and ConclUSions)Authors note the post-spray ROW vegetation appears able to sustain a substantially bigger wildlife popUlation than the heavy woody overstory present pre-spray.The addition of both 2.4-0 and 2.4.5-T esters to pi(;ioram increased effectiveness considerably.Authors note invert formUlations were generally effective and 9ave a satisfactory degree of control.Unfortunately,the oata tables don't separate all possible combinations of data bUl a substantial amount of numencal data is present for the reader's use in selecting appropriate spray mixtures to control specific brush communities if species composition is known. 1046 DegradatIon at dlcarnba,p(cloram,and tour phenoX)'herbicides in soils AUTHOR:ALTOM JO;STRITZKE JF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OK State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Weed Science. SOURCE 10:21(6):556-560,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:A1b;ASb REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;piclorall):soil:2.4-0:2.4,5-T;2,4,5-TP ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To compare the soil degradation of 2,4-0,2,4-DP. 2,4,5-T.2,4,5-TP,dicamba and picloram ,n three different soils under controlled envifonmentaJ conditions.(Time and Duration)One-year stUdy. (Type of Research)Original research (laboratory).(Methodology)Each of the soil samples from three areas were individually rnxed and placed In styrOfoam cups.The cups were kept moist in a growth chamber for two weeks prior to herbicide application to allOW good microbial actIVity at the time of herbicide application.The !1owth chamber was set tor a 16 hour day at 240C and an 8 hour night at 1aoc.Li9ht intensity dunng day was 3.23 klux.Herbicides used were dicamba,piClcram and the diell1anoiamine salt formUlations 01 2.4-0,2,4-DP,2,4,5-T,and 2,4.5-TP (sllves).(Results and Conclusions)Herbicide breakdown was proportional to tterbicide concentration.so half life 01 the various herbicides was caloulated Irom linear regression of the ioganthm translormed resioue data.The average hall Iile tor 2.4-0,2,4-0P,silvex,2,4,5-T,dicamba and picloram were,respectively,4 days,10 days,17 days.20 days,25 days, and greater than 100 days.The rate of degraOation 01 2,3-0 was the same In all lI1ree soils,but lor the other herbicides it was consistently faster in soil removed from under grass vegetation than from under trees. 1047 IndMdual wtllte oaks lreated with stem-Injected and soll-applled herbicides -cos"and effectiveness. AUTHOR:SHIPMAN RD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth SOURCE 10:28(4):19-25,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:,973 CATEGORY:Alb:ASb SPONSOR:PA State Unlv. REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:application mell1Ods;brush control;cost;herbicides;picloram; trees;2,4-0;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:{PurpOse)The purpose 01 this paper is to report on the re~tfve herbicide costs.percent crown reduction,and degree of sprout control obiained from treating ndlvidual stems of wIlite oal<With several hertlicides.(Time and Ourabon)2 years;1960-70.(Type 01 Research) Original field plot research.(Methodology)Si.ngle stemmed wMe oaks 5 to 12 inches in diamet'"(aj>Pl'oximately 55 years 010)were treated with one 01 the following:2,4-0 plus 2,4,5-T:picloram plus 2,4-0;fenuron;or - - - - - - """I - - - • .- - - oromaciC '80 trees were treated with each herbicIde.The phenoxy and picloram herbi:;ides were stem infected.with tl1e following variables Included:injection spacing ot tnree inches.two inches,or totally connected;ana two concentrations of herbicIdes.undiluted and diluted 50%by volume.The tenuron and bromacil herbicIdes were applied at three different rates as pellets en the ground.A completel)'randomized factonal Clesi.n was used.(Resuits anCl Conclusions)Tree inJecteCl 2.4.5-T l:{us 2.4-0 and SOli applied tenurori caused the gre-atest crown reduction two years atler application.Picloram plus 2,4-0 anCl 2,4·0 plus 2.4,5-T were most effective in reducIng sprouts.To aChieve complete control,the phenoxy and piCloram herbicide treatments were severai times less expenSIVE!than tenuron or bromacil.Author emphasizes owner objectives, environmental consoderations,and some other factors that wiU also enter into the deCision making process, 1048 The lulur.role 01 chemicals In torestry. AUTHOR GRATKOWSKJ HJ;TARRANT RF;WATERS WE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Portland,OR,US Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 6,1973,10 p. YEAR PU8USHEO:1973 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b;ASg SPONSOR:US Forest Semce. REGION:Applicable to entire Untted States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:!>rush control;chemicals;fertilizers;torest;herllicides; insecticides ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Although not specijically stated.I believe this is a paper the senior aulhor presJ/lnted at the World ForestTy Conference around f 972.It is intended 10 be a generalized treatment at fhe various uses of chemicals ior the protection anCl enhancemem 01 torest resource values.(Time and Duration)Nol applicable;literature cited covers 1962· 72.(Type 01 ROMarch)Not rOS8al'ch,vesy broad and general review of the subject with ,mited Iitera1Ure citation.(Methodology)Narrative. (Results and Conclusions)A snort review of the Clevelopmen!ot the use of cherrncals in forestry incJuchng the'growing awareness of environmentat concerns,The roles of her.bjcides.fertilizers,insec1iciaes and fire retardants are described. 1049 Field appllcatlon of herbicides -avoiding danger to fish. AUTHOR:JUNTUNEN ET;NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Slate Un;v.;US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR,OR State UnIY,Agricultural E><periment Station, 1972.Special Report 354,26 p. VEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b;Bl REPORT NUMBER:354 SPONSOR:OR State Univ.:US Forest Service. REGION,Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States "E '(WORDS:chemicals:fish,toxiCIty to;herbicioes;pOllution,water;toxicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To place specific herllicide fonnulations Into tour e-roaa groups oased 'on thti!!ir toxicity to fish.To aid managers ~n Sf"leC!lng formulations of -leas1 hazard to fish when probability of herbicide ~nlry to waler is high.(Time and Duration)Literature covers 17 years, '952 to 1969 (Type of ResearCh)Literature review.(Methodology) O<scusses principles at herbicide entry to water and herbicide toxicity to hSf1 Uses LOBO or TLm t(,divide specific herbicide formulations (prOductS)nto tour broad groups Cletined as follows:group 1 -TLm 1 Pll'"or less;groop 2 -TLrn ,to 5 ppm;group 3 -TLm 5 to '5 ppm; group 4 'Tim more than 15 ppm.(Results and Conclusions)The spedfic tormulatlons are identified by trade or brand name.manUfacturer I common name (usually thl.Weed Science Society ot America approved name),the chemical name,and the specific reterence used to assign the prOQuct to a toxicity groLlp. ,OSC Toak:lly 01 45 organiC herbicides to caUle,sheep,and chickens. AUrl'tOR'PALMER JS A.UTHOR AFFILIATION:US AgriCUltural Research Service. SOURCE 10:Wastnngton.[)C.US Dept Agriculture,AgriCUltural Research 500tn:e.1972.ProductIOn I~esearch Report 137,41 p, HAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATE(;ORY:A'b:A5b SPONSOR'US AgriCultural Research Service. REGION Applicable to entIre United States STATE:United States "'EYWORDS btrCls:herbicides;mammais;toxic hazard;toxicity AeSn:tACT:(Purpose)To establish the short term toxic effect ot 45 _1Cle formUlatIOns in chiCkens,sheep anCl canle.(Time and Duration) Acoro.,,""tely one year.(Type at Resear<;h)Original laboratory research. 1_"<><lClIogy)RelH'atecl doses ot the herbiciCle were Cle/ivered in gelarine UOOUleS.or as water diluted solutions by drench or pi~ene.Animals __UIUlIlly dosed tor 10 days or until toxic eflects were noted.er..rvabOnS COl1tlnUed for 60 days.VarioUS dose levels were used in an A1b -Chemical application 1053 effort to identify dose-respanse relabonsh\~s.(Results and ConClUSions) The signs of poisoning of most of the herblCICles were anorex~a and weight loss or reduced weight gain.Digestion was frequently {mpalred by congestion or redness of'the intestinat mucosa,'MacroscopIC lesions ....aried among animals,Prominent and distended cranial vessels were otten associated with depression and ataxia before death.L~vers and k~dneys were most otten involved.The most common or moderate application rates of many of the herbIcides studied are not a hazard to sheep,cattle or chiCKens. 1051 An ecological approach to rlght-of._y clearance. AUTHOR:A~ON AUTHOR AFFILIATION:West Penn Power SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:4(3}:17,'972. YEAR PUBUSHED:'972 CATEGORY:A1b:B'Cl SPONSOR:West Penn Power REGION:Aopalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:clearing,seiective;ecoloQlcai;herbiciCleS;rigI11-of-way; spraying.seiective ABSTRACT:(PurJlOSO)To disCUSS West Penn Power's approach to ROW clearing that reCluces maintenance and is beneficial 10 wiidlite.(Type of Resear<;h)Narrative.(Resulls and ConclUSions)West Penn Power uses selective dormant soraying on unwanted vegetallon in Clearing a ROW. This method creates a ROW ot natural shrubs and perenniai cover that provides many food sources tor wildlite.The induced ROW cover then is helpful in keeping out invading lrees and keeping maintenance cycies as far apart as '5 years. 1052 Chemical brush control:assessing the hazard. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATiON:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE;Journal at Forestry SOURCE 10:69('0):7'5-520.1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:Alb;ASb:Bl SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:aminoWazole;brush control;herbiCides;picloram;pollution. water,public health;toXic hazard;toxjcity;2.4-0;2,4,5-t ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Assess the toxicological hazards 10 non-tar.et torest ammats from the use of four brush control herbicides,(Time and Duration)Liter;Uure covers'958 to 1970.(Type 01 ResearCh)Literature review.(Methodology)(1)Establish the concept at maKing as assessment ot toxIC hazard.(2)Establish trom the iiterature the magnitude and auratlOn ot probable exposure for variOUS types of organisms.(3) Establish from the literature no effect,acute,anCl chronic toxic effect levels.(4)EstabliSh probable toxic hazarCl by comparing exposure with toxicily data (Results anCl Conclusions)An adequate assessment 01 tOXIC hazard requires consideration 01 both the toxic characteristics ot the chemical and the probability organisms will receive exposure to a toxic dose.The author concluded Ihat 2,4-0 2,4,5·T.picloram,and amitrole are not present in 1he forest environment in SJJtficient quantity to produce acutely toxic effects anQ:their movement and persistence Characteristics prevent chronic ex.pcsure.Therefore.chronic toxic effects will not occur. 1053 The entry and fate of forest chemicals In streams. AUTHOR:MOORE OG;NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFlLfATiON:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings 01 a Symposium:Forest Land Uses and Stream Environihent. SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR,OR State Univ,Forestry Extension,1971,138- '58 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:197' CATEGORY:Alb;A5il:B, REGtON:Pacific Forest STATE:california;Oregon;Wasllington KEYWORDS:aminotnazole;brush control;ecosystem;environmental assessment"fertilization;herbiCides;impact;leaching;nitrogen: persistence;picloram;pollution,water;public health;Quality:resiClue; water;2,4-0:2,4,5-T A8STRACT:'(Purpose)A state 01 tlle art expOSition Of the title subject. (Time ana Duration)'964 to 1970.(Type of Research)Literature review. (MethodolOgy)Althougll this i$a review pacer.most ot Ihe concepts presented are illustrated by Ihe author's own research.This research Is approximately 30%lab studies of herbiciCle persistence in soil,50%tie/Cl stuClies 01 herbicide residues in $!feams,and 20%field studies ot urea fertilizer nitrogen residues in streams.(ResUlts and ConclUSIons)The amount of a particular chemical that enters a stream varies with topograplly.melhod of appiication,environmental paramelers, and onentalion ot the spray area to streams.The single most important 9 i I Alb -Chemical application 1053 source ot Chemlcats rn streams is direct application to stream surfaces. In-stream persIstence IS briet unless chronic entry occurs.The following practices will mrnimlze emry of chemicats 10 streams:(1)exclude streams from treatment areas;(2)use formulations which minimize vapor loss and dntt~(3)select operating conditions.equipment,sol-vents,carriers.etc,to maximize placement of chemica'on target;and (4)suspend operations wnen environmental or other conditions allow applied chemIcal to leave tna t3rget area. 1054 Fate 01 tordon herbicides containing piclaram in the ecosystem. AUTHOR:WILLIAMS CS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow ChelTical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management SOURCE ID:3(1):18-20,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b:B1 SPONSOR:Dow Chemical Co. REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS:degradation;ecosystem;herbicides:leaching;persistence; picloram:residue ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize in popular form the fate of picloram in the envIronment,in vegetation,and in animals.(Type 01 Research) Popularized review of literature,but without reference to specific pieces of literature,(Results and Conclusions)Not a data paper.Entirely narrative generalizations about picioram degradation in soil,lack of vapor loss,mobility In soil,runoff,etc.Author concludes picloram ShOUld not be an environmental hazard when used according to directions for industrial weed control.Plcloram persistence on vegetation is relatively boel.It is rapidly e)Cereted in Urine of animals recei'ling pic!oram in their diet. Picloram toxicity is tow.Author discusses some concepts relating to successional stages in vegetation on ROWs and concludes peoram is a useful tool for developing an ecosystem which,while man-constructed,is both desirable and uselu!. 1055 Monongahela Power's attack on brush. AUTHOR:FOREBACl<.CG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:J,o\onongaheta Power Co. SO URCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:3(3):1G-13,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A1b REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:Virginia;West Virginia KEYWORDS:brush;herbicides:picloram;2,4-D;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the brush contrOl methods used by Monongahela power Company on their new transmission corridors,older transmission corridors.and along rural distribution lines.(Time and Duration)Four years.(Type of Research)Original research (field). (Methodlogy)On new transmission line areas the first chemical treatment is applied after the ROW has passed through one growing season, usually the second year after construction.This allows all new growth to be vISible and of sufficient size to treat elfeclively.A grourn hydraulic stem-foliagil application is used.A combination of picloram,2,4-0,and 2,4,5·T is use<:!.Two years later a summer selective mist blower basal application with 2,4-0 anti 2,4,5-T is used.On existing ROW areas,it root-suckering species are abundant.aerial apphcalJons of 2,4-0,2,4,5-T and PlCloram are used:(Resu~s and Conclusions)No standard chemical mixture or method of application can be used on all ROW areas.The prescription method of vegetation management programmrng is best, whereby the proper technique,chemical,and season is selected to eradicate the perticular problem species.Varying ROW conditions determine the choice ot the proper method. 1056 Regulations governing Industrial weed and brush control in the nonheast AUTHOR:DEWEY JE;PENDlETON RF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Cornell Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeast Weed Science Society. SOURCE 10::".348-358,1971. YEAR PUBLIShED:1971 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b:A5c REGION:NOrlhem Hardwoods -Spruce Forest STATE:Connecticut; Massachusetts;Maryland;Maine;New Hampshire:New York; Pennsylvania:Vermont KEYWORDS:brush;herbicides;pesticide;regUlations;right-of-way;water; weeds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present a compnation of state and federal regulations governin9 the USII of herbicides and certain pestiCIdes in the Northeast.(Type ot Research)Literature review (Melhoaology)Laws and regulations controlling the use at industrial weed and brush kiliers were compiled tor the New England states,New York,New Jersey, Pennsylvania,and Maryland.Federal regIStration and labeled uses for all 10 woody brush-kjllers are also tabulated,thus gIving a SOurCE!for all ot the regulatIons go,,"ermng a herbicide's use by states.(ResultS anCl Ccnd:.JSlons)Increasingly restrictive regulations tOl pestictde control and usage are presently being establIShed at botn state and feoeral levels. Federal laws apply universally,but state laws are often more restrictIve as to speCifiC uses.Laws vary grea~y from state to state Although thiS listing IS Oelieved to be complete at the present time (1971),it IS rmoerative that the user keep abreast of new developments. 1057 Studies of the safely of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinning agents:a progress repan. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Precommerciai thinrnng of coastal and intermOlJTltain forests.in the Pacific Northwest." SOURCE 10:Pullman.WA,WA State Univ,1970,63-74 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1971 CATEGORY'Alb;A5b;B2 SPONSOR:US Forest SeNlce. REGION:ColUmbia Forest (Dry Summer)STATE:Idaho;Washington KEYWORDS:arsenicals:clearing.se~ect)Ve;ecosystem;enVIronmental assessment;herbicides;impact:pesticide:residues;silviculture;toxic hazard ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The pmpose of this paper is to summarize the objectives and preliminary results from a large interagency cooperative study on the behavior and impact of arnenical herbicides used tor precommercial thinning in torest stands.(Time and Ourafion)One year, 1970.(Type 01 Research)A summary of.original research,both field and laboratory.(Methodology)Not applicable.(ResUlts .and ConclUSIons)This paper summarizes cooperative stuaies under the following major headIngs: studies of human health;studies 01 arsenical residues and their Impact on cattle and small anrmals;studies ot the behavior of arsenical compounds in the forest,FOllOWIng are some prelimrnal)'conclusions.(1)No apparent significant human health ~ecIS in appl"lCators,(2)Arsenic In urine is a good index of applicator expo""re,(3)No cattle mortality occurred in areas thinned in 1970.(4)ArsenIC residues were not found In several tissues from cattle and deer from grazed areas.(5)MSMA appears to be more toxic to cattle than pre'IJously belieVed.(6)Several specIes of forest animals show eievated arseniC levels alter thinning but the level declines after about one month. 1058 Herbicide action In the torest. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFALIATION:US Forest SeNice. SOURCE ID:SocIety 01 Amellcan Foresters Annual MeetIng,1971.22 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A1b:ASb:B2 SPONSOR:US Forest SeNlce. REGION:AppliCable to entir..UnJled States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:forest;herbicides:persIstence;pesticide;poilulion.water; reSIdues;to:xic hazard;Environmental assessment ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to review herbicide behavjor in the forest In the context of establishing the magnitude and dUratIon of exposure of nontarget organisms.(Time and Duration) LiteratiJre cited covers 1966-71.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Resuils and Conclusions)Herbicide action IS the direct effect of an herbicide on both target and nontarget organisms,Direct action requires the organisms be exposed to a biologically significant dose of the chemical.Organisms'response depends on both the toxicity of the chemical and the nature of the e.posure.Aerially applied herbicides are distributed among the four major components Of the environment ~arr, water,soil and vegetation.The author reviews literature for specific data on the movement.persistence.and fate of forest herbicides in each of these colJ1)artments.There is little emphasis on air but the other components are covered.The author concludes the key to safe use is to maximize exposure of target organisms and minimtze exposure of nontarget species. 1059 The significance 01 herbicides to non-target organisms. AUTHOR:MULLISON WR AUTHOR AFALIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Nortneastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:24:111-147,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b;B1 SPONSOR:Dow Chemical Co. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Unrted States KEYWORDS:arsenicals;degradation;herbicides:'mpact leaching; persIStence:piclcram;res,due;$play dritl;toxic hazard;2,4-0;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to present concepts and data on herbicide persistence,degradation,leaching and residues in - - -I I - the environment;and some toxicity data which together can De used to assess toxic hazard.(Time and DuratIon)Literature Incluoes 123 references tram 1946 to 1969.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)Presents concepts and some data with extensive citations regarding spray drift and v.olatility;herbicide disappearance in soil; degradation ot herbicides;'eNects of herbicides on water,fish and olankton;and ecological relationships as they Interact with herbicide use. (Results and Conclusions)Organic herbicides have been extensively used and studied for about the last 30 years.Their ecological effects in modifyIng the enwonment have been recognized,in fact that is the reason they are used.Most herbicides used commercially are low in loxiclty to all forms 01 life except plants.Their patterns of use and oehavior in the environment are suen that accumulation to create a toxic hazard is unlikely.The principle effect of herbicides on animals comes not through direct toxiC effects on the animals l:lut ,ndrreclly through modification of the density and composition of vegetation, 1060 Polson oak control at Fort Orcl. AUTHOR:PRICE LG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept ot Detense, SOURCE TITLE;Industrial Vegetation Management SOURCE 10:2(1);15-17,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED;1970 CATEGORY;A1b:ASb SPONSOR;US Dept ot Defense, REGION:Califomia Chaparral STATE:california KEYWORDS:brush contnol;herbicides;picloram;plants,poisonous ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To evaluate the effectiveness of several herl:licides in controlling paison oak.(Time and Duration)1965-1969.(Type ot Research)Original tield plot research.(Methodology)No data is given; In"article recaps the author's general experiences in controlling poison ca'With several different herbiCIdes,(Results and Conclusions)2,4,S-T, 2 4·0.silvex,and aminoITiazote at rates of 1 to 2 poundS per acre in I CO gallons gave immediate but not longlasting control.Tordon 22K and Torcon 101 were also tried,but tor reasons not specified the author now "'lOS Tardon 212 the material ot choice.The effect ot the operational orogram has been a marked decrease in the amount ot lost job time tro.."n pOison oak effects on humans. 1061 Enect of tordon on mlClrobial activities in three WlIIametle Valley MIlia. AUTHOR:BOLLEN WB;TU CM AU1HOR AFFILIATION;OR Stat..Univ. se)vRCE TITLE;Down to Earth. <.ouRCE 10.52(2):15-17,1969. n R PUBLiSHED:1969 r :GORY:Alb;A5b:B2tl ':"'Y'lSOR OR State Univ. 1',:,0'1 PacifiC Forest STATE:california;Oregon;Washington •<........ORDS.brush control;ecosystem;herl:licides;impact;mICroorganisms; ".'·.ent cycle;picloram;toxicity A.P.c.-HACT (Purpose)Determine effects of various levels of Tordon t"-:'~"1.5Jurn salt (picloram)on soil microorganisms.(Time and Duration) V ...lure covers 1941 to 1968,(Type ot Research)Original research and ....".tory study of dose response relationships,(Methodology)Three "'.....nt types of agricultural soils were fortified with K salt ot pi<:loram ..I Qr I\)ppm,After 30 days incu08tion,bacteria and streptomyces _.enumerated by agar plating.Ammonification ot peptone was _after 5 days,nitrification ot ammonium sulfate and oxidation C'..,lut and dextrose after 30 days incbation at 28C in a growth ~(Aesults and Conclusions)(1)Tordon K sail at 10 ppm had ",."Ill"","elfects on the numt>ers and kinds of organisms after 30 days, t:··n....was no pronounced effect on ammonification or sulfur _11011 (3)Nltrificalion was inhibited but the nitrification potential was II'_thai the inhibition measured was not important,(4)Carbon_IOn was st.mulated but the changes were too small to t>e ot ~&""aI "9"'llCanCe,(5)Overall.the effects of picloram at 10 ppm were -..:>rt,,"'In terms oflhe well t>eing otthe microorganisms and their ~lITtoortant in n1aintainlng soil fertility. 1M2 -..ocIe ftllxIurft premising lor hardwood conlrol by !ollar........ ArJ"oC)A BP.AOY HA ~N"IUAnON:US Forest Service. IOUIICt TrTLE Proceedmgs Southern Weed Science Society. trCUIlCf 10 22 2.~250,1969. n-~EO'1969 U'1QORY "10.A50 1iI'I':lIoIIOR US ~oresI Setvice. ItlOOI 0....eo-tal Plain Forest STATE:Alabama;Florida:Georgia; '---~ A1b •Chemical application 1065 KEYWORDS:orush control;herblcioes;plcloram',2.4,5'T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To oemonstrate the effectiveness of se,eral herbiclOes applied l:ly foliar spray on a variety of hardwood l:lrush species.(Time and Duration)Fourteen months,196;·1968,(Type ot Research)Original field plot researcl1.(Methodology)Herbicides were applied by back pack mist blower,singi.y or in various combinations.in June or August.Carrier volume vaned from 5 to '0 gallons per acre. Applications were made in three different studIes but in each case olots were 20 x 216 feet with 20 foot buffers l:letween plots.Top kill was estimated visually on ten plants of the ten most common species in each area.Duncan's multiple range test for stabsticat significance,was used. (Results and Conciuslons)Results or tests show several of the herbicide combinations are synergistic.Five gallons per acre IS not suffiCient to achieve satisfactory control of most species.Specific efficacy dafa on species controlled by particular herbiCides are Inciuded.It IS important to note the author's caution that the tests wer..intended to determine possil:lle interactions between herbicides In mixtures,therefore the rates were low to prevent total kill which would have obscured synergistic results. 1063 Brush contra'In rlghts-o'-way. AUTHOR;CHAPPELL WE AUTHOR AFFILIATION;VA Polytechnic Institute, SOURCE Tlil.E:Proceedings Southern Weed SCience Society. SOURCe 10;22;277-282.1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY;Alb;ASb SPONSOR;Amchem Products,;VA Polytechnic Institute. REGION:Soult1eastern Mixed Forest STATE;Virginia KEYWORDS;brush;brush control;herbicides;picloram;right·of-way;2,4·0 ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To determine the effectiveness of several herbiCides and coml:linations ot herbicides in replacing 2,4,5-T,(Time and Duration) 1967 •1968,(Type of Research)Original field plot research, (Methodology)Various herbicide treatment mixtures were applied l:ly ground eqUJpment or helicopter in tour different experiments.In addition to the herbicides as variables,rates.type.and season ot application were evaluated.A 10 point rating system was used to evaluate top kill in the tall ot 1968,Test areas wer!'on ROWS.(Results and Conclusions) Ground applications gave slightly beller control than most helicopter applications,but the costs were SUbstantially greater.Many of the formulations and treatments resulted in acceptable levels of brush control. In several .nstances high rates ot 2,4-0 were as effective as normal rates of 2,4.5-T.In ground applications,invert emulsions with 2,4·0 were particuiarly effective. 1064 Chemical brush control proves itself. AUTHOR:STENBERG JN AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Consumers Power Co, SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10;1(2):14-17,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED;1969 CATEGORY;All:l;ASb REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE;Michigan KEYWORDS;bnownout;l:lrush;herbicides:pellets;picloram;picloram +2,4- o ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To describe chemical brush conli'ol methods currently used on the ROWS ot Consumer Power Company,Jackson• Michigan.(Time and Duration)Desclibes the evolution of their program over a 20-year period.(Type ot Research)Original research. (Methodology)Herbicide sprayings for brush control were started in the early fifties.This paper describes the various phases ot their treatment of new rights-of-way,spray chemicals involved,theIr equIpment (including Bomoardiers),and their method of schedule adjustment.(Results and Conc:lusions)Chemical herbicides hav..been firmly established as the most effective tool in Consumers Power Company's ROW maintenance program after over two decades of experimental field work,The present program on new ROW areas consists first ot applicatIon ot Torden 10K pellets;second.a spray application '"conlTol woody v<lgetation that has gnown up later (this involves the use 'if Tordon 101);third,are-spray operation.Scheduling takes Into consideration species,density,and height ot brush.After the second phase it has been found that regUlar maintenance spraying from then on is at 4 to 8 year intervals. 1065 Chemical control Of brush and trees. AUTHOR:US DEPT OF AGRICULTURE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept of Agriculture, SOURCE 10:Washington DC.Superintendent of Documents,1969,Farmers' Bulletin No,2158.23 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1969 CATEGORY:A10;ASb REPORT NUMBER;2158 11 Alb·Chemical application 1065 REGION:A::'::fCWiS ~:entire Unite::States STATE:Unrted States KEYWORDS.amlr".:):·a.zoie;appilca::m ,"nethods;Ofusn:herblcides;trees: A-::T1onlU~sulfama:e:2,4~O;2.4.::-T;2.4.S-TP ABSiRACT:(Purpcse.l To provide a pODular guide ior the use 01 herbicides rr controtilr";1 brusr and trees arQ:.Jna pastures.rangelands,forests i':-':reationa areas and'orcharos.(Type of Research)Literature reV1ew. (r..~ethoooi·:;Y)i:'l\S ~uUetin sumrr.arized the resuas ot continuous research ~,"chemrca:camr::ot brush ana ~r~es.as conducted by scientists, p·'lJate Inc:.;stries.a:"1d state and ,;e<:lera,l agencies.This bulletin is re'v'fsed ar:l upda,e:pen:c1cally.Every e;fort t1as been made to put instructions or selectlo!""at ~rcoer herbicide..'nethOd:of application,mixing lr:structtons.dosages and precaut'ons lnto layman's language.(Results 3,"':1 Conc.'.'~s\onsl A~ong the PCI!'''~s emphasIzed in this bulletin are the 'o,iowlng:s·:me !'1e~t!rdces are eft.;ctive jf applied in smal~amounts, Omers are -affective only in large amounts.In general those that are effective In smaii amounts are cheaper to use,but those that are effective oniy in large amounts are safer,in the sense that there is less likelihood cf accidentally spraymg desirable plants with damaging amounts of tnem.Acofy spray when wind vetacfty is less than 6 miles per hour and the at!"!emcerature _IS 90 degrees C or Jess.Use a coarse-spray ana a slaw'j vapor:zmg formuJatfc::. 1066 PresetYation Of desirable species through selective use 01 nerbicides. AUTHOR:CRAN HJ JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CT Light an:::Power Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed CoMrol Conference. SOURCE 10:23:294-297.1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:A'b;A5b SPONSOR:CT Ught and Power Co REGION:Apoaach;an Oak Forest ST ATE:Connecticut KEYWORDS:c~ush control;communi:]structure:herblcides:maintenance; f1gm-of-way ABSTRACT:(Pcrpose)To emphaSIze the possibilitIes of using herbiCides on ROWs in a .:ositlYe program to fa'Vor desjrable species,ratner than to nanselective,y devegetale.Time ana duration 1962 to 1968_Type of research no'.:researcn:philosoph1ca;and descriptive presentation of comoany prc~ram In cooperation w;th the CT Shade Tree Council. (results and Conclusions)Describes a program of education and property owner vegeta:ion control programs emphasizing herbicides to achieve selectIVe cor:~rol of undesirable veg'etation.While at the same ttme favonng aes'rabie species.A key cart of the program is use of phenoxy herbiCides !rt oil carriers appH~d as basal sprays.at any time of the year wnen root cc·rars are not covered oy ice or snow.Stem and foliage sprays are 3L;:Iwed on only a few cf the most reststant species.Sejected rattler than c~oadcast application IS empnaslzed.The author also reports that many aesifable species respona vigorously once they are released ~rom the ccmocetjtiQn of tall overstory trees wnict'l were a hazard on the ROW. 1067 Has the herbicide really killed the animal? AUTHOR:KALiSON SL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Polytechm:Instrtute. SOURCE TITLE Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:22'141·143.1968. YEAR P\JBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:A1:::A5b:81 SPONSOR:VA Polytechnic Institute. REGION:Apphcaole to entire United States STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:hemicides;impact;livestock:toxic hazard ABSTRACT:(Puroose)Present concep:.s and philosophies important in developing ecceationa!programs for livestock ow""rs regarding the tOXIC hazards ot hert>icide use.(Type of Research)NOt research:a pniJosophical and educational paper.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The author sets in perspective five major points concerning common allegations Inat herbiCIde use has resuited In the deaths of domestic aromals.He stresses the importance of having an autopsy performed by a competent v~teflnaflan in afledged poisoning:cases.Author offers four actions needea to strengthen apparent weaknesses in the area of herbIcide to'"ClOIOgy. 1068 Handling animal poisoning comptaints. AUTHOR:DITMAN WO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Appalachian Power Co. SOURCE T~:Proceedings Nonheastern Weed Control Conference. SDURCE 10:22:139-'40,1968. YEAA PUBliSHED:1968 CATEGORY:A11>:A5b;Bl SPONSOR:ApDalachian Power Co. REGION:Appltcaole to entire United States STATE:United States 12 KEYWORDS:herbiCides.impact:iivestock:right-of·way:tcx'c "azarc ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To relate recent experience of the author's :cmpany In dealing WIth claims of herbicide damage to domestic animals.(Time and DuratiOn)1965 to 1966.(Type of Research)Nct research.Repons on approach company has taken to problems 01 damage claims mvolvng herbicides.(Melho:loiogy)descriptive.(Results and ConclusiDns:Or'ginal company was to hanole c",mal damage claims or complaints as they did claIms for plant damage.Now tl1ey investigate each Incider.t,document it carefully.and attempt to determIne the exact cause of aM08I ceath or damage.Thjs approach has reauced the number of damage claims.The author reports mo key elements to the system_1.Retain profeSSIonal help;inspection,diagnoSIs or autopsy by a vet is ,nvaluable.2.Establish an alert system to insure that profeSSional help reaches the scene of an incident as SOon as possible.Prompt inspection insures accurata diagnosis. 1Q69 Chemical clearing of transmission line right-of-way in Quebec. AUTHOR:BARIBEAU J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:HYDRO-QUEBEC. SQURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeaslem Weed Control Con/eren:e SOURCE 10:22:334-341,1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest KEYWORDS:clearing:herbicides:maintenance:right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Discussion 01 Hydro Quebec's chemical spray pJOgram.(Time and Duration)1948 -1968;20 years of chemical spraying.(Methodology)A survey was conducted to determine the total wooded area.noting species.height,density,soil,and adjoinIng forest type.All growth above 12 leet must be sprayed.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Five different ChemIcal treatments are now being used, cepending on adjoining land use and/or the type of vegetation that is coming back.The cost oj spraying is about S8.00 per acre.Mechanical culling would cost about $15.00 per acre. 1070 Some factors atleeting tbe disappearanca Of TORDON in soil. AUTHOR:MOFFAT RW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:23(4):6-10,1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b:B1 SPONSOR:Ivon Watkins -Dow Limited. REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:degradation;herbicides;leaching;persistence;picloram;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present data on the d,sappearance of picloram from soil at various locations in New Zealand.(Time and Duratioh)21 weeks in 1968.(Type of ResearCh)Onginal field research.(Methodology) Tordon herbicide (formulation not specified)was applied by hand sprayer to experimental plots located across a gradient of climatological and eoaphic conditions in New Zealand.At JmervaJs after application,soil samples were taken and herbicide resjdue leYels estimated by a clover bioassay.The data was subjected to statistical analysis.(Results and Conclusions).Author reports the factors which aHected piclaram disappearance were rainfall,soil drainage patterns,Characteristics 01 plant cover,and rate application.Rates up to 2 ounces per acre for crop and pas1ure weed controt should not injure clovers seeded after the crop is harvested Of in the fall after spOng appncation.ReSidues at rate higher than this up to three lbs per acre would require at least one year dissapation time before clover can be safely seeded.Author su99ests degraeation and leaching are the primary processes of piclDram dissappearance. 1071 Chemical brush conlroJ and herbicide residues In the forest environment. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Symposium Proceedings:Herbicides and Vegetation Management in Forests,Ranges.and Noncrop Lands. SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR,OR State Unlv,1967,103-123 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b;B' SPONSOR:US Fed Water Pollution Control Admin. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:California;Oregon;Washin!;lton KEYWORDS:aminothazole;brusn control;environmental assessment fiSh, toxicity to;herbicides;persIstence:quality;toxic hazard;toxicity;water; 2,4-0;2,4,5-t ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To establish persistence Characteristics of herbicides In soil and herbicide residues found -in streams after operational brush control projects and to evaluate probable tOXic impact or hazard.(Time and Duration)1963-1967.(Type 01 Research)Original field and laboratory ..... - - - ,.,... r: ..... ""'" """ - f' ...,.,"'eavy emphaSIs on residue delermlnations in field samo,'es. J'~"'''Odclcgyl PerSlsfence of herblcloes In torest Uoor material was .~t"...'mlneCl In laboratory studies using carbon 14 or gas chromatography ~.)cstaOIJsn reSidue levels at various times after application.Gas '-~!(,matDgraphy was used in an extensive survey of herbicide residue ....(>So in streams after brush control operations.Sampling covered periods .;.,:10 months after applicahon.(Results and Conclusions)2,4-0 and •.;5·T are rapidly degradeo in forest floor.Rate of herbicide loss is not n11uenced by the presence of other pesticides but herbicide formulation .n!luences the rate Of loss.Herbicide restdues in streams seldom exceed ':::opm except where marshy areas are sprayed.Herblcide persistence 'rl streams IS short (less than one wee;';)and 10ng term runoff was not oelected.Herbicide concentrations In streams were not hazardous to fish, man Or downstream water users. 1072 The logistics Of chemical brush control. AUTHOR:RUSSELL SS ';UTHOR AFFILIATION:Monongaheia Power Co. SOURCE TITLE:Prrn;eedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:21 :434-437,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b REGION:Mixed Mesollhytic Forest STATE:West Virginia KEYWORDS;aerial;application methods;brush;brush control;cost: herbicides~maintenance;right-of-way ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To relate present experience with recent past experience of the sUbject company with chemica~brush contro,on their Row.(nm~and Duration)Sporadically from 1947 to 1967.(Type of Research)Not research,mostly relahng a few company experIences. (Methelology)No me1hodoiogy applied in this discourse.Author mostly rambles from point to point without making any telling blows.(Results and Conclusions)Author reports 20 years of brush control experIence on about 18.000 acres of brush under Row.Brush control on one Row required aerial application one year to remove dense taU sensitive species,followed up two years later by a dormant basal appiication of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-"in di~sel oil.Resuits 4 years later appear successful with a heavy grass and fern cover. 1073 The effect of TORDON on vine maple. AUTHOR,FINNIS JM AUTHOR AFFIUAT10N:WA Dept of Natural Resources. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth SOURCE 10:22(4):22 23,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:Alb:A5b SPONSOR'WA Dept 01 Naturai Resources. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE;California:Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:brush control;herbicides:Impact;picloram:2,4,0:2.4.5,T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine if Tordon herbicide was effective in controlling VIne maple.(Time and Duration)2 years.June'964 to May 1966.(Type of Research)Original fieid plot research.(Methodology) Tordon 101 and Tordon 22K were applied as foliar sprays by mist blower to clumps of Vine maple.EffectIVe control of the aerial portion of the ptant was estimated using aID point scale.Costs of spray treatments were estimated.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)All treatments were effective with more than 95%of all clumps removed as competitors after two years.Chemicai cost per clump was less than $2.Tordon may damage some conifers.Author recommends testing of some lower rates of application. 1074 Chemlcal brush control offers the best economics lor the Potomac Edison Company. AUTHOR:DALTON RL AUTHOR AFRLIATION:Potomac Edison CO. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:21:429-433,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b SPONSOR:Potomac Edison Co. REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE;Connecticut:Massachusetts: Maine:New Hampshire;New Je1S&Y;New York;Pennsylvania;Rhode Island:Vermont;West Virginia KEYWORDS;brush;brush control;Chemicals;clearing.mechanical;Clearing, selectlVes;cast:herbiCides;mantenance;right-at-way ABSTRACT:{Purpose}To compare lI1e costs of achie,,"ng an effective brush control lev&!on a ROW With hand clearing,several mechanical methods,and chemicals.(Time and Dunahon)With varying Intensity from 1954 to 1967;mostly from 1962 to 1967.(TYile of Research)Original field research,primarily case histories.(Methodology)Methods are not expllcitiy stated but they appear to involve actual application of the various methods on sections of ROW ranging from 2 to 20-pius acres. A1b -Chemical application 1076 Cost figures and,In some cases,estimates of time untii needed retreatment were accumuiared.The data are not necessaflly from side by Side tests,so direct comparisons should be made cautiously.Data comparing hand clearing with chemical brush contro]IS much stronger, involVing throusands at acres and several years.(Results and ConclUSions)The cost of hand cleanng was about 2.5 times greater than chemICa)brush controL PrOjected over a 19 year penod to account for the required frequency of retreatment.the average costs per acre per year were chemical -$2.69 and hand clearing -$8.54.Right of way clearing with a 9000 pound disc cost $102 per acre.Bulldozer Cbsts for a similar type job were $132 per acre.and a "Tree Eater"cost $143 for the'same work.The author estimates Chemical clearing of this same line would have cost S80 to $90 Iler acre. 1075 A study 01 additives to the aqueous phase 01 aerially applied invert emulsions. AUTHOR:ESPOSITO JE;KIRCH JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Amchem Products. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:20;251-255,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b SPONSOR:Amchem Products. REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:Connecticut;Delaware;Florida: Georgia;North Carolina:New Jersey;New York;Rhode Island;South Caroltna:Virginia;Vermont:West Virgjnia KEYWORDS;aerial;application mell1ods;arsenicals;herbicides: maintenance;picloram;spray drift:2,4-0;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the effects of several spray additives (normally used to reduce spray drift)on several common brush control chemicals.(Time and Duration)1964 to 1966.(Type of Research) Original field research.(Methodology)Various herbicides with various spray add~1Ves were applied by helIcopter to a ROW in NY,VT,GA and WV.Two years alter application percent stem kill at selected species was recorded.Average percent stem kill for two tosi.plOts is reported but each plot IS a different treatment and n01 a replicate.Envert,an Amchem product used to form invert emulSions,waS the pnmary spray additive material tested.(Results and ConclUSions)In the NY tests 2,4-0 plus 2,4,5-T plus dicamba or 2,3.6-TBA gave the best overall control of hardwood species.In the VT tests 2,4-0 plus 2,4,5-T plus pic/oram 01' 2,3,6-TBA gave best contra!.The same results were found in the GA test but overall control level achieved was only half as great as in the previous two tests.In the WV tests only 2,4-0 plus 2,4,5-T alone or w,th MSMA were used.NeIther of these combinations gave particularly good contra!.The authors conclude that both llIe nonvOlatile emulsavert and low volatile invert systems provide a low drift 2,4-0/2,4,5-T invert carner system that can broaden the control spectrum for species resistant to these herbicides.Although aenal applications are stressed here,ground appiicatlons can make use of the same additives. 1076 If used properiy tree injectors are effective. AUTHOR:CARVELL KL:CECH FC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WV Univ. SOURCE 10:Morgantown,WV,WV Univ Agricultural Experiment Station, 1967,Bulletin 552.6-10 p. YEAR PUBLISHED,1967 CATEGORY:A1b:ASb SPONSOR:WV Univ. REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest KEYWORDS:application methods;brush control;cost;herbicides;trees; 2,4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this test was to determine species sensitivity and optimum distance between injections for stem injected 2,4- D.(Time and Duration)18 months;1965-66.(Type of Research)Original fi&!d plot research.(Methodology)A 30 year Old even-aged hardwood stand containing numerous eastern hardWOod species was treated with 2,4-0 amine by stem inlection.A standard mIcro tree injector was used and applications were made in Allr;L Undiluted 2,4-0 tflethyl amine was used wtttI ,ml 01 concentrate being released in each injection.Injection spacing was equal to the width of the injector blade (about 1.25 inches). In the fall at 1966,eighteen months after applicahon,the number of dead.dYing,and live trees was tallied by species and by apparent injection distances-Sprouting and cost data were also collected.(Results and Conclusions)The rate of application was satisfactory for most species tested with more than 85%kill reported for all but 4 of the 19 species tallied.Only red maple was largely unaffected.Author emphasizes proper application techniques;that is,controlled spacing of injechons and depth of penetration are necessary to obtaln these results.About five species sprouted to a suffient degree that some followup treatment would be required.Cost figures show injection is mare expensive than fritling but the authors'data only inclUded the cost of the chemical and not labor. 13 A1b •Chemical application 1076 1077 Using phenoxy herbicides ellectively. AUTHOR:KLINGMAN DL;SHAW WC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE 10:Washington.DC.US Dept ot Agriculture,1967,Farmers' Bulletin 21 B3.23 p. YEAR PUBl..ISHED:1967 CATEGO,qy:Alb;ASb SPONSOR;US Agricultural Research Service. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS.applicallon methods;brush control;herbicides;sil_ex;weeds; 2.4-0;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT;(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to educate phenoxy l"lertllclde users about these chemicals,how they are used and what specIes they control.(Time and Duration)Not specified,(Type of Research)Not research;an educational Dollettn.(Methodology)Na"ati.. descriptions of how plants react.the nature at tn.herbicides.application methods.sprayer calibration and cleanup,and tabular data on species sensitivity to 2,4-0.2,4,5-T,silvex,MCPA,and 2,4-0B.(ResUlts and Conclusions)In layman's terms,authors describe the selectivity and systemiC nature of these herbicides.thefr various formuatlons,and methods at application.MethodS of application are covered for both agricultural and non·cropland situations.Particular emphasis on control1ing drift and volatility is made.Sprayer calibratron and cleanup are gIven with specific how-to-do-it instructions.Susceptibility to foliage applications on more than 400 species is given. 1078 Stream contamination wllh amitrole from lorest spray operations. AUTHOR;NEWTON M;NORRIS LA;ZAVITKOVSKJ J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Stal<!Un;v. SOURCE TITLE:Research Progress RePOr!,Western Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:Pages 33-35,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY;A1b;A5b;B2a CONTRACT NUMeER;WPOO477 SPONSOR;Federal Water PollUllon Control;Administration.OR State Univ REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:California;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS;aerial;amitroie;application methods;forest herbicides; pottutlon,water;stream ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this study was to determine the aml1rol concentrations in streams which now through or by torest areas sprayed with this herbicide.(Time and Duration)Approximately 5 months In 1966.(Type of Research)Original field research.(methodology)Water samples were taken at variOus intervats from four locations downstream from forest areas sorayed with 2 Ibs per acre amrtrole-T oy helicopter. Wate,samples were analyzed chemiCally tor the herbicide.Sampling c""tinued at various Intervals a.er 150 days after application.(ResUlts and ConclUSiOns)Maximum concentrations of herbicide were less than 50 parts per billion.Peak concentrations occurred less than 3 hours after application at the POint closest to the spray unrt.Peak concentrations were later and smaller at downstream locations.Herbicide was not detectable (less than 1 ppb)one mile downstream.Heavy rains in the tall approximately 4 to 5 months after application did not intrOduce measureable concentrations of herbicide in the -stream. 1079 The physiological and biochemical bases of selective herbicide lIc:1lon. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Slate Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Herbicides and vegelation management in forest,ranges and noncrop lands (symposium proceedings). SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR,OR State Univ,1967,56-66 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b CONTRACT NUMBER:WP00477FWPCA SPONSOR:State Univ. REGION:Applicable to enlire Unitec States STATE;Unit80 States KEYWORDS:am~role;atrazine;nerticides;selectIVity;2,4-0,2,4,5-T ABSTRACT;(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to present to a technical aUdience the factors which are responsible for selectIve herbicide action.(Time and Duration)Not applicable,literature cited covers 1949·66.(Type of Researcll)Literature review and summary of knowledge.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Author presents concepts of selective herbicide action otten at the organism level.Three types of selectivity are used to explain the role or various factors.These types are:1.Different species respond dilferentiy to one herbicide;2.One species ,esponds differently to different herbicides;3.Plants of one spec,es bUt ,n different areas respond differently to one herbicide.The factors -jmportant ,n determining seleetrvity are intercepljon.absorption, transtocatlon,herbicide resistance to metabolism and the inherent tOXicity of tlte herbicide to the target tissues at the plant In question. 14 1080 Some toxicological aspects 01 silvex. AUTHOR:MULLISON WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:19:42Q-43S,1966 YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:A~b:A5b:B1 SPONSOR:Dow Chemical Co. REGION:Applicable to entire United States.STATE;United States KEYWORDS:environmental assessment herbicides:toxic hazard:tOXIcity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To diSCUSS the toxlCOIOglcai literature related to s,Ive)(.(Time and Duration:l Ten hterature Citations from 1959 to 1965. (Type of ResearCh)Literature re.,ew.(Methodology)ReVIews and conoenses literature on acute oral toxicity.chronic oral toxicity and tests with aquatics.(Results and Conclusions)Foliage or water treated with kuron herbicide (a specihc formLiatlon containing silvex)should not present a hazard from IngestIOn or skin contact by humans or farm animals.Game birds also shouJd not be affected,but there may De some impact on fish.The potassium salt formutations of sllvex are substantially ',ess tOXIC to fish than Kuron. 1081 Effect of TORDON herbicides on aquatic organisms. AUTHOR;HARDY JL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:22(2);11-13,1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:'966 CATEGORY;Alb;A5b;B1 SPONSOR:Dow Chemicai Co. REGION;Applicable to ent"e United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:animals,aquat~c;environmental assessment;fish.toxiCJ1y to: herbicides;impact;picloram;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To e.eluate the toxicity charactenstics of piclOram in various formulaUons of Tordon herbiCides on aquatic food chain organisms.(Type of Aesearch)Original laboratory biassay research. (Methodology)Daphnia.goldfish ana guppies were directly exposed to picloram in water.Also.dapnnia exposed in water were LlSed as food for the fisil.In aCldltion.a few samples of water,sediment,and organisms were analyzed Chemically by GC to determine herbicide residues.(Results and ConclUSions)Daphrna in water containing 1 ppm piclOram developed and reproduced normally over a long period of time with no buildup of heroiclde residues.Guppies in water containing 1 ppm picloram,and fed the daphnia exposed to picloram,also developed and reproduced normally.Picloram at 1 ppm in water did not retard the growth of algae, the growth of dapMra which fed on algae.or tlte fish which consumed the daphnia. 1082 FI\'e years of mlstblower brusll control. AUTHOR:HAMPSON RJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Nat Lead Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:20;40&413.1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:Alb:A5b SPONSOR:Nat Lead Co. REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:Connectlcu1;New Jersey; New York;Pennsylvania;Rhode Island KEYWORDS:brush;herbicides;maimenance;picloram;ri9ht-of-way;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate use of mist blow....method of herbicide application on a powerline right of way.(Time and Duration)The literature includes eight cltali""s ca.ering 1959 to 1965.The research sporadically covers 1959 to 1964.(Type of Research)Original field research,Dot not hypothesis testing;rather it is several case study types of research.(MethodolOgy)2,4,5-T and picloram were applied ,n different types of mist blowers during the summer months.Costs were recorded. and although not stated,they also prollably recorded effectiveness of chemtcal treatments in some way.It should be emphaSized the author is not reporting the results of comparative experiments,but rather SUbjective observations.(Results and ConclUSiOns)The author finds the mist blower is particularly well adapted for the brush control maintenance problem on 500 acres of right-of-way In upper NY state.The size of lhe job limits the company's options regarding tlle type of applicatiOn eQuipment economically available to them.The unrt cost was tao high from most contractors because of the small size of the job,so they employed laborers to make applications with mist blowers.They found the larger, more powertul modeis best,and initial results appear to favor p1cioram0_2,4,5-T.Cost using 1964 figures were $28 per acre. - - - - - - 1083 Stream contamination wilh ,amitrole following brush cOl1trol operaUons wilh Amitrole-T. AUTHOR:NEWTON M:NORRIS LA;ZAVITKOVSKI J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Umv. SOURCE TtT:..E:Researctl Progress Reports.Western Weec Control Canfe--ence. SOURCE 10:Pages 20-22.1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:A1b:A5b;B2a CONTRACT NUMBER:WP00477 SPONSOR:Federal Water Pollution Control;AdminIstration.OR Stare Unlv REGION:PacIfic Forest STATE:california;Oregon:Washington KEYWORDS;aerial:amnrote:application methods:brush:narbicides; pollution,water;stream ABSTRACT;(Purpose)The purpose of this stUdy is to determine the magnitude and duration of stream contamination by amitrole atter treating nearby tor~t areas with herbicide for brush control.(Time and Duration) One month In 1965.(Type of Research)Original field researen. (Methodology)Streams flowing from or through areas treated with amitro~e-T nerbicide applied by helicopter were sampled at various locations and bmes after application.Water samples were analyzed chemIcally and the concentration of amitrole reported.(Results and Conclusions)All of the streams samo4ed in II1.s study contained measureable resioues of amitrole.The peak concel1trations occurred immediately atter application at the sampling locations closest to the treated area.The maximum concentratIon was 400 parts per billion. Maximum concentrations wefie lower and occurred later at points downstream.One mile below the trealed area herbicide was barely detectable.No residues were found between 3 and 35 days aller appl,catlon when the sampling stopped.Authors indicate amitroie pOllution measured did not represent a dangerous exposure to fish or downstream water users. 1084 Effects 01 herbicides on estuarine launa. AUTHOR:BUTLER PA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. SOURCE mLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Control COnference. SOURCE 10:18:576-580.1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b;B1 SPONSOR:US Bureau ot Commercial Fisheries. REGION:Outer Coastal Plain Forest STATE:Alaska;Alabama:Flollda; Georg'a;LOUISIana;Mississippi . KEYWORDS:animals,aQuatic;benthos;environmental assessrent:fauna; fish.to.icily to;he<l>icides;impact;mallne:toxic hazard;to";cily ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To delerm,ne the loxicity of herbicides to several manne animals which might be e.posed to herbicides used for aQuatic "'eed control upstream from estuanes.(Time and Duration)Not stated. bul appears to I>e late 5(}'s or early 60·s.(Type of Research)Orig,nal o,oassay research conducted in the lab.(Methodology)Oysters.shllmp, lish and phytoplankton were e.posed to a wide variety of hert>icldes in static water biassays or,in several cases,in flowing water systems oeSlgned to simulate the changes in water quality with tna change in tloe The aquatic eQuivalent of LD 50 were calculated and presented. fResults and Conclusions)Tests Include specific data for 9 phenoxy herb,cides.4 carbamates.3 phosphates.4 ureas.4 tnazines.and 13 m1scelfaneous compounds.Data is too extenSive to summartze or to make generaJi.Zations.Its real value is ~n evaluating the to);jc haZard to marine s;>eeies from exposure 10 a specific herbicide. 1085 Further progress In the control of Kudzu. AUTHOR:BRENDER EV;MOYER EL AUTHOR AFFILIAnON;US Forest Serviee. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:20(4);1617.1965. YEAR PUBLISHED;1965 CATEGORY:A1b:A5b SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Soutfleastem Mixed ForeS1 STATE:Alabama;Florida;Georgia; MoSSlSsippi;North Carolina;South Carolina I<EYWOROS:brush control;herbicides:picloram ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the ettectiveness ot various tonnulabons of Tordon he<l>icide containing picloram for control ot kUdzu. (1.....ancl Duration Fourteen monll'l ending in OCtober 1964.(Type of "-arc,,)Origlllal held plot research.(Methodology)Tordon 101.22K or 101(pellets were applied at rates ranging 'rom 1 to 7.5 pounds per acre '"one or two sprays.Tna number of kudzu crowns surviving and the efteets on res,dual and planted loblolly ",ne were noted.(Results and C<lncIUStoos)Tor(ion herbicide is effective in controlling KudZu.Ttle liQuid tonnulatlOns were more effective than the pellets but in areas wIlere drill "WI'oe a problem the pellets otter a distinct advantage.Residual trees Alb -Chemical application 1088 were also KIlled.but loblolly pine could be plai1.ted six montns after application and sl.IVwe for two years. 1086 Chemical Control 01 Bracken Fern in the British Isles wnh TORDON. AUTHOR;LAWSON HM SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth SOURCE 10:20(4):13-15,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b SPONSOR:Dow Chemical Co. REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:brush control;community structure:l1erbicides;plcloram ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To determine the etteetiveness of Tordon herbiCide in controlling bracken fern injury to the understory grass community. (Time and Duration)2 years.ending in 1964.(Type of Research)Original field o4ot research.(Methodology)Torden herbicide (formulation not specIfied)was applied by ground sprayer to 6x4 yard plots ,n eastern England.Rates of application vaned from 3/4 to 6 pounds per acre.The percentage of ground covered by bracken fern at 1.5 and 2 years atter application were estimated.(Resuns and Conclusions)None of the treatment rates injured the grass understory.Indications of grass improvement after treatment are present.The optimum growth for control is preemergence or just post emergence.EarJi'season treatment mearl$ grazing animals continue to have access to the site.VariabilIty in bracken response is not a problem.according to the author. 1087 Herbicide treatment of rights-of-way. AUTHOR: PENNSYLVANIA ELECTRIC COMPANY AUTHOR AfFILIATION:Pennsylvania Electric Company SOURCE 10:Johnstown.?A.Electric Compnay.1J p. CATEGORY:Al B REGION:Appaiach,an Oak Forest STATE:MO;PA KEYWORDS:herbIcides:nght-of-way ABSTRACT:lPurpose)To explam the vegetation management poliCies of General Public Utilities Corporation.and the objectives,consideration.s an.d researCh that ha\le resulted in formulating these po.ic;es.(Time and Duration)20 years of field expenence.(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodology)The policy objecllves recognize that development, use and management of electric line.right-of-way eeln deter Of"enhance values related to aesthetiCS.erosion,wildtife food and cover and competing uses.,,:,f the land fer re~reational,agnc'Ultura~or other deskable purposes.A S~9n1flcant part of the Implementation of thls policy is in the development. publication and distribution of detailed D1"ocedures.rules and specifications to which contractors mus'l:commit themselves before being awarded a contract for rlght·of~waytreatment.,Results and Conclusions}Through the use of synthetic hormones and mechanical management.rights-at"way are developed into vegetative units of lower growing trees.shrubs.herbaceous materials 3['ld grasses.Over the aiverse geographic area that IS occupied by Genera~Public Utilities Corporation,it is necessary to discrimlnately utilize the different techniques alld materials that will do the best job and leave the erwjronment improved or the least disturbed in any situation. 1088 TOR DON herblclde•••dlsappearance from solis. AUTHOR:GORING CAl:HAMAKER JW;YOUNGSON CR AUTHOR AFFIUATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE;Down to Earth, SOURCE 10:20(4):3-5,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:A1b:ASb:S1 SPONSOR;Dow Chemical Co, REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Caiifomia;Kansas: Minnesota;South Dakota KEYWORDS:narbicides;persistence;picloram:residue;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpcse)To report in popular form the sil behavior of picloram in several major agricultural areas,(Time and Duration)Two and a half years ending in 1964.(Type of Research)Original field plot research.(Methodology)Picloram.at rates ranging from 1.5 to 4.2 pounds per acre.was applied to smail plots in CAo ''IN.SO.and KS. Samples of sou were collected at depttls to 54 inches.Herbicide residue 1....e1s were estimated by bioassay wltfl safflower Which were rated on a o to 6 scale for herbicide effects.(Results and ConcluSions)Losses of picloram ranged from 58 to 96%within the filSt year aller appiication and trom 78 to 100%aller two years.Estimated nell lives ranged from 1 to 13 months.For all locations e.cept one the highest herbicide concentrations were in the top 12 inches of soil.Measurable levels to 48 inches were tound only at two localions. 15 A1b -Chemical application 1088 1089 The effects 01 SILVEX on aquatic vegetation and planklon in central New York larm ponds. AUTHOR:COWELL BC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Cornell Un;v. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE rD:20(4).3-5.1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b;81 SPONSOR:Cornell Unlv. REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Maine:New Hampshire;New Jersey:New York:Pennsylvania:Vermont KEYWORDS:aquatic:benthos:herbicides;impact;plants:toxiCIty:water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Describe the effects of silvex herbicide,used for aquatic .weed contror.on aquatic plants,plankton,dissolved oxygen and fish.(Time and Durallon)Estimated one year,1961-1962.(Type of Research)Original field plot research.(Methodology)Silvex herbicide was applied to achieve 2ppm in several ponds in NY.The degree of aquatiC plant control was estimaled and plankton were measured.Dissolved oxygen was also observed and visual evidence of dead or distressed fish was sought.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Herbicide applications gave complete control of pondweed and duckweed and partial control of other plants.Several species of algae were not contrOlled.There was no difference 'n pre-and post-spray levels of plankton:however,the author's language implies variabilitY in the data was substantial.thus statistically s.gnificant results may have been obscured.Later tests removed much of the variabilitY and no treatment effects were Observed.Dissoived oxygen levels remained fairly constant except in those ponds Where large amounts of vegetation had been killed.In the latter cases DO dropped 2 to 4ppm but fish were not apparently affected. 1090 Science,indust",and the abUse PI rights PI way. AUTHOR:EGLER FE SOURCE TrTLE;ScIence. SOURCE 10:127:573-580,1958. YEAR PUBLISHED:1958 CATEGORY:A1b;A5b:Bla REGION'.Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:application methods;clearing:community structure:ecology, applied;ecosystem;herbicideS;impact;land use:right-of-way;spraying, broadcast:spray'ng,selechve:stability ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To show how industry has failed to use sound scientific p1inciples in managing the vast acreage tied uP in rights-of-way, and discuss the numerous factors influencing the slow adoption of sound biOlogical principles in right-of-way vegetation management.(Time and Duration)Observations made over a decade of vegetational management practices.(Type of Research)Largely observational.with literature revIew. (Methodology)This article is based largely on observations,but the author sites some previously pUblished research.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The term "brush contra'"is m·lsleading."Brush"is uSed to refer to any woody vegetation InCluding trees and shrubs,but not ail brush is undesirable right-of-way cover."Contra'"is also not an apt term,since the goal of most control programs is elimination.A baSIC question in any vegetation management program is "whose goals should be me!?"Persons Interested in brush control can be segregated Into lour groups:chemical manufacturers.utility corporations.landowners.and the generai public.The basic scientific factors related to a sound management program are stressed.These Include applied phytosocioiogy, herbicides and plant-xUt commercial brush control,conservation interests and research and development.The cheapest means 'of achIeving brush control for the future is by the encouragement and Ulili~tion of other plants. 1091 Control 01 bNSh on rights-of-way. AUTHOR:BEATTY RH SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings North Central Weed Control Conference. SOURCE rD:12:163-165.1955. YEAR PUBLISHED:1955 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b REGION:AppliCable to entire United States STATE:Michigan;Minnesota; Ohio:Oklahoma KEYWORDS:brush:brush control;herbicides;right-aI-way;2.4-0;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present brief research progress reports tram several authors.(Time and Duration)1953 to 1955.(Type of Research) Original fleid plots,mostly.(Metl1odology)This paper includes abstracts of papers presented by eight authors at the 1955 North Central Weed Control Conference,All the papers deal with questions of efficacy of various herbicides towards various brush species found on ROWs. Generally,each study involved application of one or more herbicides, otten at various rates and variOus times of the year,or in different carrIers.Effects of tne chemical treatments were evaluated by estimating degree of kill.(Results and Conciusions)The author presents conclusions of studies in general terms.such as 4 pounds of amizol was less 16 effective tHan 6 pounds which gave nearly complete control of oal':and cherry.Sosdfic herb,Claes tested [ncruce 2,4·0,2,4,5-1",eMU,sli\,rex,2,4- DP.aminotrlazole,2,3,6-TBA 1092 Summary 01 toxicological intormation on 2,4,5-T type herbicides and an evaluation 01 the hazards to Iivestoclc associated with their use. AUTHOR:HYMAS TA:ROWE VK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:American Journal of Veterinary Research. SOURCE 10:622-629.1954 (October). YEAR PUBLISHED:1954 CATEGORY:Alb;A5b;B1 SPONSOR:Dow Chemical Co. REGlON:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;impact;IIveslock;loxic hazard;toxiCity:2.4-0; 2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To make available the acquired loxicological information on phenoxy herbicides relative to warm blooded animals. (TIme and Duration)Thirteen literature citations from 1946 to 1953.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Results of acute,subacute and chronic toxicity tests are reported,partly in narrative and partly in a series of tables.Specific toxicity values are offered.An evalutation of toxic hazard to livestock follows the toxicity data.(Results and Conclusions)An excellenl collection of earty literature on the tOXicity of phenoxy type herbicides to ,a wide variety of animals.Data on experiments are often given ~th specific commercial formulations.which meanS it is easily associated with specific products.The authors deal also with the problem of some plant species increasing In toxlcily to cattle after they have been sprayed.Authons conclude the ha~rd to livestock from phenoxy herbicides is negligible,but they caution that improper storage.handling and use of lhe herbicides may permit animals to receive toxic exposure. A1c -Danger tree identification 1093 Environmental management during power transmission line construction:operatlonal considerations. AUTHOR:OOHRENWENO R AUTHOR AFFlLIATION:Cary Arboretum SOURCE TITLE:Pages 58-71 in Power Lines and the EnVironment. SOURCE 10:Millbrook.NY,The Cary Arboretum of the New York Botanical Gardens,1973,170 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:Alc;Alh REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:access road;ciearing;danger trees;rOUling;structure site ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To discuss various considerations during transmission line construction such as access roaod location,danger tree identification, tower site selection and general routing.(Time and Duration)Based on one-year experience.(Type 01 Research)Field experience and observations,(Methodology)The author discusses many considerations necessary in route selection tor lines.selection of tower heights and line clearance,access roads,and danger tree evaluation.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)In routing you must use the following guidelines:1)avoid areas of tall forest vegetation:2)avoid marsny or o'her low,wet areas; 3)keep ttle route off steep side siopes;4)do n,let the line run parallel to stream banks;5)cross streams where the terrain helps get maximum line clearance;6)stick to terrain where access roads can remain in the ROW;7)avoid areas of high recreation use:8)keep the route in farm country as much as possible.Several factors enter into determination of adequate clearance limits:1)adequate electric clearance between line at peak voltage and ground;2)growth rates of the vegetation beneath the line;3)anticipated mainlenallCe schedule;4)lengtn of span.wIlich determines the maximum swing of the conductors in response to'Wind pressure.In locating tower keep towens out of wet.low areas,keep the limit of tower pads at least 100 feet from any stream and 100 feet from any pubUc road;stay out of rocky areas because of electrIcal grounding considerations. ~, .." - - - ..... ..... - - Ald·Slash disposal 1094 Air curtain combustion device evaluated lor burning heavy luels. AUTHOR:MCLEAN HR;WARD FR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:liS Forest Service Pacific Northwesl Foresl and Range Experlmenl Slalion. SOURCE TITLE:R·S Fuels Managemenl Noles SOURCE 10:4(1):1-4,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:Ald REGION:Applicable 10 enlire Uniled Slales STATE:Uniled States KEYWORDS:burning;damage;pollullon;slash disposal;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To delermine if an air curtain combustion device (made by Camran Corporalion,Seallle)would provide an acceplable melMd for disposal of concenlrated forest residues.(Time and Duration) One-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (neld). (Melhodology)The air curtain combuslion device (a large boxlike inctnerator mounted on Wheels:made of heat~resistant refractory material) was used.Total malerial loaded into the burner from lhe logging operallon was determined by 12 sample periods.Sample periods slarted will1 the burner full,and e~dPsed limes for burning and reloading were recorded.Each piece was measured for the lolal cubic-foOl volume of debris loaded.Visible smoke emissions were evaluated during various .stages of lhe operalion.Spot fire potential was also estimaled,and the extent of soil disturbance observed,(Results and Conclusions)The air curtain combUstion device proved 10 be practically smoke free during this study.Small amounts of smoke were Visible al hmes during lhe loading operations only.Some spot fires were started during the project.Many glowing embers were discharged,partIcularly wtlen the curtain of air was broken dwing loading operations or when burning debris extended Ihrough the curtain.This problem coUld be corrected.safety hazards present were similar to those encoun1ered on any timber harvest operation using heavy equipment for skidding and loading.plus some special items related directly to burning.Hard hats and fire-resistanl shirts are a must for the operator of the bUrner. 1095 Management and research Implicallons. AUTHOR:JEMISON GM:LOWDEN MS AUTHOR AFFIUATION:OR State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental effects of forest residues management in the Pacific Northwest;a state-of-knowledge compendium. SOURCE 10:Portland,OR,US'Forest Service.1974.General Technical Report PNW·24,A-l •A-33 p, YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:Ald;A5;B2;C4 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:cleanng;dispollal;ecosystem;impact:slash dispollal; vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to introduce 18 cnaoters of the residue management compendium which foUow,and to syntheSIze the products 01 these cnapters with respecl to management and research implications.(Time and Duration)Not specified.(Type of Research)A summary;not research.(Methodology)SynthesiS at other c:napters in compendium into a management decision-making framework ana wittl listing of research needs.(Results and ConclUSIons)The quality of tne forest environment is tied to the presence,kind.distribution and amounl of residue,and hence to the management of the residue. ResIdues are scrutinized from the standpoint.of their impact on biological, P"y5ICaJ and social processes and values.Similarly the impact of residue treatments on ttlese same items are reviewed.The preparation of residue management guidelines is described.The high priority research and ..-.elopment needed to provide a base for the expanding residue management framework are also presented. 1096 SoIl Microbes. AUTHOR:BOLLEN WB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental effects of forest residues management in the J>-.:mc Northwest:a state-of-knowledge compendium. SOOJRCE 10:Portland,OR.US Forest Service,1974,General Technical Aooot1 PNW·24,B-1 -8-41 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1974 CATEGORY:"'ld;AS;B1 SI'ONSOR:US Forest Service. MGiON:PaCitie Forest STATIE:Idaho;Oregon;Wasnington IU:TWOROS:ecosyStem;habitat change;impact;nutrient cycle;slasll ~;soil;soil microbes;vegetation A8STRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to outline the basic __at the environment Which affect soil microbes and their A1d -Slash disposal 1099 processes with respect to soB structure and fertihty.{Time and Duration) Not specifred:literature Clled tram 1935 to 1974 with preponderance of references ,n early 1970's and late 1960's.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Results and ConclUSIons)Interactions between soil microbes and forest residues are controlled by six envlr,onmental factors:water, temperature.aeration,pH,fOOd supply and brologlcai inlerrelatlonsnrps. The author describes how these propertle5 are influenced by various reSidue treatments and how the microbeS may in turn respond with respect to soil texture and fertility.Microblal interactions with residues. resldue treatments.and 'Nith vanous Chemjca~s (hl<e pesticides)are also described.SUbstantial amounts of data are Included along with a researcn needs sectiOn. 1097 Soli processes and Introduced chemicals. AUTHOR:MOORE DG;NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental effects of forest residues management in the Pacific Northwest;a state-of·knowledge compendium. SOURCE 10:Portland,OR.US Forest Service,t 974,General Technrcal Report PNW24,0.1 -C-33 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:Ald;AS;61 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Idaho;Oregon;WaShington KEYWORDS:chemicals;fertilizers;herbicides;pesticides:slash disposal;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of forest residues and residue trealments on soil processes and on the many chemicals used in the forest.(Time and Duration)Not .specified, literature cited from t957-74.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Results and Conclusions)Forest residue management is not likely to have a significant impact on soil formation.Clearcultrng and bUrning temporarily interrupts nutrient cycling but cycling is restored as revegetation occurs.All types of burning result in the loss of some nitrogen capitol.Burning will temporarily make many other eiements available for uptake by plants and soil microbes.The effects of Pit burning,burial,chipping and some other disposal practrces are also discussed.Authors conclude the probability of significant interacflon between forest chemicals and forest residues or residue treatments is remote. 1098 Soli stability and water yield and quality. AUTHOR:LOPUSH1NSKY W;ROTHACHER J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:EnVironmental effects of forest residues managemenl in the Pacific Northwest;a state-of-knowiedge compendium. SOURCE 10:Portland.OR.US Foresl Service,t974,General Technical Report PNW 24,0-1 -0-23 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:Ald;AS;B2a;B2b SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION;Pacific Forest STATE:Idaho;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:flow;slash dispollal:soil;stability;stream:water ABSTRACT;(Purpose)The purpose of thIS paper is to discuss the eilects of natural and manmade forest residues on soil stabWty,water yield.and water quality.(Time and Duration)Not specified;literature cited from 1952-74.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Results and Conciusions) Forest residue activities influence Soil and water resources in proportion to the amount they increase soil disturbance.Drastic disturbance of iiller and soil surface can lead to surface erosion and stream sedimentation. Residue treatments wouid not normally increase sao mass erosion or water yields.The quantity of nalural chemicals (nutrients)in streams increases when the rate of residue decomposition exceeds the rate of uptake by vegetation,Burning of residues increases the chemical load of streams roughly in proportion 10 the amount of residue burned. 1099 Fish habitat. AUTHOR:BROWN GW AUTHOR AFFIUATION:OR State Un;v. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental effects of forest residues management in the Pacific Northwest a slate-of-knowledge compendium. SOURCE 10:Portland,OR,US Forest Service,1974,General Technical Report PNW 24,E-1 -E-15 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1974 CATEGORY:A1d;AS:B1 SPONSOR:US Forest service. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Idaho;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:fish;habitat;slaSh disoosal;Slreams;water ABSTRACT;(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to discuss the rmpact of logging (clearing)residues and residue treatments on a stream and its capability to produce fish.(Time and Duratron)Not speci~ed,literature cited from 1963-74.(Type of Research)Literature review.(ResUlts and. 17 A1d -Slash disposal 1099 Conclusions)Forest restdues in streams may tnple after clearing operations,partcularly jf buffer stfJPS are not left.Large debns can be removed but fine debris at levels substantially nigher than previous levels witl remain.Large debris affect primarily stream nydraulics but can also be tne source of sUbstantial stream damage if flusned out during periods of high tlow Fine residues affect dissolved oxygen levels and the circulation at water in the grave!.Streamside vegetatton is important in providing food,cover and temperature control in small forest streams. 1100 Air quality inlluences. AUTHOR;CRAMER OP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE;Environmental effects of forest residues management in the Pacittc Northwest;a stat&-of-knowledge compendium. SOURCE 10;Portland,OR,US Forest Service,1974,General Technical Report PNW 24,F·1 •F·S1 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY;Aid;AS;B2 SPONSOR;US Forest Service REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Idaho;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS;air;llurning;clearing;pollution;quality;slash disposal ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose 01 this paper is to describe the impact 01 forests on air quality and the Impact of residues and residue treatments on ambient air quality.(Time and Duration)Not specified, literature cited from 19590 74.(Type of Research)Uterature review. (Results and Conclusions)The amount of smoke from any burning operation is inversely correlated With the completeness 01 the comllustion process.Emission characteristics of fire startup,fuJI fire,and llurn down are described,as are different fuel arrangements and burning procedures. Local excessive concentrations of smoke from forest reSidue burning may occur,but on a global scate remova~mechanisms are keeping pace wittl output With the exception of C02.Air pOllution nUisance from reSIdue burning can be minimiZed with a smoke management system which the author describes. 1101 Fire hazard and conllagr3tlon prevention. AUTHOR;BRACKEBUSCH AP;MARTIN RG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE;Environmental effects of forest reSidues management in the Pacific Nonhwest;a stat&-of-knowtedge compendium. SOURCE 10;Portland,OR,US Forest Service,1974,General TEchnical Report PNW 24,G-l -G-30 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1974 CATEGORY;Ald;AS;C4 SPONSOR;US Forest Service. REGION;Pacific Forest STATE;Idaho;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS;llurning;fire;fire hazard;slash disposal ABSTRACT:(purpose)The purpose of this paper IS to discuss the fundamental Characteristics of fuel panicles.fuel beds,and the management of fueis.(Time and Duration)Literature cited from 1930·74 WIth most papers in 60's and 70's.(Type of Researcn)Literature review. (Results and Conciusions)Development of conflagrations is dependent, among other fa.ctors,on weather.terrain and targe accumulations of fuel. Fuels accumulate in nafural and undisturlled (lly man)forest systems but man's activities can greatly mOdify the amount,kind and distrillution 01 fuels and thus the hazard of a conflagration.Integration of fuel management planning with other forest management planning will achieve a pattern 01 fuels Which minimizes conllagration potential while protecting other resource values. 1102 Animal populations and damage. AUTHOR;DIMOCK EJ AUTHOR AFFILIAnON;US Forest Service. SOURCE mLE;Environmental effects of forest residues management in the Pacific NOrthwest:a stat&-of-knowledge compendium. SOURCE 10;Portland,OR,US Forest Service,1974,General Technical Report PNW 24,0-1 •0-28 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1974 CATEGORY;A1a;AS;B1 SPONSOR;US Forest Service. REGION:Pacific Forest KEYWORDS;animals;llirds;burning;clearing;mammals;slash disposal ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose 01 this paper IS ·to discuss the interactions between anlmaJs and birds and forest residues and their treatments.(Time and Duration)Literature cited from 1923·74.(Type of Research)literature review.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Forest residues, live and dead,remaining after clearing operations exen lloth lavorallie and unfavorallie effects on forest animal populations.Residue situations· usually improve nallitats lor animals likely to damage future fores1 crops. PraCtical treatments that modify residues appear most promising for 18 attaining timber,range,and wildlife proowct1on goals wtth a minImum of interference by damaging animals. 1103 Habitat of grazing animals. AUTHOR:GARRISON GA;SMITH JG AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Fores1 Service. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental effects 01 forest residues management ,n the Pacific NOnhwest:a state-of-knowledge compendium. SOURCE 10:Portland,OR.US Forest Service,1974,General TEchnclal Report PNW 24,P-l -p.10 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY;A1d;AS;B1 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION;Pacific Forest STATE:Idaho;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS;animals.game;animalS,nongame;grazing;grazing capacity; mammals;slash disposal ABSTRACT;(Purpose)The purpose of thiS paper is to discuss the effects of forest reSidues and residue treatments on the habitat for grazing animals.(Time and Duration)Literature cited from 1940-74.(Type of Research)literature review.(Results and Conclusions)Forest residUes in the Pacific Nonhwest have varied effects on grazing hallitat including occupation Of grOWIng sites,obstructiOn 01 access to lorage and water, and alteration of the fores1 environment SUCh that plant succeSSIon is altered.Residue treatments that remove the large dellris favor production 01 forage and therefore the carrying capacity of the site for grazing animals. 1104 Insects and other arthropods. AUTHOR;MITCHELL RG:SARTWELL C AUTHOR AFFILIATION;uS Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental effects of forest residues managemenf 'n the pacific NOnhwest;a state-of·knowledge compendium. SOURCE 10;Ponland,OR,US Forest SeMce,1974,General Technical Repon PNW 24,R-l •R-22 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1974 CATEGORY;A1d;AS;B1 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION;Pacific Forest STATE:Idaho;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:llurning;clearrng;insects:slash disposal ABSTRACT;(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to describe the residue relationships Of lloth pests and llenefiClll1 insects.(Time and Duration) Literature cited from 1918-74.(Type of Research)Literature reVIew. (ResUlts and Conclusions)Forest residues are utilized by a variety of insects -pests as well as beneficial Insects.The most senous pests are fhe bark lleetles whose marked increases in papulation levels frequenfly are the resutt of large increases jn forest residues.Many natural enemies of pest insects also utilize residues.However,of substantially more llenefit to the forest is the group 01 organISms responsillie for fragmenting fine debris preHmlnary to nutrient recycJing.Authors conclude some resIdues in ponderosa pine and Douglas~fjr forests can offer significant pest insect prolliems and th..r management needs to be inCluded in the planning process. 1105 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams. AUTHOR;BURNS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION;CA Dept of Fish and Game. SOURCE TITLE:Transactions of fhe American Fisheries Society SOURCE /0:tOl(1):1·17,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY;A1d;Ale;B2a SPONSOR:CA Dept 01 Fish and Game. REGION;Pacmc Forest STATE;California;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:deanng,mechanical;construction;disturbance;erosion;fish: impo '...right.oQt-way;riparian;stacilization;stream ABSTR"CT:(Purpose)The purpose of this stUdy is to determine the effects of logging and road construction on stream salmonids.(Time and Duration)4 years,1966-69.(Type of Research)Original field plot. (Methodology)Four small streams on the nonh coast of CA were chosen for study.The watersheds were characteriZed.Streamflow,stream d,mensions,water quality,sedimentation,speCIes allundance (fish)and fish lood were all recorded before,dUllng and alter logging and road building operations.(Results and Conclusions)Logging was fOund to be compatillie with anadromous fish production when adequate attention was given to stream llank protection and channel clearanCe.Tne carrying capacity for juvenile salmonids of some str~m sections increased when high temperatures,low dissolVed oxygen and adverse sedimentation did not accompany the joggIng.ExtenSive use 01 bulldozers on steep slopes, streambanl<s and in narrow channels during debris remolla}caused excessive sedimentation. - - - - 5 mn A1e •Sensitive ecosystem considerations 1110 .- I""'" I ..... - 1106 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern CaUlornia stTeams. AUTHOR'BURNS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CA Dept of Fish and Gam •. SOURCE TITLE:Calfforn,a FIsh and Game SOURCE 10:56(4):253·270,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:A1d; A1e:B2a SPONSOR:CA Dept of Flsh and Game. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Califorma;Oregan Washington KEYWORDS:clearing.mechanical;disturbance;erosion;fish;riparian; sechment;stabiltzabon;streams ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose ot this study was to describe changes in spawning bee composition (fer salmon and trout)accompanying logging and road bUilding.(Time and Duration)4 years.1966-£9.(Type of Research)Onginal Neld plat research.(Methodology)Seven stream sections on six small watersheds were studied.Four of the seven were logged using methods specific to their locale.The amer three remained undisturbed as controls.Size and compositlon of spawmng bed materials were systematically sa~led before,during and atter logging and these Wllfe related to ,ogging and road building practices.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Spawning bed composition in lhe lour disturbed test streams changed atter logging roughly in porportion to the amount of stream bank disturbance.The heaviest sedimentaOon occurred when bUlldozers operated in narrOW channels having pellble bottoms.!nlarger streams With boulder and aobble bottoms bulldozer operations did not intluence sedimentation greatly.Road cOnstructIon and stream debris removal had marked impacts on seoimentation.Control streams Changed 'ittle during the stUdy period. 1107 Clear 150 miles at transmission R/W by windrowing. AUTHOR ANON SOURCE TITLE:Electrical World SOURCE ID:Page 48,1962 (February 12), YEAR PUBLiSHED'1962 CATEGORY:A1d REGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:Missouri KEYWORDS;~Ieanng;right-of-way:slash;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe plans for use of windrowing for slash Olsposal on ROWs.(Type of ResearCh)Oescriptive account.(ReSUlts and ConclU$ons)Windrows are to be made on ROW edges and are broken e.ery 200 feet lor Nrebreaks and access.Separate piles.ten feet n/gn and fifteen feet wide.will be made Of logs and brush,and tree Slumps w,lI be chemically treated.These techn,,'lues are expected to provide eJl:CeHent cover for wildlife.. 1108 Decay 01 logging slash in tha northeast. ~\JTHOR'HANSBROUGH JR;SPAULOING P ':'UTHOR AFFIlJATION:Agricultural Research Admin. SOURCE 10:Washlngton.DC.US Dept ot Agriculture,1944,Technical 6ulreM 876,22 p. YEAR PU6USHED:1944 CATEGORY:A1d FlEGION'Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Maine;New Hampshire;New VcfX:Vermont "EVWORDS:burning;slash:slash dispOSal ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on methods of hastening logging slash oecay.based on systematic observations on experimental plOts in drrterent Situations in New York and New England.and to consider the !IJng>most Important in causing decay in this area.(Time and Duration) Closervahans and research over 20 years.(Type ot Research)Original '-.arch (field studies).(Methodoiogy)Two methods were used:extensive rK.Qnf'\3JS.SanC-e.and intensive investigation ot limited areas.'The extensive I"I'COftl'alssa-nee inCluded sJash of all sPecies.ot aU ages.variously -.:I as lett by all types of logging.and al elevations ranging from _'nan 1,000 to more than 4.000 tt..and it covered all kinds ot _'Oflal trom delecnve logS to the smallest twigs and foliage.The ~stUdieS were on 4 series of -plots,some ot which have been _....:I sInce 1926.The stands on these ptots were primarily mature ....."."lIaIdWaods.(Results and Conclusions)The average periods _lor slash to disintegrate are 15 years for hardwood.17 years for _n "",ne pine,and 29 years for red spruce.Under the most __condihons for decay.these periods can be sl10rtened by about _unfavorable moisture and temperature conditions retard decay, _lor many years.Hunoreds of fungi help to disimegrate slash,but -.t 50 sPeCIM calISe the decay of the greSler part.The pnmary -.:len c:<lI1troU<ng the war!<of the slasn-decay fungi are moisture. --.r•.and the decay resistance of the wOOd. Ale·Sensltlye ecosystem consiaerations 1109 Geotechnical features. AUTHOR:DAMES AND MOORE AUTHOR AFFiLIATION:Dames and Moore. SOURCE TITLE:Sundesert Nuclear Planl UMs 1 &2 Environmental Report, Section 2 of AppendIX I. SOURCE ID:Los Angeies.CA.Dames &Moore.1976,37 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:,976 CATEGORY:A1e:B2b SPONSOR:WIrth AssOCIates. REGION:Califomla Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:enllironmental assessment erasion:geOlogy;impact;r;ghl-of- way;soils;slabitily,transmission line ABSTRACT,(Purpose)To prepare a comprehensive review of the geolechnically related environmental Impactstnat may be associated with construction and operation of EHV transrrnSSlon Imes across southern CA (Type of Research)Envlronmentai analysis -field.(Methodology)The study area compnses four natural provinces;Pentnsuiar Ranges,Colorado Desert,Mojave Desert,and Transverse Ranges.EnVIronmental analYSIS consisted of a regional study of geologic features and phenomena'that could affect or be affected by construction and operation of the EHV transmission line.Procedure was to identify information sources,collect data.evaluate data.compile 1:250.000 scale base maps.and analyze sensitivity of environmental features and haZards to the transmisSion line. Analysis inclUded inventory and mapping at seismic activity and faullirlg, slope stabIlity,erosion potential.aeolian deposits.areas susceptible to windblown sand.expansive soilS.subsidence POtentiai.liquefaction, hydrocampacnan,rock collapse.flood hazard and debris flow potemial. and rare or unique geologic features.(Resuits and ConClUSIOnS) Sensitivity,analysIS based on environmental assessment was classmed in four levels:MaximrJm Sensilivity.areas to be avoided due to an unacceptable magnitude of potential impact;M~ior Sensitivity,areas to be avoided or contact mintmlZed;Moderate SensitIVity,most sUI'table for an EHV transmiSSion line.Many geotechnical features are distributed aver such extensive areas that they cannot be aVOIded by the transmissJon line.Analysis revealed that only a small portion of the study area eXhibits a major sensitivity;the most significant being the active fault zones, narrow canyons,and the Sand Hills,a unique geologic feature.The major faults are Elsinore.San Jacinto,and san Andreas.Jt was inelicated.I1owever.that fault zones and narrow canyons can be avoided by careful tower siling. 1110 Phase /I corridor studY,geotechnical features. AUTHOR:DAMES AND MOORE AUTHOR AFFlllATION,Dames and Moore. SOURCE TITLE:Sundesert Nuclear Plant Units 1 &2 EnVIronmental Report. Secllon 2 at Appendix J SOURCE ID'Los Angeles.CA,Dames &Moore,1976,58 P YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A1e: A2a:B2b SPONSOR Wirth Associates. REGION:califam;a Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:environmental assessment;eroSion;geology;impact:rlght-Of- way;SOil;transmission line ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To inventory and assess geotechnically related env;ronmentai conditions withIn and adlacent to all altemate 500 KV transmission routes under study for the proposed SUndesert NUclear Project.(Type ot Research)Environmemal analysis -field.(Methodology) Environmem along the alternate raules was described with ,espect to taultmg,seismic aetMty.selliement potential.i;quetaction potentiai.shrink- swell potential and expansive SOil$,SlOP8 instability.sand dunes and areas susceptible to windblown sand,erosion potential.tlooding hazard. water qualily,subsidence.collapsible soils and hydracampacllan potential, and rare or unique geologiC features.Environmental features were evaluated to identify geotechnical hazards that could affect construction of the transmiSSIOn line,especially siting and foundation problems.and Impacls resulting from the transmission line with emphasis on erOS1on potentiai.Erosion potential was based on soil and rock types.tocal grad,ent and rehef.and precipitation intenSIty.duration.and frequency. (Results and ConclusionS)Hazards considered to be of significant potential 10 the project are faulhng and seismiC activity.settlement. liquefaction.shrink-swett and expan5lve soils.s~ope instability,erOSion, sand dunes,windblown sand areas.flooding.subsidence,and collapsible soils and hydrocompaction.Geotechnical nazards rated high to moderate potential for either siting or foundatbn problems.or both.were incorporated in a map at the transmission system.Mast hazards could be accommodated by proper tower spacing or by modification of standard tower dBSlgns.Of several geologic feal\lres.only erosion potential will be impacted.Other features will not be impacted but may present design constraints.Erosion polential is controiled by soils,vegetation. topography,ancI raintall.Removal 01 vegetation and disrupllOn of surface 19 A1e •Sensitive ecosystem considerations 1110 so"associated wIth construction and maintenance at access roads and tower sites may increase erosion rates and lead to Increased sedtmentatlon. 1111 Guidelines for the protection 01 the fish resourc:es 01 the Norillwest Territories during highway construc:tion and operation. AUTHOR.DRYDEN RL;STEIN JN AU7HOA AFFILIATION Environment Canada. SOURCE 10:Canadian Dept ot the Environment.Fisheries and Marine Sc,ence.1975.Technical Report Senes CENT751,32 P. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A1e:A1i:B1 SPONSOR:Directorate,Central Region. REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:access road;construction;crossing;ecosystem;lion;Impact; right-<lf-way;sedimentation;stream ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose at this report is to give guidelines for highway designers in meeting environmental reQuirements of the Canadian Government with respect to maintenance of fish habitat.(Time and Duratton)Not specified.Lrterature cited tram 1961-74.(Type ot Research) Not research;a handbook to be used dunng road planning,assign and construetion.(MethOdology)Largely narrative.with some tables and figures.(Results and Conclusions)The authors describe the prOblem in terms of the Northwest Territories of Canada They include description at alteration at the natural river regime from erosion,gravel remova'. construction activities and icing in shaded areas (like culverts).Impacts on the aquatic resource through blockage at fish passage,reduced spawning success,physical condition and benthoo are described.Design and construction procedures are given under heading of:hydroi09ic design.fish passage requirements,culvert design.bridge design.and several specific construction and operating procedures.The later section includes scheduling.gravet removal,clearing,revegetatron,slope stabikzation.drainage,silt retention,culvert steaming.disposal at excavated and slash materiat 1112 Fish migration and fish passage;a prac:lical guide to solving fish passage problems. AU7HOR:EVANS WA;JOHNS70N FB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:US Forest Service.Region 5.1976.43 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:Ale;A2f;B2a SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Alaska;California:Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:crossing;tish;flow;migration;stream ABSTRACT:(Purpose)This report IS intended as a working guide tor biolog'sts and engmeers contronted with practical problems at providing fish passage through.over.or around man made or natural barr1ers in streams.(Time and Duration)Not appiicable.(Type of Research)Not researCh.a handbook with approximately 12 references.(Methodology) NarratIve.(Results and Conclusions)The authors have attempted to provide both the background knowledge and how-tD-<lo-it methodology for analyzing and solving tish passage problems in streams WIth particular emphasis on roads and culverts.The foJlowtng are major topics presented:types of barriers,principles of fish 'passage;general requirements for upstream fish passage~recognizing fish barrier problems: CUlvert Investigation procedures.The handbOok contains substantial amounts of hard engineering data which can be ~ed in deSigning fish passage lacilrties either 01 a temporary or permanent nature. 1113 Pipelines in fOrested wetlandS. AUTHOR:BOELTER DH;CLOSE GE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest service SOURCE TITLE:Journal at Forestry. SOURCE 10:Pages 561-563,1974 (September). YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A1e REGION:Applicable to entire United Stat..s STATE:Urnted Stales KEYWORDS:habitat cnange;water table:wetland ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss how small but prolonged rises in water tables due to pipeline construction can :saturate the root1ng zone,and reduce tree growth or even kill trees.(Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type at Research)Original research (tield stUdy).(Methodoiogy)A corduroy read was built parallel to a pipeline.about 1.5 feet higher than the normal swamp surface.iI effectively blocked water movement because the normally porous surface material was compacted and corduroyed.Water tables were observed on both Sides of the road on 10 dates between April and November,1972.(Results and Conclusions) There was a consiStently higher water table (0.68 to 0.86 ft)on the upslope side of the road during the entire period.TImber had been killed,primarily black spruce,tamarack.and northern wlritlK:e<lar,tor a 20 distance 0.5 mile baCK from the ploeitne.The extent of flooding damage upslope deoen:is on the slope of the wetland surface and the amount of waler tabje rise.Cross ditches to prOVide drainage beneath pIpelines should be constructed at least every 150 feel.and Should be at least 18 inches deep.It may be necessary to clean vegetative growth trom these ditcr.es Denodrcally. 1114 How Do You Quanllty Power-line lmpac:l? AUTHOR:VOYTKO JD AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Westinghouse Electric Corp,Env Systems Dept. SOURCE TITLE:Electrical World SOURCE 10;McGraw-HiM,1972.Reprint 120,3 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:A1e;Ma REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:agriculture;ecoiogy;Impact;land use;wifdlite ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Toaescrrbe some factors that can be used to quantIfy power line impact when preDaring environmentar !mpact statements.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The author slates that it is obvious that tile shortest route that bypasses all at the major overrrding constraints will have the lowest quantitative impact.Identifying these constraints and assigning approp"ate values is,probably the moot important step in environmental analysis (e.g ..ecolog~,engineering, cultural,agronomy,aesthetiC.socioeconomics,and land use). 1115 Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition lrom steep terrain. AUTHOR:KIOD WJ;MEGAHAN WF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:7~3):136-141.1972. YEAR PUBWSHEO:1972 CATEGORY:Ale;A1h;B2a;B2b;C4 SPONSOR:US Forest service. REGION:Rocky Mountain Forest STATE:Idana KEYWORDS:cleanng;erosIon;torest:impact:logging;right-at-way; sediment soil;stability;yield ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose at this study was to compare the effects at Jammer and skyline logging systems with respect to on-site erosion and subsequent sediment movement into ephemeral stream channels.(Time and DuratiOn)StUdy inrtiated NOvember 1960 and last series at measurements made September 1967;7 years.(Type of Research)Original field research.(Methodology)Sediment dams and erosion plots were installed in connection with the establishment of two types 01 logging systems (skyline and Jammer)in a small high elevation watershed on the highly erOSive Salls of the Idaho batholith.After logging,erosion tram the plots and sediment deposition behind the dams were used to compare the impact at the two logging systems.(Results and ConclUSions)Flve years of erosion ptot data showed there was no difference in the erosion reSUlting tram the two skidding systems studied. Sediment dam data obtaIned concurrently showed that the logging operations alone (exclusive 01 the roads needed tor the jammer system) increased sediment prOduction by a tactor at 0.8 over the natural rate of sediment depooition.Roads associated with the jammer system increased sediment production an average at about 750 limes over the natural rate for the six years following conslrucnon. 1116 Industrtal _Ie guide on logging practices AUTHOR;US FEDERAL WATER POLLU710N CONTROL ADMIN SOURCE 10:1970,40 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:Ale;A1h:A4b REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE:Calitornia;Idaho; Montana;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:bUtter strips;burning;clearcutting;construction;leaching; logging;rcao;sedimentation;temperature;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To set forth guidelines to lT1Inimize impacts of logging.forest roads.and slash disposal on water quality.(type at Research)Wterature review.(Methodology)Review literature and general principals developed by land managers.(Results and Conclusions) Degradation ot water quality by sedimentation.thermal ettec1s.and organic:mailer leachates as a resull of logging and road construction may be minimIzed by caretul torest practICes.Guidelines tor road location;design.and malOlainance may reduce road impacts.Suggested guidelines for tree culling,yarding metl1ods,and unit lay-out will reduc:e impacts of timber harvest. - ..... .- ..... - A19 •Clearing specifications 1117 R/W clearance can be economical and environmentally sound. AUTHOR:DOLTON RL SOURCE TITLE:Electric Light and Power. SOURCE 10:52(1 ):42 43.1974 YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A1g SPONSOR:Potomac Edison CO. REGION:AppalaChian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:clearing;costs;environment;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review costs and environmental assessments of selective clearcutting ot rights of way and of low cover setectlve clearance with chemicals.Review of literature.A rev1ew of the use of clearcutting wIth screening on low cover vegetation selection by nerbicides.Author believes only ~ow cover selection by herbicides is practical and aesthetically acceptable.Basic clearing and manlenance cost data are provided. 1118 Pre-logging a right-of-way cuts clearing costs. AUTHOR:ANON .AUTHOR AFFILIATION:BC Hydro and Power Authority. SOURCE TITLE:Eiectircal World TID Edition SOURCE 10:page 48,1973 (April 1) YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:A1g REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Or.,gon;Washington KEYWORDS:clearing;right-of-way;slash ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describ<!plans for pre-,logging rights-of way. (Type of Research)Descriptive paper.(Results and Ccnclusions)Pre-, logging will clear a ROW of trees and facilitate bulld,ng access roads. Retums may a""rag.,about 510,000 per mile from timber sold. A1h -Access roads 1119 Reducing erosional Impacts of roads. AUTHOR:MEGAHAN WF ~"THOR AFFILIATION:US For.,st Service,Intermountain Forest and Range t:1'penment Station. S)URCE TITLE:GUidelines for watershed management;FAO Conservation ":"''''oe :-:JURCE 10:ROm<!,Itaiy.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United ...."ons.1977.237-261 p. •<AR PUBLISHED:1977 c::.rEGORY:A1h;A1j;C4 "EGlON Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States •.E'J'WORDS:construction;erosion;erOSlon control;for€St;impact;mulch; '_gelatIOn;right-of-way;roadS . "ilSTRACT:(Purpose)To present inlormation on erosion processes,basic DtIl'lCIpt:es.and guideUnes for reducing erosional impacts of roads.(Time and Duranon)Literature referenc€S from 1948 to 1974.(Typ<!of Research)Guidelines from pUblished literature.(Methodology)Guidelines lor reduCIng erOSIonal impacts of roads are dev.,loped based upon concepts and techniques that have been applied in the ternp<!rate c.....tes of the United States,mostly in mountainous terrain.InclUdes q.,odel.n<!S on land use planning,route location,road design,road .....nag•.slope stabilization with v<lgetation and mUlches,construction, ~lenance.and road closure.(Results and Conclusions)Surtace ..OSIOn IS a function of magnitude of forces available,.inherent erosion PIAU'<l at the site,and amount of protective material.such as v<lgetation .ar.d bner.on the soH surface.The four principles to reduce road erosion If1!'\C)IKts are:minimize amount of disturbance in construction.avoid high "'...,.,d areas,use contr-ol practrces on disturbed areas.and minimize off· .....,pacts by reducing sediment delivery to streams.In planning, ___te environmental and economic trade-.offs.and select and review _1rYll rout€S using soil surveys,etc.InClude control practices such ......tation and future maintenance needs in road design.Road ar_ge IS highly important;use fords,culverts or bridges to cross __dralnageways and roadside ditches to remove water before it -"-Ites.Stabilize disturbed stop<!s immediately with v<lgetation and ~Deep-rooted vegetation,such as trees and shrubs,heips in _...08Ion control and is an important deterrent to mass erosion. ~road maintenan~is an absolute ""cessity. A1h -Access roads 1122 1120 Environmental guidelines for development roads in the subarctic. AUTHOR:HELMERS AE;LOTSPEiCH FB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Env Protection Agency.;US Forest Service SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR,US EnVIronmental Protection Agency,1974. EPA 660374009.63 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A1h;A4b:B2b SPONSOR:Environmental Protection Agency.Forest;Service. REGION:YuKon Forest STATE:AlasKa KEYWORDS:access road:cleanng;disturbance;environment;erosion; p<!rmafrost ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of ttlis repon 's to provide a set of gUidelines for the development of access roads in the subarctic.It IS intended for groups with limited or no engineering staffs.The guidelines are intended to result in roads with reduced erosion.better stabmty and greater aestnetic quallty.(Time and Duration)Not specified.(TyO<!of Research)Observational With synthesis to establish conclusions and guidelines.(Methodology)Authors draw on personal expertence and obServation rather than on data collection technIques.From this base of knowledge they determIne what kindS of problems occur on access roads and what tyjles of pianning,construction and maintenance technrques can be used to minimIze impacts.(R€Sults and Conclusions)Road pianning should taKe advantage of planning tools like a.,rial photos,engineering data and long range management objectives.Permafrost shOUld b<! avOided or crossed high on the siop<!,cieared trees snould b<!cut close to the ground and felled into the ROW.Organic mats should not b<! disturb€d,particularly on muskeg and p<!rmafrost.Proper drainage is of primary importance.Road and drainage system maintenance will reduce erosion.Techniques for road retirement are given. 1121 Presentation to the Solandl Commission on the procedures to be followed for the construction of the Lennox G.S.to Oshawa 500 kV transmission line. AUTHOR:ONTARIO HYDRO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Ontario Hydro. SOURCE 10:Toronto,Ontario,Ontario Hydro,1974.12 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A1n;A2a;A4 REGION:Appllcable to entire United States KEYWORDS:construction;enVironment;impact;protection;restoration;right- of-way:transmission lin., ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present procedures for planning and construction of a ttansmission line by Ontario Hydro.(Type of Research)Review of policies and procedures based on company experrence and knowledge. (Methodology)Discusses fieid procedures for line consttuclion after roule selectIon.location of towers,and settlement of prop<!rty agreem<>nts. Procedures include a plan to Identify access road needs,construction methods suitable for terrain and soil tyo<!s.storage areas.equipment needs,etc.Attention is focused on access to the flght-of-way and tower locations with emphasLs on water crOSSIngs.existence of public roads, and gates for private fences.Construction stages inclUde installahon of tower foundations.tower delivery and erection,installation of line conductors,and right-ot-way clean-up.Criteria are presented to preserve and enhance the natural envIronment.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Ontario Hydro recognizes that use of heavy equipment and transpon of heavy materials in transmiSSion line construction does damage the terrain. Procedur€S were developed to minimize damage and carry out restoration measures.These include selection of proper equipment,planning seasonal activities,avoiding destruction of trees,minimal grading to avoid erOSIon, and control of noise and air pollution.Access roads are routed, ccnslJUcted,and maintained to minimize rUlbng,soil mixing,and erosion. V<lgetation cl€aring.and grading at tower sites is minImized and lopsoii segregated for future restoration use.Diversions are used for runoff water to prevent initiation of erosion.All disturbed land is restored upon completion of Construction in a given area. 1122 Soil erosion control sbuctures on skid traUs• AUTHOR:KIDD WJ JR AUTHOR AFFIUATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Ogden,UT,US Forest Servic.,Research Paper INT-1,1963,8 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:A1h;B20;C4 SPONSOR:US Forest S€rvice. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Idaho KEYWORDS;erosion;erosion control;road:soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)TIle objectIVes of the study were to;(1)determin., the optimum spacing distances b.,tween man made structures for preventing excessive rilling;and (2)d€tenmin.,which of sev.,ral structures provide the most effective dispersal of sediment laden water that originates on skid ttails (small roads).(Time and Duration)1953-1957.4 years.(TyO<!of Research)Original field research.(Methodology)70 skid 21 A1h -Access roads 1122 trailS on the Idaho oathojjth and 16 on Columbia R,ver basalt derived soils were stuoled in four areas.Slash dams or diagonal log water bars were constructeo.On 14 skid trails logging slash was lopped and scattered.Hand or machine dug djtches were'instaiJed on five others. Spacmg between structures varied.AU trails were seeded wIth several species of clover and grass.Quantitative data on volume of soil eroded was obtamed in 1955.A qualitative ranking was used in 1957 to compare lreatment effects.(Results and Conclusions)Erosion measurements on 569 Intervals at 105 skid trails re....ealed the following: 1.Erosion is greater and the rate of healing slower on soils derived from granite tnan on soil derived from basalt.2.More soil is eroded from skid trellis located In ravine bottoms than from trails on sldehiHs.3.Control structures that dIvert the water off the skId trail onto undisturbed forest floor are supertor to those that only retard water movement and filter Sediment out along the skid trail.4.Any increase In spacing between structures increases soil loss. 1123 Road and slope characteristics affecting sediment movement from logging roads. AUTHOR:HAUPT HF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal or Forestry. SOURCE 10:57:329-332,1959. YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:A1h REGlON:Sagebrush.Wheatgrass STATE:Idaho;Oregon KEYWORDS:drainage:road;sediment;slope ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report On a study to determine the length of slope required to dissipate this drainage from loggmg roads situated on steeply sloping granitic soils in southwestern Idaho.(Time and Duration) Two·year stUdy.(Type of Researcn)Onglnal research (field study). (Methodology)The amount of erosion and sediment occurring below logging roads on steeply sloping granitic soils in ponderosa pIne lanr;ls of southwestern Idaho was studied.Seven road and slope characterjstics amenable to quantitative evafuatron were investigated to determine their relationship to the distance that sediment moved downslope from a road embankment.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Four charactenslics--ltle slope obstruction index.cross ditch interval squared.embankment slope length, and the product of the cross ditch interval and road gradient-were found to influence sediment flow distance significantly.These characteristIcs were incorporated into an equation that is of value in determil1ing the safe width of buffer strips necessary to protect ~ower roads or stream channels from sediment damage emanatIng from road construction activities. A2 •Structure Design and Location 1124 EnYironmentai guidelines. AUTHOR:WESTERN SYSTEMS COORDtNATING COUNCIL SOURCE 10:Western Systems Coordinating Council,1971,96 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A2.;A3:A4:A5 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearing;environment;enVIronmental assessment;mUltiple use; planning;right-of-way;route selection methodology;structure design; struc.ture spotting ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To establish guidelines for electric utility companies for enhancing and maintaining a high quality environment.while continuing to provide reliable electric servtce in the areas served by the Western Systems Coordinating Council.(Time and Duration)One year. (Type of Research)Literature review plus discuSSions between environmental consultants and electric utility personnel.(Methodology)The Enyironmental Committee that prepared this report inc~uded 12 utmty members anr;l eight adVIsory members who have lantl-use expertise and broad experience in the environmental quality management field. Committee discussions with utility members gave them the opportunity to learn firsthand from advisory members the environmental impact reSlllting from the instatlation and operation oi major electric facilities as seen by the public and the advisory members of the committee.(Results and Conclusions)This report covers such pertinent subjects as policies and objecttves;generating plants,therma~,hydr~ectric and pumped storage; major transmission lines,maior SUbstations,regu'atory jurisdiction and communications.Specific and practical guidelines related to each of these SUbjects are presented and illustrated pictorially. 22 A2b -Conductor configurations 1125 Power lines and birds of prey. AUTHOR:NELSON M SOURCE TITLE:Aware Magazine. SOURCE 10:52:9-12.1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A2b:82e:83a SPONSOR:10 Power Co. REGION,Columbia Forest (Dry Summer)STATE:IdahO KEYWORDS:bird kills;conductor eJeara,nce;contruction;eagle; management;raptor,transmIssion Irne:";Idlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To suggest possible solutions 10 reduce raptor mortaLity due to eJecutroction from power lines and increase raptor habitat by providing perching and nesting sites on power struClures. (Type of Research)Original,and statement of Idaho Power's re9arding raptors.(Methodology)USing mock poles and lines,live eagles'landing and perChing methods were observed using slow motion photography. Different po,le deSigns with varying placements of conductors and ground WIres were tried to find a design tllat would minimize electrocutions. Specifications for conductor clearances are given to help reduce raptor electrocutions.Young eagles using cOrQuctors when learning to fly.and birds using poles readily adopted specially built perches at the top of poles.Suggestions are given for protecting rap tors on utility lines. 112& Environmental considerations in design of transmission lines. AUTHOR:BRENMAN H:COVINGTON DA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept of the Intenor. SOURCE TiTlE:Journal of the Power DiviSion,Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers. SOURCE 10:Pages 369-381.1970 (June). YEAR PU8LISHED:1970 CATEGORY:A2b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:aesthetics:deSign:enytronment:structure design;structure spotting ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discus$various environmental considerations atfecting transmiSSion l\ne design and tower spotting and tower site selection.(Type of Research)Based on observations and expenence.not the result of original research.(Methodology)The author outlines the major impact on existing envIronment from ROW cjearing.His criteria Include:clearing and construction should preserve natural beauty to the ",ax,mum extent;trees should be selectively cleared.topped.trrmmed'or pruned.but only to the extent necessary to maintain the requtred electrical clearances;all trees.brush and stumps within a radiUS of 25 feet of any transmission tower should be cut close to the ground;access roads should be located to preserve natural beauty and minimize erOSion. (Results and ConclUSiOns)The prime objective of transmission I,nes must be to establish and maintain reliable electric service.However,we have reaChed the time when we must also concern ourselves with the environment.Many past clearing projeets and lower structure deSigns have not considered environmental q-uality of aesthetics. A3b -Aerial stringing 1127 Suggested practices for raptor protectIon on powerllnes. AUTHOR;MILLER 0 SOURCE 10:Ragtor Research Foundation for Edison Electric Institule, 1975.19 P. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A3b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Colorado;Idaho; Nevada;Ulah;Wyoming KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds;conductor;eagle;ecology;endangered; impact;predator;raptor;right-of-way;species;structure design; transmission fine ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize sugge$ted pracUces for protection of raptors on power lines.(Time and Duration)1972 to 1975.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Literature review.(Results and Conclusions)Electrocution of raptors,primarily golden eagles.IS a problem in western US during the winter.Powerllnes in flat.broad valleys where natural perch sites are absent are the most likely sites tor LISe. Most of the eagles electrocuted were young and inexperienced bindS just learning to fly.A series of llroolem designs along with suggested . modifications are presented since the solution to the problem lies more willi engineenng expertise than witn a biolgical approach. - .... , - - - ,~ .... - 1128 Wires,poles,and birds. AUTHOR:BENTONAH;DICKINSON LE SOURCE TITLE:Birds in our lives. SOURCE 10:US Dept Intenor and US Fish and Wildlife Service,1966,390- 395 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:A3b "lEGION:Applicable to entlr"United States STATE:UnlteCl States KEYWORDS:birdS;control;corridor;habitat manipulation;Impact;mortality; plants;right-ot-way;transmission A.BSTRACT:(Purpose)To review some of the interactions between birds. rights-ot-way and transmission lines.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)To report a series of case studies and solutions to management problems.(Results and Conclusions)Transmission line problems are reviewed in reference to electrocution of gulls,eagles and ospreys.Many of these problems have been resolved by altering designs. Other tOPiCS Included in the discussion are wOCdpecl<er damage to utility poles and use 01 selective herbicides for right-ot-way maintenance. A4 -ROW Restoration Methods 1129 The wild gardener In the wild landscape. AUTHOR:KENFIELD WG SOURCE 10:New Yorl<,NY,Hainer Publishing Co,1970,232 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:A4; A5;C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:grasses;plants;shrubs;trees;vegetation;weeds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide assistance In maintaining or creating landscaping with natural vegetation.(Results and Conclusions)Methods and treatments are discussed for encouraging various spectes of natu.ral vegetation,either as a hobby or for functional,ine,pensive vegetation management.Mechanical as well as chemical methods are discussed.The second half of the book gives a short analysis 01 the various plant tamilles (in the northeastern US)inCluding information on ease of establishment.growth behavior,aesthetics,and animal utilization. 1130 Rights-Of-way for wl/diite. AUTHOR:HILL CE SOURCE TITLE:Wildlife in North Carolina. SOURCE 10:Pages 8-10.1963 (February). YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:A4;B3 REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:food plots;planting;right-of-way:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide a general diSCUSSion on how utility rights- Of-way may be converted to suitable wildlife habitat through planting and seedmg.(Type of Research)General discussion.(flesujts and ConClusions)With thousands of acres in ROWs available for wildlile in North Carolina,site preparation lollowed oy planting and seeding is recommended.Site clearmg with a bulldozer removes woody vegetation and leaves a ready seedbed for wildlife tood and cover plants.A suggested planting for quaii would be approximately five-400 foat rows of snrub lespedeza On either side of the ROW.Fescue or sencea may be planted between the rows.This pallern is recommended every two miles along the ROW.Other areas 01 the ROW may be planted with clover, fescue,or graSS-Clover combinations to benefit rabbits.deer,turkey and grouse.Cooperative planning among utilities.wildlife agencies,the 50S, and the interested public is urged. A4b -Soli sfablllzation 1131 Hardwood bark mulch lor revegetation and erosion control on dr..Ucally disturbed sites. AUTHOR:EMANUEL OM;SARLES RL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. SOURCE 10:Pages 209-214,1977 (September-October). VEARPUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:A4b:A4C;C $lEGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:West Virginia KEYWORDS:erosion:erosion control;mulch;revegetation;roadside; ~bcn A8STAACT:(Purpose)To investigate the use 01 hardwood bark mulch for 'W"I'eQelatlon and erosion contrOl on distUrbed sites typical of the _aln region of southern VoN.(Time and Duration)1969 to 1972;4 .,..s.(Type of ResearCh)Original field r"""",ch.(Methodology)Bark A4b •Soil sfabilization 1133 mulch appilcation rates,performance compared with other mulches,anCl performance 01 eXJstmg equipment when used tor applYing bark mule" were 'Studled at fire sites:two roadSides,two coal surface mines,anCl one watershed dam.Saes varied in e.evatlon,slope gradients.anCl soil properties,E.perirnental deSign was randomized:complete biocks With .10 a.nd .OS-acre plots replicated two to six times.Commercial specificatJons were used tor site gradmg,liming.tertdizlng,and seeding.Bark.straw, and WOOd-fiber mulches were apphed by machine and hand.Vegetat:ve cover,estimated as a percentage'of plot area and plant denSity.ana expreSSed as an Index,was aetennined by countIng plants along I,ne transects.Species composition,plant vigor,and erosion were observed. (Results and ConclusIOns)Hardwood bark residue was an effechve Mulch tor establishmg vegetative cover anlj controillng erosion on orastically disturbed SItes.Bark was eqUivalent to or oelter than straw at wood·fiber and all were superior to no mutch when evaluated by vegetative cover, plant density and plant height.Hardwood bark was not toxic and did nat retard germination or growth of seeded grasses and legumes.It is recommended that bark mul.ch be applied aJ 30 cubiC yards per acre on north-and east-facing slopes that are 2:1 or less.and 50 cubic yards on south and west slopes or slopes greater than 2:1.Machine applicatIon of bark mulch requires a product that is uniform in size and free of trash and dust;shredded and screened bark is recommended. 1132 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clean:uttlng and logging road construction,centraf western Cascade Range,Oregon. AUTHOR:FREDRIKSEN RL;SWANSON FJ:SWANSTON ON AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Stationn SOURCE TITLE:Scil Science Society of America,Abstracts,1976 Annual Meeting. SOURCE 10:184 PAGES YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A4b:B2b REGION:Silver Fir-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS,:avalianChe;burning;c~earcutting:construction;debris;erosion, soil;logging;road;sedimentation;slumping;watershed ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Determine effects 01 timber harvest and forest road construction on soil erosion from small watersheds (Time and Duration) 1957-1976.(Type of Research)Original research.(Metnodology)Three expenmental watersheds of 150 to 300 acres were established in virgin old-growth forest.Bedload and suspended sediment yield were monitored before and after compete cutting of one watershea and road construction and 25%clearcutling 01 a second watershed.The third watershed was left undisturbed as a control.(Resuits and Conclusions) Road construction and clearcutting mari<.edly increased sediment yteld from disturbed watersheds.Mean annual sediment yield was 5000kg/ha from the roaded and 25%clearcut watersned,682kglha from the c1earcut watershed without roads,and 126kg/ha from the control.Debns avalanching a=unted lor much of the increase.Sediment yield from disturbed watersheds remained higher than the control 15 years after disturbance. 1133 Guidelines for characterizing naturally unsfable or potel\t1ally unstable slopes on western national lorests. AUTHOR:SWANSTON ON AUTHOR AFFIUATION:US Forest ServiCe,Pacilic Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Stationn SOURCE nTLE:Proceedings:New ReqUIrements in Forest Road Construction. SOURCE 10:122-136,1974. YEAR PUBUSHED:1974 CATEGORY:A4b;a~b SPONSOR:Professional Foresters.:Univ cI British Association of Bntish; Cctumbia Columbia REGION:Applical:c to entire United States STATE;California;Idaho: Montana;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:clearcutllng:construction:erosion,soil;ge<>morpholcgy; logging;mass wasting;road;slope;stability ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Describe characteristics of sloping terrain indicative of ongOIng and potential instability with respect to surface erosion and mass erosion processes.(Time and Duration)Not applicable.(Type of Researcn)Review of general principals.(Methodology)Summarizes experiences of author and others in the form of a set of guidelines for erosion hazard identification.(Results and Conclusions)The stability of slopes in terms of surface erosion and SOil mass movement potentials may be judgetj by assessment of \andform features,soil characteristics. bedrock lithology and structure,vegetation,soil hydrOlogy,and climate, Most cI these factors are easily assessed by aerial photo and field observations. 23 A4b •Soil stabilization 1133 1134 Stability of steep land AUTHOR:DYRNESS CT;SWANSTON DN AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:71(5):19n YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:A4b:B2c REGION:Apollcaole to enlire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:avalanaches;burning;clearcutting;construction;oebris; erOSion,accelerated;logging;mass wasting;reaci;Slope;slumping; stability ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Review effects of disturbance,primarily oy forestry activities,on the stability of steeo land (Time and Duration)Not applicable.(Type 01 Research)Literature review.(MethodOlogy)Review of the authors'published works and collective experience.a geologist and a soil scientist.{ReSUlts and Conclusions}AA unoerslanding of erosion processes IS essential to effective identification.prediction~and control of erosion problems on forest land.Key factors affecting slope stability are bedrock geology,soil properties.slope angle.root strength,and hydrologiC eftects of vegetation.Slape stability problem areas can be identified,mapped.and treated appropriately (avOiding extremely tragile sites or emplOying engineering control.measures). '1135 Terrafn evaluation with respect to pipeline conslnlction, MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,Cl!ntral part. AUTHOR:HANLEY PT;HUGHES OL;PILION J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Canadian Dept of Energy.Mines and Resources. SOURCE 10:EnVironmental-Social Committee.Northern Pipelines.1973, Report 7337,74 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:Mb;C1;D REPORT NUMBER:7337 SPONSOR:Government Of Canada. REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:engineering;geology;geomorphology;glacial deposits; inventory;mapPlng;pipeline;soil;slability ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To inventory surlicial depOSits.associated land-forms. and engineering properties of surljcial materials in a corridor along tne MacKenzie River lOr pipeline routing.(Time and Duration)1969 to 1972; 3 years.(Type at Research)Field inventory.classification and mapping. (MethOdOlogy)Inventory was conducted by airphoto interpretations supplemented With helicopler-supported field checking.core drilling to determine aotive-Iayer thickness and near-surface iCe content.and reference to pUblished bedrOCk and geology maps.Maps were prepared at a scale 01 1:125,000 with surficial malerials delineated by classitication system of map-units based on genesis,texture and landform.PhYSICai and engmeering properties were determIned tor materials compnsing various map UOits.(Results and Conclusions)The survey area was comprised of glacial till,allUVial Ilood plains,gtacialfluvia!deltas.kames and eskers,and organu:depoSits.COntinuous permafrost occurred in the northern Iringe.Sand and gravel deposits were the most stable surficial matenals.while ice-rich sediments were highly unstable.Permafrost had high beanng strength while frozen:lenlands and wet peatlands had very lOW bearing strength.Texture and ground ice were properties of special engIneering importance.Overall,liII plains offer the best potential tor pIpeline routing and glacialtiuvial plains the poorest. 1136 Accelerated mass wasting aflet"logging and slash burning In westem Oregon. AUTHOR:OYRNESS CT;MERSEREAU RC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service,Pac~ic Northwest Forest and Range Expenment Stat,onn SOURCE TITLE:Journal 01 Soil and Water Conservation. SOURCE 10:27(3):112-114,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:A4b;A4c:62b . REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Calilornia;Idaho;Oregon:Washington KEYWORDS:burning;c1earcutling;erOSIOn.accelerated;erosion,soil;mass wasting:sediment;ylerd ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Quantify surface erosion lor one year lollowing clearcut logging and slash Cunning in western Oregon.(Time and Duralion)July.1967 through September,1968.(Type 01 Research) Original research.(Methodology)Erosion cOilection boxes were placed on bare ancl vegetated,north ;md south aspec~60 and BO percent SlOpes. Boxes were cleaned and the contents weighed at one to three month interval.over a 14 month period.(Results and Conclu.ions)Erosion rates were highest on the steeper.unvegetated.scum aspect siopes.Most movement occurred a'dry gravel.By the se<:ond growing season lollowing burning revegetation had mar'<edly reduced erosion. 24 1137 JUdging impac1 and damage at limber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America. AUTHOR:SWANSTON ON AlJTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service,Pac,fic Northwest Forest and Range Experiment sta1ionn SOURCE TITLE:Weslern Reforestal'on Cordlnatmg Committee.West.rn Forestry and Conservation AssoclatlOnn SOURCE 10:US Forest Service,1971,7 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1971 CATEGORY:A4b:62b REGION:Applicable to entire Umted States STATE:United Stales KEYWORDS:avaianche:cJearcultlng;constructIOn;debns;erosion, acceleraled:erosion,soil;logging;mass wasting;road;slope;slumpmg; staoility ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Review general nature at soil erosion In mountamous terrain and the impac1 01 timber harvest on soil erOSion.(Type of Research)Review of both published and unpublished worl<.(Meti1odology) Review of published and unpublished work.(Results and ConclUSions) Shallow arid deep-seated soil mass movements are ttle dominant erosion processes In steep mountainous terra,n,Timber cutting,road building and Slash burning Increase mass movement erosion.Impact reduction may be accomplished by identifying problem areas and either avoiding them or taking speCial precautions to minimize impact. 1138 Runoff and erosion control by seeded and nallve vegetation on a 10rest bum:Black Hills,South Dakota. AUTHOR:ORR HK AlJTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Fort Collins,CO.US Forest Service,1970.Research P"I'er RM-50,12 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:A4b;A4c;C4 REPORT NUMBER:RM REGION:Wheatgrass-Needlegrass STATE:South Dal<ota KEYWORDS:cover;erosion:erosion control;torest burns:grasses; revegetation;stabilization ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate renabi4tation measures tor soil stabilization and erosion control on a forest burn in the Black Hills of South Dakota.(Time and Duration)1960 to 1964 •four years.(Type 01 Research)Original field research.(Methodology)Two study areas 'Nere selected on a 4500 acre burned area rehabilitated by seeding a grass· le9JJne mixture.Eight series of 2·square-foot plots,at intervals at 50 to 100 leet along cross-country transects.were used lor vegetalion anaiysis. Vegetation on runoff and transect plots was surveyed and photographed during the period of maximum plant development each year.Percentage 01 live vegetation,litter.exposed roel<,and bare soil on all plots were estimated visually.Numerical r;mklng at the three most dominant species on each plot was used to define gr<lund-cover denSIty and composition trends.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Rapid eslablishmenl at seeded species, especially timothy,smooth brame,and Kentucl<y bluegrass,In assoclaton with reestablishment of native plants provided soil stabilization and reduced runoff and erosion to acceptable levels within one to four growing seasons.Segded grasses were considered especially imponant because of their dispersion and abundance.and persistent litter production.Natve vegetation alone didnol provide adequate :over aenslty within 4 years.It was postulated tnat total ground cover.live vegetation and litter,must equal or exceed about 60 percent density lor minimum tolerable runof!control and soil stability. 1139 EngineerIng techniques and principles applied to soil erosion control. AUTHOR:HEEOE BH AUTHOR AFFIUATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Fort Collins,CO,US Forest Service.1968.Research Note RM102.7 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:Mb;C4 REPORT NUMBER:RM REGION:Rocky Mountain Forest STATE:Colorado KEYWORDS:check darrs;erosion:erosion control:gully;soil:walerway ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present some of the engineering oril'lCiples and techniques that are applicable to treatment 01 guilies and unstable hillsides.(Time and Duration)1930's to 1966.(Type 01 Research)Based on original field studies by the author and other SCientists.(Methodolog~) The aulinor discusses principles and design of erosion control deviCes and evaluates effectiveness 01 Forest Service installations in the Rocky Mountai""over a 30 year period.Engineering approaches to erosion conlrol were Ciassilied as measures that Check the erosive lorces at water.such as checl<dams and grassed w.alerways,and erosive torces to stabilize a watershed such as Italian hydraulic reclamation,The intent 01 both approaches i.to establish a vegetation cover.Check dams were -------=-----------------------------'"""'il;: A4c -Revegetation technique 1144 ..... - r of two types:corcus dams built of logs or loose rocks and solia dams ol,.'llt of concrete or masonry.In ItalIan hydraulic reClamation,eroSive forces 01 water are utilized and jntenstfied to reshape the land to a more erosIon-resIstant topography.(Results and ConclusIons)CheCK dams transform the original turbulent gully flow to more tranquil flOW by slcwlng tne water veloCllIes at the upstream face at the structure,and by Qjssipat~ng the water energies on the structural aprons.Treatments by waterways change the topography Immediately and strive to establish a vegetation CoYer when land·reshaping is hnished.For gully control on the same watershed.the construchon cost was $1.25 per linear foot of gUlly for grassed walerways and $1.37 for rock check dams:however. maintenance costs were rugher for watel"Viays and the erosion riSk was still present.The author concludes that available engineering tecnnlques and principles are I.mited In applicability to soil erosion control and that judgement must still assume a considerable role in structure design. 1140 Grass-legume mixtures lor roadside soil stabilization AUTHOR:·DYRNESS CT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service,Pacilic Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Stationn SOURCE 10:Portland,OR.US Forest ServIce Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.1967,PNW71 ,19 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:A4b;A4c;C2 REPORT NUMBER:PNW71 REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:California;Idaho:Oregon:Washington KEYWORDS:access road;bank:erosion control:erOSIon,sheet;erosion, soil;maintenance;revegetatron;sediment;stabilization;vegetation:yield ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate eight legume species for usefulness in grass-legume mixtures employed in $labilizing road banKS,and to compare several grass-legume mixtures grown on roadside slope locations (T'me and Duration)Phase 1 -September,1964 through July. 1966:Phase 2 •November,1965 through November,1966.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Phase 1)Seeds mIxed with commerciai inoculant were sown in four 25 feot rows 30 inches apart in plots on bare mineral soil.Fertilizer was applied.Transplanting was carried out lor each species.Phase 2)Four grass-legume mixtures and a $lraw mulCh were placed in replicated 6x25 foot plots on 1:1 slopes. Percent cover and soil loss or ga;n were measured over one year. (ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)Phase 1)Big trefoil and New Zealand white clover had best su$lained vigor and were used in phase 2.FrO$l heaving and poor soil nutrition resulted in high mortality.Phase 2)All four mIxtures and the mulch significantly reduced soil loss,although legume components failed to develop. 1141 Etlecls 01 parem material and vegetation on properties related to soli erosion in central Washington. AUTHOR:WOOLDRIDGE DO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Soil Science Society Proceedings SOURCE 10:Pages 430-434,1964. YEAR PUBliSHED:1964 CATEGORY:A4b:B2b;C4 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Ponderosa Shrub Forest STATE:Washington KEYWORDS:erosion;impact;soil;stability;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose 01 this study was to determine the Influence of soil parent material,and forest and grass cover,as these ~nfluence soiJ propertIes which in turn determine efosion potential.(Time and Duration)About 1 year,date not spec"ied.(Type of Research) OrigInal field plot and laboratory researoh.(,14ethDdology)At five sampling locations on three different parent materials and with paired plots between different vegetabon types,soil,phySical,and chemical properties were determIned.The relation of soil properties to erosion haZard as judged by the average size of water stable aggregates was determined WIth multiple regression analysis (Results and Conciusions)Several of the """,sured soil physIcal properties were signilicantly related to type of parent material and horizon depth.Effects 01 vegetation cover type were not evident in average responses although some trends are evident (ac<:ordmg to the authors)when dala is grouped by parent materials or by horIZOns.In any case,the differences were not consistent.More than ..~ot the variation in soit erosion hazard is accounted for by multiple oanalion in soil organic matter content.pH,total porosity and bull< <lenslly. 1142 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion. AUTHOR:CHEPIL WS:SIDDOWAY FH;WOODRUFF NP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept of Agriculture.Agricultural Research Service SOURCE nTLE:Soil ScIence Society America Proceedings SOURCE 10:27:86-89,1963. YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:A4b;B2b;C2 SPONSOR:Docks. REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:erosion;erOSIon control;erOSIon;soil;mulch;restor.ation; roadside;soil;stabilization:water;wind ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Determine materials and methodS to stabIlize bare soU against wind and water erosion using non·vegetat!ve materialS.(Time and Duration)1959 and 1961.(Type of Research)O"ginal field research. (Methodology)Replicated randomized design experiments were conducted on 15 by 20 foot plots of Sarpy sandy loam for WInd erosion and on silty clay alluvial subsoiL on h,ghway slopes for water erosion control. Treatments included grave!and crushed rocks.resin·m·water emulsion. cutback asphalt,asphalt-In-water emulsion.water-solubie starCh.latex-in- water emulSion and a wheat straw checl<.Effectiveness was evaluated by portable wind tunnel and amount of rili erosion.(ResUlts and ConclUSIons) Gravel at 20 to 100 T I A adequately controlled wind erosion on sandy loam.Resin emUlsion,asphalt.emUlsion,cutback asphalt and roller packed wheat straw were equally effective,but straw was iess expensIve. Latex emulsion did not control wind or water erOSion and starch was ineffective in wind erosion control.Prairie hay anchored with asphalt was equally effective as other malerials at less cost lor rill erosion control on construction slopes.None of the nonvegelative malerlalS excelled well- anchored hay and straw mulches in cost and effechveness 10r Wind and water erosion controL Me •Revegetation technique 1143 Right-of-Way restoration:mitigating the impact.. AUTHOR:KRAEGER RH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Robert H Kraeger Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management,January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State,MS,MS State Univ,1976,231-240 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1976 CATEGORY:A4c R€GION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:construction;impact:re$loration;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Restoration techniques used in ROW construction are discussed in light of current environmental problems.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)Impact 01 construction can be reduced by Quick stabilization by hydroseeding grasses.even on poor sites.Legumes and shrubs may be included in the sLurry for wUdlife or ornamentaJ 'Values.Where erOSIon is severe,swales,water bars or drainage dilches may be needed:or soil binders may be used where erosion IS slight.Earth torms can be shaped to provide pleasing visual effects.Sterile soil types present special problems in restoration which can be SOlved by special technIques such as hydnosee<:ling an ash bank with a processed garbage mulch along with seed,adheSIves.and fertilizers followed by a lime appiication in about eight weeks, 1144 Vegetative cover lor hlghwey rights-of-way (IInlil report). AUTHOR:ROSENTHAL RN AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WA State Dept of Highways. SOURCE 10:Olympia.WA,WA State Dept of Highways,1976,16 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1976 CATEGORY:A4c;C2 REPORT NUMB€R:FHWAWA7614 CONTRACT NUMBER:HR465 SPONSOR:WA State Dept Of Highways. REGION:Willamette-Puget Forest STATE:Washington KEYWORDS:cover;erosion control;highway;planting:right-ol-way:seeding; soiL moisture;survival ABSTRACT:(PlJrpose)To stUdy the effects of environmentai conditions on plant establishment and survival on highway rights-of-way in eastern and western Washington.(Time and Duration)1970 to 1976:6 years.(Type of Research)Original field research.(MethodOlogy)The stUdy was conducted in three sections.Section I compared spring and fall plantings of vine maple.saJal,shore pine.Douglas fir and Oregon grape at 14 sites usinS bare-root seedlings for all plants except salal,which was planted in oontained clumps.Site data collected were percent slope and exposure;soil pH,texture,temperature.and moisture:and percent ground cover.Section II included stUdies on effects of partiai shade from 25 A4c .Revegetation technique 1144 a native red alder stand on planted species,survival of natIve rhododendron pJanred In mature Douglas fir,ana establ1shment of seeded grasses.Section III was an Inventory of grounc COVel"percentage of erosion control grasses planted thrQughout the state.(Results and Conclusions)Tl":e major factors affecting sUMvai and growth ot planted seedlings were those which inftuenced soil mOIsture.Fall-planted Douglas fir.shore pine.antj vine maple had a htgher survival rate than spring lJiantings.wnile salal survived best In spnng plantings.FaJl...pJanted seedlings survIved best on areas With soil mOIsture of 5 percent or greater In early August.SiJrvival decreased far all speCles when grass cover was 80 percent or more.Douglas fir and salal planted within a red alder stand survIved better than those planted next to it whtle vine maple survival was best outside but adjacent to the red alder.Ground cover of perenntal erosJon-control grasses was highest on flat areas and north exposures and lowest on east and south exposures.Annual grass cover was about equal for all exposures. 1145 Prairie grasses the vista-makers. AUTHOR:WEBSTER AH SOURCE TITLE:Wee"s Trees and Turf. SOURCE 10:18-35,1975 (February). YEAR PUBUSHED:1975 CATEGORY:Mc REPORT NUMBER:1100 SPONSO R:Boener Botanical Gardens.;Wide Skies Press. REGION:Tall-9rass Prairie STATE:Colorado;Kansas;North Dakota; Nebraska;South Dakota KEYWORDS;d;stumance:erosion control;grasses;hems;native;soil;trails ABSTRACT;(Results and Conclusions)Revegetation of disturbed areas through the us of native gasses is recommended by persons who presumably have demonstrated or observed the success of stabiliZing soils using native species In place of exotics.Mowjng is not required and vegetation created has greater beauty.Native plant cover can be achIeved in three years. 1146 Grass-legume mixtures tor erosion control along lorest roads in western Oregon. AUTHOR:DYRNESS CT AUTHOR AFFIliATION:US Forest Service;;Pacific Northwest Forest and Range E.xpenment Stationn SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation SOURCE 10:30(4):169-173,1975 YEAR PUBLiSHED:1975 CATEGORY:A4c;B2b;C2 REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Calilorn,a;Idaho;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS;access road;bank;erosion contral;erOSion.sheet erOSion, soil;maintenance;revegetation:sediment;stabilization;vegetation;Yield ABSTAACf:(Purpose)Evaluate eltechveness 01 various grass-legume ITlIxtures for erosion control along forest roads (Time and Duration)1965 -1973.(Type 01 Research)Original research.(MethOdology)Two sets of 6x20 to 25 foot plots .....re established on 1:1 road bac:l<slopes.Each set ot plots contaIned replicated treatments with a straw mulch aM fi.e types of grasS-legume mixtures,plus untr-eated control pfots.Percent cover of !lve foliage and soU ~oss or gain were measured over eight year pen ad.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Mulch and seeding substantially reduced erosion.Erosion from bare slopes was about 0.2·inches per year.ErOSion was higher on iTeshly constructed bacJ<slopes man on several year old surlaces.Percent cover decbned after three years.but increased in response to refertHization.Legume components of vegetation fai~ed to develop. 1147 Early stages 01 plant succession lollowing fogging and burning In the western Cascades 01 Oregon. AUTHOR:DYRNESS CT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest S""'ice.Pac~ic Northwest Forest and Range Experiment stationn SOURCE TITLE:Ecology SOURCE 10:54(1):57-69.1973 YEAR PUBLISHED;1973 CATEGORY;Mc;ala;alC REGION:Silver Fir-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:burning;clearcuttlng:ecosystem;invaSion;logging;restoration; succession,secondary ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To follow early successional stages of vegetation recovery follOWing clearculting aM Slash burning in western Oregon. (Time and Duration)1962-1968.(Type 01 Research)Original research. (Methodology)61 permanent milacre (0.0004 hal plots were established before 'ogging and 51_burning in D1ll-9rowth forests in westem Oregon. Percent cover and frequency were determined before logging.atter iogglng but before burning,and annually for 5 years following burnIng. Degree of 10gg",g and bur""g.disturbance were noted for eaell plot. 26 (ReSUlts and Concluslons)lotal plar:t cover was 15.2.49,3 anCl 79.5%In the flrst,second,and fifth years after c~tting and Durning.Cover and species comj:;osiNon depended strongly on degree of iogging and burn:ng disturbance.Greater disturoance resulted.In higher proportion of invading to residual SpeCies.Invading species dominated in the second through fourth years after burning.In the fifth year residual herbaceous species Oecame dominant. 1148 selective planting for the encouragement 01 wlldUle. AUTHOR;ZUCK R AUTHOR AFALIATION:Drew UOIV. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 72-77 In Power.nes and the EnVironment SOURCE 10:Millbrook.NY.The Cary Arboretum of the New York Botanical Gardens,1973,170 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:A4c REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:New Jersey KEYWORDS:b,,05,game;mammals,small game;pianMg;shrubS;wildlife ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To describe revegetation expenments with various species of shrubs that have been done on electric and gas ROWs to enhance this habitat for game birds and mammals.(Time and Duration) 5-year study.(1'ype of Research)Original research (field study). (MethOdology)Various shrUbs native to New Jersey and havIng wildlife value were selected.Stnce the cover 01 cOarse perennial herbaceous plants are severe competition to shrubs planted in the dry root stage, plants with vigorouS growing roots and shoots were prOduced from cul1lngs or seed and were not planted until sturoy enough 10 Withstand tjeld competition.These were planted 'n the field WIth tar paper containers.A motorized earth auger of B inches diameter was used to prepare planting holes.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Eldertlerries.blueberries aM a low-growing species of persimmon proved useful In plantings for wildlife.Various low species of viburnutrS and dogwoodS are also being tried.but are surprisingly diffioult to grow from seed.Cuttings,howeller, are eaSy to grow.The kinds of plant material'chosen so far can compete With estabished peremial herbaceous 'Vegetation when planted out as two or three year old specimens,wilh fertilizer sometImes necessary. 1149 Tlte ellect of logging and sh,sh burning on understory vegetation In the H..J.Andrews experimental forest. AUTHOR:DYRNESS CT AUTHOR AFFILIAnON:us Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Stationn SOURCE 10:Portland.OR,US Forest Service.Pacific Northwest Forest aod Range Experiment Station.1965.Research Note PNW·31,13 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:A4c;81a;alc REGION:Cedar-Hemlock-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon:Washington KEYWORDS:burning;clearcutting:cover;revegetation;succession, secondary ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To document the response of understory vegetation 10 clearcutlJng and burning at a Douglas·f"torest (Time and DJralion) Samples taken before loggln9 (1962).after logging (1963),and alter burning (1964).(Type of Research)Ong,nal research.(MerhodOiogy) Sixty-three permanent milacre (6.6 It square)plots were estabhshed on 3 clearcuts prior to disturbance.Crown co...er by species was noted for all shrubs and trees up to 20 It high.Percent cover of herbs and grasses was estimated in nIne 1.1 square tt subpiots.(ReSUlts.and ConclUSions) Site disturbance (severity of burning and compaction,amount of residual vegetation)is as Important as predisturbance species composition in determining plant distnbulion on clearcut areas.LoggIng generally reduces cover of understory species,but many herb species,both restdual and invading.increase cover rapjdJy aner burnjng. 1150 HardWood reoccupaUon 01 bulldozed sites. AUTHOR;GRANO CX AUTHOR AFFfLtATlON:US Forest Service Southern Forest Exp.-imenl Station. SOURCE 10:New Orleans,LA,US Forest Service Southern Fo~est Experiment Station,1960.7·8 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1960 CATEGORY;Mc REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STAiE:Arkansas;Louisiana KEYWORDS:clearing;revegetalion;sproutlng;trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the rate at which hardwood sprouts re,nvade alter hardwOod thickets have been bulldozed from a Site.(Time and DuratIon)6 year study (field).(Type of Research)Original research. (MethOdology)Very dense hardwood thickets were bulldozed ciean,down to ITlIneraj soil.and observed for seven years therealter to fOllOW lhe rate ot Site reoccupalion by these sprouts.Before buSdozing there were N,OOO hardwood stems per acre under 3.5 ,nches in diameter.Some of tnese were more than 15 feet tall.Species present included southern red - .... oak.post oak.mulberry,witch-hazel,red maple.s'Neetgum,blackgum, sassafras.dogwooa.sumac.hickory.perSimmon,e-im.asn,wild plum. (Results and ConclusIons)A sparse growth of small sprouts appeared one year after treatment the taller ones average 1.8 feet.At the end of the secono'year they were 3 feet.In 1956,24%of the area was overtopped ,by harOwQod sprouts,the tallest averaging 4 feet.By the sixth year sprouts had increased in number and Size to such an extent that they overtopped 52%of the area,and some were 15 feet high.Less drastic mechanical treatment than bu'ldozlng ciean resulted in much greater and more rapid haro'NOod reoccupatlon;with 92 percen.t reoccupatlon at the end of the sixt/l yea!. 1151 Occurrence ot ShNbs and herbaceous vegetation alter clear culling old-growlh Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades. AUTHOR:YERKES VP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US FOrest Service. SOURCE 10;Portland,OR,US Forest SeMce,Pacihc Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,Research Paper 34,1960,12 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1960 CATEGORY:Me;81a;C4 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Silver Fir-Douglas-lir Forest STATE:Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:check~st;clearcutting;clearing;community s!n.lcture;flora; habitat;restoration;revegetation;shrubs;species;vegetalion A8STRACT:(Purpose)The purpose or this research was to detennine the frequency of occurrence of shrub and herbaceous vegetation during the first 6 years after clearcut logging and slash burning in the west slopes of the Oregon Cascades.(11me and Duration)6 years.from 1952 to 1957.(Type of Research)Original field plot research.(Methodology) Small circuiar plots (40 on each of 14 Cleancut units)were located mechanically and plant species tallied periOdically after the units had been clearcut loggea and the logg;ng slash burned.Several groupings of data were used to contrast such things as the difference between burned and unburned areas,the effect of eievation,aspect,ete.(Results and ConclUSIOns)104 species or spedes groups were found on the clearcut and burned units following remc~al of the old growth Douglas-fir timber. Of these,101 were on norttl slopes,whereas 65 were on south slopes. SPeCies under ttle forest canopy tended to be more promInent on unburned areas while invader species predominated on burned areas. After five years,however,species freQuency differences were slight between burned and unburned areas,LIttle consistent difference in SDecles frequency was evident between elevation classes (although the elevation range of ttlis study was only 2000 feet). 1152 Wlnctlhrow around staggered seltlngs in oId.growth Douglas-fir. AUTHOR:GRATKOWSKI HJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Forest SCIence SOURCE 10:2:60-74,1956. VEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:A4c:82g;C4 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION Pacl;i<;Forest STATE:Oregon;Washington •EYWOROS,clearcuttlng;forestry:windthrow ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this stUdy was to determine the rel4tlve Importance of some factors which influence windthrow around c'<arcul settings in the Cascade Range.(Time and Duration)2 years, 1950-51.(Type or ResearCh)Original field plot research.(Methodology) EVit clearcut areas on the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest in the OrW99"cascades were surveyed to determine the.factors important in o.I,,"""n,"g w,ndthrow of trees ....ound the edges of cut units.865 'ncIMOual windfalls were studied,most of which blew down during two _.storms.SPeCies,size,direction of fall,rot,soil condition. tOQo:lq/apn.c location,and other factors were tallied.(ResUlts and ConclUSIons)About 90%of the windthrown trees were blown down by l1tang storm winds trom the Southwest The remaining trees were biown CIooo<I ll)I Winds from the East.Windfall was least in sheltered unrts and ...,tJ.;l~st In mkj.and liP-stOpe units.Windfall'was greatest on the lee -.:l9O of me Unll.The author gives numerous specihc lecommel'dations '_Olng the localton and shape of cutting units to minimize Wind throw oan_ns. 1153 SoMe obMtvatfons on wind damage. 1ol.mfOR.CURTIS JD AUniOR AFFILIATION:Univ of ME. $ClUI'la;TITlE:Journal of Forestry ~10 41:.617-832,1~3, TIN!PUllUSHED:1~3 CAftGORY Me:;B29;C4 SI'ONSOA.Un'"of ME, IIIG10N ~ac:h<an Oak FOIest ASa •Ecological objectives 1156 KEYWORDS:clearcuttlng;ciearlng:torestry:[oggtng;wtndtnrow ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of tnls study was to deSCribe tna pnYSlcat characlens1lcs of some conjfer and hardwood stands whtch were affected by severe windstorms and ascertain it guides In silvlcultural practices could be developed to mlntm[ze storm damage.(Time and Duration)ApproXimately 1 year,early 1940's.(Type of Research)Ori9[nal field plot research.(Methodology)Three stands ot white ptne and one of hardwoods were chosen for study HeIght.diameter of stem,lengm 01 green crown,anO width at bottom of crown were measured tor the various species in both standing and blow-down timber.The stuay areas had been affected by the 1938 hurricane which devastated forest areas in New England.(ReSUlts and ConciUSlons)As stem diameter increases tMe strength of the wind reQu~(ed to biow Jt down increases.Crown daameter is more important than stem diameter.Trees with low form pOInts (something like a low center of gtavlty)tor the crown are more windfirm than trees with crowns restricted to the tops of the stems, HardWOOds were substantially more windfi.rm than conifers.Northern white pine is more resistant than Norway spruce.The author makes specific recommendations about cutting patterns. AS •ROW Maintenance/Methods,Impact 1154 Foresters keep the vegelaUon in vegetation management. AUTHOR:OLENIK CJ;ROSSMAN WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Electric Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:9(2):3-6,1977. YEAR PUBUSHED:1977 CATEGORY:A5 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:herbicides;management;spraYing.basal:spraying,select[ve ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To descnbe right of way management policy and programs,(Type of Research)Descriptive paper,(ResUlts and' Conclusions)Selecti....e basal application of herbicides has become the preferred method,and its use haS increased over the past ten years. Stem-foilage and aeriai sprays are also used when the situation calfs for them. 1155 R-o-W aesthetics call lor selective tree control. AUTHOR:\vETSCH AF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:80nneville Power Admin. SOURCE TITLE:Electrical World. SOURCE 10:45-46,1968 (April 1). YEAR PUBUSHED:1968 CATEGORY:A5 SPONSOR:US Dept of Intenor,;BonneVille Power Admin. REGION:COlumbia Forest (Dry Summer)STATE:Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:aesthetics;brush control;nerbicides;maintenance;public reiatlons;right-ot-way:trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review BPA approach to brush control with particular attention to aesthetics.(Time and·Duration)Late 1960·s.(Type of Research)Not research,generalized discussion of procedures.(Results and Conclusions)The author reports BPA encourages multiple use of ROWs where other users agree to maintaIn vegetation below specified heights,ON many other areas,herbicide app~caiion by hand,Roto-mlst, helicopter,and high volume sprayers are required.2.4-0,2.4.5-t. triChloroacetic acid and tordon meet their requtrements.Author addresses problems of drift.brownout,and resprouting.He encourages consideration of landscape appearance when pianning vegetation control prograIns. ASa •Ecological objectives 1156 GUidelines lor maintaining and enhancing wlIdllle habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of oregon and Washington. AUTHOR:BLACK H;MILLER RJ;THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Transactions of me 41st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources COnlerence. SOURCE 10:41:452-476,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A5a:B1a:81e REGION:Grand Fir-Douglas-fir FOIest STATE;Oregon:United States; Washington KEYWORDS:ecology,applied:ecosystem;forest;habitat;habitat change; management; management,land;model;wildli#e 27 - A5a -Ecological objectives 1156 ABSTRACT:(Puroose-)Need tor a working :001 to predict tne consequences of tlmoer maf1a:gement activities on wildlife popujabons.A "thumbnail sketch"of -a system developed for the Blue Mountarns is presented since concepts are adaptable to any forested area.(rretilodology)The relationships are divided into three sections:n The retationships of all resident vetetrates to forest communities and tnelf successional s[ages. Four levels-of H,formabon;gross response of all 16 l\1e forms to habitat, responses ot each species.detailed biological data 01 each,and gUIdance to appropriate literature js presented.2)Demonstrates how a particular spec'es can be empnaslzed (example,snag),(Results and Conclusions)Enough information is available to make predictions abotlt the welfare of most vertebrates in relation to forest management.and it can be ou!In a framework useful to both biologists and toresters.Such a system is useful in:1)preparation of environmental impact statements, 2)land use planning,3)judging consequences of stlvicultural actIvIties.4) as a checkilst.5)as a brief summary of habitat preferences.Can be computerized and uPdated. 1157 Aerial application of herbicides on utility /ighls-ol-way. AUTHOR:ASPLUNDH EK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Asplundh Tree Expert Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedrngs Northeast Weed Science Society SOURCE 10:26:61-62,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:ASa:A5l:> REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Unrted States KEYWORDS;aenal:application methods;brown out:herbicideS;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review some of the problems currently facing agencies who use aerial herbicide application on utility ROWs,(Type 01 Research)this Is a general talk presented to the Northeast Weed Science Society.(Methodology)The author rev'ews several or the problems encountered ,n aeriai application.These include brown out, Odor,public distrust of pesticides in 9eneral and legislation (pressure to ban all aerial spraying).The autt10r discusses methOdS of handling spraying damage complaints and the need for mak,ng fair settlements; and also the proper training of helicopter spray pilots,(ResuUs and Conclusions)The author concludes that if we all work togetner the vegetation managers can solve some of these pnoblems and utilities can continue to benefit from the speed.effectiveness and economy of aerial spraYIng."Inese problems can not be solved,tnen we'd beller go home and sharpen up our axes.There's going to be a 101 of brush to cu!!!l 1158 Experts provide Rx lor lransmission RtW work. AUTHOR:JACOBS KS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Electric Light and Power Magazine. SOURCE TITLE:EI~ctric Light &Power. SOURCE ID:TiD edition.pages 45-51.1971 (March). YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A5a;A5b REGiON:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:cieanng:herbicides;maintenance:righl-of-way ABSTRACT:(Puroese)To emphasize the need for knowledgeable people, welt-trained crews.and reasonable specs in order to get the jobs of ROW clearing and maintenance cone correctly a.nd at reasonable CO&ts. (Type of Research)ReSUlts of interviews WIth a large number of ROW managers concerning their meth-ods of ROW clearing.planning and marntenance,(Methodology)The author interviewed transmission line managers from several electric utilities on the procedures they use to get efficient and effective operations in ROW Clearing and ROW maintenance. Their commel1ts cover the use of her1:licides.mist blowing.maintaining cost records,intervals betWeen treatment,and methods of selec\ing contractors and controlling tneir efficiency,(Results and Conclusions) Some transmiSSIon line managers agree that cos1s can be held down,or even reduced ~certain things are done,Their first recommendatioo is to avoid "gold-plated"specifications,and instead use the selective approach,limiting worl<to the minimum tt1at will proVIde good operating conditions anCl reasonable environmental quality.Exlending clearing and maintenance activities over the entire year will hetp to hOld experienced crew members,Capable ROW managment invoives proper planning, schedules anO supervis~ng. 1159 Right-of-way management program a challenge for ttIe 70's. AUTHOR:FARMER JD JR AUTHOR AFFIUATION:VA Electric and Power Co. SOURCE TITLE:IndliSlrial Vegetation Management, SOURCE 10:2(1):4-7,1970, YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:ASa:ASf REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS,applicalion methodS;brush control;herbicides:management; right-of-way 28 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To reVlew vegetation management practices on ~ectric ROWs during the pas1decade,and stress tne need tor a flexible management program during the seventies which can meet the needs of a variety of conditions and that'will utilize the most modern tecnniQues. (Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)The autMr stresses tne followmg trends:1)City growth will probably ma,ntain its oresent rate.meaning some rural areas will become urban.Elctric load growtl'1 win be concentrated In the urban centers.2)Many power statIons will be built in remote areas.meaning that transmission lines wTll be constructed in areas diffic\Jlt to reaCh.3)Labor costs will continue to increase rapidy drctating line matntenance methods that draw heavily an chemtcals or equipment.4)Interest In conservation wW continue.(ReSults and Conclusions)Due to these factors •.a two program concept has arIsen. Transmission Jines will continue to be buslt in urban areas.Tnese Jines will need to be given a different treatment from rural lines.Chemicals are out in most cases.ano a program of mow:ing and trImming offers the best solution.A high standard of maintenance with freQue,nt mowings and trimmings wrll be needed,Thus.a vegetation management program WIll require tJexibUity.initiative,and foresight.since no single ma-terial, eQuipment,or teChnique can meet all of the vegetatIon management requirements of the future. 1160 Principles 01 planl and animal pest control ,volume 2:weed control.(chapters 11,18,19). AUTHOR:NATIONAL ResEARCH COUNCIL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Nat Research Council,Subcommitle on Weeds. SOURCE 10:Wasninglon DC,Nat Academy 01 Sciences.1968,Publication 1597. YEAR PUBUSHEO:1968 CATEGORY:A5a:A5b;82a;B2b:B2d REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ammonium sultamate;env'ronment:forest:herbicides:impact: persrstence;picloram;right-of-way;weedS;2,4-0;2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To bring together useful 1m/ormation concerning weed contrOl,including preventive,biological,and physical means,as well as herbicidal control;to stlow the piace 01 each in the enVIronment to provide a practical and usable relerenee manual.(Type Of Research)This work brings together the results of applied research covenng a peMd of many years. (MethOdology)The DiscuSSion of tne "Interaction of Herbicides with the EnVIronment"includes StJch topics-as "Herbicides in the Atmosphere,""Herbicides in the Soil,""Herbicldes in Water.""Weed Control on ROWs and Industnal Land"Includes:"Utility ROWs," "INdustrial Areas,"and "Special ROWs Problems.""Weed Conlrol In Forests and Woodlands"includes discussion of "Revegetation,""Site Preparation,""Control During Establishment,""Established Stands," "Secondary Effects of Control Procedures on Multiple Use of WOOdlands."and "ChristmasTree Plantations."(ResUlts and ConClusions) Among the many summary statements,one related to utility ROWs says, "Effects of chemical treatment vary,depending on the site,the .plant SpecIes.and the chemicals employed,Many chemical treatments lead to the establishment 01 low-growing vegetatIon tnat mainta,ns Itself for long perfods of time with a minimum of chemical treatment.Often,one or more woody species on a Site prove particularly res,stant to cnemical treatment,Suppression of other vegetation may favor establishment of a resistant species and even lead to its becoming the dominant vegetation. Red maple and pine are notable for their ability 10 become established under conditions created by various Chemicat treatments."e 1161 RtW Maintenance data optimiZed by computer. AUTHOR:ALLEN P;MANN RA AUT~OR AFFILIATION:TN Valley AUthority, SOURCE TiTlE:Electrical World, SOURCE 10;66,1968 (April 1). YEAR PUBUSHEO:1968 CATEGORY:A5a;ASI REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:corr~uter:maintenance;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purp ....)To show how the computer can bring new efficiency, consistency and savings to a right-of-way maintenance program.(Time and Duration)4 yeans.(Type of R""earch)Original research. (Methodology)Progress reports were formerly compiled by hand in tne field,The foreman collected pertinent data,made computations by hand, and submitted the results daily to one of the 14 area offices,Now tne computer program takes the length and width 01 each span plus the percentage ot the span treated and computes Ihe acres and miles,Both mechanical and chemical maintenance are punched into the same Port·A- Punch card,Columns on this card show the ester and diesel oil combination,type of chemical and amount.(ReSUlts and Conclusions) TVA began to apply the computer on ROW maintenance in ,965.The program was designed to compile and compute data on work performed by some 30 s&asonal crews on 14,000 cirCUit miles of transmission line, It has provided belter analysis,conlrol,and projection of maintenance over an area averaging 18,000 acres yearly.Information from printouts .... - p CSUI M7 A5b -Chemical 1161 can be used for dete-rmrmng tne least expensive method,cost analyses of materials,labor,equIpment.ana damage ciaims.The prograrr evaluates crew prOCluctlVlty,productlVe time and chemical lovenmnes. 1162 Principles at sound rlghl-of-way vegetalion management. AUTHOR:NIERING WA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CT College.Botany Dept. SOURCE TITLE:Economic Botanist SOURCE 10:12:140-144.1958. YEAR PUBLISHED:1958 CATEGORY:A5a;A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:habitat;'herbicides:maintenance;management;right-of-way; spraying,selective ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To point out the results of indiscriminate use of chemical weed killers on right-of-way .areas even though sound ecological technKl'Jes ar"readily available;also that sound management of right-of- way a,,,as would benefit the utility and reduce costs on a 10ng-<ange basis.(Time and Duration)Review of literature published over a 7-year period.(Type of Research)Literature review.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIOns) The reasons Why sound ecological principles are not used on more at the nation's rights-of-way are due to a more seyere problem-the integration of scientific knowiedge into our national economy.One is Immediately confronted With industrial prefits versus that which will be of greatest eenetit 10 the nation.Many utilities entrust their vegetanon management programs to persons With inadequate biological training. With loday's chemicais,such radIcal desuuctlon and modification at the environment may result that persons with boJog;cal trainmg are needed to manipulate the right-ol-way yegetation advantageously for the agency and for the general ?ublic. 1163 Pr09"8mmlng right-of-way brush control. AUTHOR:FARMER JD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Electric and Power Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:15(4):10-20,1956. YEAR PUBLISHED,1958 CATEGORY:A5a;A5b REGION:Beech-Sweetgum-Magnolia-Pine-OakForest STATE:Virginia KEYWORDS;application methods:brush:herbiCides:planning:nght-of-way ABSTRACT:(purpose)To discuss the complete planning program followed ey Virginia Electric and Power Company in their brush control program. (TIme and Duration)3 years 01 experience and observatlons.(Type of Research)Field stUdy.(Methodology)On 4,200 acres of transmission line area,in order to budget work for the coming year,a survey is made dunng the previous August using special printed forms for ,ecording the COnditIon of brush on each II"e area.In the planning stage all field data IS used fa compufe fhe ayerage height and dens;ly.Factors influencing the choice of Chemicats are time of application,predominant species. relationship to ..,.ulnerab~e crops.and number of previous chemiCal treatments.(Results and Conclusions)The methods and recards kept by thIS company have proven invaluable in ROW management planning. Essenlial records are 1)cost of ROW maintenance per pole/mile;2}cost per acre for spraymg brush on the ROW:3}a separate record showing tlme at application.type of chemical and concentration.number of acres on line.name ot contractor. 1164 Evel}'one benefits from proper vegetallon management on rights- ot·...ay. A.UTHOR:IBBERSON JE SOURCE TITLE:Pennsylvania Forests. SOURCE 10:4S(4}:97-10,1955. YEAR PUBLISHED:'955 CATEGORY:A5a;ASb REGION:AppalaChian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsy,yania KEYWORDS:communities:community structure;management;right-of-way: spraVlng.selective;stability ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To report results of studies involying selectiVe spraYIng -on electric ROW areas,and discuss citferences in vegetation ""tween these areas and locations which have !leen managed by Droadcast spraying.TO outline a method of sound ROW management for ROW arees.(Time and Duration)Four-year study.(Type of Research) ong,nal research (field).(Methodology)103 a<:res of a ROW were managed USing basal spraying 01 tre"spec;es and tall-growing shrubs. The nerllicide used was a mixture of 2,4-0 and 2.4,5-T in an oil carrier. One year alter initial treatment a follow-up spraying was used,General records were made of YegetaUonai changes.and vegetation on the MlecliYllly treated area was compared with that on other parts of the same ROW,where br~adcast sprayings were used.(Results and ConclUSions)As.a result of selective spraying,which left a nuclelJs of S/lnlbs.a complete tight cover of shrubs and herbaceous species contmued to sc·read and beame more lush with each passmg year trwasion of tree species is practlcaHy completely exciuded.Vegelatlon maintenance costs during the foreseeable future snould be low and no treatment is scheduled for some time.The appearance from the aesthetic standpoint IS highly desirable and has not been othervvise since soon after rne at/gmal selecttve basal spraying. 1165 Vegetation management tOt'righls-of-way and roadsides. AUTHOR:EGLER FE SOURCE TITLE:Smithson'an Institute Annual Report. SOURCE 10:1953:299-322.1954. YEAR PUBLISHED:1954 CATEGORY:A5a:A5b:ASe;A5f SPONSOR;American Museum of Natural History. REGION:SOutheastern Mixed Forest STATE:Connecticut:Delaware; Maryland;North Carolina;West Vi'ginia KEYWORDS:management;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Methodology)A series of observation or research areas are located and described brieRy.The process of "relay fioristics,"in which there is a progressive addition of new species is assumed in most investigations.However,the behav~or Of species present at the time of initial disturbance creates a characteristic termed "initial floristic composition"WhiCh controls yegetation change.(ResUlts and Conclusions) This author is the.leading ecologist in the realm at applying ecological principles and methods to the construction and maintenance 01 ROWs. He aescTlbes and evaJuates the roles and values of various Procedures in different tYpes of ROWs.He recommends use of natural processes whenever possible and suggests efforts to avoid weeds and forests in favor of grassland and shrubland vegetation.EaCh region,howeyer,has its OWfl set at needs and potential&The classical ecological principles at succession must be modified for use on ROWs. 1166 . Herbicide effects In Connedlc:ut vegetafion.1948. AUTHOR:EGLER FE SOURce TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:30(2):248-256,1949. YEAR PUBLISHED:1948 CATEGORY:ASa;A5b;Bla REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Connecticut;United States KEYWORDS:application methOds:cheCkliSt;herbicides;impact:species; 2,4-0:2,4,5-T ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To present 1946 field test results after applying several COmbinations of 2.4-0 and 2.4.5-T in hght and shade using various types of bud,wound,and bark application.(Time and Duration) One year.1946.(Type of Research)Original.research.(Methodology) Herbicide methods used included stump painting,trunk-wound painting, bark painting,early bud-painting 01 herbs,stem-painting of herbs,mist- spraying of foliage,droplet-spraying of foliage (very early spring),and droplet-spraying of loilage (spring and summer).(Results and ConClusions)It is entirely feaSlble and practical to produce and maintain a variety 01 semi-natural herbaceous and shrubby plant commUnities derived from scrub and old-fields.Control can be exerCised through at least SIX months of the year,from April through Septemeer.and to a limited extent through the winter months.Mist-spraying was unsuitable because of drift and broadcast-spraying was unsuitable aecause of the farge number 01 susceptible wanted species.Effects of the est"r of 2,4- 0,as contrasted with the mixed eslers of 2.4-0 and 2,4,5-T were similar, but with a few very important and notable exceptions.All Rubus species showed little signiticant kill with 2,4-0.Whereas complete kill was attained with the mixture.Acer,Fagus,Fraxinus.GaYJussacla,Kalmia,Lyonia and Pyrus ShOwed greatly increased herbicidal effects with the mixed esters. For these reasons the mixture of both esters is considered the most desirable. ASb •Chemical 1167 Transmlsalon line rights-of-Way management. AUTHOR:ARNER DH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and Wildlde Service. SOURCE 10:Ann Arbor.MI,National Power Plant Team.1977,FWS/OBS- 76120.2,12 p. YEAR FUBlISHED:1977 CATEGORY:A5b;ASf;Ble REPORT NUMBEA:FWSOBS76202 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:jish;management:mowing;prescribed burning:right-of-way; species diversily;spraying,selective:wildlife , ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present some cu,,"nt ROW management practices and their costs.the bases of selecting a specific management technique.and some possibie management goais to benefit fish and 29 A5b •Chemical 1167 wildli.fe in:\,"arlous local situations.(Time and Duration)Review of literature covers publicatrons over a 37 year period.(Type ot Research) L!terature reVIew,(Methodology)The aUlhor reviews literature on ROW malntenace techniques.herbicide use,mechanical equipment,pr-escribed curnlng.and ROW treatment for wildlife enhancement.(Results and ConclusiOns)The major e~phasis on ROW maintenance snou~d be toward developing diverse plant communibes conta;ning substantial amounts of choice foca plants for local game species.On any lengthy segment of ROW more than one marntenance technique will usuaJly be reQwred. Burning or chopping on level to gently sloping land and selective sprayrng on hilly areas have proven merit.In some SOilS seeding and fertilizing may be necessary.A hay crop type plant community is not necessary;scattered swards of choice Mrbaceous plants along the ROW win suffice rn most situations. 1168 How to predict and manage right-of.way vegetation types so to become master of the domain. AUTHOR:DAVIS JA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NY State Dept of Public Service. SOURCE TITLE;Third New YorK R/W Management Symposium. SOURCE 10;laKe George.NY.May 19n. YEAR PUBUSHED:1977 CATEGORY;A5b REGION;Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE;New YorI< KEYWORDS;economics:ecosystem;management:right-ot-way:shrubs; spraying.select",..;stabiiity ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To shed light on this business of "prediction"of future ROW vegetation types.and to show that these predictions can be made with enough accuracy,and at low enough cost.to make the endeavor worthwh~te.(Type of Research)Review of literature and field Observations.(Methodoiogy)The author develops a basis lor projecting a bo~anical end product,which is a vegetation inventory done by a competent field botanist.Competence implies:Knowledge of IIOftstics. interest and el"!thusiasm tor the job.and budget support.First inventory only the vegetationally important species;second.estimate ocularty the relative abLJnaance of the important species;third.the inventory Should be "site speeihc."The most important part Of the inventory IS the deSirable species list.This list most ~ikely represents the composition of your future stabl..ROW vegetation.(ResUlts and Conclusions)The concepts presented can form the backbone o~a sound long-term program."Througn Implementation on an operational basis you can learn to nandle the exceptions to the rujex 1169 The wonderful power of selectiVity to power line rights 01 way. AUTHOR:OLENIK GJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:FA Electric Co. SOURCE TITLE;Journal of ArOoriculture SOURCE 10:3(9);173-176.1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:A5b REGION;AppalaChian OaK Forest STATE;Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:checklist;helicopter;right-of-way;species;spraying.basal; spraying.selective ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To describe the right·Of-way management method. use<!on Pennsylvania Electric Company's electric corridors to show how they manage these areas to provlde an aestheticaUy pleasing appearance and a land area useful for wildlife and recreation.(Time and Ouration) D..scribes policies d&Veloped over the past 20 years.(Type of Research) Original research (field).(Methodology)Field surveys of ROW areas are used to gather information on:density of undesirable treEil species, density of desirable veg..tation.height of brush to be treated.terrain. access.agricultural activities in and near the ROW as we.-'as State and Federal lands that cross the areas to be treated.population.main road and highway crossings,and stream and ri\ler crossings.This information plays a malor part in maKing a final decision as to the type of chemical teChnique deemed necessary.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)selective ba.sa.i applJcation (summer and dormant application)has the advantages of select.....ity in choosing stems to be treated,elimination of foliage "brown our'.and year-round applicatIon.and it is most acceptable to the public. Water-borne.stem-foliage a"plication has the advantages 01 being economical in dense brush.giving mOderate to good control in dense stands of brush.Helicopter application has the advantages of being economIcal.and effective in Killing dense stands of tall brush.and it can be used where access and terrain are problems.With information from held surveys,a decision can be made as to which IS the proper technique for each area 30 1170 Low cost of power line right of way maintenance for beauty and use. AUTHOR;MIDDLETON JB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Electric Co. SOURCE TITLE:ProceedIngs Northeastem Weed SCience Society SOURCE 10:31;302--305.1977. YEAR PUBLISHED;1977 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Appalachian OaK Forest STATE;Pennsylvania KEYWOR!)S;aesthetics;maintenance:right-of-way;sprayIng.selective ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To descnbe ROW maintenance oractlces use<!by PennsylVania Electric Company WhiCh produce attractive and safS! corridors at minimum cost.(Time and Duration)Results of 20 years of experience.(Type of Aesearcl1)Original research (fie/d).(methodology)In the 1950's a .large portion of waterborne material was being used,and some seiective spraying was being tried.The trend has been away from the waterborne and helicopter applications because of their disturbance to the environment and their undesirable appearance.Selective basaJ is now the main method of treatment.and this is used year round. Helicopter application is used on a Umited basis on areas that are not open to public scrutiny.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Selectivity has been accomplIshed through the use of a list of plants not to be treated on the ROW.These include:all grasses,ferns.and herbaceous plants;all annual weeds and annual plants;and all forbs.A list of low-growing shrubs saved on each I;ne area is incJCJded.There are 24 of ttlese ranging tram such low covers as partridge berry to tailer shrubS such as rhOdodendron.scrub oaK and holly.Thirteen small trees which can be left during selective spraying have been identified. 1171 The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.)establishment,soil moisture,and understory vegetation. AUTHOR;AOAM.S RE;STERRETT JP AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Agricultural Research S..rvice.:VA.POlyteChniC Institute. SOURCE TITLE:Weed Science SOURCE 10;25(6);521-523.1977. YEAR PUBLISHED;1977 CATEGORY;ASb;B1a;G4 SPONSOR:US Agricultural Research Service.;VA POlytechnic Institut... REGION:Applicable to entire UnITed States STATE;Virginia KEYWORDS:brush control;forest;herbicides;soils;species diversity: succeSSion.secondary;vegetation;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT;(Purpose)The purpose of this study was to determin..the effects of SOil apPlied and stem injected herbicides on pine seedling establishment.soil moisture.and understory vegetation.(Time and Ouration)Hardwood control tallied after 28 months;white pine seedling survival 4 months after planting;and species composibon 40 months,after treatment.(Type of ResearCh)Originai field plot research.(Methodology) 2.4.5-T ester in oil was stem injected IJIIith overlapprng cuts which were filled to overllowlng with herbicide.Fenuron pellets were applied \0 the soil at 5.6 and 11.2 kg/ha.One year after treatment pine seedlings were planted.Soil moisture was determined gravlmetncatly three times aU!lng ttle year of planting.Whlte pine seedling survival was tal\ied after one season,pine height after two seasons,hardwocd survival after three seasons,and understory vegetation after tnree seasons.Treatment area was in a mixed hardwood forest in VIrginia.(Results and ConclUSIOns) Fenuron at 11.2Kg/ha was as effective as the 2.4.5-T treatment in controllin9 hardwoods.Pine sUlVlval was highest (equal)for 2,4,5-T and fenuron at 5.6 kg/ha.Height growth was greater on aU treated plots as was soil moisture.There was little dfffer-ence among herbicides in conserving soil moisture.Herbacecus vegetation and understory woody plants increased after herbicide treatment.The numbers of some soecies declined after treatment.but there was a strixing increase in the numbers of other s?QCies as well as in the number of specIes present.Twenty- seven species not present on the control area were recorded Tn the treated areas. 1172 The use of herbIcides in the eastem region;.draft environmental statement. AUTHOR:YURICH S AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest SeNice. SOURCE 10:Missoula MT.US Forest Service Eastern Region.19n. USDAFSR9DESAOM7710.157 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1977 CATEGORY;ASb REGION;Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS;herbicide use policies;herbicides;policies ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To outline guidelines and policies affecting the use of herbicides on National Forest System lands in the Eastern Region of the Forest SefVIce.USDA.This includes lands in the states of Illinois. Indiana,Mai"".Michigan.Mimesola.Missouri.New Hampshire,N.... """'I , ...., ,.,.. - - York,Pennsylvama,Vermont,West Virginia,and Wisconsin.~Type of Research)Literature survey.(Methodology)The document was prepared in response to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970.It discusses the proposed use of herbicides in the 20-state Eastern Region Of the Forest Service on~y.and is written to give a general view of the alternatives available for vegetation management and the pe,ssible effects Of herblc~de use on the,natural,social,and economic environments. (Fesulls and Conclusions)Vegetaticn management is important On National Forests for tlmber management.forest roads and facilities maintenance.special use 'Permit administration,fish and wildlife habitat management,range management.and recreation management.The land manager must consider numerous factors before choosing one or I'tlore of the seven alternative vegetation control methods.Modern technology has resulted in the availability of several alternative methods lor vegetation management.These include:manipulation through biological agents,fire, herbieiaes,hana-operated tools,motorized eqUipment,no action at all. and the use 01 radiation. 1173 Woody brush efficiently controlled through use of helicopters. AUTHOR:DAVIS T SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:8(1):10.13,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A5b SPONSOR:Penn Line Service. REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:West Virginia KEYWORDS:aeriai;application methods;brush;herbicides;picloram +2,4- 0;picloram +2,4,5-T;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(PtIrpose)To compare the precision and effectiveness of aerial herbicide application from Bell 47G4A helicopters equipped with microfoil booms to grOund application methods;(Time and Duration)ThiS report aescribes 1975 aerial spraying methods compared to traditional ground spraYln9.(Type 01 ResearCh)Original,but thiS popular article is descnptive,based on observations rather than On detailed field studies. (MethodOlOgy)ObservatiOn.(ResUlts and Conclusions)In the past,ground applications using pictcram and 2,4-0 ga've more complete controt than did ~rial methods.With today's herbicides,specifically picloram and 2.4.5-T,ana improved application deVices,comparable vegetation control can be obtained with helicopters at comparable pnces,and application is much faster.Herbicides with picloram are particularly effective against root-suckering species incluoing sassafras,black locust and sumac. 1174 Distribution of 2,4-0 and picloram'applied by a mist blo_. AUTHOR:MONTGOMERY ML;NORRIS LA;WEBB WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.;OR State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Bulletin of Environmental Contamination &Toxicology. SOURCE 10:16(6):631-639,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:,976 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire Unitea States STATE:Untted States KEYWORDS:brush control;equipment;.herbicides:spray drift:spraying ABSTRACT:(PtIrpose)To report on the distribut,on of two herbiciaes in a test grid and an ev"lualion of three methods for estimating the total amount 01 herbicide aeposlted in the sampling area after a mist btower application.(Time and Duration)One-year stUdy.(Type of Research) Onginal research (field tests).(MethodOlogy)A truCk-mounted John Bean Rotomist mist blower was used to apply the chemicals to a vegetation- free section of ROW.The single D-4 jet nOZZle (wilhout spinners or screens)was elevated 10 degrees above the horizontal and was rotated slowly bad<and forth between the far let-ana right-hand comerS of the grid.Apl>lication 01 6.5 pOUndS of solution was maae at 200 psi over a period 01 2 minutes while truck was stationary.Spray SOlution contained 296m!of Tordon 101 and 44ml La-Orift (adjlJ\lant)in 9,46 liters of water. The rectangUlar test grid was 32.9m by 46m.(Results and Conclusions)It tS not Clear Why more picloram was lost in tIlis experiment than was 2,4- O.Since botn ehemicats are amine salts and·are in1imat~y mixed in the soray solUtion.Possibly some photodecompOSitiOn 01 the picioram oecurred whIle the Sllray was in the air or bnefly exposed to the sun On Mer paoer.The data ,ndicate it is possible to safely apply herbicides On ROWs IJsmg a trUCk-mounted mist blower.However,adeqt.late attention .....t be given to atmospheric COnditions,method of application and the _of eflective drift control agents. 1175 W.-d control on rfghts-ol_ay. AUTHOR:eVANS TM;FOOTE LE;SWAN DG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Washington State Univetsity SOURCE 10:Pullman.WA,WA State Univ Cooperative Extension Service, '1I7S.ExtBnSlon Bulletin 668,26 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CoIoTEGORY:A5b RtGlON:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States ASb •Chemical KEYWORDS:application methods;herbiCides;persistence:right-of-way: weeds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To produce a popular p.blicatlOn on weeQ control that will oHer administrators,superviSOrs,and appj,cators information that can ~ead to safer use of herbicideS and alternative control procedures, (Type of Research)literature review.(Methooojogy)TopiCS rEViewed include:classification ot weeds,methods 01 control,selective \{egetation management,nonselectIve vegetation controL classlficahon and types of herbicides,herbicide formulatIons,timing of herbiCide treatments and rates,factors affecting cnemical weed contrOl,woody plant control,drift. herbiCide application equipment,aquatic vegetation management on nght:rof-way.operabonal procedures and administration.ThiS coverage IS Simple,straight-forward.and in a popular style.(Resuits and ConclUSiOnS) The principal goal 01 "9ht-<lf-way vegetation management ;s to prOVide maintenance practices for the right-<lt.way vegetatIOn that will economically Insure the protection,operation,stability,continuance,and safety of the common transport involved.Other goals of a weU-planned vegetation management program are:naturalize the right-ot-way to the extent desirable with the adjacent land areas;encourage the regeneration of operationally acceptable natural vegetation indIgenous to the area; with the aid 01 the above two,make the right-aI-way appear to be IT'Ore 01 a natural entity blended into its landscape;and reduce maintenance costs. 1176 Herbicide transport In plants. AUTHOR'HAY J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Research Station Agricuijure.Canada. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 365-396 in Herbicides:physiology,biochemiStry. ecology (volume 1). SOURCE 10:New York,NY.Academic Press,1976,606 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entlfe United Stales STATE:UnItea States KEYWORDS:herbicides;translocat,on ABSTAACT:(Purpose)To discuss the current knowledge On upward and downward movement of herblcides in plants,and critique methods of stUdying transiocation of herbicides.(Time and Duration)Uterature review covering 35 years of research.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)The author reviews pertinent lindings On the current knowiedge of herbicide translocation inciudi.f1,g the symplast-apoplast concept,downward movement,and upward movement.He aiso critIques methods of studyin9 transiocation 01 herbicides.including amitrole, dalapon,dlcamba.phenoxies,pictoram,2.3,6-TBA,urea herbicides, triazines and bipyridyfium herbicides.(Results and ConclUSionS)A supply of carbohydrate is needed for movement of herbicides from leaves.This is to set up an assimilate flow or 10 supply energy tor phloem loading. This "push"from the leaves is effective in getting the herbicide out of the leaf and into the stem.Once in ltle stem the main "pUll"IS that of tne transpiration stream.Downward trans1ocation has been increaseo when the relative humidity is raise<!.This may be due to belter penetration but increasing absorption 'iMth surfactants has not always led to greater translocation.Thus the higher humidity probably allows greater downward movement by reducing the transpiration pull in the stems. 1177 Internal factors affecting tOl{iclty. AUTHOR:AVERG E;STECKO v AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Agricultural College 01 Sweden SOURCE TITLE:Pages 175-201 in Herbicides;Physiology,biochemistry, ecology (volume 2). SOURCE 10:New York,NY,Academic Press,1976.564 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1976 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATe:United States KEYWORDS,growth rate;herbicides;vegetation;vigor ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss intennal factors of piants which aHect the toxicity of herbicides.(Time and Ouration)Literature reyjew spans articles tram a 25 year period.(Type of Researctl)Literature review. (Methodology)The authors discuss such topics as sensitiyjty of the piant and its ontogenesiS,relation between Vigor and nutrient status 01 the plant and its susceptibility.cultivation practices and susceptibility of the plant,inlluence of the health of the plant ana its nutrition.and selective toxicity in relation to the genetic mak.e-up 01 the plant and its relaled morphoiogy and jOtlysiology.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Generally the best effects 01 herbicides are obtatned if they are applied when the p~ant or parts 01 the piants are either rapidly growing or have been weakened by a rapid growth which has temporarily depleted or exhausted their reserves.Vigor is undoubtedly of great importance In determining the effects of herbicides.Vigor may depend On nutrient status or other factors.It has been noticed that the effect 01 herbicides on plants which have been damaged by the wheels of tractors is more marked than On undamaged plants_Cultivation before chemtcal treatment will cause weed seeds to germinate increasing the effectiveness of the chemicals,and will bring rools and stolons to the surface. 31 ASb -Chemical 1177 1178 lnlluence Of environmental factors on loxicity to plants. AUTHOR:MUZIK T AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WA State Un;v. SOURCE TITLE:pages 203-247 in Herbicides;physiology,brocehmrstry, ecology (volume 2). SOURCE 10:New York,NY.Academic Press,1976,564 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Appllcabie to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;herl:ictdes;toxicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the infiuence of environmental factors on the toxicity of plants to various herbrcides.(Time and Duration)Literature reVIew of articles sparrnlng 25 years.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)The author reviews the literature on toxicity of p1ants to herbicides as influenced by such environmental factors as: atmospheric conditions,influence of environment on morphology and pIlysiology as related to susceptibility.arrd differences for specific groups of herbiCIdes.(Results and Conclusions)Stunted.slowly groWIng plants of susceptible species with small leaves and thiCk cuticle will be more tolerant to herbicides than rapidly growing plants.Wind and rain before treatment will enhance phytotoxiCIty but may reduce selectivity to the pOint Of senous crop damage.Plants which have recently undergone severe water stress to the point of wilting will be more resistant and should be allowed to recover before spraying.A photoperiod unsuited for initiation of flowering wm maintain tne plants.in a susceptib1e conditkJn. ChronologiCal age is less important than physiological age.For best results most suceptible species should be treated during a paned of active growth and high humidity. 1179 The Impact of timber harvest,fertilization,and herbicide trealment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington, AUTHOR:FREDRIKSEN RL;MOORE DG;NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TlTLE:Quebec,CN.Les Presses de rUniversite Laval.1975.283- 313 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1975 CATEGORY:A5b;B2a;C4 REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:California;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:aminotriazole;burning;clearcutling;diSCharge;envrronmental assessment;erosion;fertitization;herbiddes;management.land;mass wasting;nitrogen;nutrient cycle;pollution,water;sediment;slope; stacillty:watershed;2.4.0;2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide the forest manager With a better SCIentific basis for selecting management options for Pacific.northwest forests.(Time and Duration)16 years,from 1957 to 1973.A synthesis of the a.uthor's original field and fab research with an extensive citation 01 supporting literature.(Methodology)The paper has one maior section which deals with studies of sedimetation and nutrient input and outflow in forest watersheds;and two minor sections.one on the effects ot urea fertilization and one on herbicides.The watershed studies were conducted on several small calibrated watersheds ranging in size from 25 10 250 acres.After several years calibration period various land management treatments were applied on the different wa1ersheds and data compared with data Irom undisturbed watersheds.The fertilizer and herbicide sections are brief case histories.(ReSUlts and conclusions)See abstract 0110 for more extensive trealment of the herbicide and fertilIzer data.Waterslled studies lead to the 101l0wing conclusions:(1) sedimentatiOn of forest streams after timber haIVest increases exponentially with increasing angle of slope.Ridgetop roads cause less sedimentation than mid-slope roads.In moderately steep areas stabilization after logging may be achieved Wlhin ftv.e years if revegetation is rapid.On steep land the effects 01 haIVest may last much ionger;(2) nutnents are lost following c1earcutting but the loss decreases rapidly. with revegetation.Nutrient losses from erosion are most important in steep areas. 1180 An evaluatlon of chemically sprayed electric transmission line rlgtlta of way tor potential wildlife USB. AUTHOR:CARVELL KL;MAYER TO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WV Univ,DIY of Forestry. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management SOURCE 10:7(1 ):5 7.1975 YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A5b;B1a;B1d SPONSOR:Electric Power Research Institute. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:habitat;herbicides;impact;mammals;management;right-<lf- way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To contrast major plant communities on three herbicidally marraged electric rights of way with plant species on 32 unsprayed old fields.and to determine differences In pre1erre<i tood plants for the three major w{Jdlife species In each area.Time and Duration one year.1972.Type of Research Original research. Melhooology The plant communities on 27 study plots in West Virginia, New Hampshire and Georgia were rated for food preference for the three major game species,·.Jsing eXistIng food preference ratings.These ratmgs were compared to ratings for communities on nearby unsprayed old field areas.Results and ConClusions statistical tests lndtcated that power line areas are comparable,or superior In some cases,in prefefred fOOd plants to the species found on adjacent oid netd areas. 1181 Aerial application of herbicide pellets for brush control on power line rights-of-way. AUTHOR:MEDICKY EJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OntariO Hydro. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeast Weed Science Society. SOURCE 10:29:331-335,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:aerial;application methods;brush;equIpment herbicides; pellets;picloram;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)TO review information from field trials in dispersing picloram pellets for brush control on power line rights-ol-way using aerial application.(Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type of Research) Original research (lield).(Methodoiogy)In 1973,Ontario Hydro evaluated three pellet dispersal systems to arrive at a system which could deliver 35 to 50 pounds prodUct (3.5 to 5.0 pounds ail on target from flying heights ranging from 100 to 300 feet.Grumman Venturi and Field AViation Pellet Dispersal Systems were used.(Results and Conciusions) The on-target application of picloram pellets (Tordon 10K)from aircraft poses increasing difficulties as flying height and speed increase.The grumman Venturi and the Field AViation Pellet Dispersal Systems indicated that good dispersal was provided wrth respect to swath width, distribution,and delivery rate.Difficulties were encountered with respect to swath width and delivery rate in the Simplex Seeder System. 1182 The phenolly herbicIdes. SOURCE 10;Ames,lA,Council for Agricultural Science and Technology,1975,Report No.39,21 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A5b REPORT NUMBER;39 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;herbicides;phenoxies;MCPA;2,4-D;2,4,5-T;2,4,5- TP ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To meet the need tor an accurate, objective,and authoritative statement of the properties,uses and effects ot phenoxy herbicides and alternatives to their use. (Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type Of Research) Literature review,and the experience of the indiViduals on the committee.(Methodology)The report was prepared by a task torce ot 17 scientists representing the states Of MD,AL,10,WI, MO,IL,AR,TX,AZ.OR and CA Subiect matter areas incJucled agricultural engineering,agronomy,agricultural economics, botany,forestry,horticulture,pesticide chemistry,plant pathology,plant physilJlogy,range science,toxicology and weed science.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The pheooxy herbicides are widely used because they are more efficient and usually less hazardous and less injurious to the environment than alternative methods.They are primarily toxic to green plants and are much less toxic to mammals,birds,tish,reptiles,shellfish,insects, worms,fungi and bacteria.When properly used,they do not occur in seils and water at levels harmful to animals and microorganisms.They do not concentrate in the food chain and do not persist from year to year in croplands.They are detectable only rarely in food,and then only in insignificant amounts. 1183 AerIal appllcaUon techniques,systems,and precautions. AUTHOR:CHAPPELL WE;COARTNEY JS:WEIDHAAS JA AUTHOR AFFIUATION:VA Pol~hnic Institute. SOURCE TlTLE:Weeds Trees and Turf. SOURCE 10:Pages 20-36.1975 (NOvember). YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Untted States - 7 - .. - KEYWORDS:helicopter:herciciaes:microfoil boom:safety:spraying precautions ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To aescribe aenal applicating systems and techniques,precautions that Should be used in aerial applicabon.and methods of calibrating aerial sprayers.(Type of Research)Based on experience and observations (field).(MethOdology)The authOrs oescribe aerial apphcating systems including the mlcrofol!boom,conventional boom.and spray disK.Factors considered essential tor safe and etfecb'v'e aerial spraYing are described.The Influence of air speed.pressure.swath width and VOlUme are discussed in regard to caliorating the aerial sprayers.(ResUlts and ConclUSIons)Because of the need for good public· relations and the fact that the foliage of brUSh turns brown atter spray treatment.it is advisable that nO brush over 4 teet in height be treated with foliage spray.The best treatment tor brush at th.s SlZe is to cut first.and then give a basal spray to avoid brown foliage and public critiCIsm.Due to inaccessible terrain and other faclors.aerIal application may often be the most practical methOd at controlling vegetation. However I aerial treatment has no place in urban and suburban areas. 1184 Control 01 brush with a new growth regulator. AUTHOR:BINGEMAN CW;WEED MB;WELCH AW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:EI duPont and Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Science SocIety. SOURCE 10:22:145-150,1974 YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWOROS:brush;growth inhiOrtor;herbIcides;spraying.foliage ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on the effectiveness of a new growth regulator.ammonium ethyl carbamoylphcsphonate (Krenlte).its method of applIcation.season and spectrum at kllf.(Time and Duration)Twa-year stuoy.(Type at Research)Original research (field).(Methodology)KreMe was applIed to brush at vanous points in eastern United States. ApplicatiOn rates varied from 3 to 9 pounds per acre.applied in water. In some treatments,surfactants were added to increase effectiveness. Response at sprayed woody matenal was evaluated periodically at the ena of lhe tirst growing season and during the second growing season. (Results and ConclUSIons)ApplicatIon of this growth reguiator.alter the maIO flush of annual growth has hardened.usually causes only a slight vlSlPle efteet on the foliage.Normal leal drop occurs during the fal~but leaf bud development the tollowing spring IS either severely limited or prevenled entirely.The stems and roots eventually die as lillie it any food or new tlssue is produced.ALL oakS treated nave been sensitive,and maPles have responded readily.Wild plum,black locust.multiflora rose. h~C~Otle5.hawthorn,and Malus species have been s1Jsceptible,and asn 5l''''C,eS nave usually beer,controlled.Herbaceous plants do not respond 5..~~I"Can1Iy. 1185 Soil moisture affects absorption 01 2,4,5-T sprays. £uTHOR BRADY HA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. WURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Science Society. ~URCE 10:27:206-210.1974. Y£AA PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:ASb "'EGlON Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States •['!'WORDS:herbicides;soil;soil moisture:2.4,5-T USTRACT:(Purpose)To explore the range at soli moisture most favorable ...toll3l spraYIng.and determine if prolonged drought early in the -..on reduces the response at woody brush to sprays applied alter ~ent moIsture is again present.(Time and Duration)One year study. 11 ~".Research)Original research (laboratory).(Methodology)Moisture ._.."at a greennouse potting soil at tensions of 1.5.and 10 __es was determined with a pressure plate.Dne-year-01d _~were planted singly in pots containing 2.5 I<g at this soil. ~"",Iuded in this study were smooth sumac.sweetgum.post oak. _o.i<.red maple.bitter pecan and loololly pine.Atter the seedlings _....bl&Sned.15 at each species were placed in a growth chamber. _ll>e 0CIIl brought to predetermined moisture levels.Each plant was _WUh 0.5 ml solution of 2.4.5-T.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Sumac __2.4.5-T ester at soil moisture tensions ot·1 to 10 atmospheres. to'_gum.red maple.and Ditter pecan.absorption was greatest at _of t to 5 atmospheres.and tor past oak,water oak.and loololly _at ~to 10 atmospheres.Translocation usually paralleled absorption. ~eMnybark oak,green asIt,and red maple were resistant to ........t a;oloeatlons that followed a prOlonged drought. ASb -Chemical 1188 1186 "Invert emUlsions""versilility and precision." AUTHOR:HUSSEY WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:RIVerside ChemIca!Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Science Society. SOURCE 10:27:239-243.1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:ApplIcable to entire UnIted States STATE United States KEYWORDS:dicamba:herbicides:pheno ..es:plcloram:spray drift;Invert emulsion ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To eXPlain what "invert emUlsions"are,their early l'Hsmry and recent de.vetopments ,n the lnvert line,(Time and DuratIon) Covers 15 years at development.(Type of Research)LIterature revIew. (Methodology)The author explains Sto~es Law.and the need for spraying materials with large particle size to aVOId dM.Pressures.nOZZle selection and arrangement are aiso discussed.The chemistry at invert emulsions and the relationship of this emulsion to innovative new noZZles are expiained.Formerly only the phenoxy herbIcides were appiied as Inverts,but now most herbicides including dicamba and picloram can be Inverted.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Invert emulsion spraying has not replaced or eliminated conventional water spraYing.but is superior in the tollowing situations.1)Strip Or spot spraying Johnsongrass on outer edges at ROW.Many county and state highway departments nave had intensive JOhnsongrass control programs tor the past 5-8 years.2) ChemicaL trimming at over-hanging limbs.tnvert spraying with phenoxy oil- soluble amine salts or AMS is superior to conventional water treatment because of control aver the spray pattern.3)Better controi on certain resistent or hard-ta-kill weeds and brush. 1187 Behavior 01 pesticides In plants. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest ServIce. SOURCE 10:Portland.OR.US Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-19.1974.6 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A5b SPONSOR:US Forest Service REGION:ApplIcaole to entire United States STATE'United States KEYWORDS:atlsOrplion;herbicides;Insecticides:metabolism;translocatIon; vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose at this paper is to educate the reader regarding the bases at chemical behavior and the behavior of pestiCIdes In plants.The paper was presented at a 1969 sympoSium "Enviror,mental and Physiologic Chemodynamics"at Oregon State Univ.(Time and Duration)Literature cited tram 1956-67.(Type at Research)Generalized literature review.but with limited literature cited.(MethOdology)NarratIVe. (Results and Conc!u!lIons)The behavior at a chemical is its characteristic movement.persistence.and tate.Behavior is determined by the interaction between the propertIes of the chemical and the properties at the environment.This interaction is guided oy the laws at phYSICS. chemistry and oiology to produce the chemical behavior observed.The author uses this oasis to describe the absorption.translocation and metabolism of pesticides in plants as these are important in determinmg the effects at the chemical on the piant and on the environment 1188 The behavior and Impect 01 organic arsenical herbicides In the forest;nnal report on cooperative studies. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFIUATION:US Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. SOURCE 10:Corvallis.OR.US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,1974,98 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:arsenicals:ecology:torest;herbicides;impact;saiety ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on stUdies designed to measure the. exposure at applicators to orga.·"c arsenic compounds and evaluate the hazards at exposure;measure the initial diStribution.of organic arsenic compounds among components of the torest environment:determ",e persIstence and tate at these.(Type at Research)Both literature survey and tield SIlJdies.(MethodOlogy)The Investigators explore:exposure and effects on human health;arsenic in blood and urine of forest workers applying dimethylarsinic acid;patterns of arsenic elimination in unne at applicators during one work week.They also explore ,the'behavior at arsenicalS in the torest.i.e••leaching of cacodylic acid arid MSMA in forest tloor rnatenal and soil:distrioution of arsenic in vegetation,forest fioor.SOi~and streamwater atter injection of torest trees With arsenicais; and the tate at-organic arsenic heroicides in chemically-thInned forests. (Results and Conclusions)These arsenic studies demonstrate that tram a technical standpoint the arsenicals can be safely used by US Forest Service thinning crews.A urine monitoring program should be a part of 33 -~. A5b •Chemical 1188 any operational thinning program using MSMA or cacodylic aCid.If more tnar,5 percent of urine samples from a given crew _have arsenic levels exceeding 0.3 ppm,th,nnmg operations should be suspended until their apo(\catmn methods have been identifi-ed and improved.Only expenenced crews should app'y arsenicals in important grazing and hunting areas. 1189 Modilled basal spray control of red maple in southern forest during dormant season. AUTHOR:PRINE EL:STARR JW A.UTHOR AFFIl.IATION:MS State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:ProceedIngs Southern Weed Science Society. SOURCE 10:26:302-305.1973. YEAR PUBl.ISHED:1973 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:AppliCable to entire United Slates STATE:United Stales KEYWORDS:forest.herbicides:picloram +2,4,5-T;spraYIng,basal:trees; 2.4-0;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To test variouS standard tormulations of herbicides USlf19 a mist blower to apply these chemicalS as "a basal spray.(Time aM Duration)One-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (tield).(Methodology)Using a mist blower,the leaves and duff were blown away tram the base of the tree with the blower at high speed and the chemical tank cut off.The henblcide was then applied to the lower 12 inches of the stem With the biower at idle speed.By welting the lower 12 inches Of stem in this maller,but not to runoff,only a portion of the total chemical solution was used.Eight different combinations of 2,4-0.2.4,5-T,and picloram were used,and in some instances a surfactant was added,(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Tordon 155 (picloram +2.4.5-T)in an oii carrier proved to be SignIficantly better tnan the otner treatments tested.From these resuJts it was concJuded that the method ot application described proved to be acceptable and treatment can be done with considerably less volume than conventional basal spray,ng equIpment. 1190 ContinUed evaluation 01 the hypo-hatchet lor woody species control. AUTHOR:HOLT HA;VOELLER JE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:AR Agricultural Experiment Station. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed SCience Society. SOURCE 10:26:354-360.1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brush;brush comrol;trilling;herbicides;hypo-hatchet; plcloram;2.4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report the greater effectiveness of the hypo- hatchet in controllitlg'hard-to-kill woody plants When a combination of 2.4-0 and plcloram is uSed instead of the traditional 2,4-0 alone.(Time and Duration)Two-year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research (field).(MethOdology)Ten randomly selected trees of three hardwood species.black hrckory.post oai:and red maple,were assigned to one of eight different treatments at two treating dates,September 1971 and May 1972.for a total of 160 trees at each specIes.These trees ranged from 2 to 12 inChes dbh.Henbicides tested inclUded:2.4-0 amine.2,4.5-T amine.Tordon 101,Tordon 22K,cacodylic acid.These were applied With a hYPO-hatchet at a rate of one inlectlon per inch at a convenient height above the ground.(ReSUlts and Concius<ons)Tordon 101 (picloram + 2.4-0)in water continues to be very effective on oaks and hickory,as well as red maple and red cedar.Tordon 22K and water dilutions alSO were effective on all species "tested.2,4·0 amine is very effective on oak and hickory,but gives little control on red maple. Diluted Tordon 101 can be economicany attractive because of the broad spectrum Of susceptible species.Increased production over basal injection is a strong point In tavor of the hypo-hatchet in forest managemem. 1191 PrecommerclaJ thinning wRh chemicals AUTHOR:FINNIS JM AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WA Dept of Natural Resources. SOURCE TiTlE:The use of herbicides in vegetation management. SOURCE 10:Missoula,MT,US Forest ServIce Region 1.1973,40 p +5 appendices. YEAR PUBLISHED;1973 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Cedar-Hemlock-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:herbicides;improvement;silViculture;thinnrng ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe expellence in removing excess trees from forest stands in precommerciat thinnings using various chemicals and treatment methods.(Time and Duration)Five-years (estimate).(Type of Research)Original reseanch (field study).(Methodology)Several herbicides were tested on Douglas-fir in 15-20 year-old natural stands. These include Amrnate X.2.4,5-T amine,silvisar 510,Tordon 101,and 34 Tordon 22K.At present they are testing Silvlsar 510.Tordon 101,Toroon 22K and Ansul's L-2505 In more extenSIve tests.(Results and ConcluslOns)Tordon 101 and Tordon 22K look good at all seasons. Ansul's L-2505 alSO looks promisrng and is much cheaper than Silvisar and without a disagreeable odor.Cnemicaj thinning has several Important advantages over conventional felling methods.Cost 15 the major benefit. since chemical treatment eliminates the major task or Dulling down cut stems,cuts down investment in equipment,improves satet)/.and eliminates long-distance packing of heavy supplies and equipment.Cost of chemical treatment increases rapidly with increasing denSity of s~ems to treat.Another benefit of chemIcal thinning IS ttle reduction of fine fuel on ground. 1192 Drift control systems AUTHOR:WARREN LE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:The use of herblcldes In vegetation management. SOURCE 10:Missouia.MT.US Forest Service Region 1.1973.40 P ...5 appendices. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY;ASb REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:dritt control;herbiCIdes:spray drift ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide information on the possible metnods and systems available to reduce drift from sprays to "inSignificant"levels. (Type of Research)Original research and experience.(MethOdology)The author discusses Viscosity modifiers.induding jnvert emulsions and parliculatlng agents,,ncluding newer inverting agents thal permit reliable use at flash mixing (bi-fluid)systems.Foaming agenls are also discussed wheh entrain air and produce expanded droplets of heavy foam.The effects of droplet SIZe and wind velocity are also explored.(Results and ConclUSions)Ore must accept a compromise between the droplets large enoug"that they will seltle to the target readily and having them smatl enaug"that they will prOVIde suffiCient coverage 10 achieve the desired control of the vegetation.Herbicides requ;ce different degrees of cover<lge depending on their nature.carrier and surtactants.Contact herbicides and some systemic herbicides require very good coverage winereas some hormone type herbrcides can be more sparsely distributed. One of the most important ingredients in controlling drift is the judgment of the spray applicator. 1193 VolaUiIty and drift 01 herbicides. AUTHOR:WARREN LE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:The use of herbicides In vegetationmanagemenl. SOURCE 10:Missoula,MT.US Forest Service Region 1,1973.40 P +S appendices YEAR PUBUSHEO:1973 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:AppliCable to emire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:henbicides:spray drltt:volatility ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explain what volafllity and drift are.the relaflve volatility of various herbicides.and how volatility and drilt can be controlled.(Type of Research)Personal experience.(Methodology)The author explains the differences between drift and volatility,and the relanve volatility of the most commonly used herbicides in brush control work.Factors that increase the amount of drift are explored.including droplet size,nOZZle type and capacity,drifice size and shape,surface tension,spray density and VIscosity.(Results and ConclUSIons)Factors affecting drift of aerially applied herbicides in order of decreasing importance are:1)the t1erbicide ~nature and rate;2}nature and volume rate of carrier;3)spray drop Size spectrum,as affected by noZZle type. noZZle orientation to air stream boom location (wing or rotor),speed or aircraft and viscosity,4)application conditions including flight path.height of release,wind speed and direction,air stability.width of swath and number of.passes;5)distance and direction to problem areas;6) screening elfeclS of barriers (trees,etc.),and turning area and technique. 1194 Paclllc Power &Ughl'.vegetation control program. AUTHOR:MCCUTCHEON LR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TiTlE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:4(3):18-20,1972. YEAR PUBU~EO:1972 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:herbicides;maintenance;picloram,public relations;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss in popuiariZed form a particular ROW maintenance operalion inVOlVing the use of plcloram.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)A narrative deSl7lptlon of a day's activities of a ROW maintenance crew working on brush control in the Oregon coast range. - pt, - A ;)opulanzed article with lots of Quotations from vanous members of the tnree man crew.Beyond the ttleatncs,the article does convey the actual mechanics Of the operation metuding those parts freQuently neglecteo. like landowner rel2i1ions.carefu'appltcation,and awareness of errJlronmenlal concerns.The utility of chemica~brush control,s emphasized. 1195 Movement and persistence ot plcloram in soil. AUTHOR:HUNTER JH;STOBBE EH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Unlv of Mamtoba. SOURCE TiTLE:Weed SCience. SOURCE 10:20(5):486-489,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United StaleS KEYWORDS:herbicides:leaching;persistence;plcloram;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the movement and persistence of Dlcloram herbiCide in a clay soil.(Time and Duration)4-year study,1967- '970.(Type of ResearCh)Original research.(Methodology)Field experiments were conducted on an Osborne clay soil,a reasonable wefl- drained,dark-eolored,line lake-bed soil.PLots were seeded to Manitou Wheat.Plots were hUed once in the spring with a one--way disk and harrowed,and worked twice in the fall with a one-way diSk,eaCh plot was also cultivated to a depth of 13cm.In the first experiment a split plot design was used with four replications 01 eight treatments.In the second experiment the treatments were conrOl and picloram at 17.5.35 and 70 grhain a random block design.(ResUlts and Conclusions) Movement and dlSS1pation ot picloram were negligible under low soiJ moisture conditions,but under high rainfall conditions picloram was leached into the 30 to 60cm depth.A greater percent of the picloram was leached at the higher application rates.DiSSipation increased with temperaure (days over 27 oC)and decreased with increaslhg depth Ih the soft profile.Two applications of picloram at 70 gJha applied in two successIVe years ShoWed no detectable accumulation.but accumulatin occurred frOm tv.'o applications of 350/ha 32 percent of the actiVity remained after approximately two years. 1196 Responses of woody species to rates,formulations,placements and times of application of karbulilale. AUTHOR:GREHLINGER PM AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Niagara Chemical Div. SOURCE TiTLE:Proceedings Northeast Weed Science Society. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:New Jersey KEYWOROS:checklist:herbicioes;Impact;pellets;season;species ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present data on the effectiveness of karbutilate (Tahdex)lor killing woody speeles.and the most effective rates, formulations,methods of placement and season tor good brush control. (Time and Duration)Three-year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodology)Fifteen species of hardwocds and pitch pine were treated with karbutilate as a wettable powder basal spray using a back-paCk sprayer during either June at November 1970.Tandex. 4 and Tandex 10 granules were also applied by tossing the selected rates by hand at the base of the trees.Evaluation of brush and tree kills were made severaJ times to determme rapidity of action and time of kill. Kill was identified by the condition of the cambium.(Results and ConcJusions)Cenain species are more susceptible and are kliled quicker than others.Conifers were susceptible and died quickly.Sassafras was a more tolerant deciduous species.Treated species varied in their ability to initiate new foliage.Death occurred over a period of 1·2 to 15 months depending on the time of year the chemical was applied.Conditions such as frozen soil may retard the entry and subseQuent movement of this herbicide.Heavy soil types may also delay the time required to prOduce plant injury or xiii.whtle woody vegetation grOWing on sands is killed rapidly. 1197 TeralOloglcal potential of 2,4.5-T. AUTHOR:WILSON JG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ.of Cincinnati SOURCE TITLE:Southern Weed Science Society. SOURCE 10:25:26-30,1972 YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:A50 REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS,dIOXIn;teratogenic potential;toxicily;Herbicides ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the research results related to 2,4,5-T, dioxin and teratogenic effects,compare results of tests perlormed since the original tests showing teratogenic effects in 1969,and to put all of these data in their proper perspective.(Time and Ouraton)Based on four years of research,from various laboratories.(Type of Research) ASb •Chemical 1200 Literature revIew.(tlAethodo\cgy)The author describes in chronolog1cal Order the results ot the vart(lUS tests 'Mtn 2,4,S·T.dioxin on vanous mammals.The results of these tests are compared to ind~cate trends, and separate fact from fiction.Tests from Canada and Germany are also Included in thiS analySIS.(Results and ConClUSions)The May 1971 report of the EPA's Scientific Advisory Committee on 2.4,5-T stated that the Committee agreed in a ratio of 8:1 mat acceptable data on tne embryotox1city of 2.4.5-T were avallaOle for SIX mammalian species.None of these showed adverse effects at a dosage of 40mg/kg/day durrng the period of organogenesIS.The author leels that new inlormation avai/able since the Committee's report represents refinements a.nd moderate extenslons of informatIon that was already available.or that coui-d be reasonably deduced.The new data 00 not indicate that a Single one-of the recommendations made In the onginal report needs to be changed, 1198 Cytogenetic effeeu of 2,4,5-T Trichlorophenoxyacetlc acid on Oogenesis and early embryogenesis in Drosophila Melana9_ster• AUTHOR:DAVRING L;SUNNER M AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Universiry of Lund SOU RCE TITLE:Hereditas SOURCE 10:68:115-122.1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:f971 CATEGORY:A5b KEYVl/OROS:Chemicals:herbicides:impa-ct:research:toxicity;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:IPurpose)To determine genetic effects 01 herbicide 2.4.5-T on oogenesis and embryogenesis of OrosophHia MelanogaSter.(Type of Research)Original.(MethodoI09Y)A concentration of 2.4,5·T,40-60 times lowerthan that recommended for shrubs.was mixed with corn agar medium. Flies less than 24 hours old and flies older than 24 hours from.wild type population,canton·S 109.were exposed for 5·6 days.The females were then deca/pirated and instameously deposited their eggs.The eggs and the prepared ovaries were fixed and embedded in whole mounts and the preparations analyzed.(Results and ConClusions)No exterior effects on adults were seen even when exposed for 15 days.However,there was an effect upon the very ea.rly stages of egg cell deveiopmenr and chromosome disturbances whtch may result in sterility.Egg production was severely suppressed in the younge.rflies.SteriUty in older tlies was nOllmm-ediatelY obseT\,led since more cells had matured.Tests to determine toxiCIty of a chem1calon Drosophila are dtscussed and recommendations made.some of which are:use populations that lack resistant ganes to poisons;to determine log dosage CUl'\le's,use adults iesS than 24 hours old. 1199 Showcase brtl$h control lor Arkansas Power and Light. AlJTHOR:HEIN N AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow ChemIcal Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:3(3):j 4-15,1971 . YEAR PUBLISHEO:197' CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicabie to entire Umted States STATE:Arkansa. KEYWORDS:application methods;brown out;brush:herbicides;pellets; piclOram;picioram +2,4-0;piclcram +2,4.5-T;2.4-0;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the bruSh control methods used by Arkansas Power and Light,their herbicide preferences.concentrations, application methods,and eqcipment.(Time and Duration)20 years of experience,(Type of Research)Origmal (lield).(Methodology)BeginnIng in 1950..various herbicides were employed-to control mush and troublesome oaks,sweet gum,pines,and willOWS on Rows.2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T were used tirst and company crevtS emp'oyed in this work.Later TOl'don 101 (picloram +2,4-0)was adopted and brush contrOl work was comracted out.To avoid brown Out.dormant sprays with picloram and 2,4,5-T have been used.SiX-wheel drive Army GMC trucks have been usefUl in this work,and a ftextrac NOdwell vel!icle .for use in swampy areas.(Reoults and Conclusions)Herbicides lor brush control on transmission ROW areas nave proven effective,economical and practical. By using the proper herbicide and application method,and the right season of applicatiOn,attractive,well-manicured ROW areas have been maintained with a minimum of criticism or claims against the Company's po~cy. 1200 The degradation and movement oIplclaram In soli and water. AlJTHOR:GORING CAl;HAMAKER JW AUTHOR AFFII.IATJON:Oow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE ID:27(1 );12-15,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A5b;B2b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:degradation;herbicides:impact;picloram;soil;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the literature on the degradallon and movement 01 picloram in soil and water.(Time and Duration)Review of 35 A5b -Chemical 1200 articles covef1n~a SIX year oeriod.(T yoe of Research)Literature ."eview (Metnodology):....It-eratu~e was reviewec covering:the pattern of aegradation.rateS ot aegradatlon l!'l SCli,sorptIon and leachtng. movement under field condltlons,perS,lstence under field conditions. (Results and Conclusions)Picloram (4-amlna3.5.~trichforo-plcotinic acid) 15 a wldely usea herbicide and plant growth regulator.It is low in toxIcity to mammals,fiSh and birds.aQuatic cnain organlsms.and soil micro- organisms. 1201 Influence of ph on lhe phytotoxicity of herbicides in soli. AUTHOR:CORBIN FT:SELMAN FL;UPCHURCH RP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NC State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Weed SCience. SOURCE 10:19(3):233-239,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Appiicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides:ph;soli ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the influence at soil ph (4.3 to 7.5)on the phytotoxicity at herbicides incorporated into high organic soils.(Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type of Research)Original re.....rch. (Methodology)Two high-organic-matler soils were collected from the lower Coastal Plain and screened with 4mm screen.Two weeks before seedling transplant.the soils were titrated to iOur ph levels (4.3,5,3,6,5 and 7.5)by adding specitic amounts of a base mi<ture.Six dosages of commercial formulatons of each herbicide were pipelted into the soil samples on the date of seedling transplant and allowed to dry for 1wo hOUrs,Seediings were placed in a growth ohamber maintained at 26 oC, 1200 ft-c of light.and 12 hour photoperiod.(Results and Conclusions) Phytotoxlcily increased as the soil ph increased and reached a maxImum at ph 6.5 for the weak aromatrc acids dicamba,2,4-0 and the weak bases Prometone and amitrole.Conversely.phytotoxicity increased as soil ph decreased and reached a maximum at ph 4.3 for the weak aliphatic acid dalapon,the cationic herbicides diquat and paraquat.and a nanionic herticide vernola1e.Soil ph levels between 4.3 and 7.5 had no effect on the phytotoxicity of the weak aromabc acids chloramben,picJoram,and the nonionic herticides dichlorobenil,isocil.diuron and nilralin. 1202 The adsorption 01 sorne S-Triazines in soils. AUTHOR:FLETCHALL aH:TALBERT RD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:University of MO. SOURCE TITLE:Weeds CATEGORY,A5b KEYWORDS;adsorlltion:herbicides:salls ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effects of various factors on the adsocption of five S-Triazines.(Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type of Researchl Original research (Laboratory}.I Methodoiogy)The extent of adsorption of five C1 4·lalJeled S~Tnazines.Simazine,Atrazine,Propazine, Prometone and Promeuyne.iTom aqueous solutions by soH constituents was expressed as a KO (distribution coeffiCient},which is the ratIo of the amount of herbicide adsorbed to the amount in the equilibrium solution. IResults and ConciwslonSI Tna KQvalue fOT a given S·Triazine and exchanger remained relatively constant over a range of concentrations.The adsorption reaction was essentlalb/8'1:equilibrium Within 1 hour.Increasing the remperature and PH resulted in decreaseo adsorption of Simazine and Atrazlne.The order of increaSing adsorption of these compounds OV soils was Propazine.Atrazine.Simazine,Promerrone and Prametryne.Increased amounts 01 organic matter and/or clay in a soil generallv were-associated with Increased adsorption of these S ..Tnazlnes.The order of decreasi,ng water soltJbilit'f is prometone,atrazine.promelr't'ne.propazine.and simazine.There seems to be little relationsh~pbetween water solubiHtv and adsorption of these-compounds.The-adsorption at prometone and prometryne varied mare with soil type than the chloro-s-triazines as indicated by the higher coefficient ofvarratlon for Kd values.In an attempt to relate the sa~1 Characteristics affecting the adsotptton of these compounds. correlation coefficients were determined.Of the soil chancterrstics deter- mined.adsorption o1the triazines was most closelv fetated 'to organic matter content.clay content.cation exchange capacitY and exchangeable magnesIum and hydtogen. 1203 Creating wildlife habitat on utility rights-of-way. AUTHOR:WAGNER JF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:West Penn Power Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:3(1):15-17.1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A5b;B1e REGION:Eastern DecIduous Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:habitat;herbicides;picloram +2,4,5-T;right-of-way;spraying, selective:wddlife 36 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on select!ve soraylng te:nnloues used in creating wl~dhte habl~at on ROWs of West Pen,n Power Companay an oescnbe the results of these spraymgs in increaSing the number of desirable wildlife load plants.One year sludy (1967-1968)Original research (field).(Methodology)Tordon 155 mIXture (1 gallon in 100 gallons of fuel Oil)was used for selectively spraying (basal treatment)tall- growing timber species that have the potential of growing Into the electric lines.Spraying was dane in cooperation with the State Game Commission.Wildlife species left during spraylhg inclUded .....itch-hazel, filbert.Hercules club.bracken fern,grasses,sedges.sumac,berry plants. (Results and Conclusions)After the desirable wildlffe foad plants were re'eased by removaj at competing vegetation.they increased in numbers due to natural seeding,They also provided ground cover and snade that Slows the 9rowth process of sun-loving.tall-growing seedling trees. 1204 TORDON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right-Of-~ way. AUTHOR:FLANNERY RF;MCCUTCHEN l AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE ID:3(1):6-8,1971 YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:Vermont KEYWORDS:brush contrOl;cost;herbicides;picloram;picloram +2,4-0; right-of-way;2.4-0;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)TO determine the incremental effects of 2,4-0.2.4,5- T,and picloram on mixed brush;the most suitable spray volume to assure proper coverage,and efficacy for the treatments employed;if the stanaard Tordon 101 mixture herbicide performed as wen or better tnan various phenoxies.(Time and Duration)~year study,(Type of Research) Original (field)research.(Melhodology)In september,1967,a stUdy was begun on a New England Power Company ROW near Bellows Falls,VT to determine the effectiveness of Tordon 101 mixture applied aerially at varlous rates an volumes.Several other formulations of herbicides were also used for comparison.Vegetation included ash,aspen.alder,beech, birch.hawthorn.dogwood.hazel.hickory,maples,oal<s,pines and sumac.The brush was 5 to 15 feet tall,Species were evaluated for three seasons subse-Quent to treatment.(Results and Conclusions)Piclaram had to be 1.5 Ibl A or more for adequate brush control.Addition of 2.4.5-T J!!IlII! was of no apparent assistance.The 2,4-0 +2.4,5-T plots prOvided little additional control over Tordon 101 alone.The best performance cost product appeared to be Tordon 101 mixlure hefbiciOe al 3 gallons in 15 gpa total spray VOlume.This treatment has afforded excellent brush control for three seasons. 1205 Growth control in trees. AUTHOR:GARDNER MR AUTHOR AFFIUATION:Hydro Electric Power Com of Ontario. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeast Weed Science Society. SOURCE 10;25:332-344,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Applicable 10 entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brUSll;growth;growth inhibitor;right-of-way;Irees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To compare the effectiveness of four growth control _ chemicals on apical and lateral growth of three species of forest trees, (Time and Duration)One-ycar study.(Type of Research)Original research.(field).(Methodology)An experimental nursery for growth retardation stUdIes was established by Ontario Hydro in 1969.Three tree spcies were included in this study.white ash,silver maple and Carolina poplar.Trees were planted in rows 3 meters apart with indivdual trees """" 2.5 maters apart.Retardants were applied in June.1970,to randomly selected trees.The retardants InclUded CF125,NIA10637,OP1108 and MH3OT.Trees were measured at :3 points one day prior to Ireatment (ResUlts and Conciusions)MH30T (diethanolamine salt of 1.2-dihydro-2.6- pyridazinedione)gave the most complete control .....ith least foiiar damage, NIA0637 (ethly hydrogen l-propylphosphonate)gave adequate control at _ one rate,but increased bud formation was noted,CF125 (methyl 2- chloro-9hydroxyfluorene-lk:arboxylate)did not indicate good control at me rales used.DP1108,the structure at Which is not known,gave promising resUlts. 1206 Potomac Electric Power Company's experience with herbicides on federal wildlife lands. AUTHOR:PARSONS JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Potomac Electric Power Co, SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference._ SOURCE 10:25:362-364.1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A5b;A5c;AS! _________________________......·n ...........~ A5b -Chemical 1211 ;:'EGION Eastern Declouous Forest STATE:Distnct of Co~umb1a:Maryland KEYWORDS:herbicides;spraying;spraYing,basal;wildlife;2,4-0;2,4-DP; 2,4,5-T ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To describe a selective basal treatment for brush on a transmiSsion line right-of-way which passed through the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.(Time and Duration)Three-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodology)The Potomac Electric wildlife biologists and forester agreed that pine should be cut and chIpped to eliminate fire hazard.The hardwoods were basal sprayed with 27 gallons per acre of 2,4-D and 2,4,5·T.Respraying two years later, because of restnctions place<:l on 2,4,5·T,was <:lone using 2,4-0 and 2,4· DP at a rale of 65 gallons per acre.The wiidlife people employed a botanist to work with the crew,and he i<:lentir",d wildlife fo04 plants to be ieft in the brush control operation.(Results and Conclusions)The author feels that to be able to continue using chemcials,right·of-way managers will have to do the contact work described in this article.They cannot sit back and ask chemical manufacturers and contractors to promote all of the publicity.Power companies will have to prove to federal and state personnel that they can be trusted to use these chemicals in as safe and sane manner. 1207 What a Well-planned utility chemical brush control program looks like. AUTHOR:EFIRD TE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Davey Tree Expert Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:2(1):18-20,H170. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:ASb SPONSOR:Davey Tree Expert Co. REGION:Applicable to entire United S1ates STATE:Alabama;Florida; Georgia:South Carolina KEYWORDS:brush;brush control;herbicides;maintenance;picloram;right· of.way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present the author's concept of a Well·planned chemIcal brush control program on a ROW.(Type of Research) Observations of operational projeCts.(Methodology)Description of vegetation management on ROWs with strong emphasis on chemical programs.(Results and Conclusions)No data.Narrative description of the establishment and maintenance of a new ROW on the Duke Power System.Planning,logistics.and coordination are stressed.Stumps are sprayed with 2.3,4·T and 2,4·0.After the capital construction phase the maintenance phase begins.Tordon herbicide plays a prominent role in vegetation control.The author also discusses maintenance,equipment requirements,trainIng of personnel,and contracting. 1208 Risks and responsiblllUes in the use of herbicides. AUTHOR:KEARNEY PC;TSCHIRLEY FH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:24:223·228,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:A5b;A5g;B1 SPONSOR:US Agricultural Research Service. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:degradation;environmental assessment;herbicides;impact; leaching;persistence;pesticide;residue;toxic hazard;toxicity;2.4·0; 2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of the paper is to review some of the environmental and health 'elated aspects of herbicides.(Time 'and Duration)No date or Iitern;\ure citations.(Type of Research)Not research -a review of existing knowledge wUtlout ,specific citations. (Methodology)Discusses specifics of risks and responsibilities 01 herbicide use;soil persistence;herbicide metabolism;pesticide ,mobility; and some opinions on the probable risks to society from not having "safe"pesticides available for use.(Results ana Conclusions)This paper was prepared as a timely diScussion primarily of the 2,4,5-T.TCDO questIon for the 1970 Northeastern Weed Control Conference.It is not Intended to be a data paper and offers little substantive data that is not available In better form and completeness in other papers in the AES collection.Principle value of the paper is in discussion of the risks,the acceptable nsks.dangers of strict application of the Delaney amenament, and the concepts of this amendment.The author's discuSSion of the ",isks"society faces by restricting or removing from use those herbicides which are safe IS particulary pertinent for ROW public relations efforts. 1209 Progress report on 1 percent NAA growth inhibitor tree paint. AUTHOR:CRAN HJ JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CT Light and Power Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings NortheaStern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:24:271-278,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:A5b SPONSOR:CT Light and Power Co. REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:Connecticut;Delaware;New HampshIre;New York KEYWORDS:chemIcals;growth inhibitor;trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report results of experiments With napthaleneacetic acid paste to promote wound healing of pruned trees and,to retard rapid regrowth.(Time and Duration)1963 to 1968.(Type of Rese:',ch)Original fleld-oriented research.(Methodology)Tested concern;~"on of NAA in three <:lifferenf forms on sorout formation and length In several eastern hardwood species.(R'i!Sulis and Conclusions)(1) 75 to 100%re<:luction in amount of new woo4 whIch needed to be removed at next trimming after application of subjct material.(2)Spring or summer treatments abOUt equal in most respects except some strong species differences and summer treatments less effective in reducing sprout length.(4)A 50%reduction in sprouting,sprout elongation observed in Norway maples treated with 1%formulation.(5)An economic study showed following savings after use of sprout inhibitor:trimming cycte reduced from six months to four years;cost of pruning programs down 30%despite 15%increase in manhour costs. 1210 Utilization of knapsack mist blowers for chemical brush control. AUTHOR:DOLTON AL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Potomac Edison Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:2(3):1()-13.1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:application methods;brush;checklist;herbIcides;species; spraying.basal;spraying,foliage ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report the results of using a knapsack mist blower for chemIcal brush control on ROWs of Potomac Edison Company.(Time and Duration)Three year study.(Type of Research) Original research (field).(Methodology)A Solo mist blower was used to make stem-foliage applications during the growing seasorl using 1 gallon of Asplundh 182A brush kilier (216)to 3 gallons of water for some areas and 1/2 gallon of Asplundh 0 and T Brushkiller (416)to 3·1/2 galons of water on other areas.Results were checked periodically classlfyl.ng stems as dead or dead to ground line.In 1968 studies were made uSing donmant season basal sprays of 14 gallons of Ester 0 and T brushkiiler to 86 gallons of No.2 fuel oil or transformer oil.(Resutts and Conclusions)Best results for stem·foliage application were obtained uSIng 12 1/2 gallons of picloram plus 2.4·0 In 87 1/2 gallons of water.88 percent of stems were dead one year later.For donmant season basal spraying.best results were obtained when uSIng 3 1/2 gallons of TordQl1 155 Mixture to 96 1/2 gallons of oil.88 percent of stems were dead one year later.Cost economy is the factor which makes mist blower basal applications so important.Line areas with tall,dense brush can now be handled more economically by mist blower than any other method of treatment. 1211 Tordon 155 mixture herbicide for blush control on utility rights- of-_,.. AUTHOR:WILLIAMS CS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:2(3):21·24.1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORV:ASb SPONSOR:Dow Chemical Co.' REGION:Applicable to entire United Stales KEYWORDS:brush;brush control;herbicides;maintenance;picloram;right· of-way;2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the effectiveness of Tordon 155 on numerous vegetation communities in a ¥."ide array of sfates in the eastern US.3 years,1966 1969.Originai fiela plot research.Described in general terms only.Tordon 155 was applied as a basal or an overall stem spray in oil to a variety of plant species at rates ranging from 0.5 to 3 gallons herbicide per 100 gallons of spray.Applied from May through August. Percent piant kill was estimated from four months to two years after application.(Results and Conciusions)evaluations made within the first year after application are meaningless for foliage sprays.Tordon 155 at one gallon per 100 gave good control on many species.Dormant stem treatments at the time of bud break gave better control than casal treatments.Rates of 0.5 to 1 gallon Tardon 155 per 100 gave results 37 A5b •Chemical 1222 (original research.).(Methodoiogy)With the cnange from liandcutltng of orusn to herbicidal control and mechanical control.oeglnnmg in 1955, various methods have been tried and evaluated to discover the most effective methodS un-der d.ifferent slope conditions and considering the use 01 the land surroundi~g the ROW.Methods tested and effective Included bulldozIng.broadcast and spot treatment with 2.4-0 and 2,4,5-T, broadcast and spot treatment with picloram In pellet form.Data on percent kill and costs has been kept to identify the most effective methods.(Results and Conclusions)A realishc sChedule for the application of an chemical-pic/oram pellets or foliage spray-is a must in order to get the most for the money spent.Yearly adjustments must be ~ made so that the program wiu be effective.More information is required tor goOd brush control than was needed previously when other methods were used.TIming of the applicatIon is very Important,as is the superviSion of the work. 1223 Why a right-ot.way management plan? AUTHOR:GROSS FH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Bonneville Power Admin. SOURCE TITLE:Industnal Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:1(2):6-8,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:A5b SPONSOR:Bonneville Power Admin.;US Dept Of Interior. REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:aestlletics;brush control:management;planning;public relations;right-of-way ABSTRACT:To dISCUSS the merits of gOOd ROW management planning and to present the essential elements of good planning,Narrahve,(Results and Conclusions)The following elements are guiding principles of the BPA management plan:(1)encourage multiple use of the lana.thereby promoting conservation of natural resources;(2)determine the impact of new lines on surrounding countryside;(3)minimize erosion and stream pollution causea'by new construction;and (4)present to the public ROWs WhiCh are pleasing to the eye but reliable.Each guidelin",'s discussed. 1224 The effects 01 pesticides. AUTHOR:NIER1NG WA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CT College, SOURCE TITLE:BioScience SOURCE 10:18(9):869-875.1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:A5b:61 a;Bl d REGION:Beach.Maple Forest STATE:Connecticut;United States KEYWORDS:ecosystem;fOOd chain;growth dislortion;herbiCIdes;impact; insectiCIdes;pestiCIde;residue;spraying,selective;weedS.ecology of: 2.4-0:2.4,50T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize some effects of two pesticides, insectiCIdes and herbicides.on OUT total envrronmeni,and to point out research and other educational opportunities for students of environmental science.(Time and Duration)Summarizes 15 years of nerb,clce research on ecosystems at the Connecticut Arboretum.(Type of Research)literature review of effect of insecticides on ecosystem plus a summary of original research with herbicides at the Connecticut Arboretum.(Methodology)Literat~re review.(ReSUlts and Conclusions) Ne9ative etteets of insecticides on target organisms include:killing of nontarget organisms,accumulation in food chain,lOwered reproductive potentiaf,resistance to sprays.synergistic effects.chemical migration, accumulation in the ecosystem,and delayed response.Non-selective spraying of herbicides results in the removal of many desiraJole plants. and produces a monotonotls grassy Cover free of colorlul wildflowers and Interesting shr\lbs.Selective removal of undesirable plants by basal or st~mp treatment.following sound ecological principles,preserves wildlife and aesthe1rc values at a minimum long-range cost.and tends to encourage a shrub co....er which resists invasion of tree species. 1225 Fate of Atrazine,.Kuron.Silvex,and 2.4.5-T in the dairy cow. AUTHOR:L1SK DJ:ST JOHN LE JR:WAGNER DG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Cornelt UniverSIty SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Oairy Science CATEGORY:A58 KEV\iVORDS:herb,cides;impact;public health;.residue;toxic hazard;2.4.5-1 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose was to demonstrate the residue dynamics of the subject herbicides in cattle.The authors project their study ID the possibiHty cattle may consume contarn-inated food.(Time and Duration)Six days covered in test procedures.four days ot exposure.and a total of six days observations of residue dynamics.(Type of Research)Original Laboratory research:a feeding study wtth the pattern of herbiCide elimination in urine and milk determined.(Methodology,Four cows were fed daily rations containing S ppm herbicide fAtrazine.Kuron.and 2.4,5~T)for four davs. Milk samples were collected morning and ellening and total daay urine 40 e),CTetlOn was alSO co\',ectea.These rnalenal~were ana~vz8ri lor herot\;loe residu.es.pflmardy oy ga:s cnrornawgrapny or calonmetflc Drocedures. ~Results and ConClUSionS)About 1.8%of the Atrazme was ex.cfl:l:ed In unne but no residues were found In milk.Kuron was rapidly hydrolyzed to Silvex and 67%was excreted -n urine and no reSidues were found \1\milk.Authors speculate feces may have contaIned much of the rest 01 the Kuron fed.2.4, 5·T foLlowed a similar pattern,.These results indicate that these phenoxy herbiCides are rapidly excreted in ur,ne.Residue Jevels In lJrine dropped rapidlv when exposure ceased.ReSidues in milk are not expected.The authors speculate the atrazine was probabty converted to the water·soluble Hvdroxy Atrazine and excreted in urine.Atrazine {2-chlora·isopropylamlno· 6-ethvl-ammo-s·triazine,.kuron [propylene glycol butYf elher esters of 2- (2.4,S-trichlorophenoJl;Vl propionic acidj,silvex 12·(2.4,S-tnchlorophenOJl;YI propionic acidj,and 2A.S-T (2.4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetlc aCid,are often used for weed and brush control in the vi-cln Ity of forage -crops.The reality of contamination of forage by drift or uptake prompted the study cf the fate of these herbicides in the dairy cow. 1226 Convert R/W tram woody to herbaceous cover. AUTHOR:ASBAUGH FA SOURCE TITLE:Electrical World, SOU RCE 10:63.1968 (April 1). YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:ASb;A5e;Bla REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS'aesthetiCs;brush;cover;herbaceous;piants;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To pOint out the changes that take place on a well managed ROW under broadcast spraying,and that these changes are not in conflict with an attractive vegetation cover.(Time and Duration) No set time period,but author's observations cover a decade or longer, (Type of Research)Observational field research (original).(Methodology) Observahonal research on many different ROWs shOWIng ttle general trends that take place after regUlar broadcast sprayings,converting areas from largely woody plants to areas where herbaceous plants dominate. (Results and Conclusions)Many species of wild flowers are found along ROW areas,yet very few are found in adjacent untreated areas containing WOOdy plants,The reason for th,s is ttlat as chemicals are sprayed,woody piants die.their leaves turn brown and eventually faU. Sunlight is then able to penetrate to the ground,Flower seeds which have been lying dormant in the SOil awaillng the opportunity to develop suddenly germinate,grow and flower.In other cases.flowers and ferns which have been repressed b~shade of woo¢t plants are SUddenly given freedom to develop abundatiy. 1227 Chemicals "cut"overhead limbs. AUTHOR:BARKER J SOURCE to:64,67,1968 (April 1). YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ammate-x;chemicals;equipment;herbicides;pruning;trimming; 2.4.5oT ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explaIn the use of herbicides for removing overhanging limbs in the ROW,and the eqUipment that has been developed to USe in these cherfllcal trimmmgs operations,(Time and Duration)8 years,(Type of Research)Onginal research (held). (Methodoiogy)Ove'hanging limbs were doused with chemicai spray.Two men working each side of the ROW :ove'up to five miles of line in a day.The work is done from the grotrld,eliminating sawing and climbing. and there is no longer need to shut down power to get at limbs hanging close to wires.Spraying may be started as soon as trees are in full leaf. Two 300 gallons John Bean sprayers which pump out 25 gallons pr minute are now used.These are Inailer mounted.(ReSUlts and ConClusions)Chemical trimming has proven effective and inexpensive in side pruning trees adjacent to electric rfghts-of·wa)'.These chemi.Cals may be applied by helicopter or by ground crews.Leaves u..,ally turn brown wrthin hours afier being sprayed.Limbs gradually die back from the tiP to the point Where sprayin9 stopped ~1d drop off In sections curing the winter.By spring most of these limbs nave fallen off. 1228 Growth analysis 0'red maple and white ash seedlings treated with eight herbicides. AUTHOR:PERRY PW;UPCHURCH RP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NC Agricultural Experiment Stahon. SOURCE TITl-E:Weed Science. SOURCE 10:16(1):32-37.1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGOR':ASb REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ammonium sulfamate;herbiCIdes:phytotOXicity;trees;2.4.5-T; 2.4.5oTP - - I!I'iI'J I ASb •Chemical 1234 ..,." ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To test eight tecrrn;,calJy pure herbicides tor their relatIve phytoroxicity to hyaroponlcally~grown seedlings of r-ed maple and white ash.(Time and Duration)One year.(Type 01 Research)Onglnal research.(Methodology)Six 01 the herbicides (acids)were prepared as the triethylamine salts to provide formulation uniformity.Foliar treatments were applied with a SCmI chromalograpnlc atomizer csing 4mi 01 treatmem solullon per plant.ROOI Irealments were made by pipetling Ihe herbicides direclly inlo Ihe culturrng Jars.A shool raUng system and piant dry weighl were used in evaluating Irealments.Each seedling was raled on a ctassllicabon 01 1 to 5 ind,caling no damage to dead plants, respect1y~y.(Results and Conclusions)The 2A,S.trichlorinated phenoxyaliphalic acids.2,4.!;-T,2,4,5-TP,were consistently more 10,"c on a moie basis when appl,ed 10 Ihe roots of bolh species Ihan when applied 10 the shoots.The opposite eHect was obselVed with ammonium sullamale where shool Ireatments were always mOre 10Xlc.Shoot and rool Irealmenls were equally eHective for Ihe compounds 2,4-0,dicamba, picloram and amitrole.DiHerential species susceptibilities to certain compounds were observed. 1229 Herbicide combinations for woody plant control. AUTHOR:BOVEY RW;DAVIS FS;MORTON HL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE TITLE:Weed SCience. SOURCE 10:16(3):332-335,196/1. YEAIil PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire Uniled Slales STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;picloram;picloram +2,4,5-T;2,4,!;-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To lesl the eHeclivenes.of picioram alone,and of picloram/2,4,s-T and picloramtparaquat combinations in controlling certain hard-lcHtili woody plants.(Time and D.Jrations)Two--year study (1964-1966).(Type of Research)Original research (both greenhouse and field tests).(Methodology)All herbIcides were sprayed on 22 by 100 fool, or 22 by 200 foot f",ld plots with a truck mounted sprayer.Herbicides were applied in water using a surtactant.Brush,6 to 12 feet lall,was Ireated.Similar herbicide combinations were applled to greenhouse-grown plants.Herbiclde eHectiveness was measured by estimating percenlage defoliation 1 or more years atler treatment.(Results and ConClusions) PictoramJparaquat combinations imprOVed the control of some species, such as yaupon,over picloram alone al equal rates;bul it "ad an anlagonisticeHeel on huisache and honey mesquite.Evaluations of picloram/2,3,S-T combinations suggested that 2,4.5-T somelimes could be added in equal amounts to picloram 10 increase comrol or reduce plcloram rales proportionalely on hu<sache,honey mesquile and live oal<. 1230 Herbicides and their toxiCity to livestock. AUTHOR:MCINTOSH IGo AUTHOR AFFILIATION:ANZIC,Wallaceville Animal Research Centre. SOURCE TITLE:New Zealand Veterinary Journal. SOURCE 10:15:70-72,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to enlire United Slates KEYWOROS:herbicides:impact;liveslock;loxicity ABSTRACT:A dIscussion of toxicity of herbicides to livestock.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Results and Conclusions)Only two herbtc:ides a.re considered liable to oe directly toxic,sodium arsenite and dinllro-butyl phenol.As hormone weed killers can make planlS atlractive 10 livestock,It is considered wise not 10 leave callte where 2,4,!;-T has been sprayed on tutu,hemlock,and thistles.Correct use of weedkillers is necessal)'10 these assessmenls. 1231 Effects of some herbicides on fertilized Ush eggs and fry. AUTHOR:HILTIBRAN RC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:IL Natural History Survey. SOURCE TITLE:American Fisheries Society Transactions. SOURCE 10:96:41~16,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United Slales KEYWORDS:fish:herbicides:impact;2,4-0;2,4,!;-T;2,4,5-TP ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the ellects of 2,4,!;-T,2,4,5-TP,sodium endolhall,dalapon,and 2,4-0,on Ihe developmenl of lerolized fish eggs and try.(Time and Duration)One year (1966).(Type of Research) Original research (laboralory).(Methodology)Sexually ope male and female fish from Ihe same cody of waler were broughl 10 lhe lab and Ihe eggs fertilized.After Ihe eggs were hatched.Ihe number in each lesl jar was determined.Concentrations of herbIcides were added to each jar containing 10 fry.Controls were used in all experimenls,and two or more expenments were run for each herbicide concentration.Since exposure of lertiiized eggs 10 herbicides did not prevenl Iheir development.only fry were used m me later expenments.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Apparently the fry were more subscepbole to the tOjlC,IC action of some nerOiclaes than were fertilized egg5.Concentrations above 5 ppm 01 silvex and 10 ppm of lenuron TCA reduced the number 01 fry prOduced from fertilized eggs.suggesting that high dosages of some herbicides does aHect fry deVelopment.When waler soiubie derivatives of silvex,2,4,5-T and 2,4-0 were used,the loxicities 01 Ihese herbiCides 10 the fry and adult fishes were less than their ester derivatIves.Endothall. because of its low loxixicily 10 fish,eggs.and fry,and rates of aquatic use,appears to be one of the safest herbicldes to use during the spawning season. 1232 Controf of woody and herbaceous vegetation with soli sterilanls. AUTHOR:BOVEY RW;DAVIS FS;MEYER RE AUTHOR AFFILJATION:Texas A &M Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Weeds SOURCE 10:15:327-330.1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Oak +Blueslem Parkland STATE:Texas KEYWORDS:brUSh;brush control:soil stenlanls ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To Ind the effectiveness and residual properties of several sOil sterilant herbicides on a variety of woody plants and associaled vegelation.(Time and Duration)Two--year study;1964-1966. (Type of ResearCh)Original research (field sludy).(Methodology)Field plots were established at five location$in Texas.~n Victorta a thick stand 01 live oak,3-6 feet tall was used.AI the Relugio site,huisache and honey mesquite were the major woodY SpecIes on the plots.Near Llano the primary bnuSh species was white brush With scattered mesquite and pensimmon.The predominant bruSh at the Caroos site were yaupon,post oak and blacl<jack oak.At Livingston lhe ma,n brush spec,es was sumac. Bromacil,fenuran,fenuron-TCA,monuron TeA,prometone and picioram were lested.(Results and ConclUSions)A majority of the herbiCides controlled most brush species,However,bromacil,prometone and piclcram were most eHeelive at all locatIons.Most herbicides conlrolled herbaceous vegetation for one year or less_Bromadl controlled herbaceous vegetalion for approximalely Iwo years al most localions. 1233 An improved helicopter system for the aerial application of sprays containing TORDON 101 mlll'lure particulated with HORBAI<. AUTHOR:BYRD B C:DAVIDSON JH:REIMER CA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:22(1):3-6,1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable 10 enllre Uniled Siales STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides:picloram +2,4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present inlormallon on spray drift control, especially wilh particuialedsprays,using a newly-developed helicopler- boom system.(Time and Duration)About 10 years of oevejopment.(Type of Research)Original researCh.(Melhodology)Basic research Included conSideration Of mechanical,physical and chemlcel factors affecting droplet formation and movement.This led to the use of a small Wind lunnel 10 study lhe drift potential inherent in diHerenl methOds of viscosity modification as opposed to particulated,which in lurn.ied 10 Ihe development of mathematical equations.To determine spray movemenl in Ihe wind lunnel quantitatively a suilable tracer dye was used.(Results and Conclusions)Tordon 101 mixture (picloram +2,4-0) particulated with Norbak and applied through the system descrrbed provides a new tool for eHective aenal herbicide application.Although this system permits more precise spray placement by ttle pilol,il is still imperative that the operator exercise continuous car.e to follow alt precaullons used,in the past 10 insure a minimum spray drift outside the target area. 1234 Degradation 0'2,4-D and 2,4,$-T In forest litter. AUTHOR:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Stale Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:64(7):475-476,1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Applicable 10 enlire United Siaies STATE:Unlted Siaies KEYWORDS:degradation:forest;foresl liller:herbicides;2,4-0;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To delermine the rales and palhways of degradation of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T in the litter layers of the forest,and the forms of herbiCides and their metabOlites which might ..nove into streams.(Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type 01 Research)Original·research (Iaboralory).(Methodology)One inch of lorest litter,collecled trom an 41 ASb •Chemical 1234 alder stand tn western Oregon,was placea on an elevated platform In a three ~Iter glass cnamber which served as a respiratIon stUdy Chamber. The tnethanol amine salt of labeled 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T was applied in water to the surface of the liller at two pounds acid equivalent per acre. Carbon dioxide free air was introduced into the system,and outgoing·air was tested for carbon dioxide content.(Results and ConcluSIons)The herbiCides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are aegraded in lorest lilter at diHerent rates.2,4·0 is metabolized at an increas~ng rate with time while the rate of degradation of 2,4,5-T shows only a slight increase.More than 85 percent of the 2,4-D was decarboxylated in 300 hours.Less than 25 percent of the 2,4,5-T was decarboxylated in the same period. 1235 Aerial spraying 0'low-grade hardwood stands with 2,4,S·T In West Virginia. AUTHOR:WENDEL GW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, SOURCE ID:Upper Darby,PA,US Forest Service Research Note NE45, 1966.4 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:West Virginia KEYWORDS:communities;ecosystem;herbicides;impact;trees;2,4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the results of an aerial application of 2,4.5-T by he"copter to a hardwood stand on a site where partial convers,on to white pine by aerial seeding ;s pianned.(Time and DuratIon)One-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field stUdy).(Methoclology)Two cutover plots and two uncut plots,each 8 acres in size,located near each other on a steep southwesl-facing slope, were sprayed by helicopter wrth 2 Ibs of 2,4,5-T acid equivalent per acre In oil (Iso-octyl ester formUlation),A conventional boom-type spray rig was used.Twenty-five 4-by 5-inch oll-sensitive cards were placed in a line at 20-toot intervals to check on the distribution of Ihe herbicide,A year later the plots were checked to delemune the eHectiveness of the herbiCIde treatment.(ResUlts and Conclusions)The overall killing effect of the spray on the overstory was good"It was most effecllve on Ihe four oak species;more than 90%of the trees were dead or severely defoliated.Red maple.black iocust and basswood were the next most susceptible group;69%dead or severely defoliated.Sugar mapie was Intermed,ate;39%dead or severely defolialed.The hickories,serviceberry, dogwoocl,and hawthorn showed no damage.Pitch pine and Virginia pine showed no effect from the spraYIng.No relationship between tree size and s~sceptibi1ity to the spray treatment was apparent. 1236 4-amino-3,S,6 TrichlOl'Opicollnic acid pellets for brush control in the northeastern United States. AUTHOR:SCHWARTZBECK RA AUTHOR AFFiLIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed ContrOl Conference. SOURCE 10:19:385·392,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire Unlled States STATE;UOIled States KEYWORDS,brush;checklist;herb,cides;pellets;picloram;right-of-way; species ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To gIve results of experimerrts using picloram pellets to control woody species on electriC rights-of-way,and some of the precautIons tllat must be followed for effective control.(Time and Duration)Two-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field). (Methodology)Tordon 10K pellets containing 10%tordon as the potassium sail incorporated In extruded clay pellets were distributed by hand in early spring to duplicate 50.00 square foot plots at rates of 3.0, 4.5,6.0.7.5 and 8.0 pounds acid eq~ivalent per acre.Observations were made throughout the balance of the year through the following year's growing season.In two other locatIons applicatIons were made throughout the year.The major species used in this study were 2 to 12 feet tall.and included both deciduous trees and conifers.(ReSlUlts and Conclusions)Tordon pellets are eHective for the control of woody piants When applied to soil in the root zone.Pelleted formulations are easily applied by hand or mechanical equipment,either as broadcast application or spot treatment.Both of these applications.wilen made during spring or early summer I are more effective than appl1cations made during other seasons.Rainfall following treatment is needed to obfain maximum control. 1237 Herblcldes pose no threat except to vegetation. AUTHOR:LINCICOME RA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Electric Light &Power magazine. SOURCE TITLE:Electric Light &Power SOURCE ID:43(3):1-4.1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 42 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:UOited States KEYWORDS:herbicides:tOXIcity:2.4-D;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss various controversial topics reiated to herbicide use on ROWs to show that,V>tlen properly used.they present no real problem 10 animals and man.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Melhoclology)Such questions as herbiCide safety,laboratory research on toxiCity.herbicide use on ROWs,and toxicity leves,are discussed in light of the most recent literature.(Results and ConclUSions) Misinformation about utility use of herbicides on ROWs poses public- relations problems more than two years after "Silent Spring."Rachel Carson's book condemning the use ot pestic:loes Shocked the nation. Continued oppositron to herbicide brush control now is strengthenIng and could present legal problems for utility managers, 1238 Persistence and biological reactions 0'pesllcides In 90115. AUTHOR:ALEXANDER M AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Cornell Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Soil Science Society of America Proceedings SOURCE ID:29:1-7,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS,degradation;herbicides;persistence;soils ABSTRACT,(Purpose)To dlscuss the persistence and biological reactions of pesticides In soils,and the possibility of ailering molecular configuration of certain pesticides so they do not build up in soils or break down imo harmful residues.(Type of Research)Lileralure review. (Methodology)The author discusses such topics as pesticide persistence. structure and biodegradability,metabolism 01 pesticides.and microbial fallibility.Particular concern is expressed for those agricultural pesticides that do not break down readily;a group that contains many symhetic chemicals that emer the so,i.(ReSUlts and ConClusions)Although microorganisms are o1Ien considered to be omnIVorous and biochemIcally omnipotent,they seem unable to destroy at signiflcanl rates many synthetic chemicals that enter soil.This unexplained microbiai fallibility recenlly has assumed prominence because of the long perSIstence of a variety of pesticides.With at least certain compounds.the chemical, physiologIcal,or environmental basis of the biological tailings can be established.as illustrated with substituted phenols and phenoxy herbicides.Microorganisms may <lefoXlIy pesticide-treated soil by metaboliZing or degrading the added sLbstance, 1239 Effects 0'the herbicide sllvex on benthos of a farm pond. AUTHOR:CAMPBELL RS:HARP G AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of MO. SOURCE TITLE:Journal 01 Wildlife Management. SOURCE ID:28(2):308-317,1964, YEAR PUBLISHED:1964 CATEGORY:A5b;B1 SPONSOR:Univ of MO. REGION:'Oak-Hickory-Bluestem Parkland STATE:Illinois;M,ssouri KEYWORDS:benthos:community structure:enYITonmental assessment; herbicides;impact;poilutlon.water;pond;tOXiC hazard;tOXICity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the composition and denSity of benthos community in a farm pond and to en~rnerate.the changes in the community after trealment WIth silvex herbIcide.(Time and Duration)7 months ending early 1962.(Type of Research)Original research conducted In the field,(MethOdology)The benthIC community of a 0,26 acre pond was described and then seven plastic enclosures were placed in the pond.Individual enclosures were treated with various ievels of silvex as the polassium sait.At intervais after treatmem benthos were again sampled and described.(ResUlts and Conclusions)There was a pronounced decline in tt1e ptant biomass in the treated enclosures. Different treatments.gave different degrees of piant control.Extensive. numerical data on species composition and density for bentllos is given in the paper.Benthos varied both wrth pond depth and season of the year.There was a marked numerical increase in benthos in the silvex treated enclosures.Not all species were aHected equally.The authors attribute the numerical increase to enrichment trom decaying vegetation killed by the herbicide.Snails and Ch~ps are detritus feeders.Their levels were reduced by herbicide treatment,but 11 months after treatment they.were recovering, 1240 A substitute for 2,4,5-T In eastern hardwood sprout and brush control. AUTHOR:CAMPBELL J;PATRie JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:(US Forest Service)Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. YEAR PUBLISHED:1964 CATEGORY:A5b - - '0 - - - ..... REGION:Appalach,an Oa,Forest STATE:West Vlfglnla KEYWORDS:brush:herb,cioes;trees;2,4-D:2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on an herbicide mixture that could be used In place of 2,4,5-T,due to the shonage of 2,4,5-T for civilian use during the Viet Nam war.(Time and duration)One-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field study).(Methodology)A mixture of TBA,2,4-D and 2,4·DP was prepared using 1.0 ae pounds per gallon of TBA:1.0 ae pounds per gallon,2,4-D:and 0.75 ae pounds per gallon of 2.4-DP _The herbicides were amine formulations that minimized pr()blems of vOlatility.130 gallons per aCre of this mixture,or 32.5 Ibs.acid equivafent,was used to control a variety of hardwoods and deciduous shrubs.130 gallons per acre of the same mix,used twice during me season at 10 Ibs acid equivalent,was also tested.(ResUlts and Conclusions)This stUdy suggests that the mixture of TBA,2,4-D and 2,4- DP is al least as effeclive as 2.4-D and 2,4,5-T for controlling revegelalion aller c1earcutting of eastern hardwoods.Timing of application may be fully as critical as Ihe herbicide concentralion.For optimum control,two appRcations of the mix at 10 Ibs ae in 130 gallons 01 waler per acre was used.The first application should come as soon as Jeaves are fUlly developed,and the second applicatIon in late summer. 1241 Right-of-way maintenance with selective brush management. AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WI Natural Resources Committee of State Agencies. SOURCE [0:Madison,WI,WI Natural Resources Committee of State AgenCies,1964,22 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1964 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Wisconsin KEYWORDS;brush;maintenance;management;right-of-way; spraying,selective ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a practical approach to the management of ROWs for mUltiple use,recognizing that scenic areas are in great demand and that wildlife and pollinating insects are in short supply.(Time and Duration)Results of 10 years of study and observation,(Type of ResearCh)Literature survey and observations.(Methodology)This study was based on the agreement of the ag$1cies represented on a Working Group appointed by the Natural Resources Committee of State Agencies.The results are largely the best thinking of the members of this Group,all of whom had some experience in weed control and brush management on road,power,and communication line ROWs.A pilot field stUdy was then established to test lhe feasibility and costs of their recommendations.(Results and Condusions)Through selective brush management programs:')trees which grow into power and communication lines and which in some sites shade roads, resulting in icy conditions,can be eliminated in ROWs;2) valuable shrubby cover for wildlife and pollinating insects will increase and help to prevent further tree encroachment;3) exposed soils will be covered as low-growing shrubs and woody vines develop;4)noxious weeds can.be controlled;5) herbaceous plant species will not increase but will gradually give way to low-growing shrubs;and 6)selective brush management can be considerably less expensive than other practices. 1242 "Program.methods and results ot 10 years of chemical brush contral by Central Hudson Gas &Electrtc COrporaflon.... AUTHOR:ABBOTT RE AUTHOR AFFILJATION:Central Hudson Gas and Electric Corp. SOURCE TITlE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:17:360-364,1963. YEAR PUBUSHED:1963 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:New York KEYWORDS:ammonium sulfamate;brown out:brush;herbicides;impact: 2,4-D;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(PuJ1)Ose)To describe the evolution of the present ROW vegetation management practices on the transmission and distribution line areas 01 Central Hudson Gas and Electnc Corporation.(Time and Duration)2Syears of experience.(Type of Research)Original research. (MethodOlogy)Beginning in 1952 a dormant se.lective basal spray was adopted on transmission lines._This method involved us~g combinations of 2,4.5-T.Since 1955,all brush contrOl on transmiSSIon ROW areas has been by chemical methods.On distribution lines seiective basal spray is used to minimize brown out and remove only those species that grow lall enough to interiere with the distribution line,In order to program and evaluate brush contrOl.each year aU transmission lines are reviewed on A5b -Chemical 1245 the routine monthly rlght-of-way patrol.(Results and ConclUSions)A serles of test plots utilizing several chemicai growth inhibllors has been under observatton for several years.Results l1avs oeen encouraging and more tests are plannned.ChemIcal spraymg has drastically reOuced the costs of brush control.In the future jt IS possibi~that chemical gro'Nth inhibttors may have the same effect on tree trimming·costs.The cnemical tecnn'lques used are effective and tnere rias been excellent pUblic acceptance of the program.costs.and a marKed reductIon in the Interruptions of electric service, 1243 Vegetation changes and animal use of a power line right-of-way alter the application of an herbicide. AUTHOR:GYSEL LW AUTHOR AFFIUATION;MI State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Eanh. SOURCE tD:18(1):7-10,1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:ASb;B1:E3;E4 SPONSOR:MI State Univ. REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Mictllgan KEYWORDS:animals,wild;birds;habitat:hanitat change;herbicides: impact;right-of-way;2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To estabilsh Changes In various vegetabon communities and indications of animal use of ROW areas aller sprayin9 willi 2,4,5-T.(Time and Duration)Four years.1957-1961.(Type of Research)Original field plot research.(Methodology)A one miie section 01 ROW was treated with 2,4,5-T as a broadcast spray,100 gallons per acre 01 low volatile ester.Eight plant communIties were delineated and mapped,and 70 permanent plots were established for noting plant cover, number of stems,height and diameter of trees and shrubs.Animal census work in'lOlved ....isual sightings and snap and box Irapping.(ReSUlts and Conciusions)Delailed narralive observatIons of changes in specific plant communitIes are In the text.The most morked change in p.lant density and species composition oecurred in communities of sassafrass treated with foliage sprays.Only minor changes occured in communities where basal applications were made.Sixteen sp"",es of mammals and 19 species of birds were recorded.Animals were in all p1ant communities both treated and untreated. 1244 Toxicology 01 helblcldes. AUTHOR:MIKKELSEN DAlGAARD SV:POULSEN E AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Royal Veterinary &Agricultural Coliege Denmark SOURCE TITLE:Pharmacologicai Review SOURCE ID:14:225-250,1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides:tOXicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To r.....ew lne toxlcoiogy data on herbicides,using for this survey a classification according to chemical conftguration.(Time and Duration)Literalure survey covering articles spanning a 30 year period.(Type of Research)Litera,ure survey.(MethodOlogy)The authors review the tOXicology data on:1)Inorganic herbiCides.arsenites,sodIum chlorate and SUlphuric acid:2)Organic nerblcides.chlorinated pnenoxy- acids,chlorinated aliphatic acidS and their sodium saJls,carbamates and ally!alctlohol,substituted Ufeas.lrlazlnes,substituted phenols;and 3) Miscellaneous organic herbicides.tributyl pnospnoro-trithioate.maleic hydrazide,endothal sodium,diqual and amlnotroazole.(ResUlts and ConclUSions)It is imponant that attention not be confined to the toxicity of the original compounds.Their influen::e on plant metabolism mIght,for Instance,block synthetic chains.leading to the accumulation of endogenous toxic prodUCts in vegetables.In thiS respect it has been shown mat 2,4-D,applied In subtoxic amounts to such plants as sugar beets.increases me concentration of nitrate to twenty times the normal leVel.Consequently,feeding with the foliage involves a riS!<of poisoning. A knoWledge of persistent metabolites In crops for consumption especially will be of great importance in studying long-term aclions.including carcinogenic effects.· 1245 AUTHOR:MCQUILKIN WE;STRICKENBERG LR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest service. SOURCE ID:Upper Darby.PA,Nonheaslem Forest Experiment Station, 1961,Station Paper No 148,24 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1961 CATEGORY:A5b REPORT NUMBER;NE148 REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brush:forest;herbiCides;rigtlt-of-way;roadside:2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To give a resume of the testing phase of the roadside brush control program in regard to chemicals and application methods:a description of the equipment used;and a general.appraisal of 43 y .. -_._--_...,----------------------------- A5b -Chemical 1245 :ner:-:::aj control in prac:::=:"'l the eastern ]'"'ationa/''J:o::srs.,-:"ime and Jura:,on)Sumr:1a.ry of res ...,:s over a 7 ~year period,(Tyee ct ':iesearch) Orrgmal research (field).lMa:!"',odclogy)2.4.5-J"was !.'1E-nerb::1de used in tnese tests.Begmn;ng in 1953 roadside work with water~tDlla;e sprays (4 oounos atJg)and oil-basal s:r3.Ys (12 pounds}were star.ed I."Virginia, Kent~cky.and West Vlfgll'~::'.July,November and Marc;-,ape :allons were tned.Treatment umtS ,r:all these tests includeo severa,miles of rOaO$10Q,enough to provlc,e some preliminary indjcatior:s Of T;Tt.e and COst.Altogether some 78 rr.::e5 at roadside were treatec in trese tests. Seiecttve sPrayIng was useo whenever possible.Sprayu,g was done 'Nfth manually operated nou!es cy me"on foot (Results anc Con-:iusions) Roaosioe brush can be sat!s~actorily CO:i.trolled by an O:,-DaS6'spray of 2.4.5-T.selectively appliec.a"·d the costs are less tt1an ~i1ose for annual mowing.Aeiative;y simple mGo:fications ot standard moest.511;)-On fire pumpers have been pertectea for converting the pumpers Into power sprayers.Most properly sprayed roadsides can stand at least 5 years, and often longer,before retreatment is ;equired.With a S.yea r intervaj, brtJsn controi costs With cnemlcals are averaging about 4.09b iess than mowfng.costs. 1246 Vegetation management Or!utility right5-'01-way. AUTHOR:BYRNES WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Recent advances in botany. SOURCE to:12:1426-1430.1961. YEAR PUBLISHED:1961 CATEGORY:A5b;B1 SPONSOR:PA State Univ. REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE;Pennsylvania KEYWORDS;brush control;comlT11Jnity structure:ecological:ecology, applied;herbicides;management;right~ot-way;succession:vegstation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of 'this paper is to review the technioues being used for cnemical brUSh control In 1961 ana to report the effects of chemical treatments on veaetative communltres.In central PA.Jncluding herbicide efficacy and changes in communlry structure. (Time and Durabon)8 years:'953 to 1961.(Type of Research)Review ot current (1961)practices ana original tield plot research.(Methodology) Re'Vlew of current practices IS narrative with no citaltons.tn tne community structure study.before and periodically after application of SIX commercial vegetation contr-c1 techniQues (five ol;hemicaJ,one mechanical), percent ground cover and soecies comoosition were recorded.(Results and Conclusions)Prior to 1946 mechnical techniques were used almost exclusively to contrOl vegetation on rights-of-way.About 150 acres were sprayed chemically in 1946,and more than 500,000 acres were sprayed In 1958.Broadcast foliage.stem-foliage basat,cut stump,and soil application techniQues are oescribed.In ~he vegetation commumty structure test,phenoxy herbiclQes and ammate were the primary treatments employed.The nature ot the communities formed and their structure eight years after apcllcatlon are described In narrative.No. Quantitative data is g~ven.Tr:e author notes tnat the long term trend on all ptots has been toward tne c-evelopment of a plant commur,lty s~m,liar to the one eXisting be10re spraYIng. 1247 Effects of i1ghts-of·way techniques on vegetation. AUTHOR:ARNER OH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Soil Conservalion Service. SOURCE TITLE:Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCE 10:25:378-386,1960. YEAR PUBLISHED:1960 CATEGORY:AS~A5d;A& "lEGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE;Alabama;Maryland: Pennsylvania;West Virginia KEYWOROS;chemicals;costs:leriilization;impact;maintenance; revegetation;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRAC1';(Purpose)To illustrate the effects of various ROW management techniques on the vegetation that eventually dominates these areas,and to evaluate these plants for w'ldlife value.(TIme and Duration).12 years. (Type at Research)Origins •..earch,(Methodlogy)To find practical and economical maintenance tecllnlQues that would serve the dual purpose of (1)retarding the invasion 01 woody plants.and (2)prOViding highly nutritiOUS fOOd for wildlife.the following were tried;bulldozing and seeding 'Wftt!various seed mixtures:use of Cultivator and hea~'dUty brush mower with seed and tertilizer;use of pelleted and unpelleted seeds on areas preViously sprayed with herbicides;and use of controlled burning,lertilizer.and seed.(Results and ConcluslOns)A greater amount of nutritious wildlife food can be produced and a more economical reduction of woody plants Obtained through the use at mechanIcal equipment (Bulldozing and cultivator)or controlled burning When these are combined with the use of fertilizer and seed.than wilh any other techntQues now in current use.Before seJecting the proper ROW managment techniques,fopographic conditions.types and quality at vegetation present,width of the ROW,and the landowners'desires must be taken into consideration. 44 1248 Aerial application of herbicides for right-ai-way brush control. AUTHOR:BENNETI JM;GRUNDY WM AUTHOR ...FFILIATION:Hydro-electric Comm at Ontario SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth SOURCE ,D:Pages 6·10.1960 (Fall). YEAR PUBLISHED;1960 CATEGORY:A5b SPONSOR Hydro-electriC Comm of Ontario. REGION:Applicable to entire UnIted States KEYWORDS;aerial;application methods;'brush;brush control:heroicldes; right-ol-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the history and current methOdS (1960) of chemical brush control on Ontarjo Hydro ROWs.(Time and DuratIOn) 9 years:1951-60.(Type 01 Research)Not researc~;narrative of company operations.(Methodology)Narrative,(Results and Conclusions)Author describes the development at the Company's chemical brush control program Irom 1951 to about 1960,Author then describes the equipment, s(Jray materials and mixtures.spray operations.results.and costs 01 the current program invo1viflg aerial application of herbicides.Author notes helicopters are used primarily in the more remote locations with ground spray equipment predominating in the more settled areas of the province. 1249 The key to effective basal spraying of woody plants:wet the rool collar. AUTHOR:MCQUII.K.IN WE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE;Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:55(2):143-144,1957. YEAR PUBLISHED:1957 CATEGORY'A5b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;spraying,basal;2.4-0;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explain the correct technique lor obtaining good results from basal spraying of woody plants,and also to explain reasons for differences in percentage kills between species.(Time and Duration) One-year (1953).(Type of Research)Original research (field). (Methodology)Fifteen scrub oak clumps with root crowns exposed by scrapIng away litter and the upper 1 to 2 inches of soil were welled on top and sides with herbicide spray,using 2.4.5-T ester at 8 pounds acid equivalent per 100 gaUons of diesel oil.A similar number of clumps were treated without exposing orowns.but ..,;th conSCIOUS effort to get run- down over and around the crown to all areas possibly having dormant buds.Fifteen ottler clumps were treated without exposing crowns, according to usual procedure,spraying only the iower 12-18 incheS of the base.(ResUlts and Conclusions)The most effective treatments were where the root crown was exposed by scraping away the litter and the upper 1 to 2 inches of soil.and Where the top and sideS ot root crowns were thOloughly wetted.However,where root crown was nat eJ:posed but a conscious etten:was made to get run~down over and around the crown.excellent control was obtained.Thus.it is Important to apply heroicide solution so that aU dormant buds at and belOW the ground line, are treated with ohemlcal during basal spraying. 1250 Recent advances In woody brush control on rights-of-way. AUTHOR;BRAMBLE WC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA State Uriv. SOURCE T1TI..E:National Shade Tree Conference. SOURCE 10:33:180-185.19~7 YEAR PUBLISHED;1957 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:brush;herbicides;right-ot-way;spraying,basal;spraying, broadcast;spraying,foliage ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe present spraying application methods of value on eleclric ROWs.and to suggest a standardiZed nomenclature for these application metrods to aVOid contusion In the literature.(Type of Research)Literature survey and experience (field).(MethOdology)The author explores the present methods of herbicide application to vegetation on electric ngh't$wof-way.and under which conditions each is most effective.He suggests that the terms broadcast foliage spray.stern- foliage spray,and basal spray be adopted lor these application methods to avoid contusion in the literature.The characteristics,effects.and proper chemicals to use with each method are discussed.(Results and Conclusions)A number ot chemical spraying techniques have come into oommon use in the past decade.for which a definite set of terms has not yet been commonly accepted.As a result,a number of different names haove been applied to tile same technique and ttle same name has been used for vastly different techniques.This has caused confusion in both scientific circles and in practice.The author proposes the terms: broadcast fotiage spray,stem-foilage spray.semi-basal spray,and basal spray for these application methods. """" - ...., - - = - A5b -Chemical ,.... 1256 .- - 1251 Stimulating regrowth at mountain maple tor deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and lire. AUTHOR:HANSEN HL KREFTING LW;STENLUND MH AUTHOR AFFILIATION.US Fish and Wildlife Service.;Un/v of MN;MN Div at Game and Fish SOURCE TITLE:20(4):434·441.1956. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:A5b;B1e;E3:E4 SPONSOR;Unlv of MN.MN Div of Game and FIsh.;US Fish and Wildlife ServIce. REGION:Laurentian MIXed Forest STATE:Minnesota KEYWORDS:animals.game;clearing;community sturcture;deer:food: habitat manipulation;herbicides;mammals.big game;wildlife;2.4-0; 2,4.5.T ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To evaluate tlle eHectiveness of several herbicides. tire and cutting in reducing the regrowth of mountain maple,and to determine if deer would browse on the regrowth.(Time and Duration) Some treatments and observations span 20 years:herbicide treatments cover a two year penod.Study completed in 1955.(Type of Research) Onglnal field plot research.(Methodology)The herbicides 2.4-D and 2.4- 5-t applied as basal or stem sprays in diesel oil.diesel ad alone.a propane torch and axe culling were used to top kill mountain maple in the hopes of stimulating sorout regrowth which WOUld be used for browse by deer.The number of stems produced and the height of regrowth were used to evaluatebrowsa production.Deer browsing was also reported but the methods tor measuring were not reported.(results and conclUSions)At early bud burst time.2,4-D was beller than 2.4.5-t. and stem sprays were beller than basal sprays in stimulating browse production.Heavier herbicide'applications promoted more browse production.Fire treatments were not particularly effective.but they were essentially nothing more than a heat grrdling teeMlque.·Axe culling produced the most regrowth.After culling not only were the sprouts used for food.but the tops of felled trees were used also.Deer used all browse avadable and showed some preference for herbiCide treated clumps. 1252 Creating and maintaining wildlife openings in wooded areas by use of herbicides. AUTHOR;RUCH LC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI Dept of Conservation. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:12(4):2-3,16,1956. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:A5b:B1 SPONSOR:MI Dept of Conservation. REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:ammais;clearing;community structure;habitat manipulation; herb~cides;matntenance;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the use of herbiCides for manipulating animal habitat.(Time and Duration)1954-56.(Type of Research) Observations of herbicide use.(Methodology)Describes operational use of herclcides for title sUbject.(Results and ConclUSions)Not a data paper.Primarily a narrative on the specific eQuipment and logistics of herbicide use for creating openings tor game use.Several observations are made regarding the particular effects of 2,4-D and 2.4,5-T on specific types of vegetation.No data or observations are oHered on the effects of sucn treatments on antmals.or their use of treated areas. 1253 Rlghl-of·ways management:a growing problem. AUTHOR:GROVE AR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Virginia Wildlife. SOURCE 10:10-11.1956 (August). YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:A5b;A5e;A5f REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS;herbicides;management;right-of-way;spraying.broadcast; spraying.selective;succession ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To compare the benefits of blanket (broadcast) spraying with selective spraying.including economic,aesthetic,and wildlife benefits.(Type of Research)Observational study not based on studies of the author.Would probOably classify as a literature review. (Methodology)The article was written after the author made a field thp to lI1e Bald Eagle Forest Area in Pennsylvania.He observed blanket· sprayea areas and selectively sprayed areas.(Results and Conclusions) Selectiye spraying improved the appearance of the rights-of-way.provided mere food tor wildlife.decreased fire danger by prOViding a living plant cover.caused less erosion.The shrub Cover present in the selectively spra~areas competition preventing the reinvasion of tree seedUngs.As lI1is was achieved at the same or less cost to the uWity,there should be lillIe argument lI1at selectiye spraying is mucn more sensible than blanket spraying. 1254 effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-ot-way.No.1. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC;BYRNES WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA state Univ. SOURCE 10;State College.PA.PA State Umv Agrrcultural Experrment Station.1955,Progress Report 126.4 P. YEAR PUBLISHED:1955 CATEGORY:A5b "'EGlON:Appaiachlan Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:brusn;cover;food;Impact;right-of-way;Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the results of several common herbicides and spray techniq.ues on game fOOD and cover.(Time and Duration)One- year study.(Type of Research)OrigInal research (field study). (Methodology)The six treatments used were:No spray (control); broadcast foliage (D +T)in water carrier;summer basal spray (0 + T).oil and water carrier;general summer basal spray (0 ...T)in oil carrier;selective winter basal (T)in oil carner:and broadcast foil age spray (Ammate)in water carrier.These treatments were applied bel:ween June 9 and July 1.1953.Within each treatment.two types of sample plots were used for detailed analySIs of the plant communities on treatment areas.(ResUlts and ConclUSions)Ail sprays caused foliage kill of from 80 to 100 percent,but stem kill varied.The highest percent of stem kill was obtained from the summer and winter basal sprays with the highest number of seedlings and Single sprouts being missed in the winter application. 1255 Frill treatment with 2.4,5-T and 2,4-0 effective for killing Northern Hardwoods. AUTHOR;MCQUILKIN WE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service SOURCE JD:Upper Dartly,PA.US Forest Service 'Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,18 p. CATEGORY;AS8 KEYWORDS:appHcatfon methods;brush conrrol;herbIcides;trees:2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:{Purpose}The purpose of thIS paper IS to report on the effIcacy of various methods for applYing 2.4,5 4 T for timber stand lmprovement work.. (Time and Duration)3 years;1952·1955.(Type of Researchl Origmal held research.(MethodologyJ 2.4-D andior 2.4.5·T were applied by trilllOg. pamttng.basal spraying,and some minor modifications of these techniques. Oli and water carriers were compared as were two concentrations of herbicides.A variety of hardwood species were included.Precent kiH WaS tallied at the end of three growing Seasons.(Results and ConclUSions)The frill method was most effective.A comblnatlon of 2.4-D and 2,4,5·T was as effective as 2.4.5-T alone.Eightlbs.acid equivalent per 100 gallons was as effective as 24lbs.Oil was the better camer,Beech.Red Maple.and Sugar maple were more resistant than all other speCies,most of wnlch were Q.uite sensitive.In reSistant species larger trees were harder to krll.Wimer treatments were less effective.Authors mak.e follOWing recommendation: With mixed species and sizes of Northern Hardwoods.top kills of 85%may be expected after frill treatments With 2.4,5~Tat 8 fbs/l 00 gal 011 applied dUring the growing season.The chemicals were defiOlte~v more effecrive In an ad carrier than jn water;thIS finding is supported by several other InveSTigations in northern states.November rreatment was ~ess effective on beech and maple than July treatment.but thIS seasonal effect IS oniv partly supported by other northern studies.In a supplemental test.basal soraYlng gave approximately the same kins as frill treatment;but,since basai sprays are more expensive,they have little place In treating woody plants of tree stature. 1256 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1950. AUTHOR:EGLER FE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:American Museum of Natural History. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:50:198-204.1952. YEAR PUBUSHED:1962 CATEGORY:A5b;A5e;A5f REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Connecti~ut KEYWORDS:application methods;habitat maniv,:ation;herbicides;impact; spraying.basal;spraying.broadcast;spraying.selectiye ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report the results of herbicides.particularly 2,4-0 and 2,4.5-T.when applied as foliage sprays and as bark-basal sprays to particular species of plants.Only Species and sizes of plants whIch offer specific problems are considered.(Time and Duration)One year;primarily a report of 195O research.although summaflzes results from past tour years research.(Type of Research)Original.(Methodology)Herbicidal teChniques used for herbaceous plants Included;early spring toliage spraying.summer basal-stem spraying,and ground spraying.The tecnnique used for woody plants was basaJ-bark spraying,with an oil carrier.SpraYIng was done with a knapsack sprayer uSing nozzles varying.in pattern and capacity.(Results and Conclusions)A number 01 plants can be killed in their winter rosette stage by ground-spraying with 3 to 5 percent solutions 01 esters of 2.4-D and 2.4.5-T in water.During 45 ----~--'------------------------------_._-------------------- ASb -Chemical 1256 May.ano untit tne plants are 15cm In heIght,most speCJes can be rDot- kdled by tollage applications of 0.3 percent in water.In midsummer.taLi goldenrods,asters,and similar plants are rreated WJth oasal sprays of 4 to 6 percent in oil or water with reasonable chance of root kill.All grassland terns are hIghly resislanl.Basal-bark spraYing of woody planls under 2m In height appears to result In greater root-kill than does fol~age spraYing.Thicp{-carke(j trees.however ate resistant to this treatment and require frilling,trunk-wounding,or unusually high volumes of spray. 1257 Apparent kill 01 persimmon and sassafras by application of 2,4- o and 2,4,S·T. AUTHOR:MARTIN SC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:St.Paul,MN,US Forest Service,Central States Forest Experiment Slation,1952,Technical Paper 132,8 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1952 CATEGORY:A5b REPORT NUMBER:132 REGION:Oak-HickOry Forest STATE:Missouri KEYWORDS;herbicides;Impact;sproutJng;trees;2,4-0;2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determIne the effectIveness 01 various tormulatlons of 2,4and 2,4,5-T at controlling root sprouts of persimmoo and sassafras on okl fields and pasture land.(Time and Duration)Two- year study (1950-52).(Type of Research)Original research (field). (Methodology)The study was conducted on a f1dge old field io Boone County,Missouri.a was limited to pefsimmon and sassafras saplings 1M the 1-inch.2-inch,and 3-inch dbh classes.Fifteen formulations of 2,4-0, 2,4,5-T or a mixture of 2,4-0 and 2,4.5-T were tested.All herbicides were applied June 1-2,1950.at concentrat,ons of 2.0 percent (acid equivalent basis),and at the rate of 1 quart of solution per 10 trees.The two earners were kerosene and paste.The paste waS composed of 4 parts water and 1 part kerosene thtckened with Wheat flour.(Results and ConcluSIons)Ester forms ot 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T were superior to non-ester formulat,ons for killiog perSImmon but the two forms were equally effective on sassafras.Likewise,_2.4.5~T was superior to 2,4..0 for persimmon but not for sassafras.There was no difference in the effectiveness of alkyl esters of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T and Ihe more expensive glycoJ ester formulations.Kerosene was a more effective carrier than paste 10r almost all 2,4-0 and 2,4.5-T formulations on both persImmon and sassafras.Sassafras generally responded to treatment more quickly than persimmon and showed consistently htgher apparent kill.The difference between spec.es In apparent kill oecame smaller with each succeeding observation. 1258 Persistence of 2,4-0 toxicity in Hawaiian soils. AUTHOR:AKAMINE EK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of HI. SOURCE TITLE:Botanical Gazette SOURCE 10:112:312-319,1952. YEAR PUBLISHED:1952 CATEGORY:ASb REGION:Hawaiian Islands STATE:Hawaii KEYWORDS:~erblcides;pemlstence;.oils:2,4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study factors influenCing the persistence of 2,4-0 toxicity in vanous Hawaiian soiis.(Time aod Duration)Oo,..year stUdy. (Type of Research)Original research (field tests).(Methodology)Soils from 5 locations were used.These represented typical agricultural soils 01 the island and were obtained from areas continuously uoder vegetable cultivatioo.To determine the influeoce of climatic factors,indicator crops were planted at 2..week inteNals in 2,4-0 treated soilS in three series during the year.At the end of two weeks the crops were harvested,and Ihe number of normal and injured seedlings was recorded.A new crop was ,O~anted in the same soils immediateiy.(Results and Conclusions) Depending on soil type.enVIronment.and indicator crop used,2,4-0 toxicity was dissipated from soils in 2-'14 weeks.Bean was more sensitive than tomatO as an indicator plant.The higher the soil temperature,the more rapid the rate of 2,4-0 diSSipation.Soils high in pH value inactivated 2,4-0 ·more rapidly than those low in pH.Organic matter content,fertility_and absorptive capacity of the soils were not correlated wllh toe degree of persistence of 2,4-0. 1259 Rlght-Ol-way maIntenance by the selectIve application of selective herbicides;managed plant community lowers maintenance costs and proVides 100d and COYer lor wildllte. AUTHOR:EGLER FE;IBBERSON JE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Bureau ot Forests.American Museum of Natural History. SOURCE TITLE:Pennsylvania Forests and Waters SOURCE 10:3(6):114-115,125,1951. YEAR PUBLISHED:1951 CATEGORY:A5b 46 REGION:ApDalacr:;~ri ,:..,.;~Mac:.5acnusens;New Jersey:New Yor"P''-",;''.•, " KEYWORDS;cove~.loc~~'.";'-:.~·o1-way:spraYing. seiective;wHdlite ABSTRACT:(Purpose),,,.",-;24.5·T '"selectIVe application for fPC1:J:~.":".•....-=~:..~.l::on 10 provide wioldlife food ana CQV""",,':'r''''.-."..:_:-,!ne cost of vegetation contrOl sut-:.t,l,~~:.1 ~.•,....'..•":,'~::...~tlng (Time and Duration)One·year sfL.,:1·1 ;',:~'•r~.,.r....I'"r ..~:...<research Weld stUdy).(Merhodoiogy)s..,.~,...:,....t.l·.''.;",,,""-;.....~;;4·D and 2.4.5-T mixture In oii was Oe-::....~·.:_:';•..'....,.~'~.'l a ROW OF THE Pennsytvania Power ;,t-"''i l :'...:-'C~S tne Bald Eagle State Fores!In C.-:'r"·r·.J":.....~.'..~~'''''.S'"...os not exceeding 6-10 teet were lett.ar::l ~.I'k::....t'1 ~..,!$..~.~""t:...d'";btue-oerry.azaleas, rtIododendron,laurel ana !L.ln.Df""',k~~-.-il-.-,a COr"cJUStOf"ls}The herbicides 2,4·0 and 2.4S i ""~1..........1 ,n ~I SCt"ays can be used:on electric ROW's to me!:!'1 tr.o:y,j;'.-f'-J ~>jO'''''...'\.:,:",~.n·..ir!"Jl!""OUS kinds of wildlife, and with tar less fulu(("c.C'~~,••n ..-,:::.~t,A.'>I.lv;rs \1 proper pianning, based on sound cotar:lC.1';..c·/J .....;_r·..~;':"J"':~!o-....".lr·:""'g tne SpeCIes composition, A~-Manual 1260 August bumlng tor mainlenanCllJ of utility line rights of way (abstract,summary and conclualon.). AUTHOR:CLIBURN LE SOURCE rD:State Golle-g~M<:;.VS '~.!.I''''Ilr ":-~:-MS Ttlesis.35 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:A5c;B1:B3D REGION:Southeastem MI)le(J Fo:r',~t-;1'_:A••le,l.,......·•M'SSISSlppi KEYWORDS:fire;masntenanco:r ~~!•',1, ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To eV,).li..l.:l!f'';,;,..-~"""'-bt....··H'..J lec:""'HQ'ues for ROW maintenance and compare Ih-t·~:,.:....~,t.;l.:.;:J~W',j.,l--;as to ettectlveness in controWng undeSirable woc..c.5-1:.-':-::....-dn.,:pr:NtC,,",]Wildlife habitat. (Type Of Research)Orrgm.j'lit";:r~·,.p,~:'l t ....'!~"':--:x)(jo.:--;;y)ROW plots from an A-ugust burned AU...•...~'t"=~;~ut.~.;!:J lnose on an adjacent ROW that had been maml;:ilnp.::l """II'".,....·.t;..te c·::.;·0 and 2,4.,5-T herbicides.Clip samples.ana r~~':Df'llol'~covn!s we-re !al<en on both ROWS to determine POleml':u a"'j.iK.l....ll -MIG "e u!lE'Woody plant growth was also momtored atTer o:.m'll:"".}O:·4l!5<...I~!i anj c..oroclU'Slons)The ourned ROW produced 125.2 105 j,cre -:;t !,......"C <:uI.-n1 .-eget;:HICr.growth.comprrsed mainly of preferred :leer ar.:3 rat-n.t rOld',~Me<'OlCloe treated plats produced little valuable wIIQul!!!'~~b..sl:\(IJ kli'M rarawQOdS and pInes up to 2.5'·in dl-8meter CC~!On!d r.ltt..~:...;1!i·:At:C,"',:ncreased on all the burned areas.indrcatm;;De!~N ~:..:~:!clX;'·.:.e~ A5d -MKhanlcal 1261 Rlght-ol-way maintenanca through Medlng Ind wildlife planting - an economical answer with multIple UN benefits. AUTHOR:BAYNES AS;WOODHOUSE CB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NC WJiOlite Re5O<Ic ••Com.eN of Game. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Of lno First Natlona,SymOOSlum on Environmental Concerns In R,g~,s-<lf·Way Manage"""'l.January 6-B,1976. SOURCE 10:MiSSISSIppi State.MS.MS St...un,v.1976.303-306 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:ASd REGION:Southeastern MIxed Forest STATE North Carolina KEYWORDS:maintenance;manage""'nt.rnJlt,pIe use:f1g~t-of-way;seeding; wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A OlscUSSJon of the No""carOlina Wildlife CommisSon's approach to ImprOVIng Wildlife nabltat on ROWs.(Time and Duration)1965-68.(1ype of Research}o.scUSSlon paper.(Results anO Conclusions)Most ROWs In lhe state an.maintained by bulldOZing and chOPPIng WJth a heavy diSC,allOWIng natural vegetation to develop To impr~e on this.10 ROW seeding demons1ratJons we1"e set up over the state at an average cost 01 $SO per aae.A mJl<!ure of tall fescue and sericea lespedeza was used:ferllllZer IS applied to well-establistled plantings the second year at 200 pounds per acre of 18-48-0 With a helicopter.This entIre program costs $123.50 per acre on as-year rotation,or $24.70 per year.Otner methods are more expensive and tne Duke Power Co is now seeding 2.000-3.000 acres per year.10 one case, a conservation group also seeded an ectge of shrub lespedeza for several miles. - r - - p 1262 Puckerbrush 'orestry. AUTHOR:YOUNG HE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of ME. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeast Weeo Science Society. SOURCE 10:28:335-339.1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A5d REGION:Appllcaole to entrre United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:mowing;puiping~shrubs:1rees~utillzaton ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present and ·j,scuss the feaSibilily of harvesting brush On right-of-way areas and USing this material fo,wood fiber.(Time and Durallon)14-year study.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodoiogy)PuckeroruSh is a Maine term to characterize dense young hardwood stands compnsed of shrubs and tree specIes.A puckerbrush harvester is presently b",ng developed which will harvest the trees and brush.chip It.and blow it Into a van.Laboratory pulpIng studies nave been completed on methods of cooking puckerbT\lsh chips.Puckerbrush need only be cooked for 30 minutes.(Results and Conclusions)There are more than 25 million acres of puckerbrush on abandoned farm tands. and also on ROWs of highways,railroads,and transmission lines.Much of thIS material is as accessible or more accessible than most forest land.We should learn to think of these weed species as puckerb,ush species and harvest them for usefUl purposes By this we can change an enormous cost into a profit,and at the same time lake some of the great preSSlJre 011 oi our forests as pUlp producing areas. 1283 Environmental consideration in planning a brush control program on utility right 0'ways. AUTHOR:FRANCISCO DC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TN Valley Authority. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Southern Weed Conference. SOURCE 10:21 :326-326,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:A5d REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:Alabama;Tennessee KEYWORDS:brush;environment;mOWing;right-<ll-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the present brush control program on ROW areas 0/the Tennessee Valley Authority,and the environmentai considerations jnvotved in establishing these policies.(Time and Duration) 4 years 01 field practice.(Type 01 Research)Onglnal research (field expenence).(Methodology)The author describes the experience that TVA has had with herbiCIdes.Analysis of the combined.cost of stump treatment and "clean-up"operations after construction indicated that the ROWs could be prepared and seeded al approximately the same cost, so TVA began seeding all initially cleared ROWs where leasible. Experimenls in mO'Mng areas formerly maintained with herbIcides have shown that mowing is practical on all but the steepest sites,and is readily accepted by the public.(ResUlts and Ccnclusions)In 1969 TVA began to Change trom an almost exclusively cherntcat program to other methods Which would be more effective in controlling brush and more attractive from an environmental standpoint.5eventy percent of their ROW maintenance is now mechanical.Mechanical maintenance techniques,ROW seeding.and cooperative ROW treatment have been enlhusiastically accepted by WIldlife,forestry,agncultural.and resource C1e\1elopment groups,as well as by indl\riduai property owners and the general public. 1264 WOOdy fiber 'anning:8n ecologlcafl)'sound and productive use0'rlghtlMl'-way. AUTHOR:YOUNG HE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of ME. SOURCE TITLE:Highway Research Record SOURCE 10:Washington,DC Highway Research Board,1972,No.411,15- 23 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:A5d REGION:AppalaChian Oak Forest STATE:Maine KEYWORDS:brush;ecology;fertilizatiOn;maintenance;right-<lf-way;roo,; sprouting;utilization;wood fiber /arming ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explain the concept of wood fiber farming,a method involving the periodic removal ot small trees and brush from ROW areas to be harvested as fiber for paper board products.(Type of Research)Review of literature.(Methodology)Since the present annual national maintenance costs for mowing,culting,burning,and spraying is -estimated to be at teast $200 mUlion.an amount that increases each year,and SInce there is national concern about air and water pOllution and thus some legislative action to eliminate burning and spraying,the concept ot woody tiber !arming is expfoTed and explained.pertinent rela1ed references are used to substantiate the validity of this use ot f1ght-<l!-way !>rush and small trees.(Results and ConcluSlOl1s)ROW species will produce useful paper and paper board prOdUcts in tess pulping time than commercial tree species.Because these stems are not ASI -Combinations of methods 1257 large,, C to 3C feet In height.and because there are many Siems cer acre.specia!harvesting eQwpmem must be oeveloped.Naturally occurrmg woody vegetation on ROW areas can be harvested in 10 tc 15 year cycles.Growth can be augrnentedby use of tertillzers and ':Iy deliberately developing genetIcally supenor specIes.Thus it shouJd be possible to derive from woody fiber farming of ROW areas a net profit that will drastIcally reduce the overall ROW maintenance cost. A5e -Succession stabilization 1255 Control of brush by grassing of transmission rights-of-way. AUTHOR;LEITH RH JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:GA Power Co, SOURCE TiTlE:Proceedings Southern'Weed Scrence Society. SOURCE ID:27:234-235.1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:A5e;A5f REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brush;fertilization;grasses;right-of-way:seedIng ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To descrloe the effectiveness of lespedeza and grasses,.seeded on new electric ROWs,in delaying the invaSion of brush. (Time and Duration)Two-year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodology)On new SOO KV ROWs,after Clearing iand with K-G blades,it IS necessary to seed with various grasses and lespedeza to prevent erOSIon.On some ROWs Se'icea lespedeza is used with browntop millet On others.rye grass and 5ericea has oeen used. On some areas harrowing was done before·seeding to eliminate sprouting from stumps.Fertilization is also done just prior to seeding.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Grassmg wlth annual rye and SeT1cea tespedeza gives benefits other than eroSIon control alone.Almost complete elimination of brush sprouls,as well as seedlings.is one important benefit.The soil building capability of Sencea helps reconstruct top soil damaged by heavy clearin,~equipment.One other Important llenefit is the extremeiy anractive appearance Of the ROW.The mature Sencea is three to four teet tail at maturity,covers rough areas on the ROW.and gives the impression 01 a well maintained,ca,elully managed ROW 1266 Old field ~tation as an Inhibitor of free vegetation. AUTHOR:RICHARDS N AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Slale Univ of NY,College of Environmental SCience and Forestry. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 78-86 in Power Lines and Ih"Environment. SOURCE 10:Millbrook,NY,The Cary Arboretum of the New York Botanical Gardens,1973,170 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:ASe REGION:Northern HardWOods Forest STATE:New York KEYWOROS:communities:ecosystem;herbaceous;stability ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the stability of many old field herbaceous communities,and thei'r<lSistence to change.(Time and Duration)18 years ,of researcn and Observations.(Type of Research)Original research (field stUdy).(Methodology)Many perenniai meadow areas in New YO'k have been observed for many years to detect changes and to evaluate their successional staoility.The changes dUring each growlOg season have been observed,as each species has its lime.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The high stability of perennial meadows,due to their complex of elements inhibiting tree invasion and their increasingly appreciated aesthetic and biotic values in the rapidly reforesting NorttJeast,warrant tneir'use for mlnimu~maintenance cover ,on many ROW stnps.From all of these phytochemical complexities,a reasonable genefal h'fllOthesis might be that the successional stability ot oldfield vegetation depends on a vegetation system in homeostasis with its resources,and successful invasion of woody plants depends on establishment ot a viabie woody vegetation sYstem;not just the woody plants. AS'•Combinations of methods 1267 Selective clearing end maintenance 0'righ~'-way. AUTHOR:ULRICH ES AUTHOR AFFILIATIDN:Metropolitan Edison Co. SOURCE TITLE:ProceedIngs of the First National Symposium on Environmental Ccncerns in Righls-ot-Way Management,January 60S,1976. SOURCE ID:Mississippi State,MS,MS Slate UMlV,1976.205-219 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A5! REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearing; clearing,selective;maintenance;nght-<lf·way 47 ASf -Combinations of methods 1267 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)SelectiVe c\eanng ana maIntenance were aescrlDed which have been used to proauce and maimain electrjC transmrssion lines In Pennsylvania since about 1969.(Results and ConclUSions)In selective clearing,tall-growing trees are removed.except for screening roa.ds and rivers.where smaller.slow.growing trees are lett.Screens are also left wnere land use changes occur and at skybnes.Where -ravines and side hills cause Jines to be aOo\'8 tree hleght.the ROW may be narrowed.to conductor width plus 20 feet.Trees such as pasture trees,frUIt trees and nut trees can otter be left in special locations.About 15%of the ROWs are given selective cutting with the remaining 80%being ctearcut.In addition,all structure locations,access roads.and brush disposal areas are clearcut.Trees to be cut are pretreated before selective cutting to a 3-inch height.Slumps are then treated with 2.4.5-T in 011.Brush IS dIsposed of by pllJng in seiecred spots and crushed with a dozer; logs are either piled on top, or in neat piles.Erosion contrOi measures are taken and streams protected by fords and culverts.Selective basal spray maintenance,onjy,is used in the dormant season to avoid brow~outs.A list of desIrable woody plants to be lett has been developed,and carefUl control and recOrds of spray operatfons is a key to success.The selective ROW has an unkept look which must be sold to company and workers as effective and environnentaHy sound.T1"Iere was a definite trend towards longer periods of time between spraying s;nce abou.t 1958, averagjng an increase to 4 years from 2-:3 y·ears. 1268 Ecological and economic aspects of right 01 way vegetation management. AUTHOR:SORENSEN RW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MN Power and Light Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management SOURCE 10:7(2):2-6,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:ASf REGION:Spruce-tir Forest STATE:Michigan:Minnesota:Wiscons,n KEYWORDS:Chemicals;cost:impact:maintenance:right-of-way:vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To test the eHectiveness of controlling unwanted woody vegetation on utility rights-ot-way by use of selective dormant season basal spraying (Time and Duration)Two years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Based on preliminary stUdy and literature,this article goes into the management system for Minnesota Power and Light's rights-ol-way.(ResUlts and Conclusions)A selective basal spraYIng program results in a 80-90%root kill of the undes,rable tree species and maintains the desllable shrub and herbaceous components of vegetation within the'rtght~of~way,The interval between treatments in a sejective maintenance program can be lengthened 10 between 10 and t 5 years.Tnis approaCh IS both ecologically sound and economIcally feasible on many of our utility rig,t- of.way systems. 1269 Achieving stream protection In electric and gas transmlSllion line construction and management. SOURCE 10:NY State PUOlic Service Com.,Office of Env Planning,1974,63 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:ASf;B2a REGION:AppHcable to entire United States STATE:New York; United States KEYWORDS:construction;maintenance;right-of-way;stream; watershed ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide guidelines for meeting and resolvitlg stream impact issues within the context of the Article VII process.(Methodology)This handbook was written to meet requirements of New York state law.It provides an analytic method for determining stream sensitiVity uPOn which construction and management decisions can be based.Goes into detailed discussion aoout conservation engineering guidelines for stream protection. 1270 Maine Public Senrice Company transmission spray program. AUTHOR:COLLINS D AUTHOR AFFILIATION:ME Public Service Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegelation Management. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:ASf SPONSOR:ME Public Service Co. REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Maine KEYWORDS:brush control:herbicides:maintehance;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the Maine Public Service Co vegetation management program wnh strong emphasis on chemical controi.(TIme and Duration)4 to 6 years ending in 1969.(Type 01 Research)Not 48 research;observations oj operational program.(Methodology)Various Tordon formUlations are apot1ed to ROWS and ~he results aescribed In general terms.(ResUlts and ConclUSions)No data other than the authors narrative.Various Tordon formUlations gave good to excellent control of the spe<:;ies under treatment.Experience With T crdon 101 at dif1'erent rates and with NorbaK paniculatJng agent are described, 1271 Right ot way beautification through the use of vegetation. AUTHOR:MIDDLETON B J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Electnc Co. SOURCE TITLE:Procee<bngs t<ortheastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:21:421-433.1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CA TEGORY:A5f REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:aestnestics;maintenance;right.o'...way;vegetatton ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss what Pennsyivania Electric Company has done 1n terms 01 improvlng t.he appearance of their tacWties and transmission lines.(Resuits and ConclUSions)ThiS paper deals with Pennsyivania ElectriC Company's vegetation management program and gives a lot ot detail and specifications. ASg •Public relationll programa 1272 RegUlatory aspects of management of rights-of-way. AUTHOR:JOHNS HR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Asplundh Tree Expert Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First NatIOnal Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Ri9hts-of-Way Management.January 6-B.1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State.MS MS State Unlv,1976,1B9-204 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:ASg REGION:Appiicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:management:pestiCide:regulallons;right-01-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Relation of new amendments to the FIFRA which apply to proper use of pesticides is dU5CUssed.(ResUlts and ConClUSions) These include registration and Classification 01 all pesticides ot which 5- 6%active ingredients may be classified for "Potentially restricted use." Storage and disposal of pestiCides are also regulated by thIS legislation. Certification standards for commercial applicators have been adopted for state use,and training manuals are being contracted by EPA.Rules lor experimental use permits have been set UP by EPA with such permits to be described In the Federal Register.To enforce the new regulations, EPA has also set up policies which make the label on pesticides a legal requirement and a system lor reporting pesticide accidents and problems. Whi,le environmental problems exist.and new pesticides are being sought, care must be taken not to accept inferior substitutes which may not be an improvement.10 avoJd excessive future regUlations,orderly management planning and documentation 01 long and short term ecological eHecls Will be necessary. 1273 The public relationll ot public spraying. AUTHOR:HANSEN J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:3(1):9-11,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:A5g REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides:planning;public relations ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To outline a sensible approach to a public relations -program for electric companies who use herbIcides in vegetation management on their rights-ot-way.(Methodoiogy)The aUlhor outlines the steps in developing an eHective public relations program.Topics disct.iSSed fnclude:pinpOinting the problem areas;chronrc complainers; visibility of the spraying area:public awareness;opposition to herbicides in general;training of spray crew leaders.Pubiic imtormation programs are discussed.These deal with cooperation with the local newspaper. garden clUbs,conservation organizations and ecoi09'sts.(Results and Conclusions)Handling the public relations side 01 a spray program is as important as any other phase of the operation,and,in these days of "ecoactivism'·,may be the factor that determines Whether the lob gets done at all.Help is availabie and you should use it.The National Agncultural Chemicals Association is preparing new material to heip you tell the pesticide s1ory,and companies like DOW are available to provide help in training you<pensonnel to do a better job.. - - - - ¥zmnssrs .ZW"Tfi'twrwmrrn=gmr';%zzt·nne ·m£'"' -- B -ROW ConstNetion/Maintenance -Ecological Considerations 1281 - 1274 Eltorts to remove the "ugly"from fransmission rights-ai-ways. AUTHOR:MIDDLETON B J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Electric Co..Metropolitan Edlson Co. SOURCE TITLE:ProceedJngs Northeastern Weed Control Control Conference SOURCE ID:23:382-390.1969 YEAR PUBLISHED:1989 CATEGORY:A5g REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:CJea"ng:herbicides:impact:mamtenance:right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss a program that lwo power companies are undertaking to beautify Iheir rights-of-way.(Results and ConClUSions) DIscussed seven different Items that are bemg used in an attempt to remove the ViSUal impact of right-of-ways.Some of the items being used are selective cutting during clearing,use of herbicides. B -ROW Construction/Maintenance·Ecological Considerations 1275 Powerline corridors as possible barriers to the movements 01 small mammals. AUTHOR:GRAVES JH;SCHREIBER RK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Oak Ridge Nat Lab. SOURCE TITLE:The American Midland Naturalist. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:8 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest KEYWORDS:impact;mammals.small;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To delermine the eHect of two WIdths of powerllne rights-of-way as potentail barriers to movements of smail mammals.(Time and Duration)Summer of 1975.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)Trapping grids were located In various common forest types and on two ROWs.Sherman live traps were set at 15.2m intervals on th ree rows of SIX traps each on a .48.8m ROWand at 12.2m intervals on four rows of ten traps each on a 103.6m ROW.Homing success for released animals was recorded.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The White- footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)and short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevlcauda)successfully returned from release sites to home sites on both narrow and wide ROWs.These small mammals.therfore,will cross both the narrow and wide ROWs tested.The shrews took longer to return and were siightly less successful than the mice. 1276 Compatibility 01 lish,wildllle and 1I0rai resources with electric power facilities. AUTHOR:EDISON ELECTRIC INSTITUTE SOURCE 10:Edison Electric Institute,Publication 7760. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:fish:110ra:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the compatibility of fish,wildlife,and tloral resources WIth electric power facilities.(Time and Duration)1976-77:2 years.(Type of Research)Questionnaire sorvey.(Methodology) Questionnaire.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)112 electric utililies responded. Of these 70 have conducted studies,83 have management plans,and 50 have observed voluntary uses. 1277 EPRl's research program on biological effects 01 electric Ilelds. AUTHOR:KORNBERG HA AUTHOR AFFlLtATION:Electric Power Research Institute. SOURCE TiTlE:Proceedings of ,',a Fins!National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-WaY Management.January 6-8.1976. SOURCE 10:MiSSissippi State.MS.MS State Unlv,1975.135-141 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY: B REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;impact;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A comprehensive state-of-the-art review on biological eHects of electric fields which was completed in 1975.(Resutts and Conclusions)The maximum vertical field under a typical 765 kv line at four feet above ground is about 9 kV/m.While Russian reports indicate bioiogical eHects of high voltage among workers.these have not been confirmed by research in the US and western Europe,which indicated that factors other than electric fields were operative.EPRl and other ~gencles in the US and abroad are now actively carrying out research in this area. 1278 Keynole address •environmental concerns in righl-ol-way management:an electric utility viewpoinl. AUTHOR:THORSELL RS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Edison Electric Institute. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symoc5.um on EnVIronmental Concerns in Rights-aI-Way Management.January 6·8.'976. 3-6 p. SOURCE 10:MISSissiPPI State.MS.MS State Univ.1976.3-6 P YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY: B REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Unltej States KEYWORDS:environment:management:right-aI-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Enivronmental concerns of EHV ROW are discussed from the utility viewpoint.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)Vegetation must be controlled economically;but many uses can be permitted such as farming.wildlife,and compatible recreation.Effect on Wildlife is often favorable due to an increase In food and cover,and use Of towers and tower sites by wildlife. 1279 The effects 01 high voltage electric fields on the growth and development 01 plants and animals. AUTHOR:8ANKOSKE JW:GRAVES HB;MCKEE GW AUTHOR AfFILIATION:Westinghouse Electric Corp. SOURCE TiTlE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management,January 6-8.1975. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State,MS.MS State Univ,1976,111-123 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:8 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;fauna;tiara:habitat;impact:right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A discussion of research berng conducted in Pennslyvan,a to determine if EHV and UHV transmiSSion lines affect plants.an,mals,and soils.(Time and Ouraton)In progress - 3 year program.(Type of Research)Original research.(MethodOlogy)Electric grids were developed for use in environmental plant chambers.(Results and Conclusions)A study performed on germinated corn using 60 Hz.50 kV 1m electric fields showed no injuries or gross abnormalities after 11 days ot exposure.However,some minor leaf tissue damage was noted on corn.bluegrass,ana alfalfa plants exposed for seven days.and a corona was Observed.Causes of injury were Investigated to develop methodology.Meadow voles exposed to 50 kVlm for lour to 14 days showed no effect.Also no eHects of conseQuence were shown by chicken eggs and chlckS.Additional experiments on large test populations are required and are tn process. 1280 Environmental problems in extra high voltage transmission. AUTHOR:YOUNG LB SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings at the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-aI-Way Management January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State,MS,MS State Univ.1976,125-133 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:enVIronment:Impact;right-of-way A8STRACT:(Purpose)Results reported by the Soviet Union are discussed. (Results and Conclusions)Reports have indicated that the health of workers in 500 and 700 kv substations has been adversely affected by continuous exposure to 25 kvlm.Only 5 kV/m is considered safe for unlimited exposure.Difficulties in translating the RussJan reports Into US measurements are discussed and the conciusion IS reached that leveJs under 765 kv lines in the US are above those considered safe by the Russians.Some theoretical implications of ozone and nitrogen compounds are also discussed.Underground transmission is suggested as a solution to most problems. 1281 The present status 01 underground electric power transmisston. AUTHOR:MILLER CF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Fed Power Com. SOURCE TiTlE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management.January 6-8.1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State.MS.Mississippi State University.1976.143- 152 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B REGfON:AppliCable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:right-of-way;underground ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A description is given of the essential features of underground cable systems for transmission of electric power.(Results and Conclusions)Cost of an underground AC system is estimated to be considerably more than an overhead line.R&D research cites the year 49 __..__. .__..•.••_.__•__.~_._~•.~~"'lII..-" B -ROW Construction/Maintenance -Ecological Considerations 1281 2000 as the approximate date when utilities will be able to accept superM conductIng,crYoresistive underground cables.Environmental lmpact of underground install allons will be high as the ROW must be completely cleared for Its entire length at a wjdth sufficient to provtde for an access road for heavy excavatIon eQuipment.The shorest.stra-ightest route wit:"'lDut Tapia changes In elevation,sharp bends,or rocky terrain must oe selected for unoerground transmission.Repa.lfs to cables recuire excavation and may take weeks or even months,when the line will be jnoperatrve.Underground cabtes have a use mostly In densely populateO urban areas.at airports.at river crossings.and at crossings with overhead transrrnssion corridors. 1282 The land use and environmental impacts associated with the development 0'high,extra high,and ultra high voltage transmission lines. AUTHOR:ROWEll CH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dept of Natural Resources,Cornell Unlv. SOURCE ID:Ithaca.NY.Cornell Umv Dept of Natural Resources.1976. Natural Resources Research and Extension Series ;;6,42 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Slates KEYWOROS:aesthetics;environment;impact;land use;right-oj-way; transmission lines ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the variety ot potenllal impacts assoclat~ with transmission iines.(Type of Research)Uterature revrew.(Results and Concjusions)A general explanation is given of basic transmission line design and phYSical properties.Also discuSSed are the major Impacts lines have on aesthetics.the environment,and land use.ReJated to tne last topic IS also a discussion of unplications transmISSion lines have on land use planning. 1283 Southern Tier Environmental protection and management plan (wlldllle management plan). AUTHOR:CARY ARBORETUM AUTHOR AFFiliATION:NY Botanical Garden SOURCE 10:MillbroOK,NY.The Cary Arboretum,1973,190 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE;New York KEYWORDS:emllronment;management;planning;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A report is made to describe a wildlife and environmentat management plan for a new 345 kV transmIssion line in southeast New York state.(Time and Durallon)1972-73.(Type of Research)Report.(methodology)A ground survey and a series ot transects were used to inventory existing vegetation and to describe i 2 forest types and scme nontorest types.A wildlife inventory was made from direct observations and signs from ground surveys;local foresters and biologists were cOnsulted.Smatt mammats were sampled by a limited trappIng program.Uterature on wildlife apt to be present and rare and endangered scecies were considered.Both formal and informa'human response inventories were made.(ReSUlts and COl"lclusions)A descnption is made of eXisting communities;replacement commun1ties were designated as a planning guide.A tire plan and conversion techniques were set up along with guidelines for construellon.The wildlite management pJan basically aimed to maintain the present diversity 01 wildlife.The plan prescribed general recommendations and specific practices for line segments.Special attention was paid to stream and wetland crossings. 1284 Wildlife management ptan lor the Southem Tier Transmission I.lne Ramapo to Rock Tavern,New York:staU review and comment. AUTHOR:NY STATE DEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICE AUTHOR AFFiliATION:NY State Dept of Public Service. SOURCE 10:NY Slate Dept of PUblic Service.1974 (rev.),28 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B REGION:Northern HardWOodS Forest STATE:New York KEYWORDS,management;planning;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A critical review of a wildlife management plan prepared by Cary Arboretum for an eiectrlc transm'ssior hne ROW rn southeast New York.(ResUlts and Conclusions)The plan falls short 01 PSC staff's eKpeclalions prrmariiy owing to ils emphasis on the protection of the environment ,n line construcllon.and failure to speil out long term management planning in maintenance,A qualified professsional Should be assi9ned to carry out management I>Ionnln9 and eKecutlon.and a period of 12-15 months allowed for preparing a wildlite plan. 50 1285 Energy and envoronmen l. AUTHOR ROBlhE'"L L. AUTHOR AFFILi~TON ~,..:.f.':." SOURC~10 Dco_:..•·;.:•..•.:,._:',,-3 302 p YEAR PUBLISH:[ CATEGORY B R.EGION ApP11c<:st··..ri.•...~.-•.I'"" :..•~....'j~,'.r~UI'"'r,led Slates KEYWORDS aest~!:tlc~,~~:,~'.,.,."J'~·~·..Iro::~m~-;!,_~pact land use; maocll"~g.ngl'"::·':','·WclV r::..•~:~.::-;~r,j,J"'"...rr''So;~::·...1Tr.-eS ABSTRt..CT (PL.:rco('.-~~)1,-."·,":nl'T'-';'~~i..I Im:::'3cts and aesthetics invQI"loIeo With rT":;J."'~us'!:'"".t~''''.;!~C..•P'Y"';,'m-o':'~eratlon through dlStllOul:on (iyo-e of R.'f?";~'tr{"·l >!~.rll~'-""~·re"'l!,,",(Results and ConClUSiOnS)A comprefl.'!!"·;-SI ....e tire.:...:JO'llY!1 .U"',(J present'status are given tor envlronmenta-r concetr.'S IrQ""l.generahon :.t electrical energy to its finai dJstributlon points D;sc~a ale'environmental considerations in siting,routing.aeSlhe1JCS ':'OI'1~.:!lJcrIO'"1T.illntenaMce,and multiple use for power generallor:nansmlSSlor-':ln~r'a..1sfor~a:lon 1286 A consultant repor1 to the Pennsylvania Power &.Light Co.on ecological upecb 01 Ihe proposed WaUenpaupack-lndian Orchard 66 kV line. AUTHOR HAL""'"JR AUTHOR AFFiliATION:Ceoar Gres!COllege. SOURCE 10:Allentown,PA.Cedar Crest College.1973.42 p. YEAR PUBLISHED 1973 CATEGORY:B REGION:AppalachIan Oak Forest STATE:PennsylvanIa KEYWORDS;ecology;right-of-way.roullng ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To make recommendations concerning route selectron to avoid unusuat or unique ecologlCat areas and the possible adverse ecological results from a rightooQf""way.(Time and Duration) Summer of 1973.(Type of Research)Consultant report.(Results and Conclusions)Development of edges was recommended as a general management goal.Certain changes in route were suggested to aVOid some adverse impacts.ana a study of ffildMe diversity recommended. The PP&l management was commended for use ot selective stump sprays after clearing.The McHarg approach to route selectJon was recommended tor trial. 1287 Powet'line wlldll1e. AUTHOR:WOODHOUSE C AUTHOR AFFIUATION:NC Wildlife Com. SOURCE TITlE:Wildlite in North Carolina. SOURCE 10;36(10):10-11,1972- YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY,B REGION:Outer Coastal Plain Forest STATE:Alabama;Florida:Georgia; Louisiana KEYWORDS:right-Of-way;seeding;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A description ot seeding and lertilizing transmission ROWS in NC.(Time and Duration)1964-72 (i'lesults and Conclusions) Seedmg tescue combined With lespedeza is being done oy the Duke Power Company on 2000-3000 acres per year.UndeSirable brush IS controlled by machine cutting every 5 years.Well-established pianllngs are toJ)-dressed ll1e second year with two pounds per acre of 18-4s.o. The cost is about 524.70 per acre.A stnp of shrub lespedeza seeded on one edge is used to provide a dependable,permanent wildlife tood supply. B1 •Short and l.ong Term Effects on Biological Communities 1288 EnVironmental and Economic Aspects 01 Conletm:Jeraneous Electric Transmission l.ine Right-O'-Way Manage .•ent Techniques,Volume 1:Genet'al Methods,Special Studies, Discussion of Trends,and Conclusions. AUTHOR:ASPlUNDH ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AUTHOR AFFIUATION:Asplundh Env Services. SOURCE 10:Willow Grove,PA,Asplundh Env Services,1977,209 P.Vol of 3. YEAR PUBLISHED;1977 CATEGORY:B1;B2:85 SPONSOR:Empire State Electric Energy Research;Corporation (ESEERCO). REGION:Laurentian Milled Forest STATE:New York KEYWORDS:Construction;Environment;Land use:Maintenance; Restoration:Soil;Vegetation;Water;Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To document both the ellisting ROW site conditions and the conditions and events whiCh could have produced those - - •= B1 •Short and Long Term Effects on Biological Communities 1293 .... ...... ,~ condItiOns.Also.to describe the impacts of the construction and management techniques.,used on each $ite.(Time and Duration)1975- 1977.2 years.\Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Field selection was made df 22 ROW sites located in the principal forest regions of New York.Habitat areas located on s~tes included hydric, mesiC,ana xeric conditions.Vegetation plots,1.'5 acre each,were mapped in each habitat and a plant community analysis was made both on tile ROWs and in the adjacent torests.Special yegetatlon studies were alSO maae on selected sites.SOils were mapped and eroslcn and organlc matter data were collectea tor each site.Water studies were made of streams and swamps crossing the ROWs.Wildlife Observations were recorded on all ROWs and special browse ana pellet group stuoies were made on selected sites.Lana use and vaiue comparisons were made before and atter ROW construction to d-ate.Clearance and maintenance treatments used are given for each site.(Results and Conclusions)Results were analyzed 10r specific sites,major regions,and state--wide.A complex shrub-herb-grass community has replaced the former forest.Trees still invade the ROWs in large numbers and must be contralled.CharactenstK:communities developed were described as: B!ackberry·GotdenrOd or Sumae-Goldenrod on mesIc habitats;BlueDerry- Sweetfern or Blueberry-Bracken on xeric haOitats;and Willow-Sensitive Fern,Red Osier Dogwood-Sensitive Fern,or Spirea-Sensitive Fern on hydric habttats.Spec~es diversity was higher on ROWs than in adjacent forests.Shrub species formed an important part of ROW plant cover. Herbaceous species an ROWS included forest plants as well as those typical of open areas.Sail Impact was negligible over the general ROW. Construction disturbances have caused erasion where nat fully restored. Sail and topography were closely related to ROW habitats and plant communities.Impact on stream temperatures was slight and oce~onaj sedimentatIOn was related to road crossings and construction.Wildlife food and cover were Improved by ROWs and common wildlife species freely used all ROWs.There was lillie land use change attributable to ROWs and slight negative visual impact was caused.Multiple-use was made of ROWs. 1289 Effect of power Une clearance aRC!maintenance on vigor of adjacent sland and composition of bordering underslories. AUTHOR:CUNNINGHAM EL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WV Univ. SOURCE 10:Morgantown.WV,WV Univ,1976,Masters Thesis,146 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B' REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:Minnesdta;New Jersey; Oregon KEYWORDS,clearing;edge;impact:maintenance;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate vigor and condition of trees adjacent to rights-of-way and to describe the nature of changes in adJacent unOerstory vegetation.(Time and Duration)1975-76.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)Study areas were located on ROWs in New Jef'$ey.Minnesota,and Oregon.Dry,average.and wet sites were included in each state.Edge trees were evaluated and compared with Interior trees.Understory vegetation was studied on milacre plots establisned at 5,20,and 40 feet from the ROW margin.Vlgor of trees was determined from increment cores.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)In New Jersey,growth was better an intenor plots on average sites;While growth on dry sites was best on edges.Edge tree damage was primarily due to epicormic sprouls which lower timber value.Regeneration was greatest on the edges but was mostly young seedlings which will not S<Jrv,ve.In Minnesota,there was no significant difference in growth on edges and interior.Damage on edges was caused by epicormic sprouts, constructiOn,windlhrow and sunscald.Most reprOduction was on the edges and would not surv.ve.In Oregon.edge trees on wet sites had lower growth;on average and dry sites there was no difference.As trees were young there was little edge damage. 1290 Considerallons for wildlife In industrial development and reclamallon.if AUTHOR:WY GAME AND FISH DEPT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WY Game &Fish Dept. SOURCE 10:Cheyenne,WY,WY Game and Fish Dept,,976,65 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B1 REGION:Wyoming Basin STATE:Wyoming KEYWORDS:construction;habitat;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To aid in determination Of considerations for wUdlile in industrial activities and reclamation.(Type of ResearCh)DiSCUSSion paper.(Resuts and Conclusions)During exploratiOn and development various habitats are described which shoukJ oe carefully treated 10 preserve naturalness.Disrupted lanas may be reclaimed to a variety of purposes and in doing th,s diversity is the key to restoring wildlife communities.It is also important that wildlite receive consideration during project activity.Specific measures are given for protection and rec;amatlon o~variolJs nabltats Includmg aauatrc -:,oanan.and shruc, nmroCks.and hlgn censlty wiidhfe areas. 1291 Secondary succession along major transmission lines rights-of- way:a progress report, AUTHOR:BALDA RP:JOHNSON CD AUTHOR AFFIUATION:Northern AZ UnN. SOURCE 10:Flagstaff.AZ.,Northern AZ Unlv,1976,·190 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1 REGION:intermountain Sagebrush STATE:Arizona KEYWORDS:impact right-of-way:Sllccession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To descnbe secondary succession and cther eftects along a transmiSSion iine right-Of-way ,n woodland.grassland.and desert. (Time and Duration)4 years.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)Sail samples were analyzed for texture.organic matter, and salts.Foliage.cover for trees,shrubs and succulents was measured on six 50x50 foot subplots and herbs along 25 foot line transects. Absolute and relative density,caver,and frequency were calculated along with total plant cover.Bird censuses were done oy using a modified strip tranSECt.(ReS<Jlts and ConclUSIons)Disturbance by construcllon did nat have a significant effect on soils,Revegetation in general varied with site and was attributed mostiy to weedy invaders.Long-liVed perennials were slow to return.Plant communities in grasslands and deserts are recovering at a moderate to rapid rate while recovery In woodlands is slow..Vegetation on-unseeded areas in woodlands recovers at a more rapid rate than seeded areas on access roads and tower s'tes. Successful revegetation is essential for arthropod recovery.A lransient Change occurred on all sites in mammalian species diversity and density with no species eliminated. 1292 The impact 01 deer browsing on AUegheny hardwood regeneration. AUTHOR:MARQUIS OA SOURCE 10:Upper Darby,PA,US Forest Service,1974.Research Paper NE308,8 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:61:B2 'lEPORT NUMBER:NE306 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:PennsylvanIa KEYWORDS:food;impact;regeneration;trees;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the importance of deer broWSing on Allegheny hardWOod regeneration.(Time and Duration)Enclosures initiated in 1950's and 1960·s.Vegetative surveys made in '971.(Type of Research)Origmal.(MethOdology)Deer enclosures were installed in the 1950's and '960's in various hardwood stands,with a majority of enclosures in recently cutOYer areas.A cluster of sample plots was located Inside and another outside.The plots were circuiar with a radius of 6 feet.Trees were reported by species and height class.(Results and Conclusions)Showed that brOWSIng by White-tailed deer resulted in regeneration failures In 25%to 409'0 of the study areas.Pin cherry and sugar maple were the species most severely reduCeO by brOWSing. 1293 Herbicide report:chemistry and anaiysls.environmental e!feels, agricultural and other applied uSes. AUTHOR:HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVISORY COMMITTEE AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Env ProtectIon AgenCy. SOURCE 10:Washington,DC,Environmental Protection Agency,1974, EPASAB74001 (NTIS PB266006),196 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B1 REGION:Applicable to entJre United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;agrlcunure;brush control;environment;fish;herbicides;land use;toxicity;weeds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To assess the usage patterns and benefits of using herbicides and to gain greater knowiedge of the environmental effects of these compounds.The discussion covers herbicide use.available altllCnatives,and approaches to understanding and solving prolliems. (Type of Research)Literature review.(MethodOlogy)The Hazardous MaterialS AdviSOry Comm,ttee was aSked to prepare a comprehensive report on herbicide use and theJr env"onmental eNects.The study was to serve as a background for EPA deciSions.The study was Inaugurated in May 1972;four sections were organized.each consisting of scientists from various disciplines.These consultants prepared drafts far review by the Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee.(Results and Conclusions) Thts summary report presents data_led and weU-organized information on herbicide chemistry,environmental effects,and agricultural and other appjied uses,Under the section on en"lironmental effects,sources and movement of herbicides in the environment,residues ot herbicides. ecological eNects,and economic and ecological consequences of 51 - "'"" B1 -Short and Long Term Ellects on Biological Communities 1293 '-...'"------~---", S1a -SpeCies composItion 1298 Ecology ot transmission line corrtdors. AUTHOR:CARVELL KL JOH~"H)'i f;· AUTHOR AFFILIATION WV lI'• SOURCE 10:Morgantown.ViV ~\'V U~'.!~-,~::f:?R-Research Project 103e 3, YEAR PUBLISHED:1978 CATEGORY:51a;Blb: Ble;B2a.82~ CONTRACT NUMBER:RE1033 SPONSOR:Electnc Power Res.:!:arcn rf','S~Jrl':-:' REGION:Applil;able to entire Umlec srat~·,.:;TA"i ~u ....ted States KEYWORDS:commum1ies,comc,etlt~:.'.c.;;o.:.:.;._';i".....·'-:r~:.,Oes;nght-of.way; sprayjng.broadcast;spraymg,se1c.:tlve.~Ho:arr':i.[CODIng:water;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To obtain faC[u.::tl Intarmahon c~ttJe ecological impact 01 vegetation managemem practces en etect1lc transmISSIon line areas.(TIme and ourallon)F,ve-yeal slua~ITyt>e of Research)Original research (field study).(Methodology)Nine t'ansm~SSlon line clearings were used for this stUdy.These were located In New Hampshire.West Virgin... New Jersev.Virgrnia,Georgia.,Lo\t1slana.MlnneSOLa.Oregon,and California.StUdies include:ecologIcal eltec~s at nerOlclde treatments on the composition of plant communl(ies,Influence 0'electric transmission corridors on·edge trees~response ot torest-grown trees to topping; comparison of preferred 'Nlldhfe food plants on e;fectl':lc corndors to old fielq areas;songbird uHllza110ll of Dower hr,e cc·mCors;and effects of power line clearance on streams ~Results and ConClUSIOns)Repeated broadcast nerbicide SQraYlngs proCluceCl a 1:)'4'~Iar.t cover domInated by .sedges,grasses.ferns.or herblCla?-reSlsta"'~wQOC)'species.Seiective herbicide treatment,where snruos ana sma:f Ire2S were left,caused a gradual increase in woody plant communities MeCl1afllcal damage to edge trees varjed depending on tne age cf the r~g."!taot.way and the JocaUon of maintenance roads.Sunscald oc:;urrea en edge trees ot certain species.partiCUlarly if Iree trunkS were arrectly exposed to the hot afternoon sun.Topped Irees grew rap,cly In he'ght.and mortality of topped trees was uncommon unless tOPPing removed nearly the complete crown.Plant communities where herblc!des are use:J contain many preferred wildlife food plants, allernanve weed-control practices are discussed.Other tOPiCS Include aquatic uses of herbIcides,forest management uses.range and pasture u.ses,ana agncultural uses. 1294 Power over people. AUTHOR:YOUNG LB SOURCE ID:New York.NY.Oxford UOIV Press.1973.216 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:81: 82;B4 REG:ON:Applicable to emire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:aesthetics;electTlcal effect;environmental cnange;impact; fandowner:ozone;power;public relations:right·of.way:transm,sslon lines ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present a general discussion of the negative Impacts of a transmission line and ROWan people.the environment,and land uses.(Type of Research)General text.opinions.literature survey. (Results and Conclusions)A collection of referenced citations,persenal communicatIOns.and experiences dealing with landowner concerns and problems when faced WIth a proposed transmission line through their lands.Negat,ve ,mpacts of tne line discussed afe property values, environmental effects.electrostatic effects,ozone,aesthetics.and public disapproval.A detaiied account of one community's fight against a pfoPosed line is given.Alternatives to overhead electnc transmission are also discussed. 1295 Transmission and distribution rights-of-way selection and development. AUTHOR:JOHNSON JOHNSON AND ROY SOURCE 10:JaCkson,MI,Consumers Power,1970,55 p. YEAR PUBUSHEo:1970 CATEGORY:81:B2 SPONSOR:Consumers Power Co. REGION:Applicable to entife United States STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:aesthetics;design:distribution;land use;right-of-way; seiectlon;transmiSSion ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide gUidelines to Consumers Power Co in Michigan on minimtzing aesthetic and environmental impacts of transmission line ROW selection.(Results and Conclusions)Structure design and ROW configurations aimed specifically at typical Michigan land use types are discussed.With the aid of numerous diagrams and overlays.routing guidelines to minimize visual and ecological impacts are gj~e~,as 'Nell as suggestions for screening towers and poles LltilJzing eXlsllng vegetation.Oesirable ROW plants tor Michigan are also liSted. electflc substatlQI"'S :.-t.{~. mtnlmaj envlronmentd';T':::.I rurat Sites, ,t€.Silleti:s and ••":.J SLiourcan,and - 1296 Effects of herbicides on the envlronment. AUTHOR:JOHNS HR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Asplundh Tree Expert Co. SOURCE 10;New YOrl<.NY.Edison ElectriC Inslilute,1970,12 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:Bl REGION:Applicable to entire UTlited States KEYWORDS:envlronmel'll;herbicides:impact:management:2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To pUI 2.4.5-T and other herbIcides into perspective. to present data on 25 year's experience,and to suggesf ROW programs On a practical,prescription oasis.(Type of Researc~)DISCUSSion paper. (Results and Conclusions)Use of 2.4,5-T has been curtailed owing to some dubiouS teslS:nowever.2,4.5-T can still be used On ROWs.Some of the myths regarding effects of 2.4,5-T have been debunked by SCIentifiC &VIdence.An ecologtcal study at Penn State has s~own that herbiCIdes produced a low stable cover which increased wildlife use of the abundal'll food and cove<.Other tests across tne country have agreed with this.Use of helicopters in spraying has reduced complaints owing to careful application.Licensing of applicators is now required by most states.Recommendations for use of herbicides inclUde:using precise methods,have a qualified person available to deal with technical questions,plan and budget a year-round operation,cooperate with agencIes,maintalfi,good public relationS,keep abreast of legislation,have multiple-use aDJectIves.and ally with olher indusmal users. 1297 Substatlon site selection and development. AUTHOR:JOHNSON JOHNSON AND ROY SOURCE 10:Jacksen,MI.Consumers Power,1969,64 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:Bl;B2 SPONSOR:Consumers Power Co. REGION:AppliCable to entire united States STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS,aesthetics;design;development;siting;substation ABSTRACT,(PlJrpose)To eslaOlish criteria for functional and aesthefic deSign and location of electric substations in Michigan.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Design principles and siting guidelines are'discussed for 52 1299 Long-term responses 01 cistus and certain othllf'introduced shUrbs on disturbed wildland sites in southern Calilornia. AUTHOR:JUHREN MC;MONTGOMERY KR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Los Angeles State and County Arboretum. SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:58(1):129-138,1977 YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:Bla REGION:California Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:competition;eroSIon;impact:introduction:in ....asion:shrubs ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Eval'uating the long-term TespohSes of introduced shrubs at 12 sites planted for erosIon contioL (Time and ouralion)10-20 years;1954-1974 (Type of Research)Ori9inal.(Methodology)Ouantitatlye observations made 01 s"'ubs.Weather records of temperature, precipitation and evaporatioo were studied and e.tremes noted.salls examined and analyzed.An experiment conducted on importance of iight to Cislus seedlings.(Results and Conch,slons)The plantings of Atriplex, Rosmarinus.and Baccharis spec.es generally declined probably because climatic conditions were too extreme.Three species of Cistus did we,l for 3-5 years on most sites,10 years or longer on some,and in seme cases spreading with promise of permanent self-maintenance.Length of tne effective life of the Cistus stands depended on availability of water. especially sufficiency and timing of Ihe winter rains and high light intensil.needed for seedlin~s declined when overtopped by high chaparrdl.On some sites.CistUS bushes became woody and senescent in 12 years.presenting a fire hazard.Potential for Cistus to spread across level,disturbed land presents a danger to range lands in california. 1300 Effects ot herbicides on species diversity of two piant communities. AUTHOR,GRANT WF;TOMKINS OJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION,McGill Univ. SOURCE TITLE:ECOlogy. SOURCE 10:58(2):398-406,1977. YEAR PUBLISHED,1977 CATEGORY:Bla;Blb;Blc REGION:Beac~Maple Forest - - 4 61 a -Species composition 1305 J~ - .... KEYWORDS:communItIes;herblciaes:Impacr;management;plants;nght~ot way;roaCSfde;succession:vegetatton ABSTRACT:(PUrDose)To compare three Indices cf species dIVersity (tM number 01 species.commumty dominance.and the Brillouin informatlon Index):to =:omoare the eftects of select~ve auxins and nOll-selectl.....e herOlcl:jes on spec1es diversity ~n herbaceous commumtIes:and to comoare the responses Of commuOIties of different ages to perturbation by herolcldes.(Time and DuratIOn)Three-year stUdy.(Type of Research) O"glnal research (field).(Methodology)The study was made on an electriC rignt-ct.way.Twenty·four 4m x 4m plots,each separated from adjacent plots by a 1m border strip,we!'e marKed witn wooden stakes in the recently Olsturbed area;32 plots were marked in the mature community.Each plot was assigneo to a part}cuJar blOCk,eight expenmental treatments were applied at random wrtnin each block (2.4-0. picloram.pic:1oram +2,4-0,2,4~D +2.4.5-T.paraQuat,simazine.diuren and contnol).Data collected included the number 01 plant species, number ot individuals,height,and phenological state of each.(Results and ConclU$ions)Auxin h@rbictdes caused an increase in the number of grasses with marked and persistent simplification of both community types.The nonselective herbicide,Diu-ron.also induced a very simplified community.but with no change in g.,amlnoid:forb ratio.Simazine treatment also.had long-lasting ellects on speCies diverSity,but resulte" In a more G.omple~'Vegetabon than found on the control plots with a much lower cover of broadleaf weeds.ParaqJJat initially ellm;natecl both monocots and dicots.but vegetation recovered rapid\y.The -resistance to mOdification was greater in the old field community than in the recently disturbed one. 1301 Fuelbteaks and other fuel modification for wildland lire control. AUTHOR:GREEN LFI AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Washington,DC,US Forest Service,1977.Agriculture Handbook 499,79 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:61 a:B10:Blc REGION:AppliCable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:buming,controlled:fire;fire hazard;fuelbreal<;herbicides;2,4- 0:2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe ~he theory,practice and effectiveness of creating fuelbreaks for wilclland fire comrol.(Time and Duration)Twenty years of research.(Type of Research)original research (Iield). (Methodology)A large part of the information in this handbook is drawn from experience in fire control in California.In ttlat area,fuel modificatiOn is a response to partlcularly hazardous conditions prOduced by a combinabon of climate,fire weather,and terrain.Where new vegetation pallerns can be developed,fires can be more readily comrolled.The pOssttlle redUCtion in the high costs of suppressing conflagrations and damage from such fires gives fuel modificaliOn efforts priority in management of California wildlandS.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The fuel break concept and fuel mOdjficatlon practices have been developed extenSively since lIle 1950's.Fuelbreak system oianning is Integral to land use and fire control planning.Fuel modlfication practices include cleanng of origtnal cover by hand or machine;prescribed burning with preparation of brush by cruising or aeslccation with herblcldeS;control of brush regrowth with -herbicides;as sprays or p@Uets:and establiShment of new ground covers immediately after clearing.Perennial grasses are preferred as new cover where possible:low·growing shrubs are also used. 1302 Impact of cltemlCa'and mechanical alte preparation on wildlife habltaL AUTHOR:CARTER MC:KENNAMER JE:MARTIN JW AUTHOR AFFIUATION:Auburn Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Managemem. SOURCE 10:8(1):5-9,1976. YEAR PUBUSHED:1916 CATEGORY:Bl a;Bl d SPONSOR:Auburn Univ Agricultural Experiment;Station. REGION:Beeci\-Sweetgum-Magnolia-Pln&-Oal<Forest STATE:Alabama KEYWORDS:ecosystem;habitat:habitat change;herbicides;impact:wildlife; 2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)This study was designed to compare plant communfties on sites which had been prepared for pine planting -using herbicides with sites prepared mechanICally.(Time and Duration)Field evaluations were made in '97.4.four years after srte preparatton and planong.(Methodology)Vegetation surveys were conducted using randomly toeated transects on which all overstory shrubs and trees were tallied by size,species and numbers.Understory plants and vines were tallied on randomly chosen,mil acre subplOts.StUdy areas included sites prepared che",ically with an aerial spraying of 2.4.5-T or tr~injection using Uodiluted 2,4-0.MeChanical methods inCluded shearing,ral<ing, piling and blJrnlng,and broadcast burning.(Results and Conclusions) Chemical site preparation did not eliminate all vegetation,as the general publIC ollen believes.Frequently the abundance and dlverstty of vegetation on chemlcally~prepared s~teS was greater atter sIte oreoarabor.. ana was higner ~han on tnose s'ltes prepared -neenan-caUr·On chemlcaHy-prepared areas many of tl1e wDoay mast oroaucers escaped injury,recovered,or resprouted.1f regeneration areas are well interspersed with mature stands.the long term effect of chemical site preparation on wildlife should not be detrimental. 1303 Cut frill herbicide treatments control'hardwood weed trees, AUTHOR,WURM R SOURCE TITLE:Industria:Vegetallon Management. SOURCE 10:8(,):2,-24,,976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:e1 a;61 d REGION:Redwood Forest STATE:Califomia KEYWORDS:ecosystem;herbiCIdes;maintenance;picloram;productIVity; trees;2.4-0:2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To find methods of elimInating tanoak,a weed tree, from ~ormer redwood and DOLigla$~lir sites,and to reescabHsh conifers on these areas.(Time and Duration)HerbiCIde-treated plots were established in 1965 and evaluated In 1975.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)A,mne forms of 2,4-D,2,4,5-T and pelletad picloram were applted to dense sprout stands on tanoak on former redwood and Douglas-fir sites.The 10-year results Include data on percent of hardwood contrOl and on response of Douglas-f,r regeneration.(Results and Conclusions)The cut-fr.'method of applying herbicicles to tanoak and other brush species showed greater ellectiveness with 2,4,5-T than With 2,4-0 or pelleted piCloram.Removal of hardwood shade and competition has allowed native Douglas-fir to become established and grow rapidly. 1304 Development of a stable,low cover on a utility right-Of-way. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE we:BYRNES WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Purdue Unlv. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the FITS!National Symposium on Environmenta'CanCeins In Rights-of.Way Management.January 6-8.1976. SOURCE 10:MississlPoi State.MS,MS State UnlV,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:Bla REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest KEYWORDS:cover;enVIronment:management;rlght-of.way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)An analysis was "...de of the invasion of vegetation components of a plant community by trees on a transmiSSIon line ROW in central PA on WhiCh woody orush had been under control far 23 years.(TIme and Duration)1953 •1975.(Type of Research)Originai research.(Methodology)Data was collected on chart transects,3 x 165 teer.Community components were mapped and tree seedlings under 3 leet plotted.For trees over 3 feet,strip transects,99 x 165 feet.were used and all tr~s were tallied by components.Transects were located at random in all five sprayed areas In four randomized biocks.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)A stabie low cover existed on the ROW which was a mosaic of patches ot single and mIxed species.Components most resistant to tree invasion were pure patChes of meadOW fescue,rough goldenrod,bear oak.,blueberry;and meadow fescue mixtures w~th other species.Most heaVily invaded were pure patches 01 huckleberry, blackberry,and hayscented fern with other species.The most common mixture on the ROIV,oracken-sedg....looseslrife-blueberry.was heavily invaded.While there were numerous seedlings In the ground layer,only a tew slowly emerged to require control.The most cammon emerging species were black cherry,red maple,and sassafras.Some shrubs proved to be less reslstam to invasion than some grasses and herbs. 1305 EIfects of herbicidal management of electric lranamlaslon line rlghts-ol-way on plant c:ommunlties. AUTHOR:CARVELL KL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VW Vnlv. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings ot lt1e First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-ol-Way Management,January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:Mississppi State,MS,MS State Univ.1976,177-181 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1976 CATEGORY:Bla SPONSOR:Electric Power Research InstiMe REGION:Applicable to entire Umted States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:communities:herbicides:impact;management;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Studies of plant communities on sprayed ROWs were begun in 1972 to determine their dominant plant oommunities and how these differ from those of adjacent open lields.(Time and Duration),972 -1975.(Type of Research)Original research.(MethOdology)Nine study .areas were located in New Hampshire,West Virginia.Georgia,New Jersey,Minnesota,Oregon,Virginia,Louisiana,and GaliforDia.Vegetation maps were made of Bl ROW plots whiCh covered mOIst.average,and dry sites in each location.Plant community names were assigned 53 -------==~----@----- - 81a -Species composition 1305 accordmg to aomtnant species wIthin a plot.A.n equal numoer 01 open fleta plots were estabhshed and mapped within 1 /4 mile of the ROW in each state.Mapping was done eIther in spnng or early summer and again in later summer,Alter 5 )/ears each piot will be remapped,(Resulls and Conclusions)Broadcast-sprayed ROWs had jess perennial herb than open fields.white nearly the same annual and perenmal herbs and shrubs were on selective-sprayed ROWs and unspra)/ed fields,Spnng wildflowers were equally abundant on all types ot areas wnere pnenoxy herbicloes were used.Picloram sprays,how~er,eliminated many sprtng wrldflowers. Broadcast spraymg resulted in commun;ties of herbicide·toierant species and perennial specJes spreaaing by stolons or roots.Sejectrve sprayi,ng is expected to produce a line dommated by snrubs. 1306 Avian communities,energetics,and lunctions in coniferous lorest habitats. AUTHOR:wrENS JA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ, SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Bltos,May &-9,1975, SOURCE 10:1975,22&-261 p, YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1a;Blb;B1c REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:biomass:bords:ecosystem;forest;habitat;productIvity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss avian community patterns and theoretical aspects of avian community structure,such as niche relationships, competitive regimes.optimization strategies;to show how deciSions regardIng avian habitat alteration can be made,{Time and Duration}One year study.(Type of Research) Onginal research and literature reView, (Methodology)Consists of a review of a~tan breeding communities in North American coniferous forests to reveal a number ot characteristic features of these forests.(Results and ConclUSIons)North American comterous forests contain relatively riCh breeding aVifaunas.Censuses taken in 5-25 ha plots record &-32 breeding speCIes,with the richest avifaunas oceuring in Northeastern.Southeastern and Sierra Nevada forests,Breeding densities in various forest regions average 329-1.456 .ndividualslkm2.Standing crop biOmass averages 65-283 glha:values are greatest rn Pac~tlc Northwest forests.and lowest in immature stands of northeastern forests,Foliage-feeding insectivores overwhelmmgly oominate the avifaunas of forests in the Northeast,Southeast and North,but their proportionate contribution to density ana biomass decreases towards the west and Northwest.In many northeastern forests,more than half of the indlVlduais present in a stand are warblers,While in most western forests less lhan 10 percent of the IndiViduals are warblers, 1307 Dominant patterns in bIrd populations of the eastern deciduous forest biome. AUTHOR:ANDERSON SH;SHUGART HH;STRAND RH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Oak Ridge Nat Lab,Kenyon College, SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds,Man &-9,1975, SOURCE 10:1075.90-95 p, YEAR PUBUSHED:1975 CATEGORY:Bla;B1b;B1c SPONSOR:Energy Research and Development Admin, REGION:Eastern DeCIduous Forest STATE;Connecticut;Massachusetts; Marylaoo;Maine;New Hampshire;New Yorl<;Pennsylvania:Rhode Island; Vermont KEYWORDS:avifauna;birds;torest;population;succession.secondary; trends ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To generalize on th.pattern of bird populations in eastern forests and identify one research "ethod of potential utirrty in nOflogame bird management research.(Time and Ouratton)One-year study,(iype of Research)Origlnai research,(Methodology)Discusses past wort<done to determine bird habitat preterences,and Illustrates the advantages of discriminant function ana1~sis as a potential researCh tool tor determining.bird habitat preference.(Results and Conclusions)Several general patterns of variation are evident in bird populations of the eastern deciduous fares!blome.The aVifauna IS typically dominated by migrants.with a pronounced importance of birds as components 01 ecosystems arising from their mobility and their high trophic position on many food webs,DUring secondary succession,bird populations typically increase ,n density.olverslty,and standing crop with time,Habitat selection is an important determining factor tor bird distributions,and nabltat !actors are generally more important than tOOd-avaitability factors in aVIan resource division. 54 1308 National forest nongame bird man"gement AUTHOR:SCHNEEGAS ER AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fer.;:~."' SOURCE TITLE:Symposium :-,M",""0 '.''dO;Range Habitats for Nongame Birds,May 6-8.")t· SOURCE 10:1975,314-318 0 YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1a REGJON;Applicable to entire um!/:-:j!1'1--,!:••i rjr;lte-::States KEYWORDS:birds;birds.no.r;-::LHT','...;,1':,.".:·;<,.':,t r'!ab,tat: management;speCIes ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To exp,am tr.,..(f C;f:...."'~,~~f"\nce polley of developing an etfectl've balanceo p·ograr-lor .en Wlldflte and fish species. and to stress that the key Eo plan-rl'ng rr4......Jg~mtoI":~for all wildlite species is to know the species habHa1 re'C·..:lrf'rTW-,...·~·l,~and Durahon)A review of literature covenng a t~'Vf·d~P"'"':,..-~l h:=-e D1 Research) Literature review.(Methodolcgy)t-'l 'f·W ~.;.,...·;t~u·e anj discussion of current Forest Service pollc)'{f!,e$::~.LL....;l.(:~:':i;";5JonS,}Present US Forest Service Wildlife programs e!T':>na.::.'l~rM...··,("H~roe soe<:les more than ever betore.The Endangere:::SpeoP$AC or ~9,3 has oeen one of the greatest innuences on OUf wlldtlte ettort.30 fecefl~~"y Tn-ey do not 10rget that BOo-900 other specIes aiSO O-epen(j on Forest Sef'\i'~ce management poUcles.Nongame program oevelocrnent _.:1 e.e narnpered by a lack of basic data for some years to come 1309 Water management practices and th,m ertect on nongame bird habitat values In a deciduous rorest community. AUTHOR:CURTIS AL;RIPLEY TH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TN Va:'.y A.:cc'" SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Mar.~g,,"."::.''Clo,t ana Range Habitats tor Nongame 6irds,May 6-9,1975 SOURCE 10:1975,128-141 P YEAR PUBUSHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1a;61c;82a REGION:Applicable to enllre UMeo:J 5:,11",;STATE Un'led Slates KEYWORDS;birds; birds.nongame.ecosys:e~!.:;r-e~:,hacitat;Impact management;productiVIty:water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To examine aV3-Ilable ·'1formallon concernIng the effect of ~arious water managemer:t DI<lC~::e5 on r')Qngame birds. Documented studies are ctte::to Illustrate ~!'1e et1e:~01 torest management for water qualtlY ana yield 0'"[)1l.J nacltats and populations. (lime and Duration)Literature revle.....c.ove"t'lng a oS2 year penod.(Type of Research)Literature reView (Metl1c·jol·:-;J'.lllcr~uure reView.(ResUlts and Conctusions)The techniques UtlllZC:J fa m.•:rr;;Ige r,J,test lands tor mcreased water yield and Qual,ti~Will modlty -e.t~st~n]'Dte~t ecosystems Consequences of tt1ese mO(jJtlcatlO~5 on 1'"':'~gdm~CITOS are largely unknown.A synthesis of avallaDlp ;~,j('lrrr.:.~-n C':J",c~fntng the eHects of water management practIces :::m nc~:;o;m ...:"lrC~·51 Desen1ed 1310 The Bureau 01 Land Management Wlldllfe Habitat Management Program,with special emphasiS on nongame bird habitats. AUTHOR:CRAWFORD JE;MEANS RL,OlENDORFF RR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau of Land Management Dlv of Wildlife, SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of FOIest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds,May &-9,1975. SOURCE 10:1975.305-313 p, YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1a;611:>:Blc REGION:Applicab:e to ent"e UMed States STATE United States KEYWORDS:avifauna:birdS:blrO$.song,haOltat haMat manipulation; management;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To descr<l:>e tne WIldlife MOttat mana;;ement program of the Bureau of Land Management with 50eCiai emphaSIS on habitat management tor nongame b"ds.(Time and Duration)One year,(Type of Research)Literature reView,(Methodology)ReViews literature of past work done,prtmarily.by Bureau ot Land Manaoemenl research workers. (Results and Conclusions)Wildllte habItats on the NRL (national resource lands)are producing far below potent'a1,The Bureau 01 Land Management intends to proVide stablllzaton of unsattsfaetory or declining habitats and to protect enhance and InterlSlty management on all NRL, Examples of nongame bird habitat proVlOes protects.such as the Snake River Birds of Prey Natural Area.the 8'anca Wildltfe Habitat Area,and the San Simon Cienega Wildlife Habitat Area are used to illustrate the habitat management capabillties of the Bureau, - ..rvJT"fZ m:: 81 a -Species composition 1316 ..... - 1311 Avian communities,energetics,and functions in coniferous forest habitats. AUTHOR:WIENS JA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Unlv. SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habltals for Nongame B,rds,May 6-g,1975. SOURCE 10:1975,226-261 p. VEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORV:81a;B1b;B1c REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Stales KEVWORDS:biomass;o"ds;ecosyslem;forest;habitat;productivity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss aVian community pallerns and lheorellcal aspects of aVian commun;ty structure.such as niche relationships, compet1tive regrmes.optimization strategies:to show how decisions regarding avian habitat alteration can be made.(Time and Duration)One year study.(Type of Research) Onginal research and literature review. (Methodology)Consists of a review of avian breeding communities in North Amencan coniferous forests to reveal a number of characteristic features of these forests.(Results and ConclUSIons)North American coniferous forests contain relatively nch breed~ng avifaunas.Censuses taken in S-2S HA plots record 6-32 breeding species,with the richest avitaunas occuring in Northeastern,Southeastern,and Sierra Nevada forests.8reeding denSities In various forest regions average 329-1,456 individuals/l<m2.Standing crop biomass averages 65-283 glha:values are greatest in Pacific Northwest forests,and lowest in immature stands of Northeastern fobests.Foliage-feeding insectivores overwheimingly dominate the avifaunas of forests in the Northeast,Southeast,and North, but their proportIonate contribution to density and biomass decreases towards the West and NorthWest.In many NOrtheastern forests,more than half of the individuals present in a stand are warblers,while In most Western forests less than ten percent of the individuals are warblers. 1312 Deer lind what 1hey need on a sprayed utility right-of-way. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC;BVRNES WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Purdue UOlV SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10:7(3):7-11,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1a REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest KEYWORDS:deer;food;habitat right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A research project was carried out in central Pennsylvania from 1953-1973 to follow development of food and cover fer wildlife and wildlife use.(Time and Duration)1953-73.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Development of vegetation was followed on strip lransects '"four rando""zed blocks.Deer use was studied by pellet group counts and direct observations.A standard feed analysis was made to detenmlne the nutritive vaiue of browse.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Basal sprays in 1953 did not alter the typical ROW plant community appreciably while broadcast sprays changed the BraCi<en-Sedge-rierb-8Iueberry to a grass-weed or fireweed community. However.all spray areas returned to the original community in about 15 years.Subsequent basal sprays did not ailer the plant community.Deer use of the ROW over a period of 20 years was stUdied by pelle1 group counts on strip transects and direct observations.While deer use was highest on brushy,unsprayed control areas,use increased and became constant on sprayed areas as food and cover developeo and was hig"er than in the adlacent forest.Common plants on the ROW were eaten by deer and were of acceptable feed value. 1313 Elfectsof clearcuttlng on the diversity 01 breeding birds. AUTHOR:ADKISSON CS;CONNER RN AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Polytechnic institute. SOURCE mLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:73(12):781-785,1975. VEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1 a;B1 b;B1c REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Virginia KEYWORDS:birds;birds,breeding;clearing;diversity;impacts ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the effects 01 c1earculling on the species diversity of breeding birds,and to observe changes in this diversity over a period of years.(TIme and Duration)One year study.(Type of Research)Original research (Methodology)Six stUdy areas were selected: a 1-year-old clearcut,a 3-year-oId,a 7-year-old,a 12-year.Qld,a pole stand,and a mature forest stand.The areas were from 20 to 35 ha,and were located in mixed oak stands.Breeding birds were censused between 0600 and 1000 hours EST on two transects 100m long and 100m wide in each of the different study areas.(Results an<! ConClUSions)Clearcutling initially reduced breeding bird species'diversity and number of birds seen in the 1-year-old clearcut and the pate stand. However,both species diversity and number of birds seen greatly 'ncreased In the 3-,7-,and 12-year-old clearcuts.likewise,clearcuts pro\llded nesting habitat tor many specIes at birds not found in mature forests.A well supervised clearCL.'ttlng program that leaves aead snags and some live trees.and does not dJSC or burn stash will have the effect of lncreaslng the number of birds and bird species diversity over the entire area being managed. 1314 Rangeland avifaunas:their composition,energetIcs.and role in the ecosystem. AUTHOR:OVER MI;WIENS JA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ.;CO State Unlv SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Fares!and Range Habitats tor Nongame Birds,May &-9.1975. SOURCE 10:1975,14&-182.p. VEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1a;B1b;B1c REGION:Applicable to entire Unrted Slales STATE:United States KEVWORDS:avifauna;biomass:bords;composition;ecosystem;habital; range land ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review allributes of breeding bird communities in several types of North American rangeland nabitats,emphaSizing dominant species.community organization,energy flow and.trophic dynamics,and to show wllhin these naturai contexts now decisions regarding habitat and nongame bird popuiatlons must be made.(Time and Ouration)One year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)These analyses drew,in large part,research conclusions from other avifauna studies.The various methods of handling these data wene unique and original contributions of these authors.(Results and Conciusions)Rangeland avifaunas are characterized by few breeding bird species;only 20 spec,es occur with moderate frequency in these habitats. The number of breeding species in 10 ha plots averages 3 to 5.There !S substantial seasonal and annual variation in density and biomass.bUl not in species composition of breeding aVltaunas.Grazing at high intensity generally reduces species numbers,but has vanable effects on density and biomass;agricultural cultivation produces major changes in all community allributes, 1315 Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed areas. AUTHOR:MONSEN SB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fonest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Improved Range Plants. SOURCE 10:Denver,CO Society of Range Management,Range Symposium Series 1,1975 7&-90 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1975 CATEGORY:B1a REGION:Applicable 10 entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;checklist;habitat;mammals,big game;mammals,small game; management;planttn9;restoration;ShNbs;species ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe progress made in selecting woody and herbaceous plants to use in 'rehabilitat,ng wildlands and rangelands characterized by adverse climatic or edaphic cond.tions.(Time and Duration)Summarizes work done over a 20-year penod.(Type of Research)Primarily a literature review (Methodology)Probiems in ret1abilitatmg disturbed areas are discussed,Including livestock and wildlife ranges,watersheds.mining sites,highways,rights-oi-way and recreation areas.The advantages and problems encountered in usmg native and intrOduced species in rehabilitation work are revieWed. Progress in the propagation of desirable piant materiais is outltned. (Results and Conclusions)A wide array of plants is needed to revegetate disturbed areas In western US.'Recent developments in selection and propagation have provided useful plants of improving wildlands and rangelands,characterized by adverse climatic or edaphlc conditions. Disturbances can be improved if specific plants and site treatment practices are utilized.Through the develo~ment of nu-rv stock and seed orchards,many native shrubs and herbs are now being produced for wildland plantings.The selection and breeding of specific ecotypes provide improved strains for .revegetation. 1316 Woody plants for rehabllltaUng rangelands In the Intermountain region. AUTHOR:CHRISTENSEN DR;MONSEN 56 AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Forest Service.;UT Div oi Wildlife Resources. SOURCE TiTlE:Proceedings of "Wildland Shrubs"Symposium and Workshop. SOURCE 10:Provo,UT,1975,72-119 p. VEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1a REGION:Intermountain Sagebrush STATE:Idaho;Nevada;Oregon;Utah KEVWORDS:checl<list;habitat;mammals,big game;mammalS,small game; management;planting;restoration;shrubs;species ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present the results of studies dealing with the selection and propagatiOn of woody plants for big game and livestock 55 B1a -Species composition 1316 rangeiand rehabilitation In the Intermountain regIon.{Time and Duration; Summanzes work done over a 20 ..year period.(Type of Research) Primarily a literature review.(Methodology)$electio,of shrubs for range restoration has been based primarily on three criteria:(1)plants must be aoaoted to planting sites;(2)species must also provide such desirable vegetative resources as forage,ground cover,and protection to ammals; and (3)seedlings must be highly successful in establlshmg and surviving to naturity.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)A considerabje number of natlV'e and exotic shrubs and trees can be success/wily established withn most major rangeland communities.The principat species used tn rangeland olantmgs have been selected for thelT herbage and cover values. productivity,adaptability,and the success or ease of mechanical plantings and raanng of stock.Most shrubs and trees have been suc;cesstully reared under nursery,greenhouse and rangeland conditions. However,slow-grow,ng shrubs aM tree seedlings are difficult to establish on arid sites.Steep slopes are also diffjcult to plant with conventional eqUipment 1317 Environmental impact of herbicides on electric transmission line rlgh~f-wa,. AUTHOR;CARVELL KL AUTHOR AFfiLIATION;WV Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Anbonculture SOURCE 10;1(7):129-130,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B1a;B1b;B1e REPORT NUMBER;RP103 SPONSOR:Electflc Power Research Ins\;lute. REGION:Applicable to entire United Stales STATE:United States KEYWORDS:aesthetics;communities:community structure;enVIronment; herbicides;impact:right-ot-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the Impact of repeated herbicide application on electric ROWs on such environmental parameters as plant communities,aestt7.etics,wildlife habitat and food.(TIme and Duration). Three-year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research (field study). (Methodol09Y)NIne ROW areas,scaltered throughout the US,were used for fang-term studies to discover the impact of past herbicide treatments.. NIne study plots were established on each line area.On these,detailed vegetation maps were constructed,identifying each plant community by composition and structure.Aesthetic problems were descnbed.Each plant community was rated for its wildlife value,Similar study plots were established on nearby old field areas to use for comparison purposes. (Results and Conclusions)Present plant communities on broadcast sprayed areas are largeiy composed of species somewhat resistant to herbicides.Orderly changes are gradually taking place tn the communities now present.The more resistant plants now present on these lines are gradually spreading and driVing out other more sensitive species.ThUS, over a long period a "herbiCide Climax"will develop.Selectively-sprayed areas often contain a nucleus of showy shrubs that spread gradually. Comparison of plant communities on ROW areas With those on old fields shows that ROW communities are equal to.or in some cases superior te:, old tlelds for wildllte. 1318 Songbirds 01 the right-of-Way. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Purdue .Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management. SOURCE 10;6(3):12-14,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED,1974 CATEGORY:B1a REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest KEY""··~DS:birds;habitat;right-at-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Songbirds were observed and photographed on a herbicide-sprayed ROW in central Pennsylvania in July.1914.(Time and Duration)1974,(Type of Research)Onginal research.(Methodology) Observations were made of bird species using the ROW on Six treatment areas In four randomized blOCks.(Results and Conclusions)Thirteen species of son9birds were observed commonly using the ROW which had been maintaned with 2,4-0,2,4,S-:T,and Ammate sprays since 1953.The vegetative cover had been converted from torest to an open shl'ubland with a mosaic pattern made up of shrubs intermingled with herbs, grasses,and ferns.The songbirds were mostly species typical of brushlands and forest edges and included;rufous-sided towhee,catbird, indigo bunting,eastern robin,song sparrow,brown t"rasher,common goldfinch.yellowthroat warbler,myrtle warbler,crow,yeltow-shafted tticker,hairy woodpecker, 56 1319 Creation of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides:arresting "succession"on rights-of.way and pastureland. AUTHOR:GOODWIN RH;NIERING WA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CT College.Botany Dep~. SOURCE TITL=:ECOlogy. SOURCE 10:55(4).784-795.1974 YEAR PUBLISHED;1974 CATEGORY:B1a;B1b:B1C REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE Connecticut KEYWORDS:ecosystem;herbiCides:rl9ht-ot-way:snrubs:stability; succession ABSTFlACT:(Purpose)To determine plant communities which are relatlVely stable and resist invasion at tree species.(Time and DUlatlon)Two decades beginning in 1953.(Type of Research)OnginaL (Methodology) Prior to selective spraying of the nght-ol-way stUdy area,major vegetation types were mapped and the percent cover contributed by vanous species was estimated.In 1967 shrub clones at low bluebery, hucklebe<ry and greenbrier were planted on abandoned pasture land to study their abilrty to resist invasion.In 1972 these areas were resurveyed for tree reproduction and growth rates of various Shrub clones were measured.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Two decades of selective herbicide management on a right-of-way within the Connecticut Arboretum has resulted in a mosaic of reiatively stable shrub communities.and less stable herbaceous communities.Areas of dense shrubs on the righ:-of- way have resisted tree invasion tor 15 years.Pastureland plantings of shrub clones have remained essenbally stable for·five years.Creating stable shrUb communities by selective use of herbicides has practical applieation in right-af-way and wildlife management. 1320 Herbicide residues and weed species shilts on modified-soli field plots. AUTHOR:BEST JA;WEBER JB:WITT WW AUTHOR AFFILIATION;NC State Univ.;Velsicol Chemical Corp. SOURCE TITLE:Weed SCience. SOURCE 10,22(5):427-433,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:Bla;B2b REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:changes,effect of:communities;herb,cldes;soil;weeds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the amount of eac~herbicide present in the surfa:ce Salis and prometryne present in the SUbsoils of the modified-soil stUdy;the Influence of the soil additwes on the total and biologically active he<bicides present;and measure changes In the weed poplJlation influenced by herbicides,(Time ,and Duration)Five-year stUdy. (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)A Shubata soil was modified by adding onganlC matter or rrontmorillonite clay.Three annual applications of fluometuron.prometryne and tritlUrahn were made and soil samples analyZed at the end of the third year.Population densilies of the various weed species occurring on each plot were determIned by weed counts and by visual estimates 01 the amount of weed cover and the proportion of each weed species present Ratings were made In 1970, 1971 and 1972.(Results and ConclUSions)Prometryne and fluometuron greatly decreased the large crabgrass population and Increased the proportion of yellow nu\sedge and crowfootgrass.Trifluralin greatly decreased large crabgrass and crowfoot9rass populations,but the plots became completely infested with yellow nutsedge.Horseweed became the overall dominant species starting the "",t year and increasing in the second and third years.Yellow nutsedge,bermuclagrass and other grasses were also prevalent. 1321 Chaparraf shrub control as Influenced by grazing,herbicides and lint. AUTHOR:LEONARD OA;MURPHY AH AUTHOR AFAUATlON:UniV of CA. SOURCE TITLE;California Agriculture SOURCE 10:Pages '0-13,'974 (Jan). YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B1a REGION:Calilornia Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:fire;tire hazard;herbicides;shrubs ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To understand the part played by fire,herbicides and grazing in shrub management.(TIme and Duration)14 year stUdy. (Type of Research)Original research (tield study).(Methodoiogy)In southeastern MendOCIno County,CA,on an extensive brush-field area, different methods 01 shrub control were tried starting in 1956,Fencing was placed around part of the area;part was left unfenced.Within ooth the fenced and non-fenced areas,some of the resprouting brush plots were treated with herbicides and fire,wIlile others receiVed no treatment. The herbicide used was standard brush killer (2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T)at 4 Ibs actiVe ingredients per 100 gal of water with 1%diesel oiL (ReSUlts and Conclusions)The best control of chaparral shrubs on rangeland was ..... - - - - •''twam achieved by usmg herblcides.I;:botn grazea ar'ld ungrazed areas chemical contrOl reduced tl1e brush to less than 1%ot the plant cover wIthin 4 years and maintained a very low level for the 14-year period of the experiment.Grazing wHhout other controls had little influence on the results except for the reoccurrence of poison oak in ungrazed areas.Fire reduced the compOSition of brus."for the first 2 years.out peaked out in tne Slxlrt year with a gradual decltne thereafter. 1322 Nutrient loss from clearcuttings in New Hampshire. AUTHOR:MARTIN CW;PIERCE RS:REEVES CC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Serv'ce. SOURCE TITLE:Natlonal.Symposlum on Watersheds in TransitIon. SOURCE 10:US Forest Service. YEAR f>UBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B1a;B1b REGION:AppalachIan Oak Forest STATE New Hampshire KEYWORDS.cleanng;impacts;nitrogen cycle;nutnent removal;watersheds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present data on nutnent outflow from streams draining lands that have been clearcut or devegetated.and specifIcally on Increased streamflow;and ecological changes related to nutrient release.(Time and Duration)£years.1965-1971.(Type of Research) Original.(Methodology)Data on nutrient loss On cleared and herbicide- treated watersheds was compared to nutrient loss on nearby uncut watersheds.All water samples were quanntat,vely analyzed for nitrate. ammonium,sulfate,choride,Cajcium,magnesJum,potassium,sodium. conductivity.and acidity.(Results and Conclusions)Substantial changes in jon concentration were found in -aU streams draining dearcut areas. Indicanons are that clearculling on shallow.infertile,podzolized soils sublect the site to nutr,ent losses for sevenal years atter e.posure.In undIsturbed forests about 20 percent of the annual nitrogen turnover is recycled as nitrate nitrogen.On clearcut areas,1 (3 to 1/2 of the total amount of nitrogen normally recycled In the uncut forest was removed in stream water.but 1.5 to 3 limes the normal recycled nitrate nitrogen was lost.Nitrate and ammOnium ions are readily available to plants.but they are also exceedingly vulnerable to removal In drainage water. 1323 Use of lire:comments from the northeasL AUTHOR:UTILE S SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:71 (10);633-634.1973. YEAR PUBUSHED:1973 CATEGORY:B1a SPONSOR:US Forest Service,Northeastern Forest:Experiment Station. REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Connecticut;Maryland;New Jersey; Pennsylvania KEYWORDS;ecology;fire:succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss some aspects of fire in the northeastern United States.(Type of Research)ReView of literature.(Methodology) Reviewed 16 papers concerning the ecoiogJcal eHects of fire in fhe Nortneastern United Stales.(Results and Conclusions)Some forest types can playa desirable role in certain fire regimes to bring about certa~n eco~ogical conditions, 1324 The effect of clear cutting and buming on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba. AUTHOR:BUCKNER CH;SIMS HP AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Canadian Forestry Service.;Chemical Control Researcn Institute. SOURCE nTLE:The American Midland Natunalist. SOURCE 10:90(1 );228-231,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:Bla:B1c;61e REGION:Spruce-fir Forest KEYWORDS:clearing;forest;habitat;impact;invasion;mammals.small; population;seeding;slash disposal;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To obtain Informallon on changes in small mammal populations atter slash burning which might aHect seeding success.(Tune and Duration)Three years (1965.19££,1967).(Type of Research) Original.(MethOdology)Three areas (two of 50 acres each)supportln9 pure standS of jack pine were clearcut.one each winter,and the slash burned the following summer.A 5.10 chain trapping plot was located on eacn area about 200 feet from stand edge.On larger 240 acre area. second plot Iocaled 600 feet in.Control plots sejected in adjacent uncut stands.Trapping done for three nights in May and late september for three years.(Results and Conclusions)Dominant species show distinct habitat preferences.PeromySCus maniculalUs captured almost e<elusively on bu:ms and invaded from the surrounding forest soon after fire. Microtus pennsylvanicus did not regain its original number until the autumn of the second year and population remained stable,probably due to lack of cover.Peromyscus not so dependent on surface runways,but B1 a -Species composition 1327 require a more oermanent rtestmg site such as :..Jnoer roots or rocks availabie on burned areas.More distant pjot lovaaeo as rapidly as near Dlot.with a higher percent of ,iuveniles.Rapid reestabHsnment of 1arge oopulation of Peromyscus mamculatus represents a nazard to direct seeding of jack pfne In southeast Manltoba. 1325 Ecological effects of herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission line rights-ol-way, AUTHOR:JOHNSTON PA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:'MI Unlv SOURCE 10:Morgantown,'MI,'MI Umv,,973.Masters TheSIS.196 p. YEAR f>UBLlSHED:1973 CATEGORY:61a;B1b CONTRACT NUMBER:3 SPONSOR:Edison Electlic Institute REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Untted States KEYWORDS;communities;community structure;coppice:ecology; ecosystem;erOSiOn,soil;forbs:herbicides;Impact:nght-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determ",e differences between plant communit,es on hertwcide-tr-eated transmiSSion line areas and natural communities on adjacent unsprayed old fields.and to assess certain aesthetic qualities of those plant communities now dominating herbiCide-treated ROWs.(Time and Duration)Two-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodology)Fifty-four permanent study plots were established on six transmission lines,located in New Hampshire,West Virgin13.Georgia, New Jersey,Minnesota and Oregon.An equal number of plots were located on hydric,mesic and xeric site.s.These ROWs were selected for their long,and well-documented herbicide history.An equal .number of piots were established On old field areas where herbicides had never been used.Detaijed mapping of plant communities was done on each study plot to contrast the composition of the ROW communities with that of old-field areas.(Results and Consluslons)All plant communities on sprayed ROWs differ from those on adjacent unspnayed areas.Herbicide communities had fewer perennial herbs,particularly showy summer and fall wildflowers.Present plant communiijes on blanket-sprayed ROWs are largely composed of spec,es somewhat resistant to herb<cides.Those communities spreading most rapidly at present On 'oroadcast spraying areas are thOse that Invade by vegetative means,particularly those that occupy new areas by root extenSion.This group inCludes many perennial grasses,certain shrubs,and some herbaceous peren",alss 1326 WIthout c:onsenL AUTHOR:HAWKINS J SOURCE TITLE;Defenders of Wildlife News. SOURCE 10:60£-611.1973 (October). YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B1a;B1d;62a;B2b REGION:AppIicabie to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:birds.game;cover:habitat manipulation;mammals;nght-of- way;spril)'lng.broadcast:spraying.select,ve;2.4-0;2,4.S-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To po,nt out many enVIronmental problems that occur with the use of various herbicides on ROW areas.and point out that belter methods of brush contrOl,with less dangerous Impact on the ecological balance of an area,are known.(Type of Research)A reView of selected literature.(Methodology)The author relllews articles on the impact of herbicides and spraYlng methods On plant communities.habitat. and animals;and the danger of contamination of the enVIronment with the breakdown of these herbicides,to Illustrate that the electric power companies,pesticide manufacturers.government agencies,and equipment manufactuners are not being responsive to the pubiic In properly caring for the environment of ROW areas.(Results and Concluslons)The author concludes that "perhaps the lights of individual citizens must be SUbmerged for some purposes when population problems and pressures are considered.But the continued use of harmful chemIcals when better, ecologically sound,although less simple methods are available.is not in the long-range best interests of the people as a whole." 1327 Natural plant recolonization 0'surfIcial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region,Northwest TerrUories. AUTHOR:HERNANDEZ H AUTHOR AFFIUATION:Univ of Alberta. SOURCE TITLE:Canadian Journal of Botany. SOURCE 10:51(11):2177-2196.1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:Bla;B2f;C4 SPONSOR:ArCtic Petroleum Operators Association;and Artic.Land Use Research Program. REGION:Applicable to entire United Stales KEYWORDS:disturbenCe;impact;permafrost:piants;recolonization;roads; soil;tundra 57 B1a -Species composition 1327 ABSTRACT (Purpose)To a~ess the ImpaCl of surface SOil and plant dJswrbances on plant coyer and aeptn Of permafrost thaw and to evaluat.e natural piant reco1onizatlon of disturbed areas.(Time and Duration)1970 to 1972 •two years (Type at Research)Original field research.(Methodology)Stud,es were conducted on areas disturbed by seismiC hnes and winter roaes In the MacKenzie Delta and TUktoyaktull. Peninsula.Northwest TerrUorles.Principal plant communlttes in forest and tundra were identified by aena~and ground surveys.P~ant cOl/er was determlneo on parallel 30 meter transects on disturbed and aO}acent undisturbed control areas.Two permafrost thaw depth measurements were made on each quadrat.Observations were made on type, appearance ana amount of dtSturbance.slope and exposure,and soil properties by exposing shallow profiles.Height.d~ameter and age was measured on forest trees.Twenty nine different combinations of disturbance and plant community siles were sampled.(Results and Conclusions)Winter seismic lines caused less disturbance to plant communities than summer lines.Winter roads removed most plant cover but peat layers remained tntact,so eHects were minimal on sorl energy budgets.Summer disturbance affected weIland sedge meadows more than winter disturbance.Forest and shrub communities recovered quicker than similarty disturbed upland tundra communities.Summer seismic lines graded to permatrost resulted in exposure ot mineraI soil Ihat led to secondary succession in tundra communities.Piant cover was 30 to 50% w~thin six years after rrnneral soU was exposed.Permafrost thaw was increased 80 to 100 percent where mineral soil was exposed.30 to 50 percenl If peat remained intact.and 10 percent if plant cover was altered.Disturbance did not lead to erosion due 10 low precipilation in the area 1328 The revegetation 0'a Rhode Island right-at-way,Exeter,Rhode Island. AUTHOR:STALTER R AUTHOR AFFILIATiON:SI John's Un;v SOURCE TITLE:Castanea:The Journal 01 the Southern Appalachian Botanical Club. SOURCE ID:37(2):77-83,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:B1a:B1b:B1c REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Rhode Island KEYWORDS:herbicides;revegetation;right-ot-way;spraying,selective;2.4.5- T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe changes in ROW vegetation after arborescent and frutescent species were clearcut from the area in 1963 and the stumps t,eated with 2,4,5-T in fuel oil.(Time and Duration)Two- year stuoy.(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodology) Three pairs ot study sites were sampled during May 1965.The ROW Sites were compared with three sites in the adjacent forest by using line intercept method.Cove'estimates by eye were made on each planl intersecting the line both above and below it.Thirty 80 toot transects were made and the spacing and positioning of the transects varied according to the study site.(Results and ConclusIons)The chemical treatment ot Iree stumps with 2.4.5-T has lillie effect on red maple,white oak.black oak,blackgum and while ash,while yellOW birch was kIlled by the treatment.The Increase or decrease of certain taxa an the ROW mlghl be due to several reasons.First.It might be a response to the application at 2,4,5-T.A c<:>ncentration ot a particular strenglh might initiate sprouting of certain taxa and decrease that of others.Moreover, the concentration of 2,4,5-T was probably not the same on all parts of the ROW being at greater concentration near the treated stumps and less concentration farther tram them.Secondly,the frutescents may have vaned in sprouting ability after CUlling. 1329 Clearcultlng:detrimental aspects lor wildltle resources. AUTHOR:PENGELLY WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of MT. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. SOURCE ID:27:255-258,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:B1a;B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearcutling:clearing:diversity;ecosystem;torest:habitat; habitat change;Impact;stability;succession;wlldlite ABSTRACT:Not a research paper,but an article in which some research is cited.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Wildlife is an important component of the forest ecosystem and their diversity and abundance is ,elated to the habitat diversity and abundance.Clearcultlng followed by regeneration activities radically alters this ecosystem.Some of the stated ecosystem effects of clearcutting are:n ~ncrease in snow accumulation -may bUry forage and discourage animal travel:2)increased moiSture loss by isolation;.3)bamers to movement -windrows of logs.raadcuts.debris shOUld be broken in draws and at ridgepoint;4)increase in wind veJocities in clearings;5)forage clearcut provided varies along a moisture gradient -on dry sites,timber more valuable as caver;6)slash burning, 58 especiahy light broadcast Dwrning,can be deSJrable for native understory species and thus benefiCial for animals.SuppressIOn of tire qwestlonable. Concerned about Simplification of ecosystems -stability usually associated with diversity.Natural regeneration preterable to attempts to reforest by elimmatlng "weeds"and replanting.Several stages of succession more productive for wildJifeand should iast longer.ConCludes that intensive forest management is sel\jom compatIble With wildlife Interests. 1330 Clearculting:bene'icial aspects 'or wildlife resources_ AUTHOR:RESLER RA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. SOURCE 10:27:250-254.1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:B1a:B1d;B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearculling;clearing:torest:habitat;impact:management; wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss beneficial aspects ot clearcutting to wildlite.(Type of Research)Literature review.Introductory diSCUSSion of forest management techniques.Cites research which demonstrates benefits to fish,game animals.small mammals.and birds.(Results and Conclusions)The many variations in methods at clearcutting can determine end result of "good"or "bad."Research only on specifically selected species -has no analysis of all animals affected.Most work has been done on game anImals,especially deer and elk.The benetits usually reported concern increase in food and "edge effect"In general, small scattered clearings seem preferable.One study found stnp-cutting belter fo'deer,especially when uncut paths are left for travel dunng times of deep snows.Author concludes that relationships ot clearculling and wildlife are complex.Any benefits can only be realized through careful advanced planning and execution. 1331 Invasion 0'trees In secondary succession on the New Jersey piedmonL AUTHOR:BUELL HF;BUELL MF:SMALL JA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Rutgers Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Torrey Botanical Club Bulletin SOURCE ID;98:67c74.1 971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:B1a;B1b REGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:New Jersey KEYWORDS:freeze-thaw cycles:succeSSion;trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To follow succession an specific areas Over a period of time with the view of learning more precisely the sequence of events during the course of vegetationai change.(Time and Duration)12 year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original.(Methodology)The studies,made at the Hutcheson Memorial Forest preserve on fiejds abandoned from cultivation.inVOlved sampling of vegetation using quaarats.Measurements were made every two years.(Results and Conclusions)As a ruie,t,ee seedlings do not become established during the first year but begin to appear the second year.with new ones continUing to appear in successive years.Mortality of preViously established individuals ~s common dunng the eariy stages at succession.At thaI time.when much bare soil is exposed,heaving due to 'Mnter freeze-thaw cycles is one of the maior inlluences in hindering early establishment of tree seedlings. 1332 Forest cultings raise temperatures 01 smaU streams In the southern Appalachians. AUTHOR:MESSER JB;SWIFT LW JR AUTHOR AFFIUATION;US Forest Service. SOURCE TITlE:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. SOURCE ID:26(3):111-116,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY;B1a; B1e:B2a REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:clearing;tish:forest;stream:temperature ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study changes In quantity and timing of streamllow and to demonstrate both good and poor land management practices.{Time and Duration)1939:summer of 1940 and 1949:1947; 1954-1958.(Type of Research)Original.(Methodology)Stream temperatures were measured during six forest-cutting treatments on small (23 to 70 acre)watersheds in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Where forest trees and all understory vegetation were completely cut. maximum stream temperatures in summer increased from the normal 660F to 730F or more.Some extreme treatments raised temperatures more than 120 above normal.Where strearnbank vegetation was uncut or had regrown,summer maximums remained uncnanged or decljned from temperatures measured under uncut mature hardwood torest.(Results and Conclusions)Increases in stream temperature were judged to degrade """ - - - .... - ¥ ..... -I ro- I .... - trtrw~'-,ems ?5nmz water quality and constitute thermal pollution because.after each clearcut,water temperatures exceeaed optimum levels for trout habitat. 1333 Ecological eflects 01 military deloliation on the forests 01 South Vietnam. AUTHOR:WESTING AH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Windham College. SOURCE 10:21(17):893-898.1971 . YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY B1a REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:ecology;forest;herbicideS;Impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose To assess the ecological consequences of the military use of herbicides against the forests of South Viet Nam.(Time and DuratIon)Two-year study.1969-1970.(Type of Research)Observations on two trips to South Vi-et Nam.plus intefV4ews and a literature review. (Methodology)Figures on total acreage sprayed were Obtained from the Department of Defense and from the National Liberation Front. Descnptlons 01 the natural forests of Viet Nam and their composition were obtaIned through a reView of the botanical literature and from observat,ons on two trips to that countTy.Estimates of damage to these foresls are based on his'brief examination of these forests.and on data obtained by interviews With others.(Results and ConclUSions)The herbicide operations (together with other military assaults on the environment)have greatly diminished the forest resource.both present and future.The economic loss to South Viet Nam by forest defoliation operations amounts to roughly 47 million cubic meters of merchantable timber plus anindelerminate amount of fuelwood,charcoal,and other secondary products-for an approximate total cash value of 0.5 billion. 1334 Roads and the conservation 01 wildlife. AUTHOR:WAY JM AUTHOR AfFILIATION:England Nature Conservancy. SOURCE TITLE:The Journal of the Institution of Highway engineers. SOURCE 10:17(7):5-11.1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:B1a;B1b REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:aesthetiCS;browse;habitat;maintenance;mowing; revegetation;right-of-way;roadsides;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To expJain a concept Of vegetation along roadsides in England.These management practices are deSigned to mlflimize maintenance,Increase aesthetic values.and provide suitable habitat for game.(Type of Research)Observations and literature survey. (MethOdology)Observations were made on a large number of rights-of- way.including bOlh new roads and older roads,to determine what the composition and structure was on roadsides of different ages.The number of agricultural weeds present on roadsides.the diversITy of speCIes,and their hefght were considered.Observations were also made on roadsides where herbicsdes and mowing to various heights were used to control vegetation.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Grasses along roadsides may be Kept to a height of 12 inches or less if cut (or suppressed by maleic hydrazide)at an early state in May.There is no further growth of the stem with most grasses.and the height to which they grow will then be related to tile length of their leaves.This should be perfectly adequate for the front verges of most roads.Bacl<from the road. management IS less intensive.allowing taller vegetation.The timing of the cutting on thIS vegetation is not critical but prObably the worst time to cut is in mid·summer When plants are in flower,and the cut vegetation will be noticeabJe. 1335 Effect.01 herbicides Otl water and its Inhabitants. AUTHOR:MULLISON WE , AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Weed ScIence. SOURCE 10:18(6):738-750.1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:Bla;B2b REGION:Applicat>!e to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:chemicais;fish;fOOd cham:herbicides;impact;persistence; pollution~reSidue;tOXiCity;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To survey the possible occurrence of herbicides in water and to summarize present knowledge concerning their effects on fish.plankton.and other water dwellers.Concerned with the ultimate fate of herbicides after use.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)Literature survey of 150 studies of herbicides,organized alphabetically according to common names of chemicals.(Results and Conclusrons)Evidence at hand shows few signs of either a contamination problem or an accumulation in our waters if presently available weed killers are used accordmg to label directions.There is no evidence of a t>!ological magnification problem willi herbicides in the food chain 81 a -Species composition 1338 organisms.Most herbiCIdes now commonlY used are low In tOXiCllY to mal"l and animals and they break down in soil and disappear trom water Fish tolerance is comptex and vanes with size and specIes as well as site.Other components In the formulation may be more tOl<IC than the herbicide,thus the LD50 of different formulatIons should be aetermined. 1336 Root exudation 01 herbicides by woody plants:allelopalhic implications. AUTHOR:HURn W;REID CPP . AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CO State Umv. SOURCE TITLE:Nature SOURCE 10:225:291.1970 YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:B1a;B2b REGION:Appiicabie to entire Umted States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ecology;impact;pictoram;root exudation:soil:2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on measured root ewdalion of 2.4.5-T and plcloram from plants fohar~treated WIth these nerbicldes,and on the implications of this exudation on the rhlzosphere.(Time and Duration) One-year study (laboratory study).(Type of Research)Original research (laboratory study).(MethodOlOgy)14C-plcloram and 14C-2.4.5-T,both iabelled at the carboxyl position,were appiied in sublethal dosages to the foliage of red maple and green ash seedlings grown in nutnent solution under controlled environmental conditions.exUdation of the herbicide from the roots was monitored by remOVing samples from the root-bathing solution periodically and counMg for 14C in "quid scintillation.(Results and Conclusions)Significant quantities of herbicide were lost from the roots in all treatments.Results from paper co- chromatography of the nutnent solutions suggested that the 14C activity was assoc:iated with the unaltered 14-C labelled herbicide molecule for both 2.4.5-T and picloram_Because·of the reported persistence of picioram in the soils.the exudation of this .growth regulator may be of greater ecoloQlcal consequence than the exudation of prevIously reported compounds.Consideration must be given to the possibBity that stgniflcant amounts of herbicides may be exuded from roots Into the rh.zosphere. 1337 Fifteen years of ecological research on a utility right-of-way. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE C W;BYRNES R W AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Purdue Univ.Dept of Forestry. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:23:27(}'278,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:B1a;B1e REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvama KEYWORDS: brush;ecology;herbicides;right.of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the eHects of chemical brush control on game food and cover.game usage of treatment areas,and the effectiveness of brush control.(Time and Duration)1953 -1968:15 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(MethOdology)Five original treatments were applied in 1953.These areas were resprayed In 1966. and the control areas were recut in 19958-59 and 196&-67.At the tIme of retreatment in 1966.the total number of woody plants were measured. (Results and Conclusions)At the beginnmg of the study the ground layer (vegetation under 3 feet)was predomlnafely Bracken-Sedge-Herb- Blueberry Community.In 1968.sweet-fern had developed into a dominant shrub on all treatment areas.Red maple seedlings were common invaders under the sweet-fern.On the right-of-way.sweet fern was browsed heavily.but the adjoining forest was not utilized as much. 1338 Deloltation In Vietnam. AUTHOR:TSCHIRLEY FH AUTHOR AFFILIATION,US Dept of Agriculture. SOURCE TITLE:Science. SOURCE 10:163(3869}:779-7B6.1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:81a;B1d;B2b REGION:Applicable to enlire United States KEYWORDS;arsenicals;ecosystem;habitat change:herbicides;impact; pesticide;picloram +2.4-0:public health;residue;2.4-0;2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To assess the ecologic consequences of the defoliation program Jf1 Vietnam.(Time and Duralion)One month (mid- March to mId-April.1968).(Type of research)Original research (largely observational and interviews),(Methooology)An assessment of the ecological consequences was made based on observations,discussions with foresters'and others knowledgeable about the Io<:al situation.The observations were S1Jpported by scientific reports and personai research experience in ecology and the effect of herbicides on vegetation In temperate and tropical America.(Results and Conclusions)The defoliation program has caused ecoiogic changes and complete recovery may take a long time.The mangrove type is killed witl1 a single herbicide treatment.Regeneration of the mangrove forest to its original condition 59 61 a -Species composition 1338 '€,JUlre about twenty years,A slrgle treatment on semldeciduous ':'·-=5:','I/ou~d cause an inconsequential ecologIc cnange.Repeated ::=.a!~ants result In uwaslon of many sites by bamboo.Dense bamboo S:3riCS retard regeneration of the forest.The effect of defOliation on ,arHmaJS J5 unknown,but it does not appear to have been extreme.large -a.'TIr'"':2!S have been seen recently in war zones C and D.the areas.ot ;~~a:est oefollatlon activity. 1339 Hertlicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later. ~'F;-jOR.LYON LJ,MUEGGLER WF -:'JTHOFl:AFFILIATION:US Forest Service IntermOl..ntain Forest and Range Ex.cer:ment Station. SOURCE TITLE:Journal oi Wildlife Management SOURCE ID:32(3):538-541,1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 C:'TEGORY:81 a:Bl b:81 d S~ONSOR:US Forest Service. "EGlON:Rocky Mountain Forest STATE'Idaho KEYWORDS:browse:food:habitat:habitat manipulation:herbicides; mammalS,big game:restoration;wildlife;2.4-D;2,4.5-T AaSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine whether foliage sprays using a mixture of 2.4-0 and 2A.5.-T can be USed to reduce crown height,induce basal scrouhng,and thus keep broWse within the reach of big game animals. (Time and DuratIon)Six years,1960-1966.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodoiogy)In 1960 five shrub species,Rocky Mountain maple,Seouler willow and redstem ceanothus (desirable browse plants). and mallow ninebark and cream bush rockSplrea (species considered undesirable competitors)were treated with 2.4.-0 and 2.4.5-T herbicide mIXture.applied at five different phenological stages.Ten plants of each sceCles were sprayed each month from May through October.In 1966 these sorayed shrubs were evaluated for crown kill and recovery.amount of basal sprouting,and mcrtality.(Results and Conclusions)There was some time·lag in shrub mortality ot undesiraole species coupled with generally poor persistence of sprouting and relatively QU1Ck recovel')'frol":"l crown crebaCk of the desirable shrub species,Redstem ceanothus,the most desirable browse ~ant tested,was killed by all treatments. 1340 Succession of abandoned fietds in the Shawnee Hills,southern Illinois. AUTHOR:BAZZAZ FA AUTHOR AFFILIAlION:Univ of IL. SOURCE TITLE:ECOlogy. SOURCE 10:49(5):924-936.196B. YEAR PUBl.ISHED:1968 CATEGORY;61 a:61 b REGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:Illinois KEYWORDS:community structure;populatron:quadrat;succession:trends ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the trend and rate of secondary s~cceSSlon from abandoned held to a climax forest.and identify some of tne factors that contrOf the rate of succession.One year study,Original researcr;.(Methodology)Old fields used jn this research were located in Pace County,The 21 old f,elds represented a different age classes since aoanconment,from 1 t 40 years.Quadrats were used in vegetation sampting.In addItion,laboratory studies on seed germination were made tor Ambrosia and Aster.(Results and Conclusions)Past history of aoandoned fierds has a definite effect on early stages of succession.In heavily fertilized fields,AmNosia plants reached a height of more than 1.5m,but no more than 0.8m on poorly fertiized fields.Previous crop was also important.RubuS first appeared in :>-year fields.Shrubby sprouts ot Sassafras and Diospyres were found on all fields.lhe dissemination of c~imax species of this area,oaks and hickories,deoends largely on rodents.Thus,they are deiayed until plant coyer provides food and shelter attractive to these animals. 1341 Chemical vegetation control manual tor fish and Wildlife management programs. AUTHOR:DEVANEY TO AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Bureau of Sport FiSheries and Wildlife. SOURCE 10:US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,1968,Research Publication 58 42 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CAIEGORY:Bta REPORT NUMBER:58 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:checklist:environment;herbicides:management:persistence: pesticide:residue;specjes;wildUfe ABSIRACT:(Purpose)To act as a guide for vegetation control operations on the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife lands.and lor programs approved by the Bureau tor Federal Reimbursement.It is intended also to prOVide the man"gement biologist with information about chemical, 60 pnYSjcaJ and biological properties at h€rbrcides.(Type of ResearCh) literature review and observations.(MethodOlogy)The gUldelmes established here in regula1lng a pest situation are more than a manufac1urer':;lIst Recorrmendatlons are based on an understanding 01 controi as an ethical or m:Jral issue.This includes an appreCiation of the natural beauty of the enVIronment,an understandlng of the rOle of aesthetjc vaiues in man's well-being,a conviction that the integrity ot plant ana ammal communities must be maintained.and a recognitlon at the materia;and spiritual needs of other men (Results and ConclUSions) Among the many conclus;ons the follOWing are particularly imcorta"t: Application 01 a specific herbiCide must consider not only the chemical composition of the compound itself,but also the formUlation:certaIn ester anc amtne forms of phenoxy herbicides result in undesirable contamination of the environment more serious than the herbicide acid itself.The carrier,petroleum .solvent.may also pollute the enVIronment. Thus.certain formulations of each herbicide are·considered safer than others.In addition,the carrier must be selected with much thought as to its impact on that partlcular environment. 1342 Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides. AUTHOR:GADERRY HM:GOODSON LH:HOUSE W8 AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Midwest Research Institute. SOURCE 10:Kansas City.MO,Midwest Research Institute,1967.MRI Project No.31 OJ-B,369 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:Bla;Blb;B1d REPORT NUMBER:MRI31038 3103B CONTRACT NUMBER:DAHC1568C0119 SPONSOR:US Dept of Defense.Advanced Research;Projects Agency. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:application methods;decomposition;ecology;ecosystem: environmental assessment;environmental impact;herbiCides:impact: microorganisms~persistence:residue:toxicity;toxicology ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize ali pertinent scientific data in order to assess the ecological effeC1s of extensive and repeated use of herbicides.(type of Research)literature review.(Methodology)An extensive review of the literature was made covering the topics:herbicide prOdUction,usage and trends,herbicide application on various land areas,herbicide application on waterways,ponds,lakes and reservoirs. military application of herbicides.toxicoiogical effects of herbicides. herbicide residues and their persistence.the fate of herbicides,ecological consequence of herbrcide .use,and evaluation of some of the major ecological lactors Involved ,n the use of herbicides.(Results and ConclUSIons)A study of the effects of herbicides on the ecology of an area involves a multiplicity of factors that in the final analysis must be dealt with on a broad and qualitative basis.The relating of multiple variables for Quantification of an ecosystem is a formidable task. RegUlatory agencies have been concerned for some time with the problems tnat have developed from herbicide use.Herbicides have been used 10r 20 years and their rate of commercial use has increaSed Sharply in lI1e last 5 years.HerbiCides have not presented the problems that have been characteristic ot some of the insecticides.Basically,by design, herbiCides exert their primary action on relatively s:mple systems. 1343 The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat lactors In an east Texas pine-hardwood type. AUTHOR:SCHUSTER JL AU1HOR AFFILlAliON:TX Technological College SOURCE TITLE;The Southwestern Naturalist SOURCE 10:12(4):339-364,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1987 CATEGORY:Bla:81b:81c REGION:Beech-Swetgum-Magnolia-Pine-Oak Forest STATE:Texas KEYWORDS:torbs;habitat;management;soil:stand density;succession, secondary;trees:understory ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the amount and Character of understory vegetation on timoered plots having different stand densitres brought about by various timber harvesting systems;and to determine the relations of occurrence.composition and herbage \I1eids of grasses forbs, and browse to forest habitat factors.(Time and Duration)Eleven year study (1949-1961).(Type of Research)Original research (tield). (Methodology)In 1949 various timber harvesting systems were initiated by the Southern Forest Experiment Station in IObloUy-shortleaf pIne-hardWOOd Umber stands.These inciuded progressllle clearcut,selection cut ana shelterwood cut.In 1960 species composition,herbaceous plant density and overstory crown cover were determined.Forage yields per acre were taken in 1960 and 1961 bY clipping all current·season growth up to five teet high from quadrats.AU woody species were classifiect as browse. (Results and Conclusions)The composition,freQuency of occurrence,and production of understory vegetation under various stands of ;oblolly- shOl1leaf pine-hardwood forest is described.Vanations in timber stand brought about differences in species composition and frequency of at -~= 81 a -Species composition 1349 .... ,jl',M!IiIl occurrence.with wood and forb species being favored under dense 1lmber stands and grasses favored In stanos opened by cutting.Ferage production ot all forage classes Incre-ased In proportIon to reduc110r of tImber stand factors.Soil and topographic factors inftuel'lced production. but were apparently overshadowed by stand factors. 1344 Forest site conversion with soil applied herbicides. AUTHOR:EICHERT JP;SHIPMAN RD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA State Unlv SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:6S:328-334,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:81a REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE;Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:comm~nifies:comm~nity str~cture;forest;herbicides ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effectiveness of four chemicals in controlling low-quality hardwoods.and thus preparing these sites for the pianting of coniferous seediings.(Time and Duration)One-year study. (Type of Research)Original research (field studies).(Methodology)In April 1964.pnor to herbicide application,each of three study sites was under planted With 1000 three-year-old red pine and 1000 lwo-year-old whrte plOe·seedlings.The study sites were 2.5 acres in size.Within three weeks after planting,the experimental areas were treated.using either tenuron,picloram,tenuron TCA or dlcamba.A prescribed burn was used on one area prior to the planting operation and herbiCide treatment. (Results and Conclusions)Pelleled fenuron and related fenuron TCA, either broadcast or applied to individual stems.were superior to other herbicide treatments for killing unwanted northeastern hardwoods. Excellent overstory kill was achieved with minimum rates of 20 Ibs of pellets per acre.and adequate first-year white and red prne survival was SImUltaneously attaIned.Red.white and chestnut oaks were among the tree species least resistant to fenuron herbicides.The light prescnbed surface fire.used on one study area.killea most stems three inches or less ,n diameter.but did not improve the kill on larger stems. 1345 Early stages of secondary succession on the coastal plain.New Jersey. AUTHOR:LEVIN MH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Un;v.of Nortre Dame. SOURCE TITLE:The American Midland Naturalist SOURCE 10:7S:1 01-131 ,1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:B1 a;B1 b;B1C SPONSOR:Rutgers Research Co~ncil.:RESA Research Fund of the Society or:Sigma XI. REGION:Outer Coastal Plain Forest STATE:New Jersey KEYWORDS:succeSSIon;succession,secondary;successional stage;weeds. ecology o! ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe seasonal and yearly cnanges of the first and second year vegetation,to determine whether a "weed"stage was present dUring the tirst year withIn tile Pine Region,and to interpret tile role of the environment and land use history in prodUCIng such vegetation.(Time and Duration)Three year study.(Type of Research) OrigInal.(Methodology)The year pnor to site cleanng was devoted to reconnaissance of selected sites.collect-ion of fiora.and examination of soclomorphology.First and second years atter clearing were devoted to Moristic survey.and quadrat studies of vegetation on the seven Cleared sites.(ReSUlts and ConcluSIons)Herbaceous vegetation on tile seven cleared sites was separable into five categories:(1)dominance by annuals during the first year and perennials the second;(2)dominance by annuals first and second year;(3)dominance by perenmals first year and by annuals the second;(4)dominance by perennials first and second year;(S)no dominance.No first-year field in tl'1e Pine Region supported an annual "weed"stage.It appeared that land use was tl'1e tactor principally responsible for the vegetation patterns.Each community appeared to represent a special example made possible by tMe species present prior to clearing and the degree of clearing disturbance to the vegetation. 1346 Effect of an Intensive clearing on deer-browse production in the southern Appalachians. AUTHOR:OELLABIANCA L;JOHNSON FM SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management.· SOURCE 10:29(4):729-733.1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:Bla SPONSOR:US Forest SeNice,Southeastern Forest:Service. REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:North carolina KEYWORDS:cleanng;foed;impact;wildnfe ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effects of intensive clearing on white-tail deer browse production.(Time and Duration)Fall and winter, 1959:july-August.1960:January.March.April.May.July anc October,1961,January.1962.(Tyae of Research)OnglnaL (MethodOlogy) The study area was dNldea Into fjve blocks with each block Including an upper and lower s10pe unit.Tne slope units were diVIded into twO compartments randomly designated to be cieared of hardwood saplings or rematn untreated.Browse was sampled and welgned from fOUi 2x4.805 foot ptots;cirCUlar plots .01 acre in size were used to determine utilization,frequency.and denSity for IndivldL.:al tree and shrub species Atter clearing.two 1Ox1 0 foot imprint piats were used In eacn compartment to determine total track count.(Results and ConClUSions) Treated lower slopes contained 10 times more orowse than upper slaoes (805;81 pounds per acre);untreateo stands nad only three poundS per acre on both sJope positions.A high quality mixed nardwooa Stand resulted from ttle treatment. 1347 The effects of five herbicIdes on lhe numbers ot certain invertebrate animals in grassland soil. AUTHOR;FOX CJS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Canada Dept of AgriCUlture. SOURCE TITLE:canadian Journal of Plant ScIence. SOURCE 10:44:405-409.1964. YEAR PUBLISHED:1964 CATEGORY:B1a:B2b REGION:Northern Hardwoods -Spruce Forest KEYWORDS;grassland;herbicides;impact;Invertebrates:soil:2,4·0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To observe the effects of several herbiCides on the numbers of certain invertebrates In grassland soil.(Time and Duration) 1955-1956:1962-1963 -four summers.(Type of Research)Original. (Methodology)In first experiment,Dalapon.Monuron,TCA.and 2.4-0 were applied as a spray at 30 galion waterl acre to plots 33 feet square. In the second experiment,2,4-0 omItted and atrazlne Included,and applied in the same manner to plots ,rod square.Soil samples were taKen each summer for two summers following treatment to evaluate numbers of wireworms.millipedes,earthworms.spring tails.and mites.One year after treatment a vegetation analYSiS was made.(ReSUlts and ConclusiOns)Concludes that herbicides can exert a considerable effect on soil fauna,probably indirectly through changes in floristic composition. Grasses increased where 2.4-0 app~ied,and wireworms also increased in these plots.In plots treated with atrazine,wireworms.earthworms,and springtails declined.Dalapon increased millipedes.sprlngtails.ana mites. Monuron reduced all.TCA IncreaSed millipedes.spring/ails and mites and decreased number 01 earthworms. 1348 Use of hertlicides in forestry and game managemenL AUTHOR:STAMM K AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of WI. SOURCE 10:Madison.WI,Unlv of WI,1964,98 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1964 CATEGORY:B1a;Blb;B1e REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:MiChigan;Minnesota:Wisconsin KEYWORDS:checklist;forest;habitat change;habitat manIpulation: herbicJdes;management;species;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To set up some gUidelines for use of herbiCIdes in game management and forestry.These guidelInes have been suggested by research.(Time and Duration)Survey of literature over 12 year range. (Type of Research)Literature survey.(Methodology)Literature was surveyed covering the use of herbicides in forest and game management. with particular emphasis on research completed in the Lake States.or which was applicable to this area.Information,both on the chemicals and their proper use.and also on the deleterious herbicidal Influences, was Obtained.Botl'1 obvious and subtle hazards of herbicide use are stressed throughout the manual.(Results and Conclusions)Game management herbicide treatments can include site preparation for ROW sI1rub plantings.spot treatment with herbicides for specimen shrubs.and use of herbicides to prepare food patches.Recommendations for the latter include planting small patches of com-with herbicides these food patches can be prepared inexpensively,and with little additional care after planting.Wet,stony or steep sites can be planted in iess time.and with less cost.lnan by any otMer site prepacation method. 1349 "nature had the rlght-ol-way. AUTHOR:DILL NH SOURCE TITLE:New Jersey Nature News. SOURCE 10:17:123-130,1963. YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:B1a REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDs:management;right-of-way;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the ecological effects of using selective and non-setective herbicides.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Resuits and Conclusions)Large acreage of potentially good wildlife 61 B1a -Species composition 1349 habitat 1$aerng convertecJ to a wildlife desert.Selective soraYlng IS most aeslral;lie 1350 AerIal and mist-blower application of herbicides in southern lorests as related to wildlife management AUTHOR:CHAMBERLAIN EB JR;GOODRICH TK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and Wildlife Service. SOURCE TJTLE:Twenty-seventh North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCE 10:27:384-391.1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:81a;81b;Blc:Ble REGION:Soulheastern MIXed Forest STATE:Alabama;Georgia;Mississippi; South Carohna;Tennessee KEYWORDS:ecosystem;torest;habitat~herbicides;management; productivity:silviculture;wildlife;2,4,5-t ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To det-ermine if aerial and mist-blower herbicide applications to southern forests are sufficlentl~general to be important ,n wildlife management,and if so.the nature and extenT of their effect on habitat and,populations.(Time and Duration)A survey ot research literature covering a 20 year period.1943-1962.(Type of Research) Literature re....·lew.(Methodology)Literature and inspection of large-scale and experimental brush control programs.From these so"rces, conclusions were made,and three prime areas of research were outlined. (Aes"lts and Concl~sions)Aenal application of herbbdes is widely used to control oak spro"ting on mechanically-cleared areas.Oak control may be 85-90%etfective and control ot other vegetation 75%effecuve.Aerial appplication of herbicides is frequently used to convert a commercially worthless type to pine.Variable amounts ot resprouting occur.Understory vegetation can be expected to increase conSiderably after the second year so that It may be much more dense Illan originally.In no case was there found to be any direct animal mortality from the chemicals used. 1351 Vegetation and anImal use 01 a power line right-of-way In aouthern Michigan. AUTHOA:GYSEL LW AUTHOA AFFILIATION:MI Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife. SOURCE TITLE:Michigan Quarterly Bulletin SOURCE 10:44(4):697-713.1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:Bla;B1e SPONSOR:DOw Chemical Co. REGION:Beach-Maple ForesT STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:animalS:communities;nght-of-way;vegetation:2.4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To stUdy the various plant communities on a mile of power line right-of-way througn the Kellogg Forest to determine plant compositIon and dens.ty.(Time and Duration)5 years;1957 to 1961. (Type of Research)Original researcn.(Methodology)Six diHerent plant communities were mapped.Seventy permanent plots were mectlanically spaced in order to sample the Right-Of-way.In each plot area.the percent of cover number of stems height and diameter of trees and shrubs were measured.In 1957.a foliage spray of 2,4,5-T was applied to tree specIes.Trap 'ines were placed In each plant community and a lecord of birds and anrmats trapped was kept.(Results and Concfusions) The most marked changes In vegetation during a 5-year period occurred In commun.ties where sassafras was a dominant species and where a 10:l3ge spray was ~sed.Regrowth of sassafras was common.All vegetation commun~ies had a va"ety of dry and fleshy tr~ils,much browse and generally dense ground cover dUring the s~mmer that could be used by wildlife species.All of the communities of the right-of-way were used by a variety ot an~mal species. 1352 The effects of herbicides on the wild 1I0ra and vegetation In the Nethertands. AUTHOR:WESTHOFF V;ZONOERWIJK P AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Institute lor Nature Conservation,Bilthoven. Netherlands. SOURCE TITLE:The ecOiogicai effects of biological and chemical control of undeskabte plants and ammals. SOURCE 10:Leiden,E.J.8rill.1961,69-78 p. YEAA PUBLISHED:1961 CATEGORY:Bla REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:endangered;flora;habitat change;herbicides;impact;species ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To diScuss the effeclS of herbicide use in the Netherlands and the danger of eliminating many species of the wiJd flora on river ridges.dikes.road verges.swamps and osieries.(Time and Duration)Review 01 10 years of literature.(Type of Research)Uterat"re review and field observations.(Methodology)The authors review the literature on herbiCIdes and the"spectrum 01 kill to show how many native species are threatened bY the wide use oi weedkillers.A ,ev~ew of these endangered species is presented by sites they occupy.(Results 62 and Conclusions)The WIld 'lora count's aDoul 1,300 specles.not conSidering adventittous specIes ana tne m(crospecies 01 Rubus. Taraxacum and such~';ke.Among this number about one-thIrd are either directly h1l b~weedkiller control or are threatened as companion species ;n the controlled vegetation.Most seriously threatened are the landscaoes o~the river ....alleys.especially their dry pastures In river forelands.their basins,river ndges.dikes.road verges.swamps a,d oSlenes.Directly menaceo In the river \'aHeys are 15 specIes of herbaceous plants. 1353 Effect o'vegetational cover 01 tence rows on small mammal populations. AUTHOA:FURMAN T;OGILVIE RT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:State College of WA SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:40:140-141,1959. YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:Bla REGION:Palouse Grassiand STATE:Idaho:Washington KEYWOADS:cover:fences;mammals.small;populalion;rodent;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Investigation was made to obtain an indication of the differences in small mammal populations of fence rows haVing diHerent <egetational cover.(Time and Duration)One-year study.(T~pe of Research)Original research (field stUdy).(MethodOlogy)The study was made in the farmlands so"th of Pullman,WA;three types of fence lines were studjed~shrubby ~ence lines,weeoy fence lines.and fence lines which were virt~ally bare of vegetation.Transect samples were used along each of the Illree types.PLant species present in each tranS<lct sampie were recorded.Mouse traps were placed ·at 1 m intervals under each fence.Fall-traps were also placed at each end of every line. (Res~llS and ConclUSIOns)Trapping Of small mammals along shrubby, weedy and bare fence lines showed that the small mammal populations were nearly eQuaJ in the first two.but lower in the last.Peromysc\J5 maniculatus was preserrt in almost equal numbers in each fence type. Microtus montanus was most abundant in the weedy fence rows,sparsely present in the shrubby fence rows,and rare in the bare fence rows.The differences are attributed to differences in cover. 1354 A preliminary study of vegetation on North Carolina Piedmont and mountain power transmission line righta-of-way. AUTHOR:SMITH ER AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NC Slate UnJv. SOURCE TITLE:NC SOURCE 10:Ralel9h,NC.NC State Un/v,1959.Masters Thesis.137 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGOAY:Bla;Blb;Blc REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest KEYWORDS:bulldOZIng;community structure;erosion;maintenance:right-of- way;succession,secondary;water table ABSTRAQT:(Purpose)To Identify and record the vegetation present on ROWs and list commun~les in whIch they occur;to study shrub and small tree species in natural brushy and forested areas and ascertain the permanence of these aggregations.emphasizing the vanations in site quality.(Time and Duration)Two years.(Type of Research)Onglnal research.(Methodology)Four ROWs whiCh had been bulldozed once. were investigated as to the floristic composition.vaiue to game.and soil and site Quality.These tour varied in lapsed time sInce bulldozing from three to six years.Besides these ROWs,one hand-Cleared tramsmlSSlon line was included in this s~dy.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Succession was dominated Dy s~Ctl plants as blackDerry,broomsedge.aster and pine. These dominants were present on all aspects and soil types independent of time lapsed Since bulldozing.Only two factors controlled specIes compoSItion;high water levels and erosion.The course of this succession was towards an arborescent community,wtth only honeysuckle retardtng this trend in some areas.BulldOZIng as a maintenance measure appears to drasticaUy reduce the site quality and future productiVity of the slope and ridge segments of ROWs,···UPOATE DATE:78054 CREATE DATE: 78029T 1355 Elleets 01 Shrub removal on the vegetation 01 a semidesert grass-shrub range. AUTHOR:CABLE DR:SCHMUTZ EM:WARWICK JJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Un;v of AZ.;US Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Forest and Aange Experiment Station. SOURCE TITLE:Jo"rnal of Range Management. SOURCE 10:12:34-37,1959. YEAA PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:Bla;Blc REGION:Creosote &sh-Bur Sage STATE:Arizona KEYWORDS,clearing,mechanicai;ecoiogy;ecosystem;impact,stvub; stability - - .~ i ..., - • ~I - - ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report results of a cabHng operai1on earned out on an area dominated by jumping ctlolla on the Papago Indian Reservation which was done hopefuUy to reduce the number of shrubs and Increase the number of herbs and grasses.(Time and Duration) Three-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field study) (Methodology)The study area covered 15 acres.One pan was cleared of brush by chaining.the other not chained.Prior to treatment.the area was covered by Shrubs.The overstory was predominantly jumping cholla, burroweed was the most abundant perennial species in the understory. Other shrubs present in small amounts were whitethorn,creosote bush, pencil cholla.snakeweed and ZInnia.Forbs made up a very minor part of tne total vegetation.The most abundant forbs were white horsenettle and iron plant goldenweed.Grasses constituted only a smatl part of the total vegetation.(Results and ConclusiOns)Analysis of the vegetation.two and one-half years atter treatment,indicated a general opening up of the Shrub stand.There was a 73 percent reduction in the numbers of live. old.jumping-cholla plants,and a large increase of young jumping-cholla piants on the chained area,presumably from joints which fell off during chaining.A 34 percent increase m the number of burroweed plants occurred.No signiticant change in the number of lorbs or in basal intercept of pereMial grasses.It was concluded that the effect of this chaining was temporary,and the future stand of chona may be denser than the original stand. 1356 Wlldlile lood and cover by the mile. AUTHOR:RICHTER WC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Game Com. SOURCE TITLE:Pennsyivania Game News. SOURCE 10:29(5):43-44.1958. YEAR PUBLISHED:1958 CATEGORY:B1a;81b;B1c REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:habitat;habitat change:right-<:>f-way;shrubs;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To compare the number of high wildlife food value shrubs rhat occur along the ROW edge with those In the adjacent forest understory.(Time and Duration)Four-year study,1954-1958.(Type of Research)Onginal research.(Methodology)The production record of shrubs along the edge of the ROW was.compared with that occurring in an adjacent torest.Sections of both pipe lines and power lines were inCluded in this study.(Results and Conclusions)Greater production of shrubs occurred along the ROW edge than under the forest canopy.1M shrubs occurring along lhese edges do not realize their full potentiat because of a number of factors.These include direction and width of the ROW.height of surrounding trees.and the location of these shrubs to the trees.Obse/Vatlons emphaSize that complete release of these shrubs from the shading effect of the overshadowing growth IS important for maximum prOduction. 1357 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls. AUTHOR:GOODRUM PO;REIO VH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and Wildlife Service. SOURCE TITLE:Twenty-first North American Wildlife conference. SOURCE 10:pages 127-141,1956. YEAR PUBUSHED:1956 CATEGORY:81 a;81d;B1e REGION:AppliCable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:habitat;habitat manipulation;mammals;management; sitlliCullure;spraying.broadcast;wildlife;2.4-0;2,4.5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To Show the growth and development of means to control environments and the lack of parallel stUdies to show the possible impact of such efforts on wildlife.(Time and Duration)Survey of literature over a 25 year period.(Type at Research)Literature review.(ResUlts ana Conclusions)Increasing demands for forest.range and other agricultural products~since World War II have focused greate<attention on ways and means of getting more efficient use of farm,range and forest lands. Thus,better methods of reducing or ridding land of so-called undesirable hardWoods and brush have been developed.The control of hardwoods and brush by mechanical methods is rapidly being augmented by herbicides,particularly 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T.It has been assumed,in the absence of research.that reduction of certain "weed"speCies has little or no effect on wildlife.The non-selective application of herbicides, especially by air.may be partlcuiarly hazardOUS to mast.bearing species like the oaks since it is known that top-kill usually occurs.Mast constitutes an important source of wildlife food. S1 a •Species composition 1360 1358 Effect 01 2,4-0 on some herbaceous range plants. AUTHOR:HURO RM AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Expenment Station. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Range Management. SOURCE 10:6(3):126-128,1955. YEAR PUBLISHED:1955 CATEGORY:B1a;B1d REGION:Ooualas-fir Forest STATE:Montana;Wyoming KEYWORDS:ecosystem;grazing;herbIcides;Impact;species diversity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report changes in the number of vanous rates of 2.4-0 on range plants.(Time and Duration)One-year stuay.(Type at Research)Original research (field stUdy).(Methodology)In 1952 the isopropyi ester of 2.4-0 was applied at the rate of 1,2 and 4 Ibs AE per acre to range plants.Some species were in full bloom and others had not yet bloomed.Treatments included unsprayed controls.All plots were 12 rOd-square,in three replications.Vegetation was sampled two weeks atter spraying and again in July of the next year.The percent of ground covered by the vertical projection of tM foliage was estimated tor each species.Herbage production was oblamed in green weIght and air-dried weight.(ReSUlts and Conciusions)Total forb cover as well as herbage production showed a greater reduction with the 2-and 4-pound rates of 2.4-0 than with the 1-pound rate,However,no s,gnificant difference in ground cover or herbage production was found between the three rates.Spraying decreased the ground cover and Mrbage production provided by avens and silky lupine,the two most abundant forbs.One·year later herbage production had mcreased 6 percent on the sprayed plots.but declined on the unsprayed plots.Grasses and sedges on the sprayed plots did not decline in cover or production on the sprayed areas-but did decline on the unsprayed areas. 1359 Ecological succession on abandoned larm lands and its relationship 10 wlldlile management. AUTHOR:BECKWITH ST AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of FL. SOURCE TITLE:Ecology MonographS SOURCE 10:24:349-376,1954. YEAR PUBLISHEO:1954 CATEGORY:B1a;B1b;B1c REGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:ecology;mammals,smali;management;succession; succession,secondary;weeds.ecology of;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the succession of both piant and animal communities upon abandoned agriculturai uplands,the effects of sUCCe5S1on on wildlife populations(especiaily upland game pooulatlons).and the use of abandoned lands In each succeSSional stage by various wildlife species.(Time and Duration)8 years.(Type of Research)Original. (Methodology)Data used in this study were secured from a total of 115 areas varying from currently cultivated fields to fieldS that had been last cultivated 25 years ago.Study areas were classified according to final crop and length of abandonment.The size of each study area averaged about 5 acres.DetaIled analyses of the vegetation of abandoned lands were undertaken on 661 plots laid out on 100 study areas.Sampie PlOts were distributed with respect to time.type.final crop and burning. MJlacre quadrats were used to determine ttle species 01 plants present an abundance.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Pfant cover on tarm lanas passes through a definite senes of succeSSional stages.Early stages.and the rate of succession,are influenced largely by the character of the last crop.Later successiOnal stages are influenced primarily by soil type and by such disturbance factors as fire.Bird and mammal populations vary according to changes in the vegetation.Bird populations shoW a tendency to change from granivorous forms in the early states of SUCCe5S1on,to Insectivorous forms during the middle stages,and tMn to forms that are fructivorous,insectivorous,or even omnivorous in still later stages of succession. 1360 Selective application 01 selective herbicides in the study of vegetation development. AUTHOR:EGLER FE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:American Museum of Natural History. SOURCE TITLE:Science. SOURCE 10:115(2978):98-99,1952. YEAR PUBLISHED:1952 CATEGORY:B1a REGION:AppalaChian Oak Forest STATE:Connecticut KEYWORDS:herbIcides;spraying,selective;successio.n,secondary;2.4-0; 2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To document the effects of selective application of selee:tive herbicides in delaytng normal plant succession on a 4Q-acre study area of the Alan Forest.Litchfield County,Connecticut.(Tllne and Duration)Six-year study (1946-51).(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodology)The selective aplicatlon of herbicides was used on 63 B1a -Species composition 1360 a total of 40 acres,Vanous formulatrons of 2,4·0 and 2.4.5-T were used 1l"l remo~mg the unwanted elements of the vegetation Permanent cnarted Quadrats were used to document changes In vegetaoon.(Results and Conclusions) Vegetation development with the use at chemicalS is sufficiently unprecedented to ment tests of this techmque by other researchers.Following local eiiminatfon of o ....er 100 species of plants. remvaslon is resulting in a subsequent development totally different from that anticipated.Among the 70 kinds of woody plants eliminated,lewer than five give any evidence of stagjng a significant comeback even in the more -open of the covers,and these five are returning in different proporllons than they onglnally held. 1361 The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain Adirondack forest types with particular reference to deer and grouse. AlJTHOFt:BARICK FD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service,Roosevelt Wildlife Forest ExperIment StatIon. SOURCE TITLE:Roosevelt Wildlife Bulletin SOURCE 10:9(1 ):146,1950. YEAR PUBLISHED:1950 CATEGORY:B1a;B1b;B1c;B1d REGION:Spruce-fir Forest STATE:New York KEYWORDS:checklist;edge effect;game;habitat;species;species diversity;wildlife;wildlife relationshlps ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To analyze the wildlife supporting potentialities of lorest vegetation.This study was organIZed so as to analyze the comparative habitat values of certain forest types and the edges between them.(Time and Duration)Long-term study,no indication of when it began.(Type of Research)Onginal research (lield).(Me1hodology)Data on composition.density and structure were Obtained uSlng a modification of the belt transect.In that a series 01 plots Instead of a continuous strip was used,Underbrush-herb plots were spaced at 24.8 loot intervals along the transect.The diameter of the tree plot was 74.4 leet. Underbrush plots were 6.6 feet square.On tree plots,trees were tallied by species and size.On underbrush plots two groups of data were recor<led:(1)young trees under 1 inch in dIameter,and (2)shrub species.Herbs were tallied on 3.3 loot square plots.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The most striking feature 01 Adirondack forest vegetation is the small variety 01 dominant species.Most 01 the tree cover is composed 01 spruce,balsam,yellow birch,red maple,beech,and sugar mapie.The great bulk of shrub cover is made up of WItch hobble.The major herbaceous cover is composed of wood fern.wood sorrel and dwarf dogwood.Differences in lorest types result Irom varyin9 composition 01 these species plus additions of small amounts of others. The edges between lorest types are composed primaroy of the constituents of the two adjacent types.The variety 01 specIes across any transition is greater than that at any part of the transition. 1362 Causes of succession on old fields of the Piedmont,North Carolina. AUTHOR:KEEVER C SOURCE TITLE:Ecology Monographs SOURCE 10:20:'3'-250,1950. YEAR PUBLISHED:'950 CATEGORY:B,a;B'b;B1c REGION:Appatachian Oak Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:enVIronmental,change;succession;succeSSIon,secondary; successional stage;weeds,ecology 01 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Determine the causes of succession on old fields 01 the Piedmont.North Caroiina.(TIme and Duration)Three years.(Type 01 Researcti)Origmal research.(Methodology)The tllree major dominants 01 old field succession,hOrseweed,aster and broomsedge,wer observed in the I,eld during two seasons to determine the lime at whicll the seeds of each species germinate.Mature seeds of these species plus ragweed were tested for germinatiOn under varying condibons.Quadrats were used in samplrng vegetation on nine old fields to study Iile cycles,survival and 9rowth 01 initial invaders.(Resuns and Conclusions)Horseweed usually assumes dominance in first-year fields because tile seeds are ready to germinate wilen much larm land is being cultivated for the last tIme in a season.Ragweed,a summer annual,may replace honseweed as tile dominant cl first-year fields.il tile normal crop of horseweed is eliminated by lale fall plowing or by severe erosion.Horseweed loses its dominance after the first year because it is stunted in the seedling stage by decay productslrom hersewcod roots and also because It cannot compete successfully with the large number 01 individuals of the same species and with young asters which are abundant in the second-year lields. 64 1363 Effect of several herbicides on soil microorganisms, AUTHOR:KRATOCHVIL DE SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Nortl1 Central Weed Control Conterence. SOURCE 10:7:102-103,1950. YEAR PUBLISHED:1950 CATEGORY:B1a REGION;ApplIcable to entire United States STATE:United Stales KEYWORDS:herbicldes;impact:mIcroorganisms:SOil;2.4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determrne the effect 01 several compounds.now being used as herbicides.on soil mIcroorganIsms.(Time and Duration) One-year study.(Type of ResearCh)Original research (laboratory) (Methodoiogy)For these determlnallons,soil of known quanllty was kept at a constant temperature In a water bath using 250 cc Erlenmeyer flasks.Dextrose was added to the SOIl to bring it to a high media level for microorganic acitvity.Soil was inCUbated for 48 hours at 30.5 degrees centegrade.Flasks were then closed.Chemicals tested were 2,4-0,TCA, PCP,Endothal,2,4,5-T and IPC.A range 01 rates equivaient to recommended field rates were tested.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)2,4-0 at field rates cl application had little effect on actiVity of soil microorganisms.This agrees with findings of other scientists. Trichloroacetate showed a Significant difference in the number of microorganisms at all,rates applied.This difference was significant at both the ,%and 5%level when compared to the control (no TCA added).Rates of PCP in excess 01 4 pounds to the acre have a marked effect on the actiVity of sojj microorganisms.This is most reasonable when we consider the extensive use 01 this compound as a wood preservative. 1364 Effects 01 2,4-0 on woody.plants in Connecticut. AUTHOR,EGLER EE SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:45(6):449-452,1947. YEAR PUBLISHED:1947 CATEGORY:B'a REGION;Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:Connect,cut KEYWORDS:brush control;herbiCIdes;Impact;2,4-0 ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To determine the effects of 2,4-0 on woody weed plants 01 meadows,pastures.and relorestatlon areas.(Time and Duration)1946,one-year study.(Type cl Research)O"glnal. (Methodology)2,4-0 acid was diluted witll water to 1500ppm and applied as a foliage spray to woody plants.Test sprayings were started in mid- May and continued throughout the summer.Field observatIons were conducted periodically for each species.General notes were also made on climatic conditions.(Results and ConclUSions)Plants responded more slowly in cool penods than in warm periods,allho~gh eventu'aUy they would catcllup with those thaI had been accelerated by warm weather. Plants responded more quickly when growmg in lUll sunlight than rn shade.Hardness and age of loliage was a chiel lactor in herbiCIdal action.Distance from loliage to rootstocks is also a factor in complete kill;the greater the distance between ieaves and roots,the less likely the spraying will result in complete klil.Birch,willOW,and sumac are killed rapidly,but white ash.red and sugar maples.and black cherry are highly resistant. 1365 An.ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont, North Carolina. AUTHOR:OOSTING HJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Duke Univ. SOURCE TITLE:The American Midland Naturalist SOURCE 10:28(1):'-'27,'942. YEAR PUBLISHED:1942 CATEGORY:B'a;B1b;B1c REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:North carolina KEYWORDS:community structure;ecology;ecosystem;!lora;stability; succession;successjon.secondary;weeds.ecology of ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determIne,lor the North carOlina Piedmont,the natural grouPIngs 01 plants with respect to their habitats and the changes in these communities·witl>respect to time;to learn why these commun.ties occur as they do:and to discover poss;ble plant indicators of the various habitats,(Time and Duration)Seven-year study.(Type 01 Research)OrigInal research.(Methodology)Plant communities were selected which were evenly stocked and In which there was little evidence 01 disturbance of any kind.Following preliminary counts,all detailed work was done on a quadrat basis.In all sampling procedures the quadrats were distributed'along lines,usually two,which traversed tlle stand paralleling its longest axis.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Almost withOut exception,upland communities have developed on abandoned fields.They are characterized by a few distinct and easily recognl.ed stages of dominance wllicll regularly succeed each other.Fields abandoned lor one year are dominated by Leptilon canadense and Digitana sanguinalis.The second year,Aster ericoides with a mixture 01 Ambrosia artemisiilolia is the Important species.By the third year - - -. - - - Andropogon IS aomlnant and maJntalns Itself until shadec out by pine Pine overtops the oroomsedge ana may form ciosed stands in 10-15 years.By age 40 these pme stands support an understory of subordinate hardwoods. 81 b •Community structure 1366 The use of plant growth regulators in rights-of-way maintenance. AUTHOR:CHAPPELL WE:COARTNEY JS:WILL JB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Polytechnic Insttitute SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management,January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State.MS,MS State Univ,1976,183-188 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:Blb REGION:.Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:United States;Virginia KEYWORDS:growth inhibitor:maintenance:rlght-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A study of growth regulators for control of undesirable wOOdy plants.weeds,and grasses was carned out in 1972· 1975 in Virginia.(Time and Duration)1972 -1975.(Type Of Research) Original research.(Methodology)Treatments were applied on 250 square feet plots using a backpack sprayer;17 treatments were appUed when plots were in full bloom and at petal fall stage in 1975 on mulliflora rose. For grass and herbs,plots were 500 square feet ,n two replications and treatments applied either in early spring or midsummer;11 treatments were used.For brush.1/10 acre plots were sprayed nine times in mid- September uSlOg Krenite.(Results and Conclusions)Control of multiflora rose berry production was best with Maleic hydrozide and Amidthin of the seven materials tested.However.most sprays that removed berries also injured the plants.Early spnng spraying considerably reduced growth of grasses;no reduction in growth occurred after mtdsummer mowing. Foliar sprays With Krenite at 6-8 poun<ts per acre plus sUrfactants,drift control agents.and carriers in·mid-September caused most woody species 10 fail to leaf out the fOllowing spring without affecting growth of annual plants. 1367 A system tor wildlife habitat management on southern national forests. AUTHOR:HOLBROOK HL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:The wildlife Society Bulletin. SOURCE 10:2(3):119-123,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:Blb:Bld:B1e REGION:Outer Coastal Plain Forest STATE:Alabama:Georgia;Mississippi: North Carolina:South Carolina KEYWORDS:forestry;habitat:management management,e'en-aged; silviculture:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explain how both timber and wildlife needs on southern National Forests can be met through even-aged silviculture following a system of management called tl1e "featured species concept... (Type of Research)Not research,but an explanation of policy. (Methodology)The featured species is selected by four major considerations:habitat capability,compatibility with other resources, public interest and needs,and cooperator and public Invol'ement.After the featured species has been selected,its habitat requirements and mobility are used to (1)guide timber-wild~je habitat coordination,(2) point out habitat shortcomings that must be met through direct habitat improvement,and (3)establish a perspective for making or reviewing e""irorunental analyses and statements.(ResUlts and ConclUSIons)Under the featured species concept the southern National Forests manIpulate and control predictable food and cover conditions to meet recognized habitat requirements.The concept is a postive approach to wildlife habitat management.The featured species concept does not impiy "dominant use"or "singie species management."The featured species concept was developed with timber and wildlife inputs so that management needS of both resources are accomplished simultaneously through direct,nonconflicting guidelines. 1368 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram. AUTHOR:JOHNSON FL;MARTOGLIO LO;MCCAFFERY KR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WI Dept of Natural Resources. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management SOURCE 10:6(3):2-7,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:BIb:B1d;B3c SPONSOR:Fed Aid to Wildlife Restoranon Funds. REGION:Northern Hardwoods -Spruce Forest STATE:Wisconsin KEYWORDS:clearing;habitat;herbicides;maintenance;mammals,big game: management;mowing;picloram;restoration;spraying selective;wildlife 81 b -Community structure 1371 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To compare picloram peliets,Oroaacast spraying 01 2,4-0 or 2.4-DP.and mecnamcaJ treatmeOlS as metnoas Of controlling unwanted woody vegetarlon lnvading wlldhfe openmgs in order to halt the invasion of woooy plants ana assure that re~treatment will not be necessary lor 10 years (Time and Durahon)Four year study,1971·74 (Type of Research)Onglnal research.(Methodology)Between 1971 anO 1973 many unwanted woody plants on smaH opemngs Within the forest were treated WIth pelleted plcloram,or received broadcast spraylngs WJth liquid herbicide.Other openings were mechanically treated to remove woody plants.Accurate cost data was obtained for each treatment. Observations were made on percent kill by species for each vegetatIon control method.(ResuJts and Conclusions)Pe/leted p~cJoram was more convenient,economical.and effective than mecharllcal and hquid herbicide methods.'Ease Of cicIO ram application has greatly increased the scope of opening maintenance programs.Broadcast application of picloram for wildlife purposes is not recommended because of the effect on desirable herbs and shrubs. 1369 Roadsides for wi/dille. AUTHOR:MONTAG 0 AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Madelia Research Unit. SOURCE TITLE:The Minnesota Volunteer. SOURCE 10:26-32,1975 (March-Aprtl). YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:Blb:81c;B30 REGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:Minnesota KEYWORDS:birds,game; game;nesting;right·of-way;roadsides;seeding; wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To outline a program whereby roadsides can become a major source of permanent nesting habitat by providing the needed cover.(Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type of Research) Onginal research (field)(Methodology)With Voluntary assistance of stUdents a survey was made of randomiy selected roadsides.Less than 30 percent of the roadgjde acres provided good nesting cover.To demonstrate the eHecllveness of managed roadsides for wildlife.an expenmental roadgjde seeding project was initiated in two study areas. Alfalfabrome was seeded in some areas.Landowners were reQuested not to mow these areas until July 31.To evaluate the success Of the project wildlife use of managed areas will be compared with unmanaged roadsides.(Results and Conclusions)Today,roadsides comprise the only major source of permanent nesting habitat remaining in southern and western Minnesota.There are strong indications that roadsides,if properly managed,can pro'ide the needed nesting cover for many wildlife species.Once the results of the var.ious roadside research projects are completed,a roadside management plan.agreeable to both the general public and state,county and township governments,will be written. 1370 Establishment of firebreaks on forest and rangeland with herbicides. AUTHOR:BOVERY RW:MCCARTY MK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept of Agriculture.;Uni,of NE SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Range Management SOURCE 10:18(5):282-283,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:Blb REGION:Wheatgrass-Bluestem-Needlegrass STATE:Nebraska KEYWORDS:fire;fire contrOl:forests;herbicides ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effectiveness of herbicides in establishing firebreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills,hoping that some herbicide would prove more effective than their previous practice of creating firebreaks by disking.(Time and Duration)Two-year stUdy.(Typ.e of Research)Original research (fierd sltJdy).(methodology)Thirty-one soil sterilant herbicides were i""estigated for firebreak establishment in the Nebras~a Sandhills on the Bessey National Forest.All herbicides were applied near the first of June,1961.The herbicides were sprayed with a hand boom sprayer on square-rod plots in triplicate using a random block design.Herbicides melude erbon,atrazine,dalapon &atrazine, paraquat &atrazine,amazine &simazine,simazine.atrazine,diuron. (Results and Conclusions)Dluron gave most effectIve control of all the compounds tested.Oiuron was effective for at least two years at rates of 7.5 Ib/acre and higher. 1371 A shrub community of Vlbumum lentago,stable for twenty-live yea,.. AUTHOR:EGLER FE:NIERING WA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CT College Botany Dept.:American Museum of Natural History. SOU RCE TITLE;Ecology SOURCE 10:36(2):356-360.1955. YEAR PUBLISHED:1955 65 -81 b -Community structure 1371 CATEGORY:B1b C4 REGION:Appalachlan Oak Forest STATE:Connecticut KEYWORDS:community structure;habitat;maintenance;succession: vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a smali area of a relatively stable type of Shrub communIty,and to relate its practical significance to the maIntenance of wildJife cover and PlJolic utility rignt·of·ways.(Time and Duration)1927-1952;25 years.(Type of Research)Original researCh. (Methodology)Three temporary 5x5 meter ouadrats were placed In the study area.Diameters at the trees and taller shrubs were measured at 4.5 1eet.The cover transect method was -used to figure out the cover of the trees and shrubs along a base line.Within each 5x5 meter quadra\, twenty 1"/2x2 meter quadrats were la;d out and percent cover of lower shrubs,herbs and mosses recorded.(Results and Conclusions)A pure stand,about 15x15 meters in size.of Viburnum 'entago was considered to nave arisen fortuitousty.The stand is one...layered,and relatively pure. Small shrubs,herbs,mosses and seedlings are unimportan\,This community appears refativejy stable and self-perpetuating.The speCies has high wildlife values and is phYSically su,ted for right-of-way edges. 1372 Tne ¥egetational structure ot an'abandoned tield In southeastern Michigan and its relation to environmental tactors.. AUTHOR:DAHL E;EVANS FC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of MI.;Botanisk Inslitute,Norway. SOURCE TITLE;Ecology. SOURCE 10:36(4):685·706,1955. YEAR PUBLISHED:1955 CATEGORY:81b REGION;Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS;communities;community structure;environment;soil: topography ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To report the resulls of vegetation studies on a 50. year~old abanooned field in southeastern Michigan.{Time and Duration) One-year study.(Type of Research)Onginal research (Iield). (Methodology)The field USed In this study is a 15-acre tract whiCh lies on a large glaCial ",,!wash plain in north-<:entral portion of the Edwin S George Reserve.lnlormaUon on the physiography,climate,and soils of the study area were obtained.On sample plots the total cover for each stratum ot vegetation was assessed.Two strata were recognized.one which lnCiuded ail torbs and grasses,and one which inch...ded the mosses and lichens.The t01a1 cover for a given stratum was estimated in terms of the percent of the total plot area occupied by a vertical projection onto the ground surface.(Resu/ts and Conclusions)Topographic variabilit~was considered to .be primarily responsible tor the major vegetational subdIviSIOns.The vegetation of the depressions was found to occur on silt loams;that Of the up/and areas on sandy loams and sands. SIgnificant differences between the types In respect to soil texture and in depth to the plow line were also demonstrated.Comparison of the field soi~with undisturbed soils from the adlacent woods supported the hypothesis that the differences among the field seilS was due to to effects of cleaflng and pJowing.tollowed by differential erosion. 81 C •Species diversity 1373 The effect ot transmission-line corridors on bird populations. AUTHOR:ANDERSON SH;MANN K;SHUGART HH JR . AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Oak Ridge Nat Lab. SOURCE TITLE:The American Midland NaturaliSt. SOURCE 10:97(1);216-221,1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B1 c;B1 e;F REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE;Alabama;Georgia;Mississippi; South Caronna:Tennessee KEYWORDS,birds;Impact;population;;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpos,This study documents the effect of transmission~ine corridor width and the effect of the forest-eorridor edge on brrd poputations in a deciduous forest.(Time and Duration)April-June 1974;3 months.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Seven sites were selected along tour transmiS5ion~bne corridors which were'bounde1:t by typical eastern Tennessee deciduous-torest.The corridor widths were 12,30.5,61,91.5 meters.Observations of bird populations were made along the corridors.In addition.detailed grid-mapping of individual birds was conducted in forest and in a 30.5 m wide corridor habitat.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Narrow corridors (12m)had reduced bird species diversity,but the 30.5m corridor had high bird densitY and diversly.The wide corridors were less diverse but attracted several open-country bird species not characteris"Jc of surrounding forest.The highest species diversity was associated 'Mth the forest haMal.Density of territorial males aSSOCiated with the 30 .5m transmission-l.ine corridor was several wnes higher than density In tne forest. 66 1374 Microbial Iranslormations in Ihe soil. AUTHOR:KAUFMAN D;KEARNEY P AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept of AgriCUlture SOURCE TITLE:Pages 29-64 In HerbiCIdes:pOyslology.biOChemist"! ecology (volume 2). SOURCE 10;New York,NY,IIcaoemlc Press,1976,564 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B1c REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:decomposition;degradation:herbiCides ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To diSCUSS the baSIC evidence of biOlogical breakdown of herbicides in the sort;the kinetics of biologicaJ breakdown: the SOil micro--organisms and enzymes involved;the persistence of herbicides;and biochemlca,1 mechanlsms of breakdown.(Time and Duration)literature revIew covenng articles over a 40 year span.(Type of Research)literature review.(Methodoiogy)The authors review many topics related to chemical decomposition including;biological breakdown. kinetics of oiological breakdown,soil micro-organisms and enzymes involVed,persistence of herbicides.acylation,alkylation.amide or ester hydrolysis,condensate-conjugate formatlon,dehalogenation,and significance of herbicide metabolites.(ResUlts and ConclUSions)SoH micro-organlsms are responsible for the degradation and ultimate dissipation ot most herbiddes from soit Micro-organisms have the potential ror adapting to the metabonsm of a vast array ot synthetic organic chem;cais.Most herbicides are degraded by direct attack of the adapted microbes;however,enzymic degradation of some herbicides may oecur by cometaboiic processes.Microbial metabolism of herbicides tends to proceed toward ecologically acceptable prOdUCts.i.e.,natural products wmch serve as ceilular building material for growth of the microbial population involved. 1375 Nonblological degradation of nerbicldes in Ute soli. AUTHOR:CROSBY ° AUTHOR AFFll.lATlON:Univ of CA SOURCE TITLE:Pages 65-97 in HerbiCIdes;physiology.biochemistry, ecology (VOlume 2). SOURCE 10:New York.NY,Academic Press,1976,564 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY;B1c REGION;Applicable to ehtire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:decomposition;degradation;herbiCides ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To discuss modes of nonbio/oglcal degraoation of herbicides including the sOil environment.degradation in soil organic matter,degradation by soil minerals,degradation by water,and PhOlOdegradation in water and soil.(Time and Duration)literature review covering articles over a 25 year span.(Type of Research)Literature review.(MethOdology)The author reviews many significant factors determ;ning the rate of non biological degradation of herbicides in the soil. These include degradation by soil minerals,degraoalion by water, photOdegradation in water and soil.and other nonbiological degradation processes.(Results and ConClusions)It is surprising that most pestlcides are as persistent as they are,considedng all the possibilities for reaction in or on the soil.One factor may be lack of contact.PestIcides are usually bound tightly to soil partlc;es,and movement (tn waler,for example)often takes place largely by means 01 thIS Insoluble support. Reagents and substrates,side-by-side,lust never meet.It is likely that mlcro-organisms.too.degrade primarily those substances which come to them in aqueous solution;at least it is ~nown that strongly adsprbed compounds and dry conditions greatly Impede the microbial breakdown of pesticides.As pesticides are usually bound tightly to soil particles,we know where to find a significant part of the Chemicals we apply;they often await out convenience in the top few inches of the soU. 1376 Ecological distribution 01 breeding birds. AUTHOR;PETERSON SR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and Wildlife Service. SOURCE TITLE;Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds.May 6-9,1975. SOURCE 10:1975.22-38 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY'B1C REGION:Applicable to entire United States ST ATE;United States KEYWORDS;birds;ecology;migration;population:trends ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To anaiyze the ecological distribution of breeding birds in the United States and southem canada using several diversity indices.(Time and Duration)Data used of a SIx-year perleld.(Type of Research)Original research (actually the author did not collect the data, bul his statistical work with the data was origlnai).(Metheldology)The Breeding Bird Survey made annually by the US Fisn and Wildlife Service provided the basis for making this C1uanittative and qualitative analysis of breeding bird distribution This survey was started in 1965 and since 1968 has encompassed the 48 contiguous states and southern Canada.The - - - - - - - m 1..mnwmr-awwwEM '·W B1d -ProductiVity 1382 - - - .... surliey lS essentJally a stratified random sample ot roadside habitats.It is cased or.all Olras seen or heard wlthm 1/4 mile dunng fIfty 3~mmute stops spaced at half-mile intervats along randomly selected 24.5~mile routes.,(Results and Conclusions)Average specIes recorded per route and average spec~es dlversity-indices calCulated with the Shannon~Weiner functlon were lowest in the West and Southwest and nighest in the forested areas of tne East and Nortneast.S~gnlficant differences were noted among strata but little difference was recorded among years.In central US and Canada.average Species per route was posith/ely correlated wittl latitude but the average species diversity index showed !"IO slgmficant correlation. 1377 Determinants of local distribution and abundance in white-footed mice. AUTHOR:LAJOIE DT;MCCLOSKEY RT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of Windsor. SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:56:467-472,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED;1975 CATEGORY:SIc REGION:Laurennan Mixed Forest KEYWORDS;habitat;mammals,small;wildlif" ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To investigat"the relationship between ttl<> population density of Peromyscus '"ucopus and the structure and plant composition of habitats.(Time and Duranon)1971-1972:2 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)l.Ne trapping every two weeks was carried out during July and August in grasslands,prairie beach,deciduous forest,and abandoned apple orchardS.(Results and ConclusIons)While-footed mice are shrubland-woodland inhabitants and were absent from grasslands;meadow voles prefer grasslands.White- footed mice did occur in dense populations in brush habitats that extended IOto grasslands.Density of low cover (0-7.6 em)and follage profiles are more important than stages in succession.Habitat structure was Important,but flOristic composition was not. 1378 EUects of range treatment with 2,4-0 on rodent populations•. AUTHOR:HANSEN RM;JOHNSON DR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CO State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE 10:33(1):125-132.1969. YEAR PU8LlSHED:1969 CATEGORY:B1C;B1e REGION:Jun,per-Pinyon WOOdland +Sagebrush-Saltbush Mosaic STATE: COlorado;Utah KEYWORDS:herbicides;impact population;roaents:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effects of habitat alleration with 2,4-0 on the density and reprOduction of deer mice,least ctupmunk,and montane "tOle populations inhabttfng shrub-grass and perennial forb ranges.(Gophers not mcluded.,but results given for them.)(Time and Duration)195!l-1962;4 years,(Type of Research)Original.(Methodology) Fi'ie study areas of stTub-grass and perennial forbs were treated with 2,4·0 al rates of 2 or 3 Ib/A using dieseJ oil as a camero Vegetat,on anaiyses were made on treated and contrOl plots.ROdents were collectea on traptines and records made of welght.sex.body measurements, number and len9th of visible embryos,number of placental scars,and position and length 01 testes.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Treated areas general,ty produced an lncrease In grass cover ana a decrease in cover of most fOrbs and shrubs.Recovery time varied -big sagebrush showed little recovery five years later.Changes in liller sIZe were not considered SIgnificant in any species.Density of deer mouse was lillie affectea.Northern pocket gopher population was reduced.but atter reestablishment of forbs,returned to pre-treatment levels.Least chipmunk decreased in number probably because of changes in both fOOCl and cover.Montane voles Increased due to increase in grass cover -diet in both treated and controls primarily forb..Treatment probably had no direct tox,c eHect on rodents,but rather,affected them through changes in availabiltiy of food and cover. 1379 The lesser prairie chicken In the Texas panhandle. AUTHOR:DEARMENT R:JACKSON AS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TX Game and Fish Com. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCe 10:27(4):733-737,1963- YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:61c;Ble REGION:Grama-Buffalo Grass STATE;New Mexico;Oklahoma;Texas KEYWORDS:birds;habitat,impact:population ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present results of annual census of drumming grounds on two study areas and compare them with results of a census made 10-20 yea<s earlier.(Time and Duration)t942;1952-1962.(Type of Research)Original.(MethOdOlogy)Censusing of drummirg grounds annuaBy on two stUdy areas dlmng a 10 year periOd for companson witt; data trom a cens-us of same areas 10 1942.(Resul:s and ConClUSions) Severe drops in populations came in 1952.triggered by the onset of a majOr drought lasting through 1956,out populations did not increase dUring a senes of good rainfall years startlo9 With 1957 Changmg land use practices are responsible for keeping lesser prairie chickens at iaw p:>pulatlon Jevels.The mOre important at these are:overgrazlng of cattle parncuiarty in dry weather.resultmg in DIsplacement of the taB .grasses; accelerated programs of aerial spraYIng witl1 herbiCides for brush contraL anO combme harvesting of grain sorghum Instead of storage by staCKing and shocking in the fiela. 1380 Effect of 2,4-0 on abundance and foods of pocket gophers. AUTHOR:HANSEN RM;KEITH JO;WARD AL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CO Siate Univ.:US Fish and Wildlife Service, SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wild/ife Management. SOURCE 10:23(2):137.145,1959. YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:Blc;BId REGION:COlorado Plateau STATE:Colorado KEYWORDS:food;foros;grasses;herbiCIdes;impact;mammals:populaliOn; wildlife;2,4-d ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide ev;cence of the effect of 2,4-0 sprayin9 on gopher populations ana food habits.(Time and Duration)July 1956 to OCtober 1957.(Type of Research)Original.(Metl>odology)Ten study plots 200 feet square were established on Grand Mesa,five of which were conlTol plots In area not aerial-sprayed with 2,4-0.Records of ground cover,herbage product,on,gopher abundance,and gopher fOOd habits were tak.en just prior to spraying in 1956 and again a year later. (Results anel Conclusions)Pocket gopher populations reduced by 67%on sprayed areas for unknown reasons.Total herbage production declined 35%on sprayea plots and 14%on control plots.DrastiC changes occurred in gopher food habits.Whereas 82%of e1let conslsteo of forbs before spraying,they ate nearly equal amounts of grass and forbs a year later. B1d -Productivity 1381 Vermont's winter deer habitat protection program. AUTHOR:DICKINSON NR AUTHOR AFFIUATION:NY Dept of Env Conservation. SOURCE TITLE:Presented at Northeast Wildlife Conference,Boston,1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B1d;B3a SPONSOR:vr Fish and Game Dept. REGION:Northern Hardwoods·Spruce Forest STATE:Vermont KEYWORDS:deer;deer yard;habItat Impact;land use;management,land, restoration ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explalO Vermont's program of ,eentHying and protecting critlcat winter deer ranges,To suggest new approaches to problems and public cooperation (Type of Research)Statement and evaluation of policy.(Results and ConclUSIons)Vermont's methOdS ot identilylOg winter habitats for deer are discussed and evaluated,With the need for recognizing physiographIC differences being stressed.Cases are shown regarding legal rulin9 for development on a critical habitat. Cooperation involving various agencIes IS discussed,inciudlOg utility companies.New aproaches afe discu:ssea and one problem recognized: quantifying amount of tolerance a critical deer range has for development. 1382 Soil compaction:why the controversy?? AUTHOR:FROEHLICH HA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Stale Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Loggers Handbook. SOURCE 10:37:20-22,1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:BId;62b:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:UOlled States KEYWORDS:compaction;forests;impact;logging;prOductivity;soils ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review what is l</lOwn about soil compaction from logging.discuss alternatives available to loggers and forest owners,and determine what can be done to resolve the conflict.(Type of Research) Review (Methodoiogy)The author presents an unreferenced general review of soil compaction due to 109g.ng based on his own researCh and ttl<>work of other scientists mainly in the Pacific Northwest.Several questions posed and discussed are:"Does Soil Compaction Make A Difference?"',"What Are Ttl<>Alternatives?","What About Dry Weather Logging?",and "Where Do We Go From Here?"Exposed mineral soil in skid trails otten prOVideS a good seedbed for germination,but seedling growth usually is reduced.After clear-cutting or partial cutting w;th 67 - 81 d -Productivity 1382 tractors,from 20 to 4D~o of the cutting units are covered by Skid trails, AlternatNes avallaole to overcome soli compaction while tractor narvesting inClude a determination of additlonaL Jogging costs needed to balance losses in growth and wood value,soH restoration by tillage, prebunchlng to reduce area occupied by skid trails,and use of ground~ based eqUipment designed to reduce soil impact.Otner alternatives are to iimlt 10ggJng to periOds of optimum moisture ~evels for given soils or restncting skidding to pre-selected trai.s on critical soils.More research on actual grQ\"Ith impacts and a better understanding ot soil behav-ior under various mOisture levels and types of loggIng machines are needed. 1383 The use at tire,tertllizer and seed tor right-ot-way maintenance in the southeastern United States. AUTHOR:ARNER DH;CLIBURN LE;THOMAS DR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Soil Conservation Service.:MS Game and Fisl1 Com.MS State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of tile First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rigl1ts-of-Way Management.January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State,MS.MS State Univ.1976.155-165 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B1d REGION:Outer Coastal Plain Forest STATE:Alabama:Florida:Georgia: Mississippi;Soutl1 Carolina KEYWORDS:fertilizer:fire;maintenance:right-of-way:seeding ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Investigations to compute the use of fire,fertilizer, and seeding In ROW maintenance with other conventional mefhods were carried out on power and gas lines in Alabama and Mississippi over 2· year periods.Providing food for quail and Wild turkey was the principal objective.(Time and Duration)1954-1974.(Type 01 Research)Original research.(Methodology)Prescribed burning was carried out on old ROWs previously maintained by hand culling ana mowing on six different soil areas.Fertilizer was used on six areas.and seed was sown direcUy on four areas.(Results and Conclusions)Winter burning with fertiliZer treatment significantly Increased annual foods on all except the rich brown loam.Seeding increased quail food on a majority of winter burn piots.Temperatures twelve feet above the piots during burning were not hazardous to power lines.Winter burning was cheaper than mowing and selective basal spraying.However.selective basal may be more placbcal on hilly areas where fire lanes are difficult to construct.Fertitizing and seeding burned ROWs is lecommern:ted and most upland areas should be burned at least every ltnrd year.Satisfactory summer burns were obtained on only th",e of the five areas tried. 1384 Impact ot herbicides upon game food and cover on a utility right-at-way. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC;BYRNES WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Purdue Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Purdue Umversity.Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bullelin No.918. SOURCE 10:West Lafayette,IN,Purdue Univ,1974.16 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:'1974 CATEGORY:B1d;B1e REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest KEYWORDS:cover;food;herbicides;impact;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A'long-term stUdy of the effects of herbicide sprays containing 2.4-0 2,4,5-T,and Ammate has been carried out on a ROW in central Pennsylvania since 1953.(Time and Duration)1953-1973.(Type of Research)Original reSearch.(Methodology)Six treatments were applied in 1953 on four randomized blocks, plus a follow-up basal in 1954 on 112 of each plot.The herbicides used were 2,4-0,2.4,5-T and Ammate. Data on vegetation was taken on 33x150 foot transects In each treatment area from 1953-1973:Wildlife use was studied by random direct observations and by pellet group counts on 3x100 foot transects, one in each treatment .area Basal seJecb....e spray applications were compared with broadcast stem-foliage applications.(ResUlts and ConClusiOns)A stable.low cover developed and has resisted invasion by trees for more than 20 years.The major components of this plant cover offer food of high feed value and cover,particularly valuable dUring the winter season.Common game species,including deer,grouse.turkey, and cottontail rabbit.have used the ROW.Deer population and use has been consistently high.on the ROW.Broadcast sprays brought about a temporary fireweed stage or a graSS-sedge cover as compared With undisturbed 8racken-Seclge-Hert>-8Iueberry community on selective spray areas and on unsprayed controls.important plants of the ROW were not common at the beginning but became part of the dominant plant cover; these are sweettern,goldenrod.and blackberry. 58 1385 Some options lor managing forest land in the central Appalachians. AUTHOR:GILL JD;PATRIC JH:TRIMBLE GR JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service SOURCE 10:Upper Darby,PA.NortheaStern Forest Experiment SlaMn. 1974,General Technical Report NE·12,42 p YEAR PUBUSHED:1974 CATEGORY:B1d REPORT NUMBER:NE12 REGION:Eastern DeCiduous Forest STATE West Virginia KEYWORDS:ecosystem;forest:impact:management:multIple use:quality; silViculture;temperature:water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the general effects of diHerent forest practices on the foitowing resources:timber,water,visual appeal,and wiidlife.To establish a series of optIons from which choices can be made to meet a particular owner's objective.(Time and Duration)One...year study.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)For seven different ecosystems,three generalized forest management methods were rated:(1)even-aged management,(2)uneven·aged management.and (3) no commerical forest cutting.leaving the stand Intact.For the seven different ecosystems and the three generalized management methods.the impact on timber.water.visual appeal and wildlife was constdered. (Results and Conclusions)The user of this paper is presented with a series of forest management options.from which he may choose those sitvjcultural cutting practices best suited to hIS peculiar combination of forest resOIKCes and land ownership objectives.Examples show how options might be selected in actual forest management. 1386 Looks can be deceiving-herbicide injury? AUTHOR:BAUMAN n;ROSS MA:WILLIAMS JL JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Purdue Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth SOURCE 10:19(1):11-14,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:Bld REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;impact ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To define a logical sequence of steps in diagnosing herbicide injury to plants.and methods of distinguishing herbicide injury tram damage from other causes,(Type of Research)Uterature review (plus extensive field experience).(Methodology)Several plant diseases and enl/,ronmental conditions which produce symptoms similar to those associated with herbicide injury are discussed.Possible causes of herbicide injury are also discussed.If herbicide injury is the diagnosis,a method of detecting the probable herbicide responsible for those symptoms is outlined.Identification of the specific herbicide is based on three groupings--growth deformation,chlorosis,and necrosis.and stunting.(Resuits and Conclusions)Important adVice on analyzing plant damage to detect possible herbicide rOie is don't stretch ycur knowledge too far.One must analyze the total SItuation.This reQuIres examining the roots as well as the tops.Check the field patterns and time the symptom appeared relatille to the farming practices ulilized.Don't be partial to any plant.look at them all. 1387 Browse selection by deer and hares. AUTHOR:TELFER ES SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE 10:36(1):1344-1349,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:B1d SPONSOR:canadian Wildlife Service. REGION:Beach-Maple Forest KEYWORDS:food;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the weight of browse available,utilized, and preferred by white tailed deer and snowshoe hares in two forest zones.one in Nova Scotia and one in New BrunSWiCk.(Time and Duration)Summers of 1966-1967.(Type of Research)Original. (Methodology)A total of 133 plots 1.89 x1.89 m were examined in one forest type and 140 piots in another forest type.Browsed and unbrowsed twigs were counted.Weight of the browse was estimated by Shafer's method,using the assumption that if all twigs were taken.the main diameter at the point 01 browsing (dpb)would remain the same.Mean ovendry weights corresponding to the mean dpb's were obtained and mulitplied by the total number of browsed and unbrowsed twigs for each plot.(Resulls and Conciusions)Conllers comprised a large part of the diet of deer and hares witn considerable overlap of some species.Hares usually browsed lightly on many Items of a species whiie deer fed more heayjJy on a fewer number of items.The inaccuracies of preference factors determined from counts of browsed stems were strong enough to suggest that future work should base preference ralings on at ieast approximations of the weights of browsed and unbrowsed vegetation. - - - - ."., - w 1388 Safely In the development of herbicides. AUTHOR:JOHNSON JE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE ID:27(1 ):1-7,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGO RY:B1 d REGION:Applicable to entire UnJled States STATE:United States KEYWORDS.dioxin:herbiCides:teratogen:2,4,5-T ABSTRACT'(Purpose)To explain the results of tests on 2,4,5-T from the BJOnetiCs Laboratory.and report on later tests b,'Dow uSing 2,4,5-T With less than 1 ppm of dioxin.Also to explain the problems of pesticide development and registrai,on faced by industry.(Time and Duration) ReVIew at research o ....er a 2·year period.(Type of Research)Literature review,(Methodology)The rev~of the 2,4,S-T controversy begins with October 29,1969.when certain uses 01 this herbicide were removed. Tests by Dow Chemical with 2,4:5..T wrth low dioxin content are reviewed.and also the chemistry of diox:ins.No dioxin has been found in slivex or in 2,4-0.Research on burning 2,4,5-T samples with high dioxin coment is reviewed to show that no dioxin is formed from the heat of combustIon.Finally the autnor reviews tne costly procedure that industry must use to deyelop and test potential new pesticides.(Results and Conclusions)The samples Of 2,4,5-T tested by the Bionelics Laboratory were heavily contaminated with 2.3.7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p·dioxin.Dow Chemical tests on 2,4,5-T with less than 1 ppm of dioxin did not produce teratogen,c effects on rats,Dioxin is rapidly degraded by uhraYiolet light at wavelengltls that appear in the spectrum of the sun.Dioxin has 1/5 the solubiiity of DDT in water,and there is little tendency for it to concentrate in tal.Combustion of 2,4,$-T sprayed material does not cause dioxin formatron.Dioxin is extremely immobile in the soil.2,4,5-T produced at less than 1 ppm dioxin thus does not present a heaith hazard. 1389 Air l1011ulion:injury to vegetation. AUTHOR:HINDAWI IJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept of Healtn,Educalion and Welfare. SOURCE 10:Raleigh,NC,Nallonal Air Pollulion Control Administrallon, 1970,44 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:B1d REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;damage:flora:impact:pollution,air ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To describe how air pOllution damages plant tissues and to illustrate specific effects of different common types of air pOllution on plant foliage,(Time and Duration)Summary of major studies over past 20 years.(Type of Research)Literature review,(Methodoi09Y)Information on specific injuries to plant tissues,foliage,and roots was compiled from a large number of research reports.These were summarized to provide a popular reference on this subject for the general public.Excellent color photographs were obtained to illustrate air pollution effects on plants. (Results and Conclusions)For the past 20 years sCIentists haye been growing plants under controlled conditions and exposing them to vanous concentrations and combinations of certain cnemicals.Now cnaracteristic injUries to certa,n plants can be interpreted not only to determine the presence,but eyen the relatiYe concentration of aerial pOllutants that cause infury.In some mstances when analytical techniques and measuring instruments are inadequate,plant injury alone may be used.to determine the presence Of pollutants. 1390 Prediction of the persistence and activity of TORDON herbicide In soilS under field conditions. AUTHOR:GORING CAT;HAMAKER JW;YOUNGSON CR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE lD:23(2);30-36.1967, YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:B1d;B2b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides:persistence:picloram:soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present methods of predicting the persistence and activity of Torden herbicide (picloram)in soils under field conditions. (TIme and Duration)One-year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)The amounls of picloram herbicide recovered from soi.at varying time periods after various rates of appllcation were measured for a number of field locations in 18 states and prOVinces of tile United Slates and Canada,The soil samples were obtained through the cooperation of the many inyestigators who conducted field experiments.The bioassay method u.secl was sens~tilJe to 0.001 ppm. (Results and Conclusions)Rate of herbicide loss was found to be correlated with days over 90 (jegrees farenneit and annual precipitation. Using regression analysis and the national climate statistics,average half- order constants are presented for 46 states. 81 d -Productivity 1393 1391 The effect 01 TOROON on microorganisms and soil biological processes. AUTHOR:GORING CAl:GRIFFITH JD:OMELIA FC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow ChemIcal Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth SOURCE 10:22(4):14-17,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY;B1d;S2b REGION:AppiJcable to entire United States STATE:Umted States KEYWORDS:herbie,ides:impact;mlcroorgamsms;picloram:SOil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine whether plcloram Signitrcantly affects the populations and biological processes of soil mrcroorgamsms.(TIme and Durallon)One-year study.(Type of Research)Original research. (MethOdology)The potassium salt of picloram at acuj equivalent concentrations of 10,100,1000,and ppm in water were prepared.2 ml aliquots of the solutions and 2 ml aliquots of suspensions of the organisms were mixed at 45 degrees centigrade With 16 ml aliquots of an agar suitabie for growth of the organism to be evaluated.Tne piates were incubated tor 3 days at 23 degrees centigrade and tnenobserved for growth and number of colonies.In other studies the chemical and orgarusm were mIxed in a liquid medium;or for soil microorganisms, picloram was added to soils.(Results and Conclusions)Even at dosages as high as 1000 ppm aCId equiyalent in soil.picloram herbicide did not appear to significantly affect carbon dioxide evolution from soils,urea hydrolysis or gross counts of bacteria and fungi in the soil While it is impossible to conclude that the life processes of the microorganisms in soil are not In any way affected,rt seems fairly certain that if there are effects,they must be very sublle for most soil organisms. 1392 Chemical conCroi of vegetation on areas bordering public water supplies. AUTHOR:BOYD WI AUTHOR AFFILIATION:EI duPont,de Menours and Co. SOURCE TITLE:Northeastern Weed Control Conference,Janliary 5-7,1966 SOURCE 10:20:400-405,1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:B1d REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ammonium suilamate:brush control:herbicides:reservoir; toxicity;water ABSTRACT;(PurpOse)To document the effectiveness and satety of ammonium sullamate (formulated as Ammale-X-Nl)in controlling woody growth bordering reservo1rs.and gl....e specific recommendatrons for the use of this herbicide around potable water.(Time and Duration)Three- year study (1962-64).(Type of Researcn)Original research. (Methodology)Two New England reservo;'rs were used for these tests. One had a suriace area ot 400 acres and the second a suriace area of 30 acres.In mid-July 300 pcunds of Ammate-X-Nl was applied at norma! use rates as foliar treatment on'brush growing around the margin of one section of the larger reservoir.Water samples were taken and analyzec: tor residue.In 1963 and 1964,Similar tests were made spraying from the water margin to a distance of 30 leet fnom the shore.Water samples were taKen from four locations tn -each reservoir one day before,one week,and one month after treating.(ReSUlts and Conclusrons)Analyses of over 40 samples during the counse of the field program demonstrated that no residues of sulfamate were detectable in the water -that IS less than 0.1 ppm.During these tests no kili of aquatic piants was obServed. Ther.e was no evidence of harm to fish following application of this herbicide_ 1393 Frull-producing TIe8S and Shtubs fn Missouri's Ozarft Forests. AUTHOR:EHRENREICH HJ;MURPHY DA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MO Conservation Com.;US Forest Service,Forest Experiment Station, SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE 10:29(3):497-503,1965_ YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY;B1d REGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE;Missouri KEYWORDS;forest:fruit;shrubs:trees;wildlife ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To determine the relative abundance of some fruit- producing trees and sh<\Jbs in Missouri's Ozark forests,(Time and Duration)One-year study,1961.(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodol,'JY)The survey was made between June 19 and september 1,1961.Forage production was measured on 1348 one-fifth;. acre plots located at 5-chain intervals along predetermined compass lines.Occurrence of truiting species was measured on four randomly located O.Q1-acre plots within each 0,2-acre plot.Field crews were provided with a list of species to be tallied and criteria for the ""mmum- size limitation for each species to be recorded.(Results and Conclusions) Field crews recorded 8032 plants of 21 species,Dogwood,sassatras, fragrant sumac and dwarf sumac were the most aoundant'species and 69 .... 61 d •Productivity 1393 mooe L..::80 percent at the sample.Abundance var,e·j by t::"est type, The gre.=!eSi vanety (19 specIes)ana densITy (194 plants cer acre) oc-=urre.:In me bottomland hardwood type.The TWO specIes wltn nighest aenslty ....ere aogwood and tragrant sumac.None of the frw,ring species naCl a r .;h Dercentage ot plants with fruIt.The aata mdica!ed that acun:Ja::e and fruiting were Influenced by crowr cover of ::.versrory 'trees as=>ect.ana position on slope 1394 EHects 01 clearcut openings on quality of hardwood border trees. A;JTHOR SMITH HC AUTHOR AFFILiATION:US Forest Service Northeastem Fares:Expenment Station. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE ID:63:933-937,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGOR"':Bla REGION:Aopalachian Oak Forest STATE:PennsylVania;Virgln.a:West Vlrgm.a KEYWORCS:cleaTing;impact;sproullng;trees ABSTRAC7 (Purpose)To determine the effects of clearcut op;!nings on the epicorml:::branching and quality of pole--and sawtog~size border trees; and oota;n information on the relabonshrps of Species,crown class.and log paSlt:on to braJ1ching and quality.(Time and Duration)15 year stUdy. (Type of Research)Original research (field study).(Methoaology) Seventee~opeTllngs,cut-over in 1951.were used for thIS study.The minimum width of these openings was 25 feet and most were 80 to 100 feet across.Three tree species were includea in the study.yellow-poplar. nonhern red oak and black cherry.Measurements on edge trees Inclucea number of epicormic branches on each of four faces.height to first eplC~fmlC branCh,log grade on the open face and on t'"le opposite face.(ReSUlts and·ConclUSions)E.picormic branchmg was ge!ieraily more preva~el"":on Hees of lower crown ciass and on the upper s:ems.Among tn!=!:tnree species studied,northern red oak -had the most ec:cormic orancnlri;ana yellow-poplar the ieast.For this reason,yeBow~poplar "rooaoly shou~d be left as border trees In preference to otner species. 1395 Relation of ecological succession to farm game in Cumberland County in the Virginia Ptedmont. AUTHOR:BYRD MA SOURCE Ti TLE.Journal of Wilalrre Management SOURCE IC':29(2):188-195,1956. YEAR PUBL.ISHED:1956 CATEGORY Bld.E2 SPONSOR:VA AgTlcultural ExpeTimenf Station. REGION:A=paJachian Oak Forest STATE:Virginia KEYWORDS eCOlogy;SUCCesSIon;wildlife ABSTRACT (Purpose)To determine the trend of natural plant s~ccession on acanC:lned fields In the VA Peidmont.and to,u"Iterpret tnls data in terms at l'Vlldllfe management.(Time and Duration)2 years.r ype of Researcc On9lnal.(Methoaology)Three old fields were selec:ed form eacn ci :-e following groups:those abanaoned 1-10 years::-ose aoanaone=for 15 years;for 20 years and for 25 years.Oua~rats were establlsne~4.66 teet on each ~de and at 50 toot intervals aonQ a line crossing "·om comer to corner.Plant Items were counted.a.r:.:l density, frequenc;ana occurrence computea.(Results and ConciUSlor.s)One year tIel as wer~dommated by annuals of crabgrass,horseweed.and Korean lespe<leza.Fields 2.-4 years Old were characterized by a numoer of perenmats an reseeding annuals with ragweed,Korean Lespeaeza and asters co,....,mon.Fields 5·10 years old were dommated by broomsedge. and pere""ial composites with Virginia pine invading.Fields 11 ·25 years ala were oominated by Virginia pine.Abanaonea fields were most oesirable to quail and rabbas durtng the first,secona.third.and fourtn years after abandonment. 1396 Survival and growth of shrubs planted for wildlife in New York. AUTHOR'C·:)OK DB;EDMINSTE.R Fe AUTHOR AFFILIATION;NY Slate Conservation Dept.Soil Conservation Service. SO URGE.TITLE:Journal at Wildlife Management SOURCE 10:8(3):185-191.1944. YEAR PUBUSHEO:1944 CATEGORY:B1d REGION:Northern HardWOOds Forest STATE;New York KEYWORDS:checklist;planting;shrubs;site;site preparation;sPeCies; wllallfe ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine fhe best methods 01 planting hardwood trees and snrutls.known to be of high value as wildlife food,to ensure gOOd sulV<val and rapid growth.(T1lTle ana Duration)Three-year study. 1941-43.(Type of Research)OrigInal research (fJeld).(MethOOOlogy) Thirteen sPeCies of shruos and trees were selected for planting.These 70 inciuded northern bayberry.Thunberg barberry,mUltIflora rose,American plum.early shrub lespeceza,Silky dogwood,arrowtv'ood,nannyoerry. black haw and snowberry.Three site treatments were used jn lJands paralleling the contours:(1)plowed and harrowea a week prior to planllng;(2)12-lnch scalps 3 icches thick cut with a shovel:ana (3) -undIsturbed.Two grades of stock were used.standard and cull.(Results and ConclUSions)Standard stock showed definite and consistent superiority.The extra cost of piowing is more than offset by greater ease of planting and better growth and survival.At the end of the ttura growing season,the most promising species were arrOlNWood.multiflora rose,early snrub lespe<leza.silky aogwood,black chokeberry.and bayoerry. B1e •Habitat destruction 1397 Introduction -forest wildlife habItat management:ecology. management and data systems.(Draft) AUTHOR:THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITl.E:Forest-wildlife relationships in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. SOURCE 10:Portland.OR,US Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B1 e SPONSOR:Wildlife Management Instaute.;OR Dept of Fish and Wildlife.; US Forest Service.;Bureau of Land Management. REGION:Grand Fir-Douglas-flT Forest STATe:Oregon;United States; WashlTlgton KEYWORDS:ecology:ecology,appliea;forest;habitat;habitat maTllpulation; management;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Introduction discusses general ecological pTinciples and concepts which can be used to tie forest management and wildlife together.(Methoaology)Two systems of forest wildljfe management incorporating ecologicai concepts are:(1)Management for species nchness.The goal here is to Insure that most or all species of wildlife are maintained,by manlpulatlTlg vegetation so tMt stages of each primary plant communIty are represented.Diversity is most easily aChieved unaer even-aged timber management (Example:Mark Twain National Forest in MO).(2)Featured-species management -favors a particular species.Manipulate vegetation SO that limiting factors of food, cover and water for featured species are made less limiting.(Exampie: forests of the southeast.)(Results and ConclUsions)Must recogmze that timber management is Wildlife management.With'Intensified forest use.it Is urgent that present knowledge be appliea,especially In predicting consequences to wildlife.Describes a system aeslgned for the Blue Mountains in which aeveloped wilalife timber relationships show.or can be utilizea to show.consequences.The common ground for planmng IS plant communities and their stages or condition. 1398 Edges •their Interspersion.resulting diversity and its measurement.(Oratt). AUTHOR;MASER C;RODIEK JE;THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.Bureau of Lana Management. Unw of AZ. SOURCE TITl.E:Forest-wildlife relationships in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. SOURCE 10:Portland.OR,US Forest Service.Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. YEAR PUBl.ISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B1e SPONSOR:US Forest Service;;Wilalife Management Institute;;OR Dept of Fish and Wrlalife;;Bureau of Lana Management REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;communitIes;diverSity;eage;forest;haMal;index; management;Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Discussion of edges --definition,kindS,importance, causes,attributes,and as a measure of dwersity.(ReSUlts ana ConcJusions}Edges are INhere plant communities or Where successional stages meet,ana are rich In wildlife.They may be inherent iong term components or inducea temporary features.The length.width and configuration of eclges influence amount at eage.and the contrast and stand size inf\uence degree of richness.When average size of habitat blocks becomes smaller than size reQui(ed to maximize number of SPeCIes present,Increasing edges ieads to aecreased aiversity.Diversity is considerea related to stability (ability of ecosystem to withstand alsallter)and thus a desiralJle goal.It can be expressed mathematically as a product 01 edge.Computations are given for determining the Inherent Diversity Inaex,me lnducea Diversity Index ana the Total Diversity ITlCex.To account for the amount ana characleristics of particular edges in a planning area.map~ing codes are suggested. - - p - Pnmary uses of the diversity index in land management are:1)following trends In nab/tat diversity;2)evaluating management alternahves;3) evaluating shapes of vegetation treatment blocks.Cautions that dNersity as a measure of habitat condition must be considered in combinabon with the needs of particular species so as to preclude the loss of any species and to Insure desired yields of feature species (game or endangered). 1399 Relationships of Rocky Mountain mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk habItat 10 limber management in the Blue Mountains. (Draft» AUTHOR:BLACK H;SCHERZINGER RJ;THOMAS.JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.OR Dept of Fish and Wildlife. SOURCE TITLE:Forest-Wildlife relationships in tM Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. SOURCE 10:Portland.OR.US Forest Service.Pacific Nortl>west Forest and Range Experiment Station. YEAR PUBI.ISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B1e SPONSOR:US Forest Service.Bureau of Land;Wildlife Managem""t Insmute.;Management.Dept of Fish and WildJije. REGION:Grand Fir-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:deer;elk;forest;habitat;management:planning:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide forest-land and managers with a system to quantitatively evaluate the consequences for deer and elk. (Methodology)Ecological pnnciples and research results were used to form a framework on which modelS of deer and elk responses to altered habitat were constructed.Where research data was lacking,consensus of specialists was used.(Results and Conclusions)Ratio and arrangement of forage areas to COVer is the key to forecasting interrelations.Paper is dIVIded into method of describing land-type.definition of terms, procedures for predicting animal response.bps for improvement of habitats,and discussion.Animals need juxtaposition of vegetation types. Cover serves for hiding and for thermal control.It is emphasized that timber management deciSions have profound effects on deer and elk. 1<W0 Unique habltals.(Draft) AUTHOR:MASER C;ROOIEK JE;THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Bureau of Land Management.Univ of AZ.US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Forest-wildlife relationships in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. SOURCE 10:Portland.OR.US Forest Service.Pacific Northwest Forest and Range ExPeriment Station. YEAR PUBlISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:behavior;habitat;nesting;.pecies;threatened wildlife ABSTRACT:(Methodology)The authors group chffs.talus,and caves under heading of "unIque habitats";each one provides animals with relatively high security.distinctive Internal environments.predictable airflow patterns.di'lE!rsJty.and abrupt,stable edges.Cliffs produce concentration of animals.eliHs within a quarter mHe of water are most valuable,as they prOVide for rearing young and some physical protection.(Results and Conclusions)Talus of Igneous rocks is more important than talus of sedvnemary rocks;it provides protection and an edge of herbaceous vegetation.Caves (and mine shafts and railroad tunnels)provide sheller• •table envjronmen~shades of darkness.and solitude.These are used by a variety of anrmals.Unique habitats cannot be "improved"nor can they be rebuilt if destroyed.Each one contains animals with special adaptations Which cannot be accommodated in other habitats.Olsaster may result when access to a unique habitat 's prevented by use of travel corridors. 1401 Waterfowl collisions wlth powet'lines at a coal-lired po_r plant. AUTHOR:ANOERSON WL YEAR PUBliSHED:1977 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Illinois KEYWOROS:bird kills:birds:corridor;ducks;ecological;impact:mortality; right--ot..way:transmission;transmission line;waterfo~ ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To estimate the relative impact on waterfowl POPUlations resulting from collisions with power lines.(Time and Duration) October to December 1973-1975.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)Observations of waterfowl near two 345-kv power lines, which included a weekly census of an birds in the area and a search for dead and crippled birds.(Results and Conclusions)An estimated 200 to 400 waterfowl were killed each fall from colliding with high-voltage transmission lines:about 0.2-0.4 percent of maxImum number of birds present.Mallards,blue-winged teal and coots were llle most common 81 e •Habitat destruction 1404 vJcbms.The rate Of mortality was influenced by numbers present,climatic conditions,benavior,degree at olsturbance and the lamlJlarilY of the bIrds with the area. 1402 Geese hit power transmission line. AUTHOR:SCHROEDER CH SOURCE TITLE:North Dakota Outdoors SOURCE 10:40(2):1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entIre United States STATE:North Dakota KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds:ecologicai;impact:mOrlality;right-of-way; transmission line;waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A case study of snow goose mortality resulhng from a collision with a power line.(Time and DuratIon)Spring 1977.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Condensed field report of snow goose mortality.(Results and Conclusions)Forty-six snow geese died on April 22,1977.from colliding with a power bne near Lidgerwood. North Dakota. 1403 Transmission line audible noise and Wildlife. AUTHOR:GR1FFlTH DB;LEE JM JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Bonneville Power Admin.Western Interstate Comm for Higher Education. SOURCE 10:Madrid,Spain,The Ninth International Congress on Acoustics. 1977.33 p. YEAR PUBLISHEO:1977 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Coiumbla Forest (Dry Summer)STATE:Idaho KEYWORDS:noise;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe characteristics of transmission line audible noise (AN)and to relate ilS effects on wildbfe to overall line characteristics.(Time and Duration)1975;1 year.(Type of Research) Orig,nal researCh and discuSsion paper.(Methodology)A 500 kV iine In a heaVily forested area was used with 5 paired ROWs and controls.Direct ob$ervations.time lapse photography.track counts and vegetation analyses were made.A General Radio Type 1551-C sound level meter was used to detect AN.(Results and Conclusions)Elk movement was not affected by a SOO kV line with 55-60 d8(a)nOise.In discussing the literature,it was concluded that transmiSSIon lines do not pose a significant prOblem with respect to long term exposure to low intensity electric fields.Ozone produced is not measurable above the ambient levels.Corona..produced a..c noise is h,ghest when conductors are wet and is also highest when the line is new.Ecological effects Observed can largely be explained by physical changes in habitat rather than AN or electric fields.Effects of AN on wildlife in wet weather are difficult to Identify.owing to unusuaJ behavior of wildlife. 1404 Riparlan zones •their Importance to wildlife and their management.(draft). AUTHOR:MASER C:RODIEK JE:THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.;Bureau of land Management.: Univ 01 ;.;z. SOURCE TlTLE:Forest-wildlife relationships in the Blue Mountains of Washinglon and Oregon. SOURCE 10:Portland,OR,Us Forest Service.Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. YEAR PUBlISHEO:1976 CATEGORY:Ble SPONSOR:OR Dept of Fish and Wildlife.:US Forest Se....lce.;Bureau of land Management.Wildlife;Management .nstitute. REGION:Grand Fir.Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon:Washington KEYWOROS:diversity,edge;habitat:management;micorclimates; microclimates:migration;riparian;sensitiVIty;water;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To raise a "red flag"where riparian zones are concerned because habitat alterations will have an effect on wildlife far in excess of that indicated by the size of Impacted area.(Methodology) A diScussion of characteristics of riparian zones that make them valuable to wildlife.value to other users.sensitivity of zone,and management tips. (Results and ConclUSIons)Rlpaflan zones are the most important wildlife habitat in 'the Blue Mountains.because there is more use per unit area. Great diversity is created by vertical and horizontal stratification of vegetation.contrast to surrounding vegetation,t.heir linear shape which maximizes edge,and their microctimates.They also provide travel Janes as migratory routes or "connectors"between habitats.They are sensitive to any alterations.A land manager should consult a wildlife and a fisheries biologist in the planning stage since each zone is different. Logging may have great impact.but th.s can be iessened by simple tree selection or group selection harvest.Timber management outside a riparian zone may affecl it by changes in water quanity and quality. 71 , B1e -Habitat destruction 1404 1405 Movement and home range ot cottontail rabbits along a power line right-ot-way maintained by periodic treatments with mechanical means. AUTHOR MAITHEWS WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Clemson Umv SOURCE TITLE:State Wildlife Research Project. SOURCE 10:Columbia,SC,SC Wildlife and MaMe Resources Dept,1976, 107 P YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY'81e REPORT NUMBER:W3812 SPONSOR:SC Wildlife and Manne Resources Dept.;DuKe Power Co, REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:South Carolina KEYWORDS:clearing,mechanical;game,small;rabbit;right-<Jf-way; utilization ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine movement and home range size of cotlontail rabbits on ROWs through fore51ed areas.(Time and Duration)2 years (1974-1976).(Type of Research)Original research plus literature review.(Methodology)26 rabMs were live-trapped,equipped with telemetric transmitters and released at point of capture.Rabbits were followed at night,located by t"angulation,and points marked on a map to determine home range.Transmitters were recovered when possible. Vegetation types were mapped for both the ROWand control area so habitat types utilized by rabbits were constantly monitored.(Results and Conclusions)Rabblts utilized shrub and woodland areas during the day for resting.At night,the rabbits moved into the blackberry-serecia communIty on the ROW,probably to forage.Pure serecia communities had lillIe utilization,indicating poor food and cover potential.Home ranges were greater in the wooded area than on the ROW,Indicating requirements were better met on the ROW.Mortality rates were 53%on the ROWand 66%on the control area,the majority being predator- causec. 1406 Songbird utilization of powerline rights-ol-way. AUTHOR FERGUSON CF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WV Univ SOURCE 10:Morgantown,WV,WV Unlv ..1976,Masters Thesis,63 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:Ble SPONSOR:Edison Electric Institute. REGION: Nortnern Hardwoods -Spruce Forest STATE:New Hampshire; West Vlrginia \ KEYWORDS:ammals,non-game;birds,song:management:right-at-way; utilization ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effects of ROWs on songbird species and numbers and to suggest methods for utliity companies to improve songbird habitat through regUlar maintenance activrties.(Time and D~,atlon)2 years (1973-1974).(Type of Research)anginal research. (Methooology)Strip censuses were conducted through three different habitat types In WV and two types In NH.The census was conducted on power :;ne ROWs through the various habitat types.At periodIC census statrons throughout the strip,songbirds were ~ntlfled and counted With notes ~ecorded about their habitat activities,etc.In winter,a nest census ",as conducted in the study areas.Using references ano vegetat:on maps.potential food sources on the ROWs were Identified. (Results and Conclusions)In WV,;)oorly-moderately oralned ROW Sites had mo:"e songbird species anct a higher index of breeding males than the weli-drained sites.In NH,there was no signiticant diHerence between sites re:ative to number of species.MoISture and vegetation controt were the main factors aHecting songbird populations in WV,while vegetation control was Important in NH.Selective application of herbicides was mare benefiCial to songbird habitat than broadeasl spraying,which tended to reduce vegetatIVe layering,thus reducing nesting sites.RecommendatIons for herbicide use in ROW management to increase songbird habitat are given. 1407 Effects 01 powerllne rlghls-ol-way on small,nongame mammal community structure_ AUTHOR:JOHNSON WS;SCHREIBER RK;STORY JD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OaK Ridge Nat Lab. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in R,ghts-of-Way Management,January 6-8,1976, SOURCE [0:MiSSIssippi State,MS,MS State Univ,1976.263-273 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1976 CATEGORY B1e REGION:Appalachian OaK Forest STATE:Tennessee KEYWORDS:impact;mammals,small;righl-<Jf-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A study was made to describe small mammal distribution and abunCqnce m habitats on a ROW in eastern Tennessee. (Time and Durationl 1975.(Type at Research)Original research. (MethOdoiogy)A trapping census was made of small mammal populations 72 on a 500 kV ROW 9"'m wiae and In the adjacent wooas The ROW IS ma:ntamed by brush hOgging on a three to four year cycle.(ReSUlts ana ConclUSions)Resuits suggest that a ROW through a torested area prOduces a new and distinct small mamma)communfty differing from that of the original forest In harawQod habItats.small mammals were more acundant on the edges and on the ROW than In tne forest.In pme habitats.neariy the opposite occurred with abundance highest In the forest where there was abundant hOneysuckle.Small mammal soeCles were Similar in both hardwood and pIne habitats on the ROW With the greatest number at species on the edges.Some possible negative impacts were sJ.jggested. 1408 Wildlife use and management ot powerllne rights-Of-way in New Hampshire. AUTHOR:CAVANAGH JB;MACRIGEANIS SN;OLSON DP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Unlv of NH,Unlv.of NH,Pu~lic Service Co.of NH, SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on EnVironmental Concerns in Rights-Ol-Way Management,January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi Slate.MS,MS State Univ,1976,275-265 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Northern Hardwoods,Spruce Fore51 STATE:New Jersey; Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:maintenance;management;right-<Jf-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A research study was made in New Hampshire from 1973-75 to compare wndlife use of a clearcut ROW with a seiective cut ROW.(TIme'and Duration)1973-75.(Type of Research)Orig;nal research.(Methodology)Measuremems of Wildlife use were made on clearcut and selective cut 235 foot-wide ROWs on 1OO~foot segments. The ctearcut ROW had been given flve 2,4-0 +2,4,5-T foliage sprays smce clearance In 1926 and had developed a grass-fern-shrub community.Tne selective cut ROWand new clearctJt were given a Tordon 51ump spray.A control was selected in an undisturbed forest similar to that adjacent to the ROW.Observation pOints were set up in the center 01 ROW stUdy 51rips and observations were taken within tour hours after sunrise.(Resufis and ConclUSions)Sixty-three percent of wildlife o~servalions were bJrds,Wildlife usage in general was significantly higher on the selectively cut ROW than on the neWly clearcut ROWand lowest on the old ciearcut ROW.The selective cut ROW also showed the highest browse use.Data supported the concept that ROWs prOVIde edge habitat for a diversity of wildlife;and maximum diversity was found on the selectiVe cut ROW.HIgh USB of wildlife toad was associated With good cover which included brush piles and taller vegetation interspersed WIth low cover and bare ground.Dense low ground cover on the old cJearcut ROW was tne least used by wildlife.The cost of selective clearing and maintenance,however,was very high.In comparison WIth clearcut and selective spray management. 1409 An evaluation of chemically-sprayed electric transmission line rights-ol-way lOr actual and potential Wildlife use. AUTHOR:MAYER TO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Asplundh Env SeNices, SOURCE nn.E:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-at-Way Management.January 6-8,1976, SOURCE 10;Mississippi State,MS,MS State Univ,1976,287-294 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY;B1e REGION:Northern Hardwoods -Spruce Forest STATE:Connecticut:Florida; Massachusetts;Maine;New Hampshire;New Jersey;Pennsylvania;RhOde Island;Vermont KEYWORDS:habitat:herbicides;maintenance;right-of-way;wildlile ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A study was made to determine the actual and potential wildtife use of righls-<Jf-way in New Hamoshlre,Georgia and West Virginia.(Time and DuraMn)1972-73.(Type of Research)Original research,(Methodoiogy)Ptant cover was mapped on 1/5 acre plots,nine in each state.Wildli'e valuesot plants were taKen from published ratings for potential use,To get actual use.browse data were taken on 100 x 2 fool transects and pellel group counts on 1/50 acte plots.Direct observations were also recorded.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Wildlife use was extensive in alf three 51udy regIonS;chemically maintained ROWs showed significantly greater potent,al wildlife use than adjacent old fields and woodlots tor two game species In New Hampshire,One in Georgia. and none in West Virginia.The three major game species in each slate appeared to benetlt from edges developed on the ROWs, """ - - "..,. 14.10 Population dynamics and habitat preference of cottontail rabbits along a seeded and mechanically maintained power line right- ot.way. AUTHOR:BETSILL CW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Clemson Unlv. SOURCE 10:Clemson.SC.Clemson Umv.1976.Masters TheSIS.52 p YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:Ble;83b SPONSOR:Clemson Univ REGION:Southeastern MIXed Forest STATE:South Carolina KEYWORDS:habitat;malmenance:population;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the effects of a fertilized.seeded and mechanicaUy maintained right-ot-way on the population of cottontail rabbit.(TIme and Duration)1974,1975.and 1976.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)Two study areas,one a seeded. fertilized segment of a powerline right-of-way,and the other an adjacent forested area of simi tar size were selected for companson of cotton-tail rabb~population.Box traps were used on 120 sites on the right-of-way and on 56 sites in the control area.Captured rabbits were sexed, weighed.and ear tagged.Lincoln Index calculatIons were used to determine population.(Results and Conclusions)Post-winter trapping indicated approximately equal rabbit populations in both figh-of-way and control acreage.Live weight Of rabbits on the.right-of-way was significantly greater than on the control area during both winter and post- winter periODS.A distinct lack of preference for Sericea lespedeza dominated area was indicated. 1411 Dead tree ("snag")reqUirements lor dependent wildlife species In the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon.(Draft» AUTHOR:ANDERSON R;MASER C;THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.;eureau of Land Management. SOURCE TITLE:Forest-wildlife relationships in Ine Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon SOURCE 10:Portland.OR.US Forest Service,Pacific NorthWest Forest and Range Experiment Station. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B1e SPONSOR:OR Dept of Fish and Wildlife.;Wildlife Management Institute.; Bureau of Land Management.;US Forest Service. REGION:Grand Fir-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon:Washington KEYWORDS:avifauna;cavity users:forest;habit;habitat;management; model:nesting:snags;Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Development of a tool for forest/wildlife management of cavity-using species.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)Requirements of snag-usmg species in the Blue Mountains were determined and informatlon tabutated.A series of models was developeo one tor each general timber type:1)territorial requirements of eacM species of woodpeckers (assumed management would accomodate cavity-nesters that don't excavate in direct proportion).2)Potential maximum popuiation of each specles determined.3)Leveis of possible management were derived as percent of potential maximum population.4) Snag requirements tor each specIes at each management leveL (Results and Conclusions)Use af the mooels allows for considerati,on of number of options for manager.such as:management on a specjes~by·species oasIs;selection of population level;snag requirements.Man's activit~ (tendency to'eliminate old-age stands and remove dead trees)make snag-<Jsers a vulnerable wildlife .group.most of which are valuable in Insect control.Management,over time.wilt be required to meet any snag level selected.Possibilities include killing of trees.long rotations of stands,purposeful retention of snags.Bird-boxes not considered a good alternative. 1412 Wildlife use and management of power line righls of way In New Hampshire. AUTHOR:CAVANAGH JB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of NH. SOURCE 10:OurMam,NH.Univ of NH,1976.92 p. YEAI'!PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY,Ble REGION:Northern Hardwoods -Spruce Forest STATE:Connecticut:Mame; New Hampshire;New York:Vermont KEYWORDS:clearcutling;cutting,selec~ve:edges;management;right-of- way;wildlife . ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To measure actual wildlife usage on powenine rights of way and to compare lhose managed by cfearcut with management by _'ve cut.(Time and Duration)1973-75;1 1/2 years.(Type of R_arch)OrigJnal research.(MethodOlogy)Three ROWs were studied:an Qld(1926)and a new (1973)clearcut ROW,and a selective cut (1973) ROW.An undisturbed natural forest area some distance away was used tot comparison.Observations on wildlife were made in reference to points 150 lae!apart at the ROW centerlines,90 in total.Direct wildlife B1e •Habitat destruction 1415 obserJauons and signs were recorded within 4 hours afTer sunrrse.Aoout 2 oDservation aays per week was average.Small mammal abundance was obtaIned oy traPPing;and a woodcock singing count was made. Vegetation was evaluated on 5 mil~acre plots at eac.h observation point Cover type maps and rating at habitat patterns were also made. Statlstical anaiyses were made of the data.(Results and Concluslons)In generai,most observations were made on birds (63%).Fifty percent of the total observations were seen on the selectllJe cut ROWand 61 of the 71 total 'NIldlife species were seen using this area.Increased fOOd in recent selective cut was used by oeer and grouse.On the recently cJearcut area.22%of the total observations were made on 37 species. Much of the wildlife activity was associated with·brush pitas.On tr1e old clearcut ROW.oniy 9%of totai observatIons were made on 20 wildlife species.Twenty·nine percent of the total observations were made in the forest area on 29 species.No single plant species was found most tmportant to number of observations but rather interspersion was preferred.Over one-half of the observed Wildlife were in vegetalion less than 3 feet high.Habitat with interspersion of bare areas Irom construction were utilized more by Wildlife tMan any other areas.Small mammal trapping gave similar results on the seiecbve cut and new clearcul and both were greater than the old ciearcul.Woodcock were found Singing at all of 5 selected ROWI road intersections.More shrUbs were located in the selective cut (28)than In new clearcut (19)and old cieareut(20)with fewest In the forest (6).The greatest diversity in herbaceous cover was in the selective cut (27)with fewer (16 each)in the clearcuts.Only 7 herbaceous species were listed in the forest.The highest browse was in the selective cut.Homogeneity made the old clearcut a poor habitat;@high degree of inlilrspersion,edges,and patches made the selective cut a good habitat. 1413 Diversity of small mammals in a powerline right-of-way and adjacent forest in east Tennessee. AUTHOR:8URGESS RL:JOHNSON WC:SCHREI8ER RK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Oak Ridge Nalional Lab. SOURCE 10:Oak Ridge.TN_Oak Ridge National Lab,1978.ORNL CATEGORY:81 E REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Tennessee KEYWORDS:mammals.small:riglll-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report changes in small mammal dlversny on a powerllne ROW.(Time and Duratton)1 year.{Type of Researchl Original research.(Methodology)Study sites.where loblolly pine and oak hickory, and a 91 M wide ROW mainta.ned by periodiC bush-hogging.ROW had a grass·shrub cover.LilJe trapping on transects In a grid system.(Results and Conclusions}Small mammal diversity was highest in the corrider and on edges;values were the same.for both hardwood and pine habitats. 1414 Toxic hazards in the use of herbicides. AUTHOR:BARNES J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Medical Research Council TOXicology Unit.England. SOURCE nTLE:Pages 373-391 '"Herbicides;physiology,biocMemlstry. ecology (volume 2). SOURCE 10:New York,NY,Academic Press,1976,564 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Uniled States KEYWORDS:herbicides;toxicity;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the toxic hazards in the use of herbicides, both to animals and to man.(Time and Duration)Literature review spanning 25 years of research,(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)the author reviews the general toxicity of herbicides, exposlJre to herbiCides.and the basiS for predicting hazards.He also discusses the nitro--and hatophnol compounds,bipyridylium herbicides, phenoxyacetic acids.carbamates and thiocarbamates.maleIC hydrazide and aminotriazoJe,(Results and Conclusions)While restriction of access to crops recently treated ~h the more toxic insecticides is occasionally recommended,no herbicides are of sufficient toxicity to make such a restriction necessary.None of the modern herbIcides are sufficiently persistent to provide the basis of any real threat through build-Up in the environment or concentration down a food chain.There is little published on the toxic effects of herbicides on wildlife.The main hazard here appears to be that ariSing from the effects of the herbicides on vegetation acting as habitats or food supplies. 1415 Terrestrial assessment:birds. AUTHOR:DANIELS EW:FERRANTE JG:MURARKA IP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Argonne Nat Lab. SOURCE nTLE:Pages 8-11 in an ervaluation of environmental data relating to selected nuclear power plant sites:Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant Site. SOURCE 10:Argonne.IL.Argonne NatIonal Lab,Oiv of Environmental Impact Studies.1976,54 P +3 appendices. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 73 B1e •Habitat destruction 1415 CATEGORY:Ble:B2e REPORT NUMBER:ANL REGION:Maole-Basswood Forest +Oak Savanna STATE:Minnesota KEYWORDS:bird kills:birds;collision;imoact:transmISSion line ABSTRACT (Purpose)To identify env"onmental Impact of a nuciear power plant and associated power lines on birds.(Time and DuratIon)3 years; 1973-1975.(Type ot Research)Original field research.(Methodology) Transects were run to record bird species up to 8500 feet distance from the plant.Bird mortality was also recorded in the plant vicinity.(Resulls and Conclusions)A companson at breeding b~rds in the area before and after plant operatIon showed a decline In numbers within a mHe of the plant However,data on numbers was considered insufficient to judge the true effect of the plant operation on bfrd populations.Data collected on 3 days In 1974 revealed a tolal of 9&birds killed alter striking the present 345 kV lines and towers.It was concluded these data were not sufficient to determine lhe percent kill relative to the total number of bird kills in fall and spring migrations.It was suggested the lines snould be checked at least once daily during months of peak waterfowl concentrations. ------------~----_._------------ - or near the ROW,(Time and Duratlon)Fall,1974 to summer 1975 (Type of Reseach)Onginal (MethodOlogy)Compansons made of anlmai use and movements (emphasis on eLk and deer)along five segments of ROW With nearby natural control cleanngs by means ot direct observations.time~ lapse photography.track counts,and vegetatIon analySIS.Audible notse levels were recorded when Wildlife was observed in ROW,ano electrIc field strengths were measurea under outer conductors.Observations of hunter activity recorded.(Results and ConclUSIons)Animal behaVior and length of use of ROWand control clearings were not significantly different.Most intengjve use during later winter and spring;low in fail. Deer and elk came to ROW prrmarrly to feed.ROWand natural cleanngs had more understory vegetation than forest.Many species not dIsturbed by transmIssion line audible nOIse which was more than 60dB at tlmes. Presence of deer,elK,bighorn sheep,blaCk bear,cougar.coyote.and bobcat in ROW.Also many songbirds,grouse,ravens,hawks,owls,and eagles were seen in it or nearby.Only possibie negative impact found was intense hunting pressure of deer and elk along access roads.Hunter activity caused elk to move away from cleaTlngs. 1416 Raptors In range habitat AUTHOR;SNYDER HA;SNYDER NFR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest SerVice.;US Fish and Wildlile Service. SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds,May 6-g,1975. SOURCE ID;1975,190-209 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1975 CATEGORY·.Ble;82e REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds;habitat:pesticide;raptor;residues ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the diverse goals of raptor management; to evaluate the present,past.and future human impacts on wild raptor populations;and to make suggestions for positive conservation measures. (Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Literature reVIew. (Resuits and Conciusions)Although positive interest in raptor management has developed.the methOds and goals of this management are still unclear.Humans affect raptor populations in the areas of lost or gained habitat,toxic chemicals,shooting.falconry.and mtscellaneous impacts. Management effort should be made in all impact areas,but the most significant would be to safeguard and Improve habitat. 1417 Theoccunence of nongame wildlife in Piedmont trensmission corridor rights-ot-way. AUTHOR:CLONINGER RAc CUMBIE PM;GARTON JS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Duke Power Company SOURCE ID:Charlotte.NC .•Duke Power CO.,21 p. CATEGORY:Bl E REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:NC:SC KEYWORDS:right·oi-wav;wildlife ABSTRACT;(purposej To determme what species of non~gi."me wildlife Inhabit ROWs In the central PIedmont,the adjoining habitats:,or both.(Time and Durallon)Three years 11974-1976}.(Type of Research)Onglnal Research.[Melhodology~Five corridors of varying.habItats and size were selected In the central P,edmont area of SC and NC near Charlotte.NC.Bird censuses were conducted by waiking the corridor and then the adjacent woodlands.Both live and snap trapping were used on the ROWs and adjoin.ng woodlands to census slllaU animals.Large mammalS,repWes.and amphibians were recorded when observed.(Results and Conclusions) Species compoSItion of birds varied greatly between ROWs and adjoining habrtat with a greater diversity being found in the nearby woodlands. Species composItion of small mammals also differed between the two habitats with no sjgnificant difference in number of species.Several species of large mammats were observed both on and off the ROW with foxes e-xhibiting a great use of the ROW.Occasronal sitings of reptiles and amphibians were made both on and off the ROWs.Species recorded on the ROWs are those that typically prefer open herbaceous and low brushy habitats. 1418 Big game movement near a 500 kv transmission line In northern Idaho. AUTHOR:GOODWIN JG JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WICHE SOURCE 10:Boulder,Co,WICHE.1975,57 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY;B1 e SPONSOR:Bonneyille Power Admin. REGION:Douglas-f"Forest STATE:Idaho KEYWORDS:behavior;ciearing;deer;elk;hunting;mammals,big game; right-of-way;transmission line;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine if an energized 500 i<v transmISSIon iine affects elk movement and to observe movements of other wildlife.To compare vegetallon on and off the ROW.To observe human activity on 74 1419 Raptor electrocutions. AUTHOR:BOEKER El;NICKERSON PR SOURCE TITLE;Wildlife Society Bulletin SOURCE 10:3(2);79-B1,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED;1975 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Applicable to enllre United States STATE;United Slates KEYWORDS;bird kills;birds;conductor clearance;eagle;ecological; endangered:impact:mortality;predator;raptor;right-of-way;species; structure:transmission;transmission line ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on the electrocution of raptors along power lines throughOut the US.(Time and Duration)1971-1973.(Type of ResearCh)literature reVIew.(Methodology)Field reports of state and federal personnel and ground and.a"searches for electrocuted bIrds under suspected problem power lines.(Results and ConclUSions) Documented electrocution losses of raptors totaled 153 in 1972 and 128 in 1973.The mountainous western states with the large eagle populations were most critical.Although goldeneagies are the most common species killed,red-tailed hawks,great /larned owls and oald eagles have also been victims.Nearly all electrocullons have occurred on smaller djstribution lines.Actions by private and governmental agencIes to reduce raptor electrOCLItion losses are reviewed. 1420 Wildlife response to rights-of-Way management;report lor July 1974 •June 1975. AUTHOR:DRIVER CIi;SCOTT DRM;TABER RD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of WA SOURCE ID;Corvallis,OR,OR Stale Uniy.1975,Research Project 631145, 13 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1975 CATEGORY;Ble REGION;PaCific Forest STATE:Washington KEYWORDS:elk;mammals,game;management;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe enhancement of ROWs for elk (Time and Duration)2 1/2 years.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)Radio coflars were used to study elk movements.(Results and ConclUSIons)Elk are seJectiye in their use of the landscape.On a ROW,elk used a 200-yard zone at a nver,and a low flat region where forage can be improved by fertilizer.Also recommended is a ROW with a cleared center zone In herb vegetation and a lOW-brush border with an edge of low bushy trees.Pilot plant stUdies of thiS will be established_ 1421 Corridors !hat streak across !he land. AUTHOR;SPENCER DA AUTHOR AFFILIAT10N:Nat Agricultural Chemical Assoc. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Arboriculture ")URCE 10;Pages 173-175,1975 (Septemoer). ~EAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY;Ble REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:multiple use;plantings;right-aI-way;wildlife ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To describe the great potential of electriC ROW areas for multiple use.and describe some of the progress that has been made t<>date on multiple-use of ROW areas.(Type of Research)Based on experience and literature review.Not fhe result of specific research. {Methodology}The author explores the present and possible useS of ROW areas,including the"wildlife Yalue to bOth game and nongame species,the "edge"effect and its importance to animals,cooperative projects between state conservation departments and electric companies for lIl1prO'llhg ROW haMat,and the Important bid man's recreational programs are making for these conidors.The latter ,includes cross- country ualls for hiking,bicycle,skiing,motorCycling,snowmobiling. liiR - - - • .- - (Results and COf1Cl~Slons)Eleculc and qas comdors In the United States are headed 'or multiple purpose use.The competltJon tor their supplemental use is apt to be Keen,for many of these uses are not compatible,one with another. 1422 Pheasant use at roadsides tor nesting in northeast COlorado. AUTHOR:SNYDER WD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CO Oiv 01 Wildlife. SOURCE 10:CO Div of Wildlife.1974 Special Report No.36.State Publication Code W-R-S 36,24 P YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B1e REPORT NUMBER:CDW36 SPONSOR:CO Div of Wildlife. REGION:Wheatgrass-Needlegrass STATE:Colorado KEYWORDS:birds;farm;grasses;habitat land use;nests;pheasant right- ot-way;roadside;seedtng ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To develop procedures to establish optimum rOadside cover for nesting pheasants and to evatuate the success of tnose efforts (Time and DuratIOn)4 years.1970 -1973.(Type of Research)Original and literature review.(Methodology)Comparisons were made of ring-necked pheasant nesting and production under existing roadside condinons (farmed and unfarmed)with production where grass and grass-legume covers were seeded.Wheatgrasses and alfalfa were the primary species used for seeding.Nesting allempts and successful nests per acre and per mile were determined.(Results and Conclusions) Average nest density in seeded roadside plots was .significantly greater than that in either the unfarmed or farmed controls,and unfarmed Significantly grealer than in farmed plots.However,there was no significant difference in number of young produced in the seeded and the unfarmed,both of Which produced Significantly more than the farmed. Predalors destroyed 55%of ali nests.Previous studies indicate most production occurs in small grain fields where density is lower and opportunities for predation less. 1423 Using wildlife values in benefit/cost analysis and mitigation of wildlife tosses. AUTHOR:NORMAN RL:OLSON PO:ROPER LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CO.Div.of Wildlife. SOURCE 10:Denver.CO ..CO.DIV of Wildlife,17 p. CATEGORY:BlE REGION:Grama-Buffalo Grass STATE:Colorado K.EYWORDS:valuel wildlife ABSTRACT:!Purposel To provide a methodology for establishing the dollar value of wfldltfe for use in preserving or reptadng wildlife resources destroyed.(Tvpe of Research)Original compilation.(ReSUlts and Con- c1uslons)Sevan steps are given to develop informatlon for a basic file of dollar values.Application of thiS system involves following flowcharts.The aIm is to demonstrate that wild~lfe values may bE!wontl more than apf9posed devetopment.or that wildlife value can be regained through mitigation if a project is approved.It is believed this procedure will provide a reasonable. estimate of wildlife resource values so that:1)conservation agencies can compete via benefit/cost analYSIS and obtain fair consideration for the wildlife resource.2}conservation agencies can mitIgate a witd1ife resource, rn perpetwty.either in dollars or habitat.and 3)it will increase the understanding of others with respect to the magnitude of wildlife economic vaJues.Since most ne;gotiations with private industry involves economics.it is imperative that wildlife management agencies translate wildiife and habitat values.through the use of this system.to the value used bV industry. The medjurn best understood by industry is·the doUar.The authors recommend that wildlife agencies use this dollar value when coma municating with industry. 1424 Effects of hlghwa)'ll on red-talled hawks and sparrow hawks. AUTHOR:FERRIS CR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WV Unlv, SOURCE 10:Morgantown,VW,WV Un;v,1974,Masters Thesis,61 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY;B1e SPONSOR:WV Univ. REGION:Mixed Mescphytic Forest STATE:West Virginia KEYWORDS:mammals,small;.raptor;right-of-way;road;utilization ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine type and extent af highway ROW use by red-tailed and sparrow hawks and how they respond to a highway and the various factors associated with n.(Time and Duration)1 year. (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)A drive census approximately 21.3 miles long was driven on I-79 in northern WV from one to tour times a week.Identification and location of hawks with respect to the highway were made.General habitat types and other relevant information were recorded.While the bird was in sight,its activity was observed.Small mammals were trapped to determine their 81e -Habitat destruction 1427 reiative abunoance on and near the ROW as a food SOurce.(Results and ConClUSions)Winter observatJons revealea sparroW~hawks assoclateo with lespedeza habitats whlle red-tails associated wlth woodeo areas. ApproXimately 45%of the sparrow hawks and 35%of the red-tail winter observations were with~n the ROW.Summer activity decreased for the ROW.Lespedeza cover proVided gooa hunllng for hawks as long as oenSlty was ~ow.The highway seemed to have jittle ef1ect on hawks,but cars stopptng near them caused them TO flush.little mortality due to cars was observed.but sparrow hawks frequently just mlssed being hi! while divingafler insects over the highway. 1425 An evaluation of chemically-sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way lor actual and potential wildllle use. AUTHOR;MAYER TO SOURCE 10:Morgantown,WV,WV Un'v,1974,Masters Thesis.98 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:Ble SPONSOR:Edison Electric Institute. REGION;Northern HardWoods·Spruce Forest STATE:Georgia:New HampShire;West Virginia KEYWORDS:birds,song;chemicals;food;herbicides;right-of-way:utilization: wildflfe ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine actual and potential food supply on ROWs for the major game anrrnals in each of three stUdy areas.(Time and Duration)2 years (1972 and 1973).(Type of Research)Original plus literature review.(Methodology)Three ROWs (NH.WV,GA)where herbicidal control was used 15 years or longer.were surveyed for existing plant communities and maior game species use.Actual wildlife use was measured through pellet counts,nest counts,drumming counts (grouse),and flushing observallons.Potential use was evaluated on existing vegetation maps (both on and off ROW),using Martin,et al (1 951)wildlife value ratings.Overlays were prepared for 27 vegetation maps of the 3 study areas showing the potential wildlife use.T-tests were used to cOnlrast the desirability of power line vegetation with adiacenl old field vegetation.(Results and Conclusions)Power line piant communities on ROWs were comparable or su.perior in certain wildlife value to communjtjes in adjacent old fields.More browse was available on the ROWs than in the adjacent woods,although actuai use was greater in the WOOds on 2 of the 3 study areas.Small game animals utilized ROWs in all 3 study areas.Woodcock would not utiiize a ROW in NH although habitat requirements .seemed to have been met.Many songbirds were observed on the ROWs. 1426 Patch cutting increases deer and elk use at pine lorest In Arizona. AUTHOR;PATION DR AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:72(12):764-786.1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Atlzona KEYWORDS:clearcutting;cleanng;mammals.bIg game;mammals.small game;management:wddlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determIne the effects of various harvesting 'methods in ,"creasing vegetatIon diversity in the ponderosa pme type. and thus providing belter habitat for deer and elk.(Time and Duration) Nine year stUdy,1964-1972.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)The study area was originally Inventoried in 1964 and the amount of browse plants,pellet groups,and cow chips determined. HerbagE>was clipped at the same time.Twelve patches,2 to 32 acres in size.were cut.Larger patches had an irregular outline.Begmning in 1967,pellet group counts were used to estimate days use per acre. Browse plants,befone and after culling,were also recorded.(Results and Conclusions)Maximum open,ng size for deer and elk IS about 45 acres. Total acreage may not be Important as long as the cut area is not more than 1600 feet across.Managers have the choice of either creating many openings with \larying stze$or creating fewer openings in long,narrow, conloured stflPS.Either design would benefit deer and elk,but the long. narrow stnp probably would not enhance small game and nongame habitat because It does not provide a maximum edge effect compared to a large number of small openings with the same acreage.Both types of openings can be designed to biend in with the landscap.e. 1427 Elfect of chemIcal brush control on deer distrlbution. AUTHOR:SMITH RH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:AZ Game and Fish Dept. SOURCE TITLE:Statewide lnvesllgations Project @-7B-R-18+19. SOURCE 10;AZ.Game and Fish Dept,1974,8 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B1e 75 B1e -Habitat destruction 1427 SPONSOR.AZ Game aod Fish Deot RE GION:Creosote Bush-Bur Sace STATE Anzona KEYWORDS;brush:brush controL deer;heroicldes;Impact:water: watershed:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Puroose)To determine resoonse of white-tailed deer to cnemlcaJ brust'1,control on a small group of Chaparral watersheds.(Time and Duration)1961-64:1968:1971-1972.(Type of Research)Original. (Methodology)Destruction 01 brush In three watersheds by application of 2.4.5-T.Fenuron.Tordon.or Tandex.One left as control.Observations made 01 two belled deer to determine feeding behavior,bedding sites and home range.Deer pellet group transects established.seasonal coHectlons made ot deer and rumen contents analyzed.Movie camera l7Ion,!ored use of water sites.(Results and Conclusions)targe increase in grass and faros in treated areas.Some indication there is a preference for Intensively treated areas in winter.Width of treated area and proximity 01 other areas of natural vegetation probably critical.However. use by whitetailed deer of treated watersheds remains unclear.Brush control created a potential-on-srte beneftt to wildlife in form of perennial stream flow 1428 Wlldllle management of rights-of-way. AUTHOR:CERRETANI 0:HARDIN 0:WEBB WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:State Univ of NY.Env Science and Forestry. SOURCE 10:Syracuse.NY.State University of New York.College of Environmental SCIence and Forestry.1973.22 p. .YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:8le REGION:Mixed Mesophytic Forest STATE:New Yorl< KEYWORDS:habitat:management:revegetation;right-of-way;spraying selective;wildtife:wildllfe relatIonships ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To show how a program of wildlife management can be implemented on electnc transmission hl'1e rights-of-way,and to stress particularly the need for judicIous use of the land as a valuable and limited resource.(Time and Duraton)One-half year study (1974)(Type of Research)LIterature review and field obsenatlons.(Methodology)This report was prepared by the Advanced Wildlife Management class at the New York ColJege of Envlronmentai SCience and Forestry.as a term project.In addition to reviewing the ROW management literature and related wildlife literature.they received assistance from Niagara Mohawk Power Carp.personnel.Power company personnel were heJpfut in orienting this class to the problems and in deve10ping an understanding of Company policy and programs.(Results and Conciusions)Concern for wHdlife must be considered a natural part ot the concern for enVlfonmentai Quajity.In the near future utility companies will be expected to inctude wildlife management as an integral part of their transmissIon line.There are two persuasive reasons which make change In ROW management practices imperative:(1)the pUblic's dissatisfaction with the old methods,and (2)the reasonably conClUSive evidence that many of the old methods are not the cheapest in the lOng run. 1429 Inlluence of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T on in vitro digestion of forage samples. AUTHOR:SMITH AE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Umv of GA. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Range Management. SOURCE 10:26(4):272-274.1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:chemicals;degradation;diet;tood:herbiCides;impact;toxicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine:1)the influence of 2.4-0 and 2.4.5-T on the in vitro dry matter dlgestiblhty of com and bermuda grass forage samptes;2)the inthlcience of these herbicides on rumen microbiota growth;and 3)the in vitro degradation of 2.4-0 and 2.4.5-T by rumen microblota.(Type of Research)Onglnal.(Methodoiogy)Samples of dried bermuda grass and ensilage ct.,I were ground and lncubated with buffered rumen Iiq~r.Quantities of each technical grade of herbiCide were added to give final herbicide concentrallons ranging from 1Q-8 to lQ-4M solutions and the percent 01 digestibility determined.To determine effect on growth of microbiota in rumen liquor.dry weights of treated and untreated rumen iiquor developed in sucrose solutions were obtained periodically over an eleven day treatment period.After a series of treatments to determine influence of rumen microOrganisms on degradation of herbicides,that remaining was extracted and quantified after incubation.All expenments were repeated twice and data statistically evaluated.(Results and Conclusions)2.4-0 and 2.4,5-T do not alter rumen mlcrob'ial functions or development and these herbicides are not readiiy degraded by rumen microorganisms.Thus.herbicide residues remajning on or in forage samples following spray treatments wifh these herbicides apparentlY will not influence the herbage digestion by ruminants. 76 1430 Some field and court experiences with waterfowl and electric powerlines. AUTHOR:HUNT RA AUTHOR AFFILIATION'WI Dept of Natural Resources. SOURCE TITLE:MIdwest Fish and Wildlife Conference Proceedings. SOURCE 10:Page 60.1972 YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:W,scans,h KEYWORDS:Impact;rights-of-way:waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To descnbe effects of powerllnes on waterfowl (Type of Research)Discussion.(Results and ConClusions)Stee towers and cables create visual pollution,cause bird mortality,and eliminate waterfowl hunting.No geese were shot by hunters Within 114 mile of powerlines.Geese in normal flight never flew under powerlines:however, they landed within 1/2 mile and fed near them.walked under them.and occasionally flew under them.Ducl<shooting success declined about 2/3 after a powerline crossed a private marsh.Junes have awarded damages tor adverse effects of 1/4 mile or more from powerlines. 1431 SagebNsh control with herbicide has little effect on elk calvIng behavior. AUTHOR:WARD AL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest ServIce.Rocl<y Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. SOURCE 10:Fort Collins.CO.US Forest Service.1973.Research Note RM240.4 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Idaho;Montana;Wyoming KEYWORDS:brush:brush control:herbiCides;mammals.big game;wiidlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss how sagebrush controi with herbicides on ranges where elk have their calves affects calVing behaVIor.(Time and Duration)Three-year study.(Type of Research)Onginal research (fieid study).(Methodology)The study was conducted between 1968 and 1971. The study area had a southwest aspect;vegetation was a mixture of lorbs,grasses and big sagebrush.Two areas.one 85 acres and the other 45 acres.were sprayed by helicopter with 2 lOS AE per acre 01 2.4-0 after the elk calving season.Only the more gentle slopes and areas away from trees were sprayed.Considerable acreage of sagebrush type remained between and around the sprayed areas.Calving Sites and behavior were observed from remote vantage points by telescopes and cameras.(Resulls and Conclusions)Elk did not'change their calving bellavior or grazing activity patterns on a site where 96.7 percem of the big sagebrush cover was killed with herbicide.AnalysIS 01 fecal samples from the study site showed no large changes due to spraying in grass- lorb ratios consumed.Feeding ell<showed no indication they preferred to stay close to timber.Hence.it appeared that sagebrush control.if confined to limited and scattered areas,has no detnmental impact on elk during the calving period. 1432 The response of animals to herbicide-induced habitat changes. AUTHOR:80RRECCO JE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ. SOURCE 10:Corvallis.OR.OR State Univ.1973..MS Thesis.92 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY,B1e REGION:Cedar-Hemlock·Douglas-fir Forest STATE;Oregon KEYWORDS:deer;habitat:habitat change;herbicides;mammals,small ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To examine the changes in vegetation resufting from applocation of herbicides,and to study the effects of these vegetative changes on the abundance and composition of small·mammal populations. and on deer usage of treated and untreated plots.(Time and Duration) Twa-year study.(Type of Research)anginal research (field study). (Methodology)Three areas In western Oregon were seiected for study and half 01 each was treated with a combination of herbicides designed to control grasses and foros without injunng Douglas-fir.The effects of -herbicide treatments were to eliminate or suppress grasses.control forbs, and to promote growth of shrubs and trees.Deer activity was measured using pelfet counts.(ResUlts and ConclUSIons)Smalf mammals pnmarily associated with grass or meadow habitats decreased in abundance.The Oregon vole was the species most affected by the reductIon In grassy vegetation.Species that find optimum habitat in brushy areas Increased in abundance on treated plots.The deer mouse was the most common species to demonstrate a pOsitive response on treated plotS.The community respOnse depended on the relative species composition.Deer activity was gneater on treated plots during the growing season. Herbicide treatments improved deer habitat during the growing season without signdicantly increasang the browsing of Douglas-fir seedlings. - ..... - 1433 A long-term ecological study 01 game load and cover on a sprayed utility right-ol-way. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE C W;BYRNES R W AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Purdue Univ. SOURCE ID:Lafayette.IN.Purdue University Agncultural Expenment StalJOn.1972.Research Bulletin 885.20 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:Bl e REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:cover;ecology;food;herbicides;right-aI-way:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the effects 01 herbicide sprays on game toad and cover on power line rows.(Time and Duration)1953 -1972;19 year study.(Type of Research)OrigInal research.(Methodology)Six dilferent treatments ware applied in 1953.The area was retreated in 1966.The treatment area was evaluated from time to time,with effectiveness of the spraying,wildlife usage,species of plants,and their number being noted.(Results and Conclusions)The anginal plant community of Bracken-5edge-Herb.Blueberry changed to one with sweet fern as a major component with an invasion of fireweed.A diversity at piant food useful to wildlife developed on the right-of-way following spraYing.The right-of-way was heavily used by common wildlife species such as white-tailed dear.rabbit,grouse and wild turkey. 1434 Forage use by mule deer relative to logging in Colorado. AUTHOR:REGELIN WL;REICHERT OW;WALLMO OC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE ID:36(4):1025-1033,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Rocky Mountain Forest STATE:Colorado KEYWORDS:browse;clearculting;clearing;ecosystem:food;impact; mammais,big game;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Concerned with what plants are deer lorage,where do they occur and rn what amounts.and what is the;r importance to deer?(Time and DuratiOn)Three summer penods in 1970 June 25-July 4. August 1-11.and September 14·20.(Type of Research)Original (Methodology)An area of lodgepole pine and spruce-fir was clear-cut in narrow stnps alternating with uncut strips.Fifteen years after culling, grazIng by trained tame muie deer was observed and records made of species eaten,relative use of species,and preferred areas for grazing. To sample frequency 01 occurrence 01 species,quadrats were located along a length-wise transect on each strip.Estimates of relative amounts of totaJ herbage and major forage ware determined by clipping,drying and weighing samples from quadrats.(Results and Conclusions) Production of deer forage was 47%greater on cut strips.Deer obtained 63.3%of thelT'forage from cut strips,27.4%tram uncut strips,and 9.3% from loggmg roads. These Sites comprised 44.2, 49.4,and 5_4% respectively of the study area.The deer grazed 72 species in cut stlips. 44 species In uncut strips,and 32 species on roads. 1435 Residues in milk and meat and salety to livestock lrom the use 01 phenoxy herbicides in pasture and rangeland. AUTHOR:LENG ML AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE;Down to Earth. SOURCE ID:28(1 );12-20,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED;1972 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE;United SlaleS KEYWORDS:herbicides;impact residue;2,4-D;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine whether residues of various phenoxy herbicides occur in milk and meat after livestock use of sprayed pasture and rangelands.(Time and Duration)Two-year study (1969-1970).(Type of Research)Original research (laboratory and field).(Methodology) Feeding studies were conducted with 2,4-D,MCPA,silvex and 2,4,5-T at levels from 10 to 2000 ppm in the total diet of dairy cows.beef cattle or Sheep for intervals of two to four weeks.All stUdies were conducted under the supervision of veterinarians.Records were kept of feed intake, milk production and weight gain.All samples of milk and cream,and all samples of muscle,fat.liver and kidney of cattle and sheep were analyzed by chemists at Dow laboratories.All methods were validated to a sensitivity 01 0.05 ppm to<each phenoxy compound.(Results and Conclusions)Residues of phenoxy compounds and of their respective phenolic moieties are not likely to occur in milk,meat,fat,or meat byproducts of cattle and sheep from agricuilural use 01 these herbicides. Such residues would OCcur only in the unlikely cirClJmstance of animals being milked or slaughtered while actually ingesting forage freshly treated at high rates of application.No hanmful effect is likely to occur in livestock from grazing areas treated with phenoxles even at exaggerated rates of use. 61 e -Habitat destruction 1438 1436 Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness. AUTHOR:CADBURY CJ;ROBERTS LJ;SCOTT RE SOURCE TITLE;Brillsh B"ds SOURCE tD:65(7):273-286.1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:B1e REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE;Umted States KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds;o"ds.song;corridor:ecological;Imoact; migration;mortaldy~nocturnai;passerine;transmiSSion;transmiSSIon line ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the effects of transmission hnes on mIgrant passerines and to test methOdS of protection.(TIme and Durallon)1964-1970.(Type of Research)Onglnal research.(MethodOlogy) An area 2160m long beneath two parallel sets of transmission lines was searched 188 times over a 6-year period.(Results and ConclUSions)A total of 1285 birds of 74 species were found dead beneath the transmission lines.Scavengers removed many of the small species and true casualty total probably exceeded.6.000.Nocturnal migrants such as starlings,rails,thrushes and warblers formed the highest proportion of casualties~gulls were also common victims.Corks and colored balls placed on the lines to increase visibiJ.ity did not decrease mortality. Placing power lines paraJlel to.rather than across.regulariy used flight paths,or burying lines is recommended to reduce mortality. 1437 Right-of-Way resources of the prairie provinces. AUTHOR:OETTING RB AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Manitoba Dept at Mines. SOURCE TITLE;The Blue Jay. SOURCE ID:29;179-183,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Grama.Needlegra.,,-Wheatgrass KEYWORDS;birds;cost;grasses;habitat;maintenance;mowing:"ght-of- way;roadside;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To show that ROWs are a valuable potential Wildlife habitat resource.(Type 01 Research)L~erature review ana research (Methodology)A review of the literature snows that the percent of game bird nests aJong roadside ROWs is Significantly higher when compared to other areas.Research is cited whiCh indicates that there is greater nest density and success of nng-necked·pheasants and ducks along unmowed areas of ROWs than along mowed.By means 01 a research questionnaire,the acres of vanous types of ROW lands in the prairie provinces were found to total more than two m~mon acres,more than half 01 which are along roadsides.Most of this acreage is in agricultural areas.The maintenance practices (primarily times and frequencies of mowing)and costs are summarized for each of the three provinces. (Resulfs and Conclusions)Oiscussion 01 the probable comparative value 01 various types 01 ROWs.Author considers lhe greatest potential for wildlife habitat is along trunk highways,roads.and railroads.Utility transmission lines across brush areas are also very important.He concludes this large public-owned piece 01 reai eSlate can no longer be ignored.By proper management,wildlIfe can be increased so as to create living laborator;es and preserves and money wouid be saved in maintenance~ 1438 Watarfowl nesting on Interstate highway right-of-way In North Dakota. AUTHOR;CASSEL JF;OEDING RB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:ND State Univ,Dept of Zoology.;North Prairie Wildlife Research Center. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE ID:35(4);n4-781 ,1971. YEAR PUBUSHED;1971 CATEGORY;B1e;B2e:B3a;C2 SPONSOR:Nat Wildlife Federaton. REGION:Whealgrass-Needlegrass STATE:North Dakota KEYWORDS;birds;habitat;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To access wildlife values of mowed and unmowed highway rights-of-way to determine and compare snow build-Up and witdfife killed by tratlic on the study area.(Time and DuralJon)1968 through 1969.(Type of Research)Original research.(MethodOlogy) Alternate one-mile blocks of the stUdy area were not mowed in fall 1968. Nests were·located with a cable chain drag.and data on stage of incubation recorded.Data on wildlife killed by traffic were recordea for May,June,and July,1968 and 1969. Four snow meaSlJrements lrom 48 stations were taken duling the winter 01 1968-69.Interviews were conducted with motorists at rest areas.(ReSUlts and Conclusions) Twenty-two duck nests per 100 acres or six nests per mile ware located. Success of duck nests In unmowed vegetation was 62 percent,compared with 51 percent in mowed vegetation.Wildlife killed by traffic did not increase when half of the mile blocks were unmowed;no significant difference was found in buildup of snow between mowed and unmowed 77 B1e -Habitat destruction 1438 areas.Of 182 motorrsts mterviewed,82%had not noticed trie unmowed rrgntswor·way 1439 Reaction 01 reindeer to obstructions and dislurbances. AUTHOR:KLEIN DR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Umv ot AK. SOURCE TITLE:Science SOURCE 10:173(3995):393-397,1971 YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY'Ble REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Alaska KEYWORDS:disturbance;nabitat perturbation;impact;migration;road; wildlite ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To document the reaction 01 reindeer in northern Europe to Obstructions and disturbances and to give insight into anticipated problems with caribou in Canada and Alaska (Time and Duration)Literature review covering articles o",er a 154 year period.(Type Of Research)Uterature review and personal communication with wildlife biologists trom Scandinavia;personal observations.(Methodology)Articles and personal communications from Scandinavian wrfdlife biologists are reviewed to provide a basiS for anticipating the problems to be encountered With caribou,and to offer proven solutions to specific problems.(Resuhs and Conclusions)Highways and railroads do not generallY create obstructions to the movement at domesticated reindeer, but thousands of animals are killed each year In accidents,Some disruption in the moyement of witd reindeer in Norway has been associated with railroad and highway construction through an alpine plateau area.Hydroeiectric prolects have had the greatest detrimental effect on reindeer by floodjng rangelands and obstructing migraton routes.Reindeer have strong traditions for migrating along specific routes.and realignment of these routes is difficult.Herbicides used in forestry work have been implicated tn the death at some reindeer, 1440 Walerfowl nesting on a railroad righl-of-way in North Dakota. AUTHOR:CASSEL JF;PAGE flO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:ND State Univ Dept 01 Zoology. SOURCE TITLE;Journal at Wildlife Management. SOURCE ID:25(3):544-549,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED;1971 CATEGORY:B1e;B3b;C3 SPONSOR.Bureau of Sperts Fisheries REGION:Wheatgrass-Needlegrass STATE:North Dakota KEYWORDS:oirds;habitat;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To assess the nesting waterfowl utilization of a portion of the Northern Pacific main tine right-af-way to the MO coteau of NO.(TIme and Duration)EarlY May to the end of July,1969.(Type Of Researeo)Onglnal research.(Methodology)Nest searches were made With a 175 foot cabie chain as described by HigginS et al (1969).Atter nests were located.species identification of eggs.clutc,'1·size,and stage of Incubation were noted.A cover board modeled atter Jones (1968)was used to obtain cover heIght and concealment scores of vegetation.Nests were reVisited on.ar shortly after,the ca~culated hatCI1 dates to determine late of eggs.(Results and ConclUSIons)On a 21.5 mile section of railway right-of-way nests of principally dabbling duck were found,WIth a density of 9.6 nests per 100 acres on nayed areas and ;5,6 nests per 100 acres ot unhaYed area.There was a prOduc1ion of 0.64 ducklings per acre on the mowed areas and 3.93 ducklings per acre on the unmowed area. 1441 Powerline clearing through upland mixed lorest. AUTHOR;LEGRAND EK SOURCE TITLE:American BirdS. SOURCE 10:25(6):1000-1001,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:birds,nongame;clearing;forest:right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To census btrdS using a powerilne ROW.(Time and Duration)3 months.(Type of Research)Original research.{Methodology) A Strip on the ROW was walked for 10 days,four times each day.The ROW was 120 leet wide with a 5O-Ioot center in grasses and shrubs, and margins in trees 15-20 teet hl9h.(Results and Conclusions)Seven species were recorded on the ROW,eight were recorded on the edges, and there were 16 visitors.More visitors than breeders used the ROW. WOOds birds used the ROW for SInging and !oraging.and other birds used the wires and towers for perching. 78 1442 The ellects 01 controlled burning on arthropod density and biomass in relation to bobwhite quail brood habitat 01 a righl-<lf- way. AUTHOR HURST GA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MS State Univ ..Dept of Wildlife and Fisne"es SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Tal!Timoers Conierenc-e on ECO\oglca~AnImal Control by HaMat Management,Fecruary 26-28,1970 SOURCE iD:173-183 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:81e SPONSOR:MS State Univ. REGION:Soutneastern Mixed Forest STATE:MISSISSippi KEYWORDS:cirds;clearing;haMat;impact;population;rlght-ot-way;wiidlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effects on artnropod density of controlled burning on an andropogon...dom1nated powerline nght"'of-way, and to determine the lood selection of bobwhite quail chicks feeding in the study area.(Time and Duration)Summers of 1968 and 1969.(Types of Research)Original.(Methodology)Ten burned and ten unburned 40mx2;m piots were established on a 4 year old nght-of-way.Artnrocod populations were sampled 7 lImes at bi-weekly intervals from June to late . August,using sweep netting and a D-Vac insect suction machine.The arthropods were identified,counted.o ....en·dried.and weighed.Quail chicks with broody bantam hens were used in the study area.Tne chicks were allowed to teed and then sa.crificed.The contents were removed from the crop and gizzard,and food items recorded.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The burned area had signtficantly larger numbers of arthropodS and biomass than the unburned area.Data collected from 126 quail chicks aged 2 days to 2 weeks showed beetles and ants as the most frequenlly taken insects. 1443 Green ribbons 01 hope. AUTHOR:SMITH ER AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Soil Conservation Service. SOURCE TITLE:Forests and Peopie SOURCE ID:20(1 ):22-23,42,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Eastern Deciduous rarest STATE:Lowslana;North Carolina KEYWORDS:edge effect;food plots:habttat;management;planting;right- of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To pOInt out the opportunities Ihat eiectric ROWs present tor establishing game tood piantlngs,and that these corridors provide ideal conditions for many species of game due to the edge effect.(Time and Duration)Based on general field observations.not a sc,entffic stUdy over a .speCIfied period.(Type ot Research)FIeld observations.(MethodOlogy)A general "popular"artIcle,not based on the author's scientific research.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)The form ~or Wildlife plantings shouid be in blockS,wth Intervening blocks of natural vegetatIon.Within the planted blocks several types of vegetation should be established,keepm9 the lower form \0 the middle With ~he higher form toward the edges.example of thIS wolid be a bloCk,about 100 yards long.with sericea lespedeza near the center and sh,ub lespedeza next to the WOOds.In between these a stnp of browntop millet could be pianted. This altemate pattern of planting and native vegetatlon \s very desirable because it oHers a WIde range of foods.. 1444 On the reactions of ducks and geese to high Yoltage lines. AUTHOR:FOG AJ AUTHOR AFFlUATION:Wildlife Biology Station,Denmark. SOURCE ID;sael1yk af "Flora og rauna",76 argo 4.healle 1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS;birds;rigllt-ol-way;waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To observe reactions Of waterfowl to high..vollage lines.(Time and Duration)1968-69;2 years.(Type of Research)Original ObServations.(Methodology)Carried out in the faU and spring as birds approached a 150 kV line with 30m taU towers.(ResUlts and Conclusions)No fear was obseNed at anytime.Birds flew over and tinder the wires.or even between them.DucKs also rested and fed u~def ~he Wires.II is known that birds are sometImes kiUed but this was not studied. 1445 Small mammal populations In cut and uncut northern hardwood fores15. AUTHOR:KRULL JN AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Syracuse Univ,Cotlege of Forestry. SOURCE TITLE:NY Fish and Game Journal. SOURCE 10:17(2):128-130.1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 - - - - - -I .... - - CATEGO RY:a,e REGION:Northe,n Harowoods Forest STATE:New York KEYWORDS:ciearcutting;forest Impact:mammals,small:popuration; wiidJjje· ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To cbserve the etfects of clearcuttlng on the abundance at small mammals.(Time and Duration)1953-1962;10 years. (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)A snap-trappmg system of census was used in a northern harawood forest type In Cjearcut and uncut forest areas.(Results and ConclUSions)Populations of red·backed mtce and white-footed mIce 'were generany nigher on tne uncut area.while short-tailed shrew and woodland Jumping mice occurred more frequently on the cut area.However,it can oe concluded :hat commercial cleareut 109911'\9 had a minor effect on small mammal pOpwations.Red-bac'Ked mice and white-footed mice showed cyclic variations irrespective of habitat manipulations. 1446 Re..,onse of chipmunks and red squirrels to commercial c'earcut loggIng. AUTHOR:KRULL IN AUTHOR AFFIWATION:Syracuse Unlv,College of Forestry. SOURCE TITLE:N)'Fish and Game Journal. SOURCE 10;17(1):58-59,1970. YEAR PUBUSHED:1970 CATEGORY:Bl. REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:New York KEYWORDS:clearcutting;impact;mammals.small;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To ma~e obselVations on the effect of clearcultlng on chipmunks and squirrels.(Time and DlJI"ahon)1952-1961;10 years. (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)ChIpmunkS and red squirrels were cenSUSed in mid-June by sight and sound.(Results·and Conclusions)Commercial clearcut logging had no appreciable effect on chIpmunks or red squIrrels.Hardwood and spruce seed-year 'Variations were Important ca'US&s of population varlations. 1447 The ecological Impact 0'transmission lines on the wildlile of San Francisco &!y. AUTHOR:AREND PH AUTHOR AFFIUATION:Wildille Assoc. SOURCE 10:Report p<epared for the Pacific Gas &Eiectric Co,1970,24 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:B1 e REGION:California Mixed Evergreen Forest STATE:California KEYWORDS:birds;ecology;Impact;multiple use;r'ght-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To investigate the ecologIcal impact of eiectrlc power transmiSSion lines and their towers on wildhfe.(Time and Duration) 1970;3 months.(Type of Research)Original research.(MethOdology) Observational.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIOns)Electnc power lInes mounted on steel towers cause-very minimum avian loss and their adverse ecological effects on avian populations are negligible.Steel transmission lines have ecologically enhanced the.wildMe environment by furnishing niches for sass'e food base organisms at a rale of two ton per miie.Steel tower foottng!;i also provide nic·t\es 10r sessile organisms at a rate of 0.1 acre per mile of line,and habitat for many birds.Causeways for access are also habitat for sessile organisms and are used by people,where permilted,including bird watchers. 1448 A w1ldllle manager's view of herbicide use on the right-of-way. AUTHOR:ROSERTS A H AUTHOR AFFILIATION:F>A Game Com. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control COnference. SOURCE 10:23:291-293,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable 10 entire United Slates KEYWORDS:herbicides;right-of-way;wi/dIlle ABSTRACT:(Pu<pose)To discuss the use of herbicides on rights-of-way from a wildlife Viewpoint.(Results and Conclusions)Herbicides constituto a small storehouse of tools which can be used or ablJSed.Ri9htfully employed.they can atd enormous~y In ma,ntaining desirable vegetative cover on rights-of-way and,at the same time,in imprOVing the wildlife carrying capacity of SUCh areas. 61 e •Habitat destruction 1451 1449 TOXicology 01 pieloram and safety evaluation of TORDON herbicides_ AUTHOR:LENG ML;MCCOLLISTER DO AUTHOR AFFiliATION:Dow ChemIcal Co SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE \0:25(2):5·10.1969. YEAR PUBLISHED·1969 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Appllcabie to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;birds;fish;herbicides;,mpaet;pic1oram:reSidue:safety; tOXlcoiogy ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To presem the Imocoiogic.meta~ollc aM reslOue data for t.he herbiCide picloram as obtalf1€d tram d·ietary feedJog studIes, reproduc~lon and fertility studies,and radIoactive tracer studies.(Ti'1le and Duration)Summarizes several .tudles over a 9 year period.(Type at Research)anginal research and literature $OlVey.(MethOdology)Standard tOXiCOlogic,metabolic and residue studieS were made inclUding 90-day rat feedlng studies,2-year long-term feedIng studies with rats and cogs.and a three-generation fertility,reproduction and lactation study.A carboxyl • 14 C-tabaled picloram tracer study was also used.Other studies of blood and unne,milk.and meat.toxicity to oirds,and tOXicity to fish and otner aquatic organisms,were conducted.(Results and Conclusjons)Use of p,cloram presents no safety problem to -humans,livestock.or wildflfe.The acute oral toxicity is low in both smail and iarge animalS with L050 values of 2000 to 8000 mg/kg In rabbits and ralS.fespectively.No adlierse ettect was obselVed in rats fed diets containing 1000 ppm for 90 days and only minimal effects were produced at 10,000 ppm (1 %of total diet).The toxicity is also very low for birds.fishes,and other aquatic organisms.Trealment of rangeland or fields of small grain with effective dosages of picJoram woUld not .produce toxic residues In feeds for animals,nor in foods to be consumed by humans. 1450 TORDON Herbicides-evaluation of safety to Iish and birds. AUTHOR:KENAGA 1010 AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:25(1):5·9,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:B1e REGION;Applicable to entire United Stales STATE:United States KEYWORDS:birds;fiSh;herbiCIdes;Impact;picloram;safety;toxicology ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To bring together important imtormation on the safely of picloram to tish and birds.(Time and Duration)Literature review of work over a g-year period.(Type of ResearCh)Uterature re";ew. (Methodology)Nine formulations were used in these studies,including Tordon 22K herbiCide,Tordon 101 Mixture,Tordon 155 Mixture and Torden 212 Mixt",re.Eighteen species of fish and birds were used \n these lests.The tests on fish were done In unchanged non-flOWing fresh water,llSUally in the laboratory.For birds a 1we-week dietary siudy was "sed and a three-generation stUdy.(Results and Conciusjons)Picloram acid and its salts exhibit low acute tOXicity to fish.even when applied directly to water at rates ',Jp to 3 .pounds of actd eauivaJent per acre. Use of the ester forms and the addition 01 2,4·0 tended to increase toxicity to fish.The hazard even here would be Jaw due to physical environmental factors which prevent the maximum amcunt Of applied herbicide reaching the fish popuiatlol1.AJI derivatives of picloram acid are very low in acute toxicity to birds and chronic toxicity problems were observed.BIOlogical magnif",ahon apparently does nol occur With the use at picloram. 1451 Toxicity and hazards to man,domestic animal"and wildlife lrom some commonly used auxin herbicides. AUTHOR:WAY JM AUTHOR AFF1UAT10N:Monks Wood Experimental Station,England. SOURCE TITLE;Resjdue REviews SOURCE 10:26:31-62.1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEcORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;toxicily;Wildlife;2,4-0:2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To presel1t a review of the literature on tOXicity and other nazards that may arise from use of auxin herbicicres.(Time and Duration)Review of literature tram a 20-year period.(Type at REsearch) Literature revIew.(MethodOlOgy)Literature was revIewed on the toxicity and hazards to man.domestic animals.and Wildlife for the auxin herbicides:MCPA,2.4-0,MCPB and 2,4-DB;and alsO for 2.4,5-T, mecoprop,and 2,3.6-TBA.(Results and ConclusiohS)In man only one aull1enticated instance of death by POisoning nas been noted in West European and North American literature.Authenticated case histories ot sublethal effects are also very rare.HOWever.compJaints of dizziness. sickness,and other symptoms are made from time to time by workers engaged in field apPlications,parllcularty when the spray is inhaled 79 Ble •Habitat destruction 1451 eXCeS$IVe1y.T'ie oossibl!ity of man acquIring tOXIC ooses af tnese compOundS In toca.milk..or water appears m be v<2ry low.The aanger of chronic tOXICIty has also shewn to be very low and contmuous nigh ooses over many montns rather tnan weeks are required to produce oo~sonlr.g symptoms. 1452 Ellacts of human disturbance on nesting of bald eagles. AUTHOR:MATHISEN JE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest ServIce. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE 10:32.1-6,1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Minnesola;Wisconsin KEYWORDS:bIrds;endangered;impact:species ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate human dIsturbance as a potential cause of nesllng faIlure among bald eagies.(Time and Duration)1963-66;5 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)A total of 115 nests were observed at least twice during the nesting period,using both ground and aerial observations.Three wildern85S classes wele developed based on degrees of wildness where nests were found.(Results and ConclusLons)There were no significant or appreciable differences in nest occupancy or nest success between high and low wilderness classes. Human activities at the present levels or isolation did not affect nesting success..,Increasing summer activities may interfere 'Nith food gathenng and cause general unrest among eag1es as well as other species such as loons,osprey,and herons. 1453 EUact 01 altitude and lorest manipulation on relati...e abundance 01 small mammals. AUTHOR:GENTRY JB;MASON M;ODUM EP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Un,v of GA. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Mammalogy. SOURCE 10:49(3):539-541,1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:forest;naMa!;impact;mammals,small;Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To test the hypothesIS that greater numoers of mammalS occur with increasing altllude.(Time and Duration)1967;1 year.(Methodology)StandardIzed trapunes were run along an altitudinal graciiem In disturbed and undisturbed forests.(Results and Conclusions) Yields of small mammals increased WIth altitude in torested areas.The number of smail mammal SpeCles were increased in coppiced forests due to invaSIon by tnree lower attitude species,Yields decreased WIth altitude ,n oldf,eid and nonforested habitats. 1454 Ecological eneets 01 herbicides. AUTHOR:MULLISON WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow ChemIcal Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth, SOURCE 10:28(2):30.36.1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:B1e;B2a;a2b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:degradation;ecology;herbicides;Impact;spray drift ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss three overly simplified but succinctly stated eclogical taws:everything affects everything else;everything goes someWhere:and there is no such thing as a free lunch.(Time and DuratIon)(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Herbicides and herbIcide application are discussed in relation to the ecology of an area,TopICS explored are:volatility,spray drift.degradation of herbicides, eHects of herbicides on water,fish and plankton.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Organic herbicides have been extensively stUdIed and used fOI a relatively short time.Nevertheless,during this period their ecologIcal eHects In modifying man's environment have been well recognized.Thus, herbiCIdes are used tor the selective killing of unwanted plants,such as weeds.according to man's desires and for hiS benefilis.Experience to date IndIcates a vast preponderance of beneficial results from the proper use of herbidides.Fears that herbicides will render the soif permanently sterile are unfounded,as herbicides break down in the soil.As is true WIth others of man's inventions,it IS the wisdom WIth whICh they ale used that determines whether they have a benelicial or harmful ecologIcal eHect. 80 1455 2,4-0 herbicide ...egetalion and pocket gopher relalionships Black Mesa,Colorado. AUTHOR:HALVORSON CH;HEGDAL PL;TIETJEN HP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau of Sport FiSheries and Wildlife SOURCE TITLE:ECOlogy SOURCE 10:48(4):634-643.1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Colorado;New MeXICO; Wyoming KEYWORDS:habitat change;herbiCIdes;mammals,small ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To record vegetatIve cover and denSity changes after treatment with 2.4-0;to determine if and when a reduction in pocket gopher population occurs;and to study the toxicity of 2,4-0 treated forbs to pocket gophers;and the eHects of 2.4-0 on other smalt mammal populations.(Time and Duration)7-year stUdy.(Type o! Research)Original research (field study).(Methodology)2,4-0 herbicide was applied using 3 Ib of the butyl ester of 2.4-0 in a water carrier The first spraying was made on rangeiands at Black Mesa.CO,in 1958.In 1959 the research areas were resprayed.Vegetative composition and ground cover estimates were made using the step-point method. Unsprayed areas were used as controls.Pocket gopher population trends were collected simultaneously along four randomly selected 30o-ft lines. Trapping was used to aid in the gopher census.Censuses were made for 7 years.Both forbs and pocket gophers remained at lOW levels on one area but returned to pretreatment levels on the other study area.The decline in pocket gopher numbers was attributed to an inability to survive Where thelr preferred foods (forbs)were eliminated by herbIcide treatment.The decline was not caused by movement ot the animals from the sprayed areas,or by direct or indirect toxicity of 2,4-0.The common grasses offer.at best,onfy a marginal diet for northern pocket gophers. 1456 The nature and pattern 01 nonhuntlng mortality in fledged North American waterfowl. AUTHOR:STOUT IJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Polytechnic Institute SOURCE 10:Blacksburg,VA,VA Polytechnic Institute,1967,MS TheSIS,76- 84 P. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:a1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:birds;mortality;waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe waterfowl mortality caused by power lines.(Type of Research)A discussion paper based on literature.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Wire strike mortality was the most important collisIonal factor in survey data;1,487 observations or 65%of the data.Most collisions occur In unfamitiar country and inciement weather is surely a contributing factor to losses.Puddle ducks are more vulnerable than other specIes. 1457 Utility line right-ol-way managemenL AUTHOR:ARNER DH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MS State Un,v. SOURCE TITLE:Transactions 01 the North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCE 10:31 :259-268.1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Eastem Deciduous Forest STATE:Alabama;Maryland;Mississippi KEYWORDS:cost;maintenance;management;prescribed burning;nght-of- way;seeding;Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present the resullis of cooperative planning in dual ROW maintenance worK in three SOlJthem states for increasing wildlife habitat while reducing overall cosfs of ROW maintenance.(Time and Duration)16 years 01 research 1948-1964.Original research (Methodology)In the Maryland study,grass legume Sod was estaolished on ROW areas.In the Alabama and Mississippi studies,bulldOZIng, disking and fertilization were used.Perennial rye grass.crimson clover and fescue grass were tried on some areas.Other areas received chufa, bahiagrass and ball clover.or kobe lespedeza,Winter wheat and crimson clover seed mixes were also tried.Observations were made on seeded areas for selleraj growing seasons to determine which species beCame established and persisted.(Resullis and Conciusions)Cooperative work between the Maryland Game Commission and a power company,over a seven year period,showed that the total cost for the power company was $6 per acre and for the game commiSSIon oniy $1.50 per acre per year.In both the upper and lower coastal plains of Alabama,seedings of bahiagrass combined with crimson clover,ball clover,or kobe lespedeza effectively retarded brush and proVIded highly nutritious summer and winter game food.The only maIntenance gIVen these plantings was one annual mowing.Prescribed burning proved to oe the most economical and practical of aU the maintenance techniques studied.Costs were less - '""I" - F"" I .~ - tnar;S7 oer acre:oasea on a tnree-'o'ear rotatlon.thE:coSt would be }ust a littie ov-er 52 Der acre per year . 1458 Population changes and mortality ot lhe mute.swan in Britain. AUTHOR.OGILVIE MA SOURCE TITLE.ne Wildfowl Trust. SOURCE ID 18:64-73.1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:ale REGION:Apollcable 10 enfire Unlled States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:olrd:s:ecological:impact:mortality:population:transmIssion line:waterfow~ ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize population dala for the Mute Swan in England.(Time and Duration)1954-1966.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Band analysis and winter counts.(Results and ConClusIons)Mute Swans are reSident birds in England throughout the year.The annual winter count for the entire country vaned between 15.300 and 23,900 over the 12-year period.The average annual mortality 15 approlilamately 40%with no detectable differences by age.Nearly 65% of all reported causes of death are probably due to accidents ,n flight and transmission lines are responsIble for 44%of these deaths.Other causes of death inclUde oiling,d,sease,cold weather,shooting and fightln9. 1459 Herbicide treatment of browse on a big-game winter range In northern Idahoo AUTHOR:MUEGGLER WF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest ServIce. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE 10:30(1):141-151,1966. YEAR PUBL:ISHED:1966 CATEGORY:B1e REGlON:Columbia Forest (Dry Summer)STATE:Idaho;Montana; Washington KEYWORDS:browse;herbicides;mammals.game;shrubs ABSTRACT:(Purpose)-To investigate the possibilities of rejuvenating big game (ell<and deer)winter range by uSing herbiCIdes.(Time and Duration)1960-1961;2 years.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)Three herbicide fOrmulatiOns of 2.4-D,2.4,5-T and a mIXlure of both at three rates of helicopter application were tested on major shrull species.These were sprayed on 60 toot stnps,500 feet long,at rates of 3/4,1-1/2,and 3 Ib acid equivalent per acre.Effects on shrubs were observed.Influence of application date was studied by hand applicaliOns at six dates using a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. (Results and Conclusions)The mixture at 3 Ib per acre was most effective in killing aerial crowns.Shrubs differed considerably in reaction to sprays.and care should be taken to avoid spraymg sensitive redstem ceanothus.No seasonal guide to spraYing could be developed.If caubaus sel:ective spraying is used.herbicides offer possibiJities tor Improving big-game habitat.Long term effects have yet to be determined. 1460 Deathtraps in the flyways. AUTHOR:VOSBURGH J SOURCE TITLE:Birds in our lives. SOURCE 10:US Dept Interior and US Fish and Wildlife Service,1966,364- 371 p./ YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bird killS;birds;birds,song;impact;migration;mortality;right- Of-way;scavenger ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the problem of migrating bird mortality caused by man-made structures.(Time and Duration)To 1965.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Personal interviews and literature review.(Results and Conclusions)This review al1icle discusses bird mOl1ality occurnng at a variety of man-made structures:TV towers, ceilometers and tall buildings and monuments.Earliest reports of migration collisions were in the late 1800's.Although the greatest mortality seems to OCClJr In overcast fall weather,records of mortality are available for all types of weather.Inconsistent reporting makes the magnitude of mol1ality impossible to estimate.Scavengers take advantage of the dead birds at most locations. 1461 Stop the pendulum In mid-swing! AUTHOR:DILL NH SOURCE TiTlE:New Jersey Nature News. SOURCE ID:15:151-157,1963. YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:Ble B1 e -Habitat destruction 1465 REGION:ApplJcaOle to entire United States KEYWORDS:herolcldes;Impact:rlght-of~way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To encourage the publiC.ana Impartlcular landowners,to demand the use of selective herOjclde use on ROW vegetation.(Type of Research)Ljterature revIew and conjecture (Results and Conslusions)One should agitate for use ot sefectlve soraYfng. 1462 Losses of mute swans in England in the winter ot 1962-63. AUTHOR:BOYD H:OGILVIE M SOURCE TITLE:The Wildfowl Trust SOURCE ID:15:37-40.1963. YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Umted States KEYWORDS:birds;ecological;Impact:mor1ality;transmission line:waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report Winter mortality of Mute Swans in England. (Time and Duration)1957-63.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)The analySIS of band relurns jrom dead Mute Swans. (ReSUlts and Conclusions)Over 6500 swans were banded over a 7-year period in a population that averaged 9,300 to 13.6il0 b"ds.There were 506 reeovenes for the period of January through March Although lhe cause of death is not known tor nearly half of the birds.nearly 19%of the deaths were due to colliSion with WIres.Other mortality factors included deaths from cold,starvation,and disease. 1463 Heavy mortality of mute swans from electrocution. AUTHOR,HARRISON J SOURCE TITLE:The Wildfowl Trust SOURCE 10:14:164-165,1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Applicabie to entIre United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:birds;ecoiOQlcal;impact;mortality;transmission line;waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To repol1 an instance of mute swan mortality from electrocution.(Time and Duration)April 1962.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Field observation.(Results and ConclUSions)The carcasses of 21 Mute Swans were found beneath a 30 foot transmission line.The lines traversed a regular flight path of Mute Swans that used a nearby reservOir.An estimated 70 swans were using the reservoir, suggesttng a possible 30 percent mortality caused by the transmission line. 1464 Sane use of herbicides. AUTHOR:MASON EA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Arcadia Wildlife Sanctuary. SOURCE TITLE:Amer'can Forests. SOURCE ID:3D-31,50,1961 (March). YEAR PUBLISHED:1961 CATEGORY:B1 e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:habitat manipuiation;herbicides:pellets;spraying,broadcast: spraying,selective;wijdlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To point out the advantages of using selective removal of indillidual undesirabie plants through the use ot herllicides. rather than broadcast spraying,and to illustrate the benefits of seiective removal in improving wildlife habitat.(Type of Research)Literature review (no bibliography).(MethOdology)The author reviews various herbicides and application methods to show their impact on plant communities. Those that can be applied to an individual undesirable plant,or to a small area,without damaging desirable neighboring vegetation,are reviewed specifically.Methods of application are stressed which have least envIronmentai impact.(Results and Conclusions)Herbicides present a small arsenal of tools which can be used or abused as can any tool. Correctly used.they can aid enormously in improving the appearance of areas,and the wildlife carrying capacity of an area.This can be accomplished by using herbicides to improve the food supply and the quality of·cover-plant species.Herbicides,wisely used,can favor the growth of wildlife food-producing plants.Herbicides offer a new tool whiCh used properly will improve areas for beauty and Wildlife. 1465 Reported casualties to ringed dUcks In the spring and summer. AUTHOR:BOYD H SOURCE TITlE:The WiidfoWI Trust SOURCE ID:12:144-146,1960. YEAR PUSLISHED:1960 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds:ducks;ecological;impact;·mortality; transmission lilies;waterfowl 81 81 e -Habitat destruction 1465 ABSTRACT (Purpose)To summarize the cause of spring and summer mortality tor 252 band recoveries at aucks in England'over a 12-year pe"od (Time anO Duration)1947 to 1959 (Type of Research)Orig,nal research (Methodology)Review of band (ring)recoveries for a 12-year penod.(Results and ConclUSIons)Mallards and green-winged teal are the most common specIes reported_Accidental deaths inc~ude birds caught In f1smng nets and muskrat traps,collisions with overnead wIres.and from mowrng machmes (nestmg temales).There 15 a suggestion tnat males are more hkel~'to be killed than females by colliSion with transmission lines. 1466 Techniques involved in Ihe use ot chemicals for establishing wildlife clearings. AUTHOR;CHAPPELL WE;TRUMBO HA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Polytechnic Institute. SOURCE 10:Blacksburg,VA,VA Polytechnic Institute,1960,VA Coop Wildlife Research Unit Release 604,454-459 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:19S0 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Appalachian Oal<Forest STATE:Virginia KEYWORDS:ammonium sulfamate;cieanng;fenuron;habitat manipulation; herbicides;monuron;wddlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effectiveness of herbicidal treatments as a method 01 establishing wildlife cleanngs,and to compare cost of herbiCidal methods to bulldoZing and manual labor.(Time and Duration)Two-year study,(Type of Research)Onginal research (field study).(Methodology)At two locations in w~em Virginia monuron and lenuron were applied in June to some plots,aRd ammonium suJfamate and 2,4,5-T were used in trill treatment on other areas in August. Observations on apparent KiU were made in the autumn and actual mortality was determined on year atter treatment.(Results and ConclUSions)Fenuron and monuron are the most effective herbicides for killin.g a greater proportion of the tree species;tenuren being more desirable because it gave quicker results.Both of these pellet..herbicides can be easliy transported into inacceSSIble areas.A large number of annual and perennial plants invaded these areas dunng the first growing season after treatment.Due to the greater number ot sprouts produced by the use of ammOntum sulfamate.this method of treatment might be used to produce browse in areas where it tS desired. 1467 Effect 01 habltal dl5lurbarn:e on a smalt mammal population. AUTHOR:DARNELL RM;LOBUE J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Marquette Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Mammaiogy SOURCE 10:40(3):425-437,1959. YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:31e REGION:Maple·Basswood Forest +OaK Savanna STATE:Wisconsin KEYWORDS:farming;habitat.Impact;mammals,small;population ABSTRACT (Purpose)To delermine the reactIOns of small mammal populations to destruction of the vegetative cover of a cropfield.(Time and Durallen)1956;1 year.(Type of Research)Orig",al research. (Methodology)A 20-acre alfalfa field that had undergone one cutting was studied from July to October using a grid system of trapping.Adjacent areas were also trapped.Areas were then cut to ploduce cover of various percents.(Results and Conclusions)Peromuscus maniculatus showed decreased utilization as vegetation increased in height,and a positive response to cutting;Microtus pennsytvanlcus showed opposite responses. 1468 Small mammals In old tfeld succession. AUTHOR:HIRTH HF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of CT. SOURCE TITLE:Ecoiogy. SOURCE 10;40(3);417-425,1959. YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Appalachian Oal<Forest STATE::Connecticut KEYWORDS:habitat;Impact;mammals,small;succession;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To examine small mammal populations in upland old field succession.(Time and Duralion)1957-195B;1 year.(Methodology) Live trapping,10 days each month,and snap trapping studies were made and population densities estimated.Three seral stages were studied: abandoned pasture (8-10 years),forest edge (24-28 years),and forest pasture (SO-SO years)_(Results and Conclusions)Small mammals Increased during the grassland-herb-shrub stage up to the midseral stage of dense shrub and tree cover,Populations then decreased slightly in the woodland. 62 1469 The role 01 herbicides in wildlife production through creation and slabllzialion 01 hallilat5. AUTHOR:COULTER LL AUTHOR AFFILIAnON:Dow Chemical Co SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:13(4):4-S.1958. YEAR PUBLISHED:1958 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:browse;food plots;habitat;habitat mampulatlon:herbiCides: stability;waterfowl;wildlife . ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To eKplaln and oocument the uses at herbicides In manipulating the habitat to aid In producing more game on iess iand and in stabilizing vegetation types suitable for wildlife.(Time and Duration) Literature review covering articles over a 20-year period.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodoiogy)Articles are reviewed covering: 1}crea'ting and maintBinrng openings in wooded areas~2)browse production;3)improvement of waterfowl habitat:and 4)chemical seedbed preparation tor game food patches.(Results and Conclusions) Increased hunting pressLlre and reduction in available habitat has created a rea~prob'em in game producbon,An obVIOUS -answer is more effici-ent use ot available lands.Recent eKperience with herbicides indicates that tools are now available wnich can be a real aid in producing more game on less 'and and in stabiliZing vegetation types suitable for wildlife.Since these chemicals.as used,are harmless to wildlife,select",e in action against plant species,and economical to use,they can play a decisive rote in aiding man to reguJate and conserve the natton'S Wildlife resources.. 1470 Effects of silvicullural practicel;on wildlife tood and cover in oak and aspen types In northern Michigan. AUTHOR:GYSEL LW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI State Unlv. SOURCE TITLE;Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:55(11 ):803-6809.1957. YEAR PUBLISHED:1957 CATEGORY;B1e REGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS;browse;habitat;habitat change;management;regeneration; wiidlife;2,4-0;2,4,>T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To compare various chemical and axe methods of eliminating overstory oaks to release p'ne;and to compare dilterent harvest culling practices for aspen.AlSO to measure the resulting plant cover and the amounto!browse.(Time and Duration)Seven-year study, 1950-1956,(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodlogy)In the release studies the overstory oaK was treated by axe girdling and cutting, chemical basal sprays.chemical in frllls.and chemical applied as an aerial spray.All,or most,of the oaks were removed by these methOdS. Four to fIVe years atter release,the height growth and crown diameter of the released pine was obtained.The number ot under-story stems and lea!surface of herbs,Shrubs ......dllngs and sprouts was also determined. (Results and ConclUSIons)Sprouts resulting from axe girdling and cutting were taller and more numerous and the total amount 01 browse greater than in the plots treated with the chemicals.The mixture of pine,low deciduous cover and browse speCies -.Mil remain in some reiease areas for at ieast 10 to 15 years.Only a small amount of preferred browse and scattered low cover resulted from the bUlldozing at an oak stand.From a similar operation in aspen a marked increase in the number of leaves and branches 01 aspen srouts occurred one year atter bulldozing. 1471 Utilities and birds. AUTHOR:DICKINSON LE SOURCE TITLE:Audubon Magazine SOURCE 10:59:54-55,86--87,1957. YEAR PUBLISHED;1957 CATEGORY:Ble;B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;bird Kills;birds;impact;structure design ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on the general interaction between birds and electrical transmission systems.(Type of Research)Liferature review and direct obServatIons.(Methodology)Literature review.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Often birds ....,11 not alight on charged conductor wires due to the electrostatic effect.Birds are electrocuted when their wings form a continuous path between two wires.The Killing of gUlls in NC was prevented by placing the conductors further apart.Eagle electrocutions in 10 were still being reported,even though tnis problem had been solved in CA by placing wooden perches on top 01 the towers. - - - - - - -i - 1472 Effects 01 certain common brush'control techniques and materials on game lood and cover on a power line right-ol-way no.4. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC:BYRNES WR:WORLEY DP AUTHOR AFFiliATION:PA Slate UniV. SOURCE 10:UniverSIty Park.PA.PA State Umv Agncultural Experiment StatIon,1957.Progress Report t 75,4 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1957 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:PennsYlVania KEYWORDS:crush:cover;food:herbiCides:Impact light-oj-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report the effects of ....anous brush control teChniques on the amount of game food and covel on an electric ROW in Pennsylvania.(Time and Ourabon)4-year stUdy.(Type of Research) OrigInal research (field stUdy).(Methodology)The brush contrOl methods used Included:no spray (control);broadcast foliage spray with 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-1;oil-water,semi-basal summer spray with 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T; general summer basal spray of 2.4-0 and 2.4,5-T:selective winter basal spray wl!h 2.4.5-T:and broadcast foliage spray with ammonium sulfamate. (Results and ConclUSIons)Four years after spraYing a power line rlght-of- way with herbIcides,a comparison of Ihe five techniques indicates that by use,Of basaJ sprays a stable ground cover can be maintained with minimum dtsturbance.Such cover has proven useful to severaJ important game species.On the other hand,broadcast spraying resulted in drastic alterations of the low plant cover which has been Slowly progressing towards a more stable conditIon.The broadcast spray areas are used by several important game species. 1473 Wlldllte use of utility rights-of-way in Michigan. AUTHOR:FOSTER CHW II AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Yale Univ,School of Natural Resources. SOURCE 10:Ann Arbor.MI,Univ of MI,1956,Masters Thesis,103 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:Ble REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:birds:browse;hunllng;mammals,small;right-of-way;utilization; wlld1ife;wi\dlife refationships ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To investigate three woodland ROWs for the occurTIng wildlife relatIonships and utilization,and to evaluate their Imparlance to ROW management.(Time and Duration)1 year (1955- 1956).(Type of Resea,ch)Original research.(Methodology)Two pipelines and one electric ROW were studied near Ann Arbor.Mt Vegetation density and Inventory (using stem count)were made on each ROW. Browse uWization was recorded by stem counts.Sma~1 mammals were live-trapped,leaf nests counted.pellet surveys taken,track transects ran, and ail observatIons recorded to document wildlit'e utilization on and adjacent to the ROW.(Results and ConclUSions)Many species 01 small game and non...game wildlife utitized a ROW in some manner more often than the adjacent woodlot.A greater degree 0/use was found where the edge was more abrupt.Selective herbicide treatment was suggested in ROW construction as ...,..-elf as maintenance.Encouragement of natural food and coyer patches such as black-beny,grape.and rose was suggested.Heavy hunter use was documented. 1474 Enects of certain common brush conlr!)1 techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.3. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC;BYRNES WR;WORLEY DP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA State Univ. SOURCE 10:State College,PA,PA State Univ AgricutturaJ Experiment Station,1956,7 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:81e REGION:ApPalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:brUSh;cover;food;herbicides:impact:rlgnt-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)to report the effects of va"ous brush control techniques on the amount 01 game food and cover on an e{ecmc ROW in Pennsylvanra.(Time and Duration)3-year study.(Type of Research) Onginal research (field stUdy).(MethOdology)Tne brUSh control methods used inclUded:no spray (control);broadcast foiiage spray with ~,4-0 and 2,4,5-T;oi~water,semi-basal summer spray WIth ~,4-D and 2,4,5-T; general summer basal spray of 2.4·D and 2.4.5--T;selective winter basal spray wltll 2,4,5-T;and broadcast toliage spray 0/ammonIum sulfa mate. (ResUlts and Conclusions)Improved game food conditions resulted from aU treatments~owtng partiCUlarly to creation of a new cover type amidst the unbroken mixed oak forest of the plateau.Highly valued shrubs such as blueberries and teaberries were present ;n large amounts only in the basal spray treatments.In the broadcast spray areas a grasslike or herbaceous community dominated,and while these are attractive to certain forms af wildlife.important shrubs were sparse or absent. Ble -Habitat destruction 1478 Corr-~m game scecles of the region continued !O use all Uea1me"lt areas dun,;tne 1nlrQ yeai after spraying 1475 E"ecl of certain common brush conlrol techniques and materials pn game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.2. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE we;BYRNES WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION PA State Umv SOURCE 10:State College.PA.PA State Univ Agncultural Experiment Statlor 1955.7 P YEAR PUBLISHED:1955 CATEGORY:B1e. REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE PennsylvanIa KEYWORDS:brush:cover:load;herbiCides:Impact;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the eHects of several common brush COntrol treatment technIques and herbIcides on game food and cover on a PennSY~\lBnia electric ROW.(Time and Duration)Two-year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field study).(Methodology)The tec""IQues used mcluded:no spray:broadcast foliage spray 01 2.4-0 and 2,4.5-T;oil-water.semi-basal summer spray of 2,4-0 and ~,4,5-T;general summer basal spray of 2,4-0 and 2.4,5-T;selective wInter basal spray of 2,4.5-T;and broaocast foliage spray of Ammonium sulfamate..(ReSUlts and ConcluSIons)Pellet counts showed that deer,rabbit and grouse were using tile ROW aller spraying in all treatment areas.There was evidence that the hea'JieSt usage was in the unsprayed areas.which could be expected since more woody browse was present in those areas as winter fooo and the shrub layer offered gOOd cover.However.the peUet counts in tne sprayed areas Indicated that they were beIng used by game.The summer llasaJ treatment produced a 98.9 percent top kill and was superior iO supression of resprouting (7 percent resproUhng). 1476 Relatillllships 01 birds to power and communication iines. AUTHOR:BENTON AH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NY State College for Teachers. SOURCE TITLE:The Kingbird SOURCE ID:4:65-66,1954. YEAR PUBLISHED:1954 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entlfe Unlted States STATE:United States KEYWORDS,olrds;u@ly poles:wire mortality ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To oeserlbe the use 01 poles and wires by birds. (Tyee of Research)DisCUSSion paper.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Although a certain number of birds will be 'Killed by wires,a vastly greater number will find utility lines usefuL 1477 Ecology and land-use relationships 01 small mammals on a MIChigan larm. AUTHOR:L1NDUSKA JP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI Dept of Conservation. SOURCE 10:MI Dept of Conservalion,Game Div,1950,144 p. YEAR PUBLISHED.1950 CATEGORY:81e REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:ecoiogy;habitat;land use;mammals.small;wildllte ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To give tile status of smail mammais on a Michigan tarmland area.(Time and Duration)1940-1942,1946.4 years. (Methodology)Snap trapping and bOX trapping were used to census small mammals in larmland and weodland habitats.(Results and ConclUSIOns)In farm habitats,prairie deermouse and the meadow vole were common,with bog iernming anel short-tailed shrew also predominant. Sod fencerows with sparse shrubs were ideal habitat.but wooded lencerows supported few small mammals.In farm wood-lots,fox squirrels, red squirrels,flying squirrels,chipmunks,white-looted mice.and short- lailed shrew were important.'Brushy areas and ungrazed woodlots also supported populations of red squirrels,While-footed mice,and chipmunks. 1478 The daily movements of cormorants on San Francisco Bay. AUTHOR:BARTHOLOMEW GA JR SOURCE TITLE:The Condor SOURCE 10:48(1):3-18,1943. YEAR PUBLISHED:1943 CATEGORY:B1e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:california KEYWORDS:behavior,birds;diurnal;marine:seasonal;transmission line: utilization ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To deseribe the roosting and fishing acitlvihes of non-breeding Brandt and double-crested cormorants.(Time and Duration) september 1940 -July 1941.(Type of Research)0"9inal research. (Methodology)Observations Irom dawn to dusk were made over a 11- B3 Ble •Habitat destruction 1478 monttl pen ad on a 30 square mfle area tn the east·centra1 part of San Franc\scc 8ay.california.(Results and ConclusIons)Double-crested cormorants were pr'esent on the San FrancIsco Bay area througnout [he year.a maxImum 01 2300 birds In January.and a minimum of 470 1n ApriL Tney were present in small groups in the central part of the Bay dUring the oay and these roosted each night on a 2-mile stretch of power line runnl:'lg to Brooks ~sjanC:L Brandt cormorants used the middle and western parts ot the Bay and were not Doserved t0getner 'Nfth the douDle~Ciested cormorant. 1479 How valuable are clearings to birdlife? AUTHOR LAY ow AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TX A&M Unlv. SOURCE TITLE:Wilson Bulletin SOURCE 10:50:254-256,1938. YEAR PUBLISHED:1938 CATEGORY:61e REGION:Maple-Basswood Forest +Oak Savanna STATE:Texas KEYWO"RDS:birds~checklist;Clearing;edge effect habItat species ABSTRACT:(P·Jrpose)To determIne t'le bIrd populations in several types of Intenor woodland and on margins of clearings within those forest stands. (Time and DuratIon)One year study,1936.(Type of Research)Original reseach.(Methodology)In making the bird counts the observer walked slowly and recorded all birds seen during each 30·mlnute period~Stops were made whenever birds were heard or glimpsed.Usually only the bIrds actually seen were recorded.but occasionally.when the unmlstal<abie song of a familar bird was heard in nearby cover,it was talbed.Interior counts were made more than 100 yards from the margins. Marglnal counts were made along the edges 01 clearings.Ncl bird more than 25 yards lrom the edge was Included in the marginal counts. (Results and Conclusions)All of the very common species appeared in both margins and "interiors.Some ot these.however.were more than twice as numerous in margins as in intenors.Among these were the' cardmal,mourning dove,blue jay.red-t1eaded woodpecker and sparrow hawk.Species that were lound only In margns included blue grosbeak. orchard Oriole.mockIngbird,blue-gray gnatcatcner,red--cockaded WOOdpecker.turkey vulture,red-winged blackbird,scissor-tailed flycatcher, m'grant shrike.ruby-throated hummingbird and sycamore warbler.The margins of deanngs were found to contain 41 percent more species and 95 percent more Individual blrds than tne corresponding woodland Interiors. 82 -Environmental Component Alteration 1480 Influence of copper high tension lines on plants and 50115. AUTHOR:ERNST W;KRAAL H AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Free Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental PollutIon. SOURCE 10:11(2):131-135,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:82 REGION:Applicable to entIre United States KEYWORDS:impact;right-ot-way;SOil;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the increase of copper under high tenS/on lines in the Neth...lands.(Time and Duration)1973-74.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methooology)Soil and plant samples were taken from Q-63m vertically from the cables.Soils were analyzed for total ana exchangeable copper and cation exchange capacity.Plant materials were analyzed lor Cu by AAS.Copper reSistance 01 Agrostis tenuis of sandy soil was tested by a rooting teChniQUe.(ResUlts and Conclusions) An increase in total copper in fen and clay soils occurred near high tension lines as comoared with samples from a greater distance and with all plOts in sandy soil.sandy soil showed very lillie di"erence under the lines and outside.Copper was higher in plants under high tension lines than at 60m distance,especially on sandy soil,via uplaJ<e by roots.No diNerence was lound in species composition under and outside high- tenSion lines.and in copper tolerance of Agrostis tenLis.A risk ot pOIsoning sheep may be involved bUt was not tested. 1481 Effects of power line corridor clearance and maintenance on stream habitat AUTHOR:DAY CG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VW Univ. SOURCE 10:Morgantown,WV,VW Unlv,1976,Masters Thesis,144 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:82 REGION:Northern HardWOOds -Spruce Fores!STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearing;fish;habitat;impact;maIntenance;right-of-way; stream 84 ABSTRACT.(Purpose)To stuo'w'cham:.les in stream !emoerat~re'cue tel power line exposure ano changes In stre3m habHat from remOVal ot nparra~vegetation by"herblcrdes.(Tlme and Dura!1on)1975-76 (Type-of Resea:o~)O"glnal research.(Methodology,A large.medium.and smail strear.'':Jere selected In eacn of three locations:NH,lIN and GA Vege~.."In along streams was mappeCl;water temperatures recorded nourij.J two days between 1Gam and 4pm at statIons above.on.and belOW :~e ROW,global radfatlon ana screen air temperatures were measured;view factor;shaalng,and energy flux.were calculateo:flow rate was measured;aIla several climatiC ~actors were recorded.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)Stream habitat was dIVerse bUt i'appeared it"lat smal: to medium streams were partlcuJarly sens'tJve when rioanan vegetatlon was removed..Mean temperatures on the r'une streams ranged from ~O.3 oegrees C to almost 3 degrees C and stabilization did nat occur unitl about 50-90m downstream.Repeated broadcast spraymg which ehmlnated protective vegetation resulted in stream temperature rise,rncreased lIght, and accelerated erosion.Unprotected stream crossJng by vehtcles contributed to adverse impacts.Selective spraYing or cutting would protect desirable riparian vegetation.On several streams with brook.trout. tne ROW temperatures reached marginal Imits (over 20 degrees C)and undeSIrable minnows were oDserved. 1482 Impacts of construction activities in wetlands of the United Stales. AUTHOR:DARNELL RM;JAMES 8M;PEQUEGNAT WE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Tereco Corp. SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR,US Env Protection Agency,1976, EPA6B012452.392 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2;C CONTRACT NUMBER:EPA68012452 SPONSOR:US Env Protecton Agency,Office of;Research and Development. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:aQUatic;construction;environmental Impact statement;impact; wettand ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the various types of construction aclivlties -and theIr physical and biological impacts upon wetlands in the US.(Type 01 Research)Literature review and summary.(Methodology)Rev".wed are general physical and biOlogical properties 01 wetlands and the"fiora and fauna;various types of construction activities affecting wetlands and the specHic e"ects.A synthesis,conclusions,and bibliography are presented. (Results and Conclusions)Major constructJ.on activlltes affecting wetlands are floodplain surfacing.drainage,minlng,Impoundments.dredging and channelizatlon,and shoreline construction including bridges.hlghways, pipe and power lines,Each construction actlvity is characterrzed by phySiCal,chemical,and biological alteratIons including habitat loss, addition of suspended solids,and water flow modification. Related impacts include temperattJre,pH and nutrient fluctuations,and poJiutants such as heavy metals and pesticides.These specific effects are ali reviewed for various construction activities. 1483 GUidelines for broadleve!evaluation and contra'selection for non-point 50urce pollution associated with silvicultural activities. AUTHOR:TEW RK SOURCE TITLE:Chapter 1 in Non-POInt Source POllution Prediction Techniques. SOURCE 10:US Forest Service and The Environmental Protection Agency, 1976,FS-EPA Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG-D6-0660. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:62;C4;0 SPONSOR:US Forest Service.;Environmental Protection Agency. REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS:erosion;tores!;Impact;pollution;quality;runoff;silviculture; soil;vegetation;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To estabiish a broad,Viable natural resource framework for major disciplines to relate to in the planning process lor nonpoint sour,...pollution and its control.(Time and Duration)References from 1965 to 1976.(Type Of Research)State-ol-the-art revIew (Methodology)Identifies site conditions for consideration In evaluating nonpoint source pollution.The data base inCludes soil surv~reports and local maps on geology,climate,topography,and vegetation WIth accompanying descriptive material.Poiitical land units are brOKen down !nto natural resource subcllv;sions for nonpoint source pollution planning. An environmentat parameter cheCKlist is used to document characteristics of a planning entity,show where inlormationis miSSing,and relate to impact analyses.(Resulls and ConclUsions)Natural resource base information reJates to env~ronmental impacts associated with sitvjculture primarily in the areas 01 plant productivity potential and surface erosion and runo".Silvjcuitural activities alter a land unit through either removal or modification ot vegetatrve cover or disturbance of the soil and litter layer whi<:h in turn change many physical and biological processes primarily associated with the hydrologic cycle.These process changes - ..... - - - .... ".. - -,, - - ;t!en relale to nonoolnt DollutiOl")M1tlgative and preventive controls. loentlflea as access.tlmoer harvest ana culturaj practIces retateo.are applred to every silvicultural activIty for pollution abatement.Goal attainment !s evaluated by samp{mg water quality parameters and organlsms In tne aquatic ecosystem 1484 Certain ecological e"ects 01 high-vollage power lines. AUTHOR:HYLTENCAVALLlUS N AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Hydro-Ouebec. SOURCE 10:Varennes.Queb~c.Hydro·Quebec Institue 01 Research,1975, Report IREQ11S0,81 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B2 REGION:Applicable to entire UMed States KEYWORDS:ecology;electrostatic;impact;ozone;right·of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe certain ecological Impacts of high vo~tage power lines and substations related to ozone production and electrostatIc flelds.(Type of Research)Literature revIew and some research (ResuilS and ConclUSions)A summary of well-established knowledge concerning electrostatic fi~ds ~ndlcates there is no direct effect however,stress changes may be caused In workers at switch yards.EHect of high voltage lines on the public is neghgible. Precautions could reduce eHects on switchyard workers.Ozone production by power lines appears to be negligible. B2a -Water 1485 Evaluation 01 pipeline impacts on wetlands (draft). AUTHOR:MI PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI PUbJlC Service CommiSSion SOURCE 10:Lansing,MI,MI Public Service COmmIS$IOn,1978,69 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1978 CATEGORY:B2a REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Michigan:Mlnneseta;Wlscons," KEYWORDS:compaction;ecosystem;erosion;Impact;SOil;wetiand ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the Impact of plpeijne construction on wetlands,particularly the rate and degree of wetiand rehabilitation after pipeline construction.(Time and Durabon)One-year study,(Type of ResearCh)Original research (field stUdy),(MethOdology)All existing pipeline crossings in the Northern Niagaran Trend which pass through wetlands were systematically surveyed to evaluate the impact of construction on wetlands.particularly the rate and degree of wetland renabllitatlon since pipehne construction.This rehabilitation was eva~uated with respect to the vegetative community,ROW width and Orientation, age of construction.and general maintainence activities.In addition,three conifer swamps were used for a study using strip transects to measure the change In growth rates of dominant species.density and wildlife use. (Results and Conclusions)Pipeline d,sturbance in wetiands affects soil, water.vegetatfon.and w~ldlite.Shrub swamps were less vulnerable to dieback,windttlrow and sunscald than COnifer swamps.Cedar,spruce and birch were more setlsi!'Jve than fir.ash.maple Or aspen to disturbance from dieback,wiodthrow and sun scald.Drainage problems were evident on 58 percent of the crossings and otten contributed to retrogressive vegetation changes.Disruption of normal groundwater movement caused long-term pondlng and progressive dieback of existing coniferous swamps and subsequent invasion of marSh or shrub swamp species.Vegetation impacts were less when pipelines were Oriented in an east-west direction,and where widths were narrow. 1486 Evaluation 01 pipeline crossing impacts on stream environments (draft). AUTHOR:MI PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI Public Service Commission SOURCE 10:Lansing.MI,MI Public Service Commission,1978,64 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1978 CATEGORY:B2a REGION,Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;impact;sediment transport;sedimentation;stream ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To compare the amount of sediment load and associated changes in streambed particle size composition from three different methods of stream crossing with pipelines.(Time and Duration) One-year study,(Type Of Research)Orig,nal research (field study). (MethodOlogy)Each of three streams was crossed using a diHerent method.In the Open Cut method,diggIng was done directly in the stream;in the Flume method,the ditch was dug under the flume pipe;in the Plow Method,two bulldozer crosses of the stream _re required (the first "breaks"a track through the streambed and the second pulls the pipeline through the broken ground).The sediment ioad and associated Changes In streambed particle size composition were measured.(Results and Conclusions)Where all other factors offer no selectivity,streams n 5~ B2a •Water 1488 snouid be crossed where the vegetafl\l~canopy IS densest Limit use of saCKrete to 'mgh-graolent streams subject to severe iioodmg.or to areas where soil IS extremely unstable.Siope the streamoank at the rate of one vertical part to two nOrlzontal parts to preven1 stabiJlzatlon matenals from tumblmg Into the stream.Return the stream to rts pre~constructlon wldtt: ana depth after constructiOn.To prevent disruotlon of oank stabBlzatlon matenals.vegetation.ana stream cllsturbance,o!scourage venicular use o! the ROW by leaving stumps and brusn in the ROW after constructlcn, and by fenCing steep hillSides With swmp fences or w~re fences ana SIgns. 1487 Recovery 01 a delorested ecosystem. AUTHOR;BORMANN FH:LIKENS GE;PIERCE RS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Cornell Umv.Yale Univ.US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:SCience. SOURCE JO:199(3):492-496,1978. YEAR PUBLISHED:1978 CATEGORY:82a;B2b;C4 REGION:Northern Harowoods •Spruce Forest STATE:New Hampshire KEYWORDS:biomass;clearcutting;ecosystem;torest;impact;nutnent removal;watershed ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaiuate the recovery of a deforested ecosystem after the vegetation was allowed to regrow,and to relate these findings to the effects of commercial cl.earcuttlngs.(Time and Duration)1965 to 1976 -11 years (Type of ResearCh)Original field research (MethodOlogy) This long-term experJment was conducted in a rlorthern hardwood watershed-ecosystem at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire.In 1965,all trees were feiled and left in place;no roads or skid trails were made and no wood products were removed.VegetatIve regrowth was suppressed with heroicides for the first three growmg seaSons,then aliowed to regrow,Effects on hydrology.biogeochemistry and aboveground biomass production were evaluated lor 10 years and compared with an adjacent undisturbed SO-year old forest.Eight commercially clear-cut forests were studied for 4 years after cutting to determme how reSUlts compared WIth the experimentally cut watershed. (ResUlts and Conclusions)Deforestation had a major impact on both the amount and relative proportions of water.diSSOlved substances,and . particUlate matter lost from the ecosystem.Substances in dratnage water increased due to accelerated decompOSItion.nitrification.and minerallZalion in the forest floor;and the absence of nutrtent uptake by vegetation.Some ecosystem parameters returned to previous levels wHhin 3 or 4 years after regrowth was permitted.Over the 10-year period after cuWng,about 499 kg of nitrate N,450 kg of Ca.and 166 kg of K per hectare were lost in stream water.During the same period,oniy 43 kg nitrate N.131 kg Ca,and 21.7 kg K per hectare were lost from the adjacent forest.Commercial Clear~cuts showed Increased concentration of nutrients in stream watef ranging up to 50%of those from the experimentally cut watershed.Both experimental and commercJal clear- cuts showed greater losses of nutrlents and organic matter than forested areas.More tnan 65 years may be requtred to replace biomass and nutrients lost in harvesting. 1488 Wisconsin pathologist lests etlects 01 dioxin. AUTHOR:COBERLY C AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univof WI. SOURCE TITLE;Sea Grant 70s, SOURCE 10;7(5(:6-7,1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY;B2a SPONSOR;Univ of WI Sea Grant College Program. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;dioxin;herbicides;impact;mammals;persistence;poisen; pollution,water;teratogen;toxicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on eHects 01 small daily doses of dioxin, 500 parts per trillion,on female rhesus monkeys,and to speculate on the possibility of significant levels of dioxin in the Great Lakes,particularly In Lake Ontario,(Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type of Research) Original research (laboratory).(MethodOlogy)Female rnesus monkeys were fed small daily doses of diOXin for a period of nine monthS.After being kept on the diet for six months,the eight anlmais were bred. (ReSUlts and Conclusions)Of the five monkeys which conceived,four aborted in the second month of pregnancy.Within three months the animals began to iose hair and eyelashes,and developed serious skin problems.Five monkeys out of eight eventually died due to almost complete lack of both red and white biood cells,and the remaining animals showed similar symptoms.In View of these findings.the researcher believes that it is necessary to re-evaluate the use of compounds containing dioxin and especially the means of preventing their escape into the environment.Dioxins persist in the environment for long periods and eventually accumulate at the top of the food chain, 85 B2a -Water 1488 1489 Implications 01 forest management practices on (he aquatic environment. AUTHOR:CORBETT ES:HOCPES R;LYNCH JA AUTHOR AFFILIATION PA S:",e UnlY.US Forest Service P';Fish Comm. SOURCE TITLE Flsherres SOURCE 10 2(2)16-22.197; YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY;B2a;C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Unite·::S,,,,es KEYWORDS:clearcutrrng:env ~onment:ffsh:forest:mar.ageme"'!t:nutrients: quality;nparran;stream;te!T!:Jerature;turbidity;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To formulate the probable effects of tlmeer harvesting on flshenes.(Time and Duration)References from 1950 to 1976.(Type at Research)Uterature review.(Methodology)Probable effects are evatuated on the basis that each species of fish ""as a part~cular set of environmental condttions and habitat prefer-anc:es that are optrmal for its maintenance.Major stream parameters which were reviewed to ascertarn proba.bie effects of vegetabon management were water temperature,stream turbidity and sed'mentation,nutnent concentration.aUochthonus organic detritus.and streamflow.Each parameter review is foUoweo with a discussion of its implications on fisheries.(Results and Conclusions)Removal at torest cover.especially clearculling and reduction of riparian vegelation,may affect aQUatic environments and fisheries through increased streamflow,higher stream temperature.nutrient loading and eutrophication.turbidity.and reduced organic detritus.Streamtlow increases and nutrient loading are usually short-term effects that return to pre-culling ievels following revegetahon. Timber cutting alone has lillie effect on turbidity.but cutllng combined With improper loggtng or road construction causes water quatity deterioration.RemovaJ of nparian vegetation reduces organ,le detritus,a food source 10r aquatic H1vertebrates,and alters inverteorate species composrtion and availability of terrestrla~insects,Riparian cover is critically important in trout flshehes.Use at buffer stnps along streams and partial dearcutting are effective in protecting streams. 1490 Long-term e"ecls 0'repeated logging on an Appalachian stream. AUTHOR:AUBERTIN GM:PA TRIC JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Forest Service;;Southern IL Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:75(8);492-494.1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B2a:B2b;C4 REGION;Mixed Mesophytic Forest STATE:West Virginia KEYWORDS.forest;Impact:logging:stream:streamflow;temperature; turbidity;water quality;waterSheds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report some effects on soil ana water resources of timber culling as practlceo by eas1ern loggers since the turn at the century.(Time and Duration)1901 to 1975:75 years.(Type at Research) ReView at early rep0rlS and current research data.(MethodOlogy)The authors present information on logging history and stream effects from 1901 to 1975 for Watershed 2.predominated by oaks and maples.at the Fernow Experimemal Forest in north-central West Virginia The stream draining Watershed 2 has been gaged since 1951 and cutting effects on flow were computed by the unit watershed approach using an adjacent fully forested watershed as an untreated control.Watershed 2 was logged tour times during the past 75 years;between 1901 and 1911. dUring World War II.1958,and 1972.Diameter-limit harvesting at trees 17 or more inches in diameter was employed in 1958 with unplanned logging roadS and in 1972 with caretully lcealed roads and skid trails. Effects measured were streamflOW,turbidity.temperature,pH.specific conductance.alkalinity.and 12 individual Ion.(Resutts and ConClusions) Effects at old-groWfh logg.ng on water can o."y be surmised;reports at 1933 note that erosion on ttle forest had not been excessive.Twenty-five years atter logging streamflow was apparentty sufficient in volume and quality to meet domesbc and recreational needs.The diameter-limit cut of 1958 increased streamtlow by 2.5 and 1.4 inches during the first and second years alter culling.respectively.increased turbidity due to erosion from a skid trail along the stream channel,and increased water temperature by 1.6 and 0.7 degrej!S F in the first and second years.No eHect at culling persisted for more than two years.The 1972 diameter- Jim,t cut.with carefully located skid trails.caused a siight first-year Increase in streamflow.0.8 inch,b~t all effects on water quality were negligib!e.The watershed continues to produce water that reqUires minimum treatment to meet local domestic needs and the stream is still heavily fished tor brook trout. 86 1491 Shrub plantings lor erosion control in eastern washington P1'ogress and research needs. AUTHOR:KLOCK GO:MASON LL;TIEDEMANN AR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Portland.OR,US Forest Service.PaCifiC Norlnwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,1976.Research Note PNW279.11 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2a:B2b REPORT NUMBER:PNW279 REGION:Ponderosa Prne-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Wasnlngton KEYWORDS:erOSion:erosion control;planting:shrUbS'.vegetation ABSTRACT:(P~rpose)To repM on experience from planting native snruos for erosion contrOl on National Forests in eastern Washington.(Time and Duration)Four-year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research (field stUdy).(Methodology)IN August 1975.SUrvival measurements and vigor estimates were made on 14 species of shrubs planted on road cuts and fill slopes between 1971 and 1973 on Nationai Forests in eastern Washington.One-year old.bare-root shrub seedilngs were used. Seedlings were planfed with a flat spade from an aluminum extension ladder laid upslope.Organic matter and plant nutrient content were extremely Iowan all Planting sites.(results and Conclusions)The average survival at these 14 species ranged tram 37 to 53 percent and was better at low than high elevations and greater on fill slopes than cut slopes.Of the specres planted.blue elderberry.bush penstemon,wild rose,and serviceberry had the highest sUlVivals.Vigor at blue elderberry and penstemon was good.but vigor of wild rose and selViceberry was only fair to poor.8rlterbrush.squaw carpet ceanothus and snowberry su""wd well on tiU slopes.but not on cut slopes due to their being covered by ravelling soil material 1492 Forests and rangelands as sources of chemical pollutants. AUTHOR:MOORE DG:NORRIS LA AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Forest Service.Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Siatlon. SOURCE TITLE:Non-Point Sources at Water Pollution. SOURCE 10:Corvallis.OR,OR State Unlv.1976.17-35 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2a:B2b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:fertilization:forest:herbicides:pollution.water;range;runoff. storm:spray drilt;2.4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To diSCUSS non-point sources at water pollution .~sing examples at herbidie spraylngs to forest and rangelands and water pollution from fertilIzatIon of forest and agncultural lands.(Time and Durantion)Examples cited Irom studies covering a 10-year period.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Forest stream contamination by herblcdes in Oregon is reviewed covering the topics: direct application or drift of Merbicides to streams and movement of chemicals tram treated areas to streams.Effects of fertilization of forested watersneds are also discussed,although It IS pOinted out that most literature concerning ttJe effects of fertilization on water quajity deal with farm fertilization.not forest tertilization.(Results and Conclusions) The forest floor IS a large reservo"of potential stream pollutants.Any amount of chemical that has not been degraded,volatililed,or absorbed is avai{able for reaching or surface runoff.The mechanism by which chemicals are moved from spray deposits to a stream may be visualized as two competing reactions:leaching and surface runoff.Rainfall that is not lost through evaporation either enters the soil profile or runs over the surface.In either case.it carnes surface deposited chemicals either in solution or as suspended mailer.In general.where the water goes the chemical alSO goes,but not as fast.Numerous factors which influence the distribution of water between surface now and infiltration are discussed. 1493 Herbicides and higher plant ecology. AUTHOR:CHANCELLOR R;WAY J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Monks Wood Exp Station.England, SOURCE TITLE:Pages 345-372 in Herbicides;physiology.biochemistry, ecology (volume 2). SOURCE 10:New York.NY.Academic Press.1976.564 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY;B2a REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;ammals.aquatic;herbIcides;plants ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss herbicides and higher plant ecology With reference to grasslands,aquabc ecosystems and torest ecosystems.(Time and Duration)Literature review spanning 25 years.(Type of Research) Literature review.(Melf1Odology)The au1hors discuss herbicides and higher plant ecology tor arable land,unimproved and improved grassland, aquatic ecosystems.herbIcides in forestry and woody plant control.and military uses.(Results and Conclusions)Over relatively short periods herbicides do not appear to change the number at weed species in a - - -. - B2a -Water 1497 -- ,~ tie~d very much.but over ~onger peflods they might.To be vUlnerable to local extln=non a weed would have 10 be 'tiery susceptible to widely-used "erbicides and nave very short-h'ied seeds.The ;nost far reachmg effects 01 tne aquatic use of herbicides are associated with the death of macroptlyt1C ....egetation.Withn limits the nature of the chemical itself is transltlonai and unimportant.The effects of removal of macrophytes on the dlsapcearance,migratlon to other habitats and increased predation of aquatIc Invertebrates due to loss 01 co....er have been recorded. 1494 HydrolOgic response to silvieultural activities. AUTHOR:LEAF CF;TROENDLE CA SOURCE TITLE:Chapter 2 In Non-POint Source Pollution Predicttoo Techniqu~. SOURCE 10:US Forest Service and The Environmental Protection Agency, 1976,FS-EPA Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG-D6-0660. YEAR PU8LISHED:1976 CATEGORY'82a:C4:D SPONSOR:US Foresl Service.;Environmental PTotectlon Agency. REGION:Apphcaole to entire United Sta,es STATE:Unite<l Slates KEYWORDS:evapotranspiration;forest:hydrologic CyCle;impact;infiltration; Interception;precipitation;silviculture;soil moisture;water;yield ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Detenninabon of procedures to evaluate hydrologic impacts of silvicultural activities with national applicabUity.(Time and Duration)literature from 1940 to 1976.(Type 01 Research)Stat.of-the- art revi<!W.(Methodology)Procedures to evaluate hydrologic response to si,",cultural activities'are presented in three parts:overview of the hydrolOQlc cyc~,hydrOlogic impacts,and hydrologic analysis.The hydrologic cycle is used to develop a base for diSCUSSing general processes ,rl'YCAved in the precipitation-runoff regime.Hydrologic parameters are quantified as simple mathematical equations that link basic vegetatlon-soil-water processes and identity the resultant effects of Silvicultural activities on these dynamic and interactive processes.Upon complellon of the nalional evaluation,areas of hydrologic similarities will be grouped ~nto homogeneous regions and the materiat presented by regiOns in a handbOok.(Results and Conclusions)The hydrologic cycle can be reduced to Key processes which man can affect.A major abstracbon to precipitation is canopy interception.Canopy removal permits more precipitation tto strike the ground,but good litter c""er and soil structure atfow water to infiltrate.Surlace disturbance affects these processes and alters the pathway of water 1Io the stream channel.Basic hydrologic processes such as precipitatiOn.snowmelt,infiltration.and evapotranspiration are related by equation to forest cover density and soil conditions to predict soU-water regimes and water yield respon$es due to sitvicultural activities.These activities ate expressed in terms of changes in soil-water-vegetation characteristics and resultant hydrologiC changes;specifically evapotranspirat~on changes,soil moisture status.and water ~ield volume and timing. 1495 Guidelines 101'quantillcatlon of nutrients resultln9 from sllvlcultural activities. AUTHOR:CRUMRINE JP;CURRIER J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Chapter 5 of Non-Point Source Pollution Predict.on Techniques. SOURCE 10:US Forest Service and The EnVIronmental Protection Agency, 1976,FS-EPA Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG·D6-0660. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2a;B2b:C4 SPONSOR:US Forest Service~Environmental Protection Agency. REGION:Applicable 1Io entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:erosion;eutrophication;forest;impact;nitrogen;nutrients; phosphorus;Quality;silviculture;stream;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To develop guidelines on nutrient loading,Insoluble and SOluble components.and impacts.on stream water chemistry from sil,"cuttural activities.(Time and Duration)Literature from 1961 to 1975, (Type of Research)State-of-th.art review.(Methodology)Nutrient loading evaluation was presented as process evaJuation models for forested areas.Organic nitrogen and total phosphOrus were based on the sediment loading function derived from a modification of the Universat Soil Loss Equation.Corcentration of lotaf nitrogen and phosphorus in surface soil was obtained from existing maps or local Soil Conservation Service.SolUble ,"organic nitrogen,003 and NH4,was based on the Crumrin.O'Hayre model which appe.ared best lor application nationally. (Resulls and Conclusions)Silvicultural activities atlecl biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and cations by altering the total nutrient capital Of the Site througll timber harvesting,fire,or fertilization and by altering the rate of organic matter decomposition, surface erosion,or ion exchange. Nttrogen and phosphorus are the nutrients of most concern w~th respect to water poIlubon and eutrophication.Nitrogen in the soil is pllmarily organically bound an~'s not readily transported.Ammonium and nitrate nitrogen are readily transported In solution but maKe up only a small proportion of total nitrogen.Phosphorus is present in the soil in organic or inorganic form.Tne-orimary mode 01 transport of organic nitrogen and total pnosphorus IS Via sur1ace eroSion 1496 Guidelines for quantification of temperature,dissolved oxygen, and organic matter changes resulting from silvicultural activities. AUTHOR;CRUMRINE JP;CURRIEI'!J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Chapter 7 In Non-POint Source Pollution Prediction Techniques. SOURCE 10:US Forest Service and The ~nwonmental ProteCllon Agency. '976,F5-EPA Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG·D6-0660. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:82a;C4;0 SPONSOR:US Forest Service.;Environmental Protection Agency. REGION:Applicable to entire Uniled States STATE;United States KEYWORDS,dissolved oxygen;forest;organiC matter;quality;silviculture; stream:temperature~water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate impacts of silvicultural activities on stream temperature.dissol....ed oxygen and organic matter.(Time and Duration)Literature from 1963 to 1975 (Type of ResearCh)State-of-the- art review (Methodology)Temperature and dissolved oxygen evaluatlor, was limited to process Simulation models for forested areas.Temperature Change,in the theoretical model,is the product of stream exposed to sunUghl from cutting times intensity of heating diviOed by stream discharge.In a modification,temperature change in percent 's equal to the ratio lenglh of stream e"posed to the total length of stream above lower point of disturbance times 100.Temperature change is converted by a constant to degrees and the eq"ation IS used to determine allowable amount of stream exposed by harvesting.Dissolved oxygen can be directly linked to changes in stream temperature.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Removal 01 shading vegetabon by harvestirl9 causes Increased stream temperature due to Increased heating from solar radiation.The magnitude of impact is a function of amount of canopy removed,length of time of full exposure,stream width and discharge. and initial temperature.High temperature can directly kill fiSh,aecrease diSSOlved ox;ygen and increase fisn susceptibility to disease,and indirectly alter community cornpcsiliOn.Organic matter Introduced into torest streams can at tlmes cause decreased oxygen levels depending on amount of organIc debns,formation of pools by blocking channels,and pertod of time debris exists In the stream. 1497 Preliminary proposal lor stream cnannel erosIon,deposition and transport evaluation and associated sediment discharge due to silvlculturai activities. AUTHOR:ROSGEN 0 AUTHOR AFFILIATfON:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Chapter 8 in Non-Point Source Pollution P,edicbon TechniQ1jes. SOURCE 10:US Foresl Service and The Environmental Protection Agency, 1976,F5-EPA Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG-D6-0660. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:82a;C4:0 SPONSOR:US Forest Service.:EnVIronmental Protection Agency. REGION:Applicable to enbre United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:deposition:erosion;forest:quaj!ty;sediment;sediment transport;silvicuiture;stream;water ABSTRACT:(Purpcse)To describe an analytical process to quantify stream channel derived sediment and sediment production increases associatea with siMcultural acti,"t'es.(Time and Duration)Literature frcm 1953 to 1976 (Type of Research)State-of-the-art review.(Methodology) Techniques were designed to Show changes in se<liment prOduction increases as a result of various attered management practices and management controls by local regressions using site specific inlormation including.water qualIty.The technique was adapted for streams of 3rd order or less.The basic analysis procedure utilizes the sediment rating curve approach.A flow chart framewOrk metnod is applie<l to indicate the lnterrelabonshlp between sediment derived fwm the surface erosion processes.mass wastmg.roads and other direct ,,;.ontribuDons versus the Changes in sediment from ..stream channels in response to stream~flow changes.(ResUlts and Conclusions)One of the mast Significant water Quality changes aSSOCiated with siivicultural acbvities is that of accelerated ;norganic sediment production.If down wasting rates are accelerated and/or the hydrologIC regimen altered by sllvicullural activities,tota}sediment production is increased at an exponential rate.In analyses of maior processes inVOlved,stormflow and snowmelt runoff are the major driving mechamsms.The analysis framework is conducted in steps to determine:1}changes in streamflow for a given actIVity,2}a sediment rating curve from suspended se<liment data,3)pr.and post- treatment secbment production from the channel,4)introduced sediment trom surface eroSion and roadS,5)total suspende~sediment,6}bed load,and 7}modifiers of stability or rating curves. 87 B2a •Water 11197 1498 Sediment prediction in wildland environments:A review AUTHOR.FALLETTI DA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:SoH Erosion'Predlctron and Controif SOURCE 10:AnKeny.IA.Sot!ConservatIon SocIety of Amenca.1976,183- 192 p. YEAR PUBLISHED,1976 CATEGORY:B2a:B2b;C4 REPORT NUMBER:21 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:erOsion'.forest;models;rangeland;sedIment ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the assessment of nonpoint water poHutlon as it relates to erOSIOn and sedtment prediction iTom Torest and rangeland,referred to as wtldland.environments.(Time and Duration)38 references from 1954 10 1976.(Type of Research)Lileralure review (Methodology)The relative importance at various relationships in non point sources of pollutlon were determined by independent evaluation 01 water quality parameters and land management activities.Individual parameter/activity relationships were ranked relabve to thell potential tor water quality degradation using four calegories:high.medium,low.and negligible.EXIsting models were evaluated lor predicling nonpoint pollution from wildlands.Physical models related to surface runoff. erOSIon,and s'drmentation discussed were streamnow,surtace erosion. channel erosion.mass movement.and total sediment output.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Most existing sediment models deal with surface erosion and were developed fO(agricultural lands.The review did not find any process-oriented models that predict sedimentation from unstable channelS or mass-wasting sources.Total sediment output has been described mainly by regional regression models that may be difficult to retate to management aUernativ-es.In ·many wildland environments channel erosion and/or mass wasting,rather than surface erosion,are the domInant sediment-producing processes.A comprehensive sediment- loading model IS needed to provide a physical basis 10 evaluate ltle initial effects and trends in recovery time for massive site disturbances as well as the direct and secondary effects of vegetative manipulation in a wifdland environment 1499 Water management practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats. AUTHOR:CAROTHERS SW:JOHNSON RR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Museum of Northern AZ.;Nat Pari<Service. SOURCE nTLE:Symposium on Managemenl of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds.May 6-9.1975. SOURCE 10:1975.210-222 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1975 CATEGORY:B2a REGION:Juniper-Pmyon Woodland +Sagebrush-Saltbush MosaiC STATE: Arizona KEYWORDS:birds:ecosystem;environmental change;habital;habitat change;habitat manipulation;impact;management riparian:water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the Impact of water managemenl practices on bird habitat and consequentIal effects on number of species and population densities found in various habitat 'types.(Time and DuratIon)A diSCUSSion ot llndmgs of other researchers covering a 50 year penod.(Type of Research)Lilerature survey.(Meltlodology) Literature reView.(Results and Conclusions)01 the range habitats discussed,the graSSlands nave probably been most modified by man and his domestic herbivores.Species diversity and population densities discussed in ltlis paper indicate low numbers of animals for the rang!' habitats when compared with westem coniferous loresls or eastern deciduous hardwood forests.Urban siauations iii the southern desert Shrub otten support populations several times that of ltle original native habitat Water management and salvage projecls have endangered riparian ecosystems of the Southwest,where the highest population densities for non-eolonial nesting birds in North America are recorded. 1500 Loggl!roads and protection of water quality. SOUR '"10;Seattl!',WA,Environmental Protection Agency.1975. EPA9109750D7.312 p. YEAR PUBlIS:-lEO:1975 CATEGORY:B2a;82b;C2 SPONSOR:Environmental Protection Agency REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Alaska;Idaho; Oregon;Washington KE'IWORDS;erosion;forest;logging;pollution;quality;roads; sediment;silViculture;water ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To provide a reference on the protection at water Quality in planning.designing,constructing. reconstructing,using,and maintaining logging roads in EPA Region X.(Time and DuratiOn)References from 1940 to 1974. 88 (Type of Research)State-of-the-art review.(Methodology)ThiS report deals speCifically with logging roads which constitute an important aspect of silvicultural activities in Region X;Idaho, Oregon.Washington.and coastal Alaska.It is organized in two parts.Part one describes physical features of Region X including physiography and salls,geology.climate,and forest statistics;effect of logging roads on water quality;and surveillance ana monitoring of non-point sources of pollution. Part two covers engineering criteria for planning.design, construction.and maintenance of logging haul roads directed toward sediment minimization.Specific criteria,procedures.and alternatives are presented for reducing degradation of water Quality.(Results and Conclusions)Of all silvicultural actiVities. improperly constructed and inadequately maintained logging roads are conceded to be the principal man-caused source of sediment.Significant amounts of sediment reach streams by road surface erosion and mass soil movement.Many mass failures are associated with lack 01 drainage design.Minimizing surface erosion and sediment transport begins with the appropriate treatment or design 01 slope protection,and continues with the necessary attention to ditch size,lining. culvert intakes.culvert integrity,and culvert outlets.Under most conditions vegetative or other forms of permanent cover are essential to prevent excessive surface erosion from cut and fill slopes.Mulches,chemical soil stabilizers,or mechanical meaSllres are necessary to prevent high initiai soil loss during vegetation establishment 1501 Effects of timbe'harvesting and related management practices on water quailty in fOfested watersheds. AUTHOR:SOPPER WE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Slate UntV. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Environmental Quality SOURCE ID;4(1 ):24-29,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY;B2a;B2b:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearcutting;fertilization;forests;herbicides;Impacl; management;nutrient loss:quahly:waler:watersheds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provIde a panorama of the types of water quality investigations currently underway on forested walersheds throughout Ihe US.(Time and Duration)22 references from 1963 to 1975.(Type of Research)Review of selecled studies.(Methodology)This review summarizes the adverse effects that three major forest land managemenl activities -timber harvesting.fertilizatiOn,and use of herbiCIdes -may have on waler Qua lily.Resuits are based on seleCled expert mental watershed "vestlgalions conducled in MT.NC.NH OR,P....WA.and WV.Impacts considered are erosion and turbidily,water lemperature, nutrient diSCharge,and water contamination from fertllizers and herbicides.(Reaults and ConclusJons)Most erosion and water turbIdity problems are Iraced to loggmg roads Of olher soil dislurbances which can be minimized by applYing technology developed lor loggIng road location and construction in 'Variou5 forest regIons.Forest cover removal may increase mean water temperature bY 4 10 8 degrees and affect nativl!fish populations and other aquatic life;impacts which can be avoided by leaving a narrow strip of vegetalion along stream channels. Dramatlc increases in nutrient losses were reported following drastic clearculling ana herbicide devegetatlon for 3 years at Hubbard Brook, NH.Nulrient losses from conventional clearcuts and slrtp culling were considerably tess in the same r-egion.In contrast.nutrient losses foUowin9 c1earcutting in other regions at Ihe US were small to negligible and did not reduce waler qualily below drinking wafer standards.The Hubbard Brook wale<shed study was considered atypical.Nitrogen concentrations in streams may increase due to fertilization,but it only persists for a short time and generally is belOW PubliC Health Drinking Water Limits. Herbicides if applIed carefUlly to avoid drift or direct contact wilt1 streams at recommended rates do not impair water Qualily. 1502 Management a.phreatophyle and riparian vegetation for maximum multiple use values. AUTHOR:CAMPBELL CJ;HORTON JS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Fort Collins.CO.US Forest Service,1974,ResearCh Paper RM117.23 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:t974 CATEGORY:82a RE;GION:Applicable 10 entire United States STATE:Arizona;New Mexico; Texas - '""" - - - - » - - - KEYWORDS conservation:managemen~:multiple use:nparlan:vegetatlor: water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summanze tne knowledge about environmental relatlons 01 vegetation along water courses In the southwestern Umted States ana Impacts of vegetation management to reduce evaaotransplrauon on other resource values.(Type of Research) Literature review.(Metnodology)The authors discuss measurement and evaluatIon of water ~osses from mOIst-site vegetation;ecological relationship Including community changes and species characteristics; other resource uses of phreatophyte areas such as development of farms and grazing lands.Wildlife,flood control.recreation.and preservatIon of natural conditions:ana control of vegetation by mechaniCal and chemical means.An extensive titerature rev{eW IS included,(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Optimum management of moist..site areas,wnether dominated b¥salt,cedar,cottonwood or other riparian species.requires careful conSideration of both environmental factors and the economic needs of the area,Seldom are areas best managed by devoting the land to a s~ngle use,as compromise management will usuaHy return the greatest economic value.Only rarely in the Southwest are there phreatophyte areas that would be best managed by complete preservation.Examples are areas of cottonwood and other native species in southern portions of AriZona,which ShOUld definitely be set aside as natural areas. 1503 Ecological and environmental considerations In rights-ol-way. AUTHOR:WILLARD BO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Council on Env Quality. SOURCE 10:7-13,1973 (August), YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B2a;B2b:B2c:B2d REGION:AppliCable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ecological;ecology:ecosystem;environment;plann,"g: prinCiples:restoration;right-of-way;stability ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss ecological and environmental considerations in estabUshing ROWs so as to integrate the necessary human activities into the exis1:ing living systems with the least possible damage and loss,perhaps even with enhahcement of those systems. (Type of Research)A review of ecological principles and terminology, (Methodology)The author reviews ecological terminology and principles, ano poonts out what can be done In regard to right-of-way planning and development to better use ecological principles,(ReSUlts and ConclUSions) Suggestions in ROW planning inclUde:developing a sense of the first princ,ple of ecology "everything affects everything else";build ecological reconnatssance and information into planning at the earliest point: develop ,nstallahon techniques that will alter the ecosystem as little as pOSSible:locate the ROW in the tranSition zone between two ecosystems; choose grass or shrub communities over forests,as they will need less clearing or toppIng;seiect agricultural land Wherever possible,as the grOWing of crops can continue with little change;choose dtstUfbed ecosystems over mature.stabte ones,Usa helicopters for installations whenever pOssibje. 1504 Fish and Wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects. AUTHOR:DILLON OW JR:MARRIAGE LO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Soli Conservation Service. SOURCE TITLE:Wildlife &Water Management:Striking a Baiance, SOURCE 10:Ankeny.lAo Soil Conservation Society of America,1973,43-48 p, YEAR PUBLISHEO;1973 CATEGORY:B2a REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:fish;habitat:improvement;management;natural resources; rec(eation;reservoir;sedimentation;stream;watershed;wildlife ABSTRACT:To show how watersheds can be developed'and managed to offer significant and varied fish and wildlife opportunities, Recommendations and examples,(ResUlts and ConclUSions)Watershed programs offered under Watershed Protection and Flooo Prevenbon Act of 1954 have aided materially in meetin9 increased demands of hunting and fishing,Considerations have included;controllIng sedIment by means of land treatment and structural measures;estabiishing and maintaining fish and fisheries in reservotrs;Improving natural lakes by improving water I~IS;stream improvement for fish;providing passage for anadromous and migratory fish;mampulating water quality by alterahon of outlet structures. 1505 Some environmental benelils Df herbicides. AUTHOR:BARRONS KC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE; Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:29(1):30-32,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 B2a -Water 1507 CATEGORY:B2a B2b REGJON:ApPlicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:beneflts;envIronment;haoltat;nerblcldes;Impact;water; "",ddlite:yIeld ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To pain!out some benefits,other tnan those traditIonally considered.ot usmg herblciaes.(Type of Research)Lllerature reView,(Metnodology)Envffonmental beneflts of herbicide use are C1scussed including:contributIon to the crop Yield revolution.soit fertlllty Improvement,range and pasture management.water conservation.and wildlife habitat improvement These are discussed to emphasize that tne deCIsion ot whether or not to use herbicides should be based on many tactors,rather than on econormc factors alone.(Results and ConClUSions) Trade-arts must be considered In deciding on the deSirability of any method of vegetation control;they all have demonstrable environmental eHects.whether they Involve cutting,tiUage,burning,or the use of herbIcides.Benetits and detriments must both be entered in the ledger if an accurate balance sheet is to emerge and wise decisions made. 1506 The effect Df slrip-c:ulting on slream temperatures in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire. AUTHOR:BURTON TM;LIKENS GE AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Cornell Univ. SOURCE TITLE;BioScience, SOURCE 10:23(7):433-435,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY;B2a REPORT NUMBER:HBES51 SPONSOR:Nat Science Foundation, REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:New Hampshire KEYWORDS:buffer zone;canopy;clearing;community structure:Impact; no·cut area;stream;temperature ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To determine the effect of forest canopy removal on stream temperature,(Time and Duration)July 1971 •2 hours;August 7, 1971 -?hours;October 21-26,1971 -120 hours;July 18,1972 - 1 hour,(Type of Research)Original and liferaturerevlew,(Mett1Qdology)A small watershed was diVIded Into horizontal stnps 25m wide;every third strip was logged commercially in 1970.In lower reaches,a 10m strip of trees was lett on each side of stream.Temperature was measured In thls fast·flowing stream in each cut and unCllt stnp 5-10m above the lower edge on a sunny day and a cloudy day in summer,An attempl was made to measure single mass of water with aid of a dye.MaxImum.. minimum thermometers installed in stream fn OctOber.Stud:y~section was 625m,Stream averaged 2,9 in width,(Results and ConclUSions)On a sunny summer day,rapid heating of 4.5 degrees C occurred In cut strips With no buffer zone and subsequent cooling tn uncut Buffered cut strips (10m of trees) showed very little fluctuation.Temperature differential reduced on cloudy day toi 1507 What happens to phenoxy herbicides when applied to a watershed area. AUTHOR:RITIY PM;WINSTON AW JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management SOURCE 10;4(1):12-14,1972, YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY;B2a REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:degradation;herbicides;phenoxies;watershed;2,4-0:2.4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the prodUcts of decomposition of the phenoxy her~ides by soil microflora and the effect of these decomposition products on water supplies,(Time and Duration)One-year study,(Type of Research)Orl9Jhai research (laboratory and field)"'; (Methodology)Laboratory apparatus used consisted of a supply ol" phenoxy solution,',an aerator (since biological oxidation by bacteria occurs generally under aerobic conditions),a settling chamber and proportioning pump to provide conbnuous feed at a set rate.The effluent were collected and Chemically analyzed to determine components or degradation products,In other work,taste and odor studIes were used, (ResUlts and Conclusions)These phenoxy herbicides are decomposed into carbon dioxide,inorganic chloride ions and water.Free pheno!s are decreased,rather than increased,by bacterial degradation and are not the breakdown prodUcts of phenoxy herbicides,Aromatic oils have a much lower taste and odor threshold than the active ingredients in reputabie phenoxy herbicide formUlations.These oils.however,are decomposed even more rapidly than the pl1enoxy components,Therefore, reputable commercial formulations properly applied to watershed areas do not constitute a water pollution hazard ···UPDATE DATE:7B029 CREATE DATE:7B029A 89 B2a·Water 1507 1508 Changes in slreamllow following partial clearcutting on a forested watershed. AUTHOR:LYNCH JA PARTRIDGE DB:SOPPER WE AUTHOR AFFIliATION:PA State Un!v. SOURCE TITLE.Pages 313·320 In Proceedings NatIOnal Symposium on watersneds in TransitIon. SOURCE 10:Amencan Water Resources Assoc.1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:B2a:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:cleanng:forest:Impact:quality:stream:streamflow: remperature;turbidity;water;watershed ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effects on water yield and water quality of clearcutllng the lower slope riparian vegetation of an experimental watershed in cenlral PA.(Time and Duration)1967 to 1971; 4 years.(Type of Research)Original field research.(Methodology)The Leading Ridge Watershed Research Unit,consisting of 3 experimental watersheds.was establisl1ed in an upland oak-hickory forest type of cenlTal PA In 1959.FollOWing a 7-year calibration period.•all timber was removed from the tower one-thlfd of the 106-acre Watershed 2.Cutting was done In the winter and skid trails and loggmg roads were carefully located to reduce disturbance and erosion.AU slash was removed from the stream channel and lopped and scanered.Roads and log loading areas wene limed.fertilized and seeded with ryegrass alter cutting was completed.The c.Iearcut area was sprayed with a mixture of 2.4.5-T and 2.4-0 for 3 years to control stump sprouts.Treatment effects on water quality and quantity were studied for 4 years.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions) Clearcutting one-third of the watershed resulted in annual water yield Increases of 1.25 to 2.89 area-inches in each of 4 years following cutting.Most water yieid increases.0.89 to 2.10 area-incnes.occurred dunng the growing season due to reduced canopy interception and evapotranspiration.Monthly distribution of precipitation.rather than total yearly amount.Influenced magnitude and timing of monthly.seasonal and annual water Yield increases.During the 4-month iogg,ng period,only 8 of 23 turbidity samples exceeded 25 ppm.MaXImum nonstorm and storm turbidity during logging was 175 and 550 ppm.respectively.The adlacent control watershed never exceeded 10 ppm turbIdity.Most turibidity traced to disturbed areas decreased ImmedIately after logging was completed. Clearcutting calJsed an increase of 6 degrees F in maximum water temperature,while rnin.mum temperature was unChanged. 1509 Herbicides and waler quality in American Forestry. AUTHOR:PATRIC JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeast Weed Science Society. SOURCE 10:25:365-375,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:B2a REGION:Applicable to enllre United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:forest:herbiCides:quality:water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the scientific literature and to evaluate the effect of hericldes used in forests on water quality.(Time and Duration) One-year study.(Type of Research)Literature reView.(Methodology) Flfty.four pertlOent articles related to the use of herbiCides on forest lan<1S and their effect on water quality were reviewed.Effects on water quality,non-forestry studies and a discussion with recommendations. (Results and Conclusions)No report suggested that proper herbicide use has limited the usefulness of water In forest streams.Rules for redUClOg water pollution by herbicides are:1)select the least toxic and persistent herbicide that will do the job;2)follow the manufacturer's instructions:3) avoid direct application into streams or on streamside vegetation;4)store or dISPOse of herbiCides where they are least likely to damage water SUPplies;5)re-treat vegetation only as needed to maintain treatment objectives. 1510 Water temperalure in small streams as inlluenced by environmental factars and logging. AUTHOR:BROWN GW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Stale Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Forest Land Uses and SITeam Environment.proceedings of a symposium. SOURCE 10:Corvallis.OR.OR State Univ,1971,175-181 p. YEAR PtlBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:B2a:B2c:C4 SPONSOR:OR State Univ. REGION:Paciflc Forest STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearcutting:clearing;envlfonment;streams;temperature:water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To descnbe the environmental factors which influence the temperature of small forest streams,how these factors are altered by logging,and the effects of logging on stream temperatures. (Time and Duration)4 years;1966-69.(Type of Research)OriglOa'field research.(Methodology)Three watersheds ranging in size from 150 to 90 750 acres received one of the following treatments ciearcut,oaten cut no cuttmg.Tnermograpns were placed at elgnteen stream ',ocatl0ns ana data collecteo tor one year before treatment and tr'uee years aher treatment.(Results and ConclUSions)Clearcut logging can produce large cnanges rn stream temperatures in small forest streams.The pnnclpaf source of heat is d~rect solar radiation.Shade removal may Increase radiation loads by 6 to 7 tImes.Temperature control can best be aChieved by prOVIding shade between the boundary of the clearcut and the stream.Adequate shade may be prOVided by brush species if the stream is small.The changes in water temperature both at the site and downstream can be predicted using the simple equations offered by the author. 1511 The recovery ot damaged streams. AUTHOR:CAIRNS J JR;CROSSMAN JS;DICKSON KL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Polytechnic Institute SOURCE TITLE;Association of Southeastern B,ologisls Bulletin. SOURCE 10:18(3):79-106.1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:82a REGION:Appllcallie to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:degradation;Improvement;pollution:stream ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss factors influencing the rate of recovery and restoration of damaged stream ecosystems..(Time and Duration) Two--year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research (field study). (Methodology)Four streams were stUdied.all located in Virginia.Shock acidilication of a healthy stream was used to study its effects and then the gradual recovery of the aquatic community.Sulfuric acid was poured into the stream correlating this with an ",duced low flowc Macro- invertebrate samples were COllected in both treated and untreated sections Of the stream during the tour weeks before treatment as well as immediatety after acjd addition.PeriodIC sampling waS made thereafter. (Results and ConclUSions)BiologiCal recovery of damaged streams IS a function of the physical.chemical and biological characteristics of the receiVIng stream,the severity and duration of the stress.and the avaji'abil~ty of undamaged areas to serve as sources for recoloniZing organisms.Short term acute stresses,produced by release of aCidic or caustic materials.elicit a response pattern in the macroinverteorate and flsh comm~",lIes typified by an immediate reduction in the number of specimens.When no residUal toxicily is found and there are undamaged areas available to act as a source for reCOlonizing organisms,a rapid recovery occurs. 1512 Streamflow changes aller Iorest clearing In New England. AUTHOR:FEDERER CA;HORNBECK JW.PIERCE RS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE;Water Resources Research. SOURCE 10:6(4):1124-1131.1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:82a REGION:Appllcable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clea"ng:flow:flow alteration;forest:stream ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize and discuss the changes In Quantity and timing of water yield dunng the first three years after clearmg a New Engiand watershed.(Time and Duration)3-year study.(Type of Research) Onginal research (field study).(MethodOlOgy)Two adjoining watersheds were used for this stUdy.Watershed 2.39 acres In area.was cleared; watershed 3,an untreated watershed.is 105 acres ,n area.Both watersheds have southerly aspects and average slopes at 20-30 percent. Watershed 2 was cleared between November 18 and December 31.1965. All trees were felled and lelt in plac&;branches and stems wene lapped to a maximum height at 3 It above ground.Woody regeneration and stump sprouts were treated with herbicide in 1967 and 1968.(Resuits and Conclusions)Clearing a hardwood forest cover and preventing regrowth with herbicides increased annual water yield an average 12.2 area-inches lor the first two water years alter treatment.Most of the increase occurred during the critical low flow months (June through September),and the amOUI1!was governed in targe part by raintall in this' period.There was a small advance Of snowmelt runoff and a consistent increase In growing season high flow values.ThUS,SIzeable streamflow increases can resu-lt from forest clearing ~n the uplands of eastern United States. 1513 Erosion control on logging roadS In the Appalachians. AUTHOR:KOCHENDERFER IN AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service SOURCE 10:Upper Darby.PA.US Forest Service.1970.Research Paper NEl58.28 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:B2a;B2b;C4 REPORT NUMBER:NE158 - - - - ..,,,".------------------ REGION'Applicable to entire United Stares STATE:United States KEYWORDS:erosion;erOSion controL forest logging:roads:seeding ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize what land managers know about preventing and controlling erosion on I,egglng roads In the Appalachians. (Time aM Duralion}Reterences from 1957 to 1968.(Type at Research) Genera!review.(Methodology)The autnor presents a general revIew of erosion problems on logging roads In the Appalachlnas.Eleven publications are fisted in the bibliography but statements in the lext are not.directly referenced.The reYJew mcludes information on what IS known about road system planning,loggfng road location,drainage, mamtenance.traffic regu~ation,care atter logging,and seeding.(Results and Conciuslons}It 15 concluded that the real sources of erosion damage in torest harvestIng are the roads used to remove torest products,Aerial photos and topograph'c maps are recommended tor use ~n planning to avoid damage to other resources.Road grades Should seldom exceed 10%or be less than 3%to provide adequate drainage.Filter strips at undisturbed torest soils at least 100 feet wide should be provided between logging roads and streams.Roads must be adequately drained through proper use of culverts,dips,bridges,and outsloping to reduce erOSion.Periodic road maintenance and regulation of traffic.especla~ly dunng wet periods.is necessary to reduce erosion risk.When logging is completed,road surfaces Should be smoothed to about 3%OU1510pe, drainage structures cleaned,and areas of high erosion hazard seeded with a murture of grass and legumes. B2a -Water 1518 REG10N:Appficaole to entIre Umteo States STATE.Texas KEYWORDS:cnemlcals:herolcldes;picloralT::rU:"'Jff:wate....2,4,5·T ABSTRACT:(Purposej To oetermlne the amount of herblCtde 1n the runoff from small plots following sl'mulated ra~nfaH_(Time and Duration)4 months.(Type of Research)Original.(MethOdoiogy)10'x1 0'tallow and soC plots with slopes of 3%or 8%were treated WIth ,galion of soiutlon of 2,4.5~T,dlcamba.and p1cloram each at rates of 1 or 2 pounds per acre.In one expenment with pJcloram.only upper 506 0 ot piot 'reared. Ail ·plots received a simulateo ramfall of one-half Inch in an hour,24 hours after appticatlon and again four months later.Runoff water was collected and analyses made by 9as chromatography and bioassay uSing 100 ml of run-off on bean seedlings and ooserving subSequent growth. 24 nours after apPlication.losses ot dicamba and plcioram were greater (4 and 3 nmes)from sad plots than from fallow plots while 2.4.5-T losses were about equal.For picloram there was no sign of difference in percent loss from 8%or 3%slope,or In the rale of application. However,the percent at picloram lost decreased when runoff passed oyer untreated SOd,which suggests that the distance between treated area and major water artenes is an imponant pollution consideratIon. Bioassays 24 hours after application resulted in death or altered growth of bean plants.Losses of all herbicides after tour months averaged less than 1%at thai after 24 hours.(There had been 8.5 Inches of natural rainfall in the interim). ..- - 1514 Interaction ot pesticides with aquatic microorganisms and plankton. AUTHOR:ROAN CC;WARE GW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of AZ. SOURCE TITLE:Residue Reviews. SOURCE 10:33:15-45,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:B2a REGtON:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:aquatic;herbicides:life;pesticide;toxiCity;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the l,teratuTe concerning the interacUon of pesticides (Insecbcldes and herbicides primarily)with aquatic microorganisms and plankton.(Type of Research)Literature revIBw. (MethodOl09Y)The authors review .the literature related to the entry of pesUcides into aquatic environments;toxicity ot pesticides to aquatic rrucroorganisms;concentration of pesticides;metat:)Qllsm of pesticides. (Results and Conclusions)Pesticides do not always Interact with aquatic microorganIsms as predicted.Generally all pestiCides are toxic to all microorganIsms at some dosage.Toxicity Includes chan9esin growth rate,metabolic rate and photosynthesis.The phenylureas are the most toxic herbicides to phytoplankton-while the cyclodienes are the most tOXIC insecticides.DDT can reduce photosynthests in phytoplankton,and is atso the most toxic material to many crustaceae.AQuattc microorganisms absorb and concentrate pesbcides from water apparentty Inversely related to lhe water solubility Of the compound. 1515 Some ecological benefits o'WOOdy plant control with herbicides. AUTHOR:BARRONS KC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Science. SOURCE 10:165:465-468,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:B2a;B2b;B4a REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:ecology;grazing capacity;herbicides;runoff;2,4-0:2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)This article was written to rebul the statements of some ecologists that the ~se at herbicide defoliants for controllmg undesirable woody plants in pastures might result In soil erosion and soil Iaterization_(Time and Duration)The research reviewed in this article was published between 1961-1968.(Type ot Research)Literature review. (Results and Conclusions)Numerous studies of the use of 2,4-0,2,4,5-T and pic/oram on range and pastureland to Improve productiVity indicate that proper herbicide use removes many unwanted trees,brush and woody vines.and results in an increase in useful hilrbage.The resulting grass cover on treated range and pastureland had 75 percent less water runoff than trom adlacent areas of brushlano.The futune importance at herbicides in controlling unpalatable,nonnutritlous and poisonous plant growth IS outlined and dIscussed. 1516 Loss o'herbicides In runoff water. AUTHOR:MERKLE MG;MORTON HL;TRICHELL OW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TX A &M Univ, SOURCE TITLE:Weed Science. SOURCE 10:16(4):447-449.1968, YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:B2a;B2b 1517. Changing water temperatures In small mountain streams. AUTHOR:BROWN GW;KRYGIER JT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Stale Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Joumai at Soil and Water Conservatipn. SOURCE 10:22:242-244,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:B2a REGION:Silver Fir-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:clearcutttng;cleanng;ecosystem:fish;habitat;impact:stream; temperature:watershed ABSTRACT:(Purose)To determine the effect of timber cutting on water temperature in small stream.(Time and Duration)Two years,1964 to 1966.(Type of ResearCh)Original.(MethodOlogy)Temperatures of small streams were monitored at 20 thermograph stations for two years at outlets of two watersheds,one of wnlch was subsequently clearcut. Temperatures taken tollowing cutting.Second study site In two year old clearcutling where stream had been scoured and all vegetation removed for 1300 feet by a mud siide.Temperature measured at upper and lower ends of tf1is site,usIng florescent dyes to determine travel time.(Results and Conciusions)Stream temperatures similar al outlets of two watersheds prior to clearcutting ot one.Clearcut1ing regularly lncreased the daily change in temperature by t 1 degrees F during tirst half at August,and the mean monthly maxImum by 14 de9rees F in September. In the second stUdy,the water in its passage through the clearcuttlng increase<!16 degrees F during midday.Reaction of these small mountain streams is extremely significant as they are salmon spawntng grounds and SOlJrce of municipal water supplies.Discusslon of many interactIOns of temperature and water quality in this ecosystem,both directly and indirectly.Small streams heat more readily than large. 1518 Wetland road crossings:drainage problems and timber damage. AUTHOR:STOECKELER JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service North Central Forest Expenment Station. SOURCE 10:St Paul,MN,US Foresf Service Research Note NC-27,1967, 4 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:B2a REGION:Applicabie to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:damage;flood;mortality;pending;right-of-way:wetland ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate tree damage and drainage problems caused by tf1e damming effect ot roads.(Time and Duration)One-year stUdy.(Type of Research)Original research (field study).(Methodology)A common sight in the Lake States is dead or dying timber in patches or strips along one side of a wetland forest road.Cause Is failure to provide adequate cross drainage.A survey was made of 70 wetland crossings.located in Minnesota.A starting point was selected at random and the first 10 torest wetlano croSSings found in each of 7 counties were studied.Forest types involved were largely pure black spruce, tamarack,and mixtures of these two WIth northern white-cedar.The swamp hardwood type was also studied.(Results and Conclusions) Occurrence of damage was affected by the direction ot the road in relation to the contour ot the land.All 39 crossings that shOWed damage were within 45 degrees of being parallel to the cont""r (tf1ey ran across the drainage flow).The chief problems were absence of culverts or other CTOSS drainage.culverts set too high.no collector ditch,no discharge ditCh,inadequate collector or discharge ditches,and iow culvert capacity. One of the crucial c:ross-drainage problems is the shallow placement of culverts,causing pools of water to form and kill timber. 91 B2a •Water 1518 1519 Major environmental factors that affect fhe location,design.and construction 01 stabilized toresl roads. AUTHOR:GARDNER R8 AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Lcggers HandbOOK. SOURCE 10:2712-13.170-173.1967. YEAR PU8L1SHED.1967 CATEGORY:82a:82b:C4 REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE United States KEYWORDS:construction:deslgn7 environment;forest;rigtn-of~way;roads; stabilization ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To revIew and discuss the enVIronmental factors that lnfiu-ence location,design,and construciion 01'stabiiiz-ed forest roads. (Time and Duration)Thirteen references for 1935 to 1964.(Type 01 Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Introductory statemenfs pcint out that In the lirst 60 years of the National Forest system about 200.000 miles of roads,worth about $2.5 billion,were constructed on National Forests and lorecasts indicate that an additional 350,000 miles costmg $5 to 56 tlill~on will be reqUlred.Further,roads were recognized as a malor contributor to sediment resulting from on-the...ground development and use of forests and thaI sediment can be reduced by proper road design.A stabilized road was generally defined as one localed and constructed to reta~n its basic geometric~as-constructed form sufficient to perform seNlee without excessive maintenance or sediment movement. Environmental factors considered in road stability were soil texture.slope, aspect,precipitation.vegetation,and geology.(Results and Conclusions) Soil particle Size,aggregate size,and detachability are the most important soil properties that influence erosion and road design.Other important properties are cohesion angle of internat fraction.porosity, permeabihty,and bearing strength.Slope steepness and length interact with other environmental factors in.influencing the erosion process. Aspect affects·functional chafacteristics of forest roads more than design and stability.Design of drainage and water control struclures depends direcUy on amounts and intensities of preCipitation.Vegetation is valuable for preventing surface erosion from cut and fm banks,!:lut reliable quantrtateve data are lacking.Knowledge of land forms is important to Identify areas with unfavorable di?and lault characteristics as well as thOse having potential s~umping or slipping characteristjcs. 1520 Effects 01 weed burning on stream conditions. AUTHOR:CUSHING CE JR;OLSON PA AUTHOR AFFILIATiON;Hanford Lab of Genera)Electric Co. SOURCE TITLE;Transactions at the American Fishery Society SOURCE to:92(3):303-305,1963. YEAR PUBLISHED;1963 CATEGORY:82a CONTRACT NUMBER;AT4511350 SPONSOR:Atomic Energy Commission REGION;Ponderosa Shrub Forest STATE;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS;burning;fish,toxicity to;Impact;stream;weeds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A cursory study of one burning ,n a small ditoh was made to determrne if !:ly~products of the operation were deleterious to the native fish In the stream.(Time and Duration)One year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field stUdy).(Methodology)A section of stream 245 yards long was selected for study,and the thistle mat covering the upper 180 yards was burned.The stream averaged 7 feet wide and 10 inches deep in the sectfon burned and water velocity was negligible.The thistle mat had obscured the stream completely. Observation stations were located immediately below the area to be burned.at 173 yards below,and at 245 yards below.Ash production was estimated by weighing the ash deposited in upturned garbage-can lids placed at several locations under the thistles.(Results and ConclUSions)Tne pH increased rapidly from 7.8 to 11.1 coincidentally \¥ith a temperature increase.The calcium and magnesium concentrations of lhe high-pH water were about twice those of the samples taken prior to burning.Potassium concentration increased threefold,but sochum increased only slighlly.These increases were clue 10 the estimated 20 kg of ash which were deposited in the stream.The fish Showed marked djstress at tne time of increased temperatures and nigh pH;however,no mortalities resulted. 1521 Logging and erosion on rough '''f1'ain In the east. AUTHOR;LULL HW;REINHART KG AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 43-47 in Proceedings Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference. SOURCE 10;US Dept of AgriCUlture Miscellaneous Publication 970,1963. YEAR PUBLISHED;1963 CATEGORY;B2a; B2b;C4 REGION;Eastern Deciduous Foresf STATE:North Carolina;New Hampshire; West Virginia 92 KEYV/ORDS:eros~on:forest.loggmg:auallty;seOlmentatlOl1:soiL wale~. walersheds ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To review effects of ioggrng on erOSion In mountainous terrain of the eastern US.(Time and Durallon)Eleven references from 1940 to 1960.(Type of Research)Literature review (MethOdology)The review Includes a brief synopsis of loggmg history In the southern Appaj.acman.Allegheny.VVhlte and Green Mountains and the occurrence of logging roads that are still traceable today.Erosron and stream SedImentation from cut over foresf lana,!:lased on research conducted at the Coweeta HydrolOgIC La!:loratory :,n NC,Foernow Expenmental Forest in W,and Hubbard Brook.Expertmental Forest In NH are discussed.Factors related to reductIon In erosIon after logging are identified.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Stream turbidity from second- growth forested watersheds that haven't been logged for several decades is generally less than 2 ppm during nonstorm periods and under 11 ppm during most storm periods.Exploitive logging,however,increased maximum turbidity to 5,700 ppm at Coweeta and 56.000 ppm at the Femow Forest.with the major source of sedJment being improperly constructed skidroads and skidroads located too cfose to streams.Road location was identified as the mast Important factor in water·quality control during logging.The minimum distance ot loggmg roads from a stream should be 25 feel pIus 2 feet for each percent of slope between road and stream.Rapid reduction of erosion after logging was related to development of erosion pavements.invasion of vegetatIon,and leaf fall. 1522 Recommended logging practices lor watershed protection in western Oregon. AUTHOR;AMERICAN FORESTERS AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Society of American Foresters. SOURCE TITLE;Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:Pages 460-465,1959 (June). YEAR PUBUSHED;1959 CATEGORY;B2a REGION:Cedar-Hemlock-Doug las-fir Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS;control;logging;roads;sediment;watershed ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To present recommendations formuiated by the Columbia River Section,Society of American Foresters for protection of watersheds during and after logg,ng.(Type 01 Research)Based on experience and literature review (Methodology)A Watershed Management Committee of this Columbia River Section presents recommendations on iaying out and planning the culting area road location and design.road construction,road maintenance,the logging operation and post operationaJ cleanaup and maintenance.These recommendations are for lands in western Oregon where rainfall is high (35 inches or more per year).They consider the impact 01 practices over the long penod. (Results and Conclusions)Among recommendations of 'nterest to ROW managers are:Use cull log crossings on streams unW culverts can Oe placed.Uncompleted road grades which may be subject to considerable washing before final grading should be out-sloped or cross drained.Hold wet weather road building to a minimum.Avoid the inClUSion of slash, logs or other organic debris in fills.Avoid cnannel changes or disturbances of stream channel.In building bndges,footings and abutments,limit machine work as much as possible to avoid disturbing the stream.Do not take gravel from stream beds.Culverts should be properly placed allowmg for stable beds,adequate size,frequency and grade. 1523 Effects ot vegetation removal on spring flow. AUTHOR;BISWElL HH;SCHULTZ AM AUTHOR AFFiLIATION;univ 01 CA. SOURCE TITLE;California Fish and Game SOURCE 10;44(3);211-230,1958. YEAR PUBLISHED;1958 CATEGORY;B2a REGION;California Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS;impact,water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To make quantitative measurements of Increases in spnng and creek tlow and to observe situations Where this occurs.(Time and Duration)1945-1950;2 years.(Type of Research)Onglnal research. (Methodology)Spring flows were measured by collecting the amount of water after plant cover manipulallon.(Results and Conclusions)Increases in flow resulted from brush and tree removal,conversion from trees and shrubs to shaUow·rooted species,removat of plants whose roots,were in tree water,and a decrease in infiltration.The amount of stream flow increase varjed considerably. Ill"'! - - .,MlIl _..!.._.."·~""..i !"_'""'""','·,or '""..G "•.•.•"""'~"'··n..D ""..'..W"''''"S""'··w.'""''''(._''''·..-..•..,·..__·,,·"'''-~''"''"___-.~~>-.,.,_ ,..., B2b -Soil 1528 - - 1524 How lar from a stream should a logging road be located? AUTHOR:SARTZ RS.TRIMBLE JR GR AUTHOR AFFiLiATION:US Forest Service SOURCE TITLE.Journal of Forestry SOURCE ID:55339-341.1957 YEAR PUBLiSHED:1957 CATEGORY:BZa.B2b;C4 REGION:Northern Hardwoods,Spruce Forest STATE:New Hampshire KEYWORDS:forest;loggmg roadS;runoff:sediment transport:stream ABSTRACT:(Puroose)To determine the wldtn of filtration stnp needed between loggIng roads ana streams to ~lller road runoff and 5ed~ment. (Time and DuratIOn)Fall 1956.(Type of Research)Original field research. (Methodology)Observations on sedlment-clscharge distance were made along a forest road of the Hut>bard 8roo~Expenmental Forest in NH. The soil was a wen~drained sandy loam,with some impeded drainage due to hardpan,covered with hardwood leaf litter and 2 to 5 Inches of humus.One sechon of the road,once used for logging sleds,was reopened as a watershed access road In 1955 and a new section was bulldozed In 1956.Both road sections were drained by open-top log culverts spaced at 50 foot Intervals on 20~,grades and 100 foot Intervals on ,Olfo grades.Distance of sedIment movement in reiation to degree of slope was measured at 36 culverts and data plotted as a curve to provide a guide to the width of strip needed,(Results and ConciusKlns)One of the most Important facto,s that affects the distance sediment is carr~ed is the way hollows,·breaks in slope gradient,and slash and wind thrown limbs and trees trap sediment Based on sediment movement distance and slope gradients,ruJe-of-lhumb recommendations on.filtration strip widths were made for general watershed situabons and for mUnicipai watersheds where water quality is of paramount importance. For the general situation,the recommendation is a 25-foot strip on level land plus 2 feet additional widtn for each 1-percent increase In slope between road and stream.and for muniCIpal watersheds a SO-foot strip IS recommended on level land plus 4 feet additional WIdth for each 1- percent increase in slope gradient.Data are limited in range to·slopes between 10 and 46 percent and mu.st oe extrapolated beyond these limits. 1525 Chemical lests for trichloroacellc acid. AUTHOR:HUMMER RW SOURCE TITLE;Proceedings North Central Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:7;103,1950. YEAR PUBLISHED:1950 CATEGORY:B2a REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:Ilerbicides;tests ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To outline a chemical test for the presence of trichloroacetic acid (TCA).(Time and Durahon)One-year study.(Type of Research)Ongmal research (Iaboratory)_(Methodology)ChemICa!tests, qualitative or quantitative,must find their basis m the fundamental ctlemlcal reactions of the substance under consideration.The most Interesting property of TCA is its relatIvely high SOlubility both in water and in organic solvents.Amyl alcohols oHer the most promise for extracting TCA from aqueous media.CnemlcaJly TCA is a strong acid compared wltn minerai acios such as HC1 and H2S04.In the presence of aKaline agents or even tn water solution,TeA can undergo a breakdown into trichloromethane and carbon dioxide.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)A review of chlonmetric tests for chloroform led us to a test which can be adapted to quantitatIve determmation of TCA.An allquol of the solution to be tested is treated with tenfold quantities of 30%sodium hydroxide solution and pyridine,The mixture is heated for 5 minutes.A magenta color develOps in the pyridine layer in the presence of TCA.A calibration curve is prepared fo,the range of 10 to 100 mIcrograms to TCA using a photometer_ 1526 Erosion slit as a factor in aquatic environments. AUTHOR;ElLIS MM AUTHOR AFFILlA nON;US Bureau of Fisheries_ SOURCE TITLE:Ecology, SOURCE 10;17(1 ):29-42,1936. YEAR PUBLISHED;1936 CATEGORY:82a;C REGION:Applicable to enti,e United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS;aquatic;environment;erosion;silt ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To ascertain quantitatively some 01 the specific effects of erosion silt on aquatic complexes.(Time and Duration)1931 to 1934.(Type 01 Research)Original field research.(MethodOlogy) BiophYSical and biochemical studies were made at ove,700 stations on streams of the Mississippi-ohj~Mlssouri SYStem and at Bureau of Fisheries laboratories at Columbia,MO,and Fort Worth,TX,Water ca'rying erosIon silt was analyzed to determine light penetration by turtlidity measu,ement,limits of penetration of visible lignt,penetration of colored light of various wave lengths by spectographic photog,apns and measurements of coiored Ilgn~transmlSS10r,te!":10eratl..lre rl.::ljusrme;,,!s, e-Iectrojytes.and cottom condmons sucn as Silt blanketin:;ana retentIon of orgamc matter-(Aesulls and ConCluSions)ErOSion Slit affects aquatic environments by screenIng out light,cnang!ng neat radiation.blan.'.C::etlng the stream bottom.and retainIng organic matenal at the bottom Tne millionth intensity depth for ~~ght penetratIon was reouce'J from ~5.000 mm to 34,000 mm or more,to 1.000 mm m less.ErOSIOn.silt ac~s chiefly as an opaque screen to all wave lengths ot vlsiOje light.S,H alters the rate of temperature change 111 river waters Except for very QUiet port~ons.silt is distributed througnout r'lver waters even In deep noles.Silt dl0 not materiaUy alter tne salt complex or amount at electrolytes.Silt layers of one-fourth to one Inch thick.caused nlgl1 mortailty to fresi;- water mussels.Organic matter in eroSion Silt ranged lram B to 12J:!o of the dry weight of t>ottom mud. 82b·Soil 1527 Persistence of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T in chaparral soil and vegetation, AUTHOR;MONTGOMERY ML;NORRIS LA;PLUMB TR AUTHOR AFFIliATION;US Forest Service.;OR State Univ. SOURCE TITLE;Bulletin of EnVironmental Contamination &TOXicology. SOURCE 10;17(t);1-8,1977. YEAR PUBLiSHED;1977 CATEGORY:B2b REGION:Creosote Bush-Bur Sage STATE:California KEYWORDS:herbIcides;persistence;soil;2.4-0;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To report on the roovemem and persistence of 2,4-0 and 2.4.5-T in sOll and sprouting chamlse,vegetat10n for ,year after application In a southern CalifornIa chaparral site.(Time and Duration) On&-yea,study.(Type of Research)OrigInal research (field and laboratory).(Methodology)Study plants were two-year old regrowth of chamise which occurred after a wildfire near San Diego in Se~tember t970_Experiment was a randomIzed olocl<design with 5 repilcalions, using 15m by 15m plots.The propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T were used at 3.4 I<g ae each In 187 L of water oer hectare. Terminal .15cm of sprouts from randomly selected chamise plants were collected 0,14,29,65,146 and 379 days after spraying.Soil sampies were also collected at the same intervalS.(ReSUlts and ConClUSions) Maximum herbiCide ooncentrations of 95.2 ppmw'of 2,4-0 and 92.4 ppmw 01 2.4,5-T we'e in vegetation samples collected within 15 minutes after application.Mean leveis declined rapidly,and 3.8 ppmw of 2.4-0 and 2.5 ppmw 01 2,4,5-T remained 12.5 months after applicatlons In the chamlse shoots that had originally been sprayeo_The concentratIOn of 2.4-0 and 2,4,5-T in the ""per 10cm of soil were 1.16 and 0_88 ppmw.respectively, 14 days after spraying_Within 69 days,an average of 0.22 ppmw of 2.4- o and 0,29 ppmw of 2,4,5-T remained,and 12,5 monthS after spraying only 0.04 to 0.05 ppmw of eIther chemical could be detected. 1528 Soil compaction alter tree-Iength skidding in northern Mississippi. AUTHOR:DICKERSON BP AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Forest Service Southern Forest Expeflment Station. SOURCE TITLE:Soil Sc,ence Society of Amenca,Journal SOURCE 10;40;965-966,1976_ YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:82b REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:Alabama;MissiSSIppi KEYWORDS:compaction;impact;logging;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Tree-length harvesting with rubber-tired skidders causes soil compaction which impairs percolation and inhibits growth and regeneration 01 trees.This paper describes a 5-year study of changes in soil physical properties after tre&-length harvesting.(Time and Duration) $eyear study,(Type of Research)Original research (field study). (Methodology)The study area was near Oxford,MS,in a mature pine- hardwood stand.Soils were of the LeXington and Rustori senes;textures ranged from a loamy sand to a silty clay loam.During s~jddlng they were relatively wet;moisture ranged from 12%by volume for sandy soils to 35%for the silt loams.In February 1967,20 skid trails of varymg lengths were created by ~idding straight up slopes with a rubber-tired skidder.Three hardwood logs,each 35 feet long and 11 inches in top diameter were skidded seven times over each trail.(Results and Conclusions)After skidding with a rUbber-tired skidder,bulk densities of _-rulled soils increased an average of 20%to 1,55 g/cm3;the increase was 10%for the soils between the ruts which were compacted by the movement of logs.Macropores were reduced £8%for wheel-rutted soils and 38%for log-disturbed soilS;Percolation rates decreased initially but recovered gradually.Wheel-rutted soils require about 12 years to recover and log-dlsturbed soils about B years. 93 B2b -Soil 1528 1529 Eltects on the soil microflora. AUTHOR:GROSSBARD E AUTHOR AFFILIATION:ARC Weed Research OrganJzalioh.England SOURCE TITLE:Pages 99-147 In Herbicides,pnysio1ogy,biochemistry. ecology (volume 2). SOURCE ID:New York,NY.AcademiC Press,1976,564 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2b REGION:Applicable to entire Uhlted States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;microflora:phenoxfes~tOXICity ABSTRACT:(Purppse)To dIscuss the effects of various nerbicldes on soil mlcrollora.~ncjuding soil microflora and soil fertility,direct and inchrect effects of herbICIdes on the soil microflora.(Time and Duration)Literature review spanhlng 25 years.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Mell1odo109y)The author investigates such subjects as ll1e contribution of SOil microflora to soil fertility.and the possibility that substances that adversely affect the soil micrOflora might adversely affect fertility, espeCially With regard to long~term accumulation of residues.(Results and Conclusions)Herbicides exert effects on the soil mlcroflora both in pure culture and in the soil.These may be inhibitory effects or stimulatory effects.but cannot be quantified precisely and are not readHy reproduced.It IS remarkable that these effects can be detected at aU, espeCially in soil,in view of the relatively low amounts of herbicides applied,the ability of micro-organisms to adapt themselves to stress.the differences in environmental conditions and the overall tluctuat~ens 'Nith time.Adverse inf}uences of herbicides occur more frequently at rates of herbiCide application well above 1l10se required for weed control. 1530 Ellects on the soil fauna. AUTHOR:EIJSACKERS H;VAN DER DRIFT J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Researc~Inslitute for Natural Management,Holland. SOURCE.TITLE:Pages 149-174 in HerbiCIdes;physiology,biochemistry, eCology (voiume 2). SOURCE ID:New York,NY.Academic Press.1976,564 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CA TEGORY:82b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:fauna;herbicides;soil;toxicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the effects of herbicides on the soil fauna uSing reSUlts of both laboratory and field research.(Time and Duration)Literature review spanning 35 years.(Type of Research) Literature review.(Methodology)The authors discuss SOil fauna and its slgntficance In soil,exposure and sensihVfty 01 soB fauna to herbicides, laboratory research on the effect of herbicides on soil fauna.the effects 01 herbICides on soil fauna populations in the 1ield,and also give a survey of effects on soil fauna groups by herbicides.(ResUlts and Conclusions)In thfS d:scussion three phases of research are distInguished:laDoratory investigation.field experiments,and observations In practIce.laboratory Investigations can provide indications conceming potential toxic effects and their possible causes.The results obtained in this way show that a number of herbicKjes have toxic effects on soil fauna.Trial field sprayrngs are used to determine the influence of many natural variables on this toxic,ty.Climatic factors play an Important role nere,as well·as the natural characteristics of the soil.In the third phase the data .from laboratory and field experiments should be evaluated under heio COnditionS,then it will become clear how the total complex influences the behavior of herbicides. 1531 Sur1ace erosIon. AUTHOR:KNAPP KL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Watershed Systems Development UhIt,Fort Collins, CO. SOURCE TITLE:Chapter 3 in Non-Point Source Pollution Prediction Techniques.. SOURCE lD:US FOrest Service and The Environmental Protection Agency, 1976.FS-EPA Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG-D6-0660. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2b;C4 SPONSOR:US Forest Service.;Environmental Protection Agency. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:cpnstruction;erosion,soil;fprest;impact;sediment transport; silviculture ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To identify and evaluate the silvicultural-activity- process-pollutant response with respect to surface erOSIon,transport,and delivery of organic and inorganic sediments.(Type of Research)State-of- the-art literature review (Methodology)This review was conducted to define upland sources of erosion and to select techniques which altow for adequate alternative Quantification nationally.Methods are proposed to simUlate erosion and sediment movement on wild and managed forested lands.These involve outputs in terms of soil loss,delivery ratio of eroded material,and particle size distribution of delivered material. Outputs were based on use 01 the Universal Soil Loss Equation modified 94 for surtace partiCle size distnoution.(Results and ConclUSIons) Constructed surfaces such as roads.log deckmg areas,landings,and skid trails were Identified as the major eroding surtaces in silvlcultural settings.Rainlalt detachment and detachment by overland Ilow are the pnnCJple eroding processes that must be conSlderea.In the natural forest environment.the combinatIon of canopy and ground cover reduces ra~nfall detachment to zero,Tree cutting reduces canopy density but In most cases does not alter ground cover:theretore.rainfall Impact remains at zero,On construction sites,however,ground cover may be removed or seriously altered thereby increasing detachment both by rainfall and overland flow.In conclusion,only dlSTurb€!d areas,wnere humus.litter and ground cover have been destroyed,neee:[0 be Quantified for eroSion. 1532 Mass wasting prediction techniques. AUTHOR:ROSGEN D SOURCE TITLE:Chapter 4 in Non-Pomt Source Pollution Prediction Techniques. SOURCE ID:US Forest Service and The EnVironmental Protectipn Agency, 1976.F5-EPA Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG-D6-0660. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2b;C4;D SPONSOR:US Forest Service.;EnVIronmental Protection Agehcy. REGION:Applicacle to entire United States STATE: United States KEYWORDS:forest;geomorphology.;mass wasting;sediment;silviculture; soil mechanics ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To present a procedure for idenfifying mass wasfing deri¥ec1 sediment and SUbsequent sediment production increases associated with -silvicultural activities.(Time and Duration)literature from 1969 to 1976.(Type of Research)State-of-the-art review.(Methodology) Modeling for predicting the prObability and magnitude of mass wasting contributions of slopes to stream courses IS very limited.The author, therefore,recommends analysis techniques presented by Swanston in 1974 for western National Forests.This approach considers only the slopes directly above or adjacent to stream courses.It assumes that the evaluator has specialized experience in thts field.that mass wasflng .includes debris sILdes and avalanches,slumps and mudfloWS.and dry creeP and gravel.The analysis determines the risk of acceleratrng mass movement due,to silvicultural activities and changes In risk resulting from modificatiOns of management practices and specific controls.(Aesults and ConclUSions)Understanding and experience in soil mechanics,geol09Y. geomorphology and slope hydrology are necessary to make suitable mass wasting prediction using standard techniques.Aerial photps,topographic. soHs and geologic maps,climatologicat intormatlOn and vegetative conditions are a key to sound evaluatIon.The "factor of safety" technique,used in soil mechaniCS,has been used as a Quantitative expression of the probability of mass movement OCCUrring,but is only va.id fOr quick release slides.The factor of safety is the rabo of shear forces promoting sliding on a crltlcal suriace to shear strength along the surface. 1533 Gully development and cDntrol:the status of our knowledge, AUTHOR:HEEDE BH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Fort Collins,CO,US Forest Service.1976.Research Paper RM-169,42 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2b;C4 REGION;Applicable to entire Uhited States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:check dams;erosipn;erosion control;gully;watershed; waterway ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize the available body of knowledge and hypotheses on gully formation and control.(Time and Duration) References from 1925 to 1975.(Type of Research)State-of-the-art review.(Methodology)Historical background is presented and gUlly formation drscussed in terms of mechaniCS,processes and morphology of discontinuous and continuou ~guLlies,and models for predtcting gUlly growth.Short-and long-term ~uljy control objectives.including 'watershed restoratien outside the channel,are considered.Types,design criteria, construction procedures,and cost relations of porous check dams are described and compared with pther gully control structures and systems such as nonporous and earth check dams.and vegetation-lined waterways.Gully control is based mainly on work In the Colorado Rocky Mountains.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Mechamcs of gully erosion can be reduced to the processes 01 downcuttlng and headCutting.Downculting of the gully bottom leads to gully deepening and widening,while headculting extends the channel into ungullied headwater areas.Effective gully control must stabilize both the c~annel gradient and channel headcuts.The long-term objective is the establishment 01 an e/fective vegetation cover.Where engineering structures are necessary,single-or double-wire loose-rock check dams are effective,aM the least expensive and simply built structures.Contrasted will1 check dams,waterway projects strive to establish a vegetation caver when land reshaping is - - - - .PinT 00' finrsned.Grassea waterways are cneaper to consrruct oer IJnear meter of gully tnan cneck cams.but maintenance and erOSion risK are greater- 1534 Soli erosion in the easlern 'orest. AUTHOR:PATRIC JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:74(10):671-677.1976 YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2b:C4 REGION:Applicable 10 entire United States STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:erosion;forest;Infiltration;runoff;soil ABSTRACT:(purpOSe)To provide an overview of what is known about erOSion in the eastern forest and how erosion rates are influenced by responsible forest management.(Time and Duration)References from 1662 to 1975.(Type of Research)literature review.(Methodology)Forty- four research references are cited in this review of forest soil erosion~ EmphasIs is placed on fundamental concepts of infiltration and overland flow,geologic erosion,and measured erosion from forest'land,fol10wed by a djscussion of erosion in re1ation to forest uses and management. Evidence IS presented to refute findings of the President's AdVISOry Panel on Timber and the Environment that timber ·cutting causes severe damage to soil.watersheds,streams,water quality.wildlife habitat.and forest regeneration.(Results and Conclusions)The concept propounded 40 years ago was that rainfall in excess of Infiltration capacity was the rule,even in forests,with runoff almost universally present to detach soil particles.It is postulated today that virtually all rainfall on forest land is absorbed into the soil,and reaches streams Via subsurface flow.The geologic erosion nOrm for all land uses in eastern US is 1 foot per 10,000 years or .18 to .30 ton/acre/year.On eastern forest land,the average annual erosion loss ranges from .05 to .10 ton/acre/year,welt below the geologiC norm.Improper logging roads are Identified as the major SOurce of soil lOss from managed forests In the East.but revegetatIon usually terminates this erosion within one to two years. Eroding channels are the other major source of particulate matter in forest streams The author concludes tflat forest land can be managed so that there is little or no increase in Soil eroSIon. 1535 Soli erosion and lIs control in the eastern Iorest. AUTHOR:BRINK LK:PATRIC JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.:Sot!Conservation Service. SOURCE TITLE:Soil Erosion:Predict,on and Control. SOURCE 10:Ankeny,lA,Soil Conservation Society of America,1976,362- 368 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2b:C4 REPORT NUMBER:21 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:disturbance;erosion;erosion control:lorest:logging roads; sediment;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review some of the research and practical experience dealing with the disposition Of water in an uncut forest,how its disposition is changed by tree cutting,and the potential for soil eroSion in both situations.(Time and Duration)24 references from 1909 10 197£.(Type of Research)literature review.(Methodology)The authors examine some of the early concepts of so~l erosion in the forest beginning with Chittenden's statement in 1909 that soil erosion does not result from forest cutting in itself,but from cultivation implying disturbance in the broad sense.Misconceptions discussed include public failure to distinguisn between timber harvest witf1 prompt revegetation and deforestation or elimination of trees;and,the concept that tree cutting and timber harvest decrease the capability of forest land to absOrb rain. with a corresponding lncrease in overiand flow and soil erosion.This is followed by a review of currem knowledge of erosion in und1sturbed f01estS,erosion in well-managed forests,and estimating soil loss from forests.(Results and ConclUSions)Total erosional ioss in undisturbed eastern forests seldom exceeds 0.1 ton/acre/year.Tree-cutting temporar~ly decreases evaporative ~sses and increases streamflow and solution losses from watersheds,but these effects disappear within one to two years.Soil erosion also increases slightly.but revegetation,litter fall,freezing and thawing,and biological activity ,n the soil soon result in return to pre-harvest levels.Poorly managed logging roads,however, have high soil loss potential and are the pnncipal source of sediment from forest iand.The universal soil loss equation,with modification of the C factor to account fe<surface organic iayers.is accepted as a valid method tor estimating sheet and rill enoslon from forest land in the east and midwest.With further adaptation,the soil loss equation can also be applied to disturbed areas such as log iandings. B2b -Soil 1538 1536 Logging road and skid trail construction, AUTHOR:FISHER JE,TABER OW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:State Umv of NY SOURCE 10:Syracuse,NY.State Umv of NY.Applied Forestry Research Institute,1975.AFRI Miscellaneous Report 6.46 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B2b:C4 REPORT NUMBER:6 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:New York KEYWORDS:.construction:eroSion;loggmg roads;skId trails:soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explain and diSCUSS logging road ana skid trail construction tecnniques which allow environmental lmpacts to be minimiZed.(Time and Duration)WorkshOp October 10-11,1975.(Type of ResearCh)ReView papers and diSCUSSion.(Methodology)The proceedings include a summary of talks and informal discuS$1ons presented dUring the Logging Road and Skid Trail Construction Workshop held at Tupper Lake.NY.Topics covered were introductIon to logging roads,temporary road and skid trail layout,logging road drainage and culverting, considerations and costs of forest road construction,p:hyslcal limitations ot soils.damage to residuaJ trees from crawlers and skidders.NY State's classtlied streams regUlations,policies and procedures,timber harvesting guideiines for NY,an amendment to NY State's soil and water • conservation district law,revegetating critical erosion areas.and soil survey maps.(Resuits and Conclusions)The major forest pollutant is eroded soil,and roads are the ma~or place in the forest where soil is expesed.From 3 to 7%of forest areas may be occupied by roads. Roads should be kept dry and stable with use of proper drainage structures.The major soil disturbances that occur in logging operations are compaction,shear and tear.erOSion and sedimentation.Use of soii survey reports in road construction IS stressed to identify physical properties and limitations and to make engmeering interpretations to avoid future problems.Harvesting gUIdelines for NY recommend ways to protect streams and water during logging.to minimize effects upon soij from skidding and hauling,and to keep roadSides looking good dunng and after logging. 1537 Effect of soli consllluents on herbicide activity in modified-soil field plots. AUTHOR:WALDREP TW:WEBER JB:WEED SB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NCState Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Weed Science. SOURCE 10:22(5):454-459,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B2b REGION:Southeastern MIxed Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:herbicides:Impact;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the direct effects of soii-apolied organic matter and montmorillonite Clay on the herbicida~activities of three different herbiCides and on the chemical and physical propertIes of tne soii In the field.(Time and DuratIOn)3-year stUdy.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)An organic muck and a montmoriiiomte clay were incorporated 7.6cm into the surface of a structureless sandy SOIl at rates ranging from 26,880 to 89,600 kg/ha.Prometryne and fluometuron were surface-apphed and trifluralin were Incorporated at two rates each in 1968 and 1970.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)Organic matter greatly reduced the biological activity of all three herbiCIdes. Montmorillonite clay greatly reduced the activity of prometryne,slightly decreased the activity of fluometuron,and had no SIgnificant effect on trifiuralin activity in all but the first year of the stUdy.Both Soil additives increased the cation exchange capacity of the soil.MUCk decreased soil ph while montmorillonite increased it. 1538 A lIeld survey 01 larmer experience wilh 765 kV transmission lines,November 18-20,1974. AUTHOR:BUSBY K:DRlSCOLL 0;WASHSON WE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NY Agricultural Resources Comm,NY Dept of Environmental Conservation,NY Oept of Agriculture and Markets. SOURCE 10:Albany.NY,AgliculturaJ Resources CommiSSion,1974,8 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B2b;B4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Ohio KEYWORDS:agricUJ1Ure;animals,ferat farm;impact;man;transmission line ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To sample the experiences of farmers who have lived and worked near 765 kV lines through at least one crop season. (Time and Duration)1974 • 2 112 weeks.(Type of Research)Person-to- person question survey -not scientific.(Methodology)A survey was conducted by the New York Public Service Commission of 18 Ohio tarmers who had high voltage power lines croSSing their farms.The survey area included segments of the Kammer-Dumont 706 kV line and the Gavin-Marysville 720 kV hne of the Ohio Power Company.The Kammer-Oumont line had been energized for three crop-growing seasons and the Gavin Marysville line for one season.The survey form was 95 82b •Soil 1538 :-:.:.;--?d to av.:::::;':C":i.ntmg neganve Ideas about lhe Imc:act of power --::-:3.'id to a,s':':·,t,;:t from preJud~ce.Atter completion of tne survey .:~-3ddltlona -:_eSl.~:ns were asked In a deliberats attempt to bong out ::~::'ns.(Res....:s anc ConcluSions)From tne experience ot 18 farmers it ...~s ::mcludec :-at",.!safety and comfort of farm workers operatIng -e.=.-~:gl'1 \l'olta;:-:-:nes 'S not a sIgnificant factor:2)livestock seem to :..:..:~under Qc·.·.-:-·lines and towers Without concern:3)iarmers preter :-~-:::kV II~e5 :::3~5 kV because tnere are fewer towers oer mlie and :~.;,',:ler base=:::wers permit easier machinery operation:4)persons ,~:"'1ear tne ;~-es become accustomed to tne corona noise In humrO ...:.:.:~er;and 5,:-ere '8 no Interference WIt!)TV reception.The major ::"':~~;'l of farrr'!"s was related to soil compactIon and broken tile dram ~·::-:-5 from c:-s:rUC!:0n operations Which In turn affected crop YIelds. 5:...:;5 were r:·:::nmen-ded to determine hIgh voltage effects on livestock ~.;-:'-:~and reprC·:Juctron.effect on perenniaj plants,and long term et1ect C:'I ",:rkers. 1539 Effects 01 oil-road molorcycle activity on Mojave Desert vegetation and soil. "'G'~C~.DAVIDSCN E;FOX M AU7HCi<AFFILIATION:Thurston.WA,Regional Planning Council.;Univ of CA SOURC::TITLE;Macrono SOURCE 10;22:38--390,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED'1974 CA,::GORY:B2b:B5b;C REGION.Creosote 5ush STATE:California KEY\VC.=i.DS:comcaC!10n;impact;em-road vehictes:soil:veg,etation ABSTP,"'CT:(Purpcse)To stUdy effects of motorcycle disturbance on ve;e~atlon and sc;;s of a representative portion of the MOjave Desert. r7""and Durat;c'1 1973 to 1974;one year.(Type of Research)Original ":-,search.(/"e:~ocology)Disturbance was studied on motorcycle Pit ;·p=a::and trailS 2 ..j eQuivalent undisturbed areas of a Creosote 6ush S:'~l-:communlt"....Kern Count)l.CA.Soits were sandy loam and fine sa:o~ioam In t:""le oit and trail areas,respectivety.Soil core or clod 5a:-n-c es were ex.:""actea at each site for deterrnnation of pore space and 0;"~-:ens/ty.He~:':i.ceoLJs pJants and shrubs were sampled on spaced o;.ac:atS along 1·::'meter transe~ts on disturbed and undisturbed areas uo:-=ree of -dlstu!"~a"ce In retation to distance from the trail wasce;~r""'1meo on tr,:--e-e suotransects representing center of trait,edge of ['E".,od off tne "all.(ReSUlts ancl Con=lusions)Motorcycle disturbance Qe!"le"3:~IY resultec I~a decrease of live plants,Increase in dead shrubs, aeo:rea.se in average canopy per individual shrub,and decrease in plant Q;__!rs·:y.Number of heroaceous species was reduced ':Ii one-half on o:slur:·ed areas.EvaluatIon at snrub death was difficult due to natural ~·:~a :y and to c:slntegration of shrubs destroyed by motorcycles.Soil C:~::2::tlon oy ~~;:orcycles caused a decrease In total porosity,mostly o..-e tc a reductlC:In macropore space.and an increase in bulk denmty. It 5 :Jncluded t~a:these ct\anges in soil structure reQuce water..holding c:=.:::ac ':Y Of the 5a:"'.OY roam soil and impede seed germmation and root grev",,;"of deser.:.ants 1540 Terrain disturbance susceptibility,Norman Wells area, MacKenzie Valley. AUTHO~.KURFURS7 PJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Canadian Dept of Energy,Mines and Resources, SOURCE 10:EnVironmental-Social CommiUee,Northern Pioehnes,1973, Report 7324,35 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B2b:B~:C1;0 REPORT NUMBER;7324 SPONSOR:Govern",ent 01 Canada. REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:access road;engineering:geology;mapping;permafrost; p1cehnes;soit ABSTRACT:(Purcose)To investigate response of soil and rocl<materials to disrurcances ana to develop a terrain sensitivrty mapping system that relates to plpeiine construction and operation jn the Northwe~Territories, Canada.(Time an"DuratIon)1971 to 1973;3 years_(Type·ot Research) Original field and ,aooratory research.(Methodology)Disturbed areas on O{i WE:li sites.selS.-n~C traits and access roads were studied for compaction,destruction and removal of ¥egetation,surface organic mats ana top soil.Drill noles were used to map geologic materials and measure permafrost thaw.Chip and core samples were,analyzed for engineering properties such as Atterberg limits,sieve analysis.specific gravity.bulK densrty and pH.Terrain disturbance susceptibility was Classified in SIX unllS and plotted on 1:50,000 map sheets.(Results and ConClusions)The major factors affecting terrain performance to disturllance are ground-Ice and/or water content;engineering properties of SOilS,especially grain size and index of plasticity;surface morphOlogy including relief.oegree.length and orientation of slopes;and type and extent of vegetation cover.DiSturbances lead to increased thickness of the active layer ana degradatiDn of permatTOst.Susceptibility to 96 dIsturbance was.nlj on bedrOCK an:::sand and ~rayeJ aep:)slts,moaerate on till and organic sedIments.and hlgh on clay-and Clayey silts 1541 The stability 01 natural slopes in the Mackenzie Valley. AUTHOR:CODE JA AUTHOR AFFILIATION Canadian Dept of Energy M'nes and Resources SOURCE 10:Environmental-Social Committee,Nor!nern Pipelines.1973, Report 739,1S P YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY B2b:C1:C2 REPORT NUMBER:739 SPONSOR:Government of Canada. REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:erosion;geology;geomorphology;landslide;mapPing;river banks;slope:soil;stability ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide geologically based information to help minimize envlro-nmental distlXbance due to c.onstruction on,or adjaCent to,sloping terrain,partiCUlarly river banks in the Mackenzie Vatley, Northwest Territory.(Time and Duration)1971 to 1972;2 years.(Type of ResearCh)P,eld inventory,Classification and mapping.(MethodoI09Y)Field inventory and mapping of river banks of the Mackenzie River and its main tributaries was done on high level air pnotos and 1:50,000 scale hydrographic charts by nehcopter supplemented with ground verification. Information Was reduced and compiled on 1:250,000 tDpographic sheets. River banK stability was Classified by a system which relates types of failures to geologic and topographic faetors.A qualitative assessment was made of geomorphic processes and failure mechanics associated with mass wasting.(Results and Conclusions)River bank stability was presented in 10 mapping areas.Map features were l<eyed to a legend shOWing geologic conditions,mode of erOSion,and tYPical siopes.Slope failures are of two types:shallow active layer failure and muitlple retrogressIve slides.Factors to consider in flver crossing sites are: retrogres:::;Jve naIure of larger slides,abrading action of nver ice.adverse effects of forest fire on slape stability,and effects of 'lce~Jamming In rajsing upstream water and ice levels. 1542 Effects 01 pipeline Installation on soil properties and productivity. AUTHOR:BUTTON RG;DEJONG E AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of Sasl<atchewan, SOURCE TITLE:Canadian Journal of Soil Science SOURCE 10:53:37-47.1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B2b; B4a;C1 REPORT NUMBER:RS1 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:disturbance;impact;pipeline;productivity;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To investigate effects of pipeline Installation on soil productiVity.(Time and Duration)1968 and 1969:2 years.(Type of Research)Original field and laboratory research.(Methodology)The stUdy was conducted on three Chernozemic and two Solonetzic soils.PhysIcal and che""cal soil properties were measured on the undisturbed field,the trench,and the soil storage clayban<adjacent to the trench Chemical analysIS 01 composite samples Included N03-N.extractable P and K.pH and electrical conductivity,UndJsturbed core samples were analyzed for saturaled permeability,pore space,oxygen diffUSion,penetration,moisture content and butk density.Wheat yie,\d was measureC on each site.Data was analyzed by paired t-test and multipie linear correlation.(Results and Conclusions)Mixing of soil horizons lowered N03-N,P and K and increased eiectrical conductivity and pH at 0-15 cm depth of the trench and claybank.Subsecuent tillage and salt leaching.however,minimized differences with the IJl'\disturbed field.Incorporation of topsoil increased N03-N.P and K beloW 15-cm depth,In general.pipeline installation nelt/ler harmed nor improved physical properties of Chernozemic.whereas it improved Solonetzic soils,Wheat yields on claybanks were similar to undisturbed fields_Trenching did not affect yields on Chenozemic,but improved yields on older pipelines on Solonetzic soils. 1543 Compaction of agricultural soils. AUTHOR:AMERICAN SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS SOURCE 10:SI.Joseph,MI.American Society of Agncultural Engmeers. 1971,471 p, YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:B2b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:agriCUlture:compaction;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To delineate the SOil compaction problem.present current state ot Knowledge,and suggest needed research on SOil compaction.(Type of Research)State of l<nowledge review, (Methodology)Mechanisms of compaction.its measorement.Its effects on soil prOperties and plant growlh,management factors related to - - ~) -r comoactlon-,and economic assessment of comoactlon are presentea In 9 :napters D,'23 contributing autnors.Each tOPiC Induaes a literature review.interoretatlon of research findings.and IdentificatIon ot future research needs.(Results and ConClusions)The compaction process is a function ot oartlcle deformation and rearrangement ana movement of soil partIcles.gas and i1qwd.The process deoends on type of loadmg,mostly VenlCLllar traffic and tillage.and on soil propertIes Properties most affected by compaction are Sal/moisture.aeration.temperature.nutrition, ano 5011 strength.Altered soil conditions In turn may affect plant establishment,rooting and yield.Compaction may be modified by freezmg and tnawlng.wetting and drying,animal activity,root forces and cropping practlces.Compaction is a n.ational problem that l$cliHicult to economically assess. 1544 Soli compaction due 10 tree lenglh and lull tree skidding with rUbber-tired skidders. AUTHOR:MACE AC JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univof MN. SOURCE TITLE:Minnesota Forestry Research Notes. SOURCE 10:214:1-4,1970. VEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORV:B2b;C4 REGION:Spruce-fir Forest STATE:Minnesota KEYWORDS:compaction;forest;logging;soils;tree skidding ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine effects of full tree and tree length logging systems on soil compaction.(Time and Duration)Summer 1969, (Type of Research)Original field research.(Methodology)A 90-to 100- year old red pine stand growing on sandy soil was logged in 16-foot striPS;one-half of the area by a tree length system and the other half by a full tree system using rubber-tired skidders.EaCh area was stratified into 4 blocks based on frequency of travel for tree Skidding.Two replicate soil core samples were extracted at each of 3 soil depths,0-2, 2-4,and 4-6 inches,at points representing undisturbed areas,between and within equipment tracks,and on the tree skidding trail.Bulk density of the 134.9 cubiC centimeter soli cores was computed on a dry weight basiS.(Results and Conclusions)Bulk denSities were significantly increased by both logging systems except for the 0-2 inch zone under the tree length system.Lack of significant soli compaCtion in this zone was attributed to the presence of slash,inherent in the tree length system.that reduced both equipment and skidding Impacts and organic matter disturbance.Frequency of travel was not a SignifiCant factor in soii compaction on the sandy soil,but it could be important on heavier silt loam or clay soils.Overall,the fUll tree system shOWed a two-fold Increase In bujk density over the tree length system.and it occurred over a larger area.Long term compaction effects of these systems are unknown at this time. 1545 Movement of pesticides in soli. AUTHOR:HARRIS CI AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Agricultural REsearch Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry SOURCE 10:17:80-82,1968. VEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:B2b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;insecticides;leaching;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the movement of 11 insecticides in soil, using a standard evaluatIon system that had already been used with certain herbicides.(Time and Duration)One year.(Type of Research) Original research (laboratory).(Methodology)Columns of air-dray soil were placed in aluminum tubes.An insecticide in 10 ml 01 95%ethanol was applied to each tube.Hagerstown sHty clay loam and Lakeland sanoy loam were the soils used in these tests.The soil columns were set up in plastic containers so that they could be subirrigated.Water was added to these containers to a depth of 2.5 cm.Alter 3 days ttle columns were sliced and the segments dried tor lab testing.Gas chromatographic determinations were used to detect mobility 01 insecticides.(Results and Conclusions)Chiorinated hyllrocarbon insecticides were immobile;phofate and disulfoton were·only very slightly mobile while diazinon and especially thionezin exhibited greater mobilities. The mobilities of the studied insecticides were compared with those of 28 herbIcides evaluated earlier in the same standard system.The herbicides DNBP,pyriclor,7175,norea and cyciuron were all more mobile than any of the 11 tested insecticides.The hertlicides dicamtia.tricamba,2,3,6- TBA,amiben,methoxylenac and fenac had the highest mobility factors. -------_. B2b -Soil 1548 1546 Nutrient loss accelerated by clear-culling of a foresl ecosystem. AUTHOR:BORMANN:FISHER OW;LIKENS GE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Yale Umv.Dartmouth Unlv.US ·G8Ologlcal Survey SOURCE TITLE SCience SOURCE 10 159:882-884.1968 YEAR PUBLISHED 1968 CATEGORY:B2b REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE·New Hampsh"e KEYWORDS;clearing:ecosystem~forest tmpacts;nitrogen:nutrient removaL potassIUm ABSTRACT:(Puroose)To determine tr.e Input and output at chemicals atter clearcuUlng on a smali watersned area.Three~year study.1964~1966. Original research.(Methodology)In 1965-66 a 15.6 na farest area was leveled by the US Forest Service.All trees.saplings,and shrubs were cut,dropped in place.and limbed so that no slash was more than 1.5m above the ground.No products were removed from the forest,and care was taken to minimize erosion of the surtace.Samples of stream water were collected and analyzed weekly,as they had been for two years before the cutting;the loSS of ions was cajculated In terms of kfJograms per ha.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)Clearcuttlng tenels to ceplete the nutrients of a forest ecosystem by:reducing transpiration and so increasing the amount 'of water passing through the system; simultaneously reducing root surfaces able to remove nutrients from the leaching waters;removal of nutrients in forest products;adding to the organic substrate available for immediate mmeralization.and,in some instances,prOducing a microclimate more favorable to rapid mineralization.Loss of nutrients may be greatly accelerated in cutover forests where the soil microbiology leads to an Increase of dissOlved nitrate in leaching watersn 1547 FactOB Influencing the decomposition of TORDON herbicide in soils. AUTHOR:GORING CAl:MEIKLE RW;YOUNGSON CR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE 10:23(2):3-8,10-11.1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:B2b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Sfates KEYWORDS:decomposition;herbiCides;persistence;plcloram;soii ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate factors causing variations In persistence of picloram in fhe soil,and their relationSl1ip to the decomposition of plcloram.(Time and DuratiOn)One-year study.(Type of Research) Original research (laDoratory).(Methodology)Nine soils,varying from clays and mucks to sandy learns.were used,Mechanical analyses were determined by the hydrometer method,ph with a glass electrOde assembly,and organic matter by the wet combustion method.Carbon 14 picloram was used as the ammonium salt.Air.scrubbed free of carbon dioxide was passed over soil or nutrient medium containing labeled herbicide.The total amount of carbon dioxide was determined either by precipitation or by titration.Radioactive C was determined by counting the barium carbon precipitates.(ReSUlt and Conclusions)DecomposItion was found to be InCidental to breakdown of soil organic matter and tryere was no lag period over a wide range of herbicide concentration. SterilizatIOn almost completely elimIOated decomposition. 1548 Factors altectlng the persistence of plcloram in soil. AUTHOR:BOVERY RW;DAVIS FS;MERKLE MG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TX A&M Univ.US Dept of Agricultur,,_ SOURCE TITLE:Agronomy Journal SOURCE 10:59:413-415,1967. YEAR PUBUSHEO:1967 CATEGORY:82b SPONSOR:Advanced Research Projects Agency,Dept;of Defense_ REGION:oak +Bluestem Parl<Jand STATE:Texas KEYWORDS:degradation;herbicides;picloram;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effect of soil type.temperature, mojsture,and light on the persistence and movement of plcloram In the soil.(Time and Duration)One-year study.(Type of ResearCh)Onglnai research (laboratory study).(Methodology)The effect of soil type, temperature and moisture on the persistence of ptcloram was determined uSing vapor phase chromatographic analyses and plant bioassays. Movement studies were done using plastic pipes,Bem in diameter and 64cm iong,filled with soil.One mg of picloram (K salt)was applied unHormly to the soit surface with a smal-l mist atomizer.Water equivalent to one inch of rain was dr~pped onto the soil over a period of 1 hour. sampies were taken at various deptl1s.(ReSUlts and ConcluSlons) Detectable quantities of picloram were present in Houston clay,Axtell sandy loam,and commercial sand after incubation for 1 year,at 4,20, and 38 C and at moisture levels of field capacity and 0.'field capacity from rates as low as 0.25 ug per g (1/2 IbIA).Movement studies indicated that leaching was an important means 01 dissipating the 97 82b -Soil 1548 nerOIC ICle rn light salls.Phmoaecomposltron may aiso be lmponant it the herbIcide remains on the sOli surtace for long periods of time. 1549 Soil surtace condition fOIlOWin51 tractor and hi5lh-lead log5lin51 in the Oregon Cascades. AUTHOR:DYRNESS CT AUTHOR AFt="ILIATfON:US Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Slation. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:63(4):272-275.1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:B2b:C4:0 REGION:Cedar-Hemlock-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:compactIon;disturbance;forest;loggIng;seil;seil surface; watershed ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To assess and compare effects of high-lead and tractor 10gglng on soiJs witn similar undisturbed surface conditions,(Time and Duration)1963 to 1964;one year.(Type of Research)Original field and labOratory research.(Methodology)Studies were conducted on two soil types of three hlgh-lead and one tractor-logged cutting units in old growth Douglas-tir in the western Cascades.Soil surface disturbance after yarding was classified as undisturbed.slightly disturbed,deeply disturbed.and compacted.Percentage at total clearcut area In each ciass was determined.by potnt sampling along a transect.Stash was classed as heavy.light,absent and cull log.Bulk density was measured to determine changes in seil phYSical properties in the four disturoance classes.(Results and Conclusions)Percentage of the area in slightly and deeply disturbed classes IS about the same for both logging methods, Tractor logging caused a three-told increase in compacted area and a corresponding decrease in undisturbed,Most compaction in tractor logging was on s"'droads.Compaction in the high-lead unils was caused by skidded logs.Bulk denSlty was Increased on deeply disturbed and compacted areas,but was similar to prelogging "alues on undisturbed and slIghtly disturbed areas.Tractor logging catJsed more disturbance than high·lead,but differences are miniml'~ed on slopes under 30 percent. skldroads on contour,and dry-seasen logging. 1550 Soli properties related 10 erosion of wild-land soils in central Washington. AUTHOR'.WOOLDRIDGE DO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Experiment Stationn SOURCE TITLE:Pages 141-152 in Forest-Soil RelatIonshIps in North America. SOURCE 10:COl'\iallis.OR,OR State Uni"Press,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED;1965 CATEGORY:B2b;C4;D REGION:PacifiC Forest STATE:Washington KEYWORDS:aggregation;erosion:forest:meadow;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe use Of mean aggregate sIze as an Index of erosion and discuss soil properties which are related to SOH erosion hazard.(Type of Research)Original fiald and laboratory research. (Methodology)Aggregate SIze separation was made On undislurbed soil cores subjected to wet~sievtng in a nest or four sieves for 3Q-minutes. Sums of percent oven-dry soil in e'ach of six size classes and mean size In mitllmeters was termed mean aggregate size and was used as an index of son erosion hazard.Variat;on in mean aggregate size was tested on three soil parent mate«als on transects tl1rough forest and open meadow.Associations between soil properties and erosion hazard were analyzed by multiple regression.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Soil aggregation and meah aggregate size had maximum "aloes under the forest canopy.Major changes in SOil properties were associated with the transition from forest to semidenUded conditions.A maror portion at variation in aggregate size was accounted-for by organic matter content, bulk density and porosity;seil properties closely related to seil tilth and stru.cture.Mean aggregate size as used in this stUdy provided a good guide for assessme.,t of erosion hazard of a particular soiL 1551 A universal soli-loss equation 10 guide conservation farm planning. AUTHOR:SMITH DO:WISCHMEIER WH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept 01 Aghcuiture. SOURCE TITLE:Seventh International Congress Soil Science Transactions SOURCE 10:1:481-425.1960. YEAR PUBLISHED;1960 CATEGORY:B2b;D REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:United States KEYWORDS:erosion:erosion,sheet;lann;soil;wate<' ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To present an improved seil-Ioss prediction procedure for more effective conservation farm planning especiaUy applicaOle to specific fields.(Time and Duration)1956 to 1960.(Type of 98 Research)Based on long-term original research concucter:l by numerous Investigators.(Methodology)More tnan 8,000 plor~years 01 basic erasIon data were assembled from 37 locatIons In 2"\states on punched cards for machine computatIon.Data was used to derive a so:J-toss eQuatlon free of regionalized values and unlIJersaHy appilcable whers rainfall erOSion was a problem.The eQuation was aeslgned to predict longtime average 5011 Josses for specific combinatIOns of rainfall pattern, topography.sell.cropping.management and producti"ity level.(Results and ConclUSions)The mathematical model for the denved Soli-Loss Equation IS A =RKLSCP,where A IS a"erage SOil loss,R IS annual rainfan eroSIon indeX,K is soil eroalbility,Land S are length ar.d percent stope,C is the cropping factor.and P is eroSion control practice.Existent cHmat:c and phYSIcal conditJons are used in the equalJon to eslJmate so,l loss for a held.Other terms estImate how much loss can be reduced with various combinabons of cropping and management practices.The best combinations can be considered in selecting a farm production ptan to safeguard future production potential, 1552 Properties of soil in orchard as influenced by travel and co~er crop management systems. AUTHOR:BUNGER WC:MILLER DE;PROEBSTING EL JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept of Agriculture. SOURCE TITLE:Agronomy Journal. SOURCE 10:55:168-191,1963, YEAR PUBLISHED:1960 CATEGORY:B2b;C REGION:Palouse Grassland STATE:Washington KEYWORDS:compaction:cover:management;orchard;soil ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To aetermine the inlluence of tra"el,in comolnation with cover crop practices.on soil compaction and otn'er physical SOJI properties in a peach orchard.(Time anc Duratlcn)1959 and 1961 -two years.(Type of Research)Original field and laboratory research. (Methodology)The stUdy was conducted in a 12-year old peach orchard growing on a very fine sandy loam soil.Cover crop practices evaluated were continuous orchard grass,continuous alfalfa.winter rye dlsked in each spnng.and a chemically maintained bare surlace.Soli properties analyzed were bulk oenslty distribution with depth,water stabiHty of aggregates.organic mailer percentage,and water infiltration rates.5011 samples were collected from traveled and nontraveled portions of the orchard.-{ResUlts and ConclUSions)Physical properties of the SOti were maintained In beller condition with a co"er crop than with a chemically maintained bare surface.There was less surface compaction.slightly increased soil aggrega1e stabiUty.increased organic matter in the surface SOil,and increased water infiltration in soil With continuous cover cropping compared with bare soil.Bulk density of the surface SQlI markedly increased by tra"el,with the effect decreasing with depth. Travel reouced water Intake to apprOXimately one-third tt'lat obtained in nontraveled areas.It is important to minimize those practices which contribute to compaction,especially travel wnen the soil is wet and most susceptible to packing. B2c -Solar radiation 1553 Design EHV lines 10 reduce Impact. AUTHOR:BYRON RA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:American ElectriC Power Sel'\iice Corp. SOURCE TITLE:Electrical World. SOURCE 10:1974 (January 15). YEAR PUBLISHED;1974 CATEGORY:B2c REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:construction;design;electromagnetic field effect;impact;right- of-way ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To study EHV electromagnetic phenomena and to determine their impact on the environment.(Type of Research)A state of the art discussion.No literature cited.(Results and Conclusions)General discuSS40n of some problems with electromagnetic phenomena and assessing the environmental impact. 1554 Industrialization,evolution and the development of heavy malal tolerance In plants. AUTHOR;BRADSHAW AD;GREGORY RPG;MCNEILLY TS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Un...College of North Wales. SOURCE TITLE;SympOsium British EcologIcal Society SOURCE 10:5:327-343,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:82c REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:ecosystem:env"onment;plants:resiiience;toxicity - ..... _7 ~;olWIlI;.~'.~'__"'"-__"";'_ ,A,BSiRACT:(Purpose)To aescfloe changes In some plant specJP2s through eVOiutlon whlch has come about through the aJteratlon of tne environment by IndustrializatIon,(TIme and DuratIon)literature review covermg a 15- year oerlod.(Tyoe of Research)Literature reView.(Methodology)Of the et'lv~ronmef1ts,those that are produced Dy man·s inoustlral actlvitles are tr.z most strikmg.Often they are new li'l the history or the world-thus tl"''SY are new 10 :ne plant ana ammal life that surrounds them.The author reviews many papers to snow now rapid:cotonizalion occurs and a 'lew vegetatlon,different from the old,builds up.as in sancs and gravel Pi~S and old chab(works.Where the sod has been poHuted Dy toXIC s~:;;srances from mining for heavy metals.sulphurous matertalS,etc..the li.arenalS left behtna may be so poor {nat nothing can grow.(Resul1s and ConcluSlons)For areas so poor notning wW colonize qUick~y.t/'1ere are two choices:man can,)f he chooses.~rhaps at great expense.do somethmg;or nature possjb~y can.When nature takes over,it is of evolutionary significance.It is difficult to find areas where nothing will eventually grow.If a niche is vacant,evolutionary processes will lead to colonrzation.In plants we do not seem yet to have any conc1uslve eVIdence 01 the evolution of populations tolerant to herbicides.although tney have been used for many years.But in agricultural crops there are new many records of the genetic changes that can occur wnen a species IS taken out of one habitat and grown in another.• B2d •Microclimate 1555 Use ot tire in southern lorests. AUTHOR:CROW AB SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOUf1CE 10:71(10):629-632.1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B2d SPONSOR:LA State Un.v.School of Forestry and;Wildlife Management. REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:Alabama:Georgia~Louisiana; MiSSIssIppi;South Carolina KEYWORDS:fire:forest ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To alert foresters and wildlife managers who USe prescribed burning to the many factors to be considered before using fire.(Type'of Research)Literature reVIew.(Methodology)Review of peninent lIterature concerning the use of prescribed burning in southern pine foresls.(Results and Conclusions)Prescribed burning IS used In fuel reduction,control at unwanted vegetation disease,site preparation, Wildlife habitat improvement.and range improvement.Better weather prediction and practical guideiines tor smoke management are needed.In tne meantIme,restraint and common sense shoUld be used in burning programs. 1556 Microclimate mocilftcallon due to power transmission rights ot way. AUTHOR:HEISLER G:HERRINGTON L AUTHOR AFFILIATION:State Univ.of NY.College of Environmental SCiences and Forestryy SOURCE TITLE:Pages 36-57 ,n Power Lines and tne Environment. SOURCE 10:Mllicrook.NY.The Cary Arboretum 01 the New York Botanical Gardens,1973,170 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B2d REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:corrrdor;humidity,mIcroclimate;precipitation;solar radiation; transmiSSion ABSTRACT:(Puroose)To discuss microclimate modifications on electric transmission line corridors.including temperature.humidity.precipitation. solar rad1abon and wind near the ground,and to present the physical basis of microclimate control.(Time and Duration)Survey of 40 years of research.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)No literature relattng directly to the microctimate mod~fications caUSed by electric tranSlT'tlssion corridors were found.However,the literature in the fielC!s 01 agriCUlture.forest regeneration.Wildlife management and from Caslc meterologlcal and physical prlnciples has been surveyed as a basis 01 predicting mIcroclimate changes On ROWs.(Results and ConclJsions) The removal of tall vegetation such as trees or high brush will result in changes in the microclimate and hence changes in the vegetation on tne surlace and in water budgets and stream temperatures.Tnese changes in microclimate wili be due to changes in the location of the active surface and changes in albedo of the abSOrbing surfaces.In cases where the ROW Is a "cut".microclimate gradients will be established across the ROW due to shadow patterns.One of the most important potential adverse impacts construction of electric ROWs may have 1S on stream temperatures.Sufficient data exists for an estimatlon of the increase in stream temperatures.The ilT'l>aC\s of eiectflc ROWs on general climate and Indirectly on watershed hydrOlogy are minimai;but these may cause changes in flora and fauna that mayor may nof be desirable. B2e •Bird mortality 1560 1557 Prescribed burning in southern New England:introduction to long-range stUdies. AUTHOR:GOODWiN RH;NJERING WA:TAYLOR S SOURCE TITLE:Tall Timbers Fire ECOlogy Conterence Proceedings. SOURCE 10:10:267-286.1970 YEAR PUBUSHED'1970 CATEGORY:B2d SPONSOR:Nat SCience Foundation REGION:AppalachIan Oak Forest STATE:Connecticut KEYWORDS regeneration ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To assess the effects of controlled burning on f;oristic composition of representative vegetative types of Southern New England,as well as tne effect on mIcroclimate.(Time and Duration)3 years.(Type of Research)Original.(Methodology)Three old fields and SiX forest areas in CT were selected for controlled burning.Permanent transects and a series of .5x2m quadrats were used to determlne density and cover of vegetation.Microclimate Taylor maxtmum-minlmum thermometer and a Palmer minirnum~maxlmum soil thermometer were used 4cm below soil surface.Soil samples were collected and analyses made to include macro and mIcro elements.(ReSUlts and ConClUSions)In oid fields.burning causeo an increase in .Andropogon,while in forested areas root kW was restricted to such fire sensitive specIes as black birch In the 4 inch class,and stem kill was limited primarily to the 1 to 4 Inch size c'ass.Shrubs were reduced.No significant differences In temperatures were obtained at the 1 meter level. B2e •Bird mortality 1558 Migrating birds respond to Project 5ealarer's electromagnetic Iield. AUTHOR:LARKIN RP;SUTHERLAND PJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Rockefeller Univ SOURCE TITLE:Science SOURCE 10:19S(4280}:777-778.1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:Wisconsin KEYWORDS:birds;electromagnetic field eflect ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the effects of an AC field on migrating birds.(Time and D\lration)1975;1 year.(Methodology)The prolect Seafarer in Wisconsin InclUdes antennae in the form of a cross about 8m above the ground which ermt an electromagnetIc s19nal and develop,ed an Intense AC magnetic field.A radar was used to follOW Individual migrating birds.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)No effects were observed on b~rds which flew straight and ~evel.Assorted reactions indicated that birds turned or changed altitude more frequently when the antennae system was operating than when It was not. 1559 A study of the reproductive biology 01 herons,egrets,and ibis nesting on Pea Patch Island,Delaware. AUTHOR:WIESE JH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Manomet Bird Observatory SOURCE 10:Wilmington.DE.Delmarva Power 8.Light Co.1977.155 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:Maryland KEYWORDS:birds;habitat;Impact;mortality;right-of.way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide baseline data on factors affecting nesting success on Pea Patch Island before construcllon of a power line about one mile away.(Time and Duration)1976;7 months.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)The neronry was dissected into se...en physiorom,c sections.Vegetation was classified and the soil tested for toxicity.All nests were counted and reproducllve success was sludled. FUgnt route surveys were made.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)Baseline data was obtained against which to test th<'·,flects of the proposed powerllne. 1560 Nonhuntlng mortality of fledged North American waterfowl. AUTHOR:CORNWELL GW;STOUT IJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Polytechnic Institute SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE 10:40(4}:681 ·693,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:birds;mortality;waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review and compile qualitative evidence from available records on nonhunting mortality in waterfowl.(Time and Ouration)1963-65.(Type 01 Research)Literature search.(Methodology) 99 B2e •Bird mortality 1560 Data were obtamed trom QuestJonnaires.reoort fl~es of US FIsh and Wridrlfe Service,waterfowl bane-recovery data.and hlerature.(Results and Conclusions)Wlre strikes and collisions accounted for a majority of the casuaUtles,and of the collisions those with utility wires were a mlnrmal overall Importance in waterfoWl mortality,0.1~:C of the total sample.Other sources of losses compiled were weather.predatJon, POllutIon.diseases and poisons.and miscellaneous factors. 1561 The effects of a tall tower on nocturnal bird migration - a portable ceilometer study. AUTHOR:AVERY M:CASSEL JF:SPRINGER PF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NO State Univ.;US Dept of Intenor. SOURCE TITLE:The Auk. SOURCE 10:93(2):261-291,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:Dept of Zoology,NO State Univ. REGION:Applicable to entire Umted States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bird kills:birds:impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on direct visual observations of nocturnal migrants at a tall tower during tour migration seasons and relate findings to proposed reasons why birds congregate at taU lighted towers,(Time and Duration)During spring and fall mlgrallon periods,1972 and 1973;2 years.(Type of Research)Original.(Methodology)Nighttime Observations of migrants were made employing a portable ceilometer (a lamp powered by a 6-volt battery),a 20 x 60 spoiling scope,and 7 x 35 binoculars. One watching location was near the base at the 366m tower,and tne other location was 305m northeast of the tower.Watches were conducted on an average of four nights per week,Data were analyzed to determine if there were differences in the number 01 migrants and their direction of fiight at the two locations.(Results and ConclUSions)On overcast nights Significantly more migrants were seen at the tower and fl,ght directions tended to be more d.lspersed.On clear nights SIgnificantly more bIrds were seen away trom the tower.Bl.rds at the tower on overcast nights orient into tne wind and remain close to the tower by fluttering or hovering.BirdS did not Circle the tower or orient toward the I,ghts.On clOUdy nights birds are arrested within the larger illuminated area and are re{uctant to leaye. 1562 Effects of highway rightS-Of-way on bird populations. AUTHOR:FERRIS CR:HAVERLACK EG;MICHAEL ED SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on EnVironmental Concerns in RIghts-of-Way Management.January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State,MS,MS State Univ,1976,253-261 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Mixed MesophytiC Forest KEYWORDS:bird;Impact:populallons:right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The effects of highways on WV bird populations were studIed.(TIme and Duration)197Q.74.(Type of Research)Surveyor census research.(Methodology)A census of birds was made along a high speed highway to provide data on habitat changes and bird use.A strip census method using four transects.plus a vehIcle-drive census were used.(Results and ConclUSIons)Major questions associated With hrghways and b,rd use were not answered,according to the investigators; but long-term elfects seem to be more beneficial than harmful.A total of 55 species were recorded during drive censuse-s.The most common species were starlings,crow,red-eyed vireo,indigo bunting,towhee, chiCKadee and tufted titmouse.Rankings varied from 1973 to 1974. Recommendations for habitat management included favortng invasion by natural vegetation whiCh would be cut on a 1Q.year rotation,and leaving isolated trees,dead and living. 15.§3 Watertowl mortality mouth of Saginaw River. AUTHOR:PRAWDZIK T AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI Dept of Naturaf Resources. SOURCE TITLE:Memorandum. SOURCE 10:GladWIn,MI,MI Dept of Natural Resources,Gladwin District Office,Feb 11,1976,1 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:birds:mortality:waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)TO report winter waterfOWl mortality at a generabng station.(Type of Research)Original report.(Results and ConclUsions) Observation was made 01 60-65 frozen waterfowl at a generating station where a warm water discharge cnannel was open on February 6. Suggestions to eliminate this were:prevent an open channe'from forming.and place lines so they don't cross the open channel. 100 1564 Habitat management implications of migration. AUTHOR:SPRUNT A AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Nat Audubon Society. SOURCE TiTLE:SymOOsium on Management of Forest ar,j Rang~Hab~tat5 for Nongame Birds.May 6-9,1975. SOURCE 10'1975.81-86 p YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B2e;C4 REGION'Applicable to emlre Unrted States STATE:Unrtea States KEYWORDS:birds;habitat:management ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To diSCUSS tne ImplIcations of OlfO rt'1igratlor on habitat management.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodoiogy) Literature review.(Results and ConclUSions)Most information is of a general nature,since very liWe direct research to determine neeCl and use of migration habitat has been accomplished.Although birds utilize most available habitats during mIgration,certain areas and habitats are of particular Importance.Managers should become more aware of the needs of migrant birds and attempt to maintain and Increase diversity of habItat whenever possible. 1565 Death trap. AUTHOR:SISSON J SOURCE TITLE:National Wildlife SOURCE 10:13(2):18,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:laurentIan Mixed Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:fTlQrtality:waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report swan mortality on utility wires.(Type of Research)Onginal report.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)Th"ty mute swanS have been «Wed in 15 years at a bridge crosSIng in northern Michigan. Efforts to prevent the loss have not been successfui and a flock of 70 birds 's down to 2 dozen.Cutting of trees near the brioge appeared to cause the death trap conditions. 1566 Pole changes keep eagles "ying. AUTHOR:ANDERSON WW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Ip Power Co. SOURCE TITLE;TransmISSIon and Distribution. SOURCE \0:Pages 28-31,1975 (November). YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Cedar-Hemlock-Douglas-tir Forest STATE:Idaho KEYWORDS:bird,kills;birds:structure design ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe changes in pole deSign to elimmate electrocution of eagles.(TIme and Duration)Two-year Study.(Type of Research)Original research (field study)(Methodology)Idaho Power Company began research in 1972 to determine just how serious eagle ejectrocution was.Th;s involved periodic field trips to Study the problem. Company po~es were categorized as those that were a defjnite hazard to eagles:those which were a possible hazard:and those whIch were sate perches.Slow-motion films were used .to learn of an eagle's abUlty to land on cross-arms supporting three or more wires under various wind condillons and angles of approach.MOCk-Up poles were designed to stUdy new pole deSJgns safe tor eagles.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)A pole that is safe for eagles has a vertical separation of at least 43 inches between center and outer phases.Wherever a change in structure configuration to an approved type proved impractical,the eiectric company turned to conductor insulation covers.or installed perches of their own design 3 feet above the conductors.The eagles quickly adopted the perches as preferred landing sites,since the design allowed them to take off from any direction. 1567 Avian mortality from collisions with overhead wires in North Dakota. AUTHOR:KRAPU GL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service SOURCE TITLE:Prairie Naturalisl. SOURCE 10:6(1):1-6.1974. YEAR PUBLISHED;1974 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds;impact;structure;transmiSSion ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the loss of birds from colliSIons with power and telephone wires in I'4orth Dakota (Time and Duration) Observallons over a lour-year period.(Type of Research)Literature review and lield observations.(Metnodology)This is primarily a literature reviewal the 15 major papers dealing WIth avian mortality from collisions with overhead wires.In addition,the author cites numerous observations he has made in North Dakota dealing with bird collisions with towers, ..... - ..... .- B2e -Bird mortality 1574 .... ........, Dower wires ana teleDnone wires (Res'-Jlts and Conclusions)In tne tuture mortailty caused by overhead wIres of rural utilities will probably decline-the current trend toward burying rural tejephone and power lines and decHnlng farm populations are the principal contributing factors. Conversely.the planned constructlon of maSSive eleCtrical generaung p:ants In central and western North Dakota wHi result In a prohferauon of transmission lines crossmg the state fram west to east.lntensive stud.;es are needed to measure the impact of existmg and proposed lines on migrant and breeding bird populations,since the east~west direction 01 these tines offers a significant obstacle to migrating birds, 1568 Nocturnal migrants killed at a centr;ll Florida TV tower:autumns 1969·1971. AUTHOR:ANDERSON DH;TAYLOR WK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:FL Technological UnlV. SOURCE TITLE:Wilson Bulletin. SOURCE 10:85(1 ):42-51,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:Nat Science Foundation.;Frank M Chapman Award. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bird killS;birds;Impacts ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To gather information about nocturnal migrants mat were killed at a newJY-<lrected 1,484 foot TV tower located in central Florida.(Time and Duration)Fall of 1969,1970 and 1971;3 years.(Type of Research)Ori9inal research.(MethodoI09Y)Killed birds were usually collected early in the morning;but dUring large kills,coIJec1JOns began at night and continued into the morning.AU specimens found were either recorded or COllected.Passerines were aged by plumages and skull ossification;nonpasserines were aged by plumages.Sex was determined by plumages and dissection.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)Sixteen familJes and 82 species were represented in in the 7,782 individuals collected. The largest kill was on September 28-29 1970;1,592 indiViduals of 37 specIes were found.Thirty-one (38 percent)at the 82 Species were warDlers,and of the 7,782 Individuals,85 percent were parulids. 1569 Ruddy ducks colliding with wires. AUTHOR:SIEGFRIED WR SOURCE TiTLE:The Wilson Bulletin SOURCE 10:84(4):486-487,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:82e SPONSOR:Delta Waterlowl Research Station. REGION:Tall-grass Prairie STATE:Iowa;Minnesota;Montana;North Dakota;South Dakola KEYWORDS:bird kills;breeding;ducks;impact mortality;waterfowl; wetland ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report observations of birds colliding with wires. (Time and Duration)May-August 1971.(Type of Research)OrigInal research.(Methodology)10 surveys along 50km of overhead wires and a colleclJon of 50 ruddy ducks.(Results and Conclusions)Ei9ht ruddy aucks and eight individuals of tour other specIes were found along the 500km survey.Most of the mortality appears to occur during and after dusk There appears to be a 10%Incidence of injury 10 ruddy dUCkS from COUiSI0n5 With wires. 1570 BIrd 'mortallty at lour towers in eastern North Dakota-Fall 1972. AUTHOR:AVERY M;CLEMENT T AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NO State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Praille Naturalist. SOURCE 10:4(3&4):87-95,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY;B2e SPONSOR:Jamestown,NO. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Unitea States KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds;structure;transmission ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine how the nature 'of bird mortality differed with the geographic location and other features of radio transmiSSIOn towers.to report on the kinds and numbers Of birds kilted and discuss some possible factors inVOlved.(Time and Duration)One- year study.(Type of Research)Original research (field stUdy). (Methodology)Three tower areas were searched tor dead birds starting In August,and extending through mid-November.These investigations were made twice a week.The search area incJuded both the tmmediate tower area and also the ground beneath the guy wires.The area around a fourth tower was searched daily.Counts were made of all dead birds, and these were identified as to species.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Bird mortality numberea 561,representing 86 species.Species most frequently killed at three of the tower siles were dissimilar to those most commonly killed at the fourth tower site.Largest losses occurred on overcast nights following the passage of cold fronts through the regions.Scavengers and predators no doubt removec SUQS!antI31 n\Jm~rs 0"tne tow~r-kiiied DII~':" a~the SItes where coilectlons were only made tWIce week~y 1571 Collisions with wires - a source of a"atid mortality, AUTHOR:CORNWELL G:HOCHBAUM HA SOURCE TITLE:The Wilson BUlletin SOURCE 10:83(3):305-306,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:Della Waterfowl Research StatIon REGION:Tall-grass Prame STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:bird kills:ducks:eCOlogy:fences:impact;mortality:wateriow' ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report observations of ducks killed by colliSions wilt1 barlJed wire fences (Time and Duration)limIted.(Type of Research\ Original research.(Results and Conclusions)Four observations of waterfowl mortality (pmtail and blue-wrngeo teal)caused by a colliSIon wi1h a barbed wire tence are reported.Removal of fences and overhea...i power lines from wetland areas are recommended. 1572 StUdies on raptor mortality in western Utah. AUTHOR:ELLIS DH:MURPHY JR;SMITH DG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Brigham Young Un,V.Dept of Zoology and Entomoiogy. SOURCE TITLE:Great Basin Naturalist. SOURCE 10:29:165-167,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:National Audubon Society Brigham Young:UnlV.;Dept Zoo109' and Entomoiogyo REGION:3133 STATE:Utah KEYWORDS;bird kills;Impact:raptor ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To deternllne causes and relative mortality rates o' all species of raptors in western Utah.(Time and Duration)2 years (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)A 12.1 mile strete" of gravel road paralleied by utility line (in Utah County)was surveyed approXImately every 3 months from spring,1967 to fall 1968.For comparison.surveys were conducted along the utmty line outside the study area.Dead raptors were identified and cause of death determme,.."': when pOSSIble.(Results and Conciusions)Density of raptor kills was 3 ,.. birds per mile on the study road.Buteos and eagles suffered the greatest mortality.HeaV4est mortaHty occurred in immature birds in the 1.'Ii and winter,corresponding to the t~mes of heaViest sport hunting..one suggested cause of mortality was hunters shooting the birds as they perched or roostecl on the utility lines.Minor mortality causes may have:' been collisions with cars and possible 1080 pOisoning. 1573 Shed lew tears. AUTHOR:MAYFIELD H SOURCE TITLE:Audubon MagaZine. SOURCE 10:69:61 65,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:avifauna;bird kills:birds;density;ecoiogy:Impact:mlgratlo r morta~lty;passerine;popUlatIon;reprOduction:status;survival;trend ABSTRACT:To evaluate the Importance of bird mortality at TV towers relative to the total population mortality.(lime and Duration)1967.(TyP<' of Research)Literature reView.(Methodology)Th,s article discusses the Importance of mortality in order to maintain healthy popuiatlons of birdS (Results and Conclusions)the ma9nitude of mortality at televison towers is not significant and it is thought to be 0.0002%of the total mortality per year.However,the percentage may be larger for the red eyed we<' ovenbird,Tennessee warbler,magnolia warbler,palm warbler,yellow throat,catbird,and the'thrushes. 1574 Bird casualties at a Leon County,Florida TV tower:an eleven- year study. AUTHOR;NORRIS FA;STODDARD HL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Tall TImbers Research Station. SOURCE 10:Tallahassee,FL,Tall TImbers Research Station,1967,No.8. 104 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY;B2e SPONSOR:Nat Science Foundation.;Nat Institute of Health.;Tall Timbers Research Station. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;bird kills;birdS;impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide a long,term study of bird mortality caused by a 673-foot TV tower,and later (after mid-April.1960)by a '0' B2e -Bird mortality 1574 1,OiD toOl tower tt'lat was bUllt to replace lhe smaJler tower (TIme and Ourallon)Octoaer 1.1955.tnrough September.1966:11 years.(Type ot Research)Origmal research.(Methodology)Twenty acres around the 673~ toot rower were cleared and planted 1n centipede grass so that dead oirds could be found more easily.An additional 14 acres were cleared wnen the 1.01 O-toot tower was built.The improved area was searched at daybreak every Clay with the exception of a few days in June.AH deaCl olrds'were couected except for one very large kill.(ReSUlts and ConcJusJOns)Major kills occur only at the peak of taU migration in October,wnen lethal weather(deep low cloUdS with mfst murk and tavorJ ng wmds)coinciaes with tremenaous flignts.A total of 29,451 IndfvlQualS and 170 specIes were handted.Total number killed,trme of kill,ana other notes of Interest ale gIVen for each species. 1575 Mldway's deadly antennas. AUTHOR:FISHER HI AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Southern IL Univ. SOURCE TITLE:AUdubon Magazine. SOURCE 10:8£:220-223.1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:Off'ce 01 Naval Research. REGION:Hawaiian Islands STATE:Hawaii KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds;impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the number of Laysan albatrosses killed annually as a result of the antennas on Midway Island.(Time and OuratlOn)1964-65;2 years.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)The number of Laysan albatrosses and other birds killed by the antenna network on Midway Island were counted by personal observations.(Results and Ccnclusions)One-Sixth of the world's 1.500.000 Laysan albatrosses may be lost due to the antenna network on MIDway Isiand Tne most deadly parts of tne antennal setup are the Slanting cables supporting the 300-foot towers of the SCATTER communicatIons apparatus.No action has been taken on proposals that might alleViate this problem. 1576 A comparison 0'the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night 0'migration. AUTHOR:KEMPER CA:RAVELING DG;WARNER OW SOURCE TITLE:The Wilson Bulletin. SOURCE 10;78(1):2&-30.1966. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:Nat Institute of Health. REGION:Maple-Basswood Forest +Oak Savanna STATE:Iowa;lIIinois; Minnesota:Wisconsin KEYWORDS;birO kills;birds;birds.song;deCIduous:Impact;IT1Jgration; mortal tty;nocturnal;passerine:prairie;transmiSSion,commumcatlon ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To compare the species compOSitIon of b"ds killed at two different TV towers on the same night (Time and Duration) Septemoer 9-10.1962.(Type of Research)Original research. (MetnodoI09Y)All birds killed at two TV towers In Minnesota and Wlsconsin were collected and identitied for two mghts in September. (Results and ConclUSions)A comparison of 865 birds killed dUring migration at a Wisconsin srte With Sae birds kmed at a Minnesota site is made.The Wisconstn site kill resembles the species kil'3d in a deciduous woodland area,while the km in Minnesota is sll11ilar to specres killed in prairie area.The important species in Wisconsin were red-eyed vireo, Tennessee.bay-breasted,and chestnut-sided warbler.and the important species in Minnesota were Swatnson's thrush,yellow warbler,sora.and red eyed VIreo. 1577 Weight characteristics 0'birds killed In nocturnal migration. AUTHOR:GRABER JW;GRABER RR SOURCE TITLE:The Wilson Bulletin. Sl"RCE 10:74(1):74-86,1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY,B2e REGION:Oak-Hickory-Bluestem Parkland STATE:Illinois KEYWORDS:avifauna:bird kills;birds;birds,song;impact;mlgrallon; mortality;nocturnal;passerine;transmisston,communrcation ABSTRACT:(I't.Jrpase)To present organ weights of nocturnal migrant birds killed at a television tower in central lIIino,s,(Time and Duration)1956- 1960.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Birds killed at a TV tower in central Illinois were collected,weighed and frozen the morning following the kin.The specimens were dissected within two monll1s.Data were collected on fat condillon,pectoral muscle mass. bra,n.hearl,lung.spleen and liver weights.(ResUlts and ConclUSIOns)A slow·moVing cotdfront that results in complete overcast reduced visibility. USUally With tog or precipitation,are the weather condilions that promote large kills of nocturnai migrants.GroSS weights and organ weights of 469 102 specimens (21 species)are presented for nocturnal mIgrants k,Ueo In Septemcer.The Swalnson's thrush,ovenbird,gray-cheeked thrush,red~ eyed vireo.catbird and magnolia warbler were tne most numerous species.The energetIc cost ot m~gratlon was estimated tor adult ""ale Swarnson's thrushes to be 2.4 to 4.4 percent of gross weigr,t per hour Gross weight and weight of certain organs appeared to vary With sa.x and-age.Males tena to be heavier than temajes.and Immatures heavier than adults. 1578 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon. AUTHOR:GOLLOI'MA SOURCE TITLE:The Blue Jay. SOURCE 10:23(1}:15-17,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED,1965 CATEGORY:82e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Montana:North Oakota: Nebraska;South Dakota;Wyoming KEYWORDS:aVifauna;bird kills;birds:birds.song;Impact;migration; mortality;nocturnal;passerine;transmission line ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on birds colliding with radio and TV towers and powerlines during migratjon at Saskatoon.Saskatchewan. (Time and Duration)1961-1964 (lalls only).(Type of Research)Original researCh.(Methodology)One to four people systematically searched the area around radio and TV towers,and area near a power line with 29 wires 50 to 75 feet high.(Results and Conclusions)543 individuals representing 43 specles of birds were found dead over a 4-year period around nine radio and TV towers.The most common species of bIrds were:sora,flycatchers.Swainson's thrush,red-eyed vireo.yellow warbler. and ovenbird.Overcast skies and poor visibility were usuaHy aSSOCiated WIth the kills at the towers.The kills (15 birds of 12 species)at the power hne were not associated With bad weather. 1579 An analysis 0'prairie warblers killed in Florida during nocturnal migration. AUTHOR:MUMFORD RE:NOLAN V JR SOURCE TITLE;The Condor. SOURCE 10:67:322-338,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:52e REGION:Beech-5weetgum-Magnolia-Pine-Oak Forest STATE:Florida KEYWORDS:birds;birds,song:impact;""gration;mortality:season ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To report on the results of an examination of 448 praine warblers kined during $pring and taU migration.(Time and Duration)1957-1963.(Type of Aesearch)Onginal research.(Methodology) Birds were collected the day after death and frozen.E.ternal measurements,sex,and body weIght were determined tor all specimens. Fat conditton,gonadal weight.extent of skull OSSification.stomach.and bursa of Fabricius were examined.(Results and ConClUSions)Prairie warbler males migrate about two weel<s eariier than females in the sp"ng.First-year birds of both sexes may migrate later than adults.Fall migration begins with immature birds moving south in JUly.Adults begin migration by mid-August Migration was complet"by mid-October.There is a differential migration by age class and by se•.Spring birds were not fat and there was no molt Autumn birds were qUite fat,becoming more SO as the season progressed.Immatures were fatter than adults and were more heavily wing-loaded. 1580 A to_'or TV:30,000 dead birds. AUTHOR:KEMPER CA SOURCE TITLE:Audubon Mag"""e SOURCE 10:66:86-90.1964. YEAR PUBLiSHED:1964 CATEGORY:52e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Stat"s KEYWORDS;bird kills;bltds;impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on the blrd kills at a TV tower in Eau Clair.Wisconsin.(Time and Duration)september 16-20,1963;3 days. (Type of ResearCh)Original research (direct observation).(Methodology) A portion (10,195 individuals)of the dead birds were colfected and identified.The total number of birds killed was es1tmated from this sample.(Results and Conclusions)NumeroUS bird kills had occurred at a 1.00o-foot TV tower at Eau Claire.WisconSin.On the nights of September 18-19 and 19-20.1963.a very large kill occured (estimated 30.000 birds).The buildin9 of TV towers over 500 feet should be controlled to p.revent destruction of mgrating blfds. ""'" ..... 1581 Fall migration and weather,a radar study. AUTHOR:BELLROSE FC:GRABER RR:HASSLER SS SOURCE TITLE:The Wilson Bulletin. SOURCE 10:75(1):56-77,1963. YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:Nat SCience Foundation.:IL Natural History Survey. REGION:Oak-Hickory-Bluestem Parkland STATE:Iowa;Illinois;Indiana KEYWORDS:bird kills:birdS:climate;migration;nocturnai;passerine; oreclcitation:seasonal:weather ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the tactors lhat influence mlgrauon In central illinOIS.(TIme and Duration)Fall 1960.(Type 01 Research)Original research.(Methodoiogy)Migration palterns were determined through the use of radar.Meteorological Information correlated with the data on migrant birdS was obtained by US Weather Bureau daily surface maps. (Results and ConclUsiOns)The Nocturnal bird migration during the fall, based on radar and lunar data,follows a typiCal pattern beginning shortly after sunset.reaching a peak at midnight,and declining sharply thereafter.The pattern based on data obtained by aural methods is contradictory.Although some migration occurs nightly throughout late summer and early fall,defiMe waves or rusl1es are usually observed at regular inleMIls.The rate or number of bi.rds observed per hour shows a definite increase in late september and October.A shill in wind direction is usually associated with a wave of migrants,and the wind shift is almost always associated with a cold front.Changes in temperature and barometric pressure do not seem to be directly correlated with migration. The relationship ~n nocturnal migrants and weather is complex and no single pattern consistently occurs. 1582 Toxlclly of "dybar"to bobwhite quail. AUTHOR:BERGSTRAND J:KliMSTRA WD SOURCE TiTlE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE 10:26(3):325-327,1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:Southern IL Univ,Cooperative Wildlife;Research lab. REGION:Applicable 10 entire United States STATE:Illinois KEYWORDS:birds:herbicides;impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine toxicity of herbicide Dybar to bobwhite quail.(Time and Duration)17 days.(Type ot Research)Original research. (Methodology)Pelleted tenuron was force-fed to 10 quail In predetermined amounts.Ten control birds were force-fed empty gelatinous capsules.Fenuron pellets were placed in front of a group of four birds to determine voluntary ingestion.(Results and ConclUSIons)No mortality occurred and behavior and alertness of the Quail remaIned constant throughout the experiment.All birds increased in body weight. 1583 Regina 1V tower bird mortalities 1961. AUTHOR:NERO RW SOURCE TITLE:The Blue Jay. SOURCE 10:19(4):160 165,1961. YEAR PUBLISHED:1961 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Montana;North Dakota; Nebraska;South Dakota;WyomIng KEYWORDS:avifauna;bird kills;birds;birds,song;ecoiogy;Impact; mignation;mortality;nocturnal;passerine ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on birds colliding with a TV tower in Regina.Sasl<atcheWan.(Time and Duration)September 1963.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)A TV tower two miles east of Regina,Saskatchewan,was visited penocllcally during the month of $eplernber.Birds that died as a result of colliding with the tower were colteeted and identified.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Two major instances 01 bird mortality involving 94 and 113 casualhes are reported.Thi(ty species were identified with red eyed vireos being the most common. Wood warblers and vireos were the most common groups.One kill may have continued durtng the morning after sunrise When it was naming. There seemed to be little association with poor weather condittons and the second kill. 1584 Migrants al airport cellometers. AUTHOR:HICKEY MB SOURCE TITLE:Passenger Pigeon. SOURCE 10:22(1 ):23-26.1960. YEAR PUBLISHED:1960 CATEGORY;B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:avifauna;bird kills;birds;birds,song;ecology;impact; migration;mortality;nocturnal;passenne B2e -Bird mortality 1587 ABSTRACT:(Purpcse)To report on actiVitIes of migrant brrds at the aIrport cellometer in MaOison,WtsconSIn.(Tlme and DuratIon)May 1952 and October 1959.(Type of Research)Original research.(Metnodology)Direct observation on two occasions.(Results and ConClUSions)A deSCription at mlgratlOg bYrds in the spring flying through the beam of light from an airport ceiiometet IS presenteD.There 1$also a record of a k.ill 111 the fall of 1959 caused by bfrds being attracted to the ceilomeler tnat resulted ,n 117 aead birdS found of 24 spec<e5. 1585 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958- 1959-1960. AUTHOR:LASKEY AR SOURCE TITLE:The Migrant. SOURCE ID:31(4):61 -68,1960. YEAR PUBLISHED:1960 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Alabama;Kentucky; Mississippi;Tennessee KEYWORDS:avifauna;bird kills;birds;birds.song;impact:migration; mortality;·nocturnal;passerine ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on nocturnal migrant casuahies at two TV towers in Nashville,Tennessee.during the autumn.(Time and Duration) 1958-60.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Two TV towers were VISIted throughout the falls of 1956-60 and the areas beneath them were systematically searched for dead birds.Number and species were recorded by location and date.(Results and ConcluSIOns) The largest kills at nocturnal migrants were associated with the approach and passing of a coldfront with northe~y Winds.usually overcast skies and olten some preCipitation.The report includes a list of 3683 birds ot 77 species that were collected over the three-year penod.The most common species were:ovenbird.red·eyed vireo,Tennessee warbler, magnolia warbler,and catbird,An ultra-violet team at a nearby airport ceilometer did not cause any mortality of nocturnal migrants. 1586 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower. AUTHOR:COCHRAN W>N SOURCE TITLE:The Wilson Bulletin SOURCE 10:70(4);378-380,t 958. YEAR PUBliSHED:1958 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Oak-Hickory-BlueSlem Parkland STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds; birds.song;impact;mIgration;mortality; nocturnal;passerine;transmission,communication ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To deSCribe the behavior of nocturnal mIgrant birds in response to lights on a televiSIon tower.(Time and Duration)1957. (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Direct obseNallons of migrant birds were made at a televiSion tower from 8 pm.May 29 unlil 5:15 am.May 30 and from 3:30 am to 5:45 am on November 5. Call note counts were made in November with the red tower i'ghts both on and ott.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Nocturnal migrant birds are attracted to and confused by the tower lights orily on nights when the ceiling is low,and migrants are apparently forced to fly near or below the 1000 to 3000-foot level.They are not attracted on clear nights or on nights when cloud cover is high.Only a very small percentage of the birds which reach the tower are killed. 1587 Bird destruction at a 1V tower. AUTHOR:KEMPER CA SOURCE TITLE:Au'ubon MagaZIne. SOURCE to:60:270 271,1958. YEAR PUBLISHED:1958 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire UOI1ed Slates STATE:Wi.sConsin KEYWORDS:avifauna;bird kills;birds;birds,song;ecology;impact; migration;nocturnal;passerine ABSTRACT:To report on bird mortality occurring at TV towers in EauClaire.WI.August to September 1957.Original research.Two instances of mortality at a 1000 foot TV tower are described.An estimated 300 to 400 birds were killed in late August and 20,000 in mid september.The most common species to die were:ovenbird,bay breasted warbler,chestnut sided warbler,magnolia warbler and tennessee wart>let.Twenty five species were identified as part of the kill. 103 B2e •Bird mortality 1587 1588 An analysis of migrating birds killed at a television tower in east central Illinois,September 1955-May 1957. AUTHOR:BREWER R;ELLISJA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of IL Dept of ConservatIOn. SOURCE TITLE:The Auk SOURCE 10:75:400-414.1958. YEAR PUBLISHED:1958 CATEGORY:B2e SPONSOR:Nat Science Foundation REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Unlled States KEYWORDS bird kills:birdS:imoact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Birds killed at a TV tower in illinOiS were studied to provide,data on the rejatrve numbers of eacn sex and age group of a species.fat condition.migration of each group,geographical patterns of migration.and total volume of migration.(Time and Duration)September 1955-May 1957.21 months.(Type of Research)Original research. (Metnodology)Data was colleeted from seven bird kills at a 983 foot television tower located in Champaign County.lI.nois.(Results and ConclUSions)Bird kills occurred under conditiOns of 80-100 percent cloud cover,low cloud c~flings.and obscured visibility.Wood warblers were the most numerous.Bird specfes were most sjmilar to samples from Tennessee and Geor.gia.and least similar to those from Kansas.A maJOrity of the birds were adults.femaies,and moderately to eKcesStvely fat.IndeK values of total volume of migration were subject to many errors. 1589 Analysis of mass bird mortality in October,1954. AUTHOR:HAINES:JOHNSTON OW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Mercer Univ. SOURCE TITLE:The Auk SOURCE 10:74:447-458.1957. YEAR PUBLISHED:1957 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bird kills:birds:impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To anaiyze data from twenty-five Instances 01 bird kiUs that occurred at airport cello meters,radio and television towers.and tall bujldings.These kil1s were reported from New York to the southern states and occurred between October 5 and 8.1954.(Type of Research) orlginai research.(Methodology)Data for most of the kills were obtained Oy use of a questionnaire.Detailed eKaminations were made of 2552 birds thaI were killed at the Warner Robbins Air Force Base ceilometer. (Results and Conclusions)An advancing cold front Is believed to have precipllated lhese mass mortalities Oy bringlhg together adverse weather cond~tions.nocturnat migrants.ceilometers and/or talt Obstructions.A majority of the kills occurred at ceilometers.Over 100,000 birds were killed.and an estimated 50.000 individuals were killed at one location. the Warner Robbins Air Force Base ceilometer.Data on weight,sex,age. fat ceposition,and subspecific determinatJon were collected trom birds killed at Warner Robbins. 1590 On the reluctance of gUllS to fly under objects. AUTHOR:GUNTER G SOURCE TITLE:The Auk. SOURCE 10:73:131-132.1956. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Stales KEYWORDS:behavior:bords;fish;impact;transmission line ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on the reluctance of laughing gulls to fly under an overhead object.(Time and Duration)1952.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)Observation of laughing gulls while feeding them fish from a moving boat.(ResUlts and Conclusions) Laughing gulls would not fly under a drawbridge whtle being fed from a moving boat.The author also observes that although pelicans and herons wm occasionally fly under telephone wires and electric lines.gUlls setdom do. 1591 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night. AUTHOR:TERRES JK SOURCE TITLE:Audubon Magazine. SOURCE \0:58:18-20.1956. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:avifauna:bird kills:Dirds:birds.song:ecology;impact; migration:mortality:nocturnal;passerine ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review efforts ieading to hazard reduction at airports to prevent death.(Time and Duration)Fall 1954.(Type of 104 Resear:::h)Origmal research literature reVJew (MethodOlogy)Dfraci observation of mortality ar airports.(Results and Conc:usl0nS)A aetalied account of an Instance of massive bird mortajlty ,n the tall at 1954.This occurred from New York to Florida,the primary cause oeing an unusual weat"er pattern.BirO mortality at airport ceilometers can be reoucea by uSing ultra-violet Irght. 1592 StUdies of birds kUled in nocturnal migration. AUTHOR:MENGEL RM:TORDoFF HB SOURCE TITLE:Umversity ot Kansas PubllCaltOns of Museum of Natura; HIStory. SOURCE to:10(1):1-44.1956. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956' CATEGORY:aze REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:avifauna;bird kills:birds:b"OO,song; ecology:impact; migration;mortality; nocturnal:passerine ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss accidents In whJch iarge numbers of ni9ht~migratin9 birds are kWed and to analyze a sample of mIgrant birds klifed in autumn near Topeka.Kansas.(Time and Duration)September - October 1954.(Type of Research)Original research and literature revIew. (Methodology)A TV towe<was visiled throughout the tall and the area beneath the tower searched tor dead birds.For all specimens.Wetght, sex,age.and fat condition were recorded.and certain species were measured.Some notes on molt were taken.(Results and Conclusions)A sample of 1090 birds representlhg 61 spectes were coilected at a TV tower near Topeka.Kansas,In fall 1954.This represents 95%of the birds that died.The most common species.listed in order of abundance. were:Nashvme warbler,yellow-throat,mourning warbler,Lincoln sparrow, red-eyed vireo.catbird.blue-neaded vireo and dickCissel.All major kills occurred on cloudy and foggy nights associated with frontal weather. EstImates of tne number of migrants suggest there 1S a tremendous vOlume of nocturnal migrants under some conditIons.There is a differential migration of sex and age-groups for most spec\es of bm:ls. 1593 Sandhill cranes killed by flying into powerline. AUTHOR:WALKINSHAW LH SOURCE TITLE:Wilson Bulletin. SOURCE 10:68(1 ):325-326.1956. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Wheatgrass-Blues\em-Needlegrass STATE:Nebraska KEYWORDS:birds.nongame:mortality ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe an incident of sandhill crane mortality on a powerline.(Time and Duration)1 day.(Type of Research) Observation.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Five lesser sandhill cranes were found along a road where there was a two-wire powetllne which paralleled the river where lhe birds roosted.Apparently.they had oeen killed by colliding with the wires. 1594 Mass bird mortality in Georgia,October,1954. AUTHOR:JOHNSTON OW SOURCE TiTLE:The OriOle SOURCE 10:20(2):19-26,1955. YEAR PUBLISHED:1955 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds;impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the mass bird mortality that occurred in Georgia on the nights of October 6 and 7.1954.and to eKplain what caused it (Type of Research)Pessonal observations.reports from other persons,and literature review,(Methodology)Data on bird mortality and weather conditions within the state of Georgia were accumulated.Birds were personally examined to determine cause of death.(ReSUlts and ConclusiOns)An advancing cold front was pushing a large mass of migrating birds who were flying rower than usual due to low cloud ceiling.Same birds were killed by flYing ,nto tall Obstacles-buildings.TV or radio towers--but a majority of the birds were killed around cei/ometers.which project powerlul vertical light beams into the sky. BirdS were attracted to the light.became disoriented or blinded.and death resulted from nYlng into each other.the ground.or nearby obstructiOns. 1595 Bird mortality at airport ceilorneters. AUTHOR:HOWELL JC:LASKEY AR;TANNER JT SOURCE TITLE:The Wilson Bulletin. SOURCE 10:66(3):217-215,1954. YEAR PUBLISHED:1954 CATEGORY:B2e !!!'Ill - - - - 83 •Fish and Wildlife Management/ROWs 1602 _. - .~. REGION:Apollcaole to entire United States STATE:Con'1ectlcut:Jlhnols, KentucKy;Tennessee;Wisconsin KEYWORDS:aVifauna:bird kills;birds;Impact;migrallon;mortality, passenne:seasonal',weather ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report the ge!1eral pattem of bird behavior mortality at a"oort ceJlomelers.(Time and Duration),948-1952 (Type ot Research)Literature revIew.(Methodology)Review oaseo on obser·....atlons at btrO mortalitY at airport ceilometers at SIX eastern UnIted States locations.(Results and ConclUSions)The reports ot bird mortality at aIrport cellometers have been summarized for a 4-year penod (1948· 1952).All instances occurred dUring the migratory period.ten In the falJ and tlNO In the spring.Overcast skies With a cei41ng of 5000 feet or less and a large number of mlgn3nt Oirds were common to all mortality reports.Although passennes were the most common victims.a number of dead non-passerine species have been reported.Mortality appears to result from impact.either with the ground.another bird tn mki~air,or with nearby structures. 1596 Eleclrocution 01 parakeets.at Agra,India. AUTHOR:DILGER WC SOURCE TITLE:Condor SOURCE 10:56;102-103,1954. YEAR PUBLISHED:1954 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:AppliCable to entire United States KEYWORDS:bird kills;birds;impact;mortality;transmission,electric ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report mortality of parakeets at Agra,India due to electrocution.(Time and Duration)1945.(Type of Research) Onglnal research.(Methodoiogy)Direct observation of birds uSln9 electric wires. (Resulls and Conciusions)Rose-nnged parakeets nave a method of using theIr bills to assIst with climbing about amidst perches.This behaVIor resulted In mortality at electric poles.Other species ot b"ds using the poles for perChing were not affected. 1597 Weather and spring migration. AUTHOR:WILLIAMS GG SOURCE TITLE:The Auk: SOURCE 10:67:52-65,1950, YEAR PUBLISHED:1950 CATEGORY:B2e REGION:ApplIcable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS,avifauna;birds;migration;mortality;passerine;seasonal; weather ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the role at weather in bird migrations. (Time and Duration)Review Of literature published between 1927 and 1948.Literature revIew.(Results and ConclUSIons)The effects of spring weather patterns on mlgration are discussed.Most spring migratory ttights are probably not on a djrect north~south line and there are tew spring sesons tnat the pattern of migration IS not affected by bad weather.This includes a need for relierse migration and instances at migrants occurring in unusual locations.Severa,examples of unusual sightings in the spring are presented. B3 -Fish and Wildlife Management/ROWs 1598 Wlldllle considerations In rights-of-way management. AUTHOR:SMITH DL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Federal Highway Admin. SOURCE TITLE;Rural and Urban Roads SOURCE 10:Pages 2.6-28,1978 (February). YEAR PUBLISHED:1978 CATEGORY:B3:C2 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STAT!'United States KEYWORDS:birds;highway;mammals,small;management:right-of-way; roadside;wildlite ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide a general narrative on wildlife considerations in highway maintenance.(Type of Research)Narraltve. (ResuHs and Conclusions)·Highway rights-of-way offer a diverse habitat type that can be maintained to benelit birds and smalt mammals.Larger animals which C<luld be a motorist hazard Should not be managed tor, but speciai structures implemented where such animaJs must cross a highway during migrations.Examples are given showing how certain small mammals and birds have actually benefitted from a highway.Suggestions tor wildlife managemenl along highways inctude avoiding mowing during nesting seasons,reducing mowing as much as possible.planling of wild"fe trees and shrubs,and development of borrow pits,Close cooperation is urged between the mainlenance engineer and wildlife biologist, 1599 Endangered bird species:habitat manipulation melhods. AUTHOR:ZIMMERMAN DR SOURCE TITLE:Science. SOURCE 10:192(4242):876-878,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B3 REGION:Applicable to enl1re Umted States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:birdS;endangered;habitat:management speCies ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explain the types ot manipulative management currently being used in an attempt to Increase endangered bird soecies populations.(Type of ResearCh)Literature review.(MethodOlogy) literature review.(Resufts and ConclUSions)In manlpulatl....e management, bioiogists inlercede directly In the afflicted birds'life CYCles,either by mOVing or manipulating the birds themselVes.or by manipulating their immediate breeding or feeding habitat.Management teChniques explained were egg transter,double-<:Iutching,cross-tostering,prOViding feeding stations.predator contrOl,and captive breeding,The successes and failures of the programs were discussed. 1600 Wildlife Management Program lor the Volney-Edlc 765 kV Transmission Line of Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC SOURCE to:Syracuse.N.Y.,Niagara Mohawk Power Corp.,1976,11p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B3 REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:New York KEYWORDS,management;wildlife ABSTFlACT:(Purpose)To design A wildlife management plan for the Volney-Ed'c 765 kV transmiSSIon line.(Type of Research)Management plan.(Methodology)From literature and expenenc.e.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)A wildlife management plan was designed to improve WIldlife habitat CQnd~tjons.This is done through modif~cation of commonly accepted ROW management tectiniQues with specific Objectives of improving cover type interspersion,encouraging dettelopment of ROW edges.and increasing plant cover diverslY and wildlife tood and cover. These include modification ot four standard clearing methods and eight brush dispos'al techniques.Brush piling is recommended to improve lop and drop brush dISposal.Modifications are applied to common vegetation types and sensitive areas on the ROW.A 10-year maintenance program is ouijined. 1601 Power lines right-of-ways.and wildlife management -a working paper. AUTHOR:ME DEPT.OF INLAND FISHERIES AND GAME SOURCE 10:Me Dept of Inland Fishenes and Game.1975,5 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:B3 REGION:Northern Hardwoods -Spruce Forest STATE:Mame KEYWORDS:right-of-way:wiidlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe special management for critical Wildlife habitat.{Type of Research)Descriptive paper.{Resu)ts and ConclUSions) ROWs can be managed to become benefiCial for wildlife.Deer wlntenng areas can be enhanced by ROWs parallel to them to furnisn low browse. Travel lanes should be lett when a ROW crosses a deer yard,and ROW width should not exceed the height of edge trees.Gull.ies on ROW should be len:in dense cover;trees may be topped.On multiple-lines an ,s~and of cover should be left between ROWs.Lines should not be put through duck marshes.or underground.Endangered species nesting areas shOUld be avoided or screened by a natural buffer strip.Potential exists for 'the enhancement at wildlif~t1ab,tat on some rights·of...way.Selective cutting and,spraying on r1ghts~of·wav should be aimed at eliminating trees and allOWIng the growth of grasses.forbs.herbs and shrubs.Broadcast sprays or other nonsele-etive methods such as bulldOZing should nat be used as a means of vegetation control. 1602 Big game use and habitat changesln a recently logged mixed conifer'forest In northeastern Oregon. AUTHOR EDGERTON PJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range'Experimenl Slationn SOURCEc TITLE:Western Association of Slate Game &Fish CommiSSIoners, SOURCE 10:52:239-246.1972, YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:83;C4 SPONSOR:US Forest Service, REGION:Grand Fir-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:dearing;forest;habilat;impact;logg,ng;mammals,big game; wik1Ufe 105 83 -Fish and Wildlile Management/ROWs 1602 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determrne the reJatl'le use of rogged cOnifer forests by elk ana mUle oeer.(Time and DuratIon)Four years (i96~ 1969).(Type of Research)Onglnal field research.(Methodology)Pellet counts of both deer and e~k were made on four Dasle habitat types:1) ciearcut with slash left and ground seeded to grass;2)clear:ut with 1/2 slash remainIng but no seeding;3)uniogged stnps on perimeter of clearcut areas;4)partiaj cut strips.Plant cover measurements and utilizatIon were alSO determined for the second.thlre,and fifth growmg seasons after logging.(Results and ConclusIons)EIW,and deer used the clearcuts more than the partial cut or unlogged areas.obviously attracted to the better variety and Quality of tood.The untogged area was second tn use.being excellent cover-,but poor In forage.The partial cut area was least creferred because It lacked volume and:10rage found:In the clearcuts,and the cover offered in the unlogged area.Elk showed a greater difference in preference among the four areas tnan dId deer. 1603 Wlldllle response 10 rights-ot-way management;phase I:rights- of-way in weslem Washington,a linal report. AUTHOR:LASSOIE JP;SMITH M:TABER RD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of WA.WA State Game Dept. SOURCE 10:Seattle.WA,Un,v of WA,1970,13 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:B3 REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Washington KEYWORDS:management;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To examine the extent to which fhe primary objectives of right-of-way management and the quality of wildlife habitat coula be reconciled.(Time and Duration)1970;1 year.(Type of Research)Prelimrnary data collection.(MethO<lology)Utility records were examined and petllonnel questioned to gel information on possible study areas.(Resulfs and Conclusions)Basic information was coHee-ted on ROW SItes 10 be usea for a field study.In general.commonly accepted herbicide Sjlrays and culling techniques are used. 1604 Shru!lS lor Wlldlile habitat improvement in southern Michigan. AUTHOR:ZORB G SOURCE 10:Lansing.Ml MI Depl of Conservation,1966,Research and Development Report 81.14 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:B3 SPONSOR:MI Dept of Conservation. REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:habitat;habitat manipulation;planting;shrubs:Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)to decide which common shrUb plantings for wiidlife In southern MI were of value.as well as site selection.planting methods, and maintenance used.(Time and Duration)Not given,but probably less than one year.(Type of Research)Ouestionnaire and data compilation. (MethOdology)A two-page shrUb appraisal form was sent to 28 game biologists in southern Michigan asking for ratrngs for Wildlife food and cover quality.their choice of the top five shrubS to use,and comments relabng to individual species and research needs.Scores were tallied for 21 different Shrubs and.rated as to "use"or "not to use."Results were compared with evaluations of New York's shrub pjanfing program. (ReSUlts and Conclus.ions)For large scale plantings,autumn olive. multiflora rose.Siberian crab,and highbush cranberry are highly recommended:.Other plants recommended 10r smaller plantings were: dogwoods.buHalOberry.Washington haw.wild grape.and nannyberry. General ptanting recommendations for each species are also given. 1605 Evaluating the use 01 aerial nesting p1allorms by Canada geese. AUTHOR:CRAIGHEAD JJ;STOCKSTAD OW SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE 10:25(4):363-372.1961. YEAR PUBLISHED:1961 CATEGORY:B3 . SPONSOR:MT Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. REGION:Applicable to entire Unrted States STATE;United States KEYWORDS:birds:breeding;changes.eHect o~haMat change;nest; nesting;population;predation;reproduction;structure desIgn;trend; waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the use of aerial platforms as nest sites for Canada geese as a management practice.(Time and Duration)1953- 1960.(Type of Research)Originai research.(Methoclology)During a 5- year period.73 aerial platforms (average)were av.,lable each year to Canada geese along Flatheaa Lake.in Nine Pipe Heservoir,and aong Flathead River.Montana.Nests located on natural and artificial sites were stlJdied each year.(ResUlts and ConclUSions)ArtlfrctaJ nesting platforms can be used effectively in the management of Canada geese. The wooden platforms shOuld be :J()x 26 x 6 inches.They should be placed 20 to 50 feet above the ground,preferably at isolated sites so as to minimize desertion.The platforms must be repaired and repleniShed 106 with soil and duff each season pnor to the establiShment 01 nestIng ternfones.Although the nesting plattorlT's do not appear to cause an fncrease In general pODurabon level.mey can brlng about a change In nesling habitat that is benefiCial to the pooulatlon.The platforms would be most effectNe if placed on large Islands.on lake and fl .....er snoreunes, wnerever suitable nesting sites are IimiteO.or where natural sites are sublected to flooding or heavy predation. 1606 The role 01 herbicides in wildille management. AUTHOR CAIN SA;LEONARD JW SOURCE TITLE:Recent Advances ,n Botany SOURCE 10:Toronto.Onlario,Umv of Toronto Press,1959,Vol 11,1422- 1425 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:B3 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Unitea States KEYWORDS:herbicides;management:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A review of the current (1959)herbicides uses in wildlife management.(Type Of Research)Literature reView,(Results and CondUSlons)Herbicides (depending on cosf)may be a valuable tool in wjtdlife management because they are effective ,and ca.n be applied easily and extensively.Outlined are major benefits of herbicides.such as creating and mainfatnfnQ openings for wiJdlife,eliminating unwanted aquatic vegetation,and encouraging sprouting of food an,j cover plant species.Further research is urged.especially In aquatic usage.Questions are raised on the value of maintatning suitable wildlife habitat on highway ROWs as that may also increase mortality. 1607 Game management. AUTHOR LEOPOLD A AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of WI. SOURCE 10:New York.NY,Charles Scribner's Sons.1933.481 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1933 CATEGORY:83;C4;E REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates STATE:united States KEYWORDS:game;impact;management;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe game conservation by management. (Type of Research)Textbook.(ReSUlts·and Conclusions)Covering all aspeets of ·wildtite management.this bOOk contains cha~ters on population dynamics,ranges.censusing,hunting.refuges.predator control,food-water-cover mampulation.disease and mortality,policy, aesthetics.and economics all related to game species.Chapter 14. ..Accidents...briefly references electrocution of birds by transmiSSion Ilnss. 83a -Feasibility assessments 1608 Right-of._y management lor an endangered species:the red- coc:.kaded woodpecker. AUTHOR:JACKSON JA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MS State Untv. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in RightS-Of-Way Management.January &-8.1976. SOURCE 10;MissiSSippi State.MS,MS State Un iv,1976.247-252 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1976 CATEGORY;B3a REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:Alabama;Florida;Georgia; LOUisiana;Mississippi;South CarOlina KEYWORDS:birds:habitat;management;rlght-ol-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The possibility is of utilizing Interstate highway rights- ol-way in the southeastern US as corridors to link isolated populations of the red-eocl<aded wOOCipeCker.an ~ndangered specIes is discussed. (Type of Research)Discussion paper.(ResUlts and Conclusions) Implication is made that findings may relate to utility ROW management whtch woufd consist of maintaining.or introducing,pines along ROW edges to be grown on an ~vear rotation,with sparse ground cover favooed.This would reduce "island effects"of local habilats and may possibly apply to other endangered species. 1609 Woodpecker 1000ging In Appelachlan clearcuts. AUTHOR:CONNER RN;CRAWFORD HS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Polytechnic Institute.;US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:72(9):564-566,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:83a REGION:Oak-HickOry Forest STATE:Virginia KEYWORDS:birds;clearing;foraging;habitat;habitat change;management - --------------------........;_.__._----------,_.----------- B3a -Feasibility assessments 1614 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate tne effect at clearcutbng on acttvmes of tour species commonly found in Appalachian mixed oak.stands:the aowny.hairy,and piieated woodpeckers.and tne common flicKer.(Time and DuratIon)One year study,1972-1973.(Type of Research)Original research.(Metnodology)20·acre plot was selecled in each of four areas on-{ne Je11erson Nanonal Forest.Plots were on mid to lower slopes between the crest of the ridge and the adJoining Ya~ley;site maex for oak was 70 or below.Vegetation conSisted mainly oJ oaks and hickOries. Each plot was observed for 20 hours per season In fall 1972,w,nter 1973,and spnng 1973.The length of time each bird spent pursuing each activity was recorded.Observations were recorded independently for eaCh woodpeCKer present and summed for all species.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)In mixed oak stands.downy and hairy woodpeckers fed on Insects located under the bark of the abuodant logging debris left one year after clearcuttlng_Flickers fed on ants aM fruits found on the ground In an area clearcut five years previouslY.A 12-year-old clearcut area was used only occasionally by all these birds.A mature.uneven Sized stand was used substantially by downy,hairy and pileated woodpeckers.but not by the common flicker. 1610 Wildlife -an essential consideration detennining Iuture highway roadside maintenance polley. AUTHOR:JOSElYN B AUTHOR AFFlllAnON:Il Natural History Survey. SOURCE TITlE:Highway Research Record SOURCE 10:Wash,ngton,0 C,Highway Research Board,1969,No 280,14 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:B3a;B3b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:bllds,game:birds.song;maintenance;mowing;nest;right-of- way;roadside;safely;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To trace the history of roadside development and discuss newly emerging concepts of roadsjde vegetation management and their Implications for ground*f1esting birds and small mammals of the Midwest.(TIme and Ouranon)LIterature review covenng papers published over a 30·year period.(Type of Research)L1teralure review and questionnaires,(Methodology)Three decades at literature related to roadside ROW management practices were rev~ewed.includ;og the recent federal government standards for tne Interstate system.literature was also reviewed related to highway kills of deer and pheasant.From these data.recommendations were made on areas of future -research needs. (ResUlts and Conclusions)The primary concern of highway administrators has been for the safe,effic~ent movement ot traffic.Conservation conSiderations have been mostly confined to topJCS havrng direct bearing on the highway user,erosion control and 'functionai plantings. Development of habitat for wildlife on hIghWay ROWs has been rare. ConselVationists have argued for these practices to benefit game birds and mammals.More research IS needed before dehnite wildlife management practices can be incorporated on roadSide ROWs. Conservationists are nat jushfied in arguIMg for highway roadside cover without regard to safety implicatons~however,hlghway administrators must not arbitrarily preclude wildlife consideratiOns from roadside management programs wtthout eVidence that a hazard is created. 1611 Browse plants yield best in lorest openings. AUTHOR:AlCANIZ R;HAllS lK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service,Southern Forest Experiment Station. SOURCE TITlE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE 10:32(1):185-156,1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:B3a REGION:Beech-Sweetgum-Magnolla-Pine-Oak Forest STATE:Texas KEYWORDS;browse;checklist;food;forest;habitat change;species ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report on a study in which productivity of browse plants grown in an opening was CJJmpared to yields beneath a mOderately stocked stand.of pines_(Time and Duration)Four-year swdy, 1963-1966.(Type of Research)Original field research.(Methodology)In early 1963,one year old seedlings of 21 browse species considered to be good wddlife foods were planted beneath a recently thinned saw- timber-size stand.Nine plants of each species,':-vere equally spaced within each at four contiguous 1/4-acre blocks.-The'same planting schedule and arrangement wene carned through in a·nearby abandoned field.Here the land was diSCed in preparation for planting.Weight of fruit anet length of twig growth per plant were determined penodically.This paper gIves results for those species thaI bore frUit in·1966.(Results and Conclusions)At age five years,open-grown plants at seven browse scecies were·compared with those growing beneath a pine understory. These species 'ncluded American beautyberry,.yaupon,Japanese honeysucl<le,Alabama supple-jack.strawberry bUsh.flowering dogwood and yellow jessamine.Ope~rown plants averaged 32 nmes more fruit and nearly seven tImes more tWig grOMh thari plants oeneath tne saw- timber-Size pine stand. 1612 Rights-ol-way for wildlile, AUTHOR:LATHAM RM AUTHOR AFFIliATION:PA Game Com. SOURCE TITlE:Pennsylvania Game New.;. SOURCE 10:27(4):19-23,1956. YEAR PUBliSHED:1956 CATEGORY:B3a REGION:Applicable to entire Unoted Stales STATE:UnIted States KEYWORDS:brush control;habitat;maintenance;vegetation;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the use of rights-of.way for managing wildlife.(Type of Research)literature review.(ReSUlts and ConClusions) A vegetation cover very acceptable to the wildlife manager can be established on rightS-Of-way without conflicting wllh the needs or requlremenls of utility companies.The author beli""s lhat thIS deSirable end result can be achieved without additional costs to these comoanles. In fact.there is good evidence that seJecbve spraying of sprouts and seedlIngs will prove to be the most economical method of ROW establishment and maintenance. 1613 Ammate In the diet 01 deer. AUTHOR:HAUGEN AO AUTHOR AFFtlIATION:AL Cooperative Wildlife Researc."Unit. SOURCE TITlE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE 10:.17(1):33-36,1953. YEAR PUBliSHED:1953 CATEGORY:B3a REGION:Beech-Sweetgum-Magnolia-Pine-Gak Forest STATE:Alabama KEYWORDS;ammonium sulfamate;deer;herbicides;impact lOX/city;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determ,ne whether deer mortality was due to a necent apphcation of Ammate (ammonium sUlfamate)to undesirable trees on the Talladega Nanona!Forest.(Time and Duranon)Two-year study (1950-1951).(Type of Research)Original research (field).(Methodology) FacilitIes consisted of two pens and three doe deer,one adult and two yearlings.In each test at least one deer was used as a check animal. Feeding experiments were carried on for two summers.Species of plants treated With ammontum sulfamate included some of the most commonly treated in timber stand improvement operations.Two-week JOtervals were allowed between tests;during these "rest penods"deer were fed corn, teed and alfalfa hay.These foods were also available for deer during the tes1 perIod.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Deer that were provided ammonrum sulfamate in orystalline form or were fed herbicide-treated fohage of sweet gum,water oak,past oak,pers,mmon and biack cherry, wene found to suffer no ill effects from the diet.Results ,ndicated lriat the use of ammonium sulfamate in weeding out trees does not endanger deer. 1614 Hedge plantings lOt'erosion control and wildlife management. AUTHOR:EDMINSTER FC AUTHOR AFFIliATION:Soil Conservation Service. SOURCE TITLE:Transacnons of the North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCE 10:4:534-541,1939. YEAR PUBliSHED:1939 CATEGORY:53a;B4a REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:coecklist;erosion;management;sllrubs;SOli;species;stability; wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To stress the benefits of contour hedges when pianted on ll1e farm,and show that managed hedges are beneficial for wildlife management and erasion control.(Time and Duration)One year. (Type of Research)Uterature review.(Methodology)The aulnor summarIZes h'S experience aM those of others in the United States and Europe in establishIng and maintaining hedges.Particular emphasIS is put On the selec1ion of proper specIes and methods of maintaining hedges. (Results and Conclusions)Planting and care of hedges is a valuable tool for soil conservation and wildlife management.A managed hedge is quite different from a wild hedgerow.Hedges are of greatest value when planted on the contour and may be located along fences,on othe< contour field boundaries or at the top of filter strips above dtversion terraces.A numbe<of species of woody plants may be used for hedges. Two or more species should be used in eacn hedge,planted in a double row with staggered 2-foo1 by 2-foot spacing.From 200 to 600 feet apart Ls a desirable spacing of hedges on a slope.Some maintenance is requined. 107 B3a -Feasibility assessments 1514 B3b -Management techniques in use 1515 Cooperative wildlife habitat development along transmission line corridors. AUTHOR:FOWLER OK:'.'AR:.;M LCi PUGH RR AUTHOR AFFiliATION:T~VO ;y Authority.TN Wildlife Res.Agency. SOURCE TITLE Proc;eo1gs :'the First Natlona:Symposium on EnvIronmental Concer~s""R:g-:s-of~Way Management,January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:M,SSlssreo;S,a,e MS.MS State Un IV.1976.295-301 p. YEAR PUBLISH ED:197€ CATEGORY:B3b REGION:Mixed Mesophy:,c For;st STATE:Alabama;Kentucky;Mississippi; North Carolina;Tennessee;V;rginra KEYWORDS:habitat:management;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A ,escr:etion is given of recent developments within the TVA system in seven states which should oenefit wildlife along ROWs.(Type of Research)D,scusslon paper.(Results and Conclusions) On new ROWs a grass-:eguf""':c mixture IS developed by cultivation, seeding.and fertilizmg.Ky 3'fescue IS commonly sown for erOSfon controt and }$soon reciaced oy native plants.Opinion is given that wildlife species change.and habitat is lost for some and increased for others.Fajlure to gel good brush control and anxiety about herbicides caused a change trom herbicides to mechanicai mettlods.About 90 percent of the program !s on a four~year rebrushrng cycle with large rotary~ty:pe machines.On 10 percent,where terrain and damage prevent mechanical rebrushing."nernlcides are still used.As research is lacking on effects of mechanical mernods on wildlife on ROWs.evidence from forest clear-eutting IS referred to for habitat changes of value to wildlife. Cooperative agreements have ceen made with randowners for agncuUural use,and costashanng agreer"'ents have been made witn public agencIes for ROW wi\dhte habltal Imcrovement.A procecure is being worked out 10r longaterm cooperative agreements with ma)cr lana owners and the TWRA. 1616 WUdlile management on utility company rights-of-way:results of a national survey. AUTHOR:LANCIA RA:MCCONNEL CA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VOlvof MA. SOURCE TITLE:P,oceealngs ot the First Naliona:Symposium on EnVironmental Concerns In Rigms-of-Way Management.January 5-8.1976. .SOURCE ID:MissisSIPPI State.MS,MS State Umv.1976,307-314 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B3b REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:management:(Ight-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A aueSlionnal'e survey of 312 utilities throughout the US was made to learn ot tne;r ROW management practices for WIldlife. (Time and DurahOn)1975.(T yoe of Research)Survey research. (MethodOlogy)OuestlOnnaires were sent to 165 electric power suppliers. 130 gas pipeline compames.and 17 gas-electnc companies,distrIbuted throughout ttle contrguo~s US.The survey was orlmarily concerned with ROW management on ~ransm!sslon lines.Chi·scuare tests and analyses of variance were made wnere aco~icable.(Results and COnclusions) Responses were obtained from 47 percent in 44 states.Twenty.tour percent had Implementea a wlidlife managemem plan.and vegetabon maintenance to create a more favorab~e t'Labitat was the most frequentlv cited plan.High cost oj management was the chief problem; uncooperative iandowners was next,and this was important as 89 percent of the ROWs were under an easement.Beneficiaries were primarily hunters and the general public.with bird watchers ranking third. Small game mammals and upland game ranked highest as objectives 01 w·lldlife management.TraH bikers and snowmobliers were consjdered a problem.along with hunters,while WOOdpeckers were the most important problem species.Foresters and environmental technicians were the most common specIalties among employees.Over 80 percent 01 the companies' did not know of any state poilcy on ROW wildlife management. B3c •Cost 01 management techniques 1617 Practical aspects of managing roadside cover for nesting pheasants. AUTHOR:JOSELYN GB;TATE GI AUTHOR AFFILIATION:IL Natural History Survey.;IL Dept of Conservation. SOURCE TiTlE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE 10:36(1):1-11,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:B3c;C2 SPONSOR:IL Natural History Survey.;IL Dept Conserv.ation.;Federal Aid ProJect. 108 REGION;TaH-grass Prairie STATE..Iowa,[HIJ'lOIS:IndIana.Kernucky Onlo KEYWORDS:birds:habitat managmem:rIght-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the feaSibility of managing roadsides tor nesting rlng~necked pneasants ana to answer questions regardmg (1) acceptance of the program by farmers.(2)orob1ems of establishrng seedings,(3)costs.and (4)pOSSIble effects on pheasant popUlations. (TIme and DuratIon)1967-70:4 years (Type at Research)Onglnal research.(Methodology)Roadsides wltmn a 20 square mile area of east~ central Illinois were seeded to cromegrass (Bromus spp)and alfalfa (Medlcago satival dUring August and September.1968.to evaluate cost and acceptance of seeding as a prac~lcal tool for orovid"mg pheasant nesting cover over a large area (Results and ConclUSions)Of the 65 farm operators residing In the managemem unit,61 participated 10 tl1e program.Part 01 the agreement was tnat farmers delay roadside mowing until JUly 31 DUring 1970 less than 10 percent of tne roadSides had been mowed by July 31.Amortized over a la-year life expectancy of the seedings.the cost per acre per year would be about S7.Data from a prior stUdy showed that number of pheasants hatched on roadSides was SUbstantially Increased by the seeding. 84 •Effects on Agricullural Crops 1618 Wild truU ot the right-of-way. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC;BYRNES WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Purdue Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Industrial Vegetation Management SOURCE 10:8(1 ):2-4.1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:New Jersey:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:food;right-of-way:shrUbs;""Idlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Observabons were made on fruiting of shrubs during a stUdy of plant cover development on a herbicide-sprayed ROW from 1953-1973 in central Pennsylvania.(Time and Duration)1953-1973.(Type 01 Research)Original research.(Methodology)Observations were made on six treatment areas in each of four randomtzed blOCks.(ResuJts and Conclusions)Eleven species of shrUbs and small trees were observed fruiting vigorously on the ROW.These Included blueberries.deerDerry. huckleberry.witch·Mzel,bear oak,elderberry.wintergreen.Juneberry, and sassafras.Open conditions produced by 2,4-0 and 2.4,5-T sprays favored vigorous fruitmg as compared with sparse fruiting in the adjacent lorest.Deer,grouse,turkey,and songbirds.used these fruit as a food supply. 1619 The long-term socio-economic impact of an electrical power transmission corridor on the rural environment:perception and reality. AUTHOR:BOYER J;MITCHELL B;PRIDDLE GB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of WaterlOO. SOURCE TITLE:SubmiSSion to the Royal Commission on Electric Power Planning. SOURCE 10:Waterloo.Ontario.Univ of WaterlOO.1976.43 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B4 SPONSOR:Royal Commission on Electric Power;PlannIng REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:environment;impact;land use;right-of-way;socioeconomic; transmission ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To examine the long-term effects upon land use, land value,land transfers and environmental qualrty arising from a hydro corridor.(TIme and Duration)March 1976 (Type 01 Research)Field stUdy and attitude survey.(Methodology)The long-term impact of a power. corridor on selected land use,economic,and social aspects was studied on an existing 230 kV hydro corridor buill in the early 1950's northeast0'Waterloo and on an ac..cent parallel control corridor.Both corridors were examIned to determine diHerences in phySiography,geology,soils, capability for agriculture,and actual land use.Economic differences between the two corridors were evaluated by determining number and type of land transfers and number and value of land sales.Siicteen residents in each corridor were interviewed to determine.the~r,'attitudes toward the hydro corridor.(Results and Conclusions)No differences were found between the exisllng hydro corridor and control strip relative to physical and economic attributes.Chi-square analysis indicates that there was no significant difference in the types of land transfers and in sale pnce per acre in the study area.Results of the altitude survey of residents shOWS that they have adapted to the presence of·the power Ijne;the line was rarely mentioned in a negative manner.In contrast. residents in the control area were more negative In thinking that the power line disrupted agricultural actiVity,reduced land value,and was an unaltractive feature of the landscape.OppositIon against hydro corridors I""" ,..,. - - ""'" ,~ B4a •Soils -productivity,yield 1625 - - ..... - ':al1 be e;<pe·:rea to conlEnue at the planninG and construction S1aaes,but ':1 the long run,~hey do not appear to have many negatlVe impacts, 1620 Ellects of pipeline conslruction on creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert. AUTHOR ESLINGER DH:JOHNSON H8;VASEK FC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Unlv.of CA. SOURCE TITLE Madrano. SOURCE ID.23:1-13,1975 YEAR PUBLISHED '975 CATEGORY:84 'lEGION:Amencan Desert (MoJave-CoJorado-Sonoran)STATE:California KEYWORDS:construction;Impact;right-of-way;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To assess the impact 01 a ·pipeline constructIon on creosote bush scrub vegetation.(Time and Duration)'972;1 yr.(Type of Research)Onglnal research.(Methodology)Vegetation was studied on belt transects.The pipeline was constructed 12 years before the study. (ReSUlts and Conclusions)Construction had completely destroyed the vegetation.Sigmhcant revegetation by long-lived species had takeh place on four areas but not on four other areas.Best revegetatlon occurred in areas of moderate to high productivity.Desert vegetation such as creosote bush is fragrle and will take many centuries to regain its former condition,as an old shrub community. 1621 Growing Christmas trees on a power line right-ol-way. AUTHOR:JOSLYNJ J;MACCONNELL P W AUTHOR AFFILIATlON:Univ of MA. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control Conference. SOURCE 10:22:329-333,1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:B4 • SPONSOR:Holyoke Waler Power Co. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:multiple use;planting;right-of-way;trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To investigate Christmas tree production as a means of meeting Company obJectives on wooded sections of rows.(Time and Duration)1965.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology) Sixty-elght acres were planted with 1000 trees per aCre.Nine speCIes were Used.Survival was taken at the end of the growing season. (Results and ConcluSions)The question of suitability of rows for ChClstmas tree production is not one of technOlogy,but of demand for the trees.At the time thiS article was written,there was not enough . demand for christmas trees. B4a •Soils •productivity,yield 1622 The effects 01 hydro transmission lowers on 1arm opera1ions in western and eastern Ontario;a synthesis 01 the Ridgetown and kemptville studies. AUTHOR:ONTARIO HYDRO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Ontario Hydro. SOURCE 10:Toronto,Ontario,Ontano Hydro,1977,1as p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B4a; B4d;B4e REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:agriculture;cost;crop yield;impact;land use;right-<:>I-way; towers;transmission ABSTRACT:(purpose)To determine the effects of Ontario Hydro towers on farm operahons in Western and Eastern Ontario.(Time and Duration) 1974 to 1975;two years.(Type 01 Research)Original field research. (Methodology)Two studies were conducted by Rldgelown and Kernpjville Agricultural CoHeges;one prolected effects of towers on the resources of farmers and the other determined effects on farm,field operations.In the first.50 towers of various types and arrangements were surveyed in a fielo condition simulation to evaluate safe operating distance,time and motion efhciency,crop damageT non-producbve area,tower location,and. .weed control costs.The second involved actual farm operations,utilizing .38 samples,to determine land removed from production,crop damage and yield reduction,ioss of inputs,loss of machInery efficiency,and effect on farm income,Crops stUdled were soybeans,smaJl grains,corn and hay.(ReSUlts and Conciusions)Tower location in fencerows was the best and resulted in less wasted time,lost productive area,equipment contact,and reduction In income.In fields,towers oriented parallel to work direction were best and those in the headland worst About 70%of costs to farmers was due to creation at non..produc1ive area ,and the remainder to time loss,crop damage and material loss.Cost to farmers for all factors due to a 26 by 26 foot tower was a $12.64 per year in wheat to 528.28 in corn silage in Western Ontario and $2.10 per year in hay to 513.16 in com in Eastern Ontario.Overall,.costs to farmers was relatea to tower Sfze,location afiC cesign eqL:lpmen~Size,crop grown. and expertise of equipment operator 1623 Agricultural impacts 01 EHV transmission lines -lour cases in Ontario, AUTHOR:ONTARIO HYDRO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Ontano Hyaro SOURCE 10:Toronto.Ontano.Omano Hydro,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B4a; B4d:B4e REGION:Applicable to entICe United States KEYWORDS:compaction:electncal eHec!;farming;Impact;land use. productivity;right~of-way:transmission ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To propose studies to further quantify the effect of transmission hnes on farm communities and to Implement an effective means of transmitting the information to the affected farm community (Time and Duration)Documents of 1963 and 1974 (Type of Research) Documents of farm impacts and research recommendations. (Methodology)ThiS document includes two cases or claIms invofving Impacts of 230 kV and sao kV transmiSSion lines on tobacco tarming in Ontario,a proposal for routing of a sao kV line to minimize impacts on farming by the Durham County Federation of AgClculture to the Solandt CommIssion,and recommendations by Ontario Hydro for studies of EHV iine impacts on farming communities.It was recommended that field researCh be conducted by the Research Branch of Ministry of Agriculture and Food with financing and coordination by Ontario Hydra (Results and Conclusions)A claim investigated concerned electrostatically-induced shocks received from green tobacco ,n a kiln adjacent to a 230 kV transmiSSlon line.The discharge energy was found marginally capable of igOlllng propane gas used In the kiln for tobacco curing.A brief submitted to the Solandt Commission rr,a group of tarmers sought to provide an understanding of the uniqueness of tObacco farming and how a new transmiSSIOn route would Impact their operatlons.Alternate routes were proposed to reduce agricultural Impacts.Recommended studIes of transmiSSion lines include tower and construction·related lmpacts on farm field operations:radio and television interference;induced currents on vehicles,fences,and buildings~ozone concentrations;irrigation hazards: Impacts on parallel utilihes;audible nOise levels:eHect of helicopter patrols on farm animals:and limitations on aerial crop spraying, 1624 Elfects 01 trunk-injected oxydemelonmethyl on Douglas-Ilr cone and seed Insects,seedling production,and mice. AUTHOR:GiLES RH JR:JOHNSON RD;SCHENK JA AUTHOR AFFiLIATION:Unlv of \0 Forest,Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. SOURCE 10:Moscow,lO,UniverSity of Idaho Forest,Wildlife and Range experiment Station,1967,Station Paper No.2,19 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:B4a REGION:Grand Fir-Oouglas-fir Forest STATE:Idaho;Oregon:Wasn,ngton KEYWORDS:herbiCides;,mpac!;insectIcides;mammals;toxicity:trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effect of trunk-Injections of oxydemelonmethyl in preventing seed lOSS tnrough seed Insects,and the effects of this insecticide on seedling production and on mice.(Time and Duration)Two-year stUdy.(Type of Research)Onginal research (field study).(Methodology)In 1964,two replicates of SIX Douglas-fir were selected as test trees,with two in each replicate serving as controls. Oxydemetonmethyl was inJected during June with a Mauget Tree-Injector Unit,uSing 24 grams for each lree.Cone and branch-tip samples were COllected one week after treatment,and at two-week intervals thereafter. Branches were tested for signs of phytotoxicity.Cones and seeds were stUdied for larvae and pupae,Cones and seeds from injected trees were fed to live-trapped deer mice.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Highly significant differences in mortality of Barbara colfaxiana were obtained between trealed and untreated cones.Sample counts of dead and living midge larvae within the galls indicated that mortality of this species was high. The insectiCIde did not produce dlscernibie phyloto,lc symptoms,and apparently had no effect on seedl1ng growth or development.Test COlonies of white mice and deer m;ce fe<j,treated cones showed no difference in behavior,fecundity and survIval of young from those colonies ted untreated material. 1625 Ra1lng narthea$tem soils lor their suitability lor wlldllle habitat. AUTHOR;ALLAN PF:DUGAN'RF:GARLAND LE AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Soil Conservation Service. SOURCE TITLE:Twenty....ighth North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCe 10:28:247-261,1963. YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY;B4a;C4 REGiON:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:classification;habitat;soils;wildlife 109 B4a -Soils -productivity,yield 1625 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To dIscuss the 5u~tabjljty rating ot specific soiis tor management of several Important nortneastem wi~dlife habitat elements (Type of Research)Somewhat of a general literature review.with a diScussion of concepts still In developmental form.(Results and Conclusions)The authors hold that behavior of SOils can be predicted from knowledge of their properttes.The grolNth habits and characteristics at Dlants that compnse wildlife habItat are affected by such behaVIor. The authors get Into a long discuss~on of the factors and making of the rating. 1626 Use ot shrubs in developing tarm wildlite habitat. AUTHOR:EDMINSTER FC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Soil Conservation Service. SOURCE TITLE:Transactions.Fifteenth North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCE ID:15:519-550. YEAR PUBLISHED:1950 CATEGORY:B4a:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Massachusetts;New Hampshire;New York;Pennsylvania;'Vermont KEYWORDS:carrying capacity;conservation;growttl form:habitat; mammals:SOil;vegetatIon ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the use of various shrubs that can be planted around farm wood lots to provide habitat tor wildlife (Type of ResearCh)Literature review.(Results and Conclusions)Shrubs planted in conservatIon practice on farms can be an integral part ot a sound land- use plan and soil conservation program.Shrub plantings fit well into hedges.borders.windbreaks.odd areas for wildlife cover and on streamban\<s.So located,their cover often becomes a key to productive wildlife habitat pattern and enhances the carrying capacity of the whole farm for Important wildfife species.Shrubs suitable for use in the northeast are discussed in some detail. B4e •Decreasing operational efficiency 1627 A preliminary study ot power line damages. AUTHOR:DOANE AGRICULTURAL SERVICE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Doane Agricultural Servjce. SOURCE ID:St Louis.MO,Doane Agricultural Service,1969.9 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:B4e REGION:Eastern Dec,duous Forest STATE:Illinois;Indiana;Ohio KEYWORDS:farming;Impact;right-of-way;towers ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To make a survey of actual damages and problems In farming around utility poles and towers.(Time and Duration)1969;1 year.(Type Of Research)Original survey researCh.(Methodology)Farmer InterViews and personal observations were used.(Results and Conclusions)Land taken out ot production on a 2-pole structure averaged 0.0084 acres while around steei towers it averaged 0.041 acres.All structures presented a minor weed problem ranging Irom 29% WIth neavy weed infestation.50%with medium weeds.20%with light weeds.and 1%With no weeds.Aerial spraying was accomplished at all locatIOns where used.An extra hour per structure per year was the most common estImate ot added labor time in farmrng.Damage to machinery was reported by 35%of farmers.Re-entry by utilities averaged once every 20.1 years.although 40%reported that companies had made one or more entries for ...-ario'Us purposes.AU farmers saki that crop settlements were very generous:with compensatton for easement usually about 5300 to 5600 per structure.Time studies on farming around poles ranged from 7 minutes per structure lor cultivating soybeans to 50 seconds for harroWing. 85 -ROW,Multiple Use/Effects 1629 MullIpte use potential atong power transmission rights 01 way. AUTHOR:RANDALL W AUTHOR AFFiLIATION:Univ of MA. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 90-113 in Power Lines and the Environment. SOURCE iD:Millbrook.NY.The Cary Arboretum of the New York 80tanical Gardens,1973.170 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:B5 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:agriCUlture;multiple use;recreation;right-of-way;road;trails; wildlife A8STRACT:(Purpose)To explore the vast potential for multiple use on the eie.ctnc transmission ROWs now existing or in the planning stage throughout the United States.(Type of Research)Literature survey and oDservations.(Methodology)The author explores the many types of mu!tiple use that can be carried on beneath electric transm1ssion lines 110 Including ploehnes for water,gas.oiL and sewers:telephone and televiSIon cables;electriC distribution tines;railroadS;and rapid·transit systems.Agriculturaj uses are also feasi'ble,lncludlrlg the growing of Christmas trees as well as agricultural crops.Recreation uses,inCluding hunting and hiking and the installation of basketbalf courts.barbeaue pItS.bicycle paths,campsites,and gol1 courses are a possibility.(ResuJ!s and Conclusions)As available land becomes scarcer.and as environmental concerns are expressed .J'rOre 1uny in the regulatory arena multiple uses of ROW areas wHi become much more common.As the utilities move to accommodate these demands more fully,tney are reconSidering,from new1y evoivrng perspectives,restraints they may once have conSlderecl to be compellmg.Serious problems may arise wnen Ii must be decided which uses to accommodate on each rrgnt~01-way area: as one group's Interests may conflict with another's. 85b -Off·road vehicles 1629 Ecological effects ot snowmobiles. AUTHOR:MERRIAM HG;NEUMANN PW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Carleton Univ. SOURCe TITLE:Canadian Field-Naturalist. SOURCe 10:86:207-212.1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:B5b;C REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:animals;browse;ecology;impact:off-road vehicles;snow; snowmobile ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the ecological effects of snowmobIles in parks and greenbelt areas.(Time and Duration)Winter 1970.(Type of Research)Onglnal fIeld research.(Methodology)Studies on.'snowmobile impacts were conducted at four pan<and greenbelt sites in the vicinity of Ottawa,Canada.Changes in snow struetu(e were determined by measurements of snow and air temperature.specific gravity,comoaction, water holding capacity.and melting rates.Snowshoe hare and red fox actiVity was studied weekly from January to March by recording track intersections on line transects located Yllithin and adjacent to snowmobiJe trails and contrasted with control areas outside of trail influence.Damage to saplings,expressed as severe or minor,was measured along transects on and parallei to snowmobile trails.Browsing of shrubs was observed in SImilar vegetation types beside and parallel to trails and in controi areas. (Resuits and Conciusions)Temperature gradients showed that undisturbed snow provided excellent thermaj Insulation but that heat conduction increased after passage of snowmobiles.Specmc gravity of natural snow was 2 to 3 times lower than snow compacted by snowmobiles to a aepth of 40 centimeters.After compacllon.water holding capacity of snow Increased slightly and rate of snow melt doubled.Seventy eight percer.t of saplings less than 2.5 centimeters diameter at the snow surface were damaged due to a single passage of one snowmobiJe;27 percent of the saphngs had damage severe enough to cause a high probablitty of death. Animal activity data indicate that snowshoe hares avoid snowmobile traIls While red fox activity was twlce as great in the trail lone.There was no relationshIp between herbIvore browsmg and snowmobile trails. C -Related Ulerature 1630 Ecological Impacts of off-road recreation vehicles. AUTHOR:BRANDER RB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.Northcentral Forest Expe"ment Station. SOURCE TITLE:Outdoor recreation research:applying the results. SOURCE 10:Marquette.MI.US Forest Service.1973,29-35 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:C REGION:AppliCable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ecology;ecosystem;Impact;mammals.small;off-road vehicles; snow:snowmobile ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the body of environmental knowledge on the snowmobile a"d show how this information could be used by resource managefS:(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology) This is a review·''of current scientific literature deaHn,g with impact of snowmobiles on the environment.The review considers dramatic negative eHects known as proximal or point impacts and ul~mate or total system impacts.Discussion includes cnaracteristics of snow and their relationship to small mammai ,populations.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Literature on snowmobile impact is limited.with first reports beginning in 1971. Available Inerature answers some questions about eHects on parts of systems but none on total systems.Literature on snow indicates that it is a good insulator and provides importam winter habitat for small mammals such as mice.shrews.and voles.Mechanical compaction reduces snow depth,increases thermal conductivity and density.The author infers that - - these condItions nave a negative effect on small mammals and concludes tr'1at simIlar effects occur with snowmob!les.Tne author further concludes tnat reauction in smaH mammals could affect food chains which end in raptors. 1631 Herbicides and the soil fauna. AUTHOR:CANGIOLI G;RAPOPORT EH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Umversidad Naclonal del Sur.Argentina. SOURCE TITLE:Pedobiologia. SOURCE 10:2:235-23B.1963. YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY.C REGION:Applicable to entire United Slates KEYWORDS:fauna;herbicides;soil;turf;MCPA;2,4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the influence onso;l micro-and mesotauna of MCPA and 2,4-D herbicides applied to turf.(Time and Duration)1960 to 1961;6 months.(Type ot Research)Original field research (Methodology)Eight 7-square-meter plots were selected in garoen turt covered with gramineae.Five plots were untreated controls. One plot was treated with sodium salt ot MCPA at 4 liters/ha and 37 days later with 2,4-D ester (Esse #10)at 20 Iiters/ha.A second plot received 2 liters/ha 2,4-D (Esso #10),and a third plot 2 liters/ha 2,4-0 (Shell =40),Soil samples of 10X10X6 cm were taken from all plots 6 days and 4 months after treatment.Samples were extracted for 15 dayS in a Berlese-Tuilgren battery.Microarthropods were identitied and population data SUbjected to analysis of variance.(Results and ConclUSIOns)Results of analysis of vari<mce for sU!>samples and determination of significance between two means,treated and control plots,show that there was no difference in soli fauna between herbicide treated and untrea1ed plots.The author concludes that 2,4-D and MCPA weedkiliers do not affect In appreciable manner the tOlal denSity of soil rtllcroarthropods.Collembota,Acari and Homoptera groups constituted aoout 90~.of the total soil fauna identified. 1632 The significance at larmland lor waterfowl nesting and techniques lor reducing losses due to agricultural practices. AUTHOR:MILONSKI M AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Unw of MO. SOURCE.TITLE:Proceedings North American Wildlife Conference SOURCE ID:23:215-22B,1958. YEAR PUBLISHED:1958 CATEGORY:C REGION:Tall-grass Prairie STATE:Minnesota;North Dakota KEYWORDS:birds;farming;impact;mowing;waterfowl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To prOVIde information on farmland nesting of waterfowl.(Time and Duration)1956-67;2 years.(Type of Research) O"glnal research.(Methodology)Nests were located by farmers as they worked the fields.(ResUlts and ConclUSIons)60B nests of 7 species of ducks were examtned.of whicb pintail was most abundant.The preferred pintail nestIng site was in stubble and 57 to 41 percent were destroyed by farming.Haylands were important for 5 waterfowl species With few hens killed by mowing.Twenty percent of renesting was on roadSides. LeaVing small areas un mowed and mOWIng over nests were successful. PredatIon on mallard nests in ta~1 cover was twice that of pintails in lower cover.COllecting and hatching eggs from doomed nests can be practical whIle success of moved nests was only 27 perc.ent. 1633 The growth and wildlife use 01 planted shrubs and trees at the W.K.Kellogg mu"lple use lorest. AUTHOR;GYSEL LW;LEMMIEN W AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI Slate Umv. SOURCE TITLE:Michigan Quarterly Bulletin. SOURCE ID:38(1):139-145. YEAR PUBLISHED:1954 CATEGORY:C REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:forest;habilat;shrubs:trees;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe survival.growth,fruit production and wildlife use of some planted trees and shrubs.(TIme and Duration)18 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Plantings were made on abandoned farmland in plowed furrows of rows and clumps and studied for 16-18 years,Indigobush amorpha,Siberian peashrub,silky dogwood,Tartarian honeysuckle,multiflora rose,RuSSian olive.and European mountain ash were planted.(Results and ConclUSions)Survival ot all plantings was tair to good.Only indigobush amorpha increased markedly in number of sterns and area.While all speCies produced abundant fruit,production was greatest for Tartarian honeysuckle.The densest cover was produced by Tartanan honeySuckle and multifiora rose.All species were used by at least one ot the wildlife species.Multiflora rose was most intensively used.In general,the planted species increased food and .cover in the area. C1 -Pipelines 1636 C1 •Pipelines 1634 Emphasizing the benelits 01 the environmental rehabilitation 01 natural gas pipeline rights-ol-way. AUTHOR:DOWNEY AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TDA Consultants SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings 01 the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of.Way Management.January 6-B.1976. SOURCE ID:MISSISSiPPi State,MS,MS State Umv.1976,231-240 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C1 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:enVIronment;management;nght-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A discussion of the general design.construcliOn.and maintenance of a gas pipeline ROW as related to envIronmental rehabilitation,(Results and .Conciuslons)Coordination with landowners and agencies is a necessary process.Location IS a prime constderatlon which involves sight lines,terrain,soH and vegetation.Design of a pipeline should reeslablish removed plant matenal,wave edges,feather edges. avoid straight lines.and angle road crossings.Principles in constructIon should include effect of smail plant stands,soil profile renewal,and regrading.MaIntenance programs should control eroSion,reduce ptant mortality,and consider human encroacnment.A different approach should be used in an urban setting to consolidate uses,to select a benefiCial location,and a design to provide for open space,recreation.and transportat'on.Interested citizens and users can be involved in tree planting and maintenance. 1635 Final report on a study 01 selected coastal zone ecosystems in the Gull of Mexico in relation to gas pipelinlng activities. AUTHOR:CORNABY BW;ENGSTROM DG;WILLINGHAM CA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Battelle Columbus Lab. SOURCE ID:Columbus,OH.Battelle Columbus Laboratones,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED;1975 CATEGORY:C1 REGION:Applicable to enbre United Slates STATE:Alabama;Florida; Louislana;Mississippi;Texas KEYWORDS:ecosystem;Impact;marsh;pipeline;right-ol-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To identify habitat combinations and factors wnich influence their changes,to evaluate effects of gas pipelining,to assess duration and magnitUde of impacts.(Time and Durat,on)1972-74;2 years.(Type of Research)Original researell.(Methodology)Six representative sampling areas were selected of malor ecosystem types. Samples were taken on disturbed and control transects in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.Physical and chemical measurements were taKen of soil and water,and biotic communities were sampled.Vegetation was sampted for species and biomass.Censuses were taken of birds present and of arthropods as Indicators of the total system.Plankton.epibenthlc, and benthiC samples were taken and both Intertidal and marsn areas were studied.Statistical tests were applied to data.(Results and ConclUSions)Pipeline laying results in partially filled ditches,6x10 fl maximum.and canals.8xSO ft,which may be backfilled.Levees may also be produced.While many alterations are of considerable Significance,and some populations increase while others decrease,such population losses may be of little Significance.In fact,plpelining does not totally remove any important components of the ecosyStem.although many are usually affected.Herbivores and carnivores were present and pipelines may offer some essentia'habitat needs for important species.Minimizing ot,ptpeline construction changes in the habitat will be a most important faclor in reducing future habitat impacts. 1636 Erosion control during pipeline construction. AUTHOR:ROBINSON LR JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Jordan and Assodates.Camp Hill.PA. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 175-182 in Proceedings National Symposium on Urban Rainfall and Runoff and.sediment Control. SOURCE ID;Lexington,KY,Univ of KY,1974.UKYBU106. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:C1 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:construction;erosion;erosion control;law:pipeline; regulations;right-of-way;sediment ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review erosion and sedimentation control regUlations in Pennsylvania and present observations of field experience dunng pipeline construction.(Type of Research)Review of regUlations and field observations.Not scientific research.(Metl1Odology)Presents plans and regulations for erosion and sedimentation control pertaining to earthmoving activities implemented by the Pennsylvania EnVironmental Quality Board in 1972.DesIgn factors and design cnteria required in control plans are presented.Field experience during pIpeline construction 111 --------. C1 -Pipelines 1636 :5 dlSCUssed ar:c effectiveness of erosion control stru:wres was momtoreo and pictorially recorded.lnc~udes observations on sediment transport.straw silt traps,stream crossings.and cleanup after constructIon,(Results and Conclusions)The purpose 01 Pennsy~vania regulations on earthmoving activItIes is to control seolmentation to orevent water POllution.Control measures must be set forth in a plan. ;rom photographs and turbidity measurements,no undue erosion or sediment transport was evioent wnere eroSIon control structwes were rn pjace.Silt was effectively trapped by straw bales placed across streams, araws,and road crossings.Small streams were best protected by pipe crossings 01 the nght of way_Roadside ditcnes trapped sediment.Rough terrain ana vegetation flltered seOiment. C2 •Highways 1637 Highway erosion control systems:an evaluation based on the universal soli 1055 equation. AUTHOR:FARMER EE;FLETCHER JE AUTHOR AFFILIATION;US Forest Service.;UT State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 12-21 in Soil Erosion:prediction and Control. SOURCE 10:Ankeny.IA.Soil Conservation Society of America,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C2 SPONSOR:American Association of State Highways:and Transportation Officials. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:construction:erosion;erosion controi:highway;sedimentation: soH loss ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To adapt the Universal Soil Loss Equation for use in highway constructIon and to illustrate procedures for its application to a nypothetlcal highway cross-section.(Type of Research)Onginal;equation modification and testing,(Methodology)The Universal Soil Loss Equation was modified lor highway construction use by eliminating the C and P factors,which relate specifically to agricultural lands,and substituting an eroSion control factor,VM.The VM factor is applied as a SIngle unit In the equation and accounts for effects of all erosion control measures ,ncluding planting vegetalion,physical changes.and application of chemicals.CoeffIcients tor various erosron control practices were accordingly aSSIgned to adjust expected soil loss.(ResUlts and Conclusions)The modified USLE permits a semiquantitative evaluation of erosion controJ systems in highway construction.Expected soU loss tor selected rainfall,soii erodibility,Slope length and gradient factors was adjusted by applicatiOn of coefficien~for erosion control measures. Dramatic reductions in predicted soil loss were shown by use of straw mulch and grass establishment,sodding and gravel mulch,drtching,and Installation 01 sediment traps along highway shoulders and median.Final selection of an erosion controj system could be based on performance ~valuabon..expected soil loss.cost.and needs of the transportation SySTem 1638 Hlghway-wildute relationships;volume 1:a state-ol-the-art report. AUTHOR;LEEDY DL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Urban Wildlife Research Center. SOURCE 10:Springfield,Va.Nat Technical Information Service,1975, Report FHWARD764,183 p, YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C2 REPORT NUMBER:FHWARD764 CONTRACT NUMBER:P0530189 SPONSOR:US Dept of Transportation.Fed Highway;Admin,Offices of Research and:Development. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brush control;erosion,soil;fish;highway:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To assess what is known about the.effects of highways,their construction,matntenance and operation on fish and wildlife and th-ir habltats.(Type of Research)Literature review.(ReSUlts and Concluslor.J The twenty million or more acres,in highway right-of- way have been largely neglected as wildlife habitat.Opportunities exist for creatIng valuable fish and w.ldlife impoundments during construction, yet the minimal effort needed to locate and design·Stich impoundments has generally not been made.Better measures.for'.mitIgating habitat losses,predicting eflects of highways on fish and.wildlite,and enhancing highway environments lor fiSh,wildlife,and people are sorely needed. 1639 tmpact 01 highways on the hydrogeologic environmenL AUTHOR:PARIZEK RA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA State Un!v. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental geomorphology. SOURCE 10:Binghamton,NY,State Univ of NY,1971,151-199 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 112 CATEGORY:C2 REGION:Applicable to antrre United States STATE:Penn sylvan fa KEYWORDS:construction:enVIronment;hdyrology;ntgnway:Impact;quality; right~of-way;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review some of the adverse Influences that hlgnways have had or may have on the surface-water and ground-water regimen.(Type of Research}Field ooservations and reView of sclentlfrc literature.(M~thodo\ogy)Information presented IS based or,obs~rvatlons and problems at specific highway locations in Pennsylvania and adjacent states supplemented with pertinent scientific literature.It stresses unfavorable Influences related dIrectly to the highways or to satellite land- use activibes.Empnasis is placea on pnyslcal and Quail ty changes In the hydrogeologic regimen inciuding surface-water and ground-water reservoirs.(ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)Deep cuts and extenSive fills In highway construction can produce unfavorable changes such as beheading of aQuifers,creating new ground-water dratns,altering drainage di'll'ides.reducing streambed infiltration,siltation of channels, reducing siope stability,and adjustments in runoff and recharge.Surface and g-round -water Quality may be affected by turbidity increases from sediment,pollution from oils.chemicals.litter dUring highway use, contamination from chemIcals such as saas and pesticides rn highway maintenance,and acid Orainage from exposed pyrite·bearing strata. Specific research needs to evaluate environmental Impacts are stressed. Increased knowledge will allOW prediction of changes in advance 01 construction. 1640 Practical aspects 01 a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides. AUTHOR:BESADNY CD;KABAT C;RUSCH AJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WI Dept of Natural Resources, SOURCE TITLE:Transachons,Thirty-Third North American Wildlife Conference . SOURCE 10:33:236-249, YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:C2 REGION:Maple-Basswood Forest +Oak Savanna STATE:Wisconsin KEYWORDS;brush;habitat:hectlicides;maintenance;mammals; management right-of·way;vegetation ABSTRACT:(PUrposes)To decribe a program for malntainmg brushy cover along roadside rights-of-way,(Type of Research)Onginai research. (Methodology)Approximately 12 miles of roadSide right-of-way were selected for the pilot project.Treatments consisted of combinations of selected cutting with hand and power tools,and selective spraying with 2-4-0 or 2-4-5-T in a backppack sprayer to remove or kill undesirable vegetation.(Results and Conclusions)The most practical metnods of brush management in nghts-of-way were selective culling and spraying. and selective spraying,at costs of $20,70 and $14.20 respectively,per mile of roadside.SpecifiC procedures for managing brushy roadsides included:(1)Roadside selection,(2)Mar.king and (3)Treatments and maintenance.To be most effective.the program should,be incorporated into regUlar maintenance program of local·highway departments. 1641 The influence of management on the flora of roadside verges. AUTHOR:WAY JM AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Monks Wood Expenment Station. SOURCE TITLE;Symposium Monks Wood Expenment Station:The Biotic Effects of Public Pressures on the Environmenltt SOURCE 10;Pages 151-155,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C2 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:flora:impact;management;roadsides ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss vegetation management of roadside verges.(Type of Research)Discussion paper,(ReSUlts and Conclusions) Verges are not considered a serious source of farm weeds.Mechanical vegetation control may be more destructive than chemicals,although the latter can have severe effects on dicots.Conservation investigations are needed to answer some important Questtons regarding plants and an,imals found on verges and how management aHects them. 1642 The influence 01 highway construction on a slream. AUTHOR:BALL RC;KING DL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI Stale Univ. SOURCE 10:East Lansing,MI,MI State Univ Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 19,Hl64,4 p. YEAR PUBLtSHED:1964 CATEGORY:C2 REPORT NUMBER:RR19 CONTRACT NUMBER:WPOO01106 SPONSOR:Supply and Pollution Control REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Michigan - - - - C4 •.Vegetation Openings 1648 -. .- ,~ -" ..... KEYVvORDS COr1structJon:IISn:rllghway:;mpact:Inverteorates;right-of-way, sealment;srream ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present some of the harmfUl effects of Inorganic sediments orfgJnating from a highway construction site near a warm-water Michigan stream (Time and Duration)Summer 1961·4 months.(Type of Research)Portion 01 extensIve ecologrcat fIeld study-origmal. (MettlodolOgy)A study was conducted on the Red Cedar River In south~ central lower Mic11igan during construction of highway 1·96 adjacent to the stream.Accrual rate of inorganic sediments In mg/m2/day was measured tor three sampling periods.Effect of inorganic matter influx 1n10 the-stream was determIned on autwuchs {basic prOducers),Invertebrates (nerbivores.carnIVores,and-tublfiea worms).fish,and stream energetics befofe and dUring siltation.(Results and Conclusions)Inorganic sediments in the river Increased turbidity and reduced light penetration,scoured orgamsms from the stream bed.and due to settling,suffocated many organisms.Sediments increased two-told from the June to early September sampling,due.to intense rain and erosion from construction sites.resulting In a 68%decrease in organic aufwuch production. Substantial reductions occurred in herbivorous a,nd carnivorous insects ar.d tubihed worms due to scouring and smothering. 1643 Detrimental effects of highway construction on a Montana stream. AUTHOR:BAILEY JE;WHITNEY AN AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MT Dept Fish and Game. SOURCE TITLE:Amertcan Fisheries Soc~ety Transactions SOURCE 10:88(1):72-73,1959. YEAR PUBLlSHED:1959 CATEGORY:C2 REGION:Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Montana KEYWORDS:construction:fish;highways;right-ot-way:stream ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the effeClS of highway construction on game fish.(Time and Ounation)1955-1957:2 years.(Type at Research) Original research.(Methodology)A fish census was taken by shocking stream sections before and after nighway construction.{Results and: ConclUSIons)A bulldoz:er was used to remove brush,scour the streambed,and straighten the cnannel tor 350 feet.A severe reduction, from 91 large-sized fish (6 mches and over)in 1955 to 6 in 1957, occurred.Small-slz:ed fish (under 6 inches)wene reduced from 144 to 14. C3 -Railroads 1644 Railroad air space line routing. AUTHOR:FOLEY ET AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Coibbs and Hill Inc. SOURCE TITLE:Electrical World. SOURCE 10:45-47,1972 (June 1). YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:C3 REGION:AppUcabie to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:plannIng;railroad;nght-ot-way;transmission ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Discussion concernlng exjsting rail corridors :hat are readiiy adapted for use as electriC transmission corridors.(Type at Research)Generat discussion.(Results and Conclusions)Discussion of .•-the benefits and pnoblems encountered when placing a transmission line in an existing raii corridor. C4 •Vegetation Openings 1645 Cost-eftectlveness analysis:a method to evaluate silvicultural activities 101'non-point pollution abatemenL AUTHOR:US FOREST SERVICE SOURCE 10:US Forest SerVIce,1977,51 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:C4 CONTRACT NUMBER:EPAIAG060660 SPONSOR:US Depl of Agriculture.;US Env Protection Agency. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:construction;erosion,soil;torest;management;mass wasting; roact sedimentation;Silviculture ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide a usable tool lor state and local water quality planners and forest land managers who are faced with the probiem on non-point source pelluMn.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Concept and methodologIes presented In tnis paper are based upon consideration of commonly used silVicultural systems wIlich -were assembled at workshops by informed professionals from gowmment age1lCles.academia,private industry and international research stations.Field data was obtained through personal visits 'to numerous National Forests,arid to srate ana pnva1eJy owneCl lana (ReSUlts and ConclUSIons)In ~ene"'al it IS concluded that access practices,mctuclng roao locat,on.construction and maintenancE:. constltute the greatest primary source of erOSion although these activlties are cilctated largely oy the cnOlce of Iiarvesting system.Cost~ effectiveness analysis is a useful tool for chOOSing among various erosion controlS if it IS used properly 1646 Rate 01 recovery 01 forest communilies following disturbances. AUTHOR:HUTNIK RJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Stale Univ. SOURCE TITLE:ProceedIngs.MOnltonng Forest I;nvlronment Through Successive Sampling. SOURCE 10:Pages 203-214,1977- YEAR PUBUSHED:1977 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvanla KEYWOROS:browse:burning;clearcutllng:vegetation;wlldti!e ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determIne the eflect of clearcutling,fire.and high deer populations on specieS composition.structure.and functiomng of a mixed oak forest ecDsystem.(Time and Duration)1966~1973;8 years. (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Four plots were cleareut in 1966 and 2 were burned in 1967 along With 2 uncul piots. Two uncut and unburned plots served as controls.Each plot was 80AxBO.4m in slz:e.Vegetation was sampled after 1,2,3,5,and 7 gro'Mng seasons to get biomass by species.(Results and ConcllJsions) Species richness increased substantially due to cuttir,g.and reached a maximum within :3 years.Deer browS!ng severely restricted abundance of blackberry,loosestrite,and trees:sedges and hay-scented fern were increased.Blueberries were increased by cutting"After 7 years fenced plots had the appearance of a multilayered forest While unfenced plots resembled an open meadow.While Olomass accumulation will take many years to reaCh precutt1ng levels,net annual primary production for lenced plots almost equalled the pre-cuttlng level by 1973.Fireweed was especially important in maintaining stability following disturbances. 1647 Effect of logging on songbird populallons in a northern hardwood forest. AUTHOR:BEHREND OF:SA1SORN B:WEBB WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:State Univ.of NY,College of Env Science and Forestry. SOURCE TITLE:Wildlife Monographs SOURCE 10:55:1-35,1977. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:New York:PennsylvanIa KEYWORDS:birds;cuttmg;forest:impact:populatIon . ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determme Ihe eHect of loggmg on breeding bird populations in a northern hardwood forest.(Time anCl Duration)1951- 1962:10 years.(MethodOlogy)Forest areas were cut 25%.50%,75%, and 100%,and si:x permanenl counting strips were established In the interior of each area and in an uncut control area.Bird counts were made in June by signt and sound with early and late morning replications.A population index was used whIch was arrived at by determining the highest number of Individuals of a species tallied at any station on any date and adding the six station numbers thus obtained.A paired t-test was used to analyze data.(Results and ConclUSIons)None of the bird species were eliminated by logging;a few were recorded only in logged stands.Number of species and diversity indices were higher in logged areas.Eleven species were not affected by logging,eight species were increased in aOundance by logging,and seven specIes were deCreased. 1648 Vegetation and environment",!features 01 forest aiK1 range ecosystems. AUTHOR:BJUGSTAD AJ;DUNCAN DA;GARRISON GA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:US Forest ServIce,Agriculture Handbook 475,1977,68 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:ecosystem:environment;forest;land use;sail;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe ecosystems used by the US Forest Service.(Type 01 Researell)Manual derived from literature.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The report includes 34 SOil-vegetation ecosystems coverin9 the 48 contigUous states.For each ecosystem,the physiography,climate, vegetation,fauna,soils,and land use are bnefly described.A colored map is attached, 113 --_.__.-~------------------------------------------- C4 -Vegetation Openings 1648 1649 Importance,preservation and management 01 riparian habitat:a symposium. AUTHOR JOHNSON RR:JONES DA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Nat Park Service,US Forest Service. SOURCE ID:Fort COllins.CO,US Fores!Service,1977.General Technical Report RM43,217 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:C4 REGION Appltcable to entire United States STATE'Arizona:New Mexico KEYWORDS:fish:habitat;riparian:streams;water;w[ldlife ABSTRACT:To oring together material that represents the current state of know~edge and to point out directions for research and management of npanan ecosystems [n the southwest (Type of Research)A symposium. (ResUlts and Conclusions)The 27 papers stress the importance of rfpaflan habitats and their preservation,whrle recogniZing that economic uses must be made of such areas in connection with dams,grazing.etc. Nothing specific is said of rights of way,although it can be Implied that adverse ecological effects within riparian habitats shoutd be avoided. Wildlife populations and important vegetation types and methods for their Inventofles are descnbed.Research needs are gIven. 1650 Imporlance 01 riparian ecosystems:biotic:c:onsiderations. AUTHOR:HUBBARD JP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NM Dept of Game and Fish. SOURCE TITLIE:Pages 14-18 in Importance,preservation and management of riparian habitat. SOURCE ID:Fort Collins,CO,US Forest Service.1977,General Technical Report RM43.217 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Arizona:New MeXICO KEYWORDS:birds;fish:habitat;mammalS,small;riparian;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To probe the question of the importance of riparian ecosystems in sustaining the rich biota o·the southwest (Type of Research)DIScussion paper.(Results and Conclusions)Fishes are the most important group in the riparian ecosystem,and of the 75 Species, six are federally endangered and one [s threatened.Vegetation clearing and pollution are major threats to fish survival.Of the 100 plant species of New Mexlco's floodplains.almost 40%are Obligates.All stream systems are rich in breeding birds and contain 16-17%of the entire breeding aVifauna of temperate US.Eight species of small mammals show a strong riparian dependence.Preservation of riparian ecosystems by management is of utmost importance. 1651 Changes In small mammal populations alter clearcutling 01 northern Ontario Black Spruce Forest. AUTHOR:MARTELL AM;RADVANYI A AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Canadian Wildlife Service. SOURCE TITLE:Canadian Field-Naturalist SOURCE ID:91:41-46,1977, YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY·C4 REGION:Spruce-fir Forest KEYWORDS;cleanng:forest;mammals,small;populations ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To study changes in small mammal populations following clearcutting.(Time and Duration)1972-75;4 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Live-trapping and dead- traPPIng census methods were used.(Results and Conclusions)The most noticeable change in small mammal populations after clearcutting was in composition.Clearcuts were unfavorable to red-backed voles.rock VOles. and bog lemming;but favorable to deer mice,meadow voles.heather VOles,and least chipmunks.little change was caused in density, 1652 Stress elfec:ls on bird-species diversity within mature lorest ec:osystemss AUTHOR:ADAMS DL:BARRETT GW AUTHOR'AFFILIATION:Miami Univ. SOURCE TITLE;American Midland Naturalist. SOURCE'ID:96(1):179-194,1976, YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Indiana:Ohio KEYWORDS:birds:ecosystem;forest:Impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate the effects of selective cutting of a forest ·on tree and bird-species diversity patterns.(Time and Duration) 1973,.(Type of Research)Original research,(MethodOlogy)Two study sites were used for comparison:a small vi-rgin forest tract and a selectively cut woodland,both beech maple forest typeS.A 15-acre sample plot was selected in each woods for bird sampling.A modified point-quarter method was used to sample trees,Breeding bird censuses 114 were done by terrltonal mapDlng.(Results and Conctl..:slons)The se1ectlvely cut woods exhibited greater abSOlute denSity,greater species diversity and greater species richness than the VIrgin woods.There were 38 territoriat aVian species and 151 breedmg pairs In the virgIn woods in contrast to 32 species and 11 0 pairs In the cut woods.Evidence was obtained that birds tend to respond to overatl structure at major tree components In forest communities. 1653 Some Slivicultural Concepts and Options lor Achieving Wildlife Habitat Goals. AUTHOR:HALL F C AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 I REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Oregon; Washington KEYWORDS:forest;habitat:management;silviculture;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the scheduling and other factors of silvicultural treatment to attain optlmum habitat for elk and pileated woodpeckers.(Methodology)The article IS divided Into three parts:(1) silvicultural means for attaining elk habitat (2)silvlculturai means for attaining pileated woodpecl<er habitat,and (3)an example of how both habitats may be attained In the same general land area.(Results and Conclusions)Optimum ell<habitat is composed of 20%hiding cover,10% thermal cover,10%either hiding or thermal cover,and 60%forage area. Pileated woodpeckers require trees at least 20 Inches at dbh,and they prefer to nest in a two -storied stand,A system for providing habitat for both animals is discussed. 1654 Woodc:ock use 01 clearcut aspen areas in Wisconsin. AUTHOR:GREGG LE:HALE JB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Wf Dept 01 Natural Resources. SOURCE TITLE:Wildlife Society Bulletin. SOURCE ID:4(3):111-115.1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY;C4 SPONSOR:US Fish and Wildlife Service;;WI Dept of Natural Resources. REGION:Maple-Basswood Forest +Oal<Savanna STATE:Wisconsin KEYWORDS:birds,game:bulldozing;clearcutting:clearing,mechanical; habitat manipulation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the woodcocl<use of clearcut aspen areas in northern WI.(Time and Duration)1968·1974.(Type of Research) Original field research.(MethOdology)Nearly 6,000 woodcock were trapped and banded during the study penod.Study areaS on clearcut areas were used to trap woodcock w~th capture effort and success recorded.Woodcocl<abundance and sign were recorded along with site characteristics.Follow-up treatment of the study areas was made by a bulldozer scalping trails,(ReSUlts and ConcluSIOns)Woodcocl<nave been known to utilize cleared areas for feeding,roosting,and singing groun.ds; they responded immedlately to the study area clearcuts,Cutting techniques seemed to be of less Importance than the amount of soil disturbance as a result of the technique used.Soil disturbance created an easy food supply (earthworms)and wooocock use declined as the area revegetated.By annual bulldozing of trails after logging,woodcocl< use was maintained for hve years in one study area. 1655 Some thermal and biological e1fec:ls 01 lorest cutting in West Virginia. AUTHOR:LEE R;SAMUEL DE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WV Univ. SOURCE TITl..E:Journal of Environmental Quality SOURCE ID:5(4):362-366,1976, YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:KentUCky;North Carolina; Tennessee;Virginia;West Virginia KEYWORDS:foresl;impact:streams;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate thermal changes and their biological effects in forest streams following cutting.(Time and Duration)1972-73;2 years,(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Stream temperatures were monitored continuously 10r 18 months using conventiona'il'lstruments.Two benthic samples were taken each month in weir ponds.Emerging insects were captured in 1973 using floatIng traps. Four watersheds were used in the study each With varying degrees of cutting.(Results and Conciusions)During summer months complete cutting caused over 4C mean temperature tncreases and maximum increase of over 90.Changes diminished to about one-naif,3 years after cutting.The control pond produced by far the highest total numbers and biomass of benthic fauna and numbers of aquatic insects.Forest culling eHect on stream temperatures was not significant when a strip of trees was left to provide shade. - - - - - - C4 -Vegetation Openings 1663 - 1656 Machine to harvest slash,brush,and lhinnings lor luel and llber - a concept. AUTHOR:KOCH P;MCKENZIE OW AUTHOR AFFILJATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10 74(12):809-812.1976. YEAR PUBUSHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:AlaMma;GeorgIa;North Caroltna;South Carolina:Vlrgmia KEYWORDS:brush;hogging:slash ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To propose an alternative methOd for harvesting increased luel and liber.(Type of Research)Discussion paper.(Results and ConclUSIons)A new mobile hog machine whIch will be developed lor hogging logging slash and conveying chips and chunks to mulch beds is described. 1657 Burying forest residue-an alternative treatment. AUTHOR:MCLEAN HR;WARD FR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Stationn SOURCE 10:Portland,OR,US Forest Service,1976.ResearCh Note PNW270,7 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REPORT NUMBER:PNW270 REGION:Silver Fir.Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:damage;disease;forest;residues;Slash disposal;soil ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine cost.time,and effect of burying forest residue.(Time and Duration)1970-1974;3 1/2 years.(Type of Research) Original field research.(Methodology)Slash burying studies were condUCted in White fir stands on sandy loam soil with 0 to 10 percent slopes.Residue volumes and wetghts were estimated by sampling along a line transect.Pits were excavated to a 5 loot depth,slash covered by 2 feet 01 soil,and area broadcast seeded with grass.Rate 01 fire spread and resistance to controf were determined before.and after treatment. Trees sustaining root or bole damage were evaluated.Damaged trees and e-"Chumed residue were examined after three years tor incidence of disease.(Results and Conclusions)There were about 51 tons/acre 01 residue.averaging 5 inches diameter and rated high fire hazard,before burying.Burying reduced residue oy 80-90%and lowered fire hazard to acceptable levels.BulldOZing 01 residue scarilied the ground resulting In bare soil on the whole area.Total cost 01 disposal was 583/acre at 1975 pnces.About 70%of standing trees damaged by tractors were in good condition 3 1/2 years later.No endemic root dIseases occurred; decay oy saprophytes was occumng in p,ts.Vegelatlon regrowth was sparse on bare soil but erosion was no problem in the stable soils and gentle slopes. 1658 Population dynamics of rodents during post-fire succession in chaparral. AUTHOR:QUINN RD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:CA State Polytechnic. SOURCE TITLE:Ecological Society Bulletin. SOURCE 10:57(1 ):10,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Calilornia Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:fire;mammals,smail ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To describe population changes in·small rodents after a chaparrai fire.(Time and Duration)5 years.(Type of Research) OrigInal research.(Methodology)A live trapping census method was used.(Results and Conclusions)All rodent populations were reduced or eliminated by fire,and low population densities persisted for two years. Rapid post-fire succession was followed by rapid changes in rodents.An abundant large granivore,a rare smaU granivore.·an abundant sm2'1 granlvore,and a large herbivore were always present. 1659 Changes In grass cover of a desert rodent launa lollowing habitat perturbation, AUTHOR:WHITFORD WG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:NM State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:ECOlogical Society Bulletin. SOURCE 10:57(1 ):29,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Grama-Gallela Steppe +Juniper-Pinyon Woodland Mosaic STATE:New Mexico KEYWOROS:cover;d.sturbance;fauna;habitat;mammals,small ABSTRACT:(Purpose);0 cescrloe changes In cover ana rodent populations atter nerOlCl0a apP~lcallon ~n a desert nabltat.(Type of ResearCh)Origmal researCh.(MethodOjogy)A trapping stuay method was used.(Results and Conclusions)Treatment of a desert shrub community With dlcamba resulted in a reductton In creosotebush and an Increase In grass.The dominant spec~es.Dlpodomys mernam,was replaced oy Dipodomys ordiJ as a reSult of {Iabltat selectIon. 1660 Comparisons of vegetation cover and composition on pipeline and transmission line rights-ol-way 01 various ages. AUTHOR:BELEL JR;MERINO JM;ODEMING WR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WOODward-Clyde Conservatory. SOURCE TITLE:Ecological Society Bulletin. SOURCE 10:57{1):7,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:California Chaparral STATE:Caiifornla KEYWORDS;cleanng;cover:nght-of-way;vegetatIon ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To oesclibe vegetation changes on rights-of-way follOWing clearing.(Type af Research)Orlglnai research (Results and ConclUSIons)Vegetation recovery withm cleared nghrSoof·way was slow in both chaparral and creosote bush vegetation.Complete recovery was not observed on ROWs dver 15 years old:although significant successional advancement was observed at some Sites. 1661 Breec:llng bird populations 01 power line rlghts-ol-way on lhe Oak Ridge Rese....atlon. AUTHOR:KROODSMA Rl AUTHORAFFILlATION:Oak Ridge Nat Lao. SOURCE TITLE:Ecologlcai Society Bulletin. SOURCE 10:57(1 ):56,1976. YEAR PUBliSHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Tennessee KEYWORDS:birds;population;rignt-ol-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To census breeding birdS on rights-of-way and adjacent forest.(Type of Research)Original research.(Results and Conclusions)Five bird wecies not found Within the forest accounted for over 95%01 the ROW population.BirdS on the ROW were SfX t,mes more abundant In areas of naturaily regenerated vegetatIon than areas of pianted grasses.Both ROW birdS and forest oirds were roughly twice as frequent on south-faCing edges than on shaded norttl-facing edges. 1662 Elk use as related to characterIstics of clearcuts in western Montana. AUTHOR:LYON W AUTHOR AFFiliATION:US Forest SerVice. SOURCE TITLE:Elk-Logging-Roads SympoSium Proceedings. SOURCE 10:Moscow.10,UnIVersity of 10,1976.69-72 p. YEAR PUBliSHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Montana KEYWORDS:clearcultlng:elk;mammalS,game;wlldHre ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To examine elk use of clearcuts of vaflous sizes and in different locations.(Time and Durallon)1973;1 year.(MethodOlogy) Pellet group counts were made aiong transects in 0.02 acre plots at 100 foot intervals in ctearcuts and surrounding uncut forests.(ReSUlts and ConclusIOns)Nothing was clearly demonstrated according to the authors. But it is possible to suggest openings of 10.40 acres with good slash cleanup will be most acceptable to elk.Use will rema,"low until vegetation reaches 2-3 feet in height. 1663 COst at stream protection dUring timber harvest. AUTHOR:DYKSTRA DP;FROEHLICH HA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Slate Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:74(10):684-687,1976. YEAR PUBliSHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Cedar-Hemlock-Oouglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:appraisal;cost.protection;stream;timber harvest;watersl1ed ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To develop procedures lor appraising.COSts of protection altematives lor steep headwater streams In PaCifiC Northwest and to appiy the methodology to harvesting operations.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Cost appraisal metl10ds were applied to three alternative timber harvesting methods lor stream protection.The alternatiVes were:1)conventional felling.bucking.and cable yarding lollowed by Chennei cleanup;2)special uphill,cable- assisted felling foliowed by conventional bucking.cable yarding,and 115 C4 •Vegetation Openings 1663 :~.:.~"":e:!Cf€anup:and 3)conventlonai teiling.bucKing.and cable yaromg ""~~3n ..;~cut buffer stnp of trees between roggea area and stream :r:a~.'1el Felling and cnannel Cleanup costs ,were procured from previous apti~3.lsals and Interviews of logging managers.supplemented wIth time S:uC'!S of cnannel hand~cleamng operatlons_(Results and Conclusions) C:s:appraisal appjleo to stream protectjon alternatives on ten areas S:iC'lIea t!'1at none of the alternatlves was clearJy preferable for a majority ot !...~stud.y areas.The least-cost alternative on tour areas was the 55- foot cutter StT1P,on three areas conventlonat felting.and the remaining three ari:as cable-assisted directionaJ 1eWng.The appraisal method recognizes that cost of stream clearing is a function of the volume 01 :Je::r:g to be removed.but does not predict debris loading.AlSO.the me-:"'JO aoes nOt compare stream Impacts.but -does provide estimated COS!tor different loggmg treatments. 1664 A design gUide for wildlife protection and conservation for transportation facilities. SOURCE ID:Washington,DC,American Association at State Hignway and Transportation Officials,1976,51 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:highways;wildlite ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide a guide for consideration of impacts of highways on wildlife.(Type of Research)Guide. (Results and Conclusions)Habitat at threatened or endangered species should be avoided in locating highways.Where they cannot be avoided,the use of any tool or resource available for enhancement of the remaining habitat ought to be considered. 1665 Avian populations in herbicide treated brusll fields. AUTHOR:BEAVER DL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of CA. SOURCE TITLE:The Auk. SOURCE ID:93:543-553.1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:California Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:birdS;brush;habitat;herbicide;popuiation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To compare the avian population in two areas of a brUsh field before and atter herbicide treatment.(Time and Durallon) 1969-70:2 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)A sPOt mao technique was -used to locate nests and breeding pairs. (ReSUlts and Conciusions)Brush field birds appear to select habitat on lhe casis of vegetation form,such as fobage profile.and not on food suppiy.Avian population numbers and species did not change with neroTcioe treatment because essential etements of the habitat were not aitered.AVian spec'es dld change pn the entire blushfteld. 1666 Impact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains 01 Wasllington. AUTHOR:OVERLY R:PERRY C AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WA Dept of Game. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 62-68 in Elk-Logging-Roads SymPOSIum Proceedings. SOURCE 10:Moscow,10,Univ of 10 Forest,Wildlife arn:i Range Experiment Stalion,1976,142 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:C4 SPONSOR;WA State Dept of Game. REGION:Grand Fir-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Washington KEYWORDS:deer:distribution;elk:game.big;,mpact;mammals,big game; road ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the impact of roads on big game distnbutLon Within adjacent habitats and estabbsh guidelines -f-or road construction in big game habitats in the Blue Mountalns of Washington. (Time and Duration)3 years;1972-1974 (1).(Type of Research)Original field research.(Methodotogy)Roads in the Blue Mountains of Washington were classified into three groups based on condition,size,traffic use, maintenance required.Vegetation was ctassjfted as grassland-meadow, open forest.dense forest,or ripaflan.Pellet group transects were read on plots located at 33,220,440,and 880 meters from the roads.Control transects were read in rarn:iom plots in back country areas away from roads.Aspect of Slope was also recorded when doing tile transects. (ReSUlts and ConclUSions)All roads reduced elk use in grassland- meadows,predominately on west and south slopes.All roads reduced elk use 111 open forests but in varying distances depending on road classit'eatlon.Most reductio'n here occurred on all slopes except east slopes.No explanation was evident on why roads on east slopes caused only minimal disruption of game use.Basically,research showed roads 116 reOLJce big game habitat up to halt-mIte away.Impact was greates[tor mam roadS throuoh open vegetanon types and 1nen reouce:J With reduced road types and lncreasing vegetat~on density, 1667 Silvicultural options and habitat values in deciduous forests. AUTHOR:EVANS KE;ZEEDYK WD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds,May &-9.'975. SOURCE ID:1975.115-127 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4;E5 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:birds;forest;habitat;regeneration;successionai stages ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review and summarize silvlcultural informatIon and bird habitat-populallon data.and synthesize the knowledge Into a format useful to the forest manager.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)uterature review.(Results and Conclusions)The slated impacts of silvicultural options on bird populations are often specUlatIve because they have not been tested.Additonal research is needed to answer many questions.In nongame bird management,we must recognize that birds will be present in virtually all habitats.but species composition,population density andlor diversity will be influenced by timber management practices.Soecies with narrow specific habitat requirements present the greatest challenge to management. 1668 Range management prac1lces and bird lIabitat values. AUTHOR:BUTTERY RF;SHIELDS RW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest ServIce. SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds,May &-9,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4 REGION;Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:birds;habitat:management ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present available imformatlon on the known and probable eftecls of fourteen range management practices upon nongame bird habitat.(Type of Research)Literature review.(MethodOlogy) Literature review.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)The known and probable effects upon nongame bird habitat of the following range management practices were given:(1)grazing systems;yearlong,contlnuous,deferred, deferred rotation and rest rotation,common use.atternate use;(2)range improvements:structural improvements,water development,herbicidal treatment.rangeland seeding,type conversion.fire management.and rodent control.More research is needed to fully determine the effect of range management on nongame bird habitat. 1669 Avifauna and succession in Douglas-lir lorests of the Pacific nortllwest AUTHOR:MESLOW EC;WIGHT HM AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR CooperatIve 'Mld!!fe Research Unit. SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds.May &-9.1975. SOURCE 10:1975.26&-271 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Cedar-Hemlock-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Oregon:Washington KEYWORDS;birds;forest;succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explain natural succession and timber management in the Douglas-fir forest of the Pacific Northwest,and to disCuss the effects of succession and timber management on lhe region's avitauna.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Literature review.(Results and ConclusiOns)Timber management in the Douglas-fir region of tile Pacific Northwest attempts to speed regeneration and to establiSh an even-aged monoculture of Douglas-fir.This management conflicts with bird life in four areas:(1)shortening of the grass·forb and sIlrub stage,(2)effect of·an even-aged Douglas-fir monoculture,(3) elimination of snags,and (4)eliminatIon of old-growth forest. 1670 Slivicuitural options and lIabltat values In coniferous forests. AUTHOR:BUMSTEAD RS:CROUCH GL:THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILJATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds,May &-9.1975. SOURCE 10;1975.272-287 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:birds;forest;habitat;regeneration - C4 ..Vegetation Openings 1677 ABSTRACT'(Purpose)To rev~ew the assoclarion of birds to tne aifterent sera!stages of a comferous forest,and how forest management attects tnese associations.The role of birds on insect populations and.the effect of fire on bird habitat are discussed.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Metnodology)literature review.{Results and ConclusIons) D~fferent biro speCles are associated with one or more stages of succession 1t'l a coniferous forest.The dependence of a bud scecles on a particular stage and how forest management practIces affect that stage determine it a management practice will ce benefIcial.detrimental,or nave no effect on a particular bird population.Birds help to prevent msect epioem1cs,-but probably do little to suppress ecidemlcs.FIre IS ceneTlcral to some bIrd populations and detrimental to others. 1671 Environmental impact statement:vegetation control by mechanical,chemical,and lire treatment in the states of Arizona and New Mexico. AUTHOR:HURST WO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service,Southwestern RegIon SOURCE 10:Albuquerque,NM.US Forest Service.1975,164 P YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4 REPORT NUMBER:USDAFSR3FESADM7 SPONSOR:US Forest Service.Southwestern Region. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Arizona:New Mexico KEYWORDS:brush control;burning;chemicals;cleanng,mechanical; contrct;environmental impact statement:vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To assess the impact of vatious vegetation control practices (mechanical.chemical.and fire treatment)upon nafional forest land in NM and AZ.(Time and Duration)Statement of Forest Service policy and past research,literature review.proposed plans.(Methodology) Statement of proposed vegetation changes,methodologies,and expected Impacts from several .vegetation control proposals for national torest lands in AZ and NM.Each prolect and location is described In detail. GUidelines are given for minimizing impacts during implementation of ttle plans.Letters and comments from reviewers and public are ShOWTI with corresponding repjles. 1672 Avian behavior and habitat management. AUTHOR;VERNER J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:IL State Un!v. SOURCE TITLE:The Symposium on Management of Forest and Range HaMats for Nongame Birds.May 6-9.1975. SOURCE 10:1975.39-58 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4 REGiON:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:birds;habitat:management;selection ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To assess the implication of aVian behaVior In habitat management.(Type ot Research)Literature review.(Methodology) Literature review.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)A thorough understanding of tne role of behaVior in avian habitaf utilization,habitat selection,and disperSion patterns is an important part of formulat~ng management programs compatible with maintenance of bird populations.Four major SUbjects:mating systems.dispersion.territoriality,and haOltat selection, are summarized.Management recommendations and research needs are gIven. 1673 Plant succession and Interactions with fauna. AUTHOR:HAMILTON RB;NOBLE RE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:LA State Univ. SOURCE TITLE;Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds.May 6-9,1975. SOURCE 10:1975,96-114 p, YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4 SPONSOR:LA Agricultural Experiment Station. REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:Connecticut;Massachusetts; Maryland;Maine;New Hampshire;New York;Pennsylvania;Rhode Island; Vennont KEYWORDS:birds;forest;habitat;succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To give a general literature review of plant succession,the relationship of bird populations to succession.forest management.and nongame bird management in the deciduous forest. (Type of Reseanch)Literature review.(Methodology)Literature review. (ReSUlts and Conclusions)Biro species are associated with one or more stages of plant succession.Many of the presebt forest management practices reduce or eliminate certain plant stages and can be considered: somewhat harmful to avian variety and density,Although management Information provided will be primarily speclJ1alive,in general the best way to maximize bjrd species diversity is to maximize habitat diversity. 1674 Herbich..es for wildlife habitat maniptJlation. AUTHOR:LANDES K R AUTHOR AFFILlATION:US Forest Service SOURCE TITLE:1975 Proceedings John S Wright Forestry Conference YEAR PUBLlSHED:1975 CA TEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire Umted States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:habitat:herbiCIdes:management:wildlife ABSTRACT (Purpose)To explain why herbiCIdes have been and are being used in wildfif'i;!'habitat manipulation:review some herbIcide uses:and consider alternative methods Of hacltat mampulanon.(Type at Research) Literarure review.(ReSUlts and ConClUSions)Use of HerbICIdes fS one method of manipulating cover diverSity.Most treatments attempt to develop or majntain early successional plant associations for game food and cover,Cutting.mowing,bulldOZing.plOWing.discing.burning,and grazing were briefly considered as attematives to herbiCIde uses.It seems apparent that herbicide use 1S a valuable tool,and there are few, it any,alternatives to accomplish certain oClectlves. 1675 Vegetallon structure and breeding bird diversity. AUTHOR:BALDA RP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Northern AZ Umv, SOURCE TITLE;Symposium .on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds,May 6-9.1975. SOURCE 10:1975,59-80 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4;E1 REGION:Applicable 10 entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:birds;habitat ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review techniques that attempt to show what effect vegetation structure has on nongame bird species diversity.and to point out the advantages and disadvantages of those techniques.(Type ot Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Literature reVIew.(ReSUlts and Conclusioos)A numOer of approaches have been used by aVIan ecologISts to answer questions about habllat selection by specific species of birds.in some respects ail are useful,but no one technique.will provide all the answers land managers need.Numberous structural components of vegetation are valuable ,n predicting bird specIes diversity, but many other factors that might be Important have not been tully assessed.Land managers should try to maIntain as many natlJrally occurring habitats as possibie, 1676 Watershed management practices and habitat values in coniferous lorests. AUTHOR:MORRIS MJ;MYERS CA AUTHOR AFF1LIATlON:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE;Symposium on Management o.f Forest and Range Habitats tor Nongame Birds.May 6-9,1975. SOURCE 10:1975,288-294 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:UnIted States KEYWORDS:birds;forest:habitat:management;watersheds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To explain lhe oblectives of watershed management practrces in coniferous torest,and how these practices modify vegetation and change nongame bird habitats.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)Literature review.(ReSUlts and Ccnclusions)Clearcutling and thinning of coniferous forest are used 10.increase water yields.and planting and protection of trees reduce sediment loads and peak flows, All these practi<:es modify vegetation and increase habitat diversity,which mayor may not be beneficial to birds.More research is needed to detennlned the effect of waterShed management practices on bird populations. 1677 Deer,brush control,and Uvestock on the Texas rolling plains. AUTHOR:DARR GW:KLEBENOW DA SOURCE TITLE:Journal ot Range Management. SOURCE 10:28(2);116-118,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY: C4 REGION:Prairie Brushland STATE:Texas KEYWORDS:bnush;dee<;habitat:herbicides;wildlile ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To obtain quantitative data on habitat use by white- tailed deer during aU seasons.how existing brush control Influences dee< use.and to evaluate the impact of livestock on deer.(Time and Duration) 1969-71.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Spotlight counts were made on 3-4 transects.each about 20 miles in length.Each transect was sampled twice each one hour after sunset Transects were stratified into six habitats.(ResUlts and Conclusions)Deer oensity was greatest in unchained bottomland habitat.Other habitats supported 117 C4 •Vegetation Openings 1677 n'lQcerate oensmes of ceer Chaimna bottomland naD1tats was aetnmentaj to deer,partJcuJarly on large areas.~HerbicIdes,at whIch 2.4,5·T was tne mast commonly used,appeared to have little oetnmental effect on deer and m some snuatlons may have Deen benefiCIal as they caused only oartral brush kill:however,the effects were vanaOie.Sheep had a ne9a[IVe effect on deer.except in bottomland hacltats.probabiy oWing to forage depletion 1678 The ellect 01 small-tracl clearcutting on populations 01 birds and small mammals. AUTHOR:AMBROSE RE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Umv.of TN SOURCE lD:Knoxville,TN,Umv.of TN,1975,MS ThE!SJs,287 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Tennessee KEYWORDS.birds;cleanng;Impact:mammals.smal!;population ABSTRACT:(Puroose)To determine the denSIty of birds and small mammals on cJearcuTS and control areas.(Time and Duration)'971~1974; 4 yea,s.(Methooology)Two paired areas were sllJdied,each consisting of a small clearcut and controL Two annua~censues of birds and small mammals were made.The live trapping and recapture method was used for small mammals;the spot-mapping method for birdS.(Results and Conclusions)Overall breeding bird popUlations lor two years were 3.0 and 3.6 times higher in a small clearcut than in an adjacent forest.Edge el1ects were greater on bird distribu.tion than on mammals.Peromyscus leucopus,the most abundant rodent,was,for the two years,2.2 and 2.9 times mOre abundant in the clearcut than In the forest.lamias strattu5 and Blarina brevicauda were also more numberous in the clearcut. 1679 Eflects of highways on wildlife. AUTHOR:MICHAEL ED AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WV Un.-. SOURCE 10:Morgantown,WV,WV Univ,1975,89 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY.C4 REGION:Mixed Mesophy1ic Forest STATE:West Virginia KEYWORDS:birds,game;birds,nongame: impact;mammais,game; mammals,small;right-of-way;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To measure the Impact of a highway on wildlife. (Time and Duration)1971-75;5 years.(Type of Research)Onglnal research (Methodology)Wildlife was monitored by sightings and signs, and small mammals by trapping.(Results and Conclusions)Highway effects extended to 1110 mile from the highway.None of the larger birds or mammals were either adversely affected or benefited.The ecotone developed was favorab'le to smaH mammals and birdS.and these increased,as well as predators. 1680 forest habitat managemenl tor non-game birds in central Applachia. AUTHOR:DEGRAFF RM;GILL JD',THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE ID:Upper Darby PA US FOrest Service,Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,1974,Research Note NE192. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:C4 REPORT NUMBER:NE192 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Connecticut;Massachusells;New Hampshire;New Jersey;New York;PennsylvanIa;Rhode Island;Vermont KEYWORDS:birds;fores!;habitat;management ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To suggest methods tor bird-habitat improvement in central Applachia.(Type of Research)Discussion of management practices.(Results and Conclusions)Edge habil<!ts are inhabited by many species.wrth life forms at vegetatton present more important than specIes.Management should be encoLJfaged.The amount of edges should be increased.such as between forest and meadow or brush.A meadow with brushy patches or edges provides food and cover variety. To achIeve interspersion,narrow strips,75-100 teet wide.are preferable to Wider blocks. 1681 The e"ecls 01 road.on populations of small mammals. AUTHOR:CARMODY GR;FENTON MB;OXLEY DJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Carleton Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Applied Ecology. SOURCE ID:11(1):51-59.1974. YEAR PUBliSHED:1974 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Maine;Michigan;New Hampshire;New Y-ork;Vermont Wisconsin 118 KEYWORDS Impact:mamma!s.smali:population;ngn!~of·way;roao:wlfdlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To oocument the effects of roaoways on movementS of small and medium·stzed mammals In eastern Canada.{Time and Duration)1971-1972.(Type of Research)Onglnal research.(Methodology) Roaoways used ranged trom tWo-lane country gravel to four-lane paved highways.Trappmg perioC!s were 12-17 days.Observation pOints were estabfished at the edge of the road at each site to record data.Twc driVing routes were used to document mortality along roadways.(Results and Concfuslons)Of the 589 small mammats trapped,most common were Peromyscus jeucopus and lamias Stnatus.Smail forest margins exceeaed 20m.Wider roads were crossed oy medium-sized mammals.Road mortality Increased With increaSing roao improvement and was hignes! when traffic density was hign and young were present.Numerous mammats were recorded crossing two~lane gravel county roadS. 1682 fClnlstry operations In the Canadian subarctic:an ecological argument against clear-cutting. AUTHOR:GILL D AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Unlv of Alberta SOURCE TITLE:Environmemal Conservation SOURCE ID:1(2):87-92,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Alaska KEYWORDS:clearing;ecology;forest;succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To show that succession following clear culling plus fuel cutting by Eskimos in locations long occupied by them does not follow the usual trend.(Time and Duration)196&-67 &1971;2 years. (Type ot Research)Original research.(Methodology)Sites were examrned and vegetation noted.(Results and Conclusions)Sites exposed by constant cutting result in a secondary success,on of low-arctic tundra heath,mosses.and lichens.This leads to Questions concerning use of clear cutting in the subarctic to harvest white spruce. 1683 The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions lollowing detClnlstation at Hubbard 8rook. AUTHOR:BORMANN FH;LIKENS GE;SICCAMA TG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Yale Univ.Cornell Univ.US Forest Service SOURCE TITLE:ECOlogical Monographs SOURCE ID:44:255-277,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:C4 SPONSOR:Nat Science Foundation. REGION:Northern Hardwoods -Spruce Forest STATE:New Hampshire KEYWORDS:deforestation;disturbance;ecosystem;erosion;forest;nutrient removal;sediment;stability;watersheo ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine effects of delorestatlon on export of particulate matter,erodibility of the ecosystem,and importance of dissolVed substances and particulate matter in exported materials.(Time and Duration)1965 to 1970;5 years.(Type ot Research)Original field research -watershed basis.(Methodology)Studies were conducted on gauged deforested and untreated reference watersheds of 13.2 and 15.6 hectares,respectively.On treated area.cut trees were limbed and dropped,no forest Products removed.and vegetation regroW1h chemically repressed for 3 years,Particulate matter was measured In the weir pone and in water passing over the weir.Parttculates were separated into organic and inorganic porttons.Loss of chemical elements was computed from compoSibon of collected organic and inorganic matenal.Relation between streamflow rate and particulate mailer was simulated by re<;jression.(Results and ConclUSIons)Deforestation and chemical control of regroW1h resuited in export of particulate mailer ot 38 metric Ions/km2/year,compared wit"only 2.5 tons for the control ecosystem, with the greatest increase occurring in the third year due to increased erodibility.The proportion of inorganic particulates increased on the deforested area over five years.Deforestation caused a major increase in net loss of mineral elements N,K,P,A1,Ca,Fe,Mg,C1,Si and Na. Runoff from the deforested area increa"l!d by 41 %In the first year and decUned to a 19%Increase by the four year.PartiCUlate export dec~ned after four years due to vegetation regroW1h. 1684 Wildlife problems associated with reservoirs used tor electrical power generation (with specIal emphasis on Wells Hydroelectric Project Wildlife StUdy). AUTHOR:OLIVER WH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WA Dept of Game. SOURCE TITLE:Western Association Game and Fish Commissioners ProceedIngs SOURCE ID:54:146-155.1974. YEAR PUBliSHED:1974 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Silver Fir·Oouglas-for Forest STATE:Washington - - - - C4 -Vegetation Openings 1691 - .... KEYWORDS mitigation:water,wiidhf'2 ABSTRACT (Purpose)To descrtbe the Impact on wildlife and mitigation problems at a nydroelectric project.(Type of Research)DIscussion paper (Results and Conclusions)Terrestrial wildlife has been neglected tn plannrng.which has jed to a large ,'0$5,Mitigation of losses is inferior oWing to lack:of intormat1on on wildl'ife Impacts.Destruction of npanan areas cannot oe replaced by movmg up the hill to a new shoreline. ~lsnenes mmgatlon IS well known and simdar attention to replacement of wildlife IS needed. 1685 The impact of oil development on wildlife populations in northern Alaska. AUTHOR:HINMAN R AUTHOR AFFILIATION'Ak Dept of Fish and Game. SOURCE TITLE:Western Association Game &Fish Commissioners Proceedings SOURCE 10:54:156-174,1974 YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Arcllc Tundra STATE:Alaska KEYWORDS:Impact;pipeline;populations;tundra;wildflfe ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To comment on the impact at oil exploration and development on terrestrial wildlife species.(Type of Research)Discussion paper.(Results and Conclusions)River valleys are concentration areas for wildlife and exploration and development Animal-man interaelions have been one of the chief impacts.Harassment of animals is an important problem.Effects of impedance of animal movements will be difficult to quantify. 1686 Eastern bluebirds nesting in clearcuts. AUTHOR:CONNER RN AUTHOR AFF1UATION:VA Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. SOURCE TiTLE.Journal of wildlife Management. SOURCE 10:38(4):934-935,1974. YEAR PUBUSHED:1974 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Virginia KEYWORDS:birds;birds.nongame;clearculting ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the nesting of bluebirds in Clearcuts. (Time and Duration)1973;1 year.(Type of Research)Original research. (Metnodology)A systematic search for nesting birds was conducted in an oaK·hlcKory forest on 10 cleareut areas.(Results and Conclusions) ClearctJts containing snags are an imcortant source of blueblrd nesting habitat.Seven of the ten clearcuts searched contained an active bluellird nest,and all nests were in standing dead snags. 1687 Use of fire:comments from the north central slates. AUTHOR:AHLGREN CE SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Fcrestry. SOURCE 10:71 (10):635-636,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:C4 SPONSOR:Quetlca-Superior Wilderness Research;Center. REGION:Spruce-fir Forest STATE:Michigan;Minnesota;Wisconsin KEYWORDS:tire;succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review ecolog.cal aspects of burning in SllVlcultural practices in the north central slates.(Time and Duration) Review perMent literature from 1935 to 1970.(Type of Research) Literature review.(Methodology)Commented on past work in use of fire In the Midwest.(Results and Conclusions)In the north central states prescnbed burnIng is used primarily in restoring lands to fire-adapted Jack pine,blaCK spruce,and aspen in a once-per-tree-generation fire rotation. 1688 Bird denSity and diversity as related to vegetation In forest recreational areas. AUTHOR'CRAWFORD HS;HARLOW RF;HOOPER RB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITiLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10,71(12):766-769.1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY'C4 SPONSOR;US Forest Service Southeaslern Forest;Experiment Stallono REGION'Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:Georgia;Nortn Carolina;South Car-o~ina;Tennessee:Virginia KEYWORDS:birds;forest;habitat;management ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To define vegetational features to which bird populations were responding in forest recreational areas.A specific objective was to test the reiation between populations of breeding birds ar:a denSity of understory,(Time and DuratIon)May-JUly.1969,3 months (Type at Research)Original research.(Methodology)StUdy plOIS were established on 21 forestlike and mne parkliKe recreational areas in the Southern Appaiachians.Breeding bird populations were estimated by plotting territorial males.Understory foliage cover less than 12 feet high and canopy cover were samoJec along randomly ioeated transects 100 feet tong.Reiatlooshlps between habitat variables and blrc pooulatl'ons were exarmned by regression analysis.(Results ana ConclUSIons)There was a positive ~inear relationship between percentage of uncerstory cover and the density of breeding birds.Species diversity had a weak assOCiation with unaerstory cover;however,the mlxwre of coniferous and ceclduous foliage above 12 feet appeared to be Imponant to soeCles clversity.Clumping of understory shrubs is important to bIrdS In open, parkUke recreational areas.Management recommendations were made. 1689 A wildlife brief for the clearcut logging of douglas-lir. AUTHOR:HOOVEN EF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ. SOURCE nTLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:71 (4):210-214,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Pacific Farest STATE:California;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:clearing;mammals,game;mammals.small;wildlife ABSTiRACT;(Purpose)To describe effects of staggered clearcuts of Douglas-fir upon wildlife.(Type of Research)A discussion paper based on literature.(Results and Conclusions)Big-game mammals benefit by timber removal and slash burning which provide openings with edges and increase plant diversity and nutr~Uonal value of food plants,Deer mice and creeping.mice increase after clearcuttlng as herbs and grasses increase.Shrews remain stable while chrpmunks slowly rncrease in numbers.As brushy cover develops,sno'NShoe hare increase and mountain beaver are favored on moist s~opes.Pock,et gophers become common on dearcuttings.Little is known as to how clearcutting of Douglas-fir affects bIrds;however,many species of bllds lJtlllze the forest openings created and are attracted to burns. 1690 Effed of herbicide-induced changes in vegetation on nesting ducks. AUTHOR,BOAG DA;DWERNYCHUK LW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Umv.of Alberta SOURCE TITiLE:Canadian Field-Naturalist SOURCE 10:87:155-165.1973. YEAR PUBUSHED:1973 CATEGORY:C4 REGION'Grama-Needlegrass-Wheatgrass KEYWORDS:herbicides;Impact;waterlowl;2,4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To examine the effects of herbiCides on vegetation and ducks.(Time and Duration)1965-67;3 years.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)A systematic search was conducted to locate nests beth before and aller broadcast spraying with 2,4-0 (Results and Conclusions)The herbicide 'educed broad-leaved plants and favored grasses.Duck nests were aggregated in unsprayed areas.among preferred broad-leaved plants,llut they avoided grasses. 1691 Ecological moc:Ilflcatlons caused by the removal of tree and shrub canopies In ·1he Mackenzie Delta. AUTHOR:GILL 0 AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ.of Alberta SOURCE TITLE:Arelic SOURCE 10:26(2):95-111,1973. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:YUKOn Forest KEYWORDS:ecology;shrubs:trees;tundra ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the effect of tree and shrub removal on vegelation development in the MaCKenzie Delta.(Time and Duration) 1966-67 and 1971;2 years.(Type of Research)Original research (Methodology)Vegetation was analyzed on sample plots.(Results and Conclusions)Removal of white spruce and willow-alder canopies from exposed sites caused environmental degradation and a secondary succession ot low-artie tundra heath;mess and lichen species occurred. Hardy tundra plants invaded preViously forested locations.Turf hummocks developed withln only 20 years after clearculting. 119 C4 -Vegetation Openings 1691 1692 Assessing potential impacts of Jogging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi-primitive area. AUTHOR: AASHEIM RJ SOURCE 10:Bozeman.MT.MT State Untv.1973.MS Thesis.135 p Y EAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY C4 SPONSOR:Nat Science Founoatlon. REGION Douglas-fir Forest STATE.Montana KEYWORDS:assessment construction~erOSion,soil;impact;logging:road; siitahon:sOtl:water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To map the Salls 01 the study area ana relate them to any environmental problems associated WIth loggmg operatIons In the area.Also to assess the Impact of logging on the seml~prjmitl'Ve enVIronment.(Time and Duration)1973-1974;2 years.(Type of Research) Onginal lield research.(Methodology)Soils in the Gallatin Canyon drainage In southern Montana were surveyed.typed'.and mapped using conventionat methods.Also determined were sorl limitations tor logging roads,erodibility factors.sediment source areas,sediment yield.and suspended sediment in the drainage.A review of logging practices was undertaKen.A literature review was also included.(Resutts and Conciuslons)All conclusions were based on the assumption that no more than 15%01 the drainage woulo be disturbed by logging at any one time.Sediment entering the creel<woulo increase Irom 12.75 tons to 18.8 tons per day (47%)following logging.Most of the increase would be oue to logging road construction.Water yield increases were expected to be less than one inch after logging tor the entire orainage.Stream temperatures would increase less than 4 degrees F if buffer strips were maintained.Slash burning effects were predicted to be small if less than 15%01 the burn was classified as severe.Only slight changes were predicted for nutnent reserves in the drainage and mcreased fertility in the stream.Conclusfons were tn-at much greater impacts would occur if more than 15%of the drainage was disturbed by logging. 1693 Revegetation following lorest cutting:mechanisms for return to steady-state nutrient cycling. AUTHOR:BORMANN FH:MARKS PL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Carnell Univ.:Yale Univ. SOURCE TITLE:SCience SOURCE ID:176:914-915,1972. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:C4 REGION'.Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:clearing;forest:nutrient cycle;regeneration;revegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the recovery process of an ecosystem 101l0wlMg a disturbance.(Type 01 Research)Original research;part 01 a larger study (Methodology)15.6 hectare watershed was logged.The amount of biomass,rate of biomass accumulation,rate of canopy closure as indIcated by leaf area index.and rate of accumulation of nutrients (nrtrogen,calCium,magnesIum.potassium,and sodium)in plant tIssues were measured.(Resutts and ConcJusions)The data indIcate that foHowlng severe disturbance such as clearcutttng,the growttJ and development of dense stands of successional species such as pin cherry may oe extremely rapla.Such growth acts to mlmmize nutrient loss from the ecosystem. 1694 Puckerbrush forestry. AUTHOR:GAUVIN A SOURCE TITLE:American Forests. SOURCE ID:78(3):36-39,58.1972 YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY;C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:management;right-ol-way;shrubs;utilization ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To oiscuss the possibility of halVesting wOOOy shrubs that generally come in after 10ggrng or clearing.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Predicts that wood-fiber larmrng 01 presently costly and unproducllve ROWs could become a reality by the late 1970s.BaSIcally, the ROWs would be seeded wilh woody shrub seeds.In 10-15 years.the ROW would be halVested by usmg a chipper,and the wood chips solo to a mill. 1695 A roadside conservation and beaulillcalion prClgl'am 'or southeastern Wisconsin watersheds. AUTHOR:WI NAT RES COUN OF ST AGENCIES SOURCE ID;Madison,WI,WI Natural Resources Council of State Agencies, 1972,26 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Maple-Basswood Forest +Oak Savanna STATE:Wisconsin KEYWORDS:management,right-of-way;roadsides;shrubs;watershed 120 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)io describe a roadSide beautlflcatlon and conservatIon program.(Type of Research)Descrlptl....e paper.(ReSUlts ana Conclusions)A mandatory program IS proposed for selectl....e shrub and prairie vegetation management along highways.It conStsts of removing problem trees and nox.IOus weeds from roadsides.while leaVing deSJrable plants to grow in their place.or by piantmg deSirable vegetatlof'l Ercslon control treatments snould be apoJled where needed Mapping roads and selecting sites with care IS essentIal 1696 First-year ellects 01 sagebrush control on two sparrows. AUTHOR:BEST LB AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MT State Univ SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE 10;36:534-544,1972- YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:C4 REGiON:Grama-Needlegrass-Wheatgrass STATE:Montana KEYWORDS;birds,nongame;herbicides ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To examIne the effects of sagebrush control on two species of sparrows.(Time and Duration)1966-1969;4 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Five 40-acre plots in sagebrush-grasslano were used.Two were control plots,and three were aerially sprayed with 2,4-D in 1968.Biros were censused In June and July in nestrng season.No significant change in vesper sparrow populations.Brewer's sparrows nested in shrubs;vesper sparrows on the grouno.Consumpllon 01 plant foods (seeds)increased on sprayed areas; animal foods decreased.Nest cover was the determining factor. 1697 Effects of noise on wildlife and other animals. AUTHOR:MEMPHIS STATE UNIV SOURCE ID:Washington,DC,US Government Prmting Office,1971, NT1 D3005.74 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:C4 REPORT NUMBER:NT1 D3005 CONTRACT NUMBER:68040024 SPONSOR:US Envi Prctection Agency. REGION:Applicable to enttre United Slates STATE:united States KEYWORDS:brrds;fish;mammals:noise ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To stUdy the effects 01 noise on wildlife.(Type of Research)Ulerature review.(Methodology)The literature review was divided into four categories;effects of nOise on laboratary animals. effects of noise on farm animals.demonstrated effects of noise on wildlife and suspected effects of noise on Wildlife.(Results and Conclusions)The best documented,most clearly proven effect of high intensity nOise exposure on hearing organisms is that of damage to the auditory structure with a resulting loss of hearrng.Few,il any,01 the reported or suggestea effecfs of norse on animals would benefit the animal or Increase Its chances for survival.However.some of the effects might pOSSibly lead to its death or decrease jts chances of survival. 1698 Clear-cut logging and sediment producllon in Oregon coast range. AUTHOR:BROWN GW;KRYGIER JT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR Slate Univ,School 01 Forestry. SOURCE TIT1.E:Water Resources Research. SOURCE 10:7(5):1189-1198,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED;1971 CATEGORY:C4 SPONSOR:Fed Water Oualty Admin.;OR State Univ R "lION:Pacilic Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:burning,controlled;clearing;impact;road;sediment ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this pape,is to describe the effect of road building,ciear-cut logging.and slash bUrning on suspendeo sediment production from three torested watersheds.(Time and Duration) 11 years;1958 -1969.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methoootogy)The sediment yield characteristics of the watersheds were monitored lor 7 years belore treatment logging roads were constructed in 1965.Logging was done in 1966 on the different wateroheds with a varying degree or the area beIng clear-eut.Some 01 the watersheds hao the slash bums in OCtober 1966.The watersheds were monitored for se<liment till the end of the 1968-1969 storm seasons.(Results and Conclusions)The authors have shown that clearcut iogging may produce little or no change in sediment concentrations in small streams.The greatest changes were associated wifh the road building operation that preceded logging and the controlled slash buming after....aro. - - C4 -Vegetation Openings 1706 - 1699 A probable instance of songbird collision mortality. AUTHOR:WEIER RW AUTHOR Ai'i'ILIATION:Nat Wildlife Refuge. YEAR PUBLISHED '971 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Wheatgrass-Needlegrass STATE North Dakota KEYWORDS:birds:oollislon:mortality ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe mortality of songbirds at a building site. (Time and Duration)1971.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)Dead birdS were collected and examined.(Results and ConclUSIOnS)Sjxty~eight dead bJrds were found on a church lot None were found at srmiiar sites In the town.Death was round to have been caused by colliSIon. 1700 Making forest clearings for game with pelleted herbicides fenuron and tordon. AUTHOR:COOK J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI Dept of Natural Resources SOURCE 10:Lansing,MI,MI Dept of Naturaf Resources.1971,P-R Project Report W-117-A-4,Job 117-6.4,46 pp. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:birds,game;clearing;habitat;herbicides;mammals,game; vegetation;wildlife ABSTRACT:(PurpOse)To test tordon and fenuron for creating small forest openings tor wildlife.(Time and Duration)1967.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)Tests were carried out in lIlree man- made clearings on six 1/10 acre plots in each clearing.Six herbicide rates of application were applied by hand.(Results and Conclusions)The herbicides showed promise of creating deSirable weed-grass-shrub vegetation on small areas for wlldtile habitat.Total stem numbers were reduced and invading stems proved less vigorous on treated areas. 1701 Browse and cover for wildlife. AUTHOR:ROBINETIE WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 69-76 in Wildland Shrubs -Their Biology and Utilization,InternatTonal Symposium. SOURCE 10:Ogden,UT.USDA Forest ServIce,1972,General Technical Report INT-1.494 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:C4 REGfON:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:!:lirds:browse:cover;mammals;shrubs ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To show how shrubs contribute to the welfare of wildlife.(Type of Research)Literature review (Results and ConclUSions) Shrubs are used as food by 117 wildlife spec.es in the US.Wildlife feed selectively on shrubs.Large game mammals need browse and shrub diversity to get a balanced diet.Shrubs supply a part of the diet of small mammals both game and nongame.Most nongame birds utilize St'iruos for fruits or seeds and at least 12 important shrub genera prOduce frUits that are heavily used by songbirds.Various species of grouse are heavy users of leaves.buds.flowers.and fruits of many shrUbs.Many mammals use shrub cover to hide or escape from predators.and predators use shrubs for concealment.Shrubs fulfil the need for cover for many birds for shade,protection,roosting,perching and nesting. 1702 Immediate eneets of hardwood removal and prescribed buming on bird populations. AUTHOR:MICHAEL ED;THORNBURGH PI AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Austin State Univ.AZ.State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Soulllwestern Naturalist SOURCE rD:15(3):359-370,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:oak +Bluestem Parkland STATE:Texas KEYWORDS:birds,burning;impact;populations;2,4-0 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine density,nesting popUlation,and seasonal fluctuation of birdS following hardwood removal and prescribed burning.(Time and Duration)1966-68;3 years.(Type of Research) Original research.(Melllodology)Sample plot censuses of birds we'e carried ~t in a pine stand in which aU hardwoods had been Killed,a pine-hardwood stand with 25%hardwoods,and a control with 36% hardwoods.The pine and pine-hardwoods were prescribed burned.2,4-0 amine injection was used to remove hardwoods from the pine unit (Results and Conclusions)Birds preferred the burned pine unitwhicn had developed the densest understory and had the greatest density and diversity of'bIrds.Slash and dead trees from hardwood removal provided good habitat for birds. 1703 Plant and mammal changes on a clearcut in west-central Oregon. AUTHOR:GASHWILER JS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau of Sporl Fishenes SOURCE TITLE:Ecology SOURCE ID:51(6):1018.1026.1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Paclflc Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:burnmg.controlled;clearing;Ilora;Impact:w,ldllle A8STRACT:{Purpose)To stUdy the eltect o~clearcuttlng Douglas·r1i type on the changes of piant composition and coverage anc small rr,ammal populations.(Time and Duration)12 years;1954 to 1965.(Type of Research)Onginal research.(Methodology)Circular mllacre plots and plants to a height of 6 teet were used.Vegetation was measured at or near peak development in JUly and August.Data was taken annually 1954 to 1961.The mammal populations were measured by usfng live traps.All captured mamma~s were tagged and reteased.Poputatrons were calculated by the lincoln Index Method.(Results and ConclUSions) Clearcutting increased tne ground cover over the central (22.'~"'O liS 17.0%).Plants covered only 2%of the area one growing season after burning.At the end of the stUdy,tile mammal populaIFons were higher in the clearcut area than ir:'the control. 1704 Effects 01 clear-cutting on stream temperature. AUTHOR:BROWN GW;KRYGfER JT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Water Resources Research. SOURCE 10:6;1133-1140,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:C4 SPONSOR:OR State Umv.;Fed Water Pollution Control Admin. REGION:PaCIfic Forest STATE:Oregon KEYWORDS:clearing;Impact;stream;temperature ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose at this paper IS to describe the long- term effects of two clearcuttings on the temperature of two small s.treams in Oregon's coas1 Range.(Time and Duration)1964 -1969;SIX years. (Type at Research)Original research.(Methodology)One watershed was completely clearcut and a second watershed was patch-cut,culling only 25%of the area and leaVing stnps of vegetation along the stream.A third watershed served as a controt.Eighteen thermographs were installed in the three watersheds.1964 and 1965 served as control periods and 1966-1969 as treatment periods.(Results and ConclUSIons) The patch-cuts on Deer Creek did not produce any Significant changes in temperature in the main stream.StriPS of limbe,were left beSide the streams.the amoun1 of shade on the stream surface was unchanged. Little shade remained on the total cleareu!,and iarge changes in annual and daily patterns of temperature were observed. 1705 Controlled burning and air pollution:an ecological review. AUTHOR:KOMAREK EV AUTIHOR AF'FILIATION:Tall Timbers Research Slation. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Annual Tall 'nmbers Fire ECOlogy Conference SOURCE ID:10:141-173.1970. YEAR PUBUSHED:1970 CATEGDRY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:burning;ecology;fire;pollution ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To consider basic laws and ecological ptlnciples that govern man,earltl,and the universe and thus try to place pollution from controlled burning in proper perspective.(Type of Research)A discussion paper.(Results and Conclusions)Basic universal laws which affect the atmosphere are discussed in general.The natural fire carbon cycte of lightning fires is considered a Vital part of the earth's ecosystem and is greatly different from the man-made pOllution carbon cycle.Air pOllution is a problem of cities and·industries.not ot rural burning,and contribulFons by controlled burning of forest and pastures are minor. Majo,problems of controlled burning are local visibihly and local air pOllution,and are not of global importance.There is no eCOlogical alternative to controt burning for its importance to wildlife,fares!'and farm management. 1706 High density of birds breeding In a modified deciduous forest. AUTHOR:JOHNSTON OW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of F'L. SOURCE TIRE:Wilson Bulletin. SOURCE 10:62:79-82,1970. YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATIE:Virginia 121 '1.>'C'_..","",·_r>--"·,.",""'-~;~"~••~~~_,_,,,,,~~-_---_ C4 -Vegetation Openings 1706 KEYWORDS'birds.nongame;haDltat ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To census olrds In a modlfted oaK-chestnut forest. (Time and Durallon)10 days.(Type of Research)Original research (MethodOlogy)Foresl had been Changed to open park-like condition OWing to partial clearing and planting.(Results and Conclusions)The hign aensay of Dreeolng Dlrds (80 paIrs)was attributed to increased shrub layer and eages and partial c~earrng of forest.This increased feeding areas for many species through introduced open spaces both horizontally and verticaJly. 1707 Improving deer habitat in upper Michigan by cutting mixed- conller swamps. AUTHOR:KREFTING LW:PHILIPS RL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry, SOURCE 10:68(11):701-704,1970, YEAR PUBLISHED:1970 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Spruce-lir Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWORDS:browse:clearcuttlng:deer;mammals,game ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To evaluate deer habitat in a study of culling methods,(Time and Duration)1952-1966.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodoiogy)Mixed-conifer swamps were given a diameter- limit,selection,shelter wood,block &strip cUlling.Deer habitat values were measured,(Results and ConclUsions)Strip culling,75'wide and 400'long,met requirements at deer best.Deer use was significantly higher in-strjp cut areas -than in uncut areas and more pounds of Qrowse were available in the strips.Clearcut strfps provided exceljent cover adjacent to an abundant browse supply,Snow melted earlier in clearcut strips than in forest. 1708 Succession and species distribution in relation 10 erosion in soulhern Illinois. AUTHOR:BAZZAZ FA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of 11.,Dept of Botany, SOURCE TITLE:IL State Academy of Science Transactions. SOURCE 10:64:430-435,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:C4 REGiON:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:Illinois;Kentucky;Missouri KEYWORDS:erosion;indicator species;succession;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)This study was conducted 10 determine if correlation among degree of eroson,plant"cover and succession,and the distrioutions at various ptant specIes could be made.(Time and Duration) Prior to 1967.(Type of Research)Original research,(Methodology)Two fields that were abandoned for 30 years or more were used for the study areas,Plots were iaid out as follows:10'10 meter plots for trees,4,4m for shrubs,and 2x1 m for herbs.Twenty-fNe plots of each size were latd out Basaf area,density and percent cover were measured.A ~arge shallow gully was mapped.ThiS was done to test the possibility at the vegetallon being correlated to degree 01 erosion.(ResUlts and Conclusions)ErOSion IS a very Important factor affecting succession in southern Illinois.It is also eVident that the degree of eroSion controls the dIstribution of some plant species.Erosion could be reduced successfully by planting pines in these fields. 1709 Increases in maximum stream temperatures alter slash burning In a small experimental watershed. AUTHOR:LEVNO A:ROTHACHER J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:.US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:US Forest Service Research Note SOURCE 10:US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and Range E,periment Station,1969,PNW1 10,7 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:C4 REPORT NUMBER:PNW110 REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:O,egon KEYWORDS:burning,controlled:clearing;Impact;stream;temperature; water;watershed ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize changes that occurred in maximum stream temperatures during the first year after slash was burned (Time and DuratIon)1966;one year.(Type at Research)Original research. (Methodology)Logging slash was 'broadcast burned in October 1966. Water temperatures were recorded hourly on punched tape at a gauging station at the mouth at the expenmemal watershed.(Results and Conclusions)Water temperature regime may be changed when hmber harvest removes the shade provided by streamside vegetation.Burning, which removes all protective stream cover I also increases-sojar radiation on the stream.causing a marked rise in water temperature.The princtpa~ effect at land management prachces may be largely in upstream areas, which are often important tish habitats. 122 1710 Fire and mammals. AUTHOR:HANDLEY CO JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:SmithSOnian Insbtutlon. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecolcgy CDnference. SOURCE 10:9:151-159.1969. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicabie to entire United States KEYWORDS:fire:mammals ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To desCribe the Importance of fire to mammals in general.(Type at Research)A diSCUSSion paper.(Results and Conciusions)The Importance of fire In the eVOlution of mammais ana as a significant torce in the lives of today's mammals is described. Development and maintenance of grasslands through burning is discussed. 1711 Research on logging slash disposal by fire. AUTHOR:WADE DO AUTHOR AFFll.IATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference SOURCE 10;9:229-234,1969. YEAR PUBLISHED;1969 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Southeastern Mi'ed Forest KEYWORDS:tire;slash ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the problem of slash accumulation as an obstacle to pine regeneration and the use 01 fire to reduce slash,(Type of Research)Discussion paper.(Results and Conclusions)Findings are limited to harvested loblolly pine stands for which a rule 01 thumb has been developed that 1/4 ton at slash is depOSited tor every cord harvested.Use of fire to reduce wildfire hazard IS a low cost techmque but calls tor more research to establish adequate burning guidelines, Controlled burning for wildlite habitat Improvement In smail clearcut openings warrants an Intense tire generated by "keyhole"burning.This may increase legumes.promote sprouting,and increase seed avallabdity. Survival of small hardwoods would be immaterial. 1712 The role of predation in vegetational diversll)'. AUTHOR:HARPER JL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ College,North Wales SOURCE TITLE:Brookhaven Symposia in Biology, SOURCE 10:22:48·61,1969. YEAR PUB1.ISHED:1969 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:diversity:vegetation:Wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To aescribe experiments with herbivores in affecting vegetation composition.(Type of Research)DiSCUSSion paper.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The rise and fali ot rabbit populations IS correlated with decline and Increase In diversity of flora.At high populations,there was a marked decline in the wealth of species_When populat~ons were reduced,there was a spectacular increase in perennials and a general increase in floral richness.Other experjments in agriCUlture also document the effects of herbivores such as cattle and sheep, 1713 Foods and leedlng habits 01 white-tailed deer. AUTHOR:LAY OW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TX Parks and Wildlife Dept. SOURCE TlTLE:Pages 8-13 in Symposium on White-tailed Deer in the Southern Forest Habitat SOURCE 10:Nacogdoches,TX,USDA Forest Service,1969,130 p, YEAR PUBWSHED:1969 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Texas KEYWORDS:deer;food;mammals,game ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the principie foods of white-tailed deer and their feeding habits,(Type of Research)DiSCUSSion pape,.(Results and Conclusions)The best insurance for proper deer nutrition is maximum habitat variety.Principle foodS are browse,fruits,succulent herbage,mUshrooms and farm.crops.Preference varies by season. 1714 CrlUcal factors In habitat appraisal. AUTHOR:ZEEDYK WD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service SOURCE TITLE:Pages 37-41 in Symposium on White-tailed Deer in the Southern Forest Habitat. SOURCE 10:Nacogdoches,TX,USDA Forest Service,1969,130 p. YEAR PUBWSHED:1969 ..... C4 -Vegetat.ion Openings 1721 r-, CATEGORY.C4 REGION.Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:deer:habitat:mammals.game ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To dlscuss the entlcal factors In appraisIng white- tailed deer haMat:(Type of Research)DIscussion pacer.(Results and Conclusions)The most frequently identlfiea cmena In appra<,sing habitat are.1)Inherent soil fertility:2)abunaance and vartety of torage~3) interspersion of tood and cover;4)nature and extent of escape cover; and 5)resIstance of habitat to severe weather stress. 1715 Effects of limber han'est and regeneralion on deerfood and cover. AUTHOR:CARTER VE;DOW EA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau cf Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 62·65 in Symposium on Whit...tailed Deer ,n the Southern Forest Habitat. SOURCE to:Nacogdoches.TX.US Forest Service,1969.130 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:,969 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Arkansas;Georgia; MiSSissippi KEYWORDS:cover;deer;foad;mammals.game ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Even-aged forest managemenl in the Piedmont shows how this method can be modified to benefit deer and olher wHdlile.(Type of Research)Discussion paper (ResUlts and CDnclusions) PeriodiC partial cuttings along with prescribed burning has given excellent haMat management on refuges.Harvesting 50 to 100 acre units each year in an ao-year rotation has kept about 5%01 the area in openings free of timber grOW1h and insures continuous browse and seasonal habi-tat conditions. 1716 How size and distribution ot cutting units affect food and cover ot deer. AUTHOR:MCGINNES BS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 66-70 in Symposium on While-tailed Deer in ll1e Soutoem Forest Habitat. SOURCE 10:Nacogdoches.TX,USDA Forest Service,1969,130 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:caver;deer;fOOd:mammals,game ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss size and distributIon of cutting units in even-aged forest management.(Type of Research)Discussion paper. (Results and ConclUSions)In ev.en-aged management.cuts must be large enough 10 feed deer and not ublize all at the browse or leave an excess.Smaller cuts of 25 to 50 acres are desirabie.Long narrow cuts give greater edge and benefit the most deer.Opbmum widths should not exceed 600 10 800 feet and may be up to 1/4 mile wide.An uncut strip on each side will provide cover and mast 1717 Response 01 deer to alternate-strip c:learculling 01 lodgepole pine and sprtlce-tlr timber in Colorado. AUTHOR:WALLMO OC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Fort Collms.CO,US Forest Service.·1969.Research Note RM141.4 P. YEAR PUBLISHED:1969 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Ponderosa Pin ...Oouglas-fir Forest STATE:Colorado KEYWORDS:clearing;deer;mammals,game ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To report responses of mule dear 10 clearcutting. (Time and Durabon)1954-66;13 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Metl'!odology)TImtler was harvested in cleareul strips 1,2,3, and 6 chains wide.altemating with uncut strips of the same width.Their length was apprOXimately 600 feet.Slash was not cleaned up.Pellet group counts were made on belt transects.(ReSUlts and Conclusions) MUle deer use of ciearcut strips doubled 10 years after logging as compared with uncut strips.Mean pellel-group densities on cut strips were 3 times those on uncut strips and virgin forest areas. 1718 Natural IIlterlng of suspended soli by a stream at low flow. AUTHOR:MINER NH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:US Forest Service Research Note. SOU'lCE ID:US Forest Service Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,1968.PNW-ae,4 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:C4 REPORT NUMBER PNW88 SPONSOR US Forest Service.Paclf,c Northwest;at Ponland Bureau Of Water Works. REGION:PaCific Forest STATE,Oregon KEYWORDS:erOSion,channel;filtratIon;How:sediment;soiL stream ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To measure soil movement downstream trom read construcltOn.(Time and Duration)August 1964 (Type of Researc~) Original research (MethodOlogy)Sedlmem-Iaden water was tohowea visually until it reached the first sampling point 150 feel downstream from tne road crossing.A dye was adaed to identify the same water mass farther downstream.Samples were collected at .3 more points downstream.and amOUfl(S of sana.SJlt and clay were measureo.{ReSUlts and ConclUSions)PartiCle-Size anaJysls snowed a tenfold rec:luct,on In total suspended-solids concentratIon during flOW through 1,050 feet of stream. During low..flow conditions the natural filtenng actIon of the stream tends to reduce particle concentrations within a relativeiy short distance and carefu~operations may be carned out INlthout seriously tmpairing the water supply. 1719 Manipulation of roadside cover lor nesting pheasants • a preliminary report. AUTHOR:ETTER SL;JOSELYN GB:WARNOCK JE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:IL Natural History Survey. SOURCE TITLE:Journal Of Wildlife Management SOURCE 10:32(2):217-233.1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable 10 entire United States KEYWORDS;birds;mowing;right-of-way;seeding ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study possibilities of managing roadsides for ring- necked pheAsant nesling cover.(Time and Duration)1962-65.4 years. (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Tne study was condLfCted on and near a 23,2QO acre area in east-central Illinois. Beginning in 1962,38 seeded plots uSing grasses and legumes were establiShed.Farty-rwo unmanaged control piots were used In 1963 with 32 plots added in 1964.Searches were made for nests With a crew of 4- 5 and nests wete revisited periodically for data.(ResUlts and CDnclUSlons)Nests on unmowed plots seeded to a grass-legume mIXture averaged 3.0 per acre:on controlled mowing plots nests averaged 2.0 per acre;on uncontrolled mowing plols nests averaged 1.5 per acre.The hatch per acre on seeded roadsides exceeded all other cover types during 3 of the 4 years.Seeded plols tended to become monotypic with brome grass dominant on many plots.A reliable and economic means ot seeding needs to be developed. 1720 Brush vs.cleared range as deer habitat in southern Texas. AUTHOR:DAVIS RB;WINKLER CK AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TX A &I Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE 10:32:321-329.1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Texas KEYWORDS:brush;deer;habitat mammals,game:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To measure the effect of brush control by rootpiowing on deer.(Time and Duration)1960-64;5 years.(Type of Research)Origlnai research.(MethOdology)Tagged brush species were observed at 2-week intervals for foliage.flowers,or fruit.Observations were made on feeding deer and the deer were collected"for rumen samples.Food available was measured on 1DO-loot transects.Each site consisted of a plot thai had been rootplowed and an adjacent brush plot.Behavior of a deer herd was stUdied.(Results and ConclUSions) While brush species are a staple in deer diets.a reliable supply 01 forbs is needed grasses seem to be utilized primarily in the wInter.Drouth plus overstocJ<ing made native brush essential to deer.Roalplowed areas seeded 10 grass cannof be ranked as high as nalive brush range for deer Small areas of brush-eontrolled range within dense brush stands may be advIsable for good deer habitat 1721 Criteria for designing and locating logging roads to control sedimenL AUTHOR:PACKER PE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Forest Science. SOURCE 10:13(1):2-18,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Columbia Forest (Dry SlJmmer)STATE:Idaho:Montana;Wyoming KEYWORDS:access;erOSIon;road;sediment;watershed ABSTRACT:(Purpose)This study mathematically evaiuated the separate effects at a number of watershed and road characleristics erosion of 123 ,=".~-~----~--------~---_....._--~_......._----------------:---------- - C4 •Vegetation Openings 1721 forest roa:i surfaces and movemenl of seClment from roads (Time and Duranon)2 years:1958-1959 (Type of Research)Original research (Met~odo;ogy)720 study sites were used.A number 01 measurements were taken at each study site:also,each site had to meet six reCulrements In order to be selected as as study site.(Results and Conclusions)This Investigation shows that spacing of loggmg roae cross arains an-oj widths of protectlVe strips below logging roads are affected slgnihcantly by several watershed and road characteristlCS that are readily available to torest managers. 1722 Forests,wildlife,and habitat management - a critical examination 01 practice and need. AUTHOR:LARSON JS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service SOURCE ID:Asheville.NC.US Forest Service Southeastern Forest Expe"ment Station.1967,Research Paper SE30,28p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY C4 REPORT NUMBER:SE30 REGION:laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearing;foraging;forest;habilat;management;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the nature and extent of forage clearing for game management in eastern US forests,and to evaluate the present body of knowledge of the practice.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)Review of literature,field trips.personal interviews, and corresponoence were used.(Results and Conclusions)OrganiZed clearrng for forage began about 1935 and has involved 22 eastern states with over 30.000 acres cleared.National Forests account for 1/3 to 1/2 of the total acreage.Mowing.renewal and fertilizing have been used to maintain forage.Clearing range from 1/10 to 60 acres with food supply was their most cornman roje and edge effect second.Creation of ',jegetatlon dIversity has been a major reason for clearings,A comparison 01 forage-clearings with less expenSive natural clearings has not been although nearly $4 million has been Invested. 1723 Bird mortality at KOMU·TV tower,Columbia,Missouri,Fall 1965 and 1966. AUTHOR:ELDER WH;HANSEN J AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ MO. SOURCE TITLE:The Bluebird SOURCE ID:34(1):1967 YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 AEGION:Oak-Hickory Forest STATE:Iowa;Illinois;Kansas;Missouri KEYWORDS:birds;collision;mortality ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present data on passerine bird kills caused by a televrslon tower and its gUYWlres.(Time and Duralion)1965-66;2 years. (Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Dead birds were collected.and sexed and aged.(ReSUlts and Cancluslons)In 1965.205 oirds.28 birds,and 618 birdS of 15-32 spec,es were collected (from beneath the tawer.)A second heavy kill was observed in 1966.Previous kills nad occurred In 1954 (62 species among 1.887 indiViduals).and In 1960 (41 soecies among 658 dead birds).Yellow-throats.catbirds.red· eyed Vireos,Tennessee warbiers,ovenbirds and Swainson's thrushes ranked tllgn rn mortality.For most species.adults and young were mtgratmg togetner. 1724 Evaluation 01 the wildlife results Irom luel breaks,browseways, and type conversions. AUTHOR:DASMANN W:HUBBARD R;MACGREGOR WG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE;Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings SOURCE ID:7:179-194,1967. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:califarnia Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:deer;habitat wildlife ABSTAACT:(Purpose)To make an evaluation 01 the results of deer habitat improvement projects.(Type of Research)Information survey. (Methadalogy)Survey.(Results and Conclusions)Browseways are bUilt through dense brush.about tractor blade WIdth,by crushing brush with a bulldozer blade or hand-choPPlhg.They receive medium to high deer use for long periads.Browse rejuvenation areas have been crushed.burned. sprayed,mawed.rolled,chopped,etc.,and usually have a high deer population,more than untreated areas.Browse plantations may be made by direct seeding,or transplants to restore browse species;however, many have been faliures.Brush type converSiOns ta an hertlaceaus type appear to be beneficia!ta witdllfe.Fuelbreaks are usually about 300 feet WIde to convert brusfl to grass.These provide type interspersion and edges af value to wildlife.Wildfire rehabilitation is usually by aerial seeding will1 grass.Weed tree cantrol was of low benelit to wildlife.01 124 paramount lmcortance IS creation ot wilailf-e:ooenmcs in [lmbe~stanas. Wildlife comaors.and Isiands ot cover - 1725 Uptake and movement 01 herbicides in plants. AUTHOR:HULL HM AUTHOR AFFILIATiON:US Dept of Agricullure SOURCE TITLE:Pages 49·55 In symposium proceedings:herbiCides and vegetation management In forests,ranges and noncrop lands. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS;herbiclaes ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Ta discuss uptake and movement of herbicides in piants.(Type of Research)Literature review (Aesults and Conclusions) Waiting until foilage is mature is Important Active root gro'Nth and ample soil moisture have been found to be important in a number at cases.as wet!as chemical formulation and use of surface achve agents.USing several chemicals Improved efficiency of contrOl,and increased nerolcidal actiVity can be obtained by adjusting dropiet size. 1726 Response 01 vegetation communities to manipulation. AUTHOR:NEWTON M AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 83-87 in symposium proceedings;herbicides and vegetation management in forests,ranges,and noncrop lands. SOURCE ID:Corvallis,OR,OR State UrllV.1967,355 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicabie to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:herbicides;impact;vegetallon ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To outline some basIC concepts concemln9 ecological response to herbicides.(Type of Research)Discussion. (Results and Conclusions)Describes the concept af plant succession and influence of cbmate.Recovery of desert communities is slow owing to deficient moisture.Savannah types respond more quickly than deserts to manipUlation;fntroduction of grass delays return of shrubs and trees.In temperate regIons,removal of trei!S results in an increase in herbs and shrubs,and some shrubs respond to form cover that may resist invasion by trees.RemovaJ of tropical rain tarest gives rise to an herb-shrub~tree community and removal of trees may gIve rise to a shrub community.In aU vegetation types.repeated applications give aomlnance ot resistant species. 1727 E"ects 01 vegetation management on wildllte. AUTHOR:LAWAENCE WH AUTHOA AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TiTLE:Pages 88-93 In symooslum proceedings:herbicioes and vegetation management in forests,ranges and noncrop lands. SOURCE 10:Corvallis,OR,OR State Umv,1967,355 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable ta entire United States STATE:united States KEYWORDS:herbIcides;impact;management;wildlife ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To revJew some specific uses al herbicides and their Impact of forest wildlife.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Results and Conclusions)Herbicides have been used to maintain sharp-tailed grouse and deer habitat.Hardwood control to favor pine has taken place in the Soull1.2,4-D has been used to alter gopher habilal to control the populatian. 1728 Ecologtcal considerations in brush control. AUTHOR:GRATKOWSKI HJ AUTHOR AFALIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE;Pages 124-140 in symposium proceedings:herbicides and vegetation management in forests.ranges and non crop lands. SOURCE 10:CorvaJils.OR,OR Slate Umv,1967,355 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 REGION;Applicable to entire Uniled States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:brush;ecology ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To take a look al interactions between plants,and between plants and Iheir environment (Type of Research)Uteralure review.(Results and Conclusions)Many interactions occur in an ecosystem when environmental factors are changed or species eliminated. Microclimales are also changed.Shrubs have been seeded to reduce browse on conifers. - ~, "'- \ 1729 Residues 01 herbicides and impact on uses by livestock. AUTHOR:WARREN LE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 227-242 10 symposium proceedings:herbicides ana vegetatJon management in forests ranges and noncrop lanos SOURCE ID Corvallis.OR,OR State Unlv.1967,355 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY.C4 REGION:Applicable to entire Unlled States STATE:United States KE .....WORDS,herblclces:Impact:livestock ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the possible problems of forage contaminatIon by herbicides,(Type of Research)literature review (Results and Conclusions)HerbicIdes are oegraded at different rates In soils depending upon the chemIcal and soil conditions.It IS slower in plants,in some cases.Phenoxy herbicides ate not usuatly attractive to livestock.Withholding of grazing allows lor nil residues in milk if extended to seven days after 2.4-0 spraying,2,4-0 has been found in !Issues and blood after 72 hou's.There IS very little actual hazard to ilvestock if herbicides are properly used. 1730 Impact of range improvement practices on wildlife habitat. AUTHOR:BROWN ER AUTHOR AFFILIATION:WA Dept of Game, SOURCE TITLE:Pages 243-247 in symposIum proceedings:herbicides and vegetation management in forests.ranges and noncrop lands. SOURCE ID:Corvallis,OR,OR State Univ,1967,355 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:habitat;mammals,game:range;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the impact of range Improvement on wildlife habitat (Type of Research)Uterature review.(Results and ConciUSlons)A number of cases where wildlife benefited from ecOlogical changes caused by herbicides are cited.Tne major area of conflict IS In contrOL of sagebrush,which fS a habitat for sage gfouse,antelope,mule deer,and elk,While eradication of sagebrush is potentially harmful to game,most control programs leave enough to keep 'Nildlife populations in food anCl cover. 1731 The future ot vegetation management AUTHOR:DAY BE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of CA. SOURCE TITLE:Pages 298-303 In symposium proceedIngs:herbicides and vegetabonmanagement in forests.ranges and noncrop lands. SOURCE ID:Corvallis,OR,OR State Univ,1967,355 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1967 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:management;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the future of vegetation management. (Type of Research)Discussion,(Results and ConclUSions)Vegetation management consists of fostenng beneficial plants and suppressing less desirable vegetation.The future of chemical vegetation management depends upon research.Herbicides are only one tool among many and the future of herbiCIde technology iies in the soil where treatment may make conditions unfavorable to undeSirable species. 1732 Slash cleanup in a Ponderosa pine forest alIects use by deer end callie. AUTHOR:REYNOLDS HG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service, SOURCE 10:Fort Collins,CO,US Forest ServICe,1966,Research Note RM64,3 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1966 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Grama-Galieta Steppe +Juniper-Pinyon Woodland Mosaic STATE:Arizona KEYWORDS:forest;mammals,game;slash disposal ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide information on effects of slash disposal upon understory condrtions and animal use,(Time and Duration)1964;1 year.(Type at Research)Original research.(Methodoiogy)Paired sample plots were used to measure vegetation and peliet groups,The area was logged in 1958.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Slash cleanup has no measurable effect upon total or class production of understory vegetation. Forage productIon was Iowan ponderosa pine sites.Cattie droppings were more numerous on areas cleared ot slash;deer peliet groups were greater where slash was undisturbed. C4 -Vegetation Openings 1736 1733 Selective maintenance 01 edge areas on national torest lands in Indiana and Ohio. AUTHOR:HAMILTON R:LANDES K R AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings 27th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference. SOURCE ID:289-296,1965 (DecemCer). YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Eastern Deciduous Forest STATE:indiana;Ohio KEYWORDS:forest habitat:maintenance:spraying:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To descnce the use of a selective technique tor establishing and maintaining edge areas on National Forest lands In Indiana and Ohio.(Results and ConclUSions)The authors recommend that selective basal spraying be used.ThiS will allow removal of unwanted plants, while keepIng des"able herbs.shrubs and smail-grOWing trees that can be used by wildlife.Several utility companies haVIng nghts-ol-way on National Forest lands have entered into cooperating agreements with the Forest Service.and agreed to selectively maintain all their rights·of-way. 1734 Hawthorns-multiple use shrubs. AUTHOR:SHARP WM AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Bureau at Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. SOURCE TITLE:The Cornell Plantations SOURCE 10:21(2):19-22,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to ent"e United States STATE:New York;Ohio; Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:multiple use;shrubs;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe multiple use pOSSibilities of hawthorns. (Type of Research)Descriptive paper based on IIleratu,e and expenence. (Results and ConclUSions)Hawthrons are useful to wildlife,grow on a Wide range of soils with minimum cultural care,compete well,and nave aesthetic value.The species mvades idle lands,where it often occurs in thickets in open grassy areas providtng exceHent coverts for woodcock, grouse.and wild turkey, 1735 Determining the range ot tolerable erosion. AUTHOR:SMITH RM;STAMEY WL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Agricultural Research Service. SOURCE TITLE:Soil SCience SOURCE ID:100(4):414-424.1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicaole to entire United States STATE:Untted States KEYWORDS:agriculture;erosion:soil;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Review and analySiS of viewpoints and data that may help establish ranges of tolerable erosion.(Type of Research)literature reVIew.(Methodoiogy)Th's paper includes a review of literature and available data to assess soil eroSion and soil renewal rates with time. Thls includes Inventory of soil resources,expression of essential soH property reQu'rements,data on erOSIon,and data on renewal of soil properties wilt1 time.The essential soil property given the most attention is depth of favorable soil material.(Results and Conciusions)It is suggested that accelerated soU erOSion rates much greater than normal or geologic erosion should not be tolerated.Normal erosion on slopes with ciose-growing vegetation probably was 0.1 to 0.6 tons per acre annually on land suitable for agriCUlture.Erosion on large watersheds was between 0.1 and 1,0 tons per acre per year.Soii renewal by rock weathering was about 0,2 tons per year in central US,Surtace deposition results in soil renewal of several tons per acre annually near the source and less at remote locations.Erosion tolerance used in conservation planning ranged from 0,5 to 6,0 tons per aCre per year.These tolerances are excessive for SOils without depth reserves or with deficiencies. 1736 Streamtlow Increases after removing Woodland-riparian vegetatillfl tram a southern California watershed. AUTHOR:ROWE PB AUTHOR AFFIUATION:Univ at "l. SOURCE TITLE:Joumal of Forestry SOURCE 10:61 :365-371,1963, YEAR PUBLISHED:1963 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Sierran Forest STATE:Califomia KEYWORDS:floods;flow;quality;riparian;sedimentation;stream; vegetation;water;wat""'heds ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determIne the amount Of streamflow increase from removal of bottom woodland~rjparian vegetation.when increases occur,and how treatment affects floods,sedimentation and water quality. (Time and Duration)1958 and 1959;two years,(Type of Research) 125 C4 -Vegetation Openings 1736 Onglnal fle!d research (Methodalagy~Woooland-rlpar;an vegetation was r.removed along stream Channels on an S7S-acre watershed near San Drmas;an adJoIning 740-acre untreated area servea as a control.Each watershed was equipped with rain gauges and stream gauging station. Vegetation was cleared along 1.3 miles of canyon bottom in 1958·59 and srumps sprayed with 2,4-0 and 2,4.5-1.Effects on streamflow were compute-d by comparing fJows trom treated and control watershedS during Denods at comparable rainfall and mOIsture conditions.(Results and Conclusions)Rtparian trees and shrubs removed were reptaced by resident grasses which reduced streamftow Increases dUring winter perioas of wet soils and excess raInfalL The greatest gain in water Yield due to treatment occurred dunng the summer.Streamflow increase during me first drying season was 17.4 acre-feet or equivalent to 1.2 acre-teet per acre treated.The greatest monthly Increase.3.5 acre~teet.occurred in June at the first year.Clearing nparlan vegetation had no appreciable effect on peak discharge.erosion,or water Quality.No trace of hormone herbIcides were detected in the water. 1737 Ellects of logging upon fish resources at the west coast. AUTHOR CHAPMAN OR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE 10:60:533-537,1962 YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Pacif,c Forest STATE:Alaska:Idaho;Oregon;Washington KEYWORDS:cleanng;fish;flow;Impact:pollution;temperature;water ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A diSCuSSion of the elfect of logging on streams and fiSh in the varied land and stream habitats along the Pacific Coast.(Type of Research)Literature review and discussion of current studies.(Results and ConclusIOns)The effects of logging noted to date In many streams of the PaCific Coast have been aetrjmental and often d~sastrous. Particular effort should be devoted to determinations of the exact sources of and damaging effects,so that protective steps can be planned in future harvest operations. 1738 Ellect of togging on understory vegetation and deer use in a Ponderosa Pine torest of Arizona. AUTHOR:REYNOLDS HG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service SOURCE 10:Fort Collins.CO.US Forest Service.Rocky Mounta,n Forest and Range Expenment Station,1962.Research Note No 80,7 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY'C4 REPORT NUMBER:RM80 REGION:Ponderosa Pine-Douglas.f"Forest STATE:Arizona;New Mexico KEYWORDS:clearing;forest:habitat:impact:logging;th,nn,ng;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effects at timber harvesting on underslory vegetation and deer use.(Time and Duration)1958-61.(Type of Research)Onginal research.(Methodology)Vegetation and oeer use were sampled in Jogged and unloggea ponderosa pine forests on stratified samples.Understory vegetation was estimated in pounds per acre on 96-souare·feet plots.Deer pellet groups were counted on 100- square-feet plotS.(Results and ConclusIOns)Production of understory vegetation on seiectlvely logged lands exceeded that on unlogged lands tor 11-15 years for sedges,perennial grasses,forbs ana aspen.North and south Slopes yielded about equal amounts at vegetatron.Peak production was reached about six years aller logging and continued higher tor 11 years.Ridgetops and dense pole stands produced the least vegetation.Between 3-11 years aller logging,deer use was the highest; use was lower in pole stands.on ridges.and on sItes dominated by grasses and sedges.Ttnnning of pole stands,on north aspects.and where there is an understory are promtsing management possibilities. 1739 Use at natural openings in a Ponderosa pine forest of Arizona by deer,elk,and cattle. AUTHOR:REYNOLDS HG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service SOURCE 10:Fort Colilns,CO.US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,1962,Research Note No 78.4 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:C4 REPORT NUMBER:RM78 REGION:Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-fir Forest STATE:Arizona;New Mexico KEYWORDS:clearing;edges;forest;habitat:pellets;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine haw natural forest openings are used by deer,ell<.and callie.(Type of Research)OrigInal research. {Methodology)Seven natural openings tram 1-40 ac~were studied in a logged--over ponderosa pjne forest in Arizona,Transect lines were divjded into contiguous 2x50 foot plots.Pellet groups were coumed on plots and herbaceous vegetation and torest overstcry noted.(Results and 126 ConclUSIons)Deer uSed openIngs,borders.and forest about equally Cattle made more use of borders than elk:both used the oDen forest less than borders.80th cattle ana el,...prefer forest openings 1740 Pheasant nesting cover.strips. AUTHOR:MUSSER EG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Game Comm SOURCE TITLE:Pennsylvania Game News SOURCE 10:Pages 21-23.1962 (May) YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:birds;cover;mowing ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To check a report that pheasants nest primarily on edges of hay fields and most could be saved by delaying mowing.(Time and Duration)1950;1 year.(Type of Research)Original research. (MethodoI09Y)Eighteen cover stnps in hay fields were purChased In which nesting was checked during June and August.(Results and Conclusions)Most pheasant nests were found In 50-75 foot edges of field borders.The cost of deiaYlng mowmg In the 37 acres studleo was 51,024.28,A total of 583 hatched e9gs were found in 50 nests on the 18 cover strips.The PA Game Commission felt this justified such purchases and proceeded to purchase nesting cover strips fn most counties in southeastern Pennsylvania over the enSUing years. 1741 Permanent ptant cover tor road cuts and similar conditions by secondary succession. AUTHOR:TABOR P AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Soil Conservation Service SOURCE TITLE:Agricultoral Journal SOURCE 10:54:179,1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:Alabama;Georgia;South Caroiina KEyWORDS:plantrng;restoration;seeding;succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a method to speed up secondary succession to replace planted grasses and legumes,(Type of Research) Descriptive paper.(Results and Conclusions)On road cuts and flood control dams,an artificial plant cover established by fertilizer.mulch.and moisture leads to more rapid than normal takeover by native grasses, herbs.shrubs,and vines. 1742 Use of sllvicultural techniques tor improving deer habitat in the Lake States. AUTHOR:KREFTING LW AUTHOR AFFILIATiON:Unlv of MN. SOURCE TITLE:Journai of Forestry. SOURCE 10:60(1 }:4D-42,1962. YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Spruce-fir Forest STATE:Minnesota KEyWORDS:deer:habitat;improvement;mammals,game ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss use of forestry lecilmques for imprOVIng deer habitat.(Type of Research)Discussion paper.(ReSUlts and ConclusIOns)Prescribed burntng improves deer habItat but cannot be used where trmber value is high and being utilized.Dtscing has given variable results in deer habitat Improvement.Which,in general,have not been encouraging.Planting natural browse holds Iiltle or no promise.but planting tor winter cover and travel lanes WI1h balsam fir ,and spruce is possible.Use of 2,4-0 to produce available browse of mOl/ntain maple has been encouraging. Aerial use of 2,4-0 has reduced undesirable hazel and il'\Creased desirable browse.Use of phytocides for making new openings and preserving old ones is promising. 1743 BUlldozing to produce browse tor deer. AUTHOR:GYSEL LW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MI State Univ. SOURCE TJ1LE:Michigan Quarterly Bulletin. SOURCE 10:43(4}:722-731,1961. YEAR PUBLISHED:1961 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:Michigan KEYWOROS:bulldozing;food;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the effects of bulldozing on deer browse species jn different plant communities in Micnigan.(TIme and Duration)1956-60.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology) Plots were bulldozed with a 0-2 in 1956.Milacre plats were used to measure percent cover of atl species up to six teet and number of stems ..,. - - - - - ..- - - Dy dlameler ciasses Welgnt ot Drowse produced was determmed In 1957 and 19£0 ano amount of browsmg was noted.Chemical analyses were made of piant parts wrthm reach ot deer In one plot.(Results and Conclusions)BuUdozing proved to be most effective In producing large amour:ts ot browse In sapiing~pole.sugar maple stands and sumac communities.A Check.area oroduced 99 pounds of browse per acre. wmie sugar maple produced 1260 pounds and oak 866 pounas per acre. A wlltow stano Qeveloped very little palatable crowse. 1744 The interrelations Of logging,birds,and timber regeneration in the Douglas-lir region 01 northwestern California. AUTHOR:HAGAR DC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ at Ca,DavIs.Dept of Zoology SOURCE TITLE:EcolOgy SOURCE 10:41 (1):116-125,1960. YEAR PUBLISHED:1960 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:California KEYWORDS:birds:Clearing;food;Impact;population;regeneration;trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of ttlis investigation was to determIne cnanges in species composition,numbers.food habits,and activities of bird popUlations after the forest is logged.And also dunng the first couple years atter logging when regeneration of timber is important. (Time and Durat,on)3 years;1955 to 1957.(Type 01 Research)Original research.(Methodology)Censuses to obtain relative abundance of bird populations was made 8 or 10 times a month in each of the vegatative types.Food habits of important seed-eating birds were studied by field observation and examination of stomach contents.Food habits of the juncos were studied in detail.In stomach examinations,the contents were spread out under a dissecting microscope and percent votume of each: kind of foed was estimated.(Results and Conclusions)Logging alters the composition of the bird population and may cause a temporary decline in over*aU numbers.Within a year after cutting,former numbers are regained:.thougi'l species composition is different.The junco became predommant on cutovers where an abundance of weed seeds.berrfes and insects helped the population flourish.These birds turned largely to Douglas4ir seed when it was availabie. 1745 Browsing and stand regeneration in clear·and selectively-cut hardwoods. AUTHOR:CAMPBELL RA;RIPLEY TH AUTHOR'AFFILIAnON:US Forest Semce SOURCE TITLE:Transactions North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCE 10:25:407-415,1960. YEAR PUBLISHED:1960 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:App",achlan Oak Forest STATE:North Carolina KEYWORDS:browse;cutllng;deer;mammals.game ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To observe browse production-utilization after clearcutbng and selective cutting of mountain hardwoods.(Time and Duration)1949-1959;10 years.(Type of Research)Original research. (Mettlodoiogy)Three areas were clearcut,modified clearcut,and improvement cut.With no replications.RegeneratIon was sampled on 1/100 milacre plots.Degree of browsing was nOled.(Results and Concluslons)More browse was produced in the clearcut area than in the selectIVe cut.Clearculling produced more browse than could be used by dee<and trees grew out 01 their reach.SeleclJVe culling browse was severely ove<used by deer. 1746 Small mammals and old Ileid succession on the Piedmont 01 New Jersey. AUTHOR:PEARSON PG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Rutgers Un;v. SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:40(2):249-255,1959. YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:C4 SPONSOR:Rutgers Univ Research Council. REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:New Jersey KEYWORDS:distribution;mammals.small;succession;vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To stUdy the small mammal fauna in relation to secondary succession on the P;edmont of New Jers~y.(Time and Duration)1 year;July,1956 to June 1957.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Five fields.ages 7.11,16.46.and 56 years, plus an oak forest,were used for the stUdy.Twenty-five live traps were plaCed in each field.Animals captured were marked and released atter size.pelage;and other characteristics had been recorded.Also the location at the trap-site was noted in relatlon to the vegetation cover. (Results and Conclusions)Relative abuMance of the tolal small mammal fauna increased from the 7 and 11 to ttle 16-year stage as tile field aspect developed,decreased by the 46-year stage and then increased as C4 -Vegetation Openings 1750 tne lorest matured Tne species distribution was a re1lectlon of me change 1ram a well·developed grassland stage at 16 years to a developing forest aspect afterwards. 1747 The effecls 01 lire on a population 01 small rodents. AUTHOR:COOK SF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Unlv of CA SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:40(1):102-1 08,1959 YEAR PUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:california Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:fire;Impact;mammals,small;population ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To measure the recovery of small rodent popuiations atter a fire.(Time and Duration)1953-1956;4 years.(Type of Research) Onginal research.(Methodology)A mature grassland,with scattered brush of eucaiyptus and planted pine,was compietely burned by wildfire from a power line blown dmvn by wind,A snaptraoping census was begun three weeks after ttle fire.(Results and ConClUSions)All scecles of mice were essentially eliminated by the 1958 fire,and cover regrowth was needed before mice recovered.The change from brush aom.rnanted by Peromyscus spp.to grass was accompanied by a general shitt In species composition to Reithrodonlomys and Microtus. 1748 The distribution lind movemenl 01 small mammals in cenlral Oklahoma. AUTHOR:HAYS HA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of OK. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Mammaiogy. SOURCE 10:39(2):235-244,1958. YEAR PUBLISHED:1958 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Oak +Bluestem Parkland STATE:Oklahoma KEYWORDS:habitat;mammals.small ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To secure Information on small mammais in central Oklahoma.(Time and Duration)1952-1953;1 year.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)Live-trapcing and snap trapping census methods were used in open grassland and in a wooded raVIne.(Results and Conclusions)The number of small mammals was three llmes as great In open grassland as in the wooded ravine.Peromyscus maniculatus was tile most abundant species In open grassfand.Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispiduS)and pocket rat were also abundant and restricted to grassland. Peromyscus leucopus was the most abundant species in the ravIne.WIth the eastern wood rat (Neotoma fioridana)second. 1749 Wincl-caused mortality in Minnesota swamp black spruce in relation to cutting methods and stand conditions• AUTHOR:HEfNSELMAN ML AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Society of American Foresters,Proceedings SOURCE 10:Pages 74-77,1957. YEAR PUBLISHED:1957 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Laurentian Mixed Forest STATE:Maine;Michigan;Minnesota;New York;Wisconsin KEYWORDS:clearcutting;Irees;windfall ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To compare black spruce mortality from windfall under various silvicultural systems.(Time and Duration)1948-53;5 yrs. (Methodology)Large scale cuttings were made in swamp black spruce to test 6 methodS:shelterwoed.clear-cutting in strips,clear-cutting In patches,light thinning,tree selection.and group selection.Each treatment was repeated in 3 separate compartments.Strips were cut 1 chain wide.patches were 1/4 to 112 acre in area.(Results and Conclusions)Wind loss from strips or patches was light and was not substantially more than uncut or lightly partially cut standS when the area cut was about 20%of the total.However,wind loss increased with intensity of partial cuttings.Losses were related to site and stand age. Storm winds were serious where large open areas exposed heavy partial cutting.Shelterwood cutting losses were highest but were not significant at the 5%level. 1750 Rlghtotways and w1ldme habitat a progress report. AUTHOR:EGLER FE AUTHOR AFFILIATI9N:Aton Forest SOURCE TITLE:Transactions North Amencan Wildlife Conference. SOURCE 10:22:133-144.1957. YEAR PUBLISHED:1957 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United States 127 C4 -Vegetation Openings 1750 KEYWORDS:management:rigt1t-01~way ABSTRACT:(Purooss)To DISCUSS Important nght of way problems of & general nature.(Type 01 Research)Discussion paper.(Results and Conclusions)A long and involved discussion of ROW management which dld not Include wildlife habitat except very IncJlrectly by allusion. 1751 The eUect 01 hardwood removal on wildlife. AUTHOR:GOODRUM PO:REID VH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and W,ldlife Service. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings Society of American Foresters SOURCE 10:Pages 141-147.1957. YEAR PUBLISHED:l857 CATEGORY:C4 • REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Alabama;Louisiana; MississiPPI;Texas KEYWORDS:impact;mast;trees;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the value of oaks in southern pine forests in producing mast for wildlife food.(Type of Research)Discussion from literature.(Results and Conclusions)Acorns are valuable wddlife food in southern pine forests to deer,squirrels,turkey.and quail.Oaks also add brushy cover,and shoufd be preserved in the forest. 1752 Investigations 01 the use of 2,4,5-T esters as a basal spray in Ihe control 01 bear oak. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE WC;BYRNES WR;WORLEY DP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Weeds. SOURCE 10:5:121-132,1957. YEAR PUBLISHED:1957 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Appalachian Oak Forest STATE:Pennsylvania KEYWORDS;herbicides;spraying,basal;2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the best time of the year, concentration.volume of spray,and paint of application to kill bear oak. (Time and Durallon)1952-55;3 years.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Applications were made with paint brusll and knapsack sprayers to groups of 10 to 20 plants.2,4,5-T esters in od were used for the tests.(Results and Conclusions)Optimum topkill was obtained by carefully encircling tne basal portion of the stem with spray. Early winter was the best time for treatment and late fall the poorest. COrlcentrations 01 above 2 percent by volume were needed to get consistent kills.and high volumes gave the fastest kill.Three years were needed to evaluate the resuits of the spray. 1753 Responses 01 small mammal populations to logging of Douglas- fir, AUTHOR:TEVIS L JR SOURCE nTLE:Journal of Mammalogy. SOURCE 10:37(2):189-196,1956. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Redwood Farest STATE;Calilornia KEYWORDS:clearing;logging;mammals,small;population;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine numbers and species of small mammals (l1lIce)that occurred in cutover areas of various ages of Douglas-fir forests.(Time and Duration)Parts of three years (1952-1954). (Type of Research)Original field research.(Methodology)100 snap traps were set for three days and nights on each of 34 Sites covering cutovers rangmg in age from three months to 20 years.Traps were also set in adjacent forests in each case.Trapping was done May through November.Bail used was walnut meat.Reproduction data was obtained from bIopsies of 625 specimens.(Results and Conclusions)1033 specimens of 16 small mammal species were captured.Comparallve data was obtained lor only white-footed mouse.Townsend chipmUnk,and trOWbridge shrew.White-footed mice qUiCKly invaded new cutovers and became more abundant than in the adjacent forest.apparently due to plentiful cover and food.When the cutover began decreasing in vegetation variety (after 10 years),the populations decreased.DouglaS-fir seedS are principle food of the mice and explain why reseeding cuts in this area often fail.Similar habitat utilizallon of cUlovers by the remaining species are discussed.White-footed mIce.Townsend chipmunks and chickarees were responsible for destruction of large amounts of Douglas- fir seed. 128 1754 Breeding bird populations in relation to plant succession in Ihe Piedmont 01 Georgia. AUTHOR:JOHNSTON OW:ODUM EP AUTHOR AFFILIATIOIIJ:Univ of GA. SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:37:50-62,1956. YEAR PUBLISHED:1956 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Beech·Sweetgum-Magnolia-Pine.()ak Forest STATE:Georgia. KEYWORDS:birds.nongame:succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe breeding bird populations of seral stages.(Time and Duration)1950-1951:2 years.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)Censuslng on 13 areas was by territory mapping.(Results and ConclUSions)Breeding bird densities Increased . about three times (136 pairs),n 20-year-old shrublands,as compared With recently abandoned fields (15-40 pairs).Densities decreased in young pine forests,and increased (239 pairs)in old pme and young hardwood stands.Btrds are an important influence in determinfng the nature and extent of a shrub stage. 1755 The ellect 0'rodents on reforestation. AUTHOR:SPENCER DA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and Wildlile Service. SOURCE nTLE:Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. SOURCE 10:Pages 125-128,1955. YEAR PUBLISHED:1955 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:California Chaparral STATE:CalifornIa KEYWORDS:lire;impact;mammals.smali;slash ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the effect of rodents an reforestation. (Type of Research)Discussion paper.(Results and ConcluSIOns)A .sO% reductIon In the number of rodents occurred Immediately after burning; species composition did not change.Thus,tire-denuded areas do continue to support some small mammals.Natural population lluctuatlons occur from year to year.Small 30·acre clearcut areas are diffICUlt to free of rooents even by potson bait owing to reinvasion and increased breeding rates. 1756 Brush control in southeastern New York:lilteen years of stable tree-less communities. AUTHOR:EGLER FE;POUND CE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Boy Scouts of America.;American Museum of Natural History. SOURCE TITLE:Ecology SOURCE 10:34(1):63-73,1953. YEAR PUBLISHED:1953 CATEGORY:C4 SPONSOR:American Museum of Natural History.;Boy Scouts of America. REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:New York KEYWORDS:brush control;cover;transect:vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The purpose of this paper is to report upon the vegetation of a tract of land 0.8 nectare in area.(Time and Duration) 193~1951;15 year study.(Type of Research)Original research. (Methodology)A transect,650 meters lang and 12 meters wide,was studied for llorlslic composition and structure of the plant communities. Both permanent and temporary plots were established.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)On the line described,the accidental absence 01 SUitable conditions for germination and development of tree seeds and the absence of root-suckering trees allowed the formation of a dense iow vegetatlon that has sJnce prevented t~e mass invasion of trees.Such trees as have invaded now have a coverage .at less than 1 percent. 1757 Our disregarded rights-ot-way -ten million unU&e(.wildlife acres. AUTHOR:EGLER FE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:American Museum of Natural History,NY. SOURCE TITLE:Transactions North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCE 10:18:147-158,1953. YEAR PUBLISHED:1953 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Appiicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:edges;right-of-way;spray,broadcast;spraying,selective; wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss wildlife habitat management an ROWs. (Type of Research)Discussion paper.(Results and Conclusions)Selective basal spraying with 2.4-0 and 2.4,5-T 's preferable to blanket lobage spraying. It fills the land with edge effects and produces a mixture of shrubs and ferns with grass,which win resist tree invasion. - . C4 -Vegetation Openings 1764 ....., - - -- 1758 Borders and openings of beech-maple woodlands in soulhern Michigan. AUTHOR:GYSEL LW AUTHOR AFFILIATION Ml State Unlv SOURCE TITLE:Journal at Forestry SOURCE 10:49:13-19,1951, YEAR PUBLISHED:1951 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Beach-Maple Forest STATE:Indiana:Michigan:Ohio KEYWORDS:borders:edge:plant succession ABSTRACT:(PurDose)To descnoe in detail various aspects of border and opening communities,(Time and Duration)2 years,(Type of Research) Original research,(Methodology)Six borders formed by ungrazed woodlands with a pasture or grass field were studied.Milacre plots were used for lesser vegetation and 2-milacre plots tor trees:23 of each SIze were placed about 1 chain apart.Cover was estimated in four density Classes in milacre plots;number of tree species was tauted in the 2~ mi~acre plots by three size classes.-A simnar analysis was made in WOOdland Intenors,(Results and Conclusions)The structure and composition of borders was extremely variable.Fifty-mne ptant species were I'isted in borders wlth lower strata covering an average of 40%of the border sample area,All borders were completely covered by tree crowns,A narrow Rubus-Solidago community deyeioped between trees and fields,Elder,Rubus,or grape communities deyeloped in large foresl openings after a herb·shrub community as initial cover.The total number of plant species and amount of coyer were slightly greater in borders and openings than the interiors,Openings clOsed in 4-20 years depending on their size. 1759 Breeding birds 01 the forest edge in Illinois. AUTHOR:JOHNSTON VR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Uniy of lL, SOURCE TITLE:The Condor SOURCE 10:49(2):45-53.1947, YEAR PUBLISHED:1947 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Oak-Hickory-Bluestem Parkland STATE:Iowa:Illinois:Kansas: Missouri KEYWORDS:birds:edge:foresl ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the avifauna of the forest edge to determine if it constuuted a distinct unit and to anaJyze avian responses to ecge habitat,(Time and Duration)1943:1 year,(Methodology)Bird count sUNeys were made in the morning on edges and in the intenor of woods which had been marked off in squares,50m per side.The woods was a mesophytic hardwood forest,Edges varied from shnubby to grass- weeds,Comparrson was made with a oeech-maple forest ,nterior,(Results and ConclUSions)Founeen bird species occurred primarily along the forest edges and 10 species in the forest interior.Four species were found in both habitats.The forest edge was found to be a distinct community inhabited by a characteristic set of species,The field sparrow was classed as a tYPical forest edge bird,The male ruby-throated hummingbird belonged to the torest edge while the female to the interior, The crested flycatcher,wood pewee.indigo bunting.and house wren were found In both habitats, 1760 Effect 01 land use practices on breeding bird populations in Ohio. AUTHOR:DAMBACH CA:GOOD EE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OH State Uniy, SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE ID:7(3):291-297,1943, YEAR PUBLISHED:1943 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Mixed Mesophytic Forest STATE:United Slates KEYWORDS:j:lirds:impact:land use:population ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To study the effects of land use practices recommended by the Soil Conservation $etVice upon breeding bird population,(Time and Duration)1937-1942;5 years,(Type of Research) Orrg,nal.(Methodology)Breeding bird populations were determined by counllng s,ngmg males,The number of breeding birds were determIned for the following farm land uses:(1)cropland:com,small grain,and meadow in strips and not stripped.(2)pasture;(3)woodland.grazec or protected,The change in the number of acres in each land use after implementation 01 SCS farm plans was determined.From this imformation the effect on bird populations was determined,(ReSUlts and Conclusions) Data from two farming areas in Ohio showed conclusiyely that application of SCS recommended land use practices increased breeding bird populations.The most important factors were:(1)tewer acres dean-tilled and in small grains and an increase in the acreage with permanent vegetation;(2)more acres in meaddw:(3)breaking large crop fields into narrow afiernating strips of different cropS;(4)increased acreage of managea oasrures:(5)matena:.~:raase Ir'l acreage =~Orotected WOOdlands. 1761 Wlldlile increased by erosion control practices. AUTHOR:BOND RM:HAWBECKER AC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Soil Conservation Service, SOURCE TITLE:Soil Conservation SOURCE 10:7:255-256,1942, YEAR PUBLISHED:1942 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:California Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:erosion;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a successful planting for erosIon control and wildlife,(Type ot Research)Observational.(Results and Conclusions) Trees and shrubs were planted on an eroding field ana later a water supply was added,Quail and many other birds prospered on the area, 1762 A small mammal community in the upper Sonoran Desert. AUTHOR:SPENCER DA AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and Wildlife Service, SOURCE TIRE:ECOlogy, SOURCE ID:22(4):421-425,1941, YEAR PUBLISHED:1941 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:American Desert (MolaYe·CoJora~o-Sonoran)STATE:Arizona KEYWORDS:desen;habitat mammals.small ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To obtain Information on normal movement and drift ot small rodents,(Time and DuratIon)1935-1936:1 year,(Methodology) Resident small mammals were removed from 5-acre quadrats by trapping, Drill into the area was taKen at 2 week intervals,Cactus dominated the quadrat along with desert hacKberry shrub.mesquites.annual grasses and forbs.(Resuits and ConclUSions)White-throated wood rats were mosl common and were associated with cactl"ls.Merriam's kan-gatQa rats, whictl fed on seeds,were second In abundance.Two species of ground squirrels were third followed by three pocket mIce sPecies,Fifteen other smatl mamma'ls were recordea ajong with such predators as skunks. desert fox,Texas badger,and coyote, 1763 A trap-removal census stUdy'of small mammals. AUTHOR:CAHALANE VH AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and Wildlife Service, SOURCE TiTlE:Journal of Wildlife Management. SOURCE 10:5(1):42-67,1941, YEAR PUBLISHED:1941 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Upper Gila Mountains Forest STATE:Arizona;New Mexico KEYWORDS:census;habitat mammals,small ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine small mamma!populations in yarlous habitats and to evoke a census method,(Time and Duration)1932-1933; 2 years,(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodoiogy)A trappmg- removal study.(Results and Conclusions)Four species (chipmunk,poc~et gopher,mouse,and rabbit)were trapped in the yellow pme community, tour in lhe oak community and eight in mesquitegrass,Many species used several habitats, 1764 The lann fence in wildlife management and erosion control. AUTHOR:EDMINSTER FC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Soil Conservation ServIce, SOURCE TITLE:Transactions.Third North American Wildlife Conference SOURCE 10:3:582-591, YEAR PUBLISHED:1938 CATEGORY:C4 REGION:Applicable to entire United Stales STATE:United Stales KEYWORDS:erosion,soil:habitat:restoration;vegetation:wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the use of fence ROW vegetation for wildlife management and erosion contrOl (Type of Research}Origmal research,but the results are not based on one stUdy (Results and Conclusions)Farm lands generaffy lac~adequate permanent wildlife shelter.and fencerow vegetation offers very good opportunity for impro"ement.Systems of overgrown tencerows will raise the wUdtife carryrng capacity.Artificial planting of tencerows insures good species composition,Overgrown fences benefit crops,aid 'n soil and water convervation. 129 C4 -Vegetation Openings 1764 o -Environmental Assessment Methodologies 1765 The relationship of terrestrial vertebrates to plant communities and their successional stages.(Draft» AUTHOR:MASER C;MILLER R;THOMAS JW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Serivce Bureau of Land Management. SOURCE TITLE:Forest-wildlife relatlonsh'ps in tne Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. SOURCE 10 Portland,OR,US Forest Service,Pacltic Northwest Forest and Range expenme-nt StatIon. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:D SPONSOR:Wildlife Management Institute.:OR Dept of Fish and Wildlife.; US Forest Service.;Bureau of Land Management. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:habitat:management:matnx;succession;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To develop a more effective tool for land-use pianning in meeting en,,~ronmentaj changes.(Methodology)A project was undertaken by land managers from several government agencies to develop a mOre effective tool for land-use planning in meeting environmental changes.WtldJife-habitat association models were developed,and 379 Wildlife species in the Blue Mountains were reduced to 16 "life forms."'Animals were related to plants by behavior and by the stage of vegetation deve'opment;the direction of change was estimated. The information system derived is best suited for use in broad·scale land· use planning;it does not replace the trained.experrenced biologist. 1766 Rapid survey guide lor lorest wildlife habitat improvement. AUTHOR:HASSINGER JD;PUGLISI MJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:PA Dept of Nat~ral Resources. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE ID:Pages 585-586,1977 (September), YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:evaluation;forest;habitat;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a rapid sUlVey method of integrating wildlife habitat Improvement into forest management.(Type of Research) DescriptIve paper.(Results and Conclusions)A guide has been developed which Inciudes;1)a listing of vegetation types,and 2)an acreage dot grid,Aerial photos are used to descr~be habitat components and their acreage within circles on the grid:50 acres for herbaceous openings, 100 acres for evergreen cover,and 250 acres for woodland habitats. 1767 Keynote address •environmental considerations in rights-aI-way management. AUTHOR:SMITH PF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Env.Pr01ecbon Agency,Office of Federal Activities. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-at-way Management.January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:MiSSISSIPPI State.MS.MS State Univ,1976,7-11 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable'to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;management;right-of-way ABSTRACT:(P~rpose)Implications of the NEPA to ROW selection and management are d,scussed,(ReSUlts and Conclusions)NEPA reg<JlatiOns apply only to federal agencies and have created the enVIronmental impact statement Which must be prepared on major actions haVIng significant effect on human environment.Emphasis is ptaced on the critical importance at ROW location,design,and construction on later environmental effects of ROW management.Several important documents which affect ROW issues have been developed,namely,"Natural Forest Landscape Management:(Chapter 2)Utilities"by the USDA;and documents by the USDI and the Federal Power OommlSSlon. 1768 The regUlatory process as a means of resolving the environmental impacts of utility facilities. AUTHOR:BURGGRAF FB AUTHOR AFFIUATION:NY Public Service Com, SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National SympoSIum on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management.Jan~ary 6-8,1976. SOURCE ID:Mississippi State,MS,MS State Univ,1976.15-21 p, YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;impact;right-of-way:route selection methodology 130 ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A general account is given of the worKings of the regulatory process required by Artlc~e vn o~the NY State Pubiic Service Law of 1970.(Results and ConclUSions)This iaw calls for review ana approval 01 construction certificates by the NY Public Service CommiSSion (PSC)WIth an In-no use staff of experts to carry out tecnnicai pnases of the program.The Commission can override jocaJ government which otherwise could b~ock orderly development of transmlSSlon faCilitIes Public hearings are held.however,wlth the PSC staff acling as adversaries to the utility.Application reqUires that five categorles be examined;biological.cultural,land use,aesthetICS,and nojse.The law also calls for utilities to furnish more precise maps and plans after a corridor has been approved,and the PSC staff inspects construction as it proceeds.State court has upheld the PSC in several test cases While computer use in routing is considered useful,It is not In itself ad'eQuate; the human factor must be conSidered. 1769 Considerations in evaluallng utility line proposals, AUTHOR:SMITH ET AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept 'of Interior. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National SymposIum on Environmental Concerns in Right-of-Way Management,January 6·6,1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi Slate,MS.MS State UNiv,1976,23-33 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 . CATEGORY:0 REGION:Applicable to entire Uflited States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment:management:right-of-way;route selection metnodology ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A utility corridor study is d,scussed as a part of the National Resource and land Investigations (RALI)Program of the USDf. {ReSUlts and Conclusions)Planning involves a two·phase evaluation process:route certification and the ROW development and management plan approval.This evaluation includes a pre-proposal review.a technical reView.an environmental review.and an envlronmentai statement {EIS) preparation,and may take more than a year to complete.Public meetings for review of expected impacts are usually held after a formal proposal has been submitted.if an EIS is required,thiS must be prepared in detai,and circulated to interested groups and agencies. Then.shOuld major revisions be required,the entire review proc.ess may be repeated,Moreover,when approvai is flnaily granted,mitigating measures are otten attached which establish conditions under Which the ROW has been authoriZed, 1770 Environmental selection of transmission line routes with maps and computers. AUTHOR:HOWLETT B AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Bh.Env Consultants. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings ot the First National Symposium on Environmentai Concerns in RightS-Of-Way Management.January 6-8,1976. SOURCE ID:MissiSSIppi State,MS,MS State Unlv,1976,35-41 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;impact;right-oj-way;route selection methodology ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A discussion ot how a transmiSSion line siting process has been developed as a technical method for selecting low environmental Jmpact routes.(ReSUlts and ConcilJslons)The process InVOlves five steps:selection of study area and features to be inventoried.inventory of data.selection of alternate routes.evaluation of impacts of each ro~te,and selection of a preferred route.Use of a computer was recommended for evaluation rather than for sefection of routes.Shaded overlays on USGS quadrangle sheets were used for route selection using density shading for w8lghting data,A computer program has been develOped to evaluate data by subparts (links)to select lowest costJ least impact routes.A minimum impact ro'Ute is thus selected for re- examination on USGS sheets,aerial photos,or in the field. 1771 Power:a high voltage transmission corridor location system. AUTHOR:GILES RH;JONES AB:SMART CW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:VA Poiy1echnlc Institute. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Envinonmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management,January ~.1976. SOURCE ID:Mississippi State,MS,MS State Univ,1976,43-47 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;impact;nght-of-way;route selectIon methodology ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a computer-based syslemcalled "Power",developed for corridor selection in power line routing.(Res~lts and Conclusions)The system involves the use of 27-acre cells,12 resource areas which may be weighted,and 42 critical characteristics for '""'I - - o -Environmental Assessment Methodologies 1778 - ""'"I I selecting a preferred cOrridor In a large polygonal area of about 80 USGS quaOrangie sneets 1772 Land use aspects 01 EHV transmission lines. AUTHOR:PANGBURN GC;WALQUIST BT AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Westinghouse Electric Ccrp.Env Systems Dept. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First NatIonal Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Wav Management,January 6-8.1976. SOURCE 10:MissIssippi State.MS.MS State Univ.1976,49-56 P YEAR PUBLISHED.1976 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Applicable to entire Umted States STATE:United Stales KEYWORDS:lana use:right-of-way:route selection metModology ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A general description of EHV transmission lines in relallon to tand use.(Results and Conclusions)Spatial impacts include both direct aftects on tne ROWand those outside the ROW,such as residential land use.Temporaj impacts of line construction are usually greater than permanent Impacts,Route selectIon involves three baSIC methods:quan~tative,qualitative,and graphiC.Aerial pnotos and topo maps are the common interpretive sources to secure basic data and analysis of land use for incompatible land uses as a first phase.A second phase deals wrth compatible uses.Impact may be reduced by utilization of parallel routes and upgrading of low voltage routes. Localized conflicfs usually must also be conSidered and multiple-use helps mitigate use impacts of loca.interest. 1773 The Iransmission line aesthetic impact eva.luation process and Its implementation in a comprehensive scheme, AUTHOR:ROSEMARIN CS:WILSON DL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Oak Ridge Nat Lab. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmentai Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management,January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:MissiSSippi Sta1e,MS,MS Sfate Univ,1976,57-68 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United Sta1es KEYWORDS:aesthetics:impact;right-of-way;route selection methodology ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A description of how hypothetlcal transmission lines were routed in east Tennessee to devise a computerized method (TLAIE) for evaluation of aesthetic impacts of seJected transmission corridors and routes.(ReSUlts and ConclUSions)40-acre cells were weIghted to produce plotted displays of cell weight,aesthehc variables.and total score to Indicate areas Of worst impact Political feasibility and ecOlogical impacts were also analyzed by the system:and multiple-use capabilities and modificabons were added. 1774 Computer interpretation 01 soil data lor rights-ol-way management. AUTHOR:BEEMAN LE;ROWLAND EB;SMART CW AUTHOR AFFILIATION:TN Valley Authority. SOURCE TITLE:ProceedIngs of the First National Symposium on EnVIronmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management,January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:MISSISSIPPI State.MS.MS State Unlv,1976,69-75 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:computer:management:right-of-way:soils ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A description of how county soil surveys with thei, SOil maps and detailed information are used as basic ecological data for planning vegetation management on ROWs.(Results and Conclusions) While analyses can be made manually with maps and overlays,computer teChnology can greatly contribute to efficiency Of interpretatIons where a number Of maps are needed.Digitizing data calls for subdivision of the analysis area into cells each With a predominant soil type.This is relatl"vely expensive but.once digitized,a comptJter can be used to effiCIently generate a wide range of interpretive maps.This process serves to focus attention on sites of spec:JBI management concerns and must be used in conjtJnction with careful field work.. 1775 An ecological methodology used In the selection of a 500 kV trensmission line route in the southwestern United States. AUTHOR:ASTOR PH;MALEFYT JJD:MALEFYT SO AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Envirosphere Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management,January 6-8,1976. SOURCE 10:MiSSissippi State.MS,MS State Univ.1976.77-87 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable to entire Uhited States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:ecotogy:right-af-way: route seleCtion methodOlogy ABSTRACT~(Purpose)A descnptton of methOdOlogy develooed :n Arizona to route a 500 KV line.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)The methoo was based on (1)bionc communities and (2)geographiC range of human Interest animals.Community alteration values based on "years to recovery"for each community were combmea With SIX community characteristics to assign community Impact levels.The characteristics were:area, revegetattOn potential,plant diversity,vertebrate support,habitat for protected species.and stability.Habitat eva~uation for wildtl1e of human interest was tneo combmed with biotiC community rmpact.The distrlbuuon of the two sets of ecological impact along the corridor were used in conjunction with geology/hydrology.human environment,and aesthetics in selectIng a preferred route. 1776 Environmental planning of overhead transmission lines:a New England example. AUTHOR:JUDD P:RIETSEMA .'IV AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Northeast Utilities Service Co. SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights-of-Way Management.January 6-8.1976. SOURCE 10:Mississippi State.MS,MS State Univ,1976.89-105 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;planning:right~f-way:selectIOn ABSTRACT:(Purpose)Description of an environmental planning procedure for transmission lines in Connecticut which was made necessary by failure of open planning and resultant creation of a Power Facility Evaluation Council.(ReSUlts and Conclusions)Application for a transmission hne must describe Its effect on the environment and ecology,inclUding the nature of the probable impacts.To meet th,s,a working QutHne and flow Chart hCJve been devejoped for environmental analysis whtch include effects on "natural systems"in addition to land use and visual effects.The procedure emphasizes field worK.and inclUdes diagrams.photos and maps to clearly depict the situatIOn on a proposed transmission line.Economics and engineering are still the main basis for routing and structure desi;gn;environmental decisions are fudged on whether the benefits are worth the additional cost. 1777 Land SUitability pattern lor ele<:irical transmission lines on national torests and grasslands in northern Idaho, Montana,North Dakota,and western South Dakota. AUTHOR:HAGAN T?:MUTCH FK:REINSEL EN AUTHOR AFFILIAnON:US Forest serVIce. SOURCE 10:Missoula,MT,US Forest Service/Northern Region,1976.75 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:0 REPORT NUMBER:R17621 REGION:Columbia Forest (Dry Summer)STATE:Idaho:Montana:North Dakota:South DaKota KEYWORDS:forest;planning:right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe overhead electric transmiSSion line planntng through development of a land suitability pattern.(Type of Research)Discussion.(ReSUlts and ConcJusions)Units or areas of land are mapped and rated for transmission lines.To do this.a phYSical inventory is combined with environmental elements and assessed to idemify patterns of suitable areas and provide a ready data base for processrng application.Descriptions are given of major construction activities which must be considered.The land system inventory integrates physiography,geology,climate.and soils with landforms and vegetation to produce mapping levels following a system proposed by Bailey which is based on climate and physiography.The SUitability map should be used only for long range planning owing to its small scale.The map must be combined with other environmental.social,economic.and engineering elements for planning.Narrative and tables are presented which indicate general suitability of mapping units for transmission lines. 1778 Measurement techniques in environmental impact assessment. AUTHOR:FLOWERDEW RTN;SKUTSCH MM AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Unlv Dar es Salaam.;Univ of Manchester. SOURCE TITLE:Environmental Conservation SOURCE 10:3(3):20~217,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:environment;impact ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To revIew a tew well-Known teChniques used in environmentaJ assessment and bring out the inherent difficulties and potential of each.(Type of ResearCh)Discussion paper.(Results and Conclusions)Techniques are grouped into 3 classes:impact identification, impact evaluation.and impact comparison.For impact identification,linear 131 o .Environmental Assessment Methodologies 1778 graDhs and matflx systems are dIscussed as representative tecnnlcues,In making ImoaCf evaluanon,the often-used numencal scales should oniy be regardea as relarive rankmgs wnlch can be helpful to the deCISion maker. Impact comparisons Involve a further step,the combinln.g of impacts to obtaIn an overall score tor each alternative.An overlay map technique us,ng color IntenSities to depict levels has some weaknesses.A double matnx system also has problems.The Battelle method which categonzes the parameters of the environment is discussed.None of these- technlques remove the need for ultimate value jUdgments. 1779 Environmental evaluations using birds and their habitats. AUTHOR:GRABER JW:GRABER RR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:IL Natural History Survey. SOURCE 10:Urbana,IL,IL Natural History Survey,1976,Biological Notes 97,39 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Appiicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:birds;environment;evaluation;habitat ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a method of enVIronmental evaluation based on breeding bird populations and their gross habitats.(Type of Research)Descriptive paper.(Results and Conclusions)Habitat evaluation Is based on:1)replacement,2)total area of habitat in the region,3) change in habitat,4)amount of habitat in the impact area,and 5)fauna and lor floral complexity.A Habitat Evaluation Index and Faunal or Floral Index is computed.If data is not available,a field estimate of the number of breeding bird species in each gross habitat Is made. 1780 Evaluating stream trout habitat on large-scate aerlat color photographs, AUTHOR:ALDRICHRC;GREENTREE WJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Berkeley,CA.US Forest Service,1976,Research Paper PSW· 123.21 p. YEAR PUBLISHED;1976 CATEGORY:0 REGION:California Chaparral STATE:California KEYWORDS:evalualJon;fish;habitat ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a method of using aerial color photography for evaluating trout stream habitat.(Type of Research) MethOd descriptIon.(ReSUlts and Conclusioos)Most characteristics of trout streams are visible on photos and can be described.Measurements can be made for estimates of average size of the stream bottom aggregates,depth of water,streambank heights,and heights of streamoank vegetation.Degree of shade can be evaluated with shadow lengths.Habitals supporting trout stream insects can be evaluated uSIng photos as a base for field checks. 1781 The evaluation 01 ecological resources in the countryside lor conservation purposes, AUTHOR:GOLDSMITH FB AUTHOR AFRLlATION:Un;v College,London. SOURCE TITLE:Biologlcai Conservation SOURCE 10:8:89·96,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Applicable to entire UnIted States KE YWOR OS:ecology;evaluation;habitat ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To present an account of one method of ecOlogical evaluation.(Type of Research)Discussion paper.(Results and Conclusions)At present there is no agreement as to what procedure should be adopted.A case study is described wInch includes 3 land systems,6 major habitats,and 4 parametelS for each habitat.A forlJWla .IS given for calculating an index of ecological values wlIich simply multiplies the parametelS together for each habitat type and sums the total for each kilometer square. 1782 Resource and land investigations (RAU)program:considerationa In evaluating utility line proposals. AUTHOR:HOLBERGER R;LUBORE S;MORROW L AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Mitre Corp. SOURCE 10;McLean,VA,Mitre Corp.1975,MTR6948 (NTIS PB248261), 347 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS,evaluation;impact;rights-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review material required to evaluate proposed utility lines and assess their environmental impact.(Type of Research) 132 Llterature revIew.(ReSUlts and Conclusions~ECOfOglC systems and ecosystems are descnbed and stabilIty 'sensitivIty dlscussec Vu1nerable species and endangered species are considered hIghly Important In assessment Possible impacts and mitigation are rev~ewed. 1783 Impact of transmission lines. AUTHOR:HEKLER K:MEIER P AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Berkshire Regional Plannmg Com.;Curran Associates,Inc. SOURCE TITLE:Evaluation of Power FacilIties:A ReVIewer's HandPook. SOURCE 10:Pittsfield.MA,Berkshire County RegIonal Planning Com.1974, 97-110 pp, YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:United States KEYWORDS:impact;right-of.way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe the phYSIcal,biological and visual impacts of transmission facilities.(Type of Research)Discussion.(ReSUlts and ConcluSiOns).Soil erosion is considered the major Impact of line construction.The best safeguards are rigorous construction specifications, an example of which is given.Brush burning is described as a cause of air pollution.And interference with TV and radio is a reason given to avoid residentia'areas.Clearcutting is said to create a meadow. Windthrow,erosion and death of border trees are also results of cJearcutting.Selective cutting is much more expensive byt has tess impact.impact on wildlife can be improved by planting cedar,etc,and possible electrocution of bald eagles is considered an important problem. Erosion is included as a poSSible serious impact on aquatic wildJi1e. Illustrations are given of methods to reduce impact on landscape quality. Other impacts considered briefly are public safety,aViation,property ownership,waler supply systems,range and forest management,and underground transm1ssion lines. 1784 environmental impacts associated with electric transmission lines. AUTHOR:KITCHINGS JT;SHUGART HH;STORY JD AUTHOR AFFILIATION·.Oak Ridge Nat Lab. SOURCE 10:Springfield,VA,Nat TecMlcal Information Service.1974. ORNl-TM-4498,100 p. YEAR PUBUSHED:1974 CATEGORY:0 REPORT NUMBER:ORNLTM4498 REGION:ApplIcable 10 entire United Stales STATE:United States KEYWORDS:environment;Impact;riglll·of·way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss environmental impacts of electric transmission lines.(Type of Research)DiSCUSSIon from Iilerature.(Results and ConclUSions)A general deSCription is given of considerations involved 1n route setection,mainly habitat modification and aesthetics. Possible construction and maintenance impacts are described which may be caused by erosion and exposure of streams follOWing clearcutling;by habitat alteration in clearcut or selective cut strips:and by use of herbicides.Some other associated impacts considered were insecticides and ozone production.A matrix IS presented which allows conparison of the unaltered system with the system as influenced by a transmission line.This can by used to quantify alternate routes andlor management techniqlJEls.Judgement \lalues must be assigned to factual data in the matrix. 1785 Resource and land investigations (RALI)program:methodologies tor environmental analysis.Volume 1:environmental assessment. AUTHOR:BENNINGTON G;LUBORE S;PFEFFER J AUTHOR AFFILIATION'Mitre Corp. SOURCE 10:McLean,VA,MilTe Corp,1974,MTR6740 (NTISPB244600), 159 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:0 REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:assessment;environment:methods ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To address methodologIes for performIng environmental assessments.(Type of Research)Review paper.(Results and Conclusions)A comprehensive review of methodologies for performing environmental assessments. - - ,..., ---------------_..._-------------------_~~_--------------~~..--...-~,'........~_.'""'"""""'~'_."",........"'..~ o -Environmentai Assessment Methodologies 1793 - 1786 General environmental guidelines for evaluating and reporting the effects of nuclear power plant site preparation,plant and transmission facilities construction. AUTHOR:EMERSON DB;HOPKINS HT SQUIRE GR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Hittman AssoCIates,Inc. SOURCE ID:Washington.DC.Atomic Industrial Forum,1974.48p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable TO entire United States KEYWORDS:consuuction;envIronment;evalu8non;right-of-way ABSTRACT;(Purpose!To prOVide a guide for compiYlng with AEC regUlations.(Type of Research I ManuaL (Results and Cone!usions) Activities associated with transmission lines which are to be mcluded in an impact statement are described.The impacts of these activities. including mitigating measures,are delineated. 1787 Environmental impact analysis for overhead transmission lines. AUTHOR:SCHAAL HR AUTHOR AFFILIATION;Eckbo,Dean,Austin and Williams. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;environment;environmental impact;impact;right-of- way;statement ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe a method for evaluating the impact of transmission line location and construction.(Type of Research) Original research.(Methodology)Describes a method and format for env,ronmental impact analysis for overhead transmission lines as developed by EDAW in the course of preparing an environmental imoacT statement for Pacific Gas and Electric Company.{Results and Conciusionsl The approach described in this paper is solid and provides strong organization.Discussion of some specific environ· mental faCTors is included. 1788 Environmental factors in siting of transmission facilities. AUTHOR:BARTHOLD LO;PUNTEL WR;RINGLEE RJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Power Technoiogies Inc. SOURCE TITLE:American Power Conference,April 19,1972. SOURCE 10:15 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1972 CATEGORY:D REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:env~ronment,environmental assessment;planning; right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the need for incorporating environ- mental concerns into planning mechanisms.(Results and Conclusions) It is very important that there is development of functionally equiva}ent alternatives when deali ng with any environmentally sensitive solution.This is important in terms of winning public confidence and support of the implementation stage. 1789 Design of an environmental evaluation system. AUTHOR:WHITMAN IL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Battelle Columbus Lab. SOURCE ID:Nat Technical In/ormation Service,1971,PB201743,61 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:D;F REPORT NUMBER:PB201753 CONTRACT NUMBER:140607005 REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:design;environment;environmental impact statement; water resou rees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To develop procedure for the evaluation 0/ environmental impacts of water resources development projects. (Done for the Bureau 0/Reclamation.!(Methodology)A five-man research team developed this environmental evaluation system.These were ten different activities that the research team performed in designing this system,such as an extensive literature review,field inspect~on of existing projects.and so on.(Results and Conclusions) in-depth discussion on evaluating water resources devetopment projects and the different parameters that need to be considered.This system, however.requires morernformation than is normally collected_ 1790 Overhead transmission lines. AUTHOR:MULCAHYJV AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Dept Interior. SOURCE TITLE:Right-of-Way SOURCE 10:Pages 7-16,1959 (April). YEARPUBLISHED:1959 CATEGORY:0 REGfON:AppllC2D,e Tr:'<''=Ul1lre(J States I<EYWORDS:aCDuisitlc-.=::Jfaisaj:I?asemem. ABSTRACT:(Purpose}7:::fSCUSS various problems connected wtth acquisition of overhear::~~nsmission right-of-way.(Type of Rl?searchl A discussion paO'?f_(F~~~~:;and ConclUSions)The nature of ROW easements and thE'lr ap:-.=;531:;are described.Timber aporaisal com- ments advise agains1 u~=:::~~uture growth or income per acre estimates. 1791 Avian mortaility from wire collisions. AUTHOR:ALLARD G~:':CKENNA MG AUTHOR AFFILIAT10\;.University of North Dakota SOURCE TITLE;North us<ota Outdoors. SOURCE ID:Pages 16-18.,977 YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:B2e;D REGION:Wheatgrass -n=eo;egrass STATE:North Dakota KEYWORDS:bird kills:meCture deSign ABSTRACT:(Purposel "-0 ,ample a section of hignway bordered by a transmtssion I,ine for dead ol(ds and try to determine cause of mortaiity and possible so~utions to tna problem.{Time and Duration)Summer 1976.(Type of Research'Original field research.(Methodologyl Eleven samphng days durHlg'summer of 1976 consisted of driving a North Dakota highway p2~alleled by a transmission line and running between two Jakes.All dead birds ,were counted and identified.Re~ suits were presented.(Results and Conclusions)A total of 244 dead birds were found on the-highway on,y.All the birds were waterfowl or marsh birds.Highest numbers were coots (83)and cormorants (52). The total number of mona~ities was considered low due the fact that no search was conducted Tor dead birds off the highway.It was impJied most mortalitv .".'55 due to coHisions with the wires.Sugges- tions were made calline ;or adequate environmental studies before construction of lines.- 1792 Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water quality. AUTHOR:NEWTON M AUTHOR AFFILIATION:OR State Univ. SOURCE ID;Seattle,WA.US Env Protectton Agency,1977. EPA910977036 224 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1977 CATEGORY:A1b;B1;D REPORT NUMBER:EPA91 0977036 SPONSOR:Env.Protection Agency. REGION:Applicable to enme United'States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:animals;apo:icarion methods;aquatic;fish,toxicitY to; herbicides;pesticides;tOXicity;water ABSTRACT:{PurposeJ Tho purpose of thIS report is to compiete a three pan documentatIon of the state-af-the art technoJogy to mini- mize or prevent non-poir.:sources of potlution from silvicultural activities.The two preceding documents deal with (11 the logging roads and protection or vl,3t:er Quality and (2)forest harvest.residue treatments,water qual:;:\-etc.(Time and Duration~Aporoximately 250 references.{Type of :;:asearch)Literature review and syntnesis. (Results and Conclusions,Chapters 2,3.and 5 describe the scope of chemical usage in forestry:chapter 4 summarizes the toxicological properties of the major forest chemicals.Specific water Quality cri- teria are established with respect to the toxic properties of specified chemicals.Chapter 6 provides guidetines which forest managers can use nationwide to meet tne specified water quality standards.A glos- sary and an appendix are provided to assist in interpretation of techn ieal material. 1793 Liability and resource conservation aspects of rights-of-way use. AUTHOR:SHELTON LR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Mississippi State University SOURCE TITLE:Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Rights·of..Way Management,January 6 ..8. 1975. SOURCE 10:MS State UniversitY,1976,315-320 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:A5G;D REGION:Southern Floodplain Forest STATE:US KEYWORDS:management,right-of-way ABSTRACT:(Purpose)A discussion paper concerning the effect of liabilitY upon wildlife conservation of utility ROWs in the southeast. (Type of Research)Discussion paper.(Results and Conclusions}The dutY of care owed the ROW user partly depends on his Classification, whether trespasser,licensee or invitee.Li.ebility may be reduced by severaj actlons such as informing recreationjsts of all known hazard- ous conditions and insetting a "hold harmless"clause in a lease. Reduction of the possibility of liability suits will greatly aid in wise use of the wildlife resource. 133 D .Environmental Assessment Methodologies 1194 1794 Harmonize overhead Jines with landscape. AUTHOR:WILLARD BE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Council on Environmental Quality. SOURCE TITLE:Electncal World SOURCE 10:40-41,1973 (July 11. YEAR PUBLISHED:1973 CATEGORY:D KEYWORDS:planning;right·of-way ABSTRACT:(Purposel To discuss some basic ecoiogical princioles and how utilities can learn to apply these principles to their operations. rResults and Conclusions1 Some important OOlnts were made in the paper concerning ways to minimize impact on the ecosystem,such as trYing to locate a line in the transition zone between two ecosystems, where less di!iturbance is likely,or choosing developing ecosystems over mature,stable ones. 1795 Environmental factors and susceptibilitY to herbicides. AUTHOR:HAMMERTONJL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:University College of Wales SOURCE TITLE:Weeds CATEGORY:0 KEVWOR DS:environment;herbicides;temperature;toxicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To review the literature on environmentally induced variations in susatptibility,with particular reference to the contrOl of dicotyledorious weeds by growth regulator herbicides in cereal crops.fTime and Duration)Literature review covering research over a l5~year period.(Type of Researchl Literature review.(Metho- dology)The effects of rainfall,humidity,temperature,light,soil conditions,crop effects.and such other factors as stage of growth at time of spraying and wind,are investigated to determine how each affects the controt obtained after spraVlng a growth regulator herbic1de on Vlteeds in a cereal crop.Both direct and indirect effects of the environment,and the possible role of the crop in modifying the environment of the weeds,are considered.(Results and Con- ciusions~High humidities and high temperature in general increase susceptibility,and temperature also may have important morpho~ genetic effects.Low light intensity before.and high intensity after, spraying appear to increase susceptibility.Light also may affect leaf morpnogenesis.Soil conditions aiso mav affect susceptibHity, particutariy soil residues of certain herbicides.and crop competi- tion may contribut.e to weed mortaJity.The relationship of stage and growth at spraying to susceptibility is a1so discussed. 1796 Evolution of backline and danger tree determination. AUTHOR:ROBINSON JP AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Bonneville Power Admin. SOURCE rD:Portland,OR"Bonneville Power Admin.,16 p. CATEGORY:A1d;D REGION:Pacific Forest STATE:Montana;Washington KEYWORDS:clearance;danger trees ABSTRACT:lPurpose)To describe the conductor clearance method of backline location and danger tree designation.(Type of Research) Descriptive accm.mt.(Results and Conclusions)A tree monitoring SV'S1em has been computerized to determine the backl:ne and danger trees.This results i·n a staggered backHne and leaving danger trees within the backline area.Less timber is bought and fewer trees are cut.Also an-irregular backline is produced. 1797 Evaluation of vegetation in environmental planning. AUTHOR:MCBRIDE JR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:University ot California,Berkeley. SOURCE ID:Berkeley,CA.,Univ.of CA.,34 p. CATEC'ORY:D KEVWC·(OS:environmental assessment ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To describe an approach for evaluation ot vegetation in en....~ronmental planning.(Type of Research)Descripv live report.(Methodology)Experience and literature.(Results and Con'tl usions~A vegetation survey shouJd be made to prov~de complete descrrptions which will cover the 19 parameters that have beenidenti~ fied for use in evaluation.Vegetat10n parameters are grouped under five classes;amenity,human safety.ecological,economic,and scientific.Amenity jncludes visua~quaJity.recreation potential, noise abatement.air pollution reduction,ciimate ameHoratjon,and historic vajue.Human safety inctudes fire potential and windthrow environmental condjtions,erosjon connor,wildlife habitat,role in regional ecosystem,succeSslonat potenriar,and tragiHty.Economic inctudes commodjty resources and tax revenues.Scientific includes rare and endangered species,unique vegetatjon.and genetic composition. 134 E·Habitat Evaluation Techniques 1798 A handbook for habitat evaluation procedures. AUTHOR:BASKETT TS;FLOOD BS:SPARROWE RD AUTHOR AFFILIATION:MO Cooperative Wildlife Research Un" SOURCE ID:Washington,DC,US Dept of Interior,Fish and Wildlife Service,68 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:E CONTRACT NUMBER:USDI141600082014 SPONSOR:US Fish and Wildlife ServIce;Univ.of MO. REGION:Oak +Bluestem Parkland STATE:Arkansas;Illinois; Kentucky;Miss.ouri;Tennessee KEYWORDS:animals,aquatic;birds,game;tish;habitat;mammals; mammals.b~g game;mammals,smaO game ABSTRACT:(Purpose}The development and implementation of a hab;tat evaluation system for measuring effects of water development projects on fish.wildlife and related resources.(Type of Research) Original reseerch.iMethodology)Six groups of animals are categor- ized in as many as six habitat types.They are composed principally of animals whose habitat requirements are well known,easily found in literature.and occur in the project area.The six groups of animal~ are forest game.upland game,tree squirrels.terrestrial furbearers, aquatic furbeare""and waterfowL (Results and Conslusions}Develop- ment of a handbook for e....aluat:on habitat for six different animal groups.For each animal group.food,cover,water reproducttve requirements are given as well as others.Samples of evaluation sheets and instructions for using this system are gi\len. 1799 The nature ofvegetation:its management and mismanagement. AUTHOR:EGLER FE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Aton Forest SOURCE ID:Bridgewater,CT,CT Conservation Assoc,1976,572 p, YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:E REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS;ecology;ecosystem;management;plant succession; vegetation;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide a text,tor interested parties,on the conception of vegetation management.ITime and Duration)Thirty· eight years of teaching,research,and tield experience.(Methodology) The author d1scusses basic principles of vegetation management as they relate to composition,morphology,physiology,ecology,geo logy, history.and classification.(Results and Conctusionsl The author attempts to synthesize and integrate all of the diverse disciplines which must be drawn upon to manage vegetation.A wide variety of topi-cs are discussed generally in a clear,if somewhat non-classical fashion.References are not given in thfs volume. 1800 A technique for estimating potential wildlife populations through habitat evaluations. AUTHOR:WILLIS R AUTHOR AFFILIATION:KY Dept ot Fish and Wildlife Resources. SOURCE 10:Kentucky Dept at Fish and Wildlite Resources,1975, Pittman·Robertson Game Management Technical Series No.23,12 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1975 CATEGORY:E REGION:Mixed Mesophytic Forest STATE:Kentucky KEYWORDS:eover;evaluation;tood:habitat;hunting;population; wildlite ABSTRACT;(Purpose)To describe a method of evaluating carrying capacity for deer,gray squirrel and other game animals based on habitat suitabilltv and using a point system to estimate potenti,at wildlife popUlations.(Time and Duration)Literature survey covers 30 years of references.(Type of Research I Literature survey and personal observations.(Methodologyl A point system was developed to enable the resear-cher to assign different values to the various habitat com~ ponents and then combine their values into a singie measurement.The acre-per·animai figures used were arrived at by reviewing pertinent literature on the species concerned.The figures used are average values derived from past resear-ch conducted in areas climatically. topographically and botanically similar to the study area,(Results and Conclusions)The technique for estimating potential wildlife popu- lations is outlined.Habitat is considered excellent for a species when the sum of the numerical values of all its elements is high.Less sujtabje habitat rece;ves a lower score.reflecting a drop in carrying capacity.Four classes of habitat are used,excellent,good,fair and poor.When all sample units have been rated,the totals are summed and expanded to produce an estimate of the potential resident game populations that the area can support.With modifications to reflect conditions occurrlng in other regions.this system could apply in most states.. - - -i 1801 A method of regional landscape evaluation for wildlife. AUTHOR:HAWES RA;HUDSON RJ AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Cornell Univ,Dept of Natural Resources; Univ of Alberta. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. SOURCE 10:209·211.Sept-Oct 1976, YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY;E SPONSOR:Cooperative Forestry Research Program. rlEGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Unned States KEYWORDS:birds,game:carrying capacity';dassijj~atjon;ecology; mammals.big game ABSTRACT:(Purposel To develop a method of evaluating land for wildjjfe that faciJitates analysis of wildlife resources at a reconnaissance level for land use planning and decision-making.(Time and Duration) 1973 (estimatedL (Type of Research}Original research.(Methodol- ogy)Classified study area into preiiminary land systems -recurrlng patterns of landforms with associated vegetation and soil.Delineated land systems by air photo interpret13tion.The land systems and boundaries were field checked at 130 sites where data was collected on bedrock geology.surficial deposits~soH development"texture and drainagep vegetation compos~tion and topography.The land systems provided the baseline information for wildlife suitability interpreta· tions.(Results and Conclusionsl The method of land evaluation facilities determining habitat suitabilities for a variety of wildlife species.The suitability ratings assess the degree of effort required for land systems to provide species habitat requirements~The method is versatile.h can be used on different species and is acjaptable to other regions.The technique is re'atively rapid and inexpensive. 1802 Habitat selection of breeding birds in an east Tennessee deciduous forest. AUTHOR:ANDERSON SH;SHUGART HH JR SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:55(4/:828·837,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:E SPONSOR:Oak Ridge Nat Lab,Env Sciences Oiv. REG ION;Mixed Mesophytic Forest STATE:Tennessee KEYWORDS:birds;forest;habitat ABSTRACT:(Purpose I To determine whether 28 species of breeding birds have certain distinct habitat preferences.(Time and Duration) May 30 to July 20,1972.lType of Research)Original research. lMethodology)Bird populations were sampled on 24,0.08 ha plots in a deciduous forest in Tn.Univariate anaiysis was used to test for differences in abundance for each bird species with respect to 28 habitat variables.(Results and Conslusionsl Results indicated some bird species were distributed according to specific habitat variables, while others were not strongiy retated to any single variable but were related weekly to a large number of variables. 1803 Avian species diversity in desert scrub. AUTHOR:TOMOI'F CS AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univ of WA SOURCE TITLE;Ecology SOURCE 10;55(2):396-403,1974 YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:E SPONSOR:Nat Science Foundation The Society of;Sigma XiX REGION:Amencan Desert (Mojave-Colorado·Sonoran}STATE: Arizona;California;New Mexico;Texas KEYWORDS:birds;community structure;habitat ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine what effect habitat diversity has on breeding bird density and diversity in the Sonoran Desen in southern Arizona.(Time and Duration)March 10 -August 31,1970; 6 months.(Type of Research)Original research.IMethodology)Three study sites were selected to represent a gradient of structurai com- plexity of the vegetation ~n creosotebush habitats.Br.eed;ng bird populations were studied and pertinent informat'on recorded.Each bird species was placed in an ecologic foraging category.For each studv site,breeding bird species diversity lBSD),J index,foraging diversitY IFD),physiognomic coverage diversitY (PCDI,equally important physiognomic dimensions (Ep)were calculated.{Resuhs and Condusions)As habitat complexity increased,nest sites and food niches became more diverse:and breeding -bird density increased. Birds are highly specific in their selection of plants for nest place· ment;densities of most species are strongly related to densities of neSt -plants.In desert scrub communities the physjognomic coverage d~ver5ity~balied on a system of plant life forms,was more accurate than MacArthur's foliage·height diversitY in predicting breeding bird species diversity. -- E .Habitat Evaluation Techniques 1807 1804 Evaluation of pheasant nesting habitat in eastern South Dakota. AUTHOR:TRAUTMAN CG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:SO Dept of Game,Fish.and Parks. SOURCE TITLE:Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference. SOURCE 10:25:202·213,1960. YEAR PUBLISHED:1960 CATEGORY:E SPONSOR:SO Dept of Game,Fish,and Parks. REGION:BlueStem Prairie STATE:South Dakota KEYWOROS:birds;habitat ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the extent of pheasant neSting and brood production in the various cover types common to the eastern portion of South Dakota's high-pheasant density range.ITime and Duration)June 10·August 23,1958 and 1959 lexcept for flax, small grain and tame hay which were searched at harvest time L (Type of Research)Original research.lMethoc!ologV)In 1958,a township size area was cover mapped using aerial photos as base maps.Five acre corner plots were used in each quarter section with sixteen five acre corner piots.The sample was selected by drawtng two letters ar random from a 4x4 latin square.In 1959,strip plots of 50xl000 feet with 5 strip plots pet quarter section were selected at random.Ptots were intensively sampled for pheasant nests.{Results and Conclusionsl DensitY was 0.84 nests per acre in 1958.0.91 nests per acre in 1959. Best cover was alfalfa in sloughs and areas around fencerows and road~ sides.Hatching success was 20%of all nests in 1958 and 24%of all nests in 1959.80%of all hens hatched a clutch in 1959.On lands devoted to maximum game production alfalfa and clover should not be mowed;grasslands should not be grazed or should be grazed only lightly,and smaH grain crops are preferred over row crops for provid· Ing nesting cover.Roadways should be unmowed as long as possible during nesting time. 1805 Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife. AUTHOR:GILLJD;HEALY WM AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10;Upper Darby.PA,Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,1974,US Forest Service General Technical Report NE9,laO p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:E REPORT NUMBER:NE9 SPONSOR;US Forest Service Northeastern Forest Exp.Station REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:Kentucky;New York:Pennsy~vanla;West Virginia KEYWORDS:birds;fauna;feirest:habitat;mammals;management; vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide practical information about manag- ing shrubs and woody vines of the Northeast that are important food and cover for wild birds and mammals.(Type of Researchl Literature review.(Results and Conclusionsl Forty different shrubs and vines were discussed by different autho.rs.The range~habitat,life history, use by wildlife,propagation,and management were discussed for each species. 1806 How to Improve Forest Game Habitat. AUTHOR:BYRD NA;HOLBROOK HL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Forest Management Bulletin. SOURCE 10:Atlanta,GA,US Forest Service.State and Private Forestry.SE area,1974,6 P. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:E REGION:Southeastern Mixed Forest STATE:Alabama;Georgia; Mississippi;North Carolina;South Carolina KEYWORDS:birds,game;forest;habitat;mammals,big game; mammals,small game;management;prescribed burning;silviculture ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To provide the practicing forester a ready:field reference by stand da&~es on how to improve or maintain the h'abit of five popular forest game species.(Type of Research)Literature review. (Methodology)Briefly define.the needs of the gray squirrel.bob- white quatl,white tailed deer,ruffed grouse.and wild turkey.Also lists some of the important food species for each animal.(Results and Conclusions)Gives the timber prescription for w~ldlife habitat manage· ment by stages of stand deve~opment. 1807 Forage preferences of tame deer in a northwest Pennsylvania clear-cutting. AUTHOR:HEALY WM AUTHOR AFFIUATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE 10;35(4):717.712.1971. 135 _.~.,...._.~----------------------------------....,--~- E -Habitat Evaluation Techniques 1807 -YEAR PUBLISHED:1971 CATEGORY:E SPONSOR:PA Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:NewYork;Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:browse;deer;food ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine deer food preferences in a recent· Iy clear-cut area (Time and Duration)1965;one year.(Type of Research)Original research.(Methodology)Three tame deer-a buck, a doe,and a castrated male-were used.The deer were trained to harness and leash so that they could be closely observed.The deer were observed periodically throughout 1965.Feeding time was recorded by plant species and part Oeaf,twig,or tru itl.Between observation periods~the deer were kept in.pens and fed.(Results and Conclusions)Brambles were the most important food plant year- round.Timber species were also important year-round.Seedlings of black cherry.the most valuable timber species,were tightly used. Deer vlierealways se,ective when feeding.Preference varied for indi- vidual plants of most species.Deer browsing will not prevent regener- ation of the timber stand.Cuts should not be smaUer than 17 acres. 1808 The influence of mammals and birds in retarding artificial and natural reseeding of coniferous forests in the United States. AUTHOR:ALDOUS SE;SMITH CF SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry. SOURCE 10:45(51:361-369,1947. YEAR PUBLISHED:1947 CATEGORY:E SPONSOR:US Fish and Wildlife Service. REGION:Applicable to entire United Stat.s STATE:United States KEYWOR OS:birds;food;forest;mammals.small;regeneration;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To point out the degree and type of pressure exerted by birds and mammals on forest seeds and to describe meThods of reducing these losses.(Time and Duration)Mainly from late 1 930 to 1947.(Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)ReVIew of pertinent literature involving mammal and bird depredation on forest seeds.(Results and Conclusions)Reduction control of animals and repellents tested were unsuccessful.Cultural practice~and me- chanical protection with wire screens produced best results,but were economically questionable. 1809 Bird population changes after timber harvesting of a mixed conifer forest in Arizona. AUTHOR:FRANZREB KE SOURCE 10:Fort Collins,CO,US Forest Service.1977.Research paper RM-1B4,26 p. CATEGORY:E KEYWORDS:birds;clearing;forest;impact;populations ABSTRACT:IPurpose)This study was to determine changes in avian species'compositIOn and densities in a mixed conifer forest after timber harvesting.(Time and Durationl 1973-1974;2 years.IType of Research)Original field research.lMethodology}Censusing of birds in one piot subject to timber harvesting (seiective overstory removal) and in one control plot was conducted from 1973-1974 in the white mountains of Arizona.Tree !pecies preferences and tree height setec- tion were also examined to determine changes 1n habitat utHization. lResults and Conclusions I Timber harvesting was detrimental to some specles,but beneficial to others.The number of species in the har~ vested and controt areas was simtlar,but species composjtjon and densiti'9s differed considerably.Several species including Coues' Flycatcher,Purple Martin,and Western Bluebird were found only on the harvested site.This site was also preferred by Red-Tailed Hawk. Kestrel,Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker.House Wren and Gray-Headed Junco.In contrast,the control area was preferred by the Western Flycatcher,Brown Creeper.Red-Faced Warbler,Hermit Thrush and a few others.TaU trees were preferred in both habitats.~In both areas, Douglas~FirlWhite-Fir and Engleman Spruce were preferred.Leaving more trees of the most desirable species can allow a habitat to support more birds of some species than it wou(d if otherwise harvested.Slash piles were very important.especially for Gray~HeadedJuncos andl to a I,esser extentl House Wrens.To p'revent reduction of these speciesl some slash pHes should be allowed to remain after a harvest.Snags. were also an important habitat component for many species in the cut-over area. 1810 A Program for Wildlife Management on Transmission Rights- of-Way of the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation. AUTHOR:BRAMBLE we SOURCE ID:Syracuse,NY,1976,14 P. YEAR PUBLISHED:1976 CATEGORY:B3;E REGION:Northern Hardwoods Forest STATE:New York 136 KEYWORDS:management:wildlife ABSTRACT:IPurpose,To develop a general program for wildlife management on transmission line right·of~way.(Type of Research) Management plan.(Methodology)From literature and experience. (Results and Conclusions)A general wHdlife m'lnagement pian was prepared to enhance wildlife habitat on transmission line ROWs. Conditions to be developed include diversity of veoetatlon,a catch-I i k,e pattern of plant cover.increased wHdlife food,and edges."A basic model ROW is described as varied to fit loca!conditions.and includes a clear-cut center to be kept in low vegetation with a seiective-cut edge on each side.BrUSh piles will be left for wildlife cover.The ROW cenTer will be maintained bV broadcast sprays with selective sprays used on the edges.Restoration will provide for seeding of tower sites with some levei areas left for natural revegetation and dusting places. Application of management techniques to common vegetation types is described a'ong with treatment of road and stream crossLngs.Special management for game and non-game species of the area including songbirds is included. 1811 The harm our roads do to nature and wildlife. AUTHOR:FENTON MB;OXLEY OJ AUTHOR AFFI LIATION:Vanier College;Carleton Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Canadian Geographic Journal SOURCE ID:92(3):40-45,1976. YEAR PUBLISHED;1976 CATEGORY:Ble;C2;E REGION:Applicable to entire United States KEYWORDS:highways;mortality;wildlife ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To discuss the impact of roads on natural environment.(Type of Research)Discussion paper.IResujts and ConclusionsJ There is a woeful lack of information about effects of roads on the environment.The opinion is given thaT many wild animals are kilfed~habitats are disrupted.and cnem;cals affect wild!ife. 1812 The future of Alaska's caribou_ AUTHOR:KEIM CJ;VAN HYNING JM AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univof AK. SOURCE TITLE:NRA Conservatioll Yearbook. SOURCE ID:4-11,1975. YEAR PUBLISHED:'975 CATEGORY:Ble;B2f;E REGION:Brooks Range STATE:Alaska KEYWORDS,habitat;wildlife ABSTRACT:IMethodology)A description is given of the present con- dition of the 13 herds of caribou in Alaska.Two of these herds have decreased drast1cally in recent years.Requirements for a healthy herd and how they can be met in the future are:11 Large areas,good land usel and comprehensive oJanning to preserve integrity.Though large blocks of wilderness will be set aside they will not be continuous.2) Unimpeded movement.(Results and Conclusions)Bands in motIon seek relief from insects,go to traditional calving grounds,summer range,breeding areas.and winter range.Even slight aiterations are deleterious.Transportation corridors would lessen interference of roads and pipetines.3.Good winter range,is often a key to survival. Increased human activity increases danger of fire,harassment.and air pollution,which is harmful to tichens used as food.Need to control. 4)No competition with other grazing animals.{Results and Conclu+ sions}ConcJudes that it is unlik'9ly caribOU can be preserved in their present abundance,but possibly smaller herds will persist under good management. 1813 Effect of logging on forage values for deer in Colorado. AUTHOR:NAGY J;REGELIN WL;WALLMO OC AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service.CO State Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Forestry SOURCE !D:72(5):282-285,1974. YEAR PUBLISHED:1974 CATEGORY:B1e;E REG I ON:Ponderosa Shrub Forest STATE:Colorado KEYWORDS:clearing;forage value;grazing;habitat;impact;wildlife ABSTRA.CT:(Purpose)To determine the influence of logging on the moisture contentl crude protern content,and in vitro digestibility of forages eaten by tame deer.(Time and Duration)One-year study 119701.lType of Research)Original research.(Methodology)GraZing of tame deer was observed during three summer periods-June 26- July 4,August 3-11,and September 14-1 B.Intake was quantified by countlng the number of bites of each species eaten by each deer. Simu'ated bites were hand-plucked to obtain an average weight per bite.All plant species which comprised more than 1 percent of t~ total bites.were collected for nutritional analysis.Plants were collected on July 5.August 12,and September 15.so that nutrition parameters could be measured throughout the season.(Results and Conclusions) - F .Research Pracedu res 1818 .... -- - Crude protein content,moisture content,and in vitro diaestihdirv withm a coliectrcn date did not differ statistically betwee';-Clear-cut and in-cut stnps.Crude protein and moistu~e content declined signrfi· ~antly between dates,but in vitro digest~bility did not change as the plants matured.Because deer soend more time grazing in clear-cu1 strips,they obtained over twice as much of their crude prot:::in and digestible dry matter there. F -Research Procedures 1814 Forests and water:effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation.and water supply. AUTHOR:ANDERSON HW;HOOVER MD;REINHART KG AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Forest Service. SOURCE 10:Berkeley,CA,US Forest Service.1976.General Technical Report PSW18,115 p. YEAR PUBLISHED,1976 CATEGORY,A1;A4;B2;F REPORT NUMBER:PSW18 SPONSOR:US Forest Service. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:clearing;erosion;fore.st;impact:management;sediment; vegetation;water ABSTRACT:(Purposel The purpose of this paper is to capture the accumulated experience and perspective of the literature of four hydrologists representing more than 100 years of e)(per1ence as active reserach scientistS.(Time and Duration)Literature cited is extensive, an estimated 600 citations ranging over more than 40 years.IType of Research)Literature review and synthesis.iMeth,odoiogy)The authors draw on more than.100 years of collective experience as research hydrologists,and from a comprehensive review of the literature.They summarize what is known about the effects of current forestry prac- tices on watershed resources.They first review the basic hydrologic processes,then discuss the effects of forest harvest~ng.regeneration type conversion,ffre,grazing,fertilizers and pesticides on water supply.floods,er05\On,and water quality.They also present special problems of the fire prone chaparel areas.phreatophytes.wetland forests,and strip mined iands. 1815 Powerline right-of-wa,/• AUTHOR:LONGCOREJR AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. SOURCE TITLE:American Birds. SOURCE 10:25(61:997·998,1971. YEAR PUBLISHED,1971 CATEGORY:A5b;Bla;F REGION:EaSTern Deciduous Forest STATE:Alabama;Kentucky; Maryland;Pennsylvania;South Carolina KEYWORDS:birds;densitv;poPulation;right-of'way;vegetation ABSTRACT,(Purpo,e)To determine the species of birds using a right· of~wav in Marylana.th~density of breeding males on the right~of way.and what effect maintenance practices had on these populations. (Time and Durationl 1967·1971,4 vears.{Type of Research I OriglOal research.(Methodology)A territorial male census was used to deter- mine density.A nest search was conducted,and a list -of birds that visited the right-of-way was recorded.Censuses were conducted be.. fore and after maintenance periods to determine the effect of the maintenance tecnmques on the bird populations.~Resujts and Con~ clusionsl There was I~tde change in breeding bird species.and density after the right-of-way was maintained bv cutting and chipping-the pines and seJective}y basal spraying the other taU growing spe-cies.. One species~the Prairie Warbler,was apparentlv adversely affected.. The removal of Virginia pine,which was used very commonlv for a singing perch.might have contributed to the decline in singing males. The den-sities of territorial males and number of nests found are given. 1816 Tree growth control research project. AUTHOR:EDISON ELECTRIC INSTITUTE SOURCE 10:New York,NY.Edison Electric Institute,1971,EEl Publication No.71·900,127 p. YEAR PUBLISHED:1971. CATEGORY:A5b;F REPORT NUMBER:EE171900 CONTRACT NUMBER:EEIRP24 SPONSOR,Edison Electric Institute. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KE YWORDS:growth inhibitor;mai ntenance;sprouting;trees;trimming ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the best chemical for reducing growth of sprouts after trees on distribution line areas had been trimmed,and tnus to i~t:;Hre:-",tne time between successive trllClming operaHons.(TIme and Dur::s:'on\Four·vear study 11964-1976/. (Type of Research)OnglOa,research field.(MethodOlogyl Fifleel1 pr;vatS'Iy-owned e!ectrJc utill'l:V companies corducted spe,cific expert- ments.some on mixed species of '{rees,as enc.ountered in a normal ftne clearance operation,anc others on ce,'1am specialized subjects. Specia~l"zed experlemer;!s In·.':)lved studies of concentration.effects of treatme:1t as dittere-n1 se,~50ns,and d~fferent tormulations.ThIr- teen semi-solid inhibitor~fonified tree dreSSings and e~ght !iqiJid mhjbitor~fortifjeddressings V\ief@ evaiuated.Data in'Vo~ved observa- tions on 17,000 cuts distributed among',180 trees.I Results and C-onc~1l5ion~1 Etnyl 1-naphr'l.3leneaCetate if effective In preventing sprout emergence.but \'5 orl,y partially effeccivt!in retarding 2longa~ tion_Lencth of the tallest sorouts was reduced by 50%or more bv the inhibitor is effective m mOSt ins1ances.Time of year applied does no( appear to influence it effec11veness on most specles_liquid forula- !ions compare favorably with so\id forms.The full potential of the inhibitor is only realIzed when good pruning practices are followed. 1817 Do herbicides affect game? AUTHOR,BRAMBLE WC AUTHOR AFFILIATION'Purdue Univ. SOURCE TITLE:Pennsvlvania Game News. SOURCE 10,26·29,1968 (Julvl .. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:A5b:81e SPONSOR:Purdue Univ. REGION:Oak·Hickory Fore't STATE:KenTUckv;Tennessee KEYWORDS~animals,game-;community structure;habitat manipu· lation;herbicides;impact:w;ldl1fe;2.4~O:2,4,5-T ABSTRACT:{Purposel To compare the effect'of several common commer-:::ial brush control spray techniques and learn their effects on game food and cover.(Time and Duration)1953 to 1966;13 years. (Tvpe of Researchl Original field plOt research.IMethodology)Half mile sections of ROW were sprayed with one of four 2.4·0.2.4,S-T mixtures-;carriers were oil or water;rates ranged from 4 to 12 pounds per acre.Methods beyond this are not explicit1v stated,but general. ized statements of results suggest that the composition and probab~y the density of vegetation were taWed periodically.Estimates of browsing and a combination of direct observation,pellet counts.and tracks were used to estimate game usage_tResults and CO~cIUSIOnS! This is a generaj reporting paper rather than a aata paper.This paper reports in popular terms a study Which Bramble and Byrnes have reported in substantially greater detail elsewhere.The results in general are:13 years arrer appjicarion the ROW is clear of heavy woody plants and is receiving heavy and continued usage by game animals; plant species composition is different,with substantial increases in preferred game forage species;browse species are hlgh in protein and other elements;small game animals like rabbit have also increased in the test areas. 1818 Nocturnal migration in Illinois -different points of view. AUTHOR:GRABER RR SOURCE TITLE:The Wilson Bulletin SOURCE 10:800):36·71,1968. YEAR PUBLISHED:1968 CATEGORY:B2E;F REGION:Oak·Hickorv-Bluestem Parkland KEYWORDS:avifauna:bird kills;birds;birds.song;distribution; ecology;migration:mortality;nocturnal;passerine ABSTRACT:(Purposel To evaluate different methods of stUdying nocturnal mIgration and to discuss patterns of migfStion f_or central Illinois.(Time and Duration)1957-1963.(Type of Research)Original research and literature review.(Methodology J Direct observations of migration lNE're made by radar and aural methods,Composition of the migrant swarms in the area under study was identified by comparison of species data from bird kills at television towers.and from daily field censuses conducted in forest and shrubby forest edge habitat during fall.iResults and Conclusions)Observations of night migration ma'V vary considerably dependin.g on the study techni.que used.Al- though there are gross differences in volume measurements of migra- tIOn.the different techniques (audio system.radar,tower killsl all reflect the same night-to-night periodicity or timing of migration, Mass fli_ghts of birds in September occur after a wind shift to northerly with the passage of a cold front.He notes that species dens~ties that migrate in the spring and fall are different and bas.ed on this,he pro- posed that most routes must be elliptical.Migration routes of the BoboHnk.,Palm Warbler and Nashville Warhter are discussed.A com· oaris-on between tower kills in II/inots and Florida suggests a funnel effect at lower latitudes. 137 ._------------ F -Research Procedures 1819 1819 Movement of herbicides in soil. AUTHOR:HARRIS CI AUTHOR AFFI LIATION:US Depanment of Agriculture SOURCE TITLE:Weeds. SOURCE 10:15:214-216,1967. CATEGORY:A5b:F KEYWORDS:herbicides;soil ABSTRACT:IPurpose)To dIScuSS the mobility of 28 herbicides in soils, and to describe n soil Column system to evaluate the relatjlJe mobil- ItIes of herbicides in soiL (Time and Duration)One·vear study.(Type of Researchl Original research lIaboratory).IMethodology)Twenty· eight technical herbicides were used in this study.ApplIcation rat~s were in the range that might be used in practical weed control.Soli columns were made from '·inch segments of 3-rnch aJuminum with a wall thickness of 0.25 inches.Air-dry soil was packed uniformly to a depth of 1.75 inches.Herbicides in a 10 ml of 95%Ethanol were applied to the columns.Water was added to the containers and the units placed in a hood.After 3 days the columns were sliced and 10 oat seeds planted.(Resuits and Conclusions)A data presentation system whicn expres.ses the results for each herblcide in a given soil as a single number is proposed.Comparisons of mobHitt£!5 of new herbicides with those known for other aider.better understood her· bicides should make it possible to predict the behavior of new her- bicides in the field.The aromatic acid herbicides were most mobile, and the insoluble toluidines least mobile.Results for 28 herbicides are given. 1820 A review of toxicological information on Tordon herbicide. AUTHOR:LYNN GE AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Dow Chemical Co. SOURCE TITLE:Down to Earth. SOURCE ID:20(4):6-8,1965. YEAR PUBLISHED:1965 CATEGORY:A 1b;A5b:B1;F SPONSOR:Dow Chemical Co. REGION:Applicable to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:fish,toxicity to;herbicides;mammals;picloram;toxic hazard;toxicity ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To summarize the early reports of picloram toxicity characteristics to several organisms.(Time and Duration)Not specified,but probably early 1960's.(Type of Research)Summary of toxicity data,no literature citations.lMethodologyl Standard acute and chronic toxicity testing.protocols.(ResultS and Conclusions) L050 values for picloram,Tordon 22K,Tordon 10K pellets and Tordon 101 in mice.rats.guinea pigs.rabbits.and chickens are pre- sented.Narrative presentation of findings on vapor toxtcity.applica.. tlOns to the eye.and skin exposure is made.Sub·acute feeding studies with rats,sheep and calves are reviewed.Repeated skin exposure tests are included,as are toxicity tests with fish,snaBs,and daphnta. A one year c·hronic feeding s.tudy was included.Spedfic data js offer· ed in several instances.In general terms,picioram is mode'rate to low ;n toxicity to the organ isms tested. 1821 Some primary and secondary effects of herbicides on wildlife. AUTHOR:GEORGE JL AUTHOR AFFILIATION:US Fish and Wildlife Service SOURCE TITLE:Pages 40-73 in Herbicides and their use in Forestry: proceedings,Forestry Symposium. SOURCE 10:Pennsylvania State University YEAR PUBLISHED:1962 CATEGORY:B1g;F KEYWORDS:herbicides;wildlife ABSTRACT,(PurpOse)To discuss available toxicolOgical data on the effects.of commonly used herbicides on mammals,birds.reptiles. amphibians.fish and invertebrates.(Time and O'ufation)Summarizes 10 years of research.(Type of Researchf Literature review.(Method· ology)A very complete search of the literature was made to pUll together ali information on the toxicity of a large number of herbi- cides to mammals,reptiies,birds,amphioians.fish and invertebrates. Secondary effecu of herbicides on wildHfe are·discussed,indudjng indirect toxicological effects due to sublethal dosages,changes in pal- atabHity of poisonous plants,changes in chemical composition of plants,and injury.contamination,or death of food-chain organjsms. (Results and Conclusions)Available toxicological information on the effects of common~y used herbicides on mammals,birds.reptiles, amphibians,fish,and invertebrates ;5 summarized.Some herbkides are very Toxic to animals,but normally the direct toxicological hazard to warm·biooded vertebrates is not great.Indirect effects of herbicides through haOitat modification may be much more important. 138 1822 Vegetation science concepts 1:Initial floristic composition,a factor in old-field vegetation development. AUTHOR EGLER FE AUTHOR AFFILIATION American Museum of Natura:H!Story. SOURCE TITLE:Vegetatio SOURCE 10:4:412-417.1954. YEAR PUBLISHEO:1954 CATEGORY:A5b;A5e;F REGION:Appaiacnian Oak Farest STATE:ConnectIcut;New York; Pennsylvania KEYWORDS:communities;commUl1lty structure;initial floristic compo:S~tion;succession ABSTRACT:(Purpose)The first in a series of papers discussing certain concepts applicable to the science of vegetation.(Time and Duration ~ Based on observations covering a 20-year period.(Type of Research, Literature review and field observations.IMethodology)The ~uthor discusses vegetation development from the traditional plant succes~ sion standpotnt.Other discussions cover:old·field vegetation devel- opment;old-field vegetation development in textbooks;relay fioristics; initiai floristic composition;and the relative Importance of 'the twO factors.(Results and Conclusions)Two principles are considered as being involved in vegetation development on abandoned agr~cultural lands.The first,called URelay Floristics",involves a succession of in-. coming and out-going plants,each group invading the land.o~sting its predecessor,and in turn preparing the site so as to be ousted Itself. The second principle is called "Initiaj Floristic Composition",and refers to that element which invades or has invaded at the time of abandonment.Following abandonment.there is a progressive devel- opment,with the forbs and grasses assuming predominance first.and the trees last.An evaiuation of the relative importance of these two principles is necessary in vegetation management. 1823 Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream. AUTHOR:BOUSSU MF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:D~partment of Game,Fish and Parks SOURCE TITLE:Journal of Wildlife Management SOURCE tD:1812):229-239,1954. CATEGORY:B1 C;F REGION:Douglas Fir Forest STATE:MT KEYWORDS:aquatic;cover;fish;impact;plants;population;stream; vegetation ABSTRACT:(Purpose)To determine the relation between trout popu· lations and:1}The various kinds of natural cover in a small stream;21 The effect of partial or complete removal of natural cover;3)The ap- plication of artificial cover to areas devoid of it.{Time and Duration) June 1951-March 1953.IResearch)Original.(Methodology)Experi- mentaf and control sections setected along a small stream on baSIS of presence or absence of cover fe'atures.Fish were collected by shocking. then Classified.counted and weighed both before and after arteration which con'Slsted of applying artificial brush cover or removing natural cover.Pre~alteration inventories made four times and three post-altera- tIons at least one month following alteration.(Results and Conclus- ions)Marked Increase in numbers and pounds of fish in sections wnere artificial cover apPlied.Fotlow;ng removai of natural brush cover.there was a weight decrease of 58.4%in the experimental sections compared to an increase of 36%in the controc section of legals. 1824 Outline for ecological life history studies in trees,shrubs,and stem succulents. AUTHOR:PE L TON JF AUTHOR AFFILIATION:Univof MN. SOURCE TITLE:Ecology. SOURCE 10:32(21:334·343,1951. YEAR PUBLISHED:1951 CATEGORY:F REGION:Applicaole to entire United States STATE:United States KEYWORDS:Ecology;research;shrubs;trees ABSTRACT:(Purpose)One of a series of outlines and bibliographies on e-cologicaf I1fe history stud~es of both plants and animals which are currently appearing in Ecology.(Time and Durationl Two~year study. (Type of Research)Literature review.(Methodology)The author lists general references,and representative studies as Starting points In research on phanerophyte life forms.IResults and Conclusions)It is apparent from the above outline that solving most ecological problems concerning even a single species requires much more time and effort than is ordinarily availabJe to one person.Consettuently,most auteco~ logical data accumulate over extended periods from numerous studies of a local or timited nature and short duration.There is need,however. for survey studies which integrate th known ecologjcal data concern- ing a given species.c1arlfy the importnat problems,and attempt to fill in some of the gaps in our knowledge of the species. Appendix List of Categories A.CONSTRUCTION AND A5a Objectives as reiated to B3b Techniques presently MAINTENANCE METHODS ON ecosystems implemented on ROWs TRANSMISSION LINE ROW'S A5b Chemicals B3c Costs of fish and wildlife Al ROW clearing and Construction A5c Manual management techniques Ala Mechanical vs.manual felling A5d Mechanical Alb Chemical application A5e Natural maintenance B4 Effects on Agricultural Crops Alc Danger tree identification A5f Combinations of above 84a Soil productivity and yield Ald Vegetation removal A5g Public relations programs changes Ale Sensitive ecosystems B4b Increasing cultivable lands considerations B4c Drainage alterations and yield Alf Vegetation height limitations B.ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF changes Alg Clearing specifications ROW CONSTRUCTION,TOWER B4d Displacement operational Alh Access roads SITING,RESTORATION,AND efficiency Ali Stream and wetland crossing MAINTENANCE B4e Decreasing operational efficiency procedures Bl Effects on Terrestrial and Aquatic Alj Water bars for soil stabilization Communities and Population B5 Effects of Row Multi·Use Alk Overstory topping and pruning Changes Resulting from Site 85a Trails Alterations 85b Off-road recreation vehicles A2 Tower Spotting and Design Bla Composition (numbers of species)B5c Sportsmen A2a Footing designs and impacts Blb Structure (species age B5d Grazing A2b Conductor configurations and distribution) ROWwidth,clearing Blc Diversity [numbers of individuals specifications C.LITERATURE RElATED TO per speciesl A2c Height requirement,span lengths,BId Productivity OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION conductor sag limitations,site RIGHTS-OF-WAY Ble Habitat destruction access requirements B1f Cl Pipeline construction and Behavioral A2d On and off-site fabrications Blg Wildlife use of ROWs and effects maintenance A2e Tower site lay·down requirements C2 Highway construction and on wildlife A2f Equipment limitations maintenance A2g Aerial erections C3 Railroad conitruction and B2 Environmental Component maintenance ~A3 Conductor Stringing Objectives Alteration C4 Studies pertaining to linear or and Methods B2a Water small openings in vegetation A3a Bull·wheels and tension stringers B2b Soil communities A3b Aerial stringing B2c Radiation B2d Microcl imate A4 ROW Restoration Objectives and B2e Bird mortal ity D.ENVIRONMENTAL Methods B2f Permafrost disturbance ASSESSMENT A4a Topsoil recovery B2g Windthrow of trees METHODOLOGIES A4b Soil stability A4c Revegetation techniques 83 Fish and Wildlife Management E.HABITAT EVALUATION A4d Site grading Techniques TECHNIQUES B3a Feasibility assessment of A5 ROW Maintenance Objectives,implementing existing techniques Methods and Impact on ROWs F.RESEARCH PROCEDURES ~~ 139 AUTHOR INDEX A AASHEIM RJ 1692 ABBOTT RE 1242 ADAMS DL 1652 ADAMS RE 1171 ADKISSON CS 1313 AHLGREN CE 1687 AKAMINE EK 1258 ALCANIZ R 1611 ALDOUS SE 1808 ALDRICH RC 1780 ALEXANDER M 1238 ALLAN PF 1625 ALLARD GE 1791 ALLEN P 1161 ALTOMJD 1046 AMBROSE RE 1678 AMERICAN FORESTERS 1522 AMERICAN SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS.1543 ANDERSON DH 1568 ANDERSON HW 1814 ANDERSON JH 1004 ANDERSONR 1411 ANDERSON SH 130713731802 ANDERSON WL 1401 ANDERSON WW 1566 ANON 105111071118 AREND PH .........•......1447 ARNER DH.1029116712471383 1457 ASBAUGH FA 1226 ASPLUNDH EK 1157 ASPLUNDH ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES 1288 ASTOR PH 1775 AUBERTIN GM 1490 AVERG E 1177 AVERY M 1561 1570 B BAI LEY JE 1643 BALDA RP 1291 1675 BALL RC 1642 BANKOSKE JW 1279 BARIBEAU J .•.............1069 BARICK FD 1361 BARKER J 1227 BARNES J 1414 BARNHART JA 1034 BARRETT GW 1652 BARRONS KC 15051515 BARTHOLD LO 1788 BARTHOLOMEW GA JR 1478 BASKETT TS 1798 BAUMAN TT 1386 BAUR JR 1215 BAYNES AS 1261 BAZZAZ FA 13401708 BEATTY RH 1091 BEAVER DL 1665 BECKWITH ST _1359 BEEMAN LE 1774 BEHREND OF 1647 BELELJR 1660 BELLROSE FC 1581 BENNETT JM 1248 BENNINGTON G 1785 BENTON AH 11281476 BERGSTRAND J 1582 BERTHY HP 1031 BESADNY CD 1640 BEST JA 1320 BEST LB 1696 BETSILLCW 1410 BINGEMAN CW 1184 BISWELL HH ,1523 BJUGSTAD AJ 1648 BLACK H 11561399 BOAG DA.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1690 BOEKER EL 1419 BOELTER DH 1113 BOLLEN WB 1061 1096 BOND RM 1761 BORMANN FH 1487 1546 1683 1693 BORRECCO JE 1432 BOUSSU MF 1823 BOVEY RW 1030121512291232 1370 1548 BOYD H 1462 1465 BOYD WI 1392 BOYER J 1619 BRACKEBUSCH AP 1101 BRADSHAW AD 1554 BRADY HA 10621185 BRAMBLEWC 1250125413041312 13181337138414331472 1474 1475 16001618175218101817 BRANDER RB 1630 BRANDT SE 1034 BRENDER EV 1085 BRENMAN H 1126 BREWER R 1588 BRINK LK 1535 BROWN ER 1730 BROWN GR 1043 BROWN GW.l099 1510 151716981704 BRUMGD 1016 BUCKNER CH 1324 BUELL HF 1331 BUELL MF 1331 BUFFINGTON JD 1041 BUMSTEAD RS 1670 BUNGER WC 1552 BURGESS RL 1413 CONNER RN BURGGRAF FB...._.._...1768 BURNS JW 1105 1106 BURTON TM 1506 BUSBY K 1538 BUTLER PA 1084 BUTTERY RF 1668 BUTTON RG "1542 BYRD BC . _103210451233 BYRD MA 1395 BYRD NA 1808 BYRNES WR 1246125413041312 1337138414331472 1474 1475 1618 1752 BYRON RA 1553 C CABLE DR 1355 CADBURY CJ 1436 CAHALANE VH 1763 CAIN SA 1606 CAIRNSJJR 1511 CAMPBELL CJ 1502 CAMPBELL J 1240 CAMPBELL RA "1745 CAMPBELL RS 1239 CANGIOLI G 1631 CARMODY GR 1681 CAROTHERS SW 1499 CARTER MC 1302 CARTER VE 1715 CARVELL KL 10231031 10761180 13051317 CARY ARBORETUM 1283 CASSEL JF 143814401561 CAVANAGH JB 14081412 CECH FC 1076 CERRETANID 1428 CHAMBERLAIN EB JR 1350 CHANCELLOR R 1493 CHAPMAN DR 1737 CHAPPELLWE ..1042106311831366 1466 CHEPI L WS 1142 CHRISTENSEN DR 1316 CLEMENT T 1570 CLIBURN LE 12601383 L.L.ON INGER RA 1417 CLOSE GE 1113 COARTNEY JS 1183 1366 COBERLYC 1488 COBLE HD .12161217121812191220 COCHRAN WW 1586 CODE JA 1541 CODY JB 1035 COLLINS D 1270 CONNER RN 131316091686 141 ""'" - ..... ·w;.- COOK DB ----Fe _..ii t ;y==-am71f .-mE eST T5""'-e&'mw-ws-~'-'a@;w ]Sri5iG)pirGii':"·&:"'6"*$'n-"·~;:ntCf"'·~N""-·'JP'me5W·rt.2*if '~'¥Tn5 P"'ff'iZ E3 ,'4'i'lW23SGU'S"~Y-1 lFP aT ..53?'·,.......e 5*'SrMM'-f$llt:"1';':'7~ AUTHOR INDEX - COOK DB 1396 COOK J 1700 COOK SF 1747 CORBETT ES 1489 CORBIN FT 1201 CORNABY BW 1635 CORNWELL GW 15601571 COULTER LL 1469 COVINGTON DA 1126 COWELL BC 1089 CRAIGHEAD JJ 1605 CRAMER OP 1100 CRAN HJ JR 1066 1209 CRAWFORD HS •........16091688 CRAWFORD JE 1310 CROSBY 0 1375 CROSSMAN JS...........•..1511 CROUCH GL :1670 CROW AB 1555 CRUMRINE JP 14951496 CUMBIE PM 1417 CUNNINGHAM EL 1289 CURRIER J 14951496 CURTIS JD 1153 CURTIS RL.1309 CUSHING CE JR 1520 D DAHL E 1372 DALTON RL 1074 DAMBACH CA 1760 DAMES AND MOORE 11091110 DANIELS EW 1415 DARNELL RM 14671482 DARR GW 1677 DASMANN W 1724 DAVRING L 1198 DAVIDSON E 1539 DAVIDSON JH•.............1233 DAVIS FS 122912321548 DAVISJA 1168 DAVIS RB 1720 DAVIS T ...•......•.......1173 DAY BE 1731 DAY CG 1481 DEARMENT R ......•.......1379 DEGRAFF RM .........•...•1680 DEJONGE ..............•.1542 DELLABIANCA L 1346 DEVANEY TD .............•1341 DEWEY JE .•............•.1056 DICKERSON BP ..........•..1528 DICKINSON LE 11281471 DICKINSON NR ..........•..1381 DICKSON KL•.........•.••.1511 DILGER we 1596 142 OIL L N H.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1349 1461 DILLON OW JR 1504 DIMOCK EJ 1102 OlTMAN WD 1068 DOANE AGRICULTURAL SERVICE 1627 DOHRENWEND R 1093 DOLTONRL 11171210 DOW EA 1715 DOWNEY 1634 DRISCOLL D 1538 DRIVER CH 1420 DRYDEN RL.1111 DUGAN RF 1625 DUNCAN DA 1648 DWERNYCHUK LW 1690 DYER MI 1314 DYKSTRA DP 1663 DYRNESSCT ".1134113611401146 114711491549 E EDGERTON PJ 1602 EDISON ELECTRIC INSTITUTE.1276 1816 EDMINSTER FC ..1396161416261764 EFIRD TE 1207 EGLER FE .10211022102710901165 116612561259136013641371 1750 1756175717991822 EHRENREICH HJ 1393 EICHERT JP 1344 EIJSACKERS H 1530 ELDER WH ..........•.....1723 ELLlSDH 1572 ELLIS JA 1588 ELLIS MM 1526 EMANUEL OM 1131 EMERSON DB 1786 ENGSTROM DG 1635 ERNSTW 1480 ESLINGER DH 1620 ESPOSITO JE.•.............1075 ETTER SL 1719 EVANS FC 1372 EVANS KE 1667 EVANS TM 1175 EVANSWA 1112 F FALLETTI DA 1498 FARMER EE 1637 FARMER JD JR 1159 1163 FEDERER CA 1512 FENTON MB 1681 1811 FERGUSON CF 1406 FERRANTE JG 1415 FERRIS CR 14241562 FtNNISJM 10731191 FISHER OW 1546 FISHER HI 1575 FISHER JE 1536 FLANNERY RF 1204 FLETCHALL OH 1202 FLETCHER JE 1637 FLOOD BS 1798 FLOWERDEW RTN 1778 FOG AJ 1444 FOLEYET 1644 FOOTE LE 1175 FOREBACK CG 1055 FOSTER CHW II.1473 FOWLER OK 1615 FOWLER ME 1019 FOX CJS 1347 FOX M 1539 FRANCISCO DC 1263 FRANZREB , .1809 FREDRIKSEN RL 11321179 FROEHLICH HA 13821663 FURMAN T 1353 G GADERRY HM 1342 GARDNER MR 1205 GARDNER RB 1519 GARLAND LE 1625 GARRISON GA 11031648 GARTON JS 1417 GASHWILER JS 1703 GAUVIN A 1694 GENTRY JB 1453 GEORGE JL 1821 GILES RH JR 16241771 GILL D ......•..•...•,16821691 Gl LL JD 1385 1680 1805 GOLDSMITH FB 1781 GOLLOP MA ..........••...1578 GOOD EE 1760 GOODRICH TK ...........•.1350 GOODRUM PD 13571751 GOODSON LH 1342 GOODWIN JG JR 1418 GOODWIN RH 13191557 GORING CAl.1088 1200 1390 1391 1547 GRABER JW 1577 1779 GRABER RR 1577 1581 17791818 GRANOCX ...•............1150 GRANT WF 1300 AUTHOR INDEX GRATKOWSKI HJ 104811521728 GRAVATT GF 1019 GRAVES HB 1279 GRAVES JH 1275 GREEN LR 1301 GREENTREE WJ 1780 GREGG LE 1654 GREGORY RPG 1554 GREHLlNGER PM 1196 GRIFFITH DB 1403 GRIFFITH JD 1391 GRIMEJP l009 GROSS FH 1223 GROSSBARD E 1529 GROVE AR 1253 GRUNDYWM 1248 GUNTER G 1590 GYSEL LW 1243 135114701633 17431758 H HAGAN TP 1777 HAGAR DC 1744 HAINES 1589 HALEJB 1654 HALL F C 1653 HALLS LK 1611 HALMA JR 1286 HALVORSON CH 1455 HAMAKER JW 108812001390 HAMILTON R 1733 HAMILTON RB 1673 HAMMERTON JL.1795 HAMPSON RJ 1082 HANDLEY CO JR 1710 'HANLEY PT 1135 HANSBROUGH JR 1108 HANSEN HL 1221 1251 HANSEN J 1273 1723 HANSEN RM 13781380 HARDIN 0 1428 HARDY JL 1081 HARLOW RF 1688 HARP G 1239 HARPER JL 1712 HARRIS CI 15451819 HARRISON J 1463 HARVEY RG ,1039 HASSINGER JD 1766 HASS LE R SS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581 HAUGEN AO 1613 HAUPT HF 1123 HAVERlACK EG 1562 HAWBECKER AC 1761 HAWES RA 1801 HAWKES CL 1044 HAWKINS J 1326 HAYJ 1176 HAYSHA ,,1748 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1293 HEALYWM 18051807 HEEDE BH _ _11391533 HEGDAL PL ..,,1455 HEIN N 1199 HEINSELMAN ML . _1749 HEISLER G 1556 HEKLER K 1783 HELMERSAE 1120 HERNANDEZ H 1327 HERRINGTON L 1556 HICKEYMB 1584 HILL CE 1130 HILTIBRAN Fic 1231 HINDAWI IJ 1389 HINMAN R 1685 HIRTH HF 1468 HOCHBAUM HA . _1571 HOLBERGER R 1782 HOLBROOK HL 13671806 HOLMSEN TW 1213 HOLT HA ,,.,1190 HOOPER RB 1688 HOOPES R ,1489 HOOVEN EF ,.., . , . , . ,1689 HOOVER MD , ,1814 HOPKINS HT 1786 HORNBECK JW , , ,..,1512 HORTON JS 1502 HOUSE WB , .1342 HOWELL JC , ,1595 HOWLETT B ' . ,.., ,1770 HUBBARD JP .., ,1650 HUBBARD R , , . ,1724 HUBERMAN MA ,1020 HUDSON RJ .., . ,1801 HUGHES OL 1135 HULL HM , ,1725 HUMMER RW ,1525 HUNT RA 1430 HUNTER JH 1195 HURD RM 1358 HURST GA 1442 HURST WD 1671 HI-Rn W .•..........•....1336 HUSSEYWL 1186 HUTCHINSON HE ,1017 HUTNIK RJ 1646 HYLTENCAVALLIUS N 1484 HYMAS TA 1092 IBBE RSON JE 1164 1259 KNAPP KL J JACKSON AS,,.., ' ,...' ,1379 JACKSON JA.",.,1608 JACOBS KS,,1158 JAMES 8M ,1482 JEMISON GM., . , . , . ,.., ,..,1095 JENKINS JC .....".....,1005 JOHNS HR , , , . ' . , '10121272 1296 JOHNSON CD , ' , . , ,1291 JOHNSON DR ' , . '1378 JOHNSON FL . ,'..,1368 JOHNSON FM ' . ,1346 JOHNSON HB . , , ,..1016 1620 JO HN SO N J E., ' , . . . ' , . , . . . ,1388 JOHNSON JOHNSON AND ROY.1295 1297 JOHNSON RD 1624 JOH'NSON RR 14991649 JOHNSON WC 1407 1413 JOHNSTON OW ..1589 1594 1706 1754 JOHNSTON FB ",1112 JOHNSTON PA ' . , , . ,12981325 JOHNSTON vR . , . , , , ,1759 JONESAB 1771 JONES DA 1649 JOSELYN GB ,.161016171719 JOSLYN J J,1621 JUDD P 1776 JUHREN MC 1299 JUNTUNEN ET 1049 K KABATC ,..,1640 KALISON SL , , ,.., .1067 KAUFMAN D .., , . ',1374 KEARNEY P ,.., , ' ,1374 KEARNEY PC ,1208 KEATON JA ..,.1216121712181219 1220 KEEVER C 1362 KEIM CJ . , ,1812 KEITH JO 1380 KEMPE R CA . . . . ...1576 1580 1587 KENAGA EE 1450 KENFIELD WG 1129 KENNAMER JE ..,1302 KIDDWJJR 11151122 KING DL.,1642 KIRCH JH 10131075 KITCHINGS JT 1784 KLEBENOW DA 1677 KLEIN DR ,1439 KLIMSTRA WO 1582 KLINGMAN DL 1077 KLOCK GO ..'1491 KNAPP KL 1531 143 ""'" ...... - ..... KOCHP KOCH P 1656 KOCHENDERFER IN 1513 KOMAREK EV 1705 KORNBERG HA 1277 KRAAL H 1480 KRAEGER RH 1143 KRAPUGL 1567 KRATOCHVIL DE 1363 KREFTING LW ..1221125117071742 KROODSMA RL 1661 KRULL IN 14451446 KRYGIER JT 1517 16981704 KURFURST PJ 1540 L LAJOIE DT 1377 LANCIA RA 1616 LANDES K R 16741733 LANING ER 1213 LARKIN RP 1558 LARSON JS 1722 LASKEY AR 15851595 LASSOIE JP 1603 LATHAM RM 1612 LAWRENCE WHo 1727 LAWSON HMc ............•.1086 LAY OW 14791713 LEAF CF "1494 LEE JM JR 1403 LEE R 1655 LEEDY DL 1638 LEGRAND EK 1441 LEITH RH JR 1265 LEMMIEN W 1633 LENG ML 14351449 LEONARD JW 1606 LEONARD OA 1321 LEOPOLD A 1607 LEVIN MH 1345 LEVNO A 1709 L1KENSGE 1487150615461683 LINCICOME RA 1237 L1NDUSKA JP .........•....1477 L1SK OJ ..•...............1225 LITTLES 1323 LOACH K 1009 LOBUE J 1467 LONGCORE JR 1815 LOPUSHINSKY W 1098 LOTSPEICH FB 1120 LOWDEN MS .•.............1095 LUBORE S 1782 1785 LULL HW ..............•..1521 LYNCH JA 14891508 LYNN GE ..•........"....•1820 LYON LJ.1339 1662 144 M MACCONNELL P W 1621 MACE AC JR 1544 MACGREGOR WG 1724 MACRIGEANIS SN 1408 MALEFYT JJD 1775 MALEFYT SO 1775 MANN K 1373 MANN RA 1161 MARCUM LC 1615 MARKS PL 1693 MARQUIS DA 1292 MARRIAGE LD 1504 MARTELL AM 1651 MARTIN CW 1322 MARTIN JW 1302 MARTIN RG 1101 MARTIN SC...........•....1257 MARTOGLIO LD 1368 MASER C ..1398 1400 1404 1411 1765 MASON EA 1464 MASON LL 1491 MASON M 1453 MATHISEN JE 1452 MATIHEWS WL.1405 MAYER TO 118014091425 MAYFIELD H 1573 MCBRIDE JR 1797 MCCAFFERY KR 1368 MCCARTY MK 1370 MCCLOSKEY RT 1377 MCCOLLISTER DO 1449 MCCONNE L CA 1616 MCCUTCHEN L 1204 MCCUTCHEON LR 1194 MCGINNES BS 1716 MCINTOSH lG 1230 MCKEE GW 1279 MCKENNA MG 1791 MCKENZIE OW 1656 MCLEAN HR 10941657 MCNEI LLY TS 1554 MCQUILKIN WE 124512491255 MEANS RL 1310 ME DEPT OF INLAND FISHERIES AND GAME 1601 MEDICKY EJ 1181 MEEHAN WR 1040 MEGAHANWF 11151119 MEIER P 1783 MEIKLE RW 1547 MEMPHIS STATE UNIV 1697 MENGEL RM 1592 MERINO JM 1660 MERKLE MG ..;15161548 MERRIAM HG .........•....1629 MERSEREAU RC 1136 MESLOW EC .......•.......1669 AUTHOR INDEX MESSER JB 1332 MEYER RE 1232 MI PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION 14851486 MICHAEL ED 156216791702 MIDDLETON JB ..1001117012711274 MIKKELSEN DALGAARD SV 1244 MILLER CF 1281 MILLER CH 1034 MILLER D 1127 MILLER DE 1552 MILLER R 1765 MILLER RA 1044 MILLER RJ 1156 MILONSKI M 1632 MINER NH 1718 MITCHELL B 1619 M1TCHELL RG ,1104 MOFFAT RW 1070 MONSEN S8 1315 1316 MONTAG D 1369 MONTGOMERY KR 1299 MONTGOMERYML 11741527 MOORE DG 1053 1097 1179 1492 MORRIS MJ 1676 MORROW L 1782 MORTON HL 121512291516 MOYER EL 1085 MUEGGLER WF 13391459 MULCAHY JV . . . . . ....1790 MULLISON WE 1335 MULLISON WR 105910801454 MUMFORD RE 1579 MURARKA IP 1415 MURPHY AH 1321 MURPHY DA 1393 MURPHY JR 1572 MUSSER EG '1740 MUTCH FK 1777 MUZIK T 1178 MYERS CA 1676 N NAGY J 1813 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 1160 NELSON M 1125 NERO RW 1583 NEUMANN PW 1629 NEWTON M 1036 1078 1083 1726 1792 NICKERSON PRo 1419 NIERING WA 1028 1162 12241319 1371 1557 NOBLE RE 1673 NOLAN V JR 1579 AUTHOR INDEX NORMAN RL 1423 NORRIS FA.. . . . . . . . . . ....1574 NORRIS LA.....1036 1037 1038 1040 1044104910521053105710581071 107810791083 1CJ97 117411791187 1188123414921527 NY STATE DEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICE 1284 o ODENING WR 1660 ODUM EP 14531754 OETTING RB 14371438 OGILVIE MA 14581462 OGILVIE RT 1353 OLENDORFF RR ..'1310 OLENIK CJ "100211541169 OLIVER WH..1684 OLSON DP 1408 OLSONPA 1520 OLSON PD 1423 OMELIA FC 1391 ONTARIO HYDRO 112116221623 OOSTINGHJ.'1365 ORR HK 1138 OVERLY R 1666 OXLEYDJ 16811811 P PACIFIC GAS ELECTRIC CO 1018 PACKER PE 1721 PAGE RD 1440 PALMER JS 1050 PANGBURN GC 1772 PARIZEK RR 1639 PARSONS JH 1206 PARTRIDGE DB 1508 PATRICJH 1240138514901509 15341535 PATTON DR 1426 PEARSON PG 1746 PECKHAM 0 1009 PELTON JF 1824 PENDLETON RF 1056 PENGELLY WL 1329 PENNSYLVANIA ELECTRIC CO.1087 PENNSYLVANIA POWER AND LIGHT 1010 PEQUEGNAT WE 1482 PERRY C 1666 PERRY PW 1228 PETERSON SR 1376 PFEFFER J 1785 PHILIPS RL .......•........1707 PIERCE RS 132214871512 PILION J.. . . . . . . . . ... ...:::' PLUMB TR ._,"=27 POULSEN E.. . . . . . . . . . . .::~4 POUND CE . . . . . . . . .-56 PRAWDZI K T . . . . . . . . . . . .203 PRICE LG . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....~'':O PRIDDLE GB.. . . . . . . . . .;~19 PRINE EL.. . . . . . . . . . . ....'39 PROEBSTING EL JR.. . . . . ...~:52 PUGH RR 1015 PUGLISI MJ 1766 PUNTEL WR . . . . . . . . . . . ...1788 Q QUINN RD 1658 R RADVANYI A 1051 RANDALL W ;028 RAPOPORT EH ic31 RAVELING DG 1576 REEVES CC 1322 REGELIN WL 143';1813 REICHERT DW 1';34 REID CPP 1336 REID VH 13571751 REIMER CA 1045 1:33 REINHART KG 1521 1814 REINSEL EN 1777 RESLER RA 1330 REYNOLDS HG 1732 17331739 RICHARDS N 1:66 RICHTER WC . . . . . . . . . . ...;356 RIETSEMAAV 1776 RING LEE RJ 1788 RIPLEY TH 1309 i745 RITTY PM 1507 ROAN CC 1514 ROBERTS A H 1448 ROBERTS LJ 1436 ROBINEETIE GO 1285 ROBINETTE WL 1701 ROBINSON JP 1796 ROBINSON LR JR 1636 RODIEK JE 139814001404 ROPER LA 1423 ROSEMARIN CS 1733 ROSENTHAL RN 1144 ROSGEN D ...•........14971532 ROSS MA 1386 ROSSMAN WR 1024 1154 ROTHACHER J 10981709 ROWE PB •................1736 ROWE VK 1092 SMITH M ROWELL CH 10061282 ROWLAND EB.. . . . . . ......1774 RUCH LC 1252 RUSCH AJ 1640 RUSSELLSS 1072 S SAISORN B 1647 SAMUEL DE 1655 SAMUELSON AJ 1015 SARLES RL 1131 SARTWELL C 1104 SARTZRS 1524 SCHAAL HR 1787 SCHENK JA 1624 SCHERZINGER RJ 1399 SCHIEFELBEIN GF 1003 SCHMUTZ EM 1355 SCHNEEGAS ER 1308 SCHREIBER RK 127514071413 SCHROEDER CH 1402 SCHROEDER HJ JR 1038 SCHULTZ AM 1523 SCHUSTER JL 1343 SCHWARTZBECK RA 1236 SCOTT DRM 1420 SCOTT RE ..•..............1436 SEARS HS 1040 SELMAN FL 1201 SHARP WM 1734 SHAW WC 1077 SHELTON LR . . . ....1793 SHIELDS RW 1668 SHIPMAN RD 1047 1344 SHUGART HH JR 13071373 1784 1802 SHULER EB 1025 SICCAMA TG 1683 SIDDOWA Y FH 1142 SIEGFRIED WR 1569 SIMS HP 1324 SISSON J 1565 SKUTSCH MM 1778 SMALL JA 1331 SMART CW 1771 1774 SMITH AE 1429 SMITH CF 1808 SMITH DD 1551 SMITH DG 1572 SMITH DL 1598 SMITH DR 1043 SMITH ER ..........•..13541443 SMITH ET 1769 SMITH HC 12121394 SMITH JG 1103 SMITH M .............•....1603 145 - - "'"' .-1-"." .... SMITH PF SMITH PF 1767 SMITH RH 1427 SMITH RM 1735 SMITH TW 1005 SNYDER HA 1416 SNYDER NFR 1416 SNYDER WD 1422 SOPPER WE 15011508 SORENSEN RW 1268 SPARROWE RD 1798 SPAULDING P 1108 SPENCERDA 142117551762 SPRINGER PF 1561 SPRUNT A 1564 SQUIRE GR 17~6 STALLINGS RR 1222 STALTER R 1328 STAMEY WL 1735 STAMM K 1348 STARR JW 1189 STECKO V 1177 STEINJN llll STEINHART JS 1005 STENBERG IN 1064 STENLUND MH ..•..........1251 STERRETT JP 11711214 ST JOHN LE ...........•...1225 STOBBE EH 1195 STOCKSTAD OW 1605 STODDARD HL 1574 STOECKELER JR 1518 STORY JD 1407 1784 STOUT IJ . . . . . . . . . . . . .1456 1560 STRAND RH 1307 STRICKENBERGER LR 1245 STRITZKE JF 1046 SUNNER M 1198 SUTHERLAND PH ......•....1558 SWAN DG 1175 SWANSON FJ 1132 SWANSTON ON ..1132 1133 1134 1137 SWIFT LW JR 1332 T TABER OW 1536 TABER RD 14201603 TABOR P ,1741 TALBERT 1202 TANNER JT 1595 TARRANT RF 1048 TATE GI ,......•....1617 TAYLOR S 1557 TAYLOR WK .............•.1568 TELFER ES 1387 TERRES JK........•.•...•.1591 TEVIS L JR ......•••.....•.1753 146 TEW RK 1483 THILENIUS JF 1043 THOMAS DR 1383 THOMAS JW 1156 1397 1398 1399 140014041411 167016801765 THOMPSON RA 1019 THORNBURGH PI 1702 THORSELL RS 1278 TIEDEMANN AR 1491 TIETJEN HP 1455 TILLMAN RE 1014 TOMKINS OJ 1300 TOMOH CS 1803 TOR DOFF HB 1592 TRAUTMAN CG 1804 TRICHELL OW 1516 TRIMBLE GR JR 121213851524 TROENDLE CA 1494 TRUMBO HA 1466 TSCHIRLEY FH 12081338 TU CM 1061 U ULRICH ES 1267 UPCHURCH RP ..120112161217 1218 121912201228 US DEPT OF AGRICULTURE ...1065 US FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN 1116 US FOREST SERVICE 100810261645 V VAN DER DRIFT J 1530 VAN HYNJNG JM 1812 VASEK FC 10161620 VERNER J 1672 VOELLER JE 1190 VOSBURGH J 1460 VOYTKO JD 1114 W WADEDD 1711 WAGNER DG 1225 WAGNER JF 1203 WALDREP TW 1537 WALKINSHAW LH 1593 WALLMO OC •......14341717 1813 WALQUIST BT 1772 WARDAL •.........•..13801431 WARD FR ....•........10941657 AUTHOR INDEX WARE GW 1514 WARNER OW 1576 WARNOCK JE 1719 WARREN GF 1033 WARREN LE 1192 1193 1729 WARWICK JJ 1355 WASH BON WE 1538 WATERS WE 1048 WAYJ 1493 WAY JM 133414511641 WEBB WL 1038 1174 1428 1647 WEBER JB 13201537 WEBSTER AH 1145 WEED MB 1184 WEED SB 1537 WEIDHAAS JA.1183 WEIER RW 1699 WELCH AW 1184 WENDEL GW 1235 WESTERN SYSTEMS COORDINATING COUNCI L 1124 WESTHOFF V 1352 WESTING AH )333 WETSCH AF 1011 1155 WHITFORD WG 1659 WHITMAN IL.1789 WHITNEY AN 1643 WI NAT RES COUN OF ST AGENCIES 1695 WIENS JA 13061311 1314 WIESE JH 1559 WIGHT HM 1669 WILL JB 10421366 WI LLARD BE 1503 1794 WILLIAMSCS 103210541211 WILLIAMS GG 1597 WILLIAMS JL JR 1386 WILLINGHAM CA 1635 WILLISR 1800 WILSON DL 1773 WI LSON JG 1197 WINKLER CK 1720 WINSTON AW JR 1507 WISCHMEJER WH ,1551 WITT WW 1320 WOODHOUSE CB "12611287 WOODRUFF NP .....•.......1142 WOOLDRIDGE DO 1141 1550 WORLEY DP 1472 14741752 WRIGHTWG 1032 WURM R 1303 WY GAME AND FISH DEPT 1290 y YERKES VP 1151 YOUNG HE ........•...1262 1264 AUTHOR INDEX YOUNG LB . . . . . . . . . .1280 ;294 YOUNGSON CR.1088 1390 1547 YURICH S 1172 z ZAVITKOVSKI J . . ..10781083 ZEEDYK WD ;667 17,4 ZIMMERMAN DR 1599 ZONDERWIJK P 1352 ZORB G 1604 ZUCK R 1148 ZUCK R 147 - - REGION INDEX APPLICABLE TO ENTIRE UNITED STATES ,... - - - A American Desert (Mojave-Colorado· Sonoran) BIRDS 1803 CLEARING 1016 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 1016 1803 CONSTRUCTION 1620 CORRIDOR 1016 DESERT 10161762 DISTURBANCE 1016 ECOSYSTEM ,.1016 HABITAT 17621803 IMPACT.. . . . . . . . ...10161620 MAMMALS.SMALL 1762 RESILIENCE 1016 RIGHT·OF·WAY 10161620 STRUCTURES <••••••,.1016 SUCCESSION •.............1016 TRANSMISSION 1016 VEGETATION 10161620 Appalachian Oak Forest AESTHETICS 1170 AMMONIUM SULFAMATE 1242 1466 APPLICATION METHODS .....1047 BIRDS ...1313 13181661 16781680 1686 1740 BIRDS.BREEDING 1313 BIRDS.GAME _1148 BIRDS.NONGAME 16861706 BROWN OUT 1242 BROWSE 16461745 BRUSH 10251031 124012421250 1254126413371472 1474 1475 BRUSH CONTROL ..103110471066 12121246 BUFFER ZONE 1506 BU LLDOZING 1354 BURNING •...............1646 CANOPY 1506 CHECKLIST 1169 1031 CLEARCUTTING 115316461686 CLEARING ....1010 102511171153 1267127413131322133213461394 1466 1506 1508 1678 CLEARING SELECTIVE ..10281051 1267 COMMUNITIES ....116412351344 1822 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE....1066 1164124613441354137115061822 CONSERVATION 1029 CONSTRUCTION 1636 COST 1047 COSTS 1117 COVER 1254 1259 13841433 1472 147414751740 CUTTING 1745 DEER 13121745 DISTRIBUTION 1746 DIVERSITY 1313 ECOLOGICAL 1051 1246 ECOLOGY 1028 1264 1286 1337 1395 1433 ECOLOGY,APPLIED 1246 ECOSYSTEM 1235 ENVIRONMENT 1117 ENVIRONMENTAL.CHANGE ..1362 EQUIPMENT 1031 EROSION 1354 1636 EROSION CONTROL 1636 FENURON 1466 FERTILIZATION 1264 FISH 1332 FOOD 12541259131213461384 14331472 14741475 1618 FOREST 1332134415081680 FORESTRY 1153 HABITAT 1029 1312 13181371 1468 1680 1706 HABITAT MANIPULATION 1466 HELICOPTER 1169 HERBICIDES 1010 1031 10471051 1066108711541212123512401242 1246 1250 1259 1274 1328 1337 1344 1360138414331466147214741475 1752 IMPACT ..12351242125412741275 134613841394140714681472 1474 1475150615081678 IMPACTS 13131322 INITIAL FLORISTIC COMPOSITION 1822 LAW 1636 LOGGING 1153 MAINTENANCE 101010661170 125912641267127413541371 MAMMALS.GAME 1745 MAMMALS,SMALL.127514071413 1468 1678 1746 MAMMALS.SMALL GAME ....1148 MANAGEMENT ....100210101028 10291154116412461680 MONURON 1466 MOWING 10251740 NITROGEN CYCLE 1322 NO·CUT ARtA 1506 NUTRIENT REMOVAL 1322 PICLORAM 1047 PIPELINE 1636 PLANTING 1148 POPULATION 1661 1678 QUALITY 1508 REGENERATION '"1557 REGULATIONS 1636 REVEGETATION 10291328 RIGHT-OF·WAY ....100210251028 1029 1051 1066 1087 1117 1164 1169 1170124612501254125912641267 1274127512861312131813281337 135413841407141314331472 1474 1475161816361661 ROOT 1264 ROUTING 1286 SAFETY 1031 SEDIMENT 1636 SEEDING 10251029 SHRUBS 1148 1618 SLASH 1010 SLASH DISPOSAL 1025 SOIL 1029 SPECIES 1031 1169 SPRAYING.BASAL.115411691250 1752 SPRAYING,BROADCAST 1250 SPRAYING,FOLIAGE 1250 SPRAYING,SELECTIVE ..10281051 1154116411691170125913281360 SPROUTING 12641394 STAB I LiTY 1164 STREAM 133215061508 STREAMfLOW 1508 SUCCESSION 124613621371 1395 1468 1746 1822 SUCCESSION.SECONDARY ...1354 13601362 SUCCESSIONAL STAGE 1362 TEMPERATURE ...133215061508 TREES ...1031 1047121212351240 1394 TURBIDITY 1508 UTILIZATION 1264 VEGETATION ..1002101012461371 1646 1746 WATER 1508 WATER TABLE 1354 WATERSHED 1508 WATERSHEDS 1322 WEEDS.ECOLOGY OF 1362 WI LD LI FE.....1148 1254 1259 1275 1312133713461384139514071433 1466146816181646 WINDTHROW 1153 WOOD FIBER FARMING 1264 2,4·0 1047 1212 124012421360 2,4,5·T 10251047121212351240 1242132813601752 Applicable to entire United States ABSORPTION 1187 ACCESS ROAD 1093 1111 1540 ACQUISITION 10261790 AERIAL 1157 1181 1248 AESTHETICS 1008101711261226 1271128212851294129512971317 13341773 149 ............._ll'Ij~4"*"'"-....,_'~'......_~_......._~_....................__............._............''9'¥"2JoA APPLICABLE TO ENTIRE UNITED STATES REGION INDEX - ;,GRICULTURE ....111412931538 1543 1622 1628 1735 AMINOTRIAZOLE 10521065 AMITROLE 1079 AMMATE·X ,1227 AMMONIUM SULFAMATE 1065 116012281392 ANIMALS 1031 1629 ANIMALS,AQUATIC 14931792 ANIMALS,FERAL.1538 APPLICATION METHODS 1031 1035106510771090115711591175 118111991210124813421792 APPRAISAL 1790 AQUATIC 1031 148215141526 1792 ARSENICALS ,105911881338 ASSESSMENT 1785 ATRAZINE ,1079 AVALANCHE 11341137 AVIFAUNA 131013141573 1578 15831584158515871591 15921595 1597 BEHAVIOR 140014781590 BENEFITS 1505 BIBLIOGRAPHY ,1005 BIOMASS 1306 1311 1314 BIRD KILLS 1127 140114021416 14191436146014651471 1561 1567 1568157015731574157815801583 158415851587158815891591 15\)2 159415951596 BIRDS ...1050112711281306 1308 130913101311131413761401 1402 1416141914361444144914501456 145814601462146314651471 1476 1478156015611564156715681570 1573 1574 1578 1580 1582 1583 1584 158515871588158915901591 1592 1594159515961597159815991605 16501667166816701672 1675 1676 169717011719177918051808 81RDS,GAME 132616101801 BIRDS,NONGAME 13081309 BIRDS,SONG ..1310 1436 14601578 1583 1584 1585 1587 1591 1592 1610 BREEDING 1605 BROWN OUT 11571199 BROWSE .•....1334148916291701 BRUSH ...1013 106510911181 1184 1190119912051207121012111226 1236 1241 1248 1265 1720 1728 BRUSH CONTRO l..1030 1036 1041 104810521077 1086 1091 11591171 1174119012071211121612481293 1392 1612 1638 1671 BUFFER STRiPS 1116 BURNING .....1094111611341671 1705 BURNING,CONTROLLED ....1301 CARRYING CAPAC1TY ..16261801 CHANGES,EFFECT OF 1605 150 CHECK DAMS 1533 CHECKLIST 1026121012361315 1341 1614 CHEMICALS ...1023 104810491227 1335142915161671 CLASSIFICATION ..103316251801 CLEARCUTTING ...111611331134 113713291330148915011662 CLEARING ....10351090 10931124 1158132913301512168216931814 CLEARING,MECHANICAL 1671 CLEARING,SELECTIVE 1035 COMMUNITIES ....102112981305 131713251398 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ....1035 1086 1090 131.7 1325 COMPACTION 1382 15431623 COMPETITION 1298 COMPOSITION 10231314 COMPUTER 11611774 CONDUCTOR 1127 CONDUCTOR CLEARANCE 1419 CONSERVATION 15021626 CONSTRUCTION 100310071018 10 19 1111 1116 1119 1121 1133 1134 1137 1143 1269 1482 1519 1531 1536 15531637163916451786 CONTROL 1128 1671 COPPICE 1325 CORRIDOR 1022112814011436 1556 COST 1622 COVER 122613261701 17151716 CROP YIELD 1622 CROSSING 1111 DAMAGE.o 109413891518 DANGER TREES 1093 DEBRiS 0 11341137 DECOMPOSITION ..134213741375 1547 DEER ....1713 17141715 1716 1720 D"'GRADATION ...1041 10541059 1070120012081234123813741375 1429 1454 1507 1511 DENSITY 0 1573 DEPOSITION 1497 DESIGN ..10081018112612851295 129715191553 1789 DEVELOPMENT 1297 DICAMBA 0 ..1186 DIET 1429 DIOXIN 119713881488 DISSOLVED OXYGEN 1496 DISTRIBUTION 1295 DISTURBANCE ,1327 14391535 1542 DIURNAL 1478 DIVERSITY 132913981712 DRIFT CONTROL 1192 DUCKS 1401 1465 EAGLE 11271419 EASEMENT 1790 ECOLOGICAL ..1003140114021419 143614581462146314651503 ECOLOGY .....1027 104111141127 1188129813251333133613421376 1454148415031515157315831584 15871591 1592 1629163016821705 172817751781 179417991801 1824 ECOLOGY,APPLIED ....1021 1022 1035 1090 ECOSYSTEM ...1021 102210231026 1027105410901111 130613091311 1314132513291338134215031554 1630 1635 1648 1799 EDGE 1398 1757 ELECTRICAL EFFECT 1003 1294 1623 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT 1553 ELECTROSTATIC 1484 ELK 1662 ENDANGERED 11271308 1352 1419 1599 ENERGY 1285 ENGINEERING 11351540 ENVIRONMENT 100310051006 1017112111241126116011781277 1278 1279 1280 1282 1285 1293 1296 1317 1341 1486 1489 1503 1505 1519 1526155416191634163916481767 17681769 1770 1771 1776 1778 1779 178417851786178717881789 ENVI RONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 102310361041 1058 1080 1081 1124 12081342 1788 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ..1294 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ...1342 1787 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 1482.16711789 EQUIPMENT 117411811227 EROSION 1119 1122 1142 1483 1495149714981500151315261533 15341535153615411551 16141637 17351814 EROSION CONTROL ....11191122 11421513153315351637 EROSION,ACCELERATED ....1134 1137 EROSION,SHEET 1551 EROSION,SOIL 113311371142 1325 1531 1638 16451764 EUTROPHICATION 1495 EVALUATION ..1766 1779 17811782 1786 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 1494 FARM 0 15381551 FARMING " 0 1623 FAUNA 1279 1530 1631 1805 FERTILIZATION 126514921501 FERTILIZERS 0 .....0.1048 - - - - .- REGION INDEX APPLICABLE TO ENTIRE UNITED STATES -< -- -- - FIRE 1301 17051710 FIRE HAZARD 1301 FiSH.....11111167123112761293 1335144014501489150415901638 1649 1650 1697 FISH,TOXICITY TO.1031 10491081 17921820 FLOOD ,1518 FLORA,..10261276127913521389 1641 FLOW 1512 FLOW ALTERATION 1512 FOOD ....1429 1713 1715 1716 1808 FOOD CHAIN,1335 FOOD PLOTS , .1469 FORBS 1325 FOREST ..10081048105811191160 1171118811891234130613081309 1311 132913301333139814831489 1492 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1500 1509 1512 1513 1519 1531 1532 1534 1535 1645 1648 1667 16701676 1682 1693 1766 1805 1808 1814 FOREST LITTER 1234 FORESTS ,13821501 FRt LLING 1190 FUELBREAK 1301 GAME ,.........•..1607 GEOLOGy 113515401541 GEOMORPHOLOGY.1133 1135 1532 1541 GLACIAL DEPOSITS 1135 GRASSES 11291265 GRAZING CAPACITY :1515 GROWTH ...•............1205 GROWTH FORM 1626 GROWTH INHIBITOR 1184 1205 1816 GROWTH RATE 1177 GULLy 1533 HABITAT 1035 1162 11801279 1306 13081309 1310 1311 13141315 1329133013341357139814001416 1469150415051564159916121625 1626164916501667166816701672 1674167516761714172017301764 1765176617791781 17981805 HABITATCHANGE.111313291338 13521605 HABITAT MANIPULATION ...,1128 13101326135714641469 HABITAT PERTURBATICN 1439 HYDROLOGY 1639 HELICOPTER 1183 HERBACEOUS 1226 HERBICIDE USE POLICIES 1172 HERBICIDES ...1013 1022 1023 1027 10301031 10331034103510361039 1041 104610481049105010521054 1058105910651067106810701077 10791080 1081 1086108810901091 1092 115711581159116011621171 1172117411751176117711781180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 11 90 1192 1193 1195 1197 1199120012011207120812101211 1213121412161227122812291230 1231 123312341236123712381244 1248124912531273129312961298 1301 130513171325133313351338 1341134213521363137413751386 138813901391 1392141414291435 14481449 145{)1451 14541461 1464 14691488149214931501 15051507 1509 1514 1515 1516 1525 1530 1545 1547158216061631167417251726 1727 1729 1792 1820 HIGHWAY.., .,15981637 16381639 16641811 HUMJDITY 1556 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 1494 HYPO·HATCHET 1190 IMPACT ..10031005100610191021 1023102710391041 105910671068 1081109010921111111411191121 1127112811431160118011881200 1208121312301231 1277 1279 1280 1282128512941296130513091317 1325132713291330133313351336 1338134213521363138213861389 1391 140114021419142914351436 1439144914501454145814601461 1462146314651471 148014821483 14841486148814941501 15051531 1538 1542 1553 1561 1567 1573 1574 1578158015821583158415851587 1588158915901591 159215941595 15961607161916221623 1629 1630 1635 1639 1641 1726 1727 1729 1751 17681770 1771 1773177817821784 17871814 IMPACTS 1568 IMPROVEMENT 15041511 INDEX 1398 INFILTRATION "14941534 INHIBlTORS ,1023 INSECTICIDES ,104811871545 INTERCEPTION 1494 INVENTORY 1135 INVERT EMULSiON 11861213 LAND USE ....1006 1090 11141282 1285129312951619162216231648 1772 LANDOWNER ............•1294 LANDSLIDE 1541 LEACHING 1041 105410591070 1116 11 95 1208 1545 LIFE '1514 LIVESTOCK 1067 1068 1092 1230 1729 LOGGING .....1116113311341137 138215001513 LOGGING ROADS 15351536 MAINTENANCE•...100310071012 102311581161 1162120712111241 12691271 1334161016121816 MAMMALS ....10231050 1180 1326 1357 1488 1626 1697 1701 1710 1805 1820 MAMMALS,BIG GAME...13151801 MAMMALS,GAME ..166217131714 1715171617201730 MAMMALS,SMALL.159816301650 1808 MAMMALS,SMALL GAME 1315 MAN '1538 MANAGEMENT 1001 10071008 1012102610351159116211671180 1241 12531272 1278 1296 1305 1308 13091310131513301341 13491357 1398 1489 1501 1502 1504 1564 1598 1599160616071614161616341641 164516681672 1674 1676 1694 1727 1731 175017651767176917741799 18051814 MAPPING 1135128515401541 MARINE 1478 MARSH 1635 MASS WASTING 1133 11341137 15321645 MAST 1751 MATRIX 1765 MCPA :11821631 METABOLISM 1187 METHODS.'1785 MICROCLIMATE 1556 MICROFLORA 1529 MICROFOIL BOOM 1183 MICROORGANISMS.134213631391 MIGRATION ...1376 1436 1439 1460 1573157815831584158515871591 159215951597 MODELS 1498 MORTALITY 11281401 14021419 1436145614581460146214631465 1518156015731578158315841585 159115921595159615971811 MOWING ..1167 1262 1334 16101719 MULCH 11191142 MULTIPLE USE 102610351124 1421 1502 1621 1628 1734 NATURAL RESOURCES 1504 NEST 1605 1610 NESTING 1400 1605 NITROGEN 1495 NOCTURNAL ..1436157815831584 1585 1587 1591 1592 NOISE -1697 NUTRIENT CYCLE 1693 NUTRIENT LOSS 1501 NUTRIENTS 1489 1495 OFF-ROAD VEHICLES 1629 1630 ORGANIC MATTER 1496 OZONE ........•.....12941484 PASSERINE....1436157315781583 1584158515871591 159215951597 PELLETS .....1181119912361464 151 -,....~-~--------------------------- APPLICABLE TO ENTIRE UNITED STATES REGION INDEX PERMAFROST 13271540 PERSISTENCE 10391041 1054 1058 1059 1070 1088 1160 1175 1195 1208123813351341 134213901488 1547 PESTICIDE ....1027 1031 10411058 12081272 13381341141615141792 PH 1201 PHENOXIES ...1182118615071529 PHOSPHORUS 1495 PHYTOTOXICITY 1228 PICLORAM ....1041 104610521054 105910701081 1086108811601181 1186119011951199120012071211 12291236133613901391 14491450 151615471820 PIC LORAM +2,4·0 11991214 12331338 PICLORAM +2,4,5·T ....11891199 1229 PIPELINE 1135 154015421635 PLANNING 1005100810181124 12731503164417761788 PLANT SUCCESSION 1799 PLANTING 13151621 PLANTINGS 1421 PLANTS 1128112912261327 1493 1554 POISON 1488 POLICIES 1172 POLLUTION 109413351483 1500 15111705 POLLUTION,AIR 1389 POLLUTION,WATER 10491052 1058 14881492 PONDING 1518 POPULATION ..137614581573 1605 POWER 1294 PRECIPITATION "..14941556 PREDATION 1605 PREDATOR 11271419 PRESCRIBED BURNING 1167 PRINCIPLES 1503 PRODUCTIVITY ..,130613091311 138215421623 PROTECTION 1121 PRUNING ...............•1227 PUBLIC HEALTH ...102310391052 1338 PUBLIC RELATIONS 12731294 PULPING 1262 QUALITY .•...1483 148914951496 149715001501 15091639 RAILROAD 1644 RANGE 14921730 RANGELAND ......••.1314 1498 HAPTOR 112714161419 RECOLONIZATION 1327 RECREATION .•..•....15041628 REGENERATION ...166716701693 1808 152 REGULATIONS 1272 REHABILITATION 1021 REPRODUCTION 15731605 RESEARCH •..............1824 RESERVOIR 13921504 R ESID UE 1023 1041 1054 1058 1059 1088 1208 1335 1338 1341 1342 141614351449 RESiLIENCE 1554 RESTORATION 112111421143 131515031764 REVEGETATION 111913341693 RIGHT·OF-WAY 1001 10071012 10131017101810191021 10221023 1026 1027 1034 1035 1041 1068 1090 1091 1 111 11 19 1121 11 24 1127 1128 1143 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1167 117511801181 12051207 1211 122612361241 1248125312651269 1271 1272 1277 127812791280 1281 1282128512941295129813051317 13251326133413491401 14021419 1421 1444144814601461 14801484 1503151815191553159816101616 1619162116221623162816341635 1639164416941719175017571767 1768176917701771 177217731774 177517761782 1784 1786 1787 1788 RIPARIAN 1489150216491650 RIVER BANKS 1541 ROAD ....11161122 11331134 1137 1439 1628 1645 ROADS ...11191327150015131519 ROADSIDE ....1142 133415981610 1641 ROOT EXUDATION 1336 ROUTE SELECTION METHODOLOGY 10171124 1768176917701771 177217731775 ROUTING 1017 1093 1285 RUNOfF .1483 1515 1516 1534 RUNOfF,STORM 1492 SAFETY ..1183 1188 1449 1450 1610 SCAVENGER 1460 SEASONAL 147815951597 SEDIMENT 1497 14981500 1532 15351814 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.14861497 1531 SEDIMENTATION ..111111161486 150416371645 SEEDING 126515131719 SE LECTION 1295 1672 1776 SELECTIVITY 103010331079 SHRUBS 1129126213151614 16941701 17341824 SILT...•....•...........1526 SILVEX ....'".•..."...1077 SILVICULTURE....135714831494 14951496 1497 1500 1531 15321645 SITING •......•..101812851297 SKID TRAILS .........•...1536 SLASH DISPOSAL.. .......1094 SLOPE 1133113411371541 SLUMPING <•••11341137 SNOW 16291630 SNOWMOBILE i629 1630 SOCIOECONOMIC 1619 SOll.....10461070108810941122 1135 1142 1185 1195 1200 1201 1327 1336136313901391 14801483 1530 1534 1535 1536 1540 1541 1542 1543 154515471551161416261631 1648 1735 SOIL LOSS 1637 SOIL MECHANICS 1532 SOIL MOISTURE 11851494 SOILS ....1171 1238138216251774 SOLAR RADIATION 1556 SPECIES 1127 121012361308 1315134113521400141915991614 SPECIES DIVERSITY ....1167 1171 SPRAYDR1FT .....104110591174 1186 1192 1193 1213 1454 1492 SPRAY,BROADCAST 1757 SPRAYING 1034 117:'1 SPRAYING PRECAUTIONS ....1183 SPRAYING,BASAL .....1034 1189 12101249 SPRAYING,BROADCAST .....1090 1253 1298 1326 1357 1464 SPRAYING,FOLIAGE ...1184 1210 SPRAYING,SELECTIVE."10211026 1090116211671241 125312981326 1464 1757 SPROUTING 1816 STABILITY 1022 1026 10901133 1134 1135 1137 132914691503 1541 1614 STABILIZATION 11421519 STATEMENT 1787 STATUS 1573 STREAM ..11111269129814861489 14951496149715041511 15121649 STRUCTURE 141915671570 STRUCTURE DESIGN ...11241126 1127 1471 1605 STRUCTURE SITE 1093 STRUCTURE SPOTTING..11241126 SUBSTATION 1297 SUCCESSION 102110351253 1329 1682 1765 SUCCESSION,.:;CONDARY ...1023 1171 SUCCESSIONAL STAGES .....1667 SURVIVAL ".•..1573 TEMPERATURE 111614891496 TERATOGEN 13881488 TERATOGENIC POTENTIAL...1197 TESTS ..............•...1525 THREATENED WILDLIFE ....1400 TOPPING .....•..........1298 TOWE RS ............•....1622 - - - -- REGION INDEX BEECH·SWEETGUM·MAGNOLIA-PINE·OAK FOREST .- I """I - TOXIC HAZARD..10361041 1050 1052105810591067106810801092 12081320 TOX ICITY.....1023 1031 1036 1041 1049 1050 1052 1080 1092 1178 1197 1208123012371244129313351342 1392141414291451148815141529 1530155417921820 TOXICOLOGY 134214491450 TRAILS 1628 TRANSLOCATION 11761187 TRANSMISSION 102211281295 1401 141914361556156715701619 1622 1623 1644 TRANSMISSION LINE ...10031005 10181121 11271282128512941401 1402141914361458146214631465 14781538157815901596 TREE INJECTOR 1214 TREES ...10191065112911891205 1214122812621621 1751 18161824 TREND 15731605 TRENDS 1376 TRIMMING 12271816 TUNDRA 1327 TURBIDITY 1489 TURF 1631 UNDERGROUND 1281 UTI L1TY PO LES 1476 UTILIZATION 126214781694 VEGETATION ..1129117111771187 1271 1349 1480 1483 1502 1612 1626 1671 171217261731 173517641799 18051814 VIGOR 1177 VOLATILITY 1193 WATER ...10311081111611421200 1298130913351392148314891494 1495149614971500150115021505 1509 1514 1516 1551 16391649 1650 1792 1814 WATER RESOURCES 1789 WATERTABLE 1113 WATERFOWL ..1401 140214441456 1458146214631465146915601605 WATERSHED ..12691501 15041507 15331676 WATERWAY 1533 WEATHER 15951597 WEEDS ...1077 1129116011751293 WEEDS.ECOLOGY OF ...1021 1026 WETLAND 1113 1482 1518 WILDLIFE 1022 11141167 1180 1276129813101317132913301334 1341135713981414142114391448 1451 146414691504150515981606 1607161016121614161616251628 163816481649166216641674 1712 17201727 173017341751 17571764 1765 1766 1799 18081811 WIND 1142 WINDTHROW 1019 WIRE MORTALITY 1476 YIELD 1-;941505 2,4·0 1026 1041 1046 1052 1059 1065107710911092116011821189 1190 1199 1208 1214 1216 1231 1234 123712491301 1326133813571363 14351451 1492150715151631 2,4-0.2.4,5·T 1079 2.4.5-T ...102610361039 1Q41 1046 1052105910651077 1091 10921160 11 71 1182 1185 1189 1199 1208 1211 121412161227 122812291231 1234 1237124912961301132613361338 1357138814351451150715151516 2.4,5·TP ..10461065118212281231 Arctic Tundra IMPACT _1685 PIPELJNE 1685 POPULATIONS 1685 TUNDRA 1685 WI LD LI FE 1685 B . Beech·Maple Forest ANIMALS 1351 APPLICATION METHODS 1166 1256 BIRDS 14731652 BORDERS 1758 BROWNOUT 1064 BROWSE 1473 BRUSH 1064 CHECKLIST 1166 COMMUNITIES 13001351 1372 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE....1372 CONSTRUCTION 10151642 ECOLOGY 13231477 ECOSYSTEM 12241652 EDGE 1758 ENVI RONMENT 1372 FIRE 1323 FISH 1642 FOOD 12921387 FOOD CHAIN ...........•.1224 FOREST 16331652 GROWTH DISTORTION 1224 HABITAT 1477 1604 1633 HABITAT MANIPULATION....1256 1604 HERBICIDES 106411661224 1256 1300 HIGHWAY 1642 HUNTING 1473 IMPACT 1166122412561292 130016421652 INSECTICIDES 1224 INVERTEBRATES 1642 LAND USE 1477 MAMMALS,SMALL 14731477 MANAGEMENT 1300 PELLETS 1064 PESTICIDE _1224 PICLORAM 1064 PICLORAM"2.4-0 1064 PLANT SUCCESSION _1758 PLANTING 1604 PLANTS 1300 REGENERATION 1292 RESIDUE 1224 RIGHT-OF·WAY 101513001351 14731642 ROADSIDE 1300 SEDIMENT 1642 SHRUBS ,16041633 SOIL 1372 SPECI ES 1166 SPRAYING,BASAL 1256 SPRAYING,BROADCAST 1256 SPRAYING,SELECTIVE ..12241256 STREAM 1642 SUCCESSION 13001323 TOPOGRAPHY 1372 TREES 12921633 UTILIZATION 1473 VEGETATION 13001351 WEEDS,ECOLOGY OF 1224 WILDLIFE .....1292 1387 1473 1477 1604 1633 WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS ...1473 2,4·0 11661224 2,4,5·T 116612241351 Beech-Sweetgurn-Magnolia-Pine-Oak Forest AMMONIUM SULFAMATE 1613 APPLICATION METHODS 1163 BIRDS ,1579 BIRDS,NONGAME 1754 BIRDS,SONG 1579 BROWSE 1611 BRUSH ................•.1163 CHECKLIST .........•....1611 DEER 1613 ECOSYSTEM 1302 FOOD 1611 FORBS 1343 FOREST 1611 HABITAT 1302 1343 HABITAT CHANGE 13021611 HERBICIDES 116313021613 IMPACT 130215791613 MANAGEMENT 1343 MIGRATION 1579 MORTALITY 1579 PLANNING 1163 RIGHT-OF-WAY 1163 153 BEECH·SWEETGUM·MAGNOLIA-PINE-OAK FOREST REGION INDEX - ~- SEASON 1579 SOIL 1343 SPECIES 1611 STAND DENSITY 1343 SUCCESSION 1754 SUCCESSION.SECONDARY 1343 TOXICiTY 1613 TREES 1343 UNDERSTORY 1343 WILDLIFE 13021613 2,4,5·T 1302 Bluestem Prairie BIRDS 1804 H~BITAT 1804 Brooks Range HABITAT ,1812 WILDLIFE 1812 c California Chaparral BIRDS 1665 BRUSH 1665 BRUSH CONTROL 1060 ClEARING 1660 COMPETITION 1299 COVER 1660 DEER 1724 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1109 1110 EROSION 1109 111012991761 EVALUATION 1780 FIRE 1321 165817471755 FIRE HAZARD 1321 FISH 1780 GEOLOGy 11091110 HABITAT 166517241780 HERBICIDES 10601321 1665 IMPACT ..11091110129915231747 1755 INTRODUCTION 1299 INVASION ,1299 MAMMALS,SMALL 16581747 1755 PICLORAM 1060 PLANTS,POISONOUS 1060 POPULATION 16651747 RIGHT·OF-WAY ,110911101660 SHRUBS 1299'1321 SLASH 1755 SO I L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1109 111 0 STABILITy 1109 TRANSMISSION LINE 11091110 VEGETATION 1660 WATER..,1523 154 WILDLIFE 17241761 California Mixed Evergreen Forest BIRDS 1447 ECOLOGY 1447 IMPACT 1447 MU LTIPLE USE 1447 RIGHT-OF·WAY 1447 WILDLIFE 1447 Cedar-Hemlock-Douglas-fir Forest APPRAISAL 1663 BIRD KILLS 1566 BIRDS 15661669 BURNING 1149 CLEARCUTTING 1149 COMPACTION 1549 CONTROL.............•..1522 COST 1663 COVER 1149 DEER 1432 DISTURBANCE 1549 FOREST 15491669 HABITAT ,1432 HABlTAT CHANGE 1432 HERBICIDES 1191 1432 IMPROVEMENT 1191 LOGGING 15221549 MAMMALS,SMALL 1432 PROTECTION ,1663 REVEGETATION 1149 ROADS 1522 SEDIMENT 1522 SILVICULTURE 1191 SOIL.1549 SOILSURFACE 1549 STREAM 1663 STRUCTURE DESIGN 1566 SUCCESSION.,1669 SUCCESSION,SECONDARY 1149 THINNING 1191 TIMBER HARVEST 1663 WATERSHED 152215491663 Colorado Plateau FOOD 1380 FORBS ,1380 GRASSES.. . . . ....1380 HERBICIDES 1380 IMPACT 1380 MAMMALS 1380 POPULATION 1380 WI LDLIFE 1380 2,4-0 1380 Columbia Forest (Dry Summer! ACCESS 1721 AESTHETICS 1155 ARSENICALS ..,1057 BIRD KILLS 1125 BROWSE 1459 BRUSH CONTROL 1155 CLEARING.SELECTIVE.....1057 CONDUCTOR CLEARANCE 1125 CONSTRUCTION 1"125 EAGLE 1125 ECOSYSTEM 1057 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1057 EROSION 1721 FOR EST 1777 HERBICIDES 105711551459 IMPACT 1057 MAINTENANCE 1155 MAMMALS,GAME 1459 MANAGEMENT 1125 NOISE 1403 PESTICIDE 1057 PLANNING 1777 PUBLIC RELATiONS 1155 RAPTOR 1125 RESIDUES 1057 RIGHT-OF·WAY 115514031777 ROAD 1721 SEDIMENT :1721 SHRUBS 1459 SILVICULTURE 1057 TOXIC HAZARD 1057 TRANSMISSION LINE 1125 TREES 1155 WATERSHED , .1721 WILDLIFE 11251403 Creosote Bush COMPACTION 1539 IMPACT 1539 OFF-ROAD VEHICLES 1539 SOl L.1539 VEGETATION 1539 Creosote Bush-Bur Sage BRUSH ...•..............1427 BRUSH CONTROL 1427 CLEARING,MECHANICAL 1355 DEER 1427 ECOLOGY 1355 ECOSYSTEM 1355 HERBICIDES 1427 1527 IMPACT 1355 1427 PERSISTENCE 1527 SHRUB ...•....••........1355 SOIL.............•......1527 STABILITY .....•.........1355 WATER..•...............1427 WATERSHED 1427 WILDLIFE 1427 - - -~- .7lnB?:Ifii15Y R r"?Tti1f?¥'IIf.~$.~b;:ii-'~~-·ii.l£"t'-"W "iF;W.i.~-i~~~~,~~~~,"""1-4'!~,~",,_,.-,,"'IIIo~;~~"""~",,"''''_~--~''''''''''''_'~''''''''''''' .... I ..... - REGION INDEX 2 ,4-0 __.1527 2,4,5-T _1527 D Douglas·fir Forest AQUATIC.. .1823 ASSESSMENT 1692 BEHAVIOR 1418 BRUSH _1431 BRUSH CONTROL 1431 CLEARING 1418 CONSTRUCTION 1643 1692 COVER ..__. _1823 DEER _1418 ECOSYSTEM 1358 ELK 1418 EROSION,SOIL.1692 FISH 16431823 GRAZING 1358 HER8ICIDES 13581431 HIGHWA YS 1643 HUNTING ,:1418 IMPACT 13581692 1823 LOGGING 1692 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 14181431 PLANTS 1823 POPULATION 1823 RIGHT-OF-WAY 14181643 ROAD 1692 SILTATION 1692 SOIL ""1692 SPECIES DIVERSITY 1358 STREAM 16431823 TRANSMISSION LINE 1418 VEGETATION 1823 WATER 1692 WI LDLIFE 1418 1431 E Eastern Deciduous Forest AERIAL 10751173 APPLICATION METHODS 1032 107510761173 ARSENICALS 1075 AVIFAUNA .._1307 81RDS 1307 1373 167316881815 BRUSH 1032 10551074 1173 1263 BRUSH CONTROL ..104510741076 CHEMICALS 107412091247 CLEARING,MECHANICAL....1074 CLEARING,SE LECTIVE..•...1074 COST 107410761247 1457 COVER •...........•.,...1304 DENSITY ...........••...1815 ECOSYSTEM ..~,13191385 EDGE EFFECT 1443 ENVIRONMENT 12631304 EROSION._102411311521 EROSION CONTROL ~1131 FARMING 1627 FERTILIZATION 1247 FOOD PLOTS _:..1443 FOREST 1307 1385 15211655 167316881733 GROWTH INHIBiTOR 1209 HABITAT .....1203 1356 1443 1673 16881733 HABITAT CHANGE 1356 HERBICIDES ...1024 103210451055 1074107510761173120312061319 IMPACT ..1247 1373 13B5 16271655 INVASION 1009 LOGGING 1521 MAINTENANCE.'"103210741075 124714571733 MANAGEMENT ....102413041385 1443 1457 1688 MOWING 1263 MULCH _. _ _1131 MULTIPLE USE 1385 PHENOXIES . _1024 PICLORAM 1032 1045 1055 1075 PICLORAM +2,4-0 1173 PICLORAM +2,4,5-T . _..1173 1203 PLANTING 1443 POPULATION ..1198130713731815 PRESCRIBED BURNING 1457 QUALITY 13851521 REVEGETATION , ,11311247 RIGHT-OF-WAY 102410321045 1074117312031247126313041319 135613731443145716271815 ROADSIDE 1131 SEDIMENTATION 1521 SEEDING 10241457 SHRUBS 13191356 SiLViCULTURE _1385 SOIL 100910241521 SPRAY DRIFT 1075 SPRAYING ......•....12061733 SPRAYING,BASAL 1206 SPRAYING,SELECTIVE ..10241203 STABILITY 1319 STABILIZATION 1131 STREAMS 1655 SUCCESSION 100913191673 SUCCESSION.SECONDARY ...1307 TEMPERATURE .....•.....1385 TOWERS , ,1627 TREES .•......•.....10761209 TRENDS 1307 VEGETATION 1815 WATER 138515211655 GRAND FIR-DOULGAS-FIR FOREST WATERSHEDS ;521 .WILDLIFE 1203 1206 1247 1356 1443 1457 1733 2,4·0 ....10321045105510751076 1206 2,4-DP _1206 2,4,5-T 10321045105510751206 G Grama-Buffalo Grass BIRDS 1379 HABITAT 1379 IMPACT _1379 POPULATION 1379 VALUE 1423 WILDLIFE 1423 Grama-Galleta Steppe +Juniper-Pinyon Woodland Mosaic COVER ,..1659 DISTURBANCE 1659 FAUNA._1659 FOREST 1732 HABITAT ,1659 MAMMALS,GAME 1732 MAMMALS,SMALL _.1659 SLASH DISPOSAL 1732 G rama-Needlegrass-Wheatgrass BIRDS ," .1437 BIRDS.NONGAME , _..1696 COST _1437 GRASSES 1437 HA8ITAT , ,1437 HERBICIDES 16901696 IMPACT 1690 MAINTENANCE., _1437 MOWING._1437 RIGHT-OF·WAY 1437 ROADSIDE ..•............1437 WATERFOWL 1690 WILDLIFE 1437 2,4-0 1690 Grand Fir-Douglas.fir Forest AVIFAUNA 1411 CAVITY USERS •...........1411 CLEARING ,1602 DEER 13991666 DISTRIBUTION 1666 DIVERSiTY 1404 ECOLOGY............•...1397 ECOLOGY,APPLIED ....1156 1397 ECOSYSTEM ..........•...1156 EDGE ...,..••...........1404 ELK .......•..•...•.13991666 155 -------------_.------------------------_.----..--------- GRAND FIR·DOUGLAS·FIR FOREST FOREST ..11:561397139914111602 G.D..fVlE,BIG..i 666 HABITAT .....1156 1397 13991404 14111602 HA.BITAT CHANGE 1156 HABITAT MANIPULATION 1397 HE RBICIDES 1624 IMPACT.. .160216241666 INSECTICIDES 1624 LOGGING 1602 MAMMALS 1624 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 16021666 MANAGEMENT .."115613971399 14041411 MANAGEMENT,LAND 1156 MICROCLIMATES 1404 MIGRATION 1404 MODEL 11561411 NESTING 1411 PLANNING 1399 RIPARIAN 1404 ROAD 1666 SENSITIVITY 1404 SNAGS 1411 TOXICITY 1624 TREES 1624 WATER 1404 WI LDLIFE 11561397 13991404 1411 1602 Great Basin Sagebrush BIRD KILLS 1572 IMPACT 1572 RAPTOR 1~2 Great Plains Shortgrass Prairie BRUSH CONTROL 1044 ENVIR'ONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1044 FISH,TOXICITY TO 1044 HERBICIDES 1044 POLLUTION.WATER 1044 RESIDUE 1044 TOXICITY 1044 2.4.5·T 1044 H Hawaiian Islands BIRD KILLS 1575 BIRDS 1575 HERBICIDES 1258 IMPACT 1575 PERSISTENCE 1258 SOILS 1258 2.4·D ......•............1258 156 Intermountain Sagebrush CHECKLIST.. . . . . . . . .1316 HABITAT 1316 IMPACT.. . . . . . . . . . . .1291 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 1316 MAMMALS.SMALL GAME 1316 MANAGEMENT 1316 PLANTING 1316 RESTORATION 1316 RIGHT·OF·WAY 1291 SHRUBS 1316 SPECIES 1316 SUCCESSION 1291 J Juniper·Pinyon Woodland +Sagebrush- Saltbush Mosaic BIRDS 1499 ECOSYSTEM 1499 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ..1499 HABITAT 1499 HABITAT CHANGE 1499 HABITAT MANIPULATION 1499 HERBICIDES 1378 IMPACT 13781499 MANAGEMENT 1499 POPULATION 1378 RIPARIAN 1499 RODENTS 1378 WATER 1499 WILDLIFE 1378 L Laurentian Mixed Forest ANIMALS 1252 ANIMALS,GAME 1251 ANIMALS,WILD 1243 APPLICATION METHODS 1042 AQUATIC 1089 BENTHOS ......•.........1089 BIRDS 124314521563 BRUSH 10421245 BRUSH CONTROL.1270 BURNING '1108 CHECKLIST 1348 CLEARCUTTING 1749 CLEARING ....1069 125112521722 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE....1251 1252 COMPACTION ....•........1485 CONSTRUCTION 1288 DEER 1251 REGiON INDEX ECOSYSTEM... .1485 ENDANGERED.. . . . .....1452 ENVIRONMENT 1288 EROSION 1485 FOOD............1251 FORAGING 1722 FOREST 124513481722 HABITAT 12431377 1722 HABITAT CHANGE 12431348 HABITAT MANIPULATION ....1251 1252 1348 HERBICIDES ...1042 1069 1089 1243 12451251 125212701348 IMPACT ..10891243145214851681 LAND USE 1288 MAINTENANCE 106912521270 1288 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 1251 MAMMALS.SMALL 1377 1681 MANAGEMENT 13481722 MORTALITY 15631565 PLANTS 1089 POPULATION 1681 RESTORATION '.'1288 RIGHT·OF·WAY 104210691243 1245 1270 1681 ROAD 1681 ROADSIDE 1245 SLASH 1108 SLASH DISPOSAL 1108 SOIL.12881485 SPECIES 1348 1452 SPRAY DRIFT 1042 TOXICITY 1089 TREES 1749 VEGETATION 1288 WATER 10891288 WATERFOWL 15631565 WETLAND 1485 WILDLIFE 1251 125212881348 1377 1681 1722 WINDFALL.1749 2,4-0 1251 2,4,5-T 124312451251 M Maple·Basswood Forest +Oak Savanna ANIMALS,GAME 1221 BIRD KILLS 14151576 BIRDS 141514791576 BIRDS.GAME 1654 BIRDS,SONG 1576 BRUSH 1640 BULLDOZING 1654 CHECKLIST.:1479 CLEARCUTTING 1654 - - ,...,. - REGION INDEX NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST - - CLEARING 1479 CLEARING,MECHANiCAL 1654 COLLISION 1415 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 1221 DECIDUOUS 1576 DEER ,1221 EDGE EFFECT 1479 FARMING 1467 FOOD 1221 HABITAT 146714791640 HABITAT MANIPULATION....1221 1654 HERBICIDES 1221 1640 IMPACT 141514671576 MAINTENANCE 1640 MAMMALS 1640 MAMMALS,BIG GAME ,1221 MAMMALS,SMALL 1467 MANAGEMENT 16401695 MIGRATION 1576 MORTALITY 1576 NOCTURNAL 1576 PASSERINE 1576 POPULATION 1467 PRAIRIE 1576 RIGHT·OF·WAY 16401695 ROADSIDES 1695 SHRUBS 1695 SPECIES 1479 TRANSMISSION LINE 1415 TRANSMISSION, COMMUNICATION 1576 VEGETATION 1640 WATERSHED ,..1695 WiLDLIFE 1221 Mesquite·Acacia BROMACIL 1215 BRUSH 1215 BRUSH CONTROL 1215 FENURON 1215 HERBiCIDES 1215 PICLORAM 1215 SEASON 1215 Mixed Mesophytic Forest AERIAL .............•...1072 APPLICATION METHODS .....1072 BIRDS 156217601802 BIRDS.GAME 1679 BIRDS,NONGAME 1679 BRUSH 1072 1222 BRUSH CONTROL 1072 COST ...•...............1072 COVER 1800 EQUIPMENT 1222 EVALUATION ..•..........1800 FOOD ,1800 FOREST 1490 1802 HABITAT 1428 161518001802 HERBICIDES 1072 1222 HUNTING 1800 IMPACT 1490156216791760 LAND USE 1760 LOGGING 1490 MAINTENANCE 1072 MAMMALS,GAME 1679 MAMMALS,SMALL 14241679 MANAGEMENT 14281615 PELLETS 1222 PICLORAM 1222 POPULATION 156217601800 RAPTOR 1424 REVEGETATION 1428 RIGHT·OF·WAY 1072 14241428 1562 1615 1679 ROAD 1424 SPRAYING,SELECTIVE 1428 STREAM 1490 STREAMFLOW 1490 TEMPERATURE 1490 TURBIDITY 1490 UTILIZATION 1424 WATER QUALITY 1490 WATERSHEDS 1490 WILDLIFE 1428161516791800 WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS 1428 2,4·0 1222 2,4,5-T 1222 N Northern Hardwoods·Spruce Forest ANIMALS,NONGAME 1406 BIOMASS 1487 BIRDS,SONG 1406 1425 BRUSH 1056 CHEMICALS 1425 CLEARCUTTING 14121487 CLEARING 13681481 CONSTRUCTION 1020 CUTIING,SELECTIVE 1412 DEER .................•.1381 DEER YARD ......•.......1381 DEFORESTATION 1683 DISTURBANCE 1683 ECOSYSTEM 1487 1683 EDGES 10201412 EROSION 1683 FISH.......•............1481 FOOD 1425 FOREST 148715241683 GRASSLAND 1347 HABITAT 13681381 14091481 HERBICIDES ....,105613471368 1409 1425 IMPACT 102013471381 1481 1487 INVERTEBRATES 1347 LAND USE 1381 LOGGING ROADS 1524 MAINTENANCE 136814081409 1481 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 1368 MANAGEMENT ....136814061408 1412 MANAGEMENT.LAND 1381 MOWING 1368 NUTRIENT REMOVAL 14871683 PESTICIDE 1056 PICLORAM 1368 REGULATIONS 1056 RESTORATION 13681381 RIGHT·OF-WAY 105614061408 1409141214251481 1601 RUNOFF 1524 SEDIMENT 1683 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 1524 SOIL 1347 SPRAYING SELECTIVE 1368 STABILITY 1683 STREAM 1481 1524 SUNSCALD 1020 TREES 1020 UTILIZATION 14061425 WATER 1056 WATERSHED 1487 1683 WEEDS 1056 WILDLIFE .1368140814091412 14251601 2,4·0 1347 Northern Hardwoods Forest BIRDS 15581647 BIRDS,GAME 1700 BROWSE 1807 BRUSH 1082 BRUSH CONTROL ..120413641756 BULLDOZING 1743 CHECKLIST 1396 CLEARCUTIING.,14451446 CLEARING 1546 1700 COMMUNITIES 1266 CONSTRUCTION 1014 COST 1204 COVER 1756 CUTTING 1647 DEER 1807 ECONOMICS 1168 ECOSySTEM 116812661546 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT ..•..•••.,..••.••1558 ENVIRONMENT 10141283 157 Oak·Hickory Forest ANIMALS,GAME., , . , . , , ' , ,1817 APPLICATION., , ,..'.., , , ,1220 APPLICATION METHOD,.....1219 BIRDS,.., , , . ,..,16091723 BIRDS,GAME ,."..,1369 BROWSE ,1470 CHECKLIST 1196 CLEARING.,".,..11071609 COLLISION,,1723 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 1340 1817 ECOLOGY , ,..1359 EROSION ..,1708 FORAGING 1609 FOREST 1393 FREEZE·THAW CYCLES 1331 FRUIT 1393 GAME ,..,1369 HABITAT 14701609 HABITAT CHANGE 14701609 HABITAT MANIPULATION.,..1817 HERBICIDES ...1196121712181219 122012571817 IMPACT ..11961219122012571817 INDICATOR SPECIES , .1708 MAMMALS,SMALL.,1359 MANAGEMENT 135914701609 MORTALITY 1723 NESTING,,1369 PELLETS,, . ,1196 PICLORAM 12181219 PICLORAM +2,4-0 ,..12171219 POPULATION 1340 PRECIPITATION , . ,1217 QUADRAT.,,.., .1340 REGENERATION 1470 RIGHT·OF·WAY , .11071369 ROADSIDES 1369 SEASON 1196 1219 1220 SEEDING 1369 SHRUBS ,1393 SLASH 1107 SPECIES 1196 SPRAYING,BASAL ,1218 SPRAYING.FOLIAGE 1218 SPRAYING,SELECTIVE 1218 SPROUTING 1257 SUCCESSION,..1331134013591708 SUCCESSION.SECONDARY., .1359 TREES .•.....1219 1257 1331 1393 TRENDS .............•...1340 VEGETATION •............1708 WEEDS.ECOLOGY OF 1359 WI LOll FE .....1107 1359 1369 1393 14701817 NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST FOOD,_'""..,,.,17431807 FOREST ...., ,...144515461647 HABITAT,. , ' , ,10141700 HERBACEOUS., . , ' , , , ,....1266 HERBICIDES.,,1082120413641700 IMPACT,...,,1364 143014451446 154616471783 0/1AINTENANCE...., . , , ,...'1082 f>,iAMMALS,GAME,. , , , . ,...1700 MAMMALS,SMALL .....1445 1446 MANAGEMENT .., .116812831284 16001810 NITROGEN ...,.....,...,.1546 NUTRIENT REMOVAL,. , , . , '1546 PICLORAM .....,10821204 PICLORAM +2,4·0 ,1204 PLANNING .., , . , . "..12831284 PLANTING 1396 POPULATION 14451647 POTASSIUM.,1546 RIGHT·OF·WAY.,.,101410821168 12041283128414301783 SHRUBS., ,11681396 SITE,_1396 SITE PREPARATION " .1396 SPECIES., ,..'1396 SPRAYING,SELECTIVE 1168 STABILITY ,11681266 TRANSECT,..,.., ,1756 VEGETATION , ,17001756 WATERFOWL ,1430 WILDLIFE..' .,10141283 12841396 144514461600170017431810 2,4·0 ,..,12041364 2,4,5·T , ,.., , ,..1082 1204 o Oak +Bluestem Parkland ANIMALS,AQUATIC 1798 BIRDS,BURNING 1702 BIROS,GAME 1798 BRUSH ,1232 BRUSH CONTROL ........•.1232 DEGRADATION 1548 FISH 1798 HABITAT 17481798 HERBICIDES 1548 IMPACT .-1702 MAMMALS ,..1798 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 1798 MAMMALS,SMALL 1748 MAMMALS.SMALL GAME 1798 PICLORAM 1548 POPULATIONS ,.1702 SOIL 1548 SOIL STERILANTS 1232 158 2,4·0 ., . , , . , , , , , ,..,.., .1702 REGION INDEX 2,4·0 . , ,,1217 1218 1220 12571470 1817 2,4,5·T , ,,12171218122012571470 1817 Oak·Hickory-Bluestem Parkland AVIFAUNA,, , ,..,...,1577 1818 BENTHOS .., ' . ' , . , . ,.., . ,1239 BIR0 K ILLS ,..1577 1581 1586 1818 BIRDS 1577 1581 15861759 BIRDS,SONG 1577 1586 CLIMATE,,..,1581 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ,1239 EDGE.,.., , ,,..,1759 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1239 FOREST.,,1759 HERBICIDES ,1239 IMPACT 12391577 1586 MIGRATION 1577 1581 15861818 MORTALITY ,..,...1577 1586 NOCTURNAL ..1577 1581 15861818 PASSERINE..,.1577 1581 15861818 POLLUTION,WATER,, , .1239 POND,, , . '...., , . , . , ,1239 PRECIPITATION,, . ,..1581 SEASONAL .., ,,1581 TOXIC HAZARD,, .1239 TOXICITY,.., , . , , ,1239 TRANSMISSION. COMMUNICATION 1577 1586 WEATHER ..,,1581 Outer Coastal Plain Forest ANIMALS.AQUATIC .., ,.., .1084 BENTHOS ..., ,.....,1084 BRUSH CONTROL,, . , , ,1062 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1084 FAUNA 1084 FERTI LIZER,1383 FIRE 1383 FISH.TOXICITY TO.,1084 FORESTRY 1367 HABITAT ..,,1367 HERBICIDES 10621084 IMPACT ,1084 MAINTENANCE ,1383 MANAGEMENT 1367 MANAGEMENT.EVEN-AGED ..1367 MARINE 1084 PICLORAM 1062 RIGHT-OF-WAY 1287 1383 SEEDING 12871383 SILVICULTURE 1367 SUCCESSION 1345 SUCCESSION.SECONDARY 1345 SUCCESSIONAL STAGE 1345 ~J - ""'" .....IiilIIi'..-------------:------'-----~--~- REGION INDEX PONDEROSA PINE·DOULGAS-FIR FOREST .... TOXIC HAZARD 1084 TOXICITY '1084 WEEDS,ECOLOGY OF 1345 WILDLIFE 12871367 2A.5·T 1062 p Pacific Forest ACCESS ROAD 11401146 AERIAL 10781083 AESTH ETrCS 1223 AGGREGATION 1550 AIR 1100 AMINOTRIAZOLE 10371053 1071 1179 AMITROLE '"..•.10781083 ANIMALS 1102 ANIMALS,GAME 1103 ANIMALS,NONGAME 1103 APPLiCATION METHODS 1078 1083 BANK 1140 1146 BIRDS 11021744 BRUSH 1083 BRUSH CONTROL ..103710381040 10531061 1071 10731223 BURNING .....1100110111021104 11361179 BURNING,CONTROLLED ....1698 17031709 CHEMICALS 1097 CLEARANCE 1796 CLEARCUTTING 113611521179 1510 CLEARING ....1095 1100 1102 1104 1118151016891698170317041709 17371744 CLEARING,MECHANICAL ....1105 1106 CONSTRUCTION 1105 CROSSiNG ,..1112 DANGER TREES 1796 DISCHARGE 1179 DISPOSAL..............•.1095 DISTURBANCE 11051106 ECOSYSTEM 1053 1061 10951096 ELK 1420 ENVIRONMENT 1510 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1037104010531071 1179 EROSION .....1105 1106 1179 1550 EROSION CONTROL ....11401146 EROSION,ACCELERATED ....1136 EROSION,CHANNEL..•.....1718 EROSION,SHEET 11401146 EROSION,SOIL 113611401146 FERTILIZATION 10531179 FERTiLiZERS 1097 FILTRATION 1718 FIRE 1101 FIRE HAZARD 1101 FiSH .....1099 1105110611121737 FISH,TOXICITY TO 10401071 FLORA 1703 FLOW 1098111217181737 FOOD 1744 FO REST....1078 1550 1653 FORESTRY 1152 GRAZING 1103 GRAZING CAPACITY 1103 HABITAT 10991653 HABITAT CHANGE 1096 HERBICIDES ...1037 1038 1040 1053 1061 1071 1073 1078 1083 1097 1179 1194 IMPACT ..10381053106110731095 1096110516981703170417091737 1744 INSECTS 1104 LEACHING 103710381053 MAINTENANCE 114011461194 MAMMALS "11021103 MAMMALS,GAME 14201689 MAMMALS,SMALL 1689 MANAGEMENT 122314201603 1653 MANAGEMENT,LAND 1179 MASS WASTING 1136 1179 MEADOW 1550 MICROORGANISMS 1061 MIGRATION 1112 NITROGEN 10531179 NUTRIENT CYCLE .106110961179 PERSISTENCE .....103710381053 1071 PESTICIDES 1097 PICLORAM 1037103810531061 10731194 PLANNING 1223 POLLUTION 11001737 POLLUTION,WATER 10401053 1078 1083 1179 POPULATION 1744 PUBLIC HEALTH 1053 PUBLIC RELATIONS 1'1941223 QUALITY 105310711100 REGENERATION "1744 RESIDUE .....1037103810401053 REVEGETATION 11401.146 RIGHT-OF-WAY 110511181194 1223 1420 1603 RIPARIAN 1105 1106 ROAD 1698 SEDIMENT 1106113611401146 117916981718 SILVICULTURE•.,.'"...•.1653 SLASH _.........•.1118 SLASH DISPOSAL ..109510961097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 SLOPE 1179 SOl L 1096 1097 1098 1550 1718 SOil MICROBES 1096 STABILITy.......10981179 STABiLiZATION ...110511061140 1146 STREAM ..10781083109810991105 1106 1112 1510 1704 1709 1718 TEMPERATURE ...151017041709 1737 TOXIC HAZARD 1037 1071 TOXICITY 1037 1040 1061 1071 TREES 1744 VEGETATION ..1038109510961140 1146 WATER ...10531071 109810991510 1709 1737 WATERSHED 11791709 WILDLIFE 1420 1603 16531689 1703 WINDTHROW 1152 yiELD 113611401146 2,4-D 1040 1053 1071 1073 1179 2,4,5-T 1038 1053 1071 10731179 Palouse Grassland COMPACTION 1552 COVER 13531552 FENCES 1353 MAMMALS,SMALL 1353 MANAGEMENT 1552 ORCHARD.. . . . . . ....1552 POPULATION 1353 RODENT 1353 SOIL 1552 WILDLIFE 1353 Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-fir Forest CLEARCUTTING 1426 CLEARING 1426 171717381739 DEER 1717 EDGES 1739 EROSION 1491 EROSION CONTROL 1491 FOREST 173B 1739 HABITAT 17381739 HABITAT CHANGE 1455 HERBICIDES 1455 IMPACT 1738 LOGGING 1738 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 1426 MAMMALS.GAME 1717 MAMMALS,SMAL L 1455 MAMMALS,SMALL GAME 1426 MANAGEMENT 1426 PELLETS."1739 PLANTING 1491 159 PONDEROSA PINE-DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST REGION INDEX SHRUBS 1491 THINN ING 1738 VEGETATION 1491 WILDLIFE 142617381739 Ponderosa Shrub Forest BURNING ,1520 CLEARING 1813 E ROS~ON 1141 FISH,TOXICITY TO 1520 FORAGE VALUE 1813 GRAZING 1813 HABITAT 1813 IMPACT 114115201813 SOIL.1141 STABiLlTY 1141 STREAM 1520 VEGETATION 1141 WEEDS '"1520 WILDLIFE 1813 Prairie Brushland BRUSH 1677 DEER 1677 . HABITAT 1677 HERBICIDES 1677 WILDLIFE 1677 R Redwood Forest CLEARING 1753 ECOSYSTEM 1303 HERBICIDES 1303 LOGGING 1753 MAINTENANCE 1303 MAMMALS,SMALL 1753 PICLORAM 1303 POPULATION 1753 PRODUCTIVITY 1303 TREES 1303 WILDLIFE 1753 2,4·0 1303 2,4,5-T 1303 Rocky Mountain Forest BIOMASS 1043 BROWSE 13391434 CHECK DAMS 1139 CLEARCUTIING 1434 CLEARING 1115 1434 ECOSYSTEM •.•......•....1434 EROSION 11151139 EROSION CONTROL 1139 FOOD 13391434 FOREST ............•....1115 GULLy 1139 160 HABITAT 1339 HABITAT MANIPULATIO(\!1339 HERBICIDES 10431339 IMPACT.. ......104311151434 LOGGING ,..1115 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 13391434 RESTORATION 1339 RIGHT·OF·WAY...1115 SEDIMENT 1115 SO I L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1115 1139 SPECIES DIVERSITY 1043 SPRAYING,SELECTIVE 1043 STABILlTY 1115 VEGETATION 1043 WATERWAY 1139 WILDLIFE 13391434 YIELD 1115 2,4·0 1339 2,4,5·T 1339 s Sagebrush·Wheatgrass DRAINAGE 1123 ROAD 1123 SEDIMENT 1123 SLOPE 1123 Sierran Forest FLOODS 1736 FLOW 1736 QUALITY 1736 RIPARIAN ,1736 SEDIMENTATION 1736 STREAM 1736 VEGETATION 1736 WATER 1736 WATERSHEDS 1736 Silver Fir-Douglas·fir Forest AVALANCHE 1132 BRUSH _1011 BURNING __.11321147 CHECKLIST ,1151 CLEARCUTIING 113211471151 1517 CLEARING 1151 1517 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 1151 CONSTRUCTION 1132 DAMAGE _..1657 DEBRIS ,1132 DISEASE 1657 ECOSYSTEM 11471517 EROSION,SOl L.1132 FISH _1517 FLORA 1151 FOREST ............•_1657 HABITAT 1151 1517 IMPACT....1517 INVASION 1147 LOGGING 1132 1147 MANAGEMENT 1011 MITIGATION 1684 RESIDUES 1657 .RESTORATION 11471151 REVEGETATION ..~1151 RIGHTS-OF·WAY 1011 1417 ROAD 1132 SEDIMENTATION 1132 SHRUBS 1151 SLASH DISPOSAL 1657 SLUMP,ING 1132 SOIL,1657 SPECIES 1151 STREAM 1517 SUCCESSION,SECONDARY 1147 TEMPERATURE 1517 VEGETATION 1151 WATER 1684 WATERSHED 11321517 WILDLIFE.,1684 Southeastern Mixed Forest BIRDS 144215591608 BIRDS,GAME 1806 BIRDS,NONGAME 1441 BRUSH 1063 1656 BRUSH CONTROL 10631085 CHANGES,EFFECT OF 1320 CLEARING ....115012891441 1442 CLEARING,MECHANICAL 1405 COMMUNITIES 1320 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 1365 COMPACTION 1528 ECOLOGY 1365 ECOSYSTEM 13501365 EDGE 1289 FIRE 126015551711 FLORA '0'•1365 FOOD PLOTS 1130 FOREST 13501441 14531555 1806 GAME,SMALL ,1405 GROWTH INHIBITOR 1366 HABITAT .....1350 1410 14421453 1559 1608 1806 HERBICIDES,.....106310851320 1350 1537 HOGGING 1656 IMPACT 1289144214531528 1537 1559 LOGGING ..........•.....1528 MAINTENANCE....12601261 1289 1366 1410 MAMMALS,BIG GAME 1806 MAMMALS,SMALL , .1453 i .""'" - REGiON INDEX YUKON FOREST ..... ..... i MAMMALS.SMAL_GAME ....1806 MANAGEMENT ....11651261 1350 1608 1806 MORTALITY 1559 MULTIPLE USE 1261 PICLORAM 10631085 PLANTING 1130 1741 POPULATION .."14101442 PRESCRIBED BURNING 1806 PRODUCTIVITY 1350 RABBIT ......•..........1405 RESTORATION ...•........1741 REVEGETATION 1150 RIGHT·OF-WAY 1063 1130 1165 1260126112891366140514101417 1441 1442 15591608 SEEDING 1261 1741 SILViCULTURE•.......13501806 SLASH 1656 1711 SOIL 132015281537 SPROUTING ............•.1150 STABILITY .......•.......1365 SUCCESSION 13651741 SUCCESSION.SECONDARY 1365 TREES 1150 UTILIZATION 1405 WEEDS 1320 WEEDS,ECOLOGY OF 1365 WILDLIFE."..1130126113501410 141714421453 2,4-D 1063 2,4,5-T 1350 Spruce-fir Forest BROWSE 1707 CHECKLIST ......•.......1361 CHEMICALS .........•....1268 CLEARCUTTING 1707 CLEARING 1324 1651 COMPACTION .......•.....1544 CONSTRUCTION ........•..1004 COST ............•......1268 DEER 17071742 EDGE EFFECT ..••........1361 ENDANGERED 1004 FIRE •..•••.•..........•1687 FOREST 13241544 1651 GAME...•.•...........•.1361 HA3ITAT 1324136;1742 IMPACT ..•......1004 1268 1324 IMPROVEMENT.....;....••1742 INVASION .........•.....1324 LOGGING ....•...........1544 MAINTENANCE•...•...;...1268 MAMMALS.GAME 1707 1742 MAMMALS,SMALL 13241651 POPULATlON "..13241651 RIGHT-OF-WAY 10041268 SEEDING 1324 SLASH DISPOSAL 1324 SOILS 1544 SPECIES 10041361 SPECIES DIVERSITY ,..1361 SUCCESSION 1687 TREE SKIDDING 1544 VEGETATION "1268 WILDLlFE~13241361 WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS ...1361 T Tall-grass Prairie 31RD KILLS 15691571 BIRDS 16171632 BREEDING 1569 DISTURBANCE ..........•.1145 DUCKS 1569 1571 ECOLOGY 1571 EROSION CONTROL 1145 FARMING 1632 FENCES ,1571 GRASSES 1145 HABITAT ............•...1617 HERBS.. . . . . . . . . .......1145 IMPACT 15691571 1632 MANAGEMENT 1617 MORTALITY _..15691571 MOWING 1632 NATiVE 1145 RIGHT-OF-WAY 1617 SOIL 1145 TRAILS 1145 WATERFOWL 15691571 1632 WETLAND .......•.......1569 u United States Entire See "APPLlCABLE TO ENTIRE UNITED STATES" Upper Gila Mountains Forest CENSUS ............•....1763 HABITAT._1763 MAMMALS,SMALL 1763 w Wneatgrass·Bluestem-Needlegrass BIRDS,NONGAME.....•....1593 FIRE ,.•...,1370 FIRE CONTROL ,1370 FORESTS 1370 HERBICIDES ,1370 MORTALITY 1593 Wheatgrass·Needlegrass BIRD KILLS 1791 BIRDS 1422 143814401699 COLLISION 1699 COVER 1138 EROSION 1138 EROSION CONTROL 1138 FARM 1422 FOREST BURNS 1138 GRASSES 11381422 HABITAT 142214381440 LAND USE 1422 MORTALITY ...•..........1699 NESTS .........•........1422 PHEASANT ........•......1422 REVEGETATION 1138 RIGHT-OF-WAY 142214381440 ROADSID E 1422 SEEDING 1422 STABILIZATION 1138 STRUCTURE DESiGN 1791 Williamette·Puget Forest COVER 1144 EROSION CONTROL 1144 HIGHWAY 1144 PLANTING 1144 R IGHT-OF-WA Y 1144 SEEDING 1144 SOIL MOISTURE 1144 SURVIVAL 1144 Wyoming Basin CONSTRUCTION ..•........1290 HABITAT ;1290 WILDLIFE............•...1290 y Yukon Forest ACCESS ROAD ..•.........1120 CLEARING _1120 DISTURBANCE 1120 ECOLOGY.......•.••.....1691 ENVIRONMENT 1120 EROSION ....•...........1120 PERMAFROST 1120 SHRUBS .....•.....•.....1691 TREES ........•..•......1691 TUNDRA •...............1691 161 - SUBJECT INDEX AMMONIUM SULFAMATE - A ABSORPTION Behavior of pesticides in plants ..1187 AESTHETICS Convert R/W .from woody to herbaceous cover.1226 HerbIcide report:chem istry and analysis,environmental effects. agricultural and other applied uses.. .. . . . ...1293 Power over people •._•.......1294 Roads and the conservation of wildlife 1334 R-O-W aesthetics call for selective tree control __"1155 Transmission lines and the environment _1017 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment 1071 Stream contamination with amitrole from forest spray operations ...1078 How Do You Quantify Power-line Impact?....,....._.....1114 Chemical brush control:assessing the hazard 1052 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams 1053 MUltiple use potential along power transmission rights-of-way.1628 Chemical control of brush and trees., . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1065 AMITROLE Stream contamination with amitrole following brush control operations with Amitrole-T ....1083 The effects of hydro transm ission towers on farm operations in western and eastern Ontario; a synthesis of the R idgetown and Kemptville studies.. .1622 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington .._1179 AIR Air quality influences ...•.....1100 AMINOTRIAZOLE Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest._ .1037 1285 The land use and environmental impacts associated with the development of high,extra high, and ultra high voltage transmission lines _..1282 The transmission line aesthetic impact evaluation process and its implementation in a comprehensive scheme.. . .1773 Substation site selection and development.. . . . . . . . . .1297 Transm ission and distribution rights-of-way selection and development 1295 Right-of-way beautification through the use of vegetation 1271 National forest landscape management;volume 2, chapter 2,utilities ..._. . . .1008 Environmental considerations in design of transmission lines ....1 i26 Erwironmental imoact of herbicides on electric transmission line rights-of-way 1317 Low cost of power line right-of- way maintenance for beauty and use .._. . . . . . . . . . .1170 Energy and environment. Terrain disturbance susceptibility. Norman Wells area,MacKenzi~ Valley •.................1540 Grass-legume m ixtu res for erosion control along forest roads in western Oregon 1146 ACQUISITION Overhead transmission lines .....1790 Vegetation management for rights- of-way.....•............1026 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization 1140 ACCESS ROAD Environmental guidelines for development roads in the subarctic .............•..1120 AERIAL A study of additives to the aqueous phase of aerially applied invert emulsions 1075 Environmental management during power transmission line construction:operational considerations....._..._1093 Aerial application of herbicide pellets for brush control on power line rights-of-way 1181 Guidelines for the protection of the fish resou rces of the Northwest Territories during highway construction and operation ...•............1111 ACCESS Criteria for designing and locating logging roads to control sediment _..1721 Aerial application of herbicides for right-of-way brush control..••.1248 Aerial application of herbicides on utility rights-of-way 1157 Stream contamination with amitrole following brush control operations with Amitrole-T ....1083 Stream contamination with amitrole from forest spray operations .••1078 The logistics of chemical brush control . _.._.•_.....•.._1072 Woody brush efficientlY controlled through use of helicopters .....1173 Why a right-of-way management plan?__1223 AGGREGATION Soil properties related to erosion of wild-land soils in central Washington ...._. . .1550 AGRICULTURE A field survey of farmer experience with 765 kV transmission lines,November 18- 20,1974 ..._.•...••.....1538 Compaction of agricultural soils ..1543 Determining the range of tolerable erosion ..•._......•.....1735 The physiological and biochemical bases of selective herbicide action •..,..._.......•..1079 AMMATE-X Chemicals "cut"(erhead limbs ..1227 AMMONIUM SULFAMATE "Program,methods and results of 10 years of chem ical brush control by Central Hudson Gas &Electric Corporation".._...1242 Ammate in the diet of deer _.._ .1613 Chemical control of brush and trees •._...._.._. _•.....1065 - 163 -'-~~......"""""..:._~.....=·..·_W..rww..·_'iOlW..'·iI'iif>.- AMMONIUM SULFAMATE SUBJECT INDEX APP L1CATION Effects of 2,4.5-T during the approach of woody plant dormancy . .1220 ANIMALS.WILD Vegetation changes and animal use of a power line right-oi·way after the application of an herbicide.. . ......"1243 The logistics of chemical brush control . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1072 Stream contamination with amitro!e from forest spray operations ...1078 1782 .1199 Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light. Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water qUi;I iW . Stream contamination with amitrole following brush control operations with Amitrole-T ....1083 ..1075 APPLICATION METHODS A study of additives to the aqueous phase of aerially applied invert emulsions .. Growth analysis of red maple and white ash seedlings treated with eight herbicides.,1228 Principles of plant and animal pest control.volume 2:weed contrOl (chapters 11.18,19).1160 Techniques involved in the use of chemicals for establishing wildlife clearings.. . . . . .1466 Chemical control of veqetation on areas bordering public water supplies....,1392 ANIMALS Animal populations and damage,.1102 Creating and maintaining wildlife openings in wooded areas by use of herbicides 1252 Aerial application of herbicide pellets for brLlsh control on power line rights-of-way .._...1181 Aerial application of herbicides for right-of-way brush control .....1248 Using phenoxy herbicides effectively _ . Utilization of knapsack mist blowers for chem ical brush control . . _1077 1210 Ecological effects of snowmobiles.1629 Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water qualitv .,..1792 Vegetatio nand an imal use of a power line right'of·way in southern Michigan 1351 Aerial application of herbicides on utility rights-of-way 1157 Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides...,. . .1342 Brush control studies in rights-of· way.. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .1042 Vegetation management on power line rights'of-way:a state of the knowledge report 1035 Weed control on rights-of-way._.1175 Woody brush efficiently controlled through use of helicopters .....1173 ANIMALS.AQUATIC A handbook for habitat evaluation procedures ..,'..1798 Chemical control of brush and trees ,.1065 APPRAISAL Cost of stream protection during timber harvest.__1663 Effect of TOROON herbicides on aquatic organisms.. . . .1081 Frill treatment with 2.4.5-T and 2,4-D effective for killing northern hardwoods 1255 Overhead transmission lines.1790 Effects of herbicides On estuarine fauna.. . . . . ...1084 Herbicides and higher plant ecology.. . . . . . . ...1493 ANIMALS.FERAL A field survey of farmer experience with 765 kV transm ission lines,Novem ber 18-20.1974 1538 ANIMALS,GAME Do herbicides affect game?.....1817 Habitat of grazing animals 1103 Increasing browse for deer by .ae,ial applications of 2,4·0 ...,1221 Stimulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and fire ....1251 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1948 ....._.....1166 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation.1950,1256 If used properly tree injectors are effective _. . .1076 Individual white oaks treated with stem-injected and soil'applied herbicides -costs and effectiveness 1047 Influence of time and method of application on turkey oak response to picloram +2,4·D ...1219 Picloram basally applied for brush control on utility rights-of-way .1032 Programming right-of-way brush control 1163 AQUATIC Erosion silt as a factor in aquatic environments _.1526 Impacts of construction activities in wetlands of the United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1482 Interaction of pesticides with aquatic microorganisms and plankton __.1514 Relationship between trout population and cover on a small stream 1823 Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water quality."1792 The effects of SI LVEX on aquatic vegetation and plankton in central New York farm ponds 1089 Songbird utilization of powerline rights-of·way .,. . . . . . . . . . .1406 ANIMALS,NONGAME Habitat of grazing animals ...1103 Right·of-way management program a challenge for the 70's 1159 Science,industry,and the abuse of rights·of-way .....•......1090 ARSENICALS A study of additives to.the aqueous phase of aerially applied invert emulsions 1075 Defoliation in Vitenam 1338 --164 SUBJECT INDEX BIRD KILLS Shed few tears Studies of the safety of organ 'IC arsenical herb ic ides as· precommercial thinning agents:a progress report 1057 The behavior and impact of organic arsenical herbicides in the forest;final report on cooperative studies.. . .1188 The significance of herbicides to non-target organisms 1059 ASSESSMENT Assessing potential impacts of logging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi·primitive area .•.....1692 Resource and land investigations (RALII program:methodologies for environmental analysis. Volume 1:environmental assessment .•..•..........1785 ATRAZINE The physiological and biochemical bases of selective herbicide action .....1079 Rangeland avifaunas:their composition,energetics,and role in the ecosystem.......1314 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent oeathinthenight 1591 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961 1583 1573 Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration 1592 The Bureau of Land Management Wildlife Habitat Management Program,with special emphasis on nongame bird habitats .....1310 Weather and spring migration....1597 Weight characteristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration ...1577 B BIOMASS Avian communities,energetics,and functions in coniferous forest habitats 1306 1311 Effect of 2,4-0 on composition and production of an alpine plant community in Wyoming ..1043 Rangeland avifaunas:their composition,energetics,and role in the ecosystem 1314 Recovery of a deforested ecosystem . . . . . . . . .1487 BIRD KILLS A comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration 1576 A tower for TV:30,000 dead birds .......•....•......1580 An analysis of migrating birds killed at a television tower in east central Illinois,September 1955·May 1957.. . . . . . . ...1588 AVALANCHE Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America .....1137 AVIFAUNA Bird destruction at a TV tower...1587 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clearcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range,Oregon . Stabil ity of steep land Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958-1959-1960 . . ..•••. 1132 1134 1585 BANK Grass-legume mixtures for erosion control along forest roads in western Oregon 1146 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization .....1140 BEHAVIOR Big game movement near a 500 kv transmission line in northern Idaho 1418 On the reluctance of gulls to fly under objects.. . . . . . . . .1590 The daily movements of cormorants on San Francisco Bay..........•...•.....1478 Analysis of mass bird mortality in October.1954 .......•....1589 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower ....1586 Avian mortality from collisions with overhead wires in North Dakota 1567 Avian mortality from wire collisions 1791 Bird casualties at a Leon County, Florida TV tower:an eleven-year study 1574 Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness •..............1436 j t I.1 1 f Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon.• • . . . . . . . • • • •1578 Bird mortality at airport ceilometers•...•..•.•..••.1595 Dead tree ("snag")requ irements for dependent wildlife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. {Draft)•......•.....•.•.1411 Dominant patterns in bird populations of the eastern deciduous forest biome•.•.•..1307 Migrants at airport ceilometers •••1584 Nocturnal migration in IIlinois- different points of view •.•...1818 s Unique habitats.(Draft)1400 BENEFITS Some environmental benefits of herbicides ..•••.•...••...1505 BENTHOS Effects of herbicides onestuarin fauna 1084 Effects of the herbicide silvex on benthos of a farm pond •••.1239 The effects of SI L VEX on aquatic vegetation and plankton in central New York farm ponds ..1089 BIBLIOGRAPHY Transmission lines:environmental and public policy considerations.1005 Bird destruction at a TV tower...1587 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958-1959-1960 • • . • . . . . • • •1585 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon 1578 Bird mortality at airport ceilometers...........•...1595 Bird mortal itv at fou r towers in eastern North Dakota -Fall 1972 .•..•.•••..•.•.....1570 Collisions with wires - a source of ana tid mortality .....•...1571 Deathtraps in the flyways •..•..1460 165 5WSftT7t BIRD KILLS SUBJECT INDEX Eiectrocution of paraKeets at Agra,India... ...1596 Fall migration and weather.a radar study.....1581 BIRDS A comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration 1576 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon.. . . . . . .1578 Bird mortality at airport ceilometers..1595 Geese hit power transmission line ..1402 A probable instance of songbird collision mortality .....1699 Bird mortality at four towers in eastern North Dakota -Fall 1972.. . . . . .... . . . . . . .1570 MoSS bird mortality in Georgia, October,1954 . . . . . . . . . .1594 Midway's deadly antennas 1575 A study of the reproductive biology of herons,egrets,and ibis nesting on Pea Patch Island,Delaware 1559 Bird mortality at KOMU·TV tower,Columbia,Missouri, Fal11965 and 1966.. ......1723 Terrestrial assessment:birds ....1415 Raptor electrocutions.. . . . .1419 Power lines and birds of prey ....1125 Migrants at airport ceilometers.1584 .1661 Breeding bird populations of power line rights·of·way on the Oak Ridge Reservation Eastern bluebirds nesting in clearcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . .1686 Breeding birds of the forest edge in Illinois .•..........1759 Ecological distribution of breeding birds 1376 Bird population changes after timber harvesting of a mixed conifer forest in Arizona 1809 Browse and cover for wildlife....1701 Deathtraps in the flyways 1460 Effect of land use practices on breeding bird populations in Ohio.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1760 Effects of clearcutting on the diversity of breeding birds." .1313 Effects of human distunbance on nesting of bald eagles 1452 Dominant patterns in bird populations of the eastern deciduous forest biome 1307 Effects of noise on wildlife and other animals .•...........1697 Effect of logging on songbird populations in a northern hardwood forest 1647 Effects of highway rights'of-way on bird populations 1562 1589 Analysis of mass bird mortality in October,1954 . Avian mortality from collisions with overhead wires in North Dakota 1567 Avifauna and succession in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific northwest 1669 An analysis of migrating birds killed at a television tower in east central Illinois,September 1955-May 1957 1588 A tower for TV:30,000 dead birds '.'1580 Avian populations in herbicide treated brush fields 1665 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower ..1586 Avian behavior and habitat management 1672 Animal populations and damage ..1102 An analysis of prairie warblers killed in Florida during nocturnal migration 1579 Avian communities,energetics, and functions in coniferous forest habitats•........1306 1311 Bird casualties at a Leon County, Florida TV tower:an eleven· year study .•.............1574 Avian species diversity in desert scrub ......•............1803 ...1573 Raptors in range habitat.. . .1416 Ruddy ducks colliding with wires.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1569 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1583 Nocturnal migration in Illinois- different points of view 1818 Reported casualties to ringed ducks in the spring and summer 1465 Pole changes keep eagles flying...1566 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night 1591 Shed few tears Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration 1592 Studies on raptor mortality in western Utah 1572 Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines .....1127 Nocturnal migrants killed at a central Florida TV tower: autumns 1969·1971 1568 - The effects of a tall tower on nocturnal bird migration - a portable ceilometer study .. Utilities and birds •....... 1561 1471 Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness .........•.....1436 Bird density and diversity as related to vegetation in forest recreational areas•...•.•....1688 Electrocution of parakeets at Agra,India.. . . . • . . . . . .1596 Endangered bird species:habitat manipulation methods 1599 - Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal·fired power plant.1401 Weight characteristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration ••.1577 166 Bird destruction at a TV tower•..1587 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958·1959·1960 • • . . . . . • . . .1585 Environmental evaluations using birds and their habitats .....•.1779 Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese .....•...•.:...••.•1605 SUBJECT INDEX BIRDS - The lesser prairie chicken in the Texas panhandle 1379 Toxicity of 45 organic herbicides to cattle,sheep,and ch ickens...1050 The effect of transmission-line corridors on bird populations...1373 Toxicity of "dybar"to bobwhite quail ,1582 - - 1127 1415 Toxicology of picloram and safety evaluation of TORDON herbicides 1449 The ecological impact of transm ission Iines all the wildl ife of San Francisco Bay._. .1447 The effect of small-tract clearcutting on populations of birds and small mammals .....1678 The significance of farmland for waterfowl nesting and techniques for reducing losses due to agricultural practices....1632 The daily movements of cormorants on Sail Francisco Bay _. . . . . . .1478 The Bureau of Land Management Wildlife Habitat Management Program,with special emphasis on nongame bird habitats .....1310 The interrelations of logging,birds, and timber regeneration in the Douglas-fir region of northwestern California 1744 The nature and pattern of nonhunting mortality in fledged North American waterfowl 1456 The effects of controlled burning on arthropod density and biomass in relation to bobwhite quail brood habitat of a right- of-way , _1442 The influence of mammals and birds in retarding artificial and natural reseeding of coniferous forests in the United States ....1808 The effects of a tall tower on nocturnal bird migration - a portable ceilometer study .....1561 Terrestrial assessment:birds Suggested practices for raptor protection on poweriilles _. Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife 1805 Right-of-way management for an endangered species:the red· cockaded woodpecker , . . . .1608 Silvicultural options and habitat values in coniferous forests ...,1670 Shed few tears 1573 Reported casualties to ringed ducks in the spring and summer .., . . . . . . . . . . . .1465 Relationships of birds to power and communication lines..1476 Right-of-way resources of the prairie provinces _.1537 Stress effects on bird-species diversity within mature forest ecosystems 1652 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961.. _. . . . . . . . . . . . ...1583 Songbirds of the right-of-way ....1318 Silvicultural options and habitat values in deciduous forests ....1667 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night .....,....1591 Raptors in range habitat ...."1416 Practical aspects of managing roadside cover for nesting pheasants 1617 Range management practices and bird habitat values 1668 Raptor electrocutions 1419 Pole changes keep eagles flying..1566 Plant succession and interactions with fauna "1673 Rangeland avifaunas:their composition,energetics,and role in the ecosystem 1314 Powerline right-of-way 1815 Pheasant nesting cover strips ....1740 Population changes and mortality of the mute swan in Britain ....1458 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado 1422 Heavy mortality of mute swans from electrocution...._.....1463 Losses of mute swans in England in the winter of 1962-63 1462 Mass bird mortality in Georgia, October,1954 1594 Midway's deadly antennas 1575 Habitat selection of breeding birds in an east Tennessee deciduous forest ..•........1802 Manipulation of roadside cover for nesting pheasants - a prel iminary report 1719 Immediate effects of hardwood removal and prescribed burning on bird populations 1702 Migrating birds respond to Proiect Seafarer's electromagnetic field 1558 How valuable are clearings to birdlife?_1479 National forest nongame bird management 1308 Forest habitat management for nongame birds in central Appalachia.. . . . . . . . . . . .1680 Nocturnal migrants killed at a central Florida TV tower: autumns 1969-1971 1568 Importance of riparian ecosystems: biotic considerations 1650 Migrants at airport ceilometers .."1584 Nocturnal migration in Illinois.,... differentpointsofview 1818 Nonhunting mortality of.fledged North American waterfowl ....1560 On the reactions of ducks and geese to high voltage lines .....1444 Fall migration and weather,a radar study... . . . . . . . . .1581 Habitat management implications of migration 1564 Evaluation of pheasant nesting habitat in eastern South Dakota . . . . . . . . ... ....1804 Geese hit power transmission line 1402 On the reluctance of gu lis to fly under objects 1590 Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration .......•.1592 TORDON Herbicides-evaluation of safety to fish and birds 1450 167 i g 7T1W'GT nzs oGre F BIRDS SUBJECT INDEX Waterfowl mortality mouth of Saginaw River 1563 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal·fired power plant.1401 Vegetation structure and breeding bird diversity 1675 Waterfowl nesting on a railroad right-of·way in North Dakota...1440 1578 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskaroon... The Bureau of Land Management Wildlire Habitat Management Program,with special emphasis on nGlngame bird habitats..1310 Songbird utilization of powerline rights-of-way 1406 Deathtraps in the flyways.. ...1460 Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration 1592 Migrants at airport ceilometers...1584 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night 1591 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961 1583 Nocturnal migration in Illinois - different points of view.. . .1818 ..1369Roadsidesforwildlife... First-year effects of sagebrush control on two sparrows 1696 Woodcock use of c1earcut aspen areas in Wisconsin 1654 Eastern blubirds nesting in c1earcuts 1686 Without consent.. . . . . . . ...1326 Effects of highways on wildlife ..1679 Selective planting for the encouragement of wildlife .....1148 Wildlife -an essential consideration determ in ing future highway roadside maintenance policy.. ...1610 BIRDS,NONGAME Breeding bird populations in relation to plant succession in the Piedmont of Georgia ....1754 ..1471Utilitiesandbirds Water management practices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community ....•.....1309 Vegetation changes and animal use of a power IIne right-of-way after the apolication of an herb icide 1243 Water management practices and their effects on nongome birds in range habitats .._1499 - Weather and spring migration....1597 Effects of highways on wildlife ..1679 How to improve forest game habitat 1806 A method of regional landscape evaluation for wildlife 1801 BROMACIL Granular herbicides for woody piant control 1215 Wildlife -an essential consideration determining future highway roadside maintenance policy 1610 BORDERS Borders and openings of beech- maple woodlands in southern Michigan 1758 Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light .....1199 Weight characteristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration ...1577 "Program,methods and results of 10 years of chern ical brush control by Central HLldson Gas &Electric Corporation"...1242 Ruddy ducks colliding with wires 1569 BREEDING Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese 1605 Chern ical brush control proves itself 1064 BROWNOUT Aerial application of herbicides on utility rights-of-way .•..•..1157 BROWSE Browse and cover for wildlife....1701 Bird destruction at a TV tower...1587 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower ..1586 Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness 1436 National forest nongame bird management.. . . . . . . . . . .1308 An evaluation of chemically- sprayed E!lectric transm ission Iine rights-of-way for actual and potential wildlife use .....1425 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958-1959·1960 . . • . . ..'.. . .1585 An analysis of prairie warblers killed in Florida during nocturnal migration ....•....1579 Water management practices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community 1309 Powerline clearing through upland mixed forest.. . . .1441 High density of birds breeding in a modified deciduous forest.1706 Sandhill cranes killed by flying into powerline 1593 BIRDS,SONG A comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration 1576 1128 Making forest clearings for game with pelleted herbicides fenu ron and tordon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1700 Wildlife use of utility rights·of-way in Michigan 1473 Wires,poles,and birds Weight characteristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration ...1577 Wildlife considerations in rights- of-way management 1598 Woodpecker foraging in Appalachian clearcuts•.......1609 Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right-of-way in North Dakota 1438 Watershed management practices and habitat values in coniferous forests 1676 BIRDS,GAME A handbook for habitat eva luation procedures 1798 BIRDS,BREEDING Effects of clearcutting on the diversity of breeding birds •....1313 - - 168 ~jii"J !JtI'......7-~~"'.._u.~_..·...·__!..rt",...'..n ...t"'·..!__....""'..~_......_=.._ SUBJECT INDEX BRUSH Chem ical brush control proves itself 1064 Chemical control of brush and trees 1065 Brush control studies in rights- of-way._..,1042 Chern ical brush control offers the best economics for the Potomac Edison Company .., . . . . . .1074 - - 1215 1205 1222 1082 .1337 Herbicide treatments on mountainous terrain . Fifteen years of ecological research on a utility right- of·way.. , . Five years of mjstblower brush control ..' ,. Growth control in trees .. Granular herbicides for woody plant control . , . 1720 Brush vs.cl eared range as deer haoitat in southern Texas ... Effects of silvicultural practices on wildlife food and cover in oak and aspen types in northern Michigan.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1470 Ecological effects of snowmobiles.. . . _1629 Browsing and stand regeneration in clear·and selectively·cut hardwoods ...., .1745 Browse plants yield best in forest openings ,.1611 Forage preferences of tame deer in a northwest Pennsylvania clear-cutting 1807 Forage use by mule deer relative to logging in Colorado 1434 Herbicide treatment of browse on a big-game winter range in northern Idaho,1459 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later . . . . . . . . . . . . .1339 Improving deer habitat in upper Michigan by cutting mixed· conifer swamps ,1707 Continued evaluation of the hypo- hatchet for woody species control ....._. . . . . . . .1190 Control of brush by grassing of transmission rights-of-way....1265 Control of brush on rights-of-way.1091 Control of brush with a new growth regulator._1 184 Control of woody and herbaceous vegetation with soil sterilants ...1232 Convert RIW from woody to herbaceous cover.. . . . . . ...1226 Machine to harvest slash,brush, and thinnings for fuel and fiber - a concept ,1656 Monongahela Power's attack on brush ,_.••..1055 Picloram basally applied for brush control on utility rights-of-way 1032 Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides.. . .1640 "Program,methods and results of 10 years of chemical brush control by Central Hudson Gas &Electric Corporation"1242 - Rate of recovery of forest communities fOllowing disturbances •.............1646 Roads and the conservation of wildlife.. . . . . . . . . . . ....1334 The role of herbicides in wildlife production through creation and stabilization of habitats 1469 Wildlife use of utility rights·of·way in Michigan ,1473 BRUSH A guide to killing woody plants in West Virginia .•.....1031 A substitute for 2,4 ,5-T in eastern hardwood sprout and brush control • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1240 ,"-erial application of herbicide pellets for brush control on power line rights-of·way ....•.1181 Aerial application of herbicides for right-of·way brush control ..1248 Avian populations in herbicide treated brush fields ..._..., .1665 Brush and stump control on new rights·of-way ..._. _.._.1011 Brush control in rights-of-way __.1063 Deer,brush control,and livestock on the Texas rolling plains..•..1677 Ecological considerations in brush control . . . . . . . . . . . .1728 Effect of certai n common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right·of-way no.1 ...'1254 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.2..1475 Effect of chemical brush control on deer distribution •...._...1427 Effects of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.3_..1474 Effects of certain common brush control.techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no,4 ...1472 Environmental consideration in planning a bru sh control program on utility rights-of-way.1263 Experience plus ingenuity cut RIW clearing costs ,•.•.,..•.., .1025 Programm ing right-of·way brush control ,1163 Recent advances in woody brush control on rights,of-way 1250 Regulations governing industrial weed and brush control in the northeast 1056 Right-of-way maintenance with selective brush management .., .1241 Sagebrush control with herbicide has little effect on elk calving behavior _1431 Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light .....1199 Special herbicide combinations for right-of-way brush control .....1013 Stream contamination with amitrole following brush control operations with Amitrole-T....1083 The logistics of chemical brush control ,1072 Tordon 155 mixture herbicide for brush control on utility rights- of-way.. . . . , . . . . . , • , , . . .1211 Utilization of knapsack mist blowers for chemical brush control • ,.., . . , _. . . . . , • . 1210 - .... - 169 • BRUSH SUBJECT INDEX Poison oak control at Fort Ord 1060 Further progress in the control of Kudzu .........•........1085 If used properly tree injectors are effective 1076 Effect of chem ical brush control on deer distribution 1427 1073 The effect of TORDON on vine maple _.. Toxicity of various formulations of 2,4-0 to salmonids in southeast Alaska.. . . . .1040 Right'of-way management program a challenge for the 70's 1159 TOROON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right-of-way 1204 The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.)establishment,soil moisture,and understory vegetation . . . . . . . . . .1171 Woody plant shoot management and response to herbicidal treatment..••............1216 Tordon 155 mixture herbicide for brush control on utility rights-of-way . . . . . . . . . . . . .1211 Rights-of-way for wildlife 1612 The logistics of chem ical brush control 1072 Using phenoxy herbicides effectively "1077 The entry and fate of forest chem icals in streams.. . . . . . . .1053 What a well-planned utility chemical brush control program looks like _..1207 Vegetation control from picloram- phenoxy combinations in invert emulsions.1045 Vegetation management on utility rights-of-way ..•._..•.....1246 Why a right-of-way management plan?_1223 The future role of chemicals in forestry 1048 Toxicity of 2.3.7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin {TCOOt in aquatic organisms ...1044 Sagebrush control with herbicide has Iittle effect on el k calvi ng behavior 1431 BUFFER STRIPS Industrial waste gu ide on logging practices .._. . . . . . . . . . . . .1116 .1061 Maine Public Service Company transmission spray program ....1270 Pesticide residue dynamics in a forest ecosystem:a compartment model.1038 R-O-W aesthetics call for selective tree control . . . . . . . .1155 Preservation of desirable species through selective use of herbicides 1066 Mistblowing a hardwood understory in West Virginia with "D·T"herbicide 1212 Individual white oaks treated with stem-injected and soil-applied herbicides -costs and effectiven ess.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1047 Highway-wildlife relationships; volume 1: a state-of-the-art report.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .1638 Effects of 2,4-0 on woody plants in Connecticut.1364 Herbicide mixtures promising for hardwood control by foliar spraying _1062 Environmental impact statement: vegetation control by mechanical.chemical.and fire treatment in the states of Arizona and New Mexico .....1671 Frill Treatment with 2,4,5-T and 2,4-0 effective for killing northern hardwoods ....1255 Herbicide report:chemistry and analysis,environmental effects, agricultural and other applied uses _1293 Response of selected woody plants in the United States to herbicides _1030 Effect of tordon on microbial activities in three Willamette Valley soils . Granular herbicides for woody plant control 1215 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use ..1041 Chern ical brush control:assessing the hazard 1052 Brush control in southeastern New York:fifteen years of stable tree-less communities 1756 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment 1071 Chemical Control of Bracken Fern in the British Isles with TORDON 1086 Chemical brush control offers the best economics for the Potomac Edison Company ....1074 Distribution of 2,4-0 and picloram applied by a mist blower .....•117-4 Aerial application of herbic ides for right-of-way brush control ..1248 Continued evaluation of the hypo-hatchet for woody species control . . . . . . . . . . . .1190 Chemical control of vegetation on areas bordering public water supplies ..•.•_....•..1392 Control of brush on rights-of-way.1091 Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and productive use of rights-of-way .1264 Brush control in rights-of-way ...1063 Control of woody and herbaceous vegetation with soil sterilants ...1232 What a well-planned utility chemical brush control program looks like 1207 A guide to killing woody plants in West Virginia 1031 Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest ..__...1037 Woody brush efficiently controlled through use of helicopters .....1173 4-amino-3,5,6 Trichloropicolinic acid pellets for brush control in the northeastern United States ..1236 BRUSH CONTROL ' A discussion on herbicides and a statement on 2,4,5-T and TCOO.1036 ,... ......170 SUBJECT INDEX CHECKLIST BUFFER ZONE The effect of strip-cutting on stream tem peratu res in th e Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire ..1506 BULLDOZING A preliminary study of vegetation on North Carolina Piedmont and mountain power transmission line rights-of-way .._. _.._...1354 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clearcutting and logging road construction.central western Cascade Range,Oregon.. .1132 Stability of steep land <••_ • •1134 The effect of logging and slash burning on understory vegetation in the H.J.Andrews experimental forest .....< < < •1149 Herbicide residues and weed species shifts on modified-soil field plots . . . . . . . . . .<1320 CHECK DAMS Engineering techniques and principles applied to soil erosion control.. . . . . _.1139 Gully development and control:the status of our knowledge .....<1533 Browse plants yield best in forest openings ..._...........•1611 Bulldozing to produce browse for deer .."........•....._1743 Woodcock use of clearcut aspen areas in Wisconsin ...._.._..1654 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatm ent on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Wash ington__1179 CHECKLIST A guide to killing woody plants in West Virginia <1031 BURNING,CONTROLLED Clear·cut logging and sediment production in Oregon coast range.• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _1698 Chemical vegetation control manual for fish and wildlife management programs 1341 BURNING Accelerated mass wasting after logging and slash burning in western Oregon.. . . . . . . . • . .1136 Air cunain combustion device evaluated for burning heavy fuels _1094 Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wildland fire control .........••._.1301 Hedge plantings for erosion control and wildlife management.....<••••.1614 - Air quality influences .....•...1100 Animal populations and damage ..1102 Increases in maximum stream temperatures after slash burning in a small experimental watershed _<1709 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1948 1166 How valuable are clearings to birdlife?....< • • • • •1479 Use of shrubs in developing farm wildlife habitat ........•...1626 Plant and mammal changes on a clearcut in west·central Oregon <1703 CARRYING CAPACITY A method of regional landscape evaluation for wildlife .....< •1801 CHANGES.EFFECT OF Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese •.••......•••...•..1605 ..... -Vegetation management for rights-of·way •••••.....•..1026 Survival and growth of shrubs planted for wildlife in New York ......•..........•.1396 Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after clear cutting old-growth Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades _1151 Responses of woody species to rates,formu lations,placements and times of application of karbutilate 1196 Use of herbicides in forestry and game management ....•.....1348 The wonderful power of selectivity to power line rights-of·way ....1169 Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed areas.. . . . . . . .1315 Utilization of knapsack mist blowers for chemical brush control •..•...•...•.....1210 The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain Adirondack forest types with particular .reference to deer and grouse .•.1361 1506 CAVITY USERS Dead tree ("snag")requirements for dependent wildlife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. l Draftl •<•••••••••••••••1411 CENSUS A trap-removal census study of small mammals.• . • . . .1763 c CANOPY The effect of strip-cutting on stream temperatures in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New HampShire Immediate effects of hardwood removal and prescribed burning on bird populations ..•......1702 Jndustrial waste gu ide on logging practices .•..._.•.•••..•.1116 Environmental impact statement: vegetation control by mechanical,chemical,and fire treatment in the states of Arizona and New Mexico .....1671 Fire hazard and conflagration prevention ••.•..••••••••.1101 Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon .•.•........•...<1147 Effects of weed burning on stream conditions 1520 Decay of logging slash in the nonheast 1108 Rate of recovery of forest communities following disturbances.• • • . . • • • . • • . •1646 Controlled burning and air pollution:an ecological review ..1705 Insects and other arthropods .•..1104 171 - ..... I CHECKLIST SUBJECT INDEX 4-amino-3.5.6 Tricilloropicolinic acid pellets for brush control in the northeastern United States..1236 Woody plants for rehabilitating rangelands in the intermountain region 1316 CHEMICALS An evaluation of chemically- sprayed electric transm ission line rights·of-way for actual and potential wildlife use ...1425 Classification and characteristics of herbicides.1033 Rating northeastern soils for their suitability for wildlife habitat 1625 CLEARANCE Evolution of back line and danger tree determination....1796 CLEARCUTTING Accelerated mass wasting after logging and slash burning in western 0 regan.. . . . . . . . .1136 P"tch cutting increases deer and elk use of pine forest in Arizona.. . . . . . . . . .1426 Rate of recovery of foiese communities foHowing disturbances.. . . . . . .1646 Recovery of a deforested ecosystem . . . . . . .1487 Response of chipmunks and red squirrels to commercial clearcut logging 1446 .,... Chemical brush control offers the best economics for the Potomac Edison Company ...1074 Chemicals "cut"overhead limbs ..1227 Cytogenetic effects of 2,4,5-T trichlorophenoxyacetic aicd on oogenesis and early • embryogenesis in Diosophila Melanogaster 1198 Ecological and economic aspects of right-of-way vegetation management _1268 Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabitants 1335 Effects of rights-of-way techniques on vegetation 1247 Environmental impact statement: vegetation control by mechanical,chemical,and fire treatment in the states of Arizona and New Mexico .....1671 Field application of herbicides- avoiding danger to fish 1049 Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of-way;a review of recent literature on herbicides,their safety and use 1023 Influence of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on in vitro digestion of forage samples 1429 Loss of herbicides in runoff water.1516 Progress report on 1 percent NAA growth inhibitor tree paint ....1209 Soil processes and introduced chemicals 1097 The future role of chemicals in forestry ..........•..._..1048 CLASSIFICATION A method of regional landscape 'evaluation for wildlife ...•...1801 172 Changing water temperatures in small mountain streams..1517 Clearcutting:beneficial aspects for wildlife resources.. . . . .1330 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources.. . . ...1329 Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon 1147 Eastern bluebirds nesting in c1earcuts 1686 Effects of timber harvesting and related management practices on water quality in forested watersheds 1501 Elk use as related to characteristics of c1earcuts in western Montana.. . . . . . . .1662 Forage use by mule deer relative to logging in Colorado.. . . .1434 Guidelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on western national forests 1133 Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment 1489 Improving deer habitat in upper Michigan by cutting mixed- conifer swamps •...........1707 Industria,waste guide on logging practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1116 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America 1137 Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after c1earcutting old-growth Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades •...............1151 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after c1earcutting and logging road construclion,.central western Cascade Range,Oregon 1132 Small mammal populations in cut and uncut northern hardwood forests.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1445 Some observations on wind damage . . . . . . . . . .1153 Stability of steep land .1134 The effect of logging and slash burning on understory vegetation in the H.J.Andrews experimental forest 1149 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization.and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 Water temperature in small streams as influenced by environmental facIOrs and logging , .1510 Wildlife use and management of power line rights-of-way in New Hampshire 1412 Wind-caused mortality in Minnesota swamp black spruce in relation to cutting methods and stand conditions 1749 Windthrow around staggered settings in old-growth Douglas- fir _1152 Woodcock use of clearcut aspen areas in Wisconsin.. . . .1654 CLEARING A program for vegetation management 1010 A wildlife brief for the clearcut logging of douglas-fir.,1689 Air quality influences ..._1100 SUBJECT INDEX CLEARING Animal populations and Eftects of clear-cutting on stream How valuable are clearings to -damage ............_....1102 temperature .............1704 bircJlife?... . ... .1479 Big game movement near a 500 Effects of clearcut openings on Increases in max im um stream k'J transmission line in nonhern quality of harowood border temperatures after slash burning -Idaho ..................1418 trees ......._.._....__1394 in a small experimental watershed ............1709 Big game use and habitat changes Effects of clearcutting on the in a recently logged mixed diversity of breeding birds .._. _1313 Insects and other arthropods ..._1104 conifer forest in northeastern Oregon ................1602 Effects of logging and logging Maintaining wildlife openings with roads on erosion and sediment pellets containing picloram ...1368 Bird population changes after deposition from steep terrain ...1115 timber harvesting of a mixed Making forest clearings for game conifer forest in Arizona.1809 Effects of logging upon fish with pelleted herbicides fenuron resources of the west coast 1737 and tordon._. _......1700 Changes in small mammal populations after clearcutting of Effects of power line corridor Management and research northern Ontario Black Spruce clearance and maintenance on implications._......._....1095 Forest ..................1651 stream habitat......._.....1481 Nutrient loss accelerated by clear- Changes in streamflow following Effects of power transmission cutting of a forest ecosystem _..1546 partial clearcutting on a forested lines on vegetation of the watershed .~.............1508 Mojave Desert ........._.._1016 Nutrient loss from clearcuttings in New Hampshire..........1322 Changing water temperatures in Efforts to remove the "ugly"from small mountain streams ....._1517 transmission rights-of-ways . _. _1274 Occurrence of shurbs and herbaceous vegetation after Chemical clearing of transmission Environmental guidelines for clearcutting old-growth line right-of'way in Quebec ...1069 development roads in the Douglas-fir in the Oregon subarctic .............1120 Cascades ........_.....__1151 Clear 150 miles of transmission R/W by windrowing .........1107 Environmental guidelines ..1124 Patch cutting increases deer and elk use of pine forest in -Clear-cut logging and sediment Environmental management Arizona .................1426 production in Oregon coast during power transmission range ........_..........1698 line construction:Plant and mammal changes on a operational considerations.1093 c1earcut in west-central Oregon 1703 Clearcutting:beneficial aspects for wildlife resources .......1330 Experience plus ingenuity cut Powerline clearing through upland RNJ clearing costs .....1025 mixed forest........_.....1441 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources ........1329 Experts provide Rx for Pre-logging a right-of-way cuts ""'"transmission R/W work ...._..1158 clearing costs ..........._1118 Comparisons of vegetation cover and composition on pipeline and Forage use by mu Ie deer relative R/W clearance can be economical transmission line rights-of-wav of to logging in Colorado .......1434 and environmentally sound .._.1117 various ages ..........._..1660 ..."Forest cuttings raise temperatures Response of deer to alternate-strip Creating and maintaining wildlife of small streams in the southern clearcutting of lodgepole pine openings in wooded areas by Appalachians ....._..._...1332 and spruce-fir timber in use of herbicides _......_...1252 Colorado ........_....1717 Forestry operations in the Effect of an intensive clearing on Canadian subarctic:an Responses of small mammal deer-browse production in the ecological argument against populations to logging of southern Appalachians ...._..1346 clear-cutting .._....._.....1682 Douglas-fir ............._.1753 Effect of logging on forage Forests and water:effects of Revegetation following forest -valueS for deer in Colorado .._.1813 forest management on floods.cutting:mechanisms for return sedimentation,and water to steady-state nutrient cycling .1693 Effect of logging on understory supply .............._...1814 vegetation and deer use in a Science,industry,and the abuse Ponderosa Pine forest of Forests,wildlife,and habitat of rights-of-way ............1090 -Arizona .•.........•.....1738 management - a critical examination of practice and Selective clearing and maintenance Effect of power line clearance need ........•..........1722 of rights-of-wav............1267 and maintenance on vigor of adjacent stand and composition Hardwood reoccupation of Some observations on wind of bordering u nderstories . _...1289 bulldozed sites ..•...••....1150 damage ..._.........._..1153 173 - - ..... iI .- I CLEARING Stimulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and fire."1251 Streamflow changes after forest clearing in New England,...,1512 Techniques involved in the use of chemicals for establishing wildlife clearings .., . . ...,,1466 The effect of clearcuning and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba , , . .1324 The effect of small-tract clearcuning on populations of birds and small mammals .....1678 The effect of strip-eutting on stream temperatures in the Hubbard 8rook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire ,.....1506 The effects of controlled burning on arthropod density and biomass in relation to bobwhite quail brood habitat of a right-of- way _, , .1442 The interrelations of logging,birds, and timber regeneration in the Douglas·fir region of northwestern California 1744 Use of natural openings in a Ponderosa pine forest of Arizona by deer,elk,and cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1739 Vegetation management on power Iine rights-of-way:a state of the knowledge report 1035 Water temperature in small streams as influenced by environmental factors and logging _1510 Woodpecker foraging in Appalachian clearcuts....•...1609 CLEARING.MECHANICAL Chemical brush control offers the best economics for the Potomac Edison Company 1074 Effects of shrub remollal on the vegetation of a semidesert grass'shrub range .."......•.1355 Environmental impact statement: vegetation control by mechanical.chemical,and fire treatment in the states of Arizona and New Mexico ....,1671 174 Movement-and home range of cottontail rabbits along a power line right-of-way maintained by periodic treatments with mechanical means _. , . . .1405 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams.,1105 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern California streams . . . . . , • . . , . . , , .1106 Woodcock use of c1earcut aspen areas in Wisconsin",.., , .1654 CLEARING.SELECTIVE A program for ecological right-of-way vegetation management , . , .1028 An ecological approach to right-of- way c1 earance.. . . . . . . . , , . , 1051 Chemical brush control offers the best economics for the Potomac Edison Company", , , ,.., ,..1074 Selective clearing and maintenance of rights-of-way., ,..,...., ,1267 Studies of the safety of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinning agents: a progress report , ,1057 Vegetation management on power Iinerights-of·way:a state of the knowledge report , , ,1035 CLIMATE Fall migration and weather,a radar study , , , . ,1581 COLLISION A probable instance of songbird collision mortality ,1699 Bird mortality at KOMU-TV tower, Columbia,Missouri,Fall 1965 and 1966 ,.., .1723 Terrestrial assessment:birds ....1415 COMMUNITIES Aerial spraying of low·grade hardwood stands with 2,4 ,5·T in West Virginia ,1235 Ecological effects of herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission line rights-of-way ......•....1325 Ecology of transmission line corridors .........•......1298 SUBJECT INDEX Edges -their interspersion, resulting diversity and its measurement.(Draft!.. , . . .1398 Effects of herbicidal management of electric transm ission line rights-of-way on plant communities., , , . , , , , , ,1305 Effects of herbicides on species diversity of two piant communities.., , , . , , ,.....1300 Environmental impact of herbicides on electric transmission line rights-of-way .., , . , , , ,...,1317 Everyone benefits from proper vegetation management on rights-of-way . , ,..., ,.....1164 Forest site conversion with soil applied herbicides ..., , ,1344 Herbicide residues and weed species shifts on modified-soil field plots . ...."".""""""1320 Old field vegetation as an inhibitor of tree vegetation ..., , . ,..,1266 The plight of the right-of·way domain:victim of vandalism; part I "", ,.., , , 1021 The vegetational structure of an abandoned field in southeastern Michigan and its relation to environmental factors..,....'1372 Vegetation and animal use of a power line right-of-way in southern Michigan .....,....1351 Vegetation science concepts I: initial foristic composition,a factor in old·field vegetation development...., . . . . . .1822 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE A preliminary study of vegetation on North Carolina Piedmont and mountain power transmission line rights-of-way 1354 A shrub community of Viburnum lentago,stable for twenty-five years , ,1371 An ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont,North Carolin~...............•.1365 Avian species diversity in desert scrub................•..1803 Chemical Control of Bracken Fern in the British Isles with TORDON . ,1086 SUBJECT INDEX CONSTRUCTION - Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetation for maxImum multiple use values.. .1502 CONSERVATION Experimental plantings on power line rights·of-way and woodland roads.. . . .... ...1029 Creating and maintaining wildlife openings in wooded areas by use of herbicides.. . . . .1252 Do herbicides affect game'1817 Ecological effects ot herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transm ission line rights-of-way.....1325 Vegetation science concepts I: initial foristic composition,a factor in old-field vegetation development 1822 COMPACTION Agricultural impacts of EHV transmission fines -four cases in Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . ...1>323 Compaction of agricultural soils ..1543 Raptor electrocutions....14.19 - - Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert 1016 Effects of the herbicide silvex on benthos of a farm pond 1239 Environmental impact of herbicides on electric transmission line rights-of-way 1317 Everyone benefits from proper vegetation management on rights·of·way 1164 Forest site conversion with soil applied herbicides 1344 Increasing browse for deer by aerial applications of 2,4-0 ....1221 Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after clearcutting old·growth Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1151 Preservation of desirable species through selective use of herb icid es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 066 Science.industry,and the abuse of rights-of·way 1090 Stimulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides.cutting,and fire ....1251 Succession of abandoned fields in the Shawnee Hills,southern Illinois 1340 The effect of strip-cutting on stream temperatu res in the Hubbard Brook'Experimental Forest,New Hampshire 1506 The vegetational structure of an abandoned field in southeastern Mich igan a nd its relation to environmental factors 1372 Vegetation management on power tine rights-of-way:a state of the knowledge report 1035 Vegetation management on utility rights-of-way ...•..........1246 Effects of off-road motorcycle activity on Mojave Desert vegetation and soil 1539 Evaluation of pipeline impacts on wetlands (draft). . . . . . . ...1485 Properties of soil in orchards as influenced by travel and cover crop management systems.....1552 Soil compaction after tree-length skidding in northern Mississippi.1528 Soil compaction due to tree-length and full-tree skidding with rubber-tired skidders 1544 Soil compaction:why the controversy?1382 Soil surface condition following tractor and high-lead logging in the 0 regan Cascades . . . . . . . .1549 COMPETITION Ecology of transmission line corridors.. . . . . . . . . . . .1298 Long-term responses of cistus and certain other introduced shrubs on disturbed wildland sites in southern California 1299 COMPOSITION Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of-way;a review of recent literature on herbicides, their safety and use 1023 Rangeland avifaunas:their composition,energetics,and role in the ecosystem .._..._.1314 COMPUTER Computer interpretation of soil data for rights'of-way management _1774 R/W Maintenance data optimized by computer _1161 CONDUCTOR Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines .....1127 CONDUCTOR CLEARANCE Power lines and birds of prey ....1125 Use of shrubs in develop ing farm wildlife habitat _1626 CONSTRUCTION Achieving stream protection in electric and gas transm ission line construction and management ...._..._.....1269 Alternative electrical transmission systems and their environmental impact _.._1003 Appl ication for a construction permit for a 500 kV EHV transmission line _1004 Assessing potential impacts of logging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi-primitive area._...._1692 Considerations for wildlife in industrial development and reclamation _1290 Cost-effectiveness anal ysis:a method to evaluate silvicultural activities for non-point pollution abatement 1645 Design EHV lines to reduce impact 1553 Detrimental effects of highway construction on a Montana stream.__. . . . . . . . . _. . . . .1643 Effects of pipel ine construction on creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert.___1620 Environmental and economic aspects of conternperaneous electric transmission line right- of-way management techniques, volume 1:general methods, special studies,discussion of trends,and conclusions.__....1288 Environmental aspects of construction on the AEP 765·kV transmission lines 1015 Erosion control during pipeline construction _. . . . . . . . . . . . .1636 175 - - - rr=rrmr1ZPi''')¥'K't 'SliT" CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT INDEX Surface erosion 1531 Stabi Iity of steep Ian d . . . . ...1134 Wires,poles,and birds,1128 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant .1401 TORDON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right· of-way , ,1204 Development of a stable,low cover on a utility right-of-way._1304 Brush control in southeastern New York:fifteen years of stable tree-less communities .•......1756 Convert RIW from woody to herbaceous cover 1226 Ecological and economic aspects of right-of-way vegetation management..1268 If used properly tree injectors are effective ,1076 Cost of stream protection during timber harvest.. . .. 1663 Browse and cover for wildlife....1701 Comparisons of vegetation cover and composition on pipeline and transmission line rights-of-way of various ages ,1660 Effects of rights-of·way techniques on vegetation 1247 The effects of hydro transmission towers on farm operations in western and eastern Ontario;a synthesis of the R idgetown and Kemptville studies ..., . . . .1622 Changes in grass cover of a desert rodent fauna following habitat perturbation..,1659 Right-of-way resources of the prairie provinces ...., , ,....1437 Individual white oaks treated with stem·inj.ected and soil-applied herbicides -costs and effectiveness., . . . . . . . . ...1047 A technique for estimating potential wildlife populations through habitat evaluations...1800 RIW clearance can be economical and environmentally sound .., ,1117 The logistics of chemical brush control , ,1072 Utility line right-of-way management.,...,..,.....1457 COVER A long·term ecological study of game food and cover on a sprayed utility right-of-way ....1433 1128Wires,poles,and birds COST Chemical brush control offers the best economics for the Potomac Edison Company .•., _.._.•.1074 Microclimate modification due to power transmission rights-of- way .._. _. _. . . . . . . . ...1556 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part II , , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 1022 Effects of power transm ission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert.. . . . . . . . . . . .1016 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clearcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range,Oregon.. 1 132 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams ....1105 The southern tier interconnection: acasestudy...1014 Recommended logging practices for watershed protection in western Oregon._. . . . . . . . . .1522 Sunscald of eastern white pine, pinus strobus 1 1020 The influence of highway construction on a stream 1642 The design of electric transmission lines .....•., . . . . . .1018 CONTROL Environmental impact statement: vegetation control by mechanical,chemical,and fire treatment in the states of Arizona and New Mexico .....1671 COPPICE Ecological effects of herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission line rights·of-way.. . . .1325 CORRIDOR Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness ,1436 Impact of highways on the hydrogeologic environment ....1639 Highway erosion control systems;an evaluation based on the universal soil loss equation 1637 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America..1137 Logging road and skid trail construction 1536 Impacts of construction activities in wetlands of the United States 1482 Power lines and birds of prey,,1125 Presentation to the Solandt Commission on the procedures to be followed for the construction of the Lennox G.S. to Oshawa 500 kV tnmsmission line 1121 I ndustrial waste gu ide on logging practices 1116 Major environmental factors that affect the location,d~'sign,and construction of stabilized forest roads.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1519 Right·of-way restoration:mitigating the impact ......•...•....1143 Reducing damage to trees from construction work 1019 Right·of·way management; transmission line maintenance standard no.63040·50 ......•1007 Reducing erosional impacts of roads 1119 Guidelines for the protection of the fish resou rces of the Northwest Territories during highway construction and operation 1111 Guidelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on western national forests.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 133 General environnlental guidelines for evaluating and reporting the effects of nuclear power plant site preparation,plant and transmission facilities construction.. . . . . . .1786 .- - - 176 SUBJECT INDEX Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.1 ...1254 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power I ine right of way no,2,1475 Effect of vegetational cover of fence rawson small mammal populations .......•......1353 Effects of certain common brush control techniques and materials on gam e food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.3,. ,1474 Effects of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of·w~y no.4 ...1472 Effect of timber harvest and regeneration on deer'food and cover .., , • _.., _1715 How size and distribution of cutting units affect food and cover of deer ,1716 Impact of herbicides upon game food and cover on a utility right·of-way . ' , ,.....••...1384 Pheasant nesting cover strips ....1740 Properties of soil in orchards as influenced by travel and cover crop management systems .....1552 Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream 1823 Right-of-way maintenance by the selective application of selective herbicides;managed plant community lowers maintenance costs and provides food and cover for wildlife ..••.•...•.1259 Runoff and erosion control by seeded and native vegetation on a forest burn:Black Hills,South Dakota _.......•..1138 The effect of logging and slash burning on understory vegetation in the H.J.Andrews experimental forest •.•.•.•..1149 Vegetative cover for highway rights-of-way (final report).••.1144 Without consent ....•.•••..•1326 CROP YIELD Til,'"tt"cts of hydro transmission l(",,~rs on farm operations in w~,tern and eastern Ontario;a :,v n<nesis of the R idgetown and ~l,,,,plville studies.. . .1622 CROSSING F ,,;11 ill iwation and fish passage; ,I prJctical guide to solving fish p.l;:';}gC problems 1112 Guidelines for the protection of the fish resou rces of the Nortllwest Territories during I"ghw~y construction and (lp~ration ,..1111 CUTTING Browsing and stand regeneration in clear-and selectively-cut tlardwoods.. . . . . . . . • . . .1745 Effeet of logging on songbird populations in a northern hardwood forest 1647 CUTTING,SELECTIVE Wil,ilife use and management of pflwer line rights-of-way in New H.lI1,pshire 1412 o DAMAGE Air curtain combustion device ~,aluated for bu rning heavy fuels .............••....1094 ..:l.ir pollution:injury to vegetation . . . . . . . . . . .1369 Blirving torest residue -an ,llternative treatment ....'..1657 Wetland road crossings:drainage problems and timber damage ...1518 DANGER TREES Environmental management during power transmission line construction:operational considerations•.•.....•....1093 Evolution of backline and darqer tree determ ination .....1796 DEBRIS Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America 1137 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after c1earcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range,Oregon..••...1132 DEER Stability of steep land 1134 DECIDUOUS A comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration.1576 DECOMPOSITION Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides.. . . . . . . . . . . .1342 Factors influencing the decomposition of TO RDON herbicide in soils.. . . .1547 Microbial transformations in the soil.................1374 Nonbiological degradation of herbicides in the soil ...1375 DEER Ammate in the diet of deer...1613 Big game movement near a 500 kv transm ission line in northern Idaho.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1418 Browsing and stand regeneration in clear'and selectively-cut hardwoods.. . , . . . . . , . . . . .1745 Brush vs.cleared range as deer habitat in southern Texas.1720 Critical factors in habitat appraisal ..., . . . . . . . ,1714 Deer find what they need on a sprayed utility right-at-way...1312 Deer,brush control,and livestock on the Texas rolling plains....1677 Effect of chemical brush control on deer distribution 1427 Effects of timber harvest and regeneration on deertood and cover..........•.•..••..1715 Evaluation at the wildlife results from fuel breaks,browseways, and type conversions 1724 Foods and feed ing habits of wh ite- tailed deer •..............1713 Forage preferences of tame deer in a northwest Pennsylvania clearcutting ....•.........1807 How size and distribution of cutting units affect food and cover of deer ••.•.••.•.•..1716 177 -. - - - DEER SUBJECT INDEX Energy and environment 1285 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides.. . . . .1208 Microbial transformations in the soil.................1374 Nonbiological degradation of herbicides in the soil.......1375 1746 1297 Small mammals and old field succession on the Piedmont of New Jersey . Substation site selection and development . Transm ission and distribution rights-of-way selection and development.. . . . . . . . ....1295 DEVELOPMENT Substation site selection and development _1297 Nocturnal migration in Illinois- different points of view . . .1818 DIET Influence of 2,4-D and 2,4.5-T on in vitro digestion of forage samples 1429 DICAMBA "Invert emulsions""versatility and precision."1186 Wisconsin pathologist tests effects of dioxin 1488 DISTRIBUTION Impact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains of Washington ..1666 DISCHARGE The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 The design of electric transmission lines..............1018 DISEASE Burying forest residue -an alternative treatment.. . . ...1657 DISSOLVED OXYGEN Guidelines for quantification of temperature,dissolved oxygen. and organic matter changes resulting from silvicultural activities _. _..1496 Teratological potential of 2,4,5-T .1197 DIOXIN Safety in the development of herbicides.. . . . . . . . .1388 DISPOSAL Management and research implications.. . . . ........1095 1573Shedfewtears DESERT A small mammal community in the upper Sonoran Desert 1762 What happens to phenoxy herbicides when applied to a watershed area 1507 Effects of power transm ission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert 1016 DESIGN Design of an environmental evaluation system ...._.....1789 Design EHV lines to reduce impact.. • • . . . . . . . . . . ...1553 The significance of herbicides to non-target organisms 1059 The recovery of damaged streams _. _. . .1511 Environmental considerations in design of transmission lines _...1126 Some factors affecti ng the disappearance of TORDON in soil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1070 The degradation and movement of pidoram in soil and water ...1200 Major environmental factors that affect the location,design,and construction of stabilized forest roads.._. . . . . . . . . . . . ...1519 Persistence and biological reactions of pesticides in soils 1238 DEPOSITION Preliminary proposal for stream channel erosion.deposition and transport evaluation and associated sed iment discharge due to silvicultural activities ..1497 DENSITY Powerline right-of-way.. . . ...1815 Verm ont's winter deer habitat protection program._1381 Ecological effects of herbicides _.1454 The response of an imals to herbicide-induced habitat changes _..1432 Factors affecting the p,ersistence of picloram in soil __..1548 Relationships of Rocky Mountain mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk habitat to timber management in the Blue Mountains.(Draft}.. . . . . .1399 DEGRADATION Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights·of-way and recommendation for such use 1041 Degradation of 2,4·0 and 2,4,5·T in forest litter._•.._...._..1234 Increasing browse for deer by aerial applications of 2,4-0 ....1221 Response of deer to alternate-strip clearcutting of lodgepole pine and spruce-fir timber in Colorado _1717 Fate of tordon herbicides· containing picloram in the ecosystem . . . . . . _. . . ...._1054 Improving deer habitat in upper Michigan by cutting mixed- conifer swamps.. . . . . . . .1707 Impact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains of Washington ..1666 Stimulating regrowth Clf mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and fire ....1251 Use of silvicultural techniques for improving deer habitat in the Lake States . _1742 DEFORESTATION The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook 1683 DEER YARD Vermont's winter deer habitat protection program . . .1381 ".., Influence of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on in vitro digestion of f,orage samples _.._ _..1429 National forest landscape management;volume 2. chapter 2,utilities ..._•._. _.1008 Transmission and distribution rights·of-way selection and development._.•......._..1295 178 SUBJECT INDEX ECOLOGY DISTURBANCE Changes in grass cover of a desert rodent fauna following habitat perturbation 1659 Effects of pipeline installation on soil properties and productivity 1542 Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert 1016 Environmental guidelines for development roads in the su barctic . . . . . . . . . . . .1120 Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region, Northwest Territories 1327 Prairie grasses the vista-makers ...1145 Reaction of reindeer to obstructions and disturbances ..1439 Soil erosion and its control in the eastern forest.. . . . . . .1535 Soil surface condition following tractor and high-lead logging in the Oregon Cascades 1549 DRAINAGE Road and slope characteristics affecting sed iment movement from logging roads... . .1123 DRI FT CONTROL Drift control systems 1192 DUCKS Collisions with wires -a source of anatid mortality ... . . . .1571 Reported casualties to ringed ducks in the spring and summer 1465 Ruddy ducks colliding with wires.. . . . . . . . . . ......1569 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant.1401 E EAGLE Power lines and birds of prey.1125 Raptor electrocutions 1419 Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines ...1127 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal·firea power plant.1401 ECOLOGY A consultant report to the Pennsylvania Power &Light Co. on ecological aspects at the proposed Wallenpaupack-Indian Orchard 66 kV line 1286 A long-term ecological study of game food and cover on a sprayed utility right-of·way ....1433 A method of regional landscape evaluation for wildlife . .1801 A program for ecological right-of-way vegetation management 1028 An ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont,North Carolina<....•...........1365 An ecological methodology used in the selection of a 500 k V transmission line route in the southwestern United States ....1775 Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides.. . . . . . . . .1342 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams ....1105 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern California streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1106 EASEMENT Overhead transmission lines .....1790 ECOLOGICAL Alternative electrical transmission systems and their environmental impact 1003 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights·of·way and recommendation for such use 1041 Bird destruction at a TV tower...1587 ~/ The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook 1683 An ecological approach to right· of·way clearance 1051 Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness 1436 Certain ecological effects of high· voltage power lines 1484 Collisions with wires - a source of anatid mortality ...<. . . .1571 179 Ecological considerations in brush control 1728 Ecological distribution of breeding birds _.•.....1376 Ecological and environmental considerations in rights-of·way ..1503 - 1454Ecologicaleffectsofherbicides Controlled burning and air pollution:an ecological review ..1705 Ecological effects of herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission line rights·of-way...•.......1325 Ecological effects of military defoliation on the forests of South Vietnam 1333 Reported casulaties to ringed ducks in the spring and summer 1465 Raptor electrocutions 1419 Population changes and mortality of the mute swan in Britain ....1458 Ecological and environmental considerations in rights-of·way ..1503 Heavy mortality of mute swans from electrocution 1463 Geese hit power transmission line.1402 Losses of mute swans in England in the winter of 1962·63 1462 Vegetation management on utility rights-of-way 1246 Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management.(Draft)1404 Edges -their 'terspersion, resu Iting diversity and its measurement.(Draft)1398 Effects of clearcuning on the diversity of breeding birds.....1313 DIVERSITY Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources 1329 The role of predation in vegetational diversity 1712 DIURNAL The daily movements of cormorants on San Francisco Bay 1478 -ECOLOGY SUBJECT INDEX Ecological modifications caused by the rem oval of tree and shrub canopies in the Mackenzie Delta..... _....1691 Some ecological benefits of woody plant control with herbicides._.1515 Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerl ines .1127 Studies of birds killed in nocturnal m igra tion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _1592 1350 Aerial spraying of low-grade hardwood stands with 2.4,5-T in West Virginia . _. . . . . . . .1235 ECOSYSTEM Aerial and mis!-blower application of herbicides in southern forests as related to wildlife management. 1573Shedfewtears. 1629 1630 Ecological impacts of off-road recreation vehicles _ . Ecological effects of snowmobiles.._.. ..,. Defoliation in Vietnam 1338 Cut frill herbicide treatments control hardwood weed trees ...1303 Changing water temperatures in small mountain streams ..._..1517 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources.. . . .1329 1358 Effects of shrub removal on the vegetation of a semidesert grass-shrub range ...••......1355 Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in th e western Cascad es of Oregon.. . . . . . . . . . .....1147 An ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont,North Carolina 1365 Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert _•..,1016 Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides __.1342 Creation of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides: arresting "succession"on rights- of-way and pastureland 1319 Effect of 2,4-0 on some herbaceous range plants Ecological impacts of off-road recreation vehicles _.......•.1630 Avian communities,energetics, and functions in coniferous forest habitats 1306 1311 Effect of tordon on microbial activities in three Willamette Valley soils.._1061 Ecological effects of herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission Iine rights-of-way 1325 Ecological and environmental considerations in rights-of-way ..1503 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandal ism; part II . _. . . • . . . . . . . . ...1022 The evaluation of ecological resources in the countryside for conservation purposes .._....1781 Vegetation management on power line rights-of-way:a state of the knowledge report ....._....1035 The natu re of vegetation:its management and mismanagement 1799 The ecological impact of transmission lines on the wildlife of San Francisco Bay ...._..1447 Introduction -forest wildlife habitat management:ecology, management and data systems. (Draft}1397 Vegetation management on utility rights·of-way .'...._....._.1246 Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and productive use of rights-of-way .1264 Use of fire:comments from the northeast.. . . . . . . . . . .1323 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part I .........•........1021 The behavior and impact of organic arsenical herbicides in the forest;final report on cooperative studies . . . . .1188 Science,industry.and the abuse of rights-of-way _1090 ECONOMICS How to predict and manage right- of-way vegetation types so to become master of the domain ..1168 ECOLOGY,APPLIED Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington.. . . . . . . . . . .1156 How do you quantify powerline impact?1114 Relation of ecological succession to any farm game in Cumberland County in the Virginia Piedmont.. _...._• _...1395 Fifteen years of ecological research on a utility right- of-way _. . .1337 Migrants at airport ceilometers ...1584 Nocturnal migration in Hlinois - different points of view 1818 Forestry operations in the Canadian subarctic:an ecological argument against clearcutting 1682 Pesticides in our ecosystem .•_..1027 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night 1591 Ecology of transmission line corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1298 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961 __1583 Ecology and land-use relationships of small mammals on a Michigan farm 1477 Root exudation of herbicides by woody plants:allelopathic implications _. _1336 Effects of shrub removal on the vegetation of a sem idesert grass-shrub range ..._. .1355 Ecological succession on abandoned farm lands and its relationship to wildlife management _1359 Introduction -forest wildlife habitat management:elcology, management and data systems. (Draft)1397 Outline for ecological llf,a history studies in trees,shru bs,and stem succu lents.. . . . . . . . . . .1802 180 ENDANGERED How valuable are clearings to birdlife?1479 EDGE EFFECT Green ribbons of hope..1443 1020 Sunscald of eastern white pine. Pinus strobus _ . Use of natu ral openings ina Ponderosa pine forest of Arizona by deer.elk.and cattle.1739 ELECTRICAL EFFECT Agricultural impacts of EHV transmission lines -four cases in Ontario _1623 The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain Adirondack forest types with particular reference to deer and grouse 1361 Wildlife use and management of power line rights-of-way in New Hampshire..1412 The nature of vegetation:its management and mismanagement 1799 The entry and fate of forest chem icals in streams _..1053 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part I 1021 The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook._. . . . . . .1683 The effects of pesticides.. . .1224 Studies of the safety of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinning agents: a progress report _...-.. . .1057 Stress effects on bird-sDecies diversity within mature forest ecosystems _ _. _1652 Guidelines for the protection of the fish resources of the Northwest Territories during highway construction and operation 1111 Forage use by mule deer relative to logging in Colorado......1434 Final report on a study of selected coastal zone ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico in relation to gas pipelining activities.. . ...1635 Fate of tordon herbicides containing picloram in the ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . .1054 Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington 1156 Evaiuatioll of pipeline impacls or wetlands (draft!1485 SUBJECT INDEX Pesticides in our ecosystem._...1027 Recovery of a deforested ecosystem.. . . . . . . . .1487 Nutrient loss accelerated by clear- cutting of a forest ecosystem ...1546 Old field vegetation as an inhibitor of tree vegetation 1266 - - - ELK Big game movement near a 500 kv transmission line in northern Idaho.. . . . . . . . . . . .1418 Power over people .._1294 Wildlife response to rights-of-way management;report for Ju Iy 1974 -June 1975 _•..1420 ENDANGERED Application for a construction permit for a 500 kV EHV transmission line 1004 181 Impact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains of Washington ..1666 Relationships of Rocky Mountain mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk habitat to timber management in the Blue Mountains.(Draft}1399 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT Design EHV lines to reduce im pact _.1553 Alternative electrical transmission systems and their environmental impact.. . . . . . . ......1003 Migrating birds respond to Project Seafarer's electromagnetic field.1558 ELECTROSTATIC Certain ecological effects of high- voltage power lines 1484 Elk use as related to characteristics of c1earculs in western Montana.. . . . . . . . . .1662 Edges -their interspersion, resulting diversity and its measurement.(Draft)..._....1398 Vegetation and environmental featu res of forest and range ecosystems.. . . . . . . . . . .1648 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part II . . . . . . . ....._. . . . .1022 Effect of power line clearance and maintenance on vigor of adjacent stand and composition of bordering understories .....1289 Our disregarded rights-ot-way - ten million unused wildlife acres.1757 Water management practices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community.. . . . ...1309 Vegetation management for rights-of-way _. . .1026 Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management.(Draft)1404 Water management practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats.. . . . . . .1499 Breeding birds of the forest edge in Illinois _1759 EDGE Borders and openings of beech· maple woodlands in southern Michigan 1758 1095 Management and research implications . Some optio ns fa r ma nagi ng forest land in the central Appalachians . _. . . . . . . . . . .1385 Rangeland avifaunas:their composition,energetics,and role in the ecosystem . . .1314 Impact of chemical and mechanical site preparation on wildlife habitat 1302 Industrialization,evolution and the development of heavy metal tolerance in plants 1554 How to predict and manage right· of-way vegetation types so to become master of the domain 1168 Science,industry,and the abuse of rights-of-way _..1090 SoH Microbes .._1096 Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of-way;a review of recent literature on herbicides, their safety and use 1023 ·F?nZWm r - ENDANGERED SUBJECT .INOEX Endangered bird species:habitat manipulation methods.1599 National forest nongame bird management.. . . . . . . .1308 Effects of human disturbance on nesting of bald eagles.. . . .1452 .-Raptor elecuocutions...1419 Environmental consideration in planning a brush control program on utility rights-of'way ... . . . . .1263 Environmental considerations in design of transmission lines ....1126 Environmental evaluations using birds and their habitats..1779 Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment.......1489 \ndustrializ3tion,eVDlution and the development of heavy metal tolerance in plants 1554 Influence of environmental factors Dn toxicity to plants 1178 Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines .....1127 Considerations in evaluating utility line proposals 1769 ENERGY Energy and environmen(1285 The effects of herbicides on the wild flora and vegetation in the Netherlands.. . . .1352 Keynote address -environmental concerns in right-of-way management:an electric utility viewpoint 1278 Keynote address -environmental considerations in rights-of-way management._1767 Maior environmental factors that affect the location.design,and construction of stabil ized forest roads _1519 R/W clearance can be econom ical and environmentally sound...1117 Measurement techniques in environmental impact assessment.. . . . . . . . . . .1778 Power:a high voltage transmission corridor location system.. ...1771 Presentation to the Solandt Commission on the procedures to be followed for the construction of the Lennox G.S. to Oshawa 500 kV transmission line 1121 Principles of plant and animal pest control.volume 2:weed control. (Chapters 11, 18.19)1160 Environmental impact anal ysis for overhead transmission lines ....1787 Environmental impacts associated with electric transmission Jines ..1784 Environmental problems in extra high voltage transmission ...1280 Environmental planning of overh ead transm ission lines: a New England example 1776 Environmental factors and susceptibilitY to herbicides ....1795 Environmental impact of herbicides on electric transmission line rights·of-way 1317 Environmental guidelines for development roads in the subarctic ........•.......1120 Environmental selection of transmission line routes with maps and computers 1770 Environmental factors in siting of transmission facilities 1788 Environmental guidelines 1124 Erosion silt as a factor in aquatic environments 1526 1789 Design of an environmental evaluation system . Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction.MacKenzie Transportation Corridor.central part 1135 Chemical vegetation control manual for fish and wildlife management programs 1341 ENVIRONMENT Alternative electrical transmission systems'and their environmental impact 1003 ENGINEERING Terrain disturbance susceptibilitY, Norman Wells area,MacKenzie Valley •..........•......1540 ~ I Development of a stable,low cover on a utility right-of·way ..1304 Ecological and environmental considerations in rights·of-way ..1503 Effects of herbicides on the environment.. _..•.•......1296 EV31uation of pipeline crossing im pacts on stream environments (draftl.. . . . . . . . . • . . . ...1486 EPRI's research program on biological effects of electric fields_...•....•......._.1277 Resource and land investigations (RAUl program:methodDlogies for environmental analysis. Volume 1:environmental assessment .......•.•.....1785 Some environmental benefits of herbicides ..•..........••1505 Emphasizing the benefits of the environmental rehabilitation of natural gas pipeline rights-of. way .•.................1634 Energy and environment ••.....1285 Environmental and economic aspects of contemporaneous electric transmission line right- of-way management techniques. volume 1:general methods, special studies,discussion of trends,and conclusions•••.•.•1288 General environmental guidelines for evaluating and .reporting the effects of nuclear p6wer plant site preparation.plant and transmission facilities construction._. . . . . . . . . . . .1786 Herbicide report:chemistry and analysis,environmental effects. agricultural and other applied uses ..•.....•....._....1293 Impact of highways on the hydrogeologic environment ..•.1639 Southern Tier Environmental protection and management plan (wildlife management plan)....1283 The effects of high voltage electric fields on the growth and development of plants and animals.. . . . . • . . . . . . .1279 The land use and environmental impacts associated with the development of high,extra high,and ultra high voltage transmission lines 1006 182 • - - ~i - - SUBJECT INDEX EROSION Environmental guidelines 112~ Evaluation of vegetation in environmental planning .1797 The long-term socio-economic impact of an electrical power transm ission corridor on the rural environment:perception and reality 1619 Geotechnical features ...1109 Environmental impact statement: vegetation control by mechanical,chemical,and fire treatment in th e states of Arizona and New Mexico....1671 Herbicide action in the forest..1058 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides 1208 Some toxicological aspects of si Ivex ....._. . . . .__. . . . .1080 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams...._....1053 Impacts of construction activities in wetlands of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . .1482 Herbicide treatments on mountainous terrain.. . .1222 Distribution of 2,4-0 and picloram applied by a mist blower.1174 A universal soil-loss equation to guide conservation farm· planning 1551 Aerial application of herbicide pellets for brush control on power line rights·of-way . . . .1181 Chemicals "cut"overhead limbs ..1227 Criteria for designing and locating logging roads to control sediment.. . . . . . . . . . . .1721 EQUIPMENT A guide to killing woody plants in West Virginia.. . .1031 EROSION A preliminary study of vegetation on North Carolina Piedmont and mountain power transmission line rights-of-way 1354 .1110 Phase II corridor study, geotechnical features .. Studies of the safety of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinning agents: a progress report.. . . . . . .1057 Toxicity of various formulations of 2,4-0 to salmon ids in southeast Alaska .._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040 Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of-way;a review of recent literature on herbicides, their safety and use . . . . . .1023 The impact of timber harvest, fertil ization,and herbicide treatm ent on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 Transmission lim!5:environmental and public polilcy considerations._ _1005 Water temperature in small streams as influenced by environmental factors and logging 1510 Transmission lines and the environment..._...._.....1017 Vegetation and environmental features of for~!St and range ecosystems 1648 The regu latory process as a means of resolving the environmental impacts of utility facilities 1768 The southern tier interconnection: a case study _1014 The vegetational structure of an abandoned field in southeastern Michigan and its relation to environmental factors.. .1372 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT A discussion on herbicides and a statement on 2A,5-T and TCDD 1036 -- .... .- I Assessment of ec:ological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides :..1342 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transm ission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use . .1041 Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest 1037 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment _..1071 Effect of TORDON herbicides on aquatic organisms __.._...•.1081 Toxicity of 2,3,7 ,8- Tetrach lorod ibenzo-d ioxin (TCDD)in aquatic organisms ...1044 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Causes of succession on old fields of the Piedmont,North Carolina 1362 Power over people ....._.....1294 Water management practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats ...._...,...1499 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides 1342 Determining the range of tolerable erosion 1735 Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition from steep terrain ...1115 Effects of parent material and vegetation on properties related to soil erosion in central Washington _1141 Engineering techniques and principles applied to soil erosion control 1139 Environmental guidelines for development roads in the subarctic _1120 Effects of herbicides on estuarine fauna .._......••.......1084 Environmental impact analysis for overhead transm ission lines _...1787 Erosion control during pipeline construction ___1636 Effects of the herbicide silvex on benthos of a fann pond 1239 Environmental factors in siting of transmission facilities ....._..1788 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Design of an environmental evaluation system ....._....1789 Erosion control on logging roads in the Appalachians ..,1513 Erosion silt as a factor in aquatic environments _ _ _1526 1B3 1f~~~,;.;..~'t~"';~'~;:«lil"_·'~""*IiiT_i!F;lI __ra_'16a;iffli<_"·"'--51"..__...._........._--..5..'W..==..·_ EROSION SUBJECT INDEX Evaluation of pipeiine impacts 01"1 wetlands (draftl 1485 Sediment prediction in wildland environments:a review 1498 Gully deveiopment and control:the status of our knowledge.1533 Forests and water:effects of forest management on floods, sed imentat ion,and water supply . Geotechnical features,..., . 1814 1109 Shrub plantings for erosion control in eastern Washington progress and research needs .....__1491 Soil erosion and its control in the eastern forest ,1535 Hardwood bark mulch for revegetation and erosion controi on drastically disturbed sites.i 131 Highway erosion control systems: an evaluation based on the universal soil loss equation 1637 Guidelines for broadlevel evaluation and control selection for non-point source pollution associated with silvicultural activ iti es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resulting from silvicultural activities 1495 Gully development and control: the status of our knowledge ....1533 Hardwood bark mulch for revegetation and erosion control on drastically disturbed sites..1131 Soil erosion control structures on skid trails ,1122 Soil erosion in the eastern forest.1534 Soil properties related to erosion of wild·land soils in central Washington.. . . . . . . . .1550 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams ....1105 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern California streams 1106 Prairie grasses the vista-makers ...1145 Reducing erosional impacts of roads 1119 Runoff and erosion control by seeded and native vegetation on a forest burn:Black Hills, South Dakota 1138 Shrub plantings for erosion control in eastern Washington progress and research needs 1491 Soil erosion and its control in the eastern forest . . . . . . . . . . . . .1535 Logging and erosion on rough terrain in the east 1521 Logging road and skid trail construction 1536 Logging roads and protection of water quality 1500 Highway erosion control systems: an evaluation based on the universal soil loss equation .1637 Vegetative cover for highway rights-of-way (final report)...1144 Soil erosion control structures on skid trails ,1122 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America.. . . .1137 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion 1142 EROSION,ACCELERATED Accelerated mass wasting after logging and slash burning in western Oregon 1136 Stability of steep land 1134 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion _1142 The stability of natural slopes in the Mackenzie Valley 1541 The impact of timber harvest. fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook 1683 Succession and species distribution in relation to erosion in southern Illinois 17081614 Hedge plantings for erosion control and wildlife management , Long·term responses of cistus and certain other introduced shrubs on disturbed wildland sites in southern California . . . . .1299 Phase II corridor study, geotechnical features 1110 Power line right-of-way management through selective use of herbicides 1024 Preliminary proposal for stream channel erosion,deposition and transport evaluation and associated sediment discharge due to silvicultural activities ...1497 Reducing erosional impacts of roads 1119 Runoff and erosion control by seeded and native vegetation on a forest burn:Black Hills, South Dakota ..•..........1138 Wildlife increased by erosion control practices 1761 EROSION CONTROL Engineering techniques and principles applied to soil erosion control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1139 Erosion control during pipeline construction 1636 Erosion control on logging roads in the Appalachians 1513 Grass-legume mixtures for erosion control along forest roads in western Oregon 1146 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization 1140 EROSION,CHANNEL Natural filtering of suspended soil by a stream at low flow 1718 EROSION,SHEET A universal soil-loss equation to guide conservation farm planning 1551 Grass-legume mixtures for erosion control along forest roads in western Oregon 1146 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization 1140 EROSION,SOIL Accelerated mass wasting after logging and slash burning in western Oregon 1136 184 .,"..y" ..... SUBJECT INDEX Assessing potential imoacts of logging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi-primitive area 1692 Cost-effectiveness analysis:a method to evaluate silvicultural activities for non-poim pollution abatement 1645 Ecological effects of herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission line rights-of-way 1325 Grass-legume mixtures for erosion control aiong forest roads in western Oregon.. . . . . .1146 Grass-legume m ixtu res for roadside soil stabilization 1140 Guidelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on western national forests 1133 Highway-wildlife relationships; volume 1:a state-of-the-art report _1638 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in moumainous regions of western North America 1137 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clearcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range,Oregon.. . . .1132 Su rface erosion _. . . . . . . . . . . . 1531 The farm fence in wildlife management and erosion control 1764 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to .:ontrol wind and water erosion 1142 EUTROPHICATION Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resu lting from silvicultural activities.. . . .1495 EVALUATION A technique for estimating potential wildlife popu lations through habitat evaluations ....1800 Environmental evaluations using birds and thleir habitats 1779 Evaluating stream trout habitat on large-scale aerial color photographs.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1780 General environmental guidelines for evaluating~and reponing the effects of nuclear power plant site preparation,plant and transmission facilities construction.. . . . . . . ...1786 Rapid survey guide for forest wildlife habitat improvement...1766 Resource and land investigations IRALJ)program:considerations in evaluating utility line proposals.. . . . . . . . . . .1782 The evaluation of ecological resources in the countryside for conservation purposes . .1781 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Hydrologic response to silvicultural activities 1494 F FARM A field survey of farmer experinece with 765 kV transmission lines,November 18-20,1974.. . . . . .... . .1538 A universal soil-loss equation to gu ide conservation farm planning . . . . . . . . . . . . .1551 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado ..1422 FARMING A preliminary study of power line damages 1627 Agricultural impacts of EHV transmission lines -four cases in Ontario 1623 Effect of habitat disturbance on a small mammal population ....1467 The significance of farmland for waterlowl nesting and techniques for reducing losses due to agricultural practices....1632 FAUNA Changes in grass cover of a desert rodent fauna following habitat perturbation 1659 Effects of herb icides on estuarine fauna 1084 Effects on the soil fauna _1530 Herbicides and the soil fauna ....1631 Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife ..' _1805 FIRE The effects of high voltage electric fields on the growth and development of plants and animals.. . . . . . . . . ......1279 FENCES Collisions with wires - a source of anatid mortality.. . .1571 Effect of 'Jegetational cover of fence rows on smail mammal populations 1353 FENURON Granular herbicides for woody plant control 1215 Techniques involved in the use of chem icals for establishing wildlife clearings.. . . . . .1466 FERTILIZATION Control of brush by grassing of transmission rights-of-way .....1265 Effects of rights-of-way techniques on vegetation 1247 Effects of timber harvesting and related management practices on water quality in forested watershe.ds 1501 Forests and rangelands as sources of chemical pollutants.. .1492 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams _..1053 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and productive use of rights-of-way .1264 FERTILIZER Soil processes and introduced chemicals 1097 The future role of chemicals in forestry.. . . . . • . . . . . . . . _. 1048 The use of fire,fertilizer and seed for right-of-way maintenance in the southeastern United States.1383 FilTRATION Natural filtering of suspended soil by a stream at low flow 1718 FIRE August burning for maintenance of utility line rights-of-way (abstract,summary and conclusions)_1260 lB5 FIRE SUBJECT INDEX Chaparral shrub control as influenced by grazing, herbicides and fire 1321 Compatibility of fish.wildlife and floral resou rces with electric power facilities.. . . . . . . . .1276 Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream 1823 Importance of riparian ecosystems: biotic considerations •.......1650 Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabitants 1335 Effects of noise on wildlife and other animals 1697 Effects of some herbicides on fertilized fish eggs and fry .....1231 - - -1106 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern California streams . FLOOD Streamflow increases after removing woodland-riparian vegetation from a southern California watershed 1736 TOROON herbicides-evaluation of safety to fish and birds .....1450 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams...1105 Toxicity of various formulations of 2,4-0 to salmonids in southeast Alaska 1040 Transmission line rights-of-way management 1167 Effect of TOROON herbicides on aquatic organisms.. . . ...1081 Toxicity of 2,3.7,8- T etrachlorod ibenzo-d loxin (TCDD)in aquatic organisms ...1044 Field application of herbicides - avoiding danger to fish..1049 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment . .1071 The influence of highway construction on a stream.1642 Effects of weed burning on stream conditions _1520 Toxicology of picloram and safety evaluation of TOROON herbicides 1449 Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water quality ....1792 Effects of herbicides on estuarine fauna 1084 FISH.TOXICITY TO A review of toxicological information on tordon herbicide 1820 1643 .1737 Fish migration and fish passage; a practical guide to solving fish passage problems 1112 Forest cuttings raise temperatures of small streams in the southern Appalachians 1332 Herbicide report:chemistry and analysis,environmental effects. agricultural and other applied uses 1293 Highway-wildlife relationships; volume 1:a state-of·the-art report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1638 Effects of logging upon fish resources of the west coast Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment.1489 Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects 1504 Fish habitat 1099 Effects of power line corridor clearance and maintenance on stream habitat...••........1481 Detrimental effects of highway construction on a Montana stream ,. Evaluating stream trout habitat on large-scale aerial color photographs.. . . . . . . . . . .1780 Guidelines for the protection of the fish resources of the Northwest Territories during highway construction and operation 1111 Use of fire in southern forests'...1555 Use of fire:comments from the north central states 1687 The use of fire,fertilizer and seed for right-of·way maintenance in the southeastern United States..1383 Fire hazard and conflagration prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1101 The effect of rodents on reforestation _1755 Use of fire:comments from the northeast.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1323 Fireand mammals 1710 Research on logging slash disposal by fire 1711 Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wildland fire control 1301 FIRE HAZARD Chaparral shrub control as influenced by grazing,herbicides and fire ..•..............1321 The effects of fire on a population of small rodents 1747 Fire hazard and conflagration p/C!Vention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1101 Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wi Idland fire control _.._..1301 Controlled burning and air pollution:an ecological review ..1705 Population dynamics of rodents during post-fire succession in chaparral 1658 Establishment of firebreaks on forest and rangeland with herbicides 1370 FIRE CONTROL Estabi ishment of firebreaks on forest and rangeland with herbicides 1370 FISH A handbook for habitat evaluation procedures 1798 Changing water temperatu res in small mountain streams .....1517 1m ponance,preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium ......•..•...1649 On the reluctance of gulls to fly under objects . . . . . . . . . . . . .1590 Wetland road crossings:drainage problems and timber damage.1518 FLORA Air pollution:injury to vegetation . . . . . . . • • • . . . . .1389 186 i i I t",.------__------------------4111.------------------------ ......«m ~ I SUBJECT INDEX An ecological analysis of the oiant communities of Piedmont,North Carolina.. . . . . . . . . . .1365 Compatibil ity of fish,wildlife and floral resources with electric power facilities.. . . . .1276 Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after ciearcutting old·growth Douglas·fir in the Oregon Cascades . . . . • . . . . . .1151 Plant and mammall changes on a clearcut in west-central Oregon .1703 The effects of herbicides on the wild flora and vegetation in the Netherlands 1352 The effects of high voltage electric fields on the growth and development of plants and animals.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1279 The influence of management on the flora of roadside verges.1641 Vegetation management for rights·of-way 1026 FLOW Effects of logging upon fish resources of the west coast 1737 Fish migration and fish passage; a practical guide to solving fish passage problems 1112 Natural filtering of suspended soil by a stream at low flow .1718 Soil stability and water yield and quality 1098 Streamflow changes after forest clearing in New England 1512 Streamflow increases after removing woodland-riparian vegetation from a sou th ern Californ ia watl~rshed 1736 FLOW ALTERATION Streamflow changes after forest clearing in New England •.....1512 FOOD A long-term ecological study of game food and cover on a sprayed utility right·of-way ....1433 A technique for estimating potential wildlife populations through habitat evaluations._..1800 An evaluation of chemically· sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for actual and potential wildlife use 1425 Browse olants yield best in forest openings.. . .1611 Browse selection by deer and hares.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1387 Bulldozing to produce browse for deer.. . . . .1743 Deer find what they need on a sprayed utility right-of·way ....1312 Effect of an intensive clearing on deer-browse production in the southern Appalachians 1346 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right·of-way no.1 ...1254 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a pOY'/er line right-of-way '10.2 ...1475 Effect of 2,4-D on abundance and foods of pocket gophers.. ...1380 Effects of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.3 ...1474 Effects of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.4 ..•1472 Effects of timber harvest and regeneration on deerfood and cover........•_.._...._•1715 Foods and feeding habits of white· tailed deer .._•...........1713 Forage preferences of tame deer in a northwest Pennsylvania c1earcu tti '1 g ....._. . • . . • . .1807 Forage use by mule deer relative to logging in Colorado .._.._.1434 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later .._•••.•_•....•_,•.1339 How size and distribution of cutting units affect food and cover of deer ....._ ,...._1716 Impact of herbicides upon game food and cover on a utility right-of-way _.__.•........1384 I ncreasing browse for deer by aerial applications of 2,4-D ....1221 Influence of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on in vitro digestion of forage samples.. . . . _. _. _ __.._. .1429 FORBS Right-of-way maintenance by the seiective application of seiective herbicides;managed plant' community lowers maintenance costs and provides food and cover for wildlife.. . . . . . ...1259 Stimulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides.cutting,and fire.1251 The impact of deer browsing on Allegheny hardwood regeneration ....,...,.....1292 The influence of mammals and birds in retarding artificial and natural reseeding of coniferous forests in the United States ....1808 The interrelations of logging,birds, and timber regeneration in the Douglas-fir region of northwestern California ...._.1744 Wild fru it of the right-of-way ....1618 FOOD CHAIN Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabitants ....,1335 The effects of pesticides..1224 FOOD PLOTS Green ribbons of hope .•....•.1443 Rights-of-way for wildlife .._...1130 The role of herbicides in wildlife production through creation and stabilization of habitats....1469 FORAGE VALUE Effect of logging on forage values for deer in Colorado 1813 FORAGING Forests,wildlife,and habitat management -a critical examination of practice and need •.._......•...._...1722 Woodpecker foraging in Appalachian clearcuts•......_1609 FORBS Ecological effects of herbicide;;; sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission line rights-of-way _.1325 Effect of 2,4-0 on abundance and foods of pocket gophers _.....1380 The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat factors in an east Texas pine-hardwood type •.•_1343 187 FOREST FOREST Amal and mist·blower apolication of herbicides in southern forests as related to wildlife management.,1350 Avian communities,energetics, and functions in coniferous forest habitats.1306 1311 Avifauna and succession in Douglas·fir forests of the Pacific northwest 1669 Big game use and habitat changes ir.a recently logged mixed conifer forest in northeastern Oregon . . . . . . . . .... . .1602 Bird density and diversity as relateo to vegetation in forest recreational areas 1688 Bird population changes after timber harvesting of a mixed conifer forest in Arizona 1809 Breeding birds of the forest edge in Illinois 1759 Browse plants yield best in forest openings 1611 Burying forest residue -an alternative treatment 1657 Changes in small mammal populations after clearcutting of northern Ontario Black Spruce Forest.1651 Changes in streamflow following partial ciearcutting on a forested watershed 1508 . Clearcutting:beneficial aspects for wildlife resources 1330 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources 1329 Cost·effectiveness analysis:a method to evaluate silvicultural activities for non-point pollution abatement .............•.1645 Dead tree ("snag")relluirements for dependent wil dJife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. (Draft)'"1411 Degradation of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in forest litter 1234 Dominant patterns in bird populations of the eastern deciduous forest biome 1307 188 Ecological effects of military defoliation on the forests of South Vietnam 1333 Edges -their interspersion. resulting diversity and its measurement.(Draft)1398 Effect of altitude and forest manipulation on relative abundance of small mammals.1453 Effect of logging on songbird populations in a northern hardwood forest 1647 Effect of logging on understory vegetation and deer use in a Ponderosa Pine forest of Arizona.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1738 Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sed iment deposition from steep terrain ...1115 Effects of timber harvesting and related management practices on water quality in forested watersheds.. . . . . . . . . . . .1501 Erosion control on logging roads in the Appalachians 1513 Establishment of firebreaks on forest and rangeland with herbicides 1370 Forest cuttings raise temperatures of small streams in the southern Appalachians.. . . . . . . . . .1332 Forest habitat management for nongame birds in central Appalachia 1680 Forest site conversion with soil applied herbicides 1344 Forestry operations in the Canadian subarctic:an ecological argument against c1earcutting T682 Forests and rangelands as sources of chemical pollutants 1492 Forests and water:effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation,and water supply '"1814 Forests,wildlife,and habitat management - a critical examination of practice and need ..........•........1722 Fruit·producing trees and shrubs in Missouri's Ozark Forests ...•..1393 SUBJECT INDEX Guidelines for broadlevel evaluation and contrel selection for non-point source pollution associated with s;lvicultural activities.. . . . . . . . . . . .1483 Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington...1156 Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resulting from silvicultural activities 1495 Guidelines for quantification of temperature.dissolved oxygen, and organic matter changes resulting from silvicultural activities T496 Habitat selection of breeding birds in an east Tennessee deciduous forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1802 Herbicide action in the forest ....1058 Herbicides and water quality in American Forestry 1509 How far from a stream should a logging road be located?1524 How to improve forest game habitat 1806 Hydrologic response to silvicultural activities 1494 Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment 1489 Introduction -forest wildlife habitat management:ecology. management and data systems. (Draft)1397 Land suitability pattern for electrical transmission lines on national forests and grasslands in northern Idaho,Montana, North Dakota.and western South Dakota ..•..........1777 Logging and erosion on rough terrain in the east 1521 Logging roads and protection of water quality 1500 Long-term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream ..........•.......1490 Major environmental factors that affect the location,design,and construction of stab iIized forest roads........•..........1519 - - SUBJECT INDEX FRUIT Plant succession and interactions with fauna.. . . . . . . . . . .1673 Power line clearing through upland mixed forest 1441 Reducing erosional ;mpacts of roads.1119 Sediment prediction in wildland environments:a review 1498 Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems.. . . . . _. . . . . . . .1648 Some observations on wind damage., . . . . . . . . . . .1153 The future role of chemicals in forestry.. . . . . . . . . .1048 Use of herbicides in forestry and game management,. . . . . .1348 The growth and wildlife use of planted shrubs and trees at the W.K.Kellogg multiple use forest . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1633 The influence of nammals and birds in retarding artificial and natural reseeding of coniferous forests in the United States ....1808 Use of natural openings in a Ponderosa pine forest of Arizona by deer,elk,and cattle.1739 Water management oractices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community.. . . . . ...1309 Use of fire in southern forests ...1555 Watershed management practices and habitat values in coniferous forests.. . . . . . . . . . ....1676 FORESTRY A system for wildlife habitat management on southern national forests.. . . . . .1367 FOREST LITTER Degradation of 2,4-D and 2,4,5·T in forest litter ,1234 FOREST BURNS Runoff and erosion control by seeded and native vegetation on a forest burn:Black Hills.South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1138Streamflowchangesafterforest clearing in New England 1512 Stress effects on bird-species diversity with in mature forest ecosystems.,1652 Some silvicultural concepts and options for achieving wildlife habitat goals •.............1653 Soil surface condition following tractor and high-lead logging in the Oregon Cascades 1549 Some thermal and biological effects of forest cutting in West Virginia.. . . . . . . .1655 Some options for managing forest land in the central Appalachians.. . . . . . . . . .1385 Soil properties related to erosIon of wild-land soils in central Washington . . . . . . . .1550 Soil erosion in the eastern forest ..1534 Surface erosion 1531 Soil erosion and its control in the eastern forest . . . . . . . . . . .1535 The behavior and impact of organic arsenical nerbicides in the forest;final report of cooperative stud ies . . . . . . . . .1188 Soil compaction:why the controversy?. .1382 Small mammal populations in cut and uncut northern harawood forests 1445 Soil compaction due to tree length and fu II tree skidd ing wi th rubber·tired skidders . .1544 Stream contamination with amitrole from forest spray operations ...1078 1189 1532 Rapid survey guide for forest wildlife habitat improvement...1766 Relationships of Rocky Mountain mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk habitat to timber management in the Blue Mountains.(Draft~1399 National forest nongame bird management.. . . . . . . . . .1308 Preliminary proposal for stream channel erosion,deposition and transport evaluation and associated sediment discharge due to silvicultural activities ...1497 National forest landscape management;volume 2, chapter 2,utilities....1008 Principles of plant "nd animal pest control,volume 2:weed controllchapters 11,18,19)...1160 Revegetation following forest cutting:mechanisms for return to steady-state nutrient cycling.1693 Recovery of a deforested ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1487 Nutrient loss accelerated by clear· cutting of a forest ecosystem ...1546 Modified basal spray control of red maple in southern forest during dormant season .. Mass wasting prediction techniques '.. -[ , i-! 1 I I Selective maintenance of edge areas on national forest lands in Indiana and Ohio 1733 Shruhs and vines for northeastern wildlife.. . . . . . . . . . . . ...1805 Silvicultural options and habitat values in conifE!rOUS forests . . . .1670 Silvicultural options and habitat values in deciduous forests ....1667 Slash cleanup in a Ponderosa pine forest affects use by deer and cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1732 The effect of clearcutting and burn ing on pinus banksiana forests on the popu lations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba 1324 The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.)establishment,soil moisture,and understory vegetation 1171 The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions follOWing deforestation at Hubbard Brook ,..1683 Windthrow around staggered settings in old·growth Douglas- fir.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1152 FREEZE-THAW CYCLES I nvasion of trees in secondary succession on the New Jersey piedmont 1331 FRILLING Continued evaluation of the hypo- halchet for woody species control ,1190 FRUIT Fruit-producing trees and shrubs in Missouri's Ozark forests.....1393 189 M '%WWnrm'3'i§"e'irl'MMirr "."ojx__nr_wlllm ~ FUELBREAK SUBJECT INDEX FUELBREAK Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wildland fire control ,,..,.,,,' G GAME Game management 1301 ...1607 GRASSES Control of brush by grassing of transmission rights-ofway .....1265 Effect of 2,4-D on abundance and foods of pocket gophers.,...1380 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesti'1g in northeast Colorado 1422 Prairie grasses the vista-makers ...1145 GROWTH RATE Internal factors affecting toxicity.1177 GULLY Engineering tecnniques and principles applied to soil erosion control . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1139 Gully development and comrol:the status of our knowledge....1533 - Roadsides for wildlife 1369 The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain Adirondack forest types with particular reference to deer and grouse 1361 GAME,BIG Impact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains of Washington ..1666 Right-of-way resources of the prairie provinces ,1437 Runoff and erosion control by seeded and native vegetation on a forest burn:Black Hills,South Dakota 1138 The wild gardener in the wild landscape.. . . . . . . . .1129 H HABITAT A handbook for habitat evaluation procedures ,1798 A shrub community of Viburnum lentago.stable for twenty·five years 1371 - The stability of natural slopes in the MacKenzie Valley ...,....1541 Phase II corridor study, geotechnical features 1110 Terrain disturbance susceptibility, Norman Wells area,MacKenzie Valley ,1540 Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction.MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,central part ,,,..,1135 A small mammal community in the upper Sonoran Desert.,.,....1762 Aerial and mist-blower application of herbicides in southern forests as related to wildlife management.. . . .... . . . .1350 A trap·removal census study of small mammals.1763 A study of the reproductive biology of herons,egrets,and ibis nesting on Pea Patch Island,Delaware ....,.....,1559 A technique for estimating potential wildlife populations through habitat evaluations ....1800 A system for wildlife habitat management on southern national forests .....,.....1367 Some ecological benefits of woody plant control with herbicides ...1515 GRAZING CAPACITY Habitat of grazing animals 1103 Habitat of grazing animals ..,...1103 Effect of 2,4-0 on some herbaceous range plants 1358 GROWTH Growth contra lin trees . . . . . . .1205 GRASSLAND The effects of five herbicides on the numbers of certain invertebrate animals in grassland soil 1347 GRAZING Effect of logging on forage values for deer in Colorado..,1813......1109 GEOLOGY Geotechnical features. GAME,SMALL Movement and home range of cottontail rabbits along a power line right·of·way maintained by periodic treatments with mechanical meanS ..,,.....,1405 GEOMORPHOLOGY Guidelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on weStern national forests 1133 Mass wasting prediction techniques.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1532 Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction,MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,central part ,,1135 The stability of natural slopes in the MacKenzieValiev ,1541 GROWTH DISTORTION The effects of pesticides .....,.1224 GROWTH FORM Use of shrubs in developing farm wildlife habitat 1626 GROWTH INHIBITOR Control of brush with a new growth regulator.. . . . . .1184 Growth control in trees 1205 Progress report on 1 percent NAA growth inhibitor tree paint ....1209 An evaluation of chemically sprayed electric transm ission line rights-of-way for potential wildlife use 1180 An evaluation of chemically- sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for actual and potential wildlife use 141)9 Avian behavior and habitat management ,1672 Avian communities,energetics,and functions in coniferous forest habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . .1306 1311 GLACIAL DEPOSITS Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction,MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,central part 1135 190 The use of plant growth regulators in rights-of-way maintenance ...1366 Tree growth control research project '1816 Avian populations in herbicide treated brush fields . . . . . . . . .1665 Avian species diversity in desert scrub 1803 Ell i - -SUBJECT INDEX HABITAT Bird density and diversity as related to vegetation in forest recreational areas..1688 Big game use and habitat changes in a recently logged mixed conifer forest in northeastern Oregon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1602 Brush vs.cleared range as deer habitat in southern Texas ..1720 Effect of logging on forage values for deer in ColoradD .1813 Effect of logging on understory vegetation and deer use in a Ponderosa Pine forest of Arizona 1738 Effects of power line corridor clearance and maintenance Dn stream habitat 1481 Herbicides for wildlife habitat manipulation..1674 High density of birds breeding in a modified deciduous forest.. .1706 How to improve forest game habitat .....'."..1806 How valuable are clearings tD birdlife?. . . . . . . . . . ...1479 Importance of riparian ecosystems: biotic considerations 1650 Impact of chemical and meChanical site preparation on wildlife habitat 1302 Changes in grass cover of a desert rodent fauna following habitat perturbation 1659 Changing water temperatures in small mountain streams 1517 Clearcutting:beneficial aspects for wildlife resources 1330 Effects of silvicultural practices on wildlife food and cover in oak and aspen types in northern Michigan 1470 Endangered bird species:habitat manipulation methods 1599 Environmental evaluations using birds and their habitats 1799 Impact of range improvement practices on wiidlife habitat.1730 ~ I """ Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife r,asources ....•...1329 Considerations for wildlife in industrial development and reclamation 1290 Cooperative wildlife habitat development along transm ission line corridor:;. . . .... . . . . . .1615 Creating wildlife habitat on utility rights-of-way . . . . . . . . . .1203 Critical factors in habitat appraisal 1714 Dead tree ("snag")requirements for dependent wildlife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington ,and Oregon. (Draft)1411 Deer find wh,n they need on a sprayed utility right-of-way ....1312 Deer,brush control,and livestock on the Texas rolling plains.....1677 Determinants of local distribution and abundance in white-footed mice 1377 Ecology and land-use relationships of small mammals on a Michigan farm .•...........1477 Edges -their interspersion. resulting diversity and its measurement.(D raft)1398 Effect of altitude and forest manipUlation on relative abundance uf small mammals...1453 Effect ofhabitat disturbance on a small mammal population .....1467 Evaluating stream trout habitat on large-scale aeria I color photographs.. . ... . . . . ...1780 Evaluation of pheasant nesting habitat in eastern South Dakota.1804 Evaluation of the wildlife results from fuel breaks,browseways, and type conversions 1724 Experimental plantings on power line rights-of-way and woodland roads.. . . . . .1029 Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects 1504 Fish habitat 1099 Forest habitat management for nongame birds in central Appalachia 1680 Forests,wildlife,and habitat management - a critical examination of practice and need ..•................1722 Green ribbons of hope 1443 Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington 1156 Habitat management implications of migration 1564 Habitat selection of breeding birds in an east Tennessee deciduous forest . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1802 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later.1339 Importance,preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium.. . . . . . . . . .1649 Introduction -forest wildlife habitat management:ecology. management and data systems. (Draftl 1397 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram . "1368 Making forest clearings for game with pelleted herbicides fenuron and tordon 1700 National forest nongame bird management.. . . . . . .1308 Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after clearcutting old-growth Douglas·fir in the Oregon Cascades . . . . . . . . . . . . .1151 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado .1422 Plant succession and interactions with fauna 1673 Population dynamics and habitat preference of cottontail rabbits along a seeded and mechanically maintained power line right-of· way 1410 Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides 1640 Practical aspects of managing roadside cover for nesting pheasants 1617 Principles of sound right-of-way vegetation management 1162 191 ~:Itt.:l~................r.........=..a..'"'..-""--~__....."."T....-:- HABITAT Range management practices and bird habitat values.__..1668 Rangeland avifaunas:their composition,energetics,and role in the ecosystem _....1314 Rapid survey guide for forest wildlife habitat improvement ...1766 Raptors in range habitat.. . ...1416 Rating northeastern soils for their suitability for wildlife habitat 1625 Relationships of Rocky Mountain mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk habitat to tim ber management in the Blue Mountains.(Draft)1399 Right-of-way management for an endangered species;the red- cockaded woodpecker 1608 The distribution and movement of small mammals in central Oklahoma.. . . . . . . . . . .1748 The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain Adirondack forest types with particu lar reference to deer and grouse 1361 The effect of clearcutting and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba 1324 The effects of controlled burning on arthropod density and biomass in relation to bobwhite quail brood habitat of a right- of-way..•...............1442 The effects of high voltage electric fields on the growth and development.of plants and animals 1279 SUBJECT INDEX Unique habitats.(Drdft!.1400 Use of natural openings in a Ponderosa pine forest of Arizona by deer,elk,and cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1739 Use of shrubs in developing farm wildlife habitat.. . . . . . .1626 Use of siivicultural techniques for improving deer habitat in the Lake States . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1742 Vegetation changes and animal use of a power line right-of-way after the application of an herbicide 1243 Vegetation management on power line rights-of-way;a state of the knowledge report 1035 Vegetation structure and breeding bird diversity . . . . . . . . . , _. .1675 - - Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed areas 1315_ Roads and the conservation of wildlife _1334 Right-of·way resources of the prairie provinces . Rights-of-way for wildlife ... Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management (Draftl . 1437 1612 .1404 The evaluation of ecological resources in the countryside for conservation purposes 1781 The farm fence in wildlife management and erosion control . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1764 The future of Alaska's caribou ...1812 The growth and wildlife use of planted shrubs and trees at the W.K.Kellogg multiple use forest 1633 Vermont's winter deer habitat protection program 1381 Water management practices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community 1309 Water management practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats 1499 Waterfowl nesting on a railroad right·of-way in North Dakota ...1440 Selective maintenance of edge areas on national forest lands in Indiana and Oh io 1733 Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife _,1805 Shrubs for wildlife habitat improvement in southern Michigan 1604 Silvicu Itu ral options and habitat values in coniferous forests ....1670 Silvicultural options and habitat values in deciduous forests 1667 Small mammals in old field succession 1468 Some environmental benefits of herbicides 1505 Some silvicultural concepts and options for achieving wildlife habitat goals.. . . . . _. . . . . . .1653 Songbirds of the right-of-way.•...1318 192 The lesser prairie chicken in the Texas panhandle 1379 The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat factors in an east Texas pine-hardwood type ....1343 The relationship of terrestrial vertebrates to plant communities and their successional stages. (Draft)1765 The response of animals to herbicide-induced habitat changes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1432 The role of herbicides in wildlife production through creation and stabilization of habitats 1469 The southern tier interconnection: a case study ...•..........1014 The Bureau of Land Management Wildlife Habitat Management Program,with special emphasis on nongame bird habitats .....1310 Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right·of-way in North Dakota,1438 Watershed management practices and habitat values in coniferous forests.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1676 Wildlife food and cover by the mile 1356 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls 1357 Wildlife management of rights-of- way 1428 Woodpecker foraging in Appalach ian clearcuts 1609 Woody plants for rehabilitating rangelands in the intermountain region 1316 HABITAT CHANGE Browse plants yield best in forest openings 1611 '"'" ~'·:~._rm_;_=Iii±liIIw_rs__lIIil·''''''-'''Oil_'''·''·__t ..","",~·riiiil~_'7"''''''''''''''+..'""._..··"'n y_'~··-.'""'~~ r~ SUBJECT INDEX HERBICIDE A guide to killing woody plants In West Virginia..1031 A program for vegetation management 1010 Aerial application of herbicides on utility rights-of-way _..1157 Aerial application of herbicides for right·of-way brush control ,1248 1448 . _.1820 A review of tOXicological information on tordon herbicide . A wildlife manager's view of herbicide use on the right- of-way_. _. , _ . A long-term ecological study of game food and cover on a sprayed utility right-of-way.1433 Aerial application of herbicide pellets for brush control on power line rights·of-way 1181 A substitute for 2,4,5-T in eastern hardwood sprout and brush control _1240 A study of additives to the aqueous phase of aerially applied invert emulsions ..., , .1075 Aerial and mist-blower application of herbicides in soutnern forests as related to wi Id life management.. . . . . . ... . .1350 HERBICIDE A discussion on herlJic;des and a statement on 2,4,5-T and TCDD.,...... ..1036 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls ,1357 Wires,poles,and birds ..., . ,..1128 Water management practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats ...,....._.1499 Without consent 1326 The Bureau of Land Management Wildlife Habitat Management Program,with special emphasis on nongame bird habitats .....1310 Use of herbicides in forestry and game management ...,...,..1348 Techniques involved in the use of chemicals for establishing wildlife clearings 1466 Woodcock use of clearcut aspen areas in Wisconsin .., . . .1654 Stimulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides.cutting and fire ..1251 Introduction -forest wildlife habitat management:ecology. management and data systems. ro raft)_. _1397 Sane use of herbicides .1464 The role of herbicides in wildlife production through creation and stabilization of habitats 1469 Shrubs for wildlife habitat improvement in southern Michigan ....., . . . . . . . .1604 Increasing browse for deer by "eriai applications of 2,4-0 _1221 Pipelines in forested wetlands,, ,1113 Water managem ent practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats ..._,__,...1499- Vegetation changes and an imal use of a power line right-of-way after the application of an herbicide ....,..., . . . ...1243 Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platfonns by Canada geese.. . . . , , , , . . , . . . , , , .1605 Impact of chemical and mechanical site preparation On wildlife habitat " " ,.., . , ,..1302 Defoliation in Vietnam ....__.1338 The effects of herbicides on the wild flora and vegetation in the Netherlands ,1352 Use of herbicides in forestry and game management ....,..._.1348 Effects of silvicultural practices on wildlife food and cover in oak and aspen types in northern Michigan _... ...1470 Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington , , ,1156 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources ,1329 The response of animals to herbicide-induced habitat changes.. , . . . _. . . . . . • . . .1432 Soil microbes,. ,..., ,...,..1096 ,~ Wildlife food and cover by the mile , , . . . . .1356 Woodpecker foraging in Appalachian clearcuts 1609 2,4·0 herbicide vegetation and pocket gopher relationsh ips Black Mesa.Colorado •....., .1455 HABITAT MANIIPULATJON Creating and maintaining wildlife openings in wooded areas by use of herbicides ...., ,.._, ,1252 00 herbicides affect game?.....1817 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation.1Ei50 .....•.....1256 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browS!!evalu'lted six years later.1339 HABITAT PERTURBATION Reaction of reindeer to obstructions and disturbances ..1439 HYDROLOGY Impact of highways on the hydrogeologic environment.,..1639 HELICOPTER Aerial application techniques, systems.and precautions 1183 The wonderful power of selectivity to power line rights-of-way.,..1169 HERBACEOUS Convert R/W from woody to herbaceous cover ,1226 Old field vegetation as an inhibitor of tree vegetation ..,•.••...1266 Aerial application techniques. systems.and precautions....._1183 Aerial spraying of low-grade hardwood stands with 2,4,5-T in West Virginia.. . . . . . . ...1235 Ammate in the diet of deer ..,.•1613 An ecological approach to right- of-way clearance,. . . . . . , . . . 1051 An evaluation of chemically sprayed electric transmission line rights-of'way for potential wildlife use..,..,1180 An evaluation of chemically- sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for actual and potential w,ildlife use •...............1409 1425 193 ~'~,,""""E"'-""__""iIIli_..rllilmm_...•liij"_Z iII__""filWili..MIliiMiIII"ii1W_Ii-_:Pill_IIili";.;rTX!i&"iili--·'ilI-liI"iIj"'_ HERBICIDE SUBJECT INDEX An improved helicopter system for the aerial application of sprays containing TORDON 101 mixture paniculated with NORBAK....1233 Apparent kill of persimmon and sassafras by application of 2,4·0 and 2,4,5·T 1257 Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides.. . . • . . . . .1342 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights·of-way and recommendation for such use ..1041 Avian populations in herbicide treated brush fields ..•......1665 Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest 1037 Behavior of pesticides in plants ..1187 Benefits and hazards of herbicides 1039 Brush control in rights·of·way ...1063 8rush control studies in rights· of·way 1042 Chaparral shrub control as influenced by grazing,herbicides and fire .....•...........1321 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment 1071 Chemical brush control offers the best economics for the Potomac Edison Company ....1074 Chemical brush control proves itself ..•................1064 Chemical Control of Bracken Fern in the British Isles with TOR DON 1086 Chemicals "cut"overhead limbs ..1227 Classification and characteristics of herbicides 1033 Continued evaluation of the hypo- hatchet for woody species control 1190 Control of brush on rights' of-way.• • . . . . . . . . . .1091 Control of brush with a new growth regulator ........•..1184 Creating and maintaining wildlife openings in wooded areas by use of herbicides ..•......1252 Creating wildlife habitat Dn utility rights-of-way 1203 CreatiDn of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides: arresting "succession"Dn rights-Df-way and pastureland ..1319 Cut frill herbicide treatments cDntrDI hardwDDd weed trees ...1303 CytDgenetic effects Df 2,4,5·T trichlDrDphenDxyacetic acid Dn DDgenesis and earl y embryDgenesis in DrosDphila Melanogaster 1198 Deer,brush cDntrDI,and livestock on the Texas rolling plains.....1677 Defoliation in Vietnam 1338 DegradatiDn of dicamba,picloram, and four phenDxy herbicides in sDils .........•..._.....1046 EcolDgy of transmission line cDrridors . . . . . . . . . . . .1298 Effect Df certain CDmmon brush cDntrol techniques and materials Dn game food and CDver on a power line right-of-way no.2 ...1475 Effect of chemical brush CDntrDI on deer distribution.. . . . .1427 Effect of herbicide-induced changes in vegetatiDn Dn nesting ducks 1690 Effect Df several herb icides on SDil microorganisms 1363 Effect of sDil cDnstituents on herbicide activity in mDdified- sDii field piDtS ...•....•....1537 Effect Df tDrdon on micrDbial activities in three Willamette Valley sDils ........•......1061 Effect Df TORDON herbicides Dn aquatic organisms 1081 Effect Df 2,4-0 Dn abundance and fDDds Df pDcket gDphers ...1380 Effect of 2,4-0 on compDsitiDn and prDductiDn of an alpine plant cDmmunity in WYDming ..1043 Effect Df 2,4·D Dn some herbaceous range plants 1358 Effects of certain common brush contrDI techniques and materials Dn game fDDd and CDver Dn a pDwer line right'Df-way nD.3 ...1474 Effects Df certain CDmmDn brush. contrDI techniques and materials" Dn game fDDd and cover Dn a pDwer line right-of-way nD.4 ...1472 i ~ I. Do herbicides affect game?.....1817 Drift cDntrDI systems ...._....1192 DegradatiDn of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T in fDrest litter .....••.....•1234 Distribution of 2,4-0 and piciDram applied by a mist bIDwer •••.•.1174 - -Effects Df range treatment with 2,4-0 Dn rodent populatiDns ...1378 Effects of herbicides Dn the envirDnment •........•....1296 Effects Df herbicides Dn species diversity of twD plant communities•.............1300 Effects of herbicides Dn estuarine fauna 1084 Effects of herbicidal management Df electric transmissiDn line rights-Df-way Dn plant communities.........•....1305 Effects of herbicides Dn water and its inhabitants ..•....••....1335 1454ECDlogicaleffectsofherbicides ECDlogical effects of military defoliatiDn Dn the forests of SDuth Vietnam ••••.•.••.•.1333 ECDIDgical effects Df herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities Dn transmissiDn line rights-Df-way .•.•.......1325 Chemical vegetation control manual for fish and wildlife management programs •......1341 Chemical control of brush and trees ......•............1065 Chemical tests for trichloroacetic acid •..•...••..........1525 Chemical clearing of transmission line right-of-way in Quebec ••..1069 Chemical brush control:assessing the hazard ......•....•...1052 Chemical control of vegetation on areas bordering public water supplies ......•..........1392 194 •__!il!I1IlllillllllRlro;lJiiiIi•••_·?i&__·:;;lifSA...·..·__'"-..·-..Ph""'"'iE''''''......_'..i'tt_lt~•-'- .... SUBJECT INDEX HERBICIDE Ettec:s at some herbicides on tert''ized fish eggs and fry.1231 Five years of mistblower brush control , . ,1082 Herbicide treatment of rights·of·way 1087 Efiects of the herbicide silvex on ben:'lOS of a farm pond,,....1239 Forest site conversion with soil applied herbicides ...,1344 Herbicide treatments on mountainous terrain., . .1222 - - Effects of -timber harvesting anti related managemeM practices on water quality in forested watersneds ...., , . . . , .1501 Effects of trunk·injected oxydemetonmethyl on Douglas· fir cone and seed insects, seediing production,and mice ,..,1624 Effects of vegetation management on wildlife 1727 Effects of 2,4·0 on woody plants in Connecticut ,1364 Effects of 2,4,5·T during the approach of woody plant dormancy ....., . . . . .1220 Effects on the soil fauna ...,1530 Efforts to remove the "ugly"from transmission rights·of-way ..., .1274 Environmental facl:ors and susceptibility to herbicides ...,1795 Environmental impact of herbicides on electric transmission line rights·of·way 1317 Establishment of firebreaks on forest and ra ngeland with heroic ides , . . .i370 Experts provide Rx for transmission R/W work.. ,1158 FaclOrs affecting the persistence of picloram in soil 1548 Factors influencing the decomposition of TOR DON herbicide in soils.. . . . .1547 Fate of atrazine.kuron. silvex.and 2,4,5-T in the dairy cow 1225 Fate of tordon herbicides containing Il,;cloram in the ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1054 Field application of herbicides- avoiding danger to fish,1049 Fifteen years of ecological research on a utility right- of-way 1337 First·year eff,acts of sagebrush control on two sparrows.. . . . .1696 Foresters keep the vegetation in v'egetation management 1154 Forests and rangelands as sou rces of chemical pollutants ..,.., .1492 Frill treatment with 2.4,5·T and 2,4 ..D effective for killing northern hardwoods..., .1255 Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wildland fire control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1301 Further progress in the control of Kudzu 1085 Granular herbicides for woody plant control 1215 Growth analysis of red maple and white aSh seedlings treated with eight herbicides., . . . . . .1228 Handling animal poisoning complaints ,, .1068 Has the herbicide really killed the animal?:1067 Herbicide action in the forest ...,1058 Herbicide combinations for woody plant control . . , . . . . . . . ...1229 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1948 ...., . , . ,..1166 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation.1950 . .1256 Herbicide mixtures promising for hardwood control by foliar spraying 1062 Herbicide report:chemistry and analysis.environmental effects, agricultural and other applied uses , "1293 Herbicide residues and weed species shifts on modified- soil field plots 1320 Herbicide transport in plants ....1176 Herbicide treatment of browse on a big-game winter range in northern Idaho 1459 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later 1339 Herbicide use on electric utility rights·of·way;a review of recent literature on herbicides. their safety and use,.., ....1023 Herb ic ides and higher plant ecology 1493 Herbicides and the soil fauna..1631 Herbicides and their toxicity to livestock ,1230 Herbicides and water quality in American Forestry ,1509 Herbicides for rights·of·way. trails,and recreation areas .....1034 Herbicides for wildlife habitat manipulation 1674 Herbicides pose no threat except to vegetation . . . . . . . . ....1237 If used properly tree injectors are effective 1076 Impact of chemical and mechanical site preparation on wildlife habitat.. . . . . .1302 Impact of herbicides upon game food and cover on a utility right-of-way , .1384 Increasing browse for deer by aerial applications of 2,4-D .., .1221 I ndividual white oaks treated with stem-injected and soil· applied herbicides -costs and effectiveness 1047 Influence of environmental factors on toxicity to plants ...1178 Influence of ph on the phytotox icity of herbicides in soil ........•.........1201 Influence of time and method of application on turkey oak response to picloram +2,4-D ..,1219 Influence of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on invitro digestion of forage samples.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1429 Injection of red maple and hickory with picloram 2,4·0 and 2A.5-T 1214 195 ---~-------------~----------------_....._..__.,._---"""!""'.....- HERBICIDE interaction of pesticides with aquatic microorganisms and p'lankton .1514 Pesticide residue dynamics 111 a forest 'ecosystem:a compartment model..1038 SUBJECT INDEX Response of selected wooely plants in the United States to herbicides.. . . . . . . . _.1030 -- "I nvert emu Isions""versatility and precision.". _._. _. _....1186 Internal factors affecting toxicity....._...1177 Pesticides in our ecosystem .....1027 Picloram basally applied for brush control on utility rights-of-way 1032 Poison oak control at Fort Ord 1060 Response of vegetation communities to manipulation .1726 Response of woody species to 2.4-0.2,4,5-T and picloram as a function of treatment method ..1218 Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides 1640 Power line right-of-way management through selective use of herbicides 1024 Investigations of the use of 2,4,5-T esters as a basal spray in the control of bear oak __...1752 Looks can be deceiving-herbicide injury?_1386 Loss of herbic ides in ru noff water _.1516 Maine Public Service Company transmission spray program ....1270 Maintainingwildlife openings with pellets containing picloram ....1368 Potomac Electric Power Company's experience with herbicides on federal wildlife lands.___. Precommercial thinning with chemicals._ _ _ 1206 1191 Responses of woody species to rates,formulations,placements and times of application of karbutilate 1196 Right-of'way maintenance by the selective application of selective herbicides;managed plant community lowers maintenance costs and provides food and cover for wildlife 1259 Right-of·way management program a challenge for the 70's 1159 Making forest clearings for game with pelleted herbicides fenu ron and tordon .._..._. . . . ...1700 Microbial transformations in the soil _.._1374 Minimizing spray drift of herbicides _1213 Mistblowing a hardwood unde~~tor~,in We.st Virginia with O-T herbicide 1212 Modified basal spray control of red maple in southern forest during dormant season ..._...1189 Monongahela Power's attack on brush 1055 Movement and persistence of pilcoram in soil 1195 Movement of herbicides in soil .....__...._. _....1819 Movement of pesticides in soil ...1545 Nonbiological degradation of herbicides in the soil _.._....1375 Pacific Power &Light's vegetation control program ....1194 Persistence a nd biological reactions of pesticides in soils 1238 Persistence of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T in chaparral soil and vegetation .1527 Persistence of 2,4-0 toxicity in Hawaiian soils ....._.....1258 196 Prediction of the persistence and activity of TOROON herbicide in soils under field conditions ..1390 Preservation of desirable species through selective use of herbicides 1066 Principles of plant and animal pest control,volume 2:weed control.(Chapters 11,18,19t .1160 Principles of sound right-of-way vegetation management 1162 "Program,methods and results of 10 years of chem ical brush control by Central Hudson Gas &Electric Corporation".1242 Programming right-of-way brush control . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . .1163 R-O-W aesthetics call for selective tree control _1155 Rainfall effects following herbicidal treatment of woody plants ..._1217 Recent advances in woody brush control on rights-of-way 1250 Regulations governing industrial weed and brush control in the northeast 1056 Residues in milk and meat and safety to livestock from the use of phenoxy herb icides in pasture and rangeland 1435 Residues of herbicides and impact on uses by livestock 1729 Right-of-ways management:a growing problem.. . . . . . . .1253 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides.. . . . . . . .1208 Safety in the development of herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . .1388 Sagebrush control with herbicide has little effect on elk calving behavior 1431 Sane use of herbicides _1464 Science,industry,and the abuse of rights-of-way 1090 Selective application of selective herbicides in the study of vegetation development.. .1360 Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light.....1199 Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water quality .•..1792 Soil moisture affects absorption of 2,4,5-T sprays 1185 Soil processes and introduced chemicals__1097 Some ecological benefits of woody plant control with herbicides ...1515 Some environmental benefits of herbicides 1505 Some factors affecting the disappearance of TOROON in soil .....•..........._1070 :&+MPW ilft:2iC' ~l)BJECT INDEX HERBICIDE The effects of pesticides.1224 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams 1053 The future role of chemicals in forestry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1048 The effects of 51 LVEX on aquatic· vegetation and plankton in central New York farm ponds 1089 Toxicology of picloram and safety evaluation ofTORDON herbicides 1449 ToXicity of 45 organic herbicides to cattle,sheep,and chickens ...' . . . . . . . .1050 Toxicology of herbicides..1244 TORDON herbicide ... disapperance from soils.1088 Toxicity of "dybar"to bobwhite quail._ ' , ,1532 Toxicity of various formulations of 2,4-0 to salmon ids in southeast Alaska,.1040 Toxicity of 2.3,7,8· T etrach lorod ibenzo-diox in (TCDD)in aquatic organisms ...1044 loxicity and hazards to man, Domestic animals.and wildlife from some commonly used auxin herbicides.. . . . . . ...1451 1072 1249 1352 The logistics of chemical brush control _ . The key to effective basal spraying of woody plants:wet the root collar . The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 The ,;ffects of herbicicJ2s on the wild flora and vegetation in the Netherlands.. ~:imulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and fire ....1251 Stream contamination with amitrole from forest spray operations ...1078 ~Decial herbicide combinations ior right·of·way brush control 1013 ~tream contamination with amitrole following brush control operations with Amitrole-T ....1083 ';.lme toxicological aspects "f silvex ' . . . . . .1080 Studies of the safety of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinning agents: a progress report 1057 ';~'me primary and secondary effects of herbicides on wildlife.. . . . . . . . . ......1821 SlOP the pendulum in mid-swing!1461 .... Summary of toxicological information on 2,4,5-T type herbicides and an evaluation of the hazards to livestock associated with their use ...•..1092 Techniques involved in the use of chemicals for establishing wildlife clearings.. . . . . .1466 The ohenoxy herbicides 1182 The physiological and biochemical bases of selective herbicide action.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1079 The plight of the right·of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part II ..._. . . . . . . . . . .1022 TORDON Herbicides-evaluation of safety to fish and birds ..._.1450 TORDON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right-of·way.. . . . . . . .1204 Uptake and movement of herbicides in plants.. . . .1725 Teratological potential of 2,4,5-T 1197 The public relations of public spraying 1273 Use of herbicides in forestry and game management.. . . .1348 Th e adsorption of some S-Triazines in soils ....._....1202 Irle behavior and impact of organic arsenical herbicides in the forest;final report on cooperative stud ies . . . . . . .1188 The response of animals to herbicide-induced habitat changes 1432 The revegetation of a Rhode Island right-of-way,Exeter, Rhode Island 1328 Using phenoxy herbicides effectively 1077 Utilization of knapsack mist blowers for chemical brush control ..•..............1210 Toxic hazards in the use of herbicides 1414 The significance of herbicides to non-target organ isms 1059 The role of herbicides in wildlife management 1606 Tordon 155 mixture herbicide for brush control on utility rights· of-way ....•.............1211 Vegetation changes and animal use of a power line right-of-way after the application of an herbicide •...............1243 Volatility and drift of herbicides .1193 Vegetation control fro'"picloram- phenoxy combinations in invert <!mulsions 1045 Vegetation management on power line rights-of-way:a state of the knowledge,report 1035 Vegetation management on utility rights-of-way 1246 Weed control on rights-of·way ...1175 1172 The use of herbicides in the eastern region;draft environmental statement.. The role of herbicides in wildlife production th rough creation and ~abjJjzation of habitats....1469 The effects of five herbicides on the number of certain invertebrate animals in grassland soil ••.•.........1347 The effect of TORDON on microorganisms and soil biological pmcesses 1391 The degradation and movement of picloram in soil and water ...1200 The effect of TORDON on vine maple ..........•....1073 The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.}llstablishment, soil moisture,and understory vl~getation•...._..1171 ..... 197 HERBICIDE ,}" SUBJECT INDEX An anal'lsis of prairie warblers killed in F lorida during nocturnal migration 1579 An evaluation of chemically sprayed electric transm ission line rights-of-way for potential wildlife use ...•., . . . . . ...1180 What a wel!-planned utility chemical brush control program looks like...... ... . .1207 What happens to phenoxy herbicides when applied to a watershed area..1507 'Nisconsin pathologist tests effects of dioxin .1488 Woody brush efficiently controlled through use of helicopters .....1173 HUMIDITY Microclimate modification due to power transmission rights-of· way 1556 HUNTING A technique for estimating potential wildlife populations through habitat evaluations ....1800 Big game movement near a 500 kv transmission line in northern Idaho __. _..1418 An analysis of migrating birds killed at a television tower in east central Illinois,September 1955-May 1957.....1588 - Woody plant shoot management and response to herbicidal treatment 1216 2,4·0 herbicide vegetation and pocket gopher relationships Black Mesa,Colorado ....•...1455 4-amino-3,5,6 Trichloropicolinic acid pellets for brush control in the northeastern United States ..1236 HERBICIDE USE POLICIES The use of herbicides in the eastern region:draft environmental statement 1172 HERBS Prairie grasses the vista·makers ...1145 HIGHWAY A design guide for wildlife protection and conservation for transportation facilities 1664 Detrimental effects of highway construction on a Montana stream.. . ... . . . . . . .1643 Highway erosion control systems: an evaluation based on the universal soil loss equation "..1637 Highway-wildlife relationships; volume 1:a state·of·the-art report.. . . . . . . • . . . . . .1638 Impact of highways on the hydrogeologic environment •...1639 The harm ou r roads do to nature and wildlife ...._.._1811 The influence of highway construction on a stream ...._.1642 Vegetative cover for highway rights-of-way (final report)....1144 Wildlife considerations in rights-of- way management._.....1598 HOGGING Machine to harvest slash,brush. and thinnings for fuel and fiber - a concept ....._...•....1656 198 Wildlife use of utility rights-of-way in Michigan _1473 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Hydrologic response to silvicultural activities .•••.........•__1494 HYPO-HATCHET Continued evaluation of the hypo- -hatchet for woody species control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1190 IMPACT A comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration.. . . . . . .1576 A field survey of farmer experience with 765 kV transmission lines,November 18·20,1974 1538 A preliminary study of power line damages.. . . . . . ......1627 A study of the reproductive biology of herons,egrets,and ibis nesting on Pea Patch Island,Delaware .._. . . . .1559 A tower for TV:30,000 dead birds ..•................1580 Aerial spraying of low·grade hardwood stands with 2,4.5-T in West Virginia _..._ . . . . .1235 Agricultural impacts of EHV transmission lines -four cases in Ontario ....•......•...1623 Air pollution:injury to vegetation . . . • • ...._ . . . . .1389 Alternative electrical transmission systems and their environmental impact•..••...•••...••.•1003 Ammate in the diet of deer ...••1613 Analysis of mass bird mortal itv in October,1954 1589 Apparent kill of persimmon and sassafras by application of 2,4·0 and 2,4,5-T 1257 Application for a construction permit for a 500 kV EHV transm ission line 1004 Assessing potential im pacts of logging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a sem i-private area 1692 Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides•.._. . . . . . . .1342 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use .1041 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower ..1586 Avian mortality from collisions with overhead wires in North Dakota 1567 Benefits and hazards of herbicides 1039 Big game use and habitat changes in a recently logged mixed conifer forest in northeastern Oregon ...•_....••......1602 Bird casualties at a Leon County, Florida TV tower:an eleven-year study ......•...........1574 Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness ...•.•.........1436 Bird destruction at a TV tower•..1587 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958-1959-1960 .....•••_..1585 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon ...•...•_...••1578 - - - SUBJECT INDEX IMPACT ..,.. Defoliation in Vietnam.. . . .1338 Do herbicides affect game?.....1817 Deathtraps in the flyways 1460 Changing water temperatures in small mountain streams 1517 Effects of herbicides on the environment.. . . . . . . . . .1296 Effects of certain commOIl brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right'of-way no.3 ...1474 Effects of pipeline installation on soil properties and productivity.. . • • . . . . . . . . .1542 Effects of certain common brush control techniques and materials ·on game food and cover on a power line right-of·way no.4 ...1472 Effects of off-road motorcycle activity on Mojave Desert vegetation and soil 1539 Effects of pipeline construction on creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert 1620 Effects of clearcutting on stream temperature 1704 Effects of clearcutting on the diversity of breeding birds....1313 Effects of logging upon fish resources of the west coast 1737 Effects of clearcut openings on quality of hardwood border trees 1394 Effects of parent material and vegetation on properties related to soil erosion in central Washington 1141 Effects of herbicides on estuarine fauna.. . .... . . . . . . ...1084 Effects of herbicidal management of electric transmission line rights-of-way on plant communities....•.........1305 Effects of highway rights-of-way on bird populations 1562 Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition from steep terrain ...1115 EHects of herbicides on species diversity of two plant communities 1300 Effects of highways on wildlife ..1679 Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabitants 1335 Effects of human disturbance on nesting of bald eagles.. . . . .1452 Effect of 2,4-D on abundance and foods of pocket gophers ...1380 Effect of tordon on microbial activities in three Willamette Valley soils 1061 Effect of 2,4-0 on composition and production of an alpine plant community in Wyoming.. . • . . ....1043 Effect of TORDON herbicides on aqu3tic organisms 1081 Effect of soil constituents on herbicide activity in modified- soil field plots •............1537 Effect of several herbicides on soil microorganisms 1363 Effect of power line clearance and maintenance on vigor of adjacent stand and composition of bordering understories .."1289 Effect of an intensive clearing on deer-browse production in the southern Appalachians 1346 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right'of'way no.2 ...1475 Effect of 2,4-0 on some herbaceous range plants 1358 Effect of land use practices on breeding bird populations in Ohio 1760 Effect of chemical brush control on deer distribution 1427 Effect of habitat disturbance on a small mammal population ....1467 Effect of togging on songbird populations in a northern hardwood forest 1647 Effect of herbicide-induced changes in vegetation on nesting ducks 1690 Effect of logging on understory vegetation and deer use in a Ponderosa Pine forest of Arizona.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1738 Effect of logging on forage values for deer in Colorado ....1813 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.1..1254 1595 Collisions with wires - a source of anatid mortality 1571 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources 1329 Ecological and econom ic aspects of right-of·way vegetation management 1268 Clearcutting:beneficial aspects for wildlife resources 1330 Ecological ettects of herbicides ..1454 Ecological effects of mil itary defoliation on the forests of South Vietnam 1333 Ecological effllCts of herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission line rights·of·way 1325 Design EHV lines to reduce impact.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1553 Cytogenetic effects of 2.4,5·T trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on oogenesis and early embryogenesis'in Drosophila MeJanogaster 1198 Clear-cut logging and sediment production in Oregon coast range 1698 Ecological impacts of off·road recreation vehicles 1630 Bird mortality at airport ceiJometers . Ecological effects of snowmobile!;1629 Bird population changes after timber harvesting of a mixed conifer forest in Arizona 1809 Effect of altitude and forest manipulatioil on relative abundance of small mammals...1453 Certain ecologi'cal effects of high- voltage power lines ... . . . . . .1484 Changes in streamflow following partial clearclltting on a forested watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1508..... - -( - 199 J ." IMPACT SUBJECT INDEX - Evaluation of pipeline impacts on wetlands (draft). . . . . . .1485 Environmental problems in extra high voltage transmission.1280 Fate of atrazine,kuron,silvex, and 2,4 ,5 o T in the dairy cow ...1225 Forage use by mule deer relative to logging in Colorado 1434 - - Herbicide use on electric utilitv rights-of·way;a review of recent literature on herbicides, their safety and use......_.1023 Impact of highways on the hydrogeologic environment ....1639 Impacts of construction activities in wetlands of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1482 Impact of herbicides upon game food and cover on a utility right·of-way . . . . . . . . . . .1384 Impact of transmission lines ....1783 Impact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains of Washington ..1666 Immediate effects of hardwood removal and prescribed burning .on bird populations._. . .1702 Impact of chemical and mechanical site preparation on wildlife habitat 1302 Hydrologic response to silvicultural activities 1494 How do you quantify power·.line impact?. . . . . . . . . . .1114 H€rbicides and their tOl<icity to livestock _ _1230 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1948 . . ... . . . .1166 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1950 ...._. _....1256 1109 1402 1607 1814 1784 Forests and water:effects of forest management on floods, sed im entation,a nd water supply . Geese hit power transmission line •............._... Geotechnical features ..... Game management Environmental selection of transmission line routes with maps and computers ....._. _1770 Final report on a study of selected coastal zone ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico in relation to gas pipelining activities 1635 EPR I's research program on biological eifects of electric fields...0 • 0 •••••••••••••1277 Evaluation of pipeline crossing impacts on stream environments {draft}1486 Environmental impacts associated with electric transmission lines . Effects of some herbicides on fertilized fish eggs and fry .....1231 Effects of range treatment with 2,4-0 on rodent populations._.1378 Effects of powerline rights-of-way on small.nongame mammal community structure ....._.1407 Effects of rights-of-way techniques on vegetation ...._.__.....1247 Effects of trunk-injected oxydemetonmethyl on Douglas· fir cone and seed insects,seedling production,and mice ..._....1624 Effects of the herbicide silvex on benth os of a farm pond ..._.1239 Effects of timber harvesting and related management practices on water quality in forested watersheds __. . .1501 Effects of shrub removal on the vegetation of a semidesert grass-shrub range _1355 Effects of vegetation managem ent on wildlife 1727 Effects of vegetation removal on spring flow _. . .1523 Effects of power line corridor clearance and maintenance on stream habitat _1481 Effects of povver transm ission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert._1016 Effects of weed burning on stream conditions . . ... . . .1520 Effects of 2,4-D on woody plants in Connecticut 1364 Guidelines for broadlevel evaluation and control selection for non·point source pollution associated with silvicultural activities .0 ••••••••••0 •••1483 Increases in maximum stream temperatures after slash burning in a small experimental watershed 1709 Effects of 2,4,5-T during the approach of woody plant dormancy ..0 • • • • • • • 0 ••0 _1220 Efforts to remove the "ugly"from transmission rights-of-way .....1274 Electrocution of parakeets at Agra.India ,0 1596 Energy and environment..0 ••••1285 Environmental impact analysis for overhead transmission lines 0 •_ •1787 Environmental impact of herbicides on electric transmission line rights·of· way 0 _••••••0 ••••1317 Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resu lting from silvicultural activities.0 ••••••1495 Guidelines for the protection of the fish resources of the Northwest Territories during highway construction and operation •........_1111 Handling animal poisoning complaints 0 ••••••0 ••••0 ••1068 Has the herbicide really killed the animal?...•.......0 ••1067 Heavy mortality of mute swans from electrocution•.....0 •••1463 1nfluence of copper high tension lines on plants and soils 1480 Influence of time and method of application on turkey oak response "to picloram +2,4-D ...1219 Influence of 2,4,D and 2,4,5-T on in vitro digestion of forage samples 1429 La ng·term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream ....•0 • • • 0 •••0 • • • •1490 Long·term responses of cistus and certain other introduced shrubs on disturbed wildland sites in southern California 0 •••••0 • 0 1299 200 SUBJECT INDEX Looks can be deceiving·herbicioe injury?, ,..,1386 Losses of mute swans in England i'l the winter of 1962·63.1462 Management and research implications , , ,1095 Mass aird mortality in Georgia. October.1954 ..., ,...,...1594 Measurement techniques in environmental impact assessment 1778 Midway's deadly antennas ...'.1575 Migrants at airport ceilometers ...1584 Minimi~ing spray drift of herbicides 1213 Natural plant recoloni~ationof surficial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region, Northwest Territories .....'..1327 Nocturnal migrants killed at a central Florida TV tower: autumns 1969-1971.. . . , . . . .1568 Nutrient loss accelerated by c1ear- cuning of a forest ecosystem ...1546 Nutrient loss from clearcuttings in New Hampshire .....,....1322 On the reluctance of gulls to fly under objects 1590 Pesticide residue dynamics in a forest ecosystem:a compartm1ent model.1038 Pesticides in our ecosystem .....1027 Phase II corridor study. geotechnical featu res ..;.....1110 Plant and mammal chanfles on a clearcut in west-eentral Oregon 1703 Population changes and mortality of the mute swan in Britain •...1458 Power over people 1'294 Power:a high voltage transm ission corridor location system ..','. ,1771 Powerline corridors as possible'. barriers to the movements oJ small mammals .......•....1275 Presentation to the Solandt ' Commission on the procedures to be foll()wed for the construction of the Lennox G.S. to Oshawi~500 kV transmission line ........••..•.......1121 Principles of plant and al1"11al pest control,VOlume 2:..',aed control.(Chapters 11,1S,19)1160 "Program,methods and 'c"ult,of 10 years of chemical bn,;n control by Central HudsJn Gas &Electric Corporation'1242 Raptor electrocutions.,' ,1419 Reaction of reindeer to obstructions and disturbances ..1439 Recovery of a deforested ecosystem , . ' ,1487 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night _....1591 Reducing damage to trees from construction work ..., . _.., _1019 Reducing erosional impacts of roads ' , . _. .1119 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961"1583 Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream ...._.....,..,1823 Reported casualties to ringed ducks in the spring and summer.. _. . . . . . . . . ...,..1465 Residues in milk and meat and safety to livestock from the use of phenoxy herbicides in pasture and rangeland ..,1435 Residues of herbicides and impact on uses by livestock.... . ...1729 Resource and land investigations (RAUl program:considerations in evaluating utility line proposals , . . . . ...1782 Response of chipmunks and red squirrels to commercial clearcut logging _..1446 Response of vegetation communities to manipUlation , .1726 Responses of woody species to rates,formulations,placements and times of application of karbutilate 1196 Right-of-way restoration: mitigating the impact 1143 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides _.1208 IMPACT Root exudation of herbicides by woody plants:allelopathic implications......,..1336 Ruddy ducks colliding with wires,. ,..'...,1569 Science,industry,and the abuse of rights-of-way , ...1090 Secondary succession along major transmission lines rights-of-way: a progress report.. . ...1291 Shed few tears , .1573 Small mammal popUlations in cut and uncut northern hardwood forests _1445 Small mammals in old field succession , ,1468 Soil compaction after tree-length skidding in northern Mississippi.1528 Soil compaction:why the controversy?.., . .1382 Soil microbes .., . , .1096 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern Cal iforn ia streams ....1105 Some environmental benefits of herbicides _ ,1505 Some field and court experiences with waterfowl and electric powerlines , ,._1430 Some options for managing forest land in the centra I Appalachians .....,....1385 Some thermal and biological effects of forest cutting in West Virginia.. . . . ....1655 Stop the pendulum in mid-swing!.,,1461 Stress effects on bird-species diversity within mature forest ecosystems __1652 Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration ,1592 Studies of the safety of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinnin9 agents: a progress report 1057 Studies on raptor mortality in western Utah 1572 Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines .....1127 201 ,•..........E ..ttIf..f)__nllliio .....-!:.~·~ IMPACT SUBJECT INDEX - Summary of toxicological information on 2A,5·T type herbicides and an evaluation of the hazards to livestock associated with their use .....'7092 Sunscald of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus 1020 The effects Df five herbicides on the numbers of certain invertebrate animals in grassland soil . . . . . . . .1347 The effects of herbicides on the wild flora and vegetation in the Netherlands 1352 The plight of the right·of-way domain:victim of vandalism; Dart 1 1021 The regulatory process as a means of resolving the environmental impacts of utility facilities.. . . . . . . . .1768 The degradation and movement of picloram in soil and water ...1200 The,ecological impact of transmission lines on the wildlife of San Francisco Bay 1447 The behavior and impact of organic ~rsenical herbicides in the forest;final report on cooperative studies 1188 The effects of pesticides 1224 - 1632 The significance of farmland for waterfowl nesting and techniques for reducing losses due to agricultural practices.... The transmission line aesthetic impact evaluation process and its implementation in a comprehensive scheme 1773 The significance of herbicides to non-target organisms 1059 Toxicity of "dybar"to bobwhite quail 1582 1279 The effects of high vDltage electric fields Dn the growth and develDpment of plants and animals.". The effects of roads on populations of small mammals _1681 The effects of hydro transmission towers on farm operations in western and eastern Ontario; a synthesis of the Ridgetown and Kemptville studies 1622 1531 1415Terrestrialassessment:birds Surface erosion. The effect of clearcutting and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba 1324 The effect of hardwood removal On wildlife 1751 The effect of rodents on reforestation.........•....1755 The effect of small-tract clearcutting on populations of birds and small mammals....1678 The effect of strip·cutting on stream temperatures in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire 1506 Th e effect of transmission-Ii ne corridors on bird populations...1373 The effect of TOR DON on microorganisms and soil biological processes 1391 The effects of 51 LVEX on aquatic vegetation and plankton in central New York farm ponds 1089 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams 1053 The future of Alaska's caribou ...1812 The impact of deer browsing on Allegheny hardwood regeneration 1292 The impact Df oil development on wildlife populations in northern Alaska 1685 The influence of highway construction on a stream 1642 The influence of management on the flora of roadside verges._..1641 The interrelatiDns of logging,birds, and timber regeneration in the Dooglas-fir region of northwestern California "....1744 Toxicology of picloram and safety evaluation of TORDON herbicides 1449 Transmission lines: environmental and public policy considerations 1005 TORDON Herbicides-evaluation of safety to fish and birds 1450 Utilities and birds _. . . . . . . .1471 Vegetation changes and animal use of a power line right-of-way after the application of an herbicide ..._. _. . . . . . . .1243 Vermont's winter deer habitat protection program 1381 Water management practices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community.. . . . . . .1309 Water management practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats 1499 - The effect of TORDON Dn vine maple .....•.......•.•..1073 The effects Df a tall tower on nocturnal bird migration - a portable ceilDmeter study .....1561 The effects of controlled burning on arthropod density and bioma5S in relation to bobwhite quail brood habitat of a right- Df·way.......•........._1442 The effects of fire on a pDpulation of small rodents •....•.._..l747 The land use and environmental impacts associated with the development of high,extra high,and ultra high voltage transmission lines 1006 1282 The lesser prairie chicken in the Texas panhandle ....._.._..1379 The long-term socio-economic impact of an electrical power transmission corridor on the rural environment:perception and reality _1619 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant _1401 Weight charac',eristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration._.1577 Wires,poles,and birds ....,...1128 Wisconsin pathologist tests effects of dioxin 1488 IMPROVEMENT Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects._. . . . . • • . . . . ....1 504 ..... 202 SUBJECT INDEX LEACHING How do you quanitfy power-line impact?. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1114 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado .1422 Precommercial H'lnning with cnemicais.. .. .1191 The recovery of damaged streams.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1511 Use of silvicultural techniques for improving deer habitat in the Lake States 1742 Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades 01' Oregon 1147 Long-term responses of cistus and certain other introduced shrubs on disturbed wildland sites in southern California . . . . . . .1299 Land use aspects of EHV transmission Jines .......1772 - - - INDEX Edges -their inlterspersion, resulting diversity and its measurement.IDraft}1398 INDICATOR SPECIES Succession and species d istributio n in relation to erosion in southern Illinois ....1708 INFILTRATION Hydrologic response to silvicultural activities 1494 Soil erosion in the eastern forest ..1534 INHIBITORS Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of·way;a r.ev iew of recent literature on herbicides, their safety and use ....._...1023 IN ITlAL FLORISTIC COMPOSITION Vegetation science concepts I: initial floristic composition,a factor in old·field vegetation development 1822 INSECTICIDES Behavior of pesticides in plants ..1187 Effects of trunk-injected oxydemetonmethyl on Douglas- fi r cone and seed insects, seedling production,and mice.1624 Movement of pesticides in soil..1545 The effects of pesticides 1224 The future rol1l of chemicals in forestry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1048 INSECTS l!lsects and other arthropods ....1104 INTERCEPTION Hydrologic response'to silvicultural activities 1494 INTROOUCTION Long·term responses of cistus and certain other introduced shrubs on disturbed wildland sites in southern California 1299 INVASION Control of velgetation succession by means of soil fabrics 1009 The effect of c1earcutting and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba.. . .1324 INVENTORY Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction, MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,central part 1135 INVERT EMULSION "Invert emulsions"versatility and precision"1186 Minimizing spray drift of herbicides 1213 INVERTEBRATES The effects of five herbicides on the number of certain invertebrate animals in grassland soil .,1347 The influence of highway construction on a stream 1642 L LAND USE Agricultural'impacts of E HV transmission lines -four cases in Ontario.. . . . . . . . .1623 Ecology and land·use relationships of small mammals on a Michigan farm.. . . . . . . . . .1477 Effect of land use practices on breeding bird populations in Ohio .•.........•.......1760 Energy and environment 1285 Environmental and economic aspects of contemperaneous electric transmission line right'of-way management techniques,volume 1:general methods,special studies, discussion of trends,and conclusions 1288 Herbicide report:chemistry and analysis,environmental effects, agricultural and other applied uses._..............•..1293 Science,industry,and the abuse of rights-of-way.. . . . .1090 The effects of hydro transmission towers on farm operations in western and eastern Ontario; a synthesis of the Ridgetown and Kemptville studies 1622 The land use and environmental im pacts associated with the development of high,extra high,and ultra high voltage transmission lines •.....1006 1282 The long-term socio-economic impact of an electrical power transm ission corridor on the rural environment:perception and reality.. . . . . . . . . . . .1619 Transmission and distribution rights-of.way selection and development 1295 Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems 1648 Vermont's winter deer habitat protection program 1381 LANDOWNER Power over people .._....'....1294 LANDSLIDE The stability of natural slopes in the MacKenzie Valley 1541 LAW Erosion control during pipleine construction.. . . . . . . .1636 LEACHING Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use·..1041 Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest 1037 Fate of tordon herbicides containing picloram in the ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1054 Industrial waste guide on logging practices 1116 203 LEACHING SU8JECT INDEX Logging and erosion on rough terrain in the east 1521 Erosion control on logging roads in the Appalachians 1513 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America.. . . . . .1137 Gu idelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on western national forests.. . . . . . .1133 - 1010 _.1075 A program for vegetation management. A study of additives to the aqueous phase of aerially applied invert emulsions. M A shrub community of Viburnum lentago,stable for twentY-five years.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1371 MAINTENANCE A preliminary study of vegetation on North Carolina Piedmont and mountain power transmission line rights·ot·way.. . . . .1354 .1116 I ndustrial waste guide on logging practices.Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides 1208 The entry"and fate of forest chern icals in streams 1053 Movement of pesticides in soil ...1545 Pesticide residue dynamics in a forest ecosystem:a c0mpartment model.. ...1038 Some factors affecting the disappearance of TO RDON in soil 1070 Movement and persistence of piela ram in soil.. . .... . ..1195 Cut frill herbicide treatments control hardwood weed trees...1303 Effects of rights·oi-way techniques on vegetation _•...•.......1247 Chemical clearino of transmission line right-of-way in Quebec ....1069 Efforts to remove the "ugly"from transmission rights-af-way ..•..1274 - - - .1409 An evaluatiem of chemically- sprayed electric transmission Iine rights-of-way for actual and potential wildlife use .. Alternative electrical transm ission systems and their environmental impact....1003 Effects of power line corridor clearance and maintenance on stream habitat _1481 Effect of power line clearance and maintenance on vigor of adjacent stand and composition of bordering understories .....1289 Creating and maintaining wildlife openings in wooded areas by use of herbicides 1252 Achieving stream protection in electric and gas transm ission line construction and management _1269 August burning for maintenance of utilitY line rights-of-way {abstract,summary and conclusionsl _1260 Ecological and economic aspects of right-of-way vegetation management .•....1268 Chemical brush control offers the best econom ics for the Potomac Edison Company . "1074 Responses of small mammal populations to logging of Douglas-fir.. . . . . . . . . . . .1753 Long-term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream 1490 Recommended logging practices for watershed protection in western a regan.. . . . . . . . . . . 1 522 Logging roads and protection of water qualitY .._1500 Logging road and skid trail construction 1536 Soil compaction after tree-length skidding in northern Mississippi 1528 Soil surface condition following tractor and high-lead logging in the Oregon Cascades 1549 Soil compaction due to tree length and full tree skidding with rubber-tired skidders 1544 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after c1earcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range.Oregon 1132 Soil compaction:why the controversy?_ , _.1382 Some observations on wind damage ..,.•._ _..1153 Stability of steep land 1134 Soil erosion and its control in the eastern forest . . . ..•._. . . . .1 535 LOGGING ROADS How far from a stream should a logging road be located?_....1524 LOGGING Assessing potential impacts of logging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi·primitive area .._....1692 Herbicides and their toxicity to livestock ....._..._.1230 Big game use and hab itat changes in a recently logged mixed conifer forest in northeastern Oregon _ '..•....1602 Residues of herbicides and impact on uses by livestock ....1729 Summary of toxicological information on 2,4,5-T type' herbicides and an evaluation of the hazards to livestock associated with their use 1092 Has the herbicide really killed the animal?_1067 Effect of logging on understory vegetation and deer use in a Ponderosa Pine forest of Arizona _..,.•.. . ...._1738 Effect of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition from steep terrain •._1115 Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon 1147 LIFE I nteraction of pesticides with aquatic microorganisms and plankton __. .1514 The significance of herbicides to non-target organisms 1059 LIVESTOCK Handlin9 animal poisoning complaints ,1068 204 SUBJECT INDEX MAMMALS,BIG GAME Five \'ears of mistblower brush control _.... . . . . ...... . .1082 Grass-legume mixture for erosion control along forest roads in western Oregon..1146 Environmentai an(j e-conom ic aspects of conremooraneous electric transmission line right· of-way management techniques. volume 1:general methods, special studies,discussion of trends,and conclusions..1288 Experts provide Rx for transmission R/W wDrk....1158 Right-of-way beautification through the use of vegetarian..1271 Right-of-way maintenance by the selective application of selective herbicides:managed plant community lowers maintenance costs and provides food and cover for wildlife ..'1259 Right-of-way maintenance through seeding and wildlife planting - an economical answer with multiple use benefits ....._1261 Right-of'way maintenance with selective brush management....1241 Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and productive use of rights- of·way ..,_1264 MAMMALS A handbook for habitat evaluation procedures.1798 A review of toxicological information on tordon herbicide ,1820 An evaluation of chemically sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for porential wildlife use.....,1180 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization 1140 Right-of-way management; transmission line maintenance standard no.63040-50 _..._..1007 Animal populations and damage.1102 Browse and cover for wildlife..._1701 Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of-way;a reviflw of recent literature on herbicides, their safety and use _._1023 Low cost of power line right-of- way ma intenance for beau tV and use.__1170 Maine Public Service Company transmission spray program...1270 Right-of-way resources of the 'prairie provinces ;1437 Rights·of-way for wildlife.. .1612 Roads and the conservation of wildlife.. . . . . . ._...1334 Selective clearing and maintenance of rights-of-way_..1267 Effect of 2,4-0 on abundance and foods of pocket gophers .._1380 Effects of noise on wildlife and other animals 1697 Effects of trunk-injected oxydemetonmethyl on Douglas· fir cone and seed insects, seedling production and mice._.1624 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram ..__......1368 Selective maintenance of edge areas on national forest lands in Indiana and Ohio 1733 Fire and mammals ....._.._..1710 Habitat of grazing animals 1103 Programed right-of-way maintenance ,1012 R-O-W aesthetics call for selective tree control 1155 RN'maintenance data optimiZed by computer.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1161 1488 1326 Wisconsin pathologist tests effects of dioxin . Without consent . A method of re,gional landscape evaluation for wildlife 1801 205 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls.. . . . . .1357 Toxicity of 45 organic herbicides to cattle,sheep,and ch ickens..1050 Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides..1640 Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife..1805 Use of shrubs in developing farm wildlife habitat.. . . .i626 Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of-way;a review of recent literature on herbicides. their safety and use ...,...1023 MAMMALS,BIG GAME A handbook for habitat evaluation procedures 1798 The logistics of chemical brush control 1072 Tree growth control research project _1816 What a well-planned utility chemical brush control program looks like 1207 Utility line right-of-way management _1457 Wildlife -an essential consideration determining future highway roadside maintenance policy _ _..__1610 The use of fire,fertilizer and seed for right-of-way maintenance in the southeastern United States ..1383 Tordon 155 mixture herbicide for brush control on utility rights-of-way 1211 The use of plant growth regulators in rights'of-way maintenance._.1366 Wildlife use and management of powerline rights-of-way in New Hampshire _ _• _1408 1162 Principles of sou nd right-of-way vegetation management Picloram basally applied for brush control on utility rights-of-way _'.. . .1032 Pacific Power &Ligh't's vegetation control program ....1194 Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides •......1640 Preservation of desirable species through selective use of herbicides .......•.......1066 Population dynamics and habitat preference of cottontail rabbits along a seeded and mechanically maintained power line right-of-way.. .1410 ; i '~.;.'~ ".- MAMMALS,BIG GAME SUBJECT INDEX Foods and feeding habits of white-tailed deer.. . . . . .1713 Impact of range improvement practices on wildlife habitat•...1730 Herbicide treatment of browse on a big-game winter range in northern Idaho 1459 Elk use as related to characteristics of clearcuts in western Montana 1662 ~, - .... - - .1630 Ecological succession on abandoned farm lands and its relationship to wi Idllfe management.. . . . . . ......1359 Importance of riparian ecosystems: biotic considerations .....•..1650 Ecological impacts of off-road recreation veh icles .... Effect of vegetational cover of fence rows on small mammal populations ...........•..1353 Effect of altitude and forest manipu lation on relative abundance of small mammals..1453 Effects of powerline rights·of-way on small,nongame mammal community structure ...•....1407 Ecology and land·use relationships of small mammals on a Michigan farm 1477 Effect of habitat disturbance on a small mammal population...1467 Effects of highways on red-tailed hawks and sparrow hawks •....1424 Effects of highways on wildlife ..1679 .1716 Improving deer habitat in upper Michigan by cutting mixed- conifer swamps ••_1707 Response of deer to alternate-strip c1earcutting of lodgepole pine and spruce-fir timber in Colorado 1717 Slash cleanup in a Ponderosa pine forest affects use by deer and cattle ........•..•......1732 How size and distribution of cutting units affect food and cover of deer . Making forest clearings for game with pelleted herbicides fenuron and tordon 1700 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later .............•.1339 I ncreasing browse for deer by aerial applications of 2,4-0 ....1221 Im pact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mou ntains of Washington ......•.......1666 Big game movement near a 500 kv transmission line ill northern Idaho..1418 Forage use by mu Ie deer relative to logging in Colorado 1434 Big game use and habitat changes in a recently logged mixed conifer forest in northeastern Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1602 Patch cutting increases deer and elk use of pine forest in Arizona 1426 How to improve forest game habitat 1806 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram 1368 Sagebrush control with herbicide has little effect on elk calving behavior 1431 Use of silvicultural techniques for improving deer habitat in the Lake States ...._•........1742 Population dynamics of rodents during post·fire succession in chaparral .............•..1658 Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed areas 1315 Wildlife response to rights-of-way management;report for July 1974 -June 1975 ...._..._.1420 Powerline corridors as possible barriers to the movements of small mammals .1275 Stimulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and fire ....1251 Woody plants for rehabilitating rangelands in the intermountain region.. . . . . . . . . . .1316 MAMMALS,SMALL A small mammal community in the upper Sonoran Desert•.......1762 A trap-removal census study of small mammals 1763 Response of chipmunks and red squirrels to commercial c1earcut logging•......._...1446 Responses of small mammal populations to logging of Douglas-fir .•.............1753 - MAMMALS.GAME A wildlife brief for the clearcut logging of dou Igas-fir .......•1689 Browsing and stand regeneration in clear-and selectively-eut hardwoods.. . • . . . . . .1745 Brush vs.cleared range as deer habitat in southern Texas ..._.1720 Critical factors in habitat appraisal ••...•_.._....•.1714 Effects of highways on wildlife 1679 Effects of timber harvest and regeneration on deerfood and cover...•._••_.•._.••••.1715 206 A wildlife brief for the clearcut logging of doulgas-fir 1689 Changes in grass cover of a desert rodent fauna following habitat perturbation_.•_.....1659 Changes in small mammal popu lations after clearcutting of northern Ontario Black :Spruce Forest.• . • . . . . . . . . .1651 Determinants of local distribution and abundance in white-footed mice ..••••..•..••...•..1377 DiversitY of small mammals in a powerline right-of-way and adjacent forest in east Tennessee .._•..••.•..•..1413 Small mammal populations in cut and uncut northern hardwood forests._...•.....1445 Small mammals and old field succession on the Piedmont of New Jersey 1746 Small mammals in old field succession . . . • . . . _ . . . . . . .1468 The distribution and movement of small mammals in central Oklahoma ....•..........1748 The effect of clearcutting and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba ..•..••....•.•..1324 - - f"'......----------- SUBJECT INDEX MANAGEMENT Clearcutting:beneficial aspects for wildlife resources , .1330 Avian behavior and habitat management 1672 Brush and stump control on new rights·of-way .,. . . . . . . .1011 Development of a stable,low cover on a utility right'of-way ..1304 Green ribbons of hope 1443 Game management 1607 Emphasizing the benefits of the environmental rehabilitation of natural gas pipeline rights-of· way 1634 Effects of herhicides on species diverSIty of two olant communities.•. . . . . .1300 Edges -their interspersion, resulting diversity and its measurement.(Draft).. . . .1398 Everyone benefits from proper vegetation management on rights,of-way 1164 Forests,wildlife,and habitat management - a critical examination of practice and need ,1722 Forests and water:effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation,and water supply 1814 Effects of timber harvesting and related management practices on water quality in forested watersheds , , , .1501 Effects of herbicidal management of electric transmissioCl lin€: rights-of-way on plant communities.. . . .1305 Foresters keep the vegetation in vegetation management ..•...1154 Effects of herbicides on the environment _..1296 Effects of silvicultural practices on wildlife food and cover in oak and aspen types in northern Michigan ..., . . . .1470 Forest habitat management for non-game birds in central Appalachia 1680 E1dangered bird species:habitat manipulation methods 1599 Experimental plantings on power line rights·of-way and woodland roads.. . . . . . . . . . . .1D29 Effects of vegetation management on wildiife .1727 Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects 1504 1695 1367 Considerations in evaluating utility I ine proposals 1769 Cost-effectiveness analysis:a method to evaluate silvicultural activities for non-point pollution abatement 1645 Computer interpretation of soil data for rights-of-way management .., . . . . . . .1774 Dead tree ("snag")requirements for dependent wildlife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. (Draft)1411 Ecological succession on abandoned farm lands and its relationship to wildlife management 1359 Clamor for economy may cause waste in right-of·way management 1001 Cooperative wildlife habitat development along transmission line corridors "1615 A 'oadside conservation and beautification program for southeastern Wisconsin watersheds . Chemical vegetation control manual for fish and wildlife management programs 1341 Aerial and mistblower application of herbicides in southern forests as related to wi1dlife /management.. . . . . . . . .1350 An evaluation of chemically sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for potential wildlife use.. . . . . . . . . .1180 Bird density and diversity as related to vegetation in forest recreational areas 1688 A system for wildlife habitat management on southern national forests . Wildlife use of utility rights-of- way in Michigan _..1473 How to improve forest game habitat 1806 2,4-0 herbicide vetetation and pocket gopher relationships Black Mesa,Colorado 1455 A program for wildlife management on transmission rights-of-way of the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation ...1810 The response of a,nimals to herbicide-induced habitat changes 1432 Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed areas 1315 Wildlife considerations in rights- .of·way management ,..1598 Patch cutting increases deer and elk use of pine forest in Arizona.1426 Selective planting for the encouragement of wildlife .....1148 The influence of mammals and birds in retarding artificial and natural reseeding of coniferous forests in the United States.__.1808 The effects of roads on populations of small mammals ..1681 Woody plants for rehabilitating rangelands in t.he intermountain region 1316 The effects of fire on a population of small rodents . . . . .1747 A program for vegetation management 1010 MAN A field survey of farmer experience with 765 kV transmission lines,November 18-20.1974 ,1538 MANAGEMENT A program for I~cological right-of-way vegetation management._1028 The effect of small-tract clearcutting on populations of birds and small mammals....1678 The effect of rodents on reforestation 1755 MAMMALS,SMALL GAME A handbook for habitat evaluation procedures 1798 ..... - - .- 207 208 If nature had the right·of·way 1349 Power lines and birds of prey ....1125 How to improve torest game habitat _.1806 - - - - - .1799 The nature of vegetation:its management and mismanagement . Some ootions iar managing forest land in the central Appalachians.. . ..1385 Some silvicultural concepts and options for achieving wi'ldlife habitat goals.. . . . . . . . . . .1653 SUBJECT INDEX Songbird utilization of pO\'IIerline rights-of-way . , . .1406 Vegetation management on power line rights-ot·way:a state of the knowledge report 1035 Southern Tier Environmental protection and management plan (wildlife management plan).1283 Vegetation management for rights-of-way ... . . . . . .1026 Vegetation management for rights- of-way and roadsides 1165 The future of vegetation management.. . . . . . . .1731 The relationship of terrestrial vertebrates to plant communities and their successional stages. (Draft)_1765 The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat factors in an east Texas pine·hardwood type ....1343 The role of herbicides in wildlife management.. . . . . . . . . ...1606 Utility line right-of-way management.1457 The Bureau of Land Management Wildlife Habitat Management Program,with special emphasis on nongame bird habitats .....1310 Use of herbicides in forestry and game management 1348 The influence of management on the flora of roadside verges..1641 Transmission line rights-of-way managem ent.. . . . . . . . . . .1167 Water management practices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community 1309 Vegetation management on utility rights-of-way ...._....1246 Right-of-way management; transmission line maintenance standard no.63040-50 ....._ .1007 Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management.(Draft)1404 Right·of-way maintenance with selective brush management....1241 Right-at-way management program a challenge for the 70's 1159 Right-of-way maintenance through seeding and wIldlife planting - an economical answer with mu Itiple use benefits 1261 Rights-of-way management: a growing problem _..1253 Right-of-way management for an endangered species:the red- cockaded woodpecker 1608 Rights-of-way and wildlife habitat:a progress report ._...1750 Right-of-way management involves plants and people.....1002 Programed right·of-way maintenance "1012 Regulatory aspects of management of rights·of·way ...1272 Relationships of Rocky Mountain mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk habitat to timber management in the Blue Mountains.{Draftl ...._.._..1399 Principles of sound right-of-way vegetation management .1162 Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides ....,_.1640 Practical aspects of managing roadside cover for nesting pheasants _1617 Range management practices and bird habitat values 1668 Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife 1805 Puckerbrush forestry 1694 Properties of soil in orchard as influenced by travel and cover crop management systems ..._1552 Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed areas 1315 1156 1564 Keynote address -environmental considerations in rights·of-way management , .1767 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram ....1368 Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetation for maximum multiple use values 1502 National fore.st nongame bird management _1308 Hedge plantings for el"Osion concrol and wildlife management._....._. . . .1614 Patch cu-tting increases deer and e.lkuse of pine forest in Arizona 1426 Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment 1489 Liability and resource conservation aspects of rights-of-way use._..1793 Keynote address -environmental concerns in right·of-way management:an electric utility viewpoint 1278 How to predict and manage right· of-way vegetation types so to become master of the domain 1168 Power i.ine right-of-way management through selective use'of herbicides 1024 National forest landscape management;volume 2, chapter 2.utilities •.........1008 Introduction -forest wildlife habitat management:ecology. management and data systems. (Draft)____. . ...1397 Habitat management impiications of migration Herbicides for wildlife habitat manipulation 1674 Guidelines far rnaintaming and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and INasn,ngton ... MANAGEMENT The stability of natural slopes in the MacKenzie Valley 1541 Terrain disturbance susceptibility. Norman Wells area,MacKenzie Valley •.................1540 Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction,MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,central part ..............•....1135 SUBJECT INDEX ~Vc..ter managemen t practices and their effects on nongame oirds in range nabitats 1499 Watershed management practices and habitat values in coniferous forests.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1675 Why a right-of-way management plan)..1223 Wildl ife considerations in rights- of-way managf~ment.1598 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls 1357 Wildlife management of rights- of-way 1428 Wildlife management on utility company rights-of-way:results of a national su rvey . . . . . . . . .1616 The impact of timber harvest. fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington..... Vermont's winter deer habitat protection program MAPPING Energy and environment .. .1179 1381 1285 MIGRATION MAST The effect of hardwood removal on wildlife..1751 MATRIX The relationship of terrestrial vertebrates to plant communities and their successional stages. (Draftl 1765 MCPA Herbicides and the soil fauna..1631 The phenoxy herbicides.1,82 MEADOW Soil properties related to erosion of wild-land soils in central Washington 1550 METABOLISM Behavior of pesticides in plants ..1187 -- - Wildlife management plan for the Southern Tier Transmission Line Ramapo to Rock Tavern,New Yark:staff review and comment.1284 Wild!ife response to rights-of-way management;report for July 1974·June 1975 1420 Wildlife response to rights-of·way management;phase I:rights·of· way in western Washington,a final report 1603 Wildlife use and management of power line ri\jhts-of-way in New Hampshire 1412 Wildlife use and management of powerline rights·of-way in New Hampshire 1408 Wildlife Management Program for the Volnl~y-Edic765 kV Transmission Line of Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation ...1600 Woodpecker foraging in Appalachian cJearcuts 1609 Woody plants for rehabilitating rangelands in the intermountain region 1316 MANAGEMENT.EVEN-AGED A system for wildlife habitat management on southern national forests ...•........1367 MANAGEMENT,LAND Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains Clf Oregon and Washington .•..•..•......1156 MARINE Effects of herbicides on estuarine fauna . . . . . . . . . . . .1084 The daily movements of cormorants on San Francisco Bay 1478 MARSH Final report on a study of selected coastal zone ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico in relation to gas pipelining activities 1635 MASS WASTING Accelerated mass wasting after logging and slash burning in western Oregon 1136 Cost-effectiveness analysis:a method to evaluate silvicultural activities for non-point pollution abatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1645 Guidelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on western national forests 1133 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mounta~nous regions of western North Am6rtea 1137 Mass wasting prediction techn iques . . . . . . . . . . . " . .1532 Stability of steep land 1134 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatm ent on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington..•......•..1179 METHODS Resource and land investigations (RALI)program:methodologies for environmental analysis. Volume 1:environmental assessment 1785 MICROCLIMATE Microclimate modification due to power transmission rights· of·way.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1556 Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management.(Draft)1404 MICROFLORA Effects on the soil microflora ....1529 MICROFOIL BOOM Aerial application techniques, systems.and precautions._....1183 MICROORGANISMS Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides 1342 Effect of several herbicides on soil microorganisms 1363 Effect of tordon on microbial activities in three Willamette Valley soils "1061 The effect of TORDON on microorganisms and soil biological processes 1391 MIGRATION A comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration ...•...•••1576 209 MIGRATION SUBJECT INDEX R aptor electrocutions 1419 Migrants at airport ceilometers.1584 Losses of mute swans in England in the winter of 1962-63.1462 Heavy mortality of mute swans from'electrocution.. . . . .1463 1465 Reported casualties to ringed ducks in the spring and summer ...•.......... Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961.••.......•...'.'...1583 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night .....1591 Nonhunting mortality of fledged North American waterfowl ....1560 Nocturnal migration in Illinois- different points of view 1818 Population changes and mortality of the mute swan in Britain ....1458 Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington.. • . . . . .1156 Sediment prediction in wildland environments:a review.1498 A probable instance of songbird collision mortality 1699 MORTALITY A comparison ot the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration 1576 MODEL Dead tree ("snag")requirements for dependent wildlife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. (Draft). . . . . . . • . . . . . . .1411 MONURON Techniques involved in the use of Chemicals for establishing wildlife clearings .••.••, ...1466 8ird destruction at a TV tower...1587 Bird mortality at airport ceilometers•...........••.1595 8ird deaths from power lines at Dungeness 1436 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon.. . . . • . . . . .1578 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by Iights on a television tower ..1586 Fall migration and weather,a radar study 1581 An analysis of prairie warblers killed in Florida during nocturnal migration 1579 Ecological distribution of breeding birds.. . . . . . .1376 Deathtraps in the flyways ....•.1460 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958-1959·1960 1585 Fish migration and fish passage; a practical guide to solving fish passage problems .•...,..•..1112 Migrants at airport ceilometers ...1584 A study of the reproductive biology of herons,egrets,and ibis nesting on Pea Patch Island,Delaware .....•:....1559 Ruddy ducks colliding with wires.1569 Sandhill cranes killed by flying into powerline..•.............1593 Shed few tears . . . . . . . . . .1573 Weather and spring migration ....1597 The harm our roads do to nature and wildlife 1811 Waterfowl mortality mouth of Saginaw River.. . . . . . . . . .1563 -- 1128 Experience plus ingenuity cut RIW clearing costs ...,••....1025 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant.1401 Wetland road crossings:drainage problems and timber damage ...1518 Weight characteristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration., .1577 Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration.. . .....1592 Wires,poles.and birds. Th e nature and pattern of nonhunting mortality in fledged North American waterfowl.1456 MOWING Environmental consideration in planning a brush control program on utility rights·ot-way.1263 Bird mortality at KOMU-TV tower, Columbia,Missouri,Fall 1965 and 1966 •.......•••.....1723 Electrocution of parakeets at Agra,India •...•.......•••1596 Geese hit power transmission line.1402 Death trap.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1565 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958-1959-1960 . • . . . . . ...1585 Bird mortality at airport ceilometers.• • . . . . . . . . . . . .1595 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower ..1586 Bird deaths from power Iines at Dungeness ..., . , . . . . . .1436 An analysis of prairie warblers killed in F lorida during noctu rnal migration 1579 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon.. . . • • . . . • . .1578 Deathtraps in the flyways •..•..1460 Collisions with wires - a source ot anatid mortality 1571 Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management.(Draft)1404 Shed few tears ....••...••.•1573 Reaction of reindeer to obstructions and disturbances ..1439 Weight characteristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration •..1577 Nocturnal migration in IIlinois- different points of view ....•.1818 Weather and spring migration....1597 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night .....1591 Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration.• • . . .1592 The future of Alaska's caribou •..1812 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961 , .1583 MITIGATION Wildlife problems associated with reservoirs used for electrical power generation (with special emphasis on Wells Hydroelectric Project Wildlife Study)•...•••1684 210 •.,...,.n"1'Mtt laa....li"""'""'"_-,...··..··......._.~.~__.__._.__..__ ,~ SUBJECT INDEX NUTRIENT CYCLE Maintaining wildlife openings with The ecological impact of peliets containing picloram ....1368 transmission lines on the wildlife of San Francisco Bay ......1447 Manipulation of roadside cover for nesting pheasants -a Vegetation management for pre!immary report ...."...1719 rights-of-way ........1026 Pheasant nesting cover strips ....1740 Vegetation management on power line rights-of·way:a state of the Puck erbrush forestry ..1262 knowledge report ........ . .1035 Environmental guidelines 1124 Hawthorns -multiple use shrubs ..•...............1734 Roads and the conservation of wildlife 1334 .1592 Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration .... Soil Microbes _1096 NO-CUT AREA The effect of strip-cutting on stream temperatures in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire ..1506 Revegetation following forest cutting:mechanisms for return to steady-state nutrient cycling 1693 NOCTURNAL A.comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration 1576 NUTRIENT CYCLE Effect of tordon on microbial activities in three Willamette Valley soils 1061 Bird destruction at a TV tower ...1587 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower . .1586 Transmission line audible noise and wildlife.. . . . . . . . . .1403 Bird deaths from power Iines at Dungeness.. . . . . . . . . . ...1436 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958-1959-1960.. . . . . . .1585 NOISE Effects of noise on wildlife and other animals 1697 Nocturnal migration in Illinois- different points of view.. .1818 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon.. . . . . . . . . .1578 Migrants at airport ceilometers ...1584 Weight characteristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration ...1577 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961.. . . . . . . . . . . .1583 Fall migration and weather,a radar study.. . . . . ... . . . .1581 R educing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night.. .1591 NITROGEN CYCLE Nutrient loss from clearcuttings in New Hampshire 1322 Unique habitats.(Draft)_.1400 Nutrient loss accelerated by clear- cutting of a forest ecosystem ...1546 Evaluating the use of aerial nesti ng platforms by Canada geese.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1605 Roadsides for wildlife 1369 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 NITROGEN Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resulting from silvicultural activities 1495 The entry and fate of forest chem icals in streams 1053 NESTING Dead tree ("snag"}requirements for dependent wildlife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. (Draft). . . . . . . . . . . . ...1411 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado ..1422 Wildlife -an essential consideration determining future highway roadside maintenance policy 1610 N NEST Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese 1605 NATURAL RESOURCES Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects 1504 NATIVE Prairie grasses the vista-makers ...1145 1621 Growing Christmas trees on a power line right-of-way Wildlife -an essential consideration determining future highway roadside maintenance policy 1610 Reducing erosional impacts of roads 1119 Transmission line rights-of-way management ........•.....1167 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion '1142 Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetati,~n for maximum multiple use values 1502 The significance of farm land for waterfowl nestjnfl and techniques for reducing losses due to agricultural practices....1632 Multiple use potential along power transmission rights-of-way .....1628 Right'of-way maintenance through seeding and wildlife planting - an economical answer with multiple use benefits .._.•...1261 Some options for managing forest land in the central Appalachians ..........•..1385 Right·of-way resources of the prairie provinces 1437 MULTIPLE USE Corridors that streak across the land 1421 MULCH Hardwood bark mlJlch for revegetation and erosion control on drastically disturbed sites ...1131 211 NUTRIENT CYCLE SUBJECT INDEX The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on stream water qualitY in western Oregon and Washington.. . .1179 NUTRIENT LOSS Effects of timber harvesting and related management practices on water qualitY in forested watersheds.. . . . . . . .1501 NUTRIENT REMOVAL Nutrient loss accelerated by clear· cutting of a forest ecosystem..1546 p PASSERINE A comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from tne same night of migration.. . .1576 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower , . .1586 Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness ....•..........1436 Bird destruction at a TV tower..1587 ShDwcase brush cDntrol for Arkansas PDwer and Light .....1199 Use of natural openings in a PDnderDsa pine forest of Arizona by deer,elk,and cattle.1739 4·amino-3,5.6 Trichloropicolinic acid pellets for brush control in the northeastern United States ..1236 PERMAFROST Environmental guidelines for development roads in the subarctic......... ...1120 '~ Nutrient loss from c1earcuttings in New Hampshire 1322 Recovery of a deforested ecosystem 1487 The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook.. . . . . . . .1683 Bird migration casualties and weather conditions autumns 1958-1959-1960 1585 Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon 1578 Bird mortalitY at airport cei Iometers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1595 Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region,Northwest Territories ..1327 Terrain disturbance susceptibility, Norman Wells area,MacKenzie Valley 1540 The future of Alaska's caribou ...1812 NUTRIENTS Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resulting from silvicultural activities 1495 Imptications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment.1489 Fall migration and weather,a radar study ,1581 Migrants at airport ceilometers ...1584 Nocturnal migration in IIIinois- different points of view . . . .1818 Reducing airport hazards to migrating birds will help prevent death in the night .....1591 PERSISTENCE Assessment of ecological effects of extensive Dr repeated use of herbicides T342 Assessment Df the eCDlogical consequences Df herbicides used along transmission line rights-of-way and recDmmendation for such use ..1041 Shed few tears 1573 Weather and spring migration ....1597 Regina TV tower bird mortalities 1961 1583 Benefits and hazards of herbicides 1039 .1037 Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest .. Chemical brush contrDI and herbicide residues in the fDrest envirDnment 1071 1592 Studies of birds killed in nDcturnal migratiDn ... o OFF-ROAD VEHICLES Ecological effects of snowmobiles.. . . . . . . . . .1629 Ecological impacts of off·road recreation vehicles .......•..1630 Effects of off·road motorcycle activity on Mojave Desert vegetation and soil.1539 Weight characteristics Df birds killed in nDcturnal migration ...1577 Chemical vegetatiDn contrDI manual for fish and wildlife management prDgrams ..._...1341 ORCHARD Properties of soil in orchard as influenced by travel and cover crop management systems•....1552 ORGANIC MATTER Guidelines for quantification of temperature,dissolved oxygen, and organic matter changes resulting from silvicultural activities 1496 OZONE Certa in ecological effects of high- voltage power lines 1484 PELLETS Aerial applicatiDn of herbicide pellets for brush control Dn power line rights-of-way 1181 Chemical brush control prDves itself.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1064 Herbicide treatments on mountainous terrain 1222 Responses of woody species tD rates,formulations,placements and times Df application of karbutilate ..•............1196 Effects Df herbicides Dn water and its inhabitants.. . . . . . . . .1335 Factors influencing the decDmpDsition of TO RDON herbicide in soils.. . . . . . .1547 Fate Df tordon herbicides cDntaining picloram in the ecosystem.. . . . . . . . 1054 Herbicide action in the forest•...1058 MDvement and persistence of picloram in soil.1195 Power over people .....•....•1294 San e use Df herbic ides . . . . . . . .1464 Persistence and biological reactions Df pesticides in soils ..1238 212 ---w-""R-----....-----.----~--------------- SUBJECT INDEX PICLORAM Persistence of 2 .4-0 and 2.4 ,5-T in chaparral soil and vegetation .1527 Prediction of the persistence and activity of TOROON herbicide in soils under field conditions 1390 Principles of plant animal pest control,volume 2:weed control.(Chapters 11,18,191 ..1160 Pesticide residue dynamics In a forest ecosystem:a compartment model.. ,1038 Brush control in rights-ai-way .._1063 Chem ical control of bracken fern in the British Isles with TOROON _.1086 Cut frill herbicide treatments control hardwood weed trees ...1303 Chemical brush control:assessing the hazard . . . . . . . .1052 Continued evaluation of the hypo- hatchet for woody species control 1190 Chemical brush control proves itself..._. . . . . . . . . . . ...1064 The effects of pesticides..1224 Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water quality ....1792 Swdies of the safety of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinning agents: a progress report _ . . . . . .1057 Soil processes and introduced chemicals ....._..._....._1097 PH Influence of ph on the phytotoxicity of herbicides in soil 1201 1258 Persistence of 2,4-0 toxicity in Hawaiian soils ....._.... Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides 1208 Some factors affecting the disapperance of TORDON in soil , . , , ,1070 T he entry a nd fate of forest chemicals in streams....,....1053 The significance of herbicides to non-target Or!lanisms .....,..1059 TOROON herbicide ... disappearance from soils 1088 PHEASANT Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado ..1422 PHENOXIES Effects on the soil microflora.1529 "Invert emulsions""versatility and precision". . . . . . ... ..1186 Power line right·of-way management through selective use of herbicides .....,.....1024 The phenoxy herbicides..1182 Degradation of dicamba,picloram, and four phenoxy herbicides in soils 1046 Effect of tordon on microbial activities in three Willamette Valley soils.. . . . . . . . . ...1061 Effect of TORDON herbicides on aquatic organisms __1081 Factors affecting the persistence of picloram in soil.. . .1548 Weed control c>n rights-of-way ...1175 Wisconsin pathologist tests effects of dioxin ,1488 What happens to phenoxy herbicides when applied to a watershed area . . . . .1507 Factors influencing the decomposition of TOROON herbicide in soils 1547 PESTICIDE Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use ..1041 Chemical vegetation control manual for fish and wildlife management programs.. . .1341 Defoliation in Vietnam 1338 Herbicide action in the forest....1058 Interaction of pesticides with aquatic microorganisms and plankton 1514 Pesticides in our ecosystem 1027 Raptors in range habitat 1416 PHOSPHORUS Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resulting from silvicultural activities 1495 PHYTOTOXICITY Growth analysis of red maple and white ash seedlings treated with eight herbicides.. . . . . . . ...1228 PICLORAM A review of toxicological information on tordon herbicide 1820 A study of additives to the aqueous phase of aerially applied invert emulsions 1075 Aerial application of herbicide pellets for brush control on power line rights-of-way ....._1181 Fate of tordon herbicides containing picloram in the ecosystem.. . . . . . .1054 Five years of m istblower brush control ...._. . . . . .1082 Further progress in the control of Kudzu.. . . . . . . . . .1085 Granular herbicides for woody plant control 1215 Herbicide combinations for woody plant control _1229 Herbicide mixtures promising for hardwood control by foliar spraying 1062 Herbicide treatments on mountainous terrain.. . .1222 Regulations governing industrial weed and brush control in the northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056 Regulatory aspects of management of rights-of-way ...1272 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbic:ides 1208 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use ..1041 Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest 1037 1ndividual white oaks treated with stem-injected and soil-applied herbicides -costs and effectiveness 1047 Influence of time,and method of application on turkey oak response to picloram +2,4-0 .•.1219 213 PICLORAM "Invert emulsions""versatility and precision",1186 Toxicology of picloram and safety evaluation of TO R DON herbicides ..',....,...',.1449 SUBJECT INDEX Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light...,1199 - Defoliation in Vietnam ,1338 Chemical brush control proves itself .................•.1064 TORDON herbicides -evaluation of safety to fish and birds,.,1450 Woody brush efficiently controlled through use of helicopters .....1 ./3 - Erosion control during pipeline construction.,1636 Relationships of Rocky Mountain mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk habitat to tim ber management in the Blue Mountains.[Draftl ...•.•.••.1399 The impact of oil development on wildlife populations in northern Alaska 1685 Environmental factors in siting of transmission facilities 1788 Railroad air space line routing .•.1644 Final report on a study of selected coastal zone ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico in relation to gas pipelining activities 1635 Environmental guidelines.. . .1124 Harmonize overhead lines with landscape 1794 Terrain disturbance susceptibility, Norman Wells area,MacKenzie Valley ................•.1540 Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction,MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,central part 1135 Woody brush efficiently controlled through use of helicopters .....1173 National forest landscape management;volume 2, chapter 2,utilities _..1008 Land suitability pattern for electrical transmission lines on national forests and grasslands in northern Idaho, Montana,North Dakota,and western South Dakota ...•...1777 Environmental planning of overhead transm ission lines: a New England example 1776 Programming right-of-way brush control . . • . . . . . • . . . . ...1 163 PLANNING Ecological and environmental considerations in rights-of-way ..1503 PIPELINE Effects of pipeline installation on soil properties and productivity.. .. .1542 1088 Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light ..•..1199 Rainfall effects following herbicidal treatment of \',oody plants ......•......1217 I njection of red maple and hickory with picloram 2,4-0 and 2,4.5-T ,.'1214 Herbicide combinations for woody plant control •....••_1229 Modified basal spray control of red maple in southern forest during dormant season._•..•.1189 I nfluence of time and method of appl ication on turkey oak response to picloram +2,4-0 ...1219 TORDON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right-of-way ....•._.....•.1204 TORDON herbicide._, disappearance from soils ... TOROON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right-of-way ......•..,....1204 4-amino-3,5,6 Trichloropicolinic acid pellets for brush control in the northeastern United States.,1236 Vegetation control from picloram- phenoxy combinations in invert emulsions.....,..•......,1045 What a well-planned utility chemical brush control program looks like.__••....•1207 PICLORAM +2,4-0 An improved helicopter system for the aerial application of sprays containing TORDON 101 mixture particulated'with NO RBAK....1233 PICLORAM +2A,5-T Creating wildlife habitat on utility rights-of-way .....•...1203 Prediction of the persistence and activity of TOROON herbicide in soils under field conditions 1390 The effect of TOROON on microorganisms and soil biological processes _. _.__. . .1391 Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light .....1199 The degradation and movement of picloram in soil and water __.1200 Poison oak control at Fort Ord ..1060 Principles of plant and animal pest control,volume 2:weed control.(Chapters 11,lB,19)..1160 Some factors affecting the disappearance of TORDON in soil ....••._..•...••..1070 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams.__..•_. _1053 The significance of herbicides to non-target organisms ••.•..1059 Tordon 155 mixture herbicide for brush control on utility rights- of-way.•..•.•••.•..•.•••1211 The effect of TOROON on vine maple ...•_........•....1073 Picloram basally applied for brush control on utility rights-of-way ,1032 Loss of herbicides in runoff water ,.,. . .,,.,.,,. . . . .1516 Response of woody species to 2,4-0,2,4,5-T and picloram as a fu nction of treatment method ..1218 Root exudation of herbicides by woody plants:alleiopathic implications ....•.........1336 Pesticide residue dynamics in a forest ecosystem:a compartment model....•....1038 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram . .1368 Monongahela Power's attack on brush . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . 1055 Movement and persistence of picloram in soil ..•.:1195 Pacific Power &Light's vegetation control program ...,1194 214 ""'"I SUBJECT INDEX POPULATION Herbicides and higher plant ecology,, . , . .1493 Effects of herbicides on species diversity of two plant communities....., . . . . .1300 PLANTS Convert R/W from woody to herbaceous cover , .1226 Industrialization,evolution and the development of heavy metal tolerance in plants 1554 1500 Logging roads and protection of water quality ..., Effects of the herbicide silvex on benthos of a farm pond 1239 Forests and rangelands as sources of chemical pollutants ..1492 Field application of herbicides - avoiding danger to fish .._.1049 The recovery of damaged streams.. . . . ....1511 POLLUTION,WATER Chern ical brush control:assessing the hazard , .1052 POLLUTION.AIR Air pollution:injury to vegetation 1389 1316 Woody plants for rehabilitating rangelands in the intermountain region .. Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region, Northwest Territories .., . ,..,1327 The design of electric transmission lines 1018 Transmission lines; environmental and public policy considerati,)ns 1005 Why a right-of-way management plan?, , . ,.., "1223 Wildlife management plan tor the Southern Tier Transmission Une Ramapo to Hock Tavern,New York:staff review and comment,...,...1284 The public relations of pubiic spraying.. . . . . .1273 Southern Tier Environmenta' protection and management plan (wildlife management pian)....1283 PLANT SUCCESSION Borders and openings of beech- maple woodlands in southern Michigan , ,1758 The nature of vegetation: its management ,md mismanagement 1799 PLANTING Corridors that streak across the land ....,.., , ,......1421 Green ribbons of hope,.., . ,..1443 Growing Christmas Trees on a power line rigrlt-of-way .....1621 Permanent plant cover for road cuts and similar conditions by secondary su ccession . . . .1741 Rights-of,way for wildlife., , ,..1130 Selecting plants to rehabilitate d istu rbed areas , . . , . . . . . . . .131 5 Selective plantin!)for the encouragement of wildlife .....1148 Shrub plantings 1ior erosion control in eastern Washington progress and research needs .., ,1491 Shrubs for wildlife habitat improvement il~southern Michigan ...•...........,1604 Survival and growth of shrubs planted for wildlife in New York ,.•..1396 Vegetative cover for highway rights·of-way (final report)....1144 Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream ..., . . . . . . .1823 The effects of 51 L VEX on aquatic vegetation and plankton in central New York farm ponds ..1089 The wild gardener in the wild landscape , .1129 Wires.poles.and birds 1128 PLANTS.POISONOUS Poison oak control at Fort Ord ..1060 POISON Wisconsin pathologist tests effects of d.ioxin ..,1488 POLICIES The use of herbicides in the eastern region;draft environment statement 1172 POLLUTION Air curtain combustion device evaluated for burning heavy fuels ,..,1094 Air quality influences•........1100 Controlled burning and air pollution:an ecological review ..1705 Effects of herb ic ides on water and its inhabitants ....,.....1335 Effects of logging upon fish resou rces of the west coast . . . .1737 Guidelines for broadlevel evaluation and control selection for non-point source pollution associated with silvicu Itural activities .......•,1483 Herbicide action in the forest ....1058 Stream contamination with amitrole following brush control operati ons w jth Am itroJ e·T.. . . 1 083 Stream con tam ination with amitrole from forest spray operations ...1078 The entry and fate of forest Chemicals in streams..., . . .1053 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization.and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington ,..1179 Toxicity of various formu lations of 2,4·0 to salmon ids in southeast Alaska.,1040 Toxicity of 2.3,7,8· Tetrachlorodibenzo·dioxin (TCOO)in aquatic organisms ...1044 Wisconsin pathologist tests effects of dioxin.. ...1488 POND Effects of the herbicide silvex on benthos of a farm pond ...1239 PONDING Wetland road crossings:drainage problems and timber damage ...1518 POPULATION A technique for estimating potential wildlife populations through habitat evaluations ....1BOO Avian populations in herbicide treated brush fields "1665 215 - The effects Df fire on a population of small rodents.. . . . . . .1747 The effects Df roads on populations of small mammals ..1681 The effect of transmission-I ine corridors on bird populations...1373 The effect of small-tract clearcutting on pDpulatiDns of birds and small mammals .....1678 - - - Utility line right·of·way management ,1457 PRODUCTIVITY Aerial and mist·blower application of herbicides in southern forests as related to wildlif'!management 1350 Rainfall effects following herhicidal treatment of woody plants .1217 PRINCIPLES Ecological and environmental considerations in ri ghts·of·way ..1503 Transmission line rights-of·way management....•.........1167 SUBJECT INDEX PRESCRIBED BURNING How to improve forest game habitat __. .1806 PREDATOR Raptor electrocutions.. .1419 Suggested practices for raptor prDtection on powerlines 1127 PREDATION Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese ...._. _1605 1573Shedfewtears The effect of clearcutting and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations Df small mammals in southeastern Manitoba _1324 Small mammal populations in cut and uncut northern hardwDod forests.. . . .1445 Succession of a!:'andoned fields in the Shawnee Hills. southern Illinois._...._. _. _1340 The effects of controlled burning on arth ropDd density and biomass in relation to bDbwhite quail brood habitat of a right· of way _1442 Ecological distribution of breeding birds ,1376 Breeding bird populations of power line rights-of·way on the Oak Ridge Reservation 1661 Effect of vegetatio nal cover of fence rows on small mammal populations 1353 Effect of habitat disturbance on a small population ..,1467 Effect Df logging on songbird pDpulations in a northern hardwood forest . . . . . . . . . _.1647 Dominant patterns in bird populations of the eastern deciduous forest biome....._.1307 Effect of land use practices on breeding bird populations in Ohio ........•........._1760 Bird population changes after timber harvesting of a mixed conifer forest in Arizona .._. _.1809 Changes in small mammal populations after clearcutting of northern Ontario Black Spruce Forest.. _1651 POPULATION Effect of 2,4-0 on abundance and fDods Df pocket gDphers ...1380 The impact of oil development on wildlife populations in northern Alaska 1685 Agricultural impacts of EHV transmission Jines -four cases in Ontario _1623 Effects of highway rights-of·way on bird popu lations 1562 Effects of range treatment with 2,4-0 Dn rodent populations ...1378 Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese._1605 Immediate effects of hardwood removal and prescribed burning on bird populations ...._.1702 Population changes a'nd mortality of the mute swan in Britain._. _1458 Population dynamics and habitat preference of cottontail rabbits along a seeded and mechanically maintained power line right-ot·way .._1410 Powerline right-of-way 1815 Relationship between trDut pDpulations and cover on a small stream _.__. _•......_1823 Responses of small mammal populations to logging of Douglas·fir _1753 216 The interrelations of lo:]ging,birds, and timber regeneration in the Douglas·fir region of northwestern California 1744 The lesser prairie chicken in the Texas panhandle 1379 POTASSIUM Nutrient JDSS accelerated by clear' cutting of a forest ecosystem .._1546 POWER Power over people.. . ...._. . .1294 PRAIRIE A comparison of the species composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same night of migration _1576 PRECIPITATION Fall migration and weather,a radar study.........•.....1581 HydrolDgic response to silvicultural activities.__;_...1494 Microclimate modification due to power transmission rights· of·way..__1556 Avian communities,energetics, and functions in coniferous forest habitats.. . . . . . . .1306 1311 Cut frill herbicide treatments control hardwood weed trees.1303 Effects of pipeline installation on soil properties and productivity.1542 Soil compaction:why the controversy?. . . _.... . . . . . .1382 Water management practices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community 1309 PROTECTION Cost of stream protection during timber harvest.. . . . . . . . .1663 Presentation to the Solandt Commission on the procedures to be followed for the construction of the Lennox G.S. to Oshawa 500 kV transmission fine __1121 PRUNING Chemicals "cut"overhead limbs..1227 ,,.., SUBJECT INDEX REGULATIONS Defoliation in Vietnam.. . . . .1338 Chemical ,brush control:assessing tne nazard . . . . . . . . . . . . .1052 PUBLIC HEALTH Benefits and hazards of herbicides .1039 Guidelines for quantification of nutrients reSUlting from silvicultural activities 1495 Guidelines for quantification of temperature,dissolved oxygen. and organic matter changes resulting from silvicultural activities 1496 Sediment prediction in wildland environments:a review.. . .1498 RAPTOR Effects of highways on red·tailed hawks and sparrow hawks .....1424 Power lines and birds of prey..1125 Power over people .., , .1294 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams 1053 Why a right-of-way management plan?. _....., ._.. .1223 PULPING Puckerbrush forestry 1262 RECOLONIZATION Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region, Northwest Territories..1327 Prescribed burning in southern New England:introduction to long-range studies.. . . . . .1557 Studies on raptor mortality in western Utah 1572 Multiple use potential along power transm ission rights-of·way .....1628 Raptors in range habitat ...."1416 Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines ...1127 Raptor electrocutions..1419 REGENERATION Effects of si Ivicu Itu ral practices on wildlife food and cover in oak and aspen tYpes in northern Michigan 1470 RECREATION F ish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects 1504 ..1489 Imptications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment .. Streamflow increases after removing woodland-riparian vegetation from a southern California watershed.. . .1736 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams _1053 Preliminary proposal for stream channel erosion,deposition and transport evaluation and associated sediment discharge due to silvicultural activities 1497 Logging and erosion on rough terrain in the east 1521 Some options for managing forest land in the cental Appalachians.. . . . . . . . .1385 Impact of highways on the hydrogeologic environment ....1639 Herbicides and water quality in American Forestry ..•.......1509 Logging roads and protection of water Quality ,1500 ...1155 R-0-W aesth etics call for selective tree control ... Herbicide use on elel:tric utility rights-of-way;a review of recent Iiteratu re on herbicides, their safety and use.. . . . . .1023 The public relations of public spraying 1273 Fate of atrazine,kuron,silvex, and 2,4,5·Tin the dairy cow ...1225 PUBLIC RELATIONS Pacific Power &Ug11t'S vegetation control program ....1194- -I I QUADRAT Succession of abandoned fJelds in the Shawnee Hills, southern Illinois 1340 QUALITY Air quality influences_1100 Changes in streamflow following partial clearcutting on a forested watershEd 1508 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment ......_....1071 Effects of timber harvesting and related management practices on water quality in forested watersheds........... ...... . . . .1501 Guidelines for broadlevel evaluation and control selection for non-point source pollution associated with silvicultu.ral activities ......_. . ......... .. ... .1483 R RABBIT Movement and home range of cottontail rabbits along a power line right-of-way maintained by periodic treatments with mechanical means 1405 RAILROAD Railroad air space line routi ng ...1644 RANGE Forests and rangelands as sources of chemical pollutants _1492 Impact of range improvement practices on wildlife habitat....1730 RANGELAND Rangeland avifaunas:their composition,energetics,and role in the ecosystem 1314 Revegetation following forest cutting;mechanisms for return to steady-state nutrient cycling ..1693 Silvicultural options and habitat values in coniferous forests ....1670 Silvicultural options and habitat values in deciduous forests ....1667 The impact of deer browsing on Allegheny hardwood regeneration 1292 The influence of mammals and birds in retarding artificial anci natural reseeding of coniferous forests in the United States ....1808 The interrelations of logging,birds, and timber regeneration in the Douglas-fir region of northwestern California 1744 REGULATIONS Erosion control during pipeline construction.... . ....... . . . . .1636 217 REGULATIONS SUBJECT INDEX Regulatory aspects of management of rights-of-way ...1272 Regu lations governing industrial weed and brush control in the northeast 1056 Outline for ecological life history studies in trees,shrubs,and stem succulents 1802 F ish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects 1504 -, ...1764 Ecological and environmental considerations in rights·of·way ..1503 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later 1339 Environmental and economic aspects of contemporaneous electric transmission line right· of-way management techniques, volume 1:general methods, special studies,discussion of trends,and conclusions 1288 Right·of·way restoration: mitigating the impact.. .1143 Permanent plant cover for road cuts and similar conditions by secondary succession.. . . .1741 Presentation to the Solandt Commission on the procedures to be followed for the construction of the Lennox G.S. to Oshawa 500 kV transmission line 1121 Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed areas.. . . . . .1315 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram 1368 Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after clearcutting old·growth Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades . . . . . . . . . . .1161 The farm fence in wild life management and erosion control . 1054 Fate of tordon herbicides containing picloram in the ecosystem . Raptors in range habitat.. .1416 The effects of pesticides ...._..1224 Toxicity of 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-diox in {TCDDI in aquatic organisms ...1044 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides 1208 Toxicity of various formulations of 2,4-0 to salmon ids in southeast Alaska 1040 Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of·way;a review of recent literature on herbicides, their safety and use 1023 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams 1053 Herbicide action in the forest..1058 The significance of herbicides to non-target organisms 1059 Residues in milk and meat and safety to Iivestock from the use of phenoxy herbicides in pasture and rangeland 1435 Pesticide residue dynamics ina forest ecosystem:a compartment model.. . . . ...1038 Studies of the safety of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinning agents: a progress report . . . . . . . . . . .1057 1342 1573Shedfewtears RESIDUE Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides . RESERVOIR Chemical control of vegetation on areas bordering public water supplies 1392 REHABILITATION The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part I 1021 REPRODUCTION Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese _ _1605 RESEARCH Cytogenetic effects of 2,4,5·T trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on oogenesis and early emb ryogenesis in Drosphila Melanogaster 1198 Vermont's winter deer habitat protection program 1381 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion 1142 Woody plants for rehabilitating rangelands in the intermountain region 1316 Experimental plantings on power line rights-of-way and woodland roads 1029 - 1247 Grass-legume mixtures for erosion control along forest roads in western Oregon 1146 REVEGETATION Effects of rights·of-way techniques on vegetation. Toxicology of picloram and safety evaluation of TORDON herbicides 1449 Industrialization,evolution and the developmem of heavy metal tolerance in plants 1554 TOROON herbicide ..• disappearance from soils 1088 RESTORATION Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon ..•......•.......1147 RESILIENCE Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert _1016 Chemical vegetation control manual for fish and wildlife management programs . . . . . . .1341 Defoliation in Vietnam 1338 Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest 1037 Burying forest residue -an alternative treatment 1657 Fate of atrazine,kuron,silvex. and 2,4,5·T in the dairy cow ...1225 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of·way and recommendation for such use ..1041 218 Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabitants •....•....1335 .""""'l2,~~".,,"'__.,_ SUBJECT INDEX RIGHT·OF·WAY HardwDDd reoccupation of bulldozed sites._. . . .1150 Reducing erosional impacts of roads __.... _1119 Roads and the conservation Df wildlife 1334 A preliminarv study ot power line damages••......•.....1627 1319 Brush and stump control Dn new rights-of-way _.....__.1011 Brush control in rights'of-way . _.1063 Deer find what they need on a sprayed utility right-of-way ....1312 Clamor for economy may cause waste in right-of,way management 1001 Deathtraps in the flyways •.....1460 Computer interpretation of soil data for rights·of-way management 1774 Design EHV lines to reduce impact•...••.••••......•1553 Creation of relatively stable shrub lands with herbicides: arresting ~~succession"on rights-of-way and pastureland Brush control studies in rights- .of-way....._. _. ... . .1042 Cooperative wildlife habitat development along transmission line corridors _..1615 Chem ical brush control offers the best econom ics for the Potomac Edison Company .._.1074 Certain ecological effects of high-voltage power lines ....._1484 Creating wildlife habitat on utility rights-of-way _1203 Corridors that streak across the land _.1421 Chemical clearing of transmission Iine right-of-way in Quebec ....1069 Control of brush on rights- of-way _1091 Convert R/W from woody to herbaceous cover 1226 Clear 150 miles of transm ission R/W by windrowing _.1107 Considerations in evaluating utility line proposals 1769 Control of brush by grassing of transmission rights-of·way .....1265 Comparisons of vegetation cover and composition on pipeline and transmission line rights-of- way of various ages 1660 An evaluation of chemically- sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for actual and potential wildlife use.14091425 Application for a construction permit for a 500 kV EHV transmission line ...._. . .1004 August burning for maintenance of utility line rights-of·way (abstract,summary and conclusions)1260 An evaluation of chemically sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for potential wildlife use _1180 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of·way and recommendation for such use 1041 Big game movement near a 500 kv transmission line in northern Idaho 1418 Breeding bird populations of power line rights-of-way on the Oak Ridge Reservation ....1661 An ecological methodology used in the selection of a 500 kV ·transmission line route in the southwestern United States ....1775 An ecological approach to right· of-way clearance 1051 Aerial application of herbicide pellets for brush control on power line rights-of-way ..._..1181 A sludy of the reproductive biology of herons,egrets,and ibis nesting on Pea Patch Island,Delaware 1559 A wildlife manager's view of herbicide use Dn th.e right-of- way _ _1448 Achieving stream protection in electric and gas transmission line construction and management ...•._1269 Agricultural impacts of EHV transmission lines -four cases in Ontario 1623 Aerial application of herbicides on utility rights-ot·way 1157 Aerial application of herbicides for right-of-way brush control._1248 __.1140 A prelim inarll study of vegetation on North Carolina Piedmont and mountain power transmission line rights·o,t-way ....•......1354 A program fClr ecological right-of-wa'f vegetation management.......•......1028 A roadside conservation and beautification program for southeastern Wisconsin watersheds:• . • . . • . • • . ....1695 The effect of logging and slash burning on understory vegetation in the H.J.,llndrews experimental forest , .1149 Runoff and emsiDn cDntrol by seeded and native vegetation on a forest burn:Black Hills, South Dakot,~1138 The revegetation of a Rhode Island right-clf-way,Exeter, RhDde Island . _. . . . . . . .1328 Revegetation following forest, cutting:mechanisms for return to steady-state nutrient cycling .1693 HardwoDd bark mulch for revegetatiDn and erDsion contrDI on drastically disturbed siles _.1131 Wildlife management of rights· of-way.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1428 A long-term ecological study of game food and cover on a sprayed utility right-Df-way ....1433 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization Occurrence of shru bs and herbaceous vegetation after clearcutting old-growth Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades ..,........1151 RIGHT-OF-WAY A consultant report to the Pennsylvania Power &Light Co. on ecological aspects of the propDsed Wallenpaupack·!ndian Orchard 66 ikV line ...•....•1286 -- 219 _______________________·~---------------,c.-· RIGHT-OF-WAY SUBJECT INDEX Erosion control during plOelme construction ..._. . . .,1636 Five years of mistblower brush control .._,..,1082 Experts provide Rx for transmission R/W work ..,....1158 Exoerience plus ingenuity cut R:W clearing costs._1025 1337 Fifteen years of ecological research on a utility right- of·way..,. Everyone benefits from oroper vegetation managemem on rights-of-way .,,..,.1164 EPRl's research program on biological effects of electric fields.._,1277 Final report on a study of selected coastal zone ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico in relation to gas pipelining activities ..,....1635 Experimental plantings on power line rights-of-way and woodland roads ,..1029 Empahsizing the benefits of the environmental rehabilitation of natural gas pipeline rights· of-way 1634 Effects of rights-of·way tech niques on vegetation 1247 Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition from steep terrain.,,1115 Effects of power line corridor clearance and maintenance on stream habitat ,1481 Effects of pipeline construction on creosote bush scrub vegetation of thD Mojave Desert.....,. ... .1620 Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert,....._. . . .1016 Efforts to remove the "ugly" from transmission rights·of- way 1274 Effects of powerline rights·of-way on small,nongame mammal community structure 1407 Ecological and economic aspects of right-of-way vegetation management.....,..,..._,1268 Ecological and environmental considerations in rights·of· way ..,1503 Ecology of transmission line corridors . . . . . . . . . . . .,1298 Development of a stable,low cover on a utility right-of-way _,1304 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.1 ..,1254 Ecological effects of herbicide sprayings in shaping plant communities on transmission line rights-of-way_1325 Detrimental effects of highway construction on a Montana stream............ . . . .1643 Diversity of small mammals in a powerline right-of-way and adjacent forest in east Ten nessee ,__,.'.,_. _.,,.1413 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.2 ...1475 Effect of power line clearance and maintenance on vigor of adjacent stand and composition of bordering understories .....1289 Effects of certain common brush control teChniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.3 ...1474 Effects of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.4 ...1472 Effects of herbicidal management of electric transmission line rights-of-way on plant communities•.............1305 Effects of herbicides on species diversity of two plant communities 1300 Effects of highway rights-of-way on bird populations •.._..•..1562 Effects of highways on red·tailed hawks and sparrow hawks ...._1424 Effects of highways on wildlife 1679 Energy and environment.. . .1285 Environmental aspects of construction on the AEP 765-kV transmission lines ..__,.....1015 Environmental consideration in planning a brush control program on utility rights-of. way _1263 Environmental factors in siting of transmission facilities ..._....1788 Environmental guidelines 1124 Environmental impact analysis for overhead transmission lines ....1787 Environmental impact of herbicides on electric transmission line rights·of-way ..1317 Environmental impacts associated with electric transmission lines ..1784 Environmental planning of overhead transmission lines: a New England example 1776 Environmental problems in extra high voltage transm ission .....1280 Environmental selection of transmission line routes with maps and computers 1770 Geese hit power transmission line ...._...._. . . . . . . .1402 General environmental guidelines for evaluating and reporting the effects of nuclear power plant site preparation.plant and transmission facilities construction ,. .1786 Geotechnical features..1109 Green ribbons of hope,1443 Growing Christmas trees on a power line right·of-way ,1621 Growth control in trees _1205 Guidelines for the protection of the fish resources of the Northwest Territories during highway construction and operation.. . . . . . . . . . . .1111 Handling animal poisoning complaints ,1068 Harmonize overhead lines with landscape 1794 Herbicide treatment of rights-of-way 1087 Herbicide use on electric utility .rights-of·way;a review of recent literature on herbicides,their safety and use _.........•..1023 220 SUBJECT INDEX RIGHT·OF-WAY Impact of transmission lines _.,1783 If nature nad the right-of-way .._1349 Influence of copper high tension lines on plants <lnd soils ...._1480 Impact of highways on the hydrogeologic environment...1639 1066 PreservaTion of desirable species til rough selective use of herbicldes . , . ,..... Reducing damage to trees from construction work , , . ,101 9 Puckerbrush forestry ..._. .1694 Recent advances in woody brush control on rights-of-way,.....1250 Principles of plant and an [mal pest control,volume 2:weed control.(Chapters 11.18.191 . ,1160 Raptor electrocutions_.., _....1419 Railroad air space line routing ...1644 Programm ing right-of'way brush control.,....., .1163 R/W maintenance data optimized by computer ,_.1161 Programed right-of-way maintenance .., . , , .__.....1012 R/W clearance can be economical and environmentally sound _..,1117 Principles of sound right-of'way vegetation management ,1162 R·O·W aesthetics call for selective tree control . . . . ...1155 1757 Population dynamics and habitat preference of cottontail rabbits along a seeded and mechanically maintained power line right-of-way._...., . .1410 Picloram basally applied for brush control on utility rights- of-way _.1032 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado ..1422 Phase II corridor study. geotechnical features..1110 Power line wildlife ..,..._.._.1287 Power lines rights-of-way,and wildlife management - a working paper....._...,.._1601 Pacific Power &Light's vegetation control program ..._1194 Pesticides in our ecosystem..1027 Our disregarded rights·of-way - ten million unused wildlife acres _.,.,. Power line right-of-way management through selective use of herbicides._..._ , ,...1024 On tne reactions of ducks and geese to high voltage Jines." .14441034 Keynote address -environmenta I Gonsiderations in rights-of-way management.. . . . . . . . . 1767 Keynote address -environmental concerns in right-of-way management:an electric utility viewpoint 1278 Land suitability pattern for electrical transmission lines on national forests and grasslands in northern Idaho,Montana, North Dakota,and western South Dakota.. . . . . ......1777 How to predict and manage right- of-way vegetation types so to become master of the domain ..1158 Impact of herbicides upon game food and cover on a utility right-of-way .., _ _ _1384 Herbicides for rights-of-way. trails,and recreation areas. "'I"", I La nd use aspects of EHV transmission lines 1772 Power over people _1294 Reducing erosional impacts of roads _ , ,1119 ...... i ;'1 'I, Liability and resource conservation aspects of rights-of-way use.. . . . . .1793 Low cost of power lin€right-of. way maintenance for beauty and use ,1170 Maine Public Service Company transmission spray program ....1270 Major environmental factors that affect the location.design,and COnstruction of stab il ized forest roads.•."....•.........1519 Manipulation of roadside cover for nesting pheasants - a preliminary report.1719 Movement and home range of cottontail rabbits along a power line right-of-way maintained by .periodic treatments with mechanical means 1405 Multiple use potential along power transmission rights-of-way .....1628 Power:a high voltage transmission corridor location system ...._.1771 Powerline clearing through upland mixed forest.. . . .1441 Powerline corridors as possible barriers to the movements of small mammals _1275 Powerline right-of-way 1815 Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides 1640 Practical aspects of managing roadside cover for nesting pheasants.. . , . . . . . . . . . . . .1617 Pre-logging a right-of-way cuts clearing costs _1118 Presentation to the Solandt Commission on the procedures to be followed for the construction of the Lennox G.S. to Oshawa 500 kV transmission line .......•....•..•....1121 Regulations governing industrial weed and brush control in the northeast , ,1056 Regu latory aspects of management of rights'of-way,. ,1272 Resource and land investigations (RALI t program:considerations in evaluating utility line proposals.. . . . . . . . . . . ...1782 Right-of-way beautification through the use of vegetation...1271 Right·of-way management involves plants and people....1002 Right-of-way maintenance by the selective application of seiective herbicides;managed plant community lowers maintenance costs and provides food and cover for wildlife 1259 Right-of-way maintenance through seeding and wildlife planting - an econom icaf answer with multiple use benefits ..._....1261 221 RIGHT-OF-WAY SUBJECT INDEX Right-of-way maimenance with selective brush management...1241 The design of electric transmission lines ,. . .1018 The revegetation of a Rhode Island right-of-way,Exeter, Rhode Island 1328 Right·of-way management for an endangered species:the red- cockaded woodpecker . .1608 The ecological impact of transmission lines on the wildlife of San Francisco Bay ....._..1447 The southern tier interconnection:a case stud\'...1014 Right-of-way management program a challenge for the 70's . _.._..__... . . . . .1159 Right-of-way management; transmission line maintenance standard no.63040-50 . _1007 Right-of-way restoration: mitigating the impact.. .1143 Rights-of-way management: a growing problem _1253 Right-of-way resources of the prairie provinces _1437 Rights-of-way and wildlife habitat: a progress report .._1750 The effect of transmission-line corridors on bird populations.1373 The effects of controlled burning on arthropod density and biomass in relation to bobwhite qua il brood habitat of a right-of- way 1442 The effects of high voltage electric fields on the growth and development of plants and animals 1279 The effects of hydro transmission towers on farm operations in western and eastern Ontario; a synthesis of the Ridgetown and Kemptville studies 1622 The transmission line aesthetic impact evaluation process and its implementation in a comprehensive scheme .._. .1773 The use of fire,fertilizer and seed for right-of-way maintenance in the southeastern United States .._...,.....,1383 The use of plant growth regu lators in rights-of-way maintenance., .1366 The wonderful power of selectivity to power line rights-of-way.,..1169 Tordon 155 mixture herbicide for brush control on utility rights-of-way . . . . . . . .....1211 Rights-of-way for wildlife 1130 Roads and the conservation of wildlife .....•...........1334 Roadsides for wildlife._. _...._1369 The effects of roads on populations of small mammals _1681 The influence of highway construction on a stream....._1642 Transmission and distribution rights-of-way selection and development _1295 Transmission line audible noise and wildlife 1403 - Transmission lines and the environment._1017 Transmission line rights-of-way management.. . . . . . . . . . .1167 Vegetation management for rights- of-way and roadsides 1165 Vegetation management for rights- of-way.___1026 ~, ~, , 1457 Utility line right-of-way management . Vegetation control from picloram- phenoxy combinations in invert emulsions _1045 Vegetation changes and animal use of a power line right-of- way after the application of an herbicide.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1243 TORDON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right- of-way ...._. . . . . . . . . .1204 Vegetation and animal use of a power line right-of-way in southern Michigan 1351 Vegetation management on power line rights-of-way:a state of the knowledge report 1035 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part 1/.••_ • . • • • . • • • , , . • ,1022 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victimof vandalism; part 1 1021 The land use and environmental impacts associated with the development of high,extra high, and ultra high voltage transmission lines._.._.....1282 The regu latory process as a means of resolving the environmental impacts of utility facilities _. , , , _1768 The present status of underground electric power transmission._•.1281 The occurrence of nongame wildlife in Piedmont transm ission corridor rights- of-way_...._...•........1417 The long-term socia-economic im pact of an electrical power transmission corridor on the rural environment:perception and reality ___.1619 The logistics of chemical brush control 1072 Some field and court experiences with waterfowl and electric powerlines .._..........•.1430 Southern Tier Environmental protection and management plan (wildlife management plan).._.1283 Suggested practices for raptor protection on powerlines 1127 Songbird utilization of powerline rights-of-way _ _1406 Special herbicide combinations for right-of-way brush control _.1013 Stop the pendulum in mid·swing!._ _.1461 Songbirds ofthe right-of-way....1318 Secondary succession along major transmission lines rights-of-way: a progress report . . . . ..._. . .1291 Selective clearing and maintenance of rights-of-way ...1267 Science,industry,and the abuse or rights-of-way ....._. _....1090 Some effects of loggi ng and associated road construction on northern California streams ....1105 222 _;,.'IIl'iTl 01 ..- SUBJECT INDEX ROAD Without consent.1326 Wires,poles,and birds 1128 Wildlife use of utility rights-of-way in Michigan 1473 Importance of riparian ecosystems:biotic considerations.. ..... ..1650 • • T116 I ndustrial waste guide on logging practices. Reaction of reindeer to obstructions and disturbances 1439 Effects of highways on red-tailed hawks and sparrow hawks....1424 Logging roads and protection of water quality . . . . . . .1500 Major environmental factors that affect the location,design, and construction of stabilized forest roads 1519 Erosion control on logging roads in the Appalachians 1513 Road and slope Characteristics affecting sediment movement from logging roads 1123 Recommended logging practices for watershed protection in western Oregon 1522 Reducing erosional impacts of roads.1119 Impact of roads on big game distribution in portions of the Blue Mountains of Washington ..1666 Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances. Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region, Northwest Territories 1327 Cost-effectiveness analysis:a method to evaluate silvlcultural activities for non'point pOllution abatement.. .1645 Multiple use potential along power transmission rights-of-way .....1628 Guidelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on western national forests.. . . . . . ....1133 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America.. . . .1137 Soil erosion control structures on skid trails 1122 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clearcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range,Oregon...•...1132 Criteria for designing and locating logging roads to control sediment.. . .1721 1106 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern California streams . ROAD Assessing potential impacts of logging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi-prim itive area 1692 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams ..1105 Water management practices and their effect on nongame birds in range habitats 1499 Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management.IDraft}.....1404 Clear-cut logging and sediment production in Oregon coast range 1698 Streamflow increases after removing woodland-riparian vegetation from a southern California watershed 1736 Woody brush efficiently controlled through use of helicopters.. . . .1173 Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and productive use of rights·of-way .1264 Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetation for maximum multiple use values 1502 4-amino-3,5,6 Trichloropicolinic acid pellets for brush control in the northeastern United States ..1236 Importance,preservation and management of riparian habitat:a symposium 1649 RIVER BANKS The stability of natural slopes in the MacKenzie Valley..1541 RIPARIAN Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment 1489 Wildlife response to rights-of-way management;report for July 1974·July 1975 1420 Wetland road crossings:drainage problems and Itimber camage .•.1518 Weed control on rights-af-way ...1175 Wildlife management on utility company rights-of-way:results of a national survey 1616 Wildlife management plan for the Southern Tier Transmission Line Ramapo to Rock Tavern. New York:staff review and comment 1284 Wild fruit of th,~right-of-way ....1618 Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right·of-way in North Dakota ___1438 Wildlife response to rights-of·way management;phase I:rights-of· way in western Washington, a final report 1603 What a well-planned utility chem ical brush control program looks like _..1207 Waterfowl nesting on a railroad right-of-way in North Dakota...1440 Wildlife use and management of power line rights-of-way in New Hampsl1ire 1412 Why a right-of-way management plan?_1223 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant............1401 Wildlife food and cover by the mile 1356 Wildlife use and management of powerline ril~hts·of-way in New Hampshire..•.........1408 Vegetative cover for highway rights-of-way Itinal reportl .1144 Wildlife management of rights- of-way 1428 Vegetation management on utility rights-of-way ....,...1246 Wildlife considerations in righ ts· of·way management 1598 Wildlife -an essential consideration determining futu re highway roadside maintenance policy 1610 223 ROAD SUBJECT INDEX The effects of roads on populations of small mammals ..1681 Stability of steep land ..1134 Considerations in evaluating utility line proposals .... Environmental guidelines .... 1769 1124 s SAFETY A guide to killing woody plants in West Virginia .1031 - Effects of herbicides on species diversity of two plant communities 1300 Hardwood bark mulch for revegetation and erosion control on drastically disturbed sites 1131 ROADSIDE A roadside conservation and beautification program for southeastern Wisconsin watersheds ....1695 Environmental selection of transmission line routes with maps and computers....177D Land use aspects of EHV transmission lines.. . . .1772 Power:a high voltage transmission corridor location system.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1771 The regulatory process as a means of resolving the environmental impacts of uti!ity facilities•................1768 Aerial application techniques. systems,and precautions.. . .1183 The behavior and impact of organic arsenical herbicides in the forest;final report on cooperative studies 1188 Toxicology of picloram and safety evaluation of TORDON herbicides.. . .1449 TOR DON herbicides -evaluation of safety to fish and birds..1450 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado ..1422 Right-of-way resources of the prairie provinces 1437 The transmission line aesthetic impact evaluation process and its implementation in a comprehensive scheme 1773 Wildlife -an essential consideration determining future highway roadside maintenance policy 1610 Roads and the conservation of wildlife .1334 Transmission lines and the environment ....1017 SCAVENGER Deathtraps in the flyways.1460 Roadsides for wildlife 1369 The influence of management on the flora of roadside verges ....1641 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion _1142 Wildlife -an essential consideration determining future highway roadside maintenance policy 1610 Wildlife considerations in rights- of-way management 1598 RODENT Effect of vegetational cover of fence rows on small mammal populations 1353 Effects of range treatment with 2,4-D on rodent populations ...1378 ROOT Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and productive use of rights-of-way .1264 ROOT EXUDATION Root exudation of herbicides by woody plants:allelopathic implications •.............1336 ROUTE SelECTION METHODOLOGY An ecological methodology used in the selection of a 500 kV transmission line route in the southwestern United States ....1775 224 ROUTING A consultant ~eport to the Pennsylvania Power &Light Co.on ecologica I aspects of the proposed Wallenpaupack· Indian Orchard 66 kV line.....1286 Energy and environment 1285 Environmental management during power transmission line construction:operational considerations.. . . . . . . . .1093 Transmission lines and the environment.. . . . . . . .1017 RUNOFF Guidelines for broadlevel evaluation and control selection for non-point source pollution associated with silvicultural activities .....•..........1483 How far from a stream should a logging road be located?.....1524 Loss of herbicides in runoff water 1516 Soil erosion in the eastern forest ..1534 Some ecological benefits of woody plant control with herbicides 1515 RUNOFF,STORM Forests and rangelands as sources of chemical pollutants ..1492 SEASON An analysis of prairie warblers killed in Florida during nocturnal migration.. . .....1579 Effects of 2.4,5·T during the approach of woody plant dormancy 1220 Granular herbicides for woody plant control 1215 I nfluence of time and method of application on turkey oak response to picloram +2,4,-0 ..1219 Responses of woody species to rates,formulations,placements and times of application of karbutilate 1196 SEASONAL Bird mortality at airport ceilometers.. . . . . . . . .1595 Fall migration and weather, a radar study . . . . . . . . . . . . .1581 The daily movements of co,'lorants on San F rancsico Bay ................•...1478 Weather and spring migration ....1597 SEDIMENT Accelerated mass wasting after logging and slash burning in western Oregon .......•....1136 Clear-cut logging and sediment production in Oregon coast range........•..........1698 .- -, -.-..__·...·m_M"'~"'_....7_....~_ SUBJECT INDEX SENSITIVITY Criteria for designing and locating logging roads to control sediment , ,1721 Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition from steep terrain,. ,1115 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT Evaluation of pipeline crossing impacts on stream environments (draft)1486 How far from a stream should a logging road be located?.., .1524 Manipulation of roadside cover for nesting pheasants -a preliminary report.'..'1719 Permanent plant cover for road cuts and similar conditions by secondary succession 1741 Logging and erosion on rough terrain in the east,1521 1ndustrial waste guide on logging practices 1116 Evaluation of pipeline crossing im pacts on stream environments (draft). . . .1486 Highway erosion control systems: an evaluation based on the universal soil loss equation 1637 The use of fire,fertili~er and seed for right-of-way maintenance in the southeastern United States ..1383 Pheasant use of roadsides for nesting in northeast Colorado ..1422 Power line right'of-way management through selective use of herbicides.. . . . . . . .1024 Right·of-way maintenance through seeding and wildlife planting - an economical answer with multiple use benefits 1261 Transmission and distribution rights·of-way selection and development 1295 Roadsides for wildlife 1369 Vegetative cover for highway rights-of-way (final report)...1144 Environmental planning of overhead transmission lines: a New England example 1776 The effect of c1earcutting and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba ,..1324 Power line wildlife ,1287 Utility line right'of-way management.. . . . . . ...1457 SELECTION Avian behavior and habitat management.1672 SELECTIVITY Classification and characteristics of herbicides ;1033 1531 1497 Prelim inary proposal for stream channel erosion.deposition alid transport evaluation and associated sediment discharge due to silvicultural activities .. Su rface eros;on.. . . . . Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clearcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range.Oregon 1132 Streamflow increases after removing woodland-riparian vegetation from a southern California watershed 1736 Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1504 Gu idelines for the protection of the fish resources of the Northwest Territories during highway construction and operation.. . . . . . . . . . . . • . .1111 SEDIMENTA nON Cost·effectiveness analysis:a method to evaluate siJvicultural activities for non·point pollution abatement 1645Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilj~ation 1140 Preliminary proposal for stream channel erosion,deposition and transport evaluation and associated sediment discharge due to silvicultural activities ...1497 Recommended logging practices for watershed protection in western Oregon .......•....1522 Logging roads and protection of water qual itv . . . . . . . . . . .1500 Mass wasting prediction techniques 1532 Sediment prediction in wildland environments:a review 1498 Soil erosion and its control in the eastern forest.........•.1535 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern California streams . . • • . • . . . • . • • . . . .1106 Forests and water:effects of forest management in floods, sedimentation,and water supply ..,,1814 ErosirJn control during pipeline construction,'1636 Road and slope characteristics affecting sediment movement from logging roads 1123 Natural filtering of suspended soil by a stream at low flow ....1718 Grass-legume mixtures for erosion contr,,1 along forest roads in western Oregon 1146 I'!"" The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook ••.....••...16B3 SEEDING Control of brush by grassing of transm ission rights-of·way .....1265 Response of selected woody plants in the United States to herbicides .1030 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington.....•......1179 The influence'of highway construction on a stream•...•.1642 Erosion control on logging roads in the Appalachians ,1513 Experience plus ingenuity cut R/W clearing costs 1025 Experimental plantings on power line rights-of-way and woodland roads..•.........1029 The physiologkal and biochemical bases of selective herbicide action 1079 SENSITIVITY R iparian ~ones -their importance to wildlife and their manageme'nt.(Draftl .....1404 225 SHRUB SUBJECT INDEX How to improve forest game habitat 1806 Hydrologic response to silvicultural activities..1494 Precommerical thinning with chemicals 1191 Logging roads and protection of water quality ...: . . . .1500 - 1385 ...1532 Mass wasting prediction techniques . Some options for managing forest land in the central Appalachians . Preliminary proposal for stream channel erosion.deposition and transport evaluation and associated sediment discharge due to si!vicultural activities 1497 Some silvicultural concepts and options for aChieving wildlife habitat goals 1653 Wildlife food and cover by the mile 1356 Wild fruit of the right-of-way ....1618 Shrubs for wildlife habitat improvement in southern M ich igan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1604 The wild gardener in the wild landscape.. . . . . . . . . . . ...1129 Survival and growth of shrubs planted for wildlife in New York.. . . . . . . . . . . . .....1396 Woody plants for rehabilitating rangelands in the intermountain region 1316 The growth and wildlife use of planted shrubs and trees at the W.K.Kellogg multiple use forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1633 SILT Erosion silt as a factor in aquatic environments 1526 Effects of shrub removal on the vegetation of a semidesert grass-shrub range 1355 Browse and cover for wildlife....1701 Ecological modifications caused by the removal of tree and shrub canopies in the MacKenzie Delta .......•...1691 Fruit·producing trees and shrubs in Missouri's Ozark forests.....1393 Creation of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides: arresting "succession"on rights· of way and pastureland 1319 Chaparral shrub control as influenced by grazing. herbicides and fire 1321 SHRUB A roadside conservation and beautification program for southeastern Wisconsin watersheds 1695 SILVEX Using phenoxy herbicides effectively . . . . . . . .1077 Hawthorns -multiple use shrubs ..........•.......1734 Hedge plantings for erosion control and wildlife management 1614 Herbicide treatment of browse on a big-game winter range in northern Idaho 1459 SiLTATION Assessing potential impacts of iogging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi·primitive area.1692 Studies of the safety of organic arsenical herbicides as precommercial thinning agents: a progress report.. . . . . . ...1057 Surface erosion 1531 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls 1357 l!!lfIIjll, How to predict and manage right- of-way vegetation types so to become master of the domain ..1168 SILVICUL TURE A system for wildlife habitat management on southern national forests 1367 SITE Survival and growth of shrubs planted for wildlife in New York 1396 Lo ng-term responses of cistus and certain other introduced shrubs on disturbed wildland sites in southern California 1299 Aerial and mist·biower application of herbicides in southern forests as re,ated to wildlife management 1350 SITE PREPARATION Survival and growth of shrubs planted for wildlife in New York,1396 Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after c1earcutting old-growth Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades •...•.._...._.•.1151 Outline for ecological life history studies in trees,shrubs.and stem succulents _1802 Puckerbrush forestry .....1262 1694 Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed areas._...•......1315 Cost-effectiveness analysis:a method to evaluate silvicultural activities for non-point pollution abatement.. . . . . .1645 Guidelines for broadlevel evaluation and control selection for non-point source pollution associ.}d with silvicultural activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1483 Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resulting from silvicultural activities .•......1495 SITING Energy and environment.1285 Substation site selection and development.. . . . . . . . .1297 The design of electric transm ission lines 1018 SKID TRAILS Logging road and skid trail construction., _1536 Selective planting for the encouragement of wildlife .....1148 Shrub plantings for erosion control in eastern Washington progress and research needs ........•.1491 Guidelines for quantification of temperature,dissolved oxygen, and organic matter changes resulting from silvicultural activities . • . ..•........._1496 SLASH A program for vegetati on management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 Clear 150 miles of transmission RIW by windrowing 1107 - 226 SUBJECT INDEX SOIL Decay of logging slash in the northeast 1108 Machine to harvest slash.brush. and thinnings for fuel and fiber -a concept ..__1656 Pre-logging a right·of·way cuts clearing costs . . . . . . . .1118 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North Am erica.. . . . . .1137 Road and slope characteristics affecting sediment movement from logging roads.. . . . . . .1123 Stability of steep land 1134 Assessing potential impacts of logging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi·primitlve area 1692 3urying forest residue -an alternative treatment..1657 Compaction of agricultural soils.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1543 - Research on logging slash disposal by fire 1711 The effect of rodents on reforestation 1755 SLASH DISPOSAL Air curtain combustion device evaluated for burning heavy fuels 1094 Air quality influences 1100 Animal populations and damage ..1102 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 The stability of natural slopes in the MacKenzie Valley 1541 SLUMPING Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting to forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America .....1137 Computer interpretation of soil data for rights·of-way management 1774 Control of vegetation succession by means of soil fabrics . . . .1009 Degradation of dicamba,picloram. and four phenoxy herbicides in soils._ _ _1046 Determining the range of tolerable erosion 1735 Ecological impacts of off·road recreation veh ides.. . . . .1630 Ecological impacts of off-road recreation vehicles 1630 SNOWMOBILE Ecological effects of snowmobiles 1629 Air curtain combustion device evaluated for burning heavy fuels •....••.•...••.•...1094 Experimental plantings on power line rights'of-way and woodland roads•...........1029 Environmental and economic aspects of contemporaneous electric transmission line'right- of-way management techniques. volume 1;general methods, special studies,discussion of trends,and conclusions 1288 Effect of soil constituents on herbicide activity in modified· soil field plots 1537 Evaluation of pipeline impacts on wetlands (draft)1485 Effects of pipeline installation on soil properties and productivity 1542 Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition from steep terrain ...1115 Effects on the soil fauna.. .1530 E ffeets of parent material and vegetation on properties related to soil erosion in central Washington . . . . . .1141 Engineering techniques and principles applied to soil erosion control _1139 Effects of off-road motorcycle activity on Mojave Desert vegetation and soil 1539 Effect of several herbicides on soil microorganisms.. . . . . .1363 .1629 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clearcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range,Oregon 1132 Stability of steep land . . . . ...1134 SOIL A universal soil-loss equation to guide conservation farm plann ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1551 SOCIOECONOMIC The long-term socio-economic impact of an electrical power transmission corridor on the rural environment:perception and reality .....•.........1619 SNAGS Dead tree ("snag")requirements for dependent wildlife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. I Draft)... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1411 SNOW Ecological effects of snowmobiles..... Soil proceSSI~S and introduced chemicals ......•.........1097 Management and research implications _..1095 Soil stability and water yield and quality.•.......•.•...1098 Habitat of grazing animals 1103 Insects and other arthropods ....1104 Slash cleanup in a Ponderosa pine forest affects use by deer and cattle 1732 So;1 microblls 1096 Fire hazard and conflagration prevention 1101 Experience plus ingenuitY cut R/W clearing costs 1025 Decay of logging slash in the northeast.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1108 Fish habitat 1099 Burying forest residue -an alternative treatment.. . .1657 The effect of c1earcutting and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba ..__1324 SLOPE Guidelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on western national forests ••..•.•..•..1133 ,~ .- 227 - SOIL SUBJECT INDEX Herbicides and the soil fauna ....1631 Geotechnical features..1109 Logging road and skid trail construction.. . . . . . . . . .1536 Logging and erosion on rough terrain in the east 1521 .." - 1200 . .1391 The effect of TOROON on microorganisms and soil biological processes .... The degradation and movement of picloram in soil and water. The vegetational structu re of an abandoned field in southeastern Michigan and its relation to environmental factors 1372 TOROON herbicide ... disappearance from soils 1088 The stability of natural slopes in the MacKenzie Valley 1541 The effects of five herbicides on the numbers of certain invertebrate animals in grassland soil _. _.1347 The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat factors in an east Texas pine-nardwood type _1343 The adsorption of some S·TriaZlnes in soils...1202 The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.l establishment.soil moisture,and understory vegetation . . . . . . . . . ...1171Ratingnortheasternsoilsfor their suitability for wildlife habitat _. . . .1625 Prairie grasses the vista-makers ...1145 Root exudation of herbicides by woody plants:allelopathic implications . _. _....._1336 Prediction of the persistence and activity of TOROON herbicide in soils under field conditions 1390 Soil erosion in the eastern forest 1534 Properties of soil in orchards as influenced by travel and cover crop management systems..1552 Soil erosion and its control in the eastern forest 1535 Soil erosion control structures on skid trails.. . . . . . . . . .1122 Soil compaction due to tree length and full tree skidding with rubber-tired skidders 1544 Soil compaction:why the controversy?. . . . . . . . . . . . .1382 Soil compaction after tree-length skidding in northern Mississippi 1528 1547 I nfluence of ph on the phytotoxicity of herbicides in soil _1201 Hedge plantings for erosion control and wildlife management...._1614 Influence of copper high tensi on lines on plants and soils .1480 Factors affecting the persistence of picloram in soil ,1548 Herbicide residues and weed species shifts on modified· soil field plots 1320 Factors influencing the decomDosition of TO RDON herbicide in soils .... Guidelines for broadlevel evaluation and control selection for non-point source pollution associated with silvicultural activities _ _1483 Movement and persistence of picloram in soil.. . . . .1195 Movement of herbicides in soil .1819 Soil moisture affects absorption of 2,4,5-T sprays 1185 Soil processes and introduced Chemicals 1097 Use of shrubs in developing farm wildlife habitat _1626 Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems._ _1648 Movement of pesticides in soil ...1545 Natural filtering of suspended soil by a stream at low flow ....1718 Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region, Northwest Territories 1327 Persistence and biological reactions of pesticides in soils .1238 Soil properties related to erosion of wild-land soils in central Washington 1550 Soil stability and water yield and quality 1098 Soil su rface condition following tractor and high-lead logging in the Oregon Cascades 1549 Soil microbes .....•........1096 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion ....._. . .1142 SOIL LOSS Highway erosion control systems: an evaluation based on the universal soil loss equation 1637 SOIL MECHANICS Mass wasting prediction techniques .•......._.....1532 Vegetative cover for highway rights-of-way (final report)....1144 Soil moisture affects absorption of 2,4,5-T sprays 1185 SOIL MOISTURE Hydrologic response to silvicultural activities 1494 Persjstence of 2,4.0 :1d 2,4,5-T in chaparral soil and ve,getation .1527 Persistence of 2,4-0 toxicity in Hawaiian soils 1258 Phase II conridor study, geotechnical features 1110 Power line right-of-way management through selective use of herbicides 1024 Some factors affecting the disappearance of TORDON in soil 1070 Terrain disturbance susceptibility, Norman Wells area,MacKenzie Valley 1540 Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction,MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,central part ......•............1135 SOIL MICROBES Soil microbes •........1096 ""'" 228 SUBJECT INDEX SPRAYING,BASAL Ecological effects of herbicides ..1454 Minimizing spray drift of herbicides . . . . . . . . .1213 Forests and rangelands as sources of chemical pollutants 1492 The significance of herhicides to non-target organisms 1059 ..1193 Volatility and drift of herbicides . . ... "I nvert emulsions""versatility and precision"1186 SPRAY,BROADCAST Our disregarded rights'of-way - ten million unused wildlife acres _. . . . . .1757 Unique habitats.(Draft). . . ...1400 Use of herbicides in forestry and game management 1348 The effects of herbicides on the wild flJra and vegetation in the Netherlanos.. _. . . .i 352 The wonderful power of selectivity to power line rights· of·way._1169 Utilization of knapsack mist blowers for chemical brush control.. . . . . . . . . . . . ...1210 The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain ..o,dirondack forest types with particular reference to deer and grouse.1361 Application for a construction permit for a 500 kV EHV transmission line "..1004 SOIL SURFACE Soil surface condition following tractor and nigh-lead logging in the Oregon Cascades.1549 SOLAR RADIATION Microclimate modification due to power transmission rights-of· way..1556 SPECIES A guide to killing woody plants in West Virginia .."1031 SOIL STERILANTS Control of woody and herbaceous vegetation witl)soil sterilants..1232 - Raptor electrocutions.1419 How valuable are clearings to birdlife?1479 Selecting plants to rehabilitate disturbed ar'eas .....•..•...1315 Survival and growth of shrubs planted for wildlife in New York 1396 Herbicides effects in Connecticut vegetation,1 950 . . . . . . . .1256 The key to effective basal spraying of woody plants: wet the root collar.. . . . "..1249 Rece,-,t advances in woody brush control on rights-of-way 1250 Investigations of the use of 2,4,5-T esters as a basal spray in the control of bear oak _. . . . . .1752 Modified basal spray control of red maple in southern forest during dormant season.. . .1189 Potomac Electric Power Company's experience with herbicides on federal wildlife lands.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1206 Potomac Electric Power Company's experience with herbicides on federal wildlife lands _. • . . . . . . . .1206 Response of woody species to 2,4-0,2,4,5-T and picloram as a function of treatment method ..1218 Selective maintenance of edge areas on national forest lands in Indiana and Ohio ...." "1733 SPRAYING,PRECAUTIONS Aerial application techniques, systems.and precautions....1183 SPRAYING' Distribution of 2,4-0 and picloram applied by a mist blower 1174 SPRAYING,BASAL Foresters keep the vegetation in vegetation management..1154 ....1358 Distribution of 2,4-0 and picloram applied by a mist blower 1174 Drift control systems _1192 Bnush control studies in rights- of-way 1042 Transmission line rights-of-way management _1167 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides .used along transmission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use _.1041 The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.)establishment,soil moisture,and understory vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . ...1171 The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain Adirondack forest types with particular reference to deer and grouse ...1361 4-amino-3,5.6 Trichloropicolinic acid pellets for brush control in the northeastern United States ..1236 Woody plants for r€habilitating rangelands in the intermountain region ............•.,...1316 SPRAY DRIFT A study of additives to the aqueous phase of aerially applied invert emulsions.....1075 SPECIES DIVERSITY EHect of 2,4-0 on composition and production of an alpine plant community in Wyoming ..1043 Effect of 2,4-0 on some herbaceous range plants ..1611 Browse plants vield best in forest openings._..... Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation.1948 .:1166 National forest nongame pird management.. . . . . . ...1308 Occurrence of shurbs and herbaceous velgetation after clearcutting old-growth Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 51 Endangered bird species:habitat manipulation methods.1599 Effects of human disturbance on nesting of bald eagles 1452 Suggested practices for raptor protection ()n powerlines .....1127 Responses of woody species to rates,formulations,placements and times of application of karbutilate.. . . . . . . . . . . .1196 Hedge plantings for erosion control and wildlife management.. . . . . . . . . . .1614 Chemical vegetation control manual for fisi"'.and wildlife management programs..1341 F" i '~ 229 --------------------------------------------- SPRAYING,BASAL SUBJECT INDEX - Without consent.. .1326 Hardwood reoccupation of bulldozed sites 1150 Wildlife management of rights- ot-way ..,' . ...1428 Tree growth contra I research project 1816 ..1026 Vegetation management for rights-of·way " , . Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and prOductive use of rights-otway .1264 Effects of clearcut openings on quality of hardwood border trees.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1394 STABILITY An ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont,North Carolina.. .1365 SPROUTING Apparent kill of persimmon and sassafras by application of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T 1257 Principles of sound right-of-way vegetation management . . . .1162 Response of woody species to 2,4-0,2,4,5-T and picloram as a function of treatment method ..1218 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram ....1368 How to predict and manage right- of-way vegetation types so to become master of th e d oma in.1168 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1950.. . . . . .1256 Foresters keep the vegetation in vegetation management.....1154 Low cost of power line right·of· way maintenance for beauty and use _1170 Our disregarded rights-of-way - ten million unused wildlife aCres ....._...........•.1757 Power line right-of-way management through selective use at herbicides 1024 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1950 1256 Recent advances in woody brush control on rights·ot-way 1250 Herbicides for rights-of-way, trails,and recreation areas .....1034 Science,industry,and the abuse of rights-of-way 1090 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls 1357 Sane use of herbicides 1464 The wonderful power of selectivity to power line rights- of-way 1169 Utilization of knapsack mist blowers for chemical brush control 1210 Rights·ot·way management: a growing problem 1253 SPRAYING,BROADCAST Ecology of transmission line corridors 1298 Without consent 1326 SPRAYING.FOLIAGE Control of brush with a new growth regulator 1184 Recent advances in woody brush control on rights·of-way 1250 Response of woody species to 2,4-D,2,4,5-T and picloram as a function of treatment method ..1218 Utilization of knapsack mist blowers for chemical brush contra I 1210 SPRAYING.SELECTIVE A program for ecological right-of-way vegetation management ........•.....1028 An ecological approach to right-of-way clearance ....,•.1051 Creating wildlife habitat on utility rights-of-way .._1203 Right-of-way maintenance by the selective application of selective herbicides;managed plant community lowers maintenance costs and provides food and cover for wildlite 1259 Right-of-way maintenance with selective brush management....1241 Rights-of-way management: a growing problem ,.1253 Sane use of herbicides 1464 Science,industry,and the abuse of rights-of-way . .1090 Selective appl ication of selective herbicides in the study of vegetation development •.••..1360 The effects of pesticides 1224 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part I 1021 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources .....•..1329 Creation of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides: arresting "succession"on rights-at-way and pastu reland ..1319 Ecological and environmental considerations in rights-of-way ..1503 Effects of logging and logging roads on erasion and sediment deposition from steep terrain ...1115 Effects of parent material and vegetation on properties related to sail erasion in central Washington 1141 Effects of shrub removal on the vegetation of a semidesert grass-shrub range _1355 Everyone benefits from proper vegetation management an rights-ot·way 1164 ..... Ecology oftransmission line corridors . . . • _ _.1298 Effect of 2,4-0 on composition and production of an alpine plant community in Wyoming.,1043 Everyone benefits from proper vegetation management on rights-of-way ...•_.•••..•.1164 The revegetation of a Rhode Island right-of-way,Exeter, Rhode Island 1328 The wonderful power of selectivity to power line rights- of-way.. . . . . . • • . . ..•_. . .1169 Transmission line rights-of·way management.. . . . . . . . . • . . .1167 Geotechnical features.. . . . .1109 Guidelines for characterizing naturally unstable or potentially unstable slopes on western national forests •....••..., .1133 Hedge plantings for erasion control and wildlife management 1614 230 - SUBJECT INDEX How to predict and manage right- of-way vegetation types so to become master of the domain 1168 Judging impact and damage of timber harvesting tel forest soils in mountainous regions of western North America .....1137 Old field vegetation as an inhibitor of tree vegetation ....1266 Science,industry,and the abuse of rights-of-way 1090 Soil stability and water yield and quality 1098 Stability of steep land 1134 Terrain evaluation with respect to pipeline construction, MacKenzie Transportation Corridor,central part 1135 The export of nutrients and recovery of stable cond itions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook ..•.........1683 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on stream water quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 The plight of the right-of.way .domain:victim of vandalism; part 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1022 The role of herbicides in wildlife production through creation and stabilization of habitats....1469 The stability of natural slopes in the MacKenzie Valley 1541 Vegetation management for rights-of-way 1026 STABILIZATION Grass-legume mixtures for erosion control along forest roads in western Oregon 1146 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization ..•..1140 Hardwood bark mulch for revegetation and erosion control on drastically disturbed sites ...1131 Major environm,ental factors that affect the location,design,and construction of stabilized forest roads........•.•........1519 Runoff and erosion control by seeded and native vegetation on a forest burn:Black Hills, South Dakota ........•.•.•1138 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams ....1105 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern California streams.. . . . ...1106 Vegetative ilnd nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion 1142 STAND DENSITY The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat factors in an east Texas pine-hardwood type 1343 STATEMENT Environmental impact analysis for overhead transmission lines ....1787 STATUS Shed few tears 1573 STREAM Achieving stream protection in electric and gas transm Ission line construction and management 1269 Changes in streamflow following partial elearcutting on a forested watershed 1508 Changing water temperatures in small mountain streams.....1517 Cost of stream protection during timber harvest.. .1663 Detrimental effects of highway construction on a Montana stream.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1643 Ecology of transmission line corridors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1298 Effects of clearcutting on stream temperature 1704 Effects of power line corridor clearance and maintenance on stream habitat 1481 Effects of weed burning on stream conditions . . . . . . . . . .1520 Evaluation of pipeline crossing impacts on S'"eam environments (draftl 1486 Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects _1504 Fish habitat _. . . . . . .1099 F ish migration and fish passage; a practical gUide to solving fish passage problems.. . . . . . .1112 STREAM Forest cuttings raise temperatures of small streams in the southern Appalaeh ians 1332 Guidelines for quantification of nutrients resulting from silvicultural activities 1495 Guidelines for quantification of temperature.dissolved oxygen, and organ ic matter changes resulting from si/vicultural activities 1496 Guidelines for the protection of the fish resources of the Northwest Territories during highway construction and operation.. . . . . . . . ...1111 How far from a stream should a logging r.oad be located?.._...1524 Impl ications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment 1489 Importance,preservation and managem ent of riparian habitat:a symposium 1649 Increases in maximum stream temperatures after slash burning in a small experimental watershed ..1709 Long-term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream 1490 Natural filtering of suspended soil by a stream at low flow 1718 Preliminary proposal for stream channel erosion,deposition and transport el/i3luation and associated sediment discharge due to silvicultural activities _.1497 Relationship between trout popUlations and cover on a small stream 1823 Soil stability and water yield and quality 1098 Some effects of logging and associated road construction on northern California streams ....1105 Some thermal and biological effects of forest cutting in West Virginia 1655 Spawning bed sedimentation studies in northern California streams . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .1106 Stream contamination with amitrole following brush control operations with Amitrole-T •...1083 231 STREAM SUBJECT INDEX Environmental guidelines._..._1124 SUBSTATION Substation site selection and d evel oprr ent.. . . . . . _. . . . . .1297 STRUCTURE SPOTTING Environmental considerations in design of transmission lines ..._1126 SUCCESSION A shrub community of Viburnum lentago,stable for twenty-five years._.._1371 R ights-of·way management: a growing problem ...._....1253 Relation of ecological succession to farm game in Cumberland County in the Virginia Piedmont.. _. _. . . . . . . .1395 Permanent plant cover for road cuts and similar conditions by secondary succession._1741 Plant succession and imeractions with fauna..,_ "1673 Invasion of trees in secondary succession on the New Jersey piedmont._. . . . . . . . .1331 Secondary succession along major transmission lines rights-of·way: a progress report _ ,1291 .........1471Utilitiesandbirds STRUCTURE SITE Environmental management during power transmission line construction:operational considerations.. . . . . . . .1093 The influence of highway construction on a stream 1642 The recovery of damaged streams . . . . . . ...._. _. . __1511 Streamflow increases after removing woodland·riparian vegetation from a southern California watershed 1736 The effect of strip·cutting on stream temperatures in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire.. .1506 Streamflow changes after forest clearing in New England..1512 Stream contam ination with amitrole from forest spray operations 1078 Water temperature in small streams as influenced by environmental factors and logging .._.........1510 STREAMFLOW Changes in streamflow following partial c1earcutting on a forested watershed__.1508 Long-term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream.. . . . _. . . _. . . . . . . .1490 An ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont,North Carolina .._..1365 Avifauna and succession in Douglas·fir forests of the Pacific northwest _1669 Breeding bird populations in relation to plant succession in the Piedmont of Georgia ....1754 Causes of succession on old fields of the Piedmont,North Carolina•.____. _1362 Small mammals and old field succession on the Piedmont of New Jersey.. . . . . . . . . .1746 Small mammals in old field succession __1468 Succession and species djst~ibution in relation to erosion in southern Illinois 1708 Succession of abandoned fields in the Shawnee Hills,southern Illinois.. .._ _1340 - STRUCTURE Avian mortality from collisions with overhead wires in North Dakota _1567 Bird mortal itv at fou r towers in eastern North Dakota -Fan 1972._..__. __1570 Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert _1016 Raptor electrocutions._..._...1419 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources 1329 Control of vegetation succession ay means of soil fabrics 1009 Creation of relatively stable shrublands with herbicides: arresting "succession"on rights-of·way and pastureland _.1319 Early stages of secondary succession on the coastal plain,New Jersey ...1345 The plight of the right-of-way domain:victim of vandalism; part I ..__1021 The relationship of terrestrial vertebrates to plant communities and their successional stages. (Draft)_ _.__1765 Use of fire:comments from the north central states . _....1687 Use of fire:comments from the northeast _1323 STRUCTURE DESIGN Avian mortality from wire collisions .•..._...._.•.._1791 Environmental considerations in design of transm ission lines.1126 Environmental guidelines •.•..•1124 Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese .........•.•.•.._.•1605 Pole changes keep eagles flying...1566 Suggested practices for raptor ·protection on powerlines 1127 Ecological succession on abandoned farm lands and its relationship to wildlife management.. __•.1359 Effects of herbicides on species diversity of two plant communities _1300 Effects of power transm ission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert._ _ _1016 Forestry operations in the Canadian subarctic:an ecological argument against clear·cu tting _..._. . . . _. . . .1682 Vegetation management on power line rights'of-way:a state of the knowledge report _.._1035 Vegetation management on utilitY rights-of-way . _..._.__....1246 Vegetation science concepts I: initial floristic composition,a factor in old-field vegetation development•...•._...•.._1822 SUCCESSION,SECONDARY A prelim inary study of vegetation an North Carolina Piedmont and mountain power transmission line righ ts-of-way ... _. • .1354 232 SUBJECT INDEX TOXIC HAZARD TERATOGENIC POTENTIAL 1144 Teratological potentiai of 2,4.5·T T Changing water temperatures in small mountain streams ....,1517 1197 Precommercial thinning with chemicals.. . . . .. .1191 THINNING Effect of logging on understory vegetation and deer use in a Ponderosa Pine forest of Arizona _1738 TESTS Chem ieal tests for trichloroacetic acid . . .1525 ..1704 Effects of clearcutting on stream temperature .... Vegetative cover for highway rights·of·way (final ,epor~)., TEMPERATURE Changes in streamflow following partial clearcutting on a forested watershed.1508 Early stages of plant succession following logging and burning in the western Cascades of Oregon 1147 Dominant patterns 'In bird populations of the eastern deciduous forest biome 1307 An ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont,North Carolina .....1365 Causes of succession on old fields of the Piedmont,North Carolina.....,,...,. .1362 Early stages of secondary succession on the coastal plain,New Jersey 1345 Effects of logging upon fish resources of the west coast ....1737 THREATENED WILDLIFE Unique habitats.{Draft). ..1400 Ecological succession on abandoned farm lands and its relationship til wildlife management 1359 Herbicide use on electric utility rights-of-way;a review of recent literature on herbicides.their safety and use..1023 Selective application of selective herbicides in the study of vegetation development 1360 The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.l establishment.soil moisture,and understory vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . .1171 The effect of logging and slash burn ing on u ncterstory vegetation in the H.J. Andrews experimental forest ...1149 Environmental factors and susceptibility to herbicides 1795 Forest cuttings raise temperatures of small streams in the southern Appalachians 1332 Guidelines for quantification of temperature.dissolved oxygen. and organ ic matter changes resulting from silvicultural activ ities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1496 Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment . ,1489 Increases in maximum stream temperatures after slash burning in a small experimental watershed 1709 Industrial waste guide on logging practices . . . . . .1116 TIMBER HARVEST Cost of stream protection during timber harvest 1663 TOPOGRAPHV The vegetational structure of an abandoned field in southeastern Michigan and its relation to environmental factors 1372 TOPPING Ecology of transmission line corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1298 TOWERS . A preliminary study of power line damages 1627 The effects of hydro transmission towers on farm operations in western and eastern Ontario; a synthesis of the Ridgetown and Kemptville studies.. .1622 The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat factors in an east Texas pine·hardwood type 1343 SUCCESSIONAL STAGE Causes of succession on old fields of the Piedmont,North Carolina.•...•...........1362 Early stages of secondary succession on the ceastal plain,New Jersey 1345 Silvicultural options and habitat values in decfiduous forests ....1667 Long-term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1490 Some options for managing forest land in the central Appalachians 1385. The effect of strip-cutting on stream temperatures in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire 1506 Water temperature in small streams as influenced by environmentaj factors and logging •................1510 TOXIC HAZARD A discussion on herbicides and a statement on 2,4,5-T and TCOO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1036 A review of toxicological information on tordon herbicide ,1820 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transm Ission line rignts-of-way and recommendation for such use ..1041 Behavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest 1037 SUNSCALD Sunscald of eastern white pine, pine,Pinus strobus.•........1020 TERATOGEN Safety in the development of herbicides .•_1388 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment 1071 SURVIVAL Shed few tears 1573 Wisconsin pathOlogist tests effects of dioxin 1488 Chemical brusn control: assessing the hazard .....,...1052 233 -i Ammate in the diet of deer .....1613 Herbicide action in the forest ....1058 Has the herbicide really killed the animal?1067 8ehavior and impact of some herbicides in the forest.1031 - ...., - TRANSLOCATION Behavior of pesticides in plants ..1187 Herbicide transport in plants .••.1116 SUBJECT INDEX Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water quality ....1792 TRANSECT Brush control in southeastern New Yark:fifteen years of stable tree-less communities....1156 Teratological potential of 2,4,5-T 1197 Prairie grasses the vista-makers ...1145 Toxicology of picioram and safety evaluation of TORDON herbicides 1449 Some tOXicological aspects of silvex ...., ,....., , . ,..1080 TRAILS Multiple use potential along power transmission righ·of·way .....1628 Toxicity of various formulations of 2.4·0 to salmon ids in sou theast Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . 1 040 TORDON herbicides -evaluation of safety to fish and birds ..., .1450 Summary of toxicological information on 2.4.5·T wpe herbicides and an evaluation of the hazards to livestock associated with their use 1092 The effects of 51 LVEX on aquatic vegetation and plankton in central New York farm ponds ..1089 Toxic hazards in the,use of herbicides 1414 Toxicity of 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin (TCDD)in aquatic organisms ...1044 Toxicity and hazards to man, domestic animals,and wildlife from some commonly used auxin herbicides _1451 Toxicity of 45 organic herbicides to cattle,sheep,and ch ickens...1050 Toxicology of herbicides.,...1244 Wisconsin pathologist tests effects of dioxin 1488 TOXICOLOGY Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides _.., .1342 Herbicides pose no threat except to vegetation...•.....1237 Herbicide use on eletric utility rights-of-way;a review of recent Iiteratu re on herbicides.their safety and use..1023 Industrialization.evolution and the development of heavy metal tolerance in plants •.....1554 Influence of 2,4-0 and 2.4.5·T on in vitro digestion of forage samples.. . . • . • . • . . . . . . . .1429 Influence of environmental factors on toxicitY to plants 1178 Herbicide report:chemistry and analysis,environmental effects, agricultural and other applied uses 1293 Interaction of pesticides with aquatic microorganisms and plankton .•••.•......._..1514 Field application of herbicides - avoiding danger to fish 1049 Herbicides and their toxicity to livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1230 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides ........•..1208 Environmental'factors and susceptibility to herbicides..1795 Effect of tordon on microbial activities in three Willamette Valley soils 1061 Effects on the soil microflora ....1529 Effects of trunk-injected oxydemetonmethyJ on Douglas' fir cone and seed insects, seedling production,and mice , ,1624 Effects on the soil fauna ...._..1530 Effects of the herbicide silvex on benthos of a farm pond ....1239 Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabitants .........•1335 Effects of herbicides on estuarine fauna.. . . . . . .1084 Cytogenetic effects of 2,4,5·T trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on oogenesis and early embryogenesis in Drosophila Melanogaster 1198 Chemical control of vegetation on areas bordering public water supplies ,1392 1084 Toxicity of 45 organic herbicides to cattle,sheep,and chickens...1050 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides 1208 The significance of herbicides to non-target organisms 1059 A review of toxicological information on tordon herbicide ...•.•..........1820 Summary of toxicological information on 2,4,5-T type herbicides and an evaluation of the hazards to livestock associated with their use._. _..1092 Effects of the herbicide silvex on benthos of a farm pond ....1239 Fate of atrazine,buran,silvex, and 2,4,5-T in the dairy cow ...1225 Assessment of ecological effects of extensive or repeated use of herbicides.•••••...•.•..1342 Chemical brush control: assessing the hazard •.•.....•1052 Effects of herbicides on estuarine fauna . Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment . . . . . . . . .1071 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herbicides used along transmission line rights-of·way and recommendation for such use ..1041 Some toxicological aspects of silvex ............•...•1080 .'1andling animal poisoning compla ints _. _..1068 Studies of the safety of organic arsen ical herb ic ides as precommercial thinning agents:a progress report 1057 TOXICITY A discussion on herbicides and a statement on 2,4,5-T and TCDO 1036 TOXIC HAZARD 234 --SUBJECT INDEX TREES Bird deaths from power Iines at Dungeness 1436 Avian mortality from collisions with overhead wires in North Dakota 1567 Geotechnical features 1109 Geese h it power transm Ission line _1402 Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower ..1586 Weight characteristics of birds killed in nocturnal migration ...1577 1285 T~ANSMISSION.COMMUNICATION 1436 A comparison of the spec"les composition of two TV tower killed samples from the same 1578 night of migration 1576 Energy and environment ..._. Bird migration collision casualties at Saskatoon. Bird deaths from power lines at Dungeness . _ . 1623 TRANSMISSION Agricultural impacts of EHV transmission lines -tour cases in Ontario . f""o I I Electrocution of parakeets at Agra,India.. . .. .1596 Apparent kill of persimmon and sassafras by app Iicati on of 2,4·D and 2,4,5·T 1257 A substitute tor 2,4,5·T in eastern hardwood sprout and brush control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1240 TREES A guide to killing woody plants in West Virginia 1031 .1065 Chemical control of brush and trees . Aerial spraying of low'grade hardwood stands with 2,4,5-T in West Virginia.. . . . . . . . .1235 TREE INJECTOR Injection of red maple and hickory with picloram 2,4·D and 2,4,5-T 1214 TREE SKIDDING Soil compaction due to tree length and full tree skidding with rubber-tired skidders.. .1544 TRANSMISSION,ELECTRIC Alternative electrical transmission systems and their environmental impact 1003 Terrestrial assessment:birds 1415 Reported casualties to ringed ducks in the spring and summer _1465 Presentation to the Solandt Commission on the procedures to be followed tor the construction of the Lennox G.S. to Oshawa 500 kV transmiSsion line 1121 Raptor electrocutions.._1419 Power over people.. . . . . .1294 Phase II corridor study, geotechnical features 1110 On the reluctance of gulls to fly under obiects . . . . . . . . . .1590 Power lines and birds of prey ....1125 Heavy mortality ot mute swans from electrocution 1463 Losses of mute swans in England in the winter of 1962-63 1462 Suggested practices tor raptor protection on powerlines . ...1127 Population changes and mortality of the mute swan in Britain ....1458 The plight of the right·ot-way domain:victim of vandalism; part 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022 Raptor electrocution.>1419 Railroad air space line routing 1644 Transmission and distribution rights·of-way selection and development.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1295 Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert.. . . . . . . . . . . .1016 Bird mortality at tour towers in eastern North Dakota -Fall 1972 1570 The long-term socio-economic impact of an electrical power transmission corridor on the rural environment:perception and reality , .1619 Microclimate modification due to power transmission rights· of-way '.'1556 The effects of hydro transm ission towers on farm operations in western and eastern Ontario; a synthesis of the Ridgetown and Kemptville studies 1622 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant 1401 Wires,poles,and birds 1128 TRANSMISSION LINE A field su rvey of farrper experience with 765 kV transmission lines,November 18-20,1974 1538 Alternative electrical transmission systems and their environmental impact.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1003 The daily movements of cormorants on San Francisco Bay .......•._1478 The design of electr ic transmission lines 1018 The land use and environmental impacts associated with the development of high,extra high.and ultra high voltage transm ission 1i nes . . . . . . . . . .1282 Transmission lines; environmental and public policy considerations.. . . . .1005 Cut frill herbicide treatments control hardwood weed trees ...1303 Ecological modifications caused by the removal ot tree and shrub canopies in the MacKenzie Delta ..•........1691 Effects of clearcut openings on quality ot hardwood border trees 1394 EHects of trunk.injected oxydemetonmethyl on Douglas' fir cone and seed insects, seedling production,and mice ..1624 Big game movement near a 500 kv transmission line in northern Idaho •...........1418 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant..•.........•......1401 Frill treatment with 2,4.5-T and 2,4·0 effective for killing southern hardwoods 1255 235 TREES SUBJECT INDEX Growth control in trees 1205 If used properly tree injectors are effect ive . . . . ._. . . . . . . .1076 Fruit-producing "ees nnd shru:Js in Missouri's Ozark forests_. .1393 Hardwood reoccupation of bu IIdozed si tes _. . . . . . . . . . .1150 1490 1631 u Long-term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream ..... TURF Herbicides and the soil fauna. Effects of highways on red-tailed hawks and sparrow hawks..1424 UNDERGROUND The present status of underground electric power transmission.1281 UNDERSTORY . The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat factors in an east Texas pine-hardwood type 1343 UTILIZATION An evaluation of chemically- sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for actual and potential wjldlife use .....1425 Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment . . .....1489 UTILITY POLES Relationships of birds to power and communication lines 1476 The interrelations of logging. birds,and timber regeneration in the Douglas-fir region of northwestern California..1744 Wind-caused mortality in Minneosta swamp black spruce in relation to cutting methods and stand conditions 1749 Ecological distribution of breeding birds 1376 Sh ed few tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1573 The wild gardener in the wild landscape 1129 The impact of deer browsing on Allegheny hardwood regeneration.. . ....1292 The relation of understory vegetation to cutting treatments and habitat factors in an east Texas pine-hardwood type . "1343 Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese 1605 Tree growth control research project _1816 TREND Dominant patterns in bird popu lations of the eastern deciduous forest biome 1307 .1212 Mistblowing a hardwood understory in West Virginia with "D·T"herbicide._... Injection of red maple and hickory with picloram 2,4·0 and 2,4.5-T ...._...._....1214 Individual white oaks treated with stem-injected and soil· applied herbicides -costs and effectiveness,. . . . . . . . . .1047 I nvasion of trees in secondary succession on the New Jersey piedmont 1331 Influence of time and method of application on turkey oak response to picloram +2,4-0 ...1219 Growth analysis of red maple and white ash seedlings treated with eight herbicides _1228 Growing Christmas trees on a oower line right-of-way .....__1621 Modified basal spray control of red maple in southern forest during dormant season _1189 Outline for ecological life history studies in trees,shrubs,and stem succulents 1802 Progress report on 1 percent NAA growth inhibitor tree paint _ _1209 Puckerbrush forestry ....__...1262 R·()..W aesthetics call for selective tree control _1155 Succession of abandoned fields in the Shawnee Hills,' southern Illinois 1340 TRIMMING Chemicals "cut"overhead limbs _1227 Tree growth control research project 1816 TUNDRA Ecological modifications caused by the removal of tree and shrub canopies in the MacKenzie Delta 1691 Movement and home range of cottontail rabbits along a power line right·of-way maintained by periodic treatment with mechanical means..1405 Puckerbrush forestry 1694 Songbird utilization of powerline rights-of-way 1406 The daily movements of cormorants on San Francisco Bay 1478 Wildlife use of utility rights-of· way in Michigan 1473 - Reducing damage to trees from construction work 1019 Su nscald of eastern wh ite pine,Pinus strobus _..1020 The effect of hardwood removal on wildlife ..............•1751 Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbancll_. Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Region. Northwest Territories 1327 The impact of oil development on wildlife populations in northern Alaska ..•..•.....1685 Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and productive use of rights-of,way .1264 v The growth and wildlife use of planted shrubS and trees at the W.K.Kellogg multiple use forest . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .1633 TURBIDITY Changes in streamflow following partial clearcutting on a forested watershed....._. ,..1508 VALUE Using wildlife values in benefitl cost analysis and mitigation of wildlife losses "1423 236 ~~~~""Il!~~'"..'-,..'W..'OiI-g-"'....S__Iil'iiI••_.."_....__.....S·__....._.....--......;....---------.-,;,,-------.---- SUBJECT INDEX WATER Behavior of pesticides in plants 1187 Determ ining the range of tolerable erosion 1735 8rush control in southeastern New York:fifteen years of stable tree-less communities•...1756 Effects of herbicides on species diversity of two plant communities..I I ••••I II • I •1300 1096 1708 1746 1736 Vegetation and animal use of a power line right-of-way in southern Michigan "1351 Use of shrubs in developing farm wildlife habitat .I ••_•••1626 Soil microbes . Streamflow increases after removing woodland·riparian vegetation from a southern Californ ia watershed . _.. The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.)establishment,soil moisture,and understory vegetation .•..••.•...•...1171 The farm fence in wildlife management and erosion' control ....I ••••••••••••1764 The nature of vegetation:its management and mismanagement _1799 The future of vegetation management.1731 The role of predation in vegetational diversity •.......1712 The wild gardener in the wild landscape.. . . . . . . . . . .1129 Succession and species distribution in relation to erosion in southern Illinois Shrubs and vines for northeaSlern wildlife.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1805 Small mammals and old field succession on the Piedmont of New Jersey . Practical aspects of a selective brush management program on Wisconsin roadsides ..._.....1640 Powerline right-of-way ....: :..1815 Management and research implications 1095 Pesticide residue dynamics in a forest ecosystem:a compartment model.. _1038 Making forest clearings for game with pelleted herbicides fenuron and tordon .........•.....1700 Internal factors affecting toxicity.1177 Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetation for maximum multiple use values.....I ••••1502 I nfluence of copper high tension lines on plants and soils 1480 If nature had the right-of-way ...1349 Occurrence of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation after c1earcUtling old-growth Douglas-fir in the Oregon Cascades ..........•.....1151 Gu idelines for broad/evel evaluation and control selection for non-point source pollution associated with silvicullural activities ..I I ••••••••••••1483 GraSS-legume mixtures for erosion conuol along forest roads in western Oregon I 1146 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization .....1140 1010 Comparisons of vegetation cover and composition on pipeline and transmission line rights-of-way of various ages ..I •••••I • I •••1660 Effect of 2,4-0 on composition and production of an alpine plant community in Wyoming ..1043 Ecological and economic aspects of right-of-way vegetation management .••.......I •••1268 Effects of off-road motorcycle activity on Mojave Desert vegetation and soil.....I • I • I 1539 Effects of parent material and vegetation on properties related to soil erosion in central Washington .I I I I ••_ • I ••I •1141 Effects of pipeline construction on creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert.I I •••••1620 A shrub communit\'of Viburnum lentago,stable for twenty-five years 1371 VEGETATION A program for vegetation management . ~ I ..... .... Effects of power transm ission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert •...•."....I 1016 Environmental and economic aspects of contemporaneous electric transmis!;ion line right- of-way management techniques, volume 1:general methods, special stud ies,discussion of trends.and conclusio ns."....1288 Environmental impact statement: vegetation control by mechanical,chemical,and fire treatm ent in the states of Arizona and New Mexico •.•.•1671 Forests and water:effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation,and water supply ..•....,I'I ••••••••1814 Rate of recovery of forest communities following disturbances ...•.•.••.....1646 Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream .•••..•....••1823 Response of vegetation communities to manipulation ..1726 Right-of-way beautification through the use of vegetation...1271 Right-of-way management involves plants and people .....1002 Rights-of-way for wildlife 1612 Shrub plantings for erosion control in eastern Washington progress and research needs.• • • • . . . . .1491 Vegetation management on utility rights-of-way .•...I •••1246 VIGOR Internal factors affecting toxicity ........•.....•..1177 VOLATILITY Volatility and drift of herbicides.1193 w WATER A universal soil-loss equation to guide conservation farm plann ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1551 Assessing potential impacts of logging and road construction on the soil and water resources in a semi-primitive area 1692 237 WATER SUBJECT INDEX Impact of highways on the hydrogeologic environment ....1639 Importance of riparian ecosystems:biotic considerations.•........., .1650 Importance,preservation and management of riparian habitat: a symposium . ,, .1649 Implications of forest management practices on the aquatic environment 1489 Streamflow increases after removing woodland-riparian vegetation from a southern California watershed ...,....1736 The degradation and movement of picloram in soil and water ...1200 Some thermal and biological effects of forest cutting in West Virginia , . ,1655 Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion ...•......1142 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams 1053 The effects of 51 LVEX on aquatic vegetation and plankton in central New York farm ponds 1089 1494 Increases in maximum stream temperatures after slash burning in a small experimental' watershed .•..., . . . . • . . . .1709 HYdrologic response to silvicultural activities .. Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabitants ..•.......1335 Effect of TOR DON herbicides on aquatic organisms .•......1081 Effect of chemical brush control on deer distribution 1427 Ecology of transm ission line corridors ,..1298 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment 1071 Changes in streamflow following partial clearcutting on a forested watershed 1508 Chemical control of vegetation on areas bordering public water supplies 1392 Effects of logging upon fish resources of the west coast 1737 Effects of timber harvesting and related management practices on water quality in forested watersheds ......•..•.....1501 Industrial waste guide on logging practices 1116 Interaction of pesticides with aquatic microorganisms and plankton _..1514 Loggi ng and erosion on rough terrain in the east 1521 Water management practices and their effect on nongame bird habitat values in a deciduous forest community ..'"" .1309 Water management practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats... . . . . . .1499 Effects of vegetation removal on spring flow 1523 Environmental and economic aspects of contemporaneous electric transmission line right- of-way management techniques, volume 1:general methods, special stud ies,discussion of trends.and conclusions..•....1288 Logging roads and protection of water quality 1500 Loss of herbicides in runoff water ..••..............1516 Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetation for maximum multiple use values 1502 Water temperature in small streams as influenced by environmental factors anGl logging 1510 Wildlife problems associated with reservoirs used for electrical power generation (with special emphasis on Wells Hydroelectric Project Wildlife Study).1684 Fish hab itat . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .1099 Forests and water:effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation,and water supply •..•..............1814 Guidelines for broad level evaluation and control selection for non-point source pollution associated with silvicultural activities .•........•..••.1483 Guidelines for quanitification oj nutrients resulting from silvicultural activities 1495 Preliminary proposal for stream channel erosion,deposition and transport evaluation and associated sediment discharge due to silvicultural activities .•.1497 Regulations governing industrial weed and brush control in the northeast 1056 Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management.(Draftl 1404 Silvicultural chemicals and protection of water quality .•..1792 WATER QUALITY Long·term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream 1490 WATER RESOURCES Design of an environmental evaluation system 1789 WATER TABLE A preliminary study of vegetation on North Carolina Piedmont and mountain power transmission line rights-of-way 1354 Pipelines in forested wetlands 1113 Guidelines for quantification of temperature,dissolved oxygen, and organic matter changes resulting from silvicultural activities . . • • . . . . . . . . • . . .1496 Soil stability and water yield and quality 1098 Some environmental benefits of herbicides........•.•...1505 WATERFOWL Collisions with wires - a source of anatid mortalitY 1571 Death trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1565 Herbicides and water quality in American Forestry......••..1509 Some options for managing forest land in the central Appalachians .••....•.._..1385 Effect of herbicide-induced changes in vegetation on nesting dUCks .••....••.•..1690 238 Cost of stream protection during timber halVest 1663 SUBJECT INDEX Evaluating the use of aerial nesting platforms by Canada geese 1065 Geese hit Dower transm ission line 1402 Criteria for designing and locating logging roads to control sediment .1721 WEEDS,ECOLOGY OF Watershed management practices and habitat vah.Jes in coniferous forests 1676 What happens to phenoxy herbicides when applied to a watersh ed a rea . . . . . . . . . 1507 '~. - Heavy mortality of mute swans from electrocution ,1463 Losses of mute swans in England in the winter of 1962-63 1462 Nonhunting mortality of fledged North American waterfowl ....1560 On the reactions of ducks and geese to high voltage lines .....1444 Population changes and mortality of the mute swan in Britain ....1458 Reported casualties to ringed ducks in the spring and summer 1465 Ruddy ducks colliding with wires.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1569 Some field and court experiences with waterfowl and electric powerlines 1430 The nature and pattern of nonhunting mortality in fledged North American waterfowl ....1456 The role of herbicides in wildlife production through creation and stabilization of habitats.1469 The significance of farmland for waterfowl nesting and techniques for reducing losses due to agricultural practices....1632 Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal·fired power plant 1401 Waterfowl mortality mouth of Saginaw River 1563 WATERSHED A roadside conservation and beautification program for southeastern Wisconsin watersheds.. . . . . . . • . . . . . .1695 Achieving stream protection in electric and gas transmission line construction and management 1269 Changes in streamflow following partial clearcutting on a forested watershed....•..•..1508 Changing water temperatures in small mountain streams .•..•.1517 Effect of chemical brush control on deer distribution 1427 Effects of timber harvesting and reiated management practices on water quality in forested watersheds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1501 Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects 1504 Gully development and control: the status of our knowledge....1533 Increases in maximum stream temperatures after slash burning in a small experimental watershed 1709 Logging and erosion on rough terrain in the east 1521 Long-term effects of repeated logging on an Appalachian stream ......•...........1490 Nutrient loss from clearcuttings in New Hampshire .......•..1322 Recommended logging practices for watershed protection in western Oregon 1522 Recovery of a deforested ecosystem • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1487 Sediment yield from soil erosion and channel storage after clearcutting and logging road construction,central western Cascade Range,Oregon 1132 Soil surface condition follOWing tractor and high-lead logging in the Oregon Cascades 1549 Streamflow increases after removing woodland-riparian vegetation from a southern California watershed 1736 The export of nutrients and recovery of stable conditions following deforestation at Hubbard Brook .•..........1683 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on stream water quality in western Oregon and Washington .......•....1179 WATERWAY Engineering techniques and principles applied to soil erosion control 1139 Gully development and control: the status of our knowledge....1533 WEATHER Bird mortality at airport ceilometers 1595 F all migration and weather, a radar study 1581 Weather and spring migration....1597 WEEDS Effects of weed burning on . stream cond itio ns 1520 Herbicide report:chemistry and analysis,environmental effects, agricultural and other applied uses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1293 Herbicide residues and weed species shifts on modified-soil field plots 1320 Principles of plant and animal pest control,volume 2:weed control.(Chapters 11, 18.19), .1160 Regulations governing industrial weed and brush control in the northeast 1056 The wild gardener in the wild landscape.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1129 Using phenoxy herbicides effectively • ... . . . . . . . . . . .1077 Weed control on rights-of-way .•.1175 WEEDS,ECOLOGY OF An ecological anal\ds of the plant communities of Piedmont,North Carolina .....1365 Causes of succession on old fields of the Piedmont, North Carolina . . . . . .1362 Early stages of secondary succesion on the coastal plain, New Jersey.. . . . . • . . . . . . . .1345 239 -----_.~--------~---.:'-"._.,...•-._._._.. WEEDS,ECO LOGY OF SUBJECT INDEX """" The effects of pesticides 1224 Pipelines in forested wetlands ...1113 Ruddy ducks colliding with wire<.;"....•.._1569 Wetland road crossings:drainage problems and timber damage ...1518 - - ..1298 Effect of an intensive clearing on deer-browse production in the southern Appalachians 1346 Ecology of transmission line corridors . Ecology and land-use relationships of small mammals on a Michigan farm 1477 Ecological succession on abandoned farm iands and its relationship to wildlife management 1359 Edges -their interspersion, resulting diversity and its measurement.(Draft)...,....1398 Effect of altitude and forest manipulation on relative abundance of small mammals...1453 Do herb icides affect game 7 1817 Determinants of local distribution and abundance in white·footed mice 1377 Chemical vegetation control manual for fish and wildlife management programs 1341 Brush vs.cleared range as deer habitat in southern Texas .....1720 Big game use and habitat changes in a recently logged mixed conifer forest in northeastern Oregon 1602 Bulldozing to produce browse for deer ••...•...........1743 Clear 150 miles of transm ission RIW by windrowing .....•...1107 Browse selection by deer and hares 1387 Big game movement near a 500 kv transmission line in northern Idaho _1418 An evaluation of chemically· sprayed electric transmission line rights-of-way for actual and potential wildlife use.1409 14251359 EcologIcal succession an abandoned farm lands and its relationship to wildlife management . Impacts of construction activities in wetlands of the United States '.1482 Vegetation management for rights-of-way __.1026 The plight of the right-of-way domain:vIctim of vandalism; Dart I 1021 WETLAND Evaluation of pipeline impacts an wetlands (draft)1485 WILDLIFE A design guide for wildlife protection and conservation for transportation facilities ....1664 A long·term ecological study of game food and caver an a sprayed utility right·of-way •...1433 A program for wildlife management on transmission rights-at-way of the Niagra Mohawk Power Corporation 1810 A system for wildlife habitat management an southern national forests 1367 A technique for estimating potential wildlife populations through habitat evaluations ....1800 A wildlife brief for the c1earcut logging of douglas-fir ....••..1689 Clearcutting:beneficial aspects for wildlife resources ..•.....1330 Clearcutting:detrimental aspects for wildlife resources 1329 Compatibility of fish,wildlife and floral resources with electric power facilities ....•..1276 Considerations for wildlife in industrial development and reclamation 1290 Cooperative wildlife habitat development along transmission line corridors.....1615 Co rridors that streak across the land ...•....•........1421 Creating and maintaining wildlife openings in wooded areas by use of herbicides .....1252 Effect of certain common brush control techniques and materials on game food and cover on a power line right-of-way no.1 ...1254 Effect of chem ical brush control on deer distribution ..•.•....1427 Effect of logging on forage values for deer in Colorado....•....1813 Effect of logging on understory vegetation and deer use in a Ponderosa Pine forest of Arizona.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1738 Effect of vegetational cover of fence rows on small mammal popu lations ...•..•..•....1353 Effect of 2,4-0 on abundance and foods of pocket gophers ...1380 Effects of highways on wildlife •.1679 A wildlife manager's view of herbicide use on the right· of-way ..•..•......•.....1448 Aerial and mist-blower application of herbicides in southern forests as related to wild life management 1350 Ammate in the diet of deer •....1613 An evaluation of chemically sprayed electric transm ission line rights·of-way for potential wildlife use...•..•..•.....1180 240 Creating wildlife habitat on utility rights-of-way .,..•........1203 Dead tree {"snag"l requirements for dependent wildlife species in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. (Draft).•......•...•....1411 Deer find what they need on a sprayed utility right-of-way ....1312 Deer,brush control,and livestock on the Texas rolling plains•..•.1677 Effects of powerl ine rights-of-way on small,nongame mammal community structure ......•.1407 Effects of range treatment with 2,4-0 on rodent populations ...1378 Effects of rights-of-way techniques on vegetation•..•.•1247 Effects of silvicultural practices on wildlife food and cover in oak and aspen types in northern Michigan .••••.••..1470 - SUBJECT INDEX Effects of vegetation management on wildlife i727 How do you quantif'l power-iine im pact?. . . . .1114 WILDLIFE Rapid survey guide for forest wildlife habitat improvement...1766 Elk use as related to characteristics of clearcuts in western Montana .1662 Impact of chemical and mechanical site preparation on wildlife habitat 1302 Rate of recovery of forest communities following disturbances .., .1646 ...., Environmental and economic aspects of contemporaneous electric transmission line right· of-way management techniques, volume 1:general methods, special studies,discussion of trends,and conclusions 1288 Environmental impact of herbicides on electric transmission line rights·of-way ..1317 Evaluation of the wildlife results from fuel bnaaks,browseways, and type conversio ns . . . . . . . .1724 Fifteen years of ecological research on a utility right- of-way 1337 Fish and wildlife habitat improvement in watershed projects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1504 Forage use by mule deer relative to logging in Colorado 1434 Forests,wildlife.and habitat management - a critical examination of practice and need 1722 Fruit-producing trees and shrubs in Missouri's Ozark forests .....1393 Game managl~ment 1607 Green ribbons of hope.. . ...1443 Guidelines for maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat in forest management in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington 1156 Hawthorns -multiple use shrubs ...•............•.1734 Hedge plantings for erosion control and wildlife management 1614 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1339 Herbicides for wildlife habitat manipulati;)n ..••.........1674 Highway·wildlife relationsh.ips; volume 1::a state-of·the-art report.. • . . • . . . • . • • . . . • •1638 Impact of herbicides upon game food and cover on a util ity right-of-way.. . . . . . . . . .1384 impact of range improvement practices on wildlife habitat....1730 Importance.preservation and management of riparian habitat:a symposium 1649 Increasing browse for deer by aerial applications of 2,4-0 ....1221 Introduction -forest wildlife habitat management:ecology. management and data systems. (Draft);..1397 Maintaining wildlife openings with pellets containing picloram ....13,68 Making forest clearings for game with pelleted herb icides fenuron and tordon .......•.1700 Multiple use potential along power transm ission rights·of-way .....1628 Our disregarded rights-of-way - ten million unused wildlife acres 1757 Patch cutting increases deer and elk use of pine forest in Arizona _1426 Plant and mammal changes on a clearcut in west-central Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1703 Population dynamics and habitat preference of cottontail rabbits along a seeded and mechanically maintained power line right-of-way ......•1410 Potomac Electric Power Company's experience with herbicides on federal wildlife lands .....•.•....•..••..1206 Power line wildlife 1287 Power lines and birds of prey ....1125 Power lines rights-of-way,and wildlife management - a working paper..•..•..•....1601 Powerline corridors as possib Ie barriers to the movements of small mammals ......••.•.•1275 Rating northeastern soils for their suitability tor wildlife habitat 1625 Reaction of reindeer to obstructions and disturbances 1439 Relation of ecological succession to farm game in Cumberland County in the Virginia Piedmont.. . . . . . . . . . . . .1395 Relationships of Rocky Mountain mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk habitat to timber management in the Blue Mountains.(Draft).1399 Response of chipmunks and red squ irrels to commercial clearcut logging . . . . . . . . . . . . • ...1446 Responses of small mammal populations to logging of Douglas-fir 1753 Right-of-way maintenance by the selective application of selective herbicides;managed plant community lowers maintenance costs and provides food and cover for wildlife.•.........1259 Right·of-way maintenance through seeding and wildlife planting - an economical answer with multiple use benefits 1261 Right·of-way resources of the prairie prov inces _1437 Rights-of-way for wild life..1130 1612 Riparian zones -their importance to wildlife and their management.(Draft)1404 Roads and the conservation of wildlife ••...............1334 Roadsides for wildlife.••..•...1369 Sagebrush control with herbicide has little effect on elk calving behavior ..............•.1431 Sane use of herbicides ...•....1464 Selective maintenance of edge areas on national forest lands in Indiana and Ohio 1733 Selective planting for the encouragement of wildlife.••..1148 24' WILDLIFE SUBJECT INDEX Use of herbicides in forestry and game management 1348 Transmission line rights-ot-way management..._. . . .1167 Use of natural openings in a Ponderosa pine fares!of Arizona by deer.elk,and cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1739 Shrubs for wildlife habitat improvement in southern Michigan.. . . . . . . . . . .1604 Small mammal populations in cut and uncut northern hardwood forests.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1445 Small mammals in old field succession . . . . . . . . . . .1468 Some environmental benefits of herbicides 1505 The future of Alaska's caribou ...1812 The growth and wildlife use of planted shrubs and trees at the W.K.Kellogg multiple use forest 1633 The harm our roads do to nature and wildlife _.1811 The impact of deer browsing on Allegheny hardwood regeneration _1292 Using wildlife values in benefit/ cost analysis and mitigation of wildlife losses ........•..1423 Some primary and secondary effects of herbicides on wildlife 1821 Some silvicultural concepts and options for achieving wildlife habitat goals_. _1653 Southern Tier Environmental protection and management plan (wildlife management plan)....1283 Stimulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and fire._..1251 Survival and growth of shrubs planted for wildlife in New York ....•..............1396 Techniques involved in the use of chemicals for establishing wildlife clearings.. . . . . .1466 The ecological impact of transmission lines on the wildlife of San Francisco Bay ....•...1447 The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain Adirondack forest types with particu lar reference to deer and grouse 1361 The effect of clearcutting and burning on pinus banksiana forests on the populations of small mammals in southeastern Manitoba.. . . . _. . . . . . . . • .1324 The effect of hardwood removal on wildlife •....•...•.._..1751 The effects of controiled burning on arthropod density and biomass in relation to bobwhite quail brood habitat of a right-of- way ..••_,•...........•1442 The effects of roads on populations of small mammals ...•.••.._.•••..1681 The farm fence in wildlife management and erosion control .•.••.•.•••...•..1764 242 The impact of oil development on wildlife populations in northern Alaska . . . . . . . ...1685 The influence of mammals and birds in retarding artificial and natural reseeding of coniferous forests in the United States,...1808 The nature of vegetation: its management and mismanagement.. . . .1799 The occu rrence of nongame wildlife in Piedmont transmission corridor rights- of·way '".._1417 The plight of the right-of·way domain:victim of vandalism; •part II ......•....•......1022 The relationsh ip of terrestrial vertebrates to plant communities and their successional stages. (Draft)'"......•..•....1765 The role of herbicides in wildlife management 1606 The role of herbicides in wildlife production through creation and stabilization of habitats....1469 The role of predation in vegetational diversity ....•...1712 The southern tier interconnection: a case study .....••.•..•••1014 The Bureau of Land Management Wildlife Habitat Management Program,with special emphasis on nongame bird nabitats .....1310 Toxic nazards in the use of herbicides .•........•.•..1414 Toxicity and hazards to man, domestic animals,and wildlife from some commonly used auxin herbicides .•••••.••.•1451 Transmission line audible noise and wildlife ....••.•••••.•1403 Utility line right-of-way ma nagement.. . . . _. . . . . _. .1457 Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems 1648 Wild fruit of the right-of-way ....1618 Wildlife -an essential consideration determining future highway roadside maintenance policy 1610 Wildlife considerations in rights- of-way management 1598 Wildlife food and cover by the mile 1356 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls 1357 Wildlife increased by erosion control practices .._1761 Wildlife management of rights- of-way _1428 Wildlife management on utility company rights-of-way:results of a national survey ........•1616 Wildlife management plan for the Soothern Tier Transmission Line Ramapo to Rock Tavern,New York:staff review and comment .•.•.•..•••.....1284 Wildlife problems associated with reservoirs used for electrical power generation (with special emphasis on Wells Hydroelectric Project Wildlife Study)1684 Wildlife response to rights-of-way management;report for July 1974 -June 1975 .,•••.•...1420 Wildlife response to rights·of·way management;phase I:rights-of- way in western Washington,a final report.•••..•..•.•••.1603 SUBJECT INDEX 2,4-0 r .... Wildlife use and l1anagement of power line nghts-of-way in New Hampshire 1412 Wildlife use and management of powerline rights·ot-wav in New Hampshire.,1408 Wildlife use of utility rights- of-way in Michigan 1473 Wildlife Management Program for the Volney-Edic 765 kV Transmission linEI of Niagra Mohawk Power Corporation ...1600 WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIPS The edge effect of the lesser vegetation of certain Adirondack forest types with particular reference to deer and grouse ...1361 Wildlife management of rights- of-way _1428 Wildlife use of utility rights- of·way in Michigan ..,1473 WIND Vegetative and nonvegetative materials to control wind and water erosion . . . . . . . . . _1142 WINDFALL Wind-<:aused mortality in Minnesota swamp black spruce in relation to cutting methods and stand cond itions . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 1 749 WINDTHROW Reducing damage to trees from construction work.. . . . . . . . .10 19 Some observations on wind damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1153 Windthrow arou nd staggered settings in old-growth Douglas-fir 1152 WIRE MORTALITY Relationships 01'birds to power and communication lines .....1476 WOOD FIBER FARMING Woody fiber farming:an ecologically sound and productive use of rights-of-way .1264 y YIELD Accelerated mass wasting after logging and slash burning in western Oregon •.•.........1136 Effects of logging and logging roads on erosion and sediment deposition from steep terrain _..1115 Grass-1egul1e mixtures tor erosion control along forest roads in western Oregon.. . . . .1146 Grass-legume mixtures for roadside soil stabilization .....1140 Hyd ro logic respo nse to silvicultural activities ..'.....1494 Some environmental benefits of herbicides ,1505 2 2,4·0 A study of additives to the aqueous phase of aerially applied invert emulsions._....1075 A substitute for 2,4,5-T in eastern hardwood sprout and brush control ............•....1240 Apparent kill of persimmon and sassafras by application of 2,4.0 and 2,4,S·T _,...,....1257 Assessment of the ecological consequences of herb icides used along transmission line rights-of-way and recommendation for such use 1041 Brush control in rights.of-way ...1063 Chemical brush control and heroicide residues in the forest environment ,1071 Chemical brush control:assessing the hazard _ ,1052 Chemical control of brush and trees 1065 Continued evaluation of the hypo-hatchet for woody species control 1190 Control of brush on rights-of-way.1091 Cut frill herbicide treatments control hardwood weed trees ...1303 Defoliation in Vietnam 1338 Degradation of dicamba,picloram, and four pheonxy herbicides in soils ' _1046 Degradation of 2,4-D and 2,4,5·T in forest litter 1234 Do herbicides affect game?...._1817 Effect of herbicide-induced changes in vegetation on nesting ducks ....•.•..•..•1690 Effect of several herbicides on soil microorganisms 1363 Effect of 2,4-0 on abundance and foods of pocket gophers ...1380 Effects of silvicultural practices on wildlife food and cover in oak and aspen types in northern Michigan 1470 Effects of some herbicides on fertilized fish eggs and fry .....1231 Effects of 2,4-0 on woody plants in Connecticut 1364 Effects of 2,4,5-T during the approach of woody plant dormancy _1220 Forests and rangelands as sources of chemical pollutants ..1492 Fuelbreaks and other fuel mod ification for wild land fire control _.1301 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1948 ...'•.......1166 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later 1339 Herbicide treatments on mountainous terrain......•..1222 Herbicides and the soil fauna ....1631 Herbicides pose no threat except to vegetation.•.....__1237 If used properly tree injectors are effective ......•.......1076 Immediate effects of hardwood removal and prescribed burning on bird populations 1702 Individual white oaks treated with stem-injected and soil-applied herbicides -costs and effectiveness.• . . • . . . . . . . . .1047 Injection of red maple and hickory with pic/oram 2,4-0 and 2A,S·T 1214 Mistblowng a hardwood understory in West Virginia with "D·T"herbicide .....•..1212 Modified basal spray control of red maple in southern forest during dormant season .."....1189 Monongahela Power"s attack on brush .•.••...•...•..•.•1055 243 l!'!!II I 2,4-0 SUBJECT INDEX Benefits and hazards of herbicides.. . . . . . . . . .1039 Chemicals "cut"overhead limbs 1227 Cut frill herbicide treatments control hardwood weed trees ...1303 Chemical brush control: assessing the hazard _1052 -·1,, 1065 Chemical control of brush and trees _.. Assessment of the ecological consequences of herb icides used along transmission line rights·of-wayand recommendat ion for such use ..1041 A substitute for 2.4.5-T in eastern hardwood sprout and brush control.. . . . . . . . . .1240 Chemical brush control and herbicide residues in the forest environment 1071 A.erial and mist-blower application of herbicides in southern forests as related to wildlife management ~1350 A study of additives to the aqueous phase of aer ia lIy applied invert emu Isions 1075 Aerial spraying of low·grade hardwood stands with 2,4 .5·T in West Virginia.. . . . . . . . .1235 Apparent kill of persimmon and sassafras by application of 2,4·0 and 2,4,5·T ..•.......1257 .Centrol of brush on rights- of.way 1091 Vegetation management for rights-of-way _1026 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls 1357 Using phenoxy herbicides effectively 1077 What happens to phenoxy herbicides when applied to a watershed area 1507 TORDON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right·of·way 1204 Vegetation control from picloram· phenoxy combinations in invert emulsions........•.......1045 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 Toxicity and hazards to man, domestic animals,and wildlife from some commonly used auxin herbicides ....•......1451 The phenoxy herbicides 1182 The key to effective basal spraying of woody plants: wet the root collar 1249 The entry and fate of forest chemicals in streams 1053 Toxicity of various formulations of 2,4-D to salmonids in southeast Alaska ....._.....1040 The significance of herbicides to non·target organisms.. . . . .1059 Without consent 1326 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides _1208 Rainfall effects following herbicidal treatment of woody plants 1217 Response of woody species to 2,4·0:2,4,5·T and picloram as a function of treatment method ..1218 Potomac Electric Power Company's experience, with herbicides on federal wildlife lands 1206 Residues in milk and meat and safety to livestock from the use of phenoxy herbicides in pastu re and rangeland 1435 Selective application of selective herbicides in the study of vegetation development 1360 Some ecological benefits of woody plant control with herbicides ...1515 Persistence of 2,4-D toxicity in Hawaiian soils 1258 Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light .....1199 Picloram basally applied for brush control on utility rights-of-way 1032 Principles of plant and animal pest control,volume 2:weed control.(Chapters ",18.19)1160 Persistence of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in chaparral soil and vegetat ion 1527 "Program,methods and results of 10 years of chemical brush control by Central Hudson Gas &Electric Corporation"1242 Stimulating regrowth of mountain maple for deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and fire ..•.1251 Summary of toxicological infonmation on 2,4,5·T type herbicides and an evaluation of the hazards to livestock associated with their use ....•.1092 The effect of TORDON on vine maple.,....,.•.,..••...1073 The effects of five herbicides on the numbers of certain invertebrate animals in grassland soil .......•............1347 The effects of pesticides ....•.•1224 Woody plant shoot management and response to herbicidal treatment...•........••.•1216 2A-O,2A.S-T The physiological and biochemical bases of selective herbicide action 1079 2,4-DP Potomac Electric Power Company's experience with herbicides on federal wildlife lands....•....•..••..•..1206 2A,S-T A discussion on herbicides and a statement on 2,4,5-T and TCDD 1036 Cytogenetic effects of 2,4,5·T trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on oogenesis and early embryogenesis in Drosophila Melanogaster • . . . . . . . . . . . .1198 Defoliation in Vietnam ....._...1338 Degradation of dicamba.picloram, and four phenoxy herbicides in soils .....•.............1046 Degradation of 2,4-0 and 2,4,5·T in forest litter .....•.......1234 Do herbicides affect game?.•...1817 Effects of hl!fbicides on the environment..•.••.•.•....1296 244 .... .... .... .... I I ..... - r 1, SUBJECT INDEX Effects of silvicu\tural practices on wildlife food and cover i" oak and aspen types in northern Michigan 1470 Effects of some herbicides on fertilized fish eggs and fry .....'1231 Effects of 2,4,5-T during the approa:h of woody plant dormancy 1220 Experience plus ingenuity cut RIW clearing costs .•........1025 Fate of atrazine,kuron,silvex, and 2,4,5-T in the dairy cow ...1225 Five years of mistblower brush control 1082 Frill treatment with 2,4,5·T and 2,4-0 effective for killing northern hardwoods 1255 Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wildland fire control..•............1301 Growth analysis of red maple and white ash seed!ings treated with eight herbicides 1228 Herbicide combinations for woody plant control 1229 Herbicide effects in Connecticut vegetation,1948 . . . . . . . . . . .1166 Herbicide mixtures promising for hardwood control by foliar spraying ...........•.....1062 Herbicide treatment of north Idaho browse evaluated six years later .•.............1339 Herbicide treatments on mountainous terrain 1222 Herbicides pose no threat except to vegetation....••...1237 Impact of chemical and mechanical site preparation on wildlife habitat .......•..1302 'ndividual white oaks treated with stem-injected and soil- applied herbicides -costs and effectiveness ..•..•.....1047 Injection of red m.aple and hickory with picloram 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T 1214 Investigations of the use of 2,4,S·T esters as a basal spray in the control of bear oak ...•.1752 Loss of herbicides in runoff water 1516 Mistblowing a hardwood understory in West Virginia with "D·T"herbicide 1212 Modified basal spray control of red maple in southern forest during dormant season 1189 Monongahela Power's attack on brush 1055 Persistence of 2,4-0 and 2,4,S-T in chaparral soil and vegetation 1527 Pesticide residue dynamics in a forest ecosystem;a compartment model.1038 Picforam basally applied for brush control on utility rights-of-way ,......•.....1032 Potomac Electric Power Company's experience with herbicides on federal wildli-le lands 1206 Principles of plant and animal pest control,volume 2:weed control.(Chapters 11,18,19)..1160 "Program,methods and results of 10 years of chemical brush control by Central Hudson Gas &Electric Corporation"..,...1242 Rainfall effects following herbicidal treatment of woody plants 1217 Residues in milk and meat and safety to livestOCk from the use of phenoxy herbicides in pasture and rangeland 1435 Response of woody species to 2,4-0,2,4,5-T and ptcloram as a function of treatment method ..1218 Risks and responsibilities in the use of herbicides •.•.••..••.1208 Root exudation of herbicides by woody plants:allelopathic implications •.............1336 Safety in the development of herbicides •..............1388 Selective application of seJective herbicides in the study of vegetation development 1360 Showcase brush control for Arkansas Power and Light •.•..1199 2,4,5-T Soil moisture affects absorption of 2,4,5·\sprays.. . . . . . .1185 Some ecological benefits of woody plant control with herbicides.... .... . . . . .1515 StimulatJr1g regrowth of mou ntain maple for deer browse by herbicides,cutting,and fire.:251 Summary of toxicological information on 2,4,5·T type herbicides and an evaluation of the hazards to livestock associated with their use 1092 The effect of forest conversion with herbicides on pine (Pinus spp.1 establishment,soil moisture,and understory vegetation 1171 The effect of TORDON on vine maple 1073 The effects of pesticides 1224 The entry and fate of forest chemicais in streams 1053 The impact of timber harvest, fertilization,and herbicide treatment on streamwater quality in western Oregon and Washington 1179 The key to effective basal spraying of woody plants: wet the root collar 1249 The phenoxy herbicides...'"1182 The revegetation of a Rhode Island right·of-way,Exeter, Rhode Island 1328 The significance of herbicides to non-target organisms 1059 Tordon 155 mixture herbicide for brush control on utility rights- of-way...........•.•....1211 Toxicity and hazards to man, domestic animals,and wildlife from some commonly used auxin herbicides 1451 Toxicity of 2,3.7,8- T etrachlorod ibenzo-d ioxi n ITCDO)in aquatic organisms ...1044 TORDON 101 mixture on New England Power Company right- of-way.••....•......•..,1204 Using phenoxy herbicides effectively . . . . . . . . . . . • . • .1077 245 u 2,4,5-T Vegetation and animal use of a power line right-of-way in southern Michigan.,.•...., .1351 Vegetation changes and animal use of a power line right-of·way after the application of an herbicide 1243 Vegetation control from picloram- phenoxy combinations ir:J invert emulsion ..••..•........,1045 Vegetation management for rights- of-way•••...•••...••....1026 246 What happens to phenoxy herbicides when applied to a watershed area . , . • . ...1507 Wildlife implications of hardwood and brush controls •.........1357 Without consent 1326 Woody plant shoot management and response to herbicidal treatm ent.. • • • . . . . . • . • . • .1216 2,4.5-TP Chemical control of brush and trees •........•.•••...••1065 SUBJECT INDEX Degradation of dicamba,pic!oram, and four phenoxy herbicides in soils ...•...........•...1046 Effects of some herbicides on fertilized fish eggs and fry .....1231 Growth analysis of red maple and white ash seedlings treated with eight herbicides 1228 The phenoxy herbicides 1182 j J J i J I ! I I- J